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Title, ■^:jhhS.T....{:^a<c__:f<^

Binding, ^....^.C)rt:<^<:~-

Owner, fz.X... «/j^<55M^y5j-*^cj>»-*^

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,90n©bt93H

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Prof. S. S. SATHVON, Sditor.

LANCASTER, PA., .JANUARY, lS7o.

|1|0 farmery' frintinj pice, ^-^

THE LANCASTER EZPRE5S, ^

?£AI130L k GEI37, Pablishors.

THE FARMERS' HOME ORGAN,

% \mmi tamer;

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

tiiiiished uiuler the .luspices of the Lancaster Ctounty
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited ty Prof. S. S. SATHVOIT.

With iho.Tanuiirj- issue (187r0 The Karmf.b pnttrM upon
.ts Boveuth jfur, under a ri»»n^*^ of jiroiirictorh;, the pulilica-
tion ha\iuK bfcu tranyiVm-d to tbe iiinlt>rsiKnPd. who jiro-
nose to make it in all resperlH a fiift-ela.-'H \*^y\\ orgau of tbe
important iulvrestw to whi»Th it ifs fsj)eeiall> devoted.

With thin view The KAitMF.n has been enl»rf;ed aud its
fonn chun^fd to the Imi»erial Magazine style, eaeli niunhpr
4wnt)ti)iinK twenty iiagpn Imp. J<vo., earh payt- meaPiirinfr '.>| j
by i:t inchcK, sixteen of whicli will be cxcliiBiv^ly d»-voted to
rendiuK matter, tbe ad%ertisenieiit« and "'^raudiag matter "
txring limited to the remainiiiR jiayes. Thin increase of Bize
and chauRO of form, together with the use of a more uwmpaet
type, will enable tin to j^ve alK>ut peventy-fivo j.er cent.
^lore reading matter than wae contained iu the old form.

If thin efTort to give the atfricultnral community of lifin-
■ustermnnty a pubUcation worthyof their honorable (lalliuti
;s lilxrally Hecouded, we ]>i'opo«e to add other ijnprovf-
mentH from time to time, including illustintious of imi^or-
, tant topiw of general iutofei-t, and papers from si-ecial con-
tributorB on the more iinjiortant local industries aud re-
••ourccs of the county — a wide tUOd, which has l>eeu very
little cultivated by our local press.

The contributions of our able editor, Prof. Rathvon, on
jubjects cnniipcted with the science of farming, and partio
'darl> that specialty of which he is bo thorougtdy a master —
t^ntomological twieuee — Bome knowledge of which has become
a necosHity to the f>ui'ceHBful fanner, arc alone worth much
more than the price of thiw magazine.

Thk Farvkr will he published on the 15lh of every
nonth, printed on good j'aper with clewr type, in con-

enicnt form for reading and binding, aud m'aikd to sub-
•<cribers on tbe following

TEHMS:

To fiubucriber*. renidiug nithin the county —

One coi)y, one year, - - - . . $i.oo

Six copies, one year, - - - , . . 5.00

To Bubscribers outwide of Lancaster county, including
oMtago pre-paid by the I'Ublishers:

One copy, one year, - - . . , $1.35

Five copies, one year, - ..... goo

All subscriptions will commence with the Januarj- num-
ber nule.'iB otherw)t<o ordered.

All ixtmrnunicfttiona intended for piiblication Bhould be
iddrcBsed to the Kditor, and. to secure iuscrtJon, nhould be
n his bands by the fln^t of t^** month of imblication.

All buHinesH lettfrs, containing Mubfcriptions and adver-
).'«<-n>eutf), should be addreBsed to the publishery.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

RATi:M OK ADVERTISING.— Trn Oiitu a

line for rnrta InHPrtlon. Twelve linen ocrupy one
•U'*b cf Hpnc'-, N<> rcTH wtfler thftu a niu^le eolumu taken.

CONTENTS OT THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES. lAf.F..

Our New Departure, - - i

The rul>lishers to the Reader, • i

Entomological, 2

' )vcr- Production — Under-Consuinption, 2

Large Emigration to Germany, - 2

# Prussian Maiuifaijtiirers Sending to
Amcric.t for Workmen.
The Opening Month of the Year, ■ 2

Jol\nson Miller's Annual Address, 3

r.'.-fort: the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticnilural Society.
Illustrations for the Farmer, - • 3

Answers to Correspondents, 3

Eggs of tlie Katydiil.
Specimen Copies of the Farmer. 3

The Patrons of Husbandly, - - 3

Comparative Value of Fruits, - j

Dr. Habel on Guano, - - - 5

The Future of The Lancaster Farmer, 3

Hlnky M. Engle.
Carnivorous Plants, . . . . .^

PROH.5SOR S. .S. RATIIvriN.

Wheat Gleanings, J. Staii fkr. 5

Results of Iinproved Culture, G. 5

The Fruit Growers Society, -6

Proceedings of their Annual Scs-^ion..
at York.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society, • 7-9

The Cultivation of Flowers, - • - 7
An Kssav, r.Y U. L. Resh.

Annual Address liy President Miller, of the

Agricultural and Horticultural Society. 7-9

Professor Riley on the Birds, 9

Letter from a Farmer's 'Wife, Q

Kecipe^ for Weevils and the ll-te of
a Cattish.

