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THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION 
STATE OF INDIANA 


W. A. GUTHRIE, CHarrMan 
STANLEY COULTER 
JOHN W. HOLTZMAN 
RICHARD M. HOLMAN, Secretary 


PusiicaTion No. 7 
Volume II 


RICHARD LIEBER 


DIRECTOR THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION 


NDIANAPOLIS: 
Wm. B- BURFORD, PRINTER 
1920 


~ 
/ 
i 


| LAKE MAXINKUCKEE 


\ 


x (\ 2s 


A PHYSICAL AND 
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY 


BY 


BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, A. M., Pu. D. 


Director of the Museum of the Galitouaia Academy of Sciences 


AND 


HOWARD WALTON CLARK, A.B., A. M. 


Scientific Assistant U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 
Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa 


VOLUME II 


PUBLISHED BY 
THE DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION 
STATE OF INDIANA 
1920 


Contents 


BIOLOGY— Page 
TTYETH JSS SUTCTUST Ak oie SHOR Sieh eee ee ren nee erie EN RDEV, to Bree ora G 
@rvlengimlenne ete peat ie etre et A, Sys geval aval leer hte aehaceh eae 7 
Onc ereah MEIN eG! Cal eetcce ae ee Aesth inos F cucragelemee eu lnls, Seka Pee 8 

Ona kave.(Orekoraen eet ees Ss, ected pace eee wey aT DIS, Ue cova tin hoe Mae 10 

WO rclera OTE MOpberaey Hiv eter or lca tet acer sear Mem re Sere h m cates Rae cae OP RENE 27 
Ordersulcnniotonaeemte ac ceettees eiarar 2 ese wha ire eather aig a ete ee 29 
OnderMuniGhonpend eWnes eeraa hee oe ue ea en eae Se OM 31 
OrdemColeuptena. pe eon et eae ee eet oo ta See roar 33 
OxrderaDimterareenns been ks creer cio eee a: siete: back aioe teers uae 35 
Ordermeenidopteracsse wel at onan es tee ae Ae acai ee eee ts et 37 
Ondensldivmenopteca sts) ao. Series hie aes ee bo en ad tata a de ye 39 
RT St oy INA (OUTS ee Ses cr Srvc pele toe See oles ek rene rm, Mitre Rn yy Ernie ns: 41 
VU avas UTE OT RIGS EF ern ea eS eee era er RS RE a re ART ie Range ee Al 
lakes and jpondsas the) home of mussels;-2..-..2.2.+2-5..5-2+--.-- 41 

Origin and character of the Maxinkuckee mussels.................. AQ 
Distributonkofamusselstimntne ales 2 aa: aeneite ee emcee ae 44 

WIStKO TE SWE CLES teacty race hen er crer eh ora cactentin wate ac ecany epee My eaen, cot Oe dl 
Molise @iloare ineia Wini@iniGks: 2, 64nnccaesn ee eucsSWsvesacseaseunsdooe 72 
Distros ( Chen ORS HUN GT DZS Isic yon ales Ga A Ns PAM GIN ie ere SA ee UR ee a Lois eg ene et canes 
perc OpeEMOGAPARASIUEB Ee wean ste as reas ieee aidie’ «cnr one Mo cent eral!) 
WIRINeE Cera WISE S ter aee a ie rk erate de CP Se sets Long on mE Gate tat Seay start 83 
APrsiiay LD OOVE TS UDI cco ki Seka e Oe S AAG RAG ore eee te Saas RP eee eae Pe ge Re od te eer 87 
ne BROLOZOANS PANT © GunEINIREEVA TE Sri. cities li ea acuta. an ecco ene ae Pee 
“TDIEWEE WG IEAM & oes oc es cocky is aU Ok Ae Cae SAN aa nen rie ee ar Ae RAR aaa Pe eerie Scr hon ede er 100 
Thee Siomero Sie. bac tho More AER Ser es oe ER SINR cae erent a eee 100 
BIG ETE Mo AUN KCL OIN ESS eee eee CMe Ry yi e noone cs Sah. he Aca Mnee Anca eye vat eet 105 
he planitonwscummorwasserpluetherrecmacek. a eee cena eae ae 110 
‘Reda JUTE? Ae Ae ais 0 Seth olan thy OIE eter eee es one a ie tne” hairs eee EE ee nae 17 
LTTE OCLC CLOT EET RTE ees esi ro Ta ome cites aN isc Pes ee leractiaen) eeatoee al? 
OTMER ESRC G) GiIACET Crue ale Fe NUROR Ae Are ace AE OO Aare ot eee Sat AUST CMGIO yk tea 119 
DE(ariraeLaNG NENT ICO} Ol gy Set wee cto Gecltd areca Ove ESR ic RIC Cot Ree CREE RT ee re i mm 119 
Weesrolaihe aqua hieclonan cic not ake ete ice. tuk ae ePeast > Soka es ee coos oh 119 

PIG ETE HM EANNT ID gETEO RAV ieee yey tenet aye, foes Carwin is tees out chs cole tet ehte nuit sues 124 
HINGT:@ CLULC GIG ee eee a eR Acs sieht eae aee een Seren teen AS Bees Canc eta: 124 
CGeneralehlonalehiecl OnsMynns sc Macnee ans ane tit cre sere sche e sachanee: 128 
COMPARISONS ORPAQUATIOUAND AND BRORAS=. 2.40 ..05e0 02 550 e002] oct name 133 
TE TED JANIE CVEDY at tS 08 Se OWES ee ee SSE Re GRE CR me rR OM 138 
Introductions see aee EAD CLR ETE Pee PO Ce Rent eae eae: 138 
JATNTOM ATID) I LISI Oral SHANE 5 an oe oo ee Od hon eR ODER nen on ee coe auaccn one 141 
sR eRG re cil ras wet Cae ped Ae teed cen oe gcd tunis eh ermea ehseain Se ante 141 
Mbiven@ nama esse a eee a yaa eT ao UA cereale Spade aay acne ee 157 
Ma eSD Ta On sare LCM ee ea OME eS a) nate a Nes A Ue me nme eer age 161 
inesNouaticHelant sro takeMaximikwekeennaecdeer esl ain 165 
iherAouaticenelants: ok Wostmbakets ocs.cya sm wn aeroe 4 sete eae ocin aera 192 
The Ferns, Fern-Allies, and Seed-bearing Plants....................... 197 


{5) 


THE INSECTS 
INTRODUCTION 


‘Unfortunately, no entomologist was assigned to the party study- 
ing the lake. No special study was, therefore, made of the insects. 
This is regretted, because so many species of insects or their larve 
bear an important relation to the life of the lake. The number 
of species that enter directly into the menu of the fishes of the 
lake is undoubtedly many and the total quantity consumed must 
be very great. 

Such study of the insects as we were able to make was there- 
fore purely incidental and necessarily very disconnected and in- 
complete. From time to time examples in various groups were 
collected. These were sent to the Bureau of Entomology of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, to the specialists of 
which we are indebted for their identification. For assistance in 
identifying the species in the various orders we are indebted to 
several specialists. Professor W. S. Blatchley has helped us with 
the Orthoptera, Dr. O. A. Johannsen with the Diptera, and Mr. 
EK. P. Van Duzee with the Hemiptera and other groups. 

An exception to this general statement may be made in the case 
of the Odonata, which were collected and reported upon by Dr. 
Charles B. Wilson, who spent a part of two summers at the lake 
and secured such species as were to be found during that time. 


ORDER APTERA 
THE SPRING-TAILS 


Snowfleas, probably Achorutes nivicola, were exceedingly 
abundant about the edges of the pools and ponds, especially about 
the woodland pond near Farrar’s. They were very active, 
leaping from the moist leaves about the pond into the water or 
rather upon its surface. In places they would turn the snow black. 
On the occasion of a heavy snowfall late in winter an old inhabi- 
tant remarked: ‘“‘This snow will remain until the bugs eat it 
up.” He said that this was common belief and that in parts of 
Pennsylvania some of the late heavy snows disappeared, not by 
melting, but by being consumed by snowfleas! A curious super- 
stition. ; 

The snowfleas as they grow, often shed their skins on the sur- 
face of the water, the skin remaining as a thin, white pellicle. 

On March 17, 1901, they were abundant on the snow, and on 
- November 1, 1904, many were seen at the edge of the lake. 


(7) 


8 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


ORDER EPHEMERIDA 
THE MAY-FLIES 


The May-flies are probably the most important insects in rela- 
tion to the fishes of the lake. Their eggs are laid in the water, 
the larvee are aquatic, and both are fed upon by fishes. The May- 
flies themselves, at the close of their brief lives, fall upon the sur- 
face of the lake by the millions and furnish a vast amount of food 
to many species of fishes, 

Early in April the May-fly larvee begin to be conspicuous about 
the margins of the lake and in the ponds and quiet streams. They 
were first noted in numbers on April 4 (1901), and throughout 
the winter they were found more or less frequently in the bottom 
dredgings. About the fourth of April, they began to crowd up 
near the shore in great numbers with a peculiar wriggling motion. 
On April 5 they were found in immense numbers in a ditch and 
some small ponds near the Assembly grounds. On April 6, millions 
were seen in this ditch and they were very plentiful in many other 
places. They continued very abundant until about the fifteenth 
when they began to decrease in numbers, but the larvee were noted 
on the 19th, 20th, and 22nd. The first May-fly imago was noted 
on May 2. The next day many were seen in the woods indulging 
in an aerial dance. On the fourth, many were seen in the town 
of Culver, dancing in the air. From that date they kept increas- 
ing in numbers, while at the same time their larve casts were more 
and more abundant in the water along the shore. By May 17, the 
woods were filled with insects on the wing, many of them May-flies, 
and the larvee were abundant in windrows at the water’s edge. 
From May 18 to 21, they were noted by the millions. On May 19 
and 20 great numbers of casts and dead adults were observed in 
the water and along the shore, and dead or dying adults were 
very abundant in the grass and weeds around the lake. On-May 
22, they began copulating and laying their eggs in the water, at the 
same time being caught in great numbers by the various kinds of 
fishes. The straw-colored minnows snapped them up greedily. 
We caught a number of the May-flies and threw them on the water 
where they were promptly seized by the fishes. They continued in 
considerable numbers until May 25, when a good many were seen, 
but none flying, and all rather numb. Not many were seen on 
the 26th. A few were noted in the afternoon of the 27th and 28th, 
and on the 29th a few stragglers were seen. On the 28th one was 
observed emerging and several noted that had just emerged. In 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 9 


the evening a great many were seen flying about and on the grass. 
They leave their cast-off skins on the grass a few steps back from 
the lake shore. None could be seen on June 4, but on June 22 one 
was seen, the last of the season. 

All the above applies to a long, blackish, rather robust species 
with three long caudal setze. 

On June 7, were seen a few of a second species, more slender 
than the other and with only two caudal sete. 

It is a common belief about the lake that many fishes die as a 
result of gorging themselves with May-flies, but this opinion was 
not sustained by the examination which was made of the stomachs 
of a considerable number of fishes found dead during May-fly 
time. 

In addition to the larger May-flies of early summer, a diminu- 
tive form of a light brown color, but semitransparent, was present 
in immense numbers in autumn, emerging one night, and laying 
their eggs on the surface of the water during the next day and 
evening. These were present in such numbers that they formed 
regular drifts about the base of a large bullseye lamp set on the 
pier, the insects flying toward the pier light and becoming tangled 
up together by their long and delicate caudal stylets. Although 
probably as abundant numerically as the large May-flies of spring, 
these minute forms did not attract the attention that the former 
did, because of their pigmy size and inconspicuous coloration. The 
lisping of the minnows and other little fishes such as skipjacks, 
along shore on fine autumnal evenings, was caused by their snap- 
ping at these little insects as they deposited their eggs on the water 
surface. 

A remarkable feature about the May-flies is their habit of 
moulting after the wings have formed, and after they have flown a 
little distance from the Jake. It is astonishing how such a thin 
transparent membran~ as their wings can be shed. The dark, 
heavy species alights on the grass to make this last change but a 
light transparent species of late summer is often not able to shed 
the skin from its caudal stylets, but bears the entire cast-off clothes 
on these, and is thus greatly impeded in its flight. 

The larve of some of the large dark May-flies feed on the 
softer portions of old, dead leaves, in the bottom of the water, and 
some of them will, in a very short time, completely skeletonize a 
leaf, leaving only the delicate lace-work of the veins. 


10 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


ORDER ODONATA 


THE DRAGON-FLIES 
By Charles B. Wilson 


INTRODUCTION 


Like the May-flies, the Dragon-flies are all aquatic and consti- 
tute the most important group of insects to be found about the 
lake. They are also the most attractive and graceful, in spite of 
the obnoxious name of ‘“snake-feeders,’”’ which has been bestowed 
upon them in the common local vernacular. They have not, of 
course, the remotest connection with snakes, nor are they poisonous 
or harmful in any way, as is popularly supposed. They are strictly 
carnivorous and often cannibalistic in all stages of development, 
the larger imagos and nymphs habitually eating the smaller ones. 

But they feed chiefly upon other animals such as flies, insect 
larvee, small crustaceans, worms, leeches, fish-fry and tadpoles. 
They seem to relish especially house-flies and culicids, and thus 
become of great economic importance through the destruction of 
these pests. That the curse of house-flies and mosquitoes is kept so 
delightfully within bounds at Lake Maxinkuckee is very largely 
due to the untiring ministrations of the dragon-flies. 

Their eggs are either laid in the water or inserted into the 
tissues of some water plant or floating fragment. 

As soon as the egg is hatched the nymph begins devouring other 
animals. Of course, it has to be content at first with very small 
ones, but as it increases in size and strength it becomes able to kill 
larger and larger ones until finally it includes small fish and tad- 
poles among its prey. 

The full-grown nymph of one of the larger dragon-flies is fully 
two inches in length with a stout muscular body and strong legs. 
As soon as it is fully matured the nyi-pvh crawls up out of the 
water on a rush stem, the leaf of a water :lant, a stake, a board, 
or other convenient support, usually during the night or very early 
in the morning. As soon as it becomes dry the skin splits along 
the back, and the fully developed dragon-fly emerges. These old 
nymph skins may be found about the lake during the entire sum- 
mer, and often in the early morning the newly emerged imago may 
be seen perched on the skin or close by. Thirty skins were taken 
one morning from the inside of a boathouse on the west side of the 
lake. 

That the dragon-flies enumerated in the following list play a 
very important part in the economy of the fish life of the lake may 
be seen from several considerations. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 11 


1. They destroy multitudes of insect adults and larve that 
would otherwise serve as fish food; they are voracious feeders and 
they keep at it all their lives. . 

2. The nymphs of the larger dragon-flies are strong and agile 
enough to catch and eat the helpless fry of many of the larger 
fishes. They greatly prefer insect larve but will kill the fish 
rather than go hungry. 

3. On the other hand, many of the insects destroyed are ob- 
noxious to man. This is especially true of the mosquitoes, gnats, 
ete., which form the dragon-flies’ favorite food. 

4, The dragon-flies themselves, both adults and larve, are 
eaten by the fish. The young nymphs when first hatched are 
nearly as good fish-food as insect larve, and are easily overpowered 
by the small fish which frequent the shallow water where they live. 
As the nymphs grow larger they become too wary and too power- 
ful for these small fishes. At the same time they keep coming 
closer and closer to the shore so that the larger fish do not get a 
chance to capture them. This explains why so few nymphs were 
found in the fishes’ food during July and August. During the 
winter and in the early spring, when other food is scarce, these 
dragon-fly larve must share with the minnows in supplying food 
for the larger fish. 

That the adult dragon-flies are eaten by the larger fish is a 
matter of both direct observation and inference. Repeatedly in 
the effort to capture some of the more wary dragon-flies a speci- 
men would be knocked kelpless into the water by a blow from the 
net. Often on these occasions before it could be picked up there 
would come a swirl in the water and it would disappear down some 
fish’s throat. It was difficult, of course, to identify the fish with 
certainty, but Libellula pulchella and L. luctuosa were eaten this 
way on several occasions by Large-mouthed Black Bass, while Celi- 
themis eponina was taken by the Redeye. Several of the smaller 
damsel-flies were taken by smaller fish. Reliable anglers also testify 
that they have seen fish following a pair of dragon-flies, like Celi- 
themis eponina, which fly about close to the surface over the deep 
water, the female repeatedly dipping her abdomen beneath the 
water to deposit her eggs, and that the fish often jump for the 
dragon-flies. : 

Again, dragon-flies are constantly getting into the water, par- 
ticularly during a high wind and after they have finished deposit- 
ing their eggs. A careful watch was kept for such individuals 
- every day, but in only one instance during the entire summer was 
a dragon-fly observed floating on the water. Even this one was 


12 Lake Maxinkuckee,. Physical and Biological Survey 


swallowed by a fish before it could be picked up; the inference, 
of course, is that the others were similarly disposed of. 

5. Dragon-fly nymphs in all probability prey on leeches 
amongst their other food, and leeches are the most fatal parasites 
that infest the lake, killing numbers of fish annually. Anything 
that tends to reduce the number of leeches, therefore, will have 
great economic value because they have very few enemies so far 
as known. 

This relation between dragon-fly nymphs and leeches is worthy 
of careful study in the future. The author greatly regrets that the 
lateness of the season prevented the acquiring of any positive data 
on this point. 

Specimens of every dragon-fly mentioned in the following list 
were collected and personally identified by the author. The species 
are arranged according to the admirable list of “The Dragon-flies 
of Indiana” by E. B. Williamson, as published in the Report of the 
State Geologist of Indiana for 1900. 

Many additional facts have been taken from this list and the 
author also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. William- 
son for valuable criticism and advice given in private correspond- 
ence, and for the last four species here reported, which were col- 
lected by Mr. Williamson at Lake Maxinkuckee in May, 1900. The 
author could not begin his collecting until the middle of July, and 
it is practically certain that the months of May and June would 
add ten or a dozen more species to the list. 


LIST OF SPECIES 
1. BOYERIA VINOSA (Say) 


A rare species, shy and wary, and a strong flier. It was not 
positively identified around any of the lakes visited, but was 
thought to have been seen flying over Lost Lake on several occa- 
sions. Three pairs were seen along the Tippecanoe River on Sep- 
tember 4, the females depositing their eggs in the edge of the weeds 
along the banks. One of these pairs was captured. 


2. AESCHNA CONSTRICTA Say 


A species seen only occasionally during the summer, but becom- 
ing more common during the autumn, and_finally in the middle of 
September congregating in considerable numbers around Hawk’s 
marsh, which is situated about a quarter of a mile inland from the 
west shore of the lake. This species, as noted by Williamson, pre- 
fers the shelter of the bushes and rushes, and returns constantly 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 13 


to alight on the twigs and branches after roaming about in search 
of food. Itis very active, a strong flier, and often mounts to a con- 
siderable height in pursuit of its prey. 

Although the abdomen of the male is seen to be highly colored 
with blue on close examination, both sexes appear dull brown when 
flying about. 


3. PERITHEMIS DOMITIA (Drury) 


One of the smallest species, frequenting the lily-pads and pick- 
erel-weed, flying close te the water, and habitually keeping below 
the larger and stronger species as noted by Needham. 

The males congregate on the lily-pads some little distance from 
the shore and are difficult to catch because they are very wary. 
They can dodge a net with facility, and especially because they 
fly so close to the water that it is very hard to manipulate the net. 

The females are found closer to the shore and are not nearly so 
numerous as the males. Their flight here in Indiana is anything 
but “rather weak and a bit clumsy” as Needham records for New 
York State. The author spent two hours one afternoon in early 
September along the edge of the pickerel-weed at Twin Lakes en- 
deavoring to catch some of these females which could be seen occa- 
sionally flying about, and finally had to come away without secur- 
ing a single specimen. The females seen were always unattended 
by a male and deposited their eggs close to the shore amongst the 
Chara and Spirogyra. One specimen that had been swept into the 
water by the net was seized and eaten by a fish, apparently a War- 
mouth Bass. 

The adults of both sexes were obtained at Lake Maxinkuckee, 
Lost Lake, Bass Lake and Twin Lakes. They were especially com- 
mon at Lost Lake around the Outlet where several nymphs were 
also obtained August 15, just ready to come forth as imagos. 


4, CELITHEMIS EPONINA (Drury) 


One of the skimmers and the largest of the genus in the State, 
both sexes rust-colored throughout, with large brown spots on the 
wings, the male more brightly colored than the female. 

This species and Libellula luctuosa were the two most common 
dragon-flies at all the lakes visited. They appeared before our 
arrival and were still roaming about at the middle of September. 
The female of this species is nearly always held by the male when 
depositing her eggs, and the two are seen flying about together 
more frequently than any other species. Since the eggs are de- 
posited in the clean water, often a long distance from any vegeta- 


14 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


tion, the species is more conspicuous than most others. Then, too, 
both sexes, but especially the male, are inquisitive, and perch on 
the very tops of the rushes to watch the intruder. If disturbed 
they return again and again to the same spot. This species is also 
less dependent on the weather than most others and may be seen 
flying about on cloudy days, during a high wind, or even in a driz- 
zling rain. 

The nymphs of this species are broad and flattened, with the 
lateral margins of the last two segments conspicuously serrate. 
They prefer a stump, a board, or the post of a wharf for their 
final transformation and the dried nymph skins may be found in 
such localities and often on the inside of boathouses. 

Adults of both sexes were taken at Lake Maxinkuckee, Lost 
Lake, Bass Lake, Twin Lakes, Yellow River and Hawk’s marsh. 

A pair of this species which had been brushed into the water 
was immediately seized and swallowed by a large bass, probably 
Micropterus salmoides.- 


5. CELITHEMIS ELISA (Hagen) 


Not as common as the preceding species and considerably 
smaller. In the coloration the red is more prominent, particularly 
toward the tip of the wings. The sexes do not fly about together 
as does C. eponina; the female keeps well out of sight among the 
rushes and dense vegetation back from the water’s edge. 

The male, however, perches on the tips of the rushes and is 
nearly as inquisitive and conspicuous as the preceding species. 

The nymphs are similar to C. eponina but smaller, and they 
prefer a rush stem for their final transformation, and the dried 
nymph skins are found in such places. 

Adults were obtained at Lake Maxinkuckee, Lost Lake, and 
Bass Lake; the nymphs were obtained from Lost Lake. 


6. CELITHEMIS FASCIATA Kirby 


A rare species only seen once during the entire summer. It 
can be distinguished at once from the two other species of the genus 
by its color, the general tone and the spots on the wings being black 
rather than reddish brown. It is about the size of elisa and re- 
sembles it in its habits, the female remaining hidden among the 
vegetation along shore, while the male roams about in the rushes 
over the water. 

About a dozen specimens were obtained at Twin Lakes on 
August 31, and they were the only ones seen. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 15 


7. LEUCORHINIA INTACTA (Hagen) 


This is the species commonly known as ‘“‘whiteface,” the desig- 
nation expressing the chief peculiarity, a white face sometimes 
tinged with yellow but always contrasting strongly with the sur- 
rounding dark color. It frequents the marshy flats around the 
lake, flying close to the water among the stems of the water plants, 
so that it requires some search to find one and more maneuvering to 
capture it. The eggs are laid close to the shore and the only fe- 
male seen ovipositing was perched on a rush stem with the poste- 
rior half of its abdomen beneath the water. The nymphs are 
large with an ovate abdomen, the dorsal hooks of which are as long 
as the segments which bear them. Found in Lake Maxinkuckee 
and Lost Lake. 


8. SYMPETRUM VICINUM (Hagen) 


This is an autumnal species, not appearing until late in the sum- 
mer, and is one of the smallest found. It resembles the following 
species closely in size and body color, and the two can be distin- 
guished only by the shape and size of the hamule and abdominal 
appendages of the male, and by the structure of the vulvar lamina 
in the female. It flies about as much over the shore as it does 
over the water, and like the following species has a habit of hover- 
ing in the air, holding itself stationary by the rapid vibration of 
its wings. 

It was found in considerable numbers in Hawk’s marsh and 


along the Tippecanoe River, and was the last species to be seen 
after frost came. 


9. SYMPETRUM CORRUPTUM (Hagen) 


Very similar to the preceding in coloration, especially after the 
original markings have disappeared and the body has become a 
dark red. It is considerably larger than vicinum, is a more rapid 
flier, and rather more wary; and for these reasons very difficult 
to capture. 

Only a few specimens obtained from Yellow River late in 
August. 

10. ERYTHEMIS SIMPLICICOLLIS (Say) 

This species has a wide distribution and is especially common 
around the swamps and marshes and along shore. Hawk’s marsh, 
the southern inlet, and Green’s marsh between Lost Lake and Lake 
Maxinkuckee, swarmed with these dragon-flies during the entire 
summer. They usually remain in the shelter of the dense herbage, 
and often squat on the ground like Gomphus. 

When they alight it is nearly always near the ground or the 


16 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


water. They may often be taken pairing in such places, and pre- 
fer to lay their eggs in the shallow water along shore, amongst the 
yellow algee, where the water is scarcely deep enough to cover them. 
They feed largely on Diptera. 

Found at Lost Lake, Lake Maxinkuckee, Twin Lakes, Yellow 
River, and Tippecanoe River. 


11. PACHYDIPLAX LONGIPENNIS (Burmeister) 


A very cosmopolitan species found over the whole United 
States, Mexico, and the Bahama Islands. Both sexes are swift 
fliers, and as the males, which are most in evidence, hover near the 
surface of the water and in among the vegetation they are difficult 
to catch. The females remain at some distance from the water 
when not ovipositing, and so are less difficult to capture. When 
Ovipositing both sexes fly in and out among the cow-iilies and 
arrowheads where it is hard to strike with a net, and when they 
do alight it is usually on the sides of the lily stems close to the 
water. This species has the curious habit of drooping its wings 
and elevating its abdomen when resting, so that the insect ap- 
pears to be trying to stand on its head. As Williamson remarks, 
this simply furnishes the large Libellulas an excellent mark to nip 
at, and the author has repeatedly seen L. luctwosa and L. pulchella 
snap at the tip of the elevated abdomen and drive the Pachydiplax 
away, but has never seen one of the latter killed. 

This species was found during the entire summer in every lo-' 
cality visited. 

12. LIBELLULA LUCTUOSA Burmeister 


This was the most abundant of all the dragon-flies, and was 
found on all the lakes visited. It seems to prefer the higher and 
drier ground and was not usually found near low and Swampy places. 
It is a strong flier and often pauses and holds itself stationary by 
rapid vibration of its wings. 

It is also inquisitive, searching into everything, and often re- 
turning to the same place when missed by the net. When fishing, 
the author has repeatedly seen them snap at the cork float on the 
fishing line, both while it was in the air during the casting and 
while it was floating on the surface of the water. 

When alighting they often prefer the side of a rush stem, or 
even the bare ground. The eggs are deposited in the shallow 
water near the shore, the female hovering over the spot and re- 
peatedly dipping her abdomen beneath the surface in almost the 
same place. The black markings of the wings make this species 
very conspicuous, especially in the male where they are contrasted 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Ly 


with white. A male of this species was the only dragon-fly found 
during the entire summer floating in the water. On two occasions 
when knocked into the water by the net, imagos were seen to be 
eaten by Redeyes. 

Found on the northern and western shores of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee, at Lost Lake, Twin Lakes, and Bass Lake. 


13. LIBELLULA INCESTA Hagen 


An extremely wary species, the males frequenting the tall reeds 
and rushes along shore. They are constantly on the watch and 
will not allow the collecter to approach near enough to strike them 
with the net. They are also easily frightened and at once retire 
out of sight and remain hidden. No female was found during the 
entire season, and they must have been concealed in the grass 
away from the water’s edge. 

This species was only rarely seen around Lake Maxinkuckee 
and Lost Lake, but was fairly common along the Outlet between 
the two lakes. 

14. LIBELLULA CYANEA Fabricius 


Like the preceding, only the males of this species were found, 
and they frequented the tall reeds and rushes along the Outlet in 
company with incesta. They were not quite so wary and they also 
stay closer to the ground, alighting on the sides of the rushes or 
-on broken stems. The bi-colored pterostigma and the tinges of 
color adjacent to it, and also at the base of both pairs of wings, 
can be distinguished at some distance and at once separate this 
species from any with which it would be likely to become con- 
fused. The females kept themselves so closely hidden that not 
one was seen during the season. 

Found rarely in Lake Maxinkuckee and commonly along the 
Outlet in company with incesta. 


15. LIBELLULA QUADRIMACULATA Linnzus 


This beautiful species was the most widely distributed and, 
next to L. luctuosa, the most abundant of the large dragon-flies. 

It is especially a pond-loving species, but was found also along 
the banks of the two rivers visited, along the banks of several of 
the cross-country ditches, around pools in the country barnyards, 
and even occasionally skimming the ficids at some distance from 
the water. It isa strong flier and fairly wary. It also alights but 
seldom and keeps excellent watch. But it is also quite curious, and 
once or twice when the net was held out quietly it flew up near 
enough to be caught. 


2-—17618—Vol. 


18 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


A bass, presumably Micropterus salmoides, was seen to rise and 
seize an imago of this species which had been knocked into the 
Yellow River with a sweep of the net. Another imago was seized 
and swallowed under similar conditions in Lake Maxinkuckee by a 
fish which could not be distinctly seen. 

To these direct observations may be added the fact that, in 
spite of their abundance, not a single example was found floating 
on the water during the summer. The eggs are deposited near the 
shore, by repeated dips of the abdomen beneath the surface at 
nearly the same spot, similar to the practice of L. luctuosa. 

The sexes are occasionally seen paired, but the female is usually 
alone during egg deposition. 

Found at all the localities visited but especially abundant along 
the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee. 


17. PLATHEMIS LYDIA (Drury) 


A large and beautifu! species, as strong a flier as the preceding, 
and considerably more wary. The old pruinose males are very 
conspicuous, their white bodies showing at a very long distance 
against the dark background. They also proved to be the most 
difficult to capture of any species, and only after repeated trials 
and numerous disappointments could one be gotten into the net. 
This species seems to prefer the creeks and inlets rather than the 
open water of the ponds. The sexes do not pair during ovipositing, 
and the female has a curious habit of placing her eggs in the water 
on the top of an old lily-pad whose center has become submerged. 

The male is a tireless forager and flies back and forth over the 
same beat until the supply is apparently exhausted. 

Found in the Outlet between Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake, 
at the South Inlet, and along several streams emptying into the 
Yellow River. 

18. CALOPTERYX MACULATA (Beauvois) 


This beautiful black damsel-fly does not come out in the open 
but sticks to the banks of the small streams where the thick vege- 
tation throws always a cool shade. They fly slowly and not very 
strongly with a sort of fluttering motion. 

Their black wings, unmarked save by the white pterostigma in 
the female, and the bright metallic sheen on the abdomen, make 
them conspicuous amid the foliage. They congregate in consider- 
able numbers, and where conditions are favorable the banks of 
the stream will be fairly lined with them. 

Their eggs are deposited amid the weeds and loose débris near 
the bank, the sexes pairing during oviposition. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 19 


A single male was captured on the Outlet between Lake Maxin- 
kuckee and Lost Lake. They were found in great numbers on 
the Yellow River, Tippecanoe River and in some of the cross-coun- 
try ditches to the west of Culver. 


19. HETAERINA AMERICANA (Fabricius) 


A species that is common around rocky ripples in the streams 
and rivers where the water is shallow and the banks are grown 
up with the water willow, Dianthera. It stays close to the water’s 
edge on the leaves of the willow and does not fly far even when dis- 
turbed. When flying, the bright red spots at the base of the wings 
of the male make it conspicuous but on alighting these spots are 
concealed by the folding of the wings. The eggs are deposited 
on the willow leaves at the water’s edge, and the sexes are paired 
during the process. A blind sweep of the net along the willows at 
such times will often capture ten or a dozen pairs. 

Very common along the Outlet, at Yellow and Tippecanoe 
rivers, and in the cross-country ditches to the west of Culver. 


20. HETAERINA TRICOLOR (Burmeister) 


This species frequents the same localities as the preceding, and 
is very similar to it, the chief difference being in the posterior 
wings of the male, which are brown instead of red. 

It is not therefore as conspicuous when flying as the preceding, 
but when at rest the only appreciable difference is one of size, 
tricolor being a little the larger. Its eggs, like those of the pre- 
ceding species, are deposited in the weeds at the water’s edge, the 
sexes pairing during oviposition. 

Found at Tippecanoe and Yellow rivers, and in a cross-country 
ditch close to the Tippecanoe. 


21. LESTES UNGUICULATUS Hagen 


This species is somewhat smaller and not so dark colored as the 
two which follow. The dorsal surface of the abdomen is an iri- 
descent, metallic green, turning to pruinose in mature specimens. 
The white color at either end of the pterostigma furnishes a good 
mark for identification. 

It flies swiftly and hides in the dense vegetation around the 
marshes and along the shore, coming out only to lay its eggs. 

Found in considerable numbers at Hawk’s marsh late in Au- 
gust and rarely along the Outlet between Lake Maxinkuckee and 
Lost Lake. 


20 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


22. LESTES FORCIPATUS Rambur 


Nearly as large as vigilax, the males with slender and nearly 
black abdomens, the pterostigma entirely black in both sexes. 

This is also a swift flier and a frequenter of the marshes and 
sedges, but it does not seem to remain concealed as persistently as 
unguiculatus. Williamson says it is the first of its genus to ap- 
pear in spring, and it was found late in August at Hawk’s marsh, 
where it was taken in connection with the preceding species. It 
was not found elsewhere. 


23. LESTES VIGILAX Hagen 


Notably larger than the preceding species and more brightly 
colored, its colors, however, harmonize so well with its environ- 
ment as to effectually conceal it. It is a slender and graceful spe- 
cies, preferring the rushes and weeds around the lake rather than 
along the streams. Its eggs are deposited amid the rush stems 
and the sedges, the sexes pairing during oviposition. The male 
retains such a firm hold of the female at this time that the two may 
not only be taken together but they may be killed and placed in the 
preservative still fastened together. 

Found in special abundance in Lost Lake around the Outlet and 
at the South Inlet of Lake Maxinkuckee and rarely along the west- 
ern shore of the latter lake. 


24. ARGIA MOESTA PUTRIDA (Hagen) 


A large and dull-colored species which frequents the open shore 
where there is plenty of sunshine. They do not alight so much 
as the other species on the weeds and grasses but upon boards, 
sticks, stones, etc. They are not as lively as the other species and 
allow a close approach and easy capture. 

In every instance observed the eggs were being deposited in 
the yellow, filth-laden algze close to the shore. The male also, in 
these particular instances, held his body suspended above the fe- 
male at an angle of about 45° by the rapid vibration of his wings. 
He was not seen to be drawn under the female, but the observa- 
tions were very limited. 

Found only at Aubeenaubee Bay in Lake Maxinkuckee and amid 
the pickerel-weed on Lost Lake. 


25. ARGIA VIOLACEA (Hagen) 
A common species which remains all summer and may be found 


along the shores of the lake anywhere. It prefers the dense vege- 
tation close to the shore, and is also found along the banks of the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Dale 


cross-country ditches. The sexes are usually found paired and the 
eggs are deposited in the tissues of decaying weeds and stems float- 
ing at the surface. During oviposition the male holds his body 
suspended in the air after the manner just described for putrida. 
The eggs are large and dark-colored and can be easily found in 
the decaying tissues. The violet color of the male shows up plainly 
among the blue and red, the orange and the brown of the species 
with which it associates, and is a distinguishing character. 
Found in all the localities visited. 


26. ARGIA SEDULA (Hagen) 


This species is found with the preceding in the rank vegetation 
along streams and ditches. The males of the two species can be 
told at once by their color, violet in violacea and a deep blue in 
sedula. The females can then be told by their association with 
the males. The eggs are deposited similarly to those of violacea 
in the tissues of decaying matter floating at the surface. This 
species is not nearly so common as the preceding and was found in 
only two localities, along the Outlet between Lake Maxinkuckee 
and Lost Lake and at the South Inlet. 


27. ARGIA APICALIS (Say) 

This species is similar to putrida but is brighter colored and is 
not found in similar localities, preferring the streams and rivers 
to the open lake shore. Here it lives-amid the rank vegetation, 
venturing out only after food or for the purpose of depositing its 
egos. These latter, furthermore, are never deposited in the dirty 
alge near the shore but in the clearer water some distance out. 

About 20 specimens of this species, including both sexes, were 
taken on the Tippecanoe River in September. 


28. CHROMAGRION CONDITUM (Hagen) 


This species was found in considerable numbers at Hawk’s 
marsh in company with two species of Lestes. They seemed to 
prefer this cool, shaded swamp, and were not seen in the open or 
anywhere along the lake shores. They were mating and the fe- 
males were depositing their eggs in the few pools near the center 
of the water where any water was visible. Of necessity the eggs 
were laid in the weeds and lily-pads with which the pools were 
nearly choked. Several specimens of both sexes were secured. 


29. NEHALENNIA IRENE Hagen 


A very small but handsome species found in the damp vegeta- 
tion along some stream or ditch. In addition to its small size it is 


Ze Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


bright green in color, and easily overlooked in the green foliage. 
The sexes are usually paired and the female deposits her eggs on 
the stems of rushes lying in the water. The eggs are pale in color 
and fastened on the surface rather than inserted in the substance 
of the rush. 

Found along the outlet below Lost Lake. 


30. NEHALENNIA POSITA (Hagen) 


Another tiny species, even smaller than the preceding, living 
amongst the cow-lily stems and pads out in the open lake. The 
male is usually bronze-black in color, ornamented with bright yel- 
low and is much easier to distinguish than irene. The eggs are 
laid similarly on floating vegetation. 

Found among the cow-lilies in Lost Lake, and in the South 
Inlet of Lake Maxinkuckee, where it is fairly common. 


31. ENALLAGMA HAGENTI (Walsh) 


A brightly marked blue species found in great numbers on the 
rushes in shallow water along the shores of Lake Maxinkuckee 
and Lost Lake. It was more abundant in July than in August, and 
had nearly disappeared by the last of the latter month. The sexes 
are nearly always paired and the female seems to prefer depositing 
her eggs on a broken or floating rush stem. The eggs are dark in 
color and are fastened cn the surface of the floating material in 
ereat black patches. The males of this species like those of Argia 
have the habit of holding themselves in the air by a rapid beating 
of the wings whiie the female is ovipositing. As many as 50 or 
60 couples may often be seen on the same rush stem, literally cov- 
ering all the available space. They are quite tame, allowing the 
boat to pass so close that one could touch them by extending the 


arm. 
32. ENALLAGMA CARUNCULATUM Morse 


Another bright blue species, a little larger than the preced- 
ing and not nearly as common. The two were found associated 
on the rushes in Lake Maxinkuckee and cannot be distinguished 
with certainty except by an examination of the abdominal ap- 
pendages in the male. Their habits of pairing and oviposition are 
similar, but the eggs found were not as dark in color as those of 
hageni. This species probably occurs on the other lakes but did 
not happen to be found on the days when those lakes were visited. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey V4) 


33. ENALLAGMA DIVAGANS Selys 


A much darker species appearing almost black when flying and 
found in company with the two preceding on the rushes in the 
open lake. The habits of oviposition are similar but only a few 
couples were found and the species appears to be rare. 


34. ENALLAGMA EXSULANS (Hagen) 


Another of the darker species, the black showing mostly when 
flying. It is, next to hageni, the most abundant species among 


the rushes, and was also found in the open herbage along the banks 
of the Yellow River. 


35. ENALLAGMA SIGNATUM (Hagen) 


An orange and black species easily recognized by its colors. 
The abdomen is noticeably slender, the black markings showing 
more prominently in the male while flying, and the orange mark- 
ings of the female. When at rest both sexes show the orange 
markings plainly enough to distinguish them from the associated 
species of the genus. Then, too, they are not common among the 
rushes, but prefer the lily-pads at some distance from the shore. 

Found in the outlet of Lost Lake and in the South Inlet of Lake 
Maxinkuckee. 

36. ISCHNURA VERTICALIS (Say) 


This is one of the species in which “at the time of imagination 
two distinct color types of females appear.’”’ In one of these the 
black, bluish, or grayish colors predominate, while the other is 
brilliantly streaked with orange. Both of these types were found 
with the green and black males upon the lily-pads in the outlet of 
Lost Lake early in August. Their flight was markedly weak and 
there was no trouble in capturing them. They alight, however, 
only on the tops of the lily-pads and so the net must be carried 
down into the water in order to capture them. 


37. ISCHNURA KELLICOTTI Williamson 


This species also has both the black and the orange females, 
the former seemingly the more abundant. It was not found any- 
where around the lake with the exception of a single male taken at 
the South Inlet. But it was common at Hawk’s marsh and many 
specimens of both sexes and of both types of females were secured 
there. The bright blue on the upper surface of the pterostigma of 
the anterior wings of the male serves to distinguish this species 
from the preceding. This is a species first discovered by William- 
son and therefore of peculiar interest in the state. 


24 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


38. ANOMALAGRION HASTATUM (Say) 


This is another genus with two types of female, the orange and 
the black. It is found flying about in the shelter of the pickerel- 
weed along the shores of Lost Lake and at the South Inlet of Lake 
Maxinkuckee, and also at Hawk’s marsh. It sticks closely to the 
weeds and does not usually venture very far from them even to 
get its food. Both sexes alight on the side of a weed stem when 
Ovipositing and the female then backs down into the water. The 
species was fairly common at the places mentioned. 


Mr. E. B. Williamson of Bluffton, Indiana, reports the following 
species not found by the present writer at Lake Maxinkuckee: 

39. Anax junius, May 24, 1900, two males and one female. 

40. Tetragoneuria cynosura, May 21 and 25, 1900, two males. 

41. Tramea lacerata, May 21. and 25, 1900, two males. 

42. Enallagma calverti, May 27, 1900, two males and one 
female. 


A few of our field notes for May and June, 1901, may be given 
here. May 1, first dragon-fly seen; 5th, several dragon-flies; 14th 
small dragon-fly; 15th, many small dragon-flies (Agrionids) ten- 
erals arise out of grass in damp ponds; 16th, dragon-flies of various 
sorts, mostly slender, as yesterday, some robust forms; all look 
pale; 18th, some large dragon-flies seen; 20th, dragon-flies come 
out of the water, emerging in great numbers; 22d, some dragon- 
flies came out; 23d, a good many dragon-flies seen, both large ones 
and slender steel-blue ones; some of the latter copulating; 29th, 
one large and one small dragon-fly seen; 30th, several dragon-flies 
seen. 

June 8, many slender steel-blue dragon-flies copulating on 
rushes; 6th, great numbers of small dragon-flies in grass near 
lake; 8th, many dragon-fties, a small slender species coming out of 
cases at noon; 12th, dragon-flies, small ones quite abundant. Saw 
two large teneral dragon-flies in morning and several larvee in 
afternoon; 17th, multitudes of small blue-green dragon-flies near 
Outlet Bay in evening; 20th, dragon-flies laying; 21st, good many 
small dragon-flies; 22d, dragon-flies plentiful. 

In 1904, a rather slender red-bodied dragon-fly was noted ovi- 
positing, and another was seen October 18. They seemed at this 
time to be the most abundant species. They were noted copulating 
and flying about October 26 and 27 and so on until November first. 

Two years after the completion of the above list, another visit 
was made to the lake earlier in the season and a number of addi- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey PAB) 


tional species were observed. These are probably as common as 
many of the original list, but they escaped notice during the first 
season, or they may have appeared and disappeared previous to 
the beginning of observations. 


43. GOMPHUS EXILIS Selys 


Common on the banks of the Outlet June 28, 1909, where it 
alighted on the grass and on the lily-pads and spatter-docks over 
the water. Of nine captured, eight were males, all of which were 
feeding on teneral damselflies. 


44. GOMPHUS LIVIDUS Selys 


Captured at the Gravelpit on the west shore of the lake July 1, 
in the grass along shore and back some distance from the water. 
Unlike most species of this genus, it alights on trees and bushes 
as well as on the ground. 


45. GOMPHUS FURCIFER Hagen 


A single female was captured at the Gravelpit in company 
with the preceding species July 3. She was holding a teneral Tet- 
ragoneuria, which was about half eaten. 


46. GOMPHOIDES OBSCURA (Rambur) 


Common along the sandy beaches on the western side of the 
lake June 30. A pair that were mating and several single males 
and females were secured. This species has the habit of perching 
on the reeds out in the water after the manner of Celithemis, but 
it chooses short and stiff reeds rather than tall ones that sway in 
the wind. It flies only a short distance from its perch and returns 
to the same spot repeatedly. In 1909 these dragonflies were still 
common on July 15, but none was seen in other years. 


47. ANAX JUNIUS (Drury) 


Common around Lost Lake and along the Otulet on June 26, 
but not any seen on Lake Maxinkuckee. Afterward, on July 14, 
a single male was secured at Norris Inlet. 


48. EPICORDULIA PRINCEPS (Hagen) 


Common in Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake June 27, where 
they were patrolling the shore after the usual manner of this 
species. A single one was seen at Norris Inlet July 14. These are 
the only records for the species. 


26 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


49. TETRAGONEURIA CYNOSURA (Say) 


Common at Lost Lake where it flies about over the water con- 
tinually for long periods without alighting. Eight specimens were 
secured at the Gravelpit on Lake Maxinkuckee July 38, but the 
species disappeared very quickly after that date. 


50. LADONA EXUSTA (Say) 


A few were seen on the east bank of the Outlet along the edge 
of the woods July 4, in company with Libellula incesta and L. 
cyanea. Several pruinose males were captured, and the species 
was afterward seen along the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee. 


51. LIBELLULA PULCHELLA Drury 


Common along the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee in 1909. 
A large and powerful dragonfly which captures and eats many 
moths and small butterflies as well as other insects. It is more 
watchful and wary than many of the other species, but while eat- 
ing, can be approached easily. 


52. TRAMEA LACERATA Hagen 


A single male captured as it was flying along the shore of 
Lake Maxinkuckee. The black bases of the hind wings are very 
conspicuous when the insect is on the wing and make it easy to 
identify. Many were seen along the west shore, particularly at 
the Gravelpit, and it was also noted at Norris Inlet on July 14. 


53. SYMPETRUM RUBICUNDULUM (Say) 
Several specimens were captured in Hawk’s marsh in 1908, and 
a single male on the banks of the Outlet in 1909. 


54. LESTES CONGENER Hagen 


A single pair taken together in Hawk’s marsh August 24, 1908. 


55. ENALLAGMA GEMINATUM Kellicott 


A single pair taken together in Lost Lake August 22, 1908. 


56. ENALLAGMA POLLUTUM (Hagen) 


Two pairs taken together in Lost Lake on the lily-pads Au- 
gust 22, 1908, and a single male on the lily-pads at Norris Inlet 
August 25. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 21 


ORDER ORTHOPTERA 


GRASSHOPPERS, CRICKETS, KATYDIDS, ETC. 


Even if they had nothing to do with the lake and its life, a dis- 
cussion of the insects of the region, or, indeed, of the insects of 
any region, without mention of the Orthoptera would be, to use 
a singularly unhappy but hackneyed simile, like the play of Ham- 
let with Hamlet left out; for there is no other group of insects 
more prominent, perhaps one could even say so prominent, in the 
consciousness of men. What the gaudy butterflies are to the eye, 
the Orthoptera are to the ear. Indeed, grouping the various in- 
sects according to the sensations caused by the most familiar mem- 
bers we might say that we know the Hemiptera by the sense of 
smell,* the Diptera by the sense of touch, the Lepidoptera by the 
sense of sight, the Hymenoptera through their works and indirectly 
by the sense of taste, and the Orthoptera by the sense of hearing. 

This group it is that adds to the thought of insect life nearly 
all of its lyrical element; and it is probably on account of this that 
the one notable exception is popularly known as the ‘“‘locust’’, just 
as country boys think of the chimney swift as a “swallow” because 
of its general similarity in habits. As will be seen later, how- 
ever, one group of these insects is of peculiar interest and bears a 
special relation to the life of the lake. 

Not all the Orthoptera are choral. There are the cockroaches, 
which are, very fortunately, scarce or absent in the houses about 
the lake. A wild, or native species was, however, abundant and 
nearly ate the bindings off of some books kept in the tent, and the 
lank, silent walking-sticks, Diapheromera femorata, were not rare 
in woodlands. Of greatest economic importance were the grass- 
hoppers. 

Chis group of insects is important because certain species enter 
so largely into the food supply of many species of fishes. By all 
odds the most popular as well as the most killing bait used by the 
anglers who frequent the lake is the grasshopper. It is a choice 
bait and always attractive, not only to both species of black bass, 
but also to the rock-bass, bluegill and yellow perch, and not wholly 
rejected by the warmouth, crappie, calico bass, wall-eyed pike, 
pumpkinseed and other sunfishes. 

It has been shown elsewhere in this report that the small boys 
who sell grasshoppers to the anglers at this lake derive therefrom 
an annual income of at least $200. 


*We feel mosquitoes, smell bugs, taste honey (and if reports of lumber camps are to be believed, some of 
the men eat the large black ants for their acid taste and intoxicating effects), see butterflies, and hear 
crickets, grasshoppers and katydids. 


28 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Fortunately for the angler, grasshoppers of various species are 
abundant in the fields, meadows and waste places about Lake Max- 
inkuckee. The prairie meadows to the west of the lake have al- 
ways been favorite localities for the hoppers, but in season they 
are abundant everywhere. They become popular for bait and are 
in demand just as soon in the summer as they have attained proper 
size and are in sufficient numbers to be secured in large quantities. 
This may happen as early as the first week in July; though usually 
the anglers will not be using hoppers exclusively until toward the 
latter part of that month. 

In 1901, a few anglers began using hoppers as early as July 5, 
and with good success. On July 7, grasshoppers were heard sing- 
ing in considerable numbers. August is, however, the best month. 
It was observed in 1900 and 1903, which were particularly good 
fishing seasons, that nearly all the good catches made in that month 
were on grasshoppers. They continue to be used just as long as 
they can be found, which will ordinarily be until about the last of 
September or just before the first frosts have come. In 1900 they 
were in use at least as late as October 1. 

Several different species are used; the principal one being 
Melanoplus differentialis, a large red-legged species, abundant in 
all fields, particularly among ragweeds along the edges of corn- 
fields. Another species of the same genus, M. bivittatus, is equally 
good, though somewhat less common. Still another is M. femur- 
rubrum. Various other species are used; indeed, almost any kind 
of grasshopper appeals more or less strongly to most of our fresh- 
water spiny-rayed game fishes. 

In September and October when it is difficult to get grasshop- 
pers, black crickets (of the genus Gryllus) make good bait, par- 
ticularly for bluegills. 

Katydids of various species (particularly Pterophylla camelli- 
folia and Neoconocephalus robustus) are common. They were 
first heard singing July 23. From then on they could be heard 
every favorable night. 

In 1900 we became especially interested in a particularly musi- 
cal, broad-winged katydid (Pterophylla camellifolia) that took up 
its station in a large white oak tree near our cottage. We first 
took note of it on the evening of July 23. From that date on it 
was heard on every suitable quiet night until September 27 when 
it missed although the night was a favorable one. The next night 
it was heard again and it continued noisy nearly every night for 
more than three weeks. About the 18th of October its song began to 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 29 


weaken, particularly on the coolest nights, when it would give only 
a few very weak calls, usually consisting of “she did’; sometimes 
of “she did, she did,” slow, deliberate, and weak. On the night 
of October 24 we heard a single low, weak, slowly uttered ‘‘she 
did,” after which it became quiet and we heard it no more. 

Crickets, especially the common black field cricket (Gryllus as- 
similis lactuosus), were fairly common and musical, especially in 
the fall. Our notebooks have many records of their singing, the 
earliest entry being May 17. From then on they were heard almost 
nightly and often in the daytime, until November 22. Mole crickets 
(Gryllotalpa) are rather common about the lake. Their burrows 
may be often seen in the sandy beaches. Their interesting musical 
note can often be heard, especially in August. Tree crickets were 
abundant, especially in low copses and thickets and, more than 
anything else except perhaps the katydids, made the autumn nights 
musical. 

The following species of Orthoptera have been identified as oc- 
curring about Lake Maxinkuckee: 

Diapheromera femorata Say 

Chorthippus curtipennis Harr. 

Dissosteira carolina Linn. 

Melanoplus atlanis Riley 

Melanoplus bivittatus Say 

Melanoplus differentialis Thomas 

Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG. 

Melanoplus fasciatus (Barnston-Walker) 

Scudderia curvicauda DeG. 

Pterophylla camellifolia Fabr. 

Neoconocephalus robustus Scudd. 

Gryllus assimilis lactuosus Serv. 


ORDER HEMIPTERA 
Bucs, CICADAS, APHIDS, AND SCALE INSECTS 


Of all the groups of insects found in the lake and in the immedi- 
ate vicinity, the least attention was paid to the Hemiptera or bugs. 
In the course of seining, raking weeds, taking plankton, etc., vari- 
ous forms would attract the attention either because of form, color, 
habit or abundance, and these would be preserved for identification. 

The Water Boatman, Corisa (Arctocorisa) interrupta Say, ap- 
pears in our collection and was probably common in the lake. We 
have no special notes concerning it. 


30 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


The Back Swimmers, Notonectide, are represented by Noto- 
necta undulata Say, obtained November 25, 1904, in the outlet of 
Lost Lake, and N. irvrorata Uhl., but we have no special notes. 

The Water Scorpion, Ranatra fusca P. Beauvois, attracted at- 
tention by its commonness, and by the fact that it was usually in 
evidence while one was collecting minnows and darters out of the 
seine. The queer egg cases, laid in rows in bits of floating sticks 
or rushes, with the two long white setz projecting, had aroused 
considerable curiosity which was not satisfied until a Ranatra was 
seen ovipositing in Lake Phalen, Minnesota, in 1907. 

The Giant Water-bug or ‘‘Electric-light Bug’’ was occasionally 
seen. On December 7, 1906, one was observed creeping along on 
the under side of the clear ice, and on October 1, 1904, one was 
noted in the water near the Monninger cottage. Its smaller rela- 
tive, Belostoma flumineum Say, was common in the lake and at- 
tracted attention through the habit of the male of carrying the 
eggs about on his back. It was obtained in various parts of the 
lake, in Aubeenaubee Bay, Aubeenaubee Creek, in Culver Inlet, 
and Lost Lake. On August 6, 1906, the young were observed 
hatching, the larve showing red eyes. These bugs as found in 
the lake are generally infested, sometimes pretty badly, with sac- 
like red objects attached to them, the young of one of the water- 
mites. On August 1, 1906, one was found in Lost. Lake that had 
just moulted. 

Peculiar toad-shaped bugs, Gelostocoris oculatus, were abundant 
along the sandy shore on the east side of the lake. Some were 
collected August 6, 1906. 

The common water-strider Gerris (Hygrotrechus) remigis Say, 
was common in the creek in Overmeyer’s woods and in various 
pools in the region about the lake. 

The thread-legged bugs were represented by the long legged 
Emesa, Emesa longipes, which was very abundant in the Arling- 
ton waiting-room on one occasion, the insects looking a great deal 
like walking-sticks and presenting an odd appearance when in 
flight. 

Individually by far the most abundant bug noted in the region 
was the Lace Bug, Corythucha ciliata Say, which was almost al- 
ways present—both old and young—on the underside of the syca- 
more leaves. They ate the green color cells from the leaves, leav- 
ing them an unattractive sickly white in color. Under magnifica- 
tion these are the most attractive and dainty of the insects, the 
whole creature resembling a frosty lace. 


Lake Maxzinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 31 


Among the more common, homely bugs, the most abundant 
species was Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall, on the milkweed blossoms. 

Cicadas, or harvest flies, were conspicuous by their absence. 
Throughout Indiana, as in other parts of the country, one of the 
characteristic sounds of summer is that of the Dog-day Locust or 
Harvest Fly. We have no record of hearing it at the lake. It is 
possible that it does not like the sandy soil. 

An odd-shaped tree hopper, Enchenopa binotata, was noted in 
abundance laying white eggs in masses on twigs of the hop tree, 
Pielea trifoliata, August 10, 1906, and examples were collected. 

Plant lice were abundant on the pondweed leaves (Potamogeton 
natans) in Lost Lake, making a messy looking mass. They were 
also present, but in fewer numbers, on the water-lily leaves. 


ORDER TRICHOPTERA 
THE CADDIS-FLIES 


The Caddis-flies are among the most interesting of our insects. 
Although about 150 species have been described from America, 
there are doubtless many remaining undescribed. 

The adults are not well known to the general public, in spite 
of the fact that at times they appear in myriads. The larve, 
which are aquatic, are much better known. Every one who has 
spent any time along mountain streams, or even about other 
streams, or lakes, if at all observing, can not fail to have noticed 
the cleverly built, often beautiful, cases which these larve build 
of sand, brightly colored pebbles or bits of wood, held together by 
silken threads. As Professor Kellogg has well said: 

There is a great variety in the materials used and in the size and shape 
of the cases, each kind of Caddis-worm having a particular and constant style 
of housebuilding. Grains of sand may be fastened together to form tiny, 
smooth-walled, symmetrical cornucopias, or small stones to form larger, rough- 
walled, irregular cylinders. Small bits of twigs or pine-needles may be used; 
and these chips may be laid longitudinally or transversely and with projecting 
ends. Small snail shells or bits of leaves and grass serve for building mate- 
rials. One kind of Caddis-worm makes a small, coiled case which so much 
resembles a snail shell that it has actually been described as a shell by con- 
chologists. * * * An English student removed a Caddis-worm from its 
case, and provided it with small bits of clear mica, hoping it would build a 
case of transparent walls. This it really did, and inside its glass house the 
behavior of the Caddis-worm at home was observed. 

Most Caddis-worm cases are free and can be carried about by 
the worm as it wishes, but many of them are fastened to rocks, 
stones or other objects in the bottom of the stream or lake. Whena 


32 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Caddis-worm is ready to pupate, the pupa comes out from the 
submerged case, crawls up on some support above the water and 
there moults, the winged adult (imago) soon flying away. Some 
kinds, however, emerge in the water. 

The Caddis-flies do not feed and are short-lived. They lay 
their eggs in or near the water where they hatch into Caddis- 
worms, thus completing the life cycle. 

We find among our field notes the following: 

October 29, 1900, collected a number of leathery caddis-cases 
at the Weedpatch. They were made of bits of shell fastened to- 
gether. The larva sticks four legs out of the orifice and is able to 
crawl about freely. February 11, 1901, Caddis larvee noted. June 
10, Caddis-flies looking like small white moths, also lace flies, flut- 
tering in the open woods, making a continuous hum through the 
night. June 11, noticed ovipositing in the lake; water full of 
larve casts, especially early in the morning; Caddis-flies very 
glaucous, looking like moths at a distance; they stay among the 
trees in the shady woods; collected a number and observed that 
their antennz were very long. June 12, about 4 p.m., a strong 
southwest wind blew great myriads of Caddis-flies toward the lake; 
the swarm was thick and white and the appearance was that of a 
brisk snowstorm. June 13, while passing a maple tree on Long 
Point in the morning, an immense swarm of Caddis-flies came out 
of it, flying with a peculiar helpless, half-falling flight. June 14 
to 17, many Caddis-flies and midges observed. June 22, caddis- 
flies laying in the water. October 18 to 29 (1904), Caddis cases 
(Helicopsyche?) like small snail shells, very abundant, attached 
to rocks and on bottom in Outlet Bay near Holbrunner’s, and 
along the east side of Long Point. Also a number of empty chim- 
ney-shaped cases were seen, and several flattish ones moving about 
making burrows in the sandy bottom near Holbrunner’s. October 
5 and 10, many fine examples of Helicopsyche on stones, etc., in 
shallow water near shore. July 27, collected three of a scute-like 
kind while screening sand; put them in a saucer of water but they 
soon died. One species of Caddis-fly was abundant, a frail, glauc- 
ous, moth-like insect, the leathery cases of which were abundant 
on the stems of Potamogeton, Scirpus, ete., from midsummer until 
in the spring when (about June 10) they emerge in great num- 
bers, and the next day are busy ovipositing. A peculiar case look- 
ing like a snail shell built of pebbles was found in numbers in the 
same place. 

The caddis-cases that attracted the most interest were the flat 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 33 


ones referred to above, found near shore in sandy bottom along 
the east shore of Long Point. Just as one species of Caddis-worm 
builds a case resembling a snail shell, the case of these bears some 
resemblance to a limpet, or to a marine genus of mollusks, Crepi- 
dula, showing how similar conditions of life lead to similarity of 
form. The caddis-case under discussion is very, effectively con- 
cealed by its resemblance to the sand on which it is found; most 
were found while screening sand in the search for young mussels. 
The central portion of the shell—that is the first, part built—is 
composed of very minute sand grains; around the margin, either 
because the larva has become stronger and can handle coarser ma- 
terial, or because they build up more rapidly, coarser bits are used. 
When the builder has chosen one sort of material it appears to 
make some effort to match it. In some cases the valves of the 
shells of a very small bivalve mollusk, Pisidium, were used around 
the margins and the cases thus built were especially attractive. 
The larva lived in a little arch or compartment below the roof of 
the case. 
ORDER COLEOPTERA 


THE BEETLES 


No special attention was given to the beetles except a few 
species found in and about the water. No one could help noticing 
the tiger beetles which were present in considerable swarms on 
' sandy beaches and were conspicuous on hot days, hopping or jump- 
ing before one walking along shore. There were two kinds pres- 
ent, a brown one and a bright, metallic green. 

Whirligig beetles, Dineutes, were common about the edges of 
the lake. Some were seen swimming about as late as November 4. 

The Predaceous Diving Beetles (Dytiscus) were not especially 
common in the lake. We obtained, however, an example of D. 
hybridus. 

The water-scavenger, Hydrophilus, appéared more common in 
pools and ponds than in the lake itself. The egg cases were com- 
mon on the under sides of the thallus of Riccia. 

Small hemispherical or rather oval red beetles with black spots 
(Melasoma interrupta) were exceedingly abundant on the willows 
along shore early in the spring of 1901. The adults laid the eggs 
on the leaves of the willows and the young which soon hatched 
almost defoliated the trees, and the water of the lake was almost 
covered with the adult beetles. 

The “water penny”, the larva of Psephenus lecontei, was com- 
-mon under pebbles in the lake, its chiton-like form arousing con- 


3—17618—Vol. 2 


34 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


siderable interest. The most interesting of the beetles in the lake 
is a little creature belonging to the genus Stenelmis that lives in 
the masses of lime or marl or alge which grow on the exposed 
ends of the freshwater mussels living in the lake. This growth or 
deposit is most marked on the shells of Lampsilis luteola which is 
the most abundant species of mussel in the lake. These mussels 
burrow more or less in the mud or sand, leaving usually one-tenth 
to one-fifth of the posterior end exposed to the water. Upon this 
exposed portion a mass of lime and algze slowly accumulates and 
finally becomes one-fourth to one-half inch thick. In this mass 
the little beetle, recently described as new by Professor W. S. 
Blatchley from coilections made by us and named by him Stenelmis 
sulcatus, is quite common; a collection of 20 to 30 mussels would 
furnish 50 to 100 examples of the species. Specimens have been 
found in similar masses on rocks in the lake, and it probably 
occurs on other species of mussels though we have found none on 
any except Lampsilis luteola. 

Click-beetles, especially the large conspicuous eyed Elater, Alaus 
oculatus, were seen occasionally. The beautifully phosphorescent 
larva of one was obtained at night on Long Point June 28, 1901. 

The fireflies or Lampyrids were exceedingly abundant in low 
grassy places, flashing everywhere at night. The phosphorescent 
larvee were abundant in the grass along the Inlet. 

A few stag-beetles were seen on Long Point. 

Snout Beetles, especially acorn weevils, were common, and most 
acorns were attacked. One was seen on an acorn, and a snout- 
beetle was seen June 7, 1901, with patches of eggs, on the tip of 
a bulrush. 

The only species of beetles represented in our collections are 
the following: 

Stenelmis sulcatus Blatchley 

Dytiscus hybridus Aubé. 

Ilybius biguttulus Germ. 

Acilius fraternus Harris 

Tropisternus glaber Herbst. 

Photuris pennsylvanica DeG.; larve. 

Dineutes sp; larvee. 

Psephenus lecontei Lee 

Cicindella sp. 

Melasoma interrupta 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey aS: 


ORDER DIPTERA 
THE FLIES 


The genera of dipterous insects found about the lake that pos- 
sess most interest to us are Chironomus, Culex, and Anopheles. 
Of these the genus Chironomus is economically the most import- 
ant. One species occurs at the lake in untold billions. Late in 
September and early in October, 1913, one large yellowish, mos- 
quito-like species of Chironomus appeared in immense numbers. 
They were noted every evening at least from September 21 to 
October 5, filling the air at Long Point from near the surface to a 
height of 20 or 30 feet, and making it musical with their incessant 
humming. They were particularly abundant on the evening of 
October 5. They appeared in enormous numbers sometime before 
dark and continued late in the night. They literally filled the air; 
a person could not walk about without being annoyed by their 
striking him in the face. It was evidently their nuptial flight, and 
was kept up for about two weeks during warm quiet evenings. 
The flight would usually begin an hour or so before dusk and con- 
tinue well into the night. They were in evidence in some numbers 
throughout the day, but the great flights always occurred late in 
the evening. Various species of birds were observed feeding upon 
these insects, among them nighthawks, yellow-billed cuckoos, red- 
headed woodpeckers, yellow-rumped warblers, and song sparrows. 
The cuckoos, warblers, swallows and sparrows would pick them 
from the limbs of trees, while the others took them on the wing. 

At the same time, vest quantities of the cast-off skins of the 
larvee of these insects were washed up on shore where they could 
be seen in great masses along the edge of the water. There they 
were fed upon by Wilson’s snipes, sandpipers, rusty blackbirds and 
even red-winged blackbirds. They were also fed upon by various 
fishes such as straw-colcred minnows, grayback, top-minnows and 
the like. The larve, known as red worms, are very abundant in 
all parts of the lake; they have been dredged up from even the 
deepest parts. They are choice food for the fishes and no doubt 
constitute an important part of the daily menu of the suckers, min- 
nows, darters, sunfishes and the young of the basses and other 
spiny-rayed fishes. A 75-pound buffalo-fish contained almost a 
bucketful of Chironomus larve. 

About the middle of August, 1906, a mass of eggs of a smaller 
species of Chironomus was found and placed in a saucer. The 
eggs hatched in a few days into little wrigglers which soon became 
worm-like and built for themselves little tubes in which they 


36 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


stayed. The tubes varied greatly in size and were probably built 
up of the excreta of the wrigglers. These wrigglers would some- 
times leave their tubes and swim about near the surface, and fed 
greedily upon Spirogyra which was put in the dish. Chironomus 
larvee were observed to be abundant throughout the lake during 
the winter. They were easily obtained by dredging. They were 
either naked or enclosed in gray mud cases. When naked their 
bright colors made them very conspicuous. Some that were placed 
in a jar with some sticklebacks proved very attractive to the latter 
which snapped them up greedily. Some naked larve placed in a 
tumbler of dirty water cver night encased themselves. 

Another group of dipterous insects of importance is that of the 
mosquitoes. Fortunately for the summer cottagers, however, mos- 
quitoes rarely appear in sufficient numbers about the lake to be 
much of a pest. While there are several marshy tracts near the 
lake which furnish faverable breeding grounds for mosquitoes, 
they are, in most instances, sufficiently remote from the cottages, 
or else the winds are favorable for keeping them away. They are, 
of course, more common in some seasons than in others. Our notes 
speak of them as common in certain places November 2, 1902 and 
1903, July 3, 1904, September 12, 1907, and September 2, 1913. 
They are said to have been rather bad during the summer of 1913. 
Unfortunately, very little attention was given to preserving speci- 
mens of the various species of insects and our collection contains 
but three species of mosquitoes, viz: Anopheles quadrimaculata, 
Culex stimulans and Culex excrucians. Doubtless others occur. 

Corethra larve are common in the lake, descending into the 
deeper waters; they are also common in the woodland ponds. 

Following is a list of the species of Diptera represented in our 
collections from Lake Maxinkuckee: 


Psorophora ciliata Fabr. 

Anopheles quadrimaculata Say 
Culex stimulans Walk. 

Culex excrucians Walk. 

Tanypus monilis Linn. 

Calliphora erythrocephala Meig; larvee. 
Chironomus meridionalis Johan. 
Chironomus decorus Johan. 
Chironomus cayuge Johan. 
Tipulid, probably the genus Tipula. 
Tenytarsus dives. 

Ablabecemyia montis Linn. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey i | 


It is worthy of note that the deer-fly, Chrysops, which we found 
very annoying at Twin Lakes a few miles north, is not common at 
Lake Maxinkuckee. At Twin Lakes where the deer-flies were par- 
ticularly pestiferous on one occasion a robber-fly came along and 
caught one just about to bite. 


ORDER LEPIDOPTERA 
BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 


Butterflies are abundant about the lake. The great diversity 
of soil, moisture, and vegetation, furnishes conditions very favor- 
able to the development of this group of insects. The number of 
species is therefore large, and many of them are represented by 
numerous individuals during their season. 

Perhaps the most conspicuous species and one that may be seen 
throughout the greatest number of months is the milkweed but- 
terfly (Danaus archippus). Although not the first to appear in 
the spring it nevertheless appears quite early, and it is the species 
that may be seen in numbers quite late in the fall. Only a small 
amount of sunshine and warmth is sufficient to entice it to wing, 
and single individuals and often groups of three or more may be 
seen on almost any warm day until late in October or even in No- 
vember. It is usually most in evidence, however, during the middle 
of summer (July and August) when the common milkweed 
(Asclepias syriaca) is in flower. Then about every clump of this 
showy plant, so abundant along the railroad and on the borders 
of woods, old fields and ill-kept fence rows, these large butterflies 
of rich brown and black may be seen in abundance. Late in the 
fall, even after the first biting frosts have changed the marshes 
and byways from their summer green to the somber browns and 
grays of late autumn, several of these butterflies may be seen by 
any one who goes afield on the still Indian summer days. 

Sometimes remarkable flights of the Milkweed Butterfly occur. 
Such a flight was witnessed at noon on September 24, 1907, when 
several hundred were seen flying from the direction of the lake 
over Arlington station and into Green’s woods. They flew against 
a strong wind but were able to make good headway. Some of them 
were much higher than the telegraph poles, others were lower down 
and sailed upward against the wind. At times only two or three 
would be in sight, then 20 to 30 would come flying close together. 
The flight continued for 15 or 20 minutes. 

The common Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapx) is, of course, an 


38 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


abundant species. Our notes record it at various dates from April 
27 to September 27. The larvee are abundant and doubtless often 
drop or wash into the lake. 

On October 9 and 10, 1907, the caterpillars of the Cabbage But- 
terfly were crawling thickly over the east side of a house on Long 
Point and pupating. Many were dead. They had apparently been 
stung by ichneumon flies, many of which were seen near the un- 
affected ones. Beside the dead caterpillars were clusters of golden 
silky cocoons, about 18 in number, probably of ichneumon-flies. 

The Southern Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris protodice) is also com- 
mon. It was noted thrcughout the season from June 11 to Octo- 
berva ts 

The earliest species to appear in the spring is the beautiful 
Mourning Cloak (Aglais antiopa). As it hibernates through the 
winter it may be seen quite early in the spring when the first warm 
days revive and bring it forth. Our earliest record is for April 
10, but it doubtless appears before then. Our latest record is on 
October 30, when one was seen hidden under a hollow log. On 
April 26, three were seen on flowers of Bebb’s willow. 

The Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) is another pretty species 
which appears early in the spring and remains until late in the fall. 
Our early and late dates are June 7 and October 29. This species 
is fairly common. 

Hunter’s butterfly (Vanessa virginiensis) is another beautiful 
but less common species which we have noted from May 3 to Octo- 
ber 29. 

The genus Polygonia is represented by at least two species 
(Polygonia comma and Polygonia interrogations). These are 
also among the species which appear early in the spring and re- 
main later in the fall. They are solitary in their habits; not often 
are more than one or two seen together. Our notes mention Poly- 
gonias at various times from April 4 to November 2. 

Of the swallowtail butterflies perhaps the most common is the 
Black Swallowtail (Papilio troilus). Our records mention it on 
various dates from May 9 to September 27. The zebra or Ajax 
Swallowtail (Papilio marcellus) and the large yellow swallowtail 
(Papilio glaucus f. turnus) are apparently not common. 

The following is a list of the species of butterflies noted at 
Lake Maxinkuckee: 

Papilio polyxenes Fabr. 
Papilio troilus Linn. 
3. Papilio marcellus Cram. 


Ne 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 39 


4. Pieris protodice Bd.-Lec. 
5. Preris rapx Linn. 
6. Hurymus philodice Godt. 
7. Hurema euterpe Men. 
8. Danaus archippus Fabr. 
9. Cissa eurytus Fabr. 
10. Satyrodes canthus Linn. 
11. Cercyonis alope Fabr. 
12. Cercyonis alope Fabr. var. 
15. Cercyonis alope nephele Kirby 
14. Argynnis cybele Fabr. 
15. Brenthis myrina Cram. 
16. Phyciodes tharos Drury 
17. Polygonia interrogationis Fabr. 
18. Polygonia comma Harr. 
19. Aglais antiopa Linn. 
20. Vanessa atalanta Linn. 
21. Vanessa virginiensis Drury 
22. Basilarchia archippus Cram. 
23. Libythea bachmani Kirt. 
24. Heodes hypophixas Boisd. 
25. Heodes theo Boisd. 
26. Hveres comyntas Godt. 
27. Lycenopsis pseudargiolus Bd.-Lec. 
28. Epargyreus tityrus Fabr. 
29. Cocceius pylades Scud. 
30. Pyrgus tessellata Scud. 
31. Thanaos persius Scud. 
32. Ancyloxypha numitor Fabr. 
38. Callosamia promethea Drury (moth) 
D4. Scepsis fulvicollis Hubn. (moth) 
3D. Hubaphe ferruginosa Walk. (moth) 
36. Utetheisa bella Linn. (moth) 
37. Xanthotype crocataria Fabr. (moth) 


ORDER HYMENOPTERA 
THE BEES 


Our notes on the Hymenoptera are very few indeed. These, 
the most highly organized of insects, have the least to do with 
aquatic life. 

Judging from the number and kinds of oak galls on the trees 


40 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


about the lake, gall-wasps are abundant and represented by various 
species. 

Of the Braconids, Microgaster is common, and the parasitized 
caterpillars that have fallen a prey to it have been frequently found 
about the lake. 

Ants are not so common as to be a nuisance. There are, how- 
ever, a few large dome-shaped ant hills along the border of the wet 
ground near Lost Lake and along its outlet down by Walley’s 
woods. 

The solitary wasps are represented by the potter-wasp, Humenes 
fraterna, which builds its exquisite little clay vases on slender 
twigs down at the edges of the woods toward the south end of the 
lake. 

Wasps and Yellowjackets are occasionally seen. Hornet’s nests 
were rather rare. On November 2, 1902 a big hornet’s nest was 
seen in a white oak in Walley’s woods 30 feet up. It had been shot 
into. Another very large nest was found October 24, 1907 beside a 
lane west of the ice-houses near the tamarack swamp. It was built 
on some wild-cherry sprouts, the nest almost or quite touching the 
ground. Some one had torn away a part of one side. Tearing the 
nest open it was found that many of the grubs were just emerging 
and crawling about. A photo was taken of the nest. Dr. L. O. 
Howard says that this hatching in the fall is very unusual. 

There is a current popular belief that if hornets build their 
nests high in the trees it is a sign of an open winter, while if they 
are built close to the ground the winter will be severe. 

On October 11, 1913, a fine large nest was seen in a tulip tree 
in Overmeyer’s woods, south of Farrar’s. It was on the end of a 
limb about 20 feet from the ground. 

Our notes have occasional references to both bumblebees and 
honey bees. There is little bee-keeping about the lake (we saw a 
few hives on the east side) though the country with its moist low- 
lands covered with blossoms from early spring to late autumn 
would furnish excellent cpportunities. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 41 


THE MOLLUSKS 
THE UNIONIDA 


During the study of Lake Maxinkuckee considerable attention 
was given to the mollusks, particularly the freshwater mussels or 
Unionide. This was justified by the rapid and astonishing de- 
velopment of the pearl button industry in America which is de- 
pendent upon the shells of mussels for its raw material. The 
recent discovery by Lefevre and Curtis of methods whereby com- 
mercially valuable species of mussels are now successfully propa- 
gated artificially, adds special interest to these mollusks. Recent 
studies and discoveries relating to the formation and artificial pro- 
duction of pearls in freshwater mussels may also be mentioned as 
showing the importance of careful study of the taxonomy and life 
history of the Unionide. 


LAKES AND PONDS AS THE HOME OF MUSSELS 


Generally speaking, lakes and ponds are not so well suited to 
the growth and development of mussels as rivers are; the species 
of lake or pond mussels are comparatively few, and the individuals 
usually somewhat dwarfed. Of about 84 species of mussels re- 
ported for the State of Indiana, only about 24 are found in lakes, 
not all of these in any one lake, and several of them but rarely in 
any. Of the 24 species occasionally found in lakes, but five are 
reported only in lakes, and only three or four of the species com- 
mon to both lakes and rivers seem to prefer lakes. 

In rivers, the essential feature favorable to the development of 
mussels is the current; and in the rivers the mussel beds reach 
their best development in the riffles, whére the current is strong- 
est. The importance of the current to the well-being of the 
mussels is indicated by the position these mollusks naturally as- 
sume in the beds, the inhalent and exhalent apertures of the crea- 
tures being directed up-stream against the current. The im- 
portance of the current is not merely as a bringer of food; exam- 
inations show that the mussels of the plankton-rich lakes and 
ponds usually contain more food material than those of rivers. 
The current gives the river-mussels the advantage of a constant 
change of water, which means a more abundant supply of oxygen, 
and doubtless a more varied supply of mineral matter, from the 
various sorts of soil through which the river flows. 

The current is also probably of considerable importance in as- 
sisting in the fertilization of mussels, one of its functions being 


42 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


the conveyance of sperm from mussels in upper portions of the 
bed to other mussels below. In places where there is no current, 
fertilization must be more largely a matter of chance. 

Although the majority of species of mussels prefer a river 
where there is a good current, some are more fitted to the quieter 
parts of streams, or to ponds. These are chiefly thin-shelled spec- 
ies with weakly developed or undeveloped hinge-teeth, best repre- 
sented by the genus Anodonta. In some places Anodontas are 
known as pond-mussels, as distinguished from the heavier sorts or 
river-mussels. 

The distinction between lakes and rivers is not constant in de- 
gree; we have all sorts of gradations from the extreme form of 
lake—isolated bodies without outlet—through lakes with relatively 
large, important outlets, to such lakes as are simply expansions of 
a river-bed, examples of the latter type being Lake Pepin, Minn., 
of the upper Mississippi, and the former English Lake in Indiana, 
an expansion of the Kankakee. As a usual thing, the more fluvia- 
tile a lake is, or the larger and more river-like its outlet, the more 
river-like will be its mussel fauna, both in abundance and species. 
In such lakes the mussels retain a vital continuity with the mussel 
beds of the river. In the less fluviatile lakes the mussels are more 
isolated, and there is more inbreeding. The large number (24) 
of lake-dwelling species recorded for Indiana is due to the fact that 
some of the lakes of Indiana are more or less fluviatile, and contain 
several species of river shells. 


ORIGIN AND CHARACTER OF THE MAXINKUCKEE MUSSELS 


Lake Maxinkuckee, having a long, narrow, winding and rela- 
tively unimportant outlet, is a representative of one of the less 
fluviatile types of lakes, forming a pretty well marked contrast to 
the various lakes cited above, and bearing a pretty close resem- 
blance to the neighboring lakes, such as Twin Lakes, Pretty Lake, 
Bass Lake, etc. 

The Maxinkuckee mussels are doubtless derived from an- 
cestors brought up the Outlet from the Tippecanoe River by as- 
cending fishes. It is doubtful whether any have been introduced 
by the numerous plants of fish in the lake, though such a thing is 
possible. During the various times the lake was visited, a few 
Tippecanoe River mussels were planted in the thoroughfare be- 
tween the lakes, and a few Yellow River and Kankakee mussels 
were planted in the main lake. 

The Outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee is now a narrow, shallow 
winding stream, straightened in places by ditching, and bordered 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 43 


on each side by a flat sedgy plain which indicates the former 
breadth and importance of the stream. The colonization of the 
lake with mussels was probably effected chiefly during the period 
when the Outlet was a broad and relatively important stream. 
The situation has been carefully considered and seems to show that 
the mussels of the river and lake are isolated from each other and 
that there is no longer any vital connection between them. The 
strongest indication of the independence of the lake and river 
mussel faunas is the appearance of the Maxinkuckee mussels them- 
selves; these are lake-mussels, easily distinguished for the most 
part from river mussels of the same species, and many of them are 
ditinguishable also from the mussels of the neighboring lakes. 

The Tippecanoe River is fairly well supplied with mussels. AI- 
though the number of species is considerably fewer, and the size 
of the individuals is generally smaller, than that of the Wabash 
into which it flows, it compares very favorably with rivers of its 
size. At Delong, Ind., a short distance above the mouth of the 
Outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee, were obtained in one bed specimens 
representing 24 species of mussels or about twice the number of 
kinds found in Lake Maxinkuckee. 

Our knowledge of the extent and importance of migrations of 
fishes from the Tippecanoe River up to the lake and from the lake 
down to the river—a question which has a marked bearing upon 
the relationship of the mussel faunas—is not as complete as it 
should be, but indications are that they are not important or ex- 
tensive. Inasmuch as the geographic distribution of a given 
species of mussel is coextensive with that of the species of fish 
which serves as its host, this question is worthy of careful consider- 
ation. There are severa! species of fishes of the Tippecanoe River 
(Etheostoma camurum, Hadropterus evides, Hybopsis amblops, 
etc.) which were not found either in the Outlet or in the lakes, and 
other species (Hadropterus aspro, Ericymba buccata, Diplesion 
blennioides) which have pushed halfway up the Outlet, but were 
found no further up. 

In this connection, the mussel fauna of the Outlet is worthy of 
consideration, and on various occasions, but especially on a trip 
down the Outlet September 30, 1907, particular attention was paid 
to this feature. 

The Outlet is not particularly well suited to the life and growth 
of mussels; the bottom is either a firm peaty soil or fine shifting 
sand ; moreover, the course has been artificially changed in some 
places and the stream has naturally shortened its length in others 
by making cutoffs. In addition to this the mussel fauna of such 


44 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


a narrow shallow stream would be the prey of muskrats, minks, 
etc., the entire length and width of the beds. 

On the trip mentioned above, about a mile below Lost Lake a 
fine example of Lampsilis iris was found. This is the farthest up 
stream any species of mussel was obtained, and as this species is 
fairly common in both lakes and abundant in the Tippecanoe River, 
we have here the nearest approach to a continuous fauna. Some 
dead shells but no living examples of Quadrula undulata were 
found a little farther down. Farther down stream, from a quarter 
to half a mile, a short distance above the second cross-road south of 
the lake, was found a small mussel-bed of about 40 or 50 mussels, 
the great majority of which were Quadrula undulata. A few liv- 
ing Lampsilis iris, two dead Symphynota compressa, one living 
Symphynota costata (gravid), and a few dead shells of Quadrula 
coccinea, complete the list. Below this point no mussels were 
found until near where the Outlet joins the Tippecanoe. Here, a 
few rods up the Outlet, a fair bed of Quadrula coccinea was found. 
Of the five species of mussel found in the Outlet, only two, L. iris 
and Q. coccinea, are found in the lake, the latter but rarely. The 
form and general appearance of the Q. undulata of the Outlet is 
quite peculiar and they can be picked out at once in collections 
from the various rivers of the country. They are unusually elon- 
gate, in this respect representing some of the Tippecanoe mussels 
but differing from them in being thinner, and in having the fur- 
rows between the plice unusually deep and sharp. The cost on 
the postero-dorsal slope are very marked, and the epidermis jet 
black. The umbones are considerably eroded. 


DISTRIBUTION OF MUSSELS IN THE LAKE 


In rivers, where there is a great variety of conditions, such as 
differences of current, bottom, etc., one finds the different species 
of mussels inhabiting different localities and different situations. 
In the lakes, where we have comparatively few species of mussels 
and not such important differences of environment, the distribu- 
tion of the various species is much the same. The same condi- 
tions, such as rather shallow water and moderately firm bottom, 
are equally suitable for all. A few important exceptions may be 
noted; as for example, the less common species of the lake are often 
more or less local in distribution. The only well-marked bed of 
Quadrula rubiginosa in the lakes is in the Lost Lake mussel-bed 
below the Bardsley cottage, and this is the only place where Lamp- 
silis subrostrata can be collected in any considerable numbers. 
Lampsilis glans has a marked preference for the shallow water at 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 45 


the edge of the thoroughfare between the lakes; occasional ex- 
amples can, however, be picked up almost anywhere along shore, 
and it appears to be increasing considerably along shore at Long 
Point. Anodonta grandis footiana, which can live in softer bottom 
than the other mussels, has a considerably wider distribution, and 
was dredged up in deeper water than any of the other mussels. 

The mussels are to be found almost anywhere in water from 
2 to 5 or 6 feet deep where the bottom is more or less sandy or 
marly. The beds are composed chiefly of the three principal spec- 
ies of the lake, Lampsilis luteola, Unio gibbosus and Anodonta 
grandis footiana, with the less common species sparsely inter- 
spersed. Especially good mussel beds occur at Long Point, along 
shore by Farrar’s and McDonald’s, by the Depot grounds, in 
Aubeenaubee Bay out from the Military Academy, and in the shal- 
low water just beyond the mouth of Norris Inlet. Mussels are 
fairly well scattered from Long Point more or less continuously all 
the way southward to beyond Overmyer’s hill, and from a little 
north of the ice-houses all the way around to the Military Academy. 
They are quite abundant in the neighborhood of Winfield’s in shal- 
low water, and occur scattered along the east side of the lake a 
little way out from shore. A good mussel bed is found in Lost 
Lake along the east shore, extending from a little south of the 
Bardsley cottage to where the bulrushes and water-lilies grow 
thickly in the soft black muck near shore. 

Movements:—Closely connected with the question of distribu- 
tion is that of movement. The greater number of mussels of the 
lake, especially in the deeper water, spend their lives in a state of 
quiescence. Young mussels appear to be more active than older 
ones. The mussels retain the power of locomotion during all their 
lives, but after they have got well settled down, they only occa- 
sionally use this power. The mussels of the shallow water near 
shore move out into deeper water at the approach of cold weather, 
in late autumn or early winter, and bury themselves more deeply 
in the sand. This movement is rather irregular and was not ob- 
served every year. It was strikingly manifest in the late autumn 
of 1913, when at one of the piers off Long Point a large number of 
furrows was observed heading straight into deep water with a 
mussel at the outer end of each. The return of the mussels to 
shore during the spring and summer was not observed. Many of 
them are probably washed shoreward by strong waves of the spring 
and summer storms, and some are carried shoreward by muskrats 
and dropped there. Occasional mussels were observed moving 
about in midwinter—even in rather deep water. During the 


46 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


winter of 1900-1901 an example of Lampsilis luteola, in rather 
deep water in the vicinity of Winfield’s, was observed to have 
moved about 18 inches within a few days. Its track could be dis- 
tinctly seen through the clear ice. 

As a result of the quiescence of the lake mussels, the posterior 
half or 4 of the shell, which projects up from the lake bottom, is 
usually covered by a thick marly concretion which appears to be 
a mixture of minute algz and lime. This marly concretion grows 
concentrically, forming rounded nodules, its development increas- 
ing with the age and size of the shell. This concretion, though 
most abundant on shells, is not confined entirely to them, but grows 
also on yocks that have lain undisturbed on the bottom. When 
growing on shells, it adheres to them very closely; and upon being 
pried loose sometimes separates from them much as the matrix 
separates from a fossil, and leaves the epidermis of the mussel 
clean. In other cases it adheres more firmly and is difficult to 
scrape off clean. On this marly growth, colonies of Ophrydium, 
much the size, color, and general appearance of grapes with the 
skins removed, are often found growing, and in the cavities and 
interstices of the marl, a handsome little water-beetle, Stenelmis 
undulatus Blatchley, and its peculiar elongate black larve, live in 
considerable numbers but apparently have nothing to do with the 
mussels. Various species of hydrachnids, one of them strikingly 
handsome with its green body sprinkled with bright red dots, also 
live in the cavities of the marl, and offer some suggestion as to 
how the parasitic mite Atax went a step farther and took up its 
habitation within the mussel itself. 

Food and feeding:—An examination of the stomach and in- 
testinal contents of the various species of mussels of the lake ~ 
showed no noticeable differences between the food of the different 
species. Enough of the bottom mud is generally present to give 
the food mass the color of the bottom on which the mussels are 
found; thus the stomach-contents of the mussels found in the 
black bottom of Lost Lake was usually blackish, while that of 
those found in the lighter bottom at Long Point was grayish. In- 
termixed, however, with the whole mass was always enough algee 
to give it a somewhat greenish tinge, this green being usually inter- 
mixed more or less in the form of flakes. <A striking contrast be- 
tween the stomach contents of mussels inhabiting lakes and those 
found in rivers is the much greater preponderance of organic mat- 
ter in the food of the lake mussels. The stomach contents of river- 
mussels is generally chiefly mud, with a few diatoms, desmids, 
Scenedesmus and Pediastrum intermixed, as said above. Those of 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AT 


the lake mussels are almost always full enough of alge to be more 
or less flecked with green and sometimes the whole mass is de- 
cidedly greenish. On being placed in a vial of preserving fluid 
(3% formalin was generally used) and shaken, the material from 
the river mussels always retains the uniform appearance of mud; 
that from the lake mussels separates, the mud settling to the bot- 
tom and the organic material settling as a light flocculent mass 
above the more solid portion. This top layer is composed of the 
various plankton elements of the lake, and was found to vary con- 
siderably in different lakes. In the Lake Maxinkuckee mussels it 
was found to consist chiefly of such species as Microcystis aerugi- 
nosa, Botryococcus braunii, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, various 
diatoms, such as species of Navicula, Rhoicosphenia, Gomphonema, 
Cyclotella, and Cocconema, various forms of desmids, especially 
Cosmarium and Staurastrum, various forms of Scenedesmus, con- 
siderable Peridinium tablulatum, and short filaments of Lyngbya. 
Pediastrum, both boryanum and duplex are here, as almost every- 
where, rather common objects encountered in the intestines of 
mussels. Casts of the rotifier Anuraea cochlearis, and of the small 
entomostracan Chydorus, were occasionally encountered. In one of 
the Lost Lake mussels, Dinobryon, an exceedingly frequent ele- 
ment of the mussel-food in Lake Amelia, Minn., but rare here, was 
found. 

No opportunities were had to study the stomach contents during 
the winter, the mussel werk having not been taken up to any great 
extent during the earlier part of the survey. Mussels obtained 
quite late in the autumn contained much the same material as in 
summer. The open and apparently active inhalent and exhalent 
apertures noted throughout the winter in some individuals would 
indicate that the mussels—at least some of them—do not hiber- 
nate, but carry on life processes more or less actively the year 
round. The presence of pretty well marked growth-rings would 
indicate, however, annua! rest periods. As diatoms appear to be 
much more abundant in the water during the winter, it is probable 
that they enter more plentifully into the mussel’s bill-of-fare dur- 
ing the late autumn, winter and early spring than during the sum- 
mer. In consideration of the mussels as feeders on plankton ele- 
ments, it is worth while to investigate whether these are not of 
benefit to the lake as the reducers of excessive amounts of such 
undesirable elements as Lyngbya, Anabaena and Microcystis, and 
whether a considerable increase in the mussel population by means 
of artificial propagation would not clear up the lake to a consider- 
able extent. The following studies of stomach contents and table 


48 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


of mussel food are by no means exhaustive, but represent hurried 
examinations and a record of the more easily recognized forms 
out of a mass of doubtful material. They are intended to be simply 
suggestive. 

Closely connected with the question of food and nutrition is that 
of the size of mussels. A marked feature of the mussels of Lake 
Maxinkuckee as well as of the neighboring lakes, is the dwarfing 
of many of the species, and this is rather difficult to explain, when 
one considers the large amount of organic material they ingest. 
The mussels of a few northern lakes examined were thick-shelled 
and large, so this dwarfness may not be necessarily associated with 
lake conditions, that is, absence of current. A possible explana- 
tion is that of close inbreeding, there being no admixture of new 
blood with other distant colonies, such as is possible where the lake 
is in close connection with a large river and its mussel beds. 

Breeding habits, reproduction, etc.:—The reference to inbreed- 
ing above leads to a consideration of breeding and breeding habits. 
At first glance it would appear that lakes, having no or only feeble 
currents would make fertilization of the ova of the female mussels 
largely a question of chance. It is not possible, with the data at 
hand, to make precise comparisons between number of gravid fe- 
males of the mussels of lakes and rivers during the proper seasons ; 
but the general impression gained from having examined the mus- 
sels of numerous lakes and rivers through the different seasons is 
that there are fewer of the mussels of the lake that succeed in hav- 
ing their ova fertilized. Gravid mussels are indeed not rare in the 
lake at the proper seasons, but they seem to be much fewer than 
one might expect.e On October 17, 1907, for example, of 252 
Lampsilis luteola examined, 41 were of the characteristic female 
form but only 25 were gravid. Likewise of 18 Anodontas exam- 
ined on the same date, cnly 2 were gravid. This is a considerably 
lower percentage than one would expect in rivers at that date. 
There are other indications that the functions of reproduction are 
much less prominent in the lake than in rivers. In the height of 
the spawning season certain species of mussels, especially Lamp- 
silis ventricosa and L. multiradiata, exhibit, in the neighboring 
rivers, a very striking appearance, due to the excessive develop- 
ment and high coloration of portions of the mantle near the inhalent 
aperture. Though both these species are found in the lake, none 
was observed in this condition. In some rivers in densely crowded 
beds, moreover, one frequently encounters precocious individuals ; 
small shells, usuaily apparently only two or three years old but 
gravid and with the characteristic female contour markedly de- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 49 


veloped. This is possibly related to opportunities of fertilization 
of ova, and is most frequently observed in L. ventricosa and L. 
luteola; no such precociously developed mussels were found in the 
lakes. 

A large and well developed female Lampsilis ventricosa was 
transplanted from Yellow River into Lake Maxinkuckee. On 
being examined two years later in the autumn when this species 
is usually gravid, it was found to be sterile. 

The natural infection of fishes of the lake with the glochidia of 
the mussels does not appear to be common. The gills of an im- 
mense number of fishes were examined for parasites, but no 
glochidia were noted. Some young bluegill and redeye, exposed 
to glochidia of L. luteoluw in the autumn of 1912, took very readily. 

Very young mussels were either few, or very difficult to find. 
Diligent search was made for them, especially in the sandy bottom 
near Long Point, the sand being scooped up and sieved through 
fine-meshed sieves. Numerous and varied forms of life were thus 
obtained, such as Sphaeriwm, Pisidiuwm, caddis-cases, etc., and 
rather small but by no means minute examples of L. luteola. 
These young shells were remarkably brightly rayed. Half-grown 
Q. rubiginosa were fairly common in the beds of Lost Lake. 

Proportion of various species in the lake:—Of a collection of 
340 living mussels collected October 17, 1907, at Long Point, 252 
were Lampsilis luteola, 41 L. ventricosa, 21 Unio gibbosus, 18 
Anodonta grandis footiana, 5 Strophitus edentulus and 3 Lamp- 
silis subrostrata. In deep water U. gibbosus and Anodonta would 
have given a higher percentage, and in the Lost Lake beds Quad- 
rula rubiginosa would be present in considerable relative abund- 
ance. 

Parasites, enemies, and diseases:—As a general rule the mus- 
sels of lakes, ponds and bayous are more heavily infested with 
parasites than those of swiftly flowing rivers, the probable rea- 
son being that in still waters the parasites can migrate more 
easily from one mussel to another than where there is a swift cur- 
rent. The mussels of the lake are not nearly so badly parasitized 
as those of the sloughs of the Mississippi, the dead water in the 
Maumee above the dams, or those of Twin Lakes a few miles to the 
north. The parasites will be taken up more fully in consideration 
of the various species of mussels. Cotylaspis insignis and several 
species of Ataxz are the most common parasites. Unlike the mus- 
sels of most of our rivers, the mussels of the lakes are compara- 
tively exempt from the ravages of man. A few are killed and 
used for bait, and now and then a mild case of pearl fever ap- 


4—17618—Vol. 2 


50 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


pears at the lake but is soon cured by the examination of a bushel 
or two of mussels... On September 22, 1907, a man was seen at 
the south end of the lake with about a peck of shells which he had 
opened in a vain search for pearls; on October 8 of the same year 
a pile of about a half bushel of shells, which had evidently been 
opened by pearlers, was found in Overmyer’s woods. Another 
pearler was seen in 1907 who had collected a few slugs of almost 
no value. One of the citizens of Culver, in 1906, submitted a small 
vial of lake baroques for valuation, but they had no worth what- 
ever. The greatest enemy of the lake mussels is the muskrat, and 
its depredations are for the most part confined to mussels near 
shore. The muskrat does not usually begin its mussel diet until 
rather late autumn, when much of the succulent vegetation upon 
which it feeds has been cut down by frost. Some autumns, how- 
ever, they begin much earlier than others; a scarcity of vegeta- 
tion or an abundance of old muskrats may have much to do with 
this. The rodent usually chooses for its feeding grounds some ob- 
ject projecting out above the water, such as a pier or the top of 
a fallen tree. Near or under such objects one occasionally finds 
large piles of shells. The muskrat apparently has no especial pref- 
erence for one species of mussel above another, but naturally sub- 
sists most freely on the most abundant species. These shell piles 
are excellent places to search for the rarer shells of the lake. 

On September 24, 1907, about a bushel of shells, recently 
cleaned out by muskrats, was found at Long Point where a pier 
had been removed not long before. The shells were all of rather 
small size and were in about 18 inches of water. About half were 
taken and examined. Of these shells 358 were Lanipsilis luteola, 
167 Unio gibbosus, 6 Lampsilis iris, and 1 Lampsilis multiradiata. 
In the autumn of 1913 freshly opened shells of Lampsilis glans 
were common along shore at Long Point. The first shells killed 
are rather small and are probably killed by young muskrats. 

In the winter after the lake is frozen, great cracks through the 
ice extend out from shore in various directions, and this enables 
the muskrat to extend his depredations some distance from shore 
in definite limited directions. During the winter of 1904 a musk- 
rat was observed feeding on mussels along the broad ice-crack that 
extended from the end of Long Point northeastward across the 
lake. The muskrat was about 500 feet from shore. It repeatedly 
dived from the edge of the ice-crack, and reappeared with a mussel 
in its mouth. Upon reaching the surface with its catch, it sat 
down on its haunches at the edge of the creek, and, holding the 
mussel in its front feet, pried the valves apart with its teeth and 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Bik 


scooped or licked out the contents of the shell. Some of the larger 
mussels were too strong for it to open, and a part of these were 
left lying on the ice. The bottom of the lake near Long Point, 
and also over by Norris’s, is well paved with shells that have been 
killed by muskrats. Muskrats do not seem to relish the gills of 
gravid mussels; these parts are occasionally found untouched 
where the animal had been feeding. 


LIST OF SPECIES 
1. FLAT NIGGERHEAD 
QUADRULA COCCINEA (Conrad) 


Rare at the lake; this is a river rather than a lake shell and 
would be expected in abundance only in fluviatile lakes, or lakes 
with broad short outlets and vital connection with river faunas. 
The few living mussels of this species found in the lake probably 
represent a vanishing remnant of a fauna introduced when the 
lake had a broader outlet than at present and communication with 
the river below was more active. A few dead shells were found 
along the north shore of the lake at various times. On October ald 
1907, a shell 1.75 inches long was found near the railroad bridge at 
Culver, and in 1909 another small shell was found on the shore at 
Aubeenaubee Bay. Some fine large examples brought up from the 
Tippecanoe were planted in the Thoroughfare below the railroad 
bridge, but they have probably been covered and suffocated by 
sand. 

2. WABASH PIG-TOE 
QUADRULA RUBIGINOSA (Lea) 


More common in Lake Maxinkuckee than Q. coccinea, but nev- 
ertheless rather rare, only a few dwarfed shells having been 
found. In Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage it was a fairly 
commion species. None of the shells found was of large size, but 
all were well-formed and handsome. The older shells are almost 
jet black and peculiarly elongate, with the umbones markedly an- 
terior in position. They look considerably unlike those of either 
the Tippecanoe or Yellow River, but a form much like the Lost 
Lake shells was found in the lower course of the Kankakee. No 
gravid examples were found in the lake. Half grown examples 
are rather common in Lost Lake beds, but as they are usually 
buried considerably deeper in the sand than the older shells, they 
are harder to find. These half-grown shelis are of a peculiarly 
beautiful golden yellow color with a satiny epidermis, and are 
of the same shape as those found in the neighboring rivers— 


52 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


that is, the normal or usual shape of the species. The peculiar 
elongate form of the adult is therefore evidently the product of 
local influences. The young shells are very iridescent and trans- 
lucent—much more so than those found in rivers. 

Q. rubiginesa is at its best a very fair button shell, but the 
lake shells are too small to work up well. This species appears to 
be rather rare in lakes. The only lake examples of this species 
with which the Lost Lake shells were compared were some obtained 
in Lake Erie. The Lake Erie shells were much more dwarfed, but 
very solid. 

Food:—The following is the result of an examination of the 
material found in the intestines of Q. rubiginosa from Lost Lake: 

Sample 1. August 2, 1908. Mass fine flocculent rather brown- 
ish green material, cohering somewhat in cylinders. Looks as if 
chiefly organic; not gritty to touch. Organisms present: Scen- 
edesmus, Fragilaria, Tetraédron, Navicula, Peridinium tabulatum, 
Anuraea, and Botryococcus braunit. 

Sample 2. August 20, 1908. A large amount of material; ap- 
pearance in vial, bottom black, top a fine flocculent sediment. In 
the top material are Teraédron, Scenedesmus, Microcystis aerug- 
inosa, and many disassociated minute cells. Black bottom com- 
posed of Anuraea, Lyngbya aestuaru, a long filament; Scenedes- 
mus, many, Peridinium tabulatum, Tetraédron, Epithemia turgida, 
Merismopedia, cast of Cyclops, Melosira crenulata, Gloeocapsa, 
Staurastrum, Pediastrum boryanum, Gomphonema, Chaetophora, 
Cosmarium, sponge spicule, Gomphosphaeria aponina, and Botry- 
ococcus braunii. 

Sample 3. August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent 
brownish material. 

Microcystis aeruginosa, Peridinium tabulatum many and a good 
many empty cuirasses, Chydorus, Hudorina a few, Scenedesmus 
common; Diatoms, Pediastrum duplex. 

Sample 4. August 20, 1908. Fine blue-green flocculent ma- 
terial. Lyngbya aestuaru, several filaments; Microcystis aerug- 
inosa, common; Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Peridinium tabu- 
latum, very abundant; Chydorus, Anuraea, Botryococcus braunii, 
Coelastrum, Staurastrum 1, small, Navacula, several. 

Sample 5. August 20, 1908. Fine bluish-green material. 
Peridinium tabulatum, abundant;. Cymbella cymbiformis, Navi- 
cula, a few; Anuraea cochlearis, Microcystis aeruginosa, Chydorus 
1 entire, and other fragments; Pediastrum duplex, Coelosphaerium 
kuetzingianum; Cosmarium, Coscinodiscus, Scenedesmus, very 
common; Merismopedia glauca. ; 


€ 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 53 


Sample 6. August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent 
grayish material. 

Peridinium tabulatum, abundant, agglutinated in masses; Mic- 
rocystis aeruginosa, very common; Navicula, Staurastrum, Cos- 
marium, several; Chydorus, fragment; Scenedesmus, small forms, 
common; Pediastrum boryanum, Cymbella cymbiformis, Tetraéd- 
ron, common; various diatoms; Rotifer, an elongate species; 
Merismopedia glauca; Coelastrum, desmids. 

Sample 7. August 21, 1908. A small amount of rather co- 
herent fine flocculent greenish material. 

Peridinium tabulatum, very common; Anuraea cochlearis, a 
few; Microcystis aeruginosa, frequent; Lyngbya aestuarii, short 
filament; Pediastrum boryanum, diatoms (Cymbella cymbi- 
formis; Cymatopleura; Epithemia argus, Gomphonema, Synedra) 
Tetraédron, Scenedesmus, occasional; Dinobryon, Staurastrum, 
rather slender form. 

Sample 8. August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent 
bluish-gray material. 

Peridinium tabulatum, most abundant; Coelosphaerium kuetz- 
ingianum; Pediastrum duplex; Microcystis aeruginosa, Anuraea 
cochlearis, sponge spicule, diatoms (Navicula, Cymbella, etce.), 
Scenedesmus. 

Sample 9. August 20, 1908; a fair amount of flocculent gray- 
ish-brown material with a greenish cast. 

Peridinium tabulatum, most abundant; Microcystis aeruginosa, 
Anuraea cochlearis, Staurastrum, Pediastrum duplex, Botryococ- 
cus brauni; Tetraédron minimum, Coelosphaerium kuetzing- 
tanum; Pediastrumi boryanum, Chydorus, Lyngbya aestuarii, 
Gloeocapsa, diatoms—Cymbella cymbiformis, Navicula. 


3. SPIKE 


UNIO GIBBOSUS Barnes 


This mussel, known among clammers as the “spike” or “lady- 
finger” is, next to Lampsilis luteola, the most abundant shell in 
the lake. It is found wherever the other mussels are; that is, in 
sandy or somewhat marily bottom in rather shallow water most of 
the way around the lake, and in the shell-bed in Lost Lake below 
Bardsley’s. In Lake Maxinkuckee one of the best beds is at Long 
Point. It is abundant also at Norris Inlet, and by McDonald’s 
and Faryrar’s. 

No very young of this species were found in the lake; they are, 
however, hard to find in numbers anywhere, even in rivers where 


54 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


the species is abundant, except in cases where portions of the river 
go almost dry, and this of course never happens to the beds in the 
lake. The half-grown examples are solid, rather cylindrical shells, 
the same neat form that is known as the “spike”? among the clam- 
mers. The old shells develop into a peculiar form, being flattened, 
arcuate along the ventral border and very thin posteriorly, so that 
they usually crack badly in drying; they represent the form de- 
scribed by Simpson as var. delicata. In general outline they re- 
mind one somewhat of Margaritana monodonta. This form is not 
strictly confined to the lake; some similar shells were collected in 
the Wabash near Terre Haute. 

As found in the lake, Unio gibbosus is very constant in its char- 
acters, the only noteworthy difference between individuals being 
the change in shape already referred to as being due to age. In 
rivers this shell exhibits considerable variation in shape, size, color 
of nacre, etc., but the shells of the lake are quite constant in almost 
every respect. The nacre is a deep purple, never varying to pink 
or white as it frequently does in rivers. 

Like Lampsilis luteola this species is frequently preyed upon by 
muskrats and the cleaned out shells are common where these ro- 
dents have had their feasts. 

Although U. gibbosus of the Tippecanoe River near the mouth 
of the Outlet is very commonly infested with a distomid parasite 
along the hinge-line which brings about the formation of irregular 
baroques, this parasite does not occur in the lake so far as known. 
Small species of Atax ave common parasites of this species in the 
lake, and in 1909 one was found affected by the large Atax ingens. 

Even the large strong river shells of Unio gibbosus have no 
value in the manufacture of buttoms because of their purple color 
and lack of luster. (The white-nacred shells are sometimes used.) 

The only other Jake examples with which the Lake Maxinkuckee 
specimens of this species have been compared, are some collected in 
Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay. The Lake Erie shells are much unlike 
the Maxinkuckee specimens, being short, humped and remarkably. 
solid and heavy. Similar shells to those of Lake Erie are found in 
some of the small southern rivers. 

We have no notes referring to gravid examples in the lake. 
This was probably because the most active work in collecting and 
examining mussels was carried on in the autumn, and the breeding 
period of this species is in early summer. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 55 


4. ALASMIDONTA CALCEOLUS (Lea) 


Judging from the dead shells found scattered along shore, this 
is not a particularly rare species in the lake. The shells were 
found most abundantly along the north shore of the lake, although 
they were also found along the east and southeast portion and were 
not infrequent between Arlington and Long Point. No living 
examples were found. On account of its small size and its habits 
this is a rather difficult species to find, even where common, ex- 
cept under favorable conditions such as exceptionally low water, 
when the mussels move about more or less. Nothing was therefore 
learned of its habits in the lake. In the Tippecanoe River near De- 
long, Ind., this species was rather common in stiff blue clay near 
shore, and it is fairly abundant in Yellow River at Plymouth. 
Here, although the dead shells were common, the living examples 
were difficult to find until, during a period of very low water, they 
began actively moving about and ‘could be tracked down. The 
species, which reaches an unusually large size in Yellow River, was 
there found gravid in autumn (September and October). The 
glochidia are of the Anodonta type, chestnut-shaped or rounded- 
triangular in outline, with large hooks at the ventral tips of the 
valves. 

5. FLOATER 


ANODONTA GRANDIS FOOTIANA Lea 


Although the genus Anodonta is generally regarded as the 
“Pond-mussel” par excellence, the species of which might natur- 
ally be expected to be at home in lakes and ponds and thrive in 
such places even better than in rivers, the Anodontas of Lake Max- 
inkuckee show, along with the river-species proper, the dwarfing 
influence of the lake. Moreover, Anodonta is not, as one might 
naturally expect, the most abundant mussel in the lake, but is out- 
numbered in some beds at least, by both Lampsilis luteola and 
Unio gibbosus. Its relative scarcity in some of the shore beds is 
in part made up by its wider distribution in the deeper waters of 
the lake than the others reach, and on its presence on the isolated 
bars, where it was occasionally taken up by the dredge. 

On account of the great variability of Anodonta grandis and 
the difficulty in distinguishing the various forms, particular atten- 
tion was paid.to this species as found in the lake, and the lake 
specimens were compared with numerous examples from the neigh- 
boring lakes and river. No Anodontas were found in the Tippe- 
canoe River near Lake Maxinkuckee Outlet, and we were therefore 


56 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


unable to compare our lake specimens with the form that would be 
most interesting in this connection. 

The mussels of Tippecanoe Lake at the head of Tippecanoe 
River were examined in this connection. Blatchley (Indiana 
Geological Report for 1900, p. 190) has reported Anodonta 
grandis as common, and the subspecies footiana as frequent in 
Tippecanoe Lake. The Anodontas of that lake differ markedly 
both in the size and shape of the individuals from those of Lake 
Maxinkuckee. The difference in size can be easily explained by 
the more favorable conditions in Tippecanoe Lake. This body of 
water is more fluviatile than Lake Maxinkuckee, being directly con- 
nected with the Tippecanoe River, which is already a fairly large 
stream when it leaves the lake, and the mussel beds of the lake 
and river are continuous. The upper part of Tippecanoe Lake is 
exceptionally favorable for Anodontas; the living mussels are large 
and abundant, and the dead shells almost pave the bottom near 
shore, several dead shells often being telescoped within each 
other. Some of the shells reached a size not often surpassed in 
the neighboring rivers, one example measuring 172.5 mm. long, 
95 mm. high and 65 mm. in diameter. A few were thickened with 
a tendency to form half pearls, but most were thin. A number 
of the shells approached Anodonta corpulenta in general form, 
and one flattened, rounded shell resembled A. suborbiculata. The 
Anodontas from other lakes of the Tippecanoe River system, such 
as Center Lake and Eagle Lake near Warsaw, resembled those of 
Lake Maxinkuckee, but were generally smaller and shorter. 

The Anodontas of Lake Maxinkuckee were also compared with 
those of Yellow River a few miles to the north, and with the various 
lakes of the Kankakee system, including Upper Fish Lake, Lake 
of the Woods (Marshall Co), Pretty Lake, Twin Lakes, Bass Lake 
and Cedar Lake. Some of the Yellow River Anodontas were nor- 
mal, oval shells such as are common in the rivers of northern In- 
diana; a few were exceptionally thin and exceedingly inflated, re- 
sembling A. corpulenta. Those of Upper Fish Lake—originally a 
fluviatile lake containing other fluviatile shells such as Q. wndulata 
—were large shells like those of Tippecanoe Lake. The Anodontas 
of each of the other lakes differed more or less from those of the 
others, though all probably had a common origin. The only lake 
of this group, the Anodontas of which closely resembled those of 
Lake Maxinkuckee, is Bass Lake, and even here the shells were 
somewhat different, being smaller and with the epidermis more 
deeply stained. Even the Anodontas of Lost Lake differ slightly 
from those of Lake Maxinkuckee, being somewhat more inflated 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 57 


and with the epidermis rather green than brown, and in having 
the shell usually somewhat thinner. Some of the shells near the 
outlet of Lost Lake are exceedingly thin, some of them so much 
so that ordinary print can easily be read through them; they are 
so fragile that it is almost impossible to keep them. 

Of the collection from Lake Maxinkuckee, mostly from Long 
Point, 26 examples were carefully compared. The smallest meas- 
ured 68 mm. long, 38 mm. high and 24.6 mm. in diameter, and the 
largest 93.5 mm. long, 50 mm. high and 37 mm. in diameter. 
Among variant forms was one female, gravid when collected, 
which was unusually elongate, its measurements being 86 mm. 
long, 43.5 mm. high and 32.5 mm. in diameter. In outline this 
shell closely resembled Anodontoides ferussacianus subcylin- 
draceus. 

Some of the larger specimens are rather humped and arcuate, 
the ventral margin of one being somewhat concave. This is a 
variation which is quite likely to occur in old shells of any species. 

Although gravid Anodontas were found rather frequently dur- 
ing the late autumn, no infected fishes were seen, and no young 
were found. 

The Anodontas of the lake are fairly free from parasites, a few 
- Atax and Cotylaspis and occasionally a few distomids on the mantle 
next to the umbonal cavity being the only ones present in any 
numbers. In some of the other lakes the Anodontas were very 
badly infested; a colony found in one of the Twin Lakes being 
infested to a remarkable degree by a distomid which formed cysts 
in the margin of the mantle. 

Food and Parasites of various examples:—The following is the 
result of the examination of various examples of Anodontas from 
the lake. 

Sample 10. Vial containing intestinal contents of Anodonta 
grandis footiana, Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908. The vial contains a 
considerable amount of material (in formalin) which was sepa- 
rated into black fine mud below and fine flocculent light green 
above. Upper portion—Microcystis aeruginosa most common; 
Peridinium tabulatum some; Pediastrum boryanum; Melosira 
crenulata, a few filaments; Coelastrum microporum, Botryococcus 
braunti and Scenedesmus. Bottom layer—Lyngbya aestuarii, 
Microcystis aeruginosa very common; Peridinium tabulatum, 
Anuraea cochlearis, Cymbella cymbiformis and Navicula. 

Sample 11. Food of Anodonta grandis footiana, Lake Maxin- 
kuckee, near Norris Inlet, Aug. 20, 1908. A good mass of floc- 
culent fine green material; no mud. 


58 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Microcystis aeruginvsa most common, Melosira filament, Oscil- 
latoria, short filament; Anwraea cochlearis several; Cymbella 
cymbiformis; Gomphosphaeria aponina; Peridinium tabulatum; 
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Lyngbya aestuaru, EHpithemia 
argus, Chydorus, and what appears to be fragments of Ceratium 
hirundinella. 

Sample 12. Anodonta grandis footiana, near Norris Inlet, 
Lake Maxinkuckee, Aug. 20, 1908; a small mass of flocculent blue 
material. 

Microcystis aeruginesa most abundant; Lyngbya aestuarii, 
Melosira, Epithenia, Anuraea cochlearis, Pediastrum boryanum, 
Cosmarium intermedium and a few others, Staurastrum, Spirulina 
and Pediastrum duplex. 

Sample 138. Anodonta grandis footiana, 97 mm. long. Edge 
of Lake Maxinkuckee east of Norris Inlet, Aug. 29, 1908. 

Parasites, 9 Atax, free among gills. Mussels gravid, with ante- 
rior end of shell indented and with some brown spots on the nacre. 
Food mass fine golden brown, abundant in quantity, containing 
Anuraea cochlearis many; Microcystis aeruginosa most abundant 
element; Lyngbya aestuarii frequent; Scenedesmus, a few; Botry- 
ococcus braun frequent, Cymbella cymbiformis; Staurastrum, 
Navicula; Fragilaria; Chydorus, a few; Coelosphaerium kuetz- - 
ingianum; the diatoms are not abundant. 

Sample 14. Anodonta grandis footiana apparently old, 90 mm. 
long, near Norris Inlet, Lake Maxinkuckee, Ind., Aug. 29, 1908, 
the shell stained somewhat brown inside, with one steel-blue stain 
on the right valve anteriorly. 

Parasites; Atax 7, large, full of eggs, one small, one very small, 
these all free among the gills; Cotylaspis insignis 1, in axil of gill. 

Food abundant; Microcystis aeruginosa abundant, Lyngbya 
aestuarii common, Pediastrum duplex, Botryococcus braunii, a few; 
Cosmarium; Anuraea cochlearis several; Scenedesmus; Ankistro- 
desmus, and many diatoms, among which are Cocconeis pediculus, 
Melosira, Gomphonema, Navicula, Epithemia turgida, etc. 

Sample 15. Anodonta grandis footiana, 101 mm. long, Lake 
Maxinkuckee, near shore, by Norris Inlet, Aug. 29, 1908. 

Parasites, 5 Ata, free in gills, some full of eggs, 2 smaller in 
size, larval Ataw (black) scattered in gills. Cotylaspis insignis 2, 
axil of inner gill. 

A large amount of food material in intestines, very fine, of a 
yellowish-brown color. 

Microcystis aeruginosa, Anuraea cochlearis, Lyngbya aestuarii, 
Botryococcus braunii, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Cosmarium, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 59 


Navicula, an elongate form, Cymbella cymbiformis, Pediastrum 
duplex, P. boryanum; red cysts apparently of Peridinium. 

Sample 16. Anodonta grandis footiana, 90 mm. long, sandy 
bottom of Lake Maxinkuckee near Norris Inlet. Aug. 29, 1908. 
Mussel gravid. Parasites, Atax, 3, free among gills, Ataw embryos 
scattered through gills. . 

Food material scarce, fine golden brown in mass, consisting of 
Microcystis aeruginosa abundant; Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum 
abundant, Lyngbya aestuarii, a few filaments; Anuraea cochlearis 
and another rotifer; Botryococcus brauni; Sorastrum, Coelastrum, 
Scenedesmus, Pediastrum duplex, Navicula several, Melosira tabu- 
lata, Synedra, Epithemia turgida, Cymbella cymbiformis; other 
small diatoms rather numerous; Cosmarium, a few. 

Sample 17. Anodonta grandis footiana, 93 mm. long. Sandy 
bottom of Lake Maxinkuckee near Norris Inlet, Aug. 28, 1908. 
Mussel gravid. Parasites, 1 Atax, free among gills. Intestines al- 
most empty. Microcystis aeruginosa one of most abundant ele- 
ments, Lyngbya aestuarii, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Botry- 
ococcus braunii; Cosmarium, Pediastrum, Cocconeis pediculus, 
Epithemia turgida; Navicula, (1 actively moving) Gomphonema, 
Melosira tabulata, Anuraea cochlearis, Chydorus. 

Sample 18. Anodonta grandis footiana, 95 mm. long, Lake 
Maxinkuckee near Norris Inlet, Aug. 29, 1908. Mussel gravid. 
Parasites, 6 Atax free among gills, one a minute red species. Many 
young Atax embryos in inner side of mantle, not in gills. 

Food material golden brown with some green intermixed, very 
fine. Microcystis aeruginosa, common; Lyngbya aestuarii, a few 
filaments; Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum; Botryococcus braunii; 
Pediastrum duplex; Anuraea cochlearis a few; Epithemia turgida; 
Navicula, common; Cymbella cymbiformis; Cocconeis pediculus, 
several; Cosmarium; Chydorus. 

Sample 19. Anodonta grandis footiana, Lake Maxinkuckee, 
near Winfield’s. Mussel gravid. Parasites, young Atax in gills; 
distomids on mantle; (a slug pearl near hinge.) 

Food: Botryococcus braunii; Microcystis aeruginosa; Lyngbya 
aestuarti, Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, Pediastrum duplex, 
Navicula, Cymbella cymbiformis. 

Sample 20. Anodonta grandis footiana, Lost Lake. Young 
transparent shell, gravid; length 77 mm., height 41 mm., diameter 
30 mm.; live weight 1 oz., shell | oz. Parasites, several Cotylaspis 
insignis in axil of gills. Food chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa; con- 
siderable Botryococcus braunit. 

Sample 21. Anodonta grandis footiana, Lost Lake. Parasites, 


60 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


1 young Atax in gill; Cotylaspis insignis in axil of gill. Food 
chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa, a little Botryococcus braunii, Lyng- 
bya aestuarii and Pediastrum boryanum. 


6. PAPER-SHELL 
ANODONTA IMBECILLIS Say 


A single specimen. 


7. SQUAWFOOT 
STROPHITUS EDENTULUS (Say) 


Not very common in the lake. Occasional shells can be picked 
up along shore, especially between Long Point and Arlington, and 
along the north shore. Living examples were also taken in small 
numbers from the mussel bed at the mouth of Norris Inlet, and at 
Long Point. In a collection of about 300 living mussels collected 
at the latter place in the autumn of 1907, only 3 were of this 
species. 

As found in the various rivers of the country, this is one of the 
most variable of shells, and the exact limits of the species and its 
various forms are not yet well worked out. The lake examples, 
though differing considerably from those of the neighboring rivers 
and from river shells in general, do not exhibit a very large range 
of variation. They are all markedly dwarfed, the average length 
being about 2! inches or 63.5 mm. long. All have a well-developed 
rounded posterior ridge. The epidermis is deeply stained, that of 
the exposed portion of the shell being a rich yellowish brown, 
while the anterior portion—in the living shell buried in the soil 
of the bottom—is a deep, shining, brown black. The anterior mar- 
gin is not nearly so heavy and produced as one frequently finds 
it in river examples. The beaks of the lake shells are not so angu- 
lar as they usually are in river shells, and the high wavy ridges 
are more numerous and pronounced. In the Maxinkuckee shells, 
also, a number of fine hair-like lines or ridges, much like growth 
lines, extend along the posterior border of the umbone, parallel 
with the posterior ridge of the earlier stages of the shell. 

The nacre of the lake shells is a rich rosy salmon. Unlike 
the salmon color of “Anodonta salmonia” this is a natural color, 
not due to diseased conditions; the nacre surface is very smooth 
and the color extends deeply into the shell. In some cases the 
inner nacreous surface appears to be a secondary thickening: of 
the shell, laid on the older portions like an enamel. Below this 
extra nacreous deposit the growth lines are very distinct on the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 61 


inner surface of the shell. The rest periods are distinct black 
lines, often plainly visible through the translucent shell when held 
up to the light. Rays are always invisible by reflected light in 
the lake shells, but in some examples they were visible by trans- 
mitted light. The animal has orange-colored flesh. The few liv- 
ing examples examined indicate that parasites are common: one 
contained three old Atax ypsilophorus, and several young. 

One gravid example was found, October 17, 1907. The young- 
est example found was 42 mm. long and exhibited four rest periods. 


8. LAMPSILIS GLANS (Lea) 


Fairly common in the main lake; dead shells are often found 
along shore, and occasionally the living mussels are to be seen in 
shallow water at the various mussel beds in the lake. It is quite 
abundant along the edges of the thoroughfare joining the lakes, 
and is common in Lost Lake. The examples found in the thorough- 
fare and Lost Lake were of unusually large size; this is one of the 
few species of mussels which are as large or larger in the lake than 
in the neighboring rivers. L. glans appears to prefer shallow water 
along shore. A good number of shells recently cleaned out by 
muskrats was found near the water’s edge at Long Point in the 
late autumn of 1918. 

In the Tippecanoe River at Delong this was a very abundant 
species in the greasy whitish blue clay along shore, and was here 
one of the favorite morsels of the muskrat. With the exception 
of Micromya fabalis this is the smallest species of mussel found 
in the lake. It can be easily recognized by its black epidermis, 
small size and purple nacre. 


9. RAINBOW-SHELL 


LAMPSILIS IRIS (Lea) 


Rather common in the lake in shallow water near shore, found 
scattered among the other species in the various shell-beds. There 
is a good colony in the Lost Lake bed, and it is fairly abundant 
off the depot grounds, by Kruetzberger’s pier, at Long Point, and 
at the bed near the mouth of Norris Inlet. 

The lake shells differ markedly from those of the neighboring 
rivers, so much so that it is easy to separate the lake and river 
shells at a glance. The lake shells are considerably more elongate, 
and the epidermis is stained a deep brown, mostly concealing the 
rays; when these are visible they are brownish rather than green, 
and the umbones are rather eroded. The shells, indeed, resemble 


62 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


somewhat the males of L. subrostrata, with which they are asso- 
ciated. The lake shells exhibit a tendency to have their posterior 
margin somewhat broader than that of the river shells, and the 
shells are flatter at the posterior tip, becoming somewhat produced. 
The river shells are more solid and heavy. 

Lampsilis iris is one of the few species of mussels which does 
not show a marked decrease of size in the lake; indeed, some of 
the larger lake examples run actually larger than those from the 
neighboring rivers. Some of the largest lake shells examined have 
the following dimensions: 


No. Length mm. Alt. mm. Diam. mm. 
1 69.6 Sise Dall 

2 65.9 34.9 PAIL 

3 68.0 34.6 22 

4 64.9 35.8 Dart 

5 67.0 36.8 20.9 

6 67.7 33.8 2A 


No young shelis were found, even the smallest appear rather 
old. The smallest three measure: 


Length mm. Alt. mm. Diam. mm. 
41.4 Palle 1355) 
38.9 25 12.5 
37.0 20.0 123 


For comparison with the lake shells, the dimensions are given 
of the largest two shells found in Yellow River: 


No. Length mm. Alt. mm. Diam. mm. 
i 67.0 34.5 2249 
2 64.0 SBI) Zl) 


Only one gravid example was found; this was obtained at Lost 
Lake bed Sept. 7, 1908. 

Of all the species of mussels in the lake, L. iris has the best 
connection, through scattered individuals along the Outlet, with the 
shells of the Tippecanoe River, a few shells having been found 
almost through the whole length of the Outlet. The outlet shells, 
like those of the rivers, are brightly rayed. The species is abund- 
ant in the Tippecanoe River at Delong. A number of examples 
were noted in spawning condition there in late August and early 
September in 1908. Observations in the Maumee River would in- 
dicate that these species, L. parva and L. multiradiata, do not have 
exactly the same breeding season as many other species of Lamp- 
silis (luteola, recta, ligamentina, etc.) but are sometimes fertilized 
in July, spawning in August and September. Being small and 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 63 


an early developing species, it is probable that they have somewhat 
different habits: indeed it is possible that they have more breed- 
ing seasons per year than the other species. 

The Tippecanoe mussels of this species were a favorite food of 
the muskrat, and were killed in great numbers every autumn, the 
dead shells being thickly strewn along the bank, or piled in heaps 
at the bases of rocks which the rodent had used as a feeding place. 

Lampsilis iris has a well marked tendency in the lakes and 
Outlet to produce pearls and baroques, but these are too small to 
be of any value. 


10. LAMPSILIS SUBROSTRATA (Say) 


Lampsilis subrostrata reaches its best development along the 
muddy shores of lagoons, not being perfectly at home either in 
swiftly flowing streams or in perfectly quiet lakes, although occa- 
sional examples may be found in either. It is considerably more 
abundant in Lake Tippecanoe and Upper Fish Lake than in any 
other Indiana lakes examined. Along the edges of the Mississippi 
sloughs it is fairly common and reaches a large size, often distin- 
guished with difficulty from Lampsilis fallaciosa except for the 
thinness of the shell and the black epidermis. It is rare in Lake 
Maxinkuckee, only a few examples having been obtained from the 
mussel bed near Norris Inlet. It is much more common in Lost 
Lake in the large bed along shore south of the Bardsley cottage. 
Mr. Blatchley, in a short report on the mollusks of the lake, (25th 
annual report, Department of Geology and Natural Resources .of 
Indiana, 1900, p. 250), says of this species: ‘‘Not common in the 
main lake; more so in the muck and mud along the margins of Lost 
Lake, where a well-marked variety, with a larger and broader beak, 
was taken. A specimen of this was sent, among others, to Mr. 
Chas. T. Simpson, of the Smithsonian Institution, for verification. 
In his reply he says: ‘The variety of subrostratus which you send 
is, so far as I know, confined to northern Indiana. It is quite re- 
markable, and would seem to be almost a distinct species. I have 
seen quite a number of specimens of it, and at first thought it a 
variety of U. nasutus, but there seem to be intermediate forms con- 
necting it with U. subrostratus.’”’ 

With the exception of the differences due to sex, all the Maxin- 
kuckee and Lost Lake shells are very uniform in appearance, much 
more so than L. luteola, and are hardly distinguishable from ex- 
amples from Lake Tippecanoe, Upper Fish Lake, or a specimen col- 
lected in the Wabash River at Terre Haute by Dr. J. T. Scovell. 


64 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


They are dark brown in color with very faint rays. The species 
appears to be rare in the Tippecanoe River at Delong. One ex- 
ample was obtained there, which is somewhat shorter and stouter 
than those of the lake, and not so badly stained; it shows faint 
rays posteriorly. The Lost Lake shells are somewhat larger than 
those found at the other lakes. No young were found, the smallest 
shell obtained being a half-grown example. One gravid specimen 
was found at Lost Lake Sept. 7, 1908. The marsupium closely 
resembles that of L. iris, being a kidney-shaped mass filling the 
hinder portion of the outer gill, this mass being marked into seg- 
ments by rather deep radiating furrows. The very edge of the mar- 
supium is white beyond the dusky submarginal area, the white 
making a chain-like area at the edge of the gill. Like L. iris, this 
species has a tendency to form pearls, but they are too small to be 
of any value. 

Food of individuals:—The following is the result of the exam- 
ination of the contents of the intestines of L. subrostrata from Lost 
Lake at various dates. 

Sample 22, August 20, 1908. A small amount of flocculent 
bluish-gray material. 

Peridinium tabulatum abundant; Microcystis aeruginosa abund- 
ant; Anuraea cochlearis; Pediastrum boryanum; Diatoms—Sy- 
nedra, Cymbella cymbiformis. 

Sample 23, August 20, 1908. A very small amount of floccu- 
lent grayish material. 

Peridinium tabulatum a few; Microcystis aeruginosa a little; 
Pediastrum boryanum; Cosmarium, Tetraédron minimum, Scene- 
desmus, Euglyphia alveolata; Peridinium, a small, sharp-spined 
form. Diatoms make up the greater part, including Cymbella 
cymbiformis, Navicula, Fragilaria, Coscinodiscus, and E'pithemia. 

Sample 24, September 7. A large amount of material, black 
mud below, greenish flocculent material above. The upper por- 
tion contains chiefly Botryococcus brauni and Microcystis aerug- 
inosa. Bottom portion—Microcystis aeruginosa common; Botry- 
ococcus braun; Peridinium tabulatum, Peridinium, a small spined 
species; Scenedesmus, frequent. Staurastrum, Pediastrum duplex; 
Coelastrum a few; Anuraea cochlearis, Tetraédron, Docidium, 
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, sponge spicule, Lyngbya aestuarii. 
Diatoms,—Synedra, Navicula, Gomphonema, ete. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 65 


ffs, KAT MUCKET 


LAMPSILIS LUTEOLA (Lamarck) 


Lampsilis luteola is the most widely distributed of the Amer- 
ican Unionide, its range extending over nearly all of North Amer- 
ica east of the Rocky Mountains. It lives and thrives under a 
great variety of conditions, being frequent in both lakes and rivers. 

In Lake Maxinkuckee this is the most common mussel, being 
found almost everywhere in water from 2 to 5 or 6 feet deep where 
the bottom is suitable. It prefers a rather solid bottom with some 
admixture of sand or gravel, but occurs also even where the bot- 
tom is of a rather firm peaty nature as in some places in Outlet 
Bay. It is, however, rather scarce and widely scattered in such 
localities. The best beds are found at Long Point, at Farrar’s, in 
front of McDonald’s, by the old Kruetzberger pier, and in 
Aubeenaubee Bay off from the Military Academy. In Lost Lake 
it was abundant in the large mussel bed below the Bardsley cot- 
tage, and a few shells were found in the north end of the lake. 

The Lake Maxinkuckee shells are smaller and thinner than 
those of the rivers; they closely resemble those of most of the 
neighboring lakes with which they were compared, such as Twin 
Lakes, Pretty Lake, Bass Lake, etc. The L. luteola of Upper Fish 
Lake are much larger and more like river shells. Compared with 
specimens of more remote lakes, those of Lake Erie are much 
smaller, more solid and not stained, the rays being quite distinct. 
The L. luteola of Lake Pokegama, Minn., are unlike any of those 
above cited, being large, thick and heavy, furnishing excellent but- 
ton material. j 

Lampsilis luteola is represented in Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost 
Lake by 2 forms; although these forms are well connected by 
intergrades the extremes are pretty markedly distinct. 

The colony in Lost Lake is composed of compressed, elongate 
shells, almost as large as those found in rivers, but considerably 
thinner. It is in the females of this group, and only in part of 
them, that the greatest variation occurs. The males are not much 
unlike the ordinary well-known form of the neighboring rivers. 
The most strongly aberrant females are markedly compressed, and 
flare out broadly in the post-basal region. The umbones are far 
forward and they remind one somewhat in contour of the marine 
species, Modiola plicatuia. Some of them closely resemble Lanvp- 
silis radiata of the Atlantic drainage. The Lost Lake mussels of 
this species are stained a peculiar attractive ash-gray which does 
not greatly obscure the rays. They are not so heavily encrusted 


5—17618-—Vol. 2 


66 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


with marl as are those in the Lake Maxinkuckee beds. Typical 
Lake Maxinkuckee specimens are dwarfed and stained a deep 
brown, which obscures the rays. Most of them are thickly coated 
posteriorly with incrustations of marl. It is principally this spe- 
cies which has associated with it the little water-beetle, Stenelmis 
undulatus Blatchley. At Long Point, where L. luteola is the most 
common mussel, examples of the peculiar Lost Lake form are 
rather frequent. In comparing sets of shells from the various 
mussel beds of the lake—Long Point, Farrar’s and the Norris Inlet 
beds—it was noted that the mussels of each bed, as one approached 
the upper portions of the lake, averaged somewhat smaller. 

As regards food, movements, reproduction, etc., L. luteola does 
not differ greatly from the other mussels of the lake with the ex- 
ception that it appears to be considerably the most active species 
in the lake. A few were observed moving about during the 
winter of 1900-1901. The deep water individuals rarely move 
about at all. In the autumn of 1913 the migration of those near 
shore into deep water was strikingly shown by a series of numer- 
ous furrows, with a mussel at the deep water end and extending 
from shore outward near Long Point. 

As with the other mussels of the lake, reproduction is a rather 
inconspicuous phenomenon, not attended with the marked display - 
common in the larger river examples. Of 252 examples collected 
at Long Point Oct. 17, 1907, 25 contained glochidia in the gills, 
some being very full and much distended. One was found gravid 
May 24, 1901, and on August 22, 1906, some in Lost Lake appeared 
to be about ready to spawn. 

The young of this species were found rather frequently in the 
lake, much more frequently, indeed, than any other kind. The 
smallest examples were obtained while sieving sand for Sphaeriums 
at Long Point. These young mussels live buried in the fine sand 
near shore. Specimens up to about a half inch long are very 
crinkly, being covered with narrow elevated parallel ridges, gen- 
erally 5 in number, each consisting of 2 open loops placed end to 
end, the sides of the loops being roughly parallel with the ventral 
margin of the shell; the ends where they join form a sharp curve 
upward toward the umbone. These double loops are followed by 
a number of broken irregular ridges. The markings just described 
persist on the umbones of the older shells until eroded away. The 
half grown shells are beautifully rayed with green on a whitish 
background. As the shells grow older they become gradually 
stained a deep uniform brown, obscuring the rays. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 67 


Most of the mussels of the lake are slightly parasitized, none 
abundantly; they contain a few examples of a small reddish Ataz, 
and a few Cotylaspis insignis. A small round-worm, somewhat 
like a vinegar eel, was found very active in the intestine of one 
specimen; it was probably parasitic. 

Small irregular pearls or slugs are produced but they are of no 
value. In some rivers this species produces an abundance of small 
round pearls. Some of the pearl-bearing river specimens were 
planted in the lake in 1912 to see if they would infect the lake 
shells. The Lampsilis luteola of the rivers is a fair button shell, 
but the Lake Maxinkuckee shells are too small and thin to have 
much value. It is a remarkable fact that in Lake Pokegama, 
Minn., L. luteola grows abundantly in shallow bottom among the 
weeds, and there produces a handsome thick heavy shell, one indeed 
concerning which the pearl button manufacturers are very enthusi- 
astic, so much so that the shells at that distant point from the 
market brought $22.00 per ton; in the summer of 1912, two car- 
loads of these shells were shipped to Europe. 

Just why the Lake Maxinkuckee shells are not like the excel- 
lent ones of Lake Pokegama remains as yet unanswered, but seems 
to be largely a question of breed. It would certainly be worth 
while to introduce the Lake Pokegama breed into Lake Maxin- 
kuckee. 

Following is the result of the examination of various indi- 
viduals of the Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake shells: 

Sample 25. L. luteola. Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908. Mussel 
gravid. Length 100 mm., altitude 62 mm.; diameter 33 mm. Live 
weight 33 oz.; shell 12 oz. Parasites—7 free Atax among gills, 
young Atax in gills and numerous Atax eggs on interior surface 
of mantle. Food chiefiy Microcystis aeruginosa, Botryococcus 
braunn, Lyngbya aestuaru, Melosira, Navicula. 

Sample 26. L. luteola, Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908; mussel gravid; 
length 95 mm., alt., 60 mm., diam., 38 mm.; live weight 3% oz.; 
Shell 13 0z. Parasites, 7 free Atax in gills, and Atax eggs in the 
mantle. Food—chiefly Microcystis aeruginosa, also Botryococcus 
braunn, Navicula, Lyngbya aestuarii and Anuraea cochlearis. 

Sample 27. L. luteola, Lost Lake by Bardsley’s, Sept. 7, 1908; 
live weight 34 oz.; shell 14 oz.; length 97 mm., alt. 54 mm., diam. 
33 mm. Parasites—7 free Atax among gills; many small red 
eggs of Atax on inner surface of mantle. Food chiefly Microcystis 
aeruginosa, Botryococcus braunii and Navicula. 

Sample 28. Lampsilis luteola, Lost Lake, Sept. 7, 1908. Live 


68 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


weight 33 oz.; length 104 mm., alt. 54 mm., diameter 33 mm. 
Parasites, Atax 6, free among gills, eggs of Atax on inner side of 
mantle, young in pits on side of foot. Food, Microcystis aerug- 
inosa most common. Lyngbya aestuarii, Navicula, Melosira, 
Anuraea and Cymbella. 

Intestinal contents of two examples of L. luteola obtained in 
Lake Maxinkuckee Aug. 27, 1908, near the shore just north of the 
ice-oflice gave the following results: 

Sample 29. Microcystis aeruginosa, main mass; Anuraea coch- 
learis a few; Botryococcus braunii rather common; Cymbella 
cymbiformis, one; Lyngbya aesturaii, 1 filament; Navicula, 2 ex- 
amples; Synedra, a few. 

Sample 30. Microcystis aeruginosa main mass; Botryococcus 
braun, very common; Lyngbya aesturarii, several filaments; 
Anuraea cochlearis a few; Synedra some; Navicula one example, 
very lively; Cosmarium one round worm like vinegar eel, very 
lively. 

Sample 31. Lost Lake, 1908. A good mass of material, black- 
ish below, flocculent greenish above. 

Lyngbya aesturaru, a few filaments; Microcystis aeruginosa, 
quite abundant; Anuraea cochlearis; sponge spicule, Pediastrum 
duplex, Staurastrum, Botryococcus braunii, Peridinium tabulatum, 
a few; Peridinium, a small spiny species 1; Pediastrum boryanum; 
several diatoms——Navicula, Coscinodiscus, Melosira, Cymbella 
cymbiformis; Microcystis is the most abundant element, Peridinium 
is rather scarce. 