The Hay Crop and Hay Trade, • 10

A Kind Word for Farmers, 10

Agricultural Miscellany, io--i2

Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture. — Proper
Mfdc of Feeding Horses. — .Agriculture and Spanish
Civilization. — Potato I>iet — How to Treat Swamp Muck
for Manure. — Soaking Seeds — (>vage Orange. — A ItinK-
eye View of Asricnllurc. — The Potato lilight. — Costring
Manure from the Weather. — Plowing I.and in the Autumn.

Horticultural Miscellany, - - 12-13

Winlerini; Plants in Rooms and Cellar*. — Winter Care of
Trees. — Spring Radishes. — Persimmons as Market Frt'iit.
— l>ise.a8c-Proof Potatoes,— A Handy t',ardcn Roller. —
Pras Three Thousand \'eani \ >ld. — t >rcluir(l and Nursciy.
— Cultivation of Roses.

Domestic Economy, - - 13-14

To M.akc Hens Lay. — Philosophy of Cookery, — Our
RL-,ipe for Curing Meal. — RoatI IJust.— Corn anil Hogs,
— Brilliant Whitewash. — Hay Tea for Olives. — Friar's
Oinlet. — Good Pudding. — Preparing and Packing Poul-
try.— New Style of Ilarrels, — Insects on Cattle.

General Miscellany, - 14- IS

Destniction of the Canada Thistle, — The Reason Why
ofSevcral Things. — Turning Points in Physical Life. —
Long-Lcgged Horses. — Training Young Stock. — Proper
MiHle ofr'ceding Horses. — Sulphur for Fowls, &c. —

Healing Power of Glue. — railui-
Hairs Numhcrc'i.

in lUisiness, — Our

(DAIl-'r AND •WTEEKLT,:

Tl)» Leadiijg Local Family and Busin»ss Newspaper, and Ihe
oijlyjndependeijt Ropiiblicai; Journal iq the County.

THE , FOX7NDED I "^HE

WEEKLY,! iiY rm: - DAILY,

1S43. I PRESENT PROPRIETORS. ( 1856.

\

Literary and Personal Items. - i6

IliiKtinoHM Aniionncc^moiitM, - - II, 111, Iv

This department it* a tiirt-ctorjr to o\-er forty Qmt-clatM
huHUH'f-; ht'ijptt^, to whirh wein\U** fpeoial Attention.

Thk Wkkki.y Kxthkhh han brf^n before tho rltlzenn of ,j
Ijaneitpter eoujiiy iy>v a ) »•> iml oi lliiriy-tuu yi-ttiN, unii Tm8
I>AiL.y Exi'KKss iVir o%er fi^litf-n ye^irf. \i\\x\\\v. *>ii« l<^i:R
pei-iod, and without ednnge ot nniDi«K*^n*'nt, Tpk Fippv.*!
liHH fairly (tarned u Lirge shar.- of imtruDHKo and tirmly^' n
fbtiiblinh<'d it*^^" iu Ibf iilhliroo ilidem-e. nt^ aunpri^htKndr ^

independent jnnrnid, m-ver lifftilHtin^ to defend tbf ri«ht ^^
and dfrnmnee the wr'tn^, no mutter when- fuund to exiat.
It haH alway« been y jonrual ol proj:reHn, aud thr nutMj'okon
friend of *'dne:dion. tenii-f-miM-e, nuund m(»mlii aiid n>kt{ion.
A"* ill Ih" phst, HO it will cniiniii.' in the futm-H.

limS OF THE EXPRESS.

The ^Veekly Express, one year. $1.00

The Daily Express, one year, 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: Tomuv renton rehtdiug
within the limits of Liii>i;i(»l*^r mnuty we will luuil —
The ^VeekIy and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, 5.00

Or, two copies, each, of the Weekly and Farmer, 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended cireulation of Thk Kxrni'«H makefi It thn
>H*Ht nn-dium fi->r Hdvfrti>^in8 lieul Knt^ite and I'enional
Property in thn eonuty, a fa«-i whi<'h *'«n l»e uttivted by th©
niaHv fitrment and othent who bave Hvailed thcoim-UM) of
tlie lise of its I'OluniuH, lind to which we iuvltn the atteoUoD
of all having jiropei-ty to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

Thk KxPiiK*.'* printiuK offli-^' in one of tfaf Ijent furtUiibM
eHtabliNhm'-ntH for turnniK ""t all kindn of pnntlnff to bo
found in the interior of the State. We are prepared to
print any job from the Miiall vitiitinfr rsrd to the larffent sale
or bor>4r bill, poi'tfr, or broadnide, plnin or in colore, aa
(|UiekIy hk it can Iw done at any uth«T vHtabliHbment, and on
an reiiHuuable tennn. We make tbe ptiniinR of SaU'bilU
/lyr Fann^rtt a Ni>eciaUyf aud fmaruXiliV! aatiafaction to our
oufltouiers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the \ar:oU!* ii.itl«rnw ad.Tptit) to printing Itockii,
pamphletH. jvoxtrr^, Rale-ldlU, hand-btllH, millem' receiptw,
eiitalofruefl of live stix'k, and nny kind of work douo in a
rtrHt-ol»»»« i»rintin>; ottWe; iu nhort anything that may hn
enlh'd for by the fanner, merrbant. tmnker. merhanic, or
l)nKlue«R man, and we fruarsni'-** lo <lo the work a^ Hatlipftc-
torr BM it can be done in rhilaib-lphia or eb«»'wbrre.

With one of tbe mont complete Job omoe« in the State,
and nnHurj'anHcd convpidruced forexp«'ditiouKly turning #ui
work by tlie U-Nt worknieu. und<T tbe ixiraonaj t)Uper\iMion
of tbe proi'rielt>r«. who are lioth practical print«rn, all p#ir-
Honi) in ne<Ml of I'rintiug will find it to their inten-Ht to givo
n» a trial.

PEARSOL L GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express Buildings, 22, South Quecn-st.
LANCASTER. PA.

Oar Pre«t<* Koomw are open to VlKitor«, and ttiey ar«
alway* ^'di-onii* t<> lix^k at our mnchlaery la op>*ratioo.

u.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

A reUstWe Ume -piece should >)e In rhe posgeiislon of
every farmer, and nowhere can a better, more correct
and reliable Watch, either American or Swiss, he ob-
tained, warranted in every respect as represented, than

H. L. ZAHM&CO.

NO. 20 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

KEXT DOUK TO nARISI.K KROSiT.

SILVER ami SILVER I^LATED WAltE,
KNIVES, FORKS AND SPOONS.

A LARGE STOCK.

Farmers, tls a plea.sure to have a pood time-piece; 'Us
also a pleasure toe^joy the lieautltul la agriculture and
horticulture, and to see tli'" latest Improvements In
these, and all thlng;s nature has blessed us with. There-
fore, GOOD EYE SIGHT Is neccssary for the enjoyment of
these pleasures. The eye is often strained and weak-
ened from dlffereut causes and should be helped In
time. Call on H. L. ZAHM s. ( O., where H. L. Zahm, the
oldest and most experienced optician, with \ PRACTICE
OF THIRTY Tli.\RK. vrtll lit you with g^lasses warran-
ted to strengthen and renew the sight without a doubt.

DO NOT FORGKT THE PL.^.CE.

NO. 22 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

OPPOSITE BAER'.S BOOK STORE.

Sl»i;t'IAl.TY : Spectacles, Jewelry and Watches.

Repairing — Warranted First-class.

BOOKS !

E. L I

'J

■ Til IIST EAS

AKK MADK BV

THOS. W. BROWN,

(SDCCrEI^SUR TO KI>. BLU'KESrnKRFEK.i

COVERLET AND CARPET WEAVER.

STORE, 542 EAST KING ST,

FACTORY, :A\ & 543 E, MIFFLi:>f ST.,

LANCASTEK, PA.

GD8TOMER WORK A SPECIALTY,

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Attomey-at-liiw.

Office-zo4 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of ,\GREKMF.NTS neatly and Pxpeditionsly
clruwu. Caaee carelully and thoroughly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWERS. AUDITORS.

Or in any CourtH ol' Ljuirustcr County,
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EKECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trust eeB of any kind.

CoUectionp, large or »^maU, made upou a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the (Tnitod Htuteu.

Special facilities for CoUectiouB of Estates «r Debts in
Europe, .

ConeuJtatiouB and C'orvefipondonr* conducted in either the
French, Gfnuan or Ent<hsb Ianguagi.'H.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

<;:olunibia, Pcjiiui.

JOHN BAER'S SONS

No. 15 North Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

invite tlie utirntion of the public to tlifirlarge arid wtlj b"-
l»'<-tfd i^toek of

Miscellaneous M Scliool Boots,

Fnglish and German Publications,
BLANJi BOOKS,

<'oni)iriHiu*T Lt-dgfr«. Day Books, Cagh Books. JouvLals,
Pans Boukh. &c., Fuieign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY,

lla\ing many veArs' experience in th^ bubinefiti. ample
ea] ital and a ^paciouis store, we

HA\/E THE BEST FAGIUtlES

for conduct iuK ourbusiui;68, and tiffer special induct'Djents to
ali whi.. may favur us with, their patiouajje.
»'a^ Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

GEO.W.BIDWn

FORNITDRE WAREROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STREET,

Over LIpp's Tin Storo, next door ti) First
Katlonal Bank.

AVI)

KITCHEN FURNITURE,

UPIIOLSTEIUNG DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

All kinds of Furniture made to Order.
t»"Repali'lng ol all kinds promptly attended to.
GEO. W. EROWN.

d

H

d

9)

0

Established 1770! Established 1770!

H.C. DEMUTH,

MANUFACTUKEi; OF

FINK CIGARS.

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS.

All the bcHt tohiicc.:uiu "'e market at the Ic west re-
tail prices.

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

liatlivonftPiglier,

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

ESTA.BLISH2VIENT.

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

EMlisli & American PantaloouinEs and VestlnEs

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE.

AND VELENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Keadj-roHde riotlilngof home manufacture lor Men
and Bo.vs. Hosiery, a tuU line of shirts, collars, shams,
and Neck FIxId^js, etc.

Clothing made to order promptl.v, and waiTanted to
(five satlslaetion. Agents for the sale of Scott's Fa.shlons.

RATHVON & FISHER,

l*rii<-ti<-Hl Tttllors.

E. J. ERISIif AIT,

The Shirt Maker,

AND UEALFIH IN

FINE SHIRTS. SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS, CUFFS. DRAWERS. NECK-
TIES. UMBRELLAS. GLOVES.
SUSPENDERS. EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER.