Sample 32. Lake Maxinkuckee, -Aug. 27, 1908. A _ small 
amount of brownish green flocculent material. 

Anuraea cochlearis, quite frequent; Lyngbya aestuarii, short 
filament; Peridinium tabulatum, a few; Coelastrum microporum; 
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum; Pediastrum boryanum; Scenedes- 
mus, very few; Chydorus fragment. Diatoms,—E'pithemia turgida, 
Navicula, Cymbella cymbiformis, Gomphonema, Coscinodiscus. 

Sample 33. Lake Maxinkuckee, Aug. 27, 1908. A fair amount 
of brownish green material, muddy below, flocculent green above. 
The green top material consisting chiefly of Microcystis aerug- 
inosa; with some Anuraea cochlearis; Lyngbya aestuarii; Micro- 
cystis aeruginosa; Bulbochaete bristle; Coelastrum microporum; 
Merismopedia glauca; Pediastrum boryanum; diatoms—Navicula, 
Coscinodiscus, ete. 

Measurements:—The following is a series of measurements of 
Lost Lake examples: 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 69 


MEASUREMENTS IN MM 


No. Date, 1908 -| Remarks 
Length Alt. Diam. 

1189 August 20 85 54 32 | Fanshaped female. 

1269 September 7 97.4 55 31 Fanshaped female, gravid. 

1215 | August 20 87 46 35.6 Fanshaped female. 

1224 | August 20 98 56 26 | Fanshaped female. 

1245 | August 20 90 51 32.8 Fanshaped female. 

1235 August 20 98 48.9 36.3 | Male. 

1188 August 20 102 53 36 Male. 

1221 August 20 100 51 BY Male. 

1223 August 20 96 51.4 34.8 Male. 

1228 August 20 102.3 BI 7 33 Male. 


Most of these shells blistered posteriorly. 
The males are fairly like those of river; the females are more fanshaped. Weight of the 10 shells, 15 oz.: 
only a few are rayed. 


12. POCKETBOOK 


LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSA (Barnes) 


Rather common at the Long Point mussel bed; a few found 
in the bed by Farrar’s and a few in Lost Lake. The species as 
found in the lake is markedly dwarfed and quite different in ap- 
pearance from the usual river form. There are two types in the 
Long Point bed. One consisting of females, having the post 
basal inflation of the shell characteristic of that sex, not exactly 
as in the river form, however, but somewhat more restricted; this 
feature, along with a peculiar stain of the epidermis which con- 
ceals the normal coloring of the shell, causes them to very closely 
resemble a short female L. luteola. The other type, an oval shell 
without the post-basal inflation, was at first taken to represent the 
males, but some of them were found to contain glochidia. These, 
too, bear a marked resemblance to L. luteola, and the only way to 
distinguish the two species, as they occur in the lake, is by an 
examination of the umbonal sculpture. This in ventricosa con- 
sists of a few coarse parallel ridges; in luteola the sculpture is of 
numerous fine wavy lines. 

The lake L. ventricosa was so markedly different from the 
species as usually known that it was compared with a large series 
of both lake and river forms. Of river shells only a few from 
the central part of the Maumee, where for some reason the shells 
are markedly dwarfed, bore any close resemblance to it. None 
was found in any of the neighboring lakes with which to compare 
them. In some of the small lakes of Michigan where Dr. Robert 
E. Coker collected, he experienced a similar difficulty in dis- 
tinguishing L. ventricosa and L. luteola. He sent sets of criti- 


70 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


cal specimens to Mr. Bryant Walker of Detroit, Mich., who identi- 
fied the shells with a few coarse straight undulations on the beaks 
as Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis and the others as L. luteola. 

The Maxinkuckee specimens were also compared with L. ventri- 
cosa from Lake Champlain, and were found to be much like them. 
The Champlain examples which were free from staining of the 
epidermis more closely resembled in color the ventricosa of the 
rivers. 

The specimens of L. ventricosa differed considerably in the dif- 
ferent beds. Lost Lake examples are usually rather small, and are 
stained a peculiar ashy-gray. Those from the near Farrar’s are 
mostly small and apparently young and are rather well rayed; 
they resemble river forms more closely than any others in the lake. 

The large oval L. ventricosa of Long Point are the heaviest 
shells of the lake. A peculiarity of several of these shells is a 
conspicuous rib-like thickening on the inside, extending from near 
the umbonal cavity postero-ventrally. The nacre is soft satiny in 
luster, and not very iridescent. This oval form of ventricosa 
found at Long Point furnishes the only shell in the lake that could 
be used to any advantage in the manufacture of buttons, and even 
it produces rather inferior material. Some ‘of these shells were 
sent to a button factory at Davenport and buttons were made of 
them. The following is a set of measurements of these large 
shells: 


No’ Date, 1907 Lengthmm.|} Alt. mm. | Diam. mm. Remarks 
1 September 24 114 74.8 53 Female gravid. 
2 October 30 107.6 65.5 54.8 
3 October 2 105.2 63.7 52.5 | 
4 October 39 92.5 60.4 53.7 Female gravid. 
5 | October 30 103.7 67.3 49.3 Dorsal baroques. 
6 October 17 98.6 60.2 55.5 Arcuate; baroque found. 
7 October 20 101.7 63.6 52.2 
8 October 30 94.6 58.4 bohP] Nacre diseased and blistered. 
9 October 17 95.6 is. 7/ 49 

10 October 17 91.5 60.4 49.5 


Although the reproductive phase of L. ventricosa of the lake 
is much less conspicuous than in the river mussels, most of them 
apparently succeed in reproducing themselves. Most of the fe- 
males found later in autumn have more or less numerous glochidia 
in the gills. No infected fishes or very young mussels of this spe- 
cies were seen. 

The most common parasite is Atax, and it is not particularly 
abundant. Of six examples collected near Farrar’s July 24, 1909, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Gi 


the first contained 9 of the mites, the second 4, the third 15, with 
Ataxz eggs in the mantle and body, the fourth 12 Atawz and nu- 
merous eggs of the mite on the inner surface of the mantle, the 
fifth 3 Atax with eggs and the sixth 7 Atax with eggs and egg 
scars. No other parasites were noted. No pearls were found, 
only a few irregular slugs. 

In 1906 some of the immense L. ventricosa of Yellow River 
were planted in the lake near shore not far from the old ice office. 
A few died shortly after planting but near the same place 2 years 
later some of the mussels were found alive and apparently thriv- 
ing. Two of the large females were killed and examined. Altho 
this was at a time when this species is usually gravid, one of these 
individuals was sterile, apparently having failed to become impreg- 
nated. The influence of its residence in the lake was marked by a 
dark stain which covered the exposed portion of the shell. The 
other had a few eggs in the gills, and numerous marginal cysts 
in the mantle. About 10 Atax among the gills, and numerous dis- 
tomids on the outside surface of the mantle in the umbonal cavity. 


13. LAMPSILIS MULTIRADIATA (Lea) 


Not abundant in the lake; occasional shells are found along 
shore, and now and then they are encountered in the piles of shells 
where muskrats have been feeding. A few living examples were 
found in the mussel bed near the mouth of Norris Inlet and a few 
at Long Point bed. In all hardly a dozen living examples were 
secured; of 563 shells taken from a pile left by a muskrat at Long 
Point in 1907, only 1 was of this species. This mussel, as it occurs 
in the lake, is not nearly so attractive as river specimens, being 
dwarfed and so deeply stained that the rays are inconspicuous, 
being usually black or dull brown instead of green. 

This species was found in unusual abundance in the Tippecanoe 
River at Delong, and a considerable number was observed spawn- 
ing during the autumn of 1908. While spawning, this mussel is a 
very conspicuous spectacle. It lies either on its back, or more 
usually with the posterior end directly upward, and the showy 
edges of the mantle, which are of a yellowish brown color, and 
cross-barred with narrow lines which are continuous with the fine 
rays of the epidermis, look a good deal like a small darter lying 
on the bottom. Long waving pennant-like flaps, with a showy 
black spot at the base of each are developed, and this portion of the 
mussel is made still more conspicuous by reason of periodic violent 
spasmodic contractions. 


fie Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


At the Tippecanoe River this is one of the favorite foods of the 
muskrat, and it must be difficult for them to hold their own against 
that rodent. 

14. MICROMYA FABALIS (Lea) 

Rare; previous to 1913 only one shell had been found; this 
was picked up on the north shore of the lake in 1907. In 1913 
several shells, recently cleaned out by some animal, probably a 
muskrat, were found at the wagon bridge. This species is fairly 
common in Tippecanoe Lake and frequent in the Tippecanoe River 
at Delong where it was collected in shallow water near shore in 
rather stiff blue clay. It is the smallest of our Unionide. The 
white or bluish white nacre has an exceedingly brilliant luster. 

Several other species of mussels have been recorded for the 
lake, among them Quadrula lachrymosa (Lea), Alasmodonta mar- 
ginata Say, Symphynota compressa Lea, Anodontoides ferussaci- 
anus (Lea), Ptychobranchus phaseolus (Hildreth), Obovaria circu- 
lus Lea, Lampsilis parva (Barnes), and Lampsilis gracilis (Barnes) . 
We have seen representatives of none of these species from the lake, 
and while some, such as A. ferussacianus, are very probably pres- 
ent, others are very improbable. 


MOLLUSKS OTHER THAN UNIONIDA 


About 116 species of mollusks in addition to the Unionide are 
known to occur in Lake Maxinkuckee or its immediate vicinity. 
Specimens of nearly all of these species were collected during our 
investigations; others were collected by the late L. E. Daniels. 
These collections were referred to Dr. Paul Bartsch of the United 
States National Museum for study and report. Other duties have 
prevented Dr. Bartsch from completing his full report on these — 
mollusks. He has, however, supplied the following list of his 
identifications. This shows that the Lake Maxinkuckee molluscous 
fauna is a remarkably rich one, the total number of species, in- 
cluding the Unionide, being not fewer than 130. 


FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS 


Lymnexa palustris (Miiller) 
Lymnea obrussa exigua (Lea) 
Lymnexa danielsi Baker 
Lymnexa dalli Baker 

Lymnexa humilis (Say) 
Lymnexa desidiosa (Say) 
Planorbis bicarinatus Say 


a 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 73 


8. Planorbis trivelvis Say 

9. Planorbis campanulatus Say 
10. Planorbis parvus Say 
11. Planorbis exacutus Say 
12. Planorbis albus Miiller 
18. Segmentina armigera (Say) 
14. Physa integra Haldeman 
15. Physa heterostropha Say 
16. Ancylus tardus Say 
17. Ancylus shimekii Pilsbry 
18. Ancylus rivularis Say 
19. * Ancylus kirklandi Walker 
20. Viviparus contectoides W. G. Binney 
21. Viviparus intertextus (Say) 
22. Campeloma decisa (Say) 
23. Valvata tricarinata (Say) 
24. Valvata sincera simplex Gould 
25. Amnicola limosa (Say) 
26. Amynicola limosa porata (Say) 
27. Am~nicola lustrica Pilsbry 
28. Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry 
29. Angitrema armigera (Say) 
30. Pleurocera subulare (Lea) 
31. Pleurocera subulare intensum (Reeve) 
32. Plewrocera canaliculatum (Say) 
33. Pleurocera undulatum (Say) 
34, Pleurocera moniliferum (Lea) 
35. Goniobasis louisvillensis Lea 
36. Goniobasis depygis (Say) 
37. Goniobasis livescens (Menke) 
38. Goniobasis pulchella (Anthony) 
39. Spherium flavum (Prime) 
40. Spherium occidentale Prime 
41. Spherium rhomboideum (Say) 
42. Spherium simile (Say) 
43. Spherium solidum (Prime) 
44. Sphxrium stamineum (Conrad) 
45. Spherium striatinum (Lamarck) 
46. Sphxrium sulcatum (Lamarck) 
47. Sphxrium tenuis Sterki 
48. Spherium tumidulum Sterki 
49. Spherium walkeri Sterki 
50. Musculium rosaceum (Prime) 


74 


51. 
52. 
5d. 
54. 
55. 
56. 
57. 
58. 
59. 
60. 
61. 
62. 
65. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
OU: 
68. 
69. 
C0: 
Ga. 
We: 
75. 
74. 
Wd: 
76. 
Ci 
18: 
to 


80. 
ol. 
82. 
83. 
84. 
85. 
86. 
87. 
88. 
89. 
90. 
yi 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Musculium ryckholti (Sterki) 
Musculium securis (Prime) 
Musculium transversum (Say) 
Musculium truncatum (Linsley) 
Pisidium mainense Sterki 

Pisidium medianum Sterki 

Pisidium milium Haldeman 

Pisidium nove-boracense Prime 
Pisidium pauperculum Sterki 
Pisidium pauperculum crystalense Sterki 
Pisidium sargenti Sterki 

Pisidium scutellatum Sterki - 

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki 
Pisidium strengu Sterki 

Pisidium tenuissimum Sterki 
Pisidium walkeri Sterki 

Pisidium abditum Haldeman 

Pisidium affine Sterki 

Pisidium compressum Prime 
Pisidium compressum levigatus Sterki 
Pisidium idahoense Sterki . 
Pisidium indienense Sterki 

Pisidium lacustrinum Sterki 

Pisidium virginicum Bourginat 
Pisidium rotundatum Prime 

Pisidium variabile Prime 

Pisidium politum Sterki 

Pisidium vesiculare Sterki 

Pisidium subrotundatum Sterki 


LAND MOLLUSKS 


Polygyra hirsuta (Say) 

Polygyra fraterna (Say) 

Polygyra monodon (Rackett) 

Polygyra thyroides (Say) 

Polygyra thyroides bucculenta (Gould) 
Polygyra elevata (Say) . 
Polygyra zaleta (Binney) 

Polygyra profunda (Say) 

Polygyra multilineata (Say) 

Polygyra multilineata algonquinensis Nason 
Pyramidula alternata (Say) 

Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry & Ferriss 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 75 


92. Pyramidula perspectiva (Say) 
93. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say) 
94. Zonitoides arboreus (Say) 
95. Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller) 
96. Zonitoides minusculus (Binney) 
97. Huconulus fulvus (Miiller) 
98. Polita hammonis (Strom) 

99. Polita indentata (Say) 

100. Vallonia pulchella (Miiller) 
101. Vallonia costata (Miller) 
102. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller) 
103. Strobilops labyrinthica (Say) 
104. Strobilops virgo Pilsbry 

105. Strobilops affinis Pilsbry 

106. Pupoides marginatus (Say) 
107. Pupilla muscorum (Linneeus) 
108. Gastrocopta armifera (Say) 
109. Gastrocopta contracta (Say) 
110. Gastrocopta tappaniana (Adams) 
111. Vertigo morsei Sterki 

112. Carychium exile H. C. Lea 
113. Carychium exiguum (Say) 
114. Succinea retusa Lea 

115. Succinea obliqua Say 

116. Succinea avara Say 


THE CRUSTACEANS 


A comprehensive study of the Plankton was made by Professor 
Chancey Juday now of the University of Wisconsin. A similar 
thorough study of the Parasitic Copepods was made by Dr. Charles 
B. Wilson whose report is made part of this paper. 

Except during the summer of 1899 and 1900 the field work on 
Lake Maxinkuckee was nearly all done by one or two investigators 
only. This made it impossible to pay equal attention to all the 
groups of animals and plants; indeed, many groups could receive 
scarcely more than passing notice, while others had to be wholly 
neglected. Among those which received but slight attention are 
the worms, polyzoans, protozoans, smaller crustaceans, insects, and 
the like. Although considerable collections were made in some of 
these groups, insurmountable difficulty was experienced in finding 
specialists to work them up. Our reports on several of those 
groups are therefore necessarily brief and general in character. 


76 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Occasional notes and memoranda were made regarding various 
species which we did not have opportunity to observe regularly or 
methodically. Such of these as seem to possess some value or in- 
terest are given in the following pages. 

The list of species contained in the Plankton collections of 1899 
and 1900 and a discussion of their abundance, distribution and 
habits will be found in Professor Juday’s report. A few addi- 
tional species were later obtained in the small ponds about the lake. 

Of the individual species not much can be said; our studies were 
too general for that purpose. 

It may be stated, however, that plankton species of crustaceans 
constitute a large part, probably nearly all, of the first food of 
young fishes, and much of the food of some species of fishes 
throughout their entire lives. The little Stickleback (Hucalia in- 
constans), for example, may be mentioned as one of such species. 
Examples of this species kept in an aquarium fed eagerly on any 
and all plankton crustaceans which we placed in the aquarium with 
them. We observed also that these small crustaceans are captured 
and eaten freely by those curious carnivorous plants, the bladder- 
worts. 

Of the whole group, it can be said that they are present through- 
out the year in greater or less abundance. The abundance varies 
greatly, however, from time to time, as shown by Juday. On Sep- 
tember 6 (1906), peculiar ripples were observed on the surface of 
the otherwise smooth lake. Upon cautiously approaching the spot 
it was found that the disturbance was caused by large schools of 
very young black bass, circling about and feeding voraciously. 
Upon drawing a towing-net through the place great quantities of 
several species of plankton crustaceans were obtained. 

On many occasions the lake surface in large areas was seen to 
be covered with a thin scum which, on examination, was found 
to consist chiefly of the cast-off skins of minute crustaceans. 

On November 5 (1906), Entomostraca were present in such re- 
markable abundance at and near the surface of the lake that the 
water had the appearance and consistency of thick soup, the little 
animals actually crowding each other in the water. The next day 
ereat windrows of these crustaceans were found washed up on 
the shore at Long Point. Two days later they were again observed 
forming dense clouds at and near the surface of the lake off the 
Morris boathouse. A 4-drachm vial was simply dipped into the 
water and about 100 of the creatures were secured. 

A quantity of plankton collected July 7 (1909), and examined 
qualitatively by Professor A. A. Doolittle of the department of 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Tis 


biology, Washington, D. C., high schools, gave the following 
results: 


Species. Per cent. 
Diaptomus oregonensis Lilljeborg ..................- 0.3 
Cyclops leuckarti Claus; (edax Forbes)............. 4b. ial 
Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Fischer..........- 0.40 
Daphinicenetrocunvas HE OLDeSe Vial retor ire) ete iiei enor er 1.06 
IDoHn ppin, (opullia UENCE suebd gale do 6do8eancd bod mac 84.02 

997 97 


The Copepods (free-swimming species) frequently bear at- 
tached Protozoa, sometimes in such numbers as to make them ap- 
pear bristly. They seem to be more abundant in winter when the 
lake is covered with ice. Whenever holes are cut through the ice 
these crustaceans often come crowding to the light and air. 

The Cladocera are, generally speaking, the larger and more 
showy element of the crustacean plankton. Their stomach con- 
tents, which at times forms conspicuous masses, was found to be 
composed largely of phyto-plankton elements, especially Botryo- 
coccus braunii which, because of its color, was easily recognizable. 
One of the smaller Cladocera, Chydorus, was found to constitute 
an important part of the food of the Unionide or mussels of the 
lake, as it also does of the small fishes. 

One of the most notable species of the Zoo-plankton was Lepto- 
dora hyalina. This is usually a deep-water species, but on Sep- 
tember 2 (1906), it was taken in quantities in a surface tow-net in 
Outlet Bay. Though one of the largest of the plankton crusta- 
ceans, this species is so transparert as to be quite invisible except 
by its movements among the associated individuals of Lyngbya. 

Two other species of Entotomostraca not usually classed as 
plankton, were noted, namely, the fairy shrimps. One, Branchip- 
us serratus, was found dead in large numbers floating on the sur- 
face in deep water July 11 (1899). Later in the same day, consid- 
erable numbers were seined in shallow water off Norris Inlet. 
Again on August 21 and 31, a few were seen floating. 

Another species, Branchipus vernalis, was found abundantly 
in small temporary ponds west and south of the lake in the spring 
of 1901. 

A school of these curious crustaceans of delicate structure and 
pearly appearance, apparently usually swimming on their backs, 
their numerous gill-feet moving rapidly in the water, makes a 
very pretty sight. 

The Parasitic Copepods are reported on by Dr. Wilson (pp. 79- 
82). It may be here remarked that, as compared with other bodies 


78 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


of water, these forms are comparatively rare in Lake Maxinkuckee. 
In certain rivers which we have examined, particularly the Kanka- 
kee, Maumee, and the sloughs along the Mississippi, certain large 
species of Lernea are so abundant during the summer and fall 
that they infest most of the rock bass, crappies, and bluegills. 
They seemed to be worst on the rock bass, nearly every one of 
which was bleeding in one or more places where these parasites had 
fastened in their skin. At this season these fishes are said to be 
“wormy” and are rejected by anglers and others who chance to 
catch them. 

The Isopods or Sowbugs are represented at the lake by two 
aquatic species, one in the lake proper, the other (Porcellio scaber), 
in the woodland ponds and in damp places. The lake species is 
abundant all the year round among the Chara, especially in Outlet 
Bay. It is one of the most important foods, particularly of rock 
bass and bluegills. It sometimes forms the greater part of the 
food of those species. Little or nothing was learned of the habits 
of the pond species. There are, of course, several land species of 
these curious crustaceans. 

The Amphipods are represented by several species in the lake 
and the neighboring ponds. A large species was found near shore, 
and smaller forms farther out in the lake among the aquatic plants. 
The Hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum) was one of their favor- 
ite haunts. Some of our herbarium specimens of this plant were 
found full of these beach fleas. Many specimens were obtained 
from the plants raked up from various depths. The Amphipods 
could be obtained by washing the plants in a tub or bucket of water. 
A few were taken at night in the towing-net. Some were found 
in stomachs of fishes seined August 3 (1906), south of Arling- 
ton station. 

The freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes exilipes) was not com- 
mon in or about the lake. Only a few were obtained, one on Au- 
gust 2 (1899), one on September 6 (1899), and one on October 
23 (1900), all in the Outlet. Two were secured in Lost Lake, 
one on August 1, the other September 1 (1900). Another was 
taken November 27 (1900), upon a mass of aquatic plants dredged 
some distance from shore in the lake. This species therefore ap- 
pears to be rather rare at this lake. In Little River near Aboite, 
Allen Co., Indiana, immense numbers of this shrimp were found 
in masses of Ceratophyllum from which the transparent creatures 
jumped with great alacrity when hauled up out of the water. They 
were found in great abundance also in Chester River, near Chester, 
Md. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 19 


THE COPEPOD PARASITES 


By CHARLES B. WILSON, Professor of Biology, State Normal 
School, Westfield, Mass. 


Three species of Argulus, two of Ergasilus, and one of Ach- 
theres were found upon the fish of the lake. The species of Argu- 
lus have all been described elsewhere (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 
pp. 709, 715, 718). The’ life history of one species, A. maculosus, 
was obtained in full, and a brief account was published in 1907 
(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXII, p. 416). Of the two species of 
Ergasilus, one (E. centrarchidarum) has been described by 
Wright*. This species is common everywhere on all fishes of the 
perch family. The other species was new to science; it was named 
E. versicolor, and a full description with figures was published in 
1911 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX XIX, p. 341: pl. 45). 

The single species of Achtheres, A. ambloplitis, has also been 
described by Wright, Kellicott, and others, but several details were 
here supplied that had hitherto been lacking. 

The complete life-history was also worked out for both genera ; 
that of Achtheres had been partially described before by Claus and 
Kellicott, while not a single detail had ever been published for 
Ergasilus. 

1. ARGULUS CATOSTOMI Dana & Herrick 


Found in the gill-cavity of the white sucker, Catostomus com- 
mersonii. The discovery of this species in Indiana, together with 
those recorded from Lake Champlain and the rivers of Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut, and New York, shows the distribution of 
this parasite to be identical with that of the host it infests. The 
specimens here obtained and those from Lake Champlain include 
males, the first of that sex to be recorded for this species. 


2. ARGULUS AMERICANUS Wilson 


Found on the outside surface of the Dogfish or Bowfin (Amia 
calva). This species does not appear to be very common at Lake 
Maxinkuckee, but possibly an examination of a larger number of 
fish would show different results. This is the first instance of 
the species having been obtained from fish in their native haunts. 


3. ARGULUS MACULOSUS Wilson 


Found on the outside surface of the Common Bullhead (Amei- 
urus neblulosus), the Yellow Catfish (Ameiurus natalis), and the 


*Proc. Canadian Institute (N. S.), I, p. 243. 


80 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Rock Bass or Redeye (Ambloplites rupestris). Only two females 
were found on the Redeye; both were full of ripe eggs; evidently 
they were hunting for a suitable place to deposit them, and were 
only using the Redeye as a temporary host. 

The Yellow Cat is the true host of this Argulus and nearly half 
the fish of that species that were examined yielded specimens of 
this parasite. 

4. ERGASILUS CENTRARCHIDARUM Wright 


Found on the gill-filaments of the Calico Bass (Pomowxis spar- 
oides), the Redeye (Ambloplites rupestris), the Warmouth 
(Chaenobryttus gulosus), the Bluegill (Lepomis pallidus), the 
Small-mouthed Black Bass (Micropterus dolomieu), the Large- 
mouthed Black Bass (M. salmoides), the Yellow Perch (Perca 
flavescens), and the Walleyed Pike (Stizostedion vitreum), and 
would have been found almost certainly upon the different sun- 
fishes, had there been an opportunity to examine them. 

. As its name rightly implies, it is a family rather than a specific 
parasite, and is very widely distributed, as are the hosts upon which 
it lives. 


5. ERGASILUS VERSICOLOR Wilson 


Found only on the two species of Catfish (Ameiurus nebu- 
losus and A. natalis), the latter of which was the more badly in- 
fested. This species was not found upon any other fish in the lake 
although many hundreds of them were searched for it, nor was 
Ergasilus centrarchidarum, so common on the other fish, ever found 
on these catfishes. 

E. versicolor has since been obtained from the Channel Cat 
(Ictalurus punctatus), and the Eel Cat (Ictalurus anguilla), in the 
Mississippi River. 

The species is thus distinctively a Catfish parasite in sharp 
contrast to H. centrarchidarum, which is a Perch parasite. 

The life history of Ergasilus worked out upon these two Maxin- 
kuckee species, was published in vol. 39, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
pp. 313-326, and still stands as the only contribution to the onto- 
geny of the entire family. 


6. ACHTHERES AMBLOPLITIS Kellicott 


Found on the gill-arches of the Redeye (Ambloplites rupestris), 
the Bluegill (Lepomis pallidus), the Small-mouthed Black Bass 
(Micropterus dolomieu), the Large-mouthed Black Bass (M. sal- 
moides), and the Walleyed Pike (Stizostedion vitreum). It was 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 81 


particularly common on the Redeye and the Small-mouthed Black 
Bass, two-thirds of the specimens examined being infested with this 
parasite. Like the first species of Hrgasilus mentioned above, it is 
a family rather than a specifis parasite, as its name implies. This 
species is as typically American as A. percarum is European, and 
is fully as widely distributed. 

The life history of this species appeared in vol. 39, Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus., pp. 194-224, pls. 29-36. 

Female Achtheres with ripe eggs were found toward the last 
of August, and that may be designated as one of the breeding 
seasons of the species.* The nauplius and metanauplius stages 
are passed wholly inside the egg and the emerging larva is a fully 
developed copepodid larva with an elliptical cephalothorax, three 
free thorax segments, a two-jointed abdomen, and two pairs of 
swimming legs. 

The most striking characteristic of this copepodid larva is its 
attachment filament, which can be plainly seen inside the anterior 
end of the body. This filament appears at the very beginning of 
the nauplius stage; at first it consists of a large mushroom-shaped 
body (the future button or disc) which is situated close to the 
integument at the very anterior margin of the head, and a straight 
stalk or filament passing directly backward from the center of 
the disc. This filament is about one-fifth the diameter of the disc, 
and its posterior end is slightly enlarged and fastened into the 
tissue of the nauplius’s body just back of the disc. As development 
progresses the filament increases in length and begins to coil so 
that just before the nauplius transforms into a metanauplius it 
consists of two circular coils, one lying inside the other, the outer 
one twice the diameter of the disc. In the free swimming cope- 
podid stage there are three large coils instead of two. 

This larva shows only traces of a digestive canal, even under 
the magnification, and the center of the body is still filled with 
large yolk cells of different sizes. It swims about actively with 
a motion like that of an adult Caligus, and at once seeks a host. 
Like its European relative (A. percarum) it infests the Centrar- 
chide, and fishermen are well acquainted with the fact that our 
game fishes belonging to that family are in the habit of catching 
their food at or near the surface of the water. This is just where 
the parasite larva is waiting for its host, and the two thus come to- 
gether. All the larva needs is a chance to get inside the fish’s 
mouth without being swallowed, and such an opportunity is af- 


* For full account and figures see Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 39, pp. 189-226; pls. 29-36. 


6—17618—Vol. 2 


82 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


forded in the ordinary act of breathing. Once inside the mouth 
and swept against the gill-arches by the out-current of water, the 
larva secures a firm hold by means of its powerful maxillipeds. 

It is noticeable in this connection that those of the Centrarch- 
ide which feed most persistently at the surface are the ones in- 
fested by this parasite. Even in the hottest weather the redeye 
frequents the shallow water along the shore, at least at night. As 
a result, its gills are practically certain to yield a goodly number of 
Achtheres, and the same is true of the two kinds of black bass, 
particularly the small-mouthed. 

On the other hand, a fish like the walleye, which frequents 
deeper water, does not present as favorable an opportunity and 
most of them are free from this parasite. 

Once fastened to the gill-arches, the parasite remains there for 
life, so that the only chance its enemies have to kill it are while it 
is swimming about freely at the surface. 

This free swimming period is much shorter than that of the 
Ergasilus and Argulus larve, but the Achtheres larva is larger than 
the other two and so offers a more tempting bait. It is a signifi- 
cant fact that so many of them were found in the stomachs of the 
few minnows and darters that were examined. 

In this way they are kept within due bounds and prevented 
from multiplying in sufficient numbers to become dangerous to the 
larger fish. 


7. ACHTHERES MICROPTERI Wright 


Found on the gills of Micropterus salmoides and M. dolomieu. 
This species is not at all common, and for a long time all the speci- 
mens obtained from the two basses were supposed to belong to 
the species ambloplitis. The female of this species, however, may 
be distinguished from ambloplitis by the large abdomen with its 
basal lobes and more distinct segmentation, and by the much 
smaller egg-tubes. This distinction may then be confirmed by the 
details of the mouth-parts. . 

The male may be distinguished by its much larger size, and by 
the chelz on the tips of the second maxille. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 83 


THE CRAWFISHES 


By WILLIAM PERRY HAy, Head of the Department of Biology 
and Chemistry, Washington, D. C., High Schools 


Crawfishes are quite common in Lake Maxinkuckee and in Lost 
Lake; on the land about the lakes they are less frequent. The 
truly aquatic species are found chiefly in the shallower depths, 
hiding under rocks, sticks, and among Chara and other aquatic 
vegetation. But even at their best, not as many will be taken in 
the seine as will be secured in similar collecting in sluggish streams. 
The greatest number taken in one haul of the seine in Lake Maxin- 
kuckee was twenty-two. 

In the collections turned over to me for identification and study, 
four species are represented, namely: Cambarus blandingi acutus, 
C. diogenes, C. propinquus, and C. immunis spinirostris; or, using 
English names instead of Latin combinations, we may designate 
these four species as the Pond Crawfish, the Solitary Crawfish, the 
Gray Rock Crawfish, and the Rock Crawfish respectively. Of 
these, the first three have long been known to occur in northern 
Indiana, but C. immunis spinirostris has not heretofore been known 
north of Terre Haute. One or two other species probably occur 
in the Maxinkuckee region. C. argillicola Faxon, has been re- 
ported from several localities north, east and south of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee, and C. rusticus Hagen, has been taken near Mt. Etna, 
Huntington Co., Ind. 

Beyond doubt, the crawfish fauna of this lake, or of any other, 
will repay careful study. The habits and economic importance 
of these animals are only poorly known, but it must be that, as a 
source of food supply for other animals, or as scavengers, they fill 
a field of usefulness. 

As the present account is for the general public rather than 
for the zoologist, it will be unnecessary to give more concerning 
the structural characters of these animals than is absolutely re- 
quired for their recognition. The male crawfish may be distin- 
guished from the female by the presence of two pairs of rigid 
appendages which are attached to the first two joints of the 
abdomen or tail, and which, projecting nearly straight forward, 
he in a sort of groove between the basis of the walking legs. 
In the female the abdomen is broader than in the male, and the 
appendages of the first two joints are slender and flexible like 
those which follow. The rostrum is the beak-like projection of the 
shell (or carapace) above the eyes. 


84 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


1. POND CRAWFISH 


CAMBARUS BLANDINGI ACUTUS (Girard) 


This species may be at once distinguished by the fact that in 
the males the third and fourth pairs of walking legs bear a hook 
on the third joint from the base. The rostrum is long and approxi- 
mately triangular, with a pair of small teeth quite close to the tip. 
The large pincers and the legs which bear them are long, slender, 
and roughly granular. 

This crawfish is represented in the collection by 2 males and 7 
females from Aubeenaubee Creek, one male and one female from 
Culver Inlet, 8 males and 2 females from Spangler Creek, and by 
2 males and 1 young female from Bruce Lake. 

This is the pond crawfish of the region, its home being in wood- 
land ponds. Individuals were seen from time to time but they 
usually escaped under the leaves. Several dead ones were found 
in ponds. Generally speaking, it is not a very abundant species 
anywhere. It is occasionally met with in the sloughs of the Mis- 
Sissippi. 


2. THE SOLITARY CRAWFISH 


CAMBARUS DIOGENES Girard 


This crawfish is an inhabitant of the lake at certain times only. 
It visits the water early in the spring for the purpose of produc- 
ing its young, but auring the remainder of the year each individual 
lives alone in a burrow over which it constructs a chimney of mud 
pellets. This habit is so peculiar, being shared by only one other 
Indiana species, that it alone should be almost enough to distin- 
guish the solitary crawfish; but as some of our readers may wish 
to know what the animal is like the following description is given: 
The body is high and compressed; the rostrum is short, thick- 
edged, and without teeth near the tip; the two longitudinal, curved 
lines on the back run together throughout the whole part of their 
length so that only small triangular spaces are left between them 
in front and behind. The color is quite brilliant for a craw- 
fish, the claws, rostrum, and the elevations on the shell being more 
or less marked with crimson and yellow. Represented by 1 large 
female and 7 young from Aubeenaubee Creek. Other examples 
were noted in 1901, as follows: 

March 31, a good sized female caught in a pool at the birch 
swamp; April 1, one dead, in ditch east of railroad, in Green’s 
marsh; April 2, remains of several seen in the Outlet; April 3, 
remains of one found in Green’s marsh; April 4, two caught, copu- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 85 


lating east of the railroad, in Green’s marsh, and one caught in 
the marsh north of Lost Lake; April 9, three living ones seen, 2 
caught, and remains of great numbers at the drained lake; April 
11, one big one caught at mouth of Farrar’s Creek, and one at 
mouth of Aubeenaubee Creek; April 15, several seen in creek at 
south end of the lake, 2 caught; April 17, a female with eggs 
caught on west side of lake; April 19, a large one dead at water’s 
edge just east of the depot; May 3, chimneys abundant east of 
Lost Lake outlet; May 17, one caught at edge of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee at Long Point, with small young attached to it. 

_ This is a large “meaty” species with heavy pincers, and except 
where its natural habitat gives it a muddy flavor, makes an excel- 
lent food. 


3. THE GRAY ROCK CRAWFISH 


CAMBARUS PROPINQUUS Girard 


This species may be recognized at once by the fact that the 
upper surface of the rostrum has a low median longitudinal ridge. 
This is too low to be visible, but may be detected by passing the 
tip of one’s finger across from side to side, when the elevated 
portion may easily be felt. The species is usually an inhabitant 
of running water and will probably be found to occur most abund- 
antly about the inlets and outlets of the lake. It is represented by 
15 males and 29 females from Aubeenaubee Creek, 9 males and 5 
females from Lake Maxinkuckee, 7 males and 10 females from 
Culver Inlet, 1 male and 1 female from Outlet, and 4 males and 
7 females from East Inlet. 

This is the common crawfish of the lake. It is found in consid- 
erable abundance everywhere among rocks and in the Chara. The 
lake form is brownish gray in color. It is too small to be of much 
use as human food. This species is also found in Yellow River, 
near Plymouth, and appears to be the most common species of the 
region. They do not burrow, but hide under rocks or bits of board 
or stick under which they may make small excavations. Of many 
“notes taken the foilowing may be given here: 

April 27, 1901, several seen in the bottom, one bluish in color; 
two copulating; June 3, a large shed carapace in Outlet Bay; June 
7, several caught, they hide under boards; one very small one with 
its mother; June 12, many caught, more seen, almost every blunt- 
nosed minnow’s nest is watched by one or two; June 13, a good 
many at minnows’ nests: June 16, some caught at minnows’ nests; 
June 22, still at minnows’ nests. In 1904, October 19, a common 
content of fish stomachs. Fisherman reports that they are “the 


86 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


best bait now.” One angler caught 6 black bass with crawfish 
and one with a minnow. October 3, many at the head of the Out- 
let, about 8 seen in a small space. One was eating at a dead grass 
pike; it stayed there a good while. October 31, one still eating 
in the morning at the pike. Very little of the pike eaten. No- 
vember 2, still eating at the pike. November 14, one near shore 
east of Long Point eating a minnow. November 22, two caught 
while copulating. November 25, two caught copulating, east of 
Long Point. January 1, 1905, three seen together, 2 smallish, 
copulating, and a big one near by. 

From numerous observations of the crawfishes of the lake the 
following conclusion may be drawn: 

There appears to be no special time for mating, and no special 
breeding period was observed; nor again, any special time for 
moulting. It is probable that in the fairly uniform temperature 
of the lake the lives of the crawfishes are not so markedly divided 
into seasons as they are in the river crawfishes. Generally, in 
rivers heavily populated with crawfishes, one can find immense 
numbers of moulted shells at certain periods, usually about the 
beginning of July, but in Lake Maxinkuckee, only occasional and 
scattered cast-off skins can be found. 

The nature of the food was not easily discovered by examina- 
tion of stomach contents, as the material was too finely com- 
minuted. A few were seen eating dead fishes as mentioned above. 
They are usually found in the vicinity of minnow nests, and prob- 
ably devour fish eggs to some extent. Various fishes, especially 
walleye and bass, eat them at times, and they are one of the prin- 
cipal foods of the soft-shelled turtle. The lake species are rarely 
used for bait, perhaps because of the difficulty of obtaining soft- 
shells or “peelers” in the lake; river crawfishes are sometimes used. 

The crawfishes of the lake often have protozoa attached to the 
gills, but this probably does not seriously inconvenience them. 


4. THE ROCK CRAWFISH 


CAMBARUS IMMUNIS SPINIROSTRIS Faxon 


In general form and appearance this species is somewhat like 
the last, but it lacks the, longitudinal ridge on the rostrum. The 
teeth of the rostrum are apt to be very small and, in the males, 
the tips of the first abdominal appendages are slender, blade-like, 
and recurved. 

Represented by 9 males and 8 females from Aubeenaubee Creek, 
1 male from Culver Inlet, and 12 young females from Norris Inlet. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 87 


THE LEECHES 


By J. PERcy Moors, Professor of Zoology, University of 
Pennsylvania 


The leeches form a fairly conspicuous part of the lake fauna. 
Although quite abundant, the particular forms which attack human 
beings do not seem to be common, and bathers are never troubled 
with them. In Winona Lake, near Warsaw, Indiana, which has a 
good deal of muddy bottom, there are places where one can not 
enter the water and remain long without being attacked by numer- 
ous leeches, the bites of which cause severe itching for days. This 
condition was not noted at Lake Maxinkuckee except near the 
Norris Inlet, where on one occasion (Aug. 1, 1906) the leeches 
proved very voracious and troublesome. 

There are probably several species present besides those listed 
in this paper. The long dark leech with yellowish stripes along 
the sides, which is usually found in soft mud, was found in Green’s 
marsh and in the pond near the elevator. A good many fish- 
leeches were obtained from various fishes during the summer of 
1906, and appear to be different from those to be found on turtles. 

Economically considered, the fish-leeches are perhaps the most 
important in the lake. They are especially common on catfishes, 
and most catfishes caught have red sore spots on the chin where 
the leeches have been attached. They do not appear to be abund- 
ant or do much harm, a single fish rarely harboring more than two 
or three at a time. 

The animals most severely troubled by leeches are the turtles, 
almost every one of which has one to several leeches attached. 
The turtle-infecting leeches are broad flat animals and “play 
’possum” when disturbed. The turtles which are at liberty appear 
to be able to keep from being badly enough infected to do them 
serious injury. A snapping turtle kept in a livebox, however, was 
found to be badly attacked. It was fairly clean when placed in the 
livebox, but when taken out ten days later had a great bunch of 
leeches—53 in number—attached to the neck. These leeches oc- 
casionally attack mussels, especially Anodontas, and are now and 
then found inside the mussel shell, between the mantle and the 
foot. A number of recently killed shells found near Norris Inlet 
were covered with them; they were probably feeding upon mucus. 
Small leeches are probably great enemies of snails, some small 
examples of Planorbis were found to be swarming with them. The 
leeches of all sorts spend a good deal of time under boards. One 
found June 6, 1901, under a board had a good number of round, 


88 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


rather large, yellow eggs under her, and on June 8 one was found 
under a board covering a number of minute young. On June 11, 
a number of very small red ones were found attached to the mother. 

The swimming leech of the lake, Dina fervida, is often found 
under boards or rocks. When frightened it swims off with great 
rapidity, apparently swimming on its side with rapid dorso-ventral 
flexions of the body. It is pink in color and bears considerable 
resemblance to a fish worm in general appearance, but is flat and 
has no ring about the body. It does not appear to be parasitic 
but is a scavenger, often being found in considerable numbers on 
dead animals (coot, duck, shrews) found at the water’s edge. They 
are eaten by water-dogs and probably by fishes and appear to be 
the principal food of the Wilson Snipe which haunt the stretches of 
shore during its autumnal migrations. A prominent citizen of 
Culver reported that leeches make the best sort of bait he ever 
tried. He had found this out one summer when other sorts of bait 
were scarce. All sorts of fish took them eagerly—bass, bluegill, 
sunfish, etc. They were “as tough as India rubber so the fishes 
could not take them off the hook—often two or three fish could be 
caught on the same leech,”’ 

The leeches of Lake Maxinkuckee are evidently incompletely 
made known herein and further explorations may be expected to 
demonstrate the occurrence of at least five or six additional species. 
The collections upon which this report is based comprise 11 species. 
These are apportioned among three families, as follows: Glossi- 
phonide, seven; Hirudinide, one; and Erpobdellide, three. No 
specimens of the Ichthyobdellide are included, although it is cer- 
tain that one and probably two, or perhaps even three, species of 
the true fish-leeches occur parasitically upon the skin and fins or 
within the gill-chambers of the small fishes of the lake. The Glossi- 
phonide, as the most accessible and easily collected of leeches, are 
probably nearly completely. represented in the collection. The 
same is true of the Erpobdellide, also. Of the Hirudinidz one or 
two additional species of Heemopis may be expected to occur and 
the true blood-sucking leech, Macrobdella decora, so ubiquitous 
throughout the greater part of the North American continent, 
should occur in the plant-grown shallows of the lake, where warm- 
blooded animals come to drink or where frogs deposit their eggs 
in the spring. 

For full descriptions and figures of the several species men- 
tioned in this report, as well as for the synonymy and literature 
references, the following papers may be consulted: Castle, Some 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 89 


North American Fresh-water Rhynchobdellide, Bulletin Museum 
of Comparative Zoology, Vol. XXXVI (1901), pp. 16-64; Moore, 
The Hirudinea of Illinois, Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory of 
Natural History, Vol. V (1901), pp. 479-547; Nachtrieb, Heming- 
way & Moore, The Leeches of Minnesota, Geological and Natural 
History Survey of Minnesota, Zoological Series, No. V, 1912, es- 
pecially Part III, Classification of the Leeches of Minnesota. 


For the determination of the species herein listed the following 


Key will serve: 


A. 


CC. 


BB. 


Mouth a small pore through which the slender exertile pharyngeal pro- 
boscis may be protruded; complete somites usually composed of three 
rings, one or more of which may be partially subdivided. Glossiphonidx 


Eyes all simple, one to three pairs, those of the two sides usually dis- 
tinct; form slightly or moderately depressed; cutaneous papille few and 
mostly small or obsolete; gastric ceca small and simple or little branched, 
sometimes reduced or absent; no compact pharyngeal glands. 
Glossiphonia 

Eyes one pair, widely separated; genital orifices separated by one an- 

nulus; gastric ceca more or less reduced, size small. (Subgenus Helob- 

della.) 

1. A brown or yellow cuticular nuchal plate and underlying gland on 
dorsum of somite VII; color pale pink, gray, brownish or greenish; 
gastric ceca three to six pairs, the first two or three pairs always 
small; usual length 10 to 15 mm.; slender. G. stagnalis 

2. No nuchal plate or gland in adult; more or less heavily pigmented 
with brown in longitudinal lines with metameric white spots on middle 
annulus of complete segments; generally three longitudinal series of 
papille conspicuously pigmented with dark brown or black; gastric 
ceca five or six pairs ; length of G. stagnalis but stouter and more 
depressed. G. fusca 

Eyes three pairs; genital orifices separated by two annuli; gastric ceca 

not reduced, six or seven pairs. (Glossiphonia ss.) 

3. Eyes in regular longitudinal series; a pair of dark longitudinal para- 
median lines above and below; opaque; length 15 to 25 mm.; robust. 

G. complanata 

4. Eyes grouped in twos at the angles of a triangle; translucent and 
little pigmented, no dark longitudinal lines; length 6 to 12 mm.; 
broadest and most depressed of genus. G. heteroclita 

A single pair of compound eyes, often united into a common pigment 

mass and rarely followed by several pairs of simple eyes; form moder- 

ately or greatly depressed; cutaneous papille usually numerous and con- 
spicuous; gastric ceca seven pairs, large and more or less complexly 
branched; a pair of compact pharyngeal glands in addition to the dif- 


- fuse salivary glands. Placobdella 


Somites I-V much widened to form a distinct head; form little depressed. 
5. Dorsum bearing three prominent papillated keels; color usually green 
or olive; length rarely exceeds 20 mm. P. montifera 


90 


DD. 


AA. 


EE. 


FF. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


No distinct enlargement of anterior segments to form a head; form 

greatly depressed, foliaceous. 

6. Integuments rather opaque; colors in a bold pattern of yellow and 
olive green or brown; dorsal papille low and smooth; length up to 
3 inches. P. parasitica 

7. Integuments translucent; colors a much broken pattern of mixed 
yellow, brown and green; dorsal papillae very numerous, elevated and 
rough; length up to 2% inches. P. rugosa 

Mouth large; pharynx without protrusible proboscis; complete somites 

usually of five annuli, some of which may be subdivided. 


Pharynx usually provided with three distinct toothed jaws; testes several 
metameric pairs; eyes five pairs in as many segments. Hirudinide 
8. 12-16 pairs of coarse teeth on each jaw; genital orifices separated by 
five annuli, penis filiform; color usually a mottled pattern of black 

or brown and gray, sometimes plain dark green or yellow; usual 
length 3-5 inches. Hzxmopis marmoratus 
Pharynx provided with three longitudinal muscular folds but no toothed 
jaws; testes numerous and minute, not metameric; eyes usually three or 
four pairs in two groups. Erpobdellidz 
Last annulus (66) of each somite not obviously enlarged or subdivided. 
Evrpobdella 

9. Genital orifices separated by two rings; eyes three pairs; color usually 
two or four dark longitudinal stripes separated by paler bands; loops 


of vasa deferentia reaching to ganglion XI; length about 2-3 inches. 
E. punctata 


Annulus 06 6 obviously enlarged and subdivided. Dina 

10. Genital orifices separated by two rings; eyes three or sometimes four 

pairs; pigmentless or dorsum marked with irregular scattered spots; 
vasa deferentia not reaching ganglion XI; length 1 to 1% inches. 

D. fervida 

11. Genital orifices separated by three and one-half (sometimes three) 

rings; eyes four pairs; pigmentless or more usually with numerous 

small, often confluent, dark spots, sometimes forming a median 
stripe; vasa deferentia as in 9; length seldom in excess of 1 inch. 

D. parva 


GLOSSIPHONID 2 


1. GLOSSIPHONIA STAGNALIS (Linnzus) 


This almost cosmopolitan and usually very abundant species 


is very poorly represented in the collection by twenty-two speci- 
mens from three localities. In the small meadow ponds and shal- 
low lakes that abound throughout the northeastern United States 
and contiguous portions of Canada this species occurs in great 
numbers. It also occurs in the warm shallow waters of creeks and 
rivers, especially in quiet bays overgrown by aquatic vegetation. 
These leeches shun the bright light and congregate in great num- 
bers under stones and the ensheathing foot-stalks of the leaves of 
rushes, Sagittariz, etc. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 91 


The most usual food consists of small annelids, insects and 
mollusks but blood will be taken from abraded surfaces of all 
kinds of living and dead animals whenever opportunity offers, 
and for this purpose vast numbers of these little leeches gather 
about fishing stations where the bloody offal is thrown into the 
water. In turn they form no inconsiderable part of the food of 
certain of the larger leeches and of small carnivorous fishes, and, 
along the shores of tidal rivers, of snipe and sandpipers. 

Like other species of the same family this leech carries its eggs 
and young attached to the ventral surface of the parental body, 
the margins of which are inrolled, especially when disturbed, to 
make a crude sort of temporary brood chamber. Before hatch- 
ing, the eggs are enclosed in groups in small mucoid sacs, of which 
each leech may bear from eight to fifteen. 

The following are the labels attached to the Lake Maxinkuckee 
specimens: “Long Point, under stones, Dec. 7, 1904,” 1 speci- 
men with G. complanata; “E. side knee-deep, Sept. 17, 1906,” 20 
with G. fusca; “19-I-III,” one with G. complanata, G. fusca and G. 
heteroclita. 


2. GLOSSIPHONIA FUSCA Castle 


This pretty little gray leech was taken at a greater number of 
stations and is probably more plentiful in Lake Maxinkuckee than 
the last. This might have been anticipated as it is generally more 
partial to colder and clearer waters than is G. stagnalis. It is a 
true snail-leech and, being much more sluggish than G. stagnalis, 
confines its attacks almost exclusively to the smaller aquatic species 
of these mollusks. In breeding habits this species resembles the 
next to be described. 

“EK. Long Pt., by Holbrunner’s, Oct. 29, ’04’’, 1 specimen with 
G. complanata and a small Placobdella rugosa; “Long Pt. Nov. 1, 
’04,”” one small example; “Long Pt. Dec. 7, ’04, under stones,” one 
with seven G. complanata; “E. side knee-deep, Sept. 17, 1906,” 2 
with twenty G. stagnalis; “19-I-III,” one with G. complanata and 
G. heteroclita. 


3. GLOSSIPHONIA COMPLANATA (Linnzus) 


This well-known species is widely distributed throughout 
Europe, Asia and North America and is very constantly character- 
ized everywhere by the arrangement of the eyes and the pair of 
longitudinal dark lines above and below. In the Lake Maxin- 
kuckee collections it is the most generally represented of its genus. 

The common name of snail-leech given to this species in Eng- 
land is equally applicable here as its principal food consists of 


92 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


small water snails which its great relative strength enables it to 
overcome with ease. Small worms and aquatic insect larve are 
also eaten but it rarely or never partakes of the blood of verte- 
brates. Notwithstanding its great strength and activity when 
once aroused this is naturally a sluggish leech and is much more 
likely than other related species to roll itself into a tight ball and 
so remain quiescent for considerable periods of time. The breed- 
ing habits closely resemble those of the last species, especially: in 
the fact that only a small number of capsules, each containing a 
large number of eggs, are produced. The length of the breeding 
season is also unusually long. 

“Aug. 18,700; B.W. H.,”-1 specimen: “Long: Pt: -Sept.2t, 400; 
with five other sorts,’ one unusually large example; “E. Long 
Point, by Holbrunner’s Oct. 29, 704,” three specimens with the 
brown lines broken into series of dashes, with one G. fusca and 
one P. rugosa; “Long Pt., Dec. 7, ’04, with others,’ four small ex- 
amples; “Long Pt. Dec. 7, ’04,” 8 small specimens with G. fusca 
and G. stagnalis; “KE. side knee-deep, Oct. 17, ’06,” 4 specimens one 
of which is coarsely mottled on the dorsum; ‘19-I-III,” 1 speci- 
men with one each of G. stagnalis, G. fusca and H. heteroclita. 


4. GLOSSIPHONIA HETEROCLITA (Linnzus) 


This is a small leech of very distinctive characteristics which 
occurs in Europe and the northern United States. Nowhere in 
this country is it plentiful though it is probable that it is frequently 
overlooked because of its small size and inconspicuous coloration. 
Little is known of its habits. It is found in the same situations as 
G. stagnalis and is very sluggish. Its usual food appears to be 
the juices and mucus of aquatic snails. Unlike the remaining 
species of the genus, the eggs are attached singly to the ventral 
surface, more as in Placobdella. 

But one specimen occurs in this collection, ‘‘19-I-III” with one 
each of G. stagnalis, G. fusca and G. complanata. 


5. PLACOBDELLA PARASITICA (Say) 


This strikingly handsome leech of interesting habits is not only 
one of the most abundant but one of the largest and best known of 
our North American species. 

{t is familiar chiefly as a temporary blood-sucking parasite of 
the snapping turtle but occurs more rarely upon other species of 
aquatic turtles, and also lives during part of its life a free existence 
during which it feeds on aquatic worms and other small inverte- 
brates. The method of fertilization by means of spermatophores 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 93 


attached to the skin, and the habit of carrying the eggs and young 
are very interesting but have been frequently described. This is 
the largest of the Glossiphonids of the United States, the giants 
of the species attaining a length of four inches and a width of one 
inch. 

Abundantly represented in the collection from the following 
stations: 

“July 18, ’00, B. W. E.,” one specimen; “Nov. 30, ’00, picked 
from a snapping turtle.”’ numerous specimens presenting much 
variation in color pattern, some of them bearing young or attached 
spermatophores ;” “musk turtles, April 10, ’01,” two small; “Outlet 
Bay, under board, June 12, ’01,” four specimens with P. rugosa; 
“Outlet Bay, Nov. 26, 1904 (13-2),” 1 specimen; “on painted turtle, 
between Lakes Lagoon, Dec. 19, ’04,” five specimens, one of which 
bears young; “near Inlet, in Chara, 4-5 ft., Dec. 24, 1904,” 1 speci- 
men ; “back of snapping turtle, Aug. 28, 1906,” one large and three 
smaller examples; “Outlet, Aug. 10, 1906,” one; “Oct. 29, 1906”, 
three specimens ‘fon shore on dead turtle and shrew.” 


6. PLACOBDELLA RUGOSA (Verrill) 

This large species is readily distinguished in its ordinary 
phases from the preceding by its very rough and translucent in- 
teguments and its much broken, mixed color pattern in which 
brown usually predominates. Although sometimes associated with 
P. parasitica on turtles it is usually free-living and inhabits the 
muddy shallows of warm streams and ponds where it is found 
abundantly attached to the under surface of driftwood or stones. 
The ordinary food consists of worms, insect larve and other 
aquatic invertebrates but blood will also be freely taken. The eggs 
are carried in early spring in a layer attached to the underside 
of the leech and covered by a delicate membrane. When with eggs 
the parent usually attaches itself firmly by both suckers to the 
under surface of a stone or other firm object and resists removal 
vigorously. When removed the eggs will frequently be found ad- 
hering to the foreign object. 

“Nov. 30, ’00,” four specimens; “Outlet Bay, under board, June 
12, 01”, four specimens with P. parasitica; “leeches from Kinoster- 
none oaorainm, Apr. 19,1901,” 2 small; “E.-Long- Pt.; by Hol- 
brunner’s Oct. 29, ’04,” one small specimen with G. fusca and G. 
complanata; “Long Pt., Nov. 1, 1904’, three with attached sper- 
matophores; “snapping turtle’s back, July 28, 1906”, two small 
Specmmens asl We Cel! one- lll ob-. Wa Gei9e7.” 2 
small. 


94 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


7. PLACOBDELLA MONTIFERA Moore 


This species is easily distinguished among the present assem- 
blage by the enlarged head disc and strongly keeled back. It is 
a solitary leech whose habits are still imperfectly known. AIl- 
though often found under stones and among plants in shallow 
brooks and ponds it is a voracious blood sucker and in pursuit of 
its food attaches itself frequently to frogs, toads, mussels and 
snails. 

A single small specimen from Long Pt., Dec. 7, 1904, under 
stone. 


HIRUDINID A 


8. HAMOPIS MARMORATIS (Say) 


Along with P. parasitica this was one of the first leeches to be 
described from North America by Thomas Say. It is widely 
known as the horse leech from its habit of living in the mud of 
pasture drinking holes and attacking horses and cattle that come 
to its haunts to slake their thirst. It also occurs along the shores 
of rivers and lakes where it burrows in the mud in search of earth- 
worms, smaller leeches, insect larvee, various small mollusks, etc., 
which constitute its usual food. Its eggs are laid in a mass of 
albuminous mucus enclosed in a horny capsule and deposited in the 
mud. 

This, the only species of Hirudinide represented in the collec- 
tion, was taken at two points only: “‘Long Pt. June 2, ’01,” one 
specimen ; ‘‘Green’s flat, Apr. 3, 01,” two small. 


ERPOBDELLIDA 


9. ERPOBDELLA PUNCTATA (Leidy) 


A generally very abundant species of fairly wide distribution, 
well known for its variability, its activity and its ferocity. It 
feeds upon all kinds of small aquatic invertebrates, not excepting 
leeches of its own and smaller species, sucks the blood of vertebrates 
whenever opportunity offers, and is a great scavenger, collecting in 
great numbers wherever waste from slaughter houses is deposited 
in streams, and on the shores of ponds upon which the prevailing 
winds drive dead fishes and other animals. The egg capsules are 
well-known chitinoid flattened capsules attached to the under sur- 
face of stones, etc. 

“July 5, 799,” one unspotted pale specimen; “‘Outlet Bay, 1901,” 
one small; “Long Pt., Nov. 1, ’04, with others,’ several with D. 
parva and D. fervida. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 95 


10. DINA FERVIDA (Verrill) 


A species mainly characteristic of the lake region of the north- 
ern United States and southern Canada, represented in the collec- 
tion from several points. The habits so far as known are essen- 
tially similar to those of FE. punctata. 

“Nov. 30, ’00,” eleven specimens; “Long Pt., Nov. 1, 704,” sev- 
eral with D. parva and E. punctata, two have four pairs of eyes 
like Verrill’s type; ‘near Outlet, Dec. 13, 1904,” two specimens; 
“near Inlet, in Chara, 4-5 ft., Dec. 24, 1904,” two specimens; “‘near 
Inlet, Dec., 1904”, two. 


11. DINA PARVA Mocre 


Little is known of this species, which was first taken in Minne- 
sota and appears to be abundant in Lake Maxinkuckee. Nothing 
is known of its habits. 

“Long Pt., Nov. 1, ’04, with others,’’ many specimens with D. 
fervida and E. punctata; “Long Pt., Dec. 7, 1904,” a large num- 
ber, most of which are pigmented; ‘‘on shore on dead turtle and 
shrew, Oct. 29, 1906,” numerous small specimens. 


THE PROTOZOANS AND CCELENTERATES 


No special attention was paid to the Protozoa of the lake; only 
those forms were noted which thrust themselves upon our notice. 

The protozoan life of the lake is not conspicuous except for a 
few forms which are found in such abundance as to attract atten- 
tion. 

The list of species identified is a short one, not because these 
organisms are rare at the lake, but because no one of the party en- 
gaged in the study of the lake was especially interested in or fa- 
miliar with them. An attempt was made to collect and preserve 
all forms that attracted the attention, but these were naturally only 
a small proportion of the species present. It so happened that 
the plankton, which should have contained a number of these or- 
ganisms, was submitted to two different experts, one interested in 
Algz, the other in Crustacea, with the result that such Protozoa 
as there were went by default. 

Forms of doubtful affinity, by some placed among Algze and by 
others as animals, such as Peridinium, Ceratium and Volvox, are 
included, Volvox especially exhibiting characters which strongly 
suggest a position in the animal series. 

Following are our notes upon the few species identified : 


96 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


1. ARCELLA VULGARIS Ehrenberg 


Upon examining the stomachs of a number of tadpoles caught 
at the edge of Aubeenaubee Bay in August, 1906, a goodly num- 
ber of Arcella vulgaris were obtained. The tadpoles when caught 
were busy sucking the surface of weeds and sticks, as is their 
habit, and from these they probably obtained the Protozoa. It is 
probable that Protozoa form an important part of the food of 
young tadpoles. On other occasions we have seen them taking 
in large numbers of Paramcecium. 

Arcella vulgaris was abundant September 3, 1906, with other 
material (Paramcoecium) forming a scum over water in a tumbler 
where some duckweeds were kept. It was also present in hand- 
gathered material obtained at the dam in the Outlet, October 30, 
of the same year. 


2. CENTROPYXIS ACULEATA Stein 


Taken occasionally in the summer and autumn of 1906 in gath- 
erings in shallow water near shore. 


3. EUGLYPHA ALVEOLATA Dujardin 


Obtained in collections near shore, summer and autumn of 1906. 


4. DINOBRYON sp. 


Found occasionally near shore in Lost Lake, but not abundant. 
In the small lakes about St. Paul, Minn., where it is very abund- 
ant, it furnishes an important item in the food of the fresh-water 
mussels. 

5. EUGLENA VIRIDIS Ehrenberg 

Some found in a scum in pools in Green’s marsh. The great 
amount of vegetation makes the water almost as rich as an in- 
fusion. Obtained August 22, 1906. Euglena formed a bright 
green scum over the small pools. 


6. VOLVOX AUREUS Ehrenkerg 


Not found by us at all in the lake, but exceedingly abundant in 
Farrar’s pond and a pond east of the lake in the spring of 1901, 
large swarms being seen there, a single dip-of a common dipper al- 
Ways containing several examples. A large number of examples 
obtained from a small pond near the lake April 24, 1901. Its 
favorite habitat is shallow pools, easily warmed throughout and 
containing in the bottom an abundance of dead leaves or similar 
fertilizing matter. This species was exceedingly abundant in the 
Shallow well-fertilized carp ponds at Washington, D. C., in the 
spring of 1906. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Oi 


7. PERIDINIUM TABULATUM Ehrenberg 


Taken rather less frequently in the vertical hauls than its rela- 
tive, Ceratium macroceras, and apparently not very common. One 
might naturally expect it to be more common near shore. It was 
not noted often in surface hauls. It is a species of world-wide dis- 
tribution, and probably is abundant where conditions are favorable. 

There is very little difference between the genera Ceratium and 
Peridinium, the horns or projections, which are the distinguishing 
characteristics, occurring in all degrees of development. 


8. CERATIUM MACROCERAS Schrenk 


Common in the vertical plankton hauls, occurring in the great 
majority of hauls, but not common in the surface towings. A 
similar form, C. tripos, was collected in towing near shore at 
Eagle Lake. The long horns or projections of this species are de- 
veloped perhaps as much to give buoyancy to the form as for pro- 
tection. The Peridinales, represented by this and the 2 preced- 
ing species, are claimed by both botanists and zoologists. 


§. STENTOR CQ2RULEUS Ehrenberg 


While raking up weeds through a hole in the ice at the Weed- 
patch, January 15, 1901, it was noted that the water dripping from 
the plants turned the snew a vivid green. The snow thus colored 
was taken home and examined and the green color was found to be 
due to multitudes of green stentors. These were kept in a vessel 
for some time. On January 6, they began to gather on sticks, on 
snail shells, on the sides of the vessel, and on the under surface of 
the water, assuming a globular form. The species was probably 
ceruleus. 

On February 7, on looking through the ice on Outlet Bay, it 
seemed full of a reddish fine material like stirred up mud. Exam- 
ination revealed the presence of small diatoms and many green 


stentors. 
10. STENTOR sp. 


Among our notes mention is made of another Stentor, larger 
than the green one, brownish and with a large, flat, peristomal disc, 
circular, with a side cleft like a water-lily leaf. 

On October 14, 1907, it was noted that brown stentors were at- 
tached to the under side of lily-pads in Hawk’s marsh. 


11. VORTICELLA CHLOROSTIGMA Ehrenberg 


On ree 26, 1901, white, fluffy little globules which shrank to 
minute size when touched, and which proved upon examination 


7—17618—Vol. 2 


98 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


to be composed of colonies of Vorticella, were found very abundant 
on the submersed tips of Ceratophyllum leaves at the Inlet. Late 
in the autumn of 1904 (October 31, November 2 and 16), the same 
objects were noted, but in considerably longer and larger patches, 
on various weeds, such as Myriophyllum, etc., in the vicinity of 
Winfield’s. Again, in the autumn of 1906, they were exceedingly 
abundant in various weeds, especially dying leaves of Vallisneria, 
in Outlet Bay. So far as we have observed, these organisms seem 
to increase greatly during the autumn. Both white and green 
colonies were found, alike in everything except color, and it is 
probable that they were the same species under different condi- 
tions. The green forms showed distinctly against the dead Val- 
lisneria leaves, which had faded to a papery white. It may be it 
was common during the summer, but concealed by its green sub- 
stratum. June 22, 1906, it was plentiful on the weeds in Lost 
Lake. 

In a note of June 26, concerning this species occurs the remark: 
“This is a larger sort; there are also other smaller isolated ones 
present.” On July 25, and previously, it was common in both 
lakes in weedy, stagnant places, forming a white halo along stems, 
not in balls. In addition to these there are minute green Vorti- 
cella-like organisms attached to the parasitic copepods on the gills 
of fishes, and on August 28, 1908, a number of minute clear Vorti- 
cellas were found on the body of a Cyclops. A species of Vorticella 
was abundant July 31, 1906, on Anabeena in plankton scum. Small 
Vorticellas are found in myriads on objects in Hawk’s marsh. 
They can be found there more abundantly than anywhere else 
about the lake. 


12. EPISTYLIS sp. 


A species of Epistylis, probably plicatilis Ehrenberg, was ob- 
served forming a dense growth on the shells of a small Planorbis, 
March 25, 1901, near Chadwick’s pier. 

The copepods of the same region at that time presented a very 
fuzzy appearance, and upon examination were found to be thickly 
overgrown with the same or a similar protozoan. 


138. OPERCULARIA IRRITABILIS Hempel 


Abundant during the summer and autumn of 1906, upon the 
lower surface of the shell (plastron) and also on the skin of various 
turtles, especially the painted and snapping turtles, making a close, 
short, brown, fuzzy growth. The turtles were botanic gardens 
above and zoological gardens below. The organisms seemed to do 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 99 


them no injury, and were gotten rid of when the turtles shed their 
scutes. It sometimes forms a halo about the heads of small turtles, 
in which case it was at first mistaken for Saprolegnia. It is usually 
the head of the Musk Turtle that is affected. In this case it ap- 
pears to do no harm, as the turtles are quite lively. 

Something very like this, probably the same thing, was ob- 
served abundantly (August 6, 1907) on the shoulders of a dragon- 
fly larva. 


14. WVAGINICOLA sp. 


A species of Vaginicola, perhaps gigantea, was rather common 
along the shore of the lake by Overmyer’s hill, attached to alge, 
October 28, 1906. There were at least 6 examples on one small 
bunch of alge. The sheath was brownish and transparent. When 
jarred, the animal retracted into the sheath, usually doubling up 
somewhat into a sigmoid curve. 


15. TOKOPHRYA QUADRIPARTATA (Cleparede & Lachmann) 


Common, intermixed with Opercularia irritabilis, on the ventral 
scutes of a Musk Turtle, September 12, 1906. It was also found 
to some extent of the back. 


16. OPHRYDIUM sp. 


By far the most abundant and conspicuous protozoan in the 
lake was a species of Ophrydium which formed large blue-green 
gelatinous colonies about the size of a hazelnut, or larger. These 
semitransparent blue-green balls remain in about the same condi- 
tion the year round. They are found abundantly wherever the 
carpet chara grows, and are usually attached to it or to pebbles; 
or, quite frequently, to mussel shells either alive or dead. Clear 
colonies, remarkable for their unusual transparency, were found 
on submerged pieces of tile, August and September, 1907. At cer- 
tain times, as August 1, 1906, and August 1 and October 12, 1907, 
great quantities are washed ashore. The colonies are sometimes 
hollow, as were many of those washed ashore August 1, 1907. 


17. HYDRA OLIGACTIS Pallas 


Not frequently encountered in the lake. On October 31, 1906, 
however, multitudes were found under leaves at the water’s edge 
on the east side, and on November 13 more were found in a similar 
position. . November 18 one was found attached to floating Wolf- 
fiella in Norris Inlet. 


100 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


THE WORMS 


Our notes on this greup are few and very unsatisfactory. We 
give here only such of them as may possess some value. 

The attention we were able to give to these forms was so little 
that we are unable to say much regarding their reiative or actual 
abundance, their distribution, or their relation to the biology of 
the lake. 

Flat-worms or Planarians, small, soft, flat objects, gray above, 
white below, and oval in outline, were common on rocks and 
among weeds in the lake. In certain material (Vorticella, etc.) 
obtained near Norris Inlet, they were quite common. They were 
often abundant on Ceratophyllum also. They were so soft that 
they often pulled apart when attempts were made to remove them 
from the rocks. 

Small pinkish parasites (probably a species of Distomum), re- 
sembling minute leeches, were found quite common in the stom- 
achs of fishes, particularly the Straw Bass (Micropterus salmoides) 
and the Skipjack (Labidesthes sicculus). Usually during the 
winter the stomachs of these fishes contained little or no food, 
but in most cases from one to several of these parasites were found 
in each. 

Round-worms, resembling Ascaris, are frequent intestinal para- 
sites of the snakes of this region, and one small form was found 
in the intestine of a mussel. 

Tapeworms were almost invariably present in the several shrews 
(Blarvina brevicauda) examined. They were also common in the 
yellow perch and walleyed pike, and practically every dogfish 
(Amia calva) examined was heavily loaded with them. Many duck 
stomachs examined, especially those of the ruddy duck, contained 
from a few to many tapeworms. 

Angleworms or fishworms are not abundant in this region. 
The country about the lake is chiefly sandy, a soil not favorable to 
angleworms. At the edges of ditches, marshes and woodland 
ponds, where the soil is a black loam with some admixture of clay 
and decaying vegetation, a rather small species of Lumbricus is 
fairly abundant. Fishermen who know these places are usually 
able to secure all they need for bait. The farmers and farmers’ 
boys and the boys of the village are the ones who make most use 
of fishworms in their angling. 

On December 7 (1904), worms which resembled angleworms 
were observed in considerable numbers coiled up under a sub- 
merged water-soaked board at Long Point, where they evidently 
were passing the winter. These worms, however, possessed no 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 101 


annular ring. In alcohol they display a fine opalescent iridescence 
in reflected light. One seemed to be dividing by a constriction 
near the middle. 

Some very small worms, resembling fishworms in general ap- 
pearance when alive, were seen at the mouth of a ditch April 19 
(1901). 

Cotylaspis insignis Leidy is a common parasite of the mussels 
of Lake Maxinkuckee and Lost Lake. To the naked eye this para- 
site looks like a minute yellowish leech. Its position in the mussel 
is close up in the axils of the gills. It was found in Lampsilis 
luteola and also in Anodonta grandis footiana, from one to several 
being found in nearly every example of these species examined Au- 
gust 23 (1906). It was also found in mussels taken on September 
28 following, in Little River near Fort Wayne. 

The so-called Horsehair Snake or worm (Gordius sp.) iS very 
abundant in and about Lake Maxinkuckee. According to anglers, 
many of the grasshoppers used by them for bait are infested with 
this parasite. On August 2 (1906), large numbers were seen 
writhing about in mud among snails along the Outlet where it had 
been suddenly lowered by a dam at the railroad bridge. We sus- 
pect that they may be parasitic in this snail also. They were 
frequently found in fishes, either free in the lower intestine or 
coiled up and encysted in some of the internal organs. The bluegill 
appears to be especially liable to infection by Gordius. It may 
be that the fish become infected through the grasshoppers they 
devour. On August 6 (1906), these worms were noted in con-. 
siderable numbers in shallow water on the east side of the lake. 

A long slender brownish worm, probably a species of Tubifex, 
was found in considerable numbers projecting up into the shallow 
water from the soft mud bottom of Lost Lake. These were first 
observed June 8 (1901), when the bottom near the shore was seen 
to be covered with small whitish mounds about the size of buck- 
shot, which gave a peculiar mottled or dappled appearance. When 
some of this mud was dipped up and examined the small mounds 
were seen to be small sand tubes in which the worms were and 
from which they waved about in graceful undulations. They were 
observed again at the same place on June 15. On June 18, many 
were seen in the creek under the railroad bridge and on June 25, 
some were noted at the south end of Lake Maxinkuckee. And 
finally, on November 4 (1904), numerous burrows were seen in 
shallow water near shore in Lost Lake. 

Thorn-head worms (Acanthocephali) were found to be common 
intestinal parasites of various fishes and turtles. Among fishes 


102 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


the redeye appeared to be most affected. The carnivorous turtles 
such as the soft-shelled and the snapper were especially subject to 
them while the herbivorous species, particularly the painted turtle, 
were comparatively free. 

Record may here be made of a Bryozoan, Plumatella poly- 
morpha, possibly related to the Gephyrean worms. Plumatella 
polymorpha is a compound animal, many individuals budding oft 
from one another, as in plants. The moss-like colonies of this 
species were very common in the lake among the Chara and other 
plants. They were noted in the Chara near the depot pier, off 
Long Point, near Winfield’s, and at the south end near the Farrar 
cottage. Indeed, it appears to be distributed generally through 
the lake wherever there are patches of vegetation. Among the 
Charas it forms a brown upright bushy growth. In the Weedpatch 
it was common on the leaves of Potamogeton amplifolius. On Oc- 
tober 23 (1900), it was found to be abundant on Ceratophyllum 
in rather deep water. A week later (October 29) a good deal was 
gotten on Myriophyllum. Early in the spring (March 1, 1901), 
it was seen growing on Potamogeten robbinsii, and a little later it 
was found in abundance in front of Arlington station. It was 
often found on Chara and other aquatic plants dredged at various 
times. It was also found growing on tile piles September 1 
(1906). 

During the autumn of 1900, the statoblasts were frequent in 
plankton scum along shore, often being present in great abund- 
ance. They somewhat resemble floating sand grains but are 
lighter in weight, being minute circular brown discs uniform in 
shape and size. Under magnification they show series of facets like 
the compound eye of insects. 

On October 18 (1900), one of the buoys which had been for 
some time anchored out in the lake was found to be covered with 
a flat creeping growth of this species. 

As Plumatella polymorpha occurs in this lake it is highly 
worthy of its specific name, as it shows great variation in form 
and general appearance. 

The leaves upon which it grows are often eaten by fishes, prob- 
ably for the sake of the Plumatella. The yellow perch and bluegill 
are the species in whose stomachs we found it most abundantly. 
The stomach of a bluegill caught at the Weedpatch October 26 
(1904), was full of statoblasts. During the autumn of 1904 it 
was noted as exceedingly abundant. 

So far as we know Plumatella polymorpha is the only Bryozoan 
in this lake. 


9 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 103 


THE SPONGES 


Sponges are not especially abundant in the lake. In some of 
the not far distant lakes, as Winona Lake, they frequently form 
a thick coating around the submerged portions of bulrushes grow- 
ing out in the water, but at Lake Maxinkuckee this was not ob- 
served. They are not common on the rocks. On September 9, 
1906, some were found forming a coating on submerged rocks on 
the east side and some of these were collected a few days later. On 
November 5, 1906, some flat ones found on rocks on the east side 
were apparently being eaten by insect larve. On September 22, 
1907, Prof. U. O. Cox of the Indiana State Normal, found some flat 
sponges covering a rock where the lake enters the Outlet at the 
wagon bridge, and there were more on a rock farther down be- 
tween the wagon and railroad bridges. This completes the rec- 
ord for the flat sponges. 

A long, green string-like form found hanging among the weeds 
at the lake, especially at the Weedpatch, was much more com- 
mon. This was observed quite frequently and often obtained when 
collecting aquatic plants. Occasionally, these long strings were 
washed up near shore. On October 27, 1900, these sponges were 
observed forming statoblasts on the weeds in Lost Lake. 

Occasionally, the sponges form small, blue-green, spherical 
masses, like bullets, around the stems of Chara. On January 22, 
1901, some of these spherical sponges were observed on carpet 
chara about 5 feet out from the Arlington Hotel. 

Sponges are quite common in creeks and ponds near the lake. 
The long form is common in Twin Lakes. There are long, finger- 
like forms in Yellow River, and they were abundant in the Outlet 
about the bridge below Walley’s. 

The sponges were submitted for identification to the late Mr. 
Edward Potts, of Media, Pa., who in a letter dated May 24, 1905, 
wrote so interestingly regarding the material that we here quote 
his letter in full: 

Yours with package of material was received by first mail yes- 
terday A. M.; and having nothing important on hand, I examined 
the vials at once, with the following results: 

First, I must express my pleasure in finding that you had 
sent only Sponges; that is, remembering that frequently even 
workers in other lines of science are utterly unfamiliar with these 
forms, and hence send one gelatinous and otherwise incongruous 
articles, I was glad to learn that you know a sponge when you see 


104 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


it. The only possible exception is in your No. 5, which as you 
supposed, is not a sponge but only a puzzle, which may perhaps 
be explained by considering the fibres to be a form of alga, or more 
probably, the stems or stipes (as the “Micrographic Dictionary” 
calls them) of some, possibly all, those Diatoms now found at the 
outer surface of the sub-spheres. I have frequently found Dia- 
toms so growing. 

No. 1 is Carterius tubisperma Mills, and is, I am sorry to say, 
the only sponge in satisfactory condition for safe determination. 
Nos. 2 and 4 are, I fully believe, of the same species as No. 1, and 
they have plenty of gemmules or statoblasts; but these are so far 
from maturity that, if the same species, the chitinous coat is ex- 
tremely thin and it apparently has not yet developed the foraminal 
tubules, the granular crust, and protective bisotulate spicuies which 
should be the determining points. I do not understand why this 
should be so with the date given (Nov. 15 and later) ; but I suppose 
it possible that cold spring water or its unusual depth may have re- 
tarded development to a date later than that with which I have 
been familiar. This is further suggested by No. 3 in which I have 
failed to find any gemmules and which reminds me of the appear- 
ance and condition of forms that I have sometimes called perennial 
or evergreen sponges, which apparently continue their growth all 
through the winter, at least in deep water .? 

No. 3 is clearly a different sponge from the others, as shown 
by its shorter and more robust spicules (skeletal) which, as you 
will see, are covered with very minute spines. I should have been 
much pleased to find the statoblasts of this sponge. The skeleton 
spicules suggest Meyenia leidyi Carter, although in that species 
they are rarely microscopical. You may meet with it again under 
more favorable circumstances.* 

Although I fear they are too soft for safe transportation, I pro- 
pose to pack with the vials returned, two trial slides, No. 1, show- 
ing Carterius tubispernia in which you may see the foraminal 
tubules before mentioned and the armature of radial birotulate 
spicules, beside the skeleton and dermals; and No. 2, showing sepa- 
rated spicules of the same. 


2See my Monograph, pp. 245, 246. 
3See fig. 1, plate X, of my Monograph. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 105 


THE PLANKTON 
By CHANCEY JUDAY, University of Wisconsin 


Between the 2nd and the 29th of August, 1899, some observa- 
tions were made on the plankton of Lake Maxinkuckee as a part 
of the field investigations of the U. S. Fish Commission at that 
lake. 

The net used in making the observations had an opening of 
471.5 sq. cm. The filtering cone was made of Dufour’s No. 20 
bolting cloth. The area of the cone was 3,910 sq. cm., thus making 
the ratio of the opening of the net to filtering area 1 to 8.2. Lack 
of time prevented experiments for the determination of the coeffi- 
cient of the net, as the plankton work was only one of several 
duties assigned the writer. 

Three main stations were selected. No. I was located just 
north of the center of the lake in the deepest part. No. II was in 
the southwestern part in a small basin called the Kettlehole. This 
basin has a maximum depth of 43 feet (12.8m.) and is separated 
from the main basin of the lake by a considerable area where the 
water scarcely exceeds 10 feet (83m.) in depth. During the time 
of these observations, the bottom temperature in the Kettlehole 
was lower than the bottom temperature in the deepest part of the 
lake. This was selected for the purpose of determining whether 
these local peculiarities would have any marked effect on the quan- 
tity of plankton. No. III was about midway between the other 
two stations in water only 20 feet (6m.) deep. For purposes of 
comparison in horizontal distribution, one series of hauls was 
made at each of five other stations. 

In making the hauls, the net was lowered to the desired depth 
and then raised to the surface with a velocity as nearly uniform 
as possible. The material was washed into the bucket of the net 
and then transferred to 95 per cent. alcohol. 

Because of the small amount of time available for this work, 
the centrifuge method was used in measuring the quantity of 
plankton. This method, however, is open to the serious objection 
that the material is treated as if it were a homogeneous mass, and 
this is obviously not the case. This same objection applies equally 
to the gravity method, in which the material is allowed to settle 
a certain number of hours. Both must be supplemented by the 
counting method in order to show the part played by each species 
in the plankton life of a body of water. In settling the material, 
the centrifuge was given a speed of 3,000 revolutions per minute 
and this speed was continued for a period of one minute. 


106 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


In all, 128 hauls were made at the principal stations. Not all 
of them are included in the following tables, however, as some 
hauls were made at depths not regularly included in each set of 
observations. Their omission does not affect the conclusions in 
any way. The tables show the quantity of plankton in cubic centi- 
meters under each square meter of surface and to the depth indi- 
cated, exclusive ot a correction for the coefficient of the net. That 
is, they show the total quantity taken in each haul multiplied by 
212g) 

In the results given for Station I, those for the first, second, and 
fourth weeks are averages of three to five sets of observations 
per week but only one set was made the third week. At Station 
II, only one series of hauls was made each week. At Station III, 
no hauls were made the first week and only one set each during the 
second and third weeks. The result for the fourth week is the 
average of ten sets of hauls. 


STATION I 
Depth First week Second week Third week | Fourth week 
0—1 m. 34.55 23.85 22.2 | 18.65 
0—3 m. 43.88 37.73 30.21 HOH 
0—5 m. 49.50 47.27 38.70 31.67 
0—8 m. 65.40 56.18 50.35 39.58 
STATION II 
Depth First week Second week Third week | Fourth week 
0—1 m. 29.68 22.26 | 19.08 15.90 
0—3 m. 37.10 34.45 | 25.44 23.32 
0—5 m. 50.88 41.34 30.21 32200 
0—S m, 56.18 54.58 34.98 31.80 
STATION III 
Depth First week Second week Third week Fourth week 
eaten ce palll ott rh el 32.86 23.85 | 8.6 
Se ac |e tet Game cea teenere ake 37.10 38.16 26.15 
(DSi ia RL oc] heed eee earns 4 Ce MANSY cred Se 39.22 | 2 


Decrease:—The above tables show that there was a pronounced 
decrease in the quantity of plankton during the four weeks. This 
was due to the decline of the phytoplankton. The maximum de- 
crease, 46 per cent., was found in the 0-1 meter stratum where 
the phytoplankton was most abundant. The hauls from greater 
depths showed a minimum decrease of 36 per cent. Most of the 
crustacea were found below one meter and a slight increase of 
them partially compensated for the decrease of phytoplankton. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 107 


Horizontal distribution:—A comparison of the tables for sta- 
tions I and II shows that, with two exceptions, the quantity of 
plankton obtained at Station II was smaller than that obtained the 
same week and from similar depths at Station I. The differences, 
however, are comparatively small, which shows that the local pe- 
culiarities at the former had relatively little effect on the plankton. 

The hauls made at the five stations in the main basin of the 
lake, besides the two regular ones, showed that the plankton was 
very evenly distributed. 

Vertical distribution:—The plankton was confined almost 
wholly to the upper 12 meters. This included the thermocline 
which extended from 9 to 12 meters. Undoubtedly the region 
below this depth remained almost tenantless because of the chemi- 
cal condition of the water. Only Corethra larve were found regu- 
larly below the thermocline. 

A little more than 48 per cent. of the entire quantity of plank- 
ton was found in the 0-1 meter layer. As might be expected, this 
was preeminently the region for phytoplankton. The crustacea 
were represented by a few Cyclops and a considerable number of 
nauplii. The 0-3 meter stratum contained 68 per cent. of the en- 
tire quantity. Ceriodaphnia lacustris and Diaphanosoma brachyu- 
rum were found mainly in the 1-3 meter stratum. Diaptomus 
minutus and Daphnia retrocurva seemed to prefer the region be- 
tween 3 and 12 meters. Daphnia pulicaria was most abundant 
in the region of the thermocline, or between 9 and 12 meters. 
Cyclops and nauplii appeared more or less abundantly throughout 
the upper 12 meters. 

Only one set of observations was made at night. The quantity 
of plankton obtained from the 0-1 meter stratum at night was 
smaller than that obtained during the previous afternoon but there 
was a marked increase in the crustacea. Epischura lacustris, 
Leptodora hyalina and adult Daphnia retrocurva were found in 
this stratum at night but never in the day catches. Also there 
was a larger number of adult Cyclops than was usually found in 
the daytime. 

I am indebted to Prof. C. Dwight Marsh for the following list 
of Copepoda: 

Cyclops leuckarti Claus; Cyclops prasinus Fischer; Diaptomus 
minutus Lilljeborg; and E'pischura lacustris Forbes. 

The following Cladocera were collected: Daphnia pulex puli- 
caria Forbes, Daphnia retrocurva Forbes, Ceriodaphnia lacustris 
Birge, Sida crystallina (O. F. Miiller), Acroperus harpx Baird, 
Pleuroxus procurvatus Birge, Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Lieven) 


108 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, Alona guttata Sars, and Leptodora 
hyalina Lilljeborg. 

During the summer of 1900, plankton work on the lake was con- 
tinued under the immediate direction of Mr. Leonard Young, along 
the same lines and with the same apparatus used in the previous 
summer. The work extended from the middle of July until the 
first of September. 

Hauls were made from four stations. Three of these (Nos. 
I, II, and IV) were the stations of the previous summer’s work. A 
fourth (No. III) was located on a line between Nos. I and II in 40 
feet of water and on the rim of the deep basin of the northern part 
of the lake in which No. I was located. No. III is separated from 
No. II by a ridge (10 feet of water). At these stations hauls 
were made from 3, 9, 15, 25, 40, and 80 feet, according to the 
depth of the water. Random hauls were made along the shores 
near the patches of bulrushes and among them, and also on the 
Sugarloaf. The Sugarloaf is a small area of shallow water on 
the northwest side of the deep basin of Station No. I. It is about 
80 feet in diameter, in water with a minimum depth of 8 to 9 feet, 
but surrounded by much deeper water. On the surface of the 
mound are beds of Potamogeton, Chara, Nitella, etc. 

The temperature of the water at Station No. I was taken at in- 
tervals of 5 feet at the time of each observation, except those made 
during the night. The temperature of No. II in the Kettle-hole 
was taken occasionally for comparison. The temperature of the 
bottom was found to be slightly higher (1°-2°) than in the deeper 
basin, although it was somewhat lower the summer before. Hauls 
were made at various times during daylight hours, and also at 
night, both before and after midnight. 

The plankton was examined from time to time in order to de- 
termine the prevailing forms composing it. The plant forms noted 
were: Rivularia, Lyngbya, Anabeena, Pediastrum, Protococcus 
forms, @dogonium, Spirogyra, Draparnaldia, and Raphidium. The 
animal forms were Daphnia, Cyclops, Diaptomus, Rotifera, Vorti- 
cella, and other unknown Protozoa and Crustacea. 

In the upper layers of the water in the open lake, the plankton 
consisted almost entirely of plant forms. At a depth of about 25 
feet a number of entomostracans were found,—a species of Daph- 
nia being the most abundant. These remained at that depth until 
they disappeared later in the season. In the hauls made near the 
shore and among the rushes, the animal forms were much more 
numerous than in the surface water in the open lake and were 
present in greater abundance. The plant forms here were in 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 109 


greater variety than in the open lake and were often present in 
much greater quantity. The latter seems to have been due to the 
prevailing wind at the time. 

In the hauls made in daylight the greater portion of the plank- 
ton was found in the upper 10 feet of water, with most of it 
in the first three feet. In the hauls made during the night the ver- 
tical distribution was somewhat different. There seemed to be a 
downward migration of the surface plankton, so that while the 
total quantity remained about the same, less of it was in the first 3 
feet than during the daylight. During the earlier hours of day- 
light it resumed its former distribution. Since the greater portion 
of the plankton consisted of plant forms, the absence of the photo- 
synthetic processes may have been the cause for this downward 
migration. 

The total quantity of plankton reached its maximum the last 
of July and the first of August. During the last of August the 
quantity decreased very considerably, and the water became quite 
clear. 

During July and the first half of August the prevailing plant 
form was a species of Rivularia. A species of Anabzena was also 
in abundance. During the latter part of August a species of 
Lyngbya was the most abundant plant form. Until about the 
tenth of August a number of entomostracans were found at a 
depth of about 25 feet in the open lake, but at this time they dis- 
appeared and could not be found in either deeper or shallower 
water. 

No uniform difference in the vertical distribution and the total 
quantity of the plankton at the various stations in the deeper water 
was detected, except that at Station No. IV in 25 feet of water, the 
entomostracans mentioned above were not found. The entomos- 
tracans were not so abundant on the Sugarloaf as in water of 
equal depth near the shore among the bulrushes. In the shallow 
water, near the shore, there was often a greater quantity of plant 
forms and always a greater quantity of animal forms than in 
deeper water. The greater quantity of plant forms was due to 
drifting by the wind. 

The quantity of plankton during this summer was less than 
half that of the previous summer. The greater portion consisted 
of plants during both seasons, but the prevailing form in 1899 
was Lyngbya, while in 1900 it was Rivularia. No plankton ob- 
servations were made in other lakes during this summer, but in 
doing some sounding in Bass Lake, it was noticed that there was 
very much more minute vegetation in Bass Lake than in Lake Max- 


110 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


inkuckee. The coefficient of the net has not been determined, so 
that the total quantity of plankton has not been calculated. 

As almost the entire volume of plankton was above the thermo- 
cline, which is about 35 feet deep, no relation between the vertical 
distribution and the change in temperature was noted. 


THE PLANKTON SCUM OR WASSERBLUETHE 


In addition to the plankton studies carried on at the lake by 
Professor Juday in 1899, and by Mr. Young in 1900, reported on 
by them in the preceding pages, some attention was given to the 
subject by Mr. Clark and Dr. Evermann whenever opportunity af- 
forded. Some of their observations are here recorded. 

Almost every dweller in a region where lakes abound is familiar 
with the annual collection of green scum over the surface or parts 
of the surface of the lakes. This phenomenon is known the world 
over wherever lakes are found. It is known in-Germany as 
“Wasserbluethe” and in parts of England as the ‘Flowering of the 
meres.””’ About Lake Maxinkuckee it is spoken of as “the lake 
cleaning itself.” It is, indeed, the same phenomenon as may be 
observed everywhere, wherever there is a stagnant pool or dead 
stretch of river. 

Time of appearance:—The plankton scum does not appear gen- 
eral over the lake until late summer or early autumn. The prime 
condition for its appearance, in addition to proper temperature and 
favorable environment for the rapid development of the low forms 
which compose it, is an unruffled water surface. It accordingly 
makes its first appearance in quiet sheltered bays. The following 
are brief notes as to dates of occurrence: 

September 30, 1900. Air dead calm; flecks of foam scattered 
over the lake, slowly drift shoreward, and are colored green. 

October 3. Green scum, mixed in with insect exuvie noted 
near shore. 

October 5. No scum, though the water is full of diffused 
Anabeena near the Deephole. 

October 15. At noon, considerable green coating of water near 
shore in front of Arlington Hotel. 

October 17. Morning calm, with considerable scum; by noon 
nearly as dense as yet seen. 

November 2. Some scum on the east side and some on the 
surface of the deep water, but none at shore. The lake was calm, 
and gave an opportunity to observe the formation of the scum. 
The observation was made near the Deephole from a boat. The 
water was full of diffused alge (principally Anabeena and 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey etal 


Lyngbya), which have a lower specific gravity than water and 
rise slowly, at an angle, to the surface. The Lyngbya is heavier 
than the Anabezena, and comes up more slowly and not in such large 
quantities. 

November 3. Clear and smooth; a large amount of Anabeena 
and Lyngbya on top arranged in fine parallel lines on the water 
surface, the lines being quite near each other and running south- 
east and northwest. 

December 1. Some Anabeena and statoblasts near shore about 
noon. 

December 8. Considerable foam tinged green with Anabeena 
by the icehouses and in the Outlet. 

December 10. Some green plankton scum on cast-up foam. 
No more scum was seen during the winter or the next spring, until 
June 12, when the first plankton scum of the year was seen. 

In 1904, from October 17 to the end of the year when the lake 
was under observation, no scum was noted. 

In 1906, the first scum was observed July 31, and it was noted 
every calm day thereafter as long as the lake was under observa- 
tion. 

August 6, the scum was very abundant along the northeast 
shore near the Military Academy, forming a perceptible scum on 
the lake. 

August 8, abundant among rushes off the Assembly grounds. 

August 15, much scum, composed of Anabeena and insect 
exuvie in streaks on the water surface. A great scum of Ana- 
beena, insect exuvize and Vallisneria blossoms in Outlet Bay soon 
forming a putrescent mass. 

August 16, a little scum, and considerable diffused Anabeena. 

August 28, no scum in the morning but much diffused Anabeena 
in clumps rising to the surface and collecting near shore. 

August 31, some scum on Twin Lakes, Anabeena and Lyngbya. 

September 4, a good lot of scum, chiefly Anabeena, on Zechiel’s 
pond. 

November 15, some green free plankton scum under the ice 
south of Winfield’s. 

In 1908, the lake was visited for only a short time and but 
few observations could be made on the plankton. On the morning 
of August 22, the following organisms were observed in surface 
plankton: Lyngbya, most common, many empty sheaths; Rivu- 
laria, a few colonies; Vallisneria flowers, abundant; Anabxna 
flos-aquee, a few colonies; Cyclops, a few; Moina, a few; Cypris. 
a few; Vorticella, a minute greenish species usually two at the 


112 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


end of a slender stalk, attached to detritus; insect larve and larvee 
casts, and a few small snails. On August 31, a fisherman re- 
marked that the lake began ‘cleaning itself’? four weeks ago and 
that there was then a much thicker scum than at present. He said 
neither he nor any of the residents had seen it act so (‘“‘clean it- 
self”) so early for 15 years. He remarked that fishes bite well 
before and after the process of ‘‘cleaning’” but not during that 
time. 

Constitution, significance, etc., of plankton scum:—The plank- 
ton scum of different lakes differs considerably in its elements. In 
all lakes it is principally vegetable, such inert animal products as 
exuvie of insect larvee and the statoblasts of bryozoa sometimes 
being included in considerable quantities. It is best collected by 
skimming or by simply holding the mouth of the collecting bottle 
below the surface of the scum and allowing it to run in. Not pre- 
cisely the same elements are obtained by drawing a towing net 
through the scum, as many of the finer elements readily sieve 
through, and crustacea in the water near the scum, but not a part 
of the scum, are captured. 

In Lake Maxinkuckee the principal elements of the plankton 
scum are Lyngybya exstuarti, Anabena flos-aque, Botryococcus 
braunii, Celospherium kuetzingianum, statoblasts of Plumatella, 
and the staminate blossoms of Vallisneria. Occasionally Vorti- 
cella was associated with the Anabeena, but this was only a tempo- 
rary association. The most abundant element is Anabena 
flos-aqux; indeed, it is so predominant that the history of the 
plankton scum is essentially the history of it. The plankton scum 
of some of the surrounding lakes, such as the Twin Lakes north 
of Hibbard, and Lake-of-the-Woods northeast of Plymouth, is also 
Anabeena, but it is worthy of note that that of some of the neigh- 
boring lakes is somewhat different. The principal plankton ele- 
ments of Winona Lake appear to be Lyngbya xstuarti and Micro- 
cystis seruginosa. Chapman Lake, Kosciusko County, and Bass 
Lake, Knox County, have at times a scum composed of Rivularia 
echinulata colonies. While in one of the Twin Lakes and in 
Winona or Eagle Lake some of the quiet lagoons and adjacent parts 
of the lake are so thickly overgrown with the little duckweed, 
Wolffia, that this might properly be referred to as plankton scum. 
In some of the lakes of the upper Mississippi, the principal plank- 
ton scum element is Aphanizomenon flos-aqux, a species not yet 
found in Lake Maxinkuckee. 

The character of the plankton scum varies of course with the 
organisms composing it. And the characteristics of Anabeena and 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 113 


Microcystis, and, indeed, of most blue-green alge, are such as to 
make it undesirable. Upon reaching the surface on hot days the 
scum turns white and milky, emits a rank “green-corn” odor and 
dies, giving all the water about it a milky tinge. Under such cir- 
cumstances it is quite natural that bathers would avoid it. There 
is, indeed, a prevalent notion that the plankton scum is irritating 
to the skin, producing, in mild form, about the same symptoms as 
those of ivy poisoning. Several people were met who claimed that 
they had thus been poisoned. Two boys living in Culver claimed 
to have so suffered, and another person reported that about 1904 
or 1905, he had been badly poisoned by the water of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee wherever it had touched him. <A doctor diagnosed his case 
as “old fashioned prairie itch.” 

On another occasion, a young man, on being invited to go in 
bathing during the period of plankton scum, remarked that he 
was afraid of getting poisoned. We have never suffered nor 
personally seen any one affected. In many parts of the country 
there is a prejudice against going swimming during “dog days.” 
This probably has some reference to plankton-scum; for along the 
Maumee River at Defiance, Ohio, some boys were noted observing 
some scum on the water and remarking: “It’s coming dog-days 
and we must quit going in swimming.” 

A very heavy vlankton-scum indicates an excess of vegetation 
in the plankton. It is a decided nuisance both on account of the 
prejudice against it and the uncleanly appearance it gives the 
shore. It could, of course, be removed by the addition of sufficient 
quantities of copper sulphate, but the use of this kills algze indis- 
criminately and should not be attempted except as a last resort. 
Minnows of various species (Notropis blennius, N. cayuga, Fundu- 
lus diaphanus, Labidesthes sicculus, etc.) and painted turtles eat 
some of the plankton. Fresh water mussels, however, are the 
heaviest feeders on it, subsisting almost entirely upon it and con- 
suming considerable quantities. Their presence in the lake is de- 
sirable, and they can easily be propagated in great numbers. Per- 
haps the thick-shelled forms of Lampsilis luteola, such as those 
found at Lake Pokegama, Minn., could be planted in sufficient 
quantities to keep the excess of plankton down, and at the same 
time, in due season, furnish a valuable amount of button material 
for the markets. 

The study of the vertical distribution of the plankton carried 
on by Juday in 1899 and by Young in 1900, and reported on by 
them, was discontinued in the early autumn of 1900. After that 
time efforts were made by whatever suitable means were at hand 


8—-17618—Vol. 2 


114 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


to obtain examples of the different microscopic forms in and about 
the lake. During the winter, while raking up the various weeds 
of the bottom through holes cut in the ice, it was observed that 
they were thickly populated by various organisms, and by washing 
them off a great amount of interesting material was obtained. On 
one occasion it was observed that the drippings of Chara raked up 
at the Weedpatch stained the snow a bright green, and an investi- 
gation showed this to be due to myriads of green Stentors. 

During the sounding of the lake in the winter it was noted that 
entomostraca (Cyclops) flocked up in considerable numbers to the 
openings cut through the ice for soundings. 

With the coming of spring it was observed that the ponds and 
pools in the region of the lake were teeming with small forms of 
life different from those found in the lake. The ponds were too 
small and shallow to permit the use of the towing-net, so the water 
was dipped up and the various forms strained out and preserved. 

From March 25 to June 28, on trips to the Deephole to take 
temperatures, the towing-net was usually fastened to the boat and 
hauled one way. Usually large catches were obtained. On some 
days the hauls would consist chiefly of entomostraca and the mass 
had the general appearance of a yellowish jelly. On other occa- 
sions it was almost entirely diatomaceous (Asterionella) in which 
case it had a peculiar bristling appearance and was hard and 
gritty to the touch. 

During the summer and early autumn of 1906, beginning about 
July 26, when diffused plankton began to show through the water, 
frequent hauls were made with the towing-net with the following 
results: 

July 26, 1:30 p.m., faintly bright and calm; towing in Outlet 
Bay, from Chadwick’s pier to the ice office, Lyngbya exstuarii, 
common; Diaptomus, small species; casts of shells of amphipods; 
Botryococcus braunit. 

July 27, hauls at morning and again at noon, secured Lyngbya, 
only a few filaments; Botryococcus brauni, a few colonies; Diapto- 
mus, common; Daphnia, a few. 

July 30, haul over the same grounds with the same results. The 
Inlet seemed full of suspended algee, which was so fine it strained 
through the towing-net. 

July 31, in a haul across Outlet Bay was obtained a great mass 
of entomostraca; the water was full of suspended flocculent alge; 
but it escaped the net. By noon the water by the ice-house pier 
was full of suspended alge (Anabzena) and in dips taken with the 
finer net, a good many statoblasts were obtained. Plankton scum 
first appeared. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 115 


On August 1, a haul was taken in Lost Lake, but little was ob- 
tained. August 7, a haul from Chadwick’s pier across to the ice 
office; a calm, cloudy morning after a rain; there was obtained 
mostly Botryococcus, some Lyngbya, and a little Daphnia. 

On August 21, a visit was made to Winona Lake or Eagle Lake, 
near Warsaw, and 2 hauls were taken. It may prove interesting 
to mention results for comparison with the plankton of Lake Max- 
inkuckee. The plankton mass was blue-green material, turning 
brown, and was composed of the following elements: 

Lyngbya estuarii, main mass, longer filaments and more 
abundant than at Lake Maxinkuckee; Microcystis xruginosa, 
abundant, taking the piace of Anabena at Lake Maxinkuckee; 
Gomphonema aporica, common; rotifers, many; naupilii, common ; 
Anurexa cochlearis, common; Ceratium hirundinella, many; Cera- 
tium tripos, a few; Volvox aureus, a few; Cyclops, a few; Daphnia, 
a few. 

August 28. Outlet Bay in the morning; material fibrous, dirty 
brown; many empty sheaths of Lyngbya; Botryococcus, Chydorus 
and Daphnia. Lyngbya greatly increased by noon, evident to the 
eye on the surface, and diffused Anabzena in clumps, rising to the 
surface and collecting along shore. 

September 5. A haul across Outlet Bay in the morning; mostly 
entomostraca (Daphnia), and Lyngbya. The Lyngbya still form- 
ing hormogonia. The long spines of the Daphnia projecting from 
the net gave the mass a bristly appearance. 

Up to November 12, the plankton hauls had been taken occa- 
sionally with apparently the same results. On this date the haul 
examined showed a marked change; Asterionella, and Tabellaria 
fenestrata, two species of diatoms, were abundant; Cyclops, and 
naupilii, Anurza, Microcystis xruginosa, and a little Anabeena 
were present. <A filamentous alga not known was abundant, tak- 
ing the place of Lyngbya in summer; there were also a few colonial 
rotifers. On November 13, a plankton haul was taken with much 
the same results, the material being mainly diatomaceous. 

In 1908, a few hauls were made; one on August 22, which con- 
sisted of Vorticella, Lyngbya and a little Anabena. On the night 
of August 26, a haul made in Lost Lake, consisted of many Corethra 
larvee, many Cyclops, Daphnia, a few water-mites, some rotifers, 
and a little Microcystis. 

The marked difference between the plankton of Lost Lake and 
that of Lake Maxinkuckee was significant; that of Lost Lake ap- 
proaches rather that of Winona Lake. Indeed, from a comparison 
of the plankton elements of various lakes it appears that the dif- 
ferences in their plankton flora and fauna are not those of isola- 


116 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


tion or distance, but the suitability of the lake for certain species. 
Closely neighboring lakes may have a different, and far distant 
lakes may have a similar, plankton. Shallow lakes, which have 
more or less warmth and light to much of the bottom, are more 
heavily populated and have both more diffused plankton and plank- 
ton scum. A lake resembles an organism in that there must be a 
certain ratio of surface to volume to produce maximum results. 
Lake Maxinkuckee differs from the neighboring shallower lakes, 
such as Bass Lake, Winona Lake, etc., both in the relative quantity 
of its plankton and in the organisms composing it. The smaller 
lakes have a much greater quantity of plankton, so that the plank- 
ton-scum nuisance is much greater in them than at Maxinkuckee. 

The plankton elements are most of them easily carried about 
from place to place on account of their minuteness and many of 
them, such as Microcystis, Anabzeena, Aphanizomenon, etc., are of 
world wide distribution. They are therefore likely to thrive in any 
lake where conditions are favorable. Microcystis, which, after a 
little practice, can be easily recognized by the naked eye, the 
vacuolated masses resembling minute smoke rings, is more charac- 
teristic of warmer, shallower lakes, and Anabeena of deeper, cooler 
lakes. 

Another point worthy of remark is that of the great abund- 
ance of diatoms in the plankton during early spring and late au- 
tumn, and their scarcity or absence during the summer. 

The following are notes concerning a few plankton hauls made 
in 1908: 

August 25. No wasserbluethe yet, but one small bit of minute 
stuff which soon disappeared; much Lyngbya xstuarui; a few col- 
onies of Microcystis xruginosa; Anabena flos-aque, a few col- 
onies; Corethra larvee, common; some rotifers and entomostraca; 
minute white round worms in some of the plankton, one in a dead 
insect larva; they may be parasitic. 

August 31. Minute green Vorticellze clustered about a sphere 
of Anabeena; Lyngbya exstuarii, common; Microsystis, a few 
colonies; Anabzena, 2 or 3 colonies; Botryococcus brauni; Vallis- 
neria flowers; statoblasts of Plumatella, several; Cdogonium, 
one filament; Ostracods, common; broken off Naias, small snails, 
and Amphipods, abundant; a few Daphnia; Copepods, a few, not so 
common as in night hauls. 

September 7. Lost Lake with a fine scum on top near shore, 
easily thrown into ripples, composed of fine blue-green grains; 
Microcystis xruginosa, common, forming main mass; Botryoc- 
occus braunii, frequent; Anabena flos-aque; Lyngbya xstuarii; 
a little Daphnia; Navicula, a few; Cypris, a few. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ne iy 


THE FLORA OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE AND 
VICINITY 


INTRODUCTION 


In the beginning of the investigations it was intended to limit 
the botanical studies to the aquatic species of plants and those in- 
habiting the marsh ground immediately about the lake. It was 
thought that no attention should be given to the purely terrestrial 
species. But as the work progressed the difficulty of drawing any 
hard and fast lines between aquatic species and land species became 
increasingly difficult. And the segregation of the species which 
bear a relation to the life of the lake as distinguished from those 
which bear no such relation, became quite difficult, if not indeed, 
impossible. Species of herbs, shrubs and trees, which at first 
thought would not be considered as, by any possibility, exerting 
any influence on the fishes or other animals of the lake, were found 
upon investigation really to sustain very important relations to the 
lake and its inhabitants. 

This compelled us to make our studies more and more inclusive 
until finally it became evident that all species of phanerogams 
should be included. This we have done. We have not only listed 
all the species determined as belonging to Lake Maxinkuckee and 
its catchment basin, but we have embodied in the report many of 
our observations regarding the abundance, distribution, and habits 
of the various species. 

In order to emphasize the importance of the strictly aquatic 
species it was thought best to treat them in a separate chapter, 
and in a special way. This we have done even at the risk of some 
repetition. 

The relation of the plants of the land to the lake, in the matter 
of the trees furnishing a mass of leaves to the lake bottom, pre- 
venting erosion, etc., has already been referred to. In addition to 
this there are intimate relations of the land flora to the soil and 
topography which make a consideration of them necessary to a com- 
plete understanding of the lake. 

During the survey of the lake an attempt was made to obtain 
a complete series of herbarium specimens of the various species 
of plants growing therein, and the work thus started, it was the 
most natural thing in the world to collect also along the shore and 
farther back from the water’s edge. Many hundred specimens 
representing most of the species were collected and deposited in 
the United States National Herbarium. 

Collections in the country around the lake were made when 
other work permitted, but all seasons of the year were not as fully 


118 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


represented as might be desired. Some forms were doubtless over- 
looked, but from time to time, additional species were added to the 
list on subsequent visits. Listing all the species will serve a mani- 
fold purpose: 

1. The list will assist materially in helping one to realize the 
ereat varieties of soil and surface, and will form a valuable supple- 
ment to the soil survey. For example, the mere mention of the 
pitcher-plant will suggest one sort of surroundings, and the men- 
tion of the Indian-pipe, another. 

2. During the time that has elapsed since the beginning of the 
survey, numerous changes have taken place; some species have dis- 
appeared or become scarce, and new forms have come in from time 
to time. In the brief infrequent visits and pressure of other work 
while at the lake, doubtless a number of the changes have been 
overlooked, but such as have been observed have been recorded. 

3. As much time as opportunity allowed has been given to the 
habits of plants, the time of their leafing, flowering, ripening, dying 
and other features. This is an important and generally neglected 
subject and it is unfortunate that more time could not have been 
devoted to it. It is believed that extended studies along these lines 
would lead to important results. Some of the widely diverging 
habits of closely related species such as the fact that the whole 
process of flowering, fruiting, ripening and germination of seed in 
the silver maple requires but a few weeks while in the hard maple 
it requires the good part of a year, and the fact that some of the 
sassafras trees of a neighborhood will blossom a week or more later 
than others, making cross fertilization impossible and the origin 
of a new breed possible, are only examples of suggestions that 
may be brought to mind by such observations. In the discussion 
of the various species an attempt has generally been made to give a 
familiar study of each species as seen in many places and under 
various circumstances and conditions. The latent possibilities of 
many of our species of plants, their wide diversity of form and 
feature under different conditions, and the possibility of discover- 
ing or developing variations that might prove valuable for use or 
ornament, have hardly begun to be realized. A careful study of 
many of our common plants, especially where seedlings come in 
ereat abundance, as in the case of silver maples, elms, and syca- 
mores, will occasionally discover interesting and curious mutants 
which are worth our careful study and contemplation. And, most 
important of all in this connection, is the consideration of various 
land herbs, shrubs and trees in their many relations as factors in 
determining the physical and biological characteristics of the lake. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 1048) 


THE AQUATIC FLORA 
INTRODUCTION 


The entire animal life of any lake is dependent for its sustenance 
ultimately upon the plant life of the same lake. The complete de- 
struction of the plant life would inevitably result sooner or later in 
the total disappearance of all animal life. This general statement 
includes, of course, the microscopic as well as the macroscopic flora 
and fauna, the diatoms, desmids and all minute forms of plant life, 
and all entomostraca and other minute forms of animal life, as well 
as all those larger, more conspicuous forms of animal and plant life 
which are evident even to the most casual observer. 

Without the plants the lake would be uninhabitable and zoolog- 
ically, an uninhabited desert. The plants of the lake are as im- 
portant to its animals as are the grasses of the plains to the cattle 
that range over them. The importance of the microscopic flora is 
discussed elsewhere in this report in connection with the subject 
of plankton; we may therefore omit from detailed consideration 
at this time the subject of infant fishes and their food, and pass 
directly to a discussion of the more conspicuous plant life of the 
lake and the more evident phenomena connected with its relation 
to the lake’s fauna. 


USES OF THE AQUATIC FLORA 


As oxygenators:—The plants of a lake perform an important 
function in furnishing a supply of oxygen to the water. The im- 
portance of this function in any lake depends upon its area as com- 
pared with its depth; in other words, upon the ratio between the 
surface area where oxygen can be absorbed, and the volume of 
water to be oxygenated. Ina lake with large area and little depth, 
and winds sufficient in strength and frequency to keep the surface 
well disturbed, the need of oxygenation by plants is less imperative. 
Lake Maxinkuckee, with its considerable areas of deep water and 
infrequency of summer storms, needs the assistance of aquatic 
plants to keep up the supply of oxygen. Their presence, provided 
there are enough fishes and other animals to use up the oxygen, 
makes the lake a large balanced aquarium. 

Some idea of the activity of the plants in supplying oxygen to 
the water may be obtained by visiting and observing large, dense 
patches of certain water-weeds in clear shallow water on any bright 
day. On a bright day in autumn it was observed that the con- 
stant breaking of minute bubbles above dense patches of Philotria 


120 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


actually gave rise to a musical tinkle, and the water might almost 
be said to sing and sparkle like champagne. 

Closely associated with supplying oxygen to the water are two 
or three other functions of considerable importance. The first of 
these is the softening effect which the plants have upon the water. 
Certain plants, such as the Charas and the Potamogetons, abstract 
considerable quantities of lime from the water. These plants be- 
come thickly covered with a coating of carbonate of lime from 
which in turn they receive some of their oxygen by reducing the 
calcium carbonate. These and other plants also modify the bot- 
tom of the lake by the deposition of the lime as mar! and also by 
the deposition of vegetable débris to form black muck. 

As shade:—Some of the plants, such as the water-lilies with 
their broad sheltering pads, furnish grateful shade to fishes and 
other animals of the lake. Any one who has ever rowed silently 
along the edge of a patch of spatterdock on a bright summer day 
and seen bass and sunfish and other animals resting in the shade 
of the broad leaves, can not doubt this value of the plants. 

As protection:—The larger aquatic plants offer protection to 
the fishes in various ways. They protect the fishes from each 
other. The young of many species habitually dwell among the 
vegetation until they have attained size and strength to compete 
with their larger kin; and even fishes of considerable size find a 
dense patch of hornwort or Potamogeton quite helpful when pressed 
by larger fish. The plants also afford protection to the fishes from 
the watchful eye of kingfishers, herons, fishhawks, and other fish- 
eating birds. Moreover, many an angler has lost many a good fish 
because his hook became fouled in the weeds, to the mutual advan- 
tage of both fish and angler, in that the fish escaped and the angler 
was given the opportunity to report that ‘the largest one got 
away”’. 

As food:—Many of the plants furnish food to the fishes, either 
directly or indirectly. So much attention has been given in recent 
years to plankton and its importance in the menu of young fishes 
and of the adults of some species such as the shad, white-fish, and 
shovel-nosed sturgeon, that we are likely to overlook the larger 
forms of plant life when considering the food of fishes. As a 
matter of fact, during a large part of the year many of the fishes 
of the lake obtain a considerable portion of their food from the 
more conspicuous plants. With the exception of the skipjack, few 
of the small fishes, after they have passed infancy, feed upon 
entomostraca. The vegetarian minnows feed upon plants or plant 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey val 


fragments of appreciable size, and the carnivorous forms feed 
largely on aquatic insects or their larve which in turn feed on the 
plants. The bluegill, which is largely a vegetarian, feeds directly 
at times upon the leaves of pond-weeds (Potamogeton), and at 
other times upon the little crustacean, Asellus, which feeds upon 
the weeds. Another small crustacean which furnishes consider- 
able food to fishes is the beach-flea, which feeds upon the larger 
plants and is usually found associated with the hornwort, Cera- 
tophyllum. The coarser growths of the lake are used directly by 
some fishes and they furnish food or lurking places to a multitude 
of small animals—mollusks, insects, insect larvee, crustaceans, etc., 
upon which the fishes feed. And again, the value of aquatic plants 
as food for water-fowl must not be forgotten. The quality and 
quantity of vegetation in the lake is of prime importance to the 
great flocks of ducks and coots which visit the lake every fall. 
These birds first feed upon the rich tender stolons of the wild celery, 
then upon the tender bases of the leaves. When the wild celery 
has become scarce they then begin feeding upon the more suitable 
parts of other plants such as the various species of Potamogeton, 
and even Philotria, Naias, Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum, and 
various species of Chara; so that, in the season, the total amount of 
vegetable food which the ducks, coots and other water-fowl eat at 
this lake is very great, indeed. It can safely be said that the 
abundance in the fall of water-fowl at this and similar lakes, and 
the period of time during which they will tarry, are largely de- 
termined by the character and abundance of the aquatic vegetation. 

General considerations:—A peculiarity of the lake flora is that 
there are very few annual plants, using that term in the sense of 
a plant that springs from seed, then flowers, fruits, and dies down 
in a single year. They are, indeed, generally like annuals in tex- 
ture, herbaceous and weak, but with little wood. We are dealing 
with plants growing in a region where it never freezes, and where 
there is never any drouth. From this point of view the region 
down in the water where the plants thrive may aptly be likened to 
a continually moist portion of the tropics. 

According to the commonly accepted philosophy of biology, 
seed-production among plants is a device for tiding the plant over 
unfavorable conditions much the same as the protozoa going into a 
resting stage or encysting. Regarded in this light, flowering and 
seed-production are unnecessary among the submerged aquatics, 
and persist mainly as an inherited habit. Considered from this 
point of view, one of the most curious phenomena is the efforts 
made by Philotria and wild celery (Vallisneria) to become fertil- 


2 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


ized and set seed, the pistillate flower extending on a long peduncle 
to the surface of the water and the staminate blossom breaking off 
and floating away. Moreover, where conditions are so favorable 
for vegetative propagation one might naturally expect this to be 
a common mode. And so it proves to be; nearly all the aquatics 
propagate freely by means of special buds or tubers. Some of 
them, especially those of Potamogeton pectinatus, are of a remark- 
able character. 

The peculiarities of the various species in regard to reproduc- 
tion, method of dissemination, and distribution, will be taken up 
under each species. A few general remarks may be made here, 
however, concerning the behavior of the aquatic flora as a whole. 

In addition to bearing seeds, most of the aquatics propagate by 
means of so-called winter buds, which are merely fragments or bits 
of branches sometimes more or less modified. The expression 
“winter-bud” is hardly a happy one, as it serves to keep in mind 
the notion that the aquatic plants need some special device for sur- 
viving unfavorable seasons, and in that it increases the difficulty, 
already great enough, of divesting our minds of the notion of severe 
changes of season to which we are accustomed and for which the 
land plants must provide, but which do not apply to the aquatics. 
The propagation buds may be formed at almost any time of the 
year during the growing season, many of them during August. 
Every one is acquainted with the facility with which many of our 
herbaceous plants, such as the geranium, purslane, wild morning 
glory, etc., send out roots from cuttings, and how the presence of 
water or moisture favors the formation of such roots, so that the 
usual way to start some plants, such as the willow, oleander, etc., 
is simply to place the end of a cutting in a vase or bottle of water. 
Among the aquatics we have the herbaceous growth and the water 
always present. A cause contributing to the formation and de- 
tachment of “winter-buds” during the autumn months is that there 
is then considerable wind and choppy weather so that the plants 
are subjected to unusual stress and strain, and portions are easily 
detached. The portions detached drift about hither and yon with 
the various movements of the water. They rest during the period 
when the lake is covered with ice, but are further disseminated and 
scattered by the gales of early spring after the ice has melted. 

As a result of the more or less permanent nature of the plants 
and plant-patches in the lake, and of the habit of detached portions 
rooting and growing wherever they settle or the shifting currents 
carry them, the locations of the old plant-patches do not change 
much, but new patches spring up here and there. Such influences 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 123 


as the removal of protecting trees, opening the lake more to the 
sweep of winds, conduce to the dissemination of the under-water 
plants. It is perhaps due to this, and perhaps to other less evident 
causes, that the lake has become markedly more weedy than it was 
at the beginning of our study. To cite a specific example, the 
shallow water just off the north shore of Long Point, which was 
once over comparatively barren sand, now supports a dense and 
luxuriant growth cof weeds, especially Philotria. It is quite pos- 
sible that another very active contributing cause is to be found in 
the increasing scarcity of waterfowl. Formerly, immense flocks of 
coots and ducks made great raids on some of the water-plants,— 
first on Vallisneria, and then, when that was gone, upon Chara and 
other weeds. The birds uprooted the plants before they ripened or 
set seed, so that the long, heavily seeded fruits of Vallisneria, once 
almost a curiosity in the lake, are now abundant, due, in part at 
least, to the greater scarcity of water-fowl. Not only did the 
ducks uproot the plants, but they also ate as a choice delicacy the 
tender stolons upon which the plant relied for vegetative propaga- 
tion, and in the early winter, after the ducks had finished their 
raids, little or none of the Vallisneria was to be found. 

So conspicuous and apparent is the increased weediness of the 
lake that a local report has gained circulation that the “Fish Com- 
mission has planted the lake full of weeds for fish-food, and that 
as a result the fish are so well fed that they will not bite, much 
to the detriment of good fishing’’! 

As compared with other lakes of the state, Lake Maxinkuckee 
is not so weedy as some of the shallower lakes which warm well 
to the bottom and have all their bottom area at such depths that 
plants can thrive, but it appears to become more weedy year by 
year. It is somewhat more weedy than lakes with a smaller area of 
shallow water, such as Tippecanoe Lake. Its condition as regards 
quantity of vegetation is well expressed by Dr. Scovell who, in 
discussing the origin of the marl says: ‘Out to a depth of 25 feet 
the lake abounds in vegetation. Over hundreds of acres the vege- 
tation is as rank as in a field of heavy clover, the vegetation con- 
sisting largely of different species of Chara and Potamogeton, with 
Vallisneria, Philotria, Ceratophyllum, Naias and Myriophyllum in 
abundance.” 

The comparison with a field of clover suggests at once the im- 
portance of the vegetation as soil builders of the bottom, but in this 
respect it is to some extent misleading, inasmuch as in the case of 
the Chara and the other plants in deeper water, the dense patches 
seen year after year are the same, not decaying and being annually 


124 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


renewed as in the case of the clover, but the same individual plants 
persisting year after year. 

In the shallower water, indeed, many of the plants, such as 
Vallisneria, do die down, or their leaves are pulled off by ducks and 
washed up on the shore in great rolls. The rolls of plants which 
wash ashore decay into a rich black soil to be again washed down 
into the depths of the lake by the undertow. In shallow lakes, 
where warmth and sunlight can reach the bottom, doubtless one 
of the most important influences in oblitering the lakes is the im- 
mense mass of vegetation which grows up and dies down yearly. 

The importance or efficiency of water plants in filling shallow 
lakes and shallow parts of lakes is well shown in the southeast 
part of the lake along Norris Inlet, and along the Outlet where 
what was once lake bottom has been built up into flat sedgy 
marshes (Green’s marsh and Norris Inlet marsh), the lake al- 
ready having lost from this cause an area of over 70 acres, along 
with its continuity with Lost Lake. 


THE LAND FLORA 
INTRODUCTION 


A striking character of some of the small ponds and kettle-holes 
about the lake is the sharp division of the vegetation into concentric 
zones, so that the ecological aspect of botany is abnormally intensi- 
fied. This is the case at Hawk’s marsh and at some of the wood- 
land ponds in Farrar’s and Walley’s woods. With Lake Maxin- 
kuckee, which is, of course, only a pond on a larger scale, the same 
condition might be expected to obtain, but generally speaking, it 
is not the case, because the steep shores come close to the water’s 
edge, making the transition from the high land flora to the lake 
flora quite abrupt. It is manifest, however, in such regions as 
Norris Inlet and Green’s marsh which were once parts of the lake. 
It is much more manifest about Lost Lake than in Lake Maxin- 
kuckee, and formerly, when the marsh about Lost Lake was more 
flooded than at present, and covered with shallow water species of 
Chara and Utricularia, it was more marked than at present. 

Of course, there are numerous forms, such as the bulrushes, 
pickerel-weeds, mud plantain and others, which belong equally upon 
the land or in the water, and in other cases there are dimorphic 
species having one form adapted to the water and another to the 
land, so that it is difficult to tell just where the lake forms end 
and land forms begin. But generally speaking, the lake and land 
floras are pretty markedly distinct. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 125 


While the division line between the lake flora and the land flora 
is in most cases pretty sharply drawn, it is not so easy to tell where 
the boundary line lies between the plants having some influence 
upon the lake and those which have none, if there be any such. 

The forests upon the shores of the lake have a marked influence 
in sheltering it from strong winds. As everywhere else, their 
leaves break the impact of heavy rains, allowing the water to sink 
gradually into the soil rather than run directly into the lake car- 
rying their burden of soil with them. In this last mentioned func- 
tion, indeed, forests some distance back from the lake exercise a 
very important influence on the lake. It is known that the lake 
derives its chief supply of water from springs and flowing wells, 
the waters of which sink into the surface, no one knows just how 
far from the lake. Everybody knows how the disappearance of 
springs is associated with the removal of forests. Indeed, during 
the time that the lake has been under observation there has been 
a marked diminution in the force and volume of many of the flow- 
ing wells, and some of the marshes, such as Green’s marsh and the 
Inlet marsh, which at the beginning of the investigations were 
miry, quaking bogs, where one could walk only on tussocks, are 
now comparatively solid ground and are, indeed, mown meadows. 
This change is a consequence of the lowered water-table of the 
whole general region, and has taken place in other parts of the 
state to such an extent that where cattle once would mire there are 
now fields of corn and alfalfa. 

The falling leaves from trees near the lake sink to the bottom 
of the lake and may be dredged up at all depths. Their decay 
forms a black mud, and, although on account of the large area of 
the lake, they are not so great a factor as in some of the smaller 
lakes, their amount and influence is considerable. In one feature 
they are quite important. It is between the leaves, as they sink to 
the bottom, that some of the plankton alge, especially Anabezena, 
the most abundant, and when in excessive abundance, the most of- 
fensive of all the plankton-scum plants, hibernate during the win- 
ter. Even the humble grassy covering of the sand-hills about the 
lake has a direct bearing upon the latter; for when these are de- 
nuded of all vegetation, the sand drifts and blows; during the year 
a considerable quantity is blown into the lake. During the winter, 
when there is no protecting snow, the ice is soon covered with a 
film of sand. Even the meadows about the lake, with their grasses 
and other plants, bear a relation to the lake, in that they furnish a 
habitat for various insects, particularly grasshoppers, which in one 
way or another enter into the menu of the fishes. As shown else- 


126 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


where in this report, the quantity of grasshoppers caught in the 
vicinity of the lake and used as bait by the anglers is astonish- 
ingly large. Moreover, various trees and shrubs leaning over the 
lake are the homes of various insects which frequently drop 
into the lake. In the spring of 1901 it was observed that the 
water-surface was covered with vast numbers of leaf-eating beetles. 
It was later discovered that these laid their eggs on the leaves of 
the willow trees along shore and that the black larve which 
hatched, defoliated the willows. Moreover, the myriads of midges, 
may-flies and caddis-flies which spend the larval period of their 
lives in the water and furnish an important part of the food of the 
fishes, when they emerge from the water and take their nuptial 
flight, run a gauntlet while in the air, and are reduced to a re- 
markable degree by the forest-dwelling birds along shore—cuckoos, 
warblers, song sparrows, night hawks, etc. 

The number of forest and weed seeds that blow into the lake 
and float upon its surface is very great. The sycamore seeds 
blow out on the ice in great numbers and are washed ashore in 
spring. Some conception of the immense amount of seeds borne 
on the surface of the lake can be obtained by a walk along the 
beach almost any season of the year. In places there are long rows 
of seedling sycamores, in others, seedling elm and willow. In the 
autumn of 1913 whole stretches of beach were covered by an almost 
continuous mat of little seedlings of Erigeron. These seeds, it is 
true, probably never have any important influence on the lake, prob- 
ably none of the lake-dwelling animals feeds upon them; but they 
form at times a noteworthy part of the plankton towings, and in- 
crease greatly the number of forms the plankton-student has to 
puzzle over. If not a part of the actual plankton, as generally un- 
derstood, they certainly constitute at times a considerable part of 
the plankton catch. 

There is another consideration which makes the land flora 
worthy of our attention in an attempt to study the lake. Lake 
Maxinkuckee was taken at first as a typical glacial lake; but careful 
study proves it not to be such; at any rate, a large number of small 
Indiana lakes are pretty markedly different from it and have a 
closer set of resemblances among themselves than it has to any of 
them. It is a lake of marked individuality, and this individuality 
is indissolubly associated with its surroundngs—the sorts of soil 
and accompanying plants and animals. <A given association of 
plants will at once suggest to the botanist the type of soil, slope, 
etc., and soil surveys to be complete, should always be associated 
with botanical surveys. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey NPAT 


The botanical study here given can therefore be regarded as 
complementary to the soil survey of the region. The Miami sand, 
which extends from Culver Academy grounds to Murray’s, reach- 
ing west beyond Culver to the large muck areas, exhibits, in the 
main, a different flora from the Miami sandy loam about the south 
half of the lake, from Murray’s around to Aubeenaubee Creek, and 
this again is different from the rich woodlands of the Miami 
gravelly sandy loam extending from Aubeenaubee Creek to Culver 
Academy grounds. The small intercalated areas of muck along the 
Inlet and Outlet, and other soil areas, are also associated with more 
or less peculiar floras, so that on the whole the area about the lake 
is a veritable botanist’s paradise. 

Attention is called to the fact that the botanical work about 
the lake was done at a time when other duties occupied attention, 
and, indeed, was done only when studies of the lake permitted 
momentary interruption. While it is believed practically all the 
phanerogams of the lake are represented in the list, the same thing 
can not be said of the land plants, and there is doubtless a consider- 
able number of gaps yet to be filled to make the list complete, a 
number of species of the land plants having escaped observation 
on account of the pressure of more insistent duties. During only 
one year, 1900-1901, was the work carried on without considerable 
interruptions. From time to time since then, on short visits to the 
lake, attention has been paid to the flora as opportunity permitted. 

Although the botanical studies of the lake have been only in- 
termittent and fitful, they have extended through a considerable 
series of years and have attracted attention to a phase of botanical 
study which has not been generally appreciated, namely, the histori- 
cal phase. 

Of recent years the cataloging of the plants of limited areas 
has begun to be looked upon as the lowest form of botanical ac- 
tivity, sc thoroughly despised, indeed, in some quarters, that it is 
not considered sufficiently worth while to engage the attention of 
first-year high-school pupils, and as a corollary to the contempt 
with which the “mere systematist” has fallen, the good old habit of 
“potanizing”’ and making herbariums and getting acquainted with 
local floras has given way in many places to comfortable indoor 
studies, and the study of botany has become a “sedentary occu- 
pation.” A complete list of the plants of a given area, however, 
made as a basis for the study of changes of flora in the progress 
of the years, keeping record of forests removed, of wholesale marsh 
floras exterminated by drainage and tillage, and of the date of 
disappearance of original forms and the entrance of new, would 


128 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


be of inestimable value and interest. It was during the period in 
which the lake was under observation that several species, such as 
the tamarack, pitcher-plant, yellow-fringed orchis, and a few others 
wholly disappeared in places where they were once abundant, and 
appear on the way to complete extermination in this region. It 
was only a few years before the investigations began that the yel- 
low and white sweet clovers made their appearance in the region. 
The entire-leaved prickly lettuce had just appeared and was repre- 
sented only by a few pioneers; the typical form with incised leaves 
had not yet appeared. A few adventurers, like the first colonists 
of the new world, attempted and failed. About 1906, the Russian 
thistle first made its appearance in the form of a small patch along 
the Assembly grounds, but this did not persist. It was the same 
year that the tumbleweed or winged tumbleweed, Cycloloma, made 
its appearance at the lake, although it had been seen several miles 
west of the lake in 1904. It was only in the year 1909 that the 
dainty Galinsoga, whose advent had been looked for for some time, 
and a red-leaved Oxalis, perhaps O. rufa, first made their appear- 
ance in the railroad grounds, in all probability from seed in soil 
brought directly from Sewickley, Pa., the location of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad’s propagating gardens. 


GENERAL FLORAL REGIONS 


As has been said, the general floral regions correspond pretty 
closely with the soil regions. The following general areas are rec- 
ognized in this report: (1) the beach, (2) the lake plains, corres- 
ponding to the muck of the soil survey and most marked at Inlet 
marsh and the marsh about Lost Lake, (3) low woodland, (4) high 
eravelly sandy woodland as at Long Point, (5) upland clay wood- 
land, as Overmyer’s field, and, back of the Inlet marsh around 
beyond Van Schoiack’s on the east side, (6) upland sandy wood- 
land, as the stretch of forest north of Lost Lake marsh, (7) upland 
loamy woodland, as Culver’s woods and northeast of the lake, (8) 
gullies or creek bottoms such as those along Culver’s and Over- 
myer’s creeks, (9) woodland ponds, (10) sphagnous bogs, and (11) 
shifting sand regions. 

The beach flora:—The wide beach on the east side is compara- 
tively barren, its barrenness being due to its sandy soil, which is 
easily moved about by waves. From Culver Academy grounds on 
around to Norris Inlet there is on the narrow, sandy, gravelly 
beach a pretty well marked flora, the elements of which are cockle- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 129 


burs (Xanthium), Cyperus diandrus, Verbesina alba, peppermint, 
spearmint, spotted touch-me-not, barnyard grass, germander, water 
hoarhound, all pretty well distributed, with the cockle-bur, touch- 
me-not, Verbesina and Cyperus most abundant at Long Point, the 
Teucrium and water-hoarhound most abundant north of Winfield’s. 
There are long patches of bulrushes and chairmakers rushes, the 
location of which is given in detail under those species, a few 
patches of arrow-head and pickerel-weed, also described elsewhere, 
garden parsnip in front of Green’s, barnyard grass, and Cicuta 
bulbifera, the bulb-bearing water hemlock, along the southern 
shore of the lake. There was a small clump of sand-bar willows 
at Long Point, but these have disappeared, and below Farrar’s low 
Cornus and Cephalanthus leaned over the shore in places. Where 
springs entered the lake and flowed over the sandy shore, as at 
Lakeview Hotel, a species of Chara grows on shore, making a beach 
plant, and at the entrance of a few creeks watercress grows 
luxuriantly at the water’s edge. In addition to these there is at 
various times a temporary flora of seedlings of all sorts of winged- 
seeded plants such as willow, sycamore, elm, Erigeron, etc., but 
these always soon disappeared. 

Behind the beach in certain places where there is no steep shore, 
such as along the low woodland at Overmyer’s and from there to 
beyond the Norris Inlet marsh and again in front of a small pond 
on the southeastern shore of the lake, there is a well-defined ice- 
ridge. Although this is a well-defined area, differing markedly 
from the land on either side, especially as regards drainage, it can 
not on the whole be said to have a distinct flora. The only plum 
tree close to the lake grows on the ice-ridge, and the only patch of 
running strawberry bush, Euonymus obovatus, about the lake 
region was found on the ice-beach in front of Overmyer’s low 
woods. 

The Lake Plains:—These are represented by the Inlet marsh 
and Lost Lake marsh, the latter including Green’s marsh. The 
soil is mucky, and mucky areas along Aubeenaubee Creek and the 
Outlet below Lost Lake much of the way down to the Tippecanoe 
River are of this character as regards both soil and flora. They 
are flat level plains, densely overgrown with various sedges, chiefly 
Carex stricta and C. lanuginosa, along with the tall marsh shield- 
fern, Dryopteris thelypteris. In the Inlet marsh there are plenty of 
cattails, considerable swamp loosestrife, and scattered Comarum 
palustre. Green’s marsh contains various low shrubs principally 
Bebb’s willow, red-osier dogwood, and button-bush. There was 


9—17618—Vol. 2 


130 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


originally a level flat area much like a lake-plain across the road 
at the mouth of Culver Creek which was densely overgrown with 
the chair-maker’s rush (S. americanus) but these have disappeared 
and the area is now a flat meadow. 

Low woodlands are represented only by a small area at the 
mouth of Overmyer’s Creek, and the most prominent characteristic 
of this is the abundance of swamp ash. 

The upland clay woodland is modified in many places by clearing 
and cultivation, a characteristic of it being the presence of the 
shellbark hickory which is generally replaced on more sandy areas 
by the small fruited hickory, Hicoria microcarpa. A clump of red- 
bud, Cercis canadensis, the only patch about the lake, is found in 
this soil back of Van Schoiack’s. In other respects it is much like 
the other upland forest. 

The high gravelly sandy woodland is represented by the Long 
Point forest. This, being near the base of operations, was studied 
in some detail. The trees were rather scattered and clumpy. 
Within an area of 4 square rods chosen as typical there were 4 trees 
of Quercus velutina or black oak, 5 trees of Hicoria microcarpa or 
small fruited hickory, and 5 trees of white oak. The largest tree 
within this area was a black oak a foot in diameter, and the small- 
est a hickory 34 inches in diameter. The trees averaged 6 inches 
in diameter. There were a few scattered sycamore and willow 
along shore, and large-toothed poplar, Populus grandidentata, and 
occasional elms. The herbage consisted of only a few scattered 
spears of grass and much scattered elm-leaved goldenrod. Much 
of Long Point had been cleared off so that the original forest was 
gone. Green’s woods near Lost Lake, a continuation of the same 
but perhaps a trifle more sandy, contains numerous patches of 
moss near its edges, and usually plenty of scattered toadstools and 
occasional Indian pipes in the rich woods mould. 

The almost pure sand woodland is exemplified in the forest on 
Long Point. This is chiefly of small black oak and contains very 
little or no herbage. The accumulated leaf fall of years has not 
decayed, but the crisp, dry leaves even in mid-summer lie as thick 
and rustling as they do in most woodlands in autumn, and in the 
exceeding dryness of the forest floor it reminds one of the dry pine- 
needles that carpet a pine forest. 

The upland loamy woodland, exemplified by Culver’s wood, con- 
sists of an exceedingly rich black sandy loam surface soil with a 
magnificent forest of immense tulip-trees, sugar, black and white 
walnut, beech, coffee-nut, bitter-nut, red oak, elm, white oak, chest- 


BY 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 131 


nut oak or sweet oak (Q. muhlenbergii), with immense fruitful 
groves of papaw, scattered spice brush, and for herbage all the 
common plants that grow in rich woods mould,—hepaticas, anem- 
ones, pepper-and-salt, in that great variety which delights the 
flower lover and botanist. Some notion of the variety produced in 
this region may be obtained from the remark, probably not exag- 
gerated, of a man who was hauling wood from this region and who 
said he had 27 species of wood in one cord. 

The gullies have a rich, springy soil usually black and in places 
more or less miry. On their sides grow luxuriant but tender 
moisture-loving ferns, while in the bottoms flourish patches of 
skunk cabbage, large flowered asters of various sorts, lizard’s-tail 
and the like. 

Farrar’s woods, Walley’s woods and Zechiel’s woods along the 
south and southwest shores of the lake are mostly rather flat, sandy 
but moist woods, in general without salient characters enough to be 
characterized briefly except that all contain woodland ponds, and 
the two latter are characterized by having plentiful low heaths such 
as Gaylussacia baccata, checkerberry, false beech-drops, etc., scat- 
tered through them. MHolton’s woods near Walley’s contain the 
only clump of river birch in the region, and Walley’s woods the only 
clump of Princess pine, Chimaphila umbellata. 

The woodland ponds are so various that it would prove weari- 
some to describe them in detail. Those of Farrar’s woods are shal- 
low, the bottoms thickly covered with leaves, the water, which is 
present only during the wet season of the year, is usually of a tea 
color. The plants are few. A few trees of the various-leaved cot- 
tonwood, Populus heterophylla, Cephalanthus bushes, their bases 
skirted with mosses and liverworts, a few herbaceous species re- 
markable for their adaptability and variability of form, the water- 
parsnip, yellow water-crowfoot and the curious Ficcia lutescens 
which floats about on the surface like green butterflies and repro- 
duces by a division into almost exactly equal parts. All these 
herbaceous plants flourish, but assume entirely different forms dur- 
ing the dry season. For their fauna they have numerous frogs, 
speckled and Blanding’s tortoises, both almost entirely absent from 
the lake, the slender-pincered crawfish Cambarus blandingi acutus, 
not found in the lake, and a remarkable Spheerium which spends 
half its life, the dry season, among the moist leaves in a state ap- 
proaching suspended animation. They, along with other shallow 
pools, contain the fairy shrimp and doubtless various Entomostraca 
of unusual habits and characters. Farther down toward Walley’s 


132 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


woods the woodland marshes are different, usually containing quak- 
ing aspen about the margin along with winterberry or black alder 
and choke-berry with Sphagnum in the center. One of the circular 
woodland ponds studied more in detail consisted of 4 distinct zones 
of vegetation, the outer border being the usual high-ground forest, 
then a ring of willows and Rosa carolina, then a ring of sedges, 
boneset, smartweed and Erechtites, and in the center a circle of rice 
cut-grass. Swamp white oak was common in this pond. 