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 ZSrOK-TH Q,TJEElNr ST.,

■,Nc5t door to Horting & ScblutiV Uolel),
LANCASTER, PA.

FL:0ilST km &ABSEISB,

lire^'tihoitst's Olid lianifu on the Hiirnsburg Tuju
pike, near Krauklin and MaiHhall <.'oUeKt;.

li^'Catah>f]ue>i nent free.

MAKSHALLS'

m

Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa.

For Freuch Kip Pools, For French Calf Boots, For (.'id!' ftiii.1
Kip BouiH, lor heavy Boots and Shoes.

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOVS- AND YOUTHS KIP BOOTS,

RIBBEKS or liVEKY STYU:.

Ladies', MiBBes and CliiUreu's line Button Work. .K\m.
particular attention paid to cuetomers leavin;? their meas-
ure. We UBO nothinu but the best of material, and umvloj
uoue but the beet of workmen.

jy Kepairing promptly attended to.

BiTOsriEaas &c s:F'DE^3ECI3:aEI^,

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

1AMII.Y and UME-BIRNINO COAI. I

Orders received at

Office, No, 15 East King street, and at the
Yard, >0. 61? NORTH TiaNCE .STKKKT.

"THE FARMER IS THE FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION."~WEBSTER.

THE LANCASTER FARMER,

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER :

DEVOTED TO

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PRACTICAL ENTO-
MOLOGY, DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND GENERAL

MISCELLANY.

EDITED BY PROF. S. S. RATHVON.

VOLUME VII.-1875.

LANCASTER, PA.:

PEARSOL & GEIST, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS,

EXPRESS BUILDINGS, n SOUTH QCEES STREET.

" THE FARMER IS THE FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION."-WEBSTER.

THE LANCASTER FARMER,

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER :

DEVOTED TO

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PRACTICAL ENTO-
MOLOGY, DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND GENERAL

MISCELLANY.

EDITED BY PROF. S. S. RATHVON.

VOLUME VII.-1875.

LANCASTER, PA.:

PEARSOL & GEIST, PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS,

EXPRESS BUILDINGS, 22 SOUTH QUEEN STREET.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME SEVEN.

.Animal Address Pres't ]Miller, 7
A Kind \Vfircl (nr Fanners, . . 10
AL'ricultural Miscellany, 10, 1],!",)
A Handy (iarden Roller, . . 12
A Word for The Far.micr ... 20

A Cheap Condnetor, 24

A Frii;id Record, 3cS

An Eclio from Tennessee, . . 44
A Potato that Resists Col. Bug, 47
About (iround Hofrs, . . . t . 53
Anotlier Rem. for I'otato-beetle, 53
Alfalla Clover, Barley, &c., . . 56

A Useful Table, 56

Appreciation of The Farmer, . 00
A Little Advice to Farmers, . 63
About Housework and Help, . 63
An Early Bait for Col. Beetle, 66
Afrricultural Statistics, .... 68
A F"amous .Short-Horn, .... 09

A Good Cov; 70

Adaptation to Climate, .... 72
Agricultural Progress in Italy, 90
Advantages of Mulching, . . . 93

A Little Garden 94

A Hint to Farmers, 94

A Preventive Against Moths, . 95
A New Horse Disease, . . . 101
Abortive Strawberries, . . 861,07

Artiiirial Waterings, 120

Aurora, 124

A Wonderful Flower, 124

Ashes in Orchards 124

A Beautiful Tree of Fruit, . . .132
About Egyptian Wheat, ... 134

Answers to Querists, 137

Adulteration Com. Manures, . 1.54
A Lancaster Co. Stock F'arm, . 155
A New CauseTrichiinein Pork, 158

A Woman's Answer, 159

A Test for Eggs, 1.59

A Farmer's Library, 160

A Perfect Cure for JPhylloxera, 170
A New Veterinary Device, . . 171
A Remedy for Dodder, . . . .171
A Vast Estate in Kansas, . . . 173

All the World, 174

A Case for Investigation, ... 25

Arbor Vitte, The 30

Apple Pudding, 31

Apple Butter, . 31

A Happy Home, 32

Apparatus for Paris Green, . 36
About Farmers' Wives, .... 44
A Good Waj' to Keep Hams, . 47
Artificial Swarming of Bees, . 76
A Home-Made Bee-Hive, . . . 76
An Appeal to Mothers, . ... 79
A Word for Clean Cellars, . . 79
A Magnificent Horse, .... 86
Asparagus Trade — Lorlg Island, 94

Apple Tree Borer, 97

A Convenient Meth. for Labels,144

Army Worm, The, 145

About Wheat and Bread, . . . 73
Agricultural District of Amiens,122
A Farm of 22,000 Acres, . . .155
Age which Live Stock Mature, 170
A Word on the Dairy Question, 171
A Good Way to Pickle 1 Ham, 174
Agricultural Department, The, 27
Apple, the History of, .... 116

A Garden of Herbs, 77

American Poultry Association, 100
Agr'e andfipanish Civilization, 11

All-Summer Apple 23

Art (iallery, . . .55

A Part oif Miscellaneous Ret'rns, 68

Ant Pest, The 47, J21, 137

A Land Mark of 3 iOounties, 133

Artichokes, ' 143

Brdliant Whitewash 13

Blackberries, 18

Butter Making, 20

Belmont Apple 23

Best Mode Extracting Stumps, 25
Best Rem.forWintering Cattle, 25
Binding Grain, ....... 29