The peat bogs, once extensive west of the lake, have most of 
them been greatly changed if not destroyed by drainage, and their 
curious faunas exterminated. Most of them contained the tama- 
rack as their principal or only tree. Hawk’s marsh, on the south- 
west corner of Culver, fortunately remains, and it is to be hoped 
will long continue in its present state. It is surrounded by an al- 
most impenetrable tangle of various low bushes, principally moun- 
tain holly, black alder, tall bush huckleberry and poison sumac. 
Inside this tangle is a deep, spongy bed of Sphagnum, the outer 
border thickly overgrown with tall, erect ferns (Anchistea) and 
farther inward evergreen heaths, leather-leaf, marsh-rosemary, 
etc., with a sprinkling of pitcher-plants and cotton-grass. Various 
orchids, such as the yellow-fringed orchis, are common. At the 
inner edge of the Sphagnum are masses of cranberry vines and 
spatulate-leaved sundew, while innermost of all is a pond full of 
spatterdock and Utricularia. 

The shifting sand regions are composed of a somewhat heavier 
sand than dune sand and are areas once covered with a growth of 
forest, chiefly low scrub oak (Q. velutina). These sand-hills do 
not drift in a mass as do the genuine dunes, but the winds gutter 
out the sand in places leaving angular rock fragments. The blown 
sand drifts fence corners and forests full and gradually buries them. 
The flora is generally a scattered growth of Cyperus filmiculmis. 
Some cacti, said to have escaped from a neighboring cemetery 
where they are said to have been planted, are slowly occupying 
these hills. 

Patches or peculiarities of distribution of individual species, 
such as the long line of sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) along the edge 
of Green’s woods and the east bank of the outlet in Walley’s woods, 
clumps of witch hazel back of Green’s and on the east side of the 
lake, are best treated in discussing the different species. 

In the following discussion of species the various plants are de- 
scribed as seen in varied places and times, representing the species 
in as many lights as possible. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 133 


COMPARISON OF AQUATIC AND LAND FLORAS 


Perhaps the most striking difference between the flora of a land 
and of a water area is that the land flora lies open to the eye while 
much of the flora of a lake, especially of a deep lake, is hidden 
from view. It is easy to form a fairly complete mental picture of 
a landscape with which we are familiar, but in the case of a flora 
at the bottom of a lake the situation is entirely different. In the 
case of permanence or persistence of individuals, there are curious 
differences. On the land, there are herbs, shrubs and trees—an- 
nuals, biennials and perennials—the trees conspicuous landmarks 
enduring year after year, the herbs many of them dying entirely 
down with the course of a year. On the other hand, the aquatic 
flora is almost entirely herbaceous; the only analogue we have to 
trees being the water-lilies and spatterdocks, the thick horizontal 
rootstocks of which would, if standing erect, make respectable 
saplings. But while the plants under water are all herbaceous and 
relatively frail, the phenomenon of annual growths which live but 
to produce seed, and perish when that is done, does not obtain 
among the aquatic plants. The only case that comes to mind is 
that of some of the delicate Charas and Nitellas, and the slender 
Naias which grows at the water’s edge, and the deeper growing 
plants of Naias. In a certain sense, at least so far as plant life is 
concerned, the region under water may be described as sub-tropical. 
The most important difference between the temperate zone and the 
tropics is, not only in a greater amount of heat in the tropics, but 
also in the more equable distribution of the heat throughout the 
year, and the absence of a freezing temperature at any time; and 
this is just what we have in the waters of the lake everywhere 
below the freezing surface. The temperature of the air about the 
lake has a range of about 125° F., frequently going considerable 
below freezing, while the water under the freezing layer at the sur- 
face has a range of only about 55°, or not half as much as that of 
the air, and is always exempt from a freezing temperature. 

In the region immediately about the lake the lover of beautiful 
grounds may wish in vain for the “broad-leaved evergreens”, the 
holly, the ivy and the rhododendron, but just a little way beneath 
the ice the broad green delicate leaves of the pond-weeds retain 
throughout the coldest winters almost the freshness of summer 
days. 

Moreover, in the methods of perpetuating their kind, the aquatic 
plants differ considerably from the land plants in that there is 
hardly a single species which does not have some effective method 


134 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


of vegetative propagation, either by special propagating buds or 
by the rooting of broken-off portions. In only a few are seeds 
formed in great abundance; in many, seeds are formed scarcely or 
never at all. 

In the botanies concerning land plants, there is much about eco- 
logical groups, plant societies, halophytes, xerophytes, mesophytes 
and the like, and one of the most striking features dwelt upon 
is the association of plants in related groups as regards soil, mois- 
ture, slope, and the like; but in the lake bottom no such differences 
obtain; the only difference in the amount of moisture is in its 
depth, and the drainage is the same everywhere; the only differ- 
ences affecting distribution of the plants being those of the depth of 
water, the nature of the bottom and the question of previous occu- 
pancy by some other species. 

Plant patches in the lake:—The positions of the plant patches 
of the lake are fairly constant, inasmuch as most of the plants are 
perennial or grow from perennial rootstocks. New patches may 
of course spring up in various places. The most conspicuous plant 
patches are those of aquatics with aerial or emersed leaves and of 
these the ones most likely to be remarked are the white and yellow 
pond-lilies, Castalia odorata and Nymphexa advena. These species, 
though abundant in Lost Lake, are rare in Lake Maxinkuckee, as 
there is not enough of the deep soft black mud in which they thrive 
best. There is a small patch of both species at the beginning of 
the Outlet, and considerable of the Nymphea but only a little of the 
Castalia, in the Norris Inlet region. 

Next to the water lilies, the most conspicuous patch-forming 
plant is the large-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius. This 
plant is abundant at the Weedpatch, and forms large noteworthy 
patches near Norris Inlet, southwest of the Kettlehole, east of the 
Gravelpit, east of Arlington Hotel, and in scattered localities 
through Outlet Bay. Along with other pondweeds whose leaves 
come in masses near the surface, the resistance which the foliage 
of this plant offers to water in motion has a marked calming effect 
on small waves, and at times when most of the lake surface is well- 
rippled the Potamogeton patches are marked by areas of calm. 

Potamogeton natans, like P. amplifolius, forms pretty well- 
marked and conspicuous patches. These are all rather close to 
shore, consist of only a few plants, and occur most frequently in 
the Norris Inlet region. With the exception of the species of 
Chara, some of which grow over large areas, and shore plants, 
such as bulrushes which will be considered later, these are about 
the only plants of the lake which form definite patches. The gen- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 135 


eral locality where other species grow will be taken up in discussing 
the various species. 

While considering the question of permanence and position of 
plant-patches in the lake it may not be out of place to refer to un- 
attached plants, including the floating duckweeds, and of course, 
the alga-masses, but more especially those anomalous forms which 
have no roots developed, such as Ceratophyllum and Utricularia. 
There is nothing among land plants which is analogous to them. 
The tumble-weeds suggest them somewhat, but the disassociation 
of the tumble-weed from its roots is for the sake of great motility 
and distribution of seeds, while the Ceratophyllums and Utricu- 
larias are loggy, hardly affected at all by currents of air and little 
by currents of water. They really appear to be forms of im- 
mensely overgrown propagating buds, and, although they produce 
seeds, are themselves largely propagated by vegetative reproduc- 
tion. 

In entering upon the discussion of the several species of plants 
which inhabit the lakes, it has been thought best to take them in 
the order in which they occur, first disposing of the floating forms, 
and then beginning with those inhabiting the deeper waters, and 
proceeding from thence toward the shallow water. The usual 
method of taking plants in the order of their supposed relationships 
has been avoided, chiefly because they occur in that order in the 
general list accompanying this report, and partly because the ques- 
tion of genetic relationship is not here the one primarily under con- 
sideration. It was thought best to begin with the center and pro- 
ceed centrifugally, because there is no doubt of where to begin 
here, while beginning at the shore would leave no definite starting 
point. Considering species in the order suggested, moreover, will 
present them in the societies in which they occur as nearly as that 
can be done. 

The floating aquatics, including the rootless phanerogams, 
Ceratophyllum, the various species of Utricularia, the minute float- 
ing duckweeds, and the unattached algal masses, such as Spirogyra, 
Mougeotia and the like, form a class by themselves. Ecologically, 
they belong in the group with the plankton. Theoretically speak- 
ing, these plants have ro local habitation but drift hither and yon 
as currents and winds drive them. As a matter of fact, they are 
not so continually in motion as one might imagine, the algal masses 
often becoming tangled in the tops of the rooted plants, the loggy 
submerged Ceratophyllum and Utricularias responding very little 
to winds, and the duckweeds occupying nearly the same position 
year by year in the sheltered nooks. The duckweeds are always 


136 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


found rather near shore, but the other plants are found throughout 
the lake at nearly all depths. 

The strictly aquatic plants living within the borders of the 
lake, being an essential part of the environment of the fishes and 
other denizens of the lake, were studied in considerable detail. 
During these studies one of the salient facts that impressed itself 
continually upon the mind was that the different plants of the lake 
were aquatic in different degrees. 

Taking the large genus of pond weeds or Potamogetons, for in- 
stance, we have among them a number of forms with all the leaves 
fitted only to under-water life, and so constituted that upon ex- 
posure to the air they crumple up and perish almost as soon as 
does a fish out of the water. One of the most pronounced species 
of this type is the handsome P. robbinsiz, which lies nearly flat on 
the bottom, and has become so thoroughly and completely aquatic 
that it rarely or almost never even ventures a flower-spike up out 
of the water, but depends almost entirely upon vegetative buds for 
propagation. 

The large-leaved pondweed, Potamogeton amplifolius, on the 
other hand, has two well-marked kinds of leaves—thin, almost 
transparent submersed leaves, and thick, leathery floating leaves. 
It has a well-developed flower-spike which projects prominently 
above the surface of the water. 

Finally, in Potamogeton natans, we have a form in which the 
submersed leaves, though present, are small, undeveloped, and only 
temporary, the leathery floating leaves being the most prominent 
and functional ones. Indeed, where these plants grow near shore 
they are frequently stranded on mud-banks by the receding of the 
water, and there develop into mud-plants rather than aquatics, 
with stiff aerial instead of leathery floating leaves. 

Another case is that of the water star-grass, Heteranthera 
dubia. This frequently grows in several feet of water, entirely 
submersed, and very closely resembles some of the narrow-leaved 
forms of Potamogeton. In this situation it rarely flowers. Sprigs 
broken off by the waves and cast ashore, however, quickly strike 
root, bear firm aerial leaves, and produce numerous pretty yellow 
flowers. 

Again, we have one of the species of arrowhead, Sagittaria 
graminea, the leaves of which form a close rosette at the bottom 
of the water, these leaves being strictly aquatic and the whole 
plant, when not in flower, hardly distinguishable from a strict 
aquatic in all its relations, the seven-angled pipewort, Eriocaulon 
septangulare. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 13% 


Two more noteworthy instances occur to mind. At certain 
places along shore there is found growing in the water a plant 
which in leaf-form and general habit, resembles Potamogeton 
natans, but which is really a smartweed bearing pretty spikes of 
pink blossoms; and finally in the waters of the lake among the 
pondweeds and milfoils one finds a most remarkable plant which 
has whorls of dissected leaves and bears a considerable resemblance 
to some sort of milfoil or a close resemblance to the aquatic form, 
Cabomba. This plant upon blossoming and fruiting proves to be 
a species of bur-marigold. 

It will occur at once to the reader that the region along the 
Shore-line is an excellent place to study evolutionary forces at work, 
and the question of the possible relations between the shore plants 
and the aquatics will at once arise. 

In the temporary woodland ponds the changes of form of plants 
to suit conditions is much more striking, but not so deep-seated. 
Here we have the remarkable water-parsnip, which in early spring 
when the pond is full of water, is a rosette of purple; finely-dis- 
sected leaves appear, but later as it shoots up, its stalk puts out 
leaves more and more nearly entire as it approaches the water- 
surface until the aerial leaves of the same plant that bore collaps- 
ible submersed leaves below, are firm and almost entire. A water 
crowfoot of the ponds changes the shape, texture, and general as- 
pect of its leaves so much after the water dries that it looks like an 
entirely different plant. And the woodland pond and the lake 
edge each has its own species of Riccia that have parallel changes 
and land forms entirely different from the floating form. 

A contemplation of these facts arouses speculation as to the 
relationship and origin of the land and water floras. Conscious- 
ness of the great adaptability which plants possess, and the recog- 
nition of a greatly modified bur-marigold and smartweed among 
the members of the water flora, cause us naturally to expect some 
genetic relationship between the plants on land and those in the 
lake. In this expectation we are disappointed. With the two ex- 
ceptions given above, the aquatic plants belong not only to strictly 
aquatic genera but usually also to strictly aquatic families and per- 
haps orders. Zoological and botanical systems are so unlike that 
it is impossible to make exact comparisons, but, generally speaking, 
the plants of the lake are about as far removed in relationship from 
the plants of the land as the fishes of the lake are from the animals 
of the land. And yet we recognize among the plants tantalizing 
similarities. 

The flowering plants of the lake evidently arose from terrestrial 


138 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


ancestors and stand in the vegetable world much where whales do 
in the animal kingdom. The mechanism of fertilization among 
the phanerogams is not at all adapted to aquatic life and generally 
special devices have to be arranged to bring it about, such as the 
breaking off and floating of the staminate flower and elongation of 
the flower-stalk or flower-tube of the pistillate flower as in Vallis- 
neria and Philotria. Few of the aquatic plants bear conspicuous 
flowers, the water-lilies being notable exceptions, and none bears 
fruit in the garden or horticultural sense of the term, that of the 
water-lilies again being the closest approach to it. The problem 
of just how the blossom of the hornwort, Ceratophyllum, is fertil- 
ized we have not solved; probably the plants float at the surface 
during the flowering season. Of the phanerogams in the lake, 
Naias seems to have solved the problem of under-water fertiliza- 
tion, although we do not know how this is accomplished. It is, 
therefore, the furthest removed from the land series. Two of its 
relatives not found in the lake, Zannichellia and Zostera, flower and 
fruit under water, the latter by the development of a peculiar 
glutinous, stringy pollen. 


THE ALGAE 


INTRODUCTION 


With the exception of the Characez, which stand rather in a 
group by themselves, the algze do not as a whole form a very con- 
spicuous part of the flora of the lake, the waters out from shore 
being generally pretty free from forms that would attract atten- 
tion. This is in keeping with the character of the lake, it having 
few capes or bays, relatively little shore and considerable deep 
water. A luxuriant algal growth is generally associated with 
much shore-Hne or shore conditions, large areas of shallow water 
and rich, muddy or leafy bottom. The various ponds about the 
lake in their proper season are richest in algal growths, some of 
them so much so that after they have dried in summer their place 
is covered by almost a single immense white sheet of paper—the 
bleached-out mats of algze which once covered the water surface. 
Lost Lake taken as a whole is richer in the coarser forms of alge 
than Lake Maxinkuckee. However, in the larger lake, along shal- 
low or sheltered stretches of shore with rich bottom, as in the 
neighborhood of the Inlet and Outlet regions, Aubeenaubee Bay 
and the artificial channel by the Medbourn ice-houses the fila- 
mentous forms originally grew in great abundance and very lux- 
uriantly, furnishing hiding places and a good deal of food for the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 139 


great number of turtles that dwelt among them. Some of the alge 
are to be found the year round, especially where there are springs 
which keep the water abnormally warm. Others as Draparnaldia 
(which is rare in the lake) and the diatoms thrive more in cold 
water and appear in the greatest abundance during the winter. 

The coarser filamentous algee function in the lake as the higher 
plants do, i. e., they help oxygenate the water and serve as food and 
shade for fishes. Various insect larve and probably most.of the 
smaller herbivorous fishes, as well as some species of turtles, use 
them for food. At times they, along with fragments of larger 
plants, are washed upon the shore where they decay, forming a 
soft black mud. 

More important, but generally less conspicuous, are the minute 
algee barely visible to the naked eye and including many of the blue- 
green colonial forms, the diatoms, desmids, etc. By far the greater 
number of these minute forms, like the coarser alge, stay near 
shore, either because they are attached to or generally more or less 
entangled, among other growths, or, to sum up all in one sen- 
tence, because they find the best conditions for life there. These 
are the so-called limnetic forms. Others, however, stray far out 
from shore and are driven hither and thither by the winds, waves 
and currents; these form the vegetable part of the plankton or 
phyto-plankton and affect the lake in various ways. They give 
the water, in a certain sense, its optical quality, just as minute 
specks of dust and motes give the air what might in an artistic 
sense be called its “‘atmosphere’’—its blueness or grayness and so 
on. Moreover it is upon these plankton algz that the newly hatched 
fish all feed, either directly or indirectly, by feeding upon the small 
animals that feed upon it; and again when the plankton alge be- 
come too abundant they rise to the surface and form a disagree- 
able and ill-smelling scum which appears to affect some people who 
“geo swimming in dog days’ much as a mild case of ivy poisoning 
might. And they render the water of some reservoirs so rank and 
unpalatable that they become a nuisance for which dosage of the 
affected water with copper sulphate was devised as a remedy. 

The free floating forms of alge were collected by means of va- 
rious sorts of plankton nets, one so constructed as to take vertical 
hauls showing the vertical distribution of the organisms captured, 
the others, towing-nets taking horizontal hauls along the surface. 
Many of the alge, especially the coarser ones, along with attached 
or entangled diatoms and desmids were collected by hand along 
shore. The charas were all gathered by hand or dredge. 


140 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


The alge obtained by the plankton hauls of 1899 and 1900, 
along with a few others collected by hand were identified by Dr. 
George T. Moore, then associated with Dartmouth College, later of 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, now the Director of Mis- 
souri Botanic Gardens, and the originator of the scheme of keep- 
ing the algee within bounds by the use of copper sulphate. 

A part of the diatoms collected in the plankton hauls of 1901, 
as well as various samples of hand gathered material, were identi- 
fied by Dr. Albert Mann then of the U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, now of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Some of 
the alcoholic Characee material sent along with the plankton 
were identified by Dr. George T. Moore, while much of the alco- 
holic and all the dried Chara material was kindly identified by 
the late Prof. C. B. Robinson of the New York Botanic Garden. We 
wish here to express our appreciation of the assistance so gener- 
ously renedered by these specialists. 

During the summer and autumn of 1906 a fair number of tow- 
ings and hand collections were made, 113 in all, in all sorts of con- 
ditions, chiefly about shore. This material has been very hastily 
examined and a number of the more easily recognized forms identi- 
fied, leaving a large number of the more critical species untouched. 
Much of the coarser alge obtained were unfortunately sterile, and 
the species accordingly problematical; they show a great diversity 
of species and suggest a very interesting and fruitful field for col- 
lection and research. 

The collections taken in the various plankton hauls of 1900 and 
1901 are so very similar that a general statement will suffice, leav- 
ing any individual peculiarity to be considered in the discussion of 
the species. 

The following are the most abundant plankton species, having 
been taken in almost every haul: Lyngbya aestuarii Liebmann, 
Coelosphaerium keutzingianum Naegeli, Anabaena  flos-aquae 
Brébisson, Hremosphaera viridis de Bary and Ceratiwm macroceras 
Schrenk. Among the less common forms are Pediastrum boryanum 
Meneghini, occurring in seven hauls, Oscillatoria tenuis Agardh, 
taken once, Peridinium tabulatum Ehrenberg, taken twice, and 
Chlamydomonas reticulata Gorosch, taken three times. The spe- 
cies represented are rather few in number, and the work of examin- 
ing the material may be aptly described as monotonous. In the dis- 
cussion of the alge, the plankton forms are not discussed sepa- 
rately, but are considered along with other species that do not 
enter into the plankton. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 141 


ANNOTATED LISTS OF SPECIES 


THE GREEN ALG, ETC. 
1. CHROCOCCUS TURGIDUS (Kuetz.) 


This is not a plankton alga, and occurs under such circum- 
stances that it can not be obtained by wholesale methods. It was 
obtained only once, in hand-gathered material along the shore of 
the lake, along with such forms as Gidogonium, Bulbocheete, etc. 
Its natural habitat is in springs, and it is probably fairly common 
about the edges of the lake and the numerous springy places. 


2. GLOEOCAPSA MAGMA (Bieb.) 


Encountered only occasionally, especially in the stomachs of 
mussels obtained along the shore of Lost Lake. 


3. GLOEOCAPSA POLYDERMATICA Kuetz. 


Forming a crinkled, gelatinous blue-green mass near Culver, 
August 30, 1906. 


4. MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA Kuetz. 


This species, which is excessively abundant in Winona or Eagle 
Lake, Kosciusko County, is rather scarce in the plankton of Lake 
Maxinkuckee; a few colonies occasionally found in some of the 
towings near shore. 

It is probably more abundant in Lost Lake—a shallow lake with 
muddy bottom more like Eagle Lake in character. A note of Sep- 
tember 7, 1908, says: “It is this which makes an exceedingly fine 
granular scum, easily thrown into fine lines; abundant on Lost Lake 
among rushes, and some on sand at the edge of themake:2 “It 1s 
very abundant in some of the weedy lakes north of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee. At the latter lake it is very frequently encountered as an 
element of mussel food. This species is, perhaps, more widely 
known under the name Clathrocystis, the question of names being 
in this case a matter of opinion. West, with whose opinion we 
concur, says, “the three genera, Microcystis, Polycystis and Clath- 
rocystis, are not sufficiently distinct to warrant their separation. 
The differences between them are only differences of degree.” 


5. GOMPHOSPHAERIA APONINA Kuetz. 


Not frequently obtained in towings or hand-gathered material, 
but a rather common element of the mussel food. The mussel 
makes one of the most efficient substitutes that could be utilized for 
a towing-net or plankton collector. 


142 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


6. COELOSPHAERIUM KUETZINGIANUM Naeg. 


A frequent element in the plankton, occurring in almost every 
haul, both the vertical and towing-net hauls. Along with much 
of the other plankton alge it was a common element in the food oO 
the freshwater mussels of the lake. 


7. MERISMOPEDIA GLAUCA (Ehren.) 


This is not a plankton alga and was usually found not far from 
shore. It was occasionally found in material collected in Outlet 
Bay not far from shore, and was taken in connection with Oscil- 
latoria, Gidogonium, Bulbochaete, etc. This delicate plate-like form 
is not well adapted for preservation and is best recognized when 
fresh material is studied in the field. 


8. APHANOTHECA STAGNINA (Sprengel) 


Although very abundant in parts of the lake, this species does 
not enter into the plankton but remains lying scattered over the 
bottom, especially where it is peaty and firm, in the form of tough 
blue-green jelly-like balls about the size of peas or larger. Some 
was collected near shore August 29, 1900, and on the northwest 
shore of Lost Lake, September 4. When placed in a vial of fresh 
water it does not die and decay, as do most of the alge, but re- 
tains its bright color and emits no odor. 

The colonies remained unchanged through the winter and were 
frequently noted through the ice, lying on the bottom. In the bot- 
tom of Outlet Bay, a little way out from shore the ground, a.tough, 
peaty soil, appeared to be covered with small pebbles from the size 
of hazelnuts to a trifle larger. Upon scooping them up they proved 
to be Aphanotheca. Some of the colonies were dark blue-green, 
others more brownish or yellowish. We know nothing of its re- 
lationships with the organisms of the lake. 


9. RIVULARIA NATANS (Hedw.) 


Rare in the lake; not found in the plankton, and obtained only 
once, in hand-gathered material from Outlet Bay, October 12, 1900. 


10. RIVULARIA ECHINULA (Smith) 


Rare; a little found tangled up in brown and blue-green fila- 
ments obtained frem the south end of the lake, August 11, 1906. It 
resembles pretty much the Rivularia natans which is so abundant, 
free-floating, in Bass and Chapman lakes. One filament in the 
colony examined showed the saccate base of “Gloiotrichia” which, 
however, was not subdivided. The colony looks much like Apstein’s 
figure. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 143 


11. RIVULARIA DURA Roth 


Not a plankton-alga; obtained from hand-gathered material. 
The following is a note on the Weedpatch vegetation, August 28, 
1900: ‘‘All these plants are covered thickly with Rivularia, some 
in quite large colonies. It was also found on Chara, collected the 
same date. On September 12 (1900) sticks in Lost Lake were 
thickly covered with globular brownish-black beads of Rivularia 
and bright green beads of Chetophora. A good deal of Rivularia 
was noted, attached to Potamogetons at McSheehy’s pier, Septem- 
ber 20. 

Rivularia is one of the most abundant algz in the lake, thickly 
dotting stems and leaves of water-plants with brown or blue-green 
hemispherical gelatinous masses about the size of a pinhead or 
somewhat larger. It is, indeed, at times difficult to find an example 
of water plant in the lake which is not more or less thickly dotted 
with these colonies. It is found the year round, but is probably 
more abundant in summer. It is never found free-floating in the 
lake. It is probable that fishes sometimes nibble it off the leaves, 
especially off the Chara where it stands out in bold relief. In the 
collections it appears associated with Cdogonium, Bulbochaete, 
Oscillatoria, etc. 

12. RIVULARIA HAEMATILES Agardh 


Like the other species, this is not a plankton alga; it is probably 
not common, and was obtained on only two occasions, once Septem- 
ber 12, and again on September 29, 1900. We have no notes con- 
cerning it except the records of its occurrence. 


138. CALOTHRIX FUSCA B. & F. 


Not a plankton alga but obtained by hand-gathering along with 
Chaetophora, Cladophora, etc., and various desmids. Fairly com- 
mon and well distributed near shore. 


14. SPIRULINA JENNERI Kuetzing 


Very common in a red, gelatinous coating on west shore by 
Chadwick’s, August 13, 1906, with Anabaena stagnalis and Proto- 
coccus. The exceedingly slender filaments have a peculiar spiral 
appearance. 

15. OSCILLATORIA TENUIS Ag. 

Not common; obtained in one of the vertical plankton hauls and 
represented in four other collections. It was probably more com- 
mon in the neighborhood of Norris Inlet. Floating, black, slimy 
masses, composed of Oscillatoria, may occur now and then in the 
’ lake, one such being observed September 12, 1900. 


144 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


As a general thing the Oscillatorias grow on wet ground form- 
ing dense mats along the shores of rivers and lakes. With a 
sudden rise of the water they are lifted loose and float until they 
find suitable resting places. In August, 1906, Oscillatoria, prob- 
ably this species, was observed forming a firm bottom stratum on 
the bottom where the road north of Green’s marsh passes along 
the lake shore. 


16. OSCILLATORIA MAJOR Vaucher 


A large, stiff, straight Oscillatoria, probably this, was abund- 
ant (August 6, 1906) on mud at the edge of the lake and in shallow 
water, along the northeast shore of the lake where the public high- 
way borders the lake. 


17. LYNGBYA ASSTUARII Liebman 


The Lyngbya found at Lake Maxinkuckee is the form described 
by Walle as L. obscura, which is regarded as a synonym of 
estuaru. It is an almost constant element in the vertical plank- 
ton hauls made at the stations. While not generally conspicuous 
in the plankton scum it sometimes collects pretty thickly along shore 
in sheltered places, among rushes on calm days. It is not nearly 
so common at Lake Maxinkuckee as at Winona Lake near War- 
saw, where it was seen diffused through the water in great quan- 
tities, resembling stiff hair-clippings. 

In addition to being obtained in the vertical hauls, this was 
often taken in the towing-net; it was also often simply skimmed 
off of the surface of the lake when it formed masses of scum along 
shore. In this manner quantities were obtained August 28, 1900, 
and again on August 29, the material obtained August 29 being 
dark brown in color, due to its condition, the sheaths frequently 
projecting beyond the cells, some of the latter having escaped. Au- 
gust 31, 1900, large patches of blue-green scum washed up against 
the west shore of the lake proved to be composed of this. On the 
afternoon of September 1, large, brown filaments of this were found 
covered with diatoms. On September 4 there was a brown scum 
near Arlington Hotel composed of this, Anabeena, Microcystis and 
Statoblasts. A thick scum was also observed September 13 and 
18. None was observed during the spring of 1901, it being more 
abundant and conspicuous in the autumn. In the late summer and 
autumn of 1906, hauls were frequently made with the towing-net 
from the Chadwick pier across to the ice-office. On July 26, when 
first observed, it was noted as not rare in a scant haul made. It 
was actively forming hormogonia, or breaking up into reproductive 
fragments, but not present in appreciable quantities in the lake. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 145 


On July 28 it was still scarce. By August 8 it was abundant, a 
large quantity being obtained in a towing in Outlet Bay. It was 
noted again on the 16th. On August 21, on a visit to Winona Lake, 
a towing was made and it was observed that filaments there were 
longer and more abundant than at Lake Maxinkuckee. On Sep- 
tember 28 the plankton taken in Outlet Bay was a dirty brown 
fibrous mass, composed mainly of the empty sheaths of the fila- 
ments of this species, the interior cells having mostly escaped to 
make new independent colonies or filaments. By noon of the same 
day the quantity of this species had so greatly increased in the lake 
that it was evident to the eye. On September 5 it was still form- 
ing hormogonia. 

The stomach of a small painted turtle examined in Septem- 
ber, 1906, contained Lyngbya in such quantities that it must have 
been taken in intentionally, although it is difficult to explain where 
the turtle had obtained so much. Examinations of the stomachs of 
these turtles have shown that they partake largely of various alge; 
indeed, algee seem at times to furnish the turtles’ main diet. 

The rapid increase of Lyngbya during the late summer and 
early autumn months is due to its excessively rapid reproductive 
process which is simply the slipping out of short portions of fila- 
ments and occasionally single disc-shaped shells from the sheaths of 
the old filaments. 

We know little about the part this species plays in the economy 
of the lake. It never appears, even in its greatest abundance, to 
become a positive nuisance. Entomostraca may, and mussels do, 
feed upon the shorter filaments, but the longer filaments are un- 
handy for most of the plankton-consuming organisms except the 
painted turtle. 


18. APHANIZOMENON FLOS-AQU4E (Linnzus) 


On August 4, 1906, some was taken with the No. 2 towing- 
net in front of the ice-office. Taken also in Lost Lake, but it does 
not appear to be common. 

This is the most common plankton element in some of the lakes 
of Minnesota and is abundant at times in the upper Mississippi. 
The waters of reservoirs sometimes seem almost thickened with it. 


19. ANABAENA FLOS-AQU Brébisson 


This is the most abundant plankton species of the lake, it 
having been taken in almost every haul of the plankton net during 
1899 and 1900. 

’ During 1900 and 1901 plankton-scum quite frequently accumu- 


10—_17618—Vol. 2 


146 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


lated along the shore in sheltered places, usually in rather small 
amounts, however. It was only occasionally collected and only a 
few notes were made concerning it. Anabzena was almost always 
present, but apparently did not make up the main mass. 

During the summer of 1906—a calm, dry summer—the plank- 
ton-scum was present in unusual abundance and was made up 
chiefly of this species. It was frequently examined, so that the 
species was under pretty continuous observation for that year, 
and its history is nearly the same as that of the scum in general. 

On July 30, 1906, on a trip to Norris Inlet it was noticed that 
the water of that region was full of diffused minute blue-green 
flecks. Hauls were made with the towing-net but nothing was ob- 
tained but duckweeds. The fine, flocculent material was probably 
Anabena. It was found later that it readily strained through the 
finest towing-net on hand. 

The next day the water of the lake seemed full of suspended 
algee. A towing was taken in the morning from Long Point (Chad- 
wick’s) to the office, and many entomostraca were taken, but the 
small alge escaped. At noon the water by the office seemed very 
full of the same material and dips were taken with the fine net, but 
nothing much was obtained; the fine alge again escaped. In the 
afternoon of the same day a fine blue scum, the first of the year, 
was observed in a minnow-box. This was secured by dipping 
with a vial, and proved to be Anabeena. About 2 o’clock the scum 
was quite pronounced, first in a ditch-like artificial channel (boat 
slip), dug into the shore in the south side of Outlet Bay, the excava- 
tion being 15 or 20 feet wide, and 80 to 100 feet long, forming a 
calm, sheltered harbor. Somewhat later in the same day, the scum 
gathered thickly in front of the office, and was collected and 
examined. 

In this particular instance the appearance was somewhat dif- 
ferent from usual; the scum was composed of minute dark green 
balls in active motion, somewhat resembling minute colonies of 
Volvox except for the darker color. On examination the material 
was found to be composed of dense balls of tangled Anabeena fila- 
ments, almost every ball surrounded by a halo of attached Vorti- 
cellas, the contractions of which had caused the motions of the 
mass. The appearance of the balls with the radiating, jerking 
Vorticellas was quite striking. 

From this time on until late autumn, scum composed mainly of 
Anabeena, was present in considerable quantities somewhere along 
shore every calm day, and on some days covered the whole lake 
more or less completely (August 6 and August 7). It frequently 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 147 


occurred on the surface ranged in fine parallel lines, into which it 
had been thrown by undulations of the water surface. 

Anabeena, after having been often seen, can easily be dis- 
tinguished in the water by the naked eye, its peculiarities of color 
and structure rendering it distinguishable from the other plankton- 
algee. Both its appearance in mass and its microscopic appear- 
ance differ somewhat under different conditions. Soon after 
coming to the surface and forming a scum, especially after forming 
a dense scum along shore, it changes in color from dark blue-green 
to very pale blue, and the dense, tangled balls disintegrate into 
single coiled filaments. In many cases great, thick masses were 
formed along shore, especially in the bay southeast of the Academy 
along the road, and then the algee apparently died. The water in 
the vicinity became whey-like in appearance, and the mass had a 
rank vegetable odor, so persistent that it remained after the addi- 
tion of considerable formalin to vials containing the specimens. A 
vial of the live material placed in the hot sun appeared to die soon; 
the water became decidedly milky and the cells became colorless. 

As the alga is known to disappear during the winter, close 
watch was kept of the scum during the later part of the season to 
observe what became of it. Late in the autumn it was found to 
have sunken to the bottom along shore and was being covered up 
by the forest leaves which fell into the water and sank to the 
bottom. 

So far as observations go, it is not known whether this species 
furnishes much food to the various animals of the lake or not. It 
is a form which would be difficult to recognize in the stomach of 
any animal, as the teguments are thin and the cells quickly sepa- 
rate from each other, their attachment being weak. 

Because it forms a scum on the surface of the lake and along 
shore, this plant is to some slight extent a nuisance. Its presence 
in great profusion, as well as its unpleasant odor, detracts some- 
what from the appearance of the lake. There is a prevalent no- 
tion about the lake that the plankton-scum is poisonous, the effect 
of it being to produce intense itching where it touches the skin. 
No cases were observed, and no unpleasant sensations were ex- 
perienced, however, and the few cases heard of which could be 
reasonably authenticated might very likely be attributed to some 
other cause, or to especial sensibility of the persons affected. 

Its exceptional abundance during the summer of 1906 was 
followed by an exceptional abundance of entomostraca in the au- 
tumn of the same year, and it is possible that there was some con- 
nection between the two. 


148 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Apstein (Siisswasserplankton, p. 136) gives a figure and notes 
on the life history of this species. He found it abundant in various 
places examined. He says nothing of its being eaten by pelagic 
organisms. In his description of its wintering over he says: ‘“‘At 
the end of summer the spores are formed in abundance, which sink 
to the bottom and here rest until the next spring. Many are 
naturally eaten by the animals of the bottom, since in them the 
nutritiveness is much concentrated.” 

His figure shows numerous Vorticellas intermixed with the fila- 
ments; it is probable that the same relation exists between them 
here as above noted. 


20. ANABAENA STAGNALIS Kuetzing 


Common in a red film or scum coating the wet shore by Chad- 
wick’s, August 13, 1906, along with Spirulina jenneri and Proto- 
coccus. Some of the filaments were much knotted and coiled. 


21. ANABAENA SACCATA (Wolle) 


Off Assembly grounds, August 8, 1906, collected by hand; form- 
ing finger-like lobate blue-green masses in great abundance in shal- 
low water near shore. Quite unlike the other species of Anabeena, 
and put in a different genus by different authors,—West in 
Anabeena, Wolle in Spherozyga, and Bornet and Flahault in the 
genus Wollea. 

22. NOSTOC VERRUCOSUM Vaucher 


Not a plankton alga, but represented by hand-gathered mate- 
rial. Green’s marsh and the quaking, boggy plain west of Lost 
Lake contained an abundance of Nostoc in the form of beads of 
blue-green, at times almost black, firm jelly ranging from the size 
of a pinhead up to nearly the size of a hazelnut. On March 23, 
1901, a film of this material was noted in Green’s marsh, and on 
March 25 in the same place old Nostoc balls were noted shrivelled 
up, looking much like dried grapes. Almost any time of the year 
these globular colonies of Nostoc can be found in abundance near 
the moist base of grasses and sedges in the flat, sedgy plains about 
the lake. 

23. TOLYPOTHRIX TENUIS Kuetzing 

Not a plankton alga, and not obtained in the lake, but procured 
in the bottom of the woodland ponds, along with Draparnaldia, 
Tetraspora, etc., in hand-gathered material. Probably common in 
the woodland ponds where alge of many forms luxiuriate on the 
bed of old leaves forming the bottom of the pools. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 149 


24. BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM (Linnzus) 


Noted growing abundantly on the surface of cracking, moist 
mud at the shore of one of Zechiel’s ponds, the plants having the 
appearance of small green shot. 


25. TRIBONEMA BOMBYCINUM (Agardh) 


Abundant along shore and common in numerous shore collec- 
tions along with Hydrodictyon, Spirogyra, Gidogonium, etc., prob- 
ably helping form the great mass of alge along the shore near the 
Outlet. 


26. TETRASPORA LUBRICA (Roth.) 


Not found in the lake at all but very abundant in spring in 
woodland ponds on the dead leaves which formed the bottom, where 
it was collected by hand (April 27, 1901), along with Draparnaldia, 
Tolypothrix and Zygnema. Our material was from a small pond 
near Farrar’s. It is probably common in parts of the lake at cer- 
tain seasons. 


27. BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII Kuetzing 


Quite abundant in the plankton scum during the summer and 
autumn of 1906, mixed in with a great amount of Anabaena flos- 
aquae which formed the main mass. The colonies were of two col- 
ors, yellowish green and bright red. On account of its vivid color 
and commonness the plant excited an unusual interest and it was 
studied somewhat in detail. The following notes were made: 
Colonies rather solid, irregularly lobed masses, a rather large colony 
measuring 250 x 120 mic. Margin of colony with minute but blunt- 
ish, sometimes clavate, projections. In fresh material the structure 
of the colony is difficult to make out satisfactorily on account of the 
diffused red color which renders it opaque. A colony of formalin 
material was kept in a moist chamber for several days and much 
of the coloring matter dissolved out in the form of oil-like orange- 
red drops, leaving the margins of the thallus paler. 

The thallus was then seen to be a firm mass containing rather 
widely separated oval or ovate lacune (diameter of lacunze 7-10 
mic. separated by spaces 7-10 mic. wide). The vegetable cells had 
escaped from the lacune and were ovoid or pear-shaped, measuring 
about 7 mic. across the short axis and 12 mic. along the long axis. 
No cilia were visible. 

On account of its vivid color this species can be recognized 
quickly among heterogenous material. It appears to be eaten in 
considerable amounts by various entomostraca, the stomach con- 
tents of which are colored red by it. 


150 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


28. DICTYOSPHZ. RIUM EHRENBERGIANUM Naegeli 


Not a plankton form; staying near shore and obtained in hand- 
gathered material along with Oscillatoria, Rivularia, Gidogonium, 
etc. It occurs in only one sample. 


29. TETRAEDRON MINIMUM (A. Braun) 


Common among material found in the contents of mussel stom- 
achs along with Scenedesmus, Pediastrum, etc. On account of its 
small size it is easily ingested by the mussels. 


30. CHORELLA sp. 


Common, associated with Ophrydium, which is one of the most 
abundant protozoans in the lake. 


31. EREMOSPHARA VIRIDIS de Bary 


A common element of the plankton occurring in most of the 
vertical hauls at the established stations. It is said to be “a con- 
stant associate of certain desmids” in the British Isles, where it is 
especially common in Sphagnum bogs. 


32. ANKISTRODESMUS sp. 


Various forms of Ankistrodesmus are common elements of the 
mussel food. This genus is perhaps better known under the name 
Rhaphidium. 


33. SCENEDESMUS ABUNDANS Kirchner 


Various forms of Scenedesmus, especially abundans and obliquus, 
as well as numerous forms for which no descriptions or figures 
could be found, were abundant elements of mussel food. Indeed, 
along with Pediastrum, they may be regarded as the most charac- 
teristic elements of the mussels’ bill of fare. They were especially 
common in Lost Lake. 


34. SCENEDESMUS OBLIQUUS (Turpin) 


Common in towings taken near the shore. 


35. CRUCIGENIA TETRAPEDIA (Kirchner) 

Rare; only a few colonies seen mixed up in collections of minute 
alge. Its striking appearance, a flat plate composed of an aggre: 
gation of minute green maltese crosses arranged in regular order, 
attracts attention at once. 


36. SORASTRUM sp. 


Not a rare plankton element along the edge of Lost Lake, where 
it is occasionally taken in as food by the mussels. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 15 


37. CCZ2LASTRUM MICROPORUM Naegeli 


Common in plankton hauls along shore, and a frequent element 
in the material forming the food of mussels. 


38. COZLASTRUM SPHZERICUM Naegeli 


Probably common along shore and quite frequently found in the 
algal mixtures taken from mussel stomachs. 


39. PEDIASTRUM BORYANUM (Turpin) 


Occasional but not abundant, occurring in a number of the ver- 
tical plankton hauls and now and then in towings along shore. 
Usually only one or two taken in a gathering. The mussels are the 
best collectors of Pediastrum, almost every stomach examined con- 
taining from one to several examples. 


40. PEDIASTRUM DUPLEX Meyen 


Occasionally taken in towings near shore. Variable in length 
of horns, etc. Characterized by the perforate disk. Like the other 
Pediastrums it appears to be a favorite food for mussels; indeed, 
the best way to obtain examples of Pediastrum is to examine the 
intestinal contents of mussels which almost always have present 
representatives of some of the species. 


41. PEDIASTRUM EHRENBERGII (Corda) 


Not common; a good example obtained among alge in the Out- 
let near the bridge on July 23, 1906, among the mar'-like blue ma- 
terial. In general form the example found agrees with Wolle’s 
figure (Desm. U. S. Pl. LIII, fig. 25) of the 4-celled phase of this 
species, but differs markedly in the inner cusps of the cells, which 
are bluntish. Diameter of the ceenobium 18 mic. It is probably the 
young of the variety represented by Wolle’s fig. 27. A peculiar 
form of what appears to be this species is rather common in the 
lake, and reaches a large size. Its most striking peculiarity con- 
sists in having the interior cells of the colony retain their horns in 
a rudimentary form so that each cell has a markedly concave side. 
This form is most frequently found along shore where the bottom 
is shallow and the bottom more or less a black. mud, as at Norris 
Inlet and the Outlet. 


42. HYDRODICTYON RETICULATUM (Linnzus) 
Not taken in plankton but represented in a hand-gathering along 
with Spirogyra, Gidogonium, etc. Not especially common about the 
lake: indeed, not so common as one might naturally expect, but 


152 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


found growing quite abundantly and constantly in the mouth of the 
small creek under the railroad bridge at Culver. In its habits of 
reproduction one of the most striking of the algze, not differing in 
manner from Pediastrum but on such a large scale that the phe- 
nomenon is striking, the whole mass giving birth to minute colonies, 
the adult form in miniature. In time of freshets, these minute 
new-born colonies may be washed out a considerable distance into 
the lake when they become a part of the plankton, but their normal 
habitat is near the shore of lakes, although they may cover thickly 
the entire surface of small ponds, forming dense masses. 

In 1906 (July 21) it was noted as being very abundant near 
Chadwick’s. 


43. GONIUM PECTORALE Miller 
Not common; one example found in the Outlet, August 13, 1906, 
a 16-celled colony. Diameter 38 mic., individual cells 10 mic. in 
diameter. Ccenobium in active motion when observed. 


44. CHLAMYDOMONAS RETICULATA Gorosch 


Occasional in plankton hauls in July and August; found in the 
plankton far out in the lake. 


45. DESMIDIUM SCHWARTZII Agardh 


Rare in the lake, obtained only once in a shore gathering of 
heterogeneous material. 


46. DESMIDIUM QUADRATUM Nordstedt 
Common in Hawk’s marsh where it grows among other fila- 
mentous alge in the form of long filaments. Obtained September 
14, 1906. Almost all algal gatherings from Hawk’s marsh con- 
tained this form in abundance. 


47. STAURASTRUM BREBISSONII Archer 
Taken in several plankton hauls and evidently found farther out 
from shore than most desmids. A fairly common element in mus- 
sel food. 
Several other forms of Staurastrum were encountered in the 
mussel food, but were not identified. 


48. COSMARIUM GRANATUM Brébisson 


Only a few obtained in shore gatherings of miscellaneous ma- 
terial. 
49. COSMARIUM LATUM Brébisson 
Obtained in a mass of weeds (Naias and Chara) collected at 
Long Point, near shore, July 24, 1906. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 153 


50. COSMARIUM INTERMEDIUM Delponte 


Found in some fine, fibrous material obtained at the ice-houses, 
July 23, 1906, the material being gathered for the rich amount of 
diatoms it contained. 


51. COSMARIUM SUBCRENATUM Hantzsch 


In a mass of tangied Cladophora collected along shore. 


52. MISCASTERIAS TRUNCATA SEMIRADIATA Naegeli 


A fine example obtained from the south end of Lost Lake, July 
30, 1906, along with various diatoms, Pediastrum and Scenedesmus. 
An unusually handsome desmid. 


53. DOCIDIUM VERRUCOSUM (Bailey) 


Apparently rare. Obtained only once, in a collection along 
shore. 
54. CLOSTERIUM DIANZ Ehrenberg 
Frequent in surface plankton hauls near shore, especially in the 
region of Norris Inlet. 


55. SPIROGYRA CONDENSATA (Vaucher) 


Obtained in several hand collections along shore with Hydro- 
dictyon, @idogonium, Ulothrix, etc. Found in fruit in autumn. 

The genus Spirogyra is represented by numerous species in and 
about the lake. Sterile filaments could be obtained abundantly at 
all times of the year. Lost Lake, the Inlet region, Outlet Bay and 
Culver Inlet on the Academy grounds were luxuriantly overgrown 
with filamentous algz of all sorts, the growth in the Academy 
grounds being especially luxuriant. Attempts were made to pro- 
cure aS many species as possible, but the difficulty of obtaining 
fruiting specimens, especially with the pressure of other work and 
interests, made it impossible to get a representative collection. The 
task of making a complete or anything like a complete collection 
of these alge is a great deal different from that of collecting float- 
ing forms where such wholesale methods can be used as towing- 
nets, etc., and would require the undivided attention of a specialist. 

In the economy of the lake, the coarse filamentous alge belong 
rather with the pondweeds than with the plankton. They are prob- 
ably eaten to some extent by herbivorous fishes, and certainly fur- 
nish a good deal of turtle food, especially to the painted turtles, 
which feed upon them to a considerable extent. 

There is, perhaps, a darker side to their case. One of the 
dwellers of the lake region called them “malaria.’”’ We found that 
Chironomus larve eat them greedily and in all likelihood mosquito 


154 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


larve also. Whether their great abundance goes hand in hand 
with the prevalence of malaria is a question yet to be investigated. 

Sterile filaments were collected with a diameter of 29 mic. and 
length of cell of 174 mic.; probably Spirogyra quadrata; another 
with a diameter of 33 mic. and length of 140 mic. with 3 spiral 
bands; another with the cells measuring 35x 105 mic. with only 1 
spiral band; a fourth with cells measuring 65x205 mic. and 2 
spiral bands; a fifth with cells 80 mic. in diameter and 75 mic. 
long and 2 bands; a sixth with cells measuring 70x 125 mic. and 
4 bands; a seventh with a diameter of 70 mic., cell-length 200 
mic. and 3 bands; an eighth with cells measuring 125x220 mic. 
The coarse Spirogyras of Lost Lake were noted conjugating in 
early spring and a special trip was made a few days later to col- 
lect them but they had produced spores, disintegrated, and dropped 
to the bottom. 

Among many forms of Spirogyra noted at the lake which could 
not be identified satisfactorily on account of having not been in 
fruit, the following may be mentioned: 


56. SPIROGYRA MAJUSCULA 


Common along shore by the ice office; frequently left in pools 
along the shore by the receding water. The filaments left in the 
pools soon conjugated and formed fruit. Found with ripe spores 
August 7, 1906. 


57. SPIROGYRA MIRABILE Hass 


Found conjugating among a lot of fine filamentous alge gath- 
ered by hand along the east shore of the lake, August 8, 1906. 


58. ZYGNEMA sp. 


Zygnema is fairly common in the lake during the summer. Most 
of our species are more slender than Spirogyra and form yellowish 
green masses floating far out in the lake, and not clinging closely 
to shore as most Spirogyras do. It was common in Lost Lake and 
abundant in the shallow water near the ice-houses. 

None was found in fruit. 


59. MOUGEOTIA sp? 


This was quite abundant, especially in the shallower portions of 
the lake, as in Outlet Bay and Lost Lake. Sometimes it grew 
abundantly in great masses in the bottom, attached or rather 
tangled up with short plants. Frequently it floated in large yellow- 
ish-green, loose masses. It seems to thrive best when the water 
is rather warm, though it often persists until late autumn, making 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 1515) 


cloudy masses in the bottom in shallow water. In 1906 (July 24) 
considerable was seen in Lost Lake attached to plants, by being 
tangled up with them. 


60. VAUCHERIA sp. 


Abundant, forming thick, dark green, felted masses in the bot- 
tom of shallow ditches near the lake, and more especially on the 
surface of saturated ground near Overmyer’s spring. Not found 
in fruit. There may have been several species. Not found in the 
lake itself. 

61. CLADOPHORA FLOTOWIANA 

Collected in the Inlet, July 30, 1906. Fruiting cells large and 

clavate. : 
62. CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (Linnzus) 


Abundant in the lake, forming dense tufts growing attached 
at the base to submersed stones along the shore; most abundant 
along Long Point and off from the Depot pier. The dense tufts 
furnish hiding places for numerous small larvee, snails, beach fleas, 
caddis-cases, etc. Filaments are frequently thickly beset with the 
parasitic diatom Cocconeis pediculus. 


63. PRASIOLA PARIETINA (Vaucher) 


Found in a single shore collection of miscellaneous material, 
such as Utricularia, Conferva, Chaetophora, etc. 


64. MICROTHAMNION sp. 


A dichotomously branching slender alga, found abundantly in 
shallow water around the margin of Lost Lake in the spring of 
1901, the basal portion being attached in the mud. It closely re- 
sembles West’s figure of M. strictissimum Raben. 


65. DRAPARNALDIA GLOMERATA (Vaucher) 


Not found in the lake in great quantities but growing thickly 
on submerged dead leaves in the bottom of woodland ponds in the 
spring. Obtained from a pond near Farrar’s, April 24 AG Zia 
1901. A considerable quantity was seen along a ditch west of the 
lake. It thrives best in cold water and for that reason is generally 
seen only early in spring. A little was collected in the lake May 
25, 1901. 

66. MYXONEMA RADIANS (Kuetzing) 

Found in Norris Inlet, July 30, 1906, attached to Cladophora. 

(As has been pointed out by Hazen, the familiar name Stigeo- 
clonium Kuetzing should be replaced by the older name Myxonema 
Fries.) 


156 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


67. CHAZTOPHORA PISIFORMIS (Roth) 


Abundant in both lakes, attached to dead, submerged sticks, 
especially where the bottom is muddy but the water clear, form- 
ing little bright-green globules flattened on the attached side, closely 
resembling Rivularia with which it is associated, except in color in 
which it forms a distinct contrast. As it is an attached form it 
does not enter the plankton net. 


68. CHATOPHORA INCRASSATA (Hudson) 


Frequent on mucky or turfy bottom, especially common along 
shore in the neighborhood of the Inlet region. A long, irregu- 
larly, or dichotomously branching, ribbon-like bright green form 
resembling in shape the liverwort, Riccia fluitans. It is found the 
year round but is probably more abundant in the spring. 


69. SCHIZOMERIS LIEBLEINII Kuetzing 
Abundant in the region of Norris Inlet, attached to the sub- 
merged parts of bulrushes, water-lilies, pond lilies, etc. It stands 
in strong contrast with the other filamentous alge of the lake by 
its complex multicellular structure. To the naked eye it bears a 
considerable resemblance to a coarse Spirogyra. 


70. ULOTHRIX ZONATA (Webber & Mohr) 


Common in a mass of fine blue-green algee taken from the stems 
of the yellow pond lily Nymphexa advena, July 30, 1906. 


71. ULOTHRIX TENUISSIMA Kuetzing 


Obtained in hand-gathered material along shore August 30, 
1900, along with Lyngbya, Spirogyra, and diatoms. 


72. COLEOCHOETE SCUTATA Brébisson 
Found abundantly in the lake attached to fragments of drainage 
tile that were lying in 18 inches of water a little north of the ice 
offices. The plants were observed in August, 1906. 


73. BULBOCHASTE PYGMAEA (Pringsheim) 


Fairly common in the lake attached to weeds and other alge. 


74. CEDOGONIUM BOSCII (Le Clerc) 


One of the most abundant of the attached alge of the lake, 
growing abundantly on rocks and pebbles, and attached to sub- 
merged plants, forming a dense, lemon-green fine hair-like growth 
over the substratum. Although very common, its small size as 
compared with the Cladophoras and Spirogyras renders it rela- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SY. 


tively inconspicuous. It grew very abundantly at Long Point, both 
on stones and weeds, and was found attached more sparsely: to 
weeds in other places, as at Kruetzberger’s pier. 

At Long Point, after the water had retreated from the rocks 
where this alga had been growing, it died and bleached out, leav- 
ing a firm, linty covering on the rocks. 

The specimens agree very closely with Wolle’s figures of lands- 
boroughii, but are considerably more slender than given in his de- 
scription, the following being the measurements : 

Length of cells 62 mic., diameter 22 mic., the younger being 
55 mic. long and 20 mic. in diameter. Oogonium, diameter 45 mic., 
leneth 65 mic. Egg cell, diameter 30 mic., length 50 mic. Male 
filaments somewhat more slender. Spermogonia usually 7 or 8. 
The plants fruited abundantly during the summer, the oogonia 
being frequently two or three in succession, green when young, rich 
brown when ripe. Terminal cell blunt, opening of oogonium above 
the middle. 


75. CEDOGONIUM LONGATUM Kuetzing 


A dwarf species, common at Long Point, attached to other alge. 


76. CEDOGONIUM LANDSBOROUGHII (Hass.) 


Common in filamentous material gathered for diatoms near 
Kreutzberger’s pier, July 24, 1906. Male plants uusually called 
spermogonia common. . 


THE CHARACE A 


One of the first things to attract the attention of the visitor to 
the lake who is interested in the aquatic flora is the abundance and 
variety of the peculiar and attractive group constituting the 
Characeze. The greater part of the shallow bottom of Lake Max- 
inkuckee from a foot or 18 inches to 8 or 10 feet, is covered with a 
stout Chara 8 or 10 inches high, yellowed or browned with an in- 
crustation of lime and forming a dense mat over most of the bottom 
like a brown, subaqueous meadow. 

A visit to Lost Lake but intensified the impression produced by 
Lake Maxinkuckee. The subaqueous meadow was lacking, in- 
deed, but the shore was lined with various strange forms, some of 
them with a silky softness as compared with the harshness of most 
common forms, the plants bushy with an abundance of slender, 
delicate leaves and glowing with an abundance of red fruit, while 
in the depths of the lake, arising from the black mud, were long, 
slender, semitransparent forms, and others strong, robust and 


158 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


bristly. In Green’s marsh between the lakes other species throve, 
maturing their fruit early in the year in the shallow warm ponds. 

The Charas form so important a part of the lake flora that no 
labor was spared in an attempt to get an abundance of specimens 
of all sorts in fruit. According to ancient custom much of the 
material was pressed and made into herbarium material, while 
other material was preserved in alcohol and formalin; which is the 
better way, it is, of course, for curators in museums to decide. The 
herbarium specimens fit in well with other botanical material and 
take up but little room, but some are so brittle that they usually 
break to fragments with but little handling. 

The Charas are an important part of the life of the lake; by 
their abstraction of the lime from the water they do much to add 
to its softness, and by the deposition of that same lime on the 
bottom they do much to add to the marly bottom of the lake bed. 
They furnish hiding places for various species of fish, the mad- 
toms and darters inhabiting them throughout the year, and the 
young bluegill, redeye, etc., hiding in them throughout the winter. 
A number of important animals used by the fishes for food, such 
as beach fleas, Asellus, etc., live among the Chara, and it is among 
the Chara patches that the bluegill, perch and various sunfishes 
usually stay during the spring months, feasting upon the abundant 
life to be found there. The ducks and coots, after the more deli- 
cate plants such as wild celery have been exhausted, feed upon the 
Chara. 

The Characeze were submitted to various specialists for identifi- 
cation, the herbarium material to the late Dr. C. B. Robinson, and 
the alcoholic material along with the plankton to Dr. George T. 
Moore. Many of the specimens on account of their variability were 
difficult to determine satisfactorily. Indeed, there have been so 
few workers in the field and relatively little material collected over 
the country generally that classification is exceedingly difficult. 
The following notes on the various species are given: 


1. CHARA CONTRARIA A. Braun 


This is the most common Chara in the lake, forming the ex- 
tensive meadows over the bottom. On account of its abundance it 
is the most important Chara of the lake. Because of its forming 
a brown carpet on the bottom of much of the lake, especially Outlet 
Bay, it was referred to in our notes as the ‘‘carpet Chara.” On 
account of its heavy incrustation of lime, this Chara presented much 
the same appearance the year round, looking much as if dead. In 
the spring it sent up little delicate green shoots from the tips of the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 159 


branches. Its presence is so universal over the lake in shallow 
water that details of distribution need not be given, except that it 
grew best in a mixture of mar! and sand, and was absent from very 
mucky or peaty places and from gravel and pure sand, as along the 
east shore. According to Dr. Robinson ‘‘this is a very polymorphic 
form, several of our specimens representing the common American 
form, a few being more robust and heavily encrusted, others un- 
usually slender, and another form with very short whorls. Again, 
one specimen was peculiar in appearing, through hypertrophy of 
the secondary rows of cortex, to be triply corticated.”’ 


2. CHARA FOLIOLOSA Miihtenberg & Willdenow 


On the shore of Lake Maxinkuckee on the west side by Win- 
field’s, and again extending from Long Point down to about 
Farrar’s, there occurs in shallow water hardly a foot deep, an 
exceedingly handsome bushy Chara which bore fruit in such great 
abundance that the whole plant, upon a close inspection, had a red- 
dish appearance. On account of this peculiarity we named the 
plant the “full-fruited Chara.”’ Perhaps a better known scientific 
name for this plant among collectors is Chara gymnopus A. Br. a 
name applied because of the absence of cortication in the lower 
node. According to Dr. Robinson, Braun’s name is preoccupied by 
the name given above. 

The full-fruited Chara is an annual; it grows at a depth where 
the water freezes to the bottom; and even if it attempted to per- 
sist, it would be taken out by the ice. It usually disappears before 
ice comes, however, probably having exhausted itself by fruiting. 

Various modifications or subspecies of this form, such as Chara 
foliolosa macilenta, and another resembling Chara foliolosa con- 
jugens, are to be found along the shores of Lost Lake. 


3. CHARA FRAGILIS Desv. 

This is the identification of a specimen obtained from Long 
Point near Scovell’s. We have no record of its distribution but it 
does not appear to be abundant, and is usually dredged up with 
various lake weeds. It bears a considerable resemblance to the 
common carpet Chara of the lake, C. contraria, but is a more grace- 
ful plant, having longer leaves and a more slender habit. 


4. CHARA VULGARIS Linnzus 


Represented in our collection by numerous examples. Found 
growing in water from 2 to 63 feet deep. Inasmuch as we were 
unfamiliar with the various species of Chara at the time our col- 
lections were made, we have no details of its distribution. 


160 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


5. CHARA GYMNOPITYS A. Braun 


Common on the large quaking bog surrounding the north end of 
Lost Lake, growing almost out of the water. Rare in Lake Max- 
inkuckee, two examples being found near shore in the region of 
the green boathouse by Norris Inlet in the autumn of 1900. 

This species is heavily branched, and is exceedingly soft and 
fine, of a delicate, bright green color. It fruits heavily, and is an 
annual, generally disappearing before frost. 


6. CHARA SUBVERRUCOSA A. Braun 


Occasional in the lake, represented in the collection by several 
specimens. Dr. Robinson says of these: “A majority of the plants 
appear dicecious, antheridia being very rarely found, but they are 
present in a number of cases.” 


7. NITELLA TENUISSIMA (Desv.) 


An exceedingly dainty little Nitella growing in shallow water 
(1-3 feet) along shore in the neighborhood of Farrar’s. The whole 
plant grows in rather dense tufts about 25 mm. in diameter. Color 
dark green; rhizoids not conspicuous, main stems many, exceed- 
ingly slender, internodes hardly more than 2 mm. long. Leaves in 
whorls making a dense, globular mass at each node, so that the 
plant looks a good deal like large Rivularia spheres attached to a 
slender stalk. These spheroids of leaves, or whorls, are larger and 
closer together toward the apex of the plants. 


8. NITELLA BATRACHOSPERMA (Reichenbach) 


One specimen from Lost Lake. Dr. Robinson says of it: “No. 
1576 (578) agrees well both with the description and with named 
material in the Allen collection of Nitella batrachosperma (Reichb.) 
except that no trace can be seen of mucus in which the fertile 
verticils in that species are usually contained. Possibly therefore 
it may be N. tenuissima Kuetzing which is very similar, but the 
former alternative is greatly preferable.” 


9. NITELLA MUCRONATA A. Braun 


A delicate species growing in the muddy bottom of Lost Lake. 
One of the most attractive species of the region. Abundant at 
Bass Lake. 


10. NITELLA MONODACTYLA A. Braun 


Reported from two specimens. We have no record of its dis- 
tribution. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 161 


THE DIATOMS, ETC. 


One of the first things to strike the attention of any one inter- 
ested in the flora of the lake, especially if he happen to visit it 
during the cooler season of the year, is the great abundance and 
variety of diatoms. The collector of the filamentous alge, such as 
Cladophora or Spirogyra or of the various Characeze, will find his 
catches overgrown with diatoms, and one of our earliest botanical 
notes concering the botany of the lake was, “The charas of Lost 
Lake are thickly covered with brown, boat-shaped diatoms.” In 
the autumn of 1901 it was noted that the bottom of Aubeenaubee 
Creek was covered with a brown diatomaceous scum. 

The diatoms prefer cold water and in the winter they thrive 
luxuriantly in the lake, forming a thick, gelatinous coating over the 
weeds. 

During the summer, floating diatoms are not especially abund- 
ant in the lake, and do not form a conspicuous part of plankton 
obtained by surface-towing, this being composed mostly of blue- 
green alge, or entomostraca, or both. During the colder portions 
of the year, in early spring and late autumn, that is in early April 
and late September, the free floating diatoms are much more abund- 
ant, largely taking the place of the blue-green algee. On some days 
the towing in deep water would be chiefly entomostracan, re- 
sembling a soft, jelly mass, on other days they would consist 
chiefly of diatoms, and would have a harsh feeling and bristly 
appearance. For example, a haul of April 29 was nearly all 
diatomaceous. During the autumn of 1906, after towing all Au- 
gust, September and October, and getting little vegetable plankton 
but blue-green algz, a haul on November 12 contained an abund- 
ance of diatoms. It is unfortunate that plankton was not taken by 
means of a pump or other device, during the winter; the probabil- 
ities are that the plant-plankton would have been almost all or 
entirely diatomaceous. 

The various diatom gatherings were submitted to Dr. Albert 
Mann of the U. S. Department of Agriculture for his identification. 
The following are his notes: 

“Sample No.1. [Cladophora glomerata growing on submerged 
rocks, November 17, 1964]. Cocceneis pediculus KE; Gomphonema 
olivaceum EK; Cymbella cymbiformis E; Cymbella maculata Kuetz- 
ing; Cymbella naviculiformis Auerwald (variety) ; Cymatopleura 
elliptica W. S., Cymatopleura solea W. S., Epithemia argus Kuetz- 
ing; Hpithemia gibba Kuetzing; Navicula reinhardti Grun; Navi- 
cula gastrum Ehrenberg; Synedra obtusa W. 8., Synedra radians 
W.S. (variety). 


11—17618—Vol. 2 


162 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


This gathering is very rich in two species, both rather uncom- 
mon, the oval Cocconeis pediculus E., and the minute club-shaped 
Gomphonema olivaceum E. 

Sample No. 2. [Cladophora glomerata with sponges, Depot 
grounds, November 22, 1904]. Cocconeis pediculus E.; Gompho- 
nema olivaceum E.; Gomphonema constrictum E.; Cymbella macu- 
lata Kuetzing; Hpithemia argus Kuetzing; Hpithemia gibba Kuetz- 
ing; Hpithemia zebra Kuetzing; Cymatopleura solea W. S., Navi- 
cula gastrum E.; Synedra obtusa W.S., Synedra radians W. S. 

Similar to sample No. 1, but inferior in richness of the 2 species 
there named. 

Sample No. 3. (Spirogyra, Outlet Bay, October 29, 1904). 
Amphora ovalis Kuetzing; Cymbella cymbiformis E.; Hpithemia 
gibba Kuetzing; Cocconeis pediculus E.; Gomphonema constrictum 
E.; Melosira varians Ag.; Fragilaria mutabilis (W. 8S.) ; Navicula 
gastrum E.; Synedra obtusa W. S.; Synedra radians W. S. 

Though this gathering contained species common to Nos. 1 and 
2, it is quite different in composition, being particularly rich in 
species of Cymbella, Epithemia and Synedra. 

Nos. 4, 5, and 6, unimportant as to contents of diatoms. No. 
4. Spirogyra, Depot grounds, November 22,1904. No.5. Plank- 
ton haul No. 22 along shore off the Gravelpit, April 10, 1901. No. 
6. Fine alge near ice-houses, November 28, 1904.) 

No. 7. (Blue-green algal mass, for diatoms, near ice-houses, 
November 28, 1904.) Amphora ovalis Kuetzing; Cocconeis pedi- 
culus E.; Cymbella cymbiformis E.; Cymbella maculata Kuetzing ; 
Cymatopleura solea W. S.; Epithemia gibba Kuetzing; Hpithemia 
zebra Kuetzing; Gomphonema constrictum E.; Gomphonema oli- 
vaceum E.; Gomphonema acuminatum E.; Fragilaria mutabilis (W. 
S.); Melosira varians Ag.; Navicula rhynchocephala Kuetzing ; 
Navicula gastrum E.; Synedra obtusa W. S.; Synedra radians W. 
S. The diatoms make up a considerable per cent of this gathering.” 

These identifications along with the descriptions of the condi- 
tions under which the diatoms were obtained, give a pretty clear 
notion as to their occurrence in the lake. 

It will be noted that the above collections consist wholly of 
shore gatherings, and are composed largely of species which are 
usually attached to other alge. The diatom taken most abundantly 
in the plankton hauls was a species of Asterionella. 

A few brief notes concerning the more striking or characteristic 
forms may prove of interest: 

1. CYMATOPLEURA ELLIPTICA (Bréb.) 

This large, handsome diatom was only occasionally encountered, 

chiefly in gatherings from Lost Lake. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 163 


2. CYMATOPLEURA SOLEA (Bréb.) 
Occasionally scattered through gatherings near shore. 


3. EPHITHEMIA GIBBA Kuetz. 
Fairly common, mixed in with other diatoms; an occasional ele- 
ment in mussel food. 
4. EPITHEMIA ARGUS (Ehrenb.) 
Found in the same conditions as the preceding. 


5. EPITHEMIA ZEBRA (Ehrenb.) 
Presence simply noted. No notes. 


6. AMPHORA OVALIS Kuetz. 


Presence simply noted. 


7. CYMBELLA CYMBIFORMIS Ehrenb. 


One of the most common forms in shore gathering. 


8. CYMBELLA MACULATA Kuetz. 
9. CYMBELLA PROSTRATA (Berk.) 


The shallow water near the ice-houses where the chutes up 
which the ice is taken enter the lake, was remarkably rich in fine 
brown, short filamentous tufts which covered the submerged stones 
and timbers at that place. The material collected here proved 
to be especially rich in the jelly-like filaments of this species which, 
while not wholly absent from other parts of the lake, appeared to 
be nowhere else so abundant as here. 

The above list mentions only the most frequently encountered 
species or those noteworthy for some particular reason, and is only 
a beginning of what might be done at or about the lake by one’s 
devoting more than only occasional or rare attention to this special 


subject. 
10. CYMBELLA NAVICULIFORMIS Auersw. 


11. RHOICOSPHENIA CURVATA (Kuetz.) 
Occasional, attached to fixed algze such as Cladophora, etc. A 
wedge-shaped diatom closely resembling species of Gomphonema, 
but somewhat curved. 


12. GOMPHONEMA CONSTRICTUM Ehrenb. 

This, along with two other species, was common along shore 
in shallow water, particularly near the ice-houses. They are easily 
recognized by their wedge-shaped frustules, and all are similar in 
habit, being attached by a slender gelatinous stipe which proceeds 
from the acute end to other alge such as Cladophora, and even 
growing in bunches on rocks. Occasionally they separate from the 
stalk and are free-floating. 


164 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


13. GOMPHONEMA OLIVACEUM Ehrenb. 


14. NAVICULA REINHARDTII Griin. 
15. NAVICULA GASTRUM E. 


Naviculas of numerous undetermined species were present in 
considerable abundance in the food of the mussels of the lakes. 


16. COCCONEIS PEDICULUS Ehrenb. 


One of the most abundant diatoms of the lake, frequently cover- 
ing filaments of Cladophora and Spirogyra like an incrustation, 
being closely attached to the filament by one side. Its habit and 
appearance, suggesting a nit or louse attached to a hair, makes its 
specific name highly appropriate. 


17. ASTERIONELLA sp. 


A species of Asterionella, probably formosa Hass, was exceed- 
ingly abundant throughout the lake in the early spring and again 
in late autumn after the water had cooled. It was found not 
only near shore but it extended out to the center of the lake. On 
some days it formed the main bulk of surface towings. The col- 
onies of frustules arranged like the spokes of a wheel are striking 
objects under the microscope. 


18. SYNEDRA RADIANS W. Sm. 


Rather common in gatherings along shore. 


19. SYNEDRA LONGISSIMA W. Sm. 
20. SYNEDRA OBTUSA W. Sm. 


Besides being frequent in gatherings along shore, various spe- 
cies of Synedra, some of them elongate, rather needle-like objects, 
were frequent in mussel food. 


21. MELOSIRA VARIANS Ag. 


This is a very common diatom in the lake and is obtained both 
in plankton hauls and in hand-gatherings along shore. According 
to Apstein (Siisswasserplankton, p. 140) this species furnishes 
food for various entomostraca (Chydorus, Daphnia, and Diap- 
tomus). The Melosiras are especially interesting as they form 
the nearest approach among diatoms to the form of ordinary 
filamentous algze. 

22. MELOSIRA CRENULATA (E.) 


This, like Melosira varians, is a free-floating form, often taken 
in towings and probably also used by entomostraca for food. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 165 


THE AQUATIC PLANTS OF LAKE MAXINKUCKEE 


1. HORNWORT 
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM Linnzus 


This plant grows rather abundantly in Lake Maxinkuckee over 
mud where the water is shallow, as in Outlet Bay, near Norris Inlet, 
and at the Weedpatch. There was a great abundance in the water 
off the springy flat on the southwest shore, and it was also plentiful 
near the boathouse by Norris Inlet. It grows thickly in Norris 
Inlet, where it is very dirty and helps form the great weed-mass 
which extends out from the inlet mouth. It has been found grow- 
ing thick in 16 feet of water, a little in 18 feet, and has been dredged 
up in 24-foot water. Drifts were found cast up by the waves on 
the east side of Long Point September 20, 1900, and on September 
28, 1900, by the pumping station bridge. 

The Hornwort retains its shape and color and also signs of life 
through the winter. There is generally above the apices of these 
plants under the ice large bubbles frozen in the ice, and toward the 
latter part of the winter, crossing and recrossing curves of rows 
of fine bubbles like strings of minute beads, suggesting that the 
apices of the plants have a gyrating movement, and slowly exhale 
small bubbles of gas. 

During the early summer these plants are places of attachment 
of Rivularia and also great myriads of white globular colonies of 
Vorticella, small, white, ball-shaped objects which shrink almost 
to nothing when touched. 

' The Hornwort is one of the most familiar plants to dwellers 
about lakes and by many is simply known as “moss”. It is the 
plant that the inexpert angler on his first visit to the lake drags up 
in great masses on his hook, if he attempt fishing near the bottom. 
Many of the animals upon which fishes lke to feed dwell among 
the masses of Hornwort. One example is the beach flea, and some 
of our herbarium specimens taken from the lake were found on 
later study to be full of pressed beach fleas. It is among the 
tangled masses of Hornwort that the fishes like to lurk. They af- 
ford fishes protection in various ways, and anyone who has tried 
to seine out a pond full of Hornwort, and had the lead line get full 
of the weed and roll up, permitting the fishes to escape, readily 
realizes that an abundance of these plants near the shore is about 
as good a protection for young fishes as could be devised. 


166 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


2. GREATER DUCKWEED 


SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA (Linnzus) 


Abundant, floating on the surface of quiet waters. In general 
it thrives best on the surface of calm pools, where the water is per- 
manent. When found in lakes at all, it harbors in the quiet shallow 
bays. It is usually associated with interesting forms of animal life 
such as Hydra, Vorticella, and the like. In the lake it is found near 
the Inlet, also in permanent ponds. These, as well as some of the 
other duckweeds, seem to form a favorite food for various insects, 
as one often finds them badly marred by having portions gnawed 
out of the margins of the fronds. The stomach of one duck exam- 
ined contained duckweed in abundance. 


3. IVY-LEAVED DUCKWEED 


LEMNA TRISULCA Linnzus 


This is one of the most beautiful and curious of the duckweeds 
with its elongate semi-transparent green fronds with their peculiar 
manner of branching, a side shoot coming from each side of each 
frond at the middle, and forming a very regular but intricate and 
complicated branching system where conditions are favorable, and 
the fronds tilting at all sorts of angles to avoid interference. Be- 
sides the minute and inconspicuous Wolfiella floridana, this is our 
only duckweed which will cling together with other plants of the 
same species in masses forming coherent tangles. It grows much 
more vigorously under leaves in shallow water than in unprotected 
places, and hardly looks like the same plant in different situations 
although the general form of the fronds is always the same. 
Found along the lake shore east of Farrar’s (September 24, 1900), 
in a dried-up pond southwest of the lake (October 1, 1900), and 
by the boathouse near the Inlet (October 2, 1900). It is abundant 
at the southeast end of the lake near Norris Inlet during all sea- 
sons when there is no ice. Found also occasionally along shore 
among cattails and rushes, as north of Winfield’s and at various 
other places. 

On October 24, 1900, an immense amount of this species was 
found drifted in Lost Lake, near the middle of the western shore. 
This formed a thick tangled “scum” extending some way from 
shore and also making great masses in the bottom. It was also 
frequently found growing and thriving well in wet places among 
dead leaves in the water, and appears to hibernate in such places. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 167 


4, LESSER DUCKWEED 
LEMNA MINOR Linnzus 


Not particularly abundant in the lake; found mostly among the 
great mass of duckweeds at Norris Inlet. On September 24, 1900, 
it was found along shore near Farrar’s, but not thriving. On Oc- 
tober 12, 1900, it was found in the lake opposite the springy flat by 
Overmyer’s field. 

It was found abundantly in flower in pools by the Norris Inlet 
June 13, 1901. The blossoms are minute white specks, like bits of 
dust. 

In general appearance, this duckweed much resembles Spirodela 
polyrhiza with which it is usually associated, but differs from 
that plant in its somewhat smaller size and in the possession of one 
instead of several rootlets. 


5. MINUTE DUCKWEED 
LEMNA PERPUSILLA Torrey 


A small duckweed, resembling L. minor, but somewhat smaller. 
Abundant, mixed in with the other duckweeds near Norris Inlet 
and in other suitable situations, often associated with Wolfiella 
floridana. 

6. COLUMBIA WOLFFIA 
WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA Karsten 


This interesting duckweed represents the smallest of the flower- 
ing plants,* the whole plant being a spherical light-green body 
about the size of a pinhead. The flowers appear as minute white 
specks. 

Plants are quite abundant about Norris Inlet, where they help 
form the great mass of duckweed-scum at that place. They are 
not, however, so abundant nor widely distributed, nor in such clear 
cultures as at Eagle Lake, where some of the bayous are completely 
covered by them. Besides the great mass at Norris Inlet, a few 
plants were found south of Winfield’s, sheltered among the rushes. 
On October 9, 1900, down at the Inlet, we obtained a large quantity 
of these plants, the greater number of which were in flower. 

Although W. punctata was tolerably abundant at Eagle Lake, 
not far distant, it has not been recognized at Maxinkuckee. It 
differs from W. columbiana in being a trifle smaller, riding deeper 
in the water, and having a somewhat flat-topped upper surface. 

This little plant is an important portion of the food of certain 
small fishes, among which may be mentioned the mud minnow 


*The smallest known flowering plant is Wolfia microscopica of Asia. 


168 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


(Umbra limi). Dr. Forbes, in 1883, found that forty per cent of 
the food of this fish was vegetable matter, chiefly Wolffia. 

“Five specimens of the Umbra limi obtained from a pond, cov- 
ered in September with a film of Wolffia and other vegetation, 
yielded to the dissector stomach contents consisting of sixty per 
cent of the Wolffia.” 


7. FLORIDA WOLFFIELLA 


WOLFFIELLA FLORIDANA (J. D. Smith) 


This plant is rather common at Norris Inlet among other duck- 
weeds, but it is much less abundant than most of the others, and on 
account of its slenderness, and its habit of hiding among other 
duckweeds, it is not always easy to obtain in quantities. The 
thalli are very slender, somewhat flattened, attenuate, light-green 
affairs, sometimes hanging together in quite large stellate masses. 
It rides deeper in the water than the other duckweeds, and there- 
fore forms the bottom portion of the layer. Sometimes it grows 
in thick tangles in the submersed tops of Ceratophyllum. 

Besides being found in the Inlet, it sometimes becomes scattered 
by south winds to various parts of the shore. A few plants were 
seen off the springy flat by Overmyer’s field. A few near Farrar’s 
pier, and some mixed with Wolffia were observed south of Win- 
field’s. 

Stays green all winter. In 1904 (Dec. 20) bright green plants 
were noted floating under the ice on the surface of the water. 
Probably most of the plants sink to the bottom during the winter, 
as not many can be seen through the clear ice. This plant, which 
was very common in 1900 and 1901 is now becoming rare and will 
probably soon be extinct at the lake. . 


8. RICCIA 


RICCIOCARPUS NATANS (Linnzus) 


Intermediate between the floating plants and plants growing 
on shore; exceedingly similar to the duckweeds during its floating 
life and behaving much like an ordinary land plant during the other 
part of its life, is the curious liverwort, Ricciocarpus natans. This 
plant exhibits in some degree the dimorphism which is generally a 
well-marked feature of shore-line plants, but which is intensified 
and reaches its highest expression in woodland ponds. R. natans 
is predominantly an aquatic plant and is never found where the 
water supply is not permanent. It is a thin heart-shaped form 
with prominent masses of rhizoids on the under side, often found 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 169 


floating near shore; or when left on shore, doing very well, creeping 
along on the wet mud banks without any marked change of ap- 
pearance. 

In the temporary woodland ponds near the lake is a remarkable 
form, a rather close relative to R. natans, Riccia lutescens, which is 
a true aquatic during the wet portion of the year, and a true land 
plant, wholly different in appearance during the dry season, which 
one cannot forbear mentioning at this place but which space for- 
bids enlarging upon. 


9. EEL-GRASS PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON COMPRESSUS (Linnzus) 


According to Dr. Scovell’s records this species exceeds any other 
of the lake in the depth to which it grows, examples having been 
taken at a depth of 26 feet, and the range extending from 26 to 
2 feet, the plants being most abundant between 10 and 16 feet. It 
does not form dense patches but grows scattered among other 
plants. Its rather small size and relatively narrow leaves, together 
with its habit of being wholly submerged, make it rather incon- 
spicuous. It is most common in the southeastern part of the lake 
and seems to prefer muddy bottom. It is pretty easily recognized 
by its much flattened stem and grass-like leaves. Although the 
plants in shallow water produce flowers and seeds, a very common 
form of propagation is by means of peculiar fan-shaped winter 
buds in which the 2-ranked flat leaves are closely appressed. Many 
such buds were raked up during the winter of 1900 and 1901 and 
it is doubtless from such buds being carried to the deeper portions 
of the lake that the deeper seated plants owe their origin. The 
buds have a habit of becoming very crooked during their early 
erowth, the delicate internodes perhaps strongly curving toward 
the light. Two such very crooked buds were raked up in the spring 
of 1901, one on April 13 and the other on May 29. The new leafy 
stem springs from the apex of the bud and the roots from the axils 
of old leaves. 

10. FRIES’ PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON FRIESIL Ruprecht 

This is another pondweed thriving in deep water, being widely 
distributed in water from 8 to 25 feet but most abundant in water 
from 12 to 16 feet deep. It also grows in shallow water, in which 
case it often blossoms and bears fruit. It is also disseminated by 
means of propagating buds but these are not formed so frequently 
as in P. compressus. It was frequently obtained in dredge hauls. 


170 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


This pondweed bears some general resemblance to P. compres- 
sus from which it can be distinguished by the presence of 2 glands 
at the base of each leaf. Some of the propagation buds were col- 
lected along shore March 27, 1901. Some was found up Aubee- 
naubee Creek on a seining trip September 3, 1900. It does not 
grow in patches but is scattered among other plants. 


11. SMALL PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS Linnzus 


A small insignificant species, growing scattered among other 
plants; more common in the southeastern portion of the lake, in 
deep water ranging from 10 to 24 feet. It also probably grows 
occasionally in shallow water. Like all the deep-water Potamoge- 
tons it relies largely upon propagating buds for its dissemination. 


12. FILIFORM PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON FILIFORMIS Persoon 


Very abundant in 10 to 13 feet of water, ranging from 2 to 24 
feet. It is occasional along shore in shallow water. It was noted 
in flower at Norris Inlet June 24, 1901 and observed in flower 
some time earlier in the northern part of the lake. It does not 
form dense patches but grows rather scattered. 


1s. ROBBINS’ PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON ROBBINS'I Oakes 


Rather common and widely distributed in Lake Maxinkuckee 
in depths ranging from 3 to 24 feet, and common in water from 
10 to 18 feet deep. Rather common in Lost Lake and in the shallow 
waters of Outlet Bay, forming especially fine patches in front of 
the Ice-houses. It was dredged at the Weedpatch, and in fact can 
be raked up almost anywhere. It prefers rather muddy bottom, 
and lies almost prostrate on the ground, never rising to the surface, 
even in shallow water, to form flower or fruit. It is one of the 
most handsome species of the genus and the large plume-like 
branches lying on the bottom, do more than almost any other spe- 
cies to add charm to the Chara carpet over shallow bottoms. The 
white or yellowish color of the plumes, due to a coating of lime over 
the old leaves, makes them all the more conspicuous against the 
dark bottom through the clear water. 

P. robbinsvi retains its form throughout the winter. The lower 
leaves assume a brown and somewhat deadish appearance, but the 
tips are firm and of a lively purplish-green. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ileal 


This plant propagates by means of buds which are often formed 
as early as the middle of July, and are found from then on through 
the winter. They appear to be formed in the axils of the leaves. 
They are the shape of a closed fan, the thick flat leaves (quite un- 
like the thin wavy vegetative leaves) being packed full of reserve 
food material and closely pressed together. During the winter the 
plants also put out abundant roots just a little behind the apex and 
these may detach themselves and produce new plants. 


14. LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON AMPLIFOLIUS Tuckerman 


This is one of the most attractive species of plants in the lake, 
the large, gracefully curved delicate green leaves showing up 
through the water very handsomely. It prefers rich mucky soil 
and water of moderate depth. It is rarely found in water less 
than 6 feet deep and is most abundant in water from 8 to 12 feet. 
It has been dredged in water 24 feet deep. In shallow water it has . 
oval smooth floating leaves quite unlike the thin and wavy sub- 
mersed ones and much like the floating leaves of P. natans to which 
it is closely related. In deep water there are no-special floating 
leaves. Good-sized patches are common near the Ice-houses, and 
throughout Outlet Bay. It is also found in abundance at the Weed- 
patch and there is a large fine patch in the neighborhood of Norris 
Inlet. There is another large patch off from the green boat-house 
in the Inlet region, but there is none along the east side. Chara 
and some of the less conspicuous species of pondweed, such as P. 
pectinatus, often grow intermixed with it. Where it grows very 
densely, however, it conceals or excludes other species. 


15. TAPE-GRASS; EEL-GRASS 
VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS Linnzus 


Rather abundant and apparently considerably on the increase. 
It grows scattered over the bottom at various depths. It has been 
dredged at a depth of 24 feet, and from this depth it extends almost 
to the water’s edge in suitable places. Dr. Scovell has made the 
interesting observation that the plants bearing the pistillate flowers 
grow in shallow water, none of them having been observed in water 
at a greater depth than 2 or 3 feet, while the staminate plants were 
most abundant in water from 8 to 18 feet. The higher plants are 
of course only indirectly sexual, but this observation suggests ex- 
periments along the line of planting seed of Vallisneria at different 
depths and observing the effect of depth of water in sex-determina- 


1? Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


tion. Still more interesting and significant would be the experi- 
ment of taking a propagating bud from a pistillate plant and plant- 
ing it in deep water and noting the result. The reason for the 
peculiar distribution of the staminate and pistillate plants is per- 
fectly clear. The pistillate flower is carried to the surface of the 
water by a long, slender scape, inasmuch as it is necessary for it 
to be fertilized in the air, and there are naturally limits to which 
it is practicable to send up this scape. The staminate flower, on 
the other hand, breaks loose from the parent plant, rises to the 
surface and depends upon chance currents to float it to the pistil- 
late plant, which it fertilizes. During August the staminate flowers 
are often found floating on the surface in great numbers. They 
frequently formed a thick scum in the region of the Outlet in 1906, 
and towings from the surface plankton-net consisted mainly of 
them. As soon as the pistillate flower is fertilized the flower stalk 
coils up into a spiral and draws it beneath the water where it de- 
velops into a long cylindrical or obtusely triangular pod full of 
mucilage, with an abundance of minute dark seeds and with a 
slightly acid taste. 

The Eel-grass usually grows rather scattered and a few plants 
are often dredged up intermixed with Chara and other weeds. 
Some was dredged at the Weedpatch. A very dense little patch was 
found growing in a bait-can which had been dropped in the lake. 
It frequently makes pretty dense patches not far from shore. It 
grows abundantly at the head of the Outlet, at the railroad pier, 
and along the west side of the lake east of Long Point. It seems 
in general to prefer rich bottom with a good admixture of sand. 

During the earlier years of the lake survey this plant did not 
appear to be so abundant as it now is. This was probably due 
to the raids made upon it by the ducks and coots, which almost 
exterminated it every year, but with the growing scarcity of these 
birds it seems greatly on the increase. New patches are being 
formed, one along the northern shore of Long Point and many in 
other places. 

This plant is the favorite food of ducks and coot, and it is said 
the canvasback duck owes its superior flavor to this plant, upon 
which it largely feeds and to which indeed it owes its specific 
name, valisineria. During the latter part of September great rolls 
of this plant which have all been torn up by the water fowl, are 
washed up along the shore of the lake, making long windrows. 
The “wild celery” as this plant is known along the Chesapeake, 
bears at its base a white pleasant-tasted rootstock which terminates 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 173 


in a delicate bud for the next year’s plant, and it is upon these 
delicate portions that the ducks and coots delight to feed. 

The leaves of the plants near shore turn white and decay in 
autumn even before freezing weather sets in, but occasional bits 
can be raked up, as green as ever, the year round. Among the 
numerous dates at which it was observed washed up in conspic- 
uous rolls are September 20 and 29, 1903, and October 16, 1913. 


165. SfOUT NATAS 
NAIAS FLEXILIS ROBUSTA Morong 


Very abundant, ranging in depth from 1 to 24 feet, most com- 
mon in the northeastern part of the lake. This general statement 
includes both forms, the typical species and the subspecies. The 
references to the deeper-growing form apply to the subspecies. 

Naias flexilis is confined: near shore in shallow water, and dies 
down every autumn. N. flexilus robusta grows in deeper water, 
being common at a depth of 9 feet, and remains green all winter. 
It was not found in fruit, and has no special propagating buds, so 
that the method of propagation is unknown, unless broken-off frag- 
ments of the ordinary stems strike root and grow. 

The Coarse Naias was found in considerable quantities in the 
stomachs of coots, and it evidently formed an important article 
in their diet. 

17. F@HTID CHARA 


CHARA FQ:TIDA A. Braun 


Plant quite long and slender, rather dark green when wet, 
white and harsh when dry, on account of the encasing lime. In- 
ternodes long (about 2 inches) and quite slender. Branches 
cylindrical, rather blunt, mostly unbranched or sometimes abruptly 
bent where apparently a branch will appear later on. Branches 8 or 
6, and at the top, 2 or 3 in a whorl. No fruit at all (August 28, 
1900). An occasional branch arises apparently from the axil of 
one leaf in the whorl. 

Cortex composed of rather narrow tubes, 6 or 8 seen at the 
surface of a leaf, and about the same number on the stem. Small 
knobs (stipules) below a node quite conspicuous, just above which 
can be seen rather round clear cells in which active protoplasmic 
movements are visible. 

Leaves with frequent nodes, where there is a round knoblike 
cell between each two alternate sinuses of the cortical tubes, and 
the ends of the cells, form a ring perpendicular to the long axis of 
the leaf. The cortical cells all end somewhat truncately in the 


174 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


middle of the internode and make an oblique ring. The end of the 
leaf is peculiar, the corticated portion ending abruptly with a 
circle of knobs, and beyond this extends a curved cone consisting 
of 2 or 3 rather large cells diminishing in size from base to apex. 
The terminal cell is sometimes cuspidate, more often acutish. 


18. WATER-WEED; DITCH-MOSS; WATER-THYME 


PHILOTRIA CANADENSIS (Michaux) 


Widely distributed in deep waters, having been dredged at a 
depth of 22 feet. Abundant in some places in shallow water where 
it forms dense patches. There are good patches near the railroad 
bridge at Culver and by the pier near the Outlet. It was found 
near Norris Inlet and with other weeds forms a dense patch along 
shore by the Culver Military Academy grounds. It seems to be 
increasing in the lake and within late’ years an immense and very 
dense patch has formed along the north shore of Long Point, by 
Chadwick’s pier. 

Many of the patches appear to die down completely during the 
winter, others remain green. The elongate pistillate flowers are 
delicate, curious objects, and are produced throughout the sum- 
mer. The floating staminate ones are hard to find and but few 
were seen. The plant is exceedingly variable in general form 
and compactness, some being quite loose and long-jointed with 3 
leaves in a whorl, others quite dense and compact with 4 or 5 
leaves in a whorl. Some dense off-shoots probably serve as propa- 
gating buds. This plant, which has been introduced into Europe, 
is said to be a great nuisance there in rivers and bears the name 
of water-pest. It has been reported also that in Europe it propa- 
gates exclusively by vegetative propagation, only the pistillate 
plants having been introduced. 


19. FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGET@N PECTINATUS Linnzus 


One of the mcst common pondweeds in shallow water near 
shore, the general fan-shaped arrangement of the narrow, thickly 
crowded leaves making it quite attractive. It was frequent to a 
depth of 10 feet and was occasionally dredged in 16 feet of water. 
It was noted everywhere along the beach, growing in either sandy 
or muddy bottom, and in rather dense patches by itself or among 
Chara. Among the numerous places where it was noted may be 
mentioned Long Point, McSheehy’s pier, in front of the Barnes 
cottage, off from the Depot grounds and east of there, along shore 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 175 


near the green boat-house, by Norris Inlet, etc. <A fine patch grew 
at the head of the thoroughfare between the lakes, above the wagon 
bridge. The plants frequently grew out in long straight rows from 
shore, the different stems coming up in line from a white strong 
underground rootstock. 


20. WHORLED WATER-MILFOIL 
MYRIOPHYLLUM VERTICILLATUM Linnzus 


Found growing in both lakes, not deeper than 14 feet. Abund- 
ant and widely distributed, growing in rather compact patches 
with other plants where there is rich bottom and rather shallow 
water (6 to 10 feet), as about the west edge of Outlet Bay, in the 
neighborhood of the Ice-houses, about Norris Inlet and most of 
Lost Lake. It grows far out in the water at a point in line with 
Norris pier and opposite Overmyer’s field. It also grows near 
Norris Inlet. 

The plants retain their form during the winter, but become 
very brown and homely, the tips forming rather compact buds 
not nearly so neat and well differentiated from the rest of the 
plant as those of M. spicatum. Found in flower September 1, 
1900. Flowers and fruit, as in others of the genus, inconspicuous. 
During April (5th, 6th, 7th, 12th and 138th) a large number of 
buds were washed ashore in the neighborhood of Long Point and 
Outlet Bay, and became greener and brighter as the days passed. 

On April 14 the plants looked much as they had in winter, 
only a trifle greener. On April 19 the buds were quite green, 
and by April 23 the buds had begun to elongate and were con- 
siderably looser than had been noted before. 


21. CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS Linnaeus 


Not common in general, but fairly abundant in a few localities 
in the south part of the lake. More common in water from 8 to 
12 feet deep. It does not form patches but is dredged up inter- 
mixed with other weeds. Some plants were found growing in 
sandy bottom in water about 8 feet deep in the neighborhood of 
the Merchants’ pier. A good patch was also found, in 1904, near 
the Ice-houses. 

In form this is one of the most regular and attractive of the 
pondweeds; the broad wavy close-set dark-green leaves in 2 ranks 
giving it the appearance of a full plume quite different from the 
broad open plume of P. robbinsii. It is not so showy in the water 


176 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


as P. robbinsii, as it stands erect and is usually seen only at an 
angle. It is quite fragile and easily torn and tattered by handling. 
It remains green all winter. 


22. LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED; RIVER PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON AMERICANUS Chamisso & Schlechtendahl 


This potamogeton is one of the shallow-water species, rarely 
or never growing in water more than 10 feet deep. It is rather 
common in the lake, growing in small scattered patches not far 
from shore. It has flat, leathery, floating leaves which very closely 
resemble those of P. natans except that they are more acute. The 
submerged leaves are thinner, and long and narrow. Patches were 
observed north of the Barnes cottage not far from shore, near Long 
Point, and in Outlet Bay. A healthy patch grows in the bottom 
of the Outlet where it joins with the lake, extending on both sides 
of the wagon bridge. Here the swift rushing current kept the 
leaves in a constant tension and flapping like a flag on a windy day, 
and the plant took on a peculiar form. There were no floating 
leaves and the submersed leaves were exceedingly long and at- 
tenuate as if drawn out by the stress of the passing current. A 
patch was noted 2 miles down the outlet below Lost Lake, the 
plants being long and slender without many leaves. It grows in 
Tippecanoe and Yellow rivers and is the form most frequently 
found in rivers. 

P. americanus frequently grows on wet sandbanks at the water’s 
edge wholly out of the water. In this case it is much changed in 
appearance, being short and leafy and all the leaves of a firm leath- 
ery texture, much in substance like the floating leaves of the aquatic 
plant, but firmer. Proceeding from the deeper water plants out- 
ward, it is the first of the many plants encountered which are 
characteristic of the shore line regions. It has two pretty well 
marked forms, one for the water and one for the land, although 
the habit of having 2 sorts of leaves, one submersed and the other 
emersed, is a step in this direction. 


23. SHINING PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON LUCENS Linnezus 


Widely scattered in small patches through the lake in shallow 
water growing at a depth of from 6 to 8 feet, and usually mixed in 
with other pondweeds such as P. amplifolius and the like. It 
usually grows in rather small patches of only a few plants each. 
There is, however, a fairly large patch of about 500 feet directly 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey MET 


out from the ice elevator at a depth of 4 or 5 feet. In general form 
it resembles P. natans or P. americanus from which it can be distin- 
guished by its shining leaves. What was thought to be this species 
was seen in flower by Norris Inlet June 24, 1901, although its usual 
time of flowering is in September and October. It remains green 
all winter, even the floating leaves not decaying in autumn but be- 
coming embedded in the ice during the winter. 


24. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS Scherber 


Although this species apparently strays out into deep water at 
times it is in the main a shallow water plant found rather close to 
shore and confined chiefly within the five-foot line. One of the 
largest and best known patches is out a little way in front of the 
Scovell cottage on Long Point. There are occasional patches or 
single plants scattered along the shore of Long Point, and it was 
found rather frequently in the northern part of the lake. It keeps 
its form all winter, the leaves turning purplish-brown. 


25. COMMON FLOATING PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON NATANS Linneus 


This, one of the most common and widely distributed of the 
pondweeds, does not cover large areas in Lake Maxinkuckee, but is 
frequently found in small scattered patches in shallow water near 
shore, frequently associated with other pondweeds, especially the 
fennel-leaved pondweed, P. pectinatus. It was not noted in water 
over 6 or 8 feet deep. Among the localities at which it was noted 
are: A few plants near McSheehy’s pier, a good patch near Mur- 
ray’s, a patch south of the old ice elevator, some in lagoons in Long 
Point flat (an area now all filled in), a small patch by Darnell’s, a 
dense thick patch near Overmyer’s low woodland, and at the delta 
at the mouth of Spangler Creek. 

It is common in the shallow water and black muddy bottom at 
the upper end of Lost Lake. Here, however, no floating leaves 
were produced. Some grew in the thoroughfare between the 
lakes. 

P. natans grows either in sandy or mucky bottom and retains 
its form and green color after the ice has covered the lake, and 
probably some plants remain green the whole winter through. It 
produces a new growth early in the spring. By May 30 slender 
phyllodia had been developed on some of the plants for several 
days and the broad floating leaves were beginning to show well. 
It was noted in flower July 24. 

12—17618—Vol. 2 


178 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


26. INTERRUPTED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON INTERRUPTUS Kitaibel 


A small pondweed much resembling P. pectinatus, growing in 
shallow water. Found near the Depot pier in the autumn of 1904. 
In the winter the rootstocks are thickened into tuber-like objects 
which are often uncovered by the waves which probably function as 
agents of dissemination. 


27. WATER MARIGOLD 
MEGALODONTA BECKII (Torrey) 


Rather common in the lake; of irregular distribution. During 
the autumn of 1900, there was a dense and quite large patch near 
the Ice-houses, but during the following winter it disappeared. 
Some of the plants remain green all winter—the tops break off, 
and drift, sometimes into deeper and occasionally into shallow 
water. They strike root at the basal end and probably catch and 
grow. In plants of such a habit, the patches in the lake have no 
permanent position, but may be found in one place one year and 
another the next, according to where they have drifted and found 
congenial conditions. This is one of the handsomest of our water- 
plants. 


28. CARPET CHARA 
CHARA CONTRARIA A. Braun 


A stout species of Chara, growing about 8 inches high, form- 
ing a dense mat over marly portions of the lake in water from 
5 to 8 feet deep. It forms a covering over most of the bottom of 
Outlet Bay out from Long Point, and, indeed, almost everywhere 
in the lake where bottom and depth are favorable. It was scarce 
or absent in shallow water from Norris pier over toward the eastern 
shore, probably on account of the peaty bottom. It is among this 
Chara that the small organisms of the lake, insect larve, Asellus, 
and the like find refuge, and here, too, the darters and small fishes 
spend much of the winter. On account of the habit of this species 
of forming a dense mat over the bottom it is generally referred to 
as the Carpet Chara. 


29. LARGE YELLOW POND LILY 
NYMPHA4ZA ADVENA Solander 
Distribution rather scattered in Lake Maxinkuckee, as it is fond 


of shallow water and rich mud, and these places are only occasional 
in the lake. It is found in the Outlet below the wagon bridge, along 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey LS) 


the southwest shore of the lake at the beginning of Overmyer’s 
woods, and some along shore in front of Culver Military Academy 
grounds, also in the region of Norris Inlet. 

It is very abundant in Lost Lake. Here great masses of roots 
occasionally arise to the surface, making a sort of floating island. 
They have the appearance of having been lifted by some upheaving 
force. Some have attributed these upheavals to the presence of 
marsh gas, but it is more probable the soft bottom is unable to hold 
down the buoyant mass when it has grown beyond certain dimen- 
sions. These great masses, floating on the surface, impede boat- 
ing and give a tropical aspect to the sluggish dark water of Lost 
Lake. This plant also grows in Green’s marsh. It is one of those 
plants of tolerably wide range of environment varying from a 
marsh plant to one growing in rather deep water with only floating 
leaves and flowers exposed, and it exhibits a marked response to 
environment, as do most plants of this sort. The swamp plants 
have stout stems, with the leaves stiff and firm, standing at an 
angle and sometimes with traces of fluting radiating from the 
base of the petiole, suggesting that of a palm leaf fan. The stems 
of the water forms are flaccid, and the leaves always horizontal, 
floating on the surface of the water. The young leaves have a 
peculiar rich violet coloration which may serve as a protection from 
the rays of the sun. 

By April 26, 1901, the leaves were up and floating quite in sum- 
mer fashion, and by May 19, 1901 the plants were in flower in 
Green’s marsh. 


30. WATER-SHIELD 


BRASENIA SCHREBERI Gmelin 


Rather common in the north edge of Lost Lake, and along near 
the Inlet, and by the green boathouse. It does not appear to blos- 
som frequently here. The young leaves down close to the rootstock 
do not die during winter, but remain ready to come up at once on 
the return of spring. 

Green leaves washed ashore on east side Lost Lake November 
3, L904 

The floating leaves have a beautiful autumnal coloration, turn- 
ing bright red or purplish. The flower, although not showy, is 
handsome and attractive. A remarkable feature of the plant is 
its gelatinous coating which makes it appear as if enclosed in glass. 
The function of this coating is not clear, and it is absent in its near 
relatives, the water-lilies. 


180 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


31. SWEET-SCENTED WHITE WATER LILY; POND LILY 


CASTALIA ODORATA (Dryander) 


Rather scarce in Lake Maxinkuckee, only a few plants having 
been found,—some at the head of the Outlet, some near Norris 
Inlet, a small patch at the culvert north of Winfield’s and a few 
over near the Academy grounds. It does not thrive nor increase 
much in the lake as it does not find there the rich deep mucky 
bottom in which it delights. 

It is common in Lost Lake, and flowers fairly well, but the flow- 
ers are not so large nor so fragrant as those found in Twin Lakes 
near Plymouth. Our plant seems indeed to approach more nearly 
to C. tuberosa (Paine) Greene, but has the leaves purplish beneath, 
which is a characteristic of odorata. 


32. FULL-FRUITED CHARA 


CHARA FOLIOLOSA Muhlenberg 


This, according to Robinson, is the proper name for the species 
generally known as gymnopus. 

This is the species mentioned in the field notes as the “full- 
fruited Chara”. A short, very fuzzy, leafy Chara growing in small 
clumps just below the water’s edge along Long Point, Winfield’s, 
etc., in sand. It was usually conspicuously red from the great 
abundance of fruit. The following are field notes: 

“Chara, alcoholic specimen in bottle marked Sp. No. 4, a Chara 
growing in dense tufts near the shore. Roots or rhizoids very thin, 
numerous, hyaline. Stems much branched from the base, many 
branches arising in clumps on a rather stout, short transparent 
prostrate stem. Internodes of secondary stems somewhat stout, 
all above the first quite rough, the first smooth. Intérnodes yellow- 
ish (lowest) or pale green (upper) about 14, inch long, turning 
white on drying. Leaves 6 or 7 in a whorl, with a branch bear- 
ing fruit and leaves in almost every whorl. Leaves and whole 
aspect of plant roughish, the upper leaves densely crowded along 
the upper side with small globular orange-red antheridia. Leaves 
very rough from rows of “stipules”. Whole plant about 2 or 3 
inches high. The fruits consist of about 2 or 3 pairs of sex-organs 
arranged as follows, counting from below: (1) a dark orange, 
red globular antheridium, and above it an oblong light orange 
oogonium. The simple lens shows the roughness of the main stem 
to be due to small downward-projecting “stickers” or stipules. 
On the leaves the same structures are in circles around the leaf 
and point upward. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 181 


With the low power of the microscope the rhizoids are long 
hyaline unicellular hairs. Clear rootstock-like object with large ir- 
regular tubercle-like lumps; perhaps from these lumps the branches 
have been accidently removed. Connected with these and without 
any intervening sept is a long tubular uncorticated cell, hyaline 
below where there is no coating of material. In this cell very active 
protoplasmic streaming may be noted, downward on one side and 
upward on the other, each side of a narrow oblique line of rest. A 
considerable number of large clear globular bodies like oil-drops, 
and innumerable minute granules make up the rapid streaming 
mass. Above this cell is encrusted, and movements cannot be ob- 
served. At the upper end of this cell is a node where there is a 
large number of turgid approximately equiaxia! nodal cells. There 
was no cortex on the second internode. The third and all following 
internodes are corticated in the manner described below. 

The cortex extends parallel with the long axis of the internode, 
or nearly so, exhibiting very little torsion. The cortical cells are 
turgid, cylindrical, about 3 times as long as broad, and there are as 
many as 10 or more placed end to end in one internode. In every 
third row of cortical cells there is between the ends of any two suc- 
ceeding cells, a short rectangular cell of a rich dark-green color. 
These cells are at about the same height on the internode, so each 
series makes a circle of studs around the central cell. The cortical 
cells each side of those furnished with the rectangular stud-cells 
are not thus furnished but have their ends in contact at about the 
middle point of the stud-cells, so that the series of cortical cells with 
the stud-cells breaks ranks with the next pair of series of each side 
where there are no intercalations. These intercalated cells prove 
on further examination to be optical sections of the base of 
trichomes or “stipules” which project from the internode. These 
stipules are elongate conical cells, somewhat acute at the apex, and 
the fact that they are viewed end on, showing greater depth, makes 
them appear much greener than the other cells. 

The stipules situated at the base of the internode appear in 
general to point upward, those in the upper part downward. Just 
below each node these form a long thick fringe which hangs down- 
ward. 

Antheridia, brick-red globes with shield cells finely displayed 
surrounded by a peripheral layer of light clear green cells, are 
situated below the oogonium and its subtending leaves. 

Oogonium lighter orange-red, barrel-shaped, its investing cells 
twisted very strongly. Coronal cells 5, the apex being blunt. 
Stems or branches corticated to near the end with a series of 


182 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


straight cells, reaching the whole length of the internode. At each 
node a whorl! of trichomes or stipules of the shape and form already 
described. Beyond any cortex is one long cylindrical naked cell 
with its chloroplasts apparently in rows. This cell has near its 
apex a whorl of short trichomes. The entire series ends in a pyra- 
midal acutish apical cell. This plant is frequently covered with 
very brown, boatshaped diatoms (Navicula). 

Common along the east shore of Long Point in sandy bottom 
and shallow water. Found also near Lakeview hotel, and by Win- 
field’s. 

April 30, 1901, and for a few days after, patches were observed 
coming up rapidly near shore, probably this. May 30, 1901, a very 
dense minute growth probably this, east side, Culver Bay. 


33. NITELLA sp. 


One of the deepest growing species of plants in the lake is a 
charad of which there appears to be considerable difficulty in get- 
ting any satisfactory identification. It is found growing at a depth 
of 25 feet, its range being from 12-25 feet. Dr. Scovell gives the 
following notes concerning it: 

“A tall, slender, rank-growing plant, soft and flexible and quite 
free from lime. To the naked eye the plant seems made up of 
alternating light and dark sections of about the same length, per- 
haps one thirty-second of an inch. It was most abundant in water 
from 18 to 22 feet in depth, ranging from 12 ft. to 25 ft. It was 
especially abundant in the deep hole just east of the Gravelpit 
and along the bar running northeasterly from Long Point. Dredg- 
ing in over 60 different localities we found this Nitella in 46 local- 
ities in water from 18 to 22 feet deep. In 37 localities we found 
it between 22 and 24 feet in depth, and in 34 localities we found 
it between 16 and 18 feet in depth. It is rather more abundant in 
the north, west and south than on the east.” 

We have no record of having found this species in fruit, and it 
is possible that, growing at such depths, it produces fruit but 
rarely. It appears to be this species of which Dr. Robinson re- 
marks: “The material seems to be entirely sterile and I cannot 
match it with anything. It has much in common with the South 
American N. monodactyla A. Br., so far as can be told from the 
descriptions and from drawings and notes in the Allen herbarium, 
but there is no South American material of that species in the col- 
lections of the N. Y. Botanical Garden. There has also been pre- 
served a copy of a letter from Dr. Allen to some unnamed person, 
probably Rev. Thomas Morong, from which it would seem that the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 183 


former had received from his correspondent material from North 
America of what he believed was N. monodactyla. This might 
well refer to early collections of the present species, but too many 
of the present deductions are conjectural to admit of anything ap- 
proaching certainty. If this species should turn up in fruit, its 
study may be of great interest.” 


34. NITELLA TENUISSIMA Kuetzing 


A Nitella growing in rather shallow water, 1-3 feet, in positions 
similar to “sp. No. 4 Chara”. The specimens were preserved in 
alcohol labelled “Sp. No. 5 Nitella’”’. 

The whole plant grows in rather dense tufts, about 1 inch in 
diameter. Color dark green. Rhizoids not conspicuous. Main 
stems many, exceedingly slender, the internodes hardly more 
than 1/12 in. long. The branches arise in whorls making a dense 
globular mass at each node, so that the plant looks a good deal like 
Rivularia spheres attached to a slender stalk. These spheroids of 
branches are larger and closer together toward the apex of the 
plant. 

With low power of the microscope: Rhizoids long, hyaline, 
cylindrical tubes with occasional peculiar thickenings. The inter- 
node below the whorl is clear, and in it active movements of the pro- 
toplasm may be seen. Higher internodes light green. The inter- 
nodal cell is expanded like the ball of a ball and socket joint at the 
node. 

The masses formed by the nodes were quite firm, and had to be 
flattened out by compression, before study. A node flattened out 
presented the following appearance: From the node on the central 
axis radiate several rather stout cells, the basal cells of branches 
which branch repeatedly in the manner described above. About 
the axis of the tertiary branches are formed the reproductive 
organs. Antheridia globular, brick-red, the brick-red portion sur- 
rounding clear cells. The shield-cells show up fairly well, but are 
not so large as in the Chara just described (foliolosa). All the 
internodal cells of whatever order are tolerably short. The final 
members of the series or leaves are long slender cylindrical cells 
composed of one long slender cell of uniform diameter and a sharp 
attenuated conical cell at the apex. 

Oogonia from nearby globular to short ovoid, on the same node 
as the antheridium and on a level with it. Contents dark in color, 
the cells of its investing integument in a close spiral. Crown 2- 
celled. In the autumn of 1900 a great deal of this Nitella was 


184 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


found in Outlet Bay in water 2 to 3 feet deep and generally asso- 
ciated with the shortish very stout hispidulous Chara common in 
Lost Lake. 
35. CHARA FRAGILIS Desyaux 
Occasional in the lake, rather similar to Chara contraria but 
more slender and with longer leaves. It was occasionally raked 
up with other plants but we have no specific knowledge of its 
distribution. 
36. SLENDER NAIAS 
NAIAS FLEXILIS (Willdenow) 


Common along shore in water from 1 to 4 feet deep, the plant 
preferring sandy bottom. Some of the plants have a reddish cast 
while others are bright green. The plants, especially those of the 
shallow water, die down completely during the winter, reproducing 
by minute shining black seeds. Its general habit suggests unusual 
methods of fertilization but nothing was found out about how this 
takes place. It is a very graceful, attractive plant. 


37. GRASS-LEAVED ARROWHEAD 
SAGITTARIA GRAMINEA Michaux 


Not common in Lake Maxinkuckee, only one patch known, in 
the vicinity of the old ice office. There is a fair-sized patch in 
Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage. Unlike any of the other 
Sagittarias in habit, the sharp broad leaves form a rosette at 
the base, at the bottom of the lake, bearing a considerable re- 
semblance to the plant of seven-angled pipewort or a more remote 
resemblance to the old-fashioned ‘‘hen and chickens”. It propa- 
gates extensively by runners, and the deeper water plants perhaps 
propagate entirely in that manner. The flowers, which are rather 
few, are exceedingly pretty, both inner and outer perianth-seg- 
ments being petal-like, variously waved and crumped so that the 
flower looks somewhat double, the color being a faint delicate pink. 


38. SEVEN-ANGLED PIPEWORT 
ERIOCAULON SEPTANGULARE Withering 


Not very common, except in a few patches. About June 5, 
1901, young green leaves were noted in Lake Maxinkuckee; found 
in 3 places (1) by Winfield’s; (2) southwest side of Outlet Bay 
east of the wagon road; and (3) by Norris Inlet. It grows in 
shallow water 3 or 4 feet deep, in mud not far from shore. The 
plant has a rosette of leaves much resembling that of Sagittaria 
graminea. The piants are very common at Bass Lake. The flower 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 185 


heads are of a peculiar misty gray, at the same time so quietly self- 
obliterating that one turns to a well known patch where he con- 
fidently expected them to be with a sense of discovery and surprise. 


39. AMERICAN GREAT BULRUSH; MAT-RUSH 
SCIRPUS VALIDUS Vahl 


This bulrush is the most aquatic species of the genus. It is, 
perhaps, on account of its more aquatic habit that it departs more 
than a great number of them from the sedge type of stem. For 
while it is here cylindrical it is in S. americanus and many of the 
land dwelling species actually triangular, and in a number of leafy 
species—S. cyprinus, S. lineatus and S. atrovirens, triangular with 
blunt rounded angles. 

There were many patches about the lake and in the water as 
follows: A small patch in a longer and denser patch of S. ameri- 
canus at Long Point, and north of the base of Long Point. It is 
also in the water near the Outlet, and there is a small patch opposite 
elevator pond. Near the Ice-houses it runs out far into the water 
in a long sharp point. There is a patch west of Lakeview hotel. 
A thin patch runs far out into the lake south of Farrar’s on shoals, 
and still farther out, south of the pond, along the southwest 
shore of the lake, and in front of Farrar’s, though no rushes 
come to the shore there. At the place where the forest comes to 
the shore, on the south side of the lake, a patch of these rushes 
begins about 10 feet from shore, and beyond a patch of S. ameri- 
canus which fringes the shore. This patch of bulrushes is very 
thin. At Overmyer’s spring S. validus is thin near the shore, but 
is abundant far out. It also grows on the shore here. There is a 
great patch in the water opposite the green boat-house and they 
grow abundantly far from shore in the Inlet marsh. From Norris 
Inlet halfway to Norris’s they extend far out into the water. The 
eastern shore—on account of its pebbly and rather steep bottom— 
is wholly free from them and none is found until the patches in 
Culver Bay, south of the Academy grounds. One patch here is 
peculiar, very small, glaucus and soft. The scattered patches here 
are few, and pretty far out directly in front of the Academy 
grounds. Bulrushes also grow about the edges of Lost Lake, es- 
pecially at the entrance of Lake Maxinkuckee Outlet, and they are 
found in scattered patches on Green’s marsh. 

Both S. validus and S. americanus occasionally present culms 
that grow in the form of a spiral. Because of the absence of mud, 
the great bulrush is not nearly so common and thick at Lake Max- 


186 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


inkuckee as at many of the small lakes of Indiana. At Eagle Lake 
near Warsaw, this plant presented two distinct forms, one soft, 
easily crushed and pale glaucus, and the other bright green and 
very firm. The soft pale form was very rare at Lake Maxinkuckee, 
but appears to be increasing considerably of late years. At Eagle 
Lake, too, the bases of the culms were very frequently covered with 
green sponges, while this was not at all common at Lake Maxin- 
kuckee. The parts of the plants above water seem to die very 
slowly and imperceptibly during the winter, and their bases under 
water remain fresh, succulent, and green down to the white base. 
On April 14, 1901, bases were washed up fresh and green. They 
seem to be pulled up somewhat by ice cakes. On April 30 the 
old bases were noted thickly coated with a much-branched fine 
sort of alga. By May 3, the plants were observed sticking up well 
out of the water in Lost Lake. On May 4 they were up and ready 
to blossom near the Outlet in Lake Maxinkuckee, and were ob- 
served in about the same condition May 10 in Green’s marsh. By 
May 20 they were in blossom. ; 

The rush-patches offer a retreat for small floating plants, and 
the patch north of the Ice-houses contained Wolffia, Spirodela and 
Ricciocarpus. This was the only place these plants ventured to 
grow in the lake except in the sheltered region near the Norris 
Inlet. Muskrats like to keep among rush-patches and use the 
stems to some extent in their nests. 


40. THREE-CORNERED BULRUSH 


SCIRPUS AMERICANUS Persoon 


Very common, fringing the lake in patches wherever the condi- 
tions were favorable, as about Long Point, in front of the Barnes 
cottage, a small patch at Green’s pier, a very long patch south of 
Green’s extending to Murray’s, south of the pond or marsh south 
of Farrar’s, opposite the spongy spring hill on the southwest shore 
of the lake, by the green boathouse near Norris Inlet, and from 
Norris Inlet to beyond the Norris farm, where a long row of tall 
willows comes down to the lake. From this point to Culver Bay 
there is none, the descent of land to the water being too sudden. It 
begins again in occasional patches where the road comes down to 
the lake near Culver Military Academy, and a patch fringes most of 
Culver Bay in front of the grounds. It grows east of the Palmer 
House, and east of Lakeview Hotel and beginning again at the 
railroad pumping station it extends in pretty continuous patches 
to the Outlet. It seems to prefer a flattish bottom of mixed marl, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 187 


muck and sand, and rarely extends in water deeper than 18 inches 
or two feet. Where the bottom is level and shallow it will extend 
out into the lake considerable distances, but where there is more 
slope to the shore the belt is narrow. At Long Point a little grows 
on the shore; as also south of Green’s. It grows in a swamp back 
of the ice-beach south of the lake. On the springy hill south of 
the lake a little patch grows on land quite a way back from the 
lake, while in a low, flat springy field along the lake near the Culver 
Military Academy grounds (across the road from the lake) there 
is a great continuous patch of this plant. Like the great bulrush, 
S. validus, and like the various species of Eleocharis, this plant 
spreads by means of rootstocks and proceeds out into the water in 
more or less straight rows. In the autumn the part above water 
eradually dies and turns brown, but the portion under water stays 
green all winter. It had begun to look dead and brown by Septem- 
ber 28, 1900. 

By May 5, 1901, it began to show in the bottom near shore as 
exceedingly short stubble; it soon showed up well and green at 
the edge of the lake; by May 25 the flower buds showed, and by 
June 7 it was in flower, though short (6 inches) in the lake. 

A large patch of this species was observed on a bar at the edge 
of Tuttle’s Island in the Auglaize River a few miles above Defiance, 
Ohio, all or nearly all of the culms of which were markedly spiral, 
and the patch as a whole presented a remarkable aspect quite un- 
like anything else that comes to mind, especially when the wind 
swayed them slightly and the masses of light and shade ran up 
and down them in a fantastic manner. There was something at- 
tractively tipsy in the appearance of the group, and this form, if it 
remained fixed, would be a valuable addition to parks containing 
ponds or lakes. 


41. STIFF WHITE WATER CROW-FOOT 
BATRACHIUM TRICHOPHYLLUM (Chaix) 


Rather common in the lake near shore from the Ice-houses 
north to Culver; also common in Lost Lake near shore south of the 
Bardsley cottage. Some also found by the green boathouse. In 
flower in Lost Lake, June 8, 1901. The plants are many of them 
washed out by the high waves of autumn, but they strike root 
again. The leaves stay green all winter. Frequently in late au- 
tumn the plants are covered, as are most of the plants of the lake, 
by a thick growth of diatoms. Of recent years this species has in- 
creased in abundance and is now common along the shore south of 
the Ice-houses and in the neighborhood of Chadwick’s pier. 


188 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


42. TRUE WATER-CRESS 


SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM-AQUATICUM Linnzus 


Scattered in various places along the lake shore, as, at the 
Barnes cottage, along the north side near the Culver pier, and down 
near Farrar’s. The largest patch was in the mouth of the small 
creek which enters the lake near the road, at Culver Bay. 


43. KNOTTED SPIKE-RUSH 


ELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA (Vahl) 


This interesting plant is of local distribution in the lakes, there 
being several patches in Lake Maxinkuckee as follows: 

(1) A large irregular patch north of Winfield’s, extending in 
a sharp point some distance out into the water. 

(2) A patch in the water opposite the hill between the pump- 
ing station and depot. 

(3) A patch south of Farrar’s, opposite the beginning of the 
forest. 

(4) A good patch out from the hill southwest of the lake where 
the high bank comes down to the lake. 

(5) Great patches by the green boathouse. 

There was also a large patch in Lost Lake along the southwest 
shore. 

This plant grows in rather dense patches, and projects high 
above the water, so the distribution is easily made out. In gen- 
eral appearance it resembles an Equisetum. The fruit is a cone- 
like affair. In the autumn the plants assume a beautiful golden 
color, but the tops quite quickly succumb to the frost and lop over. 
The plants showed above the surface of the water by May 30, 1901. 
The seeds are shed in autumn before the water freezes. The 
plants of this species are extensively used by the muskrats in the 
fall in building their winter houses. 


44, ANGLED SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS MUTATA (Linnzus) 


Only one smali patch of this spike-rush was found in the lake 
and this was in the neighborhood of the green boathouse west of 
Norris Inlet. The patch was so mixed in with other weeds—bul- 
rushes and arrow-heads—that it was difficult to find. It grows in 
shallow water, hardly more than a foot deep, and projects well out 
of the water. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 189 


45. CREEPING SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS (Linnzus) 


This is one of the most variable in size and general appearance 
of all the spike-rushes, sometimes being tall and stout, and resem- 
bling a small bulrush, and at other times rather small and incon- 
spicuous like its smaller relatives. One tall patch was found at 
Long Point, along the north side of that cape, and another by the 
green boathouse. It was also found at Fletcher Lake, near Logans- 
port. 

Like the other species of Eleocharis it grows in rather shallow 
water, hardly ever over a foot in depth, and never far out from 
shore. Like the other species, too, it spreads by means of root- 
stalks. It was sticking up well out of the water by May 28, 1901, 
at Long Point, and by June 6 was in blossom. 


46. ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS GLAUCESCENS Willdenow 


This form was found along the beach toward the south end of 
the lake. 


47. NEEDLE SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS (Linnzus) 


One of the most minute of the spike-rushes, common at the 
water’s edge and in low, damp places, often appearing like a growth 
of fine stiff green hairs. The plants grow in straight rows like 
drills in every direction in shallow water near shore, forming net- 
works. Patches were found in front of the Arlington Hotel; com- 
mon on the west shore of Lost Lake, also at bottom of the Outlet, 
far down, and a large amount found at the tamarack swamp west 
of Lake Maxinkuckee. 

In flower on Green’s marsh, May 29, 1901. 


48. BROAD-LEAVED ARROWHEAD 
SAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA Willdenow 


Found scattered along the shore at the water’s edge usually in 
mud, but sometimes in sandy places, in which case the plants were 
small with rather narrow leaves, as at Long Point and at Outlet 
Bay, at Winfield’s, etc. Usually it grows in mud, as in the region 
of Norris Inlet, and here the plants were stout and the leaves broad. 
Fruiting about September 28 near Winfield’s. For propagation, in 
addition to seeds, these plants form large round bluish tubers about 
the size of a walnut. These tubers have a rich crisp yellowish in- 
terior and a pleasant sweetish taste, and seem to be formed here 
only exceptionally. The plants had sprouted well by May 24, 1903. 


190 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Leaves of a patch growing in a ditch near Farrar’s were orna- 
mented with white blotches while some of those growing at the edge 
of the lake had the leaves ornamented with dark purple spots. 


49. PICKEREL-WEED 


PONTEDERIA CORDATA Linnezus 


Quite common in shallow water along muddy shores. Loca- 
tions are as follows: Near Long Point; a large patch in the cut-off 
swamp between Farrar’s and Overmyer’s; by the Ice-houses, north 
of Winfield’s; and off Culver Military Academy grounds. South 
of the marsh near Overmyer’s, extending beyond Norris Inlet is a 
nearly continuous patch, the patch being largest in the vicinity of 
the green boathouse. Abundant also along Lost Lake outlet. 

Pontederia is fond of growing in muddy bottom, from the bank 
to where the water is about 10 inches to a foot deep. The leaves 
succumb early to frosts in autumn, but the part below water and 
young leaves remain green. Cattle do not seem to dislike it, as the 
plants by the springy flat near Overmyer’s field were neatly 
cropped off. 

There is a peculiar attractiveness about this plant with its thick 
dark green leaves, and spikes of blue flowers with a central spot of 
yellow, growing in tropical luxuriance at the water’s edge. It 
frequently makes a rather narrow zone between the stretch of 
Scirpus americanus, growing in water to the depth of 1.5 to 2 feet. 


50. GREEN ARROW-ARUM 


PELTANDRA VIRGINICA (Linnzus) 


Not very abundant but scattered about in various wet places. 
It was most abundant at the Outlet, both at the head and along the 
margins. Plants were occasionally seen along the south shore of 
the lake, and were pretty abundant near Norris Inlet. They were 
also found in marshes west of the lake. In late autumn the fruits 
are abundantly scattered along the shore of the Outlet and of Lost 
Lake. The seeds, enclosed in a large dark-green spathe and sur- 
rounded by a clear jelly-like aril, are said to be a favorite food of 
wild geese along the Kankakee, where it is abundant. 


51. BRISTLY SEDGE 


CAREX COMOSA Boott 


This very handsome and well-marked sedge grows in tufts in 
the water at the south end of Lost Lake and along by Norris Inlet. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 191 


So strongly aquatic is it in habit that it deserves to be placed among 
the water plants. The spikes were well developed in swamps by 
the Norris Inlet June 22, 1901. 


52. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL 


TYPHA LATIFOLIA Linnzus 


This plant does not form extensive patches here as it frequently 
does elsewhere. There are a couple of small patches along the 
northwest shore of the lake north of the Ice-houses. There is a 
considerable patch along the railroad between Lake Maxinkuckee 
and Lost Lake, and another patch, a continuation of this, on the 
northeast shore of Lost Lake. The plants grow quite thick in a 
patch—the result of its propagating by underground root-stalks. 
It likes to grow in rich, soft, mucky soil, from hardly in more than 
a few inches of water to where the soil is simply soaked. In its 
moister situations it is associated with Scirpi (S. americanus or S. 
validus), and in its dryer, with sedges. Where it grows in water 
such alge as Cheetophora attach themselves to the submerged por- 
tions of the stem. Various marsh loving birds, as song sparrows, 
red-winged blackbirds, and particularly the marsh wrens, find it a 
good hiding place, and the latter bird most frequently chooses the 
cattail patches for nesting places. Some insects, among them 
grasshoppers, like the brown of the fruit, and frequently eat it off 
until the seeds are bare and show. The cat-tail generally comes 
apart, and the seeds with their fuzzy parachutes are distributed 
by the wind. In the autumn the leaves turn light brown and 
dead, beginning at the top and drying so gradually that it is 
impossible to say just when the stalk is fully dead. 


53. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE 


DECODON VERTICILLATUS Linnzus 


Common. There was formerly a narrow patch along the south 
shore of Outlet Bay, near the Outlet, but this has been removed by 
grading and cleaning out the brush at this place. It is common 
along the Outlet of Lost Lake but by far the greatest patches are 
along the sides of Norris Inlet where the wide border of these 
plants forms an almost impenetrable low thicket particularly hard 
to penetrate because of the loops made by the bowed-over plants. 
The tips dipping into the water entangle duckweeds and drift of 
all sorts, so that this plant is one of the most effective agencies in 
extending the domain of the sedgy marsh into the lake. This 


192 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


species is remarkable for the great mass of spongy tissue about the 
bases of the stems. 

In winter the muskrats feed to some extent upon the Decodon 
bark. 


AQUATIC PLANTS OF LOST LAKE 


The list of aquatic plants given above contains only those to be 
found in the larger lake and does not by any means include all that 
are to be found in the region. Very closely connected with Lake 
Maxinkuckee is a smaller lake known as Lost Lake, Little Lake or 
Little Lake Maxinkuckee. This lake, a comparatively shallow body 
of water with a rich muddy bottom, contains a remarkable assem- 
blage of plants some of which are related to the fish life of the lake 
in a more striking manner than any of the plants of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee. It is somewhat surprising that some, or most, of these 
plants are not found in Lake Maxinkuckee, especially in the vicinity 
of Norris Inlet, where conditions are very similar to those of Lost 
Lake. The various species of bladderworts are to be found in Lost 
Lake, as well as a species of milfoil and several delicate and exceed- 
ingly beautiful forms of Chara and Nitella. 

In the discussion of the aquatic flora of Lake Maxinkuckee, any 
reference to the forms to be found only in Lost Lake has been 
sedulously avoided, and the incidental reference to Lost Lake, to 
those found growing in both lakes, was a rather unfortunate ne- 
cessity, as it was not wished to interrupt the sequence or attract 
attention from the unity of the flora of the large lake. The fact 
that Lost Lake has some importance as a fishing resort justifies the 
addition, in an appendix, of the list of the aquatics to be found in 
Lost Lake. 

1. RHCLINED BLADDERWORT 
LECTICULA RESUPINATA (B. D. Greene) 

This bladderwort was not found in the region of the lakes until 
the summer of 1906. In that summer a dam was thrown across 
the Outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee at the railroad bridge, and as a 
result the water of Lost Lake drained rapidly away to a large ex- 
tent, leaving broad beaches. Upon the broad beach thus formed, 
just south of the Bardsley cottage, the Reclined Bladderwort was 
found in abundance. 


2. PURPLE BLADDERWORT 
VESICULINA PURPUREA (Walter) 


Found in flower, September 18, 1900, a little way down the out- 
let of Lost Lake in shallow water among the dense mixed vegetation 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 193 


of Nymphxa advena, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum. 
It had previously been recorded from only one locality in the state, 
in Lake County, and was found about the same time by Mr. W. S. 
Blatchley in some abundance in Cedar and Mud lakes near South 
Bend. Winter buds were collected during the winter of 1900-1901 
and a few were found in the same region in the early winter of 1904 
and on subsequent occasions. An attempt was made to keep some 
of these plants in a small aquarium but they did not thrive. Under 
suitable conditions they should do so and would make very desir- 
able plants for aquariums. Strictly speaking, this species does not — 
form winter buds, as most of the bladderworts do. The short 
young upper leaves and branches simply coil up circinately after 
the fashion of fern buds, or the sundew, and remain in that condi- 
tion until the growing season in spring. 

This is one of the most graceful species of the genus, the whorled 
arrangement of the branches giving it the general appearance of 
acharad. The effectiveness of the rather small bladders as animal 
traps was not investigated. 


3. GREATER BLADDERWORT 


UTRICULARIA MACRORHIZA Leconte 


Very common in the north end of Lost Lake, making consider- 
able masses of vegetation; abundant also down the outlet of Lost 
Lake near Walley’s. Common in the shallow ponds and ditches of 
Green’s marsh, and found in a permanent pond east of the lake 
north of the Maxinkuckee road. Not nearly so abundant in the 
Lake Maxinkuckee region as in Twin Lakes a few miles farther 
north, where they grow in great abundance and most luxuriantly 
in one of the lakes. 

The plants begin rather early in the autumn (September 17, 
1900) to form hibernating buds which vary in size from that of a 
pea to that of a good-sized marble. The upper leaves of the plant 
coil up into an exceedingly firm ball, the lower leaves are shed, leav- 
ing the propagating buds at the end of a long delicate looking 
slender string, which looks easy to break but proves exceedingly 
tough and strong. The stem decays during the winter. The win- 
ter buds are held together by a sort of gluey secretion. They prob- 
ably, most of them, sink to the bottom and remain all winter. How- 
ever, in the winter of 1904, great numbers were found half sticking 
up out of the ice and half buried in it. 

Winter buds placed in water in a warm room appear to behave 
differently, probably according to whether the bud was taken in its 


13—17618—Vol. 2 


194 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


early stages or after it had fully set. Some taken late in the au- 
tumn of 1912 were kept all winter in a warm room in a laboratory 
tank of still water, but made no signs of opening until spring, and 
then never amounted to a great deal. 

If the buds, before too well set, are placed in a vessel in a warm 
room they open, they will grow rapidly and fill the vessel with sur- 
prising quickness. While many of the bladderworts remain a deli- 
cate translucent green, in many other cases the bladders develop a 
purple or violet color, and this hue in some cases becomes so deep 
that the bladders appear jet black or wholly opaque. Such plants, 
specially where they can be so arranged as to be compared with the 
green form, have a high ornamental value. A plant kept in a jar 
developed this rich color. One naturally thinks such bladders are 
full of insects or prey, but examination often proves them empty 
or nearly so. 

In the early spring the buds expand and grow with great rapid- 
ity. Though no plants had been noted before April 15, 1901, on 
that date plants about two inches long, with bladders of good size, 
were observed in Lost Lake and Green’s marsh and were of a fine 
purple color. By May 19, one flower seen in Green’s marsh; abund- 
antly in flower and bud in marsh north of Lost Lake; May 24 
many flowers seen, same place. 

Many of the bladders were opened and found empty. A num- 
ber of bladders were examined in early summer and abundant 
remains of copepods and some ostracods were found inside the 
bladders. ; 

It appears, indeed, to be in the autumn just before the leaves 
drop off and the bud forms for winter, that these bladders are most 
active in capturing prey. The structure of the bladder is peculiar, 
the whole organ bearing considerable superficial resemblance to a 
water flea (Daphnia), the long guides projecting from the mouth 
of the bladder resembling much the anterior legs of the crustacean. 
The plant probably needs an extra amount of food just before going 
into hibernation to store up as well as to get material for the musci- 
laginous secretion, and possibly the entomostraca and hydrachnids, 
benumbed by the coming winter’s cold and seeking a place to hiber- 
nate, find a place for a long sleep by snuggling up between the guid- 
ing hairs and under the fatal trap door. Some collected in late 
autumn in Twin Lakes had the bladders crammed with various 
organisms, especially with a red hydrachnid that showed brightly 
through the thin membranes of his trap. Concerning the relation 
of this plant to fishes, Mr. E. G. Simms, Jr. (Fishing Gazette, May 
31, 1884, quoted in Bull. U. S. F. C. IV, 1884, 257-8), speaks of it 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 195 


as destroying newly hatched perch and roach by catching them 
with its bladders, the fish usually being caught by the tail. As 
an example of its destructive powers, he mentioned the fact that 
of 150 newly hatched perch placed in a glass vessel only 1 or 2 
were alive 2 days subsequently. Under natural conditions it is 
not to be supposed that by any means so large a percentage of 
fishes would be entrapped. Prof. H. N. Mosely (1. c¢. 259, 260, 
quoted from Nature, May 22, 1884) gives an account of the same 
case in fuller detail, and, in a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird (1. c. 261) 
gives further interesting notes, ending with: “I have not found 
any case of a young fish trapped by any specimen of Utricularia 
taken from the pond in which it grows here, although there are 
many fish in the pond.” 

Prof. S. A. Forbes (Bull. U.S. F. C. IV, 1884, 448, quoted from 
Forest and Stream of September 4, 1884) speaks of the possible 
injury Utricularia may cause by entrapping crustacea which form 
fish food. In 10 bladders of U. macrorhiza taken at random he 
found the remains of 93 animals representing at least 28 species, of 
which 76 individuals, representing 20 species, were entomostraca, 
and he concludes that the plant “habitually and continuously con- 
tends with them (young fry) for food, and it may be said to thrive 
largely at their expense.” 


4, FLAT-LEAVED BLADDERWORT 


UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA Hayne 


Abundant both in Lost Lake, in the flat meadow north of it, and 
in Green’s marsh. The water form differed so much from the 
land form that it was only by repeated comparisons and study of 
the two that their identity was established. The land form lies 
prostrate on the ground with conspicuous two-ranked leaves. The 
bladders are borne on separate stems; they appear to be few on the 
aquatic plants and in the land forms they grow more or less under 
ground. They are larger than those of any other species observed, 
and possess no chlorophyll so that they are entirely transparent. 
No organisms were observed in any of them, but they have curious 
large glands in the interior. The leaves of the water form are 
differently arranged and are rather inconspicuous. It makes firm 
winter buds which are much smaller than those of U. macrorhiza. 
On April 25, 1901, it was observed growing in good shape, with 
large bladders, in Green’s marsh. Observed again on May 19 when 
the first flower was seen; May 24, many flowers seen. 


U9G Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


5. LESSER BLADDERWORT 


UTRICULARIA MINOR Linnzus 


Found in Lost Lake among the other bladderworts. A small 
inconspicuous form. Small buds about the size of pinheads or a 
little larger were found in Lost Lake during the winter which ap- 
peared to belong to this species. 


6. HUMPED BLADDERWORT 


UTRICULARIA GIBBA Linncus 


This species grows quite abundantly on the sand on the west 
shore of Lost Lake, coming somewhat into shallow water and ex- 
tending back a distance into the boggy soil. Here, in early Sep- 
tember, 1900, the sprinkling of the numerous yellow flowers made 
the patch quite attractive. 


7. WEAK-STALKED CLUB-RUSH 


SCIRPUS DEBILIS Pursh 


Not common. A few plants found on the west shore of Lost 
Lake at the water’s edge, August 30, 1900. Not found in Lake 
Maxinkuckee. 


8. SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL 


MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM Linnzus 


Not common, except from the south end of Lost Lake and on 
down the outlet. A few plants were found in the pools along the 
railroad between the lakes. This species is considerably more 
graceful than M. verticillatum. In the pools along the railroad and 
in the stagnant waters of Lost Lake the plants decay quickly in 
autumn, the apex, which assumes the form of a compact pear- 
shaped winter-bud of a copper color, alone remaining. Some dis- 
tance down the outlet this plant was very abundant, and here, 
where the current was rather swift, it did not decay, nor form 
these buds, but retained its summer condition. 


9. TWIG RUSH 
MARISCUS MARISCOIDES (Muhlenberg) 
A bulrush-like plant, found among other rushes close to the 


water’s edge. Found only in a small patch growing along the west 
shore of Lost Lake. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey USN 


THE FERNS, FERN-ALLIES, AND SEED-BEARING PLANTS 


In the systematic arrangement of the families and species in 
this annotated list of the Ferns, Fern-Allies, and Seed-bearing 
Plants of the Lake Maxinkuckee region, we have followed the 
second edition of Britton and Brown’s “Illustrated Flora of the 
Northern United States, Canada, and the British Possessions” 
(New York, 1913). We have also endeavored to follow the same 
work in the spelling, capitalization, and punctuation of the scien- 
tific and vernacular names. This, however, has caused us much 
embarrassment, as the “Illustrated Flora” is full of inconsistencies 
and absurdities in all these matters. 

Although the aquatic species have been fully discussed in the 
two preceding lists, it has been decided, for the sake of complete- 
ness, to include them in the present chapter. 


FAMILY 1. OPHIOGLOSSACEH. ADDER’S-TONGUE FAMILY 
1. TERNATE GRAPE-FERN 


BOTRYCHIUM OBLIQUUM Muhi. 


This fern is not common about Lake Maxinkuckee, and indeed, 
does not appear to be particularly common anywhere within the 
state. It is never found in patches, but usually occurs singly or 
two or three individuals scattered here and there in rather open 
woods. Examples were found in moist woods near a small pond 
on the east side some distance back from the lake. It was also 

found growing in damp woods on the Zechiel farm south of the 
lake. 

This fern is not often found in fruit in the vicinity of the lake. 
It sends up from a short erect rootstock only one or two leaves, 
which are thick and fleshy. The leaves do not die down in winter, 
but take on a rich coppery-red or bronze tinge, a color assumed by 
the great majority of our plants with thick persistent leaves (red 
cedar, Lonicera, Galax, etc.) A microscopic section of the winter 
leaf shows that the chloroplasts are the seat of the red color and 
that the redness is probably due to the fact that the chlorophyl has 
passed into a resting condition. 

All examples seen at the lake had entire rounded lobes and be- 
long to the form known as B. obliquum. As found in some places 
there is wide variation in the form of frond-segments, these in 
some cases being cut up into finely dissected acute segments. Both 
forms are found at Ft. Wayne, Indiana, and both are common about 
Washington, D. C. 


198 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


At Brookland, D. C., a clump of young plants was found, all 
apparently offsprings of a single plant, and in all probability of a 
mature individual found in their midst. The mature plant was of 
the finely dissected form, and of the young (about nine in number) 
two were finely dissected and the remainder round-lobed. 

The low habit of this plant makes it rather inconspicuous dur- 
ing the spring and summer. At this time it cannot compete with 
the tall-growing ferns as an ornamental plant, and will never per- 
haps grace gardens made to please the popular eye, which demands 
flaming azaleas and gorgeous hollyhocks and dazzling Poinsettias. 
It has a distinct place, however, in adding to the beauty of the 
world. Like the blossom of the last witch-hazel in autumn, or the 
hood of the first skunk cabbage in spring, or the red and gray of 
the lichen and the green of the saturated moss, it makes a ramble 
in the sere and barren woods pregnant with the possibility of a 
discovery, and full of hope of the occurrence of a real event. 

The plant yields to culture very well, and one planted in a city 
dooryard flourished year after year without any especial care. Here 
it passed unnoticed during the heydey of summertime, but later in 
autumn when flowers were frosted and leaves were fallen and 
brown, it was especially attractive; the bright green of its summer 
coloration being tinged with the edge of rose that later spread over 
the whole leaf. 

The clump of little plants spoken of above, showing variation 
in foliage-form, has been potted. Though most of them appear to 
be thriving they are as yet too small to tell how they will succeed as 
potted in clumps. It appears doubtful, however, whether they will 
have the same charm as they exhibit in their native woodlands. 

Sometime, perhaps, our larger cities will have winter-parks, 
where bittersweet and waxwork and fever-bush, clematis fuzz and 
wild yam pods, and Christmas fern, and a dozen other things every 
botanist can think of will show their best during the most cheerless 
season; and then, in some little nook, the ternate grape-fern will 
come to its own. 


2. RATTLESNAKE-FERN; VIRGINIA GRAPE-FERN 


BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Sw. 


This species is considerably more abundant than the preceding 
and is found scattered in rich shady woods, such as Farrar’s and 
Walley’s. In leaf-texture and habit this plant is in marked con- 
trast with the other. It fruits quite abundantly, and the thin leaf, 
which withers very quickly upon being plucked, dies down early 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey £99 


in autumn. The plants were up well by May 24, 1901, in Farrar’s 
woods. Herbarium specimens collected southwest of the lake June 
26; F901; 


FAMILY 2. OSMUNDACEZ. ROYAL FERN FAMILY 
3. ROYAL FERN 


OSMUNDA REGALIS L. 


This tall handsome fern is quite abundant in Walley’s swamp, 
where it grows in jiarge tussocks, often to the height of four or five 
feet. On September 23, 1900, the ground, or rather peat, of this 
swamp was covered in places by prothallia of a fern, doubtless this 
species. On May 12, 1901, the plants were well up. The species 
was also noted in swamp places in Farrar’s woods. 

The Royal Fern usually grows in rather deep woods about the 
edge of ponds and swamps. It does not closely resemble the other 
ferns of the genus or indeed any other fern, and is attractive as 
much for its “otherishness’—oddity is not just the word—as any- 
thing else. The form of leaf and venation remind one of fossil 
forms, rather than common living species. 


4, CINNAMON-FERN 


OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA L. 


This is one of the stateliest and most handsome of our native 
ferns, often growing to a height of five feet or more. A great patch 
crowned a hillside bordering the southeast side of Lost Lake plain, 
and it was generally distributed throughout the flat low forest be- 
tween Murray’s and Farrar’s along the old road that ran near 
the shore of the lake. 

About the middle of September, 1900, the plants of this species 
were observed to be sending up from the base peculiar furry pro- 
tuberances, which, from subsequent observations, appear to have 
been the buds for the next year’s growth. These dense brown 
wooly conical buds were observed early the next spring. By April 
22 they began to show active signs of growth, and five days later 
they were six inches high, but not unfolded. The spores, which are 
borne in great abundance in peculiar brown contracted fronds were 
nearly ripe by May 12. On September 17, 1900, a large number of 
prothallia were found near and under the parent plants. 

This fern is frequently planted in city yards but does not ap- 
pear to thrive well in such places, as they are usually too dry fort. 
and the situation too cramped and crowded. 


200 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


In a tamarack marsh near Lake of the Woods, Ind., in 1909, 
quite a number of the intermediate fronds, where the foliaceous 
fronds are more or less contracted and spore-bearing, were ob- 
served. ; 

5. CLAYTON’S FERN 
OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA L. 


This fern very closely resembles the preceding in general ap- 
pearance and habits, and grows even somewhat taller. During the 
fruiting season they are easily distinguished. In this species the 
spores are borne on some of the middle pinne of foliaceous leaves, 
the pinne bearing the spores being much contracted and brown. 
It does not appear to be so common about the lake as the preceding. 
Some plants were found in the low-ground marsh along the road 
west of Farrar’s. 


FAMILY 38. POLYPODIACEZ. FERN FAMILY 
6. SENSITIVE FERN 


ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L. 


This fern is quite common in the vicinity of the lake, especially 
in flat, moist, rather open, places. It grows most abundantly and 
bears fruit to the greatest perfection in a swamp at the edge of 
Zechiel’s field, across the railroad from the birch swamp. It was 
also observed in Green’s marsh back of Long Point. It was well 
up in leaf by May 12. Spores were well ripened by September 18 
and dead ripe September 27. 


7. BRITTLE FERN 
FILIX FRAGILIS (L.) Underw. 


This bright green delicate fern, which is usually quite common 
throughout the state in grassy open places at the edges of wood- 
lands, is not very common near Lake Maxinkuckee. A few plants 
were found at the edge-of Culver’s woods northeast of the lake, 
near where the road approaches the shore. 


8. CHRISTMAS-FERN 
POLYSTICHUM ACROSTICHOIDES (Michx.) Schott 


Not especially common in the neighborhood of the lake. A few 
plants occur on a bank in Overmyer’s woods. It also clothes the 
steep sides of the steep gully northeast of the lake known as the 
canon. It appears to have no special time for fruiting, as fertile 
fronds can be found through the year. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 201 


Among the plants that give grace to the woodland and charm 
to the world, the Christmas Fern holds an eminent place. In many 
places it is about the only plant that furnishes considerable masses 
of green throughout the barren portions of the year, and the only 
thing which furnishes both the greenness of summer and the grace 
of fern. On account of its commonness, however, it is generally 
much undervalued. 

In places where landscape gardening can be carried on on a 
large scale, especially in the Zoological Park at Washington, D. C., 
this plant is becoming much used in the planting of steep banks. 
It is worthy of a place in city parks where there are either natural 
or artificial terraces. It thrives very well in pot culture and is not 
greatly inferior in appearance to the “Boston Fern.” There also 
frequently occur forms with cut-lobed pinne, or even bi-pinnatifid 
forms which yield considerable variety. 


9. NEW YORK FERN 
DRYOPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS (L.) A. Gray 


One of the most abundant ferns of the region, growing plenti- 
fully among grasses and sedges of the flat meadows and lake plains. 
The fronds stand rigidly upright, the fertile appearing considerably 
contracted after fruiting, due to the fact that the edges of the frond 
rollup. Observed coming up finely in marshes May 11, 1901. The 
spores ripen in August. It is the abundance of this fern upon the 
peaty prairies that gives a pleasant fragrance to the wild prairie 
hay. It was common on the flat west of Long Point. 


10. MARSH SHIELD-FERN 
DRYOPTERIS THELYPTERIS (L.) A. Gray 


Not so common as the preceding. Found growing in similar 
situations and considerably resembling it in general appearance, 
but distinguished by the fact that the lower-most pinne are nearly 
as long as the middle one. 


11. CRESTED SHIELD-FERN 
DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA (L.) A. Gray 


The Crested Shield-fern is not very common about Lake Max- 
inkuckee, nor indeed, is it generally abundant in the state. It is 
usually found about the edges of woodland ponds, in most cases 
growing in the moss that skirts the roots of old trees or stumps, 
or covers half sunken logs. It generally prefers deep woodlands, 
but is quite persistent where once established, continuing to thrive 


202 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


after the removal of timber has greatly changed original condi- 
tions. A few plants grew at the edge of Zechiel’s pond, and it was 
fairly common about a pond on the east side of the lake, back of 
Van Schoiack’s and about a pond northeast of the lake. 

In sheltered locations this fern remains green all winter. It is 
so uncommon that stumbling upon a clump in the winter is always 
a pleasant surprise and in many parts of the country, it is, during 
the winter, the daintiest thing out doors. The stem is very limber 
and drooping so that it is not very good as a cut plant. It is doubt- 
ful whether it would be satisfactory in parks or landscape gardens. 
It harmonizes best with wild landscapes in great tracts. 


12. SPINULOSE SHIELD-FERN 


DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA (Muell.) Kuntze 


A finely-cut, shy fern usually found in deep rich woodlands. A 
few examples were found scattered through Farrar’s woods. 


13. BROAD BEECH-FERN 


DRYOPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA (Michx.) C. Chr. 


A rather common fern throughout the state in dry woods, under 
trees and in leaf-mold. Not abundant at the lake; most of the 
plants seen were on the east side. It was most common along 
gulleys northeast of the lake. It does not grow in clumps but 
usually is somewhat scattered, only a few fronds in a place. It is 
one of our earliest plants to die down in autumn. At the end of the 
growing season the leaves slowly fade to a creamy white before 
losing their form. They are particularly attractive at this time, 
and during all the summer have a faint pleasant fragrance. 


14. VIRGINIA CHAIN-FERN 


ANCHISTEA VIRGINICA (L.) Pres}. 


This tall handsome fern is very abundant in Hawk’s marsh, 
where it grows in pure peat moss and forms a characteristic zone 
outside of the sedge zone, overtopping the low heaths. It grew 
also pretty abundantly along the east side of Lost Lake outlet in 
Walley’s woods, and bordered the islands and banks of the outlet 
plain far down toward the Tippecanoe River. The fruit makes 
interesting and attractive patterns on the back of the leaf. The 
long stout rootstock with the bases of old fronds attached, often 
persists along the surface of the ground after the ferns have disap- 
peared, and much resembles the trunk of a tree-fern. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 203 


15. NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT 
ASPLENIUM PYCNOCARPON Spreng. 


This fern is quite rare in the region about the lake, and, indeed, 
is very scarce throughout the northern part of Indiana. It usually 
occurs in rich deep woods. Our specimens came from northeast 
of the lake. A few were found in rich woods near Plymouth which 
is about 10 miles north of the lake. It is a thin delicate fern, 
bearing some general resemblance in form to the Christmas fern. 
It withers quickly on being cut. 


16. SILVERY SPLEENWORT 
ATHYRIUM THELYPTEROIDES (Michx.) Desy. 


A specimen of this fern was collected by Dr. Scovell in 1900, 
probably in Farrar’s woods. 


17. LADY-FERN 
ATHYRIUM FILIX-FOEMINA (L.) Roth 


This delicate, pretty fern is occasional in Farrar’s woods, in 
moist shady places in rich ground. 


18. MAIDEN-HAIR FERN 
ADIANTUM PEDATUM L. 


This dainty well-known fern is fairly common in some places in 
Farrar’s woods. <A few were found also near a pond back of Cul- 
ver’s, on the east side of the lake. Some also grew near a pond 
by Busart’s field. Most of the plants were rather small, and it 
does not attain the luxuriance of growth near the lake that is often 
observed in moist rich woods. In well protected situations it re- 
tains its form, and frequently its color, late into the winter. In 
spite of its delicate appearance it does not crumple up at the first 
touch of frost, but the fronds frequently ripen and bleach out 
gradually after the manner of the beech-fern. 

The Maiden-hair Fern is one of the plants to rapidly disappear 
before the march of civilization and in many places it is becoming 
quite rare. It thrives only in the humid, dusky depths of thick 
woodlands, and such changes as pasturage and thinning out of 
forests quickly cause it to die out. 


19. BRAKE; BRACKEN; EAGLE FERN 
PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM (L.) Kuhn 


This coarse, well-known fern grows abundantly in the region 
of the lake and is particularly common in the open sandy ground 


204 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


along the railroad south of the lake. It also grows in low woods 
among the brush. It has a world-wide distribution and was orig- 
inally described from Europe. It was observed commonly up well 
by May 12. The spores ripen in August. 


FAMILY 4. EQUISETACEZ. HORSETAIL FAMILY 
20. FIELD HORSETAIL 


EQUISETUM ARVENSE L. 


The Field Horse-tail has a very wide distribution, ranging 
through the northern part of North America, Europe and Asia. It 
is usually found in sandy soils along roads and railroads. Rail- 
road embankments form a -favorite habitat and on high steep 
slopes where the railroad has been graded up considerably the 
peculiar pale fertile fronds of this species, looking somewhat like 
odd mushroom growths of some sort, make conspicuous patches in 
early spring, and are followed later, after these have withered 
away, by the symmetrical little conical sterile plants which look 
like miniature evergreens. The peculiar distribution of the species 
in this country, along the well trodden ways of civilization and 
travel, points to the possibility that it may be an introduced species, 
the spores perhaps, carried with the dust of trade. At the lake 
it was most abundant along the railroad and along the road down 
by Farrar’s. 

The fertile fronds have a rather long season in spring, com- 
ing up in favorable localities considerably earlier than in others. 
By April 15, 1901, the spores were ripe by Farrar’s. By April 
17, plants along the railroad by Winfield’s were up abundantly, and 
by April 26 the spores along the railroad south of the lake were 
nearly all shed. The sterile shoots began to appear April 28. 
There is considerable difference in the appearance of the indi- 
vidual sterile fronds; some leaves which form the fringing being 
absent, so that the node is unfringed. The form in which the 
whole plant is nearly prostrate (var. decumbens Meyer) is quite 
frequent. On September 28, 1906, some of the green, branching 
fronds along the railroad back of the cornfields were observed bear- 
ing cones of fruit. These represent the variety serotinum. On 
moist mornings in autumn the tips of the branches of the sterile 
plants were observed heavily covered with transpiration drops, 
showing that physiological activities had been going on quite ac- 
tively at the time. The fronds were observed still quite green as 
late as November 19. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 205 


The fertile fronds bear spores quite abundantly and these can 
be collected in fair-sized masses by simply shaking them out of the 
spore cone. They are gray-green in color, and are remarkably 
sensitive to changes of moisture; breathing upon a spore mass 
causes it to fluff up, while drying causes it to occupy small space. 
This change of appearance is due to two long appendages to each 
spore which unfold or fold up according as moisture is added or 
withdrawn. 

Most of our specimens collected represent the form known as FE. 
pseudo-sylvaticum. 


21. SWAMP HORSETAIL 


EQUISETUM FLUVIATILE L. 


This smoothish. dark-green horsetail is usually found growing 
in the edges of ponds in shallow water. There was a large patch 
at the edge of the pond bordering the lake just below Farrar’s, 
and a small patch grew in the edge of the lake below Winfield’s. 

The plants did not fruit heavily in the region of the lake, and 
after fruiting they put out numerous branches in whorls. All 
examples collected belonged to the variety verticillatum. 

At the opening up of spring, this plant first manifests itself by 
the appearance of a pale cone-shaped growing point very near the 
surface of the ground. This growing point was noticeable by April 
9. By May 14 the plants were quite conspicuous and by May 27 
they were in fruit. 

A large clump of these plants, heavily laden with sparkling 
transpiration drops, on a moist morning, is a sight that lies out of 
the beaten paths of travel and worth getting up early and going a 
good way to see. Even to those familiar with the great variety 
of form exhibited by plant life, it has an out-of-the-way, archaic 
appearance and makes one think of pictures of carboniferous 
landscapes. 


22. STOUT SCOURING-RUSH 


EQUISETUM ROBUSTUM A. Br. 


The Stout Scouring Rush is fairly common about the lake, grow- 
ing quite thickly in patches on the steep slopes which form the bank 
of the lake. It grows both in open and rather well wooded situa- 
tions, though not usually in dense shade. There was a large dense 
patch on the steep bank at Lakeview Hotel, and it was common 
all along the bank on the east side of the lake. There were also a 


206 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


few scattered small patches on the west side of the lake. It also 
grew along shore south of Green’s. 

These hillside plants were fairly large (about 4 feet high) but 
did not attain the immense size recorded for the species—8 to 10 
feet high and an inch in diameter. These gigantic forms are to 
be found in the rich black mud along the Missouri River. 

This horsetail presents much the same appearance all the year 
round, except that it is a brighter green during the summer months 
and becomes a brownish green during the winter. Cones of fruit 
can be found on the apices of some of the stems the whole year 
round. Growth takes place at the nodes in the portion covered by 
the sheath and during the growing season the plants can be easily 
pulled apart at the joints, but during the winter these parts harden 
and it is difficult to pull the plant apart. 

In late autumn the hollow joints are filled with water, Sahich 
runs out copiously upon pulling the joints apart. This freezes into 
a solid core of ice during the winter, but does not burst the stems. 

Along the Yellow River near Plymouth in 1909, a peculiar spec- 
tacle was exhibited by a patch of these plants which had been coated 
by mud during the early part of the year, while the river was in 
flood. The plants had grown considerably afterward and displayed 
alternating bands of yellow where coated with clay, and green, 
the new growth. By completely staining these plants at various 
intervals, fruitful studies could be made concerning the rate of 
growth. 

This plant contains an abundance of silex in its composition, so 
much that it has been used for scouring utensils. By soaking the 
plants in a mixture of aqua regia, which dissolves out everything 
but silex and cellulose, and then by soaking the remaining portions 
in cupro-ammonia, produced by placing copper filings in ammonia, 
to remove the cellulose, delicate glass skeletons can be formed. 
Even the guard-cells of the stomata are silicified. 

When these plants are decapitated they frequently put out 
slender branches. 


23. SMOOTH SCOURING-RUSH 


EQUISETUM LAEVIGATUM A. Br. 


This species, which was not very common about the lake, is 
smaller and smoother than the preceding. It grew along the rail- 
road near the lake, and some was found in fruit June 20, 1901. 
There was also a thick patch on the hillside south of the Plank 
cottage on Long Point. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 207 


FAMILY 5. LYCOPODIACEZ. CLUB-MOSS FAMILY 
24. BOG CLUB-MOSS 


LYCOPODIUM INUNDATUM L. 


Although several species of club-moss might be expected in the 
region of the lake, only one, the bog club-moss, was seen. It was 
quite rare and possibly disappearing. A few plants were found in 
a sphagnum bog in Walley’s woods. 


FAMILY 6. SELAGINELLACEE. SELAGINELLA FAMILY 
25. CREEPING SELAGINELLA 


SELAGINELLA APUS (L.) Spring 


This dainty little plant is not particularly common about Lake 
Maxinkuckee. It is, however, pretty widely spread about the lake 
plains. It grows almost entirely in the flat black ground, especially 
in springy places, near the lake. A number of patches were found 
in the flat north of Lost Lake and there are scattered patches in 
a springy flat by Norris’s. It is fairly common down the outlet. 
It was observed in fruit June 21, 1901, north of Green’s marsh. It 
is quite abundant about Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County. 

It remains green all winter, and on account of its hardiness, 
would probably make a very satisfactory pot plant. It is quite as 
pretty as many of the forms seen in greenhouses. 


FAMILY 7. PINACESH. PINE FAMILY 
26. LABRADOR PINE; GRAY PINE 


PINUS BANKSIANA Lamb. 


This species is not strictly native to the region of the lake, and 
has not become established. It is, however, a fact of too much in- 
terest to leave wholly unnoticed, that a small pine tree probably of 
this species sprang up at the north edge of Lost Lake about 1904, 
and grew quite rapidly for several years. The browsing of stock 
and whittling of men or boys proved too much for it, and it gave 
up the struggle and died about 1908. The place where it grew was 
of barren, drifting sand. The native forest, mostly of scrub black 
oak, had been cut away and the wind was cutting a great gully 
and shearing off the top of the hill, leaving a bald yellow spot con- 
spicuous for a great distance away, the surface of the ground being 
covered with fragments of rocks too heavy for the wind to carry 
away, and wind ripple marks and animal tracks. 


208 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


The young pine may possibly have sprung from evergreen trees 
of some neighboring farmyard, or it may have been one of the ad- 
vance guard of the dune flora advancing on the region. At any 
rate, it indicated significantly what might be done to prevent the 
blowing of soil away and suggests that an evergreen nursery on the 
place might yield profitable results. 


27. AMERICAN LARCH; TAMARACK 


LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch. 


The Tamarack was once 2 common tree in the neighborhood of 
the lake, but it is now rapidly disappearing, as it is throughout 
much of the country, on account of drainage. There are remains 
of large tamarack bogs a few miles west of the lake, a few miles 
southwest, and some a few miles to the northeast. A few isolated 
trees are found about the edge of Inlet marsh, and there are re- 
mains of a few trees down the outlet. 

The tamaracks, or tamarack bogs, form a feature of the land- 
scape quite peculiar and apart. They usually occur in kettle holes 
or lake plains where there is little or no drainage. Many of them 
occupy the beds of ancient lakes. Lost Lake, which is a sluggish 
expansion of the outlet of Lake Maxinkuckee, has patches of 
sphagnum growing on the borders of its plain and at the water’s 
edge, which seems to indicate something like the beginning of a 
tamarack marsh. Hawk’s marsh, which contains no tamaracks at 
present, very closely resembles a tamarack marsh. The tamarack 
marsh is usually a peat bog almost impenetrable about the edges on 
account of the dense growth of various shrubs—such as poison 
sumac, mountain holly, blueberry brambles, and the like, all grow- 
ing together in an impenetrable mass. Beneath the tamarack trees 
is a region of continual gloom, with springy hummocks of peat 
moss, much like immense wet sponges. Just out of the denser 
shadows grow the pitcher plants, droseras, and various heaths and 
orchids. The perpetual gloom of the tamarack Swamp makes it 
attractive to shy animals which have elsewhere become scarce or 
have entirely disappeared. Owls and hawks are common, and here 
the partridge drums or rises in precipitous whirring flight. Few 
of our native trees, except the cottonwood, are so vocal. The 
tamarack swamp southwest of the lake, consisting of trees of all 
heights and ages, each forming a perfect spire and glistening gray 
with dew, formed an unusually attractive spectacle in 1906. It 
has since been cut out. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 209 


The tamarack is one of the earliest of our trees to leaf out in 
spring, and one of the latest to shed its leaves in autumn. Before 
falling, the leaves turn to a clear bright gold. The trees had begun 
to show green by April 27, 1901, and were still quite green Novem- 
ber 4, 1906. The wood of the tamarack is very hard and durable 
in contact with the soil, and it is valuable for posts. The tree 
rarely gets large enough to make into saw timber and is rarely 
or never used for that purpose. Wounds in the tree cause the 
exudation of a clear resin which dries to a white firm gum that is 
very agreeably odorous. The tree bears transplanting to uplands 
well. The tamarack swamp northeast of the lake which had been 
drained and was being cleared in 1904, differed in some details 
in flora from those west of the lake. It contained considerable 
sweet-birch and wild red raspberry, and in that particular re- 
sembled those of the Lake-of-the-Woods, Ind., region, which be- 
longs to the Kankakee system. 

The largest tamarack swamp or grove in this part of Indiana, 
and so far as we know the most southern one in the state, is a short 
distance northeast of Kewanna, about 12 miles south of Lake Max- 
inkuckee, on the east side of the Vandalia railroad from which it 
may be easily seen. This grove covers many acres. The trees are 
unusually large and the grove is very dense and interesting. 


28. RED CEDAR 


JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA L. 


A few small Red Cedar trees were found crowning the steep 
bank of the lake on the east side a little north of Van Schoiack’s. 
They were probably seedlings from dooryard trees. Like many 
plants whose leaves are persistent, this plant turns quite red in 
winter. The red cedar is generally quite scarce in northern In- 
diana and is usually found, when it occurs, in sandy or gravelly 
places in the regions about lakes. It is often planted in dooryards. 
By far the greater number of trees appear to be staminate. When- 
ever a pistillate tree occurs it usually bears heavy crops of blue ber- 
ries. These are eagerly eaten by birds, especially house sparrows, 
which scatter the seed, so that the woodlands near a house where 
a bearing tree is found, are usually well scattered with young trees. 
In the southern part of the state the young seedlings are abundant 
in woodlands ard pastures and are in places almost a nuisance, 
forming prickly shrubs something like a permanent thistle. 


14—17618—Vol. 2 


210 Lake Maswinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 8. TYPHACEZ. CAT-TAIL FAMILY 
29. BROAD-LEAVED CAT-TAIL 


TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. 


The most extensive patch of cat-tail about the lake is that 
along the north end of Lost Lake. It also grows abundantly in low 
ground between the lake and Culver, and fringes the shore of the 
lake from the Assembly grounds down to the vicinity of the ice- 
houses. There are numerous scattered patches in the marsh about 
Norris Inlet. A fringe grows on the west side of Lost Lake, and 
it borders the outlet below Lost Lake in places. There is none 
along the east or north shores of Lake Maxinkuckee. East of the 
lake, up Aubeenaubee Creek, however, there are extensive cat-tail 
marshes. Wherever it grows the cat-tail forms dense patches. It 
thrives best in a rich soft mucky soil. It rarely grows out in more 
than six inches of water, and grows out on shore only as far as the 
soil is soft enough and well saturated. The cat-tails growing 
farthest out in the lake are associated with bulrushes, while those 
growing on drier land are intermixed with sedges. Where it grows 
in water, such algze as Cheetophora are frequently attached to the 
submerged portion of the stem. The song sparrows, red-winged 
blackbirds and marsh wrens find the cat-tails a good hiding place, 
and the wrens almost invariably build their nests in the cat-tail 
patches and all the large patches contained the queer globular 
nests of this bird. 

The muskrats are fond of dwelling in the cat-tail patches, mak- 
ing their houses partly of the stalks and sometimes feeding on the 
root-stocks. The seeds with their downy covering are said to have 
some market value for the purpose of stuffing pillows and on one 
occasion the local newspaper had an advertisement of a firm wish- 
ing to buy them. The leaves appear from a sharp cone-shaped 
bud in early spring. Green leaves were noted by the third of May, 
1901, and the plants in Green’s marsh were in blossom by the 
twelfth of June. With the approach of autumn the cat-tail 
gradually turns brown and dies. The heads gradually wear away 
during the winter, probably assisted somewhat by the pecking of 
birds. They were looking quite ragged by November 2. The seeds 
probably germinate, for the most part, in spring. One head, 
water-soaked and with most of the seeds all sprouted, was found 
at the north end of the lake in autumn, but this was probably an 
exceptional case. 

Along with the sedge patches, the patch of cat-tails north of 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 211 


Lost Lake formed a choice skulking place for rails, and the fishing 
or frogging grounds of a great bittern or “thunder pumper” who 
found the color of the brown stalks a good match for his own 
brown color. 

Where the cat-tails grow out into the water, as they do north 
of the icehouses, they check the force of waves and form a kind 
of harbor where duckweeds and other storm-tossed small organisms 
may find refuge. Just at the water’s edge they form a favorite 
climbing place for the marsh snail, Succinea, and some of the 
smaller Polygyras. 


FAMILY 9. SPARGANIACEZ. BUR-REED FAMILY 
30. SIMPLE-STEMMED BUR-REED 


SPARGANIUM SIMPLEX Huds. 


Although the conditions seemed in every way favorable for sev- 
eral species of bur-reed, only the above-mentioned species was ob- 
served, and it was found only at the mouth of Norris Inlet, in a 
shallow pond, and up Aubeenaubee Creek, not far from the lake. 
Not seen in fruit, but found in flower in the summer of 1901, 
June 26. 


FAMILY 10. ZANNICHELLIACEZ. PONDWEED FAMILY 
31. COMMON FLOATING PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON NATANS L. 


This, one of the most common and widely distributed of the 
pondweeds, does not cover large areas in Lake Maxinkuckee, but is 
frequently found in small scattered patches in shallow water near 
shore frequently associated with other pondweeds, especially P. 
pectinatus. It was not noted in water over six or eight feet deep. 
Among the localities at which it was noted were: a few plants near 
McSheehy’s pier, a good patch near Murray’s, a patch south of the 
old ice elevator, some in lagoons on Long Point flat, a small patch 
by Darnell’s, a dense thick patch near Overmyer’s springy flat, and 
at the delta at the mouth of Spangler’s creek. 

It was common in the black muddy bottom at Lost Lake. Here, 
however, no floating leaves were produced. Some grew in the 
thoroughfare between the lakes. 

P. natans grows either in sandy or mucky bottom and retains 
its form and green color after ice has formed over the lake, and 
probably some plants live the whole winter through. It produces 


22, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


a new growth rapidly in spring. By May 30 slender phyllodia had 
been developed on the plants in the thoroughfare, and broad float- 
ing leaves were beginning to show well. It was noticed in flower 
June 24. 


32. LARGE-LEAVED PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON AMPLIFOLIUS Tuckerm. 


The large-leaved pondweed is one of the most attractive species 
in the lake, the large gracefully curved delicate green leaves show- 
ing up from under water very handsomely. It prefers rich mucky 
soil and water of moderate depth. It is rarely found in water 
shallower than about six feet, and is not abundant in water much 
deeper than twelve to fourteen feet although it has been dredged 
up at a depth of twenty-four feet. In shallow water it has oval 
smooth floating leaves, quite unlike the submersed thin and curved 
ones, and much like the floating leaves of P. natans, to which it is 
closely related. In deep water all the leaves are submersed. Good- 
sized patches are common in the vicinity of the icehouses and in 
Outlet Bay. It also is found at the Weedpatch and near the Inlet 
region. One large patch is present off the green boathouse near 
the Inlet. Chara and some of the smaller species of pondweed such 
as P. pectinatus, frequently grow intermixed with it. Where it 
grows very densely, however, it seems often to exclude other 
species. 

The large-leaved pondweed makes a shady covert where fishes, 
especially perch and bluegills, like to hide. The young of some 
species of snail are common on the underside of the leaves. The 
Bryozoan, Plumatella, often grows quite abundantly on the leaves 
and perch eat the leaves, apparently for the Plumatella. The blue- 
gill, which is quite largely a vegetarian, eats abundantly of the 
tender leaves. 

In the autumn the older leaves grow weak and flabby. They 
shed from their surface casts of lime with which, during the grow- 
ing season, the leaves have coated themselves. These casts, much 
like plaster or cement casts, frequently cover the bottom around 
the plants in considerable numbers, and perhaps help considerably 
in the formation of marl. The young leaves of the extreme tip of 
the plant, and of its branches, remain green and living the winter 
through. Rootlets are often put out in late autumn just beneath 
the terminal buds. These buds break off and float about until spring 
when they find places of attachment. The plants are widely dis- 
tributed in this manner. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Piles 


During the summer the resistance offered by the ample foliage 
of this plant to the movement of the water has a pronounced 
effect during storms. The water surface over a patch of this 
species is often quite calm while the surrounding surface is con- 
siderably ruffled. 


33. RIVER PONDWEED; LONG-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON AMERICANUS Cham. & Schl. 


The long-leaved pondweed is common in small patches about the 
lake, especially in shallow water near shore. It thrives well in 
sandy bottom. The floating leaves considerably resemble those of 
P. natans but are longer and narrower; the submersed leaves are 
translucent, and wavy-edged. Among the numerous localities near 
shore where this plant was found are,—a patch in sand in front 
of the Scovell cottage, and some in a lagoon on Long Point flat. It 
grew thickly along shore by the swamp below Farrar’s, and there 
was a good deal at the beginning of Overmyer’s woods, and a large 
patch opposite the green boathouse. It was very abundant in the 
thoroughfare between the lakes, and here the leaves were exceed- 
ingly elongate as if pulled out by the force of the swiftly flowing 
water. All the way down the outlet it grew, in dense, leafy patches, 
the long-crisped leaves vivid green all winter through and waving 
like flapping flags in the passing current. It grows also in Tippe- 
canoe and Yellow rivers and is the Potamogeton usually found in 
streams and rivers. 

P. americanus frequently grows on wet sand banks at the 
water’s edge, wholly out of the water. In this case it is much 
changed in appearance, being short and leafy, and all the leaves of 
a firm leathery texture, much in substance like the floating leaves 
of the aquatic plant. 


34. VARIOUS-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS Schreb. 


An odd-looking pondweed, rather unlike the others in general 
appearance, and confined principally to the shallower water along 
shore, although we have a few records of its having been dredged 
up in deep water. The most noteworthy patch was out a few hun- 
dred feet from the Scovell cottage; scattered plants were also found 
along shore in the shallow water just off Long Point, and it was 
frequently found in the northern part of the lake. It keeps its 
form all winter, the leaves turning purplish brown. 


214 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


35. SHINING PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON LUCENS L. 


Potamogeton lucens is widely scattered in small patches through 
the lake in shallow water, and is usually mixed in with other pond- 
weeds such as P. amplifolius, P. perfoliatus and the like. It usually 
grows in quite small patches with only a few plants to the patch, 
although there was a fairly large patch about 500 feet from the ice- 
elevator at the depth of 4 or 5 feet. In general form it resembles 
P. natans or the still-water forms of P. americanus from which 
it can be distinguished by its shining leaves. What was thought 
to be this was seen in flower by Norris Inlet, June 24, 1901, al- 
though its usual time of flowering is in September and October. 
It remains green all winter, even the floating leaves not decaying 
in the fall, but becoming embedded in the ice during the winter. 


36. WHITE-STEMMED PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON PRAELONGUS Wulf. 


This is one of the rarer pondweeds of the lake and is only infre- 
quently seen, so that not much is known of its distribution or 
habits. Some was dredged up at the Weedpatch August 28, 1900. 
On September 29 of the same year some was found washed up on 
shore at the depot grounds. On May 30, 1901, some was noted 
sending up flowerbuds from a patch of P. amplifolius in the north 
end of the lake. On November 9, 1904, some was noted washed 
up green at shore near the icehouses. It is one of the species found 
in rather deep water, and from occasional bits seen, it is evident 
that it remains green all winter. 


37. CLASPING-LEAVED PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS L. 


This is not a common Potamogeton at the lake and, like P. 
praelongus, is known chiefly from occasional plants, or fragments 
seen mixed in with other pondweeds. It is rather common in Eagle 
Lake near Warsaw. Some plants were found in Lake Maxin- 
kuckee, growing in sandy bottom in shallow water in the northwest 
corner of Outlet Bay. A good patch was also found, in 1904, near 
the icehouses. In form this is one of the most regular and attract- 
ive of the pondweeds, the broad wavy close-set dark green leaves 
in two ranks giving it the appearance of a full plume, quite differ- 
ent from the broad open plume of P. robbinsvi. It is not as showy 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 215 
in the water as P. robbinsii, as it stands erect and is usually seen 
only at an angle. It is quite fragile and easily torn and tattered 
by handling. It remains green all winter. 


98 EEL-GRASS PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON COMPRESSUS L. 


Quite common; more abundant between 10 and 16 feet, but 
ranging from 2 to 26 feet. 

One of the less conspicuous pondweeds with a much flattened 
stem and rather narrow grass-like leaves. The whole plant is im- 
mersed, and it prefers rather deep water. This plant propagates 
by the formation of peculiar fan-shaped winter buds in which the 
9-yanked flat leaves are closely appressed. A bud was found 
washed up April 18, 1901, much crooked as from heliotropism. 
Many were raked up during the winter. On May 29, 1901, a bud, 
very crooked, was noticed growing. The leafy stem springs from 
the apex of the bud and roots from axils of old leaves. 


39. FRIES’ PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON FRIESII Ruprecht 


Widely distributed in water from 8 to 24 feet; more abundant 
between 12 and 16 feet. Frequently encountered in dredge hauls; 
a little found in a 12-10 foot haul on half section line 22, dragging 
from a shore bar toward a lake bar, and still more was found in a 
haul in from 14 to 12 feet of water. It occasionally bears winter 
buds some of which were obtained March 27, 1901. It does not 
grow in patches, but occurs scattered among other plants. Some 
was found up Aubeenaubee Creek during a seining trip September 
3, 1900. 


40. SMALL PONDWEED 


POTAMOGETON PUSILLUS L. 


A small insignificant species likely to escape notice. More com- 
mon in the southeastern portion of the lake in water ranging from 
10-24 feet deep. It was also probably somewhat frequent along 
shore near the Inlet in shallow water; some very small Pota- 
mogetons were observed there but they were thought to be de- 
pauperate forms at the time. It is doubtless an inhabitant of shal- 
low water at times, as the flowers and fruit are known and de- . 
scribed in the manuals. It also propagates extensively by propa- 
gating buds. 


216 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


41. FILIFORM PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON FILIFORMIS Pers. 


This, like P. pusillus, is a small, inconspicuous form that would 
generally escape notice on account of its small size. It was noted 
in flower down by Norris Inlet June 24, 1901, and had been seen 
in flower in the northern part of the lake some time before. Scat- 
tered plants grow throughout the lake bottom in water ranging 
from 2 to 24 feet in depth. 


42, FENNEL-LEAVED PONDWEED 
POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS L. 


This is one of the most common pondweeds in the shallow water 
near shore. It was frequent to a depth of 10 feet and was occa- 
sionally dredged up in 16 feet of water. It was noted everywhere 
along the beach growing in either sandy or muddy bottom and in 
rather dense patches by itself or among Chara. Among the nu- 
merous places where it was noticed may be mentioned Long Point, 
McSheehy’s pier, the Barnes cottage, off the Depot grounds, and 
east of there, by the green boathouse, by Norris Inlet, etc., and 
a fine patch grew at the head of the thoroughfare above the 
wagon bridge. The plants frequently grow out in long straight 
rows from shore, the different stems coming up in line from a white 
strong rootstock. 

The individuals of this species which grow close to shore die 
down during the winter. In deeper water, though much of it re- 
tains its form during the winter, a little handling or raking shows 
that the plants have decayed and come apart at a touch; certain 
bits, however, perhaps tips of the stems, seem to remain green and 
alive and can be found detached now and then. 

The fennel-leaved pondweed bears a peculiar propagating tuber 
consisting of a series of gall-like starch-containing objects, ar- 
ranged one in the axil of the other, and each bearing a rather long 
curved beak-like bud. These do not seem to be wintering-over 
buds; they are formed even in midsummer by portions of plants 
which have been broken off. These buds are, however, seen most 
frequently during autumn and winter. Bulbs were observed on 
broken off bits October 27, December 1, 1904, and later. They 
were frequently observed on fragments washed ashore, or on broken 
pieces seen under the ice during the winter. 

More than any other of the pondweeds of the lake, this species 
becomes the place of attachment of various sorts of organisms. 
Throughout the summer the plants are in places almost encrusted 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Zana 


with the attached little blue-green or brown hemispheres of Rivu- 
laria. Vorticella often finds a resting place on the leaves. Vari- 
ous slender algze, particularly minute plants of Gidogonium, thickly 
clothe the plants near shore, and in late autumn and winter, when 
the diatoms are at their best, these plants are often covered so 
thickly as to be almost unrecognizable, with fuzzy growths com- 
posed of various species. Gathering the plants at such times is 
one of the easiest ways of collecting diatomaceous material in 
quantities. The plants, covered with a heavy growth in winter, 
form a favorite haunt of various aquatic animals, such as may-fly 
larvee and beach fleas. 

The plants were observed coming up thick and gre een at Knapp’s 
pier May 25, 1901. 


43. ROBBINS’ PONDWEED 


PGTAMOGETON ROBBINSII Oakes 


Potamogeton robbinsii is a fairly common weed in the lake, 
growing either in deep or shallow water in rich muddy bottom. It 
was dredged in water from 20 to 23 feet deep. Down towards 
the Inlet it is found in water from 12 to 16 feet deep, and off 
the icehouses it occurs plentifully in some place near shore in 
about 3 feet of water. 

Although Robbins’ pondweed never shows above the surface 
(we have not even seen it in flower or fruit at the lake) it is by 
no means inconspicuous for all that. It usually lies nearly pros- 
trate on the bottom, and the 2-ranked widely-spread leaves, stand- 
ing out almost perpendicularly on each side from the main stem, 
give the effect of a scattered mass of graceful plumes lying in the 
bottom. The whitish or yellowish cast of the plumes, due to a coat- 
ing of lime on the old leaves, makes them all the more conspicuous 
against the dark bottom through the clear water. This plant, 
the graceful P. amplifolius, and the rank Megalodonta beckii and 
Myriophyllum which stand up through the water like scared cats’ 
tails, add more than any of the other plants of the lake to the charm 
of the subaquatic landscapes and make one long for a camera that 
will take under-water pictures. 

P. robbinsti retains its form through the winter; the lower 
leaves assume a brown and somewhat deadish look, but the tips are 
firm and of a lively purplish green. 

This plant propagates largely by buds which could hardly be 
called winter buds as they are often formed as early as the middle 
of July and from then on through the winter. These buds are 


218 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


probably formed in the axils of the leaves. They are the shape of 
a closed fan, the thick flat leaves (quite unlike the thin wavy vege- 
tative leaves) being packed with reserve food and closely closed 
together. The plants also put out abundant roots just a little 
below the apex during the winter and it is very probable that this 
detaches itself and becomes a new plant. 

In the spring the fan-shaped buds unfold, grow rapidly and pro- 
duce new plants. 


FAMILY 11. NAIADACEA. NAIAS FAMILY 
44, SLENDER NAIAS 


NAIAS FLEXILIS (Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt 


The Slender Naias is fairly common in shallow water of the lake 
near shore, especially in sandy bottom. Among the numerous 
places it was noted may be cited, the east shore of Long Point from 
the Point itself down to Green’s pier, in patches south of the pond 
below Farrar’s, abundantly off shore at Overmyer’s field, at the 
spring by the green boathouse near the Inlet, and in scant patches 
a good way out in the water along the east side of the lake. 

Most of the Naias seen in the lake is short and dwarfed. The 
zone of growth is a rather narrow belt around near shore. Some 
of the plants are quite reddish in color. In some places they form 
carpets, softer and more fluffy in appearance than the Chara car- 
pets. Nowhere else, however, do the plants form such extensive 
patches or reach such large size as they do at Lake Tippecanoe, 
where this plant gets almost 2 feet high and forms a conspicuous 
feature of the subaquatic landscape. 

Staminate plants were difficult to find in the lake, though pistil- 
late plants were quite common, and the minute ovate cylindrical 
seeds were common along shore. The Naias along shore remained 
green as late as October 28. It completely died during the winter. 
The patches come up thick and bright, probably from seeds, late 
in the spring. 

A stout Naias was rather common in the lake in muddy bot- 
tom in about 9 feet of water and also near shore by the icehouses 
at a depth considerably greater than that in which the slender short 
form grows. This plant is much coarser than the near-shore form. 
Some of those plants grow at the Weedpatch as well as near the ice- 
houses. They differ from the slender form in habit, as they remain 
green all winter. This may be the N. flexilis robusta of Morong. 

The coarse Naias was found in considerable quantities in the 
stomachs of coots, and apparently forms an important article of 


\ 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 219 


their diet. In 1906 seeds of Naias were found in the stomach of 
a painted turtle, and in 1907 it was again observed that the coots 
fed to a considerable extent on this plant. 


FAMILY 12. SCHEUCHZERIACEZ. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY 
45. SEASIDE ARROW-GRASS 


TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA L. 


Not rare in the grassy plains near the tamarack bog west of 
the lake. The plants were observed in flower May 22, 1901. 


46. MARSH ARROW-GRASS 
SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS L. 


Rare and local. Found in flower in Hawk’s marsh, May 20, 
1901. 


FAMILY 13. ALISMACEZ. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY 
47. AMERICAN WATER-PLANTAIN 


ALISMA SUBCORDATUM Raf. 


Not especially abundant. Most of the plants found were in a 
roadside ditch east of the lake, and some was also found on Long 
Point flat, between the road and Outlet Bay. 

The airy pyramidal panicle of this species has an attractive ap- 
pearance after the plants have ripened, somewhat suggesting old 
witch grass. The pecularities of structure of flower, fruit and 
seed has suggested a probable relationship to the crowfoots. 


48. BROAD-LEAVED ARROW-HEAD 
SAGITTARIA LATIFOLIA Willd. 


The broad-leaved arrowhead was rather common along the 
shore of the lake. Occasionally it grew in sandy places, as at 
Long Point, and here the plants were rather small, with narrow 
leaves. It preferred to grow in deep rich mud, and here the plants 
were robust, with large broad leaves. Among the places noted 
where it grew was the Outlet, the Inlet, the shore of Outlet Bay, 
and the stretch of shere north of the icehouses. Plants were com- 
mon in the marshy tract near Culver, and here, August 18, 1906, 
were seen magnificent large flowers, the paper-white glistening 
thin perianth, and the contrasty green globules of the pistillate, 
and waxy yellow center of the staminate, blossoms showing to fine 
advantage. The plants were observed with seeds about ripe Sep- 
tember 28, 1900, near Winfield’s. 


220 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


During the winter of 1900-1901 purplish-skinned tubers about 
the size of walnuts were frequently found along the shore of the 
lake, and upon allowing them to sprout they proved to be propa- 
gating offshoots of this plant. The interior was rich yellow in 
color, and of a pleasant sweetish taste devoid of the prickly taste 
characteristic of so many of our aroids. It is not known how large 
a crop of tubers a plant would yield or whether any use could be 
made of them. > The plants had sprouted up well by May 24. There 
was a large robust patch along a ditch beside the road near 
Ferrier’s lumber yard. The leaves of these were peculiarly 
blotched with white splashes, some more than others, but nearly 
all thus marked to some extent. Other plants along the shore of 
the lake near the Merchants’ pier were splashed with purple 
blotches on the upper sides of the leaves. Selection among the 
most strongly marked plants of both of these series would prob- 
ably result in handsome and variegated plants. Even the un- 
marked plants are highly worth a place at the borders of orna- 
mental ponds. The Chinese use a plant very similar to our broad- 
leaved arrowhead as a house plant simply for foliage effects. 


49. GRASS-LEAVED SAGITTARIA 


SAGITTARIA GRAMINEA Michx. 


There was a patch of this plant along the east side of Lost Lake 
below the Bardsley cottage, and some in the large lake near Norris 
Inlet, and down aiong the outlet. 

The plant varies considerably in appearance and behavior ac- 
cording to location. The patch in Lost Lake grew in 2 or 3 feet 
of water, and the lower leaves formed attractive close rosettes, 
closely resembling those of Eriocaulon. These plants blossomed 
but rarely. They propagated by stolons, and the leaves stayed 
green under the water all winter. In the winter of 1904, much 
was pulled up in Lost Lake and washed ashore. It was probably 
pulled up by muskrats. The plants bear spherical tubers which 
that animal probably uses for food. 

The plants along shore of the lake near the old ice office and in 
front of the Assembly grounds bloomed quite profusely in 1906 
and in succeeding years. Both circles of the perianth segments 
were conspicuous, crisped and crinkled, and of a delicate rosy hue, 
so that each blossom looked like a double flower. They were ex- 
ceedingly attractive, and well worthy of cultivation. 


iw) 
iS) 
i 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 14. VALLISNERIACEH. 'TAPE-GRASS FAMILY 


50. DITCH-MOSS 
PHILOTRIA CANADENSIS (Michx.) Britton 


The ditch-moss is fairly common in the lake in shallow water. 
In rich muddy bottom it forms a rank, thick growth, while in sand 
it grows more sparsely and not so large. Among the places where 
it was noted growing was in shallow water between the gristmill 
and elevator, at the Merchants’ pier where it grew quite rank, by 
the green boathouse near Norris Inlet, by the icehouses, near 
Farrar’s, in front of the Assembly grounds, near the head of the 
thoroughfare between the lakes, etc. In recent years it has begun 
growing in immense dense patches at Long Point near Chadwick’s. 
This appears to be a new location for it. It also forms dense tall 
masses in Culver Inlet in the Academy grounds. 

This plant is remarkably variable in form, as regards leaf ar- 
rangement and leafiness, and bud variations in this respect are 
quite common. Although the leaves are usually in 3’s and rather 
remote on the stem, there are sometimes branches in which the 
leaves are closely crowded in whorls of 5 or 6 making a dense cone. 
This may function at times as a propagating bud but it does not 
appear to be a usual winter bud form as they often form 
early in the season and sometimes lengthen again, apparently, be- 
fore winter. It seems to be really a different form of the plant, 
as some plants once seen in a river were all of this dense form. We 
have notes of this having been found in flower as early as June 24. 
The blossoms, dainty rose tinted objects on an exceedingly slender, 
hair-like long tube, are quite common during the autumn. Al- 
though plants near shore appear to die down, the deeper water 
patches remain green all winter. 

Although this water-weed is a bright, clean-looking, attractive 
plant, one of the most ornamental in the lake, nothing appears to 
feed on it. It is said to have become a great nuisance in the 
streams and rivers of Europe where it is known in places as “water- 
pest”. Where it grows in great masses it might be raked out and 
used as compost, though in drying out it shrivels almost to nothing, 
leaving very little substance for the amount of material handled. 

Plants noted in the autumn of 1913 had the leaves well coated 
with a deposit of lime. 


222 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


51. TAPE-GRASS; EEL-GRASS; WILD CELERY 


VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS L. 


During 1900 and 1901, eel-grass was noted as rather common 
in the lake, usually growing in small scattered patches. It grew 
rather tall and rank in muddy bottom, and dwarf plants grew 
thinly on sand. Among places where it was observed were: the 
Weedpatch, a rather thick patch along the east shore of Long 
Point as along by McSheehy’s, Duenwig’s and Darnell’s, along the 
depot grounds; in front of the Palmer house, by Farrar’s, a long 
broken patch from the Assembly grounds pier to Kreutzberger’s 
pier, and at the head of the thoroughfare. It grew in the thor- 
oughfare between the lakes and was rather common in Tippecanoe 
River into which the outlet of the lakes flows. It was found grow- 
ing down to a depth of 9 feet. 

It is a favorite food of the coot and ducks; the rootstock puts 
out a delicate white stolon in autumn as a starter for the next year’s 
growth. It appears to be this portion that the ducks are especially 
fond of. Soon after the water-fowl arrive, torn up plants of this 
species are washed up in great rolls along shore, they probably 
having been pulled up by these birds. During the first years of 
the survey but few flowers and no fruit were observed. The 
patches nearly all disappeared before the ducks left, and the 
plants hardly seemed to be holding their own. Of late years 
this species appears to be rapidly gaining and spreading. Blos- 
soms of both sexes became very abundant. In 1906 from July 
30 to September 6, the surface of Outlet Bay was frequently densely 
covered by the staminate blossoms which in places formed a regular 
scum. The same phenomenon was noted in succeeding years 
(1907, 1908, 1909 and 1913). The blossoms would frequently be 
gathered in clumps around floating objects, especially around the 
pistillate flowers. Considerable patches of the pistillate plants 
were observed in places with their conspicuous light-colored curious 
spiral stems as they withdrew into deeper water after being fer- 
tilized. The fruits are becoming common objects in the lake. They 
are peculiar, elongate, obtusely triangular green pods, very muci- 
laginous and with a sprightly acid taste. 

In the autumn of 1906, a very narrow but strikingly dense 
and long patch was found growing in water five or six feet deep 
near the Merchants’ pier. Its luxuriant growth and small area ex- 
cited our interest, and, upon dredging it up, it was found to be 
growing in an old bait-can which had sunk at that place. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 223 


Most of the leaves, especially the long ones, appear gradually 
to die in late autumn, first turning reddish and then bleaching out 
to a dead white. Some green leaves can be raked up all winter, 
however. The green leaves late in the season are frequently coated 
with colonies of a small white Vorticella and, oddly enough, the 
whitened leaves are similarly coated with a green Vorticella. 

The little mollusk Ancylus is frequently found on the leaves of 
this plant, especiaily near the base. The only other place it was 
found was occasionally attached to the outside of the shell of 
Viviparus. 

The increase of this, as well as other plants in the lake, is prob- 
ably due to the more active hunting of water-fowl, which gives the 
plants a better opportunity to thrive. 


FAMILY 15. GRAMINEZ. GRASS FAMILY 
52. BROOM BEARD-GRASS 
SCHIZACHYRIUM SCOPARIUM (Michx.) Nash 


The broom beard-grass, generally known throughout the state 
as broom-sedge, is usually found only on barren sandy slopes. It 
is a coarse rough tussocky grass. It hardly attracts attention dur- 
ing the summer, but in late autumn its scattered clumpy growth, 
the harshness of its outline, and the sereness of its brown re- 
lieved only by the feathery tufts of its plumed seed, scattered 
scantly along the stem, all unite to make the regions where 
it grows especially desert and desolate. There were a few 
areas on the slope about the lake where it grew. The hill near 
shore south of McOuat’s was almost covered with it, and some grew 
south of the Plank cottage, a little grew by Murray’s, and some 
south, along the railroad. 


538. FORKED BEARD-GRASS 
ANDROPOGON FURCATUS Muhl. 


This grass differs considerably in appearance and habits from 
the preceding. It is a tall, rather handsome grass, with a stiff 
wiry culm, the inflorescence on diverging narrow spikes like those 
of the crab-grass, only on a larger scale. Coulter, in his report 
on the plants of the state, says that it is “a common form on prairie 
soil, either moist or dry, where it furnishes a large amount of hay.” 
In the neighborhood of the lake it grows in small scattered clumps 
in open places in dry soil and is not abundant enough to be made 
use of. It occurs both east and west of the lake. 


224 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


54. INDIAN-GRASS; WOOD-GRASS 
SORGHASTRUM NUTANS (L.) Nash 


This tall handsome but rather coarse grass grows in scattered 
clumps in rather open places about the lake. The oat-like appear- 
ance of the panicle, and the bright shining yellow of the transpar- 
ent glumes through which the stamens show, make it an easily rec- 
ognizable and attractive grass. In our area it never forms con- 
tinuous patches. 


55. SLENDER FINGER- OR CRAB-GRASS 
SYNTHERISMA FILIFORME (L.) Nash 


Rather common in dry sandy soil but not so conspicuous as the 
next on account of its small size. It flowers in August and Sep- 
tember. 

56. LARGE CRAB-GRASS 


SYNTHERISMA SANGUINALE (L.) Dulac. 


Too common in cultivated fields about the lake. It is not 
troublesome in cornfields and meadows, but in low cultivated crops 
such as gardens, and particularly in potato fields, the wiry prostrate 
stems which root at the nodes soon form a very tough compact sod, 
difficult to remove from the soil. It begins blossoming late in 
summer, and continues putting out spikes of blossoms until killed 
by frost. 


57. BARNYARD GRASS; COCKSPUR-GRASS 
ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI (L.) Beauv. 


This is a well-known grass throughout the state, usually quite 
common in rich moist ground. Its favorite habitat is the flat 
marshy shores of rivers and creeks, and the corners of neg- 
lected barnyards where the seepage from manure piles keeps the 
ground moist. In the vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee this plant is 
confined mostly to a narrow belt along shore where it is one of the 
most common of the beach plants. Very little is found any 
distance from the lake on account of the dry sandy nature of the 
soil. 

The Cockspur Grass never cover's extensive areas, even over flat 
moist places, but prefers narrow edges along streams. In favor- 
able situations it forms a very leafy rank growth and would prob- 
ably furnish considerable forage or hay. An enterprising western 
seedsman boomed it extensively as “Billion dollar grass’, a new and 
wonderful “introduction from Japan”, but the boom seems to have 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 225 


subsided. One of the chief difficulties with the grass is that it is 
an annual, producing a single crop to the sowing, and would have 
to be handled much like millet. 


58. SALT-MARSH COCKSPUR-GRASS 
ECHINOCHLOA WALTERI (Pursh) Nash 


This is not so common as the preceding, only a few plants hav- 
ing been found along the southwestern shore of the lake, inter- 
mixed with the other species. It is fairly common along the shore 
of Yellow River near Twin Lakes. This species is generally more 
robust and of a deeper purple color than EL. crus-galli, and usually 
has much longer awns. On account of its more robust habit, it 
would make a more promising pasture or meadow grass than the 
other unless its roughness and beardiness proved a serious draw- 
back. 


59. WITCH-GRASS; TUMBLE-WEED 
PANICUM CAPILLARE L. 


While fairly common in places, this grass is not so abundant in 
the neighborhood of the lake as in many other parts of the state. 
It is rather frequent along the beach, especially by the railroad 
bridge at Culver. It was found also on the first and second ter- 
races of the beach at Long Point, and along the shore by Scovell’s 
and Arlington. It was common in cultivated grounds east of the 
lake. Most of the plants found in the vicinity of the lake were 
small and dwarfed, and it does not form a conspicuous feature of 
the landscape. 

The old witch-grass thrives most luxuriantly in rich black soil, 
either in tilled ground or in meadows and pastures where the sod 
has been killed out. A luxuriant patch has a peculiar airy fineness 
about it which gives it an unique charm. Before it has ripened, the 
rich purple of the fine spray-like heads gives the effect of a distant 
haze to landscapes near at hand. A very fine effect of this sort 
was observed along the Vandalia railroad several miles above Cul- 
ver, where there was a large patch. When ripe and dead, a dense 
patch, hiding the ground beneath with its mist-like fineness, gives 
the appearance of a cloud; to walk through it gives a sense of in- 
security,—it is almost like walking on air. When each of the tiny 
sprigs holds a minute drop of dew or fog on a gray morning, the 
effect is quite indescribable. 

Well developed plants in rich ground form great globular masses 
somewhat like the winged pigweed, the cultivated Kochia, or the 


15—17618—Vol. 2 


226 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Amaranth. Other tumble-weeds of the plains, except the witch- 
grass globes, are much finer and more airy. These, after ripening, 
break off at the base and scud before the autumn winds like fright- 
ened rabbits. The sight of one of these delicately formed globes 
rolling before the fitful autumn blasts, scattering seed as it goes, is 
another revelation of the attractive and surprising features of this 
plant. In some parts of the state, especially the flat rich prairies 
along the middle of our western boundary, this species forms 
great masses like snow-drifts against fences or hedges, and fills up 
open ditches. 


60. TALL SMOOTH PANICUM 
PANICUM VIRGATUM L. 


A rather coarse, leafy grass growing in clumps or tussocks. The 
amount of material in a single clump suggests that it might make 
considerable forage where abundant enough. Its tussocky habit of 
growth, however, is somewhat against it. It is noteworthy for the 
deep red color of its pollen. The plants first come into flower about 
the latter part of July. 

It was not originally common at the lake, only a few clumps 
having been noted along the road below the Duenweg cottage at 
Arlington. It appears to be increasing considerably of late years, 
as numerous clumps now grow along the road between the lake and 
Culver. In the particular plant examined the sterile flowers were 
rudimentary. 


61. BARBED PANIC-GRASS 
PANICUM MICROCARPON Muhl. 


One of the broad-leaved panicums growing in the sandy soil of 
open woodlands, fairly common in the dry soil west of the lake. 
This plant is small and compact at the beginning of the flowering 
season. It continues to grow all the season, putting out new 
panicles from the sheaths of successively lower leaves so that in 
the end we have a very diffuse spraggly plant with empty panicles 
from which the seed have been shed, ripening grain in all stages of 
development, flowers and buds all at the same time. The grass is 
too small and scattered to be of any importance as pasturage. 


62. SCRIBNER’S PANIC-GRASS 
PANICUM SCRIBNERIANUM Nash 


In general habit much resembling P. microcarpon; blossoming 
all season and becoming quite diffuse late in autumn. Found in 
open sandy soil west of the lake. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 227 


63. VELVETY PANIC-GRASS 
PANICUM SCOPARIUM Lam. 


Not rare in dry open ground on the west side of the lake be- 
tween Long Point and Arlington. Collected in flower June 26, 
1901. One of the inconspicuous grasses of the region. 


64. YELLOW FOXTAIL; PIGEON-GRASS 
CHAETOCHLOA GLAUCA (L.) Scribn. 


Rather common in waste places, and along the shore of the lake 
at the railroad bridge at Culver. 


65. GREEN FOXTAIL-GRASS 


CHAETOCHLOA VIRIDIS (L.) Scribn. 


Somewhat common in waste places, and along the railroad. 
Through many parts of the state this is one of our most vexatious 
and troublesome weeds. The seeds germinate almost any time dur- 
ing the summer. We found it in flower along the railroad June 
26, which is unusually early. Where most abundant it usually 
springs up in cornfields and potato patches after cultivation has 
ceased, and makes the harvesting of these crops difficult. In gen- 
eral it is not so prominent in the weedy autumn fields as formerly, 
its place having been taken by ranker, broad-leaved weeds. 


66. HUNGARIAN GRASS; MILLET 
CHAETOCHLOA ITALICA (i) Seribn. 


This is frequently cultivated, and occasionally escapes. It does 
not usually persist very long, however. A patch at Long Point at- 
tracted various birds and seed-eating mammals to that place. Some 
of the 13-lined gophers, which had previously been confined largely 
to the Gravelpit along the railroad, found the place attractive and 
made their homes there in 1906. A few snow buntings or snow- 
flakes appeared to light by chance and, finding good feeding in this 
patch of millet, brought others from somewhere, the flock gradually 
increasing until there were 25 or 30 birds. They had not been 
noted in the vicinity previously. 

Besides the Long Point patch, some was also noted east of the 
lake. 

67. SMALL BUR-GRASS 
CENCHRUS CAROLINIANUS Walt. 

This is undoubtedly the most pestiferous weed in the neighbor- 
hood of the lake. It is frequent along the lake shore and common 
along the railroad, but is in neither of these places so abundant as 


228 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


to be a great nuisance. It reaches its maximum abundance in the 
sandy fields along the east side of the outlet of Lost Lake, and here 
it is abundant enough at times to make passage through the fields 
quite vexatious. The grass comes up in spring, handsome and in- 
viting, and suggests good pasturage, and the small grain within the 
bur is pleasant in taste and texture, somewhat resembling rice; but 
even at the best, little good can be said of this plant, and the 
principal problem is its extinction. The burs become conspicuous 
about the middle of July, but it is after they have ripened that they 
are especially obnoxious. 


68. WILD RICE 
ZIZANIA AQUATICA L. 


With the possible exception of the reed, Phragmites, the wild 
rice when well developed, is one of the most handsome of our native 
grasses. Its tall stately appearance, the rich golden yellow of its 
widely spreading staminate flowers which droop gracefully around 
the sides of the panicle, contrasting with the stiff erect pyramidal 
heads of pistillate flowers, make the first sight of these plants one 
to be long remembered. Each looks like a vegetable fountain, with 
a straight silvery jet in the center, the outer circle of spray toward 
the base sparkling in the sunlight. It is not very abundant in 
the vicinity of the lake. <A few tall stately plants, representing the 
species at its best, were observed near Norris Inlet in 1900, but 
none has been seen in recent years, and it is probable that the wild 
fowl gathered all the seed. It is fairly common at Twin Lakes, 
several miles to the north, and around pools in the tamaracks west 
of the lake. 

What was taken for a dwarfed form of Z. aquatica was observed 
in the neighborhood of Winfield’s, also along the thoroughfare be- 
tween the lakes, and along the outlet for nearly its whole length. It 
was not noted during the earlier years of the survey, but was first 
seen in 1906. In 1907, 1908, and 1909, increasing quantities were 
seen and it was becoming quite common, indicating that it was of 
recent introduction and was gaining ground. In some places it was 
badly affected by ergot. Unfortunately, none of this dwarf grass 
was collected. It may possibly have been Zizaniopsis miliacea 
Deell & Aschers. 

Wild rice is valuable as an attraction to wild ducks and it would 
be well worth while to sow an abundance of seed in both the Inlet 
region and on Green’s marsh, where it would be likely to thrive. 
It would add greatly to the appearance of these marshes, beside 
furnishing food and cover to ducks and geese. 


Zake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey L$) 


69. WHITE GRASS 
HOMALOCENCHRUS VIRGINICUS (Willd.) Britton 


Not common; a few patches in moist shady places. 


70. RICE CUT-GRASS 
HOMALOCENCHRUS ORYZOIDES (L.) Poll. 


Common in wet open places, as along the south shore of Outlet 
Bay. It here formed dense tangled masses, conspicuous on account 
of the pale green color. The lax stems support themselves by 
clinging to each other and to neighboring plants by means of minute 
sharp hooks which are especially numerous about the nodes. These 
tangled patches are very difficult to get through, as the plants catch 
hold of the clothing and skin with great tenacity and are able to 
scratch quite severely. In degree of scratchiness this plant rivals 
the tear-thumb. However, as it grows chiefly in unfrequented 
places, it can hardly be regarded as a serious nuisance. Its tangles 
and seed probably furnish protection and food to wild fowl. 


71. REED CANARY-GRASS 
PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA L. 


A few plants were found along the thoroughfare between the 
lakes in the vicinity of the wagon bridge. Somewhat past flower, 
June 17, 1901. 


72. HOLY-GRASS 
SAVASTANA ODORATA (L.) Scribn. 


Scattered in moist meadow-like places about the lake. Noted 
in the neighborhood of Culver, by Lakeview Hotel, and in Green’s 
marsh. This grass blossoms quite early in the season, and the rich 
yellow of the stamens shining through the translucent glumes, 
catches the eye at a distance and makes it an unusually attractive 
grass. The whole plant possesses a delightful fragrance. On this 
account it is sometimes called vanilla-grass. It remains in blossom 
for a considerable time. It would probably prove to be a desirable 
grass in meadows. 


73. PORCUPINE-GRASS 
STIPA SPARTEA Trin. 


This tall tufted grass formed a few dense clumps in the sandy 
open stretch on Long Point. The greatly lengthened awns, which 
are fairly straight when green, have the faculty of becoming much 
twisted and bent while ripening or drying, and perhaps aid in the 
dispersal of the seed. A few, carelessly thrown down on a blanket, 


230 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


wove themselves through and through it in all sorts of directions 
and were extricated with some difficulty. The seed was nearly ripe 
by June 28. 
74. POVERTY-GRASS 
ARISTIDA DICHOTOMA Michx. 


A small depauperate grass growing scantily in poor soil at Long 
Point back of Chadwick’s and near the Arlington hotel. 


75. ARROW-GRASS; BROOM-SEDGE 
ARISTIDA PURPURASCENS Poir. 


Common in sandy soil along the railroad south of the lake. 


76. NIMBLEWILL; DROPSEED-GRASS 
MUHLENBERGIA SCHREBERI Gmel. 

A handsome grass, with close purplish drooping racemes, grow- 
ing in dry places. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was quite common in 
open ‘places. There was a good patch along the railroad by Arling- 
ton and in Green’s woods opposite. Where plentiful enough it is 
a good pasture grass. 


77. SATIN-GRASS; WOOD-GRASS 
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA (L.) Trin. 


This very pretty, much-branched grass appears to be rare in the 
immediate vicinity of the lake, although it is fairly abundant in the 
low grounds about Plymouth, Ind. The only plants seen near the 
lake were in a thriving clump by the icehouses, along the railroad 
track. The seed had evidently dropped from wild hay used in the 
packing of ice. 


78. WILD TIMOTHY; MARSH MUHLENBERGIA 
MUHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) B. S. P. 
Not very common. There were a few scattered patches in the 


Inlet marsh. A soft, diffuse grass, very good for hay or pasture 
where abundant enough. 


79. WOOD OR WOODLAND DROPSEED 
MUHLENBERGIA UMBROSA Scribn. 

Not rare; scattered through the woodlands about the lake. Col- 
lected at the edge of the bank along the east side of Long Point. It 
generally forms too scanty growth to be of much importance as 
pasture. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Zo 


80. TIMOTHY 
PHLEUM PRATENSE L. 


This, the best known and most common of our meadow grasses, 
is common about the lake, scattered almost everywhere in open 
places. In Hawk’s marsh, as is very usual with this species 
in wet places, the scales of the head grow out into long leaf-like 
projections giving the appearance of the grain sprouting in the 
head. 

81. MARSH FOXTAIL 
ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS L. 


This is a rather common grass in woodland ponds in the north- 
ern part of the state, not usually abundant anywhere, but widely 
distributed. This plant grew rather abundantly in a pond in the 
Assembly grounds opposite Davis’s. 

The heads resemble those of a minature timothy and the leaves 
frequently float on the surface of the water. The conspicuous long 
filaments of the plant when in flower, and the heavy white glaucous 
coating of the stem and leaves, make it a noticeable object. It was 
found in blossom in May. Our examples represent the subspecies 
aristulatus Torr., which is now regarded by some as a distinct 
species. 

82. SHEATHED RUSH-GRASS 
SPOROBOLUS VAGINAEFLORUS Torr. 


An insignificant, starved-looking grass. Found growing scant- 
ily in the sand back of Arlington, and rather abundant on the 
railroad between the icehouses and the depot. The small secondary 
panicles formed in late autumn are concealed within the sheaths 
of the leaves. 


83. LONG-LEAVED RUSH-GRASS 
SPOROBOLUS ASPER (Michx.) Kunth. 


A good patch of this grass was found in scattered tussocks on 
the dry slope east of the depot, in the autumn of 1904. They had 
not been seen in previous years, and bore the appearance of having 
been introduced, either by the railroad or in a grass mixture used 
in seeding down the grounds. The species is a tall coarse grass, 
putting out new panicles from the sheaths of the lower leaves after 
the first have ripened. 


84. WOOD REED-GRASS 
CINNA ARUNDINACEA L. 


A common, rather coarse grass found in swampy woodlands 
throughout the state, conspicuous for the large amount of seed 


202; Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


borne in a loosely spreading, drooping panicle. Common in the 
low wet woods along the south shore of the lake, by Overmyer’s. 
Found in flower about the middle of June. 


85. RED-TOP 
ARGOSTIS ALBA L. 


One of the most handsome and valuable of our grasses, usually 
growing in scattered patches among sedges and wild grasses of 
various species and forming in places the most valuable part of 
“nrairie-hay.” This species is not very common about the lake. A 
few patches, however, were seen in the prairie country west of the 
lake, and a few specimens were obtained at the edge of Green’s 
woods by Lost Lake. Where there are unbroken patches it turns 
the whole area occupied a purplish red which shows for consider- 
able distances. 


86. THIN-GRASS; UPLAND BENT-GRASS 
AGROSTIS PERENNANS (Walt.) Tuckerm. 


A rather inconspicuous, but handsome symmetrical grass. Not 
rare at the lake, but scattered. Most frequently seen along shady 
woodland paths. 


87, ROUGH HAIR-GRASS 
AGROSTIS HYEMALIS (Walt.) B. S. P. 


A very thin inconspicuous grass, common through dry wood- 
lands. It quite closely resembles the preceding. It was plenti- 
fully scattered through Green’s woods by Lost Lake, and was also 
noticed and collected southwest of the lake. It is too small and 
scanty to be of any value for pasture. 


88. BLUE-JOINT GRASS 


CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS (Michx.) Beauv. 


This grass is fairly common in the low flats mixed in with other 
grasses and with sedges, its tall heads projecting considerably above 
the tops of the sedges. It is not so abundant as at near Plymouth, 
where it forms large continuous patches in places. It was scat- 
tered in Green’s marsh and in the sedgy marsh below Overmyer’s. 
It was quite abundant, mixed with sedges, far down the outlet, and 
formed almost the entire flora of the center of a pond in Walley’s 
woods. It is one of the most valuable of the prairie grasses, and 
where abundant enough, is cut for hay. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Zao 


89. BOG REED-GRASS 
CALAMAGROSTIS INEXPANSA A. Gray 


Not very common about the lake. A few plants were seen 
along the railroad west of Green’s marsh and by the railroad bridge 
across the thoroughfare. Some was also collected in the swamp 
below Farrar’s. A tall handsome grass with a narrow erect 
panicle. 

90. COMMON WILD OAT-GRASS 
DANTHONIA SPICATA (L.) Beauv. 


A short, unimportant grass, growing scantily on sterile soil. It 
ripens early in the year. Small scattered patches were found east 
of the lake, and some was collected at Long Point. It ripens and 
dies down toward the latter part of July. 


91. TALL MARSH-GRASS 


SPARTINA MICHAUXIANA Hitche. 


A coarse, tall grass, quite leafy at the base but too tough when 
old for hay or pasture. It is not usually found in large patches, 
but grows in narrow belts in swamps or moist places. At Lake 
Maxinkuckee it grows in scattered clumps along the south shore of 
Outlet Bay between the road and the lake, and by the marsh 
south of Farrayr’s. 


92. PRAIRIE CHLORIS 

CHLORIS VERTICILLATA Nutt. 
A coarse, tussocky grass. Late in the autumn of 1904, several 
clumps of this species were found scattered in the sward of the 
depot grounds. They were of recent introduction and had appar- 


ently been brought there in lawn-grass seed. Not previously re- 
ported for the state. 


93. TALL GRAMA-GRASS 
ATHEROPOGON CURTIPENDULUS (Michx.) Fourn. 

Only one small scanty patch seen in the neighborhood of the 
lake. This was found growing on a bank on the east side of 
Lost Lake outlet. This grass seems quite peculiar in distribution. 
The only other place where we saw it was on a bank on the 
east side of Eagle Lake at Warsaw, in a precisely similar situation. 


94. WIRE-GRASS; YARD-GRASS; DOG’S-TAIL GRASS 
ELEUSINE INDICA (L.) Gaertn. 


Not very common about the lake, only a few plants having been 
found by the railroad bridge at Culver. It is generally a pretty 


234 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


common grass in cities in yards and lawns. It forms a flat carpet- 
like sward and, when in blossom, is an attractive grass. 


95. COMMON REED-GRASS 
PHRAGMITES PHRAGMITES (L.) Karst. 


The most handsome and stately of our grasses, not common in 
the immediate vicinity of the lake. There was a small patch in 
the springy flat by Norris Inlet, and a few plants scattered along 
the thoroughfare. Large patches were found in the tamaracks 
west of the lake. 

This was once a common plant through parts of the state, form- 
ing dense patches on the flat marshes. It is now rapidly disap- 
pearing before the draining of the country. 

Among all our plants, the reed holds peculiarly a place of its 
own. It is a plant of small economic importance, and one with 
which the commercial world has little to do. It has at times been 
made into a sort of rough wattle to protect plants from frost, and 
sometimes the plume-like heads are collected and dyed, as pampas 
grass is dyed, for ornament, but beyond this it has no relation to 
the world of trade. It is somewhat surprising in this day when 
wild gardens, especially water gardens, and parks with ponds are 
in vogue, that it has not come into favor. Perhaps because it re- 
quires a large area to show up at its best. It does not fit in well 
with trees or shrubbery but needs as a setting square miles of level 
prairie and arching sky, where it can loom and lord it above the 
humbler sedges and grasses. And yet a little patch even in 
cramped quarters and among shrubs and trees is not at all bad. If 
one wants wildness, here it is with a vengeance—the most like a 
jungle of anything that can be devised in a region such as this. 

The Reed is a plant of wide distribution, being found not alone 
in this country but in Europe and Asia as well. It may not have 
been the identical plant which figured in Greek mythology, although 
it may well have been, and no feature of landscape could be more 
easily peopled with creatures of the imagination than a clump of 
reeds. 

Taking the word reed in a broad sense, and including several 
species of grass bearing a general similarity to our own, it is re- 
markable what a large place in the world of literature and art is 
occupies by a plant used to no great extent for the prime needs 
of man—food or shelter. This arises from the fact that the reed, 
through its use in primitive wind instruments, became the type of 
all zolian music, the fife and flute, and the symbol of joy and the 
dance. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 230 


Today there are few forms of vegetation so easily peopled by 
creatures of the imagination as the thicket of reeds with their tall 
erect stems densely grown, and broad waving blades. Here is a 
picture* of our own times, describing vividly the reeds: 

“All the while the river never stopped running or took breath, 
and the reeds along the whole valley stood shivering from top to 
toe. 

“There should be some myth (but if there is I know it not), 
founded on the shivering of the reeds. There are not many things 
in nature more striking to man’s eye. It is such an eloquent panto- 
mime of terror, and to see such a number of terrified creatures tak- 
ing sanctuary in every nook along the shore is enough to infect a 
silly human with alarm. Perhaps they are only a-cold, and no 
wonder, standing waist deep in the stream. Or perhaps they have 
never got used to the speed and fury of the river’s flux, or the 
miracle of its continuous body. Pan once played upon their fore- 
fathers, and so by the hands of his river, he still plays upon these 
later generations down all the valley of the Oise; and plays the 
same air, both sweet and shrill, to tell us of the beauty and the 
terror of the world.” 

The passing of the reed marks, too, the passing of a simpler age 
of vast regions of primitive nature, of tinkling cowbells and graz- 
ing herds over unbroken prairies. 


96. SMALL TUFTED LOVE-GRASS; TUFTED ERAGROSTIS 
ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (L.) Beauv. 


This does not appear to be common. ‘There is one plant in our 
collection and its identification is not certain. 


97. PURSH’S LOVE-GRASS 
ERAGROSTIS PURSHII Schrad. 


Rather common in various places along the beach in sand. 
Usually found in dry sandy soils forming diffuse spreading clumps. 


98. STRONG-SCENTED LOVE-GRASS 
ERAGROSTIS MAJOR Host 
A common grass throughout the state, frequently coming up in 
cultivated grounds in autumn after cultivation has ceased. Its 
purplish-silvery flattened spikes, which are borne in abundance, 
make it a handsome grass. Recognizable by its sharp penetrating 
odor. In August, 1996, Hawk’s field was almost entirely covered 


* Robert Louis Stevenson, ‘Inland Voyage.” 


236 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


with a heavy growth of this grass. In 1908, a large field was seen 
near Walkerton, Ind., which looked as if entirely sown with this, 
and the sheen of the spikelets gave the whole area a dull silvered 
look. 
99. SMOOTH CREEPING LOVE-GRASS 
ERAGROSTIS HYPNOIDES (Lam.) B. S. P. 


A delicate little grass, each plant insignificant by itself, widely 
spreading and forming mats over the ground. It grew most 
abundantly on the bottoms of dried-up ponds in open places. Found 
southeast of the lake, also in a shallow pond near Zechiel’s. 


100. TALL EATON’S GRASS 
SPHENOPHOLIS PALLENS (Spreng.) Scribn. 


Not especially common in the region of the lake. A few plants 
were found in flower north of Green’s marsh, June 17, 1901. 


101. ORCHARD-GRASS 
DACTYLIS GLCMERATA L. 


Not common in the region of the lake. A few scattered plants 
were observed near the icehouses where seed had probably been 
scattered from hay. It was quite conspicuous by May 18 (1901), 
and in flower by June 5. It was also found in the depot grounds 
in 1904. Plants which had been cut earlier in the season were in 
flower in October. Although it has an excellent reputation both as 
a hay crop and for pasture, very little seems to be sown in the 
state. Rather tussocky in habit of growth. 


102. ANNUAL MEADOW-GRASS; LOW SPEAR-GRASS 
POA ANNUA L. 


Scattered about the lake in moderately dry situations. In 
flower at the east shore of Lost Lake by Bardsley’s cottage 
May 6, 1901. One of the earliest plants to blossom in spring, 
where it winters over, and one of the latest to bloom in autumn. At 
Washington, D. C., where it is common in parks, especially at the 
bases of trees, it is often found in blossom on the first warm days 
of early spring, and forms a dense sod in shady places, where it is 
quite striking when fully in bloom, forming a continuous silvery 
mat. 

103. FALSE RED-TOP; FOWL MEADOW-GRASS 
POA TRIFLORA Gilib. 


Occasional in moist places about the lake. Collected in the 
low flat woods near Overmyer’s field June 26, 1901. 


(SY) 
=I 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ae 


104. JUNE-GRASS; KENTUCKY BLUE-GRASS 


POA PRATENSIS L. 


One of the best known and most popular grasses of the state for 
lawns and pasture. It is rather common about the lake but not 
so abundant as in places where the soil is more suitable. It was 
most abundant on the hill north of the icehouses and along shore 
southwest of the lake. Bluegrass sod began to look green in the 
neighborhood of the lake by April 8, 1901, and the grass began to 
blossom by June 7. This grass grows to large size and very 
thickly, forming excellent pasture along Yellow River near Ply- 
mouth, north of the lake. 

Bluegrass sod is frequently infested with cutworms which cause 
the heads to die out some time before they are ready to ripen. 


105. WIRE-GRASS 


POA COMPRESSA L. 


Not very common about the lake. Found on shore by Lakeview 
Hotel, September 29, 1900, and seen in flower along the railroad 
June 14,1901. This is a fairly common grass throughout the state 
but usually grows in small patches, and very rarely forms a thick 
sod, the growth usually being quite scanty. It makes good pasture 
where abundant enough. It is rather difficult to mow on account 
of the wiry, but yielding, character of the flat stems, and its habit 
of closely hugging the ground. 


106. NERVED MANNA-GRASS 


PANICULARIA NERVATA (Willd.) Kuntze 


In moist places about the lake. Found in Farrayr’s woods, going 
out of flower, June 15, 1901. 


107. FLOATING MANNA-GRASS 


PANICULARIA SEPTENTRIONALIS (Hitche.) Bicknell 


A tall, but not particularly striking, grass, usually growing in 
small patches at the edges of mucky or sedge-bordered open ponds, 
in about a foot or 18 inches of water. The blades of the lower 
leaves float on the surface and the base of the stem is usually flat- 
tened and expanded. Found along the eastern shore of Lost Lake, 
at the edge of a pool along the railroad, near Green’s marsh, and in 
Walley’s swamp. 


238 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


108. SLENDER FESCUE-GRASS 


FESTUCA OCTGFLORA Walt. 


Scattered, in dry places. Found nearly ripe on Long Point, 
June 13, 1901. 


109. NODDING FESCUE-GRASS 


FESTUCA NUTANS Willd. 


Occasional in dry soil about the lake. Found at Long Point and 
southwest of the lake. Too much scattered to be of any import- 
ance. 

110. CHEAT; CHESS 


BROMUS SECALINUS L. 


This very common and well known grass, which frequently 
proves such a nuisance in wheatfields, is common about the lake, 
especially along the railroad. There are several other species of 
cheat found in the sandy soil about the lake, but when found they 
were dead ripe and not in condition to collect. 


111. PURPLISH WHEAT-GRASS 


AGROPYRON BIFLORUM (Brignoli) R. & S. 


Only one patch seen in the region of the lake. This was in a 
dooryard in Culver where it had been probably introduced in lawn- 
grass seed. 


112. SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS 


HORDEUM JUBATUM L. 


Previous to about 1900, this grass was unknown to many regions 
in the northern part of the state, and the 6th edition of Gray’s 
Manual gave its range as “sandy seashore, upper Great Lakes and 
westward.” At about the time mentioned above some influence was 
rapidly at work bringing about its dispersal and it soon became a 
familiar object in lawns, waste places, roadsides, etc., and there 
were some fears entertained that it might become a nuisance. Like 
the prickly lettuce and sweet clover, however, which had preceded 
it several years, it soon reached its limit or contented itself with 
occupying waste places and not encroaching on cultivated ground. 
{ts large heads, with long silky, sometimes purplish, awns. make it 
a pretty and conspicuous grass. 

Some was found on June 24, 1901, in head along the street, 
where it had been recently introduced. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 239 


118. NODDING WILD RYE 
ELYMUS CANADENSIS L. 


A stout handsome grass growing in fairly dense patches in low 
rich ground in various places about the lake. There were good 
patches along the railroad between Long Point and Culver, along 
the shore between the Culver railroad bridge and depot, and by 
Lakeview Hotel. It also grew on the beach south of the Inlet and 
near Norris’s. Scattered pretty generally along the west and south 
sides of the lake. 


114. BOTTLE-BRUSH GRASS 
HYSTRIX HYSTRIX (L.) Millsp. 


Not very abundant, but widely distributed in rather moist rich 
places. Scattered, in the eastern part of Farrar’s woods, where it 
was seen dead ripe, November 14, 1900. 


FAMILY 16. CYPERACEA. SEDGE FAMILY 


This large and well-marked family is remarkably well repre- 
sented in the region about the lake, the great variety of soil and 
moisture offer favorable habitats for all sorts of sedges, including 
those that prefer dry situations, woodlands, dunes, or moist ground. 

Moreover, the flat lake plains or “prairies” are par excellence 
the situations adapted to sedge growth and over these great areas 
sedges of many sorts, but especially of the genus Carex, form the 
predominant, even almost the exclusive type of vegetation. Of the 
sedges, especially those of the genus Carex, there was so great an 
abundance and variety all coming into fruit about the same time, 
and that at a time when fish-spawning, bird migration and other 
important activities were at their height, that not nearly all seen 
could be collected. All, or nearly all of the species of sedges listed, 
are represented by herbarium specimens. Many others such as C. 
tuckermani, hystricina, cephalophora, hirtifolia, sterilis, wildenovii, 
and so on were provisionally identified in the field, but were not 
collected. It is probable, indeed, that the great majority of the 
81 forms listed for the state by Coulter, are to be found in the 
neighborhood of the lake. 


115. LOW KYLLINGA 
KYLLINGA PUMILA Michx. 


A dainty little sedge, so inconspicuous as to be easily overlooked, 
found growing in moist places. It is delightfully fragrant, both 
when green and after being dried. It was found in low places 


240 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


along the road on Long Point, where the ridge of the point slopes 
down to Green’s marsh west of Chadwick’s. Found in flower Oc- 
tober 8. 

116. LOW CYPERUS 

CYPERUS DIANDRUS Torr. 


This pretty little sedge is one of the most common and constant 
of the beach plants, growing on the sandy shore near the water’s 
edge. A more or less broken stretch extends from Long Point to 
about Green’s pier. This patch is broad and thick in front of the 
Barnes cottage. Toward the south end of the lake it is common 
by Farrar’s cottage, south of Farrar’s pond, and along the springy 
flat by Overmyer’s. It is fairly abundant by Norris Inlet and on 
the beach south of it. It is quite scanty or only occasional on the 
east side, but begins again on shore in front of the Military Acad- 
emy, from which it extends more or less continuously to the Culver 
railroad bridge. It also grows on the slopes of the low ice ridges 
facing the lake. 


117. AWNED CYPERUS 


CYPERUS INFLEXUS Muhl. 


One of the prettiest of the sedges but very small and incon- 
spicuous. Only a few plants were found. These were in the 
birch swamp along the railroad by Walley’s, in the bottom of 
excavations from which ballast had been taken for the railroad, 
and where the sand was moist. It was also found at Fletcher’s 
Lake. 

118. STRAW-COLORED CYPERUS 


CYPERUS STRIGOSUS L. 


The Straw-colored Cyperus is quite common throughout the 
state in rich low ground in open places, sometimes growing in con- 
siderable patches. It never or rarely becomes a nuisance, as its 
near relative, the nut-grass, sometimes does. The widely-spread- 
ing infloresence with straw-colored spikelets makes it a conspicuous 
and attractive plant. It usually grows along the edges of ponds, 
ditches and streams. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was common along 
the lake shore, extending more or less interruptedly from Long 
Point to below Arlington. Another broken stretch occurred from 
Overmyer’s field to beyond Norris’s. Along the east shore it was 
absent. It began again about the Palmer house, and was abundant 
at Lakeview Hotel where there was considerable on the flat beach 
east of the hotel. It was also found along the beach near the depot, 
and at the railroad bridge. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 241 


119. SLENDER CYPERUS 


CYPERUS FILICULMIS Vahl 


This tall wiry-stemmed sedge is not conspicuous, in spite of the 
fact that it is one of the tallest species of the genus. It is found 
rather scattered in the neighborhood of the lake, especially in the 
grass along the railroad in the region of Murray’s. It grows in 
dry sterile soil. Over in the dune region where hardly anything 
else would grow, it helped form a scanty growth over the shifting 
sand. 

Its usual period of flowering is from June through August, but 
along the railroad where the herbage is usually kept mown down or 
burned over, it was found in flower as late as September 27. 


120. KNOTTED SPIKE-RUSH 


ELEOCHARIS INTERSTINCTA (Vahl) R. & S. 


The knotted spike-rush, the most conspicuous species of the 
genus, is not rare at Lake Maxinkuckee. It is quite local in distri- 
bution, however, and is found in dense patches where it occurs. 
There are a few small patches along shore near Overmyer’s field and 
near the Inlet. Besides this it occurs nowhere else except in 2 
large patches, one between Winfield’s and the depot and one in 
Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage. In each of these cases the 
patch extends from shallow water near shore into long cape-like 
extensions into the water. The plant, though it bears abundant 
seed, seems to propagate chiefly by rootstocks which accounts for 
its occurrence in dense patches and its absence as isolated scattered 
plants. The plants were up well and beginning to show conspicu- 
ously above the surface of the water by May 30. They bear a 
marked general resemblance to the stout scouring-rush, Equisetum. 
In autumn the whole patches assume a beautiful golden color. They 
were in their autumnal glory on October 21, 1900, and the cones 
were full of seeds. They quickly succumb to frost and lop over 
into the water. 


121. ANGLED SPIKE-RUSH 


ELEOCHARIS MUTATA (L.) R. & S. 


This spike-rush is rare at Lake Maxinkuckee, only 1 small patch 
having been found, intermixed with bulrushes, in the vicinity of 
Norris Inlet. At Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County, it was fairly 
common. This plant grows in water of about a foot in depth, 
and is never found on shore much beyond the water’s edge. 


16—17618—Vol. 2 


242 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


122. BRIGHT GREEN SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS OLIVACEA Torr. 


Some of our specimens collected appear to be this species. It 
is, In general, a coast species but has been reported for the state 
in Gibson and Lake counties. 


123. BLUNT SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS OBTUSA (Willd.) Schultes 


Common about the lake on wet sandy shores. Patches were 
found at Green’s pier, by Overmyer’s, on the flat east of Lakeview 
Hotel and at Long Point. It was also found at Fletcher’s Lake. 

A form identified as H’. obtusa jejuna was abundant in a kettle- 
hole in Green’s clover field. Found in fruit October 24, 1900. 


124. CREEPING SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS (L.) R. & S. 


This is one of the most common spike-rushes in the vicinity of 
the lake. It grows in moist sandy shore at various places—such 
as at Long Point and near Norris Inlet. It grows out for some 
distance into the water, the plants in water where the growth is 
not thick standing in straight rows as if in drills along the under- 
ground rootstock. The plants showed up well above the water by 
May 28, and were in blossom by June 6, 1901. 

The creeping spike-rush is exceedingly variable in size and gen- 
eral appearance. 

The form known as FE. palustris glaucescens, a very stout tall 
spike-rush, is fairly common about the lake, and was obtained in 
Green’s marsh, along the shore of Lake Maxinkuckee south of 
Green’s, and at Lost Lake. As the forms occur at the lake they are 
quite distinct without any tendency to vary into each other. 


125. NEEDLE SPIKE-RUSH 
ELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS (L.) R. & S. 


This is the most minute and slender of our spike-rushes, the 
dense short clumps covering the ground where they grow like a 
minute bright-green growth of hair. The needle spike-rush grows 
in a greater variety of situations and at a greater distance from 
the lake than the other species, and varies considerably with the 
situation in which it is found. Some grew along the lake shore 
south of Arlington hotel, and in the swamp below Farrar’s. It 
was still green, but being washed out by the choppy waves, at the 
edge of Lost Lake on November 2, 1904. On April 2, 1901, it 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 243 


was noticed growing on the bottom of the outlet, a considerable dis- 
tance below the lakes; these plants were very long and slender. On 
May 29 of the same year it was seen in flower in Green’s marsh. 
In the tamarack west of the lake it grew in large dense patches, 
the plants being very short. 


126. HAIR-LIKE STENOPHYLLUS 
STENOPHYLLUS CAPILLARIS (L.) Britton 


A slender grass-like sedge found growing scantly on the sandy 
soil north of Lost Lake. It is a rather inconspicuous plant, and 
easily overlooked. 


127. SLENDER FIMBRISTYLIS 
FIMBRISTYLIS AUTUMNALIS (L.) R. & S. 


Much like Stenophyllus capillaris and found growing with it in 
the sandy soil north of Lost Lake. 


128. SLENDER COTTON-GRASS 
ERIOPHORUM GRACILE Koch 


This species is found nowhere about the lake except in Hawk’s 
marsh. Here it grows in considerable abundance, and appears to 
be increasing in density of growth from year to year. 

With the possible exception of the tall tickseed sunflower, which 
grows over great areas to the exclusion of everything else, and 
covers for a brief season great patches with continuous stretches 
of unbroken gold, this patch of cotton grass is one of the most 
striking bits of scenery of the country. 

There are several species of plants, which in the density of 
growth and abundance of blossom give their color to the whole land- 
scape. There are the blue vervains which in rolling moist clayey 
places tone the whole area to a sober blue, and there are the level 
moist flats, in some places changed to a dirty white by blossoms of 
boneset, or in others almost unbroken delicate pink by the steeple 
bush (Spiraea) or others yellow with swamp goldenrods; but the 
cotton grass rivals and outshines them all, both in its conspicuous- 
ness and the continuance of its season of splendor. 

The cotton grass nowhere forms continuous patches, but the 
plants grow singly, scattered among the sphagnum and sedges, 
which they overtop. One small patch west of the center of the marsh 
is. almost dense enough to give the appearance of continuity. Gen- 
erally, however, the plants are far enough apart to give the outline 
of each individual head. 

While still in blossom in July and August the cotton grass is 


244 Lake Maxinkuckce, Physical and Biological Survey 


not at all conspicuous. It is not until the latter part of August, or 
the earlier portion of September, when the bristles of the head begin 
to develop and show themselves, that it reaches its stage of at- 
tractiveness; then the large white silky heads, each at the top of a 
tall slender stalk, appear, when looked at from a level, to be poised 
in the air above the marsh. Few bits of nature, except it be the 
delicately poised leaves of the aspen, bring to mind so forcibly and 
continually a sense of the reality and restlessness of the air. The 
heads of the patch are somewhere at all times swaying or bobbing, 
and of several attempts to photograph them, none was quite satis- 
factory. 

As the marsh in which these plants grow is surrounded by an 
almost impenetrable thicket and is itself much like a wet sponge 
to walk on, the splendor of this attractive patch is unknown to 
most of the inhabitants of the vicinity or the people who visit the 
lake. The only place where any view at all satisfactory can be 
had of it is from one of the hills in Hawk’s field which over- 
looks the marsh, and here the view is too distant to give an ade- 
quate notion of the attractiveness of these plants at close range. 

Kriophorum gracile retains its attractiveness until the snow 
comes to be its rival. If the plants are collected late in August or 
early in September before the seeds ripen, the bristles remain tight, 
and it makes an attractive dried bouquet, quite as attractive as pam- 
pas grass, and contrasting with it in its compact cottony ball. The 
bristles are usually snow-white but sometimes are a rich tawny. 
The heads can be collected ever after rains have given them a 
bedraggled look, as after drying out they easily can be fluffed up. 

In addition to the patch at Hawk’s marsh, some was seen in a 
tamarack near Fletcher’s Lake. 


129. TALL COTTON-GRASS 
ERIOPHORUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Roth 


Not particularly abundant in the neighborhood of the lake. A 
number of plants were seen in the tamarack west of the lake on 
May 22, 1901, but none was seen nearer the lake. This cotton grass 
does not form as nearly compact patches as EH. gracile but the 
plants are scattered among other sedges. The bright white of the 

delicate drooping tassels takes the eye at a considerable distance 
and the effect is more striking than that of most flowers—the ap- 
pearance being that of great snowflakes lodged here and there 
among the knee-high grass. This sedge is in its glory in the early 
part of the season—in the latter part of June or during July—and 
during the latter part of the summer. In the autumn these tassels 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 245 


look worn and bedraggled. The species has a wide range, from the 
far north in Alaska south into Georgia, but is comparatively little 
known, and its charms attract the sight of but few as it grows in 
the remote marshes. In 1907 we saw some in a tamarack bog in 
the neighborhood of St. Paul, Minn. 


130. WATER CLUB-RUSH 
SCIRPUS SUBTERMINALIS Torr. 


Rare in the neighborhood of the lake. Its occurrence is attested 
by a single herbarium specimen. 


131. WEAK-STALKED CLUB-RUSH 
SCIRPUS DEBILIS Pursh 


A low rush, looking considerably like a miniature bulrush, 
usually growing at the water’s edge in wet soil. A few plants 
grew along the west shore of Lost Lake on the border of the quaky 
shore. It formed fairly large patches at Bass Lake, along the 
shore in wet sand. 


132. THREE-SQUARE; CHAIR-MAKER’S RUSH 
SCIRPUS AMERICANUS Pers. 


This is the most common bulrush about the lake. With the ex- 
ception of a rather large patch in a flat springy field near the Mili- 
tary Academy and back of the row of Lombardy poplars fringing 
the road in that region, this plant does not form large patches, nor 
extend far from shore either into the water or back on the land, 
but it forms a rather narrow fringe along the shore of the lake, 
growing on the wet sandy beach or out in the water to the 
depth of about 18 inches or 2 feet. Patches occur on shore 
about the Military Academy grounds. From the Culver railroad 
bridge it fringes the shore with few interruptions to Long Point. 
There are only a few scattered plants along the east shore of Long 
Point. Below Green’s it begins again and extends, with a few un- 
important interruptions, to Norris Inlet and in front of Norris’s. 
Plants grow on shore back from the lake a little way on the springy 
hill by Overmyer’s and on another springy hill beyond Norris’s. 
There are no patches along the east shore of the lake from Norris’s 
to near the Military Academy grounds. Like the other common 
bulrush of the lake, and like the various species of Eleocharis, this 
plant spreads by means of rootstocks and grows out in the water in 
straight rows. In the autumn the part above water gradually dies 
and turns brown, but the portion under water remains green all 


246 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


winter. The part above water remains during most of the winter, 
but gradually breaks off or is removed when the ice melts in spring. 
The muskrat frequently uses this plant in the construction of its 
winter houses. 

The plants were nearly dead by September 28, 1900. By May 
5, 1901, the young stalks of the year showed up from the bottom 
as green short stubble; by May 16, the plants were projecting above 
the surface of the water; nine days later flower-buds began to 
show, and by the first of June, the plants, though only about 6 
inches high, were in blossom. 

This plant forms extensive patches at Bass Lake where the 
water remains shallow a long distance from shore. 


133. AMERICAN GREAT BULRUSH; MAT-RUSH 
SCIRPUS VALIDUS Vahl 


The great bulrush is the most aquatic species of the genus about 
the lake. In habits and choice of habitat it quite closely resembles 
S. americanus, and both are found in similar situations except that 
the great bulrush will grow out in deeper water, and prefers a 
soft marly soil, while the three-cornered rush prefers more 
sand. Like S. americanus, the great bulrush is found along shore 
from the Culver railroad bridge to the north shore of Long Point. 
It is rare or absent along the east shore of Long Point. Below 
Green’s it begins again and extends with occasional interruptions 
to Norris’s. There is none along the east shore of the lake, but it 
begins again where the road comes down to the lake near the Mili- 
tary Academy grounds. Opposite the ice-houses, opposite Farrar’s 
and opposite Overmyer’s field, it grows for a considerable distance 
out in the lake. By Overmyer’s field it grows back from shore 
on a springy flat, while in the Inlet marsh it grows back from 
shore for a considerable distance. In favorable locations it grows 
in water 7 or 8 feet deep, the plants projecting above the water 4 
feet, the entire length of these plants being 11 or 12 feet. On 
shore it rarely grows more than 7 or 8 feet high and is usually 
about 6. Bulrushes are common about the edges of Lost Lake, and 
continue more or less interruptedly down the Outlet, patches oc- 
curring here and there almost down to the Outlet mouth. 

The bulrush stems furnish the muskrat with material with 
which to build its house. Masses of filamentous alge frequently grow 
attached to the base of submerged Scirpus stems; this was espe- 
cially well marked in the region of the Inlet, where various alge, 
notably the rank Schizomeris, formed dense skirts about the bul- 
rushes, much as mosses and Porella grow about the bases of shrubs 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 247 


in woodland ponds. At Eagle Lake, sponges were very common 
about the bulrush stems, forming collars entirely around the stem 
at various depths below the surface of the water, but this did not 
occur in Lake Maxinkuckee, the forms of sponge in this lake either 
growing in flat mats over stones or in long loose strings among 
the pondweeds. Various insects lay their eggs in great patches 
around the bulrush stems just at the water surface and the patches 
off the ice-house were coal black from the layers of eggs deposited 
on them. The eggs may be those of some species of damsel-fly, but 
we were unable to see any insect depositing them. The little steel 
blue damsel-flies of the lake congregate in great numbers on the 
rushes, forming long series along one side and presenting a peculiar 
appearance. It is up the stems of these plants that most of the 
damsel-fly nymphs crawl to the air, and from which they emerge 
into the adult form and take their first flight. 

There are two well marked forms of the great bulrush—a 
slender compact dark green form bearing comparatively few seeds, 
and a more loosely built glaucous form, easily crushed between 
the fingers and bearing an ample cluster of spikelets. The firm, 
dark-green form is the one most common about lakes, especially in 
sandy firm soil, and is almost exclusively the form found at Lake 
Maxinkuckee. The soft glaucous form is common along stagnant 
pools and canals. <A patch of this form was found down the Outlet 
and others on the north side of Long Point. At Twin Lakes both 
forms are quite common, growing side by side and quite distinct, 
the glaucous form growing more in compact round patches. 

Occasional plants both of Scirpus validus and S. americanus 
grow in a sort of open corkscrew spiral. This form was not com- 
mon at Lake Maxinkuckee though quite abundant in some other 
lakes visited. 


134. DARK-GREEN BULRUSH 
SCIRPUS ATROVIRENS Muhl. 


This plant does not form extensive patches and does not grow 
at the edge of the lake, as do the species just mentioned. It is 
more common about the edges of small pools and in wet meadows. 
A few clumps grew along the road south of Outlet Bay between the 
road and lake in the tangled jungle-like mass of vegetation. It 
was found also in low ground near Norris Inlet, and in marshy 
places on the east side. It was in blossom by June 16, 1901, by 
Lakeview Hotel, and dead ripe south of Outlet Bay by Sept. 15, 
1900. The plants at this place had been bitten off by stock and on 
the culm near the top had produced peculiar bulbs, probably an 


248 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


effort to reproduce vegetatively in leu of seeds. In 1904 a good 
deal was found scattered in a flat north of the ice-ridge pond on 
the east side, and south of Aubeenaubee Creek. 


135. REDDISH BULRUSH 
SCIRPUS LINEATUS Michx. 


A scirpus considerably resembling the next, which is more com- 
mon and better known. The spikelets are cylindrical and narrow, 
and rather inconspicuous. This plant is fairly common in low 
places about the lake but not on the shores of the lake itself. By 
June 11, 1901, it was still very short, but in bloom wherever found. 


136. WOOL-GRASS 
SCIRPUS CYPERINUS (L.) Kunth 


Common throughout the greater part of the country at the edges 
of pools and in wet meadows. It rarely grows in large continuous 
patches, but forms small clumps or single tussocks. Rather com- 
mon in the low flat between the road and lake south of Outlet Bay. 
It was also abundant in a marsh west of the dunes. This is the 
handsomest of the plants belonging to the genus Scirpus, though 
not so showy as several members of the genus Eriophorum in which 
it has sometimes been placed. It is a tall, stately plant, the small 
spikelets on long slender drooping pedicles, becoming fuzzy with 
gray brown bristles, make a large handsome head. 


137. COMMON HEMICARPHA 
HEMICARPHA MICRANTHA (Vahl) Pax. 


A very little sedge, growing in small tufts a few inches high, 
the fruit usually 2 minute cone-like spikes placed side by side. It 
grows in wet sand and was found along Yellow River a few miles 
north of the lake and at Fletcher’s Lake. None was found in the 
immediate vicinity of Lake Maxinkuckee. It was probably pres- 
ent, but overlooked. 


138. DULICHIUM 
DULICHIUM ARUNDINACEUM (L.) Britton 


A rather homely, inconspicuous sedge, frequently well inter- 
mixed and hidden by the bulrushes near the water’s edge. At 
Lake Maxinkuckee it grew in the swamp along the edge of the lake 
between Farrar’s and Overmyer’s. It was also seen in the tam- 
arack west of the lake. It reaches its fullest development, how- 
ever, in the drained sphagnum swamp in Walley’s woods, about half 
of which it almost completely covers. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 249 


139. WHITE BEAKED-RUSH 
RYNCHOSPORA ALBA (L.) Vahl 


We have specimens of this species in our collection, probably 
from the swampy flat north of Lost Lake. A rather inconspicuous 
rush-like plant. 


140. WATER BOG-RUSH 
MARISCUS MARISCOIDES (Muhl.) Kuntze 


A rather homely rush-like plant found generally near the 
water’s edge and often hidden among the bulrushes with which it 
often grows. Only 1 small patch was found, growing along the 
western shore of Lost Lake. 


141. LOW NUT-RUSH 
SCLERIA VERTICILLATA Muhi. 


Fairly common in the flat ground north of Lost Lake. The 
white achenes or nutlets are quite conspicuous when ripe, and 
when viewed closely, exhibit under magnification an interesting 
and attractive sculpture. 


142, STELLATE SEDGE 
CAREX ROSEA Schk. 


A common sedge in dry woodlands such as at Long Point and in 
parts of Farrar’s woods. A slender, rather inconspicuous sedge, 
with a small few-seeded spike, the perigynea radiating at maturity. 
Some of our specimens were smooth instead of rough above, and 
may have been C. retroflexa Muhl., which has been by some re- 
garded as a variety of this. Fruits ripening about the middle of 
June. 

143. SOFT FOX SEDGE 
CAREX CONJUNCTA Boott 


Occasional in moist open places among other sedges, forming 
clumps. Collected in Green’s marsh on the second of June, 1901, 
when the heads were well formed. 


144. FOX SEDGE 
CAREX VULPINOIDEA Michx. 


Common, but rather scattered in low sedgy flats, as between the 
road and the south shore of Outlet Bay and in the low grounds west 
of Green’s marsh; found also by the icehouses. One of the most 
common and best known of the sedges with flat perigynea and 
lenticular fruit. The fruit was well formed by the middle of June. 


250 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


145. LESSER PANICLED SEDGE 
CAREX DIANDRA Schrank 


Not rare in Green’s marsh and various other parts of Lost Lake 
plain. Heads well formed by June 2, 1901. 


146. LARGE-PANICLED SEDGE 
CAREX DECOMPOSITA Muhl. 

Not rare in marshy places. Found in Farrar’s woods in a 
swamp by Lost Lake and in Green’s marsh. Fruit was well formed 
by June a7, 1901: 

147. AWL-FRUITED SEDGE 
CAREX STIPATA Muhl. 

This, and a few other closely related and very similar species, 
represent a familiar form among the sedges, which grow in low 
open flats. It appears to be common. Obtained south of the road 
by Outlet Bay on June 7, 1901. 


148. BLUNT BROOM SEDGE 
CAREX TRIBULOIDES Wahl. 


Rather common in open places at the edges of swales and 
prairies, and at the borders of swamps. Collected with fruit fairly 
well developed in Farrar’s woods June 17, 1901. 


149. BEBB’S SEDGE 
CAREX BEBBIT Olney 
A specimen identified as this was collected in Farrar’s woods 
on June 17, 1901. 
150. STRAW SEDGE 
CAREX STRAMINEA Willd. 


This is a common sedge, belonging to a pretty well marked 
group having the fruit in rounded or pointed, small head-like 
spikes, with several heads in series on the fruiting culm. It is 
usually found in dry open places. <A form of this species approach- 
ing the subspecies mirabilis was collected north of Green‘s marsh 
June 17, 1910. 


151. BROAD-WINGED SEDGE 
CAREX ALATA Torr. 


Not very common. A few plants found north of Green’s marsh. 
The fruit was well developed by June 17. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 251 


152. HAY SEDGE 
CAREX FOENEA Willd. 


We have no notes on this sedge except the fact that it occurs in 
our collection. 


158. BRISTLE-STALKED SEDGE 


CAREX LEPTALEA Wahl. 


A tall sedge growing rather scattered among the sedges and 
grasses of low flat marshes. Not conspicuous, but rather pretty. 
The spikes are rather small, but attractive on account of the color 
contrast between the pale or whitish perigynia and green subtend- 
ing scale. Color effects of any sort are rather infrequent among 
sedges, the entire plant except the scales of the staminate flowers 
and the yellow anthers and white pistils being usually about the 
same shade of green, but here we have the monotony somewhat 
relieved with well marked difference in shade. 

Collected in flower over by the tamarack May 22, 1901, and 
noted in blossom north of the lake June 18. 


154. PENNSYLVANIA SEDGE 
CAREX PENNSYLVANICA Lam. 


One of the most familiar sedges to be found in open woodlands 
and one of the earliest plants to bloom in spring. It usually grows 
in scattered tussocks in dry woodlands, but sometimes the tussocks 
grow close together forming small patches where it forms a firm 
mat over the ground. On account of the curled touseled character 
of the leaves, which become brownish when old, it is in some places 
known by the suggestive name of dog’s hair grass. 

The fruit is inconspicuous and scant. 

April 6, 1901, nearly in blossom by Farrar’s. April 19, nearly 
in flower west of the lake; April 25 fully in flower by Chadwick’s; 
April 26 some fully in blossom in Farrar’s woods; April 30 in blos- 
som everywhere. It ripens early in the summer. Nearly ripe 
fruit was collected June 17. 


155. WHITE BEAR SEDGE 
CAREX ALBURSINA Sheldon 


This sedge is remarkable for its very broad whitish leaves. It 
never grows in patches, but is usually found singly and scattered in 
deep shade of rich woodlands. The fruit is scarce and inconspicu- 
ous. It was found in various places about the lake, principally 
in the deep woods on the east side. 


N 
ol 
i) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


156. MEADOW SEDGE 
CAREX GRANULARIS Muhl. 
Like the majority of sedges, this species prefers flat, open moist 
soil like that at the edges of the natural meadows or lake plains. 
Specimens were collected southwest of the lake, June 26, 1910. 


157. GRAY SEDGE 
CAREX GRISEA Wahl. 


A dry-ground woodland sedge. Collected south of the lake on 
June 26, 1901. 


158. GRACEFUL SEDGE 
CAREX GRACILLIMA Schwein. 


Rather common in moist shady places. Collected in Farrar’s 
woods, almost dead ripe on June 17, 1901. 


159. RIBBED SEDGE 
CAREX VIRESCENS Muhl. 
A sedge of dry woodlands, growing in somewhat similar situa- 


tions as those where C. pennsylvanica thrives. Specimens collected 
in Farrar’s woods, June 17, 1901. 


160. HIRSUTE SEDGE 
CAREX COMPLANATA Torr. 
A sedge much like this, but with spikes too small to agree with 


descriptions of the typical form, was rather common in Farrar’s 
woods. It was obtained in fruit on June 17, 1901. 


161. BROWN SEDGE 
CAREX BUXBAUMII Wahl. 


Specimens of this sedge were obtained in low ground along the 
railroad on June 17, 1901. 


162. TUSSOCK SEDGE 
CAREX STRICTA Lam. 


A common sedge in Green’s marsh, and forming much of the 
growth back of Green’s field east of Lost Lake outlet. A rather 
tall wiry sedge, frequently covering great areas of flat ground in 
the northwest. Formerly not used except for packing, it has re- 
cently become of some economic importance as the raw material 
from which “Crex” carpets and mattings are made. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 253 


163. NODDING SEDGE 


CAREX GYNANDRA Schwein. 


Collected June 11, 1901, at the edge of Farrar’s pond. 


164. WOOLLY SEDGE 
CAREX LANUGINOSA Michx. 

This appears to be a common sedge in the low flats about the 
lake, it and C. stricta forming the main mass of the dense sedge 
growth in Green’s marsh and about Lost Lake. It propagates ex- 
tensively by rootstocks and bears fruit but rarely. The spikes 
are small and inconspicuous and are covered with a dense brown 
velvety growth of fuzz. It and C. stricta together form the bulk 
of “prairie hay” used at the lake chiefly for filling in the ice-houses, 
and in general use for packing. 

This sedge was up bright and green by April 13, 1901, along 
the railroad between the lakes, north of Green’s marsh, and also 
north of Lost Lake. It bore well formed fruit by June 8. 


165. AWNED SEDGE 
CAREX ATHERODES Spreng. 


Common among other sedges in Green’s marsh. Obtained with 
well developed heads on June 10, 1910. 


166. BEAKED SEDGE 
CAREX ROSTRATA Stckes 


Occasional in moist places. Specimens were collected along the 
railroad on June 17, 1901. 


167. BRISTLY SEDGE 
CAREX COMOSA Boott 


In shallow water, edge of Lost Lake. 


168. HOP SEDGE 
CAREX LUPULINA Muhl. 
Common in moist places about the lake, growing well in the 
shade. Specimens with well formed fruits were obtained in 
Farrar’s woods by the pond on June 11 and June 17, 1901. 


FAMILY 17. ARACEZ. ARUM FAMILY 
169. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT; INDIAN TURNIP 
ARISAEMA TRIPHYLLUM (L.) Torr. 


Common in moist rich woodlands. It was found in flower east 
of the lake on May 13, and in Farrar’s woods May 25, 1901. On 


254 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


September 9, 1906, much of the dead-ripe fruit was observed in 
the woods east of the lake. It varies greatly in size and general 
appearance, some of the plants being small with a very dark brown 
spathe. These may represent the species pusillum. On account 
of their oddity and handsomeness, the Jack-in-the-pulpit, especially 
the striped forms, is well worthy of cultivation in wild-flower 
gardens. The cells of this plant, as indeed most of our aroids, con- 
tain bundles of numerous needle-like crystals or “rhaphides” of 
oxalate of lime, and it is probably due to the pricking of these 
needles that the intense acrid taste of these plants is due. 


170. GREEN DRAGON 


ARISAEMA DRACONTIUM (L.) Schott 


Not so abundant nor widely distributed as the other, usually 
confined to the banks of creeks or borders of ponds. Most of the 
plants found were in the low woods by Overmyer’s or by swamps 
in Farrar’s woods. It was in flower by May 25. The fruits, like 
red ears of corn, were conspicuous along Yellow River, north of 
the lake, in the autumn of 1907. 


171. GREEN ARROW-ARUM 


PELTANDRA VIRGINICA (L.) Kunth 


Not particularly abundant about the lake but pretty well scat- 
tered along the shore at various places. There were several plants 
in Lake Maxinkuckee at the source of the Outlet, some in front of 
Inlet marsh, one plant between the Inlet and Norris’s, a few in 
the upper end of Lost Lake, and some in the swamps between Over- 
myer’s and Farrar’s. Jt was quite common in the thoroughfare 
between the lakes. The dark-green calla-like leaves are quite at- 
tractive. The plants began leafing out by May 3, 1901, and some 
of the leaves were fully developed by May 17, and by June 24 some 
were in flower. The flower is rather inconspicuous with a bulb- 
shaped green base, tipped by a delicate whitish-green spathe undu- 
late along one side. The ornamental projection of the spathe soon 
drops off, leaving the bulbous portion, which by making a sharp 
turn on its stem, buries itself under the surface of the water, where 
it ripens. Ripe fruit was found October 25, 1904. 

The seeds are covered by a gelatinous material and are said to 
be a favorite food for wild geese. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 20D 


172. SKUNK CABBAGE 


SPATHYEMA FOETIDA (L.) Raf. 


Confined to mucky springy places about the lake. Its distribu- 
tion is rather peculiar throughout the country. Wherever one finds 
mucky or loamy ground of a springy nature—and other peculiar 
conditions familiar to every one—he is likely to find the skunk cab- 
bage. The plants are thus confined to suitable soil, and often in 
wholly isolated patches. It is not likely that the large heavy seeds 
are transported by birds. They are, indeed, too hard for most ani- 
mals to attempt to eat, though some were once found in what ap- 
peared to be a mouse’s nest. At the lake the skunk cabbage is 
found in Overmyer’s low woods, in low springy ground along Cul- 
ver Creek northeast of the lake, and in Busart’s and Zechiel’s ponds 
in low woods. There was also a good patch in the flat west of 
Lakeview Hotel. 

With the exception of chickweed and speedwell, plants which 
bloom continuously and can be found in bloom every day in the 
year in sheltered situations, the skunk cabbage is by far the earliest 
blossom of the year, although in some seasons it has a hard race 
with the silver maple. 

The skunk cabbage suffers somewhat from a bad name not 
wholly merited. Ilts odor is somewhat garlicky, to be sure. Any 
one who will take the pains to compare the odor of a freshly caught 
skunk with a skunk-cabbage blossom that has really had oppor- 
tunity to become smelly, will admit that the comparison of the odor 
of the blossom to that of the animal is altogether too obvious. But 
we have other plants that smell worse even when farther away. 
The stink-horn is a notorious example. 

The skunk cabbage spathes are perfectly formed, and even have 
their color developed, in autumn. By digging up the plants about 
Thanksgiving time and unfolding the leaves the perfect flowers 
can be seen. Some were obtained in Busart’s swamp in the au- 
tumn of 1904. Under favorable conditions the plants may even 
blossom before New Year’s. Some were found fully in bloom two 
weeks before Christmas. 

This plant might rank even among our popular blossoms if it 
were not handicapped by a suggestive name. A name heard in 
Virginia was “Quick Will’, probably referring to the earliness with 
which the blossoms appear in spring. A fanciful, but by no means 
inappropriate, name given to these plants in the south is “‘Midas’ 
Ears.” One could hardly imagine a name more fitting, or do better 
than follow the seer who first applied it. For if we choose, we can 


256 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


find, as many have found, in the first peeping out of the ground of 
this first prophet of spring a sense of delighted surprise. Let those 
who choose be simply reminded of skunks, but to those who will it 
otherwise there comes a message of new-born spring, and memories 
of an ancient tale; when the rough and boisterous winds of March 
play their wild flute music on dead sedge stems, or pipe their shrill 
strains among the tall ghosts of last year’s reeds, we can find 
these Midas’ Ears pricked up intent and expectant, to the music of 
beloved Pan. 

The individual plants bear several blossoms, so that the flower- 
ing season extends almost into June, making the season much 
longer than that of most of our plants. The blossoms vary 
greatly from diminutive deep purple spathes through greenish 
more or less pied and striped with lurid splotches of red, much re- 
sembling a seek-no-further apple, to a bright, clear greenish yellow. 
The hoods vary greatly in shape from short to those with exceed- 
ingly long projecting peaks. The flowers, if not close fertilized, are 
probably cross-fertilized by the bugs and spiders that take shelter 
within them and crawl among them. 

The fruit is a peculiar head containing large globular seeds em- 
bedded in spongy tissue. It is to be found during the latter part 
of summer. 

At the market in Washington, D. C., among the negroes’ stalls, 
these plants are frequently found for sale during their blossoming 
season as ‘swamp lilies” and we have heard that they were at one 
time on sale in the New York markets as “rare orchids from the 
Philippines.” 

1738. SWEET FLAG; CALAMUS-ROOT 
ACORUS CALAMUS L. 

Not common; a few plants along shore near Chadwick’s, one 
east of Lakeview Hotel, and a few near the grist-mill. The plants 
were up well, the spadices showing by April 23, 1901, and it was 
in full blossom by June 2. The flower cluster, a green inconspicu- 
ous object, projecting laterally from what closely resembles an 
ordinary leaf, is a curious object. The pungent aromatic rootstock 
is in good repute as a stomachic. 


FAMILY 18. LEMNACEZ. DUCKWEED FAMILY 
174. GREATER DUCKWEED 
SPIRODELA POLYRHIZA (L.) Schleid. 


Abundant in the neighborhood of Norris Inlet, forming, with 
other duckweeds, an extensive scum over the surface. It was also 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2 


common in ponds and ditches in Green’s marsh. The _ sheltered 
waters near the Inlet seem to be its favorite location. Most other 
parts of the lake are open to too much disturbance by winds and 
waves for it to thrive. It is occasionally found in sheltered 
places among the rushes along shore, as north of Long Point and 
the ice-houses, Winfield’s and Overmyer’s. These are probably 
stray plants that have been blown and drifted from the main col- 
ony. The numerous holes in the Inlet marsh are also covered by 
this plant. 

In 1909, the duckweed scum was not so extensive at the Inlet 
as formerly, but there was considerable in Aubeenaubee Bay di- 
rectly across the lake, and near the Academy grounds. A season 
of south winds had probably drifted the mass across the lake. 

We have no note of having found this plant in blossom. With 
the other duckweeds it sinks to the bottom in late autumn and re- 
mains green all winter, reappearing again with the thawing of 
the ice. 

175. IVY-LEAVED DUCKWEED 


LEMNA TRISULCA L. 


Not especially common at the lake. Found on the lake shore 
east of Farrar’s, in a driedup pond southwest of the lake by 
the boathouse near the Inlet, and most abundantly in the im- 
mediate neighborhood of the Inlet, where it may be found at all 
seasons when there is no ice; found also occasionally along shore 
among cattails and rushes in the neighborhood of Winfield’s. On 
October 24, 1900, an immense mass of this species was found 
drifted in Lost Lake near the middle of the western shore. This 
formed a thick tangled scum extending out some distance from 
shore and also making great masses in the bottom. It was also fre- 
quently found growing and thriving well in wet places among dead 
leaves in the water, and it appears to hibernate in such places. 

This little plant, with its elongate semi-transparent green fronds, 
and peculiar manner of branching, is one of the most attractive of 
the duckweeds. Each frond gives rise to a side-shoot on each side 
at its center, resulting in a very regular but intricate and compli- 
cated branching system where conditions are favorable, the fronds 
tilting at all angles to avoid interference. It grows much more 
vigorously under leaves in shallow water than in unprotected situa- 
tions and hardly looks like the same plant, being much more robust 
but retaining the same general habit. 

Not found in flower or fruit. It hibernates in the bottom and 
remains green all winter. 

17—17618—Vol. 2 


258 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


176. MINUTE DUCKWEED 
LEMNA PERPUSILLA Torr. 


One of the smallest of the Lemnas; abundant in Norris Inlet, 
intermixed with Wolffiella floridana; some collected there Novem- 
ber 18, 1904. 


177. LESSER DUCKWEED 
LEMNA MINOR L. 


Not particularly common in the lake. Most of the plants are 
found in the great mass of duckweeds near Norris Inlet, the 
plants of L. minor scattered more or less among the Spirodela. It 
was also found near Farrar’s and at Overmyer’s springy flat. In 
1906 it was quite common in the Inlet, back among the weeds. 
Along the Kankakee marshes almost pure growths of this plant 
cover great areas with an almost unbroken scum. 

Found abundantly in blossom by Norris Inlet, June 13, 1901. 
The blossoms are minute white specks like bits of dust. 


178. COLUMBIA WOLFFIA 
WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA Karst. 


Not particularly abundant at the lake. There is, indeed, a con- 
siderable amount down by Norris Inlet, but it is so intermixed 
with other duckweeds, which are more conspicuous and abundant, 
that it does not make much of a show. At Eagle Lake, Kosciusko 
County, and at Twin Lakes, it covers the entire water surface near 
shore for a considerable area, making an almost unbroken scum. 
This is one of the most minute of flowering plants, the entire plant 
being not much larger than a pin-head. It was noticed in blossom 
several times. On October 9, 1900, the plants were in blossom quite 
freely. We got a tubful in which many were in bloom. They 
were found in flower also on October 24 of the same year. At 
Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie, some were noted in blossom about the 19th 
of July. The flowers appear like minute white dust specks. 

According to Forbes* Wolffia is not unimportant as a food sup- 
ply for certain species of fishes, forming in some cases 95% of 
the stomach contents of the Buffalo-fish, [ctiobus bubalus, 8% of 
the food of the carp sucker, Carpiodes carpio, and the larger por- 
tion of the food of the mud-minnow, Umbra limi. 

Plants occasionally drift among the bulrushes along shore at 
various parts of the lake, as near Winfleld’s, where they hold their 
own for some time in the shelter of the rushes, but they do not ap- 
pear to increase much. 


* Nat. Hist. Surv. Ill., III, Ichthyology. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 259 


179. DOTTED WOLFFIA 
WOLFFIA PUNCTATA Griseb. 


With the other species, but not so common; characterized by 
smalier size and numerous brown pigment cells. It is the smallest 
of our flowering plants, though there is a still smaller species, 
Wolffia microscopica, found in Asia. 


180. FLORIDA WOLFFIELLA 
WOLFFIELLA FLORIDANA (J. D. Smith) Thompson 


Rather common at Norris Inlet among other duckweeds. On 
account of its slenderness and submerged growth, and its habit of 
hiding among other duckweeds and among alge, it is easily over- 
looked. The plants usually cohere to form star-shaped bodies. It 
often grows thickly tangled in the tops of Ceratophyllum. South 
winds frequently drive this with other duckweeds from their ac- 
customed haven, and one finds stray bits at various places on 
shore. On various occasions a few bits were found at Overmyer’s 
spring, a few south of Winfield’s, and some near Farrar’s, but they 
do not appear to thrive or multiply in these places. This duckweed 
remains green all winter and can be seen under the clear ice. 
Plants were thus observed on December 20, 1904, floating along the 
under side of the ice over the Inlet. 

In 1906 and again in 1909 when the Inlet was visited, this plant 
appeared to be growing less common, as if disappearing. 


FAMILY 19. XYRIDACEZ. YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY 
isi SLENDER YELLOW-EYED GRASS 


XYRIS FLEXUOSA Muhl. 

A rather remarkable and peculiar plant, the flowers aggregated 
into dense heads on the tips of long slender scapes. Not common. 
A few scattered plants were found in the wet sandy marsh near 
the birch swamp along the railroad south of the lake. The plant 
begins blossoming in early July. 


FAMILY 20. ERIOCAULACEZ. PIPEWORT FAMILY 
182. SEVEN-ANGLED PIPEWORT 


ERIOCAULON SEPTANGULARE With. 
Not common in Lake Maxinkuckee; only a small patch of plants 


found on shore near the Assembly grounds. The basal rosettes 
of leaves look much like those of Sagittaria graminea, and grow 


260 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


close to the ground at the bottom of the water. It was quite com- 
mon at Bass Lake near the ice-houses, forming extensive patches of 
scattered plants. On August 14, 1906, these plants were in blos- 
som and the sober gray puft-like little heads of flowers floating on 
the surface of the water formed an unique and pleasing sight. 
They did not look like flowers or aggregations of flowers as usually 
understood; the stems were hidden underneath the water, and 
they seemed to have simply popped out of the water to cause a sen- 
sation of surprise. 


FAMILY 21. COMMELINACEZ. SPIDERWORT FAMILY 
183. VIRGINIA DAY-FLOWER 


COMMELINA VIRGINICA L. 


Not at all common. The first plants found in the lake region 
were in sandy soil along the west side of the thoroughfare joining 
the lakes. It had the appearance of having been recently intro- 
duced. It was, however, probably native. 


184. REFLEXED SPIDERWORT 


TRADESCANTIA REFLEXA Raf. 


Fairly common, but scattered in sandy soil. Most abundant 
along: the railroad. The leaves were up well by May 11, 1901, and 
it was in flower along the railroad track by June 3, 1901. 


FAMILY 22. PONTEDERIACEH. PICKEREL-WEED FAMILY 
185. PICKEREL-WEED 


PONTEDERIA CORDATA L. 


Common along the edge of the lake, especially where the bottom 
is somewhat muddy. It grows from shore out to where the water 
is about ten inches deep. Noted in numerous places along shore, 
such as at Long Point, south of Farrar’s, from in front of the 
ponds and marshes to beyond Norris’s. There was none along the 
east side, but it began again in front of Culver Academy grounds. 
There was some north of Winfield’s and some by the ice-houses. 

An interesting and attractive plant, the dark-green delicately 
veined smooth leaves growing in tropical luxuriance, and the dark 
blue flowers with spots of gold in the center, are very pleasing. In 
some places along shore the cattle had browsed off the leaves and 
stems. The plant succumbs early to frost, the leaves soon rotting 
down after being frozen. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 261 


186. WATER STAR-GRASS 
HETERANTHERA DUBIA (Jaca.) MacM. 


Rather abundant in the lake off from the ice-houses, and in the 
thoroughfare between the lakes. The long form growing in water 
closely resembles some of the narrow-leaved species of Potamoge- 
ton. Fragments break off, drift ashore, and take root in the mud. 
These form a short and entirely different looking plant with bright 
attractive yellow flowers which, sparkling up from the mud-bank, 
draw attention to the plant. 


FAMILY 23. JUNCACEZ. RUSH FAMILY 
187. COMMON RUSH; BOG RUSH; SOFT RUSH 


JUNCUS EFFUSUS L. 


Not particularly common; the only patch in the vicinity was 
in a low flat by Farrar’s. Over this small area the soft rush grew 
abundantly, each plant forming a large clump. These large tufts, 
dark green throughout the entire year and drooping gracefully in 
every direction, made the flat a pleasing picture, especially during 
the barren portion of the year. The internal structure of the 
stems, consisting of stellate cells, is beautiful and interesting. The 
plants were in blossom by May 25, 1901. 


188. TOAD RUSH 
JUNCUS BUFONIUS L. 


Not very common, and confined to flats where there is consider- 
able moisture and more or less sand. In general appearance it re- 
sembles a diminutive form of the familiar yard rush, Juncus 
tenuis. It clings closely to the ground and is a rather inconspicu- 
ous plant. In the lake plain of Lake-of-the-Woods, a few miles 
north, it covers almost the entire area in places with a dense 
growth. At Lake Maxinkuckee it occurred along the road south of 
Outlet Bay, and in the flat marsh north of Lost Lake. 


189. SLENDER RUSH; YARD RUSH 
JUNCUS TENUIS Willd. 


The most common and familiar of our rushes. Like the “yard 
grass”, Polygonum aviculare, it seems to thrive best in well-trodden 
ground. It grows most luxuriantly about the haunts of man and 
in this respect acts much like an introduced plant. Its favorite 
habitat is along the edge of footpaths. It usually droops over the 
pathways more or less and, in later summer after a rain, the pods 


262 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


burst and the ripened seeds hang out in conspicuous gelatinous 
masses like minute frog-spawn. It is possible that these seed 
masses are distributed by passing men and animals. 

In flower June 7, 1901, along the road south of Outlet Bay. 
Collected also at Long Point June 7. 


190. SHORT-FRUITED RUSH 
JUNCUS BRACHYCARPUS Engeim. 


Not common. Scattered plants were found at the edge of moist 
sandy stretches along the railroad near the birch swamp. 


191. CANADA RUSH 
JUNCUS CANADENSIS J. Gay 


Not particularly common. Some plants were collected in the 
Long Point region June 17, 1901. 


192. SHARP-FRUITED RUSH 
JUNCUS ACUMINATUS Michx. 
In moist sandy places, especially where the sand is almost con- 
tinually saturated. Not very abundant in the neighborhood of the 


lake. 
UCR — SMMONUME IRIWSIsL 


JUNCUS NODATUS Coville 


Scattered, like the others, in low moist sandy places. Not par- 
ticularly abundant. 


194. COMMON WOOD-RUSH 
JUNCOIDES CAMPESTRE (L.) Kuntze 
A hairy, grass-like plant forming tufts in both moist and dry 
situations at the edge of woodlands and in light shade. It blos- 
soms early in spring. Rather common, but not abundant about 
the lake. It was noted in Farrar’s woods and along the railroad 
near the Winter-berry marsh. Noted in blossom May 2, 1901. 


FAMILY 24. LiniAcha. Wiky PAMInY 
195. WILD LEEK 


ALLIUM TRICOCCUM Ait. 
A lover of deep rich woods, where it frequently grows in 
patches. The broad flat handsome leaves have some little resem- 


blance to those of the dog-tooth violet, but without their mottling. 
The greenish inconspicuous flowers are followed by a 3-lobed ovary, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 263 


each lobe containing a‘seed much resembling a shot in appearance 
and hardness. The bulb has a faint delicate flavor, more like the 
thought of an onion than an actual onion. The odor clings to the 
breath with remarkable persistency. Its very faintness perhaps, 
makes it more tantalizing and unendurable, and few morsels of 
which one can partake are followed by such lasting regret. 

April 6, 1901, remains of this plant found in woods northeast 
of the lake. April 19, well out in leaf. 


196. NODDING WILD ONION 
ALLIUM CERNUUM Roth 


This onion prefers open sunny places. It is not abundant in the 
region of the lake. The only plants seen were a few on the bank 
at the southeast corner not far from Norris’s. The large umbel 
of gracefully drooping rosy pink blossoms makes this a very at- 
tractive plant when in bloom. Its bulb has an honest well pro- 
nounced onion flavor, and a marked pungence of taste, which, while 
inferior to that of the cultivated onion, the 


“Rose among roots, the maiden-fair 
Wine-scented and poetic soul 
Of the capacious salad bowl,” 


is much more satisfactory in after effects than the flavor of the 
wild leek. 
197. WESTERN RED LILY 
LILIUM UMBELLATUM Pursh 


This lily, which deserves the name of Tulip lily, from its habit 
of looking upward like a tulip, is one of the most attractive of our 
native plants. The long-clawed erect vivid perianth-segments re- 
semble flames. The individual flowers are more showy than those 
of either of the 2 other species with nodding flowers, L. canadense 
or L. superbum, but the blossoms are not borne in so great abund- 
ance. 

A few plants were found south along the railroad, ime sane.e in 
blossom about July 4. It is rare in the neighborhood of the lake, 
but is fairly common about Plymouth and along the Pennsylvania 
railroad near Bourbon, Indiana. 


198. WILD YELLOW LILY 
LILIUM CANADENSE L. 


The common yellow lily of the state, generally known as the wild 
tiger lily, usually growing in moist meadows. It is becoming much 


264 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


less common than formerly on account of. the breaking up of the 
ground. It will thrive in grassy unpastured meadows for a long 
time, but pasturage or cultivation soon kills it out. Not common 
about the lake. 

The magnificent turks-cap lily, L. superbum, which frequently 
bears large panicles of flowers, should be found in the vicinity of 
the lake, but so far has not been observed. 


199. YELLOW ADDER’S-TONGUE 


ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM Ker 


Common in rich woods east of the lake. The leaves were up 
by April 12, 1901, and large flower buds almost ready to open by 
April 19. It was nearly out of flower by April 30. The bulbs are 
deeply buried, and each bulb seems to be more deeply buried than 
its predecessor of the year before. The leaves are usually beauti- 
fully mottled, but some patches or individual plants have them 
with a plain, somewhat silvery luster. The flowers have a pleasing 
fragrance. In some parts of the country these plants are known 
as ‘‘wild tulips.” 


200. WHITE ADDER’S-TONGUE 
ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM Nutt. 

Rather common, but not nearly so abundant as the other. A 
patch was found in blossom on the east side of the lake on April 
30, 1901. It usually begins blossoming considerably later than 
the other species. One of the prettiest of our wild flowers, but not 
conspicuous. | 


201. STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM 

ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM L. 
It was somewhat surprising to find this plant, which is usually 
associated with closely settled homesteads and old gardens, in close 


proximity of the lake. A few plants were found in flower along 
the road east of the lake, June 5, 1901. 


202. STAR-GRASS; COLIC-ROOT 
ALETRIS FARINOSA L. 


This was noted as not at all common; found in dry soil along 
the railroad track in 1901. In 1909, it was noted as fairly common 
in flat moist sandy places along the railroad. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 265 


FAMILY 25. CONVALLARIACEA. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY FAMILY 
2038. ASPARAGUS 


ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L. 


A fairly common escape along the railroad, growing in small 
patches. Noted in flower May 18, 1901. 


204. FALSE SPIKENARD 


VAGNERA RACEMOSA (L.) Morong 


A familiar and attractive plant growing in shaded woodlands. 
The white raceme of flowers is attractive and fragrant, and the 
unripe berries white in color, thickly freckled with red, are pretty. 
The ripe berries, consisting of a scarlet pulp enclosing a large white 
ivory-like seed, are aromatic, and, to a degree, edible. Found in 
flower by Vajen’s May 28, 1901, and in Farrar’s woods June 4. 
Abundant on Long Point where it was collected in blossom June 
10. The fruit ripens in autumn at a time when the stem and leaves 
die down. 


205. STAR-FLOWERED SOLOMON’S SEAL 


VAGNERA STELLATA (L.) Morong 


This species is much less common than the preceding and is 
usually found in rather dense patches on shady banks. Although 
the flowers are larger than those of the related species it is not so 
attractive a plant. The unripe berries are green with meridional 
areas of purple, and the ripened berries are black. Found in flower 
May 14, 1901, in Overmyer’s woods and collected in blossom on the 
north side of the lake May 18. 


206. FALSE LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY 


UNIFOLIUM CANADENSE (Desf.) Greene 


One of the daintiest and most attractive of our wild flowers, 
the erect slender stem bearing 2 or 3 leaves and surmounted by a 
panicle of creamy fragrant flowers, considerably resembling those of 
Vagnera racemosa. The flowers are followed by pink-freckled ber- 
ries also resembling those of the above mentioned plant. Scattered 
especially in tamaracks and peat-boggy places. Collected in the 
tamarack west of the lake May 22 and again on June 2, 1901. In 
flower in Hawk’s marsh, May 2, 1901. 


266 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


207. LARGE-FLOWERED BELLWORT 


UVULARIA GRANDIFLORA J. E. Smith 


Though not very conspicuous, the long bell-shaped blossom, 
drooping gracefully from the peduncle, makes this a very at- 
tractive plant. The 3-angled capsules, which become erect as 
they ripen, are pretty and interesting. Rather abundant in rich 
woods southwest of the lake, and in Farrar’s woods. In flower 
May 14, 1901. 


208. HAIRY SOLOMON’S SEAL 


POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (Walt.) Ell. 


Rather common, growing in scattered patches in open sunny 
places. It thrives best in rich leaf mould. Plants were collected 
in woods southwest of the lake. Observed in blossom May 14 and 
May 20, 1901. : 


209. SMOOTH SOLOMON’S SEAL 


POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM (R. & S.) Dietr. 


Not very abundant about the lake. Only 2 patches noted, one 
by McSheehey’s pier on the bank and one on the north side of the 
lake on the bank between the Culver railroad bridge and depot. 
This plant grows best in leaf mould and protected places such as 
fence corners, where it forms small patches. In suitable soil it 
grows very rank and large, and is a graceful plant, though neither 
its blossoms nor bluish berries are attractive. Found in blossom 
through May and June. The berries at Long Point were badly 
pecked, probably by birds, but it was not observed that they took 
any. 


FAMILY 26. TRILLIACEZ. WAKE-ROBIN FAMILY 
210. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT 


MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA L. 


Not very common; a patch of scattered plants was found in 
Farrar’s woods. It does not blossom the first summer. Both the 
sterile plants terminating with a handsome whorl of leaves, and the 
slender erect fertile or mature plants with a large basal whorl and 
a smaller terminal whorl, are attractive and interesting plants, 
though the odd yellowish blossom which turns down under the 
leaves is quite inconspicuous. It blossomed at the lake in early 
June. 


bo 
(oP) 
=] 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


211. PRAIRIE WAKE-ROBIN 
TRILLIUM RECURVATUM Beck 


Rather abundant, scattered through moist rich shady woodlands. 
Most of the plants seen were in Culver’s woods. An inconspicuous 
and rather homely plant, though the leaves are sometimes prettily 
blotched. Well in flower on May 3, 1901. Found also in Over- 
myer’s woods. 


212. ILL-SCENTED WAKE-ROBIN 
TRILLIUM ERECTUM L. 


Not particularly common. A few plants were found, nearly 
out of blossom along Overmyer’s creek May 31, 1901. This spe- 
cies demands somewhat richer situations than most of the others 
and is usually found in deep woodlands in rich mould. Like the 
other species, especially T. grandiflorum, it is rapidly disappearing 
with the clearing out and pasturing of woodlands. The rather 
large flowers, noteworthy for the large, conspicuous, colored 
ovaries, are usually hidden beneath the leaves by the curling down- 
ward of the flowerstalk. 


FAMILY 27. SMILACEZ. SMILAX FAMILY 


213. CARRION-FLOWER 
SMILAX HERBACEA L. 


Rather common about the lake; noted on the hill by the ice- 
houses, by the pawpaw grove on the east side of the lake, on the 
west shore of the lake, south of the lake, and far down the outlet. 
The shoots come up in late spring, at first looking somewhat like 
asparagus sprouts, and grow with remarkable rapidity, reaching 
the height of six or eight feet in a few weeks. The whole aerial 
portion of the plant, stem, leaves, and buds, appears to be formed in 
an incredibly short space of time. The green blossoms closely 
compacted into globular heads are interesting and curious, but of 
a disagreeable odor. They are followed by dense balls of black ber- 
ries which are rather conspicuous in autumn after the leaves have 
fallen. Early in spring the leaves are frequently handsomely 
flecked with brown. Early in autumn the leaves turn yellow and 
the plant dies. In blossom June 13, 1901. 