Best Field Beans, The, .... 30

Blanching Celery 30

Baked Sweet Apple, 47

Best Mode Wintering Cattle, . 61 !
Build Nests for Birds, .... 78
Beautifying our Homes, ... 79 j
Balloon Jleteorology, .... SO '

Buckwheat for Bees, 91

Board Fences, the Best, . ... 94 i

Bogus Potato-Beetle, 98 j

Berries, 1< 3 |

Bone J^Ieal for Poultry, . . . .109

Blackberry Syrup, Ill

Blackl jerry Jam, Ill

Bits and Dimes, 115

Breeding Poultry for Profit, . . 124

Butter Making, 125

Bran for Milk Cows, 138

Bird Instinct 139

Bee Keeping for Farmers, . . 142
Bantams as a specialty, . . . 142
Borgians of our Kitchens, . . .143

Brighton Biscuit, 144

Berries and Brains, 152

Blooming Dutch Bulbs, .... 1,53
Broom Corn Market, The . . .157

Bronze Turkies, 157

Bee Culture for Ladies, .... 158

Buckwheat, 164

Blue Bird, The 164

Buckwheat, c*cc., as Fodder, . .170
Best Time to Plow Corn Land, . 171
Bees and Bee Culture, 70, 89, 91,

126, 142, 172
Beet, The History of the . . . 147
Bean, The History of the . . .161

Barley, 164

Button-hole Bouquets, &c., . . 93

Birds of Paradise, 179

Butter Ball (Duck), 181

Buck Wheat Cakes, 189

Bran and Corn Meal for Cows, 191

Correspondents, To, 3

Carniverous Plants, 4

Comparative Value of Fruits, . 5
Cultivation of Flowers, The . . 7
Coveri'g Manure from Weather, 12

Cultivation of Roses, 13

Corn and Hogs, 13

Cure the Stingii'of a Catfish, To, 9

Cow, The, 20

Canaries, 21

Cultureof the Grape, 22

Colorado Potato Beetle, 25, 42, 49,

65
Cultivation of Native Tree.s, . . 26
Culture of Flowers, The, ... 30

Charcoal for Poultry, 32

Curative Potato, The, 32

Cabbage, its Cultivation , . . ■ 39

Clover and ( ut-wornis 45

Centennial and Exhibitors, . . 46
Charcoal for Sick Animals, . . 47

Cocoanut Pie 31

Conestoga Puflfs, 47

Cabbage a la Cauliflower, ... 47

Cooking Celery, 47

Coffee Cake, 47

Cure for Toothache, 48

Clean Oil Cloths, To, 48

Catalogue s of Seed,Plants,&c.,48, 64
Cost of our Recent War, . . . 51

Chinese Yam, The, 59

Chemical Manures in Powder,.. 61
Caoutchouc in Harness, ... 61
Condition &c., of the Crops,. ..61, 74
Comparative Value of Food, . 61

Cultivation of Corn, 62

Cropping Oats on Corn Ground, 62
Cotemi)orary Press, The, 48, 64, 80
Condition of Cattle and Sheep, 68
Cattle Interestsof the U.S., . . 69
Cabbage Pest and its Parasite, 70

Culture of Roses, The 74

Cabbage Worms, 79, 103

Curious Thingsin Housekeep'g, 79

Cooking a Shad 79

Cheap Pudding, 80

Conserving Green Maize, &c., 90

Caterpillars 93

Cut Worm in Cabbages, The, - 93
Cure for Kicking Cows, ... 94
Clierry Jam, 95

California Beer, 95

(Vioking ( 'aulifiower, 95

Cement for Petroleum Lamps, 95

Crackers, 95

Cure Summer Complaint, To, . 96

Cut Worms, The, 98

Centennial Grounds on the 4th,105
Cultivation of Celery, The, . . 1(16
Cro|isin North Carolina, The, . 106
Cut off the Decayed Blooms, . 106
Cause of the Laving of Corn, . 107
Cure for the Vine Bug, .... 107
Clover and Lucern Pests, The, 107
Cultivation of Buckwheat, . 107
Cultivation of Hungarian Moha,107

Care of Lawns, The 109

Culture of Peppermint, The, . 110
Chea]) Food and Good Food, . Ill
Clean Out Your Cellars, . . .111

Codling Moth, T' e, 114

Condition of the Wheat Crops, 115

City Bee Culture, 127

Cold Tomato Sauce, 127

Clean Lime Out of Tea Kettle, 127
Caution to Stock Raisers, . . . 128
Curculio, or Plum Weevil, The, 129
County Fi.irs in Pennsylvania, 137
Correspondents, To, .... 137
Cattle Breeding in Mayenne, . 138
Continued Ravages of Vine Bug,l 38
Conservatory and House Plants,140
C^hicks in the Garden, .... 141

Cucumbers, 143

Cauliflowers, 143

Canning Peaches, 143

Cooking Rice 143

Churning Butter, 144

Coflee ]\laking, 144

Cultivated Vegetables, . . . .147

Curious Facts, 149

Correspondence, Cogitations, . 151

Coleman Estate, The, 155

Conservatory and House PIants,1.50
Concrete for Walks, etc., . . • 159

Corn Batter Cakes, 159

Corn, Preparations of, . . . . 159

Cockroaches, 159

Cream Cake, 1-59

< ider may be Purified 100

Clean Straw Matting, &c., To, 100
Clean Walls and Ceilings, To, . 160
Cultivated Vegetables, . ". . . 101
Crops of the L'uited States, . . 103
Centennial and Agricultural, ■ 104
Centennial Ornamental Park, . 105

Curriiut Worm, The 1(>7

Chinch-bug, orMormon Louse, 108

Corn-stalk Weevil, 169

Commercial Manures, .... 170
Corn and Fruit Presented, . . 171
Corn Crop in the Lower End, . 171
Commencing Bee Keeping, . . 172

Clarify Honev, To, 127

Cherry, The, ." 78

Cuckoo and Hedge Sparrow, . 179

Chicken Croquetes 189

Centennial Nat. Cook Book, . 191

Cai)ital and Labor 191

Colorado Cattle Range, a . . . 184
Disease-proof Potatoes, .... 12
Destruction of Canada Thistle, 14

Dying for Our Country 20

Disccussion on Orchard Ques., 41
Do Plants Need Water, . . . • 46

Diphtheria, 47

Distinguishing Sex in Eggs, . . 51
Destroy Bngson ' 'ucumbers,To, 94
Drive Awway Mosquitoes, To, 96

Destructive Worms, 134

Depredations of the Vine Bug, 1.54
Disinfecting Properties Hemp, 170
Dairy Interestsat Centennial, . 173
Domestic Economy, 13, 34, 47, 03,
79, 94, 110, 137, 143, 159, 174, 189

Dogs, Good and Bad, 175

Daniel V>'ebster, 19

Duke of Hillhurst, Second, . . 69

Drop Worm, The, 113

Destroying Cutworms, .... 121
Decay of Apple Trees, .... 123

Dividing Bees for Winter, . . 126

Delicious Rolls, • 144

Dark Brahmas, 163

Dog Story, A, 180

Decrease in Streams and Wells, 183

Eags of the Katydid, 3

Essay. An, by I). L. Resb, . . 7
Experim't and Report Results, 26
F^ducation of Farmers' Child'n, 29

Evergreen Trees, 30

Everyday Pudding, 47

Enemies to Col. Potato-Beetle, 65

F:ntomological, 2, 33, 70

Enemies of Cabbage Butterfly, 70
F^nemies of Bees, The, . ... 76
Entomological Correspondence,106

Egg ControTers}', 106

Eggs versus Meat, Ill

Experiments Fattening Cattle, 122
Exterminating Live-F'oreyer, . 124

r:ating Fruit 127

Early Peaches from Mr. Engle, 141

Election (.'ake, 174

■ Fruit Growers' Society, Penna., 6

F>iar's Omelet, 13

Failures in Business, 15

Farming in Illinois, 21

Forty Years have Passed, ... 21
Farmers' Northern Market, . . 21
Fanny and Fronclin Apples, 23,44
Farmer John, a Poem, .... 24

F"ruit-can Opener, A, 32

Farmers, Write for Your Paper, 33

Farmers' Sons 39

Farmers's ^\'ives. About, ... 44

Fancy Dish, 47

Fences, The Construction of . 54
FacSim. Centennial Medals,. 55
Fermentation in Trenches, . . 60
French Mode Selecting Horses, 61
F"armandDome.sticEcononiy, . 63
Famous Short Horn, A, . . . 69
Farmers and the Centennial, . 71
F'ire and Water-proof Paint, . 80

Furniture Polish 80

Fruit Pudding, 80

Fattening Calves for Veal, . . 90
Fruit Trees by the Road-side, . 90
Flowers, How to Pre.serve, . . 92
Fruit and Vegetable Garden, . 93
Farming as a Business, .... 103
Forage Plants — Their Culti va'n,107
Farmers and Farmers' Sons, . 107
Frauds in Com. Fertilizers, . . 110
Fruit Culture, Gossip on, . . . 119

Flower tulips, 121

Fruit Cans, tin, 121

Flavor and Colorin Milk, . . .122
Farm an<l Dairy, The, 63, 125, 139
Feeding Wheat to Horses, . . 126
Facts of Natural History, The,

66, 84, 90, 131, 167, 180

Fruit Gr,rdcn, 140

Flower Garden, 59, 140

Floral Novelties 141

Future of Peach Tra le, The, . 152
Farnung on Cont.of Europe, 60, 90,

107,122, 154, 170, 187
Flower Garden, .... 59, 92, 156

Farmer's Ijibrarv, A, 160

Ferns and Palm's, 167

Foot and Mouth Disease, . . 170
Fattening Fowls in Ten Days, 171
Farmers and Grain Dealers, . 173

Farm and Dairy, 174

French Way of Salting Pork, 174

Feeding Cornstalks, 191

Guano, 5

Good Pudding 13

Good Butter 19

Griddle Cakes, 31

Glycerine for Preserv'g Fruit, 32

Grangers, The, 39

Gallinoculture et Ovsfculture, . 50
Cxood Correspondents, .... 54
Great Centennial of 1876, The,. 55
Great Lilium Auratum, The, . 58
Garden Culture cs.FieldCulture, 70

Gleanings, . 73

Grease Your Nails 79

INDEX.

III.