214. GREENBRIER; CATBRIER 
SMILAX ROTUNDIFOLIA L. 
Common in thickets, but not so abundant as the other species. 


It remains green late in autumn. It was still green after hard 
frosts in 1906. 


268 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


215. HISPID GREENBRIER 
SMILAX HISPIDA Muhl. 


Quite common about the lake; some on the beach on the flat 
place east of Lakeview hotel, some large vines in the low woods 
below Farrayr’s, some in the low ground north of Overmyer’s field 
and some on the west shore of the lake not far from Scovell’s. In 
sheltered woods the leaves remain green far into the winter, mak- 
ing verdant bowers in the barren woodlands quite conspicuous in 
the deciduous forests surrounding the lake. Although endogenous 
in structure, the wood of the stem is perhaps not equalled in hard- 
ness by any of our native woods. We have nothing that will ap- 
proach it for prickliness and the bristles are very hard and brittle. 


FAMILY 28. AMARYLLIDACEZ. AMARYLLIS FAMILY 
216. YELLOW STAR-GRASS 
HYPOXIS HIRSUTA (L.) Coville 


Quite abundant, scattered through the grass in sandy moist 
ground. May 12, 1901, in flower along the railroad. May 22 in 
flower almost everywhere in sandy ground, especially near the birch 
swamp. 


FAMILY 29. DIOSCOREACEH. YAM FAMILY 
217. WILD YAM-ROOT 
DICSCOREA VILLOSA L. 


Not very common. <A small patch on the south shore of the 
lake, in a swamp across from Murray’s west of the railroad, and 
in a swale in Zechiel’s woods across the railroad from the birch 
swamp. The thin veiny heart-shaped blossoms are inconspicuous 
but the pistillate ones are followed by papery 3-angled pods which 
droop in graceful racemes, which persist not only through the 
winter but until worn away by the weather. 

These pods, which are of a fine silky texture and quite various 
in shape, elongate or rounded and of various shades of brown, are, 
in the wintry season, among the prettiest things outdoors. The 
plant is worthy of cultivation on trellisses for the attractiveness of 
its fruits. 


FAMILY 30. IRIDACEZA. IRIS FAMILY 
w18. LARGER BEUEZSFLAG 
IRIS VERSICOLOR L. 


Common in marshy open places, especially in the Inlet region, 
north of Lost Lake, and along the outlet. It sometimes grows 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 269 


abundantly along the edges of marshes, excluding everything else. 
There are large patches near Norris Inlet and along the outlet. 


219. POINTED BLUE-EYED GRASS 
SISYRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Mill. 


Quite abundant, growing in clumps, scattered among grasses in 
moist places. Abundant in Green’s marsh, and along the railroad. 
In flower May 18, 1901. A well-known plant with very pretty 
flowers which last only a day, to be followed by others. 


FAMILY 31. ORCHIDACEA. ORCHID FAMILY 
220. SHOWY LADIES’-SLIPPER 
CYPRIPEDIUM REGINZ Walt. 


Dr. Hessler* reports this as rare “in low grounds on the south- 
ern extremity of Lake Maxinkuckee.” We have not found it and it 
is probably extinct by this time. There are several localities about 
the lake favorable for its growth. 

This is the most beautiful and remarkable of our native flowers, 
and is not excelled by many, if any, of the tropical orchids. It was 
formerly quite common in the northern part of the state in suit- 
able places, its favorite location being the mucky edges of wooded 
bogs, or springy river valleys. On account of the drainage of such 
places and the close gathering of these plants wherever found, they 
are becoming rare and in many places extinct. 


221. SHOWY ORCHIS 
GALEORCHIS SPECTABILIS (L.) Rybd. 


Rare in rich woods in leaf mould. Only one plant collected. 
One of the most beautiful of our native plants. The exquisite pale 
pink of the hood, perfect white of the lower half of the blossom, 
and the crystalline appearance of the whole plant and the faint 
delightful odor of the blossoms, make the whole plant a real gem, 
and the finding of it a memorable event. It is hardly a misfortune 
that it does not thrive under cultivation. Its best setting and one 
to which it is able to do full justice is dense shadowy forests, 
ancient and venerable oaks, and acres of odorous mold. 


222. YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS 
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS CILIARIS (L.) Rydb. 


Not rare, and apparently becoming more common. In 1900, a 
few plants were noted along the east side of Lost Lake outlet, in 


* Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, 128. 


270 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


swampy ground back of Green’s field. In 1906, there was a fine 
patch of over a hundred plants, growing pretty closely together, 
and gleaming out of the tall ferns and sedges like a small bonfire. 
The plants were also quite common in Hawk’s marsh but usually 
more scattered. They grow in the sphagnum, intermingled with 
ferns and sedges. Gray regarded this as “our most handsome 
species”. In our opinion it does not excel, even if it equals, the 
splendid white flowered B. leucophaea. In 1908 and 1909 the yel- 
low fringed orchis patches were still existing both by the Lost Lake 
outlet and in Hawk’s marsh, but in the latter year the patch by the 
outlet had diminished somewhat in size. A plant was also found 
in the birch swamp. 


223. RAGGED OR GREEN-FRINGED ORCHIS 
BLEPHARIGLOTTIS LACERA (Michx.) Farwell 


A few plants grew in the marshy bay east of the Lost Lake out- 
let and back of Green’s in the same region where the yellow fringed- 
orchis was so abundant. It is, on the whole, rather rare in the 
neighborhood of the lake. It is rather common along the railroad 
near Plymouth, Ind. 

Although not so showy as the preceding species the racemes of 
whitish green, peculiarly fringed blossoms of this orchid have a 
charm of their own, their pose and shape reminding one of a 
swarm of greenish insects about to alight. 


224. GRASS-PINK; CALOPOGON 
LIMODORUM TUBEROSUM L. 


This very pretty orchid was rather abundant in a marshy 
stretch along the railroad near the birch swamp. The attractive 
purplish pink blossoms scattered through the grasses, showed up 
finely on July 4, 1901. It is quite abundant along the railroads 
at Plymouth, Ind. 


225. NODDING LADIES’-TRESSES 
IBIDIUM CERNUUM (L.) House 


The most common and most hardy of our orchids, usually pretty 
abundant in sandy moist places, among grass. It also grows in 
mucky or peaty soils. It was common in the low ground near 
the outlet where the yellow fringed orchis abounds. It was also 
found in Walley’s woods, and in the tamaracks west of the lake. 
There was a fine patch in the marshy natural ampitheater by Lake- 
view Hotel. It reaches its greatest abundance, however, along both 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Dial: 


sides of the railroad some little distance north of the birch swamp, 
and near the winter-berry swamp by Walley’s. Here in the height 
of its flowering season it grows so thickly as to turn the sward 
white in places. It was equally abundant far to the north along 
the railroad near Plymouth, and to a great distance southward, 
the ground along the same railroad being white with it below 
Logansport. It usually comes into blossom about the last of 
August, and remains in blossom until about the end of September. 
By about the 14th of October it is nearly out of flower, the tips 
of the spikes still fresh and white but the lower parts brown. 

Although not so dainty as its near relative, J. gracile, this is an 
attractive and charming plant, well-developed spikes with a marked 
spiral being exceedingly pretty. It has a faint delightful fra- 
grance, and the flowers under slight magnification exhibit a beauti- 
ful crystalline appearance. 


226. FEN ORCHIS; LOESEL’S TWAYBLADE 
LIPARIS LOESELII (L.) L. C. Rich. 


Not common. A few plants grew in the vicinity of Norris 
Inlet, and some in Hawk’s marsh. 


227. PUTTY-ROOT; ADAM-AND-EVE 
APLECTRUM HYEMALE (Muhl.) Torr. 


Not common. A few plants were found in rich mould in the 
heavy forests east of the lake; noted in flower June 5,1901. One of 
the homeliest in blossom of all the orchids, the dingy flowers with- 
out the charm belonging to most members of the family. The me- 
chanics of fertilization, however, as is usually the case in this 
group, are interesting. The strongly plaited leaves which remain 
all winter are handsome, and make up for the plant’s ordinary 
appearance at blossoming time. To come upon a clump of these 
plants in the barren winter is always a pleasant surprise, and 
brings a sense of discovery. The name “Adam-and-Eve”’ is said to 
be due to the fact that two plants are always supposed to be found 
growing near each other. The mealy mucilaginous corm is one 
of the queer things that boys pretend to like the flavor of. 


228. SMALL CORAL-ROOT 
CORALLORRHIZA ODONTORHIZA (Willd.) Nutt. 


Rather rare about the lake, in mould in rich dry woods. An in- 
teresting and attractive plant belonging to that rather small group 
of phanerogams, including Indian pipe, beech drops and cancer- 
root, which are destitute of green color. 


PAL |P! Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 32. SAURUACEA. LIZARD’S-TAIL FAMILY 
229. LIZARD’S-TAIL 


SAURURUS CERNUUS L. 


A rather common plant throughout the state, usually growing 
in rich wet soil at the edge of creeks. Flowers odorous, the whole 
plant with a spicy fragrance. In the lake region there was a patch 
in the low woods next to Overmyer’s field. 


FAMILY 33. JUGLANDACEH. WALNUT FAMILY 
230. BLACK WALNUT 


JUGLANS NIGRA L. 


There were very few black walnut trees west of the lake. We 
have notes on one tree southwest of the lake, which was observed in 
blossom May 25, 1901, and from which blossoming sprays were 
collected May 27. On the east side it was quite common along 
the road and in the forests back from the lake, where it frequently 
attained large size. In certain years, notably in 1906, the trees 
bore quite heavy crops of fruit. There were also several trees near 
the cemetery west of the Outlet. 


231. BUTTERNUT; WHITE WALNUT 


JUGLANS CINEREA L. 


Rare on the west side of the lake. There was a fine large tree 
in a field by the Busart road which usually yielded a good crop 
of excellent nuts. It was not uncommon in the rich woods of 
the east side, but not abundant. It was quite common farther 
north, in rich woods along Yellow River. 


232. BITTER-NUT; SWAMP HICKORY 


HICORIA CORDIFORMIS (Wang.) Britton 


The bitternut is quite rare in the vicinity of the lake. There 
are a few scattered trees on the east side, somewhat back from 
the lake in the large forests. Some of these trees are of quite large 
size. One small sprout-like tree of this species was found south of 
the lake in Farrar’s woods. This species can be distinguished 
from the other hickories of the region, even in the dead of winter, 
by its peculiar narrow yellowish bud scales. After the nuts he on 
the ground over winter they lose something of their intense bitter- 
ness, though they are always far from sweet. 


~ 
(Ju) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2 


233. SHAG-BARK; SHELL-BARK HICKORY 


HICORIA OVATA (Mill.) Britton 


The shagbark or shellbark hickory is rather rare in the vicinity 
of the lake, and none of the trees seen was very large, all being 
second-growth, the tallest probably not more than 30 or 40 feet 
high, and most had not grown beyond the period of smooth bark. 
On the south side of the lake two trees were noted in Overmyer’s 
field and one in Busart’s field. The nuts of these trees were quite 
small. The trees were considerably more abundant on the east side; 
there were several about a small pond near Chandler’s, and a 
small tree near Van Schoiack’s bore quite large and excellent nuts. 

The shagbark hickory tree varies greatly in the general char- 
acter of its fruit. Quite likely it is not in reality more variable 
than other trees in this respect, but as the fruit is an object of 
particular interest variations are more quickly noted. Every farm- 
er’s boy who lives in a country where hickories are abundant has 
his favorite tree. The highest quality of hickory nut has a thin 
paper-like shell and bright yellowish kernels. On some trees, mon- 
strosities in the shape of 3-cornered nuts bearing an extra segment 
to the kernel, are not especially rare. 

The shoots of this species leaf out rather late in spring. When 
the buds first unfold the great bud scales of translucent pinkish 
green, turn back, forming a rather striking spectacle, especially 
on vigorous young shoots. The tender shoots of the year’s growth 
lengthen rapidly, soon attaining the full size for the season, and 
spend the rest of the year ripening the wood. 

The long strips of bark, which are easily removed from old 
trees, burn and crackle with remarkable brilliance and vigor, scat- 
tering about flaming particles as if they were richly charged with 
oil. In fact they burn much like some of the mineral coals, and 
used to be a favorite fuel, used between the finer kindling and the 
wood proper. Hickory wood is itself one of the best of the woods 
for fuel, and, in the early days, green hickory was the only wood 
to be thought of for use in the smoking of meats. 

In sweetness of sap the hickory is altogether without a peer; 
the best of the maples are far inferior to it. It does not seem to be 
free flowing enough to make the tapping of trees feasible, but from 
the end of hickory logs it oozes out in a thick sugary syrup, and 
sometimes in white powdery masses of perfectly sweet froth like 
frosting on cake. It is a wonder the sapsucker, which often taps 
sugar trees, has not discovered the hickory. The insects have, 
and hickory which dies or is cut with the sap still in it, is soon, if 


18—17618—Vol. 2 


274 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


not protected, bored full of larve burrows and converted into 
powder. 

It is to the tough pliable wood of this and other hickories that 
we look for axe-handles, and at one time home-made scrub brooms, 
and splint bottomed chairs. It was the shoots of hickory that fur- 
nished the hickory whistles, braided bark lash whips, and long 
strands of hickory bark furnished a ready means of tying up things. 
This species blossoms during May; the tree by the Inlet was nearly 
out of flower by May 25, and the nuts ripen with frost. 


234. MOCKER-NUT; WHITE-HEART HICKORY 
HICORIA ALBA (L.) Britton 


Somewhat common on the west side of the lake; there were a 
few fair-sized trees on Long Point, none of great size. The nuts 
vary considerably in appearance and flavor; all agree in being 
rather short and quite thick-shelled. The kernels are not so oily 
and rich as those of the shellbark hickory, and are covered with a 
rougher, browner coat. Among the trees that yielded nuts of es- 
pecially good quality was one on Long Point near Chadwick’s, one 
in Green’s field south of the marsh, one along the railroad back of 
Murray’s, and one in Busart’s field near the Busart road. One of 
the trees between Overmyer’s and the Inlet has an unusually large 
number of leaflets. There was one fine tree on the main street in 
Culver. 

The buds had begun to swell considerably by April 22, 1901. 
The leaves, especially when they come out in spring, but more or 
less throughout the summer, emit a pleasant resinous odor, mak- 
ing this the most fragrant of the hickories. The trees were in 
blossom by May 17. In autumn the leaves turn a rich clear golden 
color, making the tree quite conspicuous. By October 4, 1900, the 
trees were shedding leaves quite profusely, and by October 11 the 
leaves were dead, many from all of the trees, and nearly all from 
some of the trees, shed. Children were observed with baskets and 
sacks of the nuts on October 29, 1904. 


235. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY 
HICORIA MICROCARPA (Nutt.) Britton 


Rather common on the west side of the lake. There are a few 
trees at Long Point, one in Green’s yard, and one in the yard below 
Arlington. 

This is generally known in the northern part of the State as 
Black Hickory. ‘I'he nuts are various in form, some being more 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 275 


or less elongate and flattish, others globose, flattened laterally. The 
tree in Green’s yard had the nuts in the hulls markedly pear-shaped, 
and another on the road beyond Romig’s had them more globose. 
The hulled nut is usually shouldered at the distal end and sharp- 
ened proximally. 

The small nuts, though quite sweet, are lacking in nutty flavor, 
and the small boy gathers them last and not enthusiastically, the 
shagbark being first, then the big king-nut where found, then the 
mocker-nut, and finally the little “black hickory”. The leaves come 
out about the latter part of April. Trees were in blossom by May 
13, and the leaves were rich golden, preparatory to dropping by 
October 31. 


FAMILY 34. MYRICACEZ. BAYBERRY FAMILY 
236. SWEET FERN 
COMPTONIA PEREGRINA (L.) Coulter 


Only one rather small patch of this plant was found in the 
vicinity of the lake; this was in sandy ground along the railway 
about half-way to Delong. The patch was discovered by Dr. Scull 
of Rochester, Indiana. It was quite common along the road on 
the way to Bass Lake. Specimens were collected at the first patch 
mentioned on November 11, 1900. 


FAMILY 35. SALICACEZ. WILLOW FAMILY 
237. WHITE OR SILVER-LEAF POPLAR 
POPULUS ALBA L. 


A few trees near Culver in an old yard. A rather handsome 
tree, but too much inclined to send up shoots from the roots, form- 
ing tangly thickets. Young trees closely trimmed into a pyramidal 
form and forming dense cones, so much unlike the habit of the 
natural tree as to be hardly recognizable, were noticed in a door- 
yard north of Plymouth, Indiana. These close-cropped trees were 
quite ornamental. The trees at the lake were in blossom by April 
9, 1901, and were shedding ripened seeds by May 18, not six weeks 
later. 

238. BALM OF GILEAD 
POPULUS CANDICANS Ait. 


A few trees planted at the Vajen cottage on the east side. By 
April 27 the staminate catkins were in bloom. By April 30 the 
flowers were all gone. The trees were well leaved out by May 
£0, 190i; 


276 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


239. SWAMP OR DOWNY POPLAR 


POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA L. 


Confined to the borders of woodland ponds where it grows in 
shallow water to about 2 feet in depth. In the region of the lake 
it grows to the height of 40 or 50 feet. In some ponds its bark is 
the favorite habitat of the bearded lichen, Usnea barbata, which 
frequently hangs from it in large masses and bears large peltate cir- 
cular apothecia. The only place about the lake where this poplar 
is found is about the birch swamp. At Twin Lakes it is quite 
common about ponds. The birch swamp trees were in flower by 
April 23 and shedding ripe fruit by May 16, 1901, a period of a 
little over three weeks. The leaves come out late in spring. 


240. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN 


POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA Michx. 


Not especially common. A clump of tall trees on the high bank 
overlooking the lake just a little north of Murray’s, and some 
quite tall trees south of the lake by the Busart road, also a clump 
on the west shore of the Outlet on a high bank. These trees are 
quite brittle and where protecting trees are removed, break off 
easily in high winds. In exposed places a clump of these trees is 
usually plentifully intermingled with tall stubs of trees which have 
been blown down, and these, on account of their soft wood and quick- 
ness of decay by a sort of dry rot, are favorite places for the nest 
cavities of the smaller woodpeckers and chickadees. The trees 
by Murray’s were noted in flower April 23, 1901, both pistillate 
and staminate flowers collected. By April 26 they were out of flower, 
and by May 16, the fruit was ripe and some of the trees just leafing 
out. In the autumn the leaves ripen to a golden yellow and are 
shed in a short time. They were yellow and falling by Murray’s 
on the 25th of October. 


241. AMERICAN ASPEN; QUAKING ASP 


POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michx. 


Rather common in the region of the lake; more abundant in 
rather moist sandy places, as about the edges of shallow upland 
ponds. It also grows in the high and dry upland. Common, form- 
ing a circle about ponds in Walley’s woods, and growing on a bank 
near Walley’s large pond. Noted in flower April 6; seeds ripe by 
May 16. 

Not in one or a few, but in many ways, not in a single season, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Patel 


but throughout the entire year, the aspen tree is one of peculiar 
charm. It is one of the few trees whose leaves appear in spring 
with a distinct freshness and newness. Most of our leaves come 
out rusty or scurfy or red and wait until the protecting fuzz of 
winter wears off before they grow into the green of summer, but 
the aspen puts forth young leaves of the brightest, freshest green 
imaginable at the very first, and more than any other tree of the 
wood, gives a distinct sense of newness to the world. 

It would be wasting words to attempt to describe the incessant 
dancing of its leaves during the summer. It, even more than the 
trembling of the reeds, is “an eloquent pantomime of terror” and, 
as in related species, “taking to man’s eye” as early as the days 
of Homer, and commemorated as a type of variableness in one of 
the lines of Scott. The church fathers, perhaps always on the look- 
out for symbols, or inventing fairy tales to help keep in memory the 
landmarks of faith, invented the tale that it was the wood of this 
tree of which the cross was made. 

In form and feature, too, it is the most picturesque of trees. Not 
alone the details of the snow white bark and fresh clear green are 
restful to the eye, but the very outline of the tree, its silhouette 
against the sky, has a distinct personality and has an atmosphere of 
its own, like one of Corot’s paintings. 

In the autumn, it is remarkable how, in protected situations, it 
retains its leaves with their summer verdure. In this respect they 
almost equal the tamarack, and the broad leaves still fluttering 
and glancing long after the maples have reddened and shed, and 
after the oaks are naked or rustling and sere, one may lie beneath 
the green aspens, and, closing the eyes to everything but the white 
trunks, the green leaves and the sky, and be transported from late 
October to the midst of June. 

When at last the leaves prepare to fall, they turn to the purest 
gold. And after the leaves have fallen and the trees are bare, noth- 
ing fits in so well with the gray days of late autumn—the days of 
mist and whirling snow; they mingle and melt into the scene as if 
they were themselves the embodiment of the days. 

But they are not wholly barren for long, if ever at all, for 
early in winter their catkins peep out of sheaths as if im- 
patient of the far-off spring. There is a real furriness about those 
gray catkins that the pussy willows, still snugly hidden, can not ap- 
proach at their best, and the bud scales about them are odorous 
with balsamic fragrance. No other tree that we know is so 
entertaining in the depths of winter. With the first touch of 


278 Lake Mawxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


spring the catkins lengthen, and when abundant, give the tree al- 
most as much solidity as foliage. They blossom out and disappear 
before the leaves are put out. The fruit on the pistillate trees 
ripens shortly afterward. 


242. COTTONWOOD; NECKLACE POPLAR 
POPULUS DELTOIDES Marsh. 


Common, but not abundant in the neighborhood of the lake. 
There were a few rather small trees at Long Point, some on 
the shore east of the depot and some in Overmyer’s flat woods. 
There is a large tree near the shore by Edwards’ cottage on the 
east side of the lake. 

One of the most rapidly growing of our trees, reaching a large 
size in a few years, and in time reaching a size hardly equalled by 
any other of our native trees. The soft light wood is not of great 
value. The plants grow well from cuttings and are occasionally 
planted for shade trees. In dry uplands the tree is one of the first 
to shed its leaves in autumn, these sometimes gradually turning 
yellow and falling, one by one, beginning in August. In moist 
situations the leaves remain green rather late. The leaves are 
much subject to gall-formation. Deciduous branchlets, which are 
readily shed during the winter, leaving oval concavities, are com- 
mon. The pistillate trees are often nuisances from the great 
amount of cottony seed they shed in early spring. 

In spite of all its faults, the cottonwood is the most vocal and 
companionable of trees. No wonder that it was extensively used 
in yards as a shade tree. Nota whole forest of common trees could 
be more in evidence, and every little restless movement of the air 
all night long becomes transformed into a sound. There were 
whisperings and flutterings, sudden stirs as if every leaf awoke 
at once, whispered sighs, sounds like the gentle clapping of hands, 
and a pattering like the sound of rain upon the roof. One looked 
out in the morning surprised to find the world dry. And all of the 
sounds were of a cheerful domestic sort, not the howling and wail- 
ing like that of the pines which suggest the “howling wilderness” 
but the gentler sound of summer woods. 


243. BLACK OR SWAMP WILLOW 
SALIX NIGRA Marsh. 


A tree that appeared to be this species was quite common along 
marshy edges of the lake shore. Jt is the largest willow of the 
region, the trees attaining a height of 20 or 30 feet and a diameter 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 20 


of about a foot or 18 inches. Common in low ground between the 
lake and Culver, near the ice-houses, along by the thoroughfare, and, 
formerly, occasional along the south shore of Outlet Bay to Long 
Point. There are a few trees in the rushy flat by Farrar’s, and 
some on the ice ridges. It was quite irregular as to time of flower- 
ing, many trees in full bloom May 13, a few blossomed 10 days 
later, and on May 28 a tree on the south shore of Outlet Bay 
was just coming into flower. By June 6 the seeds were ripe and 
being shed rapidly, covering the surface of the lake at places. 
Shortly after leaiing out, the trees at Long Point were attacked by 
a red, black-spotted leaf-beetle, which laid eggs on the leaves, 
which soon hatched into blackish larvee. The larve soon defoliated 
the trees. The lake surface near the trees was covered for a few 
days with the adult beetles. 


244, PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW 
SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Anders. 


Somewhat common along the lake shore in low places and in 
the moist flats near the grist-mill. In flower May 18, 1901. 


245. SHINING WILLOW; GLOSSY WILLOW 
SALIX LUCIDA Muh’. 


The most beautiful willow of the region and recognizable at a 
considerable distance by its large handsome glossy leaves. Occa- 
sional among other willews aiong low stretches of the shore. 


246. SANDBAR WILLOW; RIVER-BANK WILLOW 
SALIX INTERIOR Rowlee 


A common willow growing on wet sand in the form of long 
slender switches. Found at Long Point, by Farrayr’s, and all along 
the ice-ridge by Norris Inlet. Unlike most of the willows these 
shed their leaves rather early in autumn. The clump on Long 
Point had shed nearly all its leaves by September 28, 1901, and 
by October 1 they were the most naked of all trees. It was in 
blossom by June 14, but only the staminate catkins were observed. 
On June 14 they were infested badly with long, smooth caterpillars. 


247. WHITE QR COMMON WILLOW 
SALIX ALBA L. 


Rare about the lake. There was one tree on the flat at Long 
Point and another small tree by Murray’s. The tree grows rapidly 


280 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


from cuttings, and is quite handsome. In places it is a favorite 
tree for planting. When the forests of early spring are still barren 
this, one of the earliest of trees to come into leaf, shows green for 
a long distance. It was conspicuously green by April 26, 1901. 


248. HEART-LEAVED WILLOW 


SALIX CORDATA Muhl. 


A rather common shrub in low ground. It was formerly quite 
abundant in Green’s marsh but has been mostly cleared away. It 
was in blossom about the end of April. 


249. SILKY WILLOW 


SALIX SERICEA Marsh. 


Not common. A few bushes were found at Long Point, inter- 
mixed with the other willows at that place. Collected April 29 and 
30, 1901. 


250. BEAKED, LIVID OR BEBB’S WILLOW 


SALIX BEBBIANA Sarg. 


Common in flat marshy places. It used to be quite abundant 
south of Outlet Bay and in Green’s marsh, where, with Cephalan- 
thus, it formed a pretty dense thicket. It was also common near 
Farrar’s. The pistillate catkins were in flower along the road at 
this place April 12, 1901, and the next day both pistillate and stami- 
nate blossoms were out in good shape. By May 10 some seeds had 
ripened, and by May 12 the greater number were fully ripe, cover- 
ing shrubs with tufts of cotton. The flowers of this willow offer 
considerable attraction to honey bees, and large numbers were seen 
hovering about the catkins. On April 15 they were particularly 
abundant. 

Along with the closely related S. discolor, both ‘“‘Pussy wil- 
lows” in the popular sense, this species is very attractive on 
account of the silky catkins which begin to show in early 
spring as white “pussies”, gradually- becoming rich red-golden 
beneath from the growing stamens, and finally wholly surrounded 
by a halo of golden anthers, each terminating a long stiffish fila- 
ment. The pussy willows, though native to swampy places, thrive 
fairly well in moderately dry situatiohs, and would have consider- 
able value as ornamental shrubs, especially in parks. The twigs 
force well in the early spring when placed in vases in a warm room, 
and are frequently seen in florists’ shops. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 281 


251. DWARF GRAY WILLOW; SAGE WILLOW 
SALIX TRISTIS Ait. 


This little shrub which grows in clumps in the form of slender 
straight switches about 18 inches or 2 feet high is rather common 
in dry sandy soil along the road by the lake between Murray’s 
and Farrar’s. It also grows along the railroad southwest of the 
lake. It was in flower April 22, 1901, and continued blossoming 
until May. The seeds ripen in May shortly after the blossoming 
season is over. The small sessile catkins are so densely crowded 
on the switches that they come out before any leaves show. The 
pistillate catkins are a silky gray, the staminate a reddish golden. 


252. BOG WILLOW 
SALIX PEDICELLARIS Pursh 


Not common. A few plants were found in the quaking marsh 
near Norris Inlet. The seeds were almost ripe May 31. A low 
shrub from 1 to 3 feet high, the smallest willow found within the 
state. This and other dwarf willows extend up into the arctic 
and some, including this, are found also in northern Europe. Here 
in the same locality we have among the willows a species which 
barely reaches the height of 3 feet, and another attaining a height 
of 30 feet. 


FAMILY 36. BETULACEZ. BIRCH FAMILY 
253. AMERICAN HORNBEAM; WATER-BEECH 
CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Walt. 


Not very common. It prefers low moist woods. There was a 
tree east of Lakeview Hotel, some on the Overmyer hill, some along 
the western shore of the lake, one on the shore between Kreutzbere- 
er’s and the depot, and a number in the low woods between Farrar’s 
and Overmyer’s. It was noted in flower May 24, 1901, and the 
tree east of Lakeview Hotel was heavily loaded with fruit on Sep- 
tember 29, 1900. The hop-like racemes of fruit, when well de- 
veloped, are peculiar and attractive. The broad bracts probably 
act as wings in the distribution of the small seed. The mee is 
heavy, white, and very hard. 


254. IRON-WOOD; HOP-HORNBEAM 
OSTRYA VIRGINIANA (Mill.) Willd. 


Rather common about the lake, especially on the east side on 
steep banks near the lake. There was one tree in the Caffeen yard 


282 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


on Long Point, one on the north shore of the lake between the rail- 
road bridge and depot, and several on the hill by Overmyer’s field. 
It was nearly in flower on the east side and leafing out well April 
30, 1901. The wood, after drying out, is exceedingly hard. In 
autumn the fruits, which are composed of hop-like clusters of whit- 
ish or yellowish green little sacs, each containing a seed, are often 
abundant enough to make a conspicuous object at some little dis- 
tance. There are interesting points of resemblance between them 
and the fruits of some of the sedges, although the structure is in 
reality considerably different. 

In the summer of 1909 a remarkably peculiar little tree of this 
species was found on Yellow River at Plymouth, Indiana. One 
half of each leaf was wholly white while the other half was green 
with white splotches and veins. The white portion of each leaf was 
so placed that, if the half of the right of the midrib of the first leaf 
were white, the left of the next would be white, the right of the 
third, and so on. 


255. HAZEL-NUT 


CORYLUS AMERICANA Walt. 


Common in open woods and at the edges of forests on both sides 
of the lake. Found south of the lake (Farrar’s woods), southwest 
of the lake (east of Lost Lake outlet), on Long Point, east of the 
lake, and on the ice-ridge below Farrar’s. Abundant along roads 
a mile or two west of the lake. It does not seem usually to bear 
abundantly near the lake, though in 1906 the crop along the roads 
just mentioned was exceptionally heavy. Weevils occasionally in- 
jure the nuts, and it is said that bluejays sometimes make raids on 
patches and entirely strip them of fruit. September 18, 1900, fruit 
was found ripe in the clump east of Lost Lake outlet. April 5, 
1901, some were fully in flower by the grist-mill and by Green’s 
orchard, in a gully north of the Gravelpit. This species has a long 
period of flowering; on April 7, on bushes in Farrar’s woods some 
of the catkins had blossomed and dried up, some were just in blos- 
som, some were just half in bloom, the proximal half golden and 
loose, the distal half still compact, and some catkins were still firm 
and compact. By April 11, most were out of flower. By April 27, the 
leaf buds showed green and three days later the bushes were pretty 
well leaved out. Young seedling hazel plants usually have con- 
spicuous brown blotches in the middle of the leaf, making them very 
attractive, but these do not appear on later leaves. 


1) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 83 


256. RIVER BIRCH; RED BIRCH 


BETULA NIGRA L. 


An isolated clump of trees along the railroad southwest of the 
lake in the direction of Walley’s. A few large trees were found a 
good way down the outlet, on a bank some little distance from the 
stream. It is common along Yellow River to the north. At Bass 
Lake it is fairly common, and a row planted along the edge of the 
road makes a picturesque bit of scenery. At Lake-of-the-Woods 
the old lake plain is thickly covered by them, those on the west 
side growing in short squatty clumps, those on the east side all tall 
neat trees with branchless trunks for some distance, and all lean- 
ing toward the lake, forming pretty vistas. The trees near Lake 
Maxinkuckee were in flower and leafing out on May 2, 1901. The 
seeds germinate in June and July, and were found sprouting in 
great numbers along the Yellow River in 1909 where they covered 
the ground. The cotyledons are linear-oblong. 


257. SOUTHERN YELLOW BIRCH 
BETULA ALLEGHANENSIS Britton 
The only locality near the lake where this species grows is an 
old tamarack northeast of the lake, near the Odd-fellows’ cemetery 
at Maxinkuckee. Not common in the state. A few trees were 


noted in a swamp near Lake-of-the-Woods. The leaves and twigs 
have the flavor of aromatic winter-green. 


258. LOW BIRCH 
BETULA PUMILA L. 

A low bog-shrub with obovate coarse-toothed leaves, not much 
like the other birches in general appearance. A few bushes were 
seen in the marsh near the grist-mill, and it was quite abundant 
in the tamarack west of the lake. 


FAMILY 37. FAGACEZ. BEECH FAMILY 
259. AMERICAN BEECH 
FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrh. 


Quite common on the east side of the lake near Maxinkuckee, in 
rich woods, the trees quite large, and some years bearing an abund- 
ance of fruit. A tree by Rector’s was quite heavily loaded with 


284 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


nuts in 1907. A few small trees on the west side, one in Farrar’s 
woods, and one in the low woods by Overmyer’s field south of the 
lake. 

The beech was formerly one of the most important mast trees 
in northern Indiana, and hogs were turned out to feed on the de- 
licious nuts. In some parts of the state it was very rare to find a 
beech of large size that was not hollow. The nuts, although rather 
slow to gather, are excellent eating, both raw and roasted. 

The young beech has an individuality of its own. It holds its 
leaves, which fade to an almost papery whiteness, until winter, 
making the tree a conspicuous object for a considerable distance 
among the barrenness everywhere. One such tree was noted in 
the woods on the east side. 

The trees on the east side were out finely in blossom May 24, 
1901. 

260. RED OAK 
QUERCUS RUBRA L. 


Not common. There was one large tree on Long Point which 
has since disappeared, and several on the east side, where it is more 
common. The wood which is not very durable when exposed to 
the weather, and which was once considered of little value, is 
coming more into general use in the manufacture-of furniture. It 
takes a beautiful finish and makes exceedingly handsome furni- 
ture. A tree on the east side was past blossoming May 28, 1901, 
and acorns were ripe, Long Point, October 25, 1904. Acorns were 
abundant in 1906. The acorns are noteworthy for their bitterness. 


261. PIN OAK; SWAMP OAK 
QUERCUS PALUSTRIS DuRoi 


Fairly common in low flat woods southwest of the lake. Trees 
occur at the edges of ponds in Walley’s woods, between the wagon 
road and Green’s marsh south of Outlet Bay, on the east side of the 
ice-ridge, at a pond near Daggets’, etc. In flower May 16, 1901. 
On October 13, the trees down by the birch swamp were in hand- 
some autumnal coloration,—just beginning to get red around the 
edges. 

As usually seen in forests this tree branches rather irregularly 
and is by no means a particularly handsome tree; the older stems 
die, leaving short spurs like pins driven into the tree, whence its 
common name. Once in a while one sees a tree on a roadside or 
in the open of more shapely form. 

Planted in the open, as along streets, its grows with remark- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 285 


able regularity, so much different from its ordinary habit in for- 
ests as to be hardly recognizable, and quite unusual for an oak. 
One who has seen them can never forget the remarkable row along 
Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C., beyond the old Rock Creek 
bridge. These trees, though quite small, bear an abundance of 
acorns. The small acorn is rendered attractive by narrow longi- 
tudinal stripes of greenish alternating with the brown. Some of 
the trees have the branchlets gracefully drooping. 

In its native condition, the pin oak shows to best advantage 
along the banks of wild, winding rivers with marshy shores, 
such as the Kankakee below Baum’s Bridge, where it was noted 
growing in great abundance and to a splendid degree of develop- 
ment. The contour of some of the trees seen was unlike that 
noted in any other species, or indeed, in the same species seen else- 
where. The branches sloped downward from their origin in stiff 
straight lines, there was no suggestion of drooping such as one 
finds in weeping trees, and the lines were straight as if laid down 
with a carpenter’s rule, but stood at just such an angle as to make 
the branches appear like a succession of shed roofs. The leaves, 
delicately tinted around the edges with the first touches of autumn 
and glistening as if varnished, all seemed to form one continuous 
sheet or surface like the shingles of a roof. A peculiarity of the 
roofs was of course their narrowness from side to side, and one 
forked branch which stood out from all the rest like an inverted Y 
made a particularly pleasing and permanent impression. 


262. BLACK-OAK; QUERCITRON; YELLOW-BARKED OAK 


QUERCUS VELUTINA Lam. 


The most common oak about the lake, especially on the west side 
where it formed over 27% of the forest at Long Point. Common 
also on the east side. The trees, which grow chiefly in the dry 
sandy soil are rather small and stunted. There are larger trees 
on the east side. A rather unhandsome oak, with exceedingly 
heavy wood. The timber is of no value except for firewood. Leaf- 
buds began to show green about April 26, 1901, and the trees were 
in blossom everywhere by May 6. The acorns began to fall Sep- 
tember 28, 1900, and soon were falling rapidly. Both the inner 
bark and the bitter kernel of the acorn of this tree.are deep yellow. 

It is quite probable that Q. coccinea, which much resembles this 
tree and is most readily distinguished by the fact that its inner bark 
is reddish gray instead of yellow, is present in the lake region, but 
we secured no specimens, though they were looked for everywhere. 


286 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


2658. WHITE OAK 


QUERCUS ALBA L. 


Rather common about the lake, forming 35% of the forest at 
Long Point, and reaching large size in the heavy forests east of the 
lake. Common also in Walley’s woods and north of the lake. 

Forest trees often show considerable individual variation as to 
time of leafing, blooming, etc. The leaves, which come out furry 
and pink, began coming out May 3, 1901; one tree in Chadwick’s 
yard which was much behind the majority, began leafing out May 
28, 1901. On May 6, trees in Green’s woods were in blossom. 
Acorns began falling September 18, 1900, and on September 25, 
26 and 28 they were falling almost constantly. Some were ob- 
served sprouting on September 28. They germinate almost as 
soon as they fall. On October 17, 1907, leaves were falling and 
the trees were purplish in color. On November 8, 1906, the 
leaves were falling rapidly; the fallen leaves were a soft violet 
color, and the purple mass made by the trees which still retained 
them contrasted beautifully with the rich brown of the black oaks. 
The white oak saplings hold their leaves through the winter until 
the new leaves begin to appear in spring, so that in some parts of 
the country they are called “‘push oaks’’. The old trees shed their 
leaves in autumn and are barren through the winter. 

Although the white oak is not frequently planted for either 
shade or ornament, it is one of the comparatively few trees nearly 
everybody has a distinct impression of and considerable acquaint- 
ance with apart from its being a portion of the forest. There is a 
strength and dignity belonging to it that is found in no other tree. 
Its habit of sending out rather low massive branches adds to its im- 
pressive appearance and makes it more striking than even the bur 
oak, which attains larger size and greater height. 

In the autumn of 1913 a moderate-sized tree near the Bardsley 
cottage bore a good crop of acorns, all or nearly all of which con- 
tained two embryos each and sent out two sprouts on germinating. 


264. BUR OAK; MOSSY-CUP OAK 
QUERCUS MACROCARPA Michx. 


Not very common in the immediate vicinity of the lake. Noted 
east of Lakeview Hotel, in woods northeast of the lake, along the 
north shore west of the depot, several west of the lake toward the 
tamaracks, one on the Military Academy grounds. Just to the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 287 


north of the lake region is a large flat area of ground noted for its 
fertility known as Bur-oak flats, the railway station of Burr Oak 
commemorating the former abundance of this species in that region. 

The trees were just leafing out and in flower northeast of the 
lake May 28, 1901, and the acorns were ripe on the tree in the 
Academy grounds August 29, 1906. A good many leaves had been 
shed by October 5. 

The bur oak is the largest and most valuable of our oaks, and 
is usually found growing in rich, moist loamy ground. It bears 
much the same relation to the white oak that the big king nut does 
to the shag-bark hickory. The acorns vary greatly in size and de- 
velopment of fringe on the cup. They average the largest in size 
of our acorns and are free from all traces of bitterness, but not so 
sweet as those of the white oak, having a raw-starch taste. Trees 
sometimes come into bearing when small, and bear large crops. 
The acorns of the tree on the Military Academy grounds are small, 
and have not much of a fringe to the cup. 


265. SWAMP WHITE OAK 


QUERCUS BICOLOR Willd. 


In moist ground at the borders of ponds on both sides of the 
lake. Scattered through Farrar’s woods and at the ice-beach pond 
on the east side; common around ponds in Busart’s and Zechiel’s 
woods. This is said to get very large, larger than the white oak, 
but most of the trees we have seen are small. A handsome tree 
with leaves whitish underneath and acorns on long stout stems, fre- 
quently two or three acorns to the peduncle. 


266. CHESTNUT OR YELLOW OAK; CHINQUAPIN OAK 


QUERCUS MUHLENBERGI! Engelm. 


Only one small tree was found on the west side of the lake near 
the Meyer cottage. Rather common on the east side back in the 
forests. Some of the trees on the east side are very neat and hand- 
some. As Mr. Blatchley has pointed out, this species varies greatly 
in shape of leaf, some leaves being broad and others very long and 
narrow. All the trees about the lake belong to the broad-leaved 
form. The acorns are sweet and small, and begin to germinate as 
soon as they drop. They are edible to some extent when they first 
drop, but become quite hard on drying. 


288 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 38. ULMACEZ. ELM FAMILY 
267. AMERICAN ELM; WHITE ELM 


ULMUS AMERICANA L. 


Common about the lake, especially in low flat forests. It formed 
about 8 per cent of the trees on Long Point, and is common in Over- 
myer’s woods. In flower everywhere April 11, 1901. The seeds 
showed conspicuously on the trees 16 days later, and a good many 
seeds shed prematurely were floating on the lake April 28 and 30. 
By May 21 many ripe seeds were seen along shore in rows, washed 
up on the north shore of Long Point. By June 7, the seeds had 
sprouted and formed thick rows of seedlings a half inch high at 
various places on the lake shore, especially north of Long Point. 
The young seedlings of the previous year had been noticed on shore 
by the Inlet October 8, 1900. Leaves noted falling September 27, 
1900. 

The seeds of the elm grow and mature quickly after blossoming, 
usually showing conspicuously within a few days after the trees 
are in bloom, and they are ripe in about six weeks. Few 
trees are so prodigal in seeds. They often cover the surface 
of woodland ponds and spring up in innumerable multitudes in 
rows along the edges of rivers and lakes, but very few survive. It 
is a favorite park and street tree, and often in parks its seeds cover 
the ground until they can be swept up in windrows. In seeding 
habits it bears a remarkable resemblance to the silver maple. In- 
dividual trees show a remarkable variety of growth, some drooping, 
others pretty stiffly erect. The winter spray shows unusual sym- 
metry of the alternating buds which spring out from the horizontal 
sides of last year’s branches. The typical tree has a feathery ap- 
pearance, the smailest branches being fine and pendulous, the fa- 
vorite place for the oriole to suspend its nest. The lumber of the 
elm is of little value on account of its weakness and very marked 
tendency to warp. 


268. RED ELM; SLIPPERY ELM 
ULMUS FULVA Michx. 


Not very common about the lake but a few scattered trees are 
found on both sides. There were a few trees in the low woods by 
Overmyer’s. Noted in flower May 11 and seeds ripe May 28, 1901. 
No large trees were seen. The large mucilaginous flower buds 
which are conspicuous in early spring form the favorite food of 
various birds and squirrels, and in cities the house sparrows often 
almost entirely strip the trees. The wood is strong and very light, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 289 


not much subject to warping, and much superior to that of the 
white elm. 


269. HACKBERRY; SUGAR-BERRY 
CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS L. 


Not especially common; a large tree noted full of fruit October 
25, 1904, on the east side, by the Maxinkuckee road, and a young 
tree by the pawpaw grove, farther down. More trees were noted 
near a woodland pond back beyond Van Schoiack’s. Trees along 
Yellow River, where it was rather common, had the leaves mottled 
by quadrate white patches, which gave them a peculiar appearance. 

The tree is of very little value as a timber tree and irredeem- 
ably homely. The berries which resemble small wild cherries in 
appearance have an insipid sweetish pulp and remain on the trees 
all winter. In early spring they offer great attraction to the birds, 
and trees in parks at Washington, D. C., used to be thickly cov- 
ered by grackles, cedar-birds, etc., which feed on the fruit. 


FAMILY 39. MORACEZ. MULBERRY FAMILY 
270. RED MULBERRY 
MORUS RUBRA L. 


Rather common northeast of the lake and occasional on the east 
side. Noted in flower May 28, 1901. Remarkable for its heter- 
ophylly, the leaves of young trees being much lobed and divided, 
‘those of middle age being two or three-lobed, somewhat resembling 
the leaf of sassafras in outline, and the leaves of old trees being en- 
tire. The fruit which varies considerably in size is all pretty much 
alike in flavor, rather insipidly sweet, considerably like figs. It 
is superior to that of most Russian mulberry trees, but is little 
used. It affords considerable food for birds. 


271. RUSSIAN MULBERRY 
MORUS ALBA TARTARICA L. 


Once planted for ornament or fruit, this plant propagates read- 
ily by seed scattered by birds and seedlings. Trees eight feet 
high are now fairly common about the lake. Young seedlings 
are frequently observed coming up in bunches as if every seed in a 
“berry” had germinated. Trees were leafing out and showing 
flower buds May 9, 1901, and were shedding leaves rapidly 
October 25, 1900. The fruit is quite variable but usually of 
poor flavor, much inferior to that of the white mulberry, M. alba. 
It continues ripening for a long time and forms a great attraction 
for birds. 


19—-17618—Vol. 2 


290 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 40. CANNABINACEZ. HEMP FAMILY 
272. HOP 
HUMULUS LUPULUS L. 


Not common; a tangle of vines grew in a thicket on the shore 
of the lake in front of Green’s. They did rot seem to be doing very 
well, and were probably escapes from cultivation. A number of 
thrifty hop-vines bearing a good crop of hops were found in woods 
along the outlet near its mouth, which were probably native. Wild 
hops grow in considerable abundance and quite thriftily in rich 
black moist soil in various parts of the state. 


273. HEMP 
CANNABIS SATIVA L. 


A patch along the railroad near the ice-houses, and a rather ex- 
tensive patch southeast of the lake, in somewhat open woodland 
bordering the east side of Inlet marsh. In autumn the birds col- 
lected in considerable numbers about the patch in the woods, to 
procure seed. Coming up and leaved out by the ice-houses May 
13, 1901. It is not known how the seed was introduced. Within 
recent years, farmers settling in the neighborhood of the extensive 
flat prairies of rich black soil near Walkerton, Indiana, observing 
these swamps thickly overgrown with tall nettles, tried raising 
hemp on them; the fields seen in 1909 were bearing heavy crops, 
and the venture seemed eminently successful. 


FAMILY 41. URTICACEZ. NETTLE FAMILY 
274. STINGING OR GREAT NETTLE 
URTICA DIOICA L. 


Not common; found occasionally in waste places. In some 
parts of the state it grows abundantly in broken up, flat, mucky 
prairies. 

275. SLENDER OR TALL WILD NETTLE 


URTICA GRACILIS Ait. 


Common west cf the lake, toward the tamarack, and in a gully 
east of the lake. 


276. CANADA NETTLE; WOOD NETTLE 
URTICASTRUM DIVARICATUM (L.) Kuntze 


Quite abundant and unusually tall, in low woods by Overmyer’s 
field; also in a gully east of the lake. A low, rather inconspicuous 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 2911. 


plant, capable of inflicting quite painful stings when carelessly 
touched. 
277. RICHWEED; CLEARWEED 
PILEA PUMILA (L.) A. Gray 

Not common about the lake, a few scattered plants growing 
occasionally near shore; it grew in cracks in the stone breakwater 
near the Caffeen cottage, on shore near Overmyer’s field, on a flat 
miry place near Overmyer’s spring and near Long Point. In many 
parts of the state it forms a rank tall growth in rich black ground. 
Noteworthy for the translucent clearness of its stems; in this par- 
ticular it excels even the wild touch-me-not, Impatiens. Beekeep- 
ers accuse it of producing bitter honey. 


278. FALSE NETTLE 
BOEHMERIA CYCLINDRICA (L.) Sw. 


A rather common weed about the lake; noted near shore at Long 
Point and along the southwest shore of the lake. 


FAMILY 42. SANTALACEZ. SANDALWOOD FAMILY 
219-2 BASTARD: TOAD-WhAX 


COMANDRA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt. 


Rather common in grassy places along the railroad, especially 
below Murray’s. In flower May 12, 1901. It appears rarely to set 
fruit. It remains in blossom for a considerable length of time. 
Some plants were collected May 23. 


280. NORTHERN COMANDRA 
COMANDRA LIVIDA Richards 
Apparently rare; its presence is evidenced by an herbarium 
specimen but we have no notes. The region is probably near the 
southern limits of its range. 


FAMILY 43. ARISTOLOCHIACEA. BiIRTHWORT FAMILY 
281. WILD GINGER 


ASARUM CANADENSE L. 

Occasional in rich woods east of the lake. The leaves were just 
beginning to unfoid April 11, 1901, and flowerbuds were large and 
well developed by April 30; it probably bloomed shortly after that. 
A well-known odd plant with a long aromatic rootstock terminated 


292, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


by two large leaves, between which is produced the peculiar dingy 
flower with three long pointed sepals. 


282. VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT 
ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA L. 


A few plants seen near a pond, but in dry ground, in Busart’s 
woods, autumn of 1906. Introduced into cultivation along with 
ginseng, Hydrastis, etc., at Plymouth, to supply the drug trade. 


FAMILY 44. POLYGONACEZ. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 
283. RED SORREL; FIELD SORREL . 


RUMEX ACETOSELLA L. 


Frequent; some on the hill north of the ice-house, along shore 
south of Winfield’s, in Overmyer’s field, in fields west of the lake 
and on a hill near shore near McOuat’s on the east side. Some 
leaved out May 3, 1901. In flower May 25. 

In many parts of the state one of our worst weeds, often form- 
ing great patches in pastures and meadows to the exclusion of 
everything else, and quite difficult to eradicate. There is a general 
belief that it indicates acidity of the soil, and that it can be killed 
out by liming. It does not wholly die down during the winter, but 
the leaves assume rich red tints. 


284. TALL DOCK; PEACH-LEAVED DOCK 
RUMEX ALTISSIMUS Wood 


Scattered in marshy places south of the lake, as in the sedgy 
marsh below Farrar’s, and beyond the Busart road, along shore 
in front of Overmyer’s field, and in the great flat beyond Norris 
Inlet. The stalks in fruit are sometimes over eight feet high. 
One of the common names is Wild Rhubarb. 


285. CURLED OR NARROW DOCK 
RUMEX CRISPUS L. 


Not very common about the lake, as it does not affect sandy 
soil, but prefers heavy clay. Some plants were noted along shore 
near the depot grounds and others were seen east of the lake. Well 
out in leaf April 27, and in flower June 12. One of the first plants 
to shoot up in spring. In wet clay grounds one of the most annoy- 
ing of weeds, very difiicult to eradicate, and bearing large crops 
of seed. It is one of the best of our pot-herbs, the young leaves 
making “grecns” of excellent quality. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 293 


286. BROAD-LEAVED OR BITTER DOCK 
RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L. 


Growing in about the same soil and conditions as R. crispus, 
but not generally so abundant. Found on the beach between the 
depot grounds and Kreutzberger’s pier and on the Palmer House 
grounds. Leaves well up and large April 9, 1901; during mild 
winters they remain green all winter. In flower June 12. The 
seeds frequently germinate in late autumn; some young seedlings 
were seen October 20, 1907. 


287. KNOT-GRASS; DOOR-WEED 
POLYGONUM AVICULARE L. 


Not common; a few plants seen. It prefers a heavier soil than 
that found about the lake, and in many parts of the state is one of 
the most common plants about dooryards forming a dense sod. The 
more it is trampled upon the more it seems to thrive, and it grows 
where nearly everything else has been trampled out. This and P. 
erectum grow together and both species are at times eaten by cattle 
with apparent relish. 


288. ERECT KNOTWEED 
POLYGONUM ERECTUM L. 


In general appearance and habits much like P. aviculare but 
much larger. Not very abundant; found at Long Point and on the 
east side of the lake. Like P. aviculare it grows in well trodden 
dooryards, but, unlike it, it is often found on plowed ground. It 
is quite susceptible to mildews in damp seasons; in such cases a 
thick patch some distance away has a peculiar appearance much 
resembling a dense patch of white blossoms. Found in flower east 
of the lake June 5, 1901, and at Long Point June 17. It continues 
in blossom until late in autumn. 


289. SLENDER KNOTWEED 
POLYGONUM TENUE Michx. 

Not very abundant, and local in its distribution. Obtained Sep- 
tember 29, 1900, by Lakeview Hotel, in dry sand. An example 
of pronounced xerophytic habit; the leaves much reduced so that 
it considerably resembles Bartonia of the Gentianacez, which is 
found in similar situations. 


294 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


290. VIRGINIA KNOTWEED 
TOVARA VIRGINIANA (L.) Raf. 


Not abundant about the lake; found growing in woods and 
shaded situations. 


291. WATER PERSICARIA 
PERSICARIA AMPHIBIA (L.) S. F. Gray 


A few plants noted at Norris Inlet in 1909. The leaves floating 
on the water give the plant much the aspect of Potamogeton natans. 
The racemes of rose-colored blossoms are rather short, and the 
stem long and strong, rooting at the nodes. 


292. SWAMP PERSICARIA 
PERSICARIA MUHLENBERGII (S. Wats.) Small 


Common along the south shore of Outlet Bay and near the Out- 
let; a large patch in the pond below Farrar‘s, and some on the 
sedgy flat southwest of the lake. 

The dense rose-pink spikes of this species, projecting up from 
the surface of the water at the edge of the lake, make this species 
one of the most attractive of water plants, and it is well worth 
planting for its ornamental value. The blossoms make quite hand- 
some boquets. It is quite likely that wild ducks, which often stray 
into flat marshes in search of smart-weed seed, find patches of this 
plant desirable feeding grounds. 


298. DOCK-LEAVED OR PALE PERSICARIA 
PERSICARIA LAPATHIFOLIA (L.) S. F. Gray 


Fairly common along the lake shore in moist places, by the 
Monninger and Meyer cottages, south of Green’s, north of Long 
Point and east of Norris Inlet. 


294. PENNSYLVANIA PERSICARIA 
PERSICARIA PENNSYLVANICA (L.) Small 


A rather common, homely weed along the lake shore and other 
moist places, continuing in blossom as late as October 31. Some of 
the plants seen were badly affected by plant lice. 


295. LADY’S THUMB; HEARTWEED 
PERSICARIA PERSICARIA (L.) Small 


A rather coarse, large-leaved smartweed usually common in 
waste places and cultivated grounds. A few plants found along the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 295 


road south of Outlet Bay. In flower June 21, 1901. Continues in 
blossom until late in autumn. 


296. SOUTHWESTERN PERSICARIA 
PERSICARIA PERSICARIOIDES (H. B. K.) Small 


Apparently rare. A herbarium specimen was collected by Dr. 
Scovell. The lake region is considerably out of its usual range. 


297. MILD WATER PEPPER 
PERSICARIA HYDROPIPEROIDES (Michx.) Small 


Frequent in low places near the lake; a small patch on a low 
flat between the road and south shore of Outlet Bay. Noted in 
blossom in September and October. 

Some smartweed, perhaps this, made great patches of pink cov- 
ering acres of extent in the Kankakee marshes, where it was said to 
form the principal food of the mallard duck. In the old channel 
of the outlet, a mile below the lakes, there was a continuous bed, 
bordered on both sides by sedges, making a winding stream of rosy 
among the green; a remarkable and interesting spectacle. 


298. SMART-WEED; WATER PEPPER 
PERSICARIA HYDROPIPER (L.) Opiz 


Common about the lake; an abundant weed; because of its 
greenish blossoms not so handsome as many of the species. 


299. DOTTED OR WATER SMART-WEED 
PERSICARIA PUNCTATA (Ell) Small 


Common in moist places about the lake. Noted in blossom Oc- 
tober 10 and still continuing in bloom October 30, 1900. 


300. BUCKWHEAT 
FAGOPYRUM FAGOPYRUM (L.) Karst. 


Occasional escapes from cultivation were seen about the lake. 
Where it has been grown, this plant, unless removed by clean culti- 
vation, is likely to persist as a weed, although it never becomes 
particularly troublesome. 


301. ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB 
TRACAULON SAGITTATUM (L.) Small 


Growing at Long Point and on both sides of the Outlet. Hardly 
as common as one might expect. Common in many parts of the 


296 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


state in low shaded situations, where it clambers over brush with 
its stiff prickles, forming dense tangles, the terror of the barefoot 
boy. Usually known as “sawegrass.” 


302. HALBERD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB 
TRACAULON ARIFOLIUM (L.) Raf. 

Not nearly so common throughout the state as T. sagittatum, to 
which it bears a general resemblance in habit and scratchiness. At 
Lake Maxinkuckee a small patch was found in the low woods along 
the creek in Overmyer’s woods. 


308. BLACK BINDWEED 
TINIARIA CONVOLVULUS (L.) Webb & Mog. 
Not uncommon in open places, cultivated fields and occasionally 


along shore. Found in blossom along the road by Green’s June 20, 
1901, and on Long Point November 23, 1904. 


FAMILY 45. AMARANTHACEZ. AMARANTH FAMILY 
304. GREEN AMARANTH 


AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L. 


Rather common, scattered in waste places. It prefers rich culti- 
vated ground. Frequently found along the shore, as at Long Point 
and the depot grounds. Exceedingly variable in size. In favor- 
able locations the plants reach a height of four or five feet. Among 
the pebbles of the shore at the depot grounds were perfect and fruit- 
ing plants two inches high or less. According to Britton it some- 
times reaches the height of over nine feet. 


305. SLENDER PIGWEED; SPLEEN AMARANTH 
AMARANTHUS HYBRIDUS L. 
An occasional weed of waste places, not nearly so common as the 
preceding, probably of more recent introduction. Some reddish or 
purplish plants were found in waste places near Culver. 


306. PROSTRATE AMARANTH 
AMARANTHUS BLITOIDES S. Wats. 

A member of the introduced railroad flora, found along the 
railroad in front of the Assembly grounds in 1900, later on farther 
south, by the icehouses, etc. A prostrate mat plant bearing a 
superficial general resemblance to purslane. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 297 


FAMILY 46. CHENOPODIACEZE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY 
307. LAMB’S QUARTERS 


CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. 


Rather common; found in flower along the railroad by the ice- 
houses June 21, 1901. Very abundant in a field north of the lake, 
excluding nearly everything else. Frequently used as a pot-herb. 
The form collected at the lake was the subspecies viride (L.) Mog. 


308. MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT 
CHENOPODIUM HYBRIDUM L. 


Not especially abundant; found growing in waste places. Leaf 
unusually thin for the genus. 


309. FEATHER GERANIUM; JERUSALEM OAK 
CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS L. 


During 1900 and 1901 only a few scattered plants were seen 
along the railroad in front of the Assembly grounds and by Win- 
field’s. In 1906 and succeeding years it was found quite abundant, 
forming considerable patches in a sandy field north of Lost Lake. 
An interesting and pretty plant of low growth, compact and slender 
but bushy habit, with thick whitish narrow leaves which fall off 
early in autumn, leaving a wandlike skeleton, ghostly in effect. The 
whole plant has a pleasing fragrance. 


310. WINGED PIGWEED 
CYCLOLOMA ATRIPLICIFOLIUM (Spreng.) Coult. 


A new arrival at the lake, having been first seen in the im- 
mediate vicinity in 1909, though in 1906 it was found along a road 
several miles west of the lake. It is common on the sand dunes 
about Knox, Indiana. The plants at Culver were growing in a row 
along the edge of a vacant lot at Culver, where the sod was broken, 
leaving naked sand. The plants both here and at Knox formed 
almost perfect balls of light green, which, among the barren sand 
at the latter place, showed up conspicuously. They are almost as 
handsome as the closely related and well known Kochia scoparia 
which is coming into general use in flower gardens, but they 
do not have the splendid autumn foliage of the latter. Some of 
the inhabitants of Culver called them “Kansas tumbleweed.” The 
form is admirably adapted to rolling over ground and it was prob- 
ably by this means that they reached the lake. 


298 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


311. HALBERD-LEAVED ORACHE 
ATRIPLEX HASTATA L. 


Another recent arrival at the lake and not an old resident of the 
state. It first appeared in cities, from which it spread along rail- 
roads. It was seen in Plymouth in 1900, and in Fort Wayne about 
the same year. None was found at the lake at that time. In 1906 
it was seen along the railroad by the icehouses, and in 1909 was 
common about Culver. 


312. RUSSIAN THISTLE 
SALSOLA PESTIFER A. Nelson 


Another new arrival at the lake. In 1906 a single plant was 
noted in barren sand at the end of a slide at the Assembly grounds. 
It is hardly more than holding its own. In 1907 there were two 
plants at the same place, and in 1909 only one or two plants were 
on the same spot. The plants turn quite bright red in the late 
autumn. This plant made its first appearance at Fort Wayne in 
1909, when a row was found at the foot of a billboard near the St. 
Mary’s river. So far it has not proved to be a particularly bad 
weed in the state. 


FAMILY 47. PHYTOLACCACEZ. POKEWEED FAMILY 
313. POKE-ROOT; POKE-BERRY 
PHYTOLACCA AMERICANA L. 


One plant found on the shore; common in woods beyond Busart’s 
field south of the lake, also plentiful on the east side of the lake 
some distance back, also common around Hawk’s marsh. It seems 
to prefer burned over clearings. The plant continues blossoming 
all summer until killed by frost, and is one of our best examples of 
plants with an unlimited inflorescence. The root is said to be pois- 
onous and is used in making home-made poultices. The young 
shoots are sold by negroes on the Washington market for greens. 
The berries are a favorite food of many birds. 


FAMILY 48. CORRIGIOLACEZ. WHITLOW-WORT FAMILY 
314. SLENDER FORKED CHICKWEED 
ANYCHIA CANADENSIS (L.) B. S. P. 


Not very common. A slender inconspicuous plant, easily over- 
looked, usually growing in light sand in partial shade of open wood- 
lands, among the leaves. Found on the bank in Overmyer’s woods 
and in Green’s woods. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 299 


FAMILY 49. AIZOACEZ. CARPET-WEED FAMILY 
315. CARPET-WEED 


MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA L. 


A common weed throughout the state in sandy ground, forming 
in places a mat over the ground. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was 
found east of the Lakeview Hotel, in sandy fields by Hawk’s marsh, 
in sandy fields east of the lake, and very abundantly in Green’s field 
east of Lost Lake outlet. It was common in sand along the rail- 
road, and formed a part of the sand dune flora among the dunes 
southwest of the lake. It continues blooming until killed by frost. 
Seen in blossom along the railroad as late as October 25. 


FAMILY 50. PORTULACACEZ. PURSLANE FAMILY 
316. SPRING BEAUTY 


CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA L. 


Not especially common about the lake. Found growing in open 
rich woodlands. Noted in flower on the east side, by Vajen’s, from 
April 11 to April 30, 1901. 


317. PURSLANE 


PORTULACA OLERACEA L. 


Not very abundant about the lake and usually not growing to 
a very large size. One of the most common weeds in the state in 
rich moist ground, usually coming up after cultivation is finished, 
and making rapid growth. It is often affected by a fungus which 
makes white pustules on the leaves, and it is eaten by larve of one 
of the sphinx moths, but both of these enemies together do very 
little toward keeping it in check. 


FAMILY 51. ALSINACEZ. CHICKWEED FAMILY 
318. COMMON CHICKWEED 


“ ALSINE MEDIA L. 


Not particularly abundant; scattered in waste places. Noted in 
flower east of the lake April 11, 1901, and at the depot grounds 
April 16. In flower east of Chadwick’s November 21, 1904. 

One of the hardiest members of our flora, often growing if not 
thriving, in the cracks of sidewalks. Blossoming the entire year 
through, even throughout the winter in sunny situations. 


300 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


319. LONG-LEAVED STITCHWORT 
ALSINE LONGIFOLIA (Muhl.) Britton 


Scattered in flat moist places. Found in flower along the road 
back of the grist-mill June 15, 1901. 


320. LARGER MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED 
CERASTIUM VULGATUM L. 
Scattered in open rather grassy places. Blossoming almost the 


entire year through in protected sunny situations. Blossoms were 
noted in May and June, 1901, and late into the winter of 1904. 


321. THYME-LEAVED SANDWORT 
ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA L. 

An insignificant plant with the aspect of a small chickweed, 
blooming throughout the entire summer. Chiefly a member of the 
railroad flora, growing on sand on railroad embankments and be- 
tween ties. Seedlings were observed coming up late in the autumn, 
October 12, 1907. Noted in flower May 5, 1901, along the railroad 
by the icehouses on October 29, 1904, on Long Point and on Novem- 
ber 4, 1904, by Arlington. 


FAMILY 52. CARYOPHYLLACEH. PINK FAMILY 


322. COCKLE; CORN COCKLE 
AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO L. 


Fairly common in wheat fields and occasional along the railroad. 


323. STARRY CAMPION 
SILENE STELLATA (L.) Ait. 

Not common; scattered at the edges of woods and copses; more 
abundant on Long Point hill back of Duenweg’s than anywhere 
else. In blossom July 26, 1906, and as late as October 27, 1904. 
The rather handsome flower looks more like an immense chickweed 
than anything else. 


324. BLADDER CAMPION 
SILENE LATIFOLIA (Mill.) Britten & Rendle 
Quite common in patches near where the old Van Schoiack 
homestead used to be, the plants having evidently arisen from stray 
seed. First noticed in the autumn of 1912. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 301 


325. SLEEPY CATCHFLY 


SILENE ANTIRRHINA L. 


Common, especially in sandy places. Very abundant in the 
sandy open flats west of the Assembly grounds. 

A most business-like plant. Like many others it has “regular 
office hours” during which the flowers are open to insect visitors. 
In addition visitors are admitted ‘‘only at the office door.” ‘‘No 
admittance” signs in the shape of sticky patches are posted just 
beneath each node, and such thieves and robbers among the insects 
as try to get in any other way than the proper places are likely to 
get caught. These sticky places, inconspicuous at first, darken with 
age, and an old, much-branched plant with its little dark band 
of insect “bird lime” at each joint of the stem is an inter- 
esting and instructive object. The first man who wrapped cot- 
ton or what-not about his plum tree to keep curculios from getting 
up had no patent on the process and might have even improved 
it by using something sticky. 

Where this catchfly grows among tall bluegrass, the swaying 
plants often come into contact with each other and the sticky places 
of the catchfly gather crops of ripened grass seed. 


326. SOAPWORT; BOUNCING BET 


SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS L. 


Common on banks along the railroad, especially at the ice- 
houses; also by the Assembly grounds, along the depot grounds, 
and east of Lakeview Hotel. The plants also form a dense patch 
along the railroad north of the lake. This plant is usually found 
in open sunny places but along Yellow River below Plymouth is a 
dense patch in woods. The plants grow in thick patches and form 
regular flower-beds, conspicuous for a considerable distance. All 
the flowers seen at the lake were single, as is usually the case with 
the railroad patches. The plants bloom to some extent until clipped 
by frost. This is a favorite flower with humming-birds, which can 
often be found in considerable numbers where the patches of bounc- 
ing bet are. 


327. COW-HERB; COCKLE 
VACCARIA VACCARIA (L.) Britton 


Collected by Dr. Scovell quite early in the series. Probably 
found in waste places. 


302 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 53. CERATOPHYLLACEZ. HORNWORT FAMILY 
328. HORNWORT 
C#RATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L. 


This is one of the most common plants in the lake, and is, in- 
deed, one of the most common lake weeds in the state. It also 
grows in slow stretches of rivers, or rather bayous, or in old canal 
or ditch beds. It often comes up in long tangles attached to fish- 
hooks and is popularly called ‘‘water-moss.” It was found abund- 
ant in nearly all lakes visited. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is found 
scattered through most parts of the lake in rather shallow water, 
and was found near the Weedpatch in water eighteen feet deep. It 
grows abundantly by the Inlet. It is also abundant in Lost Lake 
and in the Outlet far below the lakes. 

The hornwort does not possess roots or any sort of hold-fast 
during any part of its existence. From this it might be supposed 
that it had no permanent or local habitation in the lake but drifted 
here and there according to winds and currents. Such, however, 
is not the case. It usually stands more or less upright in the water 
but does not come near enough the surface to be caught by winds, 
and seems to be so “‘loggy”’ that it is very little affected by currents. 
The heavy lower part of the plant usually lies on the bottom and 
forms a sort of drag-anchor. One rarely or never sees great 
masses washed ashore, as 1s common with Vallisneria, Philotria 
and other weeds. 

Ceratophyllum varies considerably in appearance, especially in 
robustness, in different localities and situations. That far down 
the outlet is exceedingly robust and handsome, and it is difficult to 
understand how it keeps its place in the good current there. Some 
plants found during the summer of 1909 in the mouth of the Des- 
plaines River, Illinois, were so exceedingly attenuated that it took 
some effort to recognize them as a form of the old Ceratophyllum 
demersum. 

The winter behavior is slightly different in different situations. 
Generally speaking it keeps more or less green all winter and dif- 
fers very little in appearance during the different seasons, though 
perhaps a little duller in color in winter. The large robust plants 
down the outlet retained a bright vivid green during the winter 
and had delicate pink tips. In many places what might be called 
winter buds were formed by a cessation of growth in late autumn 
or early winter of the tip of the stem, and by the rotting away of 
the part underneath. These winter buds are wafted about more 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 303 


or less by waves, and supplement the work of the seeds in distrib- 
uting the plants. Both seeds and flowers are inconspicuous ob- 
jects. In spring the buds, when they begin growth, show marked 
heliotropism. 

Apparently in some places at least, these plants retained more 
or less activity, as well as form and color, throughout the winter. 
Generally above the apices of the plants under the clear ice there 
were large bubbles frozen into the ice, and toward the latter part 
of the winter, especially above a patch down by Norris Inlet, there 
were crossing and recrossing curves of rows of fine bubbles, like 
strings of minute beads, suggesting that the plants had been ex- 
haling small bubbles of gas, perhaps oxygen, the winter long and 
the moving plant tips, swayed perhaps by moving currents, or in 
all probability following the circle of the sun, had left behind a rec- 
ord or graph of their gyrations. The hornwort appears to be one 
of the most active oxygenators of water we have. In window 
aquariums on bright days during winter, when the sun shines in 
on these plants, one often sees a rapid succession of minute bubbles 
form a line from leaf tips of these plants to the water surface, the 
bubbles breaking at the surface in rapid succession with an audible 
lisping sound and a minute dash of spray. It is not certain that 
all these bubbles are oxygen formed during the ordinary processes 
of photo-synthesis in the plant, as in some cases bubbles are given 
off rapidly from broken bits of stems. 


FAMILY 54. CABOMBACEZ. WATER-SHIELD FAMILY 


329. WATER-SHIELD 


BRASENIA SCHREBERI Gmel. 


Rare in Lake Maxinkuckee, the only patch in that lake being 
near the green boathouse in the vicinity of Norris Inlet. It is 
fairly abundant in Lost Lake and there are a few plants in the old 
bayou (a remains of the old channel or thoroughfare) west of the 
railroad. It blossoms very rarely here. The leaves take on beauti- 
ful hues in autumn. The young leaves down close to the rootstock 
remain green all winter. It starts up early in spring; small leaves 
were seen near the bottom of Lost Lake May 3, 1901. Green leaves 
were washed ashore November 3, 1904. 

The plant is peculiar in having its stems and flower-stalks 
coated in a clear gelatinous substance so that it appears as if en- 
cased in glass. 


304 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 55. NYMPHAACEZ. WATER LILY FAMILY 
330. LARGE YELLOW POND LILY 
NYMPHAEA ADVENA Soland. 


This plant is rather scattered in Lake Maxinkuckee, as it thrives 
best in shallow water and rich mud and such places are only occa- 
sional in the lake. It is found along shore in front of Overmyer’s 
flat woods, in the Norris Inlet region and in front of the Academy 
grounds. It occurs in the thoroughfare below the wagon bridge 
and is very abundant in Lost Lake. Here great masses of roots 
occasionally rise to the surface, making a sort of floating island; 
they have the appearance of having been lifted by some upheaving 
force. This has by some been attributed to marsh gas, caused by 
the disintegration of much organic material in the bottom of the 
lake. It is also likely the soft bottom is unable to hold down the 
buoyant mass of roots when it has grown beyond certain dimen- 
sions. These great masses, floating on the surface, impede boating 
and give a tropical aspect to the sluggish dark waters of Lost Lake 
and the upper part of its outlet. N.advena also grows in Green’s 
marsh, and in Hawk’s marsh. It is one of those plants of a toler- 
ably wide range of environment and exhibits a marked response to 
surroundings, as do most plants of this sort. Where it grows in 
shallow marshes it has stout stems with the stiff and firm leaves 
standing at an angie to the horizon and sometimes with traces of 
fluting somewhat like that of a palm-leaf fan, radiating from the 
base of the petiole. The petioles of the water forms are compara- 
tively flaccid, and the leaves usually horizontal floating on the sur- 
face of the water. The young leaves have a rich violet coloration 
due to an abundance of cell-sap, and this probably serves as a pro- 
tection from the rays of the sun. 

While not so handsome as the white water-lly, the half-open 
buds of this plant have a certain charm. Both small leaves and 
tiny buds remain in the bottom in cold storage during the winter 
ready to expand and grow when the water warms up in spring. 
There is no formation of winter buds nor anything like the dead 
appearance which we are accustomed to in our common deciduous 
plants. 

The ripened seed pods form a food for the muskrat. It is said 
that the Indians roasted and ate the large farinaceous rootstocks, 
and they form a favorite food of the moose where that animal is 
found. The plant is often badly affected, and its beauty marred, 
by a sort of plant louse or leaf hopper which attacks it in great 
numbers. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 305 


N. advena is the only species found about Lake Maxinkuckee; 
at Lake Cicott and Bass Lake some plants with much longer nar- 
rower leaves were seen, but not collected; they were probably N. 
sagittaefolia. At Lake-of-the-Woods, the spatterdocks had a large 
globular reddish fruit and were probably N. microphylla. 

The following are some of the most important notes taken: 
April 26, 1901, leaves up and floating quite in summer fashion. 
May 19, 1901, in flower in Green’s marsh. October 27, 1900, leaves 
of this and Castalia badly covered with plant lice or leaf-hoppers. 
November 4, 1904, a flower bud washed ashore east side Lake Max- 
inkuckee. November 12, plants frozen in a dry pond, Walley’s 
woods. 

331. SWEET-SCENTED WHITE WATER LILY 


CASTALIA ODORATA (Dryand.) Woodv. & Wood 


Not common in Lake Maxinkuckee as there is not sufficient 
mucky bottom; there is one small patch near the Outlet, and another 
near Norris Inlet. There are large patches in Lost Lake, both near 
the Outlet and near the center of the lake. Flowers are kept pretty 
well plucked by the cottagers and excursionists. They are not 
borne in great profusion and are rather small. Our plants have 
the underside of the leaves purplish, in this respect resembling 
odorata, but the relatively smal! flowers are not especially fragrant 
and the rootstalks have tuber-like outgrowths. In this respect they 
approach C. tuberosa. It is probable the two species are consider- 
ably more alike than one would be led to believe from current de- 
scriptions. 

The water-lilies of Twin Lakes a few miles north are abundant, 
much larger and deliciously fragrant, and some have an exquisitely 
delicate pink tinge. 


FAMILY 56. MAGNOLIACEZ. MAGNOLIA FAMILY 
332. TULIP-TREE; YELLOW POPLAR 


LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA L. 


Not especially common in the immediate vicinity of the lake. 
There are no trees directly west of the lake but they are more plenti- 
ful toward the south. A good many young trees were noted in 
Farrar’s woods, and there are several large magnificent trees north 
of the lake; there are scattered trees in the woods of the east side. 
April 30, 1901, leaves beginning to show green. May 25, flower- 
buds well developed and of good size. May 28, in flower on the 
east side. 


20—17618—Vol. 2 


306 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


In the vicinity of Washington, D. C., it was noted that the purple 
finches were fond of the tulip tree seed. They attacked the spread 
cones during the winter and made seeds fly in every direction. The 
seeds germinate in late spring or early summer. Many seedlings 
just up were observed near Twin Lakes in June, 1909, and seed- 
lings, more fully grown, were common about the lake in the autumn. 

The tulip tree is easily queen among our native trees, excelling 
all others in beauty of blossom, shapeliness of form, and attractive- 
ness of clear bright foliage. It is also one of the most valuable of 
our timber trees, and for this reason has disappeared from many 
localities where once abundant. A tree full of the bright tulip- 
shaped blossoms, greenish with a lurid inverted U at the base of 
each petal, is a sight to be remembered. 

Although the natural tree is hard to improve on, there are sev- 
eral interesting variations, some of them found in parks. There 
is a fastigiate form having much the outline of a Lombardy poplar. 
In the Agricultural Department grounds at Washington, D. C., isa 
tree of which most of the leaves have a white blotch, a peculiarity 
which hardly adds to the attractiveness of the tree, as it gives ita 
diseased appearance. On the White House grounds is a small, 
beautiful specimen with the leaves mottled and clouded with white. 


FAMILY 57. ANNONACEA. CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY 


333. PAWPAW 


ASIMINA TRILOBA (L.) Dunal 


Not generally common in the vicinity of the lake. The only 
ones on the south side of the lakes were in a small patch in Over- 
myer’s woods. These rarely bore any fruit, as they were probably 
too young in 1901; a few of the trees were coming into bearing dur- 
ing the latter part of our stay at the lake. On the east side it was 
more plentiful. There was a fine dense grove along the ditch be- 
side the Maxinkuckee road. There were also a few trees, prob- 
ably planted, in one of the lots east of the lake, not far from the 
Maxinkuckee road. There were also a few fine groves in Culver’s 
woods. A few miles south of the lake along the Tippecanoe River 
near Delong, and a few miles north in woods along the Yellow 
River, there are magnificent groves. Near Arlington Hotel, about 
where we had thrown some seeds in 1901, there were fine large 
bushes in 1909, but they had not yet come into bearing. 

The pawpaw is, in many respects, among the most remarkable 
and interesting of our native shrubs. It usually grows in rather 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 307 


thick groves in rich ground in deep woodlands. It seems to be a 
shade-loving tree, and when the forests around them are greatly 
thinned or cleared away, the groves usually soon die. In cities, 
where surrounding buildings protect them, they grow and thrive 
where it is more or less open. There are two fine trees in the Botan- 
ical Garden at Washington, D. C., a tree was observed close to the 
house in a dooryard in the same city, and another in Blooming- 
ton, Ind. The flowers, which come out just preceding the leaves, 
are peculiar in that they expand when still small, and are at first 
ordinary leaf-green in color. Finally they grow to full size and 
ripen to a rich chocolate brown or brownish purple. Each blos- 
som has a cluster of erect ovaries in the center, and these as they 
grow heavy and hang down, turn back against the flower-stalk, 
so that each bunch or cluster of pawpaws comes from a single 
flower. In early autumn, sometimes as early as August, the im- 
mense leaves begin to turn a rich yellow, and there are few more 
striking sights in the vegetable world than a large grove of these 
trees lighting up the dun forest gloom with their great tawny 
leaves. One might say to them even more appropriately than to 
the dandelion: 


“Gold such as thine ne’er drew the Spanish prow 
Through the primeval hush of Indian seas,” 


for they give a sense of tropical luxuriance rarely equalled in our 
native forests. 

As a matter of food, the pawpaw appeals to different people 
quite differently. The greater number of people appear to dislike 
it at first, and among those who like it it seems in most instances 
to be an acquired taste. The wood and bark have a peculiar, dis- 
agreeable flavor, and this seems to be concentrated in the queer 
corrugated kernel of the seed. Much depends upon the condition 
of the fruit. A slightly underripe pawpaw is decidedly sickening, 
and one can hardly get them too ripe. Most people probably at 
first get one a little too green. The dead ripe pawpaw is soft and 
usually has an aroma reminding one of guava jelly. Much depends 
upon the manner in which the pawpaw is eaten. The habit of 
paring them with a knife and trying to eat the solid center as one 
would eat an apple, is quite likely to prejudice one against them. 
The proper way to do is to gently work up the pulp into a custard 
consistency without breaking the skin, an art that requires some 
practice, and then suck out the semi-liquid pulp through a little 
hole bitten in the end. The seeds are something of a bother at 
first but one soon iearns to manage them without much difficulty. 


308 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


The pawpaw has many points which commend it for experi- 
ments in domestication. The bush is one of the most handsome 
and striking of our native shrubs. It is by far the largest of our 
wild fruits, larger perhaps than the original apple from which 
all our modern varieties have sprung. It is at the start far supe- 
rior in flavor to the early apple which is said to have been ex- 
asperatingly sour. If it could be as greatly improved over the wild 
stock as was the apple, we would have one of the most remarkable 
fruits, as large perhaps as pumpkins, and of multitudinous flavors 
to the rich custard of its fruit. 

There is a general opinion among woodsmen that there are 
two kinds of pawpaws, a yellow, which is delicious, and a white, 
which is inferior in flavor. This is probably due to the fact that 
considerable critical attention is paid to the first and minor dif- 
ferences are easily noticed. Everybody knows that the persim- 
mon is even more variable, and we have summer and autumn per- 
simmons, winter persimmons, flat or long, yellowish or reddish, and 
sweet or puckery. Any one who pays especial attention to any of 
our fruits will find similar wide range of variations. 

The following are some of the more important field notes: 

September 30, 1900, plentiful by Tippecanoe River; October 11, 
a barren grove in Overmyer’s woods; October 3, seen along Yellow 
River; May 14, 1901, in flower south of the lake; October 25, 1904, 
leaves mostly green. August 16, 1906, leaves beginning to turn 
golden. September 18, leaves beautifully golden, and fruits ripe. 
October 6 and 14, 1906, still a few found, some fine ones gotten; 
October 30, all gone. 


FAMILY 58. RANUNCULACEZ. CROWFOOT FAMILY 
334. YELLOW-ROOT; GOLDEN SEAL 


HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS L. 


This plant, once fairly common throughout the state, is now be- 
coming rare in most places. It is one of the important drug plants 
of the country and the root is demanding an increasing price on 
the market. It is gradually coming into cultivation in gardens of 
medicinal plants. The ginseng-grower at Plymouth, Indiana, had 
a fine patch in cultivation. At Lake Maxinkuckee it is not very 
common. A few plants were found out of flower along Overmyer’s 
creek May 31, 1901. 3 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 309 


335. MARSH-MARIGOLD 
CALTHA PALUSTRIS L. 


This attractive flower, generally known through the state as 
cowslip, grows quite abundantly some distance up Culver Inlet, also 
in marshes west of the lake and along Overmyer’s creek. The 
leaves are sometimes used for ‘“‘greens.” The fruit, after the car- 
pels have opened and discharged the seeds, is a pretty object, al- 
most as handsome as the blossom. 

In flower along Culver Inlet April 19, 1901; April 23, not yet 
in flower, west side: April 30, in flower both sides of the lake; May 
14, still in flower along creek by Overmyer’s. It will be observed 
that it has a long blossoming period. 

Occasionally it blossoms a second time in the season, late in au- 
tumn. On October 28, 1906, plants were found in flower along 
Norris Inlet marsh. 


336. FALSE RUE ANEMONE 
ISOPYRUM BITERNATUM (Raf.) T. & G. 


Not especially common. In flower northeast of the lake by Cul- 
ver’s April 19, 1901. 


337. WHITE BANEBERRY 
ACTAEA ALBA (L.) Miil. 


Occasional in moist woodlands. In flower along Overmyer’s 
creek May 25, 1901. Fully ripe about the same location October 
2a, 1904: 

338. WILD COLUMBINE 
AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS L. 


One of the most attractive and interesting of our native flow- 
ers; rather common on partly shaded bluffs about the lake; found 
on the bluff by Culver railroad bridge, by Lakeview Hotel, and on 
Overmyer’s hill. It first came up about April 12, 1901, and by 
April 19 was growing rapidly—up about four inches high and a 
bright purplish green. By May 16 it was in flower north of the 
lake. In some places it continues blooming until after July 4. The 
peculiar form of the flower has doubtless been evolved to favor cer- 
tain insect visitors, and a select sort of visitors they must be that 
could alight on the underside of the pendant swaying bells and in- 
sert the proboscis to the very depth of the “horns of plenty” pro- 
jecting above. The wise, burglarious bumblebee, however, frus- 
trates all this invention and solves the problem easily by nipping 
little holes at the apices of the spurs, and sucking the nectar out. 


310 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Oddly enough he appears never to have struck the same plan on 
the wild touch-me-not, a blossom similarly built in this respect, 
though almost every country child knows the trick with the touch- 
me-not but never tries it on the columbine. 


339. LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE 
ANEMONE CYLINDRICA A. Gray 


Not very common; found growing on sandy hillsides. Both 
this and the following have the seeds coated with a peculiar wool. 
Rather common about Eagle, or Winona Lake, at Warsaw, Indiana. 


340. TALL ANEMONE 
ANEMONE VIRGINIANA L. 


Quite common at edges of woodlands and on open hillsides; 
found on the hill between the Culver railroad bridge and the depot, 
by Overmyer’s, along the railroad by the icehouses where it 
was in flower June 21, and on the shore by Walter Knapp’s 
where it was seen in fruit October 28, 1904. The flowers are 
rather large, but inccnspicuous and homely. The seeds remain at- 
tached to the columella until worn off by age. It is difficult to see 
how the dense pinky wool assists in the distribution of the seed 
as it offers little surface to the air. It would be very odd, but 
not in the least surprising, to find that they depended for distribu- 
tion on their chance of being used as a downy lining for the nests 
of mammals and birds. 


341. WIND-FLOWER; SNOW-DROPS; WILD ANEMONE 
ANEMONE QUINQUEFOLIA L. 


One of the most dainty members of our flora, growing shyly 
in shaded places in woodlands, the face of the sepals white, the 
backs a rich purplish pink. April 26, 1901, just coming up, 
Farrar’s woods; April 30, in flower, east side; May 3, a good deal 
seen in flower, west side. May 5, a good deal in flower near 
Scovell’s; May 16, still in blossom, Farrar’s woods. 


342. ROUND-LOBED LIVERWORT; ROUND-LOBED LIVER-LEAF 
HEPATICA HEPATICA (L.) Karst. 


Generally speaking, a rather rare form in the state, though tol- 
erably abundant in a few counties. It closely resembles the other, 
a well known form through the state, differing principally in the 
rounded lobes of the leaf. Rather common about the lake; found 
on the east side north of Aubeenaubee Creek, by Overmyer’s: woods, 
and at Long Point. Noted in blossom from April 5 to May 17. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey alae 


343. SHARP-LOBED LIVERWORT 
HEPATICA ACUTILOBA DC. 


This does not appear to be so common about the lake as the other 
species. Throughout the state in general it is common, though be- 
coming scarcer from year to year, and is one of the best known 
and beloved of early spring flowers. Excepting the snow trillium, 
which is rare and local in the state, it is the first of our conspicuous 
spring flowers, preceded only by a few such forms as skunk cab- 
bage, silver maple and pepper-and-salt. The leaves themselves are 
highly ornamental, being beautifully blotched with tracings of 
brown. The flowers, delicate in appearance but firm in stem 
and texture, and lasting well as cut flowers, have a faint sweet 
odor, hardly perceptible with single flowers but in clusters well 
marked, but delightfully faint and elusive. The flowers range 
greatly in color, from pure white to a deep pink and a deep blue, the 
deeper colors found in the more shaded situations. Occasional 
noteworthy forms occur. Near Fort Wayne, Indiana, was found 
one plant which had the petalloid sepals white with a decidedly 
greenish cast so that it could be called a green flower without, how- 
ever, being a structural reversion as many green flowers are; 
another was found bearing delicate pink blossoms fully double to 
the center, and of course bearing no seed. This plant was removed 
to a dooryard where though neglected utterly, it continued to bear 
its double blossoms year after year. In flower east of the lake 
April 19. 

344. RUE-ANEMONE 
SYNDESMON THALICTROIDES (L.) Hoffmeg. 


A well-known spring flower, somewhat resembling the wind 
flower, Anemone quinquefolia, with which it is sometimes con- 
fused. It is not, however, so pretty a flower. Abundant in shady 
pastures throughout the state. It was found in flower east of 
the lake, April 11, 1901, on Overmyer’s hill April 15, and was 
abundantly in blossom April 18 in Vajen’s gulch. It was still in 
blossom April 30. Although generally regarded as one of our 
early spring flowers it sometimes persists in flowering until June or 
July. Flowering specimens were found as late as this in the vicin- 
ity of Winona Lake in the summer of 1900. 


345. YELLOW WATER-CROWFOOT 
RANUNCULUS DELPHINIFOLIUS Torr. 


Common in temporary woodland ponds in Farrar’s woods, and 
common in such situations throughout the state. Like the water- 


ol2 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


parsnip, Riccia, and other forms found growing in places where 
it is dry ground part of the year and a good depth of water other 
times, this plant is remarkable for its protean changes of form, 
and exhibits the remarkable adaptability of organisms to changed 
conditions. In winter and spring the leaves, covered with water, 
are finely dissected, and with the exception of a few choice forms 
like the water parsnip and some of the Potamogetons, which have 
exceptional beauty of form, few plants show up so beautifully 
through the clear ice of early winter. There are few richer ex- 
periences than walking over the clear ice of some shallow pond, 
when all the world outside is sere and barren, and looking down at 
the green velvety water-meadows of water-crowfoot beneath. 

In summer, when the pond is a dry cracked mud-flat, the crow- 
foots still persist bright green as ever, but so changed in form as 
to be hardly recognizable; instead of the leaves being flaccid and 
finely dissected, they are firm of texture and merely lobed. 

In spring, after the ice has disappeared, and the plant puts 
forth its new growth, bearing floating leaves and flecking the sur- 
face of the pond with golden blossoms, we have a vertical variation, 
the lowermost leaves being finely fimbriate and flaccid, the success- 
ively higher ones less fimbriate, and the floating leaves like those 
of the land plant, merely lobed, and rather firm. 


346. PURSH’S BUTTERCUP 


RANUNCULUS PURSHII Richards 


Noted in flower at the tamarack west of the lake May 23, 1901. 


347. KIDNEY-LEAVED CROWFOOT 
RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS L. 
One of our common, homely weeds found scattered in moist 
open places, and preferring a heavy clay soil. Quite variable in 


size and form, with inconspicuous flowers. Found in flower east 
of the lake May 3, 1901. 


348. HOOKED CROWFOOT 

RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS Poir. 
Common in the woods between Farrar’s and Overmyer’s near 
the edge of the pond which joins the lake. Collected in blossom 


May 20, 1901. The globose heads with their hooked beaks remind 
one somewhat of the fruits of species of Geum of the Rosaceze. 


13 


J) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


349. BULBOUS BUTTERCUP 
RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS L. 


Not common; only 1 clump of plants seen. This was found in 
flower by the Arlington depot May 24 and June 4, 1901. The 
seed was probably brought in by the railroad. 


350. HISPID BUTTERCUP 
RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS Michx. 


Not abundant; collected on Long Point back from the shore of 
the lake; found also near Green’s marsh where it was in flower 
May 18, 1901. 


351. WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT 
BATRACHIUM TRICHOPHYLLUM (Chaix) F. Schultz 


During the early part of the survey this did not appear to be 
a common plant. A few were found by the green boathouse near 
Norris Inlet in 1900, and in 1901 a patch was found in fiower June 8 
in Lost Lake near the east shore. In later years it appears to have 
increased a good deal. In 1904 some was found on shore north of 
the icehouse, and on November 16 of that year it was still as green 
as ever, in Outlet Bay. In 1907 and 1908 there were large patches 
along the north shore of Long Point. 

The plants remain all winter, and are broken into fragments 
along shore by the winds and waves of March and April, each 
fragment taking root and growing. The white flowers are rather 
small and inconspicuous, giving the water surface a powdery, dusty 
appearance. 

Frequently, in late autumn, the plants are covered by a dense 
growth of diatoms. 


352. PURPLISH MEADOW-RUE 
THALICTRUM DASYCARPUM Fisch. & Lall. 

Probably not common; only one plant collected and its identifi- 
cation somewhat doubtful. We have found in meadows near Fort 
Wayne plants that appeared intermediate between this species and 
polygamum. 

3538. EARLY MEADOW-RUE 
THALICTRUM DIOICUM L. 

Common on the east side on wooded hillsides, also found west of 
the Palmer House. Abundant on the hill fronting Overmyer’s field. 
One of the earliest and most graceful of our spring flowers, but 
by no means showy. Noted in blossom April 23, 1901. 


314 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


304. FALL MEADOW-RUE 
THALICTRUM POLYGAMUM Mubhl. 


Not very common; occasionally found in moist, open places. 
The masses of rather long whitish filaments make the tall plants, 
when in bloom, rather conspicuous objects. Found in blossom 
southwest of the lake June 26, 1901. 


355. VIRGINIA VIRGIN’S BOWER 
CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA L. 


Rather uncommon about the lake, and most of the plants seen 
were staminate and stunted in growth. There were plants near 
McSheehy’s and by Lakeview Hotel, and some along the Maxin- 
kuckee road some distance back from the lake. The only pistillate 
plants seen were those near the Chandler cottage southeast of the 
lake. 

We have few plants more worthy of cultivation. Pistillate 
plants should always be chosen, with perhaps a few staminate ones 
to fertilize them. These, in July, cover trellises with a perfect 
mass of creamy white blossoms in clusters, to be followed later, 
especially after frost, with masses of feathery fruit, giving the 
appearance of masses of smoke. The effect on trellises, striking 
as it is, is not so remarkable as where the wild plants which grow 
very robust in rich black bottom lands trail over brushes and shrubs 
and hang down in great festoons; first of blossoms during a com- 
paratively flowerless season of the year, and later in smoke, add- 
ing their soft hazes to those of mellow Indian summer days. 


356. LEATHER-FLOWER 

VIORNA VIORNA (L.) Small 
Not found in the immediate vicinity of the lake, but common 
along Tippecanoe River near Delong and Yellow River near Ply- 
mouth. It is also common in Allen County near Fort Wayne, In- 
diana. Attractive for trellises, but considerably inferior to C. 
coccinea already in cultivation which is much like it in every re- 

spect except that it has much more brilliant flowers. 


FAMILY 59. BERBERIDACEZ. BARBERRY FAMILY 
357. BLUE COHOSH 
CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES (L.) Michx. 


Occasional on the east side of the lake, where it was found in 
flower April 23, 1901. Grows best in the moist rich soil of deep 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Sle, 


woodlands. A coarse rank plant. The large fruit, somewhat re- 
sembling a grape is mostly composed of a bullet-like seed which ap- 
pears to be composed of vegetable ivory. 


358. MAY APPLE; WILD MANDRAKE 


PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM L. 


Fairly common in rather dry woodlands. Noted in flower in 
Farrar’s woods May 14, 1901; the umbrellas were up in fine shape 
by April 19 and the buds had been showing for some time. Near 
Bloomington, Indiana, a number of years ago, a clump of remark- 
able plants of this species was found; nearly every flower was 
monstrous, the carpel not closing, so that the seeds were borne on 
the outside. Plants observed near Washington, D. C., had the um- 
brella-shaped leaves richly colored with a regular pattern of purple, 
and would be worthy of a place in a flower-garden. On August 
12, 1906, one of the inhabitants of Culver was seen with a large 
basket full of the ripe fruits—fine large ones, some russetty on 
one side, all an exquisitely rich yellow—altogether an unusual sight. 
It looked like the garden of the Hesperides had been burglarized. 
The fruits are sometimes used to make a jelly. 


FAMILY 60. MENISPERMACEZ. MOONSEED FAMILY 
359. MOONSEED 


MENISPERMUM CANADENSE L. 


Not very common about the lake; some plants seen on Over- 
myer’s hill. The blackish berries, which have a peculiar disagree- 
able, astringent taste, are eaten by birds. In some places this 
plant is known as “Wild Sarsaparilla’’ (a name also applied to 
Aralia nudicaulis), and a decoction of the long yellow rootstock is 
used in the preparation of home-made medicines. Old dead vines 
separate along the medulary rays and the segments twist about 
each other like the coils of a rope. 


FAMILY 61. LAURACEA. LAUREL FAMILY 
360. SASSAFRAS 
SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS (L.) Karst. 
Very common about the lake, especially southwest, by Farrar’s 
and Overymyer’s, and back of Walley’s. Found on the east side by 


the Chandler cottage; also on the depot grounds near shore. In 
flower May 6, 1901, and everywhere in bloom May 7. September 


316 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


24, 1900, leaves in bright autumnal coloration; October 28, leaves 
nearly all shed, the trees bare. 

Interesting on account of the various leaf forms, three forms 
being common on the same tree—oval without lobes, mitten-shaped 
with a small lobe on one side, and with a small lobe on each side. 
In Zechiel’s woods opposite Busart’s were some young sprouts with 
immense, very broad leaves, these frequently bearing five lobes. 

In dry sandy soils the sassafras takes an autumn coloration 
very early—sometimes in August—the coloration consisting of a 
red spotting which finally spreads over the whole leaf. Between 
the field fence and heavy forest in Walley’s woods was a long patch 
of sassafras, which, turning a beautiful red while the forest behind 
it was still green, made an attractive sight for the distance of a 
half-mile or more. In northern Indiana the sassafras is a rather 
small tree, rarely exceeding a diameter of 9 to 12 inches; farther 
south it attains a considerably greater diameter. The stump 
sprouts badly from the root, and it is difficult to keep down these 
sprouts in new fields. This is most easily done by pasturing over 
the places where the stumps are. 

The wood is very durable in contact with the soil, and is some- 
times used for fence-posts. It splits and ignites easily, and there- 
fore makes excellent kindling wood; some people believe a super- 
stition regarding it which prevents their using it for fuel. 

There is a popular belief in some parts of the country that there 
are two kinds of sassafras, the red and white, but we know of no 
fact or variation upon which this distinction could be based. 

The sassafras exhibits considerable individuality in regard to 
time of flowering, some trees blooming a week to ten days later 
than others in the same neighborhood. 


361. SPICE-BUSH 


BENZOIN AESTIVALE (L.) Nees 


A well known shrub, once common in low rich woods throughout 
the state, but disappearing as these are cleared up, drained or 
pastured. At Lake Maxinkuckee it was found in Overmyer’s 
woods and on the east side of the lake. It was well out in flower 
by April 30, 1901. 

The small yellow flowers, preceding the leaves make this shrub 
somewhat attractive, and the spicy fragrance of the crushed 
branches and leaves is agreeable. The red elliptical berries are 
too few to make much show. The leaves turn to a beautiful golden 
in autumn. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey one 


FAMILY 62. PAPAVERACEZ. POPPY FAMILY 
362. BLOODROOT; PUCCOON-ROOT 
SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS L. 

Common in woodlands, especially on the east side of the lake. 
Noted in flower from April 11 to April 30. Some of the flowers 
were pretty badly frozen April 19, 1901. The petals are usually 
pure white. Some seen near Bloomington, Indiana, had a pinkish 
tinge. 


FAMILY 63. FUMARIACEZ. FUMEWORT FAMILY 
363. DUTCHMAN’S BREECHES 
BICUCULLA CUCULLARIA (L.) Millsp. 


Abundant northeast of the lake in Culver’s woods. Collected 
in flower April 30, 1901. 


FAMILY 64. CRUCIFERZ. MUSTARD FAMILY 
364. GOLD-OF-PLEASURE; FALSE FLAX 
CAMELINA SATIVA (L.) Crantz 


Not common; a member of the railroad flora, and apparently 
of recent introduction. In flower along the railroad in front of the 
Assembly grounds May 18, 1901. 


365. SHEPHERD’S-PURSE 
BURSA BURSA-PASTORIS (L.) Britton 


Like the dandelion and English sparrow, one of the hardy emi- 
grants found thriving everywhere and at all times and seasons. It 
is not so much of a nuisance as the dandelion, however; it is easily 
killed out by cultivation and while sometimes annoying in lawns, 
it cannot compete with a vigorous growth of grass, and is not so 
conspicuous or persistent as the dandelion, being an annual. It is 
essentially a plant of waste places. It is usually one of the very 
earliest plants to be found in spring, and the latest in autumn. At 
Lake Maxinkuckee, it was found everywhere in waste places and 
at all seasons. 


366. MARSH WATER-CRESS; YELLOW WATER-CRESS 
RADICULA PALUSTRIS (L.) Moench 


Common in wet places, forming scattered patches. Although 
abundant in places it never becomes a bad weed, as it is confined to 
grounds too moist to cultivate. 


318 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


367. TRUE WATER-CRESS 
SISYMBRIUM NASTURTIUM-AQUATICUM L. 


Not abundant, and in quite localized patches. It either does 
not find conditions favorable for spreading, or has been only re- 
cently introduced. One small patch was found at the edge of the 
lake at Barnes’s pier and another small patch at Farrar’s. It was 
pretty well established in a creek entering Culver Bay. In 1904 
another small patch was found on the north shore west of the 
depot. In flower on the northeast side of the lake June 5, 1901. 

In springy places by the Vandalia railroad between Plymouth 
and Twin Lakes this plant grows with great luxuriance. 


368. HORSE-RADISH 
ARMORACIA ARMORACIA (L.) Britton 


Not abundant; in flower in waste places May 20. Several 
plants found on the ice ridge at the south end of the lake. 

The horse-radish has never been planted to any extent in this 
district. In many parts of the state where planted and not kept 
within bounds it becomes a great nuisance, especially in rather 
moist clay. It does not spread far, as it fortunately produces no 
seed, but every fragment of root grows with great tenacity, and 
an effort to get rid of the plant by hoeing out the roots is likely only 
to increase their number by dividing them. 


369. WILD PEPPER-GRASS 
LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM L. 


One of the most common and variable of our plants, especially 
variable in size and leafiness. In spite of its great abundance and 
adaptability, it never appears to become a bad weed. Some plants 
attain only the height of a few inches, others become a foot or 
more high; some have only a rosette of leaves at the base, while 
others are leafy throughout, with a rosette of leaves at the top. 
The leaves vary considerably in shape. Plants begin blooming 
very early in spring—our earliest record is May 13, though they 
doubtless bloom much earlier. They continue blooming until killed 
by freezing—indeed, in protected situations in mild winters, they 
probably bloom all year. Although the growth is usually inde- 
terminate, in rich black ground, especially in a dry autumn, the 
entire plant ripens, the leaves fall off, leaving a round clump of a 
plant with innumerable small pods; these sometimes of a pleasing 
purplish color. They were noted brightly in blossom as late as 
November 24. The later flowers are reduced, having only 2 stam- 


° Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 319 


ens, and the late fruits are often attacked by a fungus which causes 
them to blast and turn black. The plants furnish a good deal of 
bird food during early winter, and one can frequently notice in 
2arly snows numerous bird-tracks among these plants, and note 
where the birds have been pecking. The late autumn seedlings 
survive the winter in the form of small rosette plants, ready to 
push up a flowerstalk with the advent of spring. 


370. HEDGE WEED OR MUSTARD 
ERYSIMUM OFFICINALE (L.) Scop. 


Common in open waste places. Noted in flower on the east side 
May 28, 1901, and in blossom in Chadwick’s yard September 13, 
1907. It blooms until killed by frost; many of the later blooming 
plants are seedlings which have sprung up during the late sum- 
mer. There was a good patch near the Bardsley cottage. 


371. TALL HEDGE MUSTARD 
NORTA ALTISSIMA (L.) Britton 


Apparently of recent introduction. A number of plants found 
in a single patch along the railroad by the icehouses. The plants 
had been in flower for some time by June 11, and by this time the 
pods were well developed. 


372. HAIRY ROCK-CRESS 
ARABIS HIRSUTA (L.) Scop. 


Rather common in dry ground north and northwest of the lake. 
Collected in flower and with the pods somewhat grown May 27, 
1901. 

3738. SMOOTH ROCK-CRESS 


ARABIS LAEVIGATA (MuhlL.) Poir. 


Rather common on the steep rocky bluffs, along the eastern 
shore of the lake. In flower May 24 and later. Specimens were 
collected May 27, 1901. 


374. SICKLE-POD 
ARABIS CANADENSIS L. 


Rather common in dry gravelly shaded places on both sides of 
the lake; noted at Long Point, by Lakeview Hotel, and along the 
east side on the high banks. The curved pods resembling the 
blade of a scythe in shape or the semi-transparent partitions left 
after the valves have fallen, form rather conspicuous objects dur- 
ing the winter months. Noted in flower early in June. 


320 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


375. MEADOW BITTER-CRESS; CUCKOO-FLOWER 


CARDAMINE PRATENSIS L. 


One of the most attractive of the cardamines, with its tall stem 
and comparatively large white flowers. Common, scattered through 
moist open meadows such as the flat west of the grist-mill and 
Green’s marsh. In flower from May 5 on. 


376. PENNSYLVANIA BITTER-CRESS 
CARDAMINE PENNSYLVANICA Muhl. 


Common in swamps and wet places. Collected in flower near 
the shore of the lake, in the low woods by Overmyer’s May 25, 1901. 


377. PURPLE CRESS 
CARDAMINE DOUGLASSII (Torr.) Britton 


Rather common, especially on the northeast side of the lake 
about the low margins of marshes and in wet woods generally. 
It is common throughout the state in wet woods. In early 
spring the plant shoots up quickly from a sort of tuber. The flower 
buds, first as minute little bells, gradually enlarging and show- 
ing glimpses of pink are among the earliest promises of spring 
flowers, though several other plants not so prominent in bud, bloom 
earlier. In flower April 19, 1901, abundantly in flower April 30. 


378. SPRING CRESS; BULBOUS CRESS 
CARDAMINE BULBOSA (Schreb.) B. S. P. 


Once common throughout the state in rich woods, especially in 
wet places, but disappearing as these are drained, cleared or pas- 
tured. A very hardy plant, the naked flowerbuds showing ex- 
ceedingly early in spring. One of our best known spring flowers. 
April 19, 1901, in flower on the east side of the lake. April 30, 
abundantly in flower. May 5, collected in Green’s marsh. 


379. CUT-LEAVED TOOTHWORT 
DENTARIA LACINIATA Muhl. 


Not so abundant as the cardamines, but growing in similar 
situations; partial to rich leaf-mold. April 11, 1901, in large bud 
east of the lake; April 18 in flower in Vajen’s gulley; April 19, 
27 and 30, still continuing in bloom. It bears yellow fusiform 
tubers resembling miniature sweet potatoes. These have a pleasant 
mustard-like flavor. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 321 


380. CHARLOCK; WILD MUSTARD 
SINAPIS ARVENSIS L. 
Not common; a member of the introduced railroad flora. 


381. RAPE 
BRASSICA NAPUS L. 


Occasionally cultivated and sometimes escapes. Some plants 
grew along the railroad north of the icehouses and had well de- 


veloped pods by June 11, 1901. 


FAMILY 65. SARRACENIACEA. PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY 
382. PITCHER-PLANT 


SARRACENIA PURPUREA L. 


This interesting plant was once quite common in the neighbor- 
hood of the lake. They were once quite abundant in the large 
tamarack a few miles west of the lake, but with the draining of this 
marsh they rapidly disappeared. <A few fine plants were seen at 
the edge of Lake Maxinkuckee, but they were not seen on the later 
visits to the lake, and have probably died out. They still are rather 
common in Hawk’s marsh, and appear to be thriving there. The 
leaves vary somewhat in color, some being nearly uniformly green, 
others with deep purple veins. They usually contain the remains 
of large insects, such as beetles, grasshoppers and the like. A 
small, long-legged mosquito-like insect seems to live, and probably 
to breed, in them. It has no trouble rising straight out of the cups. 
In many cases insects gnaw their way through, though whether 
from the inside or outside has not been determined; many of the 
pitchers are empty, with large holes gnawed through the base. 

The liquid within the pitchers freezes perfectly solid during the 
winter but this never breaks or splits the pitcher, perhaps on ac- 
count of their elasticity. The purple blossoms, which appear in 
late May and early June, are large and handsome; the large um- 
brella-shaped expansion of the style gives them an odd, bald appear- 
ance. 


FAMILY 66. DROSERACEZ. SUNDEW FAMILY 
383. ROUND-LEAVED SUNDEW 


DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA L. 


Not common; found in a few small patches along the northeast 
and east shore of Lost Lake; a small patch found also a consider- 


21—17618—Vol. 2 


322 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


able distance down the outlet of Lost Lake, at the edge of a high 
bank on the west side (1904). The sundew patches were found 
growing in patches of various species of mosses, principally 
sphagnum, or in wet sand, and the occurrence of little patches of 
sphagnum here and there at the edge of Lost Lake is especially 
interesting, as it shows the first stage of the conversion of a lake 
into a peat bog. The sundew plants grew close to the water’s edge, 
just at such places as the clouds of midges perform their aerial 
dances. The central leaves of the sundews stayed green all win- 
ter, rolled up like fern fronds, forming a tiny rosette. By May 27, 
1901, the leaves had unfolded and were covered with the remains 
of tiny midges they had captured; the place where they grew 
seemed especially favorable for the capture of prey. 

The plants, especially when in bloom, with the drops of secre- 
tion sparkling and glistening in the sunlight, are remarkably at- 
tractive. 


384. SPATULATE-LEAVED SUNDEW 


DROSERA INTERMEDIA Hayne 


Much more abundant than the other species and more confined 
to sphagnous bogs. There were small patches in Walley’s peat- 
marsh and others of considerable extent in Hawk’s marsh. Not 
so attractive as the other sundew, as the leaves are too narrow to 
give much foliage effect. The leaves turn bright red in autumn 
and are killed quickly by frost, though the central bud of the plant 
persists. 


FAMILY 67. CRASSULACEZH. ORPINE FAMILY 
385. LIVE-FOREVER 


SEDUM TRIPHYLLUM (Haw.) S. F. Gray 


A clump found on the lake shore by Murray’s and one on 
the road to Delong. This species is usually found in the vicinity 
of old homesteads, as if at one time planted for ornament. The 
rose-colored cymes of flowers are rather pretty, but the plant seldom 
blooms, usually propagating by joints. The plants near Lake Max- 
inkuckee, growing in the wilds, bloomed profusely. This plant, like 
others of the stonecrops, is noteworthy for its abundance of soft 
mesophyll. If the leaf-stem is broken off, the leaf may be gently 
macerated and the mesophyll squeezed out, leaving the leaf as an 
empty bag. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey onze 


FAMILY 68. PENTHORACEH. VIRGINIA STONECROP FAMILY 


386. DITCH OR VIRGINIA STONECROP 
PENTHORUM SEDOIDES L. 

Common in ditches and swampy places, such as back of Win- 
field’s, by the railroad bridge, and in Green’s marsh. Although the 
flowers are small and inconspicuous, the clusters of fruits which 
are often reddish in color, are quite attractive. 


FAMILY 69. PARNASSIACEAS. GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS FAMILY 


887, CAROLINA GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS 


PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA Michx. 


Scattered in patches in boggy marshes among sedges and 
grasses. Found in the Inlet marsh and in low grounds along Out- 
let Bay. The creamy flowers are quite attractive, but in spite of 
their apparent firmness, wither quickly on being plucked. The 
plants frequently continue in blossom until killed by frost. Some 
were noted in flower September 27, 1900. 


FAMILY 70. SAXIFRAGACEH. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY 
9988. SWAMP SAXIFRAGE; PENNSYLVANIA SAXIFRAGE 


MICRANTHES PENNSYLVANICA (L.) Haw. 
Scattered rather sparingly in swampy places. Found in the 


marsh back of the Culver grist-mill and in the tamarack west of 
the lake. Noted in flower May 17 and 22, 1901. 


389. ROUGH HEUCHERA 
HEUCHERA HISPIDA Pursh 


Scattered in woodlands in various places about the lake, such 
as at Long Point, near Farrar’s, and near the depot grounds. The 
flowers are inconspicuous but noteworthy for their red stamens 
and very red pollen. The leaves remain green all winter. They 
frequently assume purple tints in well marked patterns and are 
quite attractive when most other leaves are dead and brown. Col- 
lected in blossom in early June. 


390. TWO-LEAVED BISHOP’S CAP OR MITRE-WORT 
MITELLA DIPHYLLA L. 


Found in shady ravines on the east side of the lake. One of 
the daintiest of our wild flowers, the small white flowers with their 


324 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


incised petals resembling snowflakes. Leaves, scapes and flower- 
buds showed well by April 19. Some of the first blossoms were 
out April 30, 1901. 


FAMILY 71. HAMAMELIDACEAR. WITCH HAZEL FAMILY 
391. WITCH-HAZEL 
HAMAMELIS VIRGINIANA L. 


Quite abundant, forming a long narrow patch or copse along 
the low bluff which borders the east shore of the outlet of Lost 
Lake back of Green’s. A number of bushes also on the high bank 
by McOuat’s east of the Lake. It seems to thrive best in a some- 
what sandy soil. 

Even scattered bushes of the witch-hazel are attractive and in- 
teresting, and the habit of putting out blossoms late in autumn 
when the leaves are falling or are wholly fallen, when no other 
shrubs or even herbs with conspicuous flowers are in bloom, makes 
it an especially desirable plant for parks. It is among flowers what 
Indian summer days are to the year. It is not so often found in 
parks as one might expect; we have never seen it in any of the 
Chicago parks; there are one or two in the Department of Agri- 
culture grounds, but in none of the other Washington parks, not 
even in the Botanic Garden, though the Japanese witch-hazel, which 
blooms in early spring, is there. The individual blossoms are small 
and inconspicuous, but on a particularly floriferous bush they grow 
in such abundance that they cover the tree with a golden haze, con- 
siderably more effective than the Carnelian Cherry, Cornus mas, 
which blossoms in early spring, and which we have taken the 
trouble to import from Europe for park purposes. 

The witch-hazel exhibits a good deal of variation and indi- 
viduality, and the more showy individuals should be selected for 
planting. 

The clump along Lost Lake was really one of the features of the 
region, and indicated how it should be planted for the best gen- 
eral effects, i. e., in large clumps. 

An element that always makes the witch-hazel especially inter- 
esting is that of uncertainty as to just what it will do. Blooming 
as it does, late in autumn or early winter, when inclement weather 
is likely to occur at almost any time, it has to adapt itself to cir- 
cumstances. A warm, favorable autumn brings it out more or less 
all at once, and the blooming season, though fairly long, is consid- 
erably shorter than under more unfavorable conditions. In 1906 
the bushes of Lost Lake copse were beginning to be full of bloom 


5 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 325 


by September 14. They were beautifully in flower October 15, 
18 and so on, continuing until November 22. On October 12, the 
blossoming bushes were covered with snow. On such years the 
plants are more showy as they have all their blossoms crowded into 
the shorter season. When the autumn is full of inclement days, 
however, the buds stay closed on bad days, peeping out only on 
bright pleasant days, and the flowering period is prolonged, thus 
in 1900-1901, the blossoms which were noted fully in flower October 
23, continued flowering until after New Year, when one could skate 
across the ice of Lost Lake for a bouquet. 

The witch-hazel appears to bear its great abundance of flowers 
every other year, ripening its fruit in alternate years so that though 
every year there will be a few flowers or a little fruit, there will 
usually be especially floriferous years when there is little fruit 
alternating with especially fruitful autumns when there are few 
flowers. 

Places not far apart geographically may have the years differ- 
ent. In 1909 the bushes at Fish Lakes, Indiana, bore immense 
quantities of fruit, while those of Lake Maxinkuckee had many 
flowers but little fruit. 

The fruit is as interesting as the flowers, each fruit consist- 
ing of a pair of woody elastic valves. As these ripen and dry, 
they exert a pinch or pressure upon the black shining seed, which 
is shot out with some force. The witch-hazel seed is about the 
shape of an apple seed and placed in the pod sharp end down so 
that it is shot out just as a boy shoots apple seeds by pressing them 
between the thumb and finger. The seeds are shot some 20 to 40 
feet. By getting a fruitful branch and hanging it up in a room or 
placing it in a vase and waiting, the interesting bombardment will 
soon begin. 

The seeds are edible, but are tedious eating. 

The leaves turn to a beautiful gold in autumn. Young leaves 
are often purplish, suggesting the possibility of developing a form 
with attractive foliage. 


FAMILY 72. ALTINGIACES. ALTINGIA FAMILY 
392. SWEET GUM 
LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. 


Rare; two trees found in a lot on the east side of the lake, 
the larger about twenty-five feet high. They may have been 
planted trees, as this is unusually far north for this species in In- 
diana. Dr. Stanley Coulter, however, reports the species from the 


326 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


neighboring county of Kosciusko. The trees were out of flower by 
May 28, 1901. The glossy leaves take on a strikingly rich colora- 
tion in autumn and the branches are remarkable for their broad 
plates of corky outgrowth. 


FAMILY 73. GROSSULARIACEZ. GOOSEBERRY FAMILY 
393. WILD BLACK CURRANT 


RIBES AMERICANUM Mill. 


Infrequent in the vicinity of the lake, though common through- 
out the state in low, damp woods. The only plants found were in 
the neighborhood of Inlet marsh. Although this plant is consid- 
erably inferior in appearance to the Missouri currant, and the blos- 
soms lack the spicy odor of that species, the pale yellow tresses of 
blossoms are decidedly handsome, and are borne in considerable 
profusion. The fruits are rather pleasant eaten out of hand, but 
are of too gamy a flavor to be used in cooking. 


394. WILD GOOSEBERRY 
GROSSULARIA CYNOSBATI (L.) Mill. 


Fairly common in woodlands. The earliest of our shrubs to 
leaf out in spring, a wild gooseberry bush shows at a distance its 
halo of green when the surrounding trees and bushes are still 
brown and bare. The blossoms contain an abundance of sweet 
nectar which can be obtained by biting off the basal portion. The 
berries are sometimes cooked after the spines are rubbed off, but 
the fruit is inferior to that of garden sorts. The leaves are quite 
resistant to mildew which so frequently plays havoc with cultivated 
varieties, and the “currant worm” seems never to trouble them. 
Wild gooseberry bushes are occasionally seen growing high on the 
top of old stubs of trees. 

April 19, 1901, tips of buds show green; April 22, leaved out so 
as to show green for some distance, many leaves entirely unfolded; 
April 30, nearly in flower, east side; May 3, in flower, Walley’s 
woods. 

395. NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY 
GROSSULARIA OXYACANTHOIDES (L.) Mill. 


Not common; found in the tamarack west of the lake, also in 
the one northeast of the lake. Found in flower May 22, 1901. 
The fruit is smaller than that of the prickly gooseberry and borne 
rather sparingly. The flowers are markedly different from those 
of the preceding species, having a very shallow cup. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey BAT 


FAMILY 74. PLATANACEA. PLANE-TREE FAMILY 
396. SYCAMORE 


PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS L. 


A fairly common tree in the immediate vicinity of the lake, the 
greater number growing rather close to the shore line. No very 
large trees were seen. 

The sycamore is much more common on the west side of the 
lake than on the east, as there is more low level ground there. 
Along the west, south and southeast sides of the lake the trees 
are scattered along the shore from Long Point to Norris’s. Six 
trees were found in the Long Point region. Along the top of the 
ice-beach near the road in front of Green’s occurs a row of syca- 
mores from 15 to 20 feet high, bearing fruit. Another row is found 
on shore between Murray’s and Farravr’s, and a third row is found 
between the Inlet and Norris’s. A large stub of the largest tree 
noted remains in the region by the wagon road at Culver Bay. 
Small trees are occasional in front of the Assembly grounds. 

In some parts of the state this species reaches an immense size, 
perhaps exceeding in diameter any other species. 

The seeds are shed during the winter, the process continuing 
sometimes well on into spring. The ice was sometimes covered 
with them in places. The young seedlings germinate in May and 
June. As in the case with the elm, seedlings of this species come 
up in great numbers along the high-water line of the lake. There 
was a long row about two inches high on the sandy beach in front 
of Green’s, one in the low woods near Overmyer’s, and one on 
the shore between the Inlet and Norris’s. The bearing row of 
saplings in front of Green’s seems to have been the survivors of 
such a row left in a year of unusually high water. 

The leaves are not remarkable for autumnal coloration ; they 
turn a dull yellow, then brown. The leaves were decidedly brown 
by September 27, 1904, and were falling by September 29. Some 
trees had leaved out well by May 9, 1901. The sycamore has the 
somewhat peculiar habit of having the axillary buds protected by 
the leaf-petiole. 

The sycamore was once confined chiefly to the edges of water- 
courses and ponds throughout the state, but it now often springs up 
in cleared places in the upland, where it appears to grow quite 
rapidly. This change of habit is perhaps due to the fact -that 
when the country was well covered with forests and the winds 
had not so wide a sweep, the seeds were chiefly carried by water, 


328 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


but with the opening up of the country, giving the winds greater 
play, the seeds, which are well adapted to wind dispersal, were scat- 
tered farther and more widely by it than heretofore. 

From the lumberman’s and woodman’s point of view, the syca- 
more has a low value. The lumber is brittle, very liable to wind- 
shake, but very difficult to split. The tree has, however, a high 
ornamental value. It has a peculiar habit of shedding its bark 
every year; this process is sometimes gradual, so that it is not 
noticeable in the act; at other places the shedding of the bark is 
an active process, which usually takes place in July or August and 
occupies only a few weeks, the bark falling in considerable patches 
about the trees. The bark from which the old patches have re- 
cently fallen is more or less greenish, soon blanching to snowy 
whiteness. 

The sycamore is said to make a good street tree; many of the 
streets of Washington, D. C., are bordered by the oriental species, 
which is not so handsome. When grown in the open this tree is 
quite regularly pyramidal; in natural conditions they are quite ir- 
regular in growth, like the white-oak. It is in its native setting, 
that some gigantic stately old tree of this species, with bark of 
snowy whiteness, leaning over some water course and glimpsed 
through the distance and through vistas of native trees, shows at 
its best—standing like Nausicia the white-armed, at the water’s 
edge—and the tale of the Persian conqueror’s having fallen in love 
with a plane-tree and adorning it with necklaces and jewels does 
not seem so improbable. 

In recent years, both in the neighborhood of Lake Maxinkuckee 
and other regions where sycamores abound, it was noticed that the 
upper surface of the leaves turned a dead sickly whitish during the 
summer. This is due to the presence of a species of lace-bug which 
is almost as constant an associate of the sycamore as the potato 
beetle of the potato, and both adult and young bugs are usually 
abundant on the underside of the leaves during late summer. The 
adult bugs winter under the scales of bark. These bugs are among 
the most beautiful objects that can be obtained for examination 
under a lens. 

Near the road by Murray’s, a sycamore sprout developed 
which was peculiar in having variegated leaves, the leaves having 
large splotches of white, with clouded splotches. The leaves came 
out this way every year. On the Yellow River is a tree fifteen or 
twenty feet high, all the leaves of which are similarly marked and 
forming a beautiful and unusual sight. Such a form would be well 
worthy of propagation by grafts or cuttings. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 329 


Within the area where the mistletoe thrives the sycamore is a 
fairly common host of this parasite; along the Cumberland River 
we saw numerous trees thus affected, though it is not so susceptible 
as the blue-gum and elm. 

The fuzz of the sycamore leaves, when breathed into the nose 
or trachea, causes a violent and distressing cough. 


FAMILY 75. ROSACEA. ROSE FAMILY 
397. NINEBARK 


OPULASTER OPULIFOLIUS (L.) Kuntze 


Not common; one plant, which has long since disappeared, grew 
on the north shore of Long Point; a small patch was found in a 
gully east of Overmyer’s; cultivated for ornament on the Culver 
Military Academy grounds. Leafed out by May 4, 1901. Just 
coming into blossom June 10 at Long Point. 

The ninebark is a rather variable plant, sometimes not par- 
ticularly attractive, but at its best one of the most attractive shrubs 
we have. Indeed, there are few shrubs that can compete with it, 
for there are forms ornamental in flower, some in fruit, and some 
in foliage. If all of these three forms could be combined into one 
the plant would be almost incomparable. 

The plants in flower resemble a large-flowered spireea of the van 
houttei type and are borne in numerous many-flowered corymbs. 
These are followed by clusters of inflated pods—five pods to each 
flower. These pods are frequently green in color, when they have 
no especial ornamental value; some growing in a rich mucky swamp 
in Allen County, Indiana, had the pods a rich red color; these were 
remarkably handsome, more striking indeed than the flowers. In 
the park about the ellipse at Washington, D.C., is a golden-leaved 
form, the leaves of which with the glinting of a peculiar golden 
shade mingled in with greener portions, give a splendid richness 
of color hardly to be equalled in any other style of leaf-coloration. 


398. MEADOW-SWEET 


SPIRAEA ALBA Du Roi 


Scattered through low grounds in the vicinity of the lake, as 
about Long Point, near Lost Lake, and in Walley’s marsh. A 
rather handsome erect shrub with steeple-shaped panicles of white, 
slightly fragrant flowers. Leafing out near Long Point, April 29, 
1901; in flower by Lost Lake July 26. Much in flower in Walley’s 
marsh, August 19, 1906. 


330 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


399. HARDHACK; STEEPLE-BUSH 
SPIRAEA TOMENTOSA L. 


Not common in the immediate vicinity of the lake; a few plants 
in low places. It thrives best in tamarack and sphagnum bogs, 
and in mucky places. More attractive than the other species; its 
purple flowers in dense steeple-shaped erect panicles. On August 
14, on the way from Bass Lake, great patches of this species gave 
color to the whole landscape at one place. 


400. FIVE-FINGER; COMMON CINQUEFOIL 
POTENTILLA CANADENSIS L. 


Rather common in dry places about the lake but not so com- 
mon as to form large patches to the exclusion of everything else 
as it is in dry hills about Eagle Lake. In flower along the rail- 
road north of the icehouses, May 16, 1911. A common and well 
known plant throughout the state. Associated with the roots are 
small onion-shaped tubers, astringent to the taste and of great 
repute among herb doctors as a remedy for cholera morbus. 


401. ROUGH CINQUEFOIL 
POTENTILLA MONSPELIENSIS L. 


Quite abundant in various waste places. Found in flower along 
the south edge of the lake June 12, 1901. It continues blossom- 
ing late; barely out of flower by October 24, 1904. A coarse homely 
weed unaffected by the early frosts and freezes. 


402. PURPLE OR MARSH CINQUEFOIL 
COMARUM PALUSTRE L. 


Scattered; common in marshy places, especially cold sphagnous 
bogs. Found in the Inlet marsh, by the Outlet, and along the 
northeast shore of Lost Lake. In flower June 3, 1901. The large 
purple flowers are quite handsome and so unlike anything else that 
they attract attention. 


403. WILD STRAWBERRY; VIRGINIA STRAWBERRY 
FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA Duchesne 


Not very common; found near Farrar’s and along the rail- 
road. In flower May 2, 1901; ripe June 3. Variable in size and 
shape. Some along the railroad were much larger than the others 
and were probably escapes from the cultivated berry. Leaves turn 
bright red in autumn and persist during the winter. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 331 


404. SOFT AGRIMONY 
AGRIMONIA MOLLIS (T. & G.) Britton 


Common on the dry gravelly flat at the north end of Long Point; 
plentiful near shore south of Green’s and farther south, beyond 
Murray’s. North of the Outlet and present in small quantities near 
Winfield’s. A nuisance on account of its small burrs. 


405. MANY-FLOWERED AGRIMONY 
AGRIMONIA PARVIFLORA Soland. 


Common in rich ground in somewhat open places. Like the 
other, its burry seed capsules make it a disagreeable weed. Fortu- 
nately, however, it never grows in cultivated ground. 


406. WHITE AVENS 
GEUM CANADENSE Jaca. 


Scattered in shaded woodlands. Found in Farrar’s woods, also 
in Culver’s woods northeast of the lake some distance back. 


407. WILD RED RASPBERRY 
RUBUS STRIGOSUS Michx. 


Not common; although the books give its habitat as “dry 
rocky situations’, the most common situation in which we have 
found it is in old drained tamaracks and mucky or peaty soils. As 
it is never found in wet or living sphagnum swamps it is probable 
that the plants found in the dried up marshes have arisen from 
seeds dropped by birds, and having found congenial soil have multi- 
plied. In such situations the plants bear fruit rather sparingly. 
A few plants were found in the drained tamarack northeast of the 
lake January 3, 1905. 


408. BLACK RASPBERRY 
RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS L. 


Once common throughout the state in open woods, about stumps 
at the edges of copses and about fields. Not found in deep 
woodlands but appearing quickly where lands have been partly 
cleared so as to make the forests more open. Its rapid and extens- 
ive dissemination in such places is due to birds. It soon disap- 
pears from woodlands that have been heavily pastured. In many 
parts of the state where it was originally common it has become 
rare, due to pasturing. 

Not especially common about Lake Maxinkuckee; there was a 


Bac Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


small patch along the railroad near Green’s marsh. Leaved out 
well by May 2, 1901. In flower May 19. 


409. DWARF RED RASPBERRY 


RUBUS TRIFLORUS Richards 


Not common; generally found in sphagnous marshes or in mossy 
places in woodland ponds, sometimes growing in mucky places. 
Found at the border of a pond in Walley’s woods and in the tam- 
arack marsh west of the lake. In flower May 22, 1901. 

A delicate, thin-leaved trailing plant. The white blossoms have 
an exquisite, delicate odor. The fruit, which is borne sparingly, is 
exceedingly handsome, purplish-red in color and exceedingly good 
eating, somewhat sour but with a delicious aromatic flavor. 


410. TALL BLACKBERRY 


RUBUS ARGUTUS Link 


Rather common in scattered patches; on the hill north of the 
icehouses and in front of the Assembly grounds. A fine large 
patch on the side of the slope east of Lost Lake outlet back of 
Green’s field. Very abundant in Walley’s woods where, in 1906, 
it bore a great abundance of fruit. Scattered plants through 
Farrar’s woods. 

June 4 to 14, 1901, in flower in Farrar’s woods. July 29 to Au- 
gust 29, 1906, in fruit in Walley’s woods. Leaves very tardily shed 
in protected situations in woodlands; they remained green nearly 
all winter in Farrar’s woods. 

A plant with large long crystal-white fruit, very sweet and de- 
licious, was found near Fort Wayne and transplanted from the 
woods where found, but it finally died. Another patch with small 
yellow berries, which always remained rather sour, was found in 
the same. woods. ‘‘White” blackberries can be told from others 
even in the winter, by the paleness of the canes. 


411. DEWBERRY; LOW RUNNING BLACKBERRY 


RUBUS PROCUMBENS Muhl. 


Common in sandy places, along the railroad, in old fields, etc. 
The flower buds showed well along the railroad May 10, 1901, and 
by May 19 it was fully in flower. In this vicinity it usually yields 
rather sparingly but in 1909 there was an immense crop in one of 
Green’s fallow fields. With a good market, this should prove a 
profitable crop in some of the sandy fields. The leaves assume 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey SH) 


beautiful coloration in autumn, and were very attractive from Sep- 
tember 27 to October 11 and on. 


412. RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY 
RUBUS HISPIDUS L. 


Rather common in low marshy places, especially among sphag- 
num. Found on the edge of Lost Lake marsh and on the west 
side of Lost Lake outlet. The shining glossy leaves make this 
the most attractive in foliage of the dewberries, but the fruit which 
is borne quite sparingly is small and sour and altogether worthless. 


413. SWAMP ROSE; WILD ROSE 
ROSA CAROLINA L. 


Common at the edges of swamps; found in the tangle at Long 
Point, along the edge of the pond below Farrar’s and in swamps 
in Walley’s woods. In flower at Long Point June 28, 1901. The 
flowers of this rose are not particularly handsome; the stems are 
very erect and stiff. It comes nearer being a rose-tree than any 
other species and might form an excellent stock upon which to graft 
attractive varieties to produce standard forms. 


414, LOW OR PASTURE ROSE 
4 ROSA VIRGINIANA Mill. 


Rather common on railroad embankments; abundant on the 
bank near the icehouse, by McSheehy’s pier and on the railroad 
embankment between the icehouses and Culver. Leafing out, April 
29,1901. In flower, June 10. Like the common blue violet it has 
a second blossoming period in autumn. Some were observed in 
flower September 28, 1900. The bushes along the railroad bore an 
abundance of very large, flattish hips like miniature apples, and 
these, ripening with one bright pink cheek, were almost as hand- 
some as the blossoms. 


415. SWEHEETBRIER 
ROSA RUBIGINOSA L. 


Not common; one clump found by the Long Point road a little 
north of Green’s field and another clump in a pasture, close to Lost 
Lake outlet, some distance down across the road from Walley’s. 

Not especially common in northern Indiana; rather common in 
the south. The seed is distributed by birds. In spite of its exceed- 
ing thorniness, the most delightful of roses, the whole plant, es- 
pecially on moist days, exhaling a delicate fragrance, which an- 
nounces its presence for several rods. 


334 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 76. MALACEZ. APPLE FAMILY 
416. AMERICAN CRAB APPLE 


MALUS GLAUCESCENS Rehder 


Rather common on high ground south of the lake and a tree 
or two north of the lake. Nearly past flowering May 22, 1901. 
Fruit ripe, rich yellow, October 25. 

Well known for the beauty and fragrance of its flowers. In 
some locations the fruit remains a dull green when ripe, in others 
a dull yellow. Trees in the Botanic Garden at Washington bore 
fruit almost twice as large as those at Lake Maxinkuckee which 
may be due to cultivation; however, different trees vary consider- 
ably in size of fruit, though they seem to possess the same flavor. 
In spite of their sourness cattle seem to be fond of them, and a 
cow was once seen under a wild crab tree eagerly nosing out and 
picking up the apples. 


417, APPLE 


MALUS MALUS (1...) Britton 


Several wild apple trees are scattered about the lake; one by the 
icehouses, two between Murray’s and Farrar’s, and some on the 
east side. Some trees at the head of a gully in woods on the east 
side bore a pleasant but rather acid fruit. 


418. RED CHOKEBERRY 


ARONIA ARBUTIFOLIA (L.) EI. 


Collected in a swamp near the lake May 16, 1901. Apparently 
rare; this is the only record, and the fruit has not been noticed. 


419. BLACK CHOKEBERRY 


ARONIA MELANOCARPA (Michx.) Britton 


Rather common in sphagnous bogs, near the birch swamp, and 
in Hawk’s marsh. In flower May 13, 1901. It usually bears fair 
crops of fruit which resemble small black juneberries but are too 
astringent to eat. At Bass Lake, August 14, 1906, bushes hang- 
ing over the edges of the lake were almost broken down with an 
abundance of large fruit. 

Inasmuch as this bush is quite closely related to the apple, it 
might be worth while to graft the apple on to it to see if it would 
unite and form dwarf fruit trees. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 335 


420. JUNE-BERRY; SERVICE-BERRY 
AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (L.) Medic. 


A few trees on the bluff by Overmyer’s field south of the lake, 
a few on the depot grounds, and several on the bank northeast 
of the lake near where the road comes down to the lake. In full 
blossom April 30, 1901. 

Where it grows in woodlands this tree grows tall and slender, 
but in the open it branches out broadly. A tree with its racemes of 
long-petalled flowers is exceedingly handsome in blossom, looking 
like a great mass of snow in the distance. The flowering season 
is short, and is followed in due time by a crop of bluish red berries, 
of a tartish, delicious flavor when ripe, and eagerly sought after by 
birds. The species is well worthy of cultivation both for flowers 
and to attract the birds. The fruit is excellent eating but hard 
to get at on account of the limberness of the twigs. 


421. SHINING THORN 
CRATAEGUS NITIDA (Engelm.) Sargent 


A tree thought to be this species grew on the shore of the lake 
near the depot grounds. The fruit was glaucous and persisted 
until winter. The flesh, as well as the skin, of the fruit of this tree 
was deep scarlet, and the flavor inferior. 


422, RED HAW; SCARLET THORN 
CRATAEGUS COCCINEA L. 


Not abundant; a few trees north of the lake, also south of the 
lake between Murray’s and Farrar’s; one or two on the depot 
grounds. The fruit is sometimes pretty fair eating, but is likely to 
be wormy. It is said to make quite good jelly when procured free 
from “worms” or insect larve. In blossom about the middle of 
May. 


423. RED-FRUITED OR DOWNY THORN 
CRATAEGUS MOLLIS (T. & G.) Scheele 


Scattered about the lake; one tree on the east side not far from 
shore, and several by a swamp north of Busart’s field south of 
the lake. 

It is perhaps chiefly this haw that one finds in pastures in 
various parts of the country, the young trees being trimmed into 
symmetrical shapes by grazing cattle. Little haw trees thus 
trimmed are familiar to every traveler throughout the regions 
where these haws abound and pastures are frequent. In but few 


336 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


places is the pruning carried out to such perfection as near Ply- 
mouth, Indiana. 

There the citizens had their own delightful wild park, between 
the millrace and the river, below the most charming and pic- 
turesque dam, and above the picturesque old water mill and by the 
big fountain. 

Across the millrace, on the townward side, the cows kept their 
formal garden—a smooth green velvety lawn billowy with the un- 
dulations of the ground, a patriarchal old hawtree in the midst and 
around about, scattered over the whole pasture, the numerous 
progeny of younger trees. 

The hand of no gardener ever clipped box or privet with more 
primness or precision than the cattle had trimmed some of the 
trees; here was a perfect pyramid, clipped to a sharp point, the 
repeatedly trimmed branches so dense they could hardly be sepa- 
rated by the hand, all covered with new rosy leaves; there was a 
perfectly rounded dome, and yonder a clump of three or four form- 
ing an irregular but well trimmed group. One tree, trimmed into 
a perfect pyramid or rather cone, had escaped from the cattle at 
the very tip and formed a tall slender sapling with the skirt about 
its base. A row of young haw trees with a few cattle on each side 
would soon form a pretty perfect hedge without any trimming by 
hands. It was very likely from the work of browsing cattle that 
men first got their ideas of trimmed trees, and the haw was our 
first hedge tree. 

So dense do these cow-trimmed trees grow that we have been 
informed that one was observed in New York which bees had been 
using for a hive, having built the thick tangle full of comb and 
honey. 


FAMILY 77. AMYGDALACEZ. PEACH FAMILY 
424, WILD RED PLUM 
PRUNUS AMERICANA Marsh. 


Not especially common; one tree south of the lake, a tree east 
of Lakeview hotel, and a number northeast of the lake on hill- 
sides and gullies. In flower May 3, 1901. The fruit here is of 
little value, being small in size and infested by the curculio. 


425. CHOKE CHERRY 
PADUS NANA (Du Roi) Roemer 


Not common; a few low bushes on the bluff at the lake shore by 
Murray’s. It attained a height only of three or four feet. Leafing 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey So 


out March 31, 1901. In flower May 16. The fruit, which is often 
large and red, and quite handsome, is too astringent to be eaten. 


426. WILD BLACK CHERRY 
PADUS VIRGINIANA (L.) Mill. 


Large trees are rare; small trees fairly common. One tree on 
Long Point hill, a large tree by the Maxinkuckee road, a rather 
large tree beyond Murray’s, some along the shore west of the depot, 
a small tree by McSheehy’s pier, and scattered trees in various 
other places. Buds began to show green April 23, 1901, and by 
April 30 the trees showed green some distance away. April 27 
in flower. On account of its value as a lumber tree, large trees 
have nearly all disappeared. The wild cherry is usually disfigured 
by nests of the web worm, and in some parts of the state by black 
knot. 

427. PEACH 
AMYGDALUS PERSICA L. 


Seedling peach trees were occasional through copses; a tree 
grew in the edge of the woods between Murray’s and Farrar’s 
which had a fine crop. Some trees along shore back of Van 
Schoiack’s had small fruit but of excellent flavor. 