Green Wdoil 8H

(iood I'uMic Koii.ls KS

Green Fly, The Ill'

Gouil Apple |)uinpllii[.'S, . . . !»1

Green I'e;! Scilip "J>'i,!lli

Grape Vine I'lnnie Moth, . . . 10(>

Grnluu.i Fl.i\n- I'lills, 112

Gravenslein Ap|ile lll>

GossiiMin I'rnil Cuhure, . . .]]!•
Griiwini; Hye-GrassSeeil, . • • 1--'

Gre;il Iniindatinn, Till! 121.'

Geraiiinnis, 124

Green I'eppers, 14:i |

Gherkins 14;>

Getting n|) a Kelisli, 14;> ;

(ilosseil Shirt liii.sonis, .... 144 ^
General I'tilily of .Shi)H-lIorns,l.')() !

Grant Kstate.The l.')(> j

Garden and Gnhard, The, 124, 141), !
l.">(i, 172

Good Ci'lery 172

(iipmlie Farming iu Penn'a . 17S

(iood Kindlin;;s, 17.">

General Miscellany, • 14, 17.5, 191
Go into I'.xiierinientin^, . . .171
llayCropanil Hay Trade, The, 1(1
Iln'riiiullnral Misci'llanv, . • . 12
Hay Tea for Calves, .".... IS

lleidin'.' Power of (iUie l.">

Here and There 21

How to Restore Fertility, . . . 21>
IhjWto.Makethe Farm" I'ay, . 2!»
Hav Troilueinjiand .Marketing, 30
Hay I'ressint; or I'.alint;, ... 30

Howto.Vpply Lime, 30

IIor.se .'^hoeint:, 30

HvaeinthsinCilas-ses, 31

Horticnltural Hall, The, ... 37

Hor.se's Foot, Tlie, 4.5

How to Destroy Kiirth Worms, 47

Home Interiors, 04

Honey Bee in Farm Economy, 64

Hungarian Grass 7C

How to Italianize Your Bees, . 76

Horseradish Sance 80

Honey-Bee, Instincts of the, . 91
How Scientitic FarniingPavs, . 94
How to Dress .*^alad, ...'.. 94
How to JIake Maryland Biscuits 95
Household Hecipes, . . 9."), 144, l.')9

Hatchinu' l'V'<rs 109

How to Fatten Fowls, 109

How to (an Fruit, 110

Huhhardston Nonesuch, . . .llfi
Heifers and First Calves, . . .122

llunfrarian Gras.s, llio

How Drains Act, 12(i

Historic Tree V.V.'i

How I'hil'a Kutteris Made, . . 139
How Ivisilv ButttT is .Spoiled, . 140

Hyacinth.s" in Winter 140

How to(iather Cider Apples, . 141
How Bets Know Their llomes, 142
Jlonev I'rodu<t of California, ■ 142

Hand'lin- liee.s 142

llintson .Makinfx Pickles, . . . 143
Hav Farniin<;and I'.alin}.', . . . l.")4
How Much liens Will Kat, . . 1.58
How to Telia Goose from a Gan-
der, ■ . . . _ 158

Horse F'pideniio, The, .... 158
How to Kcep."~w«x't Potatoes, . 1.59
Hens' Teeth— iioncDast, . . . 1(>9

Harnes.s to Pre.servo 171

Handling Bees, 172

How to Cure Haeon, Ham,«&c., 174

Hint.s Ahout Meat, 174

How to Boil KfTjis 175

How to Clean Car]X"t.s, . . . .17.5

liogColera, Coal for 1R.5

]Ior>,eKadish Culture, . . . .190

Hints in .Season 190

Hen Mamire, I'se of, 192

Horses, Curious Deaths of, . . 1!»2
How to Treat !>watnp Muck . . II
How to Drive Weevils out . . 9

Hlastralions, 3

Inseet.s on Cattle 14

In)|K>rtant Invention, .... 29
Irrigation in the Valley of the

Kio<;rande .58

Information .\houl Bees, . . (U
Influeniv of Country Life,. . 7(i
Improved Hardy Hybrid Kho-
dodendrons, ........ 78

Indian Pudding, 80

Insects, No.\iousand Beneficial, 82
Insect Fertiliza'n and Hybrids,. 83

Iinprov'g the Breed of Horses, 90
Insects on House Plants, . . . 92
Im|iortance ol (iood Feeding, . 107
Indian Cakes Without Fggti, . 112

Improved lice I lives liJS

Iniligest'n in Horses and Cattle, 1")8

Improved Sandwiches 144

Importat'n of \'alualile Horses, 14-I
Increasing the Ureeil of Hor.-ves,1.54

Italian Pees 158

Improve't in Out -door Closets, 160
Institute IC.Kperinii'nts, .... 171
Information Wanle<l, . . . .172

Indian Summer, 182

Is the Bee a Nuisance? . . . . 181

Incubation 182

Information AVanted, .... 179
Imperfect Potato Tests, . . . 191
.lac. Conkling, An (Jld Digger, . 31
.lohn P.nll Alter Colorado Bugs, .56
.lohnson Miller's .Vnn'l -Vddress, 3
.loining Swarms of Bees, ... 76

.lennv Lind Sou]), 80

Jersey Cattle 144

.lots and Tittles from Dauphin

County 74-170

Klaproth .\pple 2.3'