FAMILY 78. CAESALPINIACEZ. SENNA F'AMILY 


428. RED-BUD; AMERICAN JUDAS-TREE 
CERCIS CANADENSIS L. 


Not common; a few trees east of the lake back of the Edwards 
cottage. 

A handsome tree when in flower, and worthy of cultivation for 
ornament. Some wild trees seen which bore reddish pods so that 
they were ornamental in fruit as well as in flower. There has 
recently appeared in cultivation a white-flowered form. 


429. WILD OR AMERICAN SENNA 
CASSIA MARILANDICA L. 

Occasional, scattered; a few plants found at Long Point in 
1900. There is a good patch along the street in Culver near Fer- 
rier’s lumber yard. Flowers rather homely; the numerous scythe- 
shaped pods are often rather striking after the leaves have fallen. 


430. SENSITIVE PEA 
CHAMAECRISTA NICTITANS (L.) Moench 


Rare; a few plants collected along shore near the Farrar cot- 
tage in 1900. 


22—17618—Vol. 2 


338 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


431. PARTRIDGE PEA; LARGE-FLOWERED SENSITIVE PEA 
CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA (Michx.) Greene 


A few plants were noted near Murray’s in 1900, a few of the 
later flowers still persisting on September 24. Of recent years it 
has increased greatly in abundance, but all at one place, the Gravel- 
pit, and north of it, where it makes large dense patches in the 
barren gravel. When in bloom, these patches are quite showy. 
In some places in the country, especially in dry sandy soils, the 
plant is so abundant as to make whole stretches of landscape an 
unbroken yellow. The Lake Maxinkuckee plants have stout pubes- 
cent stems and appear to belong to the subspecies robusta Pollard, 
which is listed as a southern form. 

The leaves, though said to be sensitive, are rather feebly so. 
There is a peculiar black gland on the base of each leaf-stock. 
What the function of this gland is it would be difficult to say. 
Ants have been observed to go regularly from one to another, 
obtaining food. Whether they are kept from molesting the flowers 
by procuring food lower down at the leaf-stalks has not been de- 
termined. 


432. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE; COFFEE-NUT 
GYMNOCLADUS DIOICA (L.) Koch 


Scattered in woodlands east of the lake; one tree near the lake 
a little north of the Maxinkuckee road. A little distance up the 
Maxinkuckee road is the stump of a very large tree, perhaps two 
feet in diameter. It is usually a very tall slender tree of too small 
a diameter to be of value for lumber. The heart wood is a pleasing 
color of brown. Found in flower on the east side of the lake June 
5, 1901. The flowers are inconspicuous on account of their green- 
ish color, but are remarkably fragrant, and the long corolla tubes 
are usually split open by bumblebees or other insects which visit 
them. Northeast of the lake some trees were found January 3, 
1905, with a remarkably heavy crop of fruit. The coffee-nut tree 
is usually found within the flood-basin of creeks or rivers. Both 
the green pulp surrounding the seeds and the yellow kernel of the 
seeds are reputed to be poisonous. 


FAMILY 79. FABACEZ. PEA FAMILY 
433. LARGE WHITE WILD INDIGO 
BAPTISIA LEUCANTHA T. & G. 


Scattered, in dry sandy places. Found by Lakeview Hotel, and 
rather common in Green’s woods by Lost Lake. In “flower in 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 339 


Green’s woods June 19, 1901. The plant turns black after frost 
and the foliage fails, leaving the naked branch surmounted by the 
raceme of large conspicuous pods. 


434, WILD LUPINE 
LUPINUS PERENNIS L. 


Common in the Culver cemetery where it was noted in blossom 
May 18, 1901; also scattered in woods near a tamarack marsh near 
the dune region. In many parts of the state it is found principally 
along railroads. 


4385. BLACK OR HOP MEDIC 
MEDICAGO LUPULINA L. 


Rather rare, and apparently of recent introduction; a few scat- 
tered plants found along the north shore of the lake and in grass on 
the depot grounds. Frequent in the state along roadsides. 


436. WHITE SWEET-CLOVER 
MELILOTUS ALBA Desv. 


Not so abundantly introduced as in many parts of the state; 
at present found in rather small patches along the railroad on a 
hill near the depot, on Long Point, and on a roadside east of 
the lake. It is one of the earliest plants to put forth green leaves 
in spring. In blossom by June 26, 1901. It frequently continues 
to blossom after pretty severe frosts, and was still in blossom Oc- 
tober 25, 1904. 

In most parts of the state this plant is found only in waste 
places and along roadsides. It first appears in or about cities, 
from which it travels outward along highways and as one goes 
out farther and farther into the country the roadside patches 
break up and disappear. Although it gives the places where it 
grows an unkempt appearance, it does not appear to invade culti- 
vated fields and gives no indication that it will ever become a bad 
weed. It grows with surprising luxuriance on dry sandy or grav- 
elly soils where few other plants will grow at all. Stock of any 
kind will not touch it except in exceptional instances, although it 
is said they will eat the hay. It makes good bee pasture, and it is 
said to inoculate the ground so that alfalfa will thrive where it 
has grown. - Seed is sold by some seedsmen under the name of 
Bokhara or bee clover. It is of considerable value in adding humus 
to poor soils and it appears to be one of the few European weeds 
whose introduction is not to be regretted. 


340 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


437. YELLOW SWEET-CLOVER 


MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam. 


A few plants in waste places about Culver. Not nearly so ro- 
bust a plant as the other species. It preceded the white sweet 
clover a number of years in its introduction into this country, and 
was well known in waste places about cities long before the other 
species was ever heard of. It never succeeded in spreading far 
into the country and is now rather scarce even in cities, it having 
apparently been largely supplanted or crowded out by its more 
robust relative and rival. 


438. RABBIT-FOOT CLOVER 


TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE L. 


Not particularly common; only a few plants seen. Found in 
dry sandy places and old wornout sandy fields. It seems actually 
to prefer barren wornout rocky places and the more eminently 
desolate the place may be as to other plants, the better the rabbit’s 
foot clover thrives. The elongate woolly pink blossoms are among 
the prettiest to be found among the clovers. 

May 25, 1901, in flower by Arlington; October 25, 1906, finely 
in blossom in the Assembly grounds ; November 6, 1904, nearly ripe, 
at the edge of Green’s marsh. 


439. RED CLOVER 


TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L. 


Common everywhere in open places along highways, a few 
plants scattered along the lake shore. In flower from May 23 until 
into November. 


440. ALSIKE; ALSATIAN CLOVER 


TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L. 


Somewhat common along roadsides and a few plants on the 
lake shore near Farrar’s. This clover will thrive in black loamy 
soils where the red clover freezes out. It, mixed with timothy, is 
becoming a favorite hay crop in some parts of the state. Noted 
in bloom first blossoms about June 11, abundant in flower June 17. 
It should make a good honey plant, flowers exceedingly fragrant, 
the odor being soft and bland when compared with that of the white 
clover, which is somewhat spicy. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 341 
2 


441. WHITE CLOVER 


TRIFOLIUM REPENS L. 


Rather common, but not covering large areas as in many places 
in the state. Unlike many of the other legumes, it does not reach 
its best development in sandy soil. Where pastured off, it con- 
tinues blossoming all summer, especially in wet years, and forms 
a long period of bee-pasture. At the lake it was noted in flower 
from May 23 until November 9. 


442. LEAD-PLANT; SHOESTRINGS 
AMORPHA CANESCENS Pursh 


Not abundant; a few plants south of the Bardsley cottage, on 
the east bank of Lost Lake. 


443. CAT-GUT; GOAT’S RUE 
CRACCA VIRGINIANA L. 


Abundant in a sterile sandy field west of the ice-houses; a few 
plants scattered on the east bank of Lost Lake below the Bards- 
ley cottage. In flower about the middle of June. The un- 
usual combination of yellow and purple in the blossom makes this a 
striking and handsome flower. 


444, LOCUST-TREE; BLACK LOCUST 


ROBINIA PSEUDO-ACACIA L. 


Common along a crossroad or by-lane near Culver, also by the 
Chandler cottage on the southeast side of the lake. It is not native 
about the lake; the trees found were either planted trees or seed- 
lings of such. 

Said to be durable in contact with soil, and frequently planted 
in some parts of the country for fence-posts or railroad ties. A 
favorite dooryard tree in many places, noteworthy for the fra- 
grance of its attractive white blossoms. The roots bear large 
tubercles. It sprouts badly from horizontal roots. In the south 
some shoots were seen which were either diseased or bud variations, 
all the leaves being dwarfed to a mirute size. 


445. CAROLINA MILK VETCH 
ASTRAGALUS CAROLINIANUS L. 


Seattered in dry ground along the border of the lake; not par- 
ticularly abundant; noted along the road by Long Point north of 


342 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 
ie 


Green’s marsh, on the beach east of the Inlet, near Norris’s, and 
considerable on the hill on the east shore of the lake, especially the 
northern half of the shore. It was out well in leaf May 12, 1901, 
and in flower by June 18. The leaves bear cold remarkably well. 
They were bright and green as late as November 22 and probably 
remain green in protected places all winter. The pods are con- 
spicuous during the winter months. 


446. NAKED-FLOWERED TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA NUDIFLORA (L.) Kuntze 


Common; scattered through dry woodlands; some seen in the 
drier portions of Farrar’s woods. The plant, when barren, closely 
resembles that of the hog-peanut. On account of the sparseness of 
fruit, this is not so much of a nuisance as most of the tick-trefoils. 


447, POINTED-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA GRANDIFLORA (Walt.) Kuntze 


Common in woods and thickets and by the spring in Overmyer’s 
woods. 


448. ROUND-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL; PROSTRATE TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA MICHAUXIE Vail 


Seattered in shaded woodlands; noted at the edge of Green’s 
woods near Lost Lake, and along the road through Farrar’s woods. 
Easily recognized by its prostrate habit and large circular leaves. 
On account of its habit its burrs do not frequently have opportu- 
nity to catch in clothing as do those of the higher growing sorts. 


449, SESSILE-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA SESSILIFOLIA (Torr.) Kuntze 


Occasional at the edges of woodlands. 


450. LARGE-BRACTED TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA BRACTEOSA (Michx.) Kuntze 


Occasional in thickets; one of the tallest species of the genus, 
the fruit forming 2 troublesome sticktight. Not abundant enough, 
however, to be much of a nuisance. 


451. PANICLED TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA PANICULATA (L.) Kuntze 


Occasional at the edge of thickets. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 343 


452. ILLINOIS TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA ILLINOENSIS (A. Gray) Kuntze 


Occasional in open places. 


453. SHOWY TICK-TREFOIL; CANADIAN TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA CANADENSIS (L.) Kuntze 

Common along the railroad between the lakes, especially on the 
west bank, and along railroad cuts. When in full bloom the abun- 
dant large red-purple blossoms make this the most handsome species 
of the genus; the flowering season is short, however. The blossoms 
turn indigo blue and drop off in a few days, to be followed by the 
rapidly growing loments or saw-like pods, which attach themselves 
so readily when ripe to woollen clothing. 


454. SMOOTH SMALL-LEAVED TICK-TREFOIL 
MEIBOMIA MARYLANDICA (L.) Kuntze 


Occasional, scattered at the edges of open woodlands and in 
copses. 
455. BUSH-CLOVER 


LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA (L.) Pers. 


Common in open places, along the shore west of the lake in dry 
ground; also by Lakeview Hotel. The bush-clovers bear a general 
resemblance to the tick-trefoils, but lack the disagreeable burrs 
of that genus. In the south, some of the tall species, probably in- 
cluding this, completely cover the ground in places, and are cut 
for hay. Indeed, one of the most important pasture plants of the 
south is a small plant, L. striata (Thunb.), the Japanese clover, 
belonging to this genus. 


456. SLENDER BUSH-CLOVER 
LESPEDEZA VIRGINICA (L.) Britton 


Occasional in dry places. Similar to the preceding. 


457. HAIRY BUSH-CLOVER 
LESPEDEZA HIRTA (L.) Hornem. 


Occasional in dry places. 


458. ROUND-HEADED BUSH-CLOVER 
LESPEDEZA CAPITATA Michx. 


Very common in dry soil in open grassy places; noted along the 
lake south of Green’s and in Green’s woods near Lost Lake; a large 


344 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


patch on the hill south of the ice-houses and near the road leading 
up to Culver. A peculiarity about this patch was that while some 
of the plants looked green from a distance, a large number were 
whitish, and from a distance appeared as if mildewed. This mii- 
dewed appearance, however, was due to the plants being clothed 
with dense white silky hairs. 


459. VEINY PEA 


LATHYRUS VENOSUS Muhl. 


One small patch near Walley’s birch swamp, on the east side 
of the railroad in a flat, marshy stretch of sand. In flower May 
23 to June 12. Flowers quite attractive. The plants are quite 
leafy and make a good growth after being cut. It is possible they 
would make a good hay crop. 


460. MARSH VETCHLING 


LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS L. 


A few plants scattered among grasses and sedges in the north 
end of Green’s marsh. Noted in blossom June 5, 1901. The pur- 
ple flowers are attractive. In low places where it is common this 
plant is the most valuable ingredient in prairie or marsh hay. 


461. GROUND-NUT; “WILD POTATO” 


GLYCINE APIOS L. 


Rather common in low rich black ground along the bank of 
the lake; noted at Long Point by McSheehy’s pier and in low woods 
by Overmyer’s. Abundant near the railroad at the Outlet; here 
it bore great racemes of its fragrant brownish purple flowers. 

This plant is known as “wild potato” in some parts of the 
state, because of its tubers which somewhat resemble small po- 
tatoes, but are borne differently, being simple swellings of the root- 
stock, the “potatoes” being borne in rows like the beads of a rosary 
or necklace. In most parts of the state where they have been ex- 
amined the tubers reached fair size but the blossoms usually 
dropped off without perfecting any fruit. In a marsh near Wash- 
ington, D. C., the tubers were very small but the pods, full of beans, 
were abundant. The plant is said to furnish good food for pigs. 
Some of the tubers were boiled and experimented with as an article 
of diet. The majority of persons who tried them did not relish 
them, though one might go farther and fare worse. On account 
of the food stored up within the tubers the plants come up early in 


=») 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 345 


spring and grow pretty rapidly. Coming up well along the rail- 
road May 12. Blossoms from July till frost. Where it will thrive 
this plant is well worthy of cultivation for ornament, and is sold 
by some seedmen as the “tuberous rooted wistaria.” 


462. HOG PEA-NUT; WILD PEA-NUT 


FALCATA COMOSA (L.) Kuntze 


Rather common in places; a large patch among the willows 
down in the Inlet region near the green boathouse; common along 
the south side of the road near Outlet Bay, and on the bank of 
the lake near the Palmer House. 

This is a tall, slender twining vine with thin leaves and purple 
blossoms, thriving best in rich black loam. It is an interesting 
plant, bearing several kinds of blossoms. The upper blossoms, 
which are rather pretty, give rise to thin pods resembling miniature 
pea-pods and bearing small bean-like seeds which are prettily lined 
and mottled with bluish purple. Underground are borne flowers 
that never open, but which produce a brown hairy one-seeded pod 
hardly as large as a cultivated pea. In hard ground these under- 
ground pods form irregularly, rather resembling a miniature po- 
tato in shape; but in looser ground they are regular in shape, being 
round in outline and slightly flattened laterally, that is, thick lens- 
shaped. The seed, on being removed from this thin pod, resembles 
a pea in shape. A cup-full of them thus shelled has an attractive 
appearance, all of them being marked on the thin skin by longi- 
tudinal stripings and mottlings which may be either pink or purple. 
These peanuts have somewhat the same taste as the raw cultivated 
peanuts. They were tried cooked, both roasted and boiled, and 
although edible, and perhaps acceptable in times of unusual hunger 
or need, formed a rather indifferent dish. They lack the oiliness 
of the real peanut. A hog-peanut patch in the rich black soil along 
the railroad by Plymouth, Indiana, and one near Fort Wayne, bore 
considerable of underground fruit, and a fair quantity could be ob- 
tained in a short time. It takes the whole Summer to produce the 
crop; the peanuts germinating in the spring and the fruit setting 
on rather late in the summer. The underground fruit quickly 
dries, and will probably not germinate if taken out of the ground 
and kept in a dry place. Unlike the aerial pea it needs no resting 
period, but if planted in a warm place will germinate and grow at 
once. Some were dug in the fall of 1909, placed in a can of moist 
earth and taken to Washington. It was found that they had germi- 
nated in transit, they were therefore planted in pots and placed in 


346 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


a window. They grew rapidly and about Christmas began bear- 
ing blossoms; all the blossoms, though borne above ground, were 
cleistogamous; they resembled the mature fruit from the first and 
simply increased in size until they ripened in early spring. It is 
probable that plants from the underground fruits have a tendency 
to produce cleistogamous flowers, and that by cultivation and selec- 
tion from seeds of the same plant, one could soon develop two 
strains, one bearing nearly all its fruit under ground and the other 
bearing it all overground. 

The little beans, produced by the aerial flowers, did not germi- 
nate until spring and formed very delicate spindling plants. 

In the autumn of 1909 both the aerial and underground seeds 
were planted in open ground in a backyard lot at Fort Wayne. 
Both germinated about May 10; those from the underground nuts 
being large robust plants, those from the aerial peas being so small 
and inconspicuous as to be easily overlooked. 

The tops of the hog-peanut are eagerly eaten by cattle and would 
probably make good hay where obtainable in quantity. The roots 
of the hog-peanut abound in tubercles and it would undoubtedly 
be a good plant to add nitrogen to the soil. 

It would be interesting to experiment with the hog-peanut in 
cultivation. It would be well to try some of the sorts or strains 
bearing an abundance of underground fruit, in connection with 
the Jerusalem artichoke. The hog-peanut vines, with the artichoke 
tops, would produce an abundance of hay, the peanut plants would 
add nitrogen to the growing artichoke crop and artichokes and 
hog-peanuts together would furnish an abundant and varied ration 
to hogs. 

463. TRAILING WILD BEAN 


STROPHOSTYLES HELVOLA (L.) Britton 


When the investigation of the lake first began, this plant was 
not common in the region; there was one clump on a hill along 
the railroad and one in front of the Assembly grounds. It was 
probably a recent arrival at the lake. Since then it has spread 
rapidly but with the exception of a few plants near Chadwick’s 
pier, which did not persist, it has confined its spread to the region 
along the railroad. It is now common by Arlington and farther 
south. A very fine patch of plants Was established in 1909 on the 
railroad embankment at Plymouth. 

The wild bean has very attractive pea-like blossoms, the color 
pale pink with the narrow standard deep purple and giving a pe- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 347 


culiar effect. The flowers are borne on long stiff stems, usually two 
on a stem blossoming at a time, finally followed by more, and mak- 
ing exceedingly pretty cut flowers. They last only a day and before 
the petals drop they assume a creamy white appearance; they are 
followed by a long bean pod which develops rapidly and in gen- 
eral appearance resembles a garden bean. The pods are rather 
tough and have a slightly bitterish taste; they would probably not 
be edible cooked as snaps. It is said, however, that the Indians 
ate the beans, which are cylindrical, truncate at each end, and 
woolly. 

The wild bean appears to reach its best development in a well 
drained sandy clay. 

A single vine at Plymouth made such a remarkably dense and 
extensive covering for the ground, which was by no means good 
soil, being a railroad embankment, mostly gravel, that the ques- 
tion occurred whether it might not be valuable as a hay plant. 
Some was offered to a cow who ate it greedily. The plant would 
yield an immense amount of feed per acre if it grew as it did there, 
and was as well relished. The particular plants seen were growing 
in sunlight and it appears to grow best in the open. Along the rich 
black bottom lands of the central Mississippi it grows in great 
abundance. It is there called ““Gopher-vine”, but the same name is 
applied to the wild sweet potato (Ipomoea pandurata). In the 
barren sand dunes south of Kiethsburg, Illinois, where nothing else 
will grow, the wild bean vine thrives, not producing a great amount 
of plant but bearing a good crop of seeds. In Tennessee, along 
the Cumberland, its distribution was peculiar. It was found only 
at the sites of old Indian camps or burying places, and near the 
places where they had their clam bakes; this suggests that its pres- 
ence there may be due to seeds left by them. 

Apparently in some cases the seeds germinate the same year 
thy ripen. In late September, 1913, seedlings just germinated were 
observed in the gravel bed of the railroad near Arlington. 

The seed of the wild bean requires a resting period before 
germinating. Some planted in a pot and kept under growing con- 
ditions did not germinate until spring, and then they made a very 
rapid growth. The germination is like that of the garden bean, 
the cotyledons coming out of the ground, the plumule-leaves simple 
and opposite, the later leaves alternate and trifoliate. The roots 
of the wild bean bear large nodules about the size of peas, and it 
would undoubtedly prove valuable as a nitrogen gatherer. 


348 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


464, PINK WILD BEAN 
STROPHOSTYLES UMBELLATA (Muhl.) Britton 


Occasional, scattered along the railroad, considerably resem- 
bling the preceding, but with shorter pods and smaller seeds; flow- 
ers much the same. 


465. SMALL WILD BEAN 
STROPHOSTYLES PAUCIFLORA (Benth.) S. Wats. 


Rather common along the railread a mile or so south of the 
lake. Rather more bushy than trailing, the flowers and pods 
smaller than those of the preceding species; seeds smooth and 
shining. 


FAMILY 80. GERANIACEZ. GERANIUM FAMILY 
466. WILD GERANIUM; WILD CRANE’S-BILL 


GERANIUM MACULATUM L. 


Fairly common, but not so abundant as formerly; once common 
throughout the state, but becoming scarce in many localities on 
account of woodlands being pastured. It grows in shaded situa- 
tions. In flower at Long Point May 6. One of the most attractive 
of our native wild flowers. In some places known as “pucker-root” 
on account of the astringency of its rootstocks. It has considerable 
repute among herb doctors as a medicine. 


467. CAROLINA GERANIUM OR CRANBE’S-BILL 
GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L. 


Abundant in open sandy places, especially in old fields. Es- 
pecially abundant in Green’s field adjoining Lost Lake outlet; com- 
mon along the railroad. The seeds germinate in the fall; they 
were noted coming up October 26, and grew quite rapidly for 
awhile. In flower May 19, 1901. The flowers are rather small and 
inconspicuous, and are much outdone in attractiveness by the bright 
orange-red of the autumn leaves, which remain through the winter 
and into spring. The plants ripen and are dead by the end of June. 


FAMILY 81. OXALIDACEZ. WOOD-SORREL FAMILY 
468. YELLOW WOOD-SORREL; SHEEP-SORREL 
XANTHOXALIS STRICTA (L.) Small 


Common in open dry places. Begins blossoming in April and 
continues until after frosts. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 349 


469. YELLOW PROCUMBENT WOOD-SORREL 


XANTHOXALIS CORNICULATA (L.) Small 


An introduced plant, not common. A few plants were found 
near Arlington Hotel in 1900; these were quite dwarfed, and had 
the appearance of being natives. In the grass about the edge of 
the flowerbeds of the depot grounds is a form with deep purple 
leaves. These were first noted in 1906 and were probably imported 
accidentally with other plants from the railroad company’s gardens 
at Sewickley, Pa. 

The violet wood-sorrel was found along the Tippecanoe River by 
Delong, but was not found in the immediate vicinity of the lake. 


FAMILY 82. LINACEA. FLAX FAMILY 
470. FLAX; LINSEED 
LINUM USITATISSIMUM L. 


Occasional along the railroad. It is not cultivated in this 
region, and now only rather rarely within the state. 


FAMILY 83. BALSAMINACEZ. JEWEL-WEED FAMILY 


471.. SPOTTED OR WILD TOUCH-ME-NOT 
IMPATIENS BIFLORA Walt. 

One of the most common members of the flora back of the beach 
from Long Point nearly to Norris Inlet. In rich grounds the im- 
mense orbicular cotyledons, pale green in color, are one of the first 
things to attract attention after the beginning of spring germina- 


tion. 
472. PALH TOUCH-ME-NOT 


IMPATIENS PALLIDA Nutt. 


In more shady situations, and not so common as the other. 
Flowers more gibbous and larger. 


FAMILY 84. LIMNANTHACEZ. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY 
473. FALSE MERMAID 
FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOIDES Willd. 


Somewhat common in woods northeast of the lake, in black 
ground along streamlets. In blossom April 30. A slender incon- 
spicuous plant found growing in patches. 


350 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 85. RUTACEAH. RUE FAMILY 
474, PRICKLY ASH 
ZANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM Mill. 
Not common; a small thicket south of the lake in Farrar’s 


woods. 
475. HOP-TREE; THREE-LEAVED HOP-TREE 


PTELEA TRIFOLIATA L. 
Not common; a few plants noted down the outlet of Lost Lake, 
not a great way above the Tippecanoe River, and some by a wood- 
land swamp near Busart’s field. Common at Plymouth where it 
is infested by a very peculiar-looking leaf-hopper which lays its 
egos on the petiole of the leaves. Seed with a peculiar fragrance. 
The flat disk-like fruit, papery in texture, remains on the bush 
nearly all winter, giving the bush a peculiar attractiveness when 
nearly everything else is barren. 


FAMILY 86. SIMAROUBACEZ. AILANTHUS FAMILY 
476. TREE-OF-HEAVEN 
AILANTHUS GLANDULOSA Desf. 

Several young trees along the road on the east side of the lake. 
Quite persistent where planted, sending up shoots from the roots 
and spreading widely by seed. Some of the trees which have 
scarlet samaras are quite ornamental in fruit. The winged twisted 
seed acts like a boomerang and on being flipped away partly or 
wholly returns. 


FAMILY 87. POLYGALACEZ. MILKWORT FAMILY 
477. CROSS-LEAVED OR MARSH MILKWORT 
POLYGALA CRUCIATA L. 


Not common; found in the marsh east of Lost Lake, back of 
Green’s field. 
478. WHORLED MILKWORT 
POLYGALA VERTICILLATA L. 


Rare; found in dry ground, in open places. 


A79. FIELD OR PURPLE MILKWORT 
POLYGALA VIRIDESCENS L. 
Rather common in moist sandy soil southwest of the lake, along 
the railroad in the vicinity of the birch swamp. Noted in flower 
from July 21 till September 29, the handsome head of flowers re- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 351 


minding one of a globe amaranth in shape, except that it is some- 
what longer and narrower. 


480. RACEMED MILKWORT 
POLYGALA POLYGAMA Walt. 


Rather common, but local in distribution. In flower on the 
hill near the south end of Lost Lake June 22, 1901. Noteworthy 
for the abundance of its odd cleistogamous flowers which are borne 
on horizontal underground branches, resembling roots. Aerial 
blossoms attractive. 


FAMILY 88. EUPHORBIACEH. SPURGE FAMILY 
481. VIRGINIA THREE-SEEDED MERCURY 
ACALYPHA VIRGINICA L. 


Common everywhere about the lake, scattered through woods 
and thickets and occasionally open places, frequent on the beach. 
A homely, weedish-looking plant, but never a nuisance as it is easily 
killed by cultivation. The bracts subtending the blossoms often 
turn bright pink in autumn and remain so into the winter, when 
they are quite attractive. 


482. HAIRY SPREADING SPURGE 
CHAMAESYCE HUMISTRATA (Engelm.) Small 


Not rare; found at the end of Long Point and near the depot 
along shore. 


483. MILK PURSLANE; SPOTTED OR BLOTCHED SPURGE 
CHAMAESYCE MACULATA (L.) Small 


Along the outlet and on the railroad embankment. This, and 
other of the spurges, which resemble it, are reputed to cure warts; 
the manner of applying the remedy is simply to allow the broken 
stem to touch the wart, and cover it with the milky secretion. 


484, LARGE OR UPRIGHT SPOTTED SPURGE 
CHAMAESYCE PRESLII (Guss.) Arthur 


Excepting perhaps 7. corollata, the most common species about 
the lake; common on dry embankments ; found in front of the 
Scovell cottage, on a hill in the Assembly grounds, on the flat 
beach east of Lakeview Hotel, on the beach in front of the Palmer 
House, and on a hillside north of the lake. Occasional on the rail- 
road embankment. 


352 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


485. BLOOMING OR FLOWERING SPURGE 


TITHYMALOPSIS COROLLATA (L.) Kl. & Garcke 


Quite common in open grassy places. It appears to be making 
considerable gains since the investigations of the lake first began. 
At first there were only a few plants along the railroad near Mur- 
ray’s. It is now scattered more or less everywhere in dry ground 
about the lake, though there are no dense patches, as there are in 
some parts of the state. Its straggly growth gives waysides, where 
it thrives, a somewhat unkempt appearance and occasionally, in 
sandy neglected fields, it takes the whole area. We saw a field near 
Bass Lake white with it. It is not to be dreaded as a weed, how- 
ever, as it does not appear to be able to withstand competition with 
crops or to endure cultivation. The impression it gives improves 
considerably upon acquaintance. When first met, it looks like a 
weed; as acquaintance progresses it becomes more and more like a 
flower. It has a long flowering season—from April till October— 
and in autumn the leaves, especially the lower ones, turn a bright 
orange red, contrasting vividly with the green about them. One 
of the cottagers at the lake called attention to the marvelous vari- 
ability of this form—in the denseness and arrangement of the 
flower clusters, the shape and size of the corolla-like appendages, 
etc. A green-flowered plant was found by the elevator in 1909. 
Increasingly interesting and attractive at all times as one’s ac- 
quaintance with it progresses, it always shows best in the summer 
twilight when it looms up with peculiar ghostliness. 


486. CYPRESS: SPURGE 


TITHYMALUS CYPARISSIAS (L.) Hill 


A patch near the Culver cemetery, from which it had escaped. 
In blossom in May. Almost every cemetery of the country has a 
few patches of this plant, which soon becomes a nuisance, spread- 
ing through lawns and growing extensively from rootstocks. Al- 
though it becomes a nuisance in the immediate vicinity where it 
was planted it does not spread far. The flowers are odd, and the 
whole plant pretty. In autumn coloration it is simply unsurpassed, 
the colors of the leaves running from red to violet, changeable in 
various lights. 


487. TOOTHED SPURGE 
POINSETTIA DENTATA (Michx.) Small 


This appears to have been a recent arrival at the lake; a few 
were noted along the railroad by the Gravelpit in 1909. 


5d 


iS) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 89. ANACARDIACEZX. SUMAC FAMILY 
488. DWARF BLACK OR MOUNTAIN SUMAC 


RHUS COPALLINA L. 


Occasional, in clumps in open places. One clump on Long 
Point, about a quarter of a mile from the tip of the point, and 
another along the road near Farrar’s. One of the earliest shrubs 
to take on autumn coloration, the dark shining leaves becoming a 
rich cherry red, brighter than the other sumacs. The highest 
panicles are mostly staminate; the more perfect flowers are on the 
lower panicles. 


489. STAGHORN SUMAC 
RHUS HIRTA (L.) Sudw. 


Common, in clumps in dry places. One clump by Overmyer’s; 
more common on the east side of the lake; one clump at the corner 
of Culver’s, along the road, another back in the edge of the woods, 
a third clump along the road on the east side. These latter are of 
unusual size, almost trees. The fruit bearing panicles retain 
the fruit several seasons, apparently until it actually weathers off 
from the parent plant. Some plants noted were defoliated by 
insects. 


490. SMOOTH UPLAND OR SCARLET SUMAC 
RHUS GLABRA L. 


Occasional in clumps in hilly places, scattered all about the lake. 
A large clump by Overmyer’s field, and along the road through the 
woods from that place, another patch on the lake shore between 
Green’s and Murray’s, and another north of the ice-houses. A 
handsome bush, one of the first shrubs of the season to assume au- 
tumn tints, the lower leaves often flaming red by August. The 
seeds are scattered by birds, and colonies often become established 
along fence-rows and ditches, where it spreads by root, and being 
difficult to eradicate, becomes a great nuisance. 


491. GREENE’S SUMAC 
RHUS ARBUSCULA Greene 


A low dwarf form, somewhat resembling Rhus glabra, makes a 
small clump in Green’s woods near Lost Lake, just below the 
Bardsley cottage, this being the type locality, the type and a cotype 
having been collected there in 1906. It is distinguished from R. 
glabra by its smaller size, fewer and smaller and thinner leaflets 
and smaller fruit. In the autumn of 1913 additional localities were 


23—17618—Vol. 2 


354 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


found for this species. A patch of staminate plants was found at 
the south end of Green’s woods along Lost Lake north of the fence 
going down to the lake a little below its middle, another patch in 
woods at the north end of Lost Lake, another along the public road 
near the railroad crossing, and a fifth patch down by Overmyer’s. 


492. POISON SUMAC; SWAMP SUMAC 
TOXICODENDRON VERNIX (L.) Kuntze 


Common in sphagnous bogs; abundant in Hawk’s marsh, some 
trees near the lake by Farrar’s. Remarkable for its brilliant au- 
tumnal coloration in which the color of flames—orange and yellow 
—predominates. Very poisonous, more so than the poison ivy. The 
famous Japanese lacquer is obtained from a tree very like this, and 
is procured by making incisions in the bark. The varnished, pearl- 
gray berries, which hang down in loose bunches, are rather pretty. 


493. POISON IVY; THREE-LEAVED IVY 
TOXICODENDRON RADICANS (L.) Kuntze 


Rather common in open places and at the edge of woodlands. 
Some in Farrar’s woods, climbing trees, others growing in the edge 
of an old field near by, are stiff and erect, like bushes. The plants 
climbing trees put out long horizontal branches. The leaves are 
quite poisonous to the touch to some people, but after having been 
poisoned a number of times one apparently becomes immune. Ac- 
cording to Hough, fluid extract of Grindelia is a certain remedy for 
ivy poisoning. The leaves turn flaming yellow in the fall. Various 
birds in their fall migrations often flock to the poison ivy vines for 
the berries; downy woodpeckers also eat them. On one occasion 
seeds of poison ivy were noted coming up thickly on May 26. The 
cotyledons are small, ovate-linear,. the second leaf being charac- 
teristic and giving the clue to the species. 


FAMILY 90. ILICACEZ. HOLLY FAMILY 


494, WINTERBERRY; VIRGINIA WINTERBERRY; BLACK ALDER 
ILEX VERTICILLATA (L.) A. Gray 


Common, in patches in low wet grounds, as along the northwest 
shore of Lost Lake, in the swamp near the lake between Murray’s 
and Farrar’s; in Hawk’s marsh, etc.; some remarkably fine plants 
grew in shallow water in a permanent pond along a road northeast 
of the lake. One of the best patches west of the lake is around a 
swamp in a field along the railroad a little above the birch swamp. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 355 


There is another fine patch near the lake-shore between Murray’s 
and Farrar’s. The berries begin to ripen in September and remain 
on the bushes all winter. They make a very handsome appearance 
after the leaves have fallen. The patch at the head of Lost Lake 
glowed in the distance as a patch of scarlet all winter and was very 
conspicuous a quarter of a mile away. Birds do not appear to relish 
the berries, at least until spring, when the cedar waxwings seem 
fond of them. Twigs with berries on them are often found at 
flower stores of larger cities. There was considerable variation 
noted in the size and distribution of the berries on these plants. 
The species is well worthy of cultivation if in its cultivated state 
it could approach the beauty it displays when wild. It blossoms 
about the middle of June, but the flowers are small and incon- 
spicuous. 


495. MOUNTAIN HOLLY; WILD HOLLY 
NEMOPANTHUS MUCRONATA (L.) Trelease 


Common in Hawk’s marsh; going out of flower May 20, VOOR 
Fruit showy in August and September. When full of fruit this 
is a very attractive shrub. 


FAMILY 91. CELASTRACEZ. STAFF-TREE FAMIIY 
496. RUNNING STRAWBERRY BUSH 


EUONYMUS OBOVATUS Nutt. 


Not common; only a few plants seen, on the low ice-beach by 
Overmyer’s. In flower May 31, 1901. The small blossoms are 
dingy and inconspicuous, but rather attractive. The rough coated 
fruit is very pretty but borne too sparsely to make much of a show. 


497. BURNING BUSH; WAHOO 
EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS Jacq. 


Rare about the lake; rather common in the state in low rich bot- 
toms. Usually a shrub with us; farther south it attains the di- 
mensions of a small tree. Attractive when in fruit, but usually 
rather sparsely fruited. Often grubbed up by gatherers of medic- 
inal plants. 


498: SHRUBBY OR CLIMBING BITTERSWEET; WAXWORK 
CELASTRUS SCANDENS L. 


Common about the lake in high ground; at Long Point, at Wil- 
son’s on the east side, along shore by the depot grounds, by Over- 


356 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


myer’s field and by Busart’s, etc. Our only native vine that fre- 
quently strangles trees to death. One occasionally finds various 
forest trees that have grown over the strangler forming a screw- 
shaped crease, and apparently strangling the vine. These vines 
rather rarely twist about each other forming vegetable ropes (a 
habit rather common with the Dutchman’s pipe farther south). On 
the depot grounds is an umbrella-shaped trellis grown over by this 
vine, and this shows how admirably it can be used as an orna- 
mental plant if used rightly. The leaves remain a bright green 
until most other leaves are gone, then they turn to a pale lemon 
yellow and drop. 


FAMILY 92. STAPHYLEACEZ. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY 
499. AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT 
STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA L. 


Not common; a few shrubs in woods near Busart’s field, near a 
woodland pond. ‘The bushes were tall and handsome. Well worthy 
of cultivation, especially in parks, more attractive than the Euro- 
pean species one often finds in parks; the flowers are not so showy, 
but are more graceful, and are succeeded by the bladdery pods 
which remain well through the winter and give the plant an orna- 
mental value when nearly everything else is barren. The hard, 
globose seeds which loosen from the pod easily after ripening make 
a very effective rattle. There is a good deal of variation in the 
shape and hue of the pods. They are sometimes elongate with 
three long apices, and sometimes short and globose. They are 
usually green, turning brown at maturity, but a bush near Ply- 
mouth had pink roundish bladders, and some in Tennessee had a 
black mixed in with pale green in such a manner as to give the 
appearance of high-lights and shadows, with a highly decorative 
effect. 


FAMILY 93. ACERACEZ. MAPLE FAMILY 
500. SILVER MAPLE; WHITE OR SOFT MAPLE 
ACER SACCHARINUM L. 


Scattered in low places; on the depot grounds, in the swamp 
between Farrar’s and Overmyer’s. Most of the trees in the vicin- 
ity of the lake are of only small or moderate size; along the Tippe- 
canoe River about four miles away, some of the trees are immense. 
One of the first of our plants to flower, running a close second to 
ekunk cabbage and harbinger-of-spring ; trees in the streets of large 
cities blossom earlier than those in forests, perhaps on account of 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey aol 


plenty of sun, and the protection of surrounding houses. They 
seem able to endure considerable cold after blossoming. Noted in 
blossom April 5, 1901, the seeds developing rapidly after fertiliza- 
tion, and ripe and falling by May 21. The period between flowering 
and fruiting is remarkably brief, almost as brief as in the case of 
the elm, so that only a small part of the plant’s time is occupied by 
the reproductive period, the blossoming period is over and the fruit 
often well grown before the tree leafs out fully. The haste in ma- 
turing seed, as in the case of the elm, seems to be to get them on 
the ground before the high spring floods have subsided, for the 
seeds are disseminated as much by water as by wind, or rather 
much more so, for although they have a large well expanded wing, 
the embryo is heavy, and they are usually observed falling on calm 
days. The tree is very prolific and the seeds can be observed fall- 
ing in great numbers. They drop almost directly to the ground, 
the whole fruit whirling rapidly at an angle about the heavier end, 
so that the appearance is much like a lot of butterflies falling. The 
embryo is prepared for rapid germination and growth, being large, 
heavy, and provided with chlorophyl and starch. These seedlings 
have a starchy, slightly bitterish taste, and though full of food ma- 
terial, nothing appears to eat them, perhaps because of the peculiar 
flavor. The seed-coat is very thin and fragile, almost like paper, 
and the seeds germinate very soon after reaching the ground. 
Along the high-water mark of ponds and rivers one often finds 
young silver maples by the millions, thick as they can be sown. 
They grow rapidly, forming straight, handsome little trees nine 
inches to a foot high by midsummer. Practically all these little 
trees die, and the characteristic growth along river banks is not 
chiefly maples or elms, as the springtime promises, but willows. In 
parks the fruits are often found gathered into bundles, the seeds 
buried in the ground, the wings projecting from the ground. The 
appearance presented suggests that fishworms have burrowed up 
under the seeds which have sunken into the burrow. 

The silver maple is a favorite street and park tree on account 
of its rapid growth and handsome appearance. It is exceedingly 
variable in many respects, including especially leaf-form and gen- 
eral habit, and a glance down an avenue of these trees in winter 
will reveal different peculiarities in almost every tree. Some are 
fairly stiff and erect, and from this form we have different degrees 
of drooping habit until there are pretty well developed weeping 
forms. There are, again, all degrees of laciniation of leaf, and, as 
in the case of the Japanese maples, the cut-leaf usually accompanies 


358 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


the weeping habit. There is an actual “cut-leaved” form (Wier’s 
cut-leaved Maple) and it has a decidedly weeping habit. In some 
of these cut-leaved maples all the leaves are well laciniated, others 
approach the typical form. 

Another peculiarity of habit of some trees is the tendency to 
have the leaves compactly crowded close to the main branches. 
This oddity had reached its perfection in a tree seen on an island 
of the Cumberland River a few miles above Nashville, the leaves 
all clustering so closely and compactly to the branches that the 
appearance of the tree was that of a lot of ropy festoons—much the 
effect that the tree might have presented if wholly dead, and cov- 
ered densely over, the minutest branches and all, with a closely 
growing vine of ivy. Although this particular tree was surrounded 
and backed by other trees of the same species, so great was its con- 
trast in form, that it could be distinguished from the growth 
about it as far as the eye could see it at all. Such an unique tree 
would be well worthy of an attempt to perpetuate if possible for use 
in parks; either standing by itself or in mass backed with the com- 
mon form, it would produce a striking spectacle unlike that of 
any other tree. 

The silver maple has not as beautiful autumnal coloration as 
the red and hard maples; sometimes the leaves turn red, some- 
times pale yellow. In open places, the top leaves are shed first, 
leaving the lower boughs still leafy. The trees were shedding their 
leaves rapidly in the latter part of October. 

It is not rare to find silver maples with leaves red or purplish 
red all summer. This color is characteristic of the young leaves 
when they first appear, and seems to be due to an abundance of cell- 
sap; its continuance through the summer appears to be due to a 
sort of prolonged youthfulness of the leaves, and is especially likely 
to happen in saturated or acid soils. In some cases it appears to 
be an individual peculiarity of certain trees, and one planted in 
the sandy soil near Long Point retained its brilliant foliage all sum- 
mer. By paying especial attention to this peculiarity we could 
probably develop strains of silver maples with colored foliage and 
in due time accomplish with our arboreal maples as astonishing re- 
sults as the Japanese have done with their shrubby species. 

The sap of the silver maple has a much lower sugar content 
than the sugar maple, but the tree yields a much larger supply. 
It makes an excellent maple syrup or sugar. 

In its use as a street or shade tree the silver maple is more ad- 
mirable for its possibilities than for what has as yet been accom- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 359 


plished. The charm that first took men’s eyes, of great masses up- 
turning their leaves to the wind and forming rounded mass after 
mass like looming thunder heads, is one that cannot be reproduced 
on the narrow limits of a small estate. It is one of those fugitive 
charms of wild things which cannot be transplanted, and in the case 
of the silver maple most will be accomplished by paying attention to 
the individual tree, and by propagating especially choice forms. 
Along the streets of Defiance, Ohio, one tree was noted with the 
more or less festoony habit described above; another with exquisite 
pink color of the younger leaves, making all the branches pink- 
tipped. 

Along various rivers—the Mississippi for example—the great 
crops of seeds falling on the water float to shore, where they are left 
by the receding waters. There they come up in thickly sown rows 
extending for miles. One can in a short time examine innumer- 
able examples of seedlings and note the variations; the most com- 
mon variation is for the young plant to have three seed leaves and 
its subsequent leaves arranged in whorls of three instead of op- 
posite. There are indications that this habit has a tendency to 
right itself. It certainly does in some cases, and very likely the 
majority if not all secondary branches will be normal. Another, 
but rare, tendency is the production of splashed leaves; whether 
this is permanent remains to be seen; some such trees are now 
being reared. 

A clump of the young seedlings at a favorable location near the 
water’s edge was under daily observation during the spring of 
1913. When the water rose, saturating the ground where they 
grew, the leaves changed to a purplish red, giving the mass of 
plants all the gayety and attractiveness of a posy bed. When the 
waters receded and the soil dried out the leaves returned more 
nearly to their normal green. 


501. RED MAPLE; WATER MAPLE 
ACER RUBRUM L. 


Not so common as the preceding; most of the trees indeed are 
planted trees along the road back of the cottages at Long Point; a 
few trees found also on the east side. It usually blooms somewhat 
later than the preceding, and the flowers are a trifle more showy. 
In blossom April 11; seeds ripe May 23. The flowers offer a great 
attraction to bees, and the trees in blossom were humming like 
hives. The leaves turn brilliant red in autumn. They were in the 
height of their splendor about October 21. 


360 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


At Lake-of-the-Woods, Marshall County, Indiana, an unique and 
beautiful tree of this species was noted. It was a small tree about 
five inches in diameter. The stem, after reaching a height of about 
fifteen feet, abruptly terminated in a number of slender weeping 
branches, quite or almost as markedly weeping as the weeping 
willow. The leaves were not laciniate, as is usual with weeping 
maples, but were of the usual form. 

Near Cumberland Falls, Ky., some remarkably beautiful trees 
of this species were seen, the green leaves being brilliantly veined 
with red. 


502. SUGAR MAPLE; SUGAR-TREE; HARD MAPLE 
ACER SACCHARUM Marsh. 


Rather common on hills and along gullies on the east side 
of the lake, but not abundant enough to make the manufacture 
of syrup a local industry; a few trees on the southwest side 
of the lake, near Overmyer’s. The buds showed green by April 
27. In flower April 30. The yellowish green blossoms on long 
drooping hairy pedicels, while not so striking in appearance as 
those of the red maple, have a peculiar grace and attractiveness. 
The seeds which ripen and drop in autumn (they were falling Sep- 
tember 26 to October 7), lie over all winter and germinate in the 
spring. Seedlings were noted coming up April 3. The forest floor 
of a large woods near Maxinkuckee on the east side was almost 
carpeted with young sugar trees about two inches high in the au- 
tumn of 1904. The preceding year’s crop of seed must have been 
unusual. 

The autumn colors are gold, splashed and touched with red, mak- 
ing it one of the most attractive of our autumn trees, especially as 
the colors flame from distant hillsides. 


5038. BOX ELDER; ASH-LEAVED MAPLE 
ACER NEGUNDO L. 


It is not certain whether the box elder is native to the region 
immediately surrounding the lake, as most of the trees scattered 
about are rather young, and may have sprung from the seed of 
trees planted in the Military Academy grounds. There are a few 
trees, all of small size, along shore in front of Green’s and some on 
the east side of the lake. This species is fairly common in some 
parts of the state in low ground along streams. It is frequently 
planted as a shade-tree in dooryards and parks and, where pistil- 
late trees are planted, spreads rapidly by seed and soon becomes 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 361 


established. In-addition to the ordinary form, there is a variegated- 
leaved variety in cultivation. 

The box elder has the peculiar habit of shedding the first- 
formed leaves early in the year, the leaves turning golden and 
often covering the ground about the base of the tree, making an 
autumn in springtime. The staminate trees can be distinguished 
from the pistillate even before they bloom, as the buds are single, 
long and pointed, while those of the pistillate trees are rounded and 
in bunches of three. Bees come in great numbers about the stami- 
nate trees, filling the air with a continuous hum, but appear wholly 
to neglect the pistillate trees. The tree yields a fair abundance of 
sweet sap which boils down to an excellent maple syrup or to a 
sugar, which unlike the sugar of the hard maple, is white instead 
of brown. As the box elder grows quite rapidly in good ground 
the establishment of a sugar camp by planting this species would 
be a matter of comparatively few years. 

The seeds are borne in great profusion, and remain on the tree 
late in the winter or until spring, making the tree picturesque 
throughout the winter. The seedlings come up in May—very ro- 
bust little trees—the first set of leaves single, so that the tree looks 
very much like the other maples at this-stage. 


FAMILY 94. AESCULACEZ. BUCKEYE FAMILY 
504. BUCKEYE 
AESCULUS GLABRA Willd. 


Not common about the lake; a few trees found on the east side 
by Vajen’s. The earliest of our trees to leaf out in spring, the 
trees showing green when everything else is bare. By April 19, 
1901, the leaf-buds had swelled and the leaves were nearly out, the 
trees showing a rich purplish green some distance away. April 
27 the leaves out, and the flower-buds showing. May 3, in flower. 
September 26, 1906, fruit ripening. 

As it is the earliest tree to leaf out in spring, so it is the earliest 
to assume autumn tints and shed its leaves, carrying the autumn 
forward into the summer. In a trip on the Maumee River and an- 
other on the Cumberland, early in August, the buckeye trees, 
which were sprinkled among the other forest trees on the hills and 
bluffs, could be picked out a half-mile away as patches of red 
among the surrounding green, and on the trip last mentioned, about 
the middle of August, some trees were seen wholly naked except 
for the heavy crop of buckeyes. The fruit of the buckeye occa- 
sionally poisons cattle. 


362 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 95. RHAMNACEZ. BUCKTHORN .FAMILY 


505. NEW JERSEY TEA; RED-ROOT 
CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS L. 


Not very common; a few plants scattered in dry ground about 
Long Point, along the railroad by Arlington and in Green’s woods 
near the northeast part of Lost Lake. In flower June 24, 1901. 
The leaves sometimes stay green far into the winter. They were 
still green, but dried up considerably, December 18, 1904. 


FAMILY 96. VITACEZ. GRAPE FAMILY 


506. NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE; PLUM-GRAPE 
VITIS LABRUSCA L. 


Occasional in sandy places west of the lake. There is a good 
vine clambering over an old fence and low bushes beside the road 
between Murray’s and Farrar’s; this is generally fruitful; another 
vine, not so fruitful, climbs the tall poplars farther down along 
the road. There are two low vines, generally pretty fruitful, in 
the woods where the birch swamp is located. The species reaches 
its best development in Walley’s woods along the edge of a long 
narrow swamp. Here it forms a remarkable wild arbor, the vines 
climbing tall trees or forming a thick canopy over low bushes or 
the tops of fallen trees. Saplings and small trees, bent over by the 
weight of the vines, formed graceful arches. The year 1906 was 
an unusually fruitful year, and this arbor, hanging thick with 
clusters of the ripened grapes, many of them larger than the culti- 
vated Concord, formed a scene of great attractiveness. The 
grapes, though tough, were sweet and pleasant when ripe, and were 
soon cleaned up by birds in their autumn migration. There are 
several fine arbors far down the outlet. 


507. SUMMER GRAPE 
VITIS AESTIVALIS Michx. 


Common in woods west and south of the lake and occasional 
on the east side. The most common grape of the region. 


508. DOWNY GRAPE 
VITIS CINEREA Engelm. 


Rather rare, a few vines west of the lake. 


509. BLUE OR WINTER GRAPE 
VITIS BICOLOR LeConte 


Occasional in tnickets west and south of the lake. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 363 


510. SWEET SCENTED GRAPE; RIVERSIDE GRAPE 
VITIS VULPINA L. 


Rather common near shore on banks along the west shore, 
as on Long Point, and along the road on the east side of the lake. 
The term “sweet-scented” was probably intended to refer especially 
to the blossoms, which have a pleasant, spicy, far-reaching fra- 
grance. The large glaucous fruit is sometimes flattish. The taste 
is usually insipid, especially when the fruit is dead ripe, so that 
it is generally the poorest in quality of all our wild grapes. 

Some vines which appeared to be of this species grew at the 
edge of Busart’s pond, and bore an abundance of large, excellent 
frat, 

511. FROST GRAPE; CHICKEN GRAPE 
VITIS CORDIFOLIA Michx. 


Scattered about the lake, at Long Point, along the railroad, in 
Green’s and Walley’s woods, etc. In flower along the railroad May 
26. The smallest of our grapes, quite sour but with a rather agree- 
able flavor. The seedlings come up in May and have rather ovate 
pale cotyledons. The first pair of leaves are rhomboidal in form, 
reminding one of leaves of the dogwood. 


512. VIRGINIA CREEPER 
PARTHENOCISSUS QUINQUEFOLIA (L.) Planch. 


Rather common in woodlands; common along the east shore of 
Long Point. 

One of the most brilliant of our plants in autumn coloration, 
and most effective when forming a close carpet-like growth about 
old dead stubs. It is used on the railroad grounds to cover dome- 
shaped trellises, and here it is very effective, especially in autumn 
when in brilliant coloration. It is occasionally used to screen 
porches, a use to which it is very well adapted. It attains its 
brightest coloration about the middle of September. The leaves 
have, under different conditions, various peculiarities in coloring; 
sometimes part of the leaflets of a leaf will turn red, while the re- 
mainder are still green. One by the Fish Commission cottage was 
peculiarly and beautifully colored, the leaves red, flecked with small 
quadrate patches of green. The young leaves come out in spring 
with a beautiful purplish color much like the purple beech in tone. 

Delightful as the Virginia creeper is in northern Indiana, no 
one fully realizes its possibilities or full attractiveness until he 
sees it where it attains its most perfect development, which is 
probably along the Cumberland River. 


364 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Here it clothes the trees along the river, dead and living alike, 
with a dense carpet-like growth, often extending over small limbs, 
and all apparently to no detriment of the tree. At other places 
it thus carpets the faces of the vertical limestone cliffs, and even 
creeps down over the mud banks of the river, growing downward 
instead of upward. Along the Caney Fork, however, where it grew 
on the sycamores and other trees along the river’s edge, it outdid 
itself. Here, after it had occupied all available space on the tree, 
it hung down from horizontal boughs in great swinging festoons, 
some of them 10 or 15 feet long and 6 inches in diameter. 

Where the vines grew in such profusion, leaves were ripening 
and reddening all summer long, so there were patches of red here 
and there throughout the growing season. On the upper Cum- 
berland one vine was noted with purple foliage; like that of some 
of the Japanese maples. 


FAMILY 97. TILIACEZ. LINDEN FAMILY 
5138. BASS-WOOD; AMERICAN LINDEN 


TILIA AMERICANA L. 


Rather common along the lake shore. One of the landmarks 
on the shore of Long Point near the Scovell cottage was a tree 
leaning far out over the water. Large trees occur in the low 
ground near Overmyer’s field. Part of a large forest on the east 
side, near Peebles, is composed mainly of this species, some of 
the trees being unusually large and fine. A large tree in full 
bloom is a regular dome of fragrance and a forest of linden will 
scent the air about it for a mile. In close proximity, the odor 
of the waxy blossom is rank, but tempered by distance it is one 
of the most delightful odors, and the linden is famous as a pro- 
ducer of delicate-flavored honey. The young seedlings come up 
in early spring (May) and are noteworthy for their lobed, hand- 
shaped cotyledons. 


FAMILY 98. MALVACEZ. MALLOW FAMILY 
514. COMMON MALLOW; CHEESES 


MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA L. 


This well known plant is common in waste places about Culver. 
Although common in waste grounds it never appeared to venture 
into cultivated grounds or lawns and become a weed until within 
recent years. It is very hardy and withstands a great deal of tramp- 
ing and rough treatment. It begins blossoming rather early in the 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 365 


spring—some noted in blossom near the Assembly grounds May 
25, and it has often been noted in blossom earlier than this—and 
it continues blossoming until severe frosts. Some was noted in 
flower October 27 west of the depot. In common with several 
other plants of the family, the seeds and green fruit are notably 
mucilaginous. 


515. EUROPEAN MALLOW 


MALVA ALCEA L. 


A favorite in old-fashioned gardens, resembling a hollyhock 
with small single blossoms like a larger edition of the M. rotundt- 
folia, but red or pink. A few plants which had escaped from seed 
of some old garden near Culver. 


516. PRICKLY SIDA; INDIAN OR FALSE MALLOW 


SIDA SPINOSA L. 


A rather slender, inconspicuous weed with pale yellow flowers, 
rather common in grassy places along walks on Long Point near 
Scovell’s and neighboring cottages. 


517. VELVET LEAF; BUTTER-PRINT 


ABUTILON ABUTILON (L.) Rusby 


Not abundant west of the lake; evidently brought in by the rail- 
road as most of the plants were found along the railroad by the 
ice-houses. Exceedingly abundant, 1904, in a field northeast of the 
lake. This native of India has found congenial soil in many parts 
of our country and in some places has become one of the worst of 
our weeds. It seems queer to think of this rank weed with rather 
inconspicuous yellow flowers as once thought of as ornamental; it 
is from gardens that it, like its pestiferous but much prettier rela- 
tive, the ten o’clock, has spread. It prefers rich black loam. It is 
an annual but bears an immense crop of seeds and these will germi- 
nate any time during the summer when the ground is stirred, and 
in places whole fields become a mass of these plants. It is mark- 
edly heliotropic, and a densely grown field from a few inches to 
knee high or higher, all pointing eastward with one accord in the 
morning, and nodding heavily westward toward the setting sun in 
the evening, makes a striking sight. Young plants can spring up 
late in summer and hurry through the life cycle soon enough to 
leave plenty of seeds by autumn. The velvet-leaf has a rather 
strong shreddy bark when dead, but not strong enough to make it 
of any value as a fiber plant. 


366 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


518. HALBERD-LEAVED ROSE-MALLOW 


HIBISCUS MILITARIS Cay. 


A few clumps down toward the mouth of the Outlet, not far 
from the Tippecanoe River; not found in the immediate vicinity of 
the lake; abundant along the Kankakee River. 

Although large insects, such as bumblebees, frequently visit the 
flowers of this plant, probably for pollen, the nectaries are hidden 
in the little tent formed about the base of the column which bears 
the stamens, the only entrance to this tent being the five narrow 
clefts between the lobes of the corolla. This tent is usually in- 
habited by a large number of minute beetles which are able to enter 
the clefts. 

519. BLADDER KETMIA 
HIBISCUS TRIONUM L. 

A few plants found along the north shore of the lake, near 
Morris’s boathouse. This low herb with its conspicuous creamy 
black-eyed blossoms was a favorite in old fashioned gardens. It 
has escaped, and in many parts of the state is becoming one of the 
most pestiferous weeds. A well developed plant bears an enormous 
number of seeds. These have great germinating power and will 
spring up in cultivated ground almost at any time during the sum- 
mer even after the cultivation for the year is over and rapidly pro- 
duce seed.- The seeds are easily distributed through hauling hay, 
manure, etc. 


FAMILY 99. HYPERICACER. ST. JOHN’S-WORT FAMILY 
520. ROUND-PODDED ST. JOHN’S-WORT 


HYPERICUM CISTIFOLIUM Lam. 


Occasional on wet banks about the lake. 


521. VIRGATE*OR COPPER-COLORED ST. JOHN’S-WORT 


HYPERICUM VIRGATUM Lam. 


Specimens were obtained in moist grounds about the lake. 


522. SPOTTED ST. JOHN’S-WORT 
HYPERICUM PUNCTATUM Lam. 


A few plants found along the lake shore south of Green’s. 
Rather common throughout the state in moist soil. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 367 


523. DWARF ST. JOHN’S-WORT 


HYPERICUM MUTILUM L. 


Common along the edges of ponds; very abundant along the 
northeast shore of Lost Lake. Nothwithstanding the small size of 
plant and flower, this plant with its coppery blossoms is very 
pretty and more attractive than some of the more showy species. 
It was seen in blossom as late as October 25, and the leaves had 
before this time assumed beautiful reddish tints. 


524. ORANGE-GRASS; PINEWEED 


SAROTHRA GENTIANOIDES L. 


A member of the xerophyte flora on the dry bank along the east 
shore of Lost Lake; an inconspicuous plant, the leaves reduced to 
mere scales so that the plant looks strikingly naked. It has a close 
general resemblance to Bartonia virginica, a member of the Gentian 
family. 


525. MARSH ST. JOHN’S-WORT 


TRIADENUM YIRGINICUM (L.) Raf. 


Scattered, in the marsh near Norris Inlet. This plant, with its 
rather broad clasping glaucous leaves and rather large dark-purple 
blossoms, does not much resemble its close relatives, the upland 
St, John’s-worts, and though not nearly so showy, is in a way more 
attractive than any of them. Attractive, in the secondary sense 
of the word. The impression the plant gives is rather that of being 
unusual. There is nothing else it reminds one of, and it is seen 
only by those who venture into the marshes. Tamarack bogs are 
one of its favorite habitats. 


FAMILY 100. CISTACEZ. ROCK-ROSE FAMILY 
526. LONG-BRANCHED FROSTWEED 


CROCANTHEMUM CANADENSE (L.) Britton 


Rather common in sandy soil, especially north and east of Lost 
Lake. Found also by Murray’s and by the -ice-houses. The thin- 
petalled, bright yellow flowers, about an inch in diameter and fur- 
nished with a brush of numerous yellow stamens, have a peculiar 
charm. It is after the first hard freezes of autumn, however, that 
the plant is most striking. The bark at the base of the plant cracks 
open and sparkling crystals of ice emerge, the result of the freez- 
ing of the sap. Plants noted in bloom early in June. 


368 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


527. THYME-LEAVED PIN-WEED 
LECHEA MINOR L. 


Rather common in the dry sandy ground north of Lost Lake, 
associated with Crocanthemum canadense; some plants in front of 
the Military Academy and some on the beach beyond Norris Inlet. 
Flowers inconspicuous. The prostrate runners or stdélons with 
their leaves arranged symmetrically, are the most attractive fea- 
tures of the plant, especially in winter when the leaves turn bronze 
red. The leaves persist throughout the winter. Noted in flower 
about the middle of August. 


FAMILY 101. VIOLACEZ. VIOLET FAMILY 
528. BIRD’S-FOOT VIOLET 
VIOLA PEDATA L. 


Found only along the ridge on the east side of Lost Lake and 
its outlet, back of Walley’s woods, and along the railroad. _ Its 
distribution is peculiar and interesting. Its range covers a large 
area, occupying most of the eastern United States, but within that 
range it is only where some favored sandy or sandy clay hill 
suitable to its growth occurs, that this plant is to be found. There 
may be whole counties without a plant of this species, and in 
Indiana it is usually found in only small patches, though abundant 
within the limited areas in which it occurs. It (especially the bi- 
color form) is the largest and in some respects the most handsome 
of the violets. It has two flowering seasons, one in late spring 
when it blossoms abundantly, and one in late autumn when it pro- 
duces only a few flowers. In flower May 2 and later along the rail- 
road southwest of the lake. In blossom October 24 and 25 along 
Lost Lake outlet; in 1900, some buds, overtaken by cold, remained 
all winter, but did not blossom in spring. In 1907, flowers were seen 
September 11 and 29 by the birch swamp along the railroad, and 
on October 14 they were still abundantly in flower. 

We did not find any of the bicolor form with the upper petals 
black and velvety. It is likely to occur, however, wherever the 
other form is found. ° 


929. EARLY BLUE VIOLET 
VIOLA PALMATA L. 


Common in dry shady places, also on dry banks along the rail- 
road. One of the early spring flowers which continues blossoming 
for a month or more. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey — 369 


530. MEADOW OR HOODED BLUE VIOLET 


VIOLA PAPILIONACEA Pursh 


The well-known “Johnny-jump-up” of the country. Abundant 
in various places, especially where moist. Commonly blue but 
variable in color, sometimes entirely white, sometimes white with 
a purple or blue eye, and sometimes curiously mottled and blotched. 
Found most abundantly on the east side of the lake. Noted abund- 
antly in flower April 30, 1901. It has a second flowering season 
late in autumn. In flower plentifully along the railroad October 
27 and 28, 1906. 


581. SOUTHERN WOOD VIOLET 


VIOLA HIRSUTULA Brainerd 


Collected in blossom at Long Point May 14, 1901. Probably 
rare. 
582. OVATE-LEAVED VIOLET 


VIOLA FIMBRIATULA J. E.. Smith 


Rather common in flat ground about the lake, especially south- 
ward along the railroad. Collected in flower May 23, 1901. 


533. SWEET WHITE VIOLET 


VIOLA BLANDA Willd. 


Rather common, but not abundant, in low flat places, such as 
Green’s marsh and the low flat fields west of the grist-mill, and in 
woodland ponds east of the lake among moss. One of its favorite 
habitats is on the moss growing on submerged logs in ponds. It 
prefers constantly saturated ground. The daintiest and smallest 
of our violets, with a delightful fragrance. Blossoms in April and 
May, most abundantly in May. It also blossoms again somewhat 
sparsely, in autumn. Some were found in blossom along the Out- 
let, opposite Zechiel’s, September 29, 1907. 


5384. LANCE-LEAVED VIOLET 


VIOLA LANCEOLATA L. 


Quite abundant on both sides of the railroad southwest of the 
lake, and near Walley’s where the ground was saturated. Com- 
mon also at the edge of the marshes surrounding Lost Lake. Fre- 
quently growing at the bases of low willows at the edges of swamps. 
In flower from the beginning to the end of May, probably longer. 


24—17618—Vol. 2 


370 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


535. HAIRY OR DOWNY YELLOW VIOLET — 


VIOLA PUBESCENS Ait. 


One of the best known forms in the state, commonly abundant 
in dry woodlands. Common in Farrar’s woods, also in woodlands 
east of the lake. 


536. LONG-SPURRED VIOLET 


VIOLA ROSTRATA Pursh 


One of the least common of our violets, and noteworthy for the 
long slender spur. Not abundant anywhere in the state. In 
flower about the end of April on the east side of the lake in shaded 
places. Flowers of an attractive gray color. 


FAMILY 102. CACTACE®. CACTUS FAMILY 
5387. WESTERN PRICKLY PEAR 


OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA Raf. 


Abundant in sand dunes west of the lake. They are said to 
have escaped fram an old cemetery, and are now fairly abundant 
in old deserted fields in the dune region. Young erect “‘pears” 
were abundant August 16, 1906, mostly green, but all full-sized; 
few were ripening and one flower bud was seen. The plant be- 
haves much like a native. 

Observation on prickly pears, probably of this species, in an- 
other section of the country, showed some interesting developments. 
Sometimes the “pears” bore “joints” and these in turn bore blos- 
soms and fruit. 

The plant is very tenacious of life. Joints laid on a table will 
put forth buds, which will grow for some time. 


FAMILY 103. THYMELEACEZ. MEZEREUM FAMILY 
538. LEATHER-WOOD; MOOSE-WOOD 
DIRCA PALUSTRIS L. 


Local; rather abundant in a deep rich gully northeast of the 
lake, which is known in the country round about as ‘“‘the canyon’’. 
In flower April 30, 1901. It does not appear to be a common plant 
in northern Indiana, and usually grows along the slopes of gullies. 


FAMILY 104. LYTHRACEA. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 
539. SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE 
DECODON VERTICILLATUS (L.) EH. 


Common in swampy portions of the shore, as at the edges 
of Norris Inlet and Norris Inlet marsh; formerly common on 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey BY all 


the south shore of Outlet Bay; also along the outlet of Lost 
Lake. The densest patch is a long stretch along the margin of 
Norris Inlet, where the plants form a broad border on each side for 
some distance, the plants curving down with their tips in the water, 
and forming an almost impenetrable thicket. The plants are 
rather showy when in blossom, the flowers reminding one some- 
what of the crepe myrtle of which this plant is a relative; the 
leaves and fruiting calyces, which turn red in autumn, are also 
showy. The plant forms a mass of peculiarity spongy tissue 
around the submerged parts. The bark of the plant is one of the 
favorite foods of muskrats in winter. 


540. WING-ANGLED LOOSESTRIFE 
LYTHRUM ALATUM Pursh 


Common in low grounds about the lake, such as Green’s marsh. 
In places it grows so thickly that the purple blossoms give their 
color to extensive areas. It is a common plant in low grounds about 
various lakes of the state. 


FAMILY 105. MELASTOMACEZ. MEADOW-BEAUTY FAMILY 
541. MEADOW-BEAUTY; DEER-GRASS 
RHEXIA VIRGINICA L. 


Not common; one small patch on the bank of the thorough- 
fare between the lakes and north of Lost Lake and another south 
along the railroad near the birch swamp. In flower from early 
August to the latter part of September. The flowers are quite 
handsome and striking; it is indeed one of the most attractive 
plants in the region. The charm of the plant does not vanish when 
the blossom dies. The pods, surrounded by the globularly-swollen, 
cylindrical-necked calyces, are attractive, vase-like objects. 


FAMILY 106. ONAGRACEA. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY 
542. MARSH PURSLANE 
ISNARDIA PALUSTRIS L. 


An inconspicuous little creeping plant, quite common in the 
bottoms of ditches, and dried up or nearly dried up ponds. What 
are usually the conspicuous parts of a flower—septals, petals, sta- 
mens and pistils—are in this plant greatly reduced and inconspicu- 
ous, while the pod or fruit is the most evident part. Found at 
Winfield’s and near Chadwick’s, also at the bottom of dried up 
puddles along the railroad near the birch swamp. 


ate Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


543. FALSE LOOSESTRIFE; MANY-FRUITED LUDWIGIA 
LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA Short & Peter 


Not common; in moist ground opposite Overmyer’s field; also 
in wet soil by the birch swamp. An inconspicuous plant. 


544, SEED-BOX; RATTLE-BOX 
LUDWIGIA ALTERNIFOLIA L. 


Scattered, in marshy places; near the birch swamp and north 
of Lost Lake. The plants when in flower are quite conspicuous, 
the bright yellow blossoms, which drop their petals when shaken 
or shocked, catching the eye for a considerable distance. The plant 
is an attractive object in autumn when the leaves and sepals turn 
red, and in the dead of winter when the shapely seedboxes with the 
square lid, arranged orderly on the stalk, project above the snow. 


545. LINEAR-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB 
EPILOBIUM LINEARE Muhl. 


The presence of this species is attested by an herbarium speci- 
men collected by Dr. Scovell August 26, 1900. No definite record 
can be given of its occurrence, as the species of willow-herb are not 
especially conspicuous and are difficult to recognize in the field. 


546. PURPLE-LEAVED WILLOW-HERB 
EPILOBIUM COLORATUM Muhl. 


A few plants along the lake shore near Green’s, mixed in with 
cockleburrs and grasses. Abundant in a low swale near Murray’s, 
almost wholly occupying the central portion. Common in low open 
places. More conspicuous in fruit than in blossom, the silky seeds 
escaping from the pods producing a cottony effect. On a trip to 
Bass Lake August 14, 1906, whole stretches of landscape in low 
grounds were whitened by the seed-silk of these plants. 


547. COMMON EVENING-PRIMROSE 
OENOTHERA BIENNIS L. 


An occasional beach plant, as at Long Point near the Barnes 
cottage and beyond Norris Inlet. A few plants on the depot 
grounds near the lake. The greater number of plants, however, 
grow back from the lake in dry ground. There are good patches 
in open lots on Long Point, and the old sandy fields about the lake 
bear numerous scattered plants. Common on the east side by 
McOuat’s. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ile 


Although the evening primrose is common through fields, it is 
not a bad weed, as it is easily killed out by cultivation and prefers 
to grow in waste situations, especially in sandy soil. It is our most 
common representative of the family to which the cultivated 
Fuchsia belongs, and a comparison of the evening primrose with 
a fuchsia blossom will at once reveal the similarity. 

The seeds of the evening primrose germinate during the sum- 
mer and live throughout the winter, forming an attractive green 
or purplish rosette, the exposed portion of the leaf being purplish, 
the hidden parts green. The plants begin blooming about mid- 
summer and continue until killed by frost; small secondary blos- 
soms are formed late. In early summer, in sandy dry places, even 
before the plants have bloomed, the leaves, which vary considerably 
in shape, assume a bright red “autumnal coloration”; this is the 
first in the procession of plants to assume the vivid livery of the 
fall. 

A noteworthy feature of the evening primrose is the rapidity 
with which its buds open. Shortly after dusk, in the midst of the 
growing season they open within a remarkably short space of time; 
and it is doubtful if any other flowers open with such rapidity as 
in some of the cultivated forms similar to this. The eye is hardly 
quick enough to watch the unfolding bud, and as a number of blos- 
soms open on one plant it is almost like watching corn popping. 
The moon-flower, well known for the rapidity of its blooming, is 
behind in the race with this. The newly opened blossoms emit a 
delightful fragrance, and the pollen grains, which under magnifica- 
tion are seen to be curiously 3-angled, are hung together by a 
mass of cobwebby threads. A peculiarity of the evening prim- 
rose is the tendency of the stem to grow out into a broad flat 
blade. The dead stalks with their multitude of close-set pods are 
a feature of the winter landscape. During the winter the gold- 
finches stay about these plants quite constantly pecking about for 
seed, and in autumn and spring the downy and perhaps hairy wood- 
pecker spends a great deal of time on this plant and the mullein, 
seeking either seeds or the larve of insects. 


548. SMALL SUNDROPS 
KNEIFFIA PUMILA (L.) Spach 
A very pretty evening primrose-like plant, rather uncommon in 


the vicinity of the lake. Found near the birch swamp, along the 
railroad; in blossom June 17, 1901. 


374 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


549. ENCHANTER’S NIGHTSHADE 


CIRCAEA LUTETIANA L. 


Common in shady places. Quite frequent in Farrar’s woods 
near the pond; also east of the lake. An inconspicuous little plant, 
the small flowers with the two heart-shaped petals and two stamens 
presenting an odd appearance. The clubshaped bristly fruit ad- 
heres closely to clothing, but is too small and scattered to make it 
much of a nuisance as a burr. 


FAMILY 107. HALORAGIDACEZ. WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY 
550. MERMAID-WEED 


PROSERPINACA PALUSTRIS L. 


Rather common in ditches in Green’s marsh and along the rail- 
road near the old thoroughfare. The flowers and fruit are incon- 
spicuous but the gracefulness and adaptations of the plant make it 
attractive. The submerged leaves, like those of the water-parsnip, 
are finely dissected, while those of the aerial stems show more 
and more solid expanse and substance to the blade, until they are 
merely serrate. The leaves persist all winter under the ice in the 
bottoms of pools, and assume a purplish pink hue, which, with their 
lake-like form and symmetry of arrangement, makes them very 
pleasing, especially when nearly everything else is barren. 


551. SPIKED WATER-MILFOIL 


MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM L. 


Of the two species of milfoil found in the Lake Maxinkuckee 
region this is much less common. It is not found in the large 
lake at all, but occurs in the ponds along the railroad between the 
lakes, and is abundant in the extreme south end of Lost Lake and 
far down the Outlet. 

M. spicatum is the more delicate and graceful of the two found 
here. Not much was found in flower. A few plants were seen in 
blossom September 1, 1900, and on September 18 it was found in 
fruit. 

In autumn, in the still water of the lake and lagoons, the termi- 
nal portion forms elongated very compact conelike winter buds, 
the apical portion being rounded or hemispherical, the lower part 
gradually tapering to a long point. These buds are copper- 
colored or reddish. The plant below them becomes fragile, breaks 
up or decays. In early spring the bud elongates rapidly and forms 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 375 


a new plant. In the Outlet, where there is a good current, no winter 
buds are formed, but the plant remains entire the year through. 
The tips, however, become reddish. 


552. WHORLED,WATER-MILFOIL 
MYRIOPHYLLUM VERTICILLATUM L. 


A very common plant in both lakes and distributed everywhere 
where the water is not too deep. It grows in rather compact 
patches, usually mixed with other plants. It flourishes in depths 
ranging from 6 to 23 feet, and usually in bottom where there is 
some mud. Unlike the horn-wort (Ceratophyllum) this plant pos- 
sesses roots, and attaches itself to the bottom. It seems to grow 
best on sloping bottom. Among the most noteworthy patches in the 
lake are those about the west edges of Outlet Bay, off from the ice- 
houses, off from Overmyer’s field, and out from the Gravelpit. It 
is common throughout most of Lost Lake. It grows far out from 
shore at a point in line with Norris pier and opposite Overmyer’s 
field and in the vicinity of Norris Inlet. 

This plant retains its form pretty well during the winter, but 
the old leaves assume a brownish tinge. The growing tips of 
plants form rather compact, elongate, winter buds—one could 
hardly call them that either; they seem rather the first step toward 
the formation of winter buds and are the result of a cessation of 
elongate growth of the plant’s axis, and are not nearly as well dif- 
ferentiated as those of M. spicatum. 

In early spring the waves break some of these tips loose, wash 
them ashore, or scatter them generally. Such buds were noted as 
pretty abundant during the latter part of March and all of April. 
By April 23 the buds had loosened up pretty well from their winter 
compactness and started to grow. Plants were noted in flower the 
first of September. Both flowers and fruits are inconspicuous. 

The Whorled Milfoil is rather more conspicuous than M. spica- 
tum, but not so conspicuous as several other species. It is not so 
attractive or interesting as M. hetrophyllum which is, oddly enough, 
absent at Lake Maxinkuckee, although common in Bass Lake and 
other lakes near by. As an aquarium plant for ornamental pur- 
poses it is far inferior to the imported and cultivated M. proserayi- 
nacoides or Parrot’s feather. 

This plant is very little used as food by any of the fishes of the 
lake. One of its principal functions is in affording a place of attach- 
ment for other organisms. Rivularia frequently grows thickly all 
over the plants, and it is the favorite habitat of some of the species 


4 


376 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


of Vorticella. As furnishing a haunt for amphipods and other 
crustaceans, however, it is far inferior to Ceratophyllum. 

Myriophyllum can be studied excellently through the ice, es- 
pecially as regards distribution. Whenever, in going over clear ice, 
one comes to a place where the water deepens rather suddenly and 
the bottom, a moment before visible, slopes rather abruptly to a 
black abyss, a thick fringe of this plant is pretty sure to show, and 
the last glimpse of vegetation to be seen is the tops of the milfoils 
projecting up out of the dark depths. One patch of this sort was 
found notheastward from the ice-houses and northward from 
Chadwick’s, and another off the Gravelpit about 1,000 feet out 
from shore. 


FAMILY 108. ARALIACEZ. GINSENG FAMILY 
5538. AMERICAN SPIKENARD 


ARALIA RACEMOSA L. 


Not common about the lake, but found scattered through wood- 
lands. Once common throughout the state, but disappearing in 
many places on account of woodlands being thinned out and used 
for pasturage. It thrives best in rich leaf- or wood-mold, and 
reaches its greatest development at the base of old rotten stumps. 
A well-grown plant is one of the most tropical looking, stately ob- 
jects to be found in our woodlands, and the species might prove 
of value as an ornamental plant in parks if it could be induced to 
_thrive. The black spicy berries somewhat resembling elderberries 
in appearance grow in a handsome cluster. The thick spicy root is 
used in some places as an ingredient in home-made salves. 


554. WILD, OR VIRGINIAN SARSAPARILLA 
ARALIA NUDICAULIS L. 

Not common; a few plants were seen on Long Point back of the 
Jenks cottage. Leaves well up by May 10. This plant thrives 
best in leaf-mold, and is usually seen about the head of gullies and 
on steep slopes, especially where there is a thick layer of old dead 
leaves. It is not an especially striking plant. The long rootstocks 
have some medicinal repute. 


555. GINSENG 
PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM L. 


Rare; only one plant found northeast of the lake in a gully in 
the corner of Culver’s woods. Once common throughout many 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 317 


parts of the state, but now mostly cleaned out by “Sang” diggers 
and by pasturing. It is not rare about Plymouth and some wild 
plants were seen quite full of fruit. There is a “ginseng” farm at 
Plymouth where the plants thrive and attain a good size and yield 
profitable returns. Some fine plants, one about a foot high, were 
found north of Hibbard. 


556. DWARF GINSENG OR GROUND-NUT 


PANAX TRIFOLIUM L. 


A good patch of scattered plants found near a pond on the east 
side, among partridge-berries and other out-of-the-way plants. 
The compact globe of little white blossoms is quite striking and the 
tuber-like globular root is quite different from that of the other 
species. In flower April 30, 1901. 


FAMILY 109. AMMIACEA. CARROT FAMILY 


557. RATTLESNAKE-MASTER; BUTTON SNAKEROOT 


ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM L. 


A few plants bordering the marsh on the east side of Lost Lake 
outlet, in the large meadow-like flat. A rather thick patch was 
also found in the border of Farrar’s woods near a field. Its 
favorite situation is in flat wet grassy or sedgy places. The re- 
semblance of this plant in leaf and general habit to some of the 
yuccas, as indicated by its old specific name is quite remarkable, 
all the more so as the yuccas usually grow in high and dry situations 
and the button snakeroot usually is found where it is wet. The . 
reduction of the cyme to a close head is another interesting feature. 


558. SANICLE; BLACK SNAKE-ROOT 
SANICULA MARYLANDICA L. 


Fairly common in moist shady places. In flower on Long Point 
June 8, 1901. A weedy-looking plant of rich soil. 


559. WOOLLY SWEET-CICELY; HAIRY SWEET-CICELY 


WASHINGTONIA CLAYTONI (Michx.) Britton 


Rather common in woodlands. Frequent on the east side of the 
lake in shaded ravines. In flower by Vajen’s May 28, 1901. The 
delicate fern-like woolly leaves of this plant give it a graceful ap- 
pearance. When ripe the long slender seeds function as burrs 
which readily stick through cloth and are thus carried about. 


378 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


560. SMOOTHER SWEET-CICELY 


WASHINGTONIA LONGISTYLIS (Torr.) Britton 


Not nearly so common as the preceding, and much like it, but 
smooth. The roots are very spicy having the odor of sweet anise. 
We have never noted the roots of this plant being disturbed by 
small mammals, though the oil of sweet anise (which these roots 
resemble in odor) is one of the principal scents used by trappers to 
attract fur-bearing animals. 


561. HONEWORT 


DERINGA CANADENSIS (L.) Kuntze 


A rather low, homely plant with inconspicuous flowers and thin 
leaves, growing in patches in shady places. Frequent in Farrar’s 
woods where it was noted in blossom June 11. 


562. WILD PARSNIP 
PASTINACA SATIVA L. 


Abundant along the shore of the lake in front of Green’s. It 
appears to have escaped from trains or from seeds dropped 
from some passing wagon. It was found also near Farrar’s. 
The seeds, which mature in late summer, or early fall, germinate 
almost at once and pass through the winter as little rosettes; some 
were noted just leaving the seed September 20, 1900. They stay 
more or less bright and green all winter. As the broadly winged 
seeds are borne in considerable numbers and are easily carried by 
wind, this plant tends to become a weed in waste places. It is a 
remarkable fact that the roots of this plant which has been culti- 
vated for food for years, become poisonous after a generation or 
two of wildness, and the eating of them is liable to be followed with 
serious if not fatal results. 


563. COW-PARSNIP 
HERACLEUM LANATUM Michx. 


A few plants along the west side of the lake near Winfield’s; 
rather abundant on the east side in the marshes fringing Aubeenau- 
bee Creek; occasional about the edges of Norris Inlet marsh. This 
tall plant with its large hollow stem and immense leaves is one of 
the most striking and stately of our native plants. The flowers 
are rather peculiar in that the outer petals forming the border of 
the corymb are considerably enlarged and elongate, like the blos- 
soms of candytuft and a few other peculiar plants. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Si) 


K 


564. GREAT HIGH OR PURPLE-STEMMED ANGELICA 
ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA L. 


Rather frequent in swampy places. 


565. COWBANE 
OXYPOLIS RIGIDUS (L.) Raf. 
This species did not come under frequent observation, and we 
have no note concerning it. Its presence in the vicinity of the lake 
is attested by an herbarium specimen. 


566. HAIRY-JOINTED MEADOW PARSNIP 
THASPIUM BARBINODE (Michx.) Nutt. 
Rather common on Long Point in McSheehy’s and neighboring 


yards near the road. A rather tall, stately plant, without any 
particular attractiveness of flower. 


567. CUT-LEAVED MEADOW-PARSNIP 
THASPIUM PINNATIFIDUM (Buckl.) A. Gray 


Occasional in dry shady places. The small light yellow flowers 
have no special attractiveness, but the shapely dissected leaves are 
pretty. 

568. YELLOW PIMPERNEL 
TAENIDIA INTEGERRIMA (L.) Drude 


A clump found growing on a clay bank by the lake between 
Kreutzberger’s and the depot pier. A tall parsnip-like plant with 
not particularly showy yellow flowers. Fruit had begun to de- 
velop pretty well and plants were collected, by May 18, LOOT 


569. EARLY MEADOW-PARSNIP 
ZIZIA AUREA (L.) Koch 

Occasional in level moist places. A small patch grew along 
the railroad back of Green’s field on Long Point, on a slope near 
the railroad fence. In blossom during May and June. Some of 
the fruit was pretty well matured by June 7. Like most of the 
parsnips, not a particularly showy plant, the golden yellow flowers 
being small and inconspicuous. 


570. HARBINGER OF SPRING; PEPPER-AND-SALT; TURKEY-PEA 
ERIGENIA BULBOSA (Michx.) Nutt. 


Common in the woods northeast of the lake. This was for- 
merly rather common throughout most of the state, nowhere abund- 


380 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


ant, but forming little patches about the roots of trees in the rich 
earth-mold. In many places it has disappeared, owing to the 
pasturage of woodlands, to which the vanishing of many members 
of our native flora is due. 

This plant is popularly known and loved as the “first flower of 
the spring.” The skunk cabbage in the swamps and the silver 
maple blossoms in the trees may precede it by a few days, but they 
escape common observation ; and, anyway, no one thinks of making 
bouquets of them; but this little flower, or rather flower cluster, 
with its modest prettiness—the dainty little petals besprinkled with 
the red stamens—and with its fresh delightful odor, appeals to 
everyone. The flower clusters precede the leaves and are rapidly 
followed by fruit, the plant having a very short growing season. 

In blossom from April 6 to April 19; by April 30 the fruit was 
pretty well grown. The round tuber-like roots of this plant are 
eaten by children; it is from these that the name “turkey pea” is 
due. 

571. HEMLOCK WATER-PARSNIP 
SIUM CICUTAEFOLIUM Schrank 


Not abundant about the lake; occasionally found in shallow 
swamps; some was found in the Norris Inlet marsh, back of the ice- 
beach, some in the swamps adjacent to the lake between Farrar’s 
and Overmyer’s, and some in a permanent pond east of the lake. 

Among the most interesting of our plants are those that grow 
in temporary ponds or at the edge of lakes where they are at times 
submerged and at other times left high and dry. It is such vicissi- 
tudes of alternating drouth and flood that have produced in Riccia 
lutescens a floating and a creeping form, and the whole legion of 
plants with two or more sorts of leaves, one floating, firm in texture, 
another kind submerged, thin or dissected, etc. Such forms im- 
press upon us most forcefully the influence of environment in 
developing new forms, and the mutability, not of species merely, 
but of individuals. 

Among these amphibious plants with variously-shaped leaves 
to suit different conditions, none is more striking than the water- 
parsnip. 

The lower, radicle leaves, which are usually covered by water, 
form a large circular rosette of the most lacy, fairy-like texture 
imaginable. These leaves usually turn purplish during the winter, 
and there are few prettier sights than one of these fluffy, dainty 
masses at the bottom of a clear pool. It shows to especially fine 
advantage when one, standing on clear ice, can look down on these 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 381 


plants underneath him. The plants remain in this condition until 
some time after the ice has melted and the water warmed up, 
gradually greening up with the progress of the spring. The deli- 
cate plant taken out of the water collapses into a wilted-looking 
shapeless mass. 

With the progress of spring the plant puts forth a stout club- 
like stem which finally becomes hollow ; the lower stem leaves are 
rather finely serrate, but much coarser than the radicle ones. AS 
the stem mounts higher and higher out of the water and into the 
air, the leaves take on increased firmness and simplicity of outline 
until the uppermost are simply shallow-toothed or almost entire. 

The flowers are not remarkable, being simply small white blos- 
soms of the usual parsley style in an umbel. 


572. WATER HEMLOCK; MUSQUASH ROOT 


CICUTA MACULATA L. 


Rather common in places; a few plants along shore south of the 
ice-houses, in front of the Assembly grounds, and south of Win- 
field’s. A few along the road in low wet places. Well up and 
in leaf by May 9. Still in blossom as late as October 24. In many 
low meadows this is one of the most persistent and annoying weeds, 
and many swampy places are, in the height of the flowering season, 
almost white with them. The delicate white umbel of blossoms has 
won for the plant in some places the name of “lace plant” or “Queen 
Anne’s Lace” a name which belongs rather to the wild carrot, 
Daucus carota. The roots, somewhat resembling dahlia roots, con- 
tain a deadly poison. It is by the scattering of these tuber-like 
roots by the plow that the plants are disseminated through low 
fields. 


573. BULB-BEARING WATER HEMLOCK 


CICUTA BULBIFERA L. 


Common about Lost Lake, on the low swampy shores of Lake 
Maxinkuckee, in the Norris Inlet, and the outlet region. Flowers 
and fruit are very rare, only one plant being found in fruit. Tiny 
bulblets are borne in great numbers in the axils of leaves; these 
drop off into the water and are carried by waves to various 
places along shore, and form a very efficient means of propaga- 
tion. A few plants grew on Long Point near Scovell’s, many in 
low ground by Overmyer’s, and formerly it was common at the tip 
of Long Point, from which it has disappeared on account of changed 
conditions. 


382 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 110. CORNACEH. DoGwooD FAMILY 
574. SILKY CORNEL 


CORNUS AMOMUM Mill. 


Rather common along low parts of the lake shore, forming 
low thickets. Found in the flat south of Outlet Bay, in the 
swamp by Farrar’s, and by the green boathouse near the south 
end of the lake. The fruit, which is not borne in great abund- 
ance, is remarkable for being of a beautiful pale blue shade, one 
of the rarest of colors among fruits. It is not at all a showy color, 
and it is only by focussing attention somewhat narrowly on a 
bunch of ripened fruit that one can properly appreciate it. It is 
one of those objects that do not readily take the casual glance, 
but whose charms grow and increase under close scrutiny. We 
have not seen birds feeding on the berries of this particular species, 
although they probably do so to some extent. At the south end of 
the lake we found an old empty bird’s nest well filled with the 
seeds of a species of Cornus, probably this. The shell had been 
enawed through and the kernels eaten out, probably by mice. 


575. RED-OSIER DOGWOOD 
CORNUS STOLONIFERA Michx. 


Common, forming dense clumps in low flat places in black 
ground. Found along the low border of the lake by Green’s, be- 
tween Farrar’s and Overmyer’s, and by Norris Inlet; also found 
at the tamarack swamp. Not a very conspicuous plant during the 
growing season, though the flat corymbs of small white flowers 
and the white berries when ripe are mildly attractive. The plant 
shows at its best during the winter, especially when there is snow, 
when the bright red of the bark of the young shoots shows con- 
spicuously. In landscape gardening and laying out of parks where 
each season has to be considered and provided for, this plant, or a 
species that is closely related, usually C. tartarica, is used for the 
mass of color the red bark gives to winter landscapes. In flower 
about the lake during the middle and latter part of May. 


576. PANICLED CORNEL 
CORNUS FEMINA Mill. 
Not very common about the lake; a patch noted on the east side 
of Long Point near McSheehy’s, and another southward not far 


from Farrar’s. Not so much a lover of wet swamps as the last 
two species, it grows best and most extensively on flat loamy 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 383 


soil where there is considerable moisture; it will also grow 
on high clay hills, and thrive well in neglected fence corners. 
In some of the northern parts of the state this species is known 
among old settlers as ‘‘Pigeon-oak.” In flower, stem and leaf, this 
shrub is rather inconspicuous; but the clusters of white fruit, or 
reddish stems, in the shape of dense corymbs, are very conspicuous. 
They form a favorite food for birds. Cedar waxwings were noted 
feeding their young in September on the berries of this or a similar 
species, and the flocks of southward migrating birds clean up the 
entire crop in a few days in some seasons and localities. Whenever 
any are left late enough they form a favorite food of the tree- 
Sparrow upon its return from the north. In blossom at the lake 
by the middle of June. 


577. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD 
CORNUS ALTERNIFOLIA L. f. 


Uncommon; only a few trees seen; two or three in the low 
ground in Overmyer’s woods and one or two on the east side some 
distance back in the forest. Intermediate in size between the vari- 
ous species of bushy cornels and the flowering dogwood. It is the 
least attractive species of the genus, usually growing in the form of 
a large crooked straggling shrub or small tree. 


578. FLOWERING DOGWOOD 
CYNOXYLON FLORIDUM (L.) Raf. 


Not common; a few trees along the northeast shore of the lake, 
more abundant farther back, in Culver’s woods. There used to be 
a popular saying in some parts of the state that when the dogwood 
blossoms were large and abundant it would be a good year for corn. 
This notion probably arose from some reminiscence of the name, 
Cornus or Cornel, applied to the tree, although it is always spoken 
of as dogwood. In flower along the lake shore May 27. Attractive 
not only when in blossom, but in the splendor of autumn foliage 
and fruit.. 


579. BLACK OR SOUR GUM 


NYSSA SYLVATICA Marsh. 


Corfined pretty closely to Lost Lake and its outlet. A row of 
trees borders the edge of Lost Lake marsh just west of the railroad 
near Arlington. These trees form a narrow row at the very edge 
of the marsh. The shining leaves, glistening as if varnished, are 
always attractive but become particularly so in early autumn. 


384 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


They are among the first of the trees to color up in the fall, closely 
succeeding the buckeye, and surpass it by their vivid glistening red. 
At first a stray leaf reddens here and there; finally the whole tree 
becomes scarlet. From September 23 to October 27, 1900, these 
highly colored trees formed a conspicuous landmark, the long patch 
of low-bush huckleberries making a duller flame about their roots. 

Trees are more or less scattered along the east side of Lost Lake 
outlet back of Green’s and Walley’s woods. The young trees down 
along the outlet put out their branches in a horizontal direction, 
and in late autumn, winter and spring, when the boughs are barren, 
the bark, on bright days shimmers with a satiny effect and gives 
a peculiar effect like that of a multitude of immense low horizontal 
spider-webs. In the southern states this tree is a favorite host 
of the mistletoe. 


FAMILY 111. PYROLACEH. WINTERGREEN FAMILY 
580. SHIN-LEAF 


PYROLA ELLIPTICA Nuit. 


Scattered through dry woodlands. It was observed more com- 
monly in Zechiel’s woods than elsewhere. It is never found in much 
abundance but usually in small patches on shady slopes. The waxy 
blossoms are rather pretty, but the odor, though not unpleasant in 
quality, is so intense as to be disagreeable. 


581. PIPSISSEWA; PRINCE’S PINE 


CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt. 


Rare; only one patch, but this was a fair-sized compact patch, 
found in Walley’s woods on the east side of Lost Lake outlet. 
A delightful little plant, its trim habit, firm evergreen leaves, and 
cluster of waxy fragrant blossoms are all attractive features. 


FAMILY 112. MONOTROPACEZ. INDIAN-PIPE FAMILY 
582. INDIAN PIPE; CORPSE-PLANT 


MONOTROPA UNIFLORA L. 


Rather common compared with its abundance in most parts 
of the state, growing in rich sandy woodlands on both sides of the 
lake; occasional in Green’s woods, but most abundant on the east 
side of the lake in the large woods about Aubeenaubee Creek. 
Sometimes only one or two plants are found together, but more 
commonly the plants grow in large clumps. The plant is in some 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 385 


cases at least perennial, and one can often find young plants in early 
summer at the base of last year’s stalks. The roots form a queer 
tangled mass. An attempt was made to grow the plants in a 
flower-pot from a mass of roots with the young shoots, but it was 
unsuccessful. The single plants mentioned above are probably 
young plants and the clumps older, the clumps probably increas- 
ing in size from year to year. It is remarkably independent of 
seasons, individual clumps coming up at almost any time during 
late spring, all summer and during autumn until frosts. On ac- 
count of its waxy whiteness and attractive form it is always a 
pleasure to find a clump of these odd plants. The transparence 
of its tissues makes it an exceptionally good subject in which to 
study the embryo sac. It is unfortunate that these plants turn 
black on drying, as this prevents them from making attractive 
herbarium specimens, and they do as badly in alcohol and formalin. 
An attempt to preserve the natural colors by killing with boiling 
water met with slight success. 

Although it bears its minute seeds in large numbers, apparently 
very few germinate, else it would be a much more common plant. 
The peculiar habit of the plant’s straightening up immediately 
after flowering, so that the vase-like pods stand erect, is evidently 
a device for securing the wide distribution of the seed. These 
escape from pores or chinks in the upper part of the pod, and are 
probably distributed by wind, for which their minute size adapts 
them. 

583. FALSE BEECH-DROPS; HAIRY PINE-SAP 
HYPOPITYS LANUGINOSA (Michx.) Nutt. 


A few patches on each side of the lake; some magnificent 
clumps were found in the big woods along Aubeenaubee Creek, 
on a dry hill. There is a fine large patch consisting of many 
clumps in Walley’s woods on the low bluff at the edge of the outlet 
marsh. This patch persisted and appeared to be increasing in 
size from year to year. It was discovered in 1906 and was still 
thriving in 1909. The plants vary considerably in coloration, some 
being rather pale. Those at Lake Maxinkuckee are usually bril- 
liantly colored; the lemon-colored blossoms and coral-red stems 
along with its velvety surface, make it an unusually attractive 
plant, but, like the Indian pipe, it turns black in drying. It has a 
long flowering season, from June to October, but this does not refer 
to the same clump, but to different clumps and localities. All we 
have found at the lake were rather late in blossoming, from the 
beginning to the middle of September. 


25-—17618—Vol. 2 


386 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 113. ERICACEH. HEATH FAMILY 
584. LEATHER-LEAF; DWARF CASSANDRA 


CHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA (L.) Moench 


Common in Hawk’s marsh, as a low shrub forming a zone be- 
tween the tall shrubs and the grasses. Found also at the tamarack 
west of the lake, but not so abundant. Passing out of flower by 
May 20. 

Although not so handsome or striking as Pieris floribunda, a 
relative that has found a well-deserved place in landscape gardens, 
this little shrub has many charms and a place of its own in the 
scheme of decoration of the swamps. It is an exceedingly hardy 
plant, growing as far north as Newfoundland and Alaska; still it 
is what the landscape gardener calls a “broad-leaved evergreen,” 
a group represented by the holly, box, and the like, and usually liv- 
ing in only mild climates. In addition to its graceful sprays of 
foliage, consisting of leaves becoming gradually smaller and smaller 
toward the tips of the branches, and which become purplish in win- 
ter, one of its greatest charms is its racemes of flower buds which 
are conspicuous throughout the winter, so well advanced in develop- 
ment that they seem ready to bloom at any time. 


585. WILD ROSEMARY; MARSH HOLY ROSE; MOORWORT 
ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA L. 


Rather abundant among the sphagnum of Hawk’s marsh. A 
low, rather inconspicuous evergreen shrub. The leaves curl up 
strongly along the margins, especially in cold weather. 

There is an air of refinement and daintiness about the marsh 
rosemary, with its whitish rolled-up leaves and chaste, drooping 
vase-shaped blossoms, that makes the finding of it an unusual pleas- 
ure. It isa hardy plant so far as temperature and rigorous winters 
are concerned, growing as far north as Alaska and British Colum- 
bia. It is a pity it does not grow in our marshes and swales as 
well as in the cold tamarack bogs. Noted in blossom in Hawk’s 
marsh about the middle of May (May 20). 


586. TRAILING ARBUTUS; MAYFLOWER 
EPIGAEA REPENS L. 

Rare; only a few plants found in a sandy woodland near some 
tamaracks southwest of the lake. Generally speaking this is a rare 
species in the state, being found only in a few of the northern 
counties and in Monroe county, where it is abundant in one locality. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 387 


587. SPICY OR CREEPING WINTERGREEN 


GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS L. 


Common in woods west and south of the lake, as Green’s, Wal- 
ley’s and Zechiel’s; abundant along the railroad by the birch 
swamp; plentiful west of the dunes; and abundant in a small but 
dense patch at the edge of a sandy wood about a mile down the 
outlet. The spicy berries, which are one of the most delicious 
morsels which the woodlands afford, are an uncertain crop. They 
are never markedly abundant about the lake, and one sometimes 
can find but few where a good crop might reasonably be expected; 
then again one may find a good crop in some unexpected spot. 


FAMILY 114. VACCINIACEZ. HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY 
588. BLACK OR HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY 


GAYLUSSACIA BACCATA (Wang.) K. Koch 


Common; scattered through rather open sandy woodlands, es- 
pecially common at the edges of woods. Common along the east 
side of the outlet of Lost Lake, and forming a pretty thick fringe 
of the marsh about the head of the lake. Leafing out well April 
26. In flower by May 14. Fruit ripe from July 27 to the latter 
part of August. The fruit is sweet and of a spicy flavor but full 
of hard seeds. The fruits are borne scattered and sparsely. 


589. LOW BLUEBERRY; BLUE HUCKLEBERRY 
VACCINIUM VACILLANS Kalm 


Rather rare; a few plants were found on the brow of a gentle 
slope at Long Point, at the end of the forest near Chadwick’s pier. 
The whole region here has been changed and cleared out and they 
are now gone. A few were also found along the continuation of 
the same ridge by Lost Lake among the Gaylussacias. The berry 
is considerably superior in flavor to that of Gaylussacia. 


590. LARGE CRANBERRY; AMERICAN CRANBERRY 
OXYCOCCUS MACROCARPUS (Ait.) Pursh 


A few straggling plants occur in a gully in Walley’s woods east 
of Lost Lake outlet; they were never seen in fruit. A patch 
formed a broken ring next to the water in the center of Hawk’s 
marsh. These plants grew quite densely in the wet sphagnum. 
They bore very little fruit during the early part of the survey, but 
in later years, 1904, 1906, and later, bore rather profusely and 
seemed to be increasing in productiveness. It was reported that 


388 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


there were originally large and profitable cranberry patches in the 
county, as in the bogs of several other counties of northern Indiana, 
but, owing to drying out of swamps, these have mostly disappeared. 


FAMILY 105. PRIMULACEA. PRIMROSE FAMILY 
591. WATER PIMPERNEL; BROOKWEED 
SAMOLUS FLORIBUNDIS H. B. K. 


A few plants found in wet ground south of the lake. A com- 
mon plant throughout the state in wet places, with thin leaves and 
an abundance of minute white blossoms. 


592. WHORLED LOOSESTRIFE 


LYSIMACHIA QUADRIFOLIA L. 


Scattered through dry woodlands; some along the Long Point 
road; some seen in woods south of the lake. A rather inconspicu- 
ous plant, both in leaf and flower. 


593. BULB-BEARING LOOSESTRIFE 


LYSIMACHIA TERRESTRIS (L.) B. S. P. 


We have no notes on this species, but its presence at the lake 
is attested by an herbarium specimen collected by Dr. Scovell. It 
is not a conspicuous plant, and on that account probably escaped 
frequent observation. it usually grows in wet places, as at the 
margins of swamps and lakes, and thrives best in black loamy soil. 
It usually bears an abundance of elongate starchy tubers, somewhat 
resembling a miniature sweet potato in shape. 


594, FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE 


STEIRONEMA CILIATUM (L.) Raf. 


Common in low flat ground scattered among grasses; noted in 
the flat marsh south of Outlet Bay and in the low ground along 
Aubeenaubee Creek. A fairly well-known coarse herb, bearing 
rather large but homely yellow flowers which are shed about a day 
after blossoming, or at the slightest touch, soon after they have 
opened. 

595. PRAIRIE MONEY WORT 


STEIRONEMA QUADRIFLORUM (Sims) A. S. Hitche. 
We have no notes on this species and it was probably not com- 
mon. <A specimen was collected by Dr. Scovell, and its identifica- 


tion is not absolutely certain. It has been reported from neighbor- 
ing counties. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 389 


596. TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE 
NAUMBURGIA THYRSIFLORA (L.) Duby 


Not very common; a few plants nearly in flower on the east 
side of the lake along Aubeenaubee Creek, May 28, 1901; noted at 
the same place on subsequent occasions. The dense head of gclden 
yellow flowers, forming a compact ball, makes this a rather strik- 
ing plant when in bloom. 


597. STAR-FLOWER; CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN 
TRIENTALIS AMERICANA Pursh 


Rather rare; only a few plants found in sphagnum in Hawk’s 
marsh, where it was in bloom May 20, 1901. A rather incon- 
spicuous, but attractive, shapely little plant. 


598. SHOOTING STAR; AMERICAN COWSLIP 
DODECATHEON MEADIA L. 


A few plants found in flower north of the lake near the shore, 
on a hill near Lakeview Hotel, also a few plants west of the lake. 
In 1909 a large patch was found on the west side of the railroad 
about two miles south of the lake. It is plentiful in woods near 
Twin Lakes. The dense cluster of rosy pink blossoms, which in 
their general shape remind one somewhat of a cyclamen, makes 
this one of the most attractive plants of the region. In flower near 
the lake May 21, 1901. 


FAMILY 116. OLEACEZ. OLIVE FAMILY 


599. WHITE ASH 
FRAXINUS AMERICANA L. 


Rather uncommon on the west side of the lake where the 
soil is too sandy for it to thrive well. Scattered through wood- 
lands on the east side. One of the most valuable trees of the region. 
Trees sometimes vary considerably in time of blossoming; of two 
neighboring trees one may bloom nearly two weeks ahead of the 
other. One of the latest, if not the very latest, of our native trees 
to put out leaves in spring. The leaves are retained until rather 
late in the fall when they turn yellowish and purple. Trees about 
the lake still retained their leaves October 7. 


600. RED ASH 
FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA Marsh. 
We have no notes on this species; a specimen was collected by 
Dr. Scovell, probably in low woods south of the lake. It is not 
an especially common form within the state. 


390 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


601. BLUE ASH 
FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA Michx. 


One small tree found near a pond north of the lake January 3, 
1904. Probably a diligent search in that region would reveal more 
trees as it is a well distributed species in Indiana. It usually grows 
in the upland forest. A farmer living east of the lake reported 
that he had three kinds of ash on his farm, white ash, water ash 
and blue ash. 

602. BLACK ASH; HOOP ASH 


FRAXINUS NIGRA Marsh. 


Common in swamps and low ground on both sides of the lake. 
Abundant in the low woods south of the lake between Farrar’s 
and Overmyer’s, and east of the lake near Vajen’s. Formerly a 
common tree throughout the state in swamps and woodland ponds. 
The tree reaches a large size and the wood is in most cases of a 
remarkably straight grain, splitting easily into thin slabs. This 
makes it especially desirable for the manufacture of barrel staves. 
The trees by Overmyer’s swamp usually bore a great abundance 
of fruit, and this, which blows off the trees during the winter, 
sometimes covers the ice of the lake in the immediate vicinity. We 
have, however, never seen young ash seedlings along shore in great 
numbers as one often sees sycamore, maple and willow. The black 
ash is subject to the attacks of various fungi and some of the trees 
had the younger branches greatly distorted, resembling witches’ 
brooms. 


FAMILY 117. GENTIANACEZ. GENTIAN FAMILY 
603. ROSE-PINK 
SABBATIA ANGULARIS (L.) Pursh 


Not common about the lake; a small patch in the sandy soil 
north of Lost Lake and some along the railroad by the birch swamp. 
All the plants seen at Lake Maxinkuckee were a rich pink, but in 
a large patch in a sandy flat marsh near Knox, Indiana, in 1909, 
there were several plants bearing white flowers. The flowers are 
very handsome and showy, and a well-grown plant of either color 
in bloom, attracts the eye for a considerable distance. Flowers 
in July and August. 


604. FRINGED GENTIAN 


GENTIANA CRINITA Froel. 


Fairly common in moist or wet sedgy places about the lake, 
but usually scattered, not forming compact patches. Found by 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 391 


Lakeview Hotel, along Long Point, Lost Lake marsh, Green’s 
marsh, east border of Lost Lake outlet, and common along the 
edges of a sedgy meadow about three-fourths of a mile down the 
outlet. The same patches persisted year after year in Green’s 
marsh, and probably in other places. This well-known and at- 
- tractive flower is somewhat remarkable for its inconspicuousness 
until in full bloom. The stiffly erect stems and buds make almost 
no show whatever until the flower has actually burst into bloom. 
At the lake it begins blooming about the middle of September or 
a little before, and in sheltered locations continues until after frost 
has cut down all less hardy plants. 


605. STIFF GENTIAN; AGUE-WEED 
GENTIANA QUINQUEFOLIA L. 


Rare about the lake; only one small clump of plants found; this 
was at the base of the bank near the lake shore, on the east side 
north of McOuat’s. This was noted in blossom October 9, 1900. 
The patch still persisted in 1906 when it was noted in flower Oc- 
tober 28. Flowers small, but numerous. 


606. SOAPWORT GENTIAN; BLUE GENTIAN 
DASYSTEPHANA SAPONARIA (L.) Small 


Common in flat level places; the most abundant gentian about 
the lake; common among the cranberries and wintergreen in Wal- 
ley’s woods east of the outlet. Abundant along the railroad track 
about half-way to Delong and forming a big patch of blue when in 
flower along by the holly swamp west of the railroad. Frequent 
also in Walley’s woods by the birch swamp. Not quite a “closed 
gentian” but half closed, opening up a little during the middle of 
the day and showing the pale plaits between the corolla lobes 
proper, but the rest of the day closed tightly. Prettier, in a way, 
than the closed gentian. It is fertilized, partly at least, by bumble- 
bees that crawl down into the sac-shaped bloom; when the bee 
comes out of the flower it always closes the flower; this may be an 
accident, due to his clumsy getting out, but looks as if it were most 
carefully and deliberately done, and the flower seems to remain 
closed afterward. Field notes mention chrysalises in the pods but 
the note is too brief to recall fully the situation. In flower from 
September 28 until October 24. 


392 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


607. YELLOW GENTIAN 


DASYSTEPHANA FLAVIDA (A. Gray) Britton 


Probably not common in the immediate vicinity of the lake, as 
we have no notes concerning it. There is, however, one herbarium 
specimen in the collection obtained by Dr. Scovell in 1900. It has 
been reported from neighboring counties. 


FAMILY 118. MENYANTHACEZA. BUCKBEAN FAMILY 
608. BUCKBEAN; MARSH OR BEAN TREFOIL 


MENYANTHES TRIFOLIATA L. 


Scattered on Hawk’s marsh among the sphagnum, where it was 
noted in blossom May 20, 1901. It was also abundant east of 
Norris Inlet, where it was seen ripe June 22. 


FAMILY 119. APOCYNACE2. DOGBANE FAMILY 
609. BLUE MYRTLE; PERIWINKLE 


VINCA MINOR L. 


A patch found near Culver cemetery, from which it had es- 
caped. It was once a general favorite for planting on sloping 
banks and on graves, which it soon covers densely to the exclusion 
of everything else. The glossy dark green leaves are rather at- 
tractive, and the plant, though it spreads in large dense patches 
and might easily become a nuisance on lawns, is not so much so 
as the ground ivy or the moneywort which one finds in similar situa- 
tions. The plant has become too common to be especially desir- 
able, and is rarely or never planted now. 


610. SPREADING DOGBANE; HONEY-BLOOM 


APOCYNUM ANDROSAEMIFOLIUM L. 


Not especially common nor widely distributed in the neighbor- 
hood of the lake. The blossoms, which somewhat resemble those 
of the lily-of-the-valley in shape, and ornamented with pink stripes, 
are quite pretty. One of our two common species of dogbane. Is 
occasionally a great nuisance in cultivated fields, each section of 
root cut off sending up a tall shoot, like an asparagus shoot, the 
next day. Persistent cultivation, however, finally eradicates it. In 
flower south of the lake June 27, 1901. 

One of the most brilliantly colored of our insects, a little beetle 
with bright metallic green coloration, feeds on this plant. 


95 


SY) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


611. INDIAN HEMP 


APOCYNUM CANNABINUM L. 


Not very common about the lake. The small greenish flowers 
are not handsome like those of the other species. Found growing 
on a hill by Murray’s and in flower along the railroad by the ice- 
houses June 21. 


FAMILY 120. ASCLEPIADACEZ. MILKWEED FAMILY 
612. BUTTERFLY-WEED; PLEURISY-ROOT 


ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA L. 


Quite abundant about the lake, and during the flowering season 
one of the most conspicuous members of the native flora, the 
plants growing in clumps. Large clumps in blossom make a glow- 
ing mass. 

On account of their great range of colors and the oddity of 
shape, the milkweeds form an interesting and ornamental group 
of plants; not on the whole adapted to the uses of the florist and 
dealer in cut flowers, however, on account of various peculiarities, 
such as the rapidity with which they wither, the sticky, milky 
juice, etc. We have orange, purple, white and various other shades 
represented. Some of the white flowered forms with chaste blos- 
soms on long slender pedicels, though much less showy than the 
typical butteryfly-weed, are very attractive. 

The butterfly-weed has an advantage over the other milkweeds 
in that it has not a milky juice. Most of the plants have orange 
flowers, but two near the lake, one by Arlington and one south of 
the birch swamps, had lemon yellow flowers. 

This species has been introduced into seedmen’s catalogues and 
has already obtained some recognition of its value as an ornamental 
plant: The blossoms vary somewhat in richness of color; one 
clump seen in Tennessee was unique in that the blossoms deepened 
in intensity of color as they grew older, so that while the younger 
heads of flowers were orange yellow the older bunches on the same 
plant were an intense scarlet. Such an individual would surpass 
the common form as an ornamental plant. The blossoms of this, 
as well as of the other milkweeds, abound in small insects (thrips), 
which hide about the recesses of the flowers, though they probably 
have little to do with their fertilization. 

This species begins flowering toward the end of July and con- 
tinues during the summer. The fruit seems to be borne rather 
scantily considering the abundance of flowers. 


394 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


613. DECUMBENT BUTTERFLY-WEED 


ASCLEPIAS DECUMBENS L. 


Quite similar to the preceding, but with spreading stems and 
opposite leaves. Rather common on the railroad embankments, 
along with A. tuberosa. 


614. SWAMP MILKWEED 


ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA L. 


Rather common in wet places; on shore near Long Point; abund- 
ant south of Outlet Bay, and on the shore in front of the As- 
sembly grounds, near the depot, near Winfield’s, along shore south- 
west of the lake, and still farther on in an old field. In flower by 
Scovell’s cottage June 28. Some pods yet unopened October 24 on 
the south shore. 


615. BLUNT-LEAVED MILKWEED 


ASCLEPIAS AMPLEXICAULIS J. E. Smith 


Not common; the only plants seen were a few forming a patch 
near the turn of the road where it crosses the railroad track near 
the thoroughfare. The plants grew in the light sand just at the 
edge of the rise which forms the broad hill back of the ice-houses. 
This plant is a lover of dry sands, and, in the great stretches of 
sand in counties north of Marshall, was observed to be fairly abund- 
ant. It is by far the earliest of the milkweeds to bloom, coming so 
long before them that it has usually finished its year’s work, and 
its winged seeds are wrestling for their escape from the ripened 
gaping pod by the time the others come into bloom. Going out of 
bloom at the lake by June 18, 1901. 


616. POKE MILKWEED; TALL MILKWEED 
ASCLEPIAS EXALTATA (L.) Muhl. 

A slender, woodloving form; one of the most attractive and 
graceful of the milkweeds, with drooping heads of white or creamy 
flowers. In flower near Overmyer’s woods during the latter part 
of June; also in the clump of woods along the east shore of Lost 
Lake outlet. 

617. COMMON MILKWEED; SILKWEED 
ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L. 


The most common and well known milkweed in the state; found 
everywhere in dry ground about the lake. Although so common it 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 395 


does not generally become a nuisance as it confines itself pretty 
well to waste places. There is a good deal on the north side of 
the lake, north of Edwards’ south fence, near the mouth of Aubee- 
naubee Creek and southward. Rather abundant on the railroad em- 
bankment north of the lake; patches near Scovell’s and in front of 
the Barnes cottage. 

In flower, one of the least attractive of the milkweeds. Some 
plants, which bear immense numbers of flowers, and large dense 
heads of blossoms in all stages of development, offer a pleasing 
view when seen at a distance, but the flowers are of a neutral gray- 
purple, soon turning yellowish, and of a peculiar rank odor. Plants 
along the railroad between the lakes bore astonishingly large crops 
of flowers. 

This milkweed, like the others, has a complicated mechanical 
device for effecting fertilization; the pollen masses are borne in 
pockets and united in pairs by a hair-like connective, and it ap- 
pears to be necessary for some insect to trip on the hairs to pull out 
the pollen masses in order to secure fertilization. This plant seems 
to be a sort of drug shop among the insects; one frequently finds 
around it flies and bees which have been entangled and perhaps 
stupefied by the juices of the plant. It is also frequented by red 
long-horn beetles of a carnivorous nature, which attack and decapi- 
tate flies; they may haunt the plant for the insects which visit it. 
The milkweed butterfly is another well known visitor. 

The mechanism by which fertilization is brought about seems 
to be a case of over-inventiveness. A remarkably small number of 
flowers produce any fruit, and a hundred flowers will rarely pro- 
duce as many as a half-dozen pods. Some of the plants along the 
railroad were exceptionally fruitful. 

In autumn, when the pods open, many of the seeds of the lower 
part of the pod escape soon but many toward the tip of the pods 
are held fast in some manner by the tips of the bristles, so that they 
project, waving and fluttering in every breeze and loosening 
one by one, making a dense clump of these plants in late autumn 
one of the most picturesque bits of scenery to be encountered. 

The silky bark or fiber of this plant is one of the materials 
which the oriole uses to build its nest. 


618. WHORLED MILKWEED 


ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA L. 


Not common. Occasional plants are found on banks along the 
railroad; more were found along the Assembly grounds hill than 


9 


396 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


anywhere else. The narrow leaves, arranged in whorls, give it a 
shapeliness and symmetry which makes it rather attractive. The 
flowers, while not conspicuous, are rather pretty. The pods are 
quite slender and elongate. Noted in flower in the latter part of 
August. 
619. GREEN MILKWEED 
ACERATES VIRIDIFLORA (Raf.) Eaton 


Rather rare in the vicinity of the lake; a few plants found along 
the railroad track a little south of the Outlet bridge. It occurs 
more abundantly by the railroad track in the vicinity of Plymouth, 
though it is by no means common there. It is usually found in a 
dry sandy soil. ‘The dense heads of blossoms which are green are 
so symmetrically and evenly arranged that the different parts of 
the flowers usually fall in line, making circles of light and dark or 
fulness and openness, which gives a pleasing sense of symmetry 
and an impression of unity, so that one does not notice the 
peculiarities of the individual flowers so much as that of the umbel 
as a whole. Flowering late in June. 


620. FLORIDA MILKWEED 
ACERATES FLORIDANA (Lam.) A. S. Hitche. 


Our only record of this plant is that of an herbarium specimen 
collected by Dr. Scovell. It should be fairly common, as conditions 
and range are well satisfied by the area about the lake. It is found 
about lakes in neighboring counties. 


FAMILY 121. CONVOLVULACEZ. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY 
621. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH; WILD POTATO VINE 


IPOMOEA PANDURATA (L.) Meyer 


A few vines in blossom seen along a fence west of the lake. 
Vines of what appeared to be this species were pretty common on 
the east side of Long Point, but they did not seem to thrive in the 
soil there, and did not blossom. It does not appear to be a bad 
weed in the vicinity of the lake. 

In many parts of the country this plant is a great nuisance. 
The vines shoot up quickly in spring, and, fed by an enormous 
root, grow rapidly and twine about and smother growing crops. 
The root, while it contains considerable starch, is hard and woody ; 
one was cooked a whole day to discover whether it would in any 
way resemble the sweet potato, to which it is closely related, but 
it remained as tough as a bit of wood. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 397 


622. HEDGE BINDWEED 
CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM L. 


The most common of the wild morning-glories about the lake. 
It is not a nuisance in this region, as it is confined mainly to the 
railroad embankment, where it grows in the ballast, trailing over 
the bank or twining about cther herbs. It begins flowering in early 
June and continues throughout the summer. 


623. UPRIGHT BINDWEED 
CONVOLVULUS SPITHAMAEUS L. 


A rather small dwarfed bindweed, found somewhat frequently 
along the railroad track, especially in the neighborhood of the 
Outlet bridge where it grows in the ballast on each side of the 
track. Though fairly common in parts of the state, it is neither 
so abundant nor of such rank growth as to become as great a 
nuisance as several of the other species occasionally do. 


FAMILY 122. CUSCUTACEZ. DODDER FAMILY 
624. FIELD DODDER 
CUSCUTA ARVENSIS Beyrich 


During the early years of the survey this was not an especially 
common plant; occasional plants were found on clover in Green’s 
meadow. Of late years it has increased considerably, and in 1909 
clover fields near Culver were badly infested, the masses of dodder 
showing in the distance as great yellow patches. Where it has 
gained a foothold it threatens to become a bad weed and difficult 
to control or eradicate. 


625. COMMON DODDER; LOVE VINE 
CUSCUTA GRONOVIL Willd. 


Rather common on herbs and low shrubs such as golden-rod 
and willow along the shore of the lake. Found along the south 
shore of Outlet Bay and in the strip of marsh by the lake below 
Farrar’s. Not an especially conspicuous plant. Young willows 
are occasionally killed by it. As it confines its attention to unculti- 


vated plants, it does not assume the economic importance that the 
field dodder does. 


626. GLOMERATE DODDER 
CUSCUTA PARADOXA Raf. 


Not noted about the lake until 1909, when a large patch was 
found some distance down the outlet. The plant had here obtained 


398 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


foothold among tall rank weeds, such as wild sunflowers and the 
like, and had attacked them so successfully that a large patch of 
the plants had been killed out, and it appeared as if the area had 
been blighted or frosted; much of the dodder had ripened or nearly 
developed its fruit, while much was still in flower in September. 
This is the most conspicuous and handsome of the dodders; a 
mass of the waxy white flowers almost as large as the fist or a heavy 
rope-like spiral encircling the solid stem of the weed, like flowers 
springing directly out of the trunk, is both odd and attractive. As 
this dodder confines its attentions to wild weeds there is no likeli- 
hood of its ever becoming a nuisance. | 


FAMILY 123. POLEMONIACEZ. PHLOX FAMILY 
627. DOWNY PHLOX 


PHLOX PILGSA L. 


Quite abundant in sandy places along the railroad, especially 
some distance south of the birch swamp. The plants frequently 
grow in such close patches as to give the impression of flower beds. 
Begins flowering in April. Noted in flower near the tama- 
racks west of the lake May 22, 1901. Not so attractive nor fra- 
grant as the wild blue phlox, but has a much longer flowering sea- 
son, blooming more or less through summer until autumn. 


628. WILD BLUE PHLOX 


PHLOX DIVARICATA L. 


Scattered through woodlands, especially on the east side of the 
lake back some distance from the shore. In flower northeast of 
the lake in border of woods and in woodlands April 30, 1901, and 
in Farrar’s woods May 27. It continues blooming through May 
and June. The blossoms have not the body nor firmness of some 
of the other phloxes, but their delicate texture and faint fragrance 
make them one of the best loved wild flowers of the state, where a 
common name is sweet william. Although the flowers are usually 
some shade of blue or purple, forms with pure white flowers 
rarely occur; in such cases the whole plant is usually lighter in 
color. Easily transplanted and often found in dooryards and wild 
gardens. 

’ In addition to the flower-bearing plant there are sterile ones 
with broad leaves, so unlike the narrow-leaved flower-bearing 
plants that they are hardly recognizable. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 399 


629. BLUE-BELL; GREEK VALERIAN 
POLEMONIUM REPTANS L. 


Found south along the railroad; possibly more common than our 
notes would indicate as it is generally common throughout the state 
in damp places. ‘The lower leaves remain green all winter. 


FAMILY 124. HYDROPHYLLACEA. WATER-LEAF FAMILY 
630. VIRGINIA WATER-LEAF 


HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINIANUM L. 


Rather common, especially in shady rich gullies on the east side 
of the lake. Found in flower in Vajen’s gully May 28, 1901. It 
has a long flowering period, continuing in blossom until well into 
the summer. The pale flowers are conspicuous. The curiously 
mottled leaves which come up in early spring are interesting and 
attractive. 


631. APPENDAGED WATER-LEAF 
HYDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM Michx. 


Common in moist shaded places, in rich ground on the east side 
of the lake. Found in flower in Vajen’s gully May 28, 1901. Quite 
similar to the preceding species in habits and distribution. The 
leaves were showing well by March 51. 


FAMILY 125. BORAGINACEZ. BORAGE FAMILY 
632. HOUND’S-TONGUE 
CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L. 


Common, especially in rather dry soils in open places on the 
east side of the lake. It seems especially fond of growing on 
rather gently sloping gully sides. Young leaves shoot up early 
in the spring soon after the frost is out of the ground; it begins 
blooming in May, and continues to produce flowers and burrs 
throughout the summer. The burr-like seeds remain on the plant 
late into winter or until they are swept off by some passing animal. 
Often a nuisance in pastures, the burrs becoming entangled in the 
wool of sheep. 


633. BURSEED 
LAPPULA LAPPULA (L.) Karst. 


An introduced weed becoming rather common in waste places 
in some parts of the country, especially on the east side of the lake. 
Some plants found in blossom along the railroad June 26, 1901. 


400 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


634. BEGGAR’S-LICE; VIRGINIA STICKSEED 
LAPPULA VIRGINIANA (L.) Greene 


Quite common in rich thick woods on the east side of the lake, 
so that one can hardly pass through without getting well loaded 
with the burrs. Found also in the low woods south of the lake, by 
Overmyer’s field. The plants do not grow in deep shady wood- 
lands, but as soon as enough clearing is done to let in sunlight they 
frequently spring up in great numbers, especially in rich mold, 
about brushpiles, etc. One of the worst of our burrs, the little 
nutlets catching and clinging to wool, clothes and hair in great 
numbers and with much tenacity. Fortunately the plant does not 
appear to thrive well in cleared, well-sodded pastures or in culti- 
vated ground. 

635. SPRING SCORPION-GRASS 
MYOSOTIS VIRGINICA (L.) B. S. P. 
A few plants found in flower back of the Scovell cottage, during 


the month of May. Later on it was found in blossom almost every- 
where about the lake in dry ground. 


636. CORN GROMWELL 
LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE L. 


Quite common; fecund almost everywhere on the hill west of 
the ice-houses, and along the railroad, also about the cottages on 
Long Point. The plant is becoming quite widely scattered in waste 
places and fields. In flower by the cottages the last of April. 
Later on it was found north and northwest of the lake on dry hills. 
It continues blooming until late in summer. 


637. HAIRY PUCCOON 
LITHOSPERMUM CAROLINENSE (Walt.) MacM. 

Quite common in sandy ground; found on the bank by the As- 
sembly grounds and north of the lake. The rather large golden yel- 
low flowers, which are quite fragrant, make it a very conspicuous 
and handsome plant. 


638. HOARY PUCCOON 
LITHOSPERMUM CANESCENS (Michx.) Lehm. 

Found in the same situation as the preceding, but it blossoms 
earlier and has a smaller and scentless flower. Noted in blossom 
May 2, 1901. It continues in blossom well into summer, but the 
later flowers are fewer and more scattered in the cluster. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 401 


FAMILY 126. VERBENACES. VERVAIN FAMILY 
639. WHITE OR NETTLE-LEAVED VERVAIN 


VERBENA URTICIFOLIA L. 


Scattered in waste places; the least common species about the 
lake excepting V. bracteosa. It grows in situations similar to those 
occupied by V. hastata except that it does not grow in such damp 
places. It closely resembles that species except that it is much 
more delicate in habit and paler throughout, and corresponds in 
many respects to hastata as the “white blackberry” and white 
flowered red clovers do to the more common forms. Plants with 
purplish flowers are occasionally found. This species is said to 
hybridize with all the other common forms. 


640. BLUE OR WILD VERVAIN 
VERBENA HASTATA L. 


Common in-the region surrounding the lake. Scattered along 
shore by Duenweg’s, on the flat beach east of Lakeview Hotel, 
between the breakwater and shore by the Palmer House, along 
shore near Overmyer’s woods, and beyond Norris Inlet. It grows 
most thickly on flat moist tracts of country, where it is often so 
abundant as to turn the whole landscape a sober blue in early 
autumn. In moist years it is especially subject to mildew, and one 
often sees great areas where this plant is abundant, whitened by 
the mildewed leaves of the Vervain. 


641. HOARY VERVAIN; MULLEIN-LEAVED VERBENA 
VERBENA STRICTA Vent. 


Not very common; in waste places along the railroad near 
Culver. A little found near Long Point road back of the Miller 
cottage. It grows best in dry rather sandy ground. The dense 
spike of deep purple flowers is more striking than the slender 
spikes of most of the other species. 


642. LARGE-BRACTED VERBENA 
VERBENA BRACTEOSA Michx. 


Not common; the first plants were found near an old homestead 
south of Culver, where they were found in blossom early in 
June. Later it was found along the railroad, where it was becom- 
ing rather common. Probably native, as the lake region lies well 
within its range. Its behavior and distribution about the lake, 
however, are much like those of a plant recently introduced. 


26—17618—Vol. 2 


402 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 127. LABIATZ. MINT FAMILY 
648. AMERICAN GERMANDER; WOOD SAGE 
TEUCRIUM CANADENSE L. 

Very common along the beach, scattered among the various 
other beach plants, and somewhat above high-water mark. Most 
common on the west and south sides of the lake, extending from 
the old pumping station nearly to Norris Inlet; found also on the 
east shore. 

644. MAD-DOG SKULLCAP 


SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA L. 


Scattered in moist places about the lake. Found at Long Point, 
near Farrar’s, along shore by McSheehy’s and Duenweg’s, near 
Overmyer’s, and on the beach beyond Norris Inlet. 


645. MARSH SKULLCAP 
SCUTELLARIA GALERICULATA L. 


Rather common in marshy places about the lake. 


646. WHITE HOARHOUND 
MARRUBIUM VULGARE L. 


Scattered in waste places. Found by Green’s, and south of the 
lake on the way to Delong. The leaves show very early in spring; 
probably some leaves remain green all winter. Originally a garden 
herb, it has become a weed on rather barren slopes and thin pas- 
tures, but never disturbs cultivated soil. 


647. CATNEP; CATNIP; CATMINT; GIANT-HYSSOP 
AGASTACHE NEPETOIDES (L.) Kuntze 


Not common. Some plants were seen on the east side along 
the Maxinkuckee road. Occasional in open woodlands. One of 
the largest and most robust of the mints. 


648. CATNEP; CATNIP; CATMINT 
NEPETA CATARIA L. 


Rather common, scattered; on a bank near the railroad bridge 
at Culver and on a hill north of the lake; common also on a hill- 
side in Green’s woods. It is rather surprising how this introduced 
plant which has no special means of distributing its seeds (unless 
the wind carries them while enclosed in the light dry calyx), is now 
to be found everywhere in the country, sometimes rather remote 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 403 


from dwellings. In spite of its powers of distribution, it never 
becomes a bad weed, but is content with waste places and fence 
corners. About Lake Maxinkuckee it shows a marked preference 
for slopes. 

The plant is quite hardy; the leaves stay green all winter, even 
during very severe winters, and are apparently unhurt by freezing. 
Seedlings come up thickly about the old plants either in autumn 
or early spring. The blossoms, which are a favorite with honey 
bees, are present from July until frost, and a great number of 
seeds are produced. 


649. GROUND IVY 


GLECOMA HEDERACEA L. 


Occasional in waste places; a small patch along the shore near 
the Morris boathouse, east of the depot grounds; another patch near 
Knapp’s; found growing on a bank in woods along the Tippecanoe 
River. 

An introduced plant, common about old homesteads. As in the 
case of the catnep its broad distribution is rather hard to account 
for; one sometimes finds it on banks in open woodlands far from 
any dwelling. Small fragments of the plant, however, will root 
and spread, and the plant is often a nuisance in swards and grassy 
places as it soon crowds everything else out. It and the money- 
wort or yellow myrtle are very much alike in this respect. 

There is a variegated-leaved form in cultivation which is more 
attractive; but this species needs discouragement rather than en- 
couragement everywhere. Noted in blossom by Knapp’s about the 
middle of May. The small blue flowers are borne abundantly 
throughout the spring—from March until the end of May. 


€50. HEAL-ALL; SELF-HEAL 


PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. 


Common about the lake in both dry and moist grounds. Be- 
gins blooming in May, and continues, especially in moist grounds, 
until after frosts have killed most other flowers. Noted in flower 
as late as October 25. Found on each side of the lake, east of Lost 
Lake, and especially common on the ridge south of the road along 
the shore of Outlet Bay. As its popular name suggests, it was once 
in great repute among herb doctors and was a famous ingredient 
of homemade salves. Common in fields and open woods every- 
where, so familiar and apparently native that it is difficult to think 
of it as an introduced plant. 


404 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


651. DRAGON-HEAD 
DRACOCEPHALUM VIRGINIANUM L. 


Quite common along the railroad between the two lakes, on the 
bank west of Lost Lake outlet, and in Green’s and Walley’s woods; 
found also in a swamp west of the railroad south of Murray’s. One 
of the most striking of our plants when in flower, the dense spikes 
of rather large pale-purple flowers catching the eye at a distance. 
Known in some places as obedient plant; according to Britton the 
corolla temporarily remains in whatever position it is placed. The 
plant is well worthy of cultivation for its ornamental value. 


652. MOTHERWORT 
LEONURUS CARDIACA L. 


Scattered in waste places about the lake, both on the east and 
west sides. In flower near the old Keen homestead June 13. It 
. remains blooming through the summer, into September. A hardy 
plant, the radicle leaves remaining green all winter. Like so many 
of our mints, an importation from Europe. The exceedingly 
prickly calyx teeth may help, by sticking to fur or clothing, to dis- 
tribute the seed. They are, however, without barbs, and prick 
rather than cling. 


653. HEDGE NETTLE 
STACHYS PALUSTRIS L. 


Common along the shore of the lake, occupying much the same 
locations as does Teucrium canadense, to which it bears consider- 
able general resemblance; found at the tip of Long Point, by 
Darnell’s, and at the Barnes cottage. Noted in blossom from June 
27 to September 30. 


654. HORSE-MINT; WILD BERGAMOT 
MONARDA FISTULOSA L. 


Scattered, in dry soil. A common plant, usually found in quite 
thick patches in fence corners in many parts of the state but ap- 
parently not so abundant about the lake. There was a good patch 
by McSheehy’s pier, and some on Long Point hill. One of the 
early plants to shoot up and put forth leaves in spring; from then 
on scarcely noticeable among the abundant greenness until its 
clusters of blossoms, forming’ lines of somber gray along roadside 
fences, and hovered over by butterflies and heavy clumsy bumble- 
bees, usher in the autumn days. The old heads, like small round 
sponges, or perhaps more like miniature inverted wasps nests, show 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 405 


conspicuously above the snow during the winter days, and in a 
sense and reality that only a few select other plants do, stand as 
memorials of a vanished autumn and give a definite character, an 
almost piquant personality to featureless stretches of snow. 


655. HORSE-MINT 
MONARDA PUNCTATA L. 


Found only on the wide sandy stretch back of the icehouses and 
between the lake and Culver. Here it was quite common. The 
lurid mottled flowers and showy white or purplish bracts make it 
an unusually conspicuous plant. It thrives best in dry shifty sand. 


656. PENNYROYAL 
HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES (L.) Pers. 


Common in woodlands, as on Long Point and Green’s woods by 
Lost Lake. Patches of this plant are perhaps more conspicuous 
in winter than at any other time when the leafless, fruit bearing 
stems project above the snow, still retaining something of the 
pleasant odor which the plant possesses in summer. 


657. MOUNTAIN-MINT 
KOELLIA VIRGINIANA (L.) MacM. 


Rather common about low flat plains like those about the Inlet 
and by Lost Lake. Found south of Winfield’s and in flat ground 
near the tamarack west of the lake. Rather pleasantly fragrant. 


658. NARROW-LEAVED MOUNTAIN-MINT 
KOELLIA FLEXUOSA (Walt.) MacM. 


We have no notes on this species, and it did not come frequently 
under observation. However, we have an herbarium specimen, 
and it is rather abundant along the railroad about one and a half 
miles north near Hibbard. It is probably rather common in dry 
hills some distance back from the lake. 


659. CUT-LEAVED WATER HOARHOUND 
LYCOPUS AMERICANUS Muhl. 


Rather common along the west shore of Lake Maxinkuckee and 
other moist places, as about the edge of Lost Lake on the east 
side. The plant is quite conspicuous in winter when the leafless 
stalks are surrounded by the globular clusters of calyces enclosing 
the fruit. 


406 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


660. SPEARMINT 


MENTHA SPICATA L. 


Found in patches on the beach on each side of the lake, on 
shore by Murray’s, and on the beach beyond Norris Inlet. On 
the east shore there is a long continuous patch on the sandy beach. 
One of the most delightfully fragrant of the mints. 


661. PEPPERMINT 


MENTHA PIPERITA L. 


Patches of this plant are found in various places along the shore 
of the lake, both on the east and west sides. <A large patch was 
found growing in low ground in waste places some little distance 
northeast of the lake. Found growing at Long Point, north of 
the icehouses, near the Culver railroad bridge, etc. Has a long 
flowering period, from July to September, and propagates freely 
by underground runners. 

In some parts of the state, about the small lakes, this is becom- 
ing an important crop. The black soil of the flat lake plains which 
are too low to drain, and which are for this reason unsuitable for 
any other crop, yields good financial returns when set out to pep- 
permint. We saw such peppermint fields around small lakes north 
of Maxinkuckee and were told they were profitable. When the 
peppermint has reached its growth, the distiller comes around with 
a portable still and distils out the oil, which brings good prices. 
The refuse left after distilling is said to make good hay, keeping 
horses sleek and glossy and in excellent condition. 

Some of the moist waste places about the lake might yield profit- 
able returns if this plant were cultivated on them. 


662. AMERICAN WILD MINT 


MENTHA CANADENSIS L. 


Common in moist ground along the shore of the lake, on both 
sides, as Long Point and near the Maxinkuckee road. Plentiful 
by McSheehy’s pier, back of Winfield’s, near the Culver railroad 
bridge, on the flat east of Lakeview Hotel, in the marsh south of 
Farrar’s, at the edge of Overmyer’s woods, and along the beach 
below Norris Inlet. One of the few native species of the genus, 
nearly all our members of this genus having been brought over 
from Europe. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 407 


FAMILY 128. SOLANACEZ. POTATO FAMILY 


663. LOW HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY 
PHYSALIS PUBESCENS L. 


Of sparing, irregular occurrence. It comes up usually in rich 
new ground after the first plowing, and is found especially in the 
new ground of cornfields or potato patches, where it grows up 
rather tall and then spreads extensively like a miniature tree. 
Late in autumn before frosts have killed the plants they may be 
found with ripe fruit close to the center of the plant and on the 
ground underneath, hidden by the leaves, while as one advances 
toward the peryphery of the broadly spreading plant he encounters 
fruit in all stages of development, and possibly a few flowers. The 
fruit is delicious, when dead ripe a clear translucent yellow, a mass 
of perfect sweetness with little or no night-shade flavor. 

On October 24, 1904, several of these plants were found pretty 
full of fruit, in a cultivated field (new ground) by Hawk’s marsh. 


664. TALL HAIRY GROUND-CHERRY 
PHYSALIS PRUINOSA L. 


We have no notes on this species; it is, however, represented 
by an herbarium specimen collected in the vicinity of the lake. The 
ground cherries are so difficult of identification that it is almost im- 
possible to keep field notes eoncerning them without devoting a 
great deal of attention to the group. 


665. PRAIRIE GROUND-CHERRY 
PHYSALIS LANCEOLATA Michx. 


In flower along the railroad June 4, 1901. In the late autumn 
of 1904 a plant, which was probably this species, was noted on the 
bank of the lake near McSheehy’s. The plant was rather tall, 
and bore yellow berries which, while not wholly free from the rank 
odor and taste so common among members of this genus, were much 
better eating than most of them. 


666. VIRGINIA GROUND-CHERRY 
PHYSALIS VIRGINIANA Mill. 


Occasional about the lake. We have an herbarium specimen but 
no specific records or notes. 


667. BLACK NIGHTSHADE; DEADLY NIGHTSHADE 
SOLANUM NIGRUM L. 


Quite common everywhere in open places in moderately dry 
eround. Quite variable in size. On the shore it was found near 


408 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


the icehouses, between the railroad bridge and depot, and in front 
of the Palmer house. On October 24 and 25, 1904, many small 
plants about two inches high were found in flower both in culti- 
vated ground near Hawk’s marsh and east of the lake. It was im- 
possible to say from their appearance whether they were young or 
dwarfed plants. The plant has a long flowering season, from July 
until killed by frost, and bears ripe fruit, green fruit and blossoms 
at the same time; in fact, it really acts much like a miniature 
tomato. It is probable the fruit that ripens early which gives rise 
to plants bearing fruit later on in the same season. Some of the 
plants, growing on almost bare rock, bore flowers and fruit when 
they had only three or four leaves. 

This is often called “deadly nightshade’, and is supposed to be 
virulently poisonous by many people, and a gentleman residing in 
Culver credited it with poisoning his lambs. On the contrary the 
fruit is said by others to be entirely harmless, and to be used in 
some sections of the country for making pies. 


668. HORSE-NETTLE 


SOLANUM CAROLINENSE L. 


Rather rare; a few plants along the railroad. Occasionally 
found in fields, where it is a great nuisance. This is rather far 
north in the state for it. Rather common from the central part of 
the state southward. 


669. BITTERSWEET; BITTER NIGHTSHADE 


SOLANUM DULCAMARA L. 


Found October 24, 1900, in the tamarack northwest of the lake. 
Found also at Fletcher’s Lake. Introduced into the country as an 
ornamental plant, its abundance of scarlet berries being showy. 
Seed, distributed by birds, grow abundantly in moist places in 
some parts of the state. It is common in peaty bogs about Ply- 
mouth, and bears two distinct colors of flowers, some plants bear- 
ing pale, almost white flowers, and others deep blue. 


670. THORN-APPLE; JIMSON-WEED 
DATURA STRAMONIUM L. 
Along shore at Arlington and in the Fish Commission station 


yard. Not common. Once a common weed of barnyards, this 
plant seems to have become much less so of late years. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 409 


FAMILY 129. SCROPHULARIACEZH. FIGWORT FAMILY 
671. GREAT MULLEN 
VERBASCUM THAPSUS L. 


Quite common in open dry ground everywhere about the lake; 
exceedingly abundant in old pastures and neglected fields. The 
first plant found in blossom in 1901 was on the railroad, on June 
29. Seen in blossom at the tamarack on October 24, 1904. The 
downy woodpecker is fond of pecking at the heads of these plants 
in autumn, perhaps for larvee, perhaps for seed. 


672. BUTTER-AND-EGGS 
LINARIA LINARIA (L.) Karst. 


Represented by a specimen taken near the Lakeview hotel, Au- 
gust 25, 1900. Apparently once a favorite in gardens, now fre- 
quently found marking the sites of old homesteads or old flower 
gardens. Here it maintains itself year after year, glowing in the 
distance like a patch of gold. It does not appear ever to spread 
much and become a nuisance, but remains in the same place with- 
out much increase. It continues blooming after heavy frosts, and 
seems to have an unusual degree of resistance to cold. A favorite 
old-fashioned name is golden candlestick. 


673. BLUE OR WILD TOAD-FLAX 
LINARIA CANADENSIS (L.) Dumart 
Found going out of flower back of Smith’s west of the ice- 


houses May 25, 1901. This is the only place it was found, but it 
was rather plentiful there. 


674. MARYLAND FIGWORT 
SCROPHULARIA MARYLANDICA L. 


Our records show one herbarium specimen of this species. 


675. HARE FIGWORT 
SCROPHULARIA LEPORELLA Bicknell 


Quite common in rather dry ground all about the lake; among 
numerous places noted it was found in Green’s woods, at Long 
Point, and on the hill by McSheehy’s pier. Noted in flower May 28, 
1901, by the railroad in front of the Assembly grounds. The 
branching form and numerous seed capsules make it and the pre- 
ceeding noticeable species and easily recognized plants in winter. 
When in blossom it is a favorite resort of hummingbirds. 


410 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


676. SNAKE-HEAD 
CHELONE GLABRA L. 


Occasional in wet, somewhat shady places. Found near Over- 
myer’s hill, October 2, 1900, where it was well in leaf May 12, 1901; 
in Green’s flat; by Chadwick’s; and in Walley’s woods. Abund- 
antly in flower north of the lake along the railroad, August 19, 
1906. Sometimes called “wild snap dragon.” 


677. BLUE-EYED MARY; INNOCENCE 
COLLINSIA VERNA Nutt. 


Noted in flower in the woods northeast of the lake June 5, 1901, 
in moist shaded places. It is one of the daintiest of our wild 
flowers. Sometimes the lower part of the corolla is pinkish in- 
stead of blue. The contrastive coloration of the flower is striking 
and the plants generally grow in masses suggesting flower-beds. 


678. SQUARE-STEMMED MONKEY-FLOWER 
MIMULUS RINGENS L. 

Local in distribution ; there was quite a number of plants in the 
bayou or excavated channel by Winfield’s. A specimen collected 
June 25, 1900, was labelled, “in marsh near Culver.” It is gen- 
erally rather common throughout the state in moist places and 
along woodland streams. 


679. CLAMMY HEDGE-HYSSOP 
GRATIOLA VIRGINIANA L. 
Found in flower in damp places along the Long Point road near 
Chadwick’s. Noticed first in flower June 13, 1901, specimens col- 
lected June 17. It is commonly found about the edges of shallow, 


dried up pools in clayey ground, and the whole plant possesses a 
delicate, pleasant fragrance. 


680. LONG-STALKED FALSE PIMPERNEL 
ILYSANTHES DUBIA (L.) Barnhart 
Found at the edges of pools, usually in muddy places, much the 
same situations as those in which Gratiola virginiana occurs. It 
somewhat resembles G. virginiana in habit, but has long-stemmed 
purplish blossoms, and lacks the fragrance of that species. 


681. WATER SPEEDWELL; PIMPERNEL 


VERONICA ANAGALLIS-AQUATICA L. 


Found along ditches on the east side of the lake in the neighbor- 
hood of Aubeenaubee Creek. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 411 


682. MARSH OR SKULLCAP SPEEDWELL 
VERONICA SCUTELLATA L. 


Probably not abundant. We have an herbarium specimen, but 
no notes. Generally reported as not abundant in the state. 


688. THYME-LEAVED SPEEDWELL 


VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA L. 


Common throughout the state in the grassy borders of wood- 
lands. Not generally common about the lake; a few fine little 
patches in a grassy place by Hawk’s fence northwest of Lost 
Lake where the bank slopes down to the lake plain. A plant of 
wide distribution, said to be found in Europe, Asia and South 
America. Although so modest a plant that it usually escapes ob- 
servation, it is in several ways full of attractiveness and charm. 
The trailing stem, with its orderly arranged leaves, remaining 
green and fresh the year round, and the dainty blossoms, so small 
that they require slight magnification to make them show up at 
their best, are both features that make the finding of it a pleasure. 
But its chief charm is its constancy of blossoming. In this respect 
no other plant, not even the chickweeds, which bloom more or less 
during the winter, can quite compare with it. It is usually pos- 
sible to find it in blossom at least every bright day in the year. 
It has been found blooming out doors, in sheltered locations both 
Christmas and New Years in northern Indiana. Each individual 
’ flower lasts only a short time to be followed by a heart-shaped pod. 


684. PURSLANE SPEEDWELL 


VERONICA PEREGRINA L. 


Seattered in grass on Long Point near the Plank cottage, where 
it was in flower May 5. Found also south of the lake. A thick- 
leaved, homely plant, common in cultivated ground, especially in 
heavy clay soils. 


685. CORN SPEEDWELL 
VERONICA ARVENSIS L. 


Common in pastures and swards; a rather inconspicuous plant 
with minute dainty blue flowers. In flower May 5, at Maxinkuckee 
Assembly entrance and near the hill by the Outlet. An introduc- 
tion from Europe which has spread rather rapidly over the country, 
but which will probably never become a very great nuisance. 


412 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


686. .-CULVER’S-ROOT 
LEPTANDRA VIRGINICA (L.) Nutt. 

A few plants found at the open edges of woods. Some found 
in 1904 in woods at the south end of the lake a little beyond the 
corner of Busart’s field. The symmetrical form of this tall plant 
with its whorled leaves and dense spike of whitish flowers, makes it 
a stately and attractive plant. In flower during July and August, 
sometimes continuing until late in autumn. 


687. FERN-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE 
DASYSTOMA PEDICULARIA (L.) Benth. 


Rather common, scattered through dry woods north of Lost 
Lake. Noticed in flower during the month of September, 1900. 


688. DOWNY FALSE FOXGLOVE 
DASYSTOMA FLAVA (L.) Wood 


Not so abundant as some of the other species of the genus; 
found scattered through dry, rather open, woods near Lost Lake. 


689. ENTIRE-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE 
DASYSTOMA LAEVIGATA Raf. 


We have no notes on this species, but its presence is attested by 
an herbarium specimen collected in July, 1900. 


690. SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE 
DASYSTOMA VIRGINICA (L.) Britton 


Found near the Lakeview Hotel, a little way from the lake. 
A very handsome, conspicuous species; the large golden-yellow 
flowers glow through the woodland shadows with a brightness that 
attracts the attention for a considerable distance. 


691. SMALL-FLOWERED AGALINIS 
AGALINIS PAUPERCULA (A. Gray) Britton 


Common in the low marshy flats surrounding Lost Lake; noted 
especially in low ground east of Lost Lake outlet near Wal- 
ley’s. Forming large patches in grassy ground at the northern 
end of Green’s marsh where it gave its color in August and Septem- 
ber to a considerable area, looking much like a large flower-bed. 
Individual plants with their numerous slim erect branches, narrow 
leaves, and fair-sized rose-purple blossoms on slender pedicels have 
a peculiar airiness and grace. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 413 


692. SCARLET PAINTED-CUP; INDIAN PAINT-BRUSH 
CASTILLEJA COCCINEA (L.) Spreng. 


Several specimens feund in blossom with bright lemon-yellow 
bracts, at the edge of Inlet marsh, October 19, 1904. The ground 
had been mown over where the plants were found, and this 
probably explains why they were in blossom at this season. 

The brilliant scarlet erect bracts, concealing the blossom of this 
plant, make it an interesting oddity as well as an attractive ob- 
ject, and render “paintbrush” a very appropriate name. It is 
usually a spring flower with us, its proper flowering season being 
from May until into July. 


693. SWAMP LOUSEWORT 
PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA Michx. 


In flower back of Winfield’s at the edge of the lagoon-like chan- 
nel, August 31 and September 28, 1900; also near the Lakeview 
Hotel; found also southeast of the lake where a specimen was col- 
lected August 22, 1900. A good deal was noted in flower in 
marshes by the tamarack on September 22, 1907. Grows in quite 
damp places. 

Our two species of Pedicularis are interesting in that one is an 
early spring flower and the other is better known as a flower of the 
fall. This species continues blossoming until into October. 

The chief attractiveness of the latter perhaps is that it is a re- 
minder of the blossom of the spring. 


694. LOUSEWORT; WOOD BETONY 
PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS L. 

Fairly common in woodlands; began to peep up out of the 
ground, the buds bright purplish pink, April 7, 1901. In flower, 
Walley’s woods, May 2. One of the early spring flowers, its dense 
spike of pale yellow blossoms rather attractive. 


FAMILY 130. LENTIBULARIACEA. BLADDERWORT FAMILY 
695. PURPLE BLADDERWORT 


VESICULINA PURPUREA (Walt.) Raf. 


Rather common in the south end of Lost Lake near its outlet. 
Noted in flower September 18, 1900. The most symmetrical plant 
of the genus—its leaves whorled so that in general shape it re- 
sembles a Chara or a Nitella. It has numerous large bladders and 
handsome purple flowers. With the progress of autumn (October 


414 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


27 and later) it falls to the bottom and curls up in a peculiar 
fashion, the leaves coiling up circinately, like fern-leaves, and it 
thus winters over. It grows among a dense vegetation of spatter- 
dock, milfoil and hornwort. 


696. HUMPED BLADDERWORT 
UTRICULARIA GIBBA L. 


Frequent in sand along the shore on the west side of Lost Lake. 
A small, inconspicuous species. Noted in flower August 2, 1906. 


697. FLAT-LEAVED BLADDERWORT 
UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA Hayne 


Among the numerous bladderworts found in Lost Lake marsh 
a few thought to be this were found close to shore. They were 
quite rare, and did not reach the fine development noted in plants 
collected at Eagle Lake in an adjoining county, where the species 
reached great perfection. The Lost Lake plants were dwarfed and 
not well developed. The plants are exceedingly variable in appear- 
ance, the aquatic form with slender, inconspicuous leaves, the creep- 
ing land form with broader, firmer, more conspicuous leaves, ar- 
ranged symmetrically on each side of the stem. The bladders are 
larger than in any others we have noted, and are white in color, 
borne on leafless stems and usually along or under ground. We 
never found any animal remains in them. The interior is beset 
with large peculiar glands. 

April 25, 1901, growing in good shape, with large bladders, in 
Green’s marsh; May 19, first flowers seen; May 24, abundantly in 
blossom. 

This species makes firm winter buds, much smaller than those 
of macrorhiza. 


698. LESSER BLADDERWORT 


UTRICULARIA MINOR L. 


Abundant in the north end of Lost Lake and in the flat marsh 
north of it. A small inconspicuous species. Noted in flower the 
latter part of May and on through the summer. Winter buds 
small, about the size of pinheads or a little larger. 


699. GREATER BLADDERWORT 
UTRICULARIA MACRORHIZA LeConte 


Common in Lost Lake, especially in the upper end, but ‘not 
growing in such great masses as in one of the Twin Lakes farther 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 415 


north. Common in the ponds and ditches in Green’s marsh; 
abundant also in the outlet of Lost Lake near Walley’s. It 
forms considerable masses of vegetation in the lake, some of the 
plants being over three feet long with numerous long branches. 
It was found also in a permanent pond east of the lake north of 
the Maxinkuckee road. The great number of bladders make it a 
curious object. The bladders are usually light green, like the rest 
of the plant, but in some cases they are dark purple, in which case 
they are especially conspicuous. They are sometimes so deep a 
purple as to be entirely opaque. 

The bladder is a curious contrivance bearing a remarkable re- 
semblance in general outline to a water-flea (Daphnia), the long 
bristles reaching out from the mouth resembling the anterior ap- 
pendages of the crustacean. These bristles probably act as guides 
to the trapdoor which rises easily to let small creatures through 
but drops down after they have entered. 


700. RECLINED BLADDERWORT 
LECTICULA RESUPINATA (B. D. Greene) Barnhart 
Not common; a small patch found by the water’s edge on 
the east shore of Lost Lake below the Bardsley cottage. A dainty 


little plant with attractive purple flowers noted in flower from the 
middle to the latter part of August, 1906. 


FAMILY 131. OROBANCHACEZ. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 


701. SQUAW-ROOT 
CONOPHOLIS AMERICANA (L. f.) Wallr. 

A plant of this species was seen in a gully northeast of the lake, 
April 11, 1907. The yellowish, thick, cone-like growth forming 
a dense spike of flowers and rising directly out of the root of an 
oak, was a striking object. In some parts of Tennessee where this 
plant is common it is known as “Devil’s popcorn.” 


702. BEECH-DROPS 
LEPTAMNIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Raf. 
Found quite abundantly on the east side of the lake, both in the 


spring of 1901, April 6 and 11 (old last year’s plants), and in 
the winter of 1904. 


416 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 132. BIGNONIACEZ. TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY 
703. TRUMPET-CREEPER 


BIGNONIA RADICANS L. 


Found growing wild in a flat rich level field east of the lake 
near Maxinkuckee. It was also found near the mouth of the 
outlet of the lakes. In some parts of the state the plant is a general 
nuisance, and is known as “Devil’s shoestring.” Planted for orna- 
ment in some parts of the state. 


704. CATALPA; LARGER INDIAN BEAN 
CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder 


Although this tree is planted quite frequently and now and then 
a seedling is seen, it could hardly be said to be established. Seed- 
lings are, however, becoming somewhat more abundant, and are 
occasionally seen in waste places and along the railroad. There 
are several trees on Long Point. 


FAMILY 133. PHRYMACEA. LOPSEED FAMILY 
705. LOPSEED 


PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA L. 


Rather common in Green’s woods and probably common in other 
dry woods about the lake. A tall weed with a good deal the aspect 
of a smartweed. Upon blossoming, the head bends downward 
against the stalk, as the common name suggests. The plant with 
its reflexed fruit looks quite burry, and the seeds are distributed 
somewhat by catching in fur and clothing. It is not, however, a 
bad bur. 


FAMILY 134. PLANTAGINACEE. PLANTAIN FAMILY 
706. RUGEL’S PLANTAIN 


PLANTAGO RUGELII Dene. 


Rather common in open grassy places. Abundant along the 
railroad near Winfield’s. This, along with Plantago major, is one 
of the most pestiferous weeds we have, often obtaining foothold in 
meadows and crowding out grass and clover. In such situations it 
increases and spreads with great rapidity, and is quite difficult to 
eradicate. It is often obtained in dirty clover seed. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey Any 


707. RIBWORT; ENGLISH PLANTAIN 
PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. 


Not very common; a few plants along the railroad north of the 
ice-houses, also near the Lakeview Hotel; apparently of recent in- 
troduction. Noticed in flower May 24, 1901, and June 12. More 
common in the vicinity of railroads. In some parts of the state 
spreading and becoming a bad weed. 


708. LARGE-BRACTED PLANTAIN 
PLANTAGO ARISTATA Michx. 


Not common; and probably of recent introduction. Only two 
patches found, one by the Gravelpit and the other by Murray’s. In 
flower June 17 and later. A conspicuous plant when in fruit. 


FAMILY 135. RUBIACEZ. MADDER FAMILY 


709. BLUETS; INNOCENCE 
HOUSTONIA COERULEA L. 


Rather common in one place on the west side of the rail- 
road in an open grassy area, hear a swamp southwest of Murray’s. 
Rather scattered in distribution in the state, but it is sometimes 
present in large patches. One of the most attractive of our spring 
flowers and easily transplanted to the garden or flowerpot where it 
continues to thrive and blossom for some time. 


710. BUTTON-BUSH 
CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS L. 


Quite common about the edges of the lake where the shore is 
swampy, as on the south shore of Outlet Bay, and south of 
Green’s; also in the swamp adjacent to the lake between Farrar’s 
and Overmyer’s. Button-bushes also form the borders of woodland 
ponds, both south of the lake (Zechiel’s, Farrar’s and Walley’s), 
and, the numerous woodland ponds, east of the lake. They gener- 
ally grow in such tangles that the form of the individual bush is not 
noticeable, but down in the neighborhood of the Busart road, some 
little distance from the lake, a clump of these bushes which had 
reached the dimensions of small trees (15 or 20 feet high) grew 
in a level flat which had no underbrush and did not appear at 
any time to be a pond. Here the exceedingly crooked trunks. 
giving the impression of immense age and dwarfishness, had a 
peculiarly grotesque effect. Usually the bases of the bushes when 
in ponds are skirted by long moss, and among moss in such situa- 


27—17618—Vol. 2 


418 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


tions one often finds the very handsome leafy liverwort Porella 
pinnata. None of this, however, was found at Lake Maxinkuckee. 

A local and very appropriate name is “‘Pincushion”’, the stigmas 
and styles resembling pins stuck into a cushion. It is also called 
bear wallow and many of the old settlers say that the bushes grow 
where bears used to wallow. 

The bushes frequently have branches in 3’s. The fragrant and 
attractive heads of blossoms are much frequented by honeybees. 


711. PARTRIDGE-BERRY; TWIN-BERRY 
MITCHELLA REPENS L. 


Rare; two small patches found northeast of the lake in woods 
by ponds a little way from the lake; these patches bore a good 
many fine berries. Another patch was found in 1907 on an island 
down the outlet, a rounded hill rising above the flat level plain. 
Another patch was found north of Plymouth on the bank of Yel- 
low River. Not at all common so far north in Indiana. 

This little evergreen creeping vine is, in a quiet unobtrusive 
way, one of the most attractive members of our flora that gives 
much delight many days in the year. Through June and July the 
pretty blossoms, borne in pairs, and almost velvety inside—odd from 
the fact that some have the stamens projecting and others the pis- 
tils—are present and add to the attractiveness of the plant. There 
is hardly a day in the year when the pretty scarlet, two-eyed berries 
are not present, the berries of autumn remaining until July and 
sometimes through the entire summer. The berries grow rather 
scattered, and it is difficult to find a patch thickly enough beset to 
make much display. 

On the Washington market the negroes have the berries for 
sale in bunches. These can be obtained during the autumn, and by 
placing them in a proper vessel, such as a glass fish globe, and pre- 
venting evaporation, they will keep until far into the next year. 

If it could be induced to thrive and bear heavily this would be 
one of the most desirable plants to introduce into cultivation, es- 
pecially for florists, for the production of bouquets or cut flowers. 
It would be admirable for clothing mossy banks. 


712. CLEAVERS; GOOSE-GRASS 
GALIUM APARINE L. 
Found along the railroad in front of the Assembly grounds, in 


flower May 18, 1901. Not particularly common. In general it 
is to be found in rich, moist black ground. The lower shoots of 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 419 


the plant stay green all winter, and after the snows have gone 
one of the earliest bits of green to catch the eye is its dainty whorl 
of leaves. The seed is a peculiar structure, a horny cellulose 
hemisphere hollowed on the side. Both the bristly fruit and 
prickly bits of stems adhere to clothing like burrs, and make a 
tangle of this plant unpleasant to walk through. 


713. VAILLANT’S GOOSE-GRASS OR CLEAVERS 
GALIUM VAILLANTII DC. 


Found in the marsh between Farrar’s and Overmyer’s. It ap- 
peared to be rather common in this place. 


714. HAIRY BEDSTRAW 
GALIUM PILOSUM Ait. 
We have no notes on this species but have a herbarium speci- 
men. It is usually found growing in dry sandy soil. 


715. WILD LIQUORICE 

GALIUM CIRCAEZANS Michx. 
Found common in woods south of the lake. It is rather com- 
mon through the northern part of the state, scattered in woodlands, 
especially on gentle slopes in dry wooded hillsides. Collected June 


26, 1901. 
716. NORTHERN BEDSTRAW 


GALIUM BOREALE L. 


Dr. Hessler (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1896, 123), reports this spe- 
cies as “common on the southern edge of Lake Maxinkuckee.” We 
have no notes concerning it. 


717. WILD MADDER; STIFF MARSH BED-STRAW 
GALIUM TINCTORIUM L. 


Not rare. In flower June 7, 1901, along the railroad between 
the lakes. Noted also in the tamarack swamp west of the lake. 


718. SMALL BEDSTRAW 
GALIUM TRIFIDUM L. 


Found along Lost Lake August 1, 1900. In flower in the tama- 
rack marsh west of the lake May 22, 1901. 


719. CLAYTON’S BEDSTRAW 
GALIUM CLAYTONI Michx. 


We have no notes on this species, but it was collected by Dr. 
Scovell in the region of the lake. 


420 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


720. SHINING BEDSTRAW 
GALIUM CONCINNUM Torr. & Gray 


Found in woods near the lake; in flower June 26, 1901, also col- 
lected in 1900. A mass of this plant in flower, while not especially 
conspicuous, has a charm ‘and attractiveness in its own way diffi- 
cult to find among any other of our native plants. The delicate 
fluffy tangle of slender stems and dainty foliage beset with in- 
numerable little white blossoms, gives a lightness and airiness of 
effect something tike that produced by a favorite of old gardens 
brought over from Europe for this same feature, and fancifully 
named “‘baby’s breath.” 


FAMILY 136. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 
721. AMERICAN ELDER 
SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS L. 


Not especially common, but occasional clumps are found in 
moist places. It does not seem to attain very large size in this 
region. One clump was noted at a swamp between Murray’s and 
Farrar’s, and it is probably found scattered in other places. In 
this latitude the lower leaves, when protected by dead leaves or 
snow, remain green all winter. It comes out into leaf early ; some 
plants noted out well in leaf by May 2. Berries were observed on 
some of the plants as late as October 25. 

The plant is occasionally affected by a fungus which produces 
abnormal swellings and a curving of the stem; from these diseased 
portions pustules full of yellow spores arise in great numbers. 

A plant of numerous uses; not always fully appreciated. 


722. MAPLE-LEAVED ARROW-WOOD 
VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM L. 


Common in Farrar’s and Overmyer’s woods near the lake, in 
dry ground. Particularly attractive when in its purplish autumnal 
coloration. 


723. SHEEP-BERRY; BLACK-HAW 
VIBURNUM LENTAGO L. 


Not particularly common. A few trees scattered through 
woods by Farrar’s and by the Inlet. Some fine fruit found by 
Lost Lake, Green’s woods, in 1904. Commonly known through 
the state as “Black-haw.” The fruit is superior in size to that of 
the real black-haw, V. prunifolium, and is borne in great abund- 
ance. The contents of the seeds is bitter and exceedingly astrin- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 421 


gent. The leaves of the trees in the vicinity of the lake are usually 
very badly mildewed. 


724. FEVER-WORT; HORSE-GENTIAN 
TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM L. 


Scattered through dry woodlands. Found in flower at Long 
Point June 10, 1901. It is probable that both this and T. auran- 
tiacum Bicknell are present about the lake as they have been only 
recently separated, and both were once regarded as different forms 
of the same species. The coarse leafy herb with inconspicuous 
dingy brown flowers is not very striking until in autumn when its 
brightly colored berries, forming a circle around the stem at each 
joint, serve to attract attention. 


725. SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE 
LONICERA OBLONGIFOLIA (Goldie) Hook. 


Rather rare; one plant found on the south shore of the lake. 
Throughout the tamarack swamps of northern Indiana one comes 
frequently across a honeysuckle which is probably this species. 


FAMILY 137. VALERIANACEZ. VALERIAN FAMILY 
726. EDIBLE VALERIAN; TOBACCO-ROOT 
VALERIANA EDULIS Nutt. 


Rare in the state; Dr. Hessler found it “common in a wet 
meadow on the southeast edge of Lake MaxinkucKee.” (Proc. Ind. 
Acad. Sci., 1896, 123.) 


FAMILY 138. CUCURBITACEZ. GOURD FAMILY 
727. WILD CUCUMBER; WILD BALSAM APPLE 
MICRAMPELIS LOBATA (Michx.) Greene 


Occasional, scattered along the shore of the lake. The largest 
patch is at the ice-houses where a mass of vines covers a clump 
of shrubs; found also on the ice-beach near Norris Inlet and near 
Norris’s, and on the east side of the lake near McOuat’s boat- 
house. Seedlings noted about May 6. Up well by May 18, 1901. 
This species is occasionally planted as an ornament and the flowers 
on summer evenings scent the air with a heavy but pleasant odor 
much like that of sweet alyssum. In low rich soils it often clam- 
bers over‘low shrubs, making in the midst of the flowering season, 
great arbors of snowy blossoms. The calyces, after being weath- 
ered and the seeds dropped, become a peculiar dainty lacework. 


422, Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


FAMILY 139. CAMPANULACEA. BELLFLOWER FAMILY 
728. HAREBELL; BLUE BELLS OF SCOTLAND 


CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA L. 


Occasional on the lake shore, especially where high banks come 
down to the water’s edge, as at Murray’s, between Kreutzberg- 
er’s pier and the depot, along the east side on slopes, near the 
Gardiner cottage, etc., also on the railroad embankment by Green’s. 
Found abundantly in flower June 22, 1901. It flowers quite late in 
the autumn, long after frosts. Noted in flower through the autumn 
of 1904 until as late as November 7. This plant was found thriv- 
ing on almost bare rocks in the summer of 1908, at Put-in-Bay, 
and would seem to be a very desirable plant to put on slopes. It 
added greatly to the attractiveness of the railroad embankment 
along the road. 


729. MARSH OR BEDSTRAW BELLFLOWER 


CAMPANULA APARINOIDES Pursh 


Scattered in wet grassy places, as in Green’s marsh and the 
Inlet marsh; probably quite common. The plant, though it grows 
two feet high, is inconspicuous and easily overlooked, even when 
the dainty flowers are fully open. The delicate plant clambering 
over stiff sedges or supporting itself by half-climbing low willows, 
reminds one somewhat of one of the bedstraws. The white blos- 
soms, though not large, strike one as rather large for the plant. 


730. TALL BELLFLOWER 
CAMPANULA AMERICANA L. 

Rather common in woodlands east of the lake. A well known, 
tall, rather graceful plant, remaining in blossom until frost. 
Hardly a ‘“bellflower” in the strictest sense; though the wheel- 
shaped corollas are not unlike the drooping graceful bells of the 
other species, they stick to the side of the stem more like targets. 


731. VENUS’ LOOKING-GLASS 


SPECULARIA PERFOLIATA (L.) A. DC. 


Very abundant in sand in Green’s field east of Lost Lake out- 
let. Seen in flower along Long Point road June 14, 1901. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 423 


FAMILY 140. LOBELIACEZ. LOBELIA FAMILY 
732, CARDINAL-FLOWER 
LOBELIA CARDINALIS L. 


Although the conditions seem in every way favorable, this plant 
does not appear to be particularly abundant. Some plants, how- 
ever, were seen on the east side of the lake. In the neighborhood 
of some of the small Indiana lakes, and along the Kankakee, this 
species forms large, showy patches in autumn. 


733. GREAT LOBELIA; BLUE CARDINAL-FLOWER 
LOBELIA SYPHILITICA L. 


Abundantly growing in low places, such as Green’s marsh, along 
the railroad by Winfield’s, south of Farrar’s, in the Academy 
grounds, on the southwest shore of the lake, Overmyer’s woods, 
and on the beach beyond Norris Inlet. It begins blooming a 
little after the middle of August and continues until after 
pretty heavy frosts. The latest we have it noted is October 
7. Some of the books credit it with a long flowering period, from 
July to October, but with us it is essentially an autumn flower, and 
when occuring in considerable abundance, it makes quite showy 
patches of bloom. It is usually dark blue, but varies through faint 
pink to white. 

734. SPIKED LOBELIA 
LOBELIA LEPTOSTACHYS A. DC. 


Occasional in dry sandy places. A slender, graceful form with 
rather small blue flowers. One of the earliest of our lobelias to 
blossom, and with those accustomed to think of lobelias as flowers 
of the fall, one of the first forerunners of the autumn. 


735. KALM’S LOBELIA 
LOBELIA KALMII L. 


Somewhat common; scattered in flat wet meadows such as that 
surrounding Lost Lake. A tall, slender species bearing rather 
small flowers, much like leptostachys in general habit. 


FAMILY 141. CICHORIACEZ. CHICORY FAMILY 
736. CAROLINA DWARF DANDELION 
KRIGIA VIRGINICA (L.) Willd. 


Found somewhat abundantly on the sandy hill west of the ice- 
house. Found in bloom May 24, 1901. A good many plants past 
flowering at that date, some still in flower. 


424 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


737. CYNTHIA; VIRGINIA GOATSBEARD 
CYNTHIA VIRGINICA (L.) D. Don 


Scattered about the edges of woodlands; collected at Long Point 
June 7, 1901. First noted in flower May 20. A well known plant 
throughout the state, growing scattered through shady woodlands. 
It has a long flowering period, from May to October, and was ob- 
served in flower on the east side of the lake September 26, 1907. 


738. DANDELION 
LEONTODON TARAXACUM L. 


Common, but not so abundant about the lake as to become a 
nuisance. In many parts of the state, especially about large cities, 
it has become a bad weed; with the city as a center it invades 
the country districts, and may obtain such a foothold in pastures or 
meadows as to crowd out almost everything else. It blossoms al- 
most the whole year round in favorable situations, and both at 
Ft. Wayne and Chicago it has been found blossoming under the 
snow. In Jackson Park, Chicago, plants were noticed flowering. 
and fruiting almost the whole winter through, but the fruit formed 
under snow was not usually perfected so that it would grow, though 
a small proportion was. The buds under the snow would not fully 
expand, but remain closed, as they do in summer on cloudy days. 
At the ice-house, in the depot grounds, and on the east side of the 
lake were the places of its greatest abundance in the region about 
Maxinkuckee. The latest date on which it was noted in blossom 
was December 9. 


739. SPINY SOW-THISTLE 
SONCHUS ASPER (L.) Hill 


Quite common, scattered in waste places. In flower June 21, 
1901, along the railroad near the ice-house, and some seeds nearly 
ripe. One plant east of the depot near the shore, and some at the 
Military Academy grounds. In flower as late as November 7, 1904, 
between Kreutzberger’s pier and the depot. 


TAO, IIR CIR IESE ILI ICIMUCL, 
LACTUCA VIROSA L. 

Somewhat common in waste places and along shore, as at Long 
Point, north of the Barnes cottage, on the hills near the depot 
grounds, etc. 

This plant seems to have entered the state about 1891 or 1892, 
when it was first noticed in cities and in waste places. From the 


nuke Maxinkuckee, Physical-and Biological Survey 425 


cities, where it was for a year or two one of the most conspicuous 
members of the flora on account of its abundance, it proceeded out 
along the country roads in every direction, and fears were enter- 
tained that it would become a noxious and abundant weed. After 
a year or two of general abundance, however, it disappeared from 
nearly everywhere except dumping grounds and waste places, 
where it is still found in tolerable abundance. The type form of 
virosa first appeared near the lake about 1908, and during that 
and the following year was still confined to the railroad. This 
plant has the compass-plant habit markedly developed, the major- 
ity of the leaves turning on the edge and pointing roughly north 
and south. Found north of the Barnes cottage, by Darnell’s, by 
Lakeview Hotel, and in numerous other places. Noted in flower 
as late as October 30. 


741. HAIRY OR RED WOOD-LETTUCE 
LACTUCA HIRSUTA Muhl. 


Uncommon; found in rather dry places. 


742. HAIRY-VEINED BLUE LETTUCE 
LACTUCA VILLOSA Jaca. 


Occasional at the edges of woodlands, especially where moist. 


743. TALL BLUE LETTUCE 
LACTUCA SPICATA (Lam.) Hitche. 


A tall slender form growing in the rich moist borders of wood- 
lands. Rather scattered; only occasional plants seen. 


744. CANADA HAWKWEED 
HIERACIUM CANADENSE Michx. 


Scattered in dry sandy woods north of Lost Lake, and in similar 
situations about the lake. 


745. HAIRY HAWKWEED 
HIERACIUM GRONOVII L. 


Along shore in dry soil near the Barnes cottage. 


WA, WSU DO, ILI AMIPOKeRD, 
NABALUS ALBUS (L.) Hook. 

Found growing along the edge of Long Point hill near Chad- 
wick’s, autumn of 1900. In flower late in September. Rather 
common at the edges of dry woodlands, as some portions of Farrar’s 
woods. 


426 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


747. TALL RATTLESNAKE-ROOT 


NABALUS TRIFOLIOLATUS Cass. 


Occasional along the edge of the forest in Green’s woods by 


Lost Lake. 
748. GLAUCOUS WHITE-LETTUCE 


NABALUS RACEMOSUS (Michx.) DC. 


Found in flower at the outer edge of the marsh on the east side 
of Lost Lake outlet, September 18, 1900. There were several plants 
at that place. 


FAMILY 142. AMBROSIACEZ. RAGWEED FAMILY 
749, HORSEWEED; GREAT RAGWEED 


AMBROSIA TRIFIDA L. 


Not very common; a few plants seen west of the lake near 
the railroad, in waste ground south of Culver. A common plant 
in mucky flats in many parts of northern Indiana. In some 
parts of the country it reaches an immense size and grows so 
thickly that it is difficult to make one’s way through the dense 
patches. It thrives especially on prairie soils and rich black land 
along rivers. Various birds, among them chickadees and English 
sparrows, feed on the seeds during the winter. 


750. RAGWEED 


AMBROSIA ELATIOR L. 


Common; scattered almost everywhere except in forests and 
sedgy lake plains. One of the most common plants of the state. 
Although botanists in general speak of it as a “pernicious weed” 
farmers in general regard it with indifference, probably because it - 
is an annual which requires the whole summer to mature, and gives 
way readily to cultivation. It is only in wet years, when maize and 
other crops cannot be cultivated well, that it seriously affects culti- 
vated grounds. It is generally most abundant in crops and stubble 
of wheat where there has been a poor stand, and in young clover 
fields and meadows, especially in autumn. Here it is an unmiti- 
gated nuisance, because cattle eat it, causing the milk to have a 
decidedly bitter and sickening flavor. Its habit of growing in fal- 
low ground is regarded by some farmers as a point in its favor, as 
it shades the ground and a heavy crop of ragweeds is looked upon 
as a desirable crop to plow under. The woody stems furnish much 
more humus to the soil than straw. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 427 


751. WESTERN RAGWEED 
AMBROSIA PSILOSTACHYA DC. 


Noted in one place only, on the west side of the railroad em- 
bankment between the lakes, or a little south of the Outlet of Lake 
Maxinkuckee. Probably introduced by the passing of trains. In 
1904 there was a good patch in the same place. This is a rare 
plant in Indiana, and was first reported in the state by Dr. Robert 
Hessler, who found it in Marshall County, very likely the identical 
patch referred to here, and from Marion County. There is another 
long patch along the Baltimore and Ohio railroad between Lapaz 
and Bremen, Indiana. 


752. AMERICAN COCKLEBUR 
XANTHIUM AMERICANUM Walt. 


The most common and abundant plant at the base of the ice 
beaches and along the sandy shore on the west side of the lake. 
Not nearly so common on the east side of the lake, and not noted 
on the shore of Lost Lake at all; not common back from the lake. 
It was also found in Walley’s marsh along the railroad. In many 
parts of the state this is one of the most pernicious weeds, es- 
pecially where sheep are pastured. The seeds germinate almost 
any time through the summer until killing frosts in autumn. In 
the spring the seeds begin germinating early in June. Each burr 
bears two seeds, and it is a common opinion among farmers that 
one of the seeds germinates one year and the other the next. Occa- 
sionally one sees plants of the same age from a single burr, but 
this is not commonly the case. The burrs or seeds are often eaten 
by fox squirrels and perhaps by other rodents. 


FAMILY 143. COMPOSITZ. THISTLE FAMILY 
753. TALL IRON-WEED 
VERNONIA ALTISSIMA Nutt. 


Rather common in moist ground near the lake, as along the 
shore of Outlet Bay, etc. They were still in blossom September 
28, and where it had been mown along the railroad back of Win- 
field’s. Here it made a second growth and bloomed much later than 
its ordinary season. 


754. WESTERN IRON-WEED 


VERNONIA FASCICULATA Michx. 


In flat moist ground, among the other species (altissima) but 
apparently more abundant. Although quite common here the ver- 


428 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey ~ 


nonias are not so conspicuous a part of the flora as in many parts 
of the state, and nearly all are confined to moist or wet ground. In 
some places iron-weeds grow in upland pastures and become a nuis- 
ance but this is not the case about the lake. In flower from July 
26 to September 13; seeds ripening by September 22. Some of 
the plants had galls formed at the bases of the flowers. 


755. JOE-PYE WEED; TRUMPET-WEED 
EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM L. 


Quite common; noted on the grassy marshy flat south of Outlet 
Bay, west of the Palmer House, on the marshy shore south of the 
lake, in the low woods by Overmyer’s field, and in Farrar’s woods. 
In some parts of the state this plant is so abundant that the 
patches, where they grow in low flats, form a single mass of purple 
in early autumn. 

Though sober in hue of blossom, this tall stately plant, hand- 
some in the symmetry produced by its large whorled leaves and the 
mass of flowers in its ample corymb, adds to the attractiveness of 
the landscape on autumn days. When-it grows in clumps of half 
a dozen stalks, each reaching to the height of 10 to 15 feet and 
topped with a large flat-topped cluster of flowers, it is one of the 
most conspicuous features of the landscape. It is becoming less 
common as lands are being drained and pastured. 


756. BONESET 
EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L. 


Quite common in low flat places where not too sedgy. Noted 
in Green’s marsh, back and north of Winfield’s, in the flat east of 
Lakeview Hotel, between the wall and water line at the Palmer 
House, on the Academy grounds, on Overmyer’s springy hill, 
and by Norris Inlet. Common on the way to Hibbard. In the 
height of the flowering season about August 19; going out of 
flower by September 13. Often so abundant on the flat moist 
prairies as to give the dingy gray color of its blossoms to the whole 
landscape. ‘‘Boneset tea’? is a famous remedy in parts of the 
country for malaria and other indefinite and vague disorders going 
under that name. 


757. WHITE SNAKE-ROOT 
EUPATORIUM URTICAEFOLIUM Reichard 


In low woods south of the lake, a rather common but widely 
scattered plant in shady woodlands; one of the daintiest of our 
autumn flowers. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 429 


758. PRAIRIE OR HAIRY BUTTON-SNAKEROOT 
LACINARIA PYCNOSTACHYA (Michx.) Kuntze 


Scattered among the grasses and sedges on low grounds east of 
Lost Lake outlet. Common on the way from Lake Maxinkuckee 
to Bass Lake where in places it was so abundant as to give its 
color to the entire landscape, August 14, 1906. _ 


759. LARGE BUTTON-SNAKEROOT 
LACINARIA SCARIOSA (L.) Hill 


A few plants found in dry ground near the Lakeview Hotel. One 
of the handsomest plants of autumn. Rather abundant on a hill- 
side along the outlet. The plants growing here were remarkably 
well developed and handsome, forming large pyramids of bloom. 
The corymbs sat almost on top of the ground. These plants were 
richly worthy of a place in any garden. 


760. DENSE BUTTON-SNAKEROOT 
LACINARIA SPICATA (L.) Kuntze 


In low wet places, similar to those in which L. pycnostachya is 
found. Neither of the plants is particularly abundant. The wand- 
like stems, towering straight and tall above the surrounding level 
sea of grasses and sedges, are very striking. The plants were 
found scattered in low grounds east of Lost Lake outlet. 


761. BLUE-STEMMED OR WREATH GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO CAESIA L. 


Found on the hill by the ice-houses, in flower September 28, 
1900, also on the ice-beach by a pond south of the lake (between 
Farrar’s and Overmyer’s), and high on a hill by Overmyer’s field. 
One of the most graceful and delicate of our golden-rods. It 
grows best in moist shady places. It was noted out finely in blos- 
som October 4, 1906. A perfect but miniature plant only four 
inches high was noted in flower at Long Point in 1907. 


762. BROAD-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO FLEXICAULIS L. 

Specimens were collected in the vicinity of the lake. It is a 
rather well distributed form throughout the state, often found in 
considerable abundance on the shady banks. Its delicate zigzag 
stem and thin, toothed leaves, overtopped with a small delicate 
panicle, give it a delicate gracefulness not common among golden- 


430 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


rods, which despite its comparative commonness, makes the stum- 
bling upon it one of the most pleasant of woodland surprises. 


763. HAIRY GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO HISPIDA Muhl. 
Occasional in dry places. It was noted rather common at Twin 


Lakes. 
764. BOG GOLDEN-ROD 


SOLIDAGO ULIGINOSA Nutt. 


Occasional in swamps and wet places about the lake. 


765. SHOWY OR NOBLE GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA Nutt. 

A common species in dry sandy ground along the road at Long 
Point and the railroad south of the lake. Peculiar narrow-panicled 
specimens were found back of Lakeview Hotel. Collected in 
flower near Chadwick’s September 25, 1900. Leaves well up by 
May 7, 1901. The upright panicle of this species is not so grace- 
ful as that of the horizontal panicle of many species, but the rich 
clear yellow of the flowers makes it one of the most handsome and 
clean-looking of our golden-rods. The upright taper of the panicle 


reminds one of a torch or flame. 
In flower from August 14 until after September 29. Abundant 


along the Erie Railroad at Plymouth. 


766. WRINKLED-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO RUGOSA Mill. 


A very rough-leaved coarse-looking golden-rod, somewhat re- 
sembling S. ulmifolia. Occasional in dry open places. 


767. ROUGH-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO PATULA Muhl!. 
Not common; scattered in grassy or sedgy marshes, sometimes 
in woodlands; one plant by the ice-houses September 28, 1900; a 
small patch on shore near the green boathouse. A coarse homely 
species. In blossom in late September. 


768. ELM-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGOG ULMIFOLIA Muhl. 
One of the most common species; very abundant on Long Point, 


where it grew in the shady woodlands thick enough to give almost 
a mass effect when in bloom; found also between Kreutzberger’s 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 431 


pier and the depot pier. The time of greatest abundance of flowers 
was about September 29, 1900. Leaved out finely by May 10, 1901. 
Individually it is not a showy species, the branches of the racemes 
being too narrow to give much display. 


769. EARLY OR SHARP-TOOTHED GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait. 


The earliest and one of the most attractive of our golden-rods, 
coming into flower in midsummer and continuing well into autumn. 
Occasional at the edges of copses and on hillsides, giving an autumn 
touch to summer landscapes. Occasional on the open spaces about 
the cottages on the south end of Long Point. 


770. CANADA GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS L. 


One of the most widely distributed and best known golden-rods 
of the state. Quite variable in size and fulness of flowering. The 
dense plume-like panicle and its fragrance make it one of our most 
handsome golden-rods, though the stem and leaves are coarse and 
weedy. Scattered about the lake, usually in moist but not wet 
situations. Considerable on the flat area southwest of Outlet Bay, 
some on the hill by the ice elevator, near Winfield’s, and by Over- 
myer’s springy hill. Some east of the lake between Aubeenaubee 
Creek and the Maxinkuckee road. Between Lake Maxinkuckee 
and Bass Lake this species along with S. riddellii was so abundant 
as to turn whole landscapes yellow. The flower clusters are often 
attacked and eaten by black beetles and frequently it is difficult, 
late in the year, to find racemes not thus marred. Found blossom- 
ing as late as October 26, by Green’s marsh in 1904. 


771. LATE GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO SEROTINA Ait. 


A few plants near Norris Inlet, by the green boathouse, in moist 
soil. Found blossoming October 2. 


772. GRAY OR FIELD GOLDEN-ROD; DYER’S WEED 
SOLIDAGO NEMORALIS Ait. 


Common on Long Point near the Plank cottage. A rather 
short, dense flowered, very brilliant species, becoming common 
along roadsides in some parts of the state. The numerous achenes 
crowned with white pappus make it rather conspicuous when in 
fruit. 


A432 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


773. WESTERN ROUGH. GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO RADULA Nutt. 


, Rare; a few plants found east of the lake. Dr. Hessler has also 
reported this species from Lake Maxinkuckee. 


774. STIFF OR HARD-LEAVED GOLDEN-ROD 
SOLIDAGO RIGIDA L. 


A few plants found on Long Point. The individual flowers are 
much larger than any other of our golden-rods but they are rather 
few in number and the plant as a whole is too stiff and awkward 
to be particularly attractive. The plant is to be found chiefly along 


roadsides and railroads. 


775. RIDDELL’S GOLDEN-ROD 


SOLIDAGO RIDDELLII Frank 


A few plants back of Winfield’s and a small patch on shore 
near Norris Inlet. There was a large patch in a sedgy flat down 
the outlet and some by the tamarack. On the way to Bass Lake 
this species in places gave color to whole landscapes. In flower 
from August 14 to September 22. Easily recognized by the ar- 
rangement of its leaves which give the general impression of being 
3-ranked; an approximation in general habit to the sedges among 
which it grows. The flat-topped corymb of flowers, though rather 
small, is quite handsome, the blossoms having a peculiar clearness 


and translucence. 


776. BUSHY OR FRAGRANT GOLDEN-ROD 
EUTHAMIA GRAMINIFOLIA (L.) Nutt. 

Scattered along the beach at Long Point, at Green’s, and east 
of Lakeview on a flat beach. A very homely weed, but the flowers 
are fragrant. The leaves are often marked with oval black spots, 
probably the result of the attack of some fungus. Noted in blos- 
som during September. 


777. SLENDER FRAGRANT GOLDEN-ROD 


EUTHAMIA TENUIFOLIA (Pursh) Greene 


Less common than EF, graminifolia; scattered along Long Point 
beach. In flower during the latter part of September. 


is) 
(J) 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 4s 


178. LARGE-LEAVED ASTER 
ASTER MACROPHYLLUS L. 


Not at all common; a few plants found in the damp shaded 
woods near the lake, near Overmyer’s. In blossom October 11, 
1900. 

779. SKY-BLUE ASTER 


ASTER AZUREUS Lindi. 


Quite common on dry hillsides on both sides of the lake, and 
along the railroad. In flower on the bank by Murray’s, September 
20. September 29, found between Kreutzberger’s pier and the 
depot pier, and by Lakeview Hotel. A very beautiful species. 
In flower quite late (November 13) along the railroad, 1904. Al- 
though not so large as some of our asters, this, with its graceful 
habit and delicate coloring, is one of the most attractive asters we 
have. 

780. COMMON BLUE WOOD ASTER 
ASTER CORDIFOLIUS L. 


Very abundant in places, in dry open woodlands on each side 
of the lake; on September 28, 1900, the base of Long Point was 
nearly blue-white from a little distance, due to the abundance of 
these asters. October 9, plenty on the east and southeast side 
of the lake in wooded places. One of the commonest and prettiest 
of our species. The flowers, though rather small, are borne in such 
abundance that the plant makes considerable display. In freshly 
opened flowers the disk flowers are yellow, but they soon turn to 
purple. Although the flowers are quite firm they wither quickly on 
being cut, so that they are much better admired on the stalk. Some 
dwarf plants only four inches high, but perfect and in blossom, 
were collected on the east side. Noted in flower from August 3 to 
October 28. 

(isl,  IOANIMID, TeLONRI 2 bay AST 
ASTER PATENS Ait. 


Not at all abundant, but well scattered in favorable situations. 
It grows best in rather moist open ground. Found south of Win- 
field’s in front of the Assembly grounds, and in other low places. 
Found also near shore on the depot grounds, on the springy flat 
south of the lake near Overmyer’s and by the green boathouse. 
One of the largest and most attractive of our asters, and nowhere 
very common. Well worthy of cultivation, especially in nooks of 
wild gardens. First noted in blossom as early as August 19, a 
rather uncommonly early date; remaining in bloom until October 


2. Often continues blooming until after light frosts. 
28—17618—Vol. 2 


434 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


782. PURPLE ASTER; NEW ENGLAND ASTER 

ASTER NOVAE-ANGLIAE L. | 
Rather common in patches in a few moist places, near Win- 
field’s, along the moist ground west of that place, a considerable 
patch in the gully-like depression by Lakeview Hotel, by the green 
boathouse, and across the railroad from the birch swamp. This 
plant has considerable variation; a small form was collected, and 
the rose-colored form was present but quite rare. This species, 
especially the rose-colored form, is one of the most beautiful of our 
autumn flowers. A common name in some parts of the state is “Fall 
Rose” which is markedly inappropriate. Aster novae-angliae is 
well worthy of cultivation and its variability suggests that it would 
yield readily to attempts to produce various forms, as the Japanese 

have done with the chrysanthemum. 


783. RED-STALK OR PURPLE-STEM ASTER 
ASTER PUNICEUS L. 


Found on the east shore of the lake, in the vicinity of the ice- 
beach pond south of Van Schoiack’s. It is a large handsome spe- 
cies which continues blooming until quite late in autumn. 


784. SMOOTH ASTER 
ASTER LAEVIS L. 


Occasional on the west side of the lake in dry ground along 
the railroad. A rather handsome species. 


785. RUSH ASTER 
ASTER JUNCEUS Ait. 


Occasional in wet places about the lake. 


786. SMALL WHITE ASTER 
ASTER VIMINEUS Lam. 
At the railroad bridge near Culver; abundant in flat woods south 
of the lake by Overmyer’s, and beyond these farther east; east of 


Norris Inlet, along shore. Noted in flower from September 28 to 
Ocotber 8. 


787. WHITE HEATH ASTER; FROST-WEED ASTER 
ASTER ERICOIDES L. 


Rather common; found near shore at Long Point, abundant in 
the prairie-like flat by the ice-house, at the south and west of Win- 


9 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 435 


field’s, on shore in front of the flat south of the lake, at the begin- 
ning of the flat woods south of the lake by Overmyer’s, on the 
beach east of Norris Inlet, and common about Lost Lake. While 
the individual flowers are not particularly handsome, the mass ef- 
fect where many dense plants grow together is quite attractive. 
This is one of the most variable of our asters in form, abundance of 
flowers, size of plant and in almost every other respect. In many 
parts of the state it is common along dry roadsides and in old fields. 
Some plants are very showy, looking like great masses of snow. 
In flower about the lake from September 13 until November 12. 


788. POOR ROBIN’S PLANTAIN 


ERIGERON PULCHELLUS Michx. 


Scattered on moist banks; not very common. Found in Green’s 
marsh and on Long Point; found in flower May 20 to June 10. The 
earliest of our fleabanes to blossom, and an exceedingly pretty plant 
when in flower, with delicate pink-tinted daisy-like flowers. Un- 
like most of its relatives it is not abundant enough to become 
a nuisance, and does not invade meadows to any great extent. 


789. PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE 


ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS L. 


Scattered in open places, near the edge of the lake. In flower 
north of Green’s marsh and on the lake shore May 18, 1901. 
Flowers pretty; smaller and more delicate than those of the-pre- 
ceding. This plant, too, is too scarce to become a nuisance. 


790. WHITE-TOP; SWEET SCABIOUS 


ERIGERON ANNUUS (L.) Pers. 


Scattered in open places; very abundant in cultivated fields. In 
blossom from June 15 until October 28, and the rosettes rather 
conspicuous during the winter. Occasional along the beach, by 
Norris Inlet and Green’s. 

This, along with its close relative, #. ramosus, is one of our 
most pestiferous weeds. It does not trouble cultivated crops to 
any great extent, but often appears in great abundance in meadows, 
crowding out timothy and clover, making ragged unsightly fields, 
making the crop valueless, and filling the air with flying seeds 
which are more irritating when they fill the nostrils and eyes than 
even those of the butterweed (EH rechtites). 


436 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


791. DAISY FLEABANE 
ERIGERON RAMOSUS (Walt.) B. S. P. 


Quite similar to H. annuus and of the same distribution, but 
more often found along the edges of woodlands. Apparently not 
so common as the preceding. - 


792. HORSE-WEED; CANADA FLEABANE 
LEPTILON CANADENSE (L.) Britton 


Common along shore and elsewhere; often almost completely 
occupying old neglected fields. Fields full of these weeds were 
found on both sides of the lake, but it does not appear to be a bad 
weed. One of the most variable in size of our plants, perfect speci- 
mens ranging from about three inches to nearly six feet high. It 
occurs on shore all around the lake. Like the other common eri- 
gerons the young plant passes the winter in the form of a rosette, 
the most attractive stage of the plant, for during autumn and 
spring this rosette usually assumes a rich purple color. It some- 
times continues blossoming quite late in autumn. In 1904 they 
~ were noted in flower as late as November 13. 


793. TALL FLAT-TOP WHITE ASTER 
DOELLINGERIA UMBELLATA (Mill) Nees 


Quite common in flat open places south of Farrar’s along the 
road, in moist ground. A tall homely weed. 


794. STIFF-LEAVED ASTER 
IONACTIS LINARI[FOLIUS (L.) Greene 


Found only on the bank east of Lost Lake south of the Bardsley 
cottage, where it was quite abundant. 


795. PLANTAIN-LEAF EVERLASTING 
ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIJA (L.) Richards 


Rather common, in patches in various open dry situations. 
April 9, buds show well. April 22, nearly in flower southwest of 
the lake along the railroad. April 30 some in flower north of the 
lake. May 4, fully in blossom. Found also back of Lakeview 
Hotel. 

An interesting feature of this species is the fact that the plants 
of a patch are usually either all pistillate or all staminate, each 
patch having arisen from one or a few plants by means of under- 
ground stolons. The plants are exceedingly variable in size and 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey AST 


general appearance and occasionally have purplish bracts. In some 
places called ‘Indian tobacco.” 


796. BROAD-LEAVED CAT’S FOOT 
ANTENNARIA CALOPHYLLA Greene 
Not common; we have no notes. A specimen, however, was col- 


lected by Dr. Scovell. A small patch was found at Long Point, 
near Chadwick’s. 


797. FRAGRANT LIFE EVERLASTING; SWEET BALSAM 
GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM L. 

Quite common on dry hillsides, though by no means so conspicu- 
ously abundant as in many parts of the state; found on the hill 
north of the ice-houses and along the shore of the lake, and on 
Long Point. In some parts of the country it has a high medicinal 


repute; the dried plants are smoked, like tobacco, as a remedy for 
catarrh. 


798. ENTIRE-LEAVED ROSIN-WOOD 
SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM Michx. 


Rather common in flat prairie-like areas; frequent along the 
railroad south of the lake. 


799. PRAIRIE DOCK; PRAIRIE BURDOCK 
SILPHIUM TEREBINTHINACEUM Jacq. 

On the hill between Kreutzberger’s pier and the depot pier, also 
tolerably abundant in the sedgy flat up by Lakeview Hotel. Rather 
abundant along the railroad in moist spots. A patch of more than 
an acre down along the outlet was well grown over with this plant. 
When wounded, it yields a copious supply of whitish resin. 


800. AMERICAN FEVER-FEW 
PARTHENIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM L. 


Not common; a few plants observed along the railroad some 
distance south of the lake in the autumn of 1912. An odd flower 
for a composite; at some distance the inflorescence reminds one 
somewhat of that of the mountain mint. 


801. OX-EYE; FALSE SUNFLOWER 
HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES (L.) Sweet 


Common in small patches at the edges of copses or in fence 
corners. Except for the deeper orange hue of its blossoms, it 


438 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


bears a very close general resemblance to some of the numerous 
wild sunflowers of the region, and the name ‘False Sunflower”, 
is very appropriate. 


802. YERBA DE TAJO 


VERBESINA ALBA L. 


A very abundant beach plant along the east shore of Long Point, 
and found occasionally down as far as beyond the Inlet, and by the 
Palmer house, by Lakeview hotel and the railroad bridge near 
Culver. It is found just a little back of the waterline. Not much 
found on the east shore of the lake. In some parts of the state 
this plant is rare or absent; in others common. Although it is said 
to be a weed in warm regions, it never becomes obnoxious in In- 
diana, as it is usually of rather small size and is generally confined — 
to the margins of rivers and lakes or ponds. With us it has a 
long flowering season—from July to October—and a large plant will 
produce a great number of seed. Although rather inconspicuous, 
it is, when attentively considered, an attractive plant, the blossoms 
being very neat and dainty. Late in autumn, especially in rather 
barren and infertile sandy spots along shore, exceedingly dwarfed 
plants frequently occur tipped with a single blossom. One was 
noted only one-half inch in height, with seven leaves and one blos- 
som. The plant remained in bloom as late at October 30, 1900. 


808. BLACK EYED SUSAN 


RUDBECKIA HIRTA L. 


Rather common, both in dry and wet ground; blossoms quite 
late sometimes, until killed by frost; found in flower south along 
the railroad June 15, 1901; several plants noted in flower October 
24, 1904, some along the road by Romig’s, some toward the tama- 
rack marsh. 

One of the most attractive of summer and autumn plants; fre- 
quently found in dry meadows, but never abundant enough to be- 
come a nuisance. 


804. TALL CONE-FLOWER 
RUDBECKIA LACINIATA L. 
Occasional in moist places, but not so common as in many parts 
of the state where it usually thrives in small clumps in moist shady 


places. A cultivated double-flowered form is the well-known 
Golden Glow of gardens. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 439 


In addition to the rudbeckias above mentioned another, prob- 
ably subtomentosa, grew along the southwest shore of the lake 
between Murray’s and Farrar’s, but it was seen on a hurried trip 
in that region and no herbarium specimens were secured. 


805. GRAY-HEADED CONE-FLOWER 


RATIBIDA PINNATA (Vent.) Barnhart 


Not common; noted along the railroad east of the depot and 
near the lake September 29, 1900. Although this species is ap- 
parently indigenous it has a habit in many parts of the country 
of growing usually on roadsides, as if introduced. 


806. PURPLE CONE-FLOWER 


ECHINACEA PURPUREA (L.) Moench 


Not common; only one patch found on a hill some distance down 
the outlet in 1909. This was not found during the preceding years 
of the survey and had somewhat the appearance of having arisen 
recently from perhaps a single stray seed of a few years before; 
one plant could easily have been the parent of the entire colony. 
Although the leaves are coarse and homely, giving a weed-like as- 
pect to the plant before blooming, the flower-head, with its long 
drooping purple rays and spine-like orange-colored disk flowers, is 
a striking object. 


807. COMMON SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. 


An occasional escape from cultivation near Culver. 


808. FEW-LEAVED SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS Riddell 
Not particularly common; a few plants were found scattered 
along the hill east of Lost Lake outlet, near Green’s field, and a 


few south along the railroad. Leaved out well by May 12, 1901. 
It grows in dry sandy soil. 


809. TALL OR GIANT WILD SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS GIGANTEUS L. 
Found by Lakeview Hotel in the sedgy flat September 29, 1900. 


Rather common in moist places in rich ground. Common between 
Culver and Hibbard. 


440 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


810. ROUGH OR WOODLAND SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS L. 


Not rare; noted on shore in front of the Palmer House ——— 
Leaved out well and growing finely May 10, 1901. 


811. HAIRY SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS. MOLLIS Lam. 

Found on a bank on the east side of Lost Lake, also in open 
places between the lakes. Noted in flower September 19, 1900. 
Common on the bank back of Green’s field at the beginning of Lost 
Lake outlet, growing in the dry sandy soil. 


812. PALE-LEAVED WOOD SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS L. 


Occasiona! in dry places west of the lake. 


8138. STIFF-HAIRED SUNFLOWER 
HELIANTHUS HIRSUTUS Raf. 

Represented by an herbarium specimen. No special notes were 
made, the numerous species of sunflowers about the lake resembling 
each other so closely that it was difficult to recognize them in the 
field. 

814. WING-STEM 
RIDAN ALTERNIFOLIUS (L.) Britton 

Scattered in fair abundance on the east side of the lake back 
from shore, in rather open woodlands, generally in gullies or on 
their sides. 

815. TALL TICKSEED 
COREOPSIS TRIPTERIS L. 

Found south along the railroad; up well and leaved out finely 
by May 12, 1901. Usually growing in small scattered clumps at 
the edges of thickets. The heads are not especially showy, com- 
ing as they do at a time of year when sunflowers, black-eyed 
susans and the like are in full sway. Unlike most flowers of the 
sunflower group, those of this plant are decidedly fragrant. 


816. STIFF TICKSEED 
COREOPSIS PALMATA Nutt. 


East side of Lost Lake outlet, on a dry sandhill. Up well May 
12, south along the railroad. Not very common; it seems to be con- 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 441 


fined to the localities just mentioned. It seems to be increasing 
somewhat along the railroad, and in 1904 was found on the bank 
of the lake near the depot grounds. Occasional along the railroad 
northward. 


817. LARGER OR SMOOTH BUR-MARIGOLD 


BIDENS LAEVIS (L.) B. S. P. 


Occasional on the west shore of the lake. In general it is 
usually found in wet places, as on edges of the lakes and 
streams. Abundant by Winfield’s, and by the low woods near 
Overmyer’s. Found by McSheehy’s pier, by Darnell’s, north end 
of Long Point, by the Assembly grounds, and by Norris Inlet. It 
does not appear to be so much of a nuisance as some other mem- 
bers of the genus. 


818. SMALLER OR NODDING BUR-MARIGOLD 


BIDENS CERNUA L. 


One of the most abundant of the bur-marigolds; found scattered 
along the west shore of the lake; most abundant about the edges 
of the flat marshes, a belt surrounded Green’s marsh and the marsh 
about Lost Lake, and the borders of the marshy region along Lost 
Lake outlet; also, along the edges of Inlet marsh. In these places, 
after the plants had ripened and turned brown, it formed a very 
conspicuous marginal belt. It was still in blossom October 24, al- 
though the older heads had begun nodding by September 26. In 
addition to the large, more conspicuous blossoms, the plant has very 
minute flower-heads in the axils of the leaves, consisting of only a 
few florets apiece. The nodding habit of the fruiting head is rather 
peculiar; it may be an adaptation to enable the seeds to attach 
themselves to the backs of small mammals running through the 
grass. 


819. PURPLE-STEMMED SWAMP BEGGAR-TICKS 
BIDENS CONNATA Muhl. 


Quite common in marshy places and along the west shore of the 
lake. Also on shore at the Academy grounds and behind the ice- 
beach east of the Inlet. Common at Long Point, behind the ice- 
beach beyond Norris Inlet, and south of the Scovell cottage. AIl- 
though not so great a nuisance as some of the forms which grow 
in cultivated grounds, this species with its numerous bristling seeds 
is very undesirable. 


442 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


820. BEGGAR-TICKS; STICK-TIGHT 


BIDENS FRONDOSA L. 


Rather common along shore and in moist places, as at Long 
Point on the north shore, at Lakeview Hotel, by Overmyer’s 
woods, and by Norris Inlet. It is’ not so abundant as one 
might naturally expect, and does not appear to be very much of a 
nuisance in cultivated grounds about the lake, as the sandy soil is 
not well suited to its best development. In many parts of the state, 
especially in moist rather heavy or loamy soils, this broadly branch- 
ing plant is one of the greatest nuisances. It does not crowd out 
and choke down other plants as badly as many of our other weeds, 
is easily uprooted by cultivation, and, so far as its effect on crops 
is concerned, is not nearly so bad as ragweed, dogbane and numer- 
ous other common weeds which readily occur to mind. Its chief 
objectionable feature is its numerous bristling seeds which catch 
in large masses to clothing. It is especially common in low-ground 
cornfields and in patches of buckwheat. 


821. SPANISH NEEDLES 


BIDENS BIPINNATA L. 


Abundant near Delong, but none found close to the lake during 
the early years of the survey. In 1906, however, a patch was 
found by the ice-houses, evidently newly introduced. In the north- 
ern part of the state this does not appear to be a native plant, but 
usually makes its appearance first along railroads, and in some of 
the northern counties appears to be largely restricted to such loca- 
tions. 

822. TALL TICKSEED-SUNFLOWER 


BIDENS TRICHOSPERMA (Michx.) Britton 


A few plants scattered along the west shore of the lake. Where 
protected it blossoms quite late. A few plants were found still in 
flower along Lost Lake and the tamarack marsh October 24, 1904. 
In low flat prairies in some parts of the state these plants grow in 
great numbers, and when in flower in autumn, form continuous 
and immense patches and belts of solid gold massed together, that 
can be seen for several miles. 

In 1900 a few plants were seen along shore by McSheehy’s and 
by the Monninger and Meyer cottages. In 1906, on the way to 

Bass Lake, considerable patches were seen, also on the way to 
- Hibbard. Of recent years it appears to be increasing rapidly by 
Hawk’s marsh. In 1908 and 1909 it formed an unbroken patch of 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 443 


about an acre which made a continuous bed, forming one solid blaze 
of yellow. It was also found at Long Point and by the ice-houses ; 
most of the plants about the lake probably came from prairie hay 
used at the ice-houses. 

We are so accustomed to see this plant in masses that we rarely 
think of the individual plant. A well grown plant in rich muck 
is one of the most striking objects, the plant branching from the 
very base, making a broad cone, which when in full bloom is almost 
a solid mass of gold. One of the plants near the ice-house showed 
this effect to perfection and revealed the possibilities of the plant 
as an ornament. 


823. WATER MARIGOLD 
MEGALODONTA BECKII (Torr.) Greene 


In 1900 this was common in the lake off from the ice-houses, 
and scattered elsewhere through the lake as off from the Gravel- 
pit, by the green boathouse near Norris Inlet, and in Lost Lake. 
It was one of the most conspicuous and attractive plants found in 
the large patch by the ice-houses, the plants sticking up from the 
bottom like cattails in their dense cylindrical form and rounded 
ends. The species grows in water to the depth of twelve feet. 

With the advent of cold weather the green tips break off and 
drop to the bottom, where they sweep about hither and yon as 
currents drive them. With the coming of spring these tips, which 
remain a fresh lively green all winter, put out rootlets from the 
nodes, strike into the soft mud at any suitable place and start their 
new growth. Bits are often washed ashore during spring storms. 

This plant is a remarkable instance of adaptation and con- 
vergence. In plant form it resembles Myriophyllum, which it is 
a good deal like in habit, more than anything else. Cabomba, a 
plant of the water-lily family, is also strikingly like it in general 
appearance. The emersed leaves, however, approach more nearly 
the normal form. 

The seeds have long holdfasts, three to six in number, usually 
four, and it would appear at first thought that these were useless 
as they would be likely to catch only on such animals as muskrats, 
which would carry them to places on shore where they would not 
be likely to survive. 

However, in the summer of 1909, we saw at Lake-of-the-Woods, 
Indiana, a large snapping turtle, ‘““mossback,”’ with the long hairlike 
alge of its carapace stuck full of beggar ticks, possibly of this spe- 
cies. It is possible that the plant relies to some extent on such 
turtles for the distribution of its seed. 


444 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


824. GALINSOGA 
GALINSOGA PARVIFLORA Cay. 


This dainty little plant made its arrival at Lake Maxinkuckee 
about 1909, where it was found on the depot grounds near the 
flower-beds. The seed had probably been brought with other 
plants from Sewickley, Pa., where the railroad company keeps its 
nurseries. The plant is comparatively new to the state; it is not 
mentioned in Dr. Stanley Coulter’s list of Indiana plants published 
in 1899. Some plants were seen along streets of Fort Wayne in 
1901. The delicate thin leaves and minute daisy-like blossoms, 
which bloom from early summer until frost, make the plant rather 
attractive to the attentive eye, though so inconspicuous as to be 
easily overlooked. The plant is a native of tropical America and 
has spread from the east coast, where it was first introduced, al- 
most entirely across the continent. In some parts of North Caro- 
lina it has almost “taken the country,” covering densely all broken 
ground such as flower-beds, etc. It is there a decided nuisance and 
generally known as ‘Rabbit Tobacco.” 


825. YARROW 
ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L. 


Rather common; scattered, usually in dry ground and along 
roadsides. It is not so conspicuously abundant here as in many 
parts of the state. The leaves stay more or less green all winter, 
and the new leaves are among the first bits of bright green to ap- 
pear in spring. It begins flowering early in summer and continues 
late in the autumn, even after the lighter frosts. Seen in flower 
near the lake as late as November 21, 1904. In many parts of the 
state this species takes possession of old orchards and untilled open 
land, such as old pastures. Pink- and rose-colored flowers occa- 
sionally occur, and there is a red-flowered form in cultivation. Al- 
though tough-rooted this plant yields readily to cultivation, and 
never becomes a bad weed. 

Being an introduced plant, usually associated with dooryards, 
it suggests humanity, and home-likeness wherever it is found. 


826. MAYWEED; FETID CAMOMILE 
ANTHEMIS COTULA L. 
Not conspicuously common in this region. A good sized patch 
was seen by the Bardsley cottage near Lost Lake, which continued 


in flower until killed by heavy frosts. Still in flower November 
13, 1904. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 445 


Once very common along roadsides, forming a fringe on each 
side, and in trampled places, especially in schoolyards, and neg- 
lected dooryards. In dooryards where it has gained foothold it is 
an exceedingly annoying weed, very difficult to keep down and giv- 
ing a very sorry appearance to any region it infests. It occa- 
sionally is to be found in meadows, but it does not persist in culti- 
vated ground. 


827. OX-EYE DAISY 
CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM L. 


A few plants south of the lake along the railroad. One of the 
handsome plants of our region, although often a nuisance in 
meadows where it has obtained a foothold. 


828. TANSY 
TANACETUM VULGARE L. 


A good-sized patch along the road near Culver. Noted in 
flower as late as November 12, 1904. It seems to spread by roots 
rather than by seed, and is generally not found far from houses. 


829. TALL OR WILD WORMWOOD 
ARTEMISIA CAUDATA Michx. 


Common along the ridge east of Lost Lake outlet near the 
boundary line between Green’s and Walley’s. Not found elsewhere 
to any extent. 

830. FIRE-WEED 
ERECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) Raf. 


Scattered; quite common along shore, not abundant elsewhere; 
quite variable in size. Some on the Academy grounds, some be- 
tween Kreutzberger’s and the depot, and near the water’s edge at 
Long Point; growing in cracks in Howe’s stone wall, and near 
Overmyer’s field. 

Interesting in its occurrence. Generally a not frequently seen 
weed, but as soon as a forest is cleared out these plants spring up 
in great patches, bearing immense crops of seed, and filling the air, 
and incidentally the eyes and noses of those who live in the region, 
with the pappus. The plant has a peculiar rank smell which it 
gives off at a touch, so one can hardly pass through a patch where 
- these plants grow without becoming aware of their presence. When 
the plants die down in autumn they burn like tinder, and may be 
the cause of more or less extensive conflagrations. The plant re- 
ceives its name from the fact that it springs up abundantly where 


446 Lake Mazxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


ground has recently burned over, although this does not occur in 
places where large areas have burned off but rather after small 
fires in brush piles. After a few years of tillage this plant disap- 
pears or becomes rare. It thrives best in rich forest mould after 
the trees have been removed. 


831. PALE INDIAN PLANTAIN 
MESADENIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA (L.) Raf. 


Found in damp places east of Lost Lake outlet. 


832. TUBEROUS INDIAN PLANTAIN 
MESADENIA TUBEROSA (Nutt.) Britton 


Occasional in: moist prairies about the lake. 


833. BALSAM GROUNDSEL 
SENECIO PAUPERCULUS Michx. 


Scattered; not very common; up and nearly in flower along the 
road west of Chadwick’s May 8, 1901. ‘In flower, collected May 23. 


834. COMMON BURDOCK 
ARCTIUM MINUS Schk. 


On a hill near the ice-house, and by the old ice elevator; Sep- 
tember 29, 1900, seeds sprouting by railroad bridge near Culver. 
The seeds usually sprout in the spring, but also frequently germi- 
nate in autumn. Disagreeable and unsightly as a patch of bur- 
docks is, it never becomes a bad weed in fields or meadows but 
thrives only in neglected and waste places about dwellings. No 
other plant has better means of distributing seed, which is by both 
burr and pappus; still it is not generally distributed except in the 
places above mentioned. It may be that it requires unusually rich 
soil for its development; at any rate the soil in a burdock patch is 
usually black and rich, and other plants are usually killed out by 
the shade of the broad leaves. 


835. COMMON BUR THISTLE 
CIRSIUM LANCEOLATUM (L.) Hill 


Somewhat common, but not particularly abundant, in old fields, 
pastures, etc.; noted in flower October 25, 1904, west of the lake. 
In some regions in pastures it is a bad weed, but is generally 
not hard to eradicate, as it usually dies after the crown has been 
cut off. The seed is the favorite food of the goldfinch, and birds 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 447 


perched on old heads of this plant, sending silken parachutes a-fly- 
ing, is in many parts of the state a characteristic bit of autumn 
scenery. 


8386. TALL OR ROADSIDE THISTLE 
CIRSIUM ALTISSIMUM (L.) Spreng. 


A few plants found on the east side of the lake, along the road 
m moist places north of Aubeenaubee Creek and at the springy flat 
near Overmyer’s field. Noted in blossom as late as October 25, 
by Aubeenaubee Creek. A rather handsome plant, and never com- 
mon enough to become a nuisance. The tall stem is hollow, form- 
ing a large tube, but it splits rather easily. 


8387. SWAMP THISTLE 
CIRSIUM MUTICUM Michx. 
Found by the Lakeview Hotel and in the springy flat near Over- 
myer’s field. Scattered generally in swamps. A harmless plant, 
not very persistent and only weakly prickly, with handsome flowers. 


838. CANADA THISTLE 
CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) Scop. 


Growing along the shore by Long Point, only a few plants; 
quite abundant in an old field northeast of the lake along the wagon 
road, and along a ditch on the way to the drained lake. The most 
pernicious weed in our area, rapidly spreading and very difficult 
to eradicate. 


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Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 449 


MAXINKUCKEE BIBLIOGRAPHY 


The literature of Lake Maxinkuckee is considerable. We have been 


able to consult at least 90 papers, articles, etc., which relate to the lake 
in one way or another. The following is a list, arranged in chronological 
order, of the titles: 


1880. 
1886. 
1886. 
1887. 
1889. 


1890. 


1892. 
1892. 


1895. 
1894. 
1894. 
1896. 
1896. 


1896. 


“Fritz.’’ Maxintuckee. <Forest and Stream, Vol. XV, No. 6’ 
p. 109. 

Thompson, W. H. Marshall County. <15th Ann. Rept. Ind. 
Dept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. 1886, pp. 177-182. 

Thompson, W. H. and Lee, S. E. Maxinkuckee. <15th Ann. 
Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. 1886, pp. 182-186. 
Jordan, D.S. and Evermann, B. W. The Food Fishes of Indiana. 

Rept. Ind. State Board of Agri. 1886, pp. 156-173. 

Evermann, Barton W. and Jenkins, Oliver P. Notes on Indiana 
Fishes. <Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XI, 1888, pp. 43-58. 

Jordan, David Starr. Report of Explorations Made During the 
Summer and Autumn of 1888, in the Alleghany Region of 
Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee, and in Western 
Indiana, with an Account of the Fishes Found in each of the 
River Basins of those Regions. <Bull. U. §. Fish Com., 
Vol. VIII, 1888, pp. 97-173, pls. XIII-XV. 

Blatehley, W.S. A Catalogue of the Butterflies Known to Occur 
in Indiana. <17th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. 
Res. 1891, pp. 365-408. 

Hay, Oliver Perry. The Batrachians and Reptiles of the State 
of Indiana. <17th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. 
Res. 1891, pp. 409-602. 

Blatchley, W.S. The Locustide of Indiana. <Proc. Ind. Acad. 
Sci. 1892, pp. 92-165. 

Eigenmann, Carl H. and Beeson, Charles H. The Fishes of Indiana. 
<Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1893, pp. 76-108. 

Hay, O. P. The Lampreys and Fishes of Indiana. <19th Ann. 
Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1894, pp. 147-296. 

Call, R. Ellsworth. Second Contribution to a Knowledge of 
Indiana Mollusea. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1895, pp. 135-146. 
Hay, W. P. The Crawfishes of the State of Indiana. <20th 
Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1895, pp. 475-507. 
Seovell, J. T. Kettle Holes at Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. 

Sc. 1895, pp. 55-56. 


29—17618—Vol. 2 


450 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


1897. Blatchley, W. S$. Notes on Some Phanerogams New or Rare 
to the State. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1896, pp. 130-148. 

1897. Hessler, Robert. <Notes on the Flora of Lake Cicott and Lake 
Maxinkuckee. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1896, pp. 116-129. 

1896-1900. Jordan, David Starr and Evermann, Barton Warren. The 
Fishes of North and Middle America. Bull. 47, U.S. Nat. Mus., 
Pts. I-IV, pp. 1-3528, pls. 1-392. 

1898. Scovell, J. T. Lake Maxinkuckee Soundings. <Proe. Ind. Acad. 
Sei. 1897, pp. 56-59. 

1898. Butler, Amos W. The Birds of Indiana. <22d Ann. Rept. 
Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1897, pp. 515-1181. 


1898. Smith, Hugh M. Statistics of the Fisheries of the Inland Waters 
of the United States. <Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1896, pp. 
498-574. 

1899. Evermann, Barton Warren. The Fish of Lake Maxinkuckee. 
<Indianapolis News, September 12, 1899. 

1899. Evermann, Barton Warren. The Fish Investigations at Lake 
Maxinkuckee. <Marshall County (Ind.) Independent, Septem- 
ber 22, 1899. 

1899. Scovell, J. T. Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 
1898, p. 70. : 

1900. Call, Richard Ellsworth. A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue 
of the Mollusca of Indiana. <24th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. 
Geol. and Nat. Res. 1899, pp. 335-535, pls. 1-78. 

1900. Coulter, Stanley. A Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and of 
the Ferns and their Allies Indigenous to Indiana. <24th 
Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1899, pp. 553-1002. 

1900. Evermann. Barton Warren. <Some Observations Concerning 
Species and Subspecies. Science, N.S., Vol. XI, pp. 451-455. 

1900. Evermann, Barton Warren. Descriptions of two New Species 
of Darters from Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana. <Rept. U. 5. 
Fish Com. 1899, pp. 363-367, pl. 17. 

1900. Evermann, Barton Warren. The Fishes of Lake Maxinkuckee. 
<Culver City Herald, August 3, 1900. 

1900. Williamson, E. B. The Dragonflies of Indiana. <24th Ann. 
Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1899, pp 229-333. 

1901. Blatchley, W. S. The Fishes of Lake Maxinkuckee. <25th 
Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1900, pp. 252-258. 

1901. Blatchley, W.S. A List of the Mollusca known to occur in Lake 
Maxinkuckee. <25th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. 
Res. 1900, pp. 248-251. 


1901. 


1901. 


1901. 


1901. 


190i 


1901. 


1902. 


1902. 


1902. 


1902. 


1902. 


1902. 


1902. 


1903. 


1905. 


1905. 


-— 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 451 


Blatchley, W.S. Notes on the Turtles and Batrachians of Lake 
Maxinkuckee. <25th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. 
Res. 1900, pp. 258-261. 


Bowers, George M. Report of the Commissioner. <Rept. U.S. 
Fish Com. 1900, pp. 5-24. 


Coulter, Stanley. Additions to the Flora of Indiana. <Proc. 
Ind. Acad. Sei. 1900, pp. 136-143. 


Scovell, J. T. The Flora of Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. 
Acad. Sci. 1900, pp. 124-131. 


Scovell, J. T. Lake Maxinkuckee. <25th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. 
Geol. and Nat. Res. 1900, pp. 233-247. 


Williamson, E. B. Additions to the Indiana List of Dragonflies 
with a Few Notes. <Proe. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1900, pp. 173-178. 


Blatchley, W. S. Lake System of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. Ind. 
Com. Fisheries and Game. 1901-1902, pp. 282-284. 


Coulter, Stanley. Contributions to the Flora of Indiana. <Proc. 
Ind. Acad. Sei. 1901, pp. 297-303. 


Evermann, Barton Warren. The Feeding Habits of the Coot 

and other Water Birds. <The Osprey, Vol. I (New Series), 
pp. 57-64. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. Bait Minnows. <6th Ann. Rept. 
Forest, Fish and Game Comm. New York, 1900, pp. 307-352, 
and _ plates. 


Hay, O. P. The Lampreys and Fishes of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. 
Ind. Comm. Fisheries and Game, 1901-1902, pp. 62-119. 


Smith, Hugh M. Report on the Inquiry Respecting Food-fishes 
and the Fishing-grounds. <Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1901, 
pp. 111-140. 


Sweeney, Z.-T. Statement of Fish Deposited in Waters of the 
State of Indiana by the United States Commission of Fish 
and Fisheries. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game, 
1901-1902, pp. 282-284. 

Blatchley, W.S. The Orthoptera of Indiana. <26th Ann. Rept. 
Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1901, pp. 123-471. 

Blatchley, W.S. and Daniels, L. E. On Some Mollusca known to 
occur in Indiana. <26th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. 
Res. 1901, pp. 577-628. 

Daniels, L. E. A Check-List of Indiana Mollusca, with Localities. 
<26th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1901, pp. 
629-658. 


452 


1904. 


1904. 


1905. 


1905. 


1905. 


1906. 


1906. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Bennett, Frank and Ely, Charles W. Soil Survey of Marshall 
County, Indiana. <Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 
1904, pp. 689-706, with map. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. How to Study a Lake. <Sports 
Afield, August, 1904, pp. 126-128. 

Blatchley, W. S. The Clays and Clay Industries of Indiana. 
<29th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1904, pp. 
13-657. 

Blatchley, W. S. Lake System of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. Ind. 
Com. Fisheries and Game, 1903-1904, pp. 200-252. 

Eigenmann, Carl H. and Beeson, Charles H. The Fishes — of 
Indiana. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game, 1903- 
1904, pp. 113-157. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. The Bluegill as a Game _ Fish. 
<Shields’ Magazine, Vol. I, No. 7, October, 1905, pp. 335-336. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. Wolves in Northwestern Indiana. 
<Shields’ Magazine, Vol. I, No. 7, October, 1905, p. 342. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. Report on Inquiry Respecting Food- 
fishes and Fishing Grounds. <Rept. U. S. Fish Com. 1904, 
pp. 81-120. 

MeDonald, Daniel. History of Lake Maxinkuckee. Published 
by the Lake Maxinkuckee Association, 1905, pp. 1-61. 

Sweeney, Z. T. Indiana Summer and Tourists’ Resorts. <Bien. 
Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game, 1903-1904, pp. 254-312. 

Baker, Frank Collins. Lymnza danielsi sp. nov. <Nautilus, 
Vol. XX, 1906-1907, p. 55. 

Bowers, George M. The Propagation and Distribution of Food 
Fishes in 1905. <Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1905, pp. 1-64. 
}vermann, Barton Warren. Muskrat Houses in Strange Places. 
<Shields’ Magazine, Vol. II, No. 4, April, 1906, pp. 262-263. 
Greene, Edward L. A Study of Rhus glabra. <Proc. Wash. 

Acad. Sci., Vol. VIII, 1906-1907, pp. 167-196. 

Newman, H. H. The Significance of Scute and Plate ‘‘abnor- 
malities”? in Chelonia. <Biological Bulletin, Vol. X, 1905- 
1906, pp. 68-114. 

Newman, H. H. The Habits of certain Tortoises. <Journal 
Comparative Neurology and Psychology, Vol. XVI, 1906, pp. 
126-152. 

Sweeney, Z.T. Statement of Fishes deposited in Waters by U.S. 
Government in 1905. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. Fisheries and 
Game, 1905-1906, pp. 231-235. 


1907. 


1907. 


1907. 


1908. 


1908. 


1909. 


1910. 


TONE 


1911. 


Toe 


1913. 


1913. 


SUS, 


1915. 


1916: 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 453 


Ward, L.C. Roads and Road Materials of the Northern Third of 
Indiana. <80th Ann. Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 
1905, pp. 161-274. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. The Large-mouth Black Bass. 
<Shields’ Magazine, Vol. IV, No. 3, March, 1907, p. 196. 
Evermann, Barton Warren. Buffalo Fish in Lake Maxinkuckee. 

<Shields’ Magazine, Vol. IV, No. 5, May, 1907, p. 332. 

Hahn, Walter L. Notes on Mammals of the Kankakee Valley. 
<Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1907, Vol. XX XII, pp. 455-466. 

Butler, Amos W. The Hawks and Owls of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. 
Ind. Com. Fisheries and Game, 1907-1908, pp. 1003-1060. 

Sweeney, Z. T. The Lakes of Indiana. <Bien. Rept. Ind. Com. 
Fisheries and Game, 1907-1908, pp. 217-283. 

Hahn, Walter Louis. The Mammals of Indiana. <33d. Ann. 
Rept. Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Res. 1908, pp. 417-654. 

Capps, Stephen R. The Underground Waters of North-Central 
Indiana. U. 8. Geological Survey, Water Supply Paper 254, 
1910. 

Birge, Edward A. and Juday, Chancey. The Inland Lakes of 
Wisconsin. Bull. Wisconsin Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, 
XXII, Sci. Ser. No. 7, pp. 93-95. 

Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark. Howard Walton. Notes 
on the Mammals of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region. <Proc. 
Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. XIII, 1911, pp. 1-34. 


Wilson, Charles Branch. North American Parasitic Copepods 
belonging to the family Ergasilide. <Proe. U. S* Nat. Mus., 
Vol. XXXIX, pp. 263-400, pls. 41-60. 

Butler, Amos W. Further Notes on Indiana Birds.  <Proe. 
Ind. Acad. Sei. 1912, pp. 59-65. 


Deam, Charles C. Plants not hitherto Reported from Indiana. 
<Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1912, pp. 81-84. 


Evermann, Barton Warren. Number of young produced by the 
common Garter Snake. <Copeia, No. 18, p. 8, May 15, 1915. 


Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The 
Snakes of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region. <Proc. Ind. Aead. 
Sci. 1914, pp. 337-348. 


Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The 
Turtles and Batrachians of the Lake Maxinkuckee Region. 
<Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1915, pp. 472-518. 


rd 


454 


1916. 


1916. 


NOW: 


1917. 


1917. 


1917. 


1918. 


1919. 


POO: 


1919. 


1919. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Pipal, F. J. A List of Plant Diseases of Economic Importance 
in Indiana with Bibliography. <Proec. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1915, 
pp. 379-413. 

Wilson, Charles Branch. Copepod Parasites of Fresh-water 
Fishes and their economic Relations to Mussel Glochidia. 
<Bull. Bur. Fisheries, Vol. 34, 1914 (June 28, 1916), pp. 331- 
374, pls. 60-74. 

Deam, Charles C. Plants New or Rare to Indiana. <Proc. Ind. 
Acad. Sei. 1916, pp. 315-322. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. A Century of Zoology in Indiana, 
1816-1916. <Proe. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1916, pp. 189-224. 


Osner, Geo. A. Additions to the List of Plant Diseases of Economic 
Importance in Indiana. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sei. 1916, pp. 
g2l-ao2. 

Wheeler, William Morton. <A list of Indiana Ants. <Proc. Ind. 
Acad. Sci. 1916, pp. 460-468. 

Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The 
Unionide of Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917, 
pp. 251-285. 

Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. The - 
Crustaceans of Lake Maxinkuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 
1918, pp: 225-235. 

Evermann, Barton Warren and Clark, Howard Walton. Notes 
on Certain Protozoa and Other Invertebrates of Lake Maxin- 
kuckee. <Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1918, pp. 236-244. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. Naub, the Split-Rock Bass. 
<American Angler, Vol. 1V, No. 2, pp. 57-62, June, 1919. 
<Indianapolis News, Monday, July 14, 1919. 
<The Culver Citizen, September 10, 1919. 

Evermann, Barton Warren. Voices of the Night which one may 
hear at Lake Maxinkuckee. <Indianapolis News, August 2, 
1919. 


Index to Volume II 


abditum, Pisidium, 74. 
Ablabesmyia monilis, 36. 
Aboite, Ind., 78. 
abortivus, Ranunculus, 312. 
abundans, Scenedesmus, 150. 
Abutilon abutilon, 365. 
Acalypha virginica, 351. 
Aceracez, 356. 
Acer negundo, 360. 
rubrum, 359. 
saccharinum, 356. 
saccharum, 360. 
Acerates floridana, 396. 
viridiflora, 396. 
‘acerifolium, Viburnum, 420. 
acetosella, Rumex, 292. 
Achillea millefolium, 444. 
Achorutes nivicola, 7. 
Achtheres, 79. 
Achtheres ambloplitis, 79, 80. 
micropteri, 82. 
perearum, 81. 
acicularis, Eleocharis, 242. 
Acilius fraternus, 34. 
Acorus calamus, 256. 
Acroperus harp, 107. 


acrostichoides, Polystichum, 200. 


Actaea alba, 309. 

aculeata, Centropyxis, 96. 
acuminatus, Juncus, 262. 
acutiloba, Hepatica, 311. 


acutus, Cambarus blandingi, 84. 


Adam-and-Eve, 271. 
Adder’s-Tongue Family, 197. 
White, 264. 
Yellow, 264. 
Adiantum pedatum, 203. 
Admiral, Red, 38. 
advena, Nymphea, 178, 304. 
aeruginosa, Microcystis, 141. 
Aeschna constricta, 12. 
Aesculaceex, 361. 
Aesculus glabra, 361. 
aestivale, Benzoin, 316. 


zestuarii, Lyngbya, 144. 
affine, Pisidium, 74. 
affinis, Strobilops, 75. 
Agalinis, Small-flowered, 412. 
paupercula, 412. 
Agastache nepetoides, 402. 
Aglais antiopa, 38, 39. 
Agrimonia mollis, 331. 
parviflora, 331. 
Agrimony, Many-flowered, 331. 
Soft, sole 
Agropyron biflorum, 238. 
Agrostemma githago, 300. 
Agrostis hyemalis, 232. 
perennans, 282. 
Ague-weed, 391. 
Ailanthus Family, 350. 
Ailanthus glandulosa, 350. 
Aizoacee, 299. 
Ajax Swallowtail, 38. 
Alasmidonta calceolus, 55. 
alata, Carex, 250. 
alatum, Lythrum, 371. 
Alaus oculatus, 34. 
alba, Actaea, 309. 
Argotis, 2382. 
Hicoria, 274. 
Melilotus, 339. 
Morus, 289. 
Populus, 275. 
Quercus, 286. 
Rynchospora, 249. 
Salix. 279: 
Spiraea, 329. 
tartarica, Morus, 289. 
Verbesina, 438. 
albidum, Erythronium, 264. 
album, Chenopodium, 297. 
viride, Chenopodium, 297. 
albursina, Carex, 251. 
albus, Nabalus, 425. 
Planorbis, 73. 
aleea, Malva, 365. 
Alder, Black, 354. 


(455) 


456 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Aletris farinosa, 264. 
Alge, 138. 
Introduction to, 138. 


algonquinensis, Polygyra multiline- 


ata, 74. 
Alismacee, 219. 
Alisma subcordatum, 219. 
alleghanensis, Betula, 283. 
Allen Co., Ind., 329. 
Allium cernuum, 263. 
tricoccum, 262. 
Alona guttata, 108. 
alope, Cercyonis, 39. 
nephele, Cercyonis, 39. 
Alopecurus geniculatus, 231. 
Alsatian Clover, 340. 
Alsike, 340. 
Alsinacez, 299. 
Alsine longifolia, 300. 
media, 299. 
alternata, Pyramidula, 74. 


Alternate-leaved Dogwood, 383. 


alternifolia, Cornus, 383. 
Ludwigia, 372. 
alternifolius, Ridan, 440. 
Altingia Family, 325. 
Altingiacee, 325. 
altissima, Norta, 319. 
Vernonia, 427. 
altissimum, Cirsium, 447. 
altissimus, Rumex, 292. 
alveolata, Euglypha, 96. 
Amaranthacezx, 296. 
Amaranth Family, 296. 
Green, 296. 
Prostrate, 296. 
Spleen, 296. 
Amaranthus blitoides, 296. 
hybridus, 296. 
retroflexus, 296. 
Amaryllidacee, 268. 
Amaryllis Family, 268. 
Ambloplites rupestris, 80. 
ambloplitis, Achtheres, 79, 80. 
amblops, Hybopsis, 43. 
Ambrosiacez, 426. 
Ambrosia elatior, 426. 
psilostachya, 427. 
trifida, 426. 
Amelanchier canadensis, 335. 
Amelia Lake, Minn., 47. 


Ameiurus natalis, 79, 80. 
nebulosus, 79, 80. 
American Aspen, 276. 
Beech, 283. 
Bladder-nut, 356. 
Cocklebur, 427. 
Cowslip, 389. 
Crab Apple, 334. 
Cranberry, 387. 
Elder, 420. 
Elm, 288. 
Fever-few, 437. 
Germander, 402. 
Great Bulrush, 185, 246. 
Hornbeam, 281. 
Judas-tree, 337. 
Larch, 208. 
Linden, 364. 
Senna, Wild, 337. 
Spikenard, 376. 
Water Plantain, 219. 
Wild Mint, 406. 
americana, Campanula, 422. 
Conopholis, 415. 
Corylus, 282. 
Fraxinus, 389. 
Hetaerina, 19. 
Phytolacea, 298. 
Prunus, 336. 
Tilia, 364. 
Trientalis, 389. 
Ulmus, 288. 
americanum, Erythronium, 264. 
Ribes, 326. 
Xanthium, 427. 
Zanthoxylum, 350. 
americanus, Argulus, 79. 
Ceanothus, 362. 
Lycopus, 405. 
Potamogeton, 176, 213. 
Scirpus, 186, 245. 
Amia ecalva, 100. 
Ammiacez, 377. 
Amnicola limosa, 73. 
limosa porata, 73. 
lustrica, 73. 
walkeri, 73. 
amomum, Cornus, 382. 
Amoracia amoracia, 318. 
Amorpha canescens, 341. 
amphibia, Persicaria, 294. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Amphipods, 78. 

Amphora ovalis, 163. 

amplexicaulis, Asclepias, 394. 

amplifolius, Potamogeton, 171, 212. 

Amyegdalacex, 336. 

amygdaloides, Salix, 279. 

Amyegdalus persica, 337. 

Anabena flos-aque, 145. 
saceata, 148. 
stagnalis, 148. 

Anacardiaceez, 353. 

anagallis-aquatica, Veronica, 410. 

Anax junius, 24, 25. 

Anchistea virginica, 202. 

Ancyloxypha numitor, 39. 

Ancylus kirklandi, 73. 
rivularis, 73. 
shimekii, 73. 
tardus, 73. 

Andromeda polifolia, 386. 

Andropogon fureatus, 223. 

androsaemifolium, Apocynum, 392. 

Anemone cylindrica, 310. 
quinquefolia, 310. 
virginiana, 310. 

False Rue, 309. 
Long-fruited, 310. 
Tall, 310. 

Wild, 310. 

Angelica atropurpurea, 379. 
Great High, 379. 
Purple-stemmed, 379. 

Angitrema armigera, 73. 

Angled Spike-rush, 188, 241. 

anguilla, Ictalurus, 80. 

angularis, Sabbatia, 390. 

angustifolium, Eriophorum, 244. 
Sisyrinchium, 269. 

Ankistrodesmus, 150. 

Annonacee, 306. 

annua, Poa, 236. 

Annual Meadow-grass, 236. 

annuus, Erigeron, 435. 
Helianthus, 439. 

Anodonta, 42. ; 

Anodonta grandis footiana, 45, 55, 

101. 
Food and parasites of, 57. 

Anodonta imbecillis, 60. 
salmonia, 60. 

Anomalagrion hastatum, 24. 


45 


Anopheles, 35. 
quadrimaculata, 36. 
Antennaria calophylla, 437. 
plantaginifolia, 436. 
Anthemis cotula, 444. 
anthonyi, Pyramidula cronkhitei, 74. 
antirrhina, Silene, 301. 
antiopa, Agilais, 38, 39. 
Anychia canadensis, 298. 
aparine, Galium, 418. 
aparinoides, Campanula, 422. 
Aplectrum hyemale, 271. 
Aphanizomenon flos-aquez, 145. 
Aphanotheca stagnina, 142. 
Aphids, 29. 
apicalis, Argia, 21. 
apios, Glycine, 344. 
Apocynaceez, 392. 
Apocynum androsemifolium, 392. 
cannabinum, 393. 
aponina, Gomphosphaeria, 141. 
Appendaged Water-leaf, 399. 
appendiculatum, Hydrophyllum, 399. 
Apple Family, 334. 
Apple, American Crab, 334. 
May, 315. 
Wild Balsam, 421. 
Aptera, Order, 7. 
apus, Selaginella, 207. 
Aquilegia canadensis, 309. 
aquilinum, Pteridium, 208. 
Aquatic Flora, 119. 
General considerations, 121. 
Introduction to the, 119. 
Uses of the, 119. 
as Food, 120. 
as Oxygenators, 119. 
as Protection, 120. 
as Shade, 120. 
Aquatic and Land Floras compared, 
11333}, 
Aquatic Plants of Lost Lake, 192. 
of Lake Maxinkuckee, 165. 
aquatica, Zizania, 228. 
aquaticum, Eryngium, 377. 
Arabis canadensis, 319. 
hirsuta, 319. 
laevigata, 319. 
Aracez, 253. 
Araliacee, 376. 
Aralia nudicaulis, 315, 376. 


458 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Avalia racemosa, 376. 
arboreus, Zonitoides, 75. 
arbuscula, Rhus, 353. 
arbutifolia, Aronia, 334. 
Arbutus, Trailing, 386. 
Arcella vulgaris, 96. 
archippus, Basilarchia, 39. 
Danaus, 37, 39. 
Arctium minus, 446. 
Arctocorisa interrupta, 29. 
Arenaria serpyllifolia, 300. 
Argia apicalis, 21. 
moesta putrida, 20. 
sedula, 21. 
violacea, 20. 
argillicola, Cambarus, 83. 
Argostis alba, 232. 
Argulus, 79, 80. 
americanus, 79. 
catostomi, 79. 
maculosus, 79. 
argus, Ephithemia, 163. 
argutus, Rubus, 332. 
Argynnis cybele, 39. 
arifolium, Tracaulon, 296. 
Arisaema dracontium, 254. 
triphyllum, 253. 
Aristida dichotoma, 230. 
purpurascens, 280. 
aristata, Plantago, 417. 
Aristolochiacee, 291. 
Aristolochia serpentaria, 292. 
armigera, Angitrema, 73. 
Segmentina, 73. 
armifera, Gastrocopta, 75. 
Aronia arbutifolia, 334. 
melanocarpa, 334. 
Arrow-arum, Green, 190, 254. 
Arrow-grass Family, 219. 
Arrow-grass, 250. 
Arrow-grass, Marsh, 219. 
Seaside, 219. 
Arrowhead, Broad-leaved, 189, 219. 
Grass-leaved, 184. 
Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, 295. 
Arrow-wood, Maple-leaved, 420. 
Artemisia caudata, 445. 
Arum Family, 2538. 
arundinacea, Cinna, 231. 
Phalaris, 229. 
arundinaceum, Dulichium, 248. 


arvense, Cirsium, 447. 
Equisetum, 204. 
Lithospermum, 400. 
Trifolium, 340. 

arvensis, Cuscuta, 397. 
Sinapis, 321. 
Veronica, 411. 

Asarum canadense, 291. 

Asclepiadaceer, 393. 

Asclepias amplexicaulis, 394. 
decumbens, 394. 
exaltata, 394. 
incarnata, 394. 
syriaca, 37, 394. 
tuberosa, 393. 
verticillata, 395. 

Ash, Black, 390. 

Blue, 390. 

Hoop, 390. 

Prickly, 350. 

Red, 389. 

White, 389. 
Ash-leaved Maple, 360. 
Asimina triloba, 306. 
Asparagus, 265. 
Asparagus officinalis, 265. 
Asp, Quaking, 276. 
Aspen, American, 276. 

Large-toothed, 276. 
asper, Sonchus, 424. 

Sporobolus, 281. 
Asplenium pyconocarpon, 203. 
aspro, Hadropterus, 43. 
assimilis lactuosus, Gryllus, 29. 
Aster azureus, 433. 

cordifolius, 433. 

ericoides, 434. 

junceus, 434. 

laevis, 434. 

macrophyllus, 433. 

novae-angliae, 434. 

patens, 433. 

puniceus, 434. 

vimineus, 434. 

Common Blue Wood, 4338. 

Frost-weed, 434. 

Large-leaved, 433. 

Late Purple, 433. 

New England, 434. 

Purple, 434. 

Purple-stem, 434. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Aster, Red-stalk, 434. 

Rush, 434. 

Small White, 434. 

Smooth, 434. 

Sky-blue, 433. 

Stiff-leaved, 436. 

Tall Flat-top White, 436. 

White Heath, 434. 
Asterionella, 164. 
Astragalus carolinianus, 341. 
atalanta, Vanessa, 38, 39. 
Atax ypsilophorus, 61. 
atherodes, Carex, 253. 


Atheropogon curtipendulus, 233. 


Athyrium felix-foemina, 203. 

thelypteroides, 203. 
atlanis, Melanoplus, 29. 
Atriplex hastata, 298. 
atriplicifolia, Mesadenia, 446. 
atriplicifolium, Cycloloma, 297. 
atropurpurea, Angelica, 379. 
atropurpureus, Euonymus, 355. 
Auglaize River, 187. 
aurantiaceum, Triosteum, 421. 
aurea, Zizia, 379. 
aureus, Volvox, 96. 
autumnalis, Fimbristylis, 243. 
avara, Succinea, 75. 
Avens, White, 331. 
aviculare, Polygonum, 261, 293. 
Awl-fruited Sedge, 250. 
Awned Cyperus, 240. 

Sedge, 253. 
azureus, Aster, 4338. 


baceata, Gaylussacia, 387. 
bachmani, Libythea, 39. 
Baird, Prof.-S. F:; 195. 
Balm-of-Gilead, 275. 
Balsam Apple, Wild, 421. 
Balsam Groundsel, 446. 
Balsaminacee, 349. 
Balsam, Sweet, 437. 
Baneberry, White, 309. 
banksiana, Pinus, 207. 
Baptisia leucantha, 338. 
barbata, Usnea, 276. 
Barbed Panic-grass, 226. 
Barberry Family, 314. 
barbinode, Thaspium, 379. 
Barnyard Grass, 224. 


Bartonia, 293. 
Bartonia virginica, 367. 
Bartsch, Dr. Paul, 72. 
Basilarchia archippus, 39. 
Bass, Calico, 80. 
Large-mouthed Black, 11, 80. 
Small-mouthed Black, 80. 
Straw, 100. 
Warmouth, 80. 


Bass Wakes. 4s li.) 425.50, 60; 


WAU, aksyls zlby, BAC PAT, PASIeh, 
330, 8245, S52, Bie, asl, aur 
Bass-wood, 364. 


459 


iA. 
305, 


Batrachium trichophyllum, 187, 313. 


batrachosperma, Nitella, 160. 
Baum’s Bridge, 285. 
Bayberry Family, 275. 
Beach Flora, 128. 
Beaked Sedge, 253. 
Willow, 280. 
Beaked-rush, White, 249. 
Bean, Larger Indian, 416. 
Pink Wild, 348. 
Small Wild, 348. 
Trailing Wild, 346. 
Bean Trefoil, 392. 
Bear Sedge, White, 251. 
Beard-grass, Broom, 223. 
Forked, 223. 
Bearded Lichen, 376. 
bebbiana, Salix, 280. 
bebbii, Carex, 250. 
Bebb’s Sedge, 250. 
Willow, 280. 
beckii, Megalodonta, 443. 
Bedstraw Bellflower, 422. 
Bedstraw, Clayton’s, 419. 
Hairy, 419. 
Northern, 419. 
Shining, 420. 
Small, 419. 
Bed-straw, Stiff Marsh, 419. 
Beech Family, 283. 
Beech, American, 283. 
Beech-drops, 415. 
Beech-drops, False, 384. 
Beech-fern, Broad, 202. 
Bees, 39. 
Beetles, 33. 
Diving, 33. 
Snout, 34. 


460 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Beetles, Whirligig, 33. Birch, Southern Yellow, 283. 
Begger-lice, 400. Birds feeding on insects, 35. - 
Begger-ticks, 442. Bird’s-foot Violet, 368. 
Begger-ticks, Purple-stemmed Swamp,  Birthwort Family, 291. 

441. Bishop’s Cap, Two-leaved, 3238. 
bella, Utetheisa, 39. biternatum, Isopyrum, 309. 
Bellflower Family, 422. Bitter Dock, 293. 

Bellflower, Bedstraw, 422. Bitter Nightshade, 408. 
Marsh, 422. Bitter-cress, Meadow, 320. 
Tall, 422. Pennsylvania, 320. 

Bellwort, Large-flowered, 266. Bitter-nut, 272. 

Belostoma flumineum, 30. Bittersweet, 408. 

Bent-grass, Upland, 282. Bittersweet, Climbing, 355. 

Benzoin aestivale, 316. Shrubby, 355. 

Berberidacee, 314. bivittatus, Melanoplus, 28, 29. 

Bergamot, Wild, 404. Black Alder, 354. 

Bet, Bouncing, 301. Ash, 390. 

Betony, Wood, 413. Black Bass, Large-mouthed, 11, 80. 

Betulacezx, 281. Small-mouthed, 80. 

Betula alleghanensis, 283. Black Bindweed, 296. 
nigra, 283. Cherry, Wild, 337. 
pumila, 283. Chokeberry, 334. 

Bibliography, 449. Currant, Wild, 326. 

bicarinatus, Planorbis, 72. Eyed Susan, 438. 

bicolor, Quercus, 287. Gum, 383. 

Vitis, 362. Hickory, 274. 

Bicuculla cucullaria, 317. Huckleberry, 387. 

Bidens bipinnata, 442. Locust, 341. 
cernua, 441. Medic, 339. 
connata, 441. Nightshade, 407. 
fondosa, 442. Raspberry, 331. 
laevis, 441. Snake-root, 377. 
trichosperma, 442. Sumac, Dwarf, 353. 

biennis, Oenothera, 372. Swimmers, 30. 

biflora, Impatiens, 5349. Walnut, 272. 

biflorum, Agropyron, 238. Willow, 278. 

Polygonatum, 266. Black-Fern, Broad, 202. 

Big King-nut, 275. Black-haw, 420. 

Bignoniacee, 416. Black-oak, 285. 

Bignonia radicans, 416. Blackberry, Low-running, 332. 

biguttulus, Ilybius, 34. Running Swamp, 333. 

Billion dollar grass, 224. Taller 

Bindweed, Black, 296. White, 401. 

Hedge, 397. Bladder campion, 300. 
Upright, 397. Ketmia, 366. 

binotata, Enchenopa, 31. Bladder-nut Family, 356. 

bipinnata, Bidens, 442. Bladder-nut, American, 356. 

Birch Family, 281. Bladderwort Family, 413. 

Birch, Low, 288. Bladderwort, Flat-leaved, 195, 414. 
Red, 283. Greater, 193, 414. 


River, 283. Humped, 196, 414. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Bladderwort, Lesser, 196, 414. 


Purple, 192, 413. 
Reclined, 192, 415. 
blanda, Viola, 369. 


blandingi acutus, Cambarus, 83, 84. 


Blarina brevicauda, 100. 


Blatchley, Professor W. S., 7, 34, 56, 


Be OB. ASA 
blennioides, Diplesion, 43. 
Blephariglottis ciliaris, 269. 

lacera, 270. 
leucophaea, 270. 
blitoides, Amaranthus, 296. 
Bloodroot, 317. 
Blooming Spurge, 352. 
Bloomington, Indiana, 317. 
Blotched Spurge, 351. 
Blue Ash, 390° 
Blue Bells of Scotland, 422. 
Cardinal-flower, 423. 
Cohosh, 314. 
Grape, 362. 
Huckleberry, 387. 
Lettuce, Hairy-veined, 425. 
Lettuce, Tall, 425. 
Myrtle, 392. 
Phlox, Wild, 398. 
Toad-flax, 409. 
Vervain, 401. 
Violet, Early, 368. 
Violet, Hooded, 369. 
Violet, Meadow, 369. 
Wood Aster, Common, 433. 
Blue-bell, 399. 


Blue-eyed Grass, Pointed, 269. 


Blue-eyed Mary, 410. 
Blue-flag, Larger, 268. 
Blue Gentian, 391. 
Blue-grass, Kentucky, 237. 
Blue-joint Grass, 232. 


Blue-stemmed Golden-rod, 429. 


Blueberry, Low, 387. 

Bluegill, 80. 

Bluets, 417. 

Blunt Broom Sedge, 250. 
Spike-rush, 242. 

Blunt-leaved Milkweed, 394. 

Boatman, Water, 29. 

Boehmeria cyclindrica, 291. 

Bog Club-moss, 207. 
Golden-rod, 450. 


Bog Reed-grass, 233. 

Rush, 261. 

Willow, 281. 
Bog-rush, Water, 249. 
bombycinum, Tribonema, 149. 
Boneset, 428. 
Borage Family, 399. 
Boragincaeex, 399. 
boreale, Galium, 419. 
boryanum, Pediastrum, 151. 
boseii, Gidogonium, 156. 
Botrychium obliquum, 197. 

virginianum, 198. 
Botrydium granulatum, 149. 
Botryococcus braunii, 77, 149. 
botrys, Chenopodium, 297. 
Bottle-brush Grass, 239. 
Bouncing Bet, 301. 
Box Elder, 360. 
Boyeria vinosa, 12. 
brachycarpus, Juncus, 262. 


brachyurum, Diaphanosoma, 107. 


Bracken, 2038. 

Braconids, 40. 

bracteosa, Meibomia, 342. 
Verbena, 401. 

Brake, 203. 

Branchipus serratus, 77. 
vernalis, 77. 

Brasenia schreberi, 179, 303. 

Brassica napus, 321. 

brauni, Botryococcus, 77, 149. 

brebissoniil, Stavrastrum, 152. 

Breeches, Dutchman’s, 317. 


Breeding habits and reproduction of 


Mussels, 48. 
Brenthis myrina, 39. 
brevicauda, Blarina, 100. 
Bridge, Baum’s, 285. 
Bright Green Spike-rush, 242. 
Bristle-stalked Sedge, 251. 
Bristly Sedge, 190, 253. 
Brittle Fern, 200. 


Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora 


Dyer 
Broad Beech-fern, 202. 


Broad-leaved Arrowhead, 189, 219. 


Cat’s Foot, 437. 
Cat-taily 191,210: 
Dock, 293. 
Golden-rod, 429. 


462 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Broad-winged Sedge, 250. 
Bromus secalinus, 238. 
Brookland, D. C., 198. 
Brookweed, 388. 

Broom Beard-grass, 223. 
Broom-sedge, 230. 
Broom-rape Family, 415. 
Brown Sedge, 252. 
Bruce Lake, 84. 
Bryozoan, 102. 

bubalus, Ictiobus, 258. 
buccata, Ericymba, 43. 


bucculenta, Polygyra thyroides, 74. 


Buckbean Family, 392. 

Buckbean, 392. 

Buckeye Family, 361. 

Buckeye, 361. 

Buckthorn Family, 362. 

Buckwheat Family, 292. 

Buckwheat, 295. 

Buffalo-fish, 35. 

bufonius, Juncus, 261. 

Bug, Electric-light, 30. 
Lace, 30. 

Bugs, 29. 

Bulb-bearing Loosestrife, 388. 

Water Hemlock, 381. 
bulbifera, Cicuta, 381. 
Blubochete pygmee, 156. 
bulbosa, Cardamine, 320. 

Erigenia, 379. 
bulbosus, Ranunculus, 313. 
Bulbous Buttercup, 313. 

Cress, 320. 

Bullhead, Common, 79. 
Bulrush, Dark-green, 247. 

Reddish, 248. 

Three-cornered, 186. 
Bur Oak, 286. 

Thistle, Common, 446. 
Bur-grass, Small, 227. 
Bur-marigold, Larger, 441. 

Nodding, 441. 

Smaller, 441. 

Smooth, 441. 

Bur-oak flats, 287. 

Bur-reed Family, 211. 
Bur-reed, Simple-stemmed, 211. 
Burdock, Common, 446. 

Prairie, 437. 

Bureau of Entomology, 7. 


Burning Bush, -355. 

Burr Oak Station, 287. 

Bursa bursa-pastoris, 317. 

bursa-pastoris, Bursa, 317. 

Burseed, 399. 

Bush, Burning, 355. 

Bush-clover, 343. 

Bush-clover, Hairy, 343. 
Round-headed, 343. 
Slender, 343. 

Bush, Running Strawberry, 355. 

Butter-and-eggs, 409. 

Buttercup, Bulbous, 313. 
Hispid, 313. 

Pursh’s, 312. 

Butterflies, 37. 

Butterfly, Cabbage, 37. 
Southern Cabbage, 38. 
Hunter’s, 38. 

Milkweed, 37. 
Butterfly-weed, 393. 
Butterfly-weed, Decumbent, 394. 
Butternut, 272. 
Butterweed, 435. 
Butter-print, 365. 
Button-bush, 417. 

Button Snakeroot, 377. 

Button-snakeroot, Dense, 429. 
Hairy, 429. 

Large, 429. 

Prairie, 429. 
buxbaumii, Carex, 252. 


Cabbage Butterfly, 37. 
Southern, 38. 

Cabbage, Skunk, 255. 

Cabombacee, 3038. 

Cactacex, 370. 

Cactus Family, 370. 

Caddis-flies, 31. 

Cesalpiniaceex, 337. 

caesia, Solidago, 429. 

Calamagyrostis canadensis, 282. 
inexpansa, 2838. 

calamus, Acorus, 256. 

Calamus-root, 256. 

caleeolus, Alasmidonta, 55. 

Calico Bass, 80. 

Calliphora erythrocephala, 36. 

Callosamia promethea, 39. 

calophylla, Antennaria, 437. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 463 


Calopogon, 270. 

Calopteryx maculata, 18. 

Calothrix fusca, 143. 

Caltha palustris, 309. 

calva, Amia, 100. 

calverti, Enallagma, 24. 

calyculata, Chamaedaphne, 386. 

Cambarus argillicola, 83. 
blandingi acutus, 83, 84. 
diogenes, 83, 84. 
immunis spinirostris, 86. 
propinguus, 83, 85. 
rusticus, 83. 

Camelina sativa, 317. 


camellifolia, Pterophylla, 28, 29. 


Camomile, Fetid, 444. 
Campanulaceex, 422. 
Campanula americana, 422. 
aparinoides, 422. 
rotundifolia, 422. 
campanulatus, Planorbis, 73. 
Campeloma decisa, 73. 
campestre, Juncoides, 262. 
Campion, Bladder, 300. 
Starry, 300. 
camurum, Etheostoma, 43. 
Canada Fleabane, 436. 
Golden-rod, 431. 
Hawkweed, 425. 
Nettle, 290. 
Rush, 262. 
Thistle, 447. 
canadense, Asarum, 291. 
Crocanthemum, 367. 
Geum, 331. 
Hieracium, 425. 
Leptilon, 436. 
Lilium, 263. 
Menispermum, 315. 
Teucrium, 402, 404. 
Unifolium, 265. 
canadensis, Amelanchier, 335. 
Anychia, 298. 
Aquilegia, 309. 
Arabis, 319. 
Calamagrostis, 232. 
Cercis, 337. 
Deringa, 378. 
Hydrastis, 308. 
Juneus, 262. 
Linaria, 409. 


Meibomia, 343. 

Mentha, 406. 

Pedicularis, 413. 

Philotria 745) 2216 

Potentilla, 330. 

Sambucus, 420. 

Sanguinaria, 317. 

Solidago, 431. 
Canadian Tick-trefoil, 3438. 
canaliculatum, Pleurocera, 73. 
Canary-grass, Reed, 229. 
candicans, Populus, 275. 
canescens, Amorpha, 341. 

Lithospermum, 400. 
Caney Fork, Ky., 364. 
Cannabinacee, 290. 
Cannabis sativa, 290. 
cannabium, Apocynum, 393. 
ecanthus, Satyrodes, 39. 

capillare, Panicum, 225. 

capillaris, Stenophyllus, 248. 

capitata, Lespedeza, 343. 

Caprifoliacew, 420. 

Caprinus caroliniana, 281. 
Cardamine bulbosa, 320. 

dougilassii, 320. 

pennsylvanica, 320. 

pratensis, 320. 
cardiaca, Leonurus, 404. 
Cardinal-flower, 423. 
Cardinal-flower, Blue, 423. 
cardinalis, Lobelia, 423. 
Carnelian Cherry, 324. 
Carex albursina, 251. 

altata, 250. 

atherodes, 253. 

bebbii, 250. 

buxbaumil, 252. 

comosa, 190, 253. 

complanata, 252. 

conjuncta, 249. 

decomposita, 250. 

diandra, 250. 

foenea, 251. 

gracillima, 252. 

granularis, 252. 

grisea, 252. 

gynandra, 253. 

lanuginosa, 253. 

leptalea, 251. 

lupulina, 253. 


464 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


pennsylvanica, 251. 
rosea, 249. 
rostrata, 253. 
stipata, 250. 
straminea, 250. 
stricta, 252. 
tribuloides, 250. 
virescens, 252. 
vulpinoidea, 249. 

Carolina Crane’s-bill, 348. 
Dwarf Dandelion, 423. 
Geranium, 348. 
Grass-of-Parnassus, 323. 
Milk Vetch, 341. 

carolina, Dissosteira, 29. 
Rosa, 333. 

carolinense, Lithospermum, 400. 
Solanum, 408. 

caroliniana, Caprinus, 281. 
Parnassia, 3238. 

carolinianum, Geranium, 348. 

carolinianus, Astragalus, 341. 
Cenchrus, 227. 

carota, Daucus, 381. 

Carp Sucker, 258. 

Carpet Chara, 178. 

Carpet-weed Family, 299. 

Carpinus caroliniana, 281. 

carpio, Carpiodes, 258. 

Carpiodes carpio, 258. 

Carrion-flower, 267. 

Carrot Family, 377. 

Carterius tubisperma, 104. 

carunculatum, Enallagma, 22. 

Carychium exiguum, 75. 
exile, 75. 

Caryophyllaceez, 300. 

Cassandra, Dwarf, 386. 

Cassia marilandica, 337. 

Castalia odorata, 305. 
tuberosa, 305. 

Castilleja coccinea, 413. 

Cat, Channel, 80. 

Eel, 80. 

Cat-gut, 341. 

Cat-tail, Broad-leaved, 191, 210. 

Cat-tail Family, 210. 

Cat’s Foot, Broad-leaved, 437. 

Catalpa speciosa, 416. 

cataria, Nepeta, 402. 

Catbrier, 267. 


Catchfly, Sleepy, 301. 
Catfish, 80. 
Catfish, Yellow, 79, 80. 
Catmint, 402. 
Catnep, 402. 
Catnip, 402. 
catostomi, Argulus, 79. 
caudata, Artemisia, 445. 
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 314. 
cayuge, Chironomus, 36. 
Ceanothus americanus, 362. 
Cedar Lake, 56, 193. 
Cedar, Red, 209. 
Celastracez, 355. 
Celastrus scandens, 355. 
Celery, Wild, 222. 
Celithemis elisa, 14. 

eponina, 11, 13. 

fasciata, 14. 
Celtis occidentalis, 289. 
Cenchrus carolinianus, 227. 
Center Lake, Ind., 56. 
Centrarchide, 82. 


centrarchidarum, Ergasilus, 79, 80. 


Centropyxis aculeata, 96. 
Cephalanthus, 280. 
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 417. 
Cerastium vulgatum, 300. 
Ceratium macroceras, 97. 
Ceratophyllacee, 302. 
Ceratophyllum, 375. 
Ceratophyllum demersum, 78, 
302. 
Cercis canadensis, 337. 
Cercyonis alope, 39. 
alope nephele, 39. 
Ceriodaphnia lacustris, 107. 
cernua, Bidens, 441. 
cernuum, Allium, 263. 
Ibidium, 270. 
cernuus, Saururus, 272. 
Chaenobryttus gulosus, 80. 
Chaetochloa glauca, 227. 
italica, 227. 
viridis, 227. 
Chetophora incrassata, 156. 
pisiformis, 156. 
Chain-fern, Virginia, 202. 
Chair-maker’s Rush, 245. 
Chamaecrista fasciculata, 338. 
fasciculata robusta, 338. 


165, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 465 


Chamaecrista nictitans, 337. 


Chamaedaphne calyculata, 386. 


Chamaesyce humistrata, 351. 
maculata, 351. 
preslii, 351. 
Champlain, Lake, 70, 79. 
Channel Cat, 80. 
Chapman Lake, 112. 
Characez, 157. 
Chara contraria, 158, 178. 
foetida, 1738. 
foliolosa, 159, 180. 
fragilis, 159, 184. 
gymnopitys, 160. 
subverrucosa, 160. 
vulgaris, 159. 
Carpet, 178. 
Feetid, 178. 
Full-fruited, 180. 
Charlock, 321. 
Cheat, 238. 
Cheeses, 364. 
Chelone glabra, 410. 
Chenopodiaceez, 297. 
Chenopodium album, 297. 
album viride, 297. 
botrys, 297. 
hybridum, 297. 
Cherry, Carnelian, 324. 
Choke, 336. 
Wild Black, 337. 
Chess, 238. 
Chester, Md., 78. 
Chester River, Md., 78. 
Chestnut Oak, 287. 
Chicago parks, 324. 
Chicago, Jackson Park, 424. 
Chicken Grape, 363. 


Chickenweed Wintergreen, 389. 


Chickweed Family, 299. 
Common, 299. 
Larger Mouse-ear, 300. 
Slender Forked, 298. 
Chicory Family, 4238. 
Chimaphila umbellata, 384. 
Chinquapin Oak, 287. 
Chironomus, 35. 
Chironomus cayuge, 36. 
decorus, 36. 
meridionalis, 36. 


Chlamydomonas reticulata, 152. 


30—17618—Vol. 2 


Chloris, Prairie, 233. 
verticillata, 233. 
chlorostigma, Vorticella, 97. 
Choke Cherry, 336. 
Chokeberry, Black, 334. 
Red, 334. 
Chorella, 150. 
Chorthippus curtipennis, 29. 
Christmas-fern, 200. 
Chrococcus turgidus, 141. 
Chromagrion conditum, 21. 
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 445. 
Chrysops, 37. 
Cicadas, 295 31. 
Cicindella, 34. 
Cicott, Lake, 305. 
Cicuta bulbifera, 381. 
maculata, 381. 
cicutaefolium, Sium, 380. 
Cichoriacee, 428. 
ciliaris, Blephariglottis, 269. 
ciliata, Corythucha, 30. 
Psorophora, 36. 
ciliatum, Steironema, 388. 
cinerea, Juglans, 272. 
Vitis, 362. 
Cinna arundinacee, 231. 
cinnamomea, Osmunda, 199. 
Cinnamon-fern, 199. 
Cinquefoil, Common, 330. 
Marsh, 330. 
Purple, 330. 
Rough, 330. 
Cireaea lutetiana, 374. 
circaezans, Galium, 419. 
Cirsium altissimum, 447. 
arvense 447. 
lanceolatum 446. 
muticum, 447. 
Cissa eurytus, 39. 
Cistacez, 367. 
cistifolium, Hypericum, 366. 
Cladocera, 77, 107. 
Cladophora flotowiana, 155. 
glomerata, 155. 
Clammy Hedge-hyssop, 410. 
Clasping-leaved Pondweed, 175, 214. 
Claus and Kellicott, 79. 
Claytonia virginica, 299. 
claytoni, Galium, 419. 
Washingtonia, 377. 


466 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


claytoniana, Osmunda, 200. Comandra umbellata, 291. 

Clayton’s Bedstraw, 419. Northern, 291. 

Fern, 200. Comarum palustre, 330. 
Clearweed, 291. comma, Polygonia, 38, 39. 
Cleavers, 418. Common Blue Wood Aster, 433. 
Cleavers, Vaillant’s, 419. Bullhead, 79. 

Clematis coccinea, 314. Burdock, 446. 
virginiana, 314. Bur Thistle, 446. 

Climbing Bittersweet, 355. Chickweed, 299. 

Cloak, Mourning, 38. Cinquefoil, 330. 

Closterium diane, 158. Dodder, 397. 

Clover, Alsatian, 340. Evening-primrose, 372. 
Japanese, 343. Floating Pondweed, 177, 211. 
Rabbit-foot, 340. Hemicarpha, 248. 

Red, 340. Mallow, 364. 


White, 341. : Milkweed, 394. 
Club-moss Family, 207. Reed-grass, 234. 
Club-moss, Bog, 207. Rush, 261. 


Club-rush, Water, 245. Sunflower, 439. 
Weak-stalked, 196, 245. Wild Oat-grass, 233. 
Cocceius pylades, 39. Willow, 279. 
coccinea, Castilleja, 413. Wood-rush, 262. 
Clematis, 314. Commelinacez, 260. 
Crataegus, 335. Commelina virginica, 260. 
Quadrula, 44, 51. commutatum, Polygonatum, 266. 
Quercus, 285. comosa, Carex, 190, 253. 
Cochlicopa lubrica, 75. Faleata, 345. 
Cockle, 300, 301. complanata, Carex, 252. 
Cockle, Corn, 300. Glossiphonia, 91. 
Cocklebur, American, 427. Composite, 427. 
Cockspur-grass, 224. compressa, Poa, 237. 
Cockspur-grass, Salt-marsh, 225. Symphynota, 44. 
Ceelastrum microporum, 151. compressum, Pisidium, 74. 
sphericum, 151. levigatus, Pisidium, 74. 
Ceelenterates, 95. compressus, Potamogeton, 169, 215. 
Coelosphaerium kuetzingianum, 142. Comptonia peregrina, 275. 
coerulea, Houstonia, 417. comyntas, Everes, 39. 


ceruleus, Stentor, 97. 
Coffee-nut, 338. 
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 338. 
Cohosh, Blue, 314. 

Coker, Dr. Robert E., 69. 
Coleochoete scutata, 156. 
Coleoptera, Order, 33. 
Colic-root, 264. 

Collinsia verna, 410. 
coloratum, Epilobium, 372. 
Columbia Wolffia, 167, 258. 


columbiana, Wolffia, 167, 258. 


Columbine, Wild, 309. 
Comandra livida, 291. 


concinnum, Galium, 420. 
condensata, Spirogyra, 153. 
conditum, Chromagrion, 21. 


Cone-flower, Gray-headed, 439. 


Purple, 439. 

Tall, 438. 
congener, Lestes, 26. 
conjuncta, Carex, 249. 
connata, Bidens, 441. 


Connecticut Ave., Washington, D. C., 


285. 
Conopholis americana, 415. 
constricta, Aeschna, 12. 


constrictum, Gomphonema, 163. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


contectoides, Viviparus, 73. 

contracta, Gastrocopta, 75. 

contraria, Chara, 158, 178. 

Convallariacez, 265. 

Convolvulacee, 396. 

Convolvulus sepium, 397. 
spithamaeus, 397. 

convolvulus, Tiniaria, 296. 

copallina, Rhus, 353. 

Copepod Parasites, 79. 

Copepoda, 107. 

Copepods, 77. 

Copepods, Parasitic, 77. 

Copper-colored St. John’s-wort, 366. 

Coral-root, Small, 271. 

Corallorrhiza odontorhiza, 271. 

cordata, Pontederia, 190, 260. 
Salix, 280. 

cordifolia, Vitis, 363. 

cordifolius, Aster, 433. 

cordiformis, Hicoria, 272. 

Coreopsis palmata, 440. 
tripteris, 440. 

Corisa interrupta, 29. 

Cornacee, 382. 

Corn Cockle, 300. 
Gromwell, 400. 
Speedwell, 411. 

Cornel, Panicled, 382. 
Silky, 382. 

corniculata, Xanthoxalis, 349. 

Cornus alternifolia, 383. 
amomum, 382. 
femina, 382. 
mas, 324. 
stolonifera, 382. 
tartarica, 382. 

Corpse-plant, 384. 

Corrigiolacee, 298. 

corruptum, Sympetrum, 15. 

Corylus americana, 282. 

Corythucha ciliata, 30. 

Cosmarium granatum, 152. 
intermedium, 153. 
latum, 152. 
suberenatum, 153. 

costata, Symphynota, 44. 
Vallonia, 75. 

Cotton-grass, Slender, 243. 
Tall, 244. 

Cottonwood, 278. 


cotula, Anthemis, 444. 
Cotylaspis insignis, 101. 
Coulter, Dr. Stanley, 223, 325, 444. 
Cow-herb, 301. 
Cow-parsnip, 378. 
Cowbane, 379. 
Cowslip, American, 389. 
Cox erote UnmOr Ose 
Crab Apple, American, 334. 
Crab-grass, Large, 224. 
Slender, 224. 
Cracca virginiana, 341. 
Cranberry, American, 387. 
Large, 387. 
Crane’s-bill, Carolina, 348. 
Wild, 348. 
Crassulacez, 322. 
Crataegus coccinea, 335. 
mollis, 335. 
nitida, 335. 
Crawfish, Gray Rock, 85. 
Pond, 84. 
Rock, 86. 
Solitary, 84. 
Crawfishes, 83. 

Creeper, Virginia, 363. 
Creeping Selaginella, 207. 
Spike-rush, 189, 242. 

Wintergreen, 387. 
crenulata, Melosira, 164. 
Cress, Bulbous, 320. 

Purple, 320. 

Spring, 320. 

Crested Shield-fern, 201. 
Crex, 252. 

Crickets, 27, 28. 
Crickets, Mole, 29. 
crinita, Gentiana, 390. 


‘erispus, Rumex, 292, 293. 


cristata, Dryopteris, 201. 
Crocanthemum canadense, 367. 
crocataria, Xanthotype, 39. 


cronkhitei, anthonyi, Pyramidula, 74. 


Cross-leaved Milkwort, 350. 
Crowfoot Family, 308. 
Crowfoot, Hooked, 312. 

Kidney-leaved, 312. 

Stiff White Water, 187. 
cruciata, Polygala, 350. 
Cruciferz, 317. 

Crucigenia tetrapedia, 150. 


467 


468 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


crus-galli, Echinochloa, 224. 
Crustaceans, 75. 


erystalense, Pisidium pauperculum, 74. 


crystallina, Sida, 107. 
Cuckoo-flower, 320. 
cucullaria, Bicuculla, 317. 
Cucumber, Wild, 421. 
Cucumber-root, Indian, 266. 
Cucurbitacee, 421. 
Culex, 35. 
Culex excrucians, 36. 
stimulans, 36. 
Culver’s-root, 412. 
Cumberland Falls, Ky., 360. 
Cumberland River, 361. 
Curled Dock, 292. 
Currant, Wild Black, 326. 


curtipendulus, Atheropogon, 233. 


curtipennis, Chorthippus, 29. 
Curtis and Lefevre, 41. 
curvata, Rhoicosphenia, 163. 
curvicauda, Secudderia, 29. 
Cuscutacee, 397. 
Cuscuta arvensis, 397. 
gronovui, 397. 
paradoxa, 397. 
Custard-apple Family, 306. 
Cut-grass, Rice, 229. 


Cut-leaved Meadow-Parsnip, 379. 


Toothwort, 320. 

Water Hoarhound, 405. 
cyanea, Libellula, 17, 26. 
cybele, Argynnis, 39. 
cylindrica, Boehmeria, 291. 
Cycloloma atriplicifolium, 297. 
Cyclops edax, 77. 

leuckarti, 77, 107. 

prasinus, 107. 
Cymatopleura elliptica, 162. 

solea, 168. 

Cymbella cymbiformis, 163. 
maculata, 163. 
naviculiformis, 163. 
prostrata, 1638. 

cymbiformis, Cymbella, 163. 

cylindrica, Anemone, 310. 

Cynoglossum officinale, 399. 

cynosbati, Grossularia, 326. 

cynosura, Tetragoneuria, 24, 26. 

Cynoxylon floridum, 383. 

Cynthia, 424. 


Cynthia virginica, 424. 
cyparissias, Tithymalus, 352. 
cyperinus, Scirpus, 248. 
Cyperaceez, 239. 
Cyperus, Awned, 240. 
Low, 240. 
Slender, 241. 
Spurge, 352. 
Straw-colored, 240. 
diandrus, 240. 
filiculmis, 241. 
inflexus, 240. 
strigosus, 240. 
Cypripedium regine, 269. 


Dactylis glomerata, 236. 
Daisy Fleabane, 436. 

Ox-eye, 445. 
dalli, Lymneza, 72. 

Danaus archippus, 37, 39. 
Dandelion, 424. 

Carolina Dwarf, 423. 
Daniels, L. E., 72. 
danielsi, Lymnea, 72. 
Danthonia spicata, 255. 
Daphnia, 415. 

Daphnia hyalina, 77. 

pulicaria, 107. 

pulex pulicaria, 107. 

retrocurva, 77, 107. 
Dark-green Bulrush, 247. 
dasyearpum, Thalictrum, 315. 
Dasystephana fiavida, 392. 

saponaria, 391. 
Dasystoma flava, 412. 

laevigata, 412. 

pedicularia, 412. 

virginica, 412. 

Datura stramonium, 408. 
Daucus carota, 381. 
Day-flower, Virginia, 260. 
Deadly Nightshade, 407. 
debilis, Scirpus, 196, 245. 
decisa, Campeloma, 73. 
Decodon verticillatus, 191, 370. 
decomposita, Carex, 250. 
decorus, Chironomus, 36. 
decumbens, Asclepias, 394. 
Decumbent Butterfly-weed, 394. 
Deer-fly, 37. 

Deer-grass, 371. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Defiance, Ohio, 113, 187, 359. 
IDXelkovover, Mniveles VIB Sy Gil, (Oy AO Wai, 7 
AUD, Gil4 BL, AOR 
delphinifolius, Ranunculus, 311. 
deltoides, Populus, 278. 
demersum, Ceratophyllum, 78, 165, 
302. 
Dense Button-snakeroot, 429. 
Dentaria laciniata, 320. 
dentata, Poinsettia, 352. 
Department of Agriculture, Washing- 
rol, ID, C5, 5 Beet 
depygis, Goniobasis, 73. 
Deringa canadensis, 378. 
desidiosa, Lymnea, 72. 
Desmidium quadratum, 152. 
schwartzii, 152. 
Devil’s Popcorn, 415. 
Dewberry, 332. 
diane, Closterium, 153. 
Diatoms, 161. 
diandra, Carex, 250. 
diandrus, Cyperus, 240. 
Diaphanosoma brachyurum, 107. 
leuchtenbergianum, 77. 
Diapheromera femorata, 27, 29. 
Diaptomus minutus, 107. 
oregonensis, 77. 
dichotoma, Aristida, 230. 
Dictospherium ehrenbergianum, 150. 
differentialis, Melanoplus, 28, 29. 
Dina fervida, 95. 
parva, 95. 
Dineutes, 33, 34. 
Dinobryon sp., 96. 
diogenes, Cambarus, 83, 84. 
dioica, Gynmocladus, 338. 
Urtica, 290. 
dioicum, Thalictrum, 313. 
Dioscoreacez, 268. 
Dioscorea villosa, 268. 
diphylla, Mitella, 323. 
Diplesion blennioides, 43. 
Diptera, Order, 35, 36. 
Direa palustris, 370. 
discolor, Salix, 280. 
Dissosteira carolina, 29. 
Distomum, 100. 
Distribution of Mussels in the Lake, 
44. 
Ditch Stonecrop, 323. 


469 


Ditch-moss, 174, 221. 
divagans, Enallagma, 23. 
divaricata, Phlox, 398. 
divaricatum, Urticastrum, 290. 
divaricatus, Helianthus, 440. 
dives, Tanytarsus, 36. 
Diving Beetles, 33. 
Docidium verrucosum, 153. 
Dock, Bitter, 293. 

Broad-leaved, 293. 

Curled, 292. 

Narrow, 292. 

Peach-leaved, 292. 

Prairie, 437. 

Tall, 292. 

Dock-leaved Persicaria, 294. 
Dodder Family, 397. 
Dodder, Common, 397. 

Field, 397. 

Glomerate, 397. 
Dodecatheon meadia, 389. 
Doellingeria umbellata, 436. 
Dog-day Locust, 31. 
Dog’s-tail Grass, 233. 
Dogbane Family, 392. 
Dogbane, Spreading, 392. 
Dogfish, 100. 

Dogwood Family, 382. 
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved, 383. 

Flowering, 383. 

Red-osier, 382. 
dolomieu, Micropterus, 80, 82. 
domitia, Perethemis, 13. 
Doolittle, Prof. A. A., 76. 
Door-weed, 293. 

Dotted Smart-weed, 295. 

Wolffia, 259. 
douglassii, Cardamine, 320. 
Downy False Foxglove, 412. 

Grape, 362. 

Poplar, 276. 

Phlox, 398. 

Thorn, 335. 

Yellow Violet, 370. 
Dracocephalum virginianum, 404. 
dracontium, Arisaema, 254. 
Dragon-flies, 10. 

Introduction to, 10. 

List of species of, 12. 
Dragon-head, 404. 
Draparnaldia glomerata, 155. 


470 


Dropseed, Wood, 230. 
Woodland, 230. 

Dropseed-grass, 230. 

Droseracee, 321. 

Drosera intermedia, 322. 
rotundifolia, 321. 

Dryopteris cristata, 201. 
hexagonoptera, 202. 
noveboracensis, 201. 
spinulosa, 202. 
thelypteris, 201. 

dubia, Heteranthera, 261. 
Ilysanthes, 410. 

Duckweed Family, 256. 

Duckweed, Greater, 166, 256. 
Ivy-leaved, 170, 257. 
Lesser, 167, 258. 
Minute, 167, 258. 

duleamara, Solanum, 408. 

Dulichium, 248. 
arundinaceum, 248. 

duplex, Pediastrum, 151. 

dura, Rivularia, 143. 

Dutchman’s Breeches, 317. 
Pipe, 356. 

Dwarf Black Sumac, 353. 
Cassandra, 386. 
Dandelion, Carolina, 4238. 
Ginseng, 377. 

Gray Willow, 281. 

Red Raspberry, 332. 

St. John’s-wort, 367. 
Dyer’s Weed, 431. 
Dytiscus hybridus, 33, 34. 


Eagle Fern, 203. 
HKagle Lake, 56, 115, 141, 207, 233, 
241, 258, 310; 350, 414; 
Early Blue Violet, 368. 
Golden-rod, 431. 
Meadow-parsnip, 379. 
Meadow-rue, 313. 
Violet, 368. 
Eaton’s Grass, Tall, 286. 
Echinacea purpurea, 439. 
Echinochloa crus-galli, 224. 
walteri, 225. 
echinula, Rivularia, 142. 
edax, Cyclops, 77. 
edentulus, Strophitus, 60. 
Edible Valerian, 421. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


edulis, Valeriana, 421. 
Eel Cat, 80. 
Eel-grass, 171, 222. 
Pondweed, 169, 215. 
effusus, Juncus, 261. 
ehrenbergianum, Dictospherium, 150. 
ehrenbergii, Pediastrum, 151. 
Elater, 34. 
elatior, Ambrosia, 426. 
Elder, American, 420. 
Box, 360. 
Electric-light Bug, 30. 
Eleocharis acicularis, 242. 
interstincta, 188, 241. 
mutata, 188, 241. 
palustris, 189, 242. 
palustris glaucescens, 189. 
obtusa, 242. 
olivacea, 242. 
Eleusine indica, 2338. 
elevata, Polygyra, 74. 
elisa, Celithemis, 14. 
elliptica, Cymatopleura, 162. 
Pyrola, 384. 
Elm Family, 288. 
Elm, American, 288. 
Red, 288. 
Slippery, 288. 
White, 288. 
Elm-leaved Golden-rod, 480. 
Emesa, longipes, 30. 
Enallagma calverti, 24. 
earunculatum, 22. 
divagans, 28. 
exsulans, 23. 
geminatum, 26. 
hageni, 22. 
pollutum, 26. 
signatum, 23. 
Enchanter’s Nightshade, 374. 
Enchenopa binotata, 31. 
English Lake, Ind., 42. 
Plantain, 417. 
Sparrow, 317. 
Entire-leaved False Foxglove, 412. 
Rosin-wood, 437. 
Epargyreus tityrus, 39. 
Ephemerida, Order, 8. 
Ephithemia argus, 168. 
_gibba, 1638. 
zebra, 163. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey A471 


Epicordulia princeps, 25. 
Epigaea repens, 386. 
Epilobium coloratum, 372. 
lineare, 372. 
Epischura lacustris, 107. 
Epistylis, 98. 
eponina, Celithemis, 11, 13, 14. 
Equisetace, 204. 
Equisetum arvense, 204. 
fluviatile, 205. 
laevigatum, 206. 
robustum, 205. 
Eragrostis hypnoides, 236. 
major, 2385. 
pilosa, 285. 
purshii, 235. 
Tufted, 235. 
Erechtites, 435. 
Erechtites hieracifolia, 445. 
Erect Knotweed, 293. 
erectum, Polygonum, 293. 
Trillium, 267. 
Eremosphera viridis, 150. 
Ergasilus, 79, 81. 
centrarchidarum, 79, 80. 
versicolor, 79, 80. 
Ericacez, 386. 
ericoides, Aster, 434. 
Ericymba buccata, 43. 
Erie Lake, 65. 
Erigenia bulbosa, 379. 
Erigeron annuus, 435. 
philadelphicus, 485. 
pulchellus, 435. 
ramosus, 436. 
Eriocaulacee, 259. 
Eriocaulon septangulare, 184, 259. 
Eriophorum angustifolium, 244. 
gracile, 243. 
Erpobdellide, 94. 
Erpobdella punctata, 94. 
Eryngium aquaticum, 377. 
Erysimum officinale, 319. 
Erythemis simplicicollis, 15. 
erythrocephala, Calliphora, 36. 
Erythronium albidum, 264. 
americanum, 264. 
Etheostoma camurum, 43. 
Eubaphe ferruginosa, 39. 
Eucalia inconstans, 76. 
Euconulus fulvus, 75. 


Euglena viridis, 96. 

Euglypha alveolata, 96. 

Eumenes fraterna, 40. 

Kuonymus atropurpureus, 355. 
obovatus, 355. 

Eupatorium perfoliatum, 428. 
purpureum, 428. 
urticaefolium, 428. 

Euphorbiacez, 351. 

Eurema euterpe, 39. 

European Mallow, 365. 

Eurymus, philodice, 39. 

eurytus, Cissa, 39. 

euterpe, Eurema, 39. 

Euthamia graminifolia, 4382. 
tenuifolia, 432. 

Evening-primrose Family, 371. 

Evening-primrose, Common, 872. 

Everes comyntas, 39. 

Everlasting, Fragrant Life, 457. 
Plantain-leaf, 436. 

evides, Hadropterus, 43. 

exacutus, Planorbis, 73. 

exaltata, Asclepias, 394. 

excrucians, Culex, 36. 

exigua, Lymnza obrussa, 72. 

exiguum, Carychium, 75. 

exile, Carychium, 75. 

exilipes, Palaemonetes, 78. 

exilis, Gomphus, 25. 

exsulans, Enallagma, 25. 

exusta, Ladona, 26. 


Fabacee, 338. 
fabalis, Mictomya, 72. 
Fagacez, 2853. 
Fagopyrum fagopyrum, 295. 
fagopyrum, Fagopyrum, 295. 
Fagus grandifolia, 285. 
Faleata comosa, 345. 
Fall Meadow-rue, 314. 
fallaciosa, Lampsilis, 65. 
False Beech-drops, 385. 
Flax, 317. 
Foxglove, Downy, 412. 
Foxglove, Entire-leaved, 412. 
Foxglove, Fern-leaved, 412. 
Foxglove, Smooth, 412. 
Lily-of-the-valley, 265. 
Loosestrife, 372. 
Mallow, 365. 


AT2 


False Mermaid Family, 349. 


Mermaid, 349. 
Nettle, 291. 


Pimpernel, Long-stalked, 410. 


Red-top, 236. 

Rue Anemone, 309. 
Spikenard, 265. 
Sunflower, 437. 


Family, Aceracex, 356. 


Aesculacee, 361. 
Aizoacez, 299. 
Alismacee, 219. 
Alsinaceex, 299. 
Altingiacez, 325. 
Amaranthaceex, 296. 
Amaryllidacee, 268. 
Ambrosiacee, 426. 
Ammiacee, 377. 
Amyegdalacee, 336. 
Anacardiacee, 3538. 
Annonacee, 306. 
Apocynaceer, 392. 
Aracee, 258. 
Araliacez, 376. 
Aristolochiacee, 291. 
Asclepiadacee, 398. 
Balsaminacee, 349. 
Berberidacee, 314. 
Betulacee, 281. 
Bignoniacee, 416. 
Boraginacee, 399. 
Cabombacee, 303. 
Cactacee, 370. 
Ceesalpiniacee, 337. 
Campanulacee, 422. 
Cannabinacee, 290. 
Caprifoliacee, 420. 


Caryophyllacex, 300. 


Celastracez, 355. 


Ceratophyllacee, 302. 


Chenopodiacez, 297. 
Cichoriacee, 423. 
Cistacez, 367. 
Commelinacee, 260. 
Composite, 427. 
Convallariacee, 265. 
Convolvulacee, 396. 
Cornacez, 382. 
Corrigiolacee, 298. 
Crassulacex, 322. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Family, Crucifere, 317. 


Cucurbitacee, 421. 
Cuscutaceez, 397. 
Cyperaceez, 239. 
Dioscoreacez, 268. 
Droseracee, 321. 
Equisetacee, 204. 
Ericacee, 386. 
Eriocaulacez, 259. 
Euphorbiacez, 351. 
Fabacee, 338. 
Fagacee, 283. 
Fumariaceez, 317. 
Gentianacee, 390. 
Geraniacee, 348. 
Graminee, 2238. 
Grossulariaceze, 326. 
Haloragidacee, 374. 
Hamamelidacee, 324. 
Hydrophyllacex, 399. 
Hypericacez, 366. 
Ilicacez, 354. 
Iridaceez, 268. 
Juglandacee, 272. 
Juncacee, 261. 
Labiate, 402. 
Lauracee, 315. 
Lemnacez, 256. 
Lentibulariacee, 413. 
Liliaceze, 262. 
Limnanthaceez, 349. 
Linacee, 349. 
Lobeliacez, 423. 
Lycopodiacee, 207. 
Lythracee, 370. 
Magnoliacee, 305. 
Malaceez, 334. 
Malvacee, 364. 
Melastomaceex, 371. 
Menispermacee, 315. 
Menyanthacee, 392. 
Molaceez, 334. 
Monotropoceez, 384. 
Moracez, 289. 
Myricacez, 275. 
Naiadaceez, 218. 
Nympheacee, 304. 
Oleacez, 389. 
Onagracee, 371. 
Ophioglossacez, 197. 
Orchidaceex, 269. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Family, Orobanchacee, 415. 


Osmundacee, 199. 
Oxalidacew, 348. 
Papaveracee, 317. 
Parnassiacee, 323. 
Penthoraceez, 323. 
Phrymacee, 416. 
Phytolaccacee, 298. 
Pinacez, 207. 
Platanaceze, 327. 
Plantaginacee, 416. 
Polemoniacee, 398. 
Polygalacee, 350. 
Polygonacee, 292. 
Polypodiacez, 200. 
Pontederiaceze, 261. 
Portulacacee, 299. 
Primulacez, 388. 
Pyrolacee, 384. 
Ranunculacee, 308. 
Rhamnacee, 362. 
Rosacez, 329. 
Rubiace, 417. 
Rutacez, 350. 
Salicacez, 275. 
Santalaceze, 291. 
Sarraceniaceez, 321. 
Saururacez, 272. 
Saxifragacee, 323. 


Scheuchzeriacez, 219. 


Scophulariacez, 409. 
Selaginellacez, 207. 
Simaroubacezx, 350. 
Smilacez, 267. 
Solanacee, 407. 
Sparganiacee, 211. 
Staphyleacez, 356. 
Thymeleacez, 370. 
Tiliacez, 364. 
Trilliaces, 266. 
Typhacee, 210. 
Ulmacee, 288. 
Urticacer, 290. 
Vacciniacez, 387. 
Valerianacee, 421. 
Vallisneriacee, 221. 
Verbenacee, 401. 
Violacez, 368. 
Vitaces, 362. 
Xyridacee, 259. 
Zannichelliacez, 211. 


Family, Adder’s-tongue, 197. 


Ailanthus, 350. 
Altingia, 325. 
Amaranth, 296. 
Amaryllis, 268. 
Apple, 334. 
Arrow-grass, 219. 
Arum, 253. 
Barberry, 314. 
Bayberry, 275. 
Beech, 283. 
Bellflower, 422. 
Birch, 281. 
Birthwort, 291. 
Bladder-nut, 356. 
Borage, 399. 
Broom-rape, 415. 
Buckbean, 392. 
Buckeye, 361. 
Buckthorn, 362. 
Buckwheat, 292. 
Bur-reed, 211. 
Cactus, 370. 
Carpet-weed, 299. 
Carrot. Sie 
Cat-tail, 210. 
Chicory, 423. 
Chickweed, 299. 
Club-moss, 207. 
Crowfoot, 308. 
Custard-apple, 306. 
Dodder, 397. 
Dogbane, 392. 
Dogwood, 382. 
Duckweed, 256. 
Elm, 288. 
Evening-primrose, 371. 
False Mermaid, 349. 
Fern, 200. 
Figwort, 409. 
Flax, 349. 
Fumewort, 317. 
Gentian, 390. 
Geranium, 348. 
Ginseng, 376. 
Gooseberry, 326. 
Goosefoot, 297. 
Gourd, 421. 
Grape, 362. 
Grass, 223. 
Grass-of-Parnassus, 323. 


473 


AT4 


Family, Heath, 386. 


Hemp, 290. 
Holly, 354. 
Honeysuckle, 420. 
Hornwort, 302. 
Horsetail, 204. 
Huckleberry, 387. 
Indian-pipe, 384. 
Iris, 268. 
Jewel-weed, 349. 
Laurel, 315. 

Lily, 262. 


Lily-of-the-valley, 265. 


Linden, 364. 
Lizard’s-tail, 272. 
Lobelia, 428. 
Loosestrife, 370. 
Lopseed, 416. 
Madder, 417. 
Magnolia, 305. 
Mallow, 364. 
Maple, 356. 


Meadow-beauty,°371. 


Mezereum, 370. 
Milkweed, 398. 
Milkwort, 350. 
Mint, 402. 

Moonseed, 315. 


Morning-glory, 396. 


Mulberry, 289. 
Mustard, 317. 
Naias, 218. 
Nettle, 290. 
Olive, 389. 
Orchid, 269. 
Orpine, 322. 
Pea, 338. 
Peach, 336. 
Pickerel-weed, 260. 
Pine, 207. 
Pink, 300. 
Pipewort, 259. 
Pitcher-plant, 321. 
Phlox, 398. 
Plane-tree, 327. 
Plantain, 416. 
Pokeweed, 298. 
Pondweed, 261. 
Poppy, 317. 
Potato, 407. 
Primrose, 388. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Family, Purslane, 299. 
Ragweed, 426. 
Rock-rose, 367. 

Rose, 329. 

Royal Fern, 199. 

Rue, 350. 

Rush, 261. 

Sandalwood, 291. 

Saxifrage, 325. 

Sedge, 239. 

Selaginella, 207. 

Senna, 337. 

Smilax, 267. 

Spiderwort, 260. 

Spurge, 351. 

St. John’s-wort, 366. 

Staff-tree, 355. 

Sumac, 3538. 

Sundew, 321. 

Tape-grass, 221. 

Thistle, 427. 

Trumpet-creeper, 416. 

Valerian, 421. 

Vervain, 401. 

Violet, 368. 

Virginia Stonecrop, 323. 

Wake-robin, 266. 

Walnut, 272. 

Water-leaf, 399. 

Water Lily, 304. 

Water-milfoil, 374. 

Water-plantain, 219. 

Water-shield, 303. 

Whitlow-wort, 298. 

Willow, 275. 

Wintergreen, 384. 

Witch Hazel, 324. 

Wood-sorrel, 348. 

Yam, 268. 

Yellow-eyed Grass, 259. 
farinosa, Aletris, 264. 
fasciata, Celithemis, 14. 
fasciatus, Melanoplus, 29. 

Oncopeltus, 31. 
fasciculata, Chamaecrista, 338. 

robusta, Chamaecrista, 338. 

Vernonia, 427. 

Fat Mucket, 65. 

Feather Geranium, 297. 

Feather, Parrot’s, 375. 

felix-foemina, Athyrium, 205. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


femina, Cornus, 382. 
femorata, Diapheromera, 27, 29. 
femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 28, 29. 
Fen Orchis, 271. 
Fennel-leaved Pondweed, 174, 216. 
Fern Family, 200. 
Fern, Brittle, 200. 

Clayton’s, 200. 

Eagle, 203. 

Maiden-hair, 203. 

New York, 201. 

Royal, 199. 

Sensitive, 200. 

Sweet, 275. 
Fern-leaved False Foxglove, 412. 
Ferns, Fern-allies, and Seed-bearing 

Plants, 197. 

ferruginosa, Eubaphe, 39. 
fervida, Dina, 95. 
Fescue-grass, Nodding, 238. 

Slender, 238. 
Festuca nutans, 238. 

octoflora, 238. 
Fetid Camomile, 444. 
Fever-few, American, 437. 
Fever-wort, 421. 
Few-leaved Sunflower, 459. 
Field Dodder, 397. 

Golden-rod, 431. 

Horsetail, 204. 

Milkwort, 350. 

Sorrel, 292. 
Figwort Family, 409. 
Figwort, Hare, 409. 

Maryland, 409. 
filiculmis, Cyperus, 241. 
Filiform Pondweed, 170, 216. 
filiforme, Syntherisma, 224. 
filiformis, Potamogeton, 170, 216. 
Filix fragilis, 200. 
Fimbristylis autumnalis, 248. 
Fimbristylis, Slender, 243. 
fimbriatula, Viola, 369. 
Fireflies, 34. 
Fire-weed, 445. 
Fish Lakes, Ind., 325. 
Fishes eat plankton scum, 113. 
fistulosa, Monarda, 404. 
Five-finger, 330. 
Flag, Sweet, 256. 
Flat Niggerhead, 51. 


A7T5 


Flats, Bur-oak, 287. 
Flat-leaved Bladderwort, 195, 414. 
Flat-top White Aster, Tall, 436. 
Flat-worms, 100. 
flava, Dasystoma, 412. 
flavescens, Perea, 80. 
flavida, Dasystephana, 392. 
flavum, Spherium, 73. 
Flax Family, 349. 
Flax, False, 317. 
Fleabane, Canada, 436. 
Daisy, 436. 
Philadelphia, 435. 
Fletcher Lake, 189, 240, 244, 248, 408. 
flexicaulis, Solidago, 429. 
flexilis, Naias, 184, 218. 
robusta, Naias, 173. 
flexuosa, Koellia, 405. 
Xyvis, 259. 
Flies, 35. 
Flies, Harvest, 31. 
Floater, 55. 
Floating Manna-grass, 257. 
Floerkea proserpinacoides, 349. 
Flora of Lake Maxinkuckee and vicin- 
ity, 117. 
Flora, Beach, 128. 
High gravelly sandy woodland, 130 
Lake plains, 129. 
Land, 124. 
Low woodlands, 130. 
Gullies, 131. 
Peat bogs, 132. 
Sand woodland, 130. 
Shifting sand regions, 132. 
Upland clay woodland, 130. 
Upland loamy woodland, 130. 
Woodland ponds, 131. 
Floral Regions, General, 128. 
floribunda, Pieris, 386. 
floribundis, Samolus, 388. 
Florida Milkweed, 396. 
Wolfiella, 168, 259. 
floridana, Acerates, 396. 
Wolffiella, 168, 259. 
floridum, Cynoxylon, 383. 
flos-aque, Anabzena, 145. 
Aphanizomenon, 145. 
flotowiana, Cladophora, 155. 
Flowering Dogwood, 383. 
of the meres, 110. 


476 


Flowering Spurge, 352. 
flumineum, Belostoma, 30. 
fluviatile, Equisetum, 205. 

Fly, Harvest, 31. 

Fly-honeysuckle, Swamp, 421. 

foenea, Carex, 251. 

foetida, Chara, 173. 

Spathyema, 255. 

foliolosa, Chara, 159, 180. 

Food and feeding of mussels, 45. 

Food and Parasites of Anodonta 

grandis footiana, 57. 

Food of Lampsilis luteola, 67. 
Lampsilis subrostrata, 64. 
Quadrula rubiginosa, 52. 

footiana, Anodonta grandis, 45, 55, 

bi O09: 

Forbes, Dr. S. A., 168, 195, 258. 

forcipatus, Lestes, 20. 

Forked Beard-grass, 223. 
Chickweed, Slender, 298. 

Fort Wayne, Ind., 197, 298, 311, 314, 

332, 345, 424, 444. 

Fox Sedge, Soft, 249. 

Fox-grape, Northern, 362. 

Foxglove, Downy False, 412. 
Entire-leaved False, 412. 
Fern-leaved False, 412. 
Smooth False, 412. 

Foxtail, Marsh, 231. 

Yellow, 227. 

Foxtail-grass, Green, 227. 

Fowl Meadow-grass, 236. 

Fragaria virginiana, 330. 

fragilis, Chara, 159, 184. 

Filix, 200. 

Fragrant Life Everlasting,.437. 
Golden-rod, 432. 

Golden-rod, Slender, 432. 

fraterna, Eumenes, 40. 
Polygyra, 74. 

fraternus, Acilius, 34. 

Fraxinus americana, 389. 
nigra, 390. 
pennsylvanica, 389. 
quadrangulata, 390. 

Freshwater Mollusks, 72. 
Shrimp, 78. 

Fries’ Pondweed, 169, 215. 

friesii, Potamogeton, 169, 215. 

Fringed Gentian, 390. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Fringed Loosestrife, 388. 
frondosa, Bidens, 442. 
Frost Grape, 363. 
Frost-weed Aster, 434. 


Frostweed, Long-branched, 367. 


Full-fruited Chara, 180. 
fulva, Ulmus, 288. 
fulvicollis, Scepsis, 39. 
fulvus, Euconulus, 75. 
Fumewort Family, 317. 
furcatus, Anodropogon, 223. 
furcifer, Gomphus, 25. 
fusca, Calothrix, 1438. 
Glossiphonia, 91. 
Ranatra, 30. 


Galeorchis spectabilis, 269. 
galericulata, Scutellaris, 402. 
Galium aparine, 418. 

boreale, 419. 

cireaezans, 419. 

claytoni, 419. 

concinnum, 420. 

pilosum, 419. 

tinetorium, 419. 

trifidum, 419. 

vaillantii, 419. 
Gallinsoga parviflora, 444. 
Gastrocopta armifera, 75. 

contracta, 75. 

tappaniana, 75. 
gastrum, Navicula, 163. 
Gaultheria procumbens, 387. 
Gaylussacia baccata, 387. 
Gelostocoris oculatus, 30. 
geminatum, Enallagma, 26. 
geniculatus, Alopecurus, 231. 
Gentianaceex, 390. 
Gentian Family, 390. 
Gentian, Blue, 391. 

Fringed, 390. 

Soapwort, 391. 

Stiff, 391. 

Yellow, 392. 
Gentiana crinita, 390. 

quinquefolia, 391. 
gentianoides, Sarothra, 367. 
Gephyrean worms, 102. 
Geraniaceex, 348. 
Geranium Family, 348. 
Geranium, Carolina, 348. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Geranium, Feather, 297. 
Wild, 348. 
earolinianum, 348. 
maculatum, 348. 
Germander, American, 402. 
Gerris remigis, 30. 
Geum, 312. 
Geum canadense, 331. 
Giant Wild Sunflower, 4389. 
Water-bug, 30. 
Giant-hyssop, 402. 
gibba, Epithemia, 163. 
Utricularia, 196, 414. 
gibbosus, Unio, 45, 53. 
giganteus, Helianthus, 439. 
Ginger, Wild, 291. 
Giliad, Balm of, 275. 
Ginseng Family, 376. 
Ginseng, 376. 
Dwarf, 377. 
githago, Agrostemma, 300. 
glaber, Tropisternus, 34. 
glabra, Aesculus, 361. 
Chelone, 410. 
Rhus, 358. 
glandulosa, Ailanthus, 350. 
glans, Lampsilis, 44, 61. 
glauca, Chaetochloa, 227. 
Merismopedia, 142. 


glaucescens, Eleocharis palustris, 189. 


Malus, 334. 
glaucus turnus, Papilio, 38. 
Glaucous White-lettuce, 426. 
Glecoma hederacea, 403. 
Gloeocapsa magma, 141. 
polydermatica, 141. 
glomerata, Cladophora, 155. 
Dactylis, 236. 
Draparnaldia, 155. 
Glomerate Dodder, 397. 
Glossiphonide, 90. 
Glossiphonia complanata, 91. 
fusea, 91. 
heteroclita, 92. 
stagnalis, 90. 
Glossy Willow, 279. 
Glycine apios, 344. 


Gnaphalium obtusifolium, 437. 


Goat’s Rue, 341. 
Goatsbeard, Virginia, 424. 
Gold-of-pleasure, 317. 


Golden-rod, Blue-stemmed, 429. 


Bog, 430. 

Broad-leaved, 429. 

Bushy, 482. 

Canada, 431. 

Early, 431. 

Elm-leaved, 430. 

Field, 431. 

Fragrant, 482. 

Gray, 431. 

Hairy, 430. 

Hard-leaved, 432. 

Late, 431. 

Noble, 430. 

Riddell’s, 4382. 

Rough-leaved, 430. 

Sharp-toothed, 431. 

Showy, 430. 

Slender Fragrant, 432. 

Stiff, 432: 

Western Rough, 482. 

Wreath, 429. 

Wrinkled-leaved, 430. 
Golden Seal, 308. 
Gomphoides obscura, 25. 


Gomphonema constrictum, 163. 


olivaceum, 163. 
Gomphosphaeria aponina, 141. 
Gomphus exilis, 25. 

furcifer, 25. 

lividus, 25. 
Goniobasis depygis, 73. 

livescens, 73. 

louisvillensis, 73. 

pulchella, 73. 

Gonium pectorale, 152. 
Goose-grass, 418. 

Vaillant’s, 419. 
Gooseberry Family, 326. 

Northern, 326. 

Wild, 326. 

Goosefoot Family, 297. 

Maple-leaved, 297. 
Gopher-vine, 347. 
Gordius, 101. 

Gourd Family, 421. 
Graceful Sedge, 252. 
gracile, Eriophorum, 243. 

Ibidium, 271. 

gracilis, Urtica, 290. 


ATT 


A478 


gracillima, Carex, 252. 
Grama-grass, Tall, 233. 
Graminex, 223. 
graminea, Sagittaria, 184, 220, 259. 
graminifolia, Euthamia, 482. 
granatum, Cosmarium, 152. 
grandidentata, Populus, 276. 
grandiflora, Meibomia, 342. 
Uvularia, 266. 
grandiflorum, Trillium, 267. 
grandifolia, Fagus, 283. 


grandis footiana, Anodonta, 45, 55, 


101. 
granularis, Carex, 252. 
granulatum, Botrydium, 149. 
Grape Family, 362. 
Grape, Blue, 362. 
Chicken, 363. 
Downy, 362. 
Frost, 363. 
Riverside, 363. 
Summer, 362. 
Sweet Scented, 363. 
Winter, 362. 
Grape-fern, Ternate, 197. 
Virginia, 198. 
Grass Family, 228. 
Grass Family, Yellow-eyed, 259. 
Grass, Barnyard, 224. 
Blue-joint, 2382. 
Bottle-brush, 239. 
Dog’s-tail, 233. 
Hungarian, 227. 
Pointed Blue-eyed, 269. 
Slender Yellow-eyed, 259. 
Squirrel-tail, 238. 
Tall Eaton’s, 236. 
White, 229. 
ards 
Grass-leaved Arrowhead, 184. 
Sagittaria, 220. 
Grass-of-Parnassus Family, 328. 
Grass-of-Parnassus, Carolina, 323. 
Grass-pink, 270. 
Grasshoppers, 27. 
Gratiola virginiana, 410. 
Gray Golden-rod, 431. 
Pine, 207. 
Rock Crawfish, 85. 
Gray Sedge, 252. 
Willow, Dwarf, 281. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Gray-headed Cone-flower, 439. 
Gray’s Manual, 238. 
Great Bulrush, American, 185, 246. 
High Angelica, 379. 
Lobelia, 423. 
Nettle, 290. 
Ragweed, 426. 
Greater Bladderwort, 193, 414. 
_Duckweed, 166, 256. 
Greek Valerian, 399. 
Green Alge, List of Species of, 141. 
Green Amaranth, 296. 
Arrow-arum, 190, 254. 
Dragon, 254. 
Foxtail-grass, 227. 
Milkweed, 396. 
Mullen, 409. 
Greenbrier, 267. 
Hispid, 268. 
Greene’s Sumac, 353. 
Grindelia, 354. 
grisea, Carex, 252. 
Gromwell, Corn, 400. 
gronovii, Cuscuta, 597. 
Hieracium, 425. 
Grossulariaceez, 326. 
Grossularia cynosbati, 326. 
oxyacanthoides, 326. 
Ground Ivy, 408. 
Ground-cherry, Low Hairy, 407. 
Tall Hairy, 407. 
Prairie, 407. 
Virginia, 407. 
Ground-nut, 344, 377. 
Groundsel, Balsam, 446. 
Gryllotalpa, 29. 
Gryllus, 28. 
Gryllus assimilis lactuosus, 29. 
gulosus, Chaenobryttus, 80. 
Gum, Black, 383. 
Sour, 383. 
Sweet, 325. 
guttata, Alona, 108. 
Gymnocladus dioica, 338. 
gymnopitys, Chara, 160. 
gynandra, Carex, 253. 


Hackberry, 289. 

Hadropterus aspro, 43. 
evides, 43. 

haematiles, Rivularia, 143. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey A479 


Hemopis marmoratus, 94. Hedeoma pulegioides, 405. 
hageni, Enallagma, 22. hederacea, Glecoma, 403. 
Hair-grass, Rough, 232. Hedge Bindweed, 397. 
Hair-like Stenophyllus, 243. Mustard, 319. 

Hairy Bedstraw, 419. Mustard, Tall, 319. 
Bush-clover, 348. Nettle, 404. 
Button-Snakeroot, 429. Weed, 319. 

Golden-rod, 430. Hedge-hyssop, Clammy, 410. 
Ground-cherry, Low, 407. helianthoides, Heliopsis, 437. 
Ground-cherry, Tall, 407. Helianthus annuus, 439. 
Hawkweed, 425. divaricatus, 440. 
Pine-sap, 385. : giganteus, 439. 

Puccoon, 400. hirsutus, 440. 

Roek-eress, 319. mollis, 440. 

Solomon’s Seal, 266. occidentalis, 439. 
Spreading Spurge, 351. Helicodiseus parallelus, 75. 
Sunflower, 440. Helicopsyche, 32. 
Sweet-cicely, 377. Heliopsis helianthoides, 437. 
Wood-lettuce, 425. helvola, Strophostyles, 346. 
Yellow Violet, 370. Hemicarpha, Common, 248. 

Hairy-jointed Meadow Parsnip, 379. micrantha, 248. 

Hairy-veined Blue Lettuce, 425. Hemingway and Moore, 89. 

Halberd-leaved Orache, 298. Hemiptera, Order, 29. 
Rose-mallow, 366. Hemlock, Bulb-bearing, 381. 
Tear-thumb, 296. Water, 381. 

Haloragidaces, 374. Water-parsnip, 380. 

Hamamelidacee, 324. Hemp Family, 290. 

Hamamelis virginiana, 324. Hemp, 290. 

hammonis, Polita, 75. Indian, 393. 

Harbinger of Spring, 379. Heodes hypophleas, 39. 

Hard Maple, 360. theo, 39. 

Hard-leaved Golden-rod, 432. Hepatica acutiloba, 311. 

Hardhack, 330. hepatica, 310. 

Hare Figwort, 409. hepatica, Hepatica, 310. 

Harebell, 422. Heracleum lanatum, 378. 

harpe, Acroperus, 107. herbacea, Smilax, 267. 

Harvest flies, 31. Hessler, Dr. Robert, 269, 427. 

' hastata, Atriplex, 298. Hetaerina americana, 19. 
Verbena, 401. tricolor, 19. 

hastatum, Anomalagrion, 24. Heteranthera dubia, 261. 

Haw, Red, 335. heteroclita, Glossiphonia, 92. 

Hawkweed, Canada, 425. heterophylla, Populus, 276. 
Hairy, 425. heterophyllum, Myriophyllum, 375. 

Hay Sedge, 251. heterophyllus, Potamogeton, 177. 

Hay, Prof. William Perry, 83. heterostropha, Physa, 73. 

Hazel-nut, 282. Heuchera hispida, 323. 

Heal-all, 403. Rough, 323. 

Heart-leaved Willow, 280. hexagonoptera, Dryopteris, 202. 

Heartweed, 294. Hibbard, Ind., 112, 377, 405, 489, 442. 

Heath Aster, White, 434. Hibiscus militaris, 366. 


Heath Family, 386. trionum, 366. 


A480 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Hickory, Black, 274, 275. Hoop Ash, 390. 

Shell-bark, 278. Hop, 290. 

Small-fruited, 274. Medic, 339. 

Swamp, 272. Sedge, 253. 

White-heart, 274. Hop-hornbeam, 281. 

Hicoria alba, 274. Hop-tree, 350. 

cordiformis, 272. Three-leaved, 350. 

microcarpa, 274. Hordeum jubatum, 238. 

ovata, 273. Hornbeam, American, 281. 
hieracifolia, Erechtites, 445. Hornet, 40. 

Hieracium canadense, 425. Hornwort Family, 302. 

gronovuil, 425. Hornwort, 78, 165, 302, 375. 
High Angelica, Great, 379. Horse-gentian, 421. 
High-bush Huckleberry, 387. Horse-mint, 404, 405. 
hirsuta, Arabis, 319. Horse-nettle, 408. 

Hypoxis, 268. Horse-radish, 318. 

Lactuca, 425. Horsehair Snake, 101. 

Polygyra, 74. Horsetail Family, 204. 
Hirsute Sedge, 252. Horsetail, Field, 204. 
hirsutula, Viola, 369. Swamp, 205. 
hirsutus, Helianthus, 440. Horseweed, 426. 
hirta, Lespedeza, 343. Horse-weed, 436. 

Rhus, 353. Hounds-tongue, 399. 

Rudebeckia, 438. Houstonia coerulea, 417. 
Hirudinide, 94. lelonwareel, IDie Jb, Ob, 40. 
Hispid Buttercup, 3138. Huckleberry Family, 387. 

Greenbrier, 268. Huckleberry, Black, 387. 
hispida, Heuchera, 323. Blue, 387. 

Smilax, 268. High-bush, 387. 

Solidago, 430. humifusa, Opuntia, 370. 
hispidus, Ranunculus, 313. humilis, Lymnza, 72. 

Rubus, 333. humistrata, Chamaesyce, 351. 
Hoarhound, Cut-leaved Water, 405. Humped Bladderwort, 196, 414. 

White, 402. Humulus lupulus, 290. 
Hoary Puccoon, 400. Hungarian Grass, 227. 

Vervain, 401. Hunter’s Butterfly, 38. 

Hog Pea-nut, 345. hyalina, Daphnia, 77. 
Holly Family, 354. Leptodora, 77, 107, 108. 
Holly, Mountain, 355. Hybopsis amblops, 43. 

Wild, 355. hybridum, Chenopodium, 297. 
Holy Rose, Marsh, 386. Trifolium, 340. 
Holy-grass, 229. hybridus, Amaranthus, 296. 
Homalocenchrus oryzoides, 229. - Dytiseus, 38, 34. 

virginicus, 229. Hydra oligactis, 99. 

Home of mussels, Lakes and ponds as_ Hydrastis canadensis, 308. 

the, 41. Hydrodictyon reticulatum, 151. 
Honewort, 378. Hydrophyllaceez, 399. 
Honey-bloom, 392. Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, 399. 
Honeysuckle Family, 420. virginianum, 399. 
Hooded Blue Violet, 369. Hydrophyllus, 33. 


Hooked Crowfoot, 312. hydropiper, Persicaria, 295. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


hydropiperoides, Persicaria, 295. 
hyemale, Aplectrum, 271. 
hyemalis, Agrostis, 232. 
Hygrotrechus remigis, 30. 
Hymenoptera, Order, 39. 
Hypericaceex, 366. 
Hypericum cistifolium, 366. 
mutilum, 367. 
punctatum, 366. 
virgatum, 366. 
hypnoides, Eragrostis, 236. 
hypophleas, Heodes, 39. 
Hypopitys lanuginosa, 385. 
Hypoxis hirsuta, 268. 
Hystrix hystrix, 239. 
hystrix, Hystrix, 239. 


Ibidium cernuum, 270. 
gracile, 271. 
Ictalurus anguilla, 80. 
punctatus, 80. 
Ictiobus bubalus, 258. 
idahoense, Pisidium, 74. 
Ilex verticillata, 354. 
llicaceze, 354. 
illinoensis, Meibomia, 343. 
Illinois Tick-trefoil, 343. 
Tll-scented Wake-robin, 267. 
Illustrated Flora, Britton 
Brown’s, 197. 
Ilybius biguttulus, 34. 
Ilyeryptus spinifer, 108. 
Ilysanthes dubia, 410. 
imbecillis, Anodonta, 60. 
immumis spinirostris, Cambarus, 86. 
Impatiens biflora, 349. 
pallida, 349. 
inearnata, Asclepias, 394. 
incesta, Libellula, 17, 26. 
indentata, Polita, 75. 
Indian Bean, Larger, 416. 
Cucumber-root, 266. | 
Hemp, 393. 
Mallow, 365. 
Paint-brush, 413. 
Indian-pipe Family, 384. 
Pipe, 384. 
Plantain, Pale, 446. 
Plantain, Tuberous, 446. 
Turnip, 253. 
Indian-grass, 224. 
indianense, Pisidium, 74. 


and 


31—17618—V ol. 2 


481 


indica, Eleusine, 233. 
Indigo, Large White Wild, 338. 
inexpansa, Calamagrostis, 235. 
inflexus, Cyperus, 240. 
Innocence, 410, 417. 
Insects, 7. 
Insects, Birds feeding on, 35. 
Introduction to, 7. 
Seale, 29. 
insignis, Cotylaspis, 101. 
intacta, Leucorhinia, 15. 
integerrima, Taenidia, 379. 
integra, Physa, 73. 
integrifolium, Silphium, 437. 
Parthenium, 437. 
intensum, Pleurocera subulare, 73. 
interior, Salix, 279. 
intermedia, Drosera, 322. 
Utricularia, 195, 414. 
intermedium, Cosmarium, 153. 
interrogationis, Polygonia, 38, 39. 
interrupta, Arctocorisa, 29. 
Corisas 29> 
Melasoma, 33, 34. 
Interrupted Pondweed, 178. 
interruptus, Potamogeton, 178. 
interstincta, Eleocharis, 188, 241. 
intertextus, Viviparus, 75. 
inundatum, Lycopodium, 207. 
Tonactis linariifolius, 456. 
Ipomoea pandurata, 347, 396. 
irene, Nehalennia, 21. 
Iridacez, 268. 
Iris Family, 268. 
Iris versicolor, 268. 
iris, Lampsilis, 44, 61. 
Iron-weed, Tall, 427. 
Western, 427. 
Iron-wood, 281. 
irritabilis, Opercularia, 98, 99. 
irrorata, Notonecta, 30. 
Ischnura kellicotti, 23. 
verticalis, 23. 
Isnardia palustris, 371. 
Isopods, 78. 
Isopyrum biternatum, 309. 
italica, Chaetochloa, 277. 
Ivy, Ground, 403. 
Poison, 354. 
Three-leaved, 354. 
Ivy-leaved Duckweed, 166, 257. 


482 


Jack-in-the-pulpit, 253. 
Jackson Park, Chicago, 424. 
Japanese Clover, 343. 
jenneri, Spirulina, 1438. 
Jerusalem Oak, 297. 
Jewel-weed Family, 349. 
Jimson-weed, 408. 
Joe-pye Weed, 428. 
Johannsen, Dr. O. A., 7. 
Johnny-jump-up, 369. 
jubatum, Hordeum, 238. 
Judas-tree, American, 337. 
Juday, Chancey, 76, 105, 113. 
Juglandacesx, 272. 
Juglans cinerea, 272. 
nigra, 272. 
Juncacee, 261. 
juncea, Solidago, 431. 
junceus, Aster, 434. 
Juncoides campestre, 262. 
Juncus acuminatus, 262. 
brachyearpus, 262. 
bufonius, 261. 
canadensis, 262. 
effusus, 261. 
nodatus, 262. 
tenuis, 261. 
June-berry, 335. 
June-grass, 237. 
Juniperus virginiana, 209. 
junius, Anax, 24, 25. 


kalmii, Lobelia, 423. 
Kalm’s Lobelia, 4238. 
Kankakee marshes, 258, 295. 
Kankakee River, 42, 51, 56, 78, 285, 
366. 
Kansas Tumbleweed, 297. 
Katydids, 27, 28. 
Keithsburg, IIll., 349. 
Kellicott, Claus and, 79. 
kellicotti, Ischnura, 23. 
Kellogg, Prof. Vernon L., 31. 
Kentucky Blue-grass, 237. 
Coffee-tree, 338. 
Ketmia, Bladder, 366. 
Kewanna, Ind., 209. 
Kidney-leaved Crowfoot, 312. 
King-nut, Big, 275. 
kirklandi, Ancylus, 73. 
Kneiffia pumila, 373 


ole. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Knot-grass, 293. 
Knotweed, Erect, 293. 
Slender, 2983. 
Virginia, 294. 
Knotted Spike-rush, 188, 241. 
Knox, Ind., 297, 298, 390. 
Kochia scoparia, 297. 
Koellia flexuosa, 405. 
virginiana, 405. 
Krigia virginica, 423. 
Kuetzingianum, Coelosphaerium, 142. 
Kyllinga, Low, 239. 
pumila, 239. 


Labiate, 402. 
Labidesthes sieculus, 100. 
Labrador Pine, 207. 
labrusea, Vitis, 362. 
labyrinthica, Strobilops, 75. 
Lace Bug, 30. 
Plant, 381. 
Queen Anne’s, 381. 
lacera, Blephariglottis, 270. 
lacerata, Tramea, 24, 26. 
Lacinaria pyconostrachya, 429. 
seariosa, 429. 
spicata, 429. 
laciniata, Dentaria, 320. 
Rudbeckia, 438. 
lacustrinum, Pisidium, 74. 
lacustris, Ceriodaphnia, 107. 
Epischura, 107. 
Lactuca hirsuta, 425. 
spicata, 425. 
villosa, 425. 
virosa, 424. 
lactuosa, Libellula, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18. 
lactuosus, Gryllus assimilis, 29. 
Ladona exusta, 26. 
Lady-fern, 203. 
Ladies’-slipper, Showy, 269. 
Ladies’-tresses, Nodding, 270. 
Lady’s Thumb, 294. 
laevigata, Arabis, 319. 
Dasystoma, 412. 
laevigatum, Equisetum, 206. 
levigatus, Pisidium compressum, 74. 
laevis, Aster, 434. 
Bidens, 441. 
Lake Amelia, Minn., 47. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 483 


Lake, Bass, 18, 14, 17, 42, 56, 65, 112, lanuginosa, Hypopitys, 285. 
116, 184, 245, 260, 275, 288, 305, lapathifolia, Persicaria, 294. 


32), Gel, che, Bie, 4sul, dae. Lappula lappula, 399. 
Champlain, 70, 79. virginiana, 400. 
Chapman, 112. lappula, Lappula, 399. 
Cedar, 56, 198. Larch, American, 208. 
Center, 56. Large Blue-fiag, 268. 

Cicott, 305. Button-snakeroot, 429. 
County, Ind., 193. Crab-grass, 224. 
Deedes, Ho, 1s, hl PG BRB. Rol Cranberry, 387. 

PADIS, Bi), Bel), 4alat. Panacled Sedge, 250. 
English, 42. Spotted Spurge, 351. 
Erie, 65. White Wild Indigo, 338. 
Fletcher, 189, 240, 244, 248, 408. Yellow Pond Lily, 304. 
Pepin, Minn., 42. Large-bracted Plantain, 417. 
Phalen, 30. Tick-trefoil, 342. 
Pokegama, Minn., 65, 113, 167. Verbena, 401. 

Pretty, 42, 56. Large-flowered Bellwort, 266. 
Tippecanoe, 62, 72. Sensitive Pea, 338. 
Upper Fish, 56, 63. Large-leaved Aster, 433. 
Winona, 310, 311. Pondweed, 171, 212. 
Lake-of-the-Woods, 56, 112, 200, 209, Large-mouthed Black Bass, 11, 80. 
261, 288, 305, 360, 4438. Large-toothed Aspen, 376. 
Lakes and ponds as the home of Mus- Larger Bur-marigold, 441. 

sels, 41. Indian Bean, 416. 

Lakes, Fish, 325. Mouse-ear Chickweed, 300. 


Twin, 13, 14, 16, 17, 37, 42, 49, 56, laricina, Larix, 208. 
65, 111, 112, 180, 247, 258, 276, Larix laricina, 208. 


305, 318, 376, 414. Late Golden-rod, 431. 
Lamb’s Quarters, 297. Purple Aster, 433. 
Lampsilis fallaciosa, 63. lateriflora, Scutellaria, 402. 

glans, 44. Lathyrus palustris, 344. 
iris, 44, 61. venosus, 344. 
luteola, 34, 45, 46, 48, 65, 101, 149. latifolia, Sagittaria, 219. 
luteola, food of, 67. Silene, 300. 
multiradiata, 48, 71. Typha, 191, 210. 
subrostrata, 44, 63. latum, Cosmarium, 152. 
subrostrata, food of, 64. Lauracee, 315. 
ventricosa, 48, 49, 69. Laurel Family, 315. 
Lampyrids, 34. Lead-plant, 341. 
lanatum, Heracleum, 378. Leaf, Velvet, 365. 
Lance-leaved Violet, 369. Leather-flower, 314. 
lanceolata, Pedicularis, 413. Leather-leaf, 386. 
Plantago, 417. Leather-wood, 370. 
Viola, 369. Lechea minor, 368. 
lanceolatum, cirsium, 446. lecontei, Psephenus, 33, 34. 
Land Flora, 124. Leeches, 87. 
Introduction to, 124. Leek, Wild, 262. 
Land Mollusks, 74. Lecticula resupinata, 415. 
landsboroughii, Gidogonium, 157. Lefevre and Curtis, 41. 


lanuginosa, Carex, 253. leidyi, Meyenia, 104. 


484 


Lemnacez, 256. 

Lemna minor, 167, 258. 
perpusilla, 167, 258. 
trisulea, 166, 257. 

lentago, Viburnum, 420. 

Lentibulariacee, 413. 

Leontodon taraxacum, 424. 

Leonurus cardiaca, 404. 

Lepidium virginicum, 318. 

Lepidoptera, Order, 37. 

Lepomis pallidus, 80. 

leporella, Scrophularia, 409. 

leptalea, Carex, 251. 

Leptamnium virginianum, 415. 

Leptandra virginica, 412. 

Leptilon canadense, 436. 

Leptodora hyalina, 77, 107, 108. 

leptostachya, Phryma, 415. 

leptostachys, Lobelia, 423. 

Lespedeza capitata, 343. 
hintass4ee 
striata, 343. 
violacea, 343. 
virginica, 343. 

Lesser Bladderwort, 196, 414. 
Duckweed, 167, 258. 
Panicled Sedge, 250. 

Lestes congener, 26. 
forcipatus, 20. 
unguiculatus, 19. 
vigilax, 20. 

Leticula resupinata, 192. 

Lettuce, Hairy-veined Blue, 425. 
Prickly, 424. 

Tall Blue, 425. 
White, 425. 

leucantha, Baptisia, 338. 

leucanthemum, Chrysanthemum, 445. 

leuchtenbergianum, Diaphanosoma, 

ie 

leuckarti, Cyclops, 77, 107. 

leucophaea, Blephariglottis, 270. 

Leucorhinia intacta, 15. 

Libellula cyanea, 17, 26. 
incesta, 17, 26. 
lactuosa, 153, 16.1 7 als, 
pulchella, 11, 16, 26. 
quadrimaculata, 17. 

Libythea bachmani, 39. 

Lichen, Bearded, 376. 

liebleinii, Schizomeris, 156. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Life Everlasting, Fragrant, 437. 
Liliacezw, 262. 
Lilium canadense, 263. 
superbum, 263, 264. 
umbellatum, 263. 
Lily Family, 262. 
Lily Family, Water, 304. 
Lily, Large Yellow Pond, 178, 304. 
Pond, 180. 
Sweet-scented White Water, 
305. 

Turks-cap, 264. 

Western Red, 263. 

Wild Yellow, 263. 
Lily-of-the-valley Family, 265: 
Lily-of-the-valley, False, 265. 
limi, Umbra, 258. 
Limnanthacee, 349. 
Limodorum tuberosum, 270. 
limosa, Amnicola, 73. 

porata, Amnicola, 73. 
Linacee, 349. 

Linaria canadensis, 409. 

linaria, 409. 
linaria, Linaria, 409. 
linariifolius, Ionactis, 436. 
Linden Family, 364. 

Linden, American, 364. 
Linear-leaved Willow-herb, 372. 
lineare, Epilobium, 372. 
lineatus, Scirpus, 248. 
Linseed, 349. 

Linum usitatissium, 349. 
Liparis loeselii, 271. 
Liquidambar styraciflua, 325. 
Liquorice, Wild, 419. 
Liriodendron tulipifera, 305. 
Lithospermum canescens, 400. 

ecarolinense, 400. 

Little River, 78. 
Live-forever, 322. 
Liver-leaf, Round-lobed, 310. 
Liverwort, Round-lobed, 310. 

Sharp-lobed, 311. 
livescens, Goniobasis, 73. 
Livid Willow, 280. 
livida, Comandra, 291. 
lividus, Gomphus, 25. 
Lizard-tail Family, 272. 
Lizard’s-tail, 272. 
lobata, Micrampelis, 421. 


180, 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 485 


Lobeliacew, 423. Low Hairy Ground-cherry, 407. 
Lobelia Family, 423. Kyllinga, 239. 
Lobelia cardinalis, 423. Nut-rush, 249. 

kalmii, 423. Rose, 333. 

leptostachys, 423. Spear-grass, 236. 

syphilitica, 4238. Low-running Blackberry, 332. 

Great, 423. lubrica, Cochlicopa, 75. 

Kalm’s, 423. Tetraspora, 149. 

Spiked, 4258. lucens, Potamogeton, 176. 
Locust, Dog-day, 31. lucida, Salix, 279. 
Locust-tree, 341. luctuosa, Libellula, 16. 
loeselii, Liparis, 271. Ludwigia alternifolia, 372. 
Loesel’s Twayblade, 271. polycarpa, 372. 
Logansport, Ind-, 189, 271. Many-fruited, 372. 
longatum, CGidogonium, 157. Lupine, Wild, 339. 
Long-branched Frostweed, 367. Lupinus perennis, 339. 
Long-fruited Anemone, 310. lupulina, Carex, 253. 
Long-leaved Pondweed, 176, 213. Medicago, 339. 

Rush-grass, 231. lupulus, Humulus, 290. 

Stitchwort, 300. lustrica, Amnicola, 73. 
Long-spurred Violet, 370. luteola, Lampsilis, 34, 45, 46, 48, 49, 
Long-stalked False Pimpernel, 410. 65, 101. 
longifolia, Alsine, 300. lutescens, Riccia, 380. 
longipennis, Pachydiplax, 16. lutetiana, Circaea, 374. 
longipes, Emesa, 30. Lycenopsis pseudargiolus, 39. 
longissima, Synedra, 164. Lycopodiacex, 207. 
longistylis, Washingtonia, 378. Lycopodium inundatum, 207. 
Lonicera oblongifolia, 421. Lycopus americanus, 405. 
Looking-glass, Venus’, 422. lydia, Plathemis, 18. 
Loosestrife Family, 370. Lymnea dalli, 72. 
Loosestrife, False, 372. danielsi, 72. 

Bulb-bearing, 388. desidiosa, 72. 

Fringed, 388. humilis, 72. 

Swamp, 191, 370. obrussa exigua, 72. 

Tufted, 389. palustris, 72. 

Whorled, 388. Lyngbya estuarii, 144. 

Wing-angled, 371. Lysimachia quadrifolia, 388. 
Lopseed Family, 416. terrestris, 388. 

Lopseed, 416. Lythracee, 370. 

Lost Lake, Aquatic Plants of, 192. Lythrum alatum, 371. 
louisvillensis, Goniobasis, 73. 

Lousewort, 413. macrocarpa, Quercus, 286. 

Swamp, 413. macrocarpus, Oxycoccus, 387. 
Love Vine, 397. macroceras, Ceratium, 97. 
Love-grass, Pursh’s, 235. macrorhiza, Utricularia, 198, 414. 

Small Tufted, 234. maculata, Calopteryx, 18. 

Smooth Creeping, 236. Chamaesyce, 351. 

Strong-scented, 234. Cicuta, 381. 

Low Blueberry, 387. Cymbella, 163. 
Birch) 28e. maculatum, Geranium, 348. 


Cyperus, 240. maculosus, Argulus, 79. 


486 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Mad-dog Skulleap, 402. Marrubium vulgare, 402. 
Madder Family, 417. Marsh Arrow-grass, 219. 
Madder, Wild, 419. Bed-straw, Stiff, 419. 
magma, Gloeocapsa, 141. Bellflower, 422. 

Magnolia Family, 305. Cinquefoil, 330. 

Magnoliacee, 305. Foxtail, 231. 

Maiden-hair Fern, 205. Holy Rose, 886. 

mainense, Pisidium, 74. Milkwort, Cross-leaved, 350. 

major, Eragrostis, 235. Muhlenbergia, 230. 
Oscillatoria, 144: Purslane, 371. 

Plantago, 416. Shield-fern, 201. 
majuscula, Spirogyra, 154. St. John’s-wort, 367. 
Malacex, 334. Skulleap, 402. 

Mallard, 295. Speedwell, 411. 

Mallow-Family, 364. Trefoil, 392. 

Mallow, Common, 364. Vetchling, 344. 

European, 365. Water-cress, 317. 

False, 365. Marsh, Prof. C. Dwight, 107. 

Indian, 365. Marsh-grass, Tall, 233. 
Malus glaucescens, 334. Marsh-marigold, 309. 

malus, 334. Marshes, Kankakee, 295. 
malus, Malus, 334. Maryland Figwort, 409. 
Malvacee, 364. marylandica, Meibomia, 348. 
Malva alcea, 365. Sanicula, 377. 

rotundifolia, 364. Scrophularia, 409. 
Man-of-the-earth, 396. mas, Cornus, 324. 
Mandrake, Wild, 315. Mat-rush, 185, 246. 

Mann, Dr. Albert, 140, 161. Maumee River, 49, 62, 78, 118, 361. 

Manna-grass, Floating, 237. Maxinkuckee Mussels, 42. 
Nerved, 237. May Apple, 315. 

Many-flowered Agrimony, 331. May-flies, 8. 

Many-fruited Ludwigia, 372. Mayflower, 386. 

Maple Family, 356. Mayweed, 444. 

Maple, Ash-leaved, 360. meadia, Dodecatheon, 389. 
Hard, 360. Meadow Bitter-cress, 320. 
Red, 359. Blue Violet, 369. 

Silver, 356. Sedge, 252. 

Soft, 356. Meadow-beauty Family, 371. 

Sugar, 360. Meadow-beauty, 371. 

Water, 356. Meadow-grass, Annual, 236. 

White, 356. Fowl, 236. 

Maple-leaved Arrow-wood, 420. Meadow-parsnip, Cut-leaved, 379. 
Gocsefoot, 297. Early, 379. 

marcellus, Papilio, 38. Hairy-jointed, 379. 

marginatus, Pupoides, 75. Meadow-rue, Early, 318. 

Marigold, Water, 178, 443. Fall, 314. 

marilandica, Cassia, 337. Purplish, 313. 

mariscoides, Mariscus, 196, 249. Meadow-sweet, 329. 

Mariscus mariscoides, 196, 249. Medeola virginiana, 266. 

maritima, Triglochin, 219. media, Alsine, 299. 


marmoratus, Hzemopis, 94. medianum, Pisidium, 74. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Medic, Black, 339. 
Hop, 339. 
Medicago lupulina, 339. 
Megalodonta beckii, 4438. 
Meibomia bracteosa, 342. 
canadensis, 3438. 
grandiflora, 342. 
illinoensis, 343. 
marylandica, 345. 
michauxii, 342. 
nudiflora, 342. 
paniculata, 342. 
sessilifolia, 342. 
melanocarpa, Aronia, 354. 
Melanoplus atlanis, 29. 
bivittatus, 28, 29. 
differentialis, 28, 29. 
fasciatus, 29. 
femur-rubrum, 28, 29. 
Melasoma interrupta, 33, 34. 
Melastomacee, 371. 
Melilotus alba, 339. 
officinalis, 340. 
Melosira crenulata, 164. 
varians, 164. 
Menispermacez, 315. 
Menispermum canadense, 315. 
Mentha canadensis, 406. 
piperita, 406. 
spicata, 406. 
Menyanthacee, 392. 
Menyanthes trifoliata, 392. 


meridionalis, Chironomus, 36. 
Merismopedia glauca, 142. 
Mermaid Family, False, 349. 
Mermaid, False, 349. 
Mermaid-weed, 374. 
Mesadenia atriplicifolia, 446. 
tuberosa, 446. 
mexicana, Muhlenbergia, 230. 
Meyenia leidyi, 104. 
Mezereum Family, 370. 
Micasterias truncata semiradiata, 
153. 
michauxiana, Spartina, 235. 
michauxii, Meibomia, 342. 
Micrampelis lobata, 421. 
micrantha, Hemicarpha, 248. 
Micranthes pennsylvanica, 323. 
microcarpa, Hicoria, 274. 


Mercury, Virginia Three-seeded, 351. 


microcarpon, Panicum, 226. 
Microcystis aeruginosa, 141. 
Microgaster, 40. 

Micromya fabalis, 72. 
microphylla, nymphaea, 305. 
microporum, Ceelastrum, 151. 
micropteri, Achtheres, 82. 


A487 


Micropterus salmoides, 14, 18, 80, 82, 


100. 

dolomieu, 80, 82. 
microscopica, Wolffia, 259. 
Microthamnion, 155. 
Midas’ Ears, 255. 

Mild Water Pepper, 295. 
miliacea, Zizaniopsis, 228. 
militaris, Hibiscus, 366. 
milium, Pisidium, 74. 
Milk Purslane, 351. 

Vetch, Carolina, 341. 
Milkweed Family, 395. 
Milkweed, 37. 

Blunt-leaved, 394. 

Butterfly, 37. 

Common, 394. 

Florida, 396. 

Green, 396. 

Poke, 394. 

Swamp, 394. 

alli ao4- 

Whorled, 395. 

Milkwort Family, 350. 
Milkwort, Cross-leaved, 350. 

Field, 350. 

Marsh, 350. 

Purple, 350. 

Racemed, 351. 

Whorled, 350. 
millefolium, Achillea, 444. 
Millet, 227. 

Mimulus ringens, 410. 
minimum, Tetraedron, 150. 
minor, Lechea, 368. 

Lemna, 167, 258. 

Vinea, 392. 

Utricularia, 196, 414. 
Mint Family, 402. 

Mint, American Wild, 406. 
minus, Arctium, 446. 
minusculus, Zonitoides, 75. 
Minute Duckweed, 167, 258. 
minutus, Diaptomus, 107. 


488 


mirabile, Spirogyra, 154. 

Mississippi River, 49, 80. 

Mississippi sloughs, 63, 78. 

Missouri River, 206. 

Mitchella repens, 418. 

Mitella diphylla, 328. 

Mitre-wort, Two-leaved, 323. 

Mocker-nut, 274, 275. 

moesta putrida, Argia, 20. 

Mole Crickets, 29. 

mollis, Agrimonia, 331. 
Crataegus, 335. 
Helianthus, 440. 

Mollugo verticillata, 299. 

Mollusks, 41. 

Mollusks, Fresh-water, 72. 
Land, 74. 
other than Unionide, 72. 

Monarda fistulosa, 404. 
punctata, 405. 

Moneywort, Prairie, 388. 

moniliferum, Pleurocera, 73. 

monilis, Ablabesmyia, 36. 
Tanypus, 36. 

Monkey-flower, Square-stemmed, 410. 

monodactyla, Nitella, 160. 

monodon, Polygyra, 74. 

Monotropacex, 384. 

Monotropa uniflora, 384. 

monspeliensis, Potentilla, 330. 

montifera, Placobdella, 94. 

Moonseed Family, 315. 

Moonseed, 315. 

Moore, Dr. George T., 87, 89, 140, 

158. 

Moorwort, 386. 

Moose-wood, 370. 

Moracez, 289. 

Morning-glory Family, 396. 

Morong, Rev. Thomas, 182. 

morsei, Vertigo, 75. 

Morus alba, 289. 

alba tartarica, 289. 

rubra, 289. 

Mosely, Prof. H. N., 195. 

Mossback, 443. 

Mossy-cup Oak, 286. 

Motherwort, 404. 

Moths, 37. 

Mougeotia, 154. 

Mt. Etna, Ind., 83. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Mountain Holly, 355. 
Sumac, 353. 
Mountain-mint, 405. 
Narrow-leaved, 405. 
Mourning’ Cloak, 38. 
Mouse-ear Chickweed, Large, 300. 
Movements of Mussels, 45. 
Mucket, Fat, 65. 
mucronata, Nemopanthus, 355. 
Nitella, 160. 
Mud Lake, 193. 
Mud-minnow, 258. 
Muhlenbergia, Marsh, 230. 
mexicana, 230. 
racemosa, 230. 
schreberi, 230. 
umbrosa, 230. 
muhlenbergii, Persicaria, 294. 
Quercus, 287. 
Mulberry Family, 289. 
Mulberry, Red, 289. 
Russian, 289. 
Mullein-leaved Verbena, 401. 
Mullen, Great, 409. 
multilineata, Polygyra, 74. 
algonquinensis, Polygyra, 74. 
multiradiata, Lampsilis, 48, 71. 
muscorum, Pupilla, 75. 
Musculium rosaceum, 73. 
ryckholti, 74. 
securis, 74. 
transversum, 74. 
truncatum, 74. 
Musk Turtle, 99. 
Musquash Root, 381. 
Mussels, Breeding habits and repro- 
duction of, 48. 
Food and feeding of, 45. 
Lakes and ponds as the home of, 41. 
Distribution of the lake, 44. 
Movements of, 45. 
Origin and character of, 42. 
Parasites, enemies, and diseases, 49. 
Mustard Family, 317. 
Mustard, Hedge, 319. 
Tall Hedge, 319. 
mutata, Eleocharis, 188, 241. 
muticum, Cirsium, 447. 
mutilum, Hypericum, 367. 
Myosotis virginica, 400. 
Myricacez, 275. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 489 


myrina, Brenthis, 39. 

Myriophyllum heterophyllum, 375. 
proserapinacoides, 375. 
spicatum, 196, 374, 375. 
verticillatum, 175, 375. 

Myrtle, Blue, 392. 

Myxonema radians, 155. 


Nabalus albus, 425. 

racemosus, 426. 

trifoliolatus, 426. 
Naiadaceez, 218. 
Naias Family, 218. 
Naias flexilis, 184, 218. 

flexilis robusta, 173. 

Slender, 184, 218. 

Stout, 173. 
Naked-flowered Tick-trefoil, 342. 
nana, Padus, 336. 
napus, Brassica, 321. 
Narrow Dock, 292. 
Narrow-leaved Mountain-mint, 405. 

Spleenwort, 203. 
nasturtium-aquaticum, Sisymbrium, 

188, 318. 
natalis, Ameiurus, 79, 80. 
natans, Potamogeton, 31, 177, 211, 
294. 

Rieciocarpus, 168. 

Rivularia, 142. 
Naumburgia thyrsiflora, 389. 
Navicula gastrum, 163. 

reinhardtii, 163. 
naviculifornis, Cymbella, 163. 
nebulosus, Ameiurus, 79, 80. 
Necklace Poplar, 278. 
Needham, Dr. J. G., 18. 
Needle Spike-rush, 189, 242. 
Needles, Spanish, 442. 
negundo, Acer, 360. 
Nebalennia irene, 21. 

posita, 22. 
Nemopanthus mucronata, 355. 
nemoralis, Solidago, 431. 
Neoconocephalus robustus, 28, 29. 
Nepeta cataria, 402. 
nepetoides, Agastache, 402. 
nephele, Cercyonis alope, 39. 
nervata, Panicularia, 237. 
Nerved Manna-grass, 237. 
Nettle Family, 290. 


Nettle, Canada, 290. 
False, 291. 

Great, 290. 

Hedge, 404. 

Slender Wild, 290. 

Stinging, 290. 

Tall Wild, 290. 

Wood, 290. 
Nettle-leaved Vervain, 401. 
New England Aster, 434. 
New Jersey Tea, 362. 
New York Fern, 201. 
nictitans, Chamaecrista, 337. 
Niggerhead, Flat, 51. 
Nightshade, Bitter, 408. 

Black, 407. 

Deadly, 407. 

Enchanter’s, 374. 
nigra, Betula, 283. 

Fraxinus, 390. 

Juglans, 272. 

Srallibs, Prey 
nigrum, Solanum, 407. 
Nimblewill, 230. 
Ninebark, 329. 

Nitella, 182. 
batrachosperma, 160. 
monodactyla, 160. 
mucronata, 160. 
tenuissima, 160, 183. 

nitida, Crataegus, 335. 

nitidus, Zonitoides, 75. 

nivicola, Achorutes, 7. 

Noble Golden-rod, 430. 

nodatus, Juncus, 262. 

Nodding Bur-marigold, 441. 
Fescue-grass, 238. 
Ladies’-tresses, 270, 271. 
Sedge, 253. 

Wild Onion, 2638. 

Wild Rye, 239. 

Norta altissima, 319. 

Northern Bedstraw, 419. 
Comandra, 291. 
Fox-grape, 362. 
Gooseberry, 326. 

Nostoe verrucosum, 148. 

Notonectidz, 30. 

Notonecta irrorata, 30. 
undulata, 30. 

novae-angliae, Aster, 434. 


490 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


noveboracensis, Dryopterus, 201. 


nove-boracensis, Pisidium, 74. 
nudicaulis, Aralia, 315, 376. 
nudiflora, Meibomia, 342. 
numitor, Ancyloxypha, 39. 
nutans, Festuca, 238. 
Sorghastrum, 224. 
Nut-rush, Low, 249. 
Nympheacee, 304. 
Nymphea advena, 178, 504. 
microphylla, 305. 
sagittaefolia, 305. 
Nyssa sylvatica, 383. 


Oak, Bur, 286. 

Chestnut, 287. 

Chinquapin, 287. 

Jerusalem, 297. 

Mossy-cup, 286. 

Pin, 284. 

Push, 286. 

Red, 284. 

Swamp, 284. 

Swamp White, 287. 

White, 286. 

Yellow, 287. 

Yellow-barked, 285. 
Oat-grass, Common Wild, 233. 
obliqua, Succinea, 75. 
obliquum, Botrychium, 197. 
obliquus, Scenedesmus, 150. 
oblongifolia, Lonicera, 421. 
obovatus, Euonymus, 355. 
obrussa exigua, Lymnea, 72. 
obscura, Gomphoides, 25. 
obtusa, Eleocharis, 242. 

Synedra, 164. 
obtusifolium, Gnaphalium, 437. 
obtusifolius, Rumex, 293. 
occidentale, Sphzrium, 73. 
occidentalis, Celtis, 289. 

Cephalanthus, 417. 

Helianthus, 439. 

Platanus, 327. 

Rubus, 331. 
octoflora, Festuca, 238. 
oculatus, Alaus, 34. 

Gelostocoris, 30. 
Odonata, Order, 10. 
odontorhiza, Corallorrhiza, 271. 
odorata, Castalia, 305. 


odorata, Savastana, 229. 

Oenothera biennis, 372. 

Cdogonium boscii, 156. 
landsboroughil, 157. 
longatum, 157. 

officinale, Cynoglossum, 399. 
Erysimum, 319. 

officinalis, Asparagus, 265. 
Melilotus, 340. 

Saponaria, 301. 

Oleaceex, 389. 

oleracea, Portulaca, 299. 

oligactis, Hydra, 99. 

olivacea, Eleocharis, 242. 

olivaceum, Gomphonema, 163. 

Olive Family, 389. 

Onagracee, 371. 

Oncopeltus fasciatus, 31. 

Onion, Nodding Wild, 263. 

Onoclea sensibilis, 200. 

Opercularia irritabilis, 98, 99. 

Ophioglossacez, 197. 

Ophyrydium, 99. 

Opulaster opulifolius, 329. 

opulifolius, Opulaster, 329. 

Opuntia humifusa, 370. 

Orache, Halberd-leaved, 298. 

Orange-grass, 367. 

Orchard-grass, 236. 

Orchidacez, 269. 

Orchid Family, 269. 

Orchis, Fen, 271. 
Green-fringed, 270. 
Ragged, 270. 

Showy, 269. 
Yellow-fringed, 269. 
Order, Aptera, 7. 
Coleoptera, 33. 
Diptera, 35. 
Ephemerida, 48. 
Hemiptera, 29. 
Hymenoptera, 39. 
Lepidoptera, 37. 
Odonata, 10. 
Orthoptera, 27. 
Trichoptera, 31. 
oregonensis, Diaptomus, 77. 
Origin and character of Maxinkuckee 
Mussels, 42. 
Ornithogalum umbellatum, 264. 
Orobanchacee, 415. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Orpine Family, 322. 
Orthoptera, Order, 27. 
oryzoides, Homalocenchrus, 229. 
Oscillatoria major, 144. 
tenuis, 148. 
Osmundacee, 199. 
Osmunda cinnamomea, 199. 
claytoniana, 200. 
regalis, 199. 
Ostrya virginiana, 281. 
ovalis, Amphora, 163. 
ovata, Hicoria, 273. 
Ovate-leaved Violet, 369. 
Oxalidacez, 348. 
Ox-eye, 437. 
Ox-eye Daisy, 445. 
oxyacanthoides, Grossularia, 326. 
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 387. 
Oxypolis rigidus, 379. 


Pachydiplax longipennis, 16. 
Padus nana, 336. 
virginiana, 337. 
Paint-brush, Indian, 413. 
Painted-cup, Scarlet, 413. 
Palaemonetes exilipes, 78. 
Pale Persicaria, 294. 
Plantain, 446. 
Touch-me-not, 349. | 
Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower, 440. 
pallens, Sphenopholis, 236. 
pallida, Impatiens, 349. 
pallidus, Lepomis, 80. 
palmata, Coreopsis, 440. 
Viola, 368. 
palustre, Comarum, 330. 
palustris, Caltha, 309. 
DimcasmrenO: 
Eleocharis, 189, 242. 
glaucescens, Eleocharis, 189. 
Isnardia, 371. 
Lathyrus, 344. 
Proserpinaca, 374. 
Quercus, 284. 
Radicula, 317. 
Scheuchzeria, 219. 
Stachys, 404. 
Panax quinquefolium, 376. 
trifolium, 377. 
pandurata, Ipomoea, 347, 396. 
Panic-grass, Barbed, 226. 


Panic-Grass, Seribner’s, 226. 
Velvety, 227. 

Panicled Cornel, 382. 
Tick-trefoil, 342. 

Panicularia nervata, 237. 
septentrionalis, 237. 

paniculata, Meibomia, 342. 

Panicum ecapillare, 225. 
microcarpon, 226. 
scoparium, 227. 
scribnerianum, 226. 
virgatum, 226. 

Tall Smooth, 226. 
Papaveracee, 317. 
Paper-shell, 60. 

Papilio glaucus turnus, 38. 
marcellus, 38. 
polyxenes, 38. 
troilus, 38. 

papilionacea, Viola, 369. 

paradoxa, Cuscuta, 397. 

parallelus, Helicodiscus, 75. 

Parasites, Copepod, 79. 


491 


Enemies and diseases of Mussels, 


49. 
Parasitic Copepods, 77. 
parasitica, Placobdella, 92. 
parietina, Prasiola, 155. 
Parks, Chicago, 324. 
Washington, D. C., 324. 
Parnassiacez, 323. 
Parnassia caroliniana, 323. 
Parrot’s Feather, 375. 
Parsnip, Hairy-jointed Meadow, 
Wild, 378. 
Parthenium integrifolium, 437. 
Parthenocissus quinquefolia, 365. 
Partridge Pea, 338. 
Partridge-berry, 418. 
parva, Dina, 95. 
parviflora, Agrimonia, 331. 
Galinsoga, 444. 
parvus, Planorbis, 73. 
Pastinaca sativa, 378. 
Pasture Rose, 333. 
patens, Aster, 433. 
patula, Solidago, 430. 
pauciflora, Strophostyles, 348. 
paupercula, Agalinis, 412. 
pauperculum, Pisidium, 74. 
crystalense, Pisidium, 74. 


379. 


492 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


pauperculus, Senecio, 446. perennans, Agrostis, 232. 

Pawpaw, 306. perennis, Lupinus, 339. 

Pea Family, 338. Perethemis domitia, 13. 

Pea, Large-flowered Sensitive, 338. perfoliata, Specularia, 422. 
Partridge, 338. perfoliatum, Eupatorium, 428. 
Sensitive, 337. Triosteum, 421. 

Veiny, 344. perfoliatus, Potamogeton, 175, 214. 
Pea-nut, Hog, 345. Peridinium tabulatum, 97. 

Wild, 345. Periwinkle, 392. 

Peach Family, 336. perpusilla, Lemna, 167, 258. 

Peach, 337. persica, Amygdalus, 337. 

Peach-leaved Dock, 292. Persicaria amphibia, 294. 
Willow, 279. hydropiper, 295. 

Pear, Western Prickly, 370. hydropiperoides, 295. 

pectinatus, Potamogeton, 174, 216. lapathifolia, 294. 

pectorale, Gonium, 152. muhlenbergii, 294. 

pedata, Viola, 368. pennsylvaniea, 294. 

pedatum, Adiantum, 203. persicaria, 294. 

Pediastrum boryanum, 151. persicaroides, 295. 
duplex, 151. punctata, 295. 
ehrenbergii, 151. Dock-leaved, 294. 

pedicellaris, Salix, 281. Pale, 294. 

pedicularia, Dasystoma, 412. Pennsylvania, 294. 

Pedicularis canadensis, 413. Southwestern, 295. 
lanceolata, 413. Swamp, 294. 

Peltandra virginica, 254. Water, 294. 

peltatum, Podophyllum, 315. persicaria, Persicaria, 294. 

Pennsylvania Bitter-cress, 320. persicaroides, Persicaria, 295. 
Persicaria, 294. persius, Thanaos, 39. 
Saxifrage, 323. perspecta, Pyramidula, 75. 
Sedge, 251. pestifer, Salsola, 298. 

pennsylvanica, Cardamine, 320. Phalaris arundinacea, 229. 
Carex, 251. Phalen Lake, Minn., 30. 
Fraxinus, 389. Philadelphia Fleabane, 435. 
Micranthes, 323. philadelphicus, Erigeron, 435. 
Persicaria, 294. philodice, Eurymis, 39. 
Photuris, 34. Philotria canadensis, 174, 221. 

Pennyroyal, 405. Phleum pratense, 231. 

Penthoraceer, 323. Phlox Family, 398. 

Penthorum sedoides, 323. divaricata, 398. 

Pepin Lake, Minn., 42. pilosa, 398. 

Pepper, Mild Water, 295. Downy, 398. 

Water, 295. Wild, 398. 
Pepper-and-salt, 379. Photuris pennsylvanica, 34. 
Pepper-grass, Wild, 318. Phragmites phragmites, 234. 
Peppermint, 406. phragmites, Phragmites, 234. 
Perca flavescens, 80. Phrymaceex, 416. 
percarum, Actheres, 81. Phryma leptostachya, 416. 
Perch, Yellow, 80, 100. Phyciodes tharos, 39. 
peregrina, Comptonia, 275. Physa heterostropha, 73. 


Veronica, 411. integra, 73. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 493 


Physalis lanceolata, 407. 
pruinosa, 407. 
pubescens, 407. 
virginiana, 407. 

Phytolaccacex, 298. 

Phytolacca americana, 298. 

Pickerel-weed Family, 260. 

Pickerel-weed, 190, 260. 

Pieris floribunda, 386. 
protodice, 38, 39. 
rape, 37, 39. 

Pig-toe, Wabash, 51. 

Pigeon-grass, 227. 

Pigweed, Slender, 296. 
Winged, 297. 

Pike, Walleyed, 80, 100. 

Pilea pumila, 291. 

pilosa, Eragrostis, 235. 
Phlox, 398. 

pilosum, Galium, 419. 

Pimpernel, 410. 

Pimpernel, Long-stalked False, 410. 
Water, 388. 

Yellow, 379. 

Pin Oak, 284. 

Pin-weed, Thyme-leaved, 368. 

Pincushion, 418. 

Pinacez, 207. 

Pine Family, 207. 

Pine, Gray, 207. 

Labrador, 207. 
Prince’s, 384. 

Pine-sap, Hairy, 384. 

Pineweed, 367. 

Pink Family, 300. 

Pink Wild Bean, 348. 

pinnata, Porella, 418. 
Ratibida, 439. 

pinnatifidum, Thaspium, 379. 

Pinus banksiana, 207. 

Pipe, Indian, 384. 

piperita, Mentha, 406. 

Pipewort Family, 259. 

Pipewort, Seven-angled, 184, 259. 

Pipsissewa, 384. 

Pisidium abditum, 74. 
affine, 74. 
compressum, 74. 
compressum levigatus, 74. 
idahoense, 74. 
indianense, 74. 


Pisidium lacustrinum, 74. 
mainense, 74. 
medianum, 74. 
milium, 74. 
nove-boracense, 74. 
pauperculum, 74. 
pauperculum crystalense, 74. 
politum, 74. 
rotundatum, 74. 
sargenti, 74. 
scutellatum, 74. 
splendidulum, 74. 
strengu, 74. 
subrotundatum, 74. 
tenuissimum, 74. 
variabile, 74. 
vesiculare, 74. 
virginicum, 74. 
walkeri, 74. 
pisiformis, Chetophora, 156. 
Pitcher-plant Family, 321. 
Pitcher-plant, 321. 
Placobdella montifera, 94. 
parasitica, 92. 
rugosa, 93. 
Planarians, 100. 
Plane-tree Family, 327. 
Plankton, 105. 
Plankton, Decrease in, 106. 
Distribution of, 106. 
Plankton Scum, 110. 
Condition of, 112. 
Significance of, 112. 
Plankton-net, Description of, 105. 
Planorbis albus, 73. 
bicarinatus, 72. 
campanulatus, 73. 
exactus, 73. 
parvus, 73. 
trivolvis, 73. 
Plant Lice, 31. 
Plant patches in the lake, 134. 
Plantaginacee, 416. 
plantaginifolia, Antennaria, 456. 
Plantago aristata, 417. 
lanceolata, 417. 
major, 416. 
rugelii, 416. 
Plantain Family, 416. 
Plantain, English, 417. 
Large-bracted, 417. 


494 


Plantain, Pale Indian, 446. 

Poor Robin’s, 435. 

Rugel’s, 416. 

Tuberous Indian, 446. 
Plantain-leaf Everlasting, 436. 
Platanaceez, 327. 

Platanus occidentalis, 327. 
Plathemis lydia, 18. 
Pleurisy-root, 398. 
Pleurocera canaliculatum, 73. 

moniliferum, 73. 

subulare, 73. 

subulare intensum, 73. 

undulatum, 73. 

Pleuroxus procurvatus, 107. 

Plum-grape, 362. 

Plum, Wild Red, 336. 

Plumatella polymorpha, 102. 

Plymouth, Ind., 55, 112, 203, 206, 230, 
Paes le, PATO) PAT AL OAT E" Asis PA PAS Te 
301, 308, 318, 345, 346, 347, 350, 
Stig ASO: 

Poa annua, 236. 

compressa, 237. 

pratensis, 237. 

triflora, 236. 
Pocketbook, 69. 
Podophyllum peltatum, 315. 
Poinsettia dentata, 352. 
Pointed Blue-eyed Grass, 269. 
Pointed-leaved Tick-trefoil, 342. 
Poison Ivy, 354. 

Sumac, 354. 
Poke Milkweed, 394. 
Poke-berry, 298. 
Poke-root, 298. 
Pokegama Lake, Minn., 65, 67, 113. 
Pokeweed Family, 298. 
Polemoniacez, 398. 
Polemonium reptans, 399. 
polifolia, Andromeda, 386. 
Polita hammonis, 75. 

indentata, 75. 
politum, Pisidium, 74. 
pollutum, Enallagma, 26. 
polyecarpa, Ludwigia, 372. 
polydermatica, Gloeocapsa, 141. 
Polygalacezx, 350. 

Polygala cruciata, 350. 

polygama, 351. 

verticillata, 350. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Polygala viridescens, 350. 
polygama, Polygala, 351. 
polygamum, Thalictrum, 314. 
Polygonacee, 292. 
Polygonatum biflorum, 266. 

commutatum, 266. 
Polygonia comma, 38, 39. 

interrogationis, 38, 39. 
Polygonum aviculare, 261, 293. 

erectum, 293. 

tenue, 293. 

Polygyra elevata, 74. 

fraterna, 74. 

hirsuta, 74. 

monodon, 74. 

multilineata, 74. 

multilineata algonquinensis, 74. 

profunda, 74. 

thyroides, 74. 

thyroides bucculenta, 74. 

zaleta, 74. 
polymorpha, Plumatella, 102. 
Polypodiaceez, 200. 
polyrhiza, Spirodela, 166, 256. 
Polystichum acrostichoides, 200. 
polyxenes, Papilio, 38. 
Pomoxis sparoides, 80. 

Pond Crawfish, 84. 

Lily, 180. 

Lily, Large Yellow, 178, 304. 
Pondweed Family, 211. 
Pondweed, Clasping-leaved, 175, 214. 

Common Floating, 177, 211. 

Eel-grass, 169, 215. 

Fennel-leaved, 216. 

Filiform, 170. 

Fries’, 169, 215. 

Interrupted, 178. 

Large-leaved, 171, 213. 

River, 176, 218. 

Robbins’, 170, 217. 

Shining, 176, 214. 

Small, 170, 215. 

Various-leaved, 177, 213. : 

White-stemmed, 214. 
Pontederiacez, 260. 
Pontederia cordata, 190, 260. 
Poor Robin’s Plantain, 435. 
Popcorn, Devil’s, 415. 

Poplar, Downy, 276. 

Necklace, 278. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Poplar, Silver-leaf, 275. 
Swamp, 276. 
White, 275. 
Yellow, 305. 
Poppy Family, 317. 
Populus alba, 275. 
candicans, 275. 
deltoides, 278. 
grandidentata, 376. 
heterophylla, 276. 
tremuloides, 276. 
porata, Amnicola limosa, 73. 
Porcellio scaber, 78. . 
Porcupine-grass, 229. 
Porella pinnata, 418. 
Portulacacee, 299. 
Portulaca oleracea, 299. 
posita, Nehalennia, 22. 


Potamogeton americanus, 176, 213. 


amplifolius, 171, 212. 
compressus, 169, 215. 
filiformis, 170, 216. 
friesii, 169, 215. 
heterophyllus, 177, 213. 
interruptus, 178. 
lucens, 176, 214. 
natans- ol, 177, 20) 294. 
pectinatus, 174, 216. 
perfoliatus, 175, 214. 
praelongus, 214. 
pusillus, 170, 215. 
robbinsii, 170, 217. 
Potamogetons, 312. 
Potato Family, 407. 
Potato, Sweet, 347. 
Wild, 344. 
Vine, Wild, 396. 
Potentilla canadensis, 330. 
monspeliensis, 330. 
Potter-wasp, 40. 
Potts, Edward, 108. 
Poverty-grass, 230. 
praelongus, Potamogeton, 214. 
Prairie Burdock, 487. 
Button-snakeroot, 429. 
Dock, 437. 
Chloris, 233. 
Ground-cherry, 407. 
Moneywort, 388. 
Wake-robin, 267. 
prasinus, Cyclops, 107. 


Prasiola parietina, 155. 
pratense, Phleum, 2351. 
Poa, 237. 
Trifolium, 340. 
preslii, Chamaesyce, 351. 
Pretty Lake, 42, 56, 65. 
Prickly Ash, 350. 
Lettuce, 424. 
Pear, Western, 370. 
Sida, 365. 
Primrose Family, 388. 
Primulacee, 388. 
princeps, Epicordulia, 25. 
Prince’s Pine, 384. 
procumbens, Gaultheria, 387. 
Rubus, 3382. 


Procumbent Wood-sorrel, Yellow, 349. 


procurvatus, Pleuroxus, 107. 
profunda, Polygyra, 74. 
promethea, Callosamia, 39. 
propinquus, Cambarus, 83, 85. 
Proserpinaca palustris, 374. 
proserpinacoides, Floerkea, 349. 
Myriophyllum, 375. 
prostrata, Cymbella, 164. 
Prostrate Amaranth, 296. 
Tick-trefoil, 342. 
protodice, Pieris, 38, 39. 
Protozoans, 95. 
pruinosa, Physalis, 407. 
Prunella vulgaris, 403. 
prunifolium, Viburnum, 420. 
Prunus americana, 336. 
Psephenus lecontei, 33, 34. 
pseudargiolus, Lycnopsis, 39. 
pseudo-acacia, Robinia, 341. 
psilostachya, Ambrosia, 427. 
Psorophora ciliata, 36. 
Ptelea trifoliata, 31, 350. 
Pteridium aquilinum, 203. 
Pterophylla camellifolia, 28, 29. 
pubescens, Physalis, 407. 
Viola, 370. 
Puccoon, Hairy, 400. 
Hoary, 400. 
Puccoon-root, 317. 
pulchella, Vallonia, 75. 
Goniobasis, 73. 
Libellula, 11, 16, 26. 
pulchellus, Erigeron, 435. 
pulegioides, Hedeoma, 405. 


496 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


pulex pulicaria, Daphnia, 107. 
pulicaria, Daphnia, 107. 
pumila, Betula, 283. 
Kyllinga, 239. 
Kneiffia, 373. 
Pilea, 291. 
punctata, Erpobdella, 94. 
Monarda, 405. 
Persicaria, 295. 
Wolffia, 259. 
punctatum, Hypericum, 366. 
punctatus, Ictalurus, 80. 
puniceus, Aster, 434. 
Pupoides marginatus, 75. 
Pupilla muscorum, 75. 
Purple Aster, 434. 
Aster, Late, 4338. 
Bladderwort, 192, 413. 
Cinquefoil, 330. 
Cone-flower, 439. 
Cress, 320. 
Milkwort, 350. 


Purple-leaved Willow-herb, 372. 


Purple-stem Aster, 434. 
Purple-stemmed Angelica, 379. 
Beggar-Ticks, 441. 
Purplish Meadow-Rue, 313. 
Wheat-grass, 238. 
purpurascens, Aristida, 230. 
purpurea, Echinacea, 439. 
Sarracenia, 321. 
Vesiculina, 192, 413. 
purpureum, Eupatorium, 428. 
purshii, Eragrostis, 235. 
Ranunculus, 312. 
Pursh’s Buttercup, 312. 
Love-grass, 235. 
Purslane Family, 299. 
Purslane, Marsh, 371. 
Milk, 351. 
Speedwell, 411. 
Push Oak, 286. 


pusillus, Potamogeton, 170, 215. 


Pussy Willows, 280. 
Put-in-Bay, 54, 258, 422. 
putrida, Argia moesta, 20. 
Putty-root, 271. 

pycnocarpon, Asplenium, 203. 
pycnostachya, Lacinaria, 429. 
pygmea, Bulbochete, 156. 
pylades, Cocceius, 39. 


Pyramidula alternata, 74. 
cronkhitei anthonyi, 74. 
perspectiva, 75. 

Pyrgus tessellata, 39. 

Pyrolaceex, 384. 

Pyrola elliptica, 384. 


quadrangulata, Fraxinus, 390. 
quadratum, Desmidium, 152. 
quadriflorum, Steironema, 388. 
quadrifolia, Lysimachia, 388. 
quadrimaculata, Anopheles, 36. 
Libellula, 17. 
quadripartata, Tokophyra, 99. 
Quadrula coccinea, 44, 51. 
undulata, 44. 
rubiginosa, 44, 51. 
rubiginosa, Food of, 52. 
Quaking Asp, 276. 
Queen Anne’s Lace, 381. 
Quercitron, 285. 
Quercus alba, 286. 
bicolor, 287. 
coccinea, 285. 
macrocarpa, 286. 
muhlenbergii, 287. 
palustris, 284. 
rubra, 284. 
velutina, 285. 
Quick Will, 255. 
quinquefolia, Anemone, 310. 
Gentiana, 391. 
Parthenocissus, 363. 
quinquefolium, Panax, 376. 


Rabbit Tobacco, 444. 
Rabbit-foot Clover, 340. 
Racemed Milkwort, 351. 
racemosa, Aralia, 376. 

Vagnera, 265. 
racemosus, Nabalus, 426. 
radians, Myxonema, 155. 

Synedra, 164. 
radicans, Bignonia, 416. 

Toxicodendron, 354. 
Radicula palustris, 317. 
radula, Solidago, 432. 
Ragged Orchis, 270. 
Ragweed Family, 426. 
Ragweed, 426. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Ragweed, Great, 426. 
Western, 427. 

Rainbow-shell, 61. 

ramosus, Erigeron, 436. 

Ranatra fusca, 30. 

Ranunculaceex, 308. 

Ranunculus, abortivus, 312. 
bulbosus, 313. 
delphinifolius, 311. 
hispidus, 313. 
purshii, 312. 
recurvatus, 312. 

rape, Pieris, 37. 

Rape, 321. 

Raspberry, Black, 331. 
Dwarf Red, 332. 
Wild Red, 331. 

Ratibida pinnata, 439. 

Rattle-box, 372. 

Rattlesnake-fern, 198. 

Rattlesnake-master, 377. 

Rattlesnake-root, Tall, 426. 


Reclined Bladderwort, 192, 415. 


recurvatum, Trillium, 267. 
recurvatus, Ranunculus, 312. 
Red Admiral, 38. 
Ash, 389. 
Birch, 283. 
Cedar, 209. 
Choke-berry, 334. 
Clover, 340. 
Elm, 288. 
Haw, 385. 
Lily, Western, 263. 
Maple, 359. 
Mulberry, 289. 
Oak, 284. 
Plum, Wild, 336. 
Raspberry, Dwarf, 332. 
Raspberry, Wild, 331. 
Sorrel, 292. 
Wood-lettuce, 425. 
Red-bud, 337. 
Red-fruited Thorn, 335. 
Red-osier Dogwood, 382. 
Red-root, 362. 
Red-stalk Aster, 434. 
Red-top, 232. 
Red-top, False, 236. 
Reddish Bulrush, 248. 
Redeye, 11, 80, 81. 


32—17618—Vol. 2 


Reed Canary-grass, 229. 
Reed-grass, Bog, 233. 
Common, 234. 
Wood, 231. 
reflexa, Tradescantia, 260. 
Reflexed Spiderwort, 260. 
regalis, Osmunda, 199. 
regine, Cypripedium, 269. 
reinhardtii, Navicula, 163. 
remigis, Gerris, 30. 
Hygrotrechus, 30. 
repens, Epigaea, 386. 
Mitchella, 418. 
Trifolium, 341. 
reptans, Polemonium, 399. 
resupinata, Leticula, 192. 


reticulata, Chlamydomonas, 152. 


reticulatum, Hydrodictyon, 151. 
retrocurva, Daphina, 77, 107. 
retroflexus, Amaranthus, 296. 
retusa, Succinea, 75. 
Rhamnaceez, 362. 
Rhexia virginica, 371. 
Rhoicosphenia curvata, 163. 
rhomboideum, Sphaerium, 73. 
Rhubarb, Wild, 292. 
Rhus arbuscula, 353. 
copallina, 353. 
glabra, 353. 
hirta, 353. 
Ribbed Sedge, 252. 
Ribes americanum, 326. 
Ribwort, 417. 
Riccia, 168, 312. 
Riccia lutescens, 380. 
Ricciocarpus natans, 168. 
Rice Cut-grass, 229. 
Rice, Wild, 228. 
Richweed, 291. 
Ridan alternifolius, 440. 
riddellii, Solidago, 432. 
Riddell’s Golden-rod, 432. 
rigida, Solidago, 432. 
ringens, Mimulus, 410. 
River, Chester, 78. 
Cumberland, 361. 


497 


Kankakee, 42, 51, 56, 78, 285, 366. 


Maumee, 49, 62, 78, 361. 
Mississippi, 49, 80. 
Missouri, 206. 

St. Mary’s, 298. 


498 


Tippecanoe, 15, 16, 19, 21, 43, 44, 
pi ba, 55,206, 61,62, 715: 72, S00, 
308, 314, 349, 356, 366. 

Wabash, 43, 63. 

Yellow, 15, 16, 18, 19, 42, 49, 51, 55, 
56, 71, 272, 282, 283, 306, 308, 
314, 

Birch, 2838. 

Pondweed, 176, 2138. 

River-bank Willow, 279. 
Riverside Grape, 363. 
Rivularia dura, 1438. 

echinula, 142. 

haematiles, 148. 

natans, 142. 

rivularis, Ancylus, 73. 
Roadside Thistle, 447. 
Robbins’ Pondweed, 170, 217. 
robbinsii, Potamogeton, 170, 217. 
Robinia pseudo-acacia, 341. 
Robinson, Prof. C. B., 140, 158, 159, 
160, 182. 
robusta, Chamaecrista fasciculata, 
338. 
Naias flexilis, 173. 
robustum, Equisetum, 205. 
robustus, Neoconocephalus, 28, 29. 
Rochester, Ind., 275. 
Rock Crawfish, 86. 
Creek, 285. 
Rock-cress, Hairy, 319. 
Smooth, 319. 
Rock-rose Family, 367. 
Root, Musquash, 381. 
Rosacez, 329. 
Rose Family, 329. 
Rosa carolina, 333. 
rubiginosa, 333. 
virginiana, 333. 
rosaceum, Musculium, 73. 
Rose, Low, 333. 

Marsh Holy, 386. 

Pasture, 333. 

Swamp, 333. 

Wild, 3383. 

Rose-mallow, Halberd-leaved, 366. 
Rose-pink, 390. 

rosea, Carex, 249. 

Rosemary, Wild, 386. 
Rosin-wood, Entire-leaved, 437. 
rostrata, Carex, 253. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


rostrata, Viola, 370. 
rotundatum, Pisidium, 74. 
rotundifolia, Campanula, 422. 

Drosera, 321. 

Malva, 364. 

Smilax, 267. 

Rough Cinquefoil, 330. 
Golden-rod, Western, 4382. 
Hair-grass, 232. 

Heuchera, 323. 

Sunflower, 440. 
Rough-leaved Golden-rod, 430. 
Round-headed Bush-clover, 343. 
Round-leaved Sundew, 321. 

Tick-trefoil, 342. 
Round-lobed Liver-leaf, 310. 

Liverwort, 310. 
Round-podded St. John’s-wort, 366. 
Round-worms, 100. 

Royal Fern Family, 199. 

Royal Fern, 199. 

Rubiacex, 417. 

rubicundulum, Sympetrum, 26. 

rubiginosa, Quadrula, 44, 51. 
Rosa, 333. 

rubra, Morus, 289. 

Quercus, 284. 
rubrum, Acer, 359. 

Rubus argutus, 332. 
hispidus, 333. 
occidentalis, 331. 
procumbens, 3382. 
strigosus, 3381. 
triflorus, 3382. 

Rudbeckia hirta, 438. 
laciniata, 438. 

Rue Family, 350. 

Rue Anemone, False, 309. 
Goat’s, 341. 

Rue-anemone, 311. 

rugelii, Plantago, 416. 

Rugel’s Plantain, 416. 

rugosa, Placobdella, 95. 
Solidago, 430. 

Rumex acetosella, 292. 
altissimus, 292. 
crispus, 292, 293. 
obtusifolius, 293. 

Running Blackberry, Low, 332. 
Strawberry Bush, 355. 
Swamp Blackberry, 333. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 499 


rupestris, Ambloplites, 80. 
Rush Aster, 434. 
Rush Family, 261. 
Rush, Bog, 261. 
Canada, 262. 
Chair-maker’s, 245. 
Common, 261. 
Sharp-fruited, 262. 
Slender, 261. 
Soft, 261. 
Stout, 262. 
Toad, 261. 
Twig, 196. 
pYsciEd 5 Ail 
Rush-grass, Long-leaved, 231. 
Sheathed, 2381. 
Rushy Golden-rod, 432. 
Russian Mulberry, 289. 
Thistle, 298. 
rusticus, Cambarus, 83. 
Rutaceex, 350. 
ryckholti, Musculium, 74. 
Rynchospora alba, 249. 


Sabbatia angularis, 390. 
saccata, Anabena, 148. 
saccharinum, Acer, 356. 
saccharum, Acer, 360. 
Sage Willow, 281. 
Wood, 402. 
sagittaefolia, Nymphza, 305. 
Sagittaria graminea, 184, 220, 259. 
latifolia, 219. 
Grass-leaved, 220. 
sagittatum, Tracaulon, 295. 
St. John’s-wort Family, 366. 


St. John’s-wort, Copper-colored, 366. 


Dwarf, 367. 
Marsh, 367. 
Round-podded, 366. 
Spotted, 366. 
Virgate, 366. 

St. Mary’s River, 298. 

St. Paul, Minn., 96, 245. 

Salicaceze, 275. 

Salix alba, 279. 
amyegdaloides, 279. 
bebbiana, 280. 
cordata, 280. 
discolor, 280. 


Salix interior, 279. 
lucida, 279. 
nigra, 278. 
pedicellaris, 281. 
sericea, 280. 
tristis, 281. 
salmoides, Micropterus, 14, 18, 80, 82, 
100. 
salmonia, Anodonta, 60. 
Salsola pestifer, 298. 
Salt Marsh Cockspur-grass, 225. 
Sambucus canadensis, 420. 
Samolus floribundis, 388. 
Sandalwood Family, 291. 
Sandbar Willow, 279. 
Sandwort, Thyme-leaved, 300. 
sanguinale, Syntherisma, 224. 
Sanguinaria canadensis, 317. 
Sanicle, 377. 
Sanicula marylandica, 377. 
Santalacez, 291. 
saponaria, Dastystephana, 391. 
Saponaria officinalis, 301. 
sargenti, Pisidium, 74. 
Sarothra gentianoides, 367. 
Sarracenia purpurea, 321. 
Sarracenicacez, 321. 
Sarsaparilla, Wild, 315. 
Wild Virginian, 376. 
Sassafras, 315. 
Sassafras sassafras, 315. 
sassafras, Sassafras, 315. 
Satin-grass, 230. 
sativa, Camelina, 317. 
Cannabis, 290. 
Pastinaca, 378. 
Satyrodes canthus, 39. 
Saururacez, 272. 
Saururus cernuus, 272. 
Savastana odorata, 229. 
Saxifragacezx, 323. 
Saxifrage Family, 323. 
Saxifrage, Pennsylvania, 323. 
Swamp, 323. 
Say, Thomas, 94. 
scaber, Porcellio, 78. 
Scabious, Sweet, 435. 
Scale Insects, 29. 
scandens, Celastrus, 355. 
scariosa, Lacinaria, 429. 
Searlet Painted-cup, 413. 


500 


Searlet Sumac, 353. 
Thorn, 335. 
Scenedesmus abundans, 150. 
obliquus, 150. 
Scented, Grape Sweet, 363. 
Scepsis fulvicollis, 39. 
Scheuchzeriaceez, 219. 
Scheuchzeria palustris, 219. 
Schizachyrium scoparium, 223. 
Schizomeris liebleinii, 156. 
schreberi, Brasenia, 303. 
Muhlenbergia, 230. 
schwartzii, Desmidium, 152. 
schribnerianum, Panicum, 226. 
Seribner’s Panic-grass, 226. 
Scirpus americanus, 186, 245. 
cyperinus, 248. 
debilis, 196, 245. 
lineatus, 248. 
subterminalis, 245. 
validus, 185, 246. 
Seleria verticillata, 249. 
scoparia, Kochia, 297. 
scoparium, Panicum, 227. 
Schizachyrium, 223. 
Scorpion, Water, 30. 
Scorpion-grass, Spring, 400. 
Scouring-rush, Smooth, 206. 
Stout, 205. 
Sonal, ID)ies dg kG ilival, PAS SPAS Bie). 
392, 396, 419, 437. 
Scrophulariacez, 409. 
Scrophularia leporella, 409. 
marylandica, 409. 
Scudderia curvicauda, 29. 
Seull, Dr, 275. 
Seum, Plankton, 110. 
scutata, Coleochoete, 156. 
Scutellaria galericulata, 402. 
lateriflora, 402. 
scutellata, Veronica, 411. 
scutellatum, Pisidium, 74. 
Seal, Golden, 308. 
Seaside Arrow-grass, 219. 
secalinus, Bromus, 238. 
securis, Musculium, 74. 
Sedge Family, 239. 
Sedge, Awl-fruited, 250. 
Awned, 253. 
Beaked, 253. 
Bebb’s, 250. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Sedge, Blunt Broom, 250. 
Bristle-stalked, 251. 
Bristly, 190, 253. 
Broad-winged, 250. 
Brown, 252. 

Fox, 249. 

Graceful, 252. 

Gray, 252. 

Hay, 251. 

Hirsute, 252. 

Hop, 253. 

Large Panicled, 250. 
Lesser Panicled, 250. 
Meadow, 252. 
Nodding, 253. 
Pennsylvania, 251. 
Ribbed, 252. 
Stellate, 249. 

Straw, 250. 
Tussock, 252. 

White Bear, 251. 
Woolly, 258. 

sedula, Argia, 21. 

Sedum triphyllum, 322. 

sedoides, Penthorum, 323. 

Seed-box, 372. 

Segmentina armigera, 73. 

Selaginellacew, 207. 

Selaginella Family, 207. 

Selaginella apus, 207. 
Creeping, 207. 

Self-heal, 403. 

semiradiata, 

153. 

Senecio pauperculus, 446. 

Senna Family, 337. 

Senna, American, 337. 
Wild, 387. 

sensibilis, Onoclea, 200. 

Sensitive Fern, 200. 

Pea, 337. 
Pea, Large-flowered, 338. 

sepium, Convolvulus, 397. 


Miseasterias 


truncata, 


septangulare, Eriocaulon, 184, 259. 
septentrionalis, Panicularia, 237. 


sericea, Salix, 280. 
serotina, Solidago, 4381. 


serpentaria, Aristolochia, 292. 


serpyllifolia, Arenaria, 300. 
Veronica, 411. 
serratus, Branchipus, 77. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 501 


Service-berry, 335. 
Sessile-leaved Tick-trefoil, 342. 
sessilifolia, Meibomia, 342. 
Seven-angled Pipewort, 184, 259. 
Sewickley, Pa., 128, 349, 444. 
Shag-bark, 273, 275. 
Sharp-fruited Rush, 262. 
Sharp-lobed Liverwort, 311. 
Sharp-toothed Golden-rod, 431. 
Sheathed Rush-grass, 231. 
Sheep-berry, 420. 
Sheep-sorrel, 348. 
Shell-bark Hickory, 273. 
Shepherd’s-purse, 317. 
Shield-fern, Crested, 201. 
Marsh, 201. 
Spinulose, 202. 
shimekii, Ancylus, 73. 
Shin-leaf, 384. 
Shining Bedstraw, 420. 
Pondweed, 214. 
Thorn, 335. 
Willow, 279. 
Shoestrings, 341. 
Shooting Star, 389. 
Short-fruited Rush, 262. 
Showy Goldren-rod, 430. 
Ladies’-slipper, 269. 
Orchis, 269. 
Tick-trefoil, 343. 
Shrews, 100. 
Shrimp, Freshwater, 78. 
Shrubby Bittersweet, 355. 
sicculus, Labidesthes, 100. 
Sickle-pod, 319. 
Sida erystallina, 107. 
spinosa, 365. 
Prickly, 365. 
signatum, Enallagma, 23. 
Silene antirrhina, 301. 
latifolia, 300. 
stellata, 300. 
Silkweed, 394. 
Silky Cornel, 382. 
Willow, 280. 
Silphium integrifolium, 437. 
terebinthinaceum, 437. 
Silver Maple, 356. 
Silver-leaf Poplar, 275. 
Silvery Spleenwort, 203. 
Simaroubaceex, 350. 


simile, Spherium, 73. 

Simms, E. G., 194. 

Simple-stemmed Bur-reed, 211. 

simplex, Sparganium, 211. 
Valvata sincera, 73. 

simplicicollis, Erythemis, 15. 

Simpson, Chas. T., 63. 

Sinapis arvensis, 321. 

sincera, simplex, Valvata, 73. 

Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum, 

188, 318. 

Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 269. 

Sium cicutaefolium, 380. 

Skipjack, 100. 

Skulleap, Mad-dog, 402. 
Marsh, 402. 

Speedwell, 411. 

Skunk Cabbage, 255. 

Sky-blue Aster, 433. 

Sleepy Catchfly, 301. 

Slender Bush-clover, 343. 
Cotton-grass, 243. 
Crab-grass, 224. 

Cyperus, 241. 

Fescue-grass, 288. © 

Fimbristylis, 243. 

Finger-grass, 224. 

Forked Chickweed, 298. 

Fragrant Golden-rod, 482. 

Knotweed, 293. 

Naias, 184, 218. 

Nettle, 290. 

Pigweed, 296. 

Rush, 261. 

Wild Nettle, 290. 

Yellow-eyed Grass, 259. 
Slippery Elm, 288. 

Sloughs of the Mississippi, 78. 

Small Bedstraw, 419. 
Bur-grass, 227. 

Coral-root, 271. 

Pondweed, 170, 215. 

Sundrops, 373. 

Tufted Love-grass, 254. 

White Aster, 4384. 

Wild Bean, 348. 
Small-flowered Agalinis, 412. 
Small-fruited Hickory, 254, 274. 
Small-leaved Tick-trefoil, Smooth, 

343. 


Small-mouthed Black Bass, 80. 


502 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Smaller Bur-marigold, 441. 

Smart-weed, Dotted, 295. 
Water, 295. 

Smilacez, 267. 

Smilax Family, 267. 

Smilax herbacea, 267. 
hispida, 268. 
rotundifolia, 267. 

Smooth Aster, 434. 
Bur-marigold, 441. 
Creeping Love-grass, 236. 
False Foxglove, 412. 
Rock-cress, 219. 
Scouring-rush, 206. 


Small-leaved Tick-trefoil, 348. 


Solomon’s Seal, 266. 
Upland Sumac, 353. 

Smoother Sweet-cicely, 378. 

Snake-feeder, 10. 

Snake-head, 410. 

Snakeroot, Black, 377. 
Button, 377. 

Virginia, 292. 
White, 292. 

Snap Dragon, Wild, 410. 

Snapping Turtle, 4438. 

Snipe, Wilson, 88. 

Snout Beetles, 34. 

Snow-drops, 310. 

Snowfleas, 7. 

Soapwort, 301. 

Soapwort Gentian, 391. 

Soft Agrimony, 331. 
Fox Sedge, 249. 
Maple, 356. 

Rush, 261. | 

Solanacez, 407. 

Solanum carolinense, 408. 
duleamara, 408. 
nigrum, 407. 

solea, Cymatopleura, 163. 

Solidago caesia, 429. 
canadensis, 431. 
flexicaulis, 429. 
hispida, 430. 
juncea, 431. 
nemoralis, 431. 
patula, 430. 
radula, 432. 
riddellii, 432. 
rigida, 432. 


Solidago rugosa, 430. 
serotina, 431. 
speciosa, 430. 
uliginosa, 430. 
ulmifolia, 430. 

solidum, Spherium, 73. 

Solitary Crawfish, 84. 

Solomon’s Seal, Hairy, 266. 
Smooth, 266. 
Star-flowered, 265. 

Sonchus asper, 424. 

Sorastrum, 150. 

Sorghastrum nutans, 224. 

Sorrel, Field, 292. 

Red, 292. 

Sour Gum, 383. 

Southern Cabbage Butterfly, 38. 
Wood Violet, 369. 
Yellow Birch, 283. 

Southwestern Persicaria, 295. 

Sowbugs, 79. 

Sow-thistle, Spiny, 424. 

Spanish Needles, 442. 

Sparganium simplex, 211. 

sparoides, Pomoxis, 80. 

Sparrow, English, 317. 

spartea, Stipa, 229. 

Spartina michauxiana, 233. 

Spathyema foetida, 255. 

Spatulate-leaved Sundew, 322. 

Spear-grass, Low, 236. 

Spearmint, 406. 

speciosa, Catalpa, 416. 
Solidago, 430. 

Specularia perfoliata, 422. 

Speedwell, Corn, 411. 
Marsh, 411. 

Purslane, 411. 
Skulleap, 411. 
Thyme-leaved, 411. 
Water, 410. 

sphericum, Ceelastrum, 151. 

Spherium flavum, 73. 
occidentale, 73. 
rhomboideum, 73. 
simile, 73. 
solidum, 73. 
stamineum, 73. 
striatinum, 73. 
suleatum, 73. 
tenuis, 73. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Spherium tumidulum, 73. 
walkeri, 738. 
Sphenopholis pallens, 236. 
spicata, Danthonia, 253. 
Lacinaria, 429. 
Lactuca, 425. 
Mentha, 406. 


spicatum, Myriophyllum, 196, 374, 875. 


Spice-bush, 316. 

Spicy Wintergreen, 387. 

Spiderwort Family, 260. 

Spiderwort, Reflexed, 260. 

Spike, 53. 

Spike-rush, Angled, 188, 241. 
Blunt, 242. 
Bright Green, 242. 
Creeping, 189, 242. 
Knotted, 188, 241. 
Needle, 189, 242. 

Spiked Lobelia, 423. 
Water-milfoil, 196, 374. 

Spikenard, American, 376. 
False, 265. 

spinifer, Ilyocryptus, 107. 


spinirostris, Cambarus immunis, 86. 


spinosa, Sida, 365. 
spinulosa, Dryopteris, 202. 
Spinulose, Shield-fern, 202. 
Spiny Sow-thistle, 424. 
Spiraea alba, 329. 
tomentosa, 330. 
spiralis, Vallisneria, 171, 222. 
Spirodela polyrhiza, 166, 256. 
Spirogyra condensata, 155. 
majuscula, 154. 
mirabile, 154. 
Spirulina jenneri, 143, 148. 
spithamaeus, Convolvulus, 397. 
Spleen Amaranth, 296. 


Spleenwort, Narrow-leaved, 203. 


Silvery, 203. 
splendidulum, Pisidium, 74. 
Sponges, 103. 

Sporobolus asper, 231. 

vaginaeflorus, 231. 

Spotted St. John’s-wort, 366. 

Spurge, 351. 

Spurge, Upright, 351. 

Touch-me-not, 349. 
Spreading Dogbane, 392. 
Spreading Spurge, Hairy, 351. 


Spring Beauty, 299. 
Cress, 320. 
Harbinger of, 279. 
Scorpion-grass, 400. 

Spring-tails, 7. 

Spurge Family, 351. 

Spurge, Blooming, 352. 
Blotched, 351. 
Cypress, 352. 
Flowering, 352. 
Hairy Spreading, 351. 
Large Spotted, 351. 
Spotted, 351. 
Toothed, 352. 
Upright Spotted, 351. 


Square-stemmed Monkey-flower, 410. 


Squawfoot, 60. 
Squaw-root, 415. 
Squirrel-tail Grass, 288. 
Stachys palustris, 404. 
Staff-tree Family, 355. 
Stag-beetles, 34. 
Staghorn Sumac, 355. 
stagnalis, Anabzna, 148. 
Glossiphonia, 90. 
stagnina, Aphanotheca, 142. 
stamineum, Spherium, 73. 
Staphyleacez, 356. 
Staphylea trifolia, 356. 
Star, Shooting, 389. 
Star-of-Bethlehem, 264. 
Star-flower, 389. 


Star-flowered Solomon’s Seal, 265. 


Star-grass, 164. 
Water, 261. 
Yellow, 268. 
Starry Campion, 300. 
Staurastrum brebissonii, 152. 
Steeple-bush, 330. 
Steironema ciliatum, 388. 
quadrilorum, 388. 
stellata, Silene, 300. 
Vagnera, 265. 
Stellate Sedge, 249. 
Stenelmis sulcatus, 34, 46. 
Stenophyllus capillaris, 243. 
Stentor coeruleus, 97. 
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 235. 
Stick-tight, 442. 
Stickleback, 76. 
Stiff Gentian, 391. 


504. Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Stiff Golden-rod, 482. 

Marsh Bed-straw, 419. 

Tickseed, 440. 

White Water Crow-foot, 187. 
Stiff-haired Sunflower, 440. 
Stiff-leaved Aster, 436. 
stimulans, Culex, 36. 
Stinging Nettle, 290. 

Stipa spartea, 229. 

stipata, Carex, 250. 
Stitchwort, Long-leaved, 300. 
Stizostedion vitreum, 80. 
stolonifera, Cornus, 382. 
Stonecrop, Ditch, 323. 

Stout Naias, 178. 

Rush, 262. 

Scouring-rush, 205. 
straminea, Carex, 250. 
stramonium, Datura, 408. 
Straw Bass, 100. 

Sedge, 250. 

Straw-colored Cyperus, 240. 
Strawberry Bush, Running, 355. 

Virginia, 330. 

Wild, 3380. 
strengii, Pisidium, 74. 
striata, Lespedeza, 343. 
striatinum, Spherium, 73. 
stricta, Carex, 252. 

Verbena, 401. 

Xanthroxalis, 348. 
strigosus, Cyperus, 240. 

Rubus, 331. 

Strobilops affinis, 75. 

labyrinthica, 75. 

virgo, 75. 

Strong-scented Love-grass, 234. 
Strophitus edentulus, 60. 
Strophostyles helvola, 346. 

pauciflora, 348. 

umbellata, 348. 
strumosus, Helianthus, 440. 
styraciflua, Liquidambar, 325. 
subcordatum, Alisma, 219. 
subcrenatum, Cosmarium, 153. 
subrostrata, Lampsilis, 44, 63. 
subrotundatum, Pisidium, 74. 
subterminalis, Scirpus, 245. 
subulare, Pleurocera, 73. 

intensum, Pleurocera, 73. 
subverrucosa, Chara, 160. 


Succinea avara, 75. 

obliqua, 75. 

retusa, 75. 
Sucker, Carp, 258. 
Sugar Maple, 360. 
Sugar-berry, 289. 
Sugar-tree, 360. 
suleatum, Spherium, 73. 
suleatus, Stenelmis, 34, 46. 
Sumac Family, 353. 
Sumac, Dwarf Black, 353. 

Greene’s, 353. 

Mountain, 353. 

Scarlet, 353. 

Smooth Upland, 353. 

Staghorn, 353. 

Swamp, 354. 
Summer Grape, 362. 
Sundew Family, 321. 
Sundew, Round-leaved, 321. 

Spatulate-leaved, 322. 
Sundrops, Small, 373. 
Sunflower, Common, 439. 

False, 437. 

Few-leaved, 439. 

Giant, 439. 

Hairy, 440. 

Pale-leaved Wood, 440. 

Rough, 440. 

Stiff-haired, 440. 

Tall, 439. 

Wild Giant, 439. 

Woodland, 440. 
superbum, Lilium, 263, 264. 
Susan, Black-eyed, 438. 
Swallowtail, Ajax, 38. 

Zebra, 38. 


Swamp Beggar-ticks, Purple-stem- 


med, 441. 
Blackberry, Running, 333. 
Fly-honeysuckle, 421. 
Hickory, 272. 
Horsetail, 205. 
Lousewort, 413. 
Loosestrife, 191, 370. 
Milkweed, 394. 

Oak, 284. 
Persicaria, 294. 
Poplar, 276. 
Rose, 333. 
Saxifrage, 323. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Swamp Sumac, 354. 
Thistle, 447. 
White Oak, 287. 
Willow, 278. 
Sweet Balsam, 437. 
Fern, 275. 
Flag, 256. 
Gum, 325. 
Potato, 347. 
Seabious, 435. 
Scented Grape, 363. 
White Violet, 369. 
Sweet-cicely, Hairy, 377. 
Smoother, 378. 
Wooly, 377. 
Sweet-clover, Yellow, 340. 
White, 339. 
Sweet-scented White Water Lily, 305. 
Sweetbrier, 333. 
Swimmers, Black, 30. 
Sycamore, 327. 
sylvatica, Nyssa, 383. 
Sympetrum corruptum, 15. 
rubicundulum, 26. 
vicinum, 15. 
Symphynota compressa, 44. 
costata, 44. 
Syndesmon thalictroides, 311. 
Synedra longissima, 164. 
obtusa, 164. 
radians, 164. 
Syntherisma ‘filiforme, 224. 
sanguinale, 224. 
syphilitica, Lobelia, 423. 
syriaca, Asclepias, 39, 394. 


tabulatum, Peridinium, 97. 
Taenidia integerrima, 379. 
Tajo, Yerba de, 438. 

Tall Anemone, 310. 
Bellflower, 422. 
Blackberry, 332. 

Blue Lettuce, 425. 
Cone-flower, 438. 
Cotton-grass, 244, 

Mock w292- 

Eaton’s-grass, 236. 
Grama-grass, 2353. 

Hairy Ground-cherry, 407. 
Hedge Mustard, 319. 
Iron-weed, 427. 


Tall Marsh-grass, 233. 
Milkweed, 394. 
Rattlesnake-root, 426. 
Smooth Panicum, 226. 
Sunflower, 439. 

Thistle, 447. 

Tickseed, 440. 
Tickseed-sunflower, 442. 
White Aster, 436. 
Wild Nettle, 290. 
Wormwood, 445. 

Tamarack, 208. 

Tanaceum vulgare, 445. 

Tansy, 445. 

Tanypus monilis, 36. 

Tanytarsus dives, 36. 

Tape-grass Family, 221. 

Tape-grass, 171, 222. 

Tapeworms, 100. 

tappaniana, Gastrocopta, 75. 

tardus, Ancylus, 73. 

taraxacum, Leontodon, 424. 

tartarica, Cornus, 382. 
Morus alba, 289. 

Tea, New Jersey, 362. 

Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved, 295. 
Halberd-leaved, 296. 

tenue, Polygonum, 293. 

tenuifolia, Euthamia, 432. 

tenuis, Juncus, 261. 
Oscillatoria, 143. 
Spherium, 73. 
Tolypothrix, 148. 

tenuissima, Nitella, 160, 185. 
Ulothrix, 156. 

tenuissimum, Pisidium, 74. 


terebinthinaceum, Silphium, 437. 


Ternate Grape-fern, 197. 
Terre Haute, 63, 83. 
terrestris, Lysimachia, 388. 
tessellata, Pyrgus, 39. 
Tetraédron minimum, 150. 
Tetragoneuria cynosura, 24, 26. 
tetrapedia, Crucigenia, 150. 
Tetraspora lubrica, 149. 
Teucrium canadense, 402, 404. 
thalictroides, Caulophyllum, 314. 
Syndesmon, 311. 
Thalictrum, dasyearpum, 313. 
dioicum, 313. 
polygamum, 313, 314. 


505 


506 


Thanaos persius, 39. 
thapsus, Verbascum, 409. 
tharos, Phyciodes, 39. 
Thaspium barbinode, 379. 

pinnatifidum, 379. 
thelypteris, Dryopteris, 201. 
thelypteroides, Athyrium, 203. 
theo, Heodes, 39. 

Thin-grass, 232. 

Thistle Family, 427. 

Thistle, Canada, 447. 
Common Bur, 446. 
Roadside, 447. 

Russian, 298. 

Swamp, 447. 

Tall, 447. 

Thorn-apple, 308. 

Thorn-headed Worms, 101. 

Thorn, Downy, 335. 
Red-fruited, 335. 

Searlet, 335. 

Shining, 335. 
Three-cornered Bulrush, 186. 
Three-leaved Hop-tree, 350 . 

Ivy, 354. 

Three-seeded Mercury, Virginia, 351. 

Three-square, 245. 

Thyme-leaved Pin-weed, 368. 
Sandwort, 300. 

Speedwell, 411. 
Thymeleacezx, 370. 
thyroides, Polygyra, 74. 

Polygyra bucculenta, 74. 
thyrsiflora, Naumburgia, 389. 
Tick-trefoil, Canadian, 348. 

Illinois, 348. 

Large-bracted, 342. 

Naked-flowered, 342. 

Round-leaved, 342. 

Panicled, 342. 

Pointed-leaved, 342. 

Prostrate, 342. 

Sessile-leaved, 342. 

Showy, 343. 

Smooth Small-leaved, 343. 
Tickseed, Tall, 440. 

Stiff, 440. 
Tickseed-sunflower, Tall, 442. 
Tiliacee, 364. 

Tilia americana, 364. 

Timothy, 231. 

Tiniaria convolvulus, 296. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Tippecanoe Lake, 62, 64, 72, 123. 
Tippecanoe River, 15, 16, 21, 42, 43, 
A4, 51, 54, -55,..56,.615. -62>> 474, 
(2 21d, e000; 00S smolA 49 6 SOs 
356, 366. 
Tipula, 36. 
tinctorium, Galium, 419. 
Tithymalopsis corollata, 352. 
Tithymalus cyparissias, 352. 
tityrus, Epargyreus, 39. 
Toad Rush, 261. 
Toad-fiax, Bastard, 291. 
Blue, 409. 
Wild, 409. 
Tobacco, Rabbit, 444. 
Tobacco-root, 421. 
Tokophyra quadripartata, 99. 
Tolypothrix tenuis, 148. 


_ tomentosa, Spiraea, 330. 


Toothed Spurge, 352. 
Toothwort, Cut-leaved, 320. 
Touch-me-not, Pale, 349. 
Spotted, 349. 
Wild, 349. 
Tovara virginiana, 294. 
Toxicodendron radicans, 354. 
vernix, 354. 
Tracaulon arifolium, 296. 
sagittatum, 295, 296. 
Tradescantia reflexa, 260. 
Trailing Arbutus, 386. 
Wild Bean, 346. 
Tramea lacerata, 24, 26. 
transversum, Musculium, 74. 
Tree-of-heaven, 350. 
Trefoil, Bean, 392. 
Marsh, 392. 
tremuloides, Populus, 276. 
Triadenum virginicum, 367. 
Tribonema bombycinum, 149. 
tribuloides, Carex, 250. 
tricarinata, Valvata, 73. 
trichophyllum, Batrachium, 187, 313. 
Trichoptera, Order, 31. 
trichosperma, Bidens, 442. 
tricoceum, Allium, 262. 
tricolor, Hetaerina, 19. 
Trientalis americana, 389. 
trifida, Ambrosia, 426. 
trifidum, Galium, 419. 
triflora, Poa, 286. 
triflorus, Rubus, 332. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


trifolia, Staphylea, 356. 

trifoliata, Menyanthes, 392. 
Ptelea, 31, 350. 

trifoliolatus, Nabalus, 426. 

Trifolium arvense, 340. 
hybridum, 340. 
pratense, 340. 
repens, 341. 

trifolium, Panax, 377. 

Triglochin maritima, 219. 

Trilliacez, 266. 

Trillium erectum, 267. 
grandiflorum, 267. 
recurvatum, 267. 

triloba, Asimina, 306. 

trionum, Hibiscus, 366. 

Triosteum perfoliatum, 421. 
aurantiacaum, 421. 

triphyllum, Arisaema, 253. 
Sedum, 322. 

tripteris, Coreopsis, 440. 

tristis, Salix, 281. 

trisulea, Lemna, 166. 

trivolvis, Planorbis, 73. 

troilus, Papilio, 38. 

Tropisternus glaber, 34. 

True Water-cress, 188, 318. 

truncatum, Musculium, 74. 

Trumpet-creeper Family, 416. 

Trumpet-creeper, 416. 

Trumpet-weed, 428. 

truncata semiradiata, 

15s} 

tuberosa, Asclepias, 393. 
Castalia, 305. 
Mesadenia, 446. 

tuberosum, Limodorum, 270. 

Tuberous Indian Plantain, 446. 

Tubifex, 101. 

tubisperma, Carterius, 104. 

Tufted Eragrostis, 235. 
Loosestrife, 389. 

Tulip-tree, 305. 

tulipifera, Liriodendron, 305. 

Tumble-weed, 225. 

Tumbleweed, Kansas, 297, 298. 

tumidulum, Spherium, 73. 

turgidus, Chrococcus, 141. 

Turkey-pea, 379. 

Turks-cap Lily, 264. 

Turnip, Indian, 253. 

turnus, Papilio glaucus, 38. 


Micasterias, 


507 


Turtle, Marsh, 99. 
Snapping, 443. 

Tussock Sedge, 252. 

Twayblade, Loesel’s, 271. 

Twig Rush, 196. 

Two-leaved Bishop’s Cap, 323. 

Mitre-wort, 323. 

Twin Lakes, 18, 14, 16, 17, 37, 42, 49, 
BY, (55 Tilks alles AySt)S Bele BIskey. 
276, 305, 318, 376, 4114. 

Twin-berry, 418. 

Typhacez, 210. 

Typha latifolia, 191, 210. 


uliginosa, Solidago, 430. 
Ulmaceez, 288. 
ulmifolia, Solidago, 430. 
Ulmus americana, 288. 
fulva, 288. 
Ulothrix tenuissima, 156. 
zonata, 156. 
umbellata, Chimaphila, 384. 
Comandra, 291. 
Doellingeria, 436. 
Strophostyles, 348. 
umbellatum, Lilium, 263. 
Ornithogalum, 264. 
Umbra limi, 258. 
umbrosa, Muhlenbergia, 230. 
udulata, Quadrula, 44. 
Notonecta, 30. 
undulatum, Pleurocera, 73. 
unguiculatus, Lestes, 19. 
uniflora, Monotropa, 384. 
Unifolium canadense, 265. 
Unio gibbosus, 45, 53. 
Unionide, 41. 
List of species of, 51. 
Upland Bent-grass, 232. 
Sumac, Smooth, 3538. 
Upper Fish Lake, 56, 638. 
Upright Bindweed, 397. 
Spotted Spurge, 351. 
Urticaceex, 290. 


’ Urtica dioica, 290. 


gracilis, 290. 
urticaefolium, Eupatorium, 428. 
Urticastrum divaricatum, 290. 
urticifolia, Verbena, 401. 
Uses of the Aquatic Flora, 119. 
usitatissimum, Linum, 349. 
Usnea barbata, 276. 


508 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Utetheisa bella, 39. Verbesina alba, 438. 
Utricularia gibba, 196, 414. verna, Collinsia, 410. 
intermedia, 195, 414. vernalis, Branchipus, 77. 
macrorhiza, 1938, 414. vernix, Toxicodendron, 354. 
minor, 196, 414. Vernonia altissima, 427. 
Uvularia grandiflora, 266. fasciculata, 427. 
Veronica anagallis-aquatica, 410. 
Vacearia vaccaria, 301. arvenis, 411. 
vacearia, Vaccaria, 301. peregrina, 411. 
Vaccinacer, 387. scutellata, 411. 
Vaccinium vacillans, 387. serpyllifolia, 411. 
vacillans, Vaccinium, 387. verrucosum, Docidium, 153. 
vaginaeflorus, Sparobolus, 231. Nostoc, 148. 
Vaginicola, 99. versicolor, Ergasilus, 79, 80. 
Vagnera racemosa, 265. Iris, 268. 
stellata, 265. verticalis, Ischnura, 23. 
vaillantii, Galium, 419. verticillata, Ascelepias, 395. 
Vaillant’s Cleavers, 419. Chloris, 233. 
Goose-grass, 419. Tlex, 354. 
Valerianacee, 421. Mollugo, 299. 
Valerian Family, 421. Polygala, 350. 
Valerian, Edible, 421. Seleria, 249. 
Valeriana edulis, 421. verticillatum, Myriophyllum, 175, 375. 
validus, Scirpus, 185, 246. verticillatus, Decondon, 191, 370. 
Vallisneriacez, 221. Vertigo morsei, 75. 
Vallisneria spiralis, 171, 222. Vervain Family, 401. 
Vallonia costata, 75. Vervain, Blue, 401. 
pulchella, 75. Hoary, 401. 
Valvata sincera simplex, 73. Nettle-leaved, 401. 
tricarinata, 73. White, 401. 
Van Duzee, E. P., 7. Wild, 401. 
Vanessa atalanta, 38, 39. vesiculare, Pisidium, 74. 
virginiensis, 38, 39. Vesiculina purpurea, 192, 413. 
variabile, Pisidium, 74. Vetch, Carolina Milk, 341. 
varians, Melosira, 164. Vetchling, Marsh, 344. 
Various-leaved Pondweed, 177, 213. Viburnum acerifolium, 420. 
Vaucheria, 155. lentago, 420. 
Veiny Pea, 344. prunifolium, 420. 
velutina, Quercus, 285. vicinum, Sympetrum, 15. 
Velvet Leaf, 365. vigilax, Lestes, 20. 
Velvety Panic-grass, 227. villosa, Dioscorea, 268. 
venosus, Lathyrus, 344. Lactuca, 425. 
ventricosa, Lampsilis, 48, 49, 69. vimineus, Aster, 484. 
Venus’ Looking-glass, 422. Vinea minor, 392. 
Verbascum thapsus, 409. Vine, Love, 397. 
Verbenaceez, 401. Wild Potato, 396. 
Verbena bracteosa, 401. vinosa, Boyeria, 12. 
hastata, 401. Violacez, 368. 
stricta, 401. Viola blanda, 369. 
urticifolia, 401. fimbriatula, 369. 
Large-bracted, 401. hirsutula, 369. 


Mullein-leaved, 401. lanceolata, 369. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 509 


Viola palmata, 368. 
papilionacea, 369. 
pedata, 368. 
pubescens, 370. 
rostrata, 370. 

violacea, Argia, 20. 
Lespedeza, 343. 

Violet Family, 368. 

Violet, Bird’s-foot, 368. 
Blue, 368. 

Downy Yellow, 370. 
Early, 368. 

Early Blue, 368. 
Hairy Yellow, 370. 
Hooded Blue, 369. 
Lance-leaved, 369. 
Long-spurred, 370. 
Meadow Blue, 369. 
Ovate-leaved, 369. 
Southern Wood, 369. 
Sweet White, 369. 

Viorna viorna, 314. 

viorna, Viorna, 314. 

virescens, Carex, 252. 

Virgate St. John’s-wort, 366. 

virgatum, Hypericum, 366. 

Virginia Chain-fern, 202. 
Creeper, 363. 
Day-flower, 260. 
Goatsbeard, 424. 
Grape-fern, 198. 
Ground-cherry, 407. 
Knotweed, 294. 
Snakeroot, 292. 
Stickseed, 400. 
Stonecrop Family, 323. 
Stonecrop, 323. 
Strawberry, 330. 
Three-seeded Mercury, 351. 
Virgin’s. Bower, 514. 
Water-leaf, 399. 
Winterberry, 354. 

Virginian Sarsaparilla, Wild, 376. 

virginiana, Anemone, 310. 
Clematis, 314. 

Cracca, 341. 
Fragaria, 380. 
Gratiola, 410. 
Juniperus, 209. 
Koellia, 405. 
Lappula, 400. 
Medeola, 266. 


virginiana, Ostrya, 281. 

Padus, 337. 

Physalis, 407. 

Tovara, 294. 
virginianum, Botrychium, 198. 

Dracocephalum, 404. 

Hydrophyllum, 399. 

Leptamnium, 415. 
virginica, Acalypha, 351. 

Anchistea, 202. 

Bartonia, 367. 

Claytonia, 299. 

Commelina, 260. 

Cynthia, 424. 

Dasystoma, 412. 

Krigia, 428. 

Leptandra, 412. 

Lespedeza, 343. 

Myosotis, 400. 

Peltandra, 254. 

Rhexia, 371. 
virginicum, Lepidium, 318. 

Pisidium, 74. 

Triadenum, 367. 
virginicus, Homalocenchrus, 229. 
virginiensis, Vanessa, 38, 39. 
Virgin’s Bower, Virginia, 314. 
virgo, Strobilops, 75. 
viride, Chenopodium album, 297. 
viridescens, Polygala, 350. 
virdiflora, Acerates, 396. 
viridis, Chaetochloa, 227. 

Euglena, 96. 

Eremosphera, 150. 
virosa, Lactuca, 424. 
Vitacese, 362. 

Vitis aestivalis, 362. 

bicolor, 362. 

cinerea, 362. 

cordifolia, 363. 

labrusca, 362. 

vulpina, 363. 
vitreum, Stizostedion, 80. 
Viviparus contectoides, 73. 

intertextus, 73. 

Volvox aureus, 96. 
Vorticella chlorastigma, 97. 
vulgare, Marrubium, 402. 

Tanacetum, 445. 
vulgaris, Arcella, 96. 

Chara, 159: 

Prunella, 408. 


510 Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


vulgatum, Cerastium, 300. 
vulpina, Vitis, 3638. 
vulpinoidea, Carex, 249. 


Wabash Pig-toe, 51. 
River, 48, 63. 
Wahoo, 355. 
Wake-robin Family, 266. 
Wake-robin, Ill-scented, 267. 
Prairie, 267. 
Walker, Bryant, 70. 
walkeri, Amnicola, 73. 
Pisidium, 74. 
Spherium, 73. 
Walkerton, Ind., 236, 290. 
Walking-sticks, 27. 
Walleyed Pike, 80, 100. 
Walnut Family, 272. 
Walnut, Black, 272. 
White, 272. 
walteri, Echinochloa, 225. 
Warmouth Bass, 80. 
Warsaw, Ind., 56, 87, 144, 310. 
Washington, D. C., 77, 197, 236, 256, 
2005 259, 298; 506) B07, dibs, S24, 
328, 329, 334, 344, 418. 
Washingtonia claytoni, 377. 
longistylis, 378. 
Wasserbluethe, 110. 
Wasserbluethe, Time of appearance 
of, 110. 
Water Boatman, 29. 
Bog-rush, 240. 
Club-rush, 245. 
Hemlock, 381. 
Hemlock, Bulb-bearing, 381. 
Hoarhound, Cut-leaved, 405. 
Lily Family, 304. 
Lily, Sweet-scented White, 180, 305. 
Maple, 359. 
Marigold, 178, 443. 
Penny, 33. 
Pepper, 295. 
Pepper, Mild, 295. 
Persicaria, 294. 
Pimpernel, 388. 
Plantain, American, 219. 
Scorpion, 30. 
Smartweed, 295. 
Speedwell, 410. 
Star-grass, 261. 
Water-beech, 281. 


Water-bug, Giant, 30. 

Water-cress, Marsh, 317. 
True, 188, 318. 

Yellow, 317. 
Water-crowfoot, White, 313. 

Yellow, 311. 

Water-flea, 415. 

Water-leaf Family, 399. 

Water-leaf, Appendaged, 399. 
Virginia, 399. 

Water-milfoil, 374. 

Spiked, 196, 374. 

Whorled, 175, 375. 
Water-moss, 302. 
Water-parsnip, Hemlock, 380. 
Water-plantain Family, 219. 
Water-scavenger, 33. 
Water-shield Family, 303. 
Water-shield, 179, 308. 
Water-striders, 30. 
Water-thyme, 174. 
Water-weed, 174. 
Waxwork, 355. 
Weak-stalked Club-rush, 196, 245. 
Weed, Dyer’s, 431. 

Hedge, 319. 

Joe-pye, 428. 

Weevils, 34. 

Western Iron-weed, 427. 
Prickly Pear, 370. 
Ragweed, 427. 

Red Lily, 263. 

Rough Golden-rod, 482. 
Wheat-grass, Purplish, 288. 
Whirligig Beetles, 33. 
White Adder’s-tongue, 264. 

Ash, 389. 

Aster, Small, 434. 

Aster, Tall Flat-top, 436. 

Avens, 381. 

Baneberry, 309. 

Beaked-rush, 249. 

Bear Sedge, 251. 

Blackberry, 401. 

Clover, 341. 

Elm, 288. 

Grass, 229. 

Heath Aster, 434. 

Hoarhound, 402. 

Lettuce, 425. 

Maple, 356. 

Oak, 286. 


Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


White Oak, Swamp, 287. 


Poplare2io- 
Snake-root, 428. 
Sweet-clover, 339. 
Vervain, 401. 
Violet, Sweet, 369. 
Walnut, 272. 


Wild Potato, 344. 


Potato Vine, 396. 
Red Plum, 336. 

Red Raspberry, 331. 
Rhubarb, 292. 

Rice, 228. 

Rose, 333. 


511 


Water-crowfoot, 318. 
Water Lily, Sweet-scented, 305. 
Wild Indigo, Large, 338. 
Willow, 279. 
White-heart Hickory, 274. 
White-lettuce, Glaucous, 426. 
White-stemmed Pondweed, 214. 
White-top, 435. 
Whiteface, 15. 
Whitlow-wort Family, 298. 
Whorled Loosestrife, 388. 
Milkweed, 395. 
Milkwort, 350. 
Water-milfoil, 175, 375. 
Wild Anemone, 310. 
Balsam Apple, 421. 
Bean, Pink, 348. 
Bean, Small, 348. 
Bean, Trailing, 346. Bebb’s, 280. 
Bergamot, 404. Black, 278. 
Black Cherry, 337. Bog, 281. 
Black Currant, 326. Common, 279. 
Blue Phlox, 398. Dwarf Gray, 281. 


Rosemary, 386. 

Rye, Nodding, 239. 

Sarsaparilla, 315. 

Senna, 337. 

Snap Dragon, 410. 

Strawberry, 330. 

Sunflower, Giant, 439. 

Timothy, 230. 

Toad-flax, 409. 

Touch-me-not, 349. 

Vervain, 401. 

Virginian Sarsaparilla, 376. 

Wormwood, 445. 

Yam-root, 268. 

Yellow Lily, 268. 
Williamson, E. B., 12, 16, 28, 24. 
Willow Family, 275. 

Willow, Beaked, 280. 


Celery, 222. Glossy, 279. 
Columbine, 309. Heart-leaved, 280. 
Crane’s-bill, 348. Livid, 280. 


Cucumber, 421. 
Geranium, 348. 


Peach-leaved, 279. 
River-bank, 279. 


Ginger, 291. Sage, 281. 
Gooseberry, 326. Sandbar, 279. 
Holly, 355. Shining, 279. 
Indigo, Large White, 338. Silky, 280. 
Leek, 262. Swamp, 278. 
Liquorice, 419. White, 279. 


Lupine, 339. Willow-herb, Linear-leaved, 372. 
Madder, 419. Purple-leaved, 372. 

Mandrake, 315. \Walleer, 1Dke (Charles 183, 1 10s 15 We 
Mint, American, 406. NO: 

Mustard, 321. Wilson Snipe, 88. 

Nettle, Slender, 290. Wind-flower, 310. 

Nettle, Tall, 290. Wing-angled Loosestrife, 371. 

Onion, Nodding, 263. Wing-stem, 440. 

Parsnip, 378. Winged Pigweed, 297. 

Pea-nut, 345. Winona Lake, 87, 103, 112, 115, 116, 
Pepper-grass, 318. WoL, él slo, slik, 


blz Lake Maxinkuckee, Physical and Biological Survey 


Winter Grape, 362. 
Winterberry, 354. 
Winterberry, Virginia, 354. 
Wintergreen Family, 384. 
Wintergreen, Chickenweed, 389. 
Creeping, 387. 
Spicy, 387. 
Wire-grass, 233, 237. 
Witch-grass, 225. 
Witch Hazel Family, 324. 
Witch-hazel, 324. 
Wolffia columbiana, 167, 258. 
Wolffia, Dotted, 259. 
Wolffia microscopica, 259. 
punctata, 259. 
Wolfiella, Florida, 168, 259. 
floridana, 168, 259. 
Wood Aster, Common Blue, 433. 
Betony, 413. 
Dropseed, 230. 
Nettle, 290. 
Reed-grass, 231. 
Sage, 402. 
Sunflower, Pale-leaved, 440. 
Violet, Southern, 369. 
Wood-grass, 224, 230. 
Wood-lettuce, Hairy, 425. 
Red, 425. 
Wood-rush, Common, 262. 
Wood-sorrel Family, 348. 
Wood-sorrel, Yellow, 348. 
Yellow Procumbent, 349. 
Woodland Dropseed, 230. 
Sunflower, 440. 
Wool-grass, 248. 
Woolly Sedge, 253. 
Sweet-cicely, 377. 
Worms, 100. 
Worms, Gephyrean, 102. 
Thorn-headed, 101. 
Wormwood, Tall, 445. 
Wild, 445. 
Wreath Golden-rod, 429. 


Wrinkled-leaved Golden-rod, 430. 


Xanthium americanum, 427. 

Xanthotype crocataria, 39. 

Xanthoxalis corniculata, 349. 
stricta, 348. 

Xyridacee, 259. 

Xyris flexuosa, 259. 


Yam Family, 268. 
Yam-root, Wild, 268. 
Yard Rush, 261. 
Yard-grass, 233, 261. 
Yarrow, 444. 
Yellow Adder’s-tongue, 264. 
Yellow Birch, Southern, 283. 
Catfish, 79, 80. 
Hoxtanlee ere 
Gentian, 392. 
Lily, Wild, 263. 
Oak, 287. 
Perch, 80, 100. 
Pimpernel, 379. 
Pond Lily, Large, 304. 
Poplar, 305. 
Procumbent Wool-sorrel, 349. 
River 45 Was Gs Salo AD A Ore ile 
Sr, 05 Al, PalBy, AA), Wa eS, Ae 
282, 283, 289, 301, 306, 308, 314. 
Star-grass, 268. 
Sweet-clover, 340. 
Violet, Downy, 370. 
Violet, Hairy, 370. 
Water-cress, 317. 
Water-crowfoot, 311. 
Wood-sorrel, 348. 
Yellow-barked Oak, 285. 
Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 259. 
Slender, 259. 
Yellow-fringed Orchis, 269. 
Yellow-root, 308. 
Yellowjacket, 40. 
Yerba de Tajo, 438. 
Young, Leonard, 108, 110, 113. 
ypsilophorus, Atax, 61. 


zaleta, Polygyra, 74. 
Zannichelliacez, 211. 
Zanthoxylum americanum, 350. 
zebra, Ephithemia, 163. 
Zebra Swallowtail, 38. 
Ziza aurea, 379. 
Zizania aquatica, 228. 
Zizaniopsis miliacea, 228. 
zonata, Ulthrix, 156. 
Zonitoides arboreus, 75. 
minusculus, 75. 


niticus, 75. 
Zoological Park, Washington, D. C., 
201. 


Zygnema, 154. 


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