Keep the Birthdays 32

Keep .\way Cntwonns, To, . . 93

Killing Potato-Beetles 100

Kindly (Ireetings, 136

Keep Milk from Curdling, To, 138
Keep the Farm an<l Home Tidy, 140
Keei)ing Winter .\pi)les, . . .157
Large Kmigration to (iermany, 2
Lancastkr F.ah.micr, The, . 3, 26, 43

Long-legged Horses, 15

Literary Items, Ki

Letter from a Farmer's Wife,. 9
Letter From Our Old Home, . 21
Lancaster County Apples, . . 23
Leaves the Lungs of tlie Plant, 26
Letters, (Jueries and .Vnswers, 44
Lemon Orange Custard, ... 47
Laneaster County to the Front, 48
Lancaster Park Association, . 63
Live-stock at the Centennial, . 71
Love and Culture of Flowers, . 77
Literary or Classic Side of Gar-
den Culture, The 77

Landsca|)e Gardening, .... 78
Lime Water for Burns, . ... 79

Literary Notices, 32, 96

Lemonade, Ill

Lilies .58, 121

Letter from North t'arolina, . . 121

Live Stock and Flies, 123

Loss by Weeds and Insects, . . 126
Luscious Tomato, The, .... 127
Live Slock Miscellany. 128, 144, 1.58
Lancaster's Op|iortunitv, . . .129
Length of Boot Growth". . . . 172

Look to the Forests, 175

Limit Your Wants 190

Land Measure, .\ Convenient, 192

.Make Hens Lav, To 13

Milk Room, The, 20

Manuring Corn Stubble Land, 26

Milk (.iucsliim. The, 4(1

Main Fxhibition Building, . . ,55

Milk Cows, . . (i2

Miscellaneous Statis'l Circulars, 68
.Memories, Centennial, .... 71

Mountain Tea, .58, 73

Minute Pudding, ..... . . 8(1

Mnshroonis, Morels,. . ... 84

Making up the Deficiency, . . 85

Making Land Produce 88

Mulberries, 89

Meat versus Wool 90

iManiires for Sugiir Beet . . . 90

.Market Gardening 94

Make Farm Lite Attractive, . . 94

i Mend your Own Tinware, . . 95

Manufiictureof Dutch Cheese, . 107

Mulching 108

Maiuigenient of Silting Hens, 109
Making Butter in Winter, . . 110

Method 117

.Make .Jellies, To 121

Manufacture of Cheese, The, . 122
Meterological Observations, . 131
Making Lawns in Autumn, . .141
Movable Comb Frames, . • . 142

Mixed Blood 151

Mineral Resources of Southern

Lancaster County 153

Miscellaneons Items, 43, 60, 110, 1,54

Mississi|i])i Corn Bread, . . . 1.59

Mushroom, The 101

.Moths in Carijcts, 175

.Mad Itch — new cattle disea«e,..185

Managing the(irate, 3]

Mush Cakes, 159

Mingling .Manure 191

.\ew Style of Barrels 14

Nuudier of ( iranges. The, . . . 44
New " Butcher Ship," The, . . 61
Native Seedling .\pples, ... 62
Native I'lowcrs and Fruits,. . (>2

Nutrition of Oatmeal 63

Now- fin- House (lea in ng, . . . (i3
Notes onthe Colorado Beetle, . 9!)
New Agricultural Build'g, The, 104
Nights Hawks vs. Whip-poor-
wills 131

Nasturtiums, 14:!

New Processof Plant 'g Potatoes, 1.59

Newly Married, The I(i9

Natural History for the Young, 179
Nevada's Petrified Forest, . . 191
Noted .\niiuals. Selection of, . 192

Our New Departure, 1

Ovi'r Production, 2

Opening Month of the Year, . 2

Osage ( )raiige 11

(,)rchard and .Nursery, .... 13
Our l!ecei])t for Curing Metit, . 13

Omelet, Frier's 13

<!)ur Hairs are Numbered, . . 15

Our Situation, 17

(Jdors 20

Our Home Market, 21

Our National Centennial, 27, 37,

104, 164, 186
Our Public Reception,. ... 28

Our Illustrations, 38

Our Orchards, 41

Official List of Patents, 48, 64, 80, 96,

112, 128, 17t), 192
Our Paris Letter, 51, (iO, 90, 107, 122,
138, 1.54,170,187

Our Feme Corners, 51

Old aixl the Niiw, The, .... 71
Our Farmers and the ('enten'l, 71
Obtain Fruit from liarrcn Trees, 72
Old Horse's Lament, The, . . 74

Our Wheat Trade, 85

Our Share of the Kxpenses, . . 104

Our State K.xposilion 105

Orchard and (hirden 108

Oatmeal vs. Beefsteak Ill

Ornamental Gardening, . . .120

Order Lciiidoptera 130

Ornamental Horticulture, . . i:!6
Oleomargarine Cheese, . 139, 166

Onions, 143

Our Cult i vated Vegetables, 147, 161,
178

Old and New 148

(hits, 163

Our Cheese Industry '? . . . . 166
Publishers to the U'ca.ler, The, I
Prussian Manufacturers, &c., . 2
Patrons of Husbandry, The, . 3,43
Proceedings Lancaster .Vgrieul-
tural and Horticultural .So-
cietv„7, -.'5, 41.61,74,90, 107,
122," 128. 1.54,171.
Proceedings Penna. F. G. Soc'y, 6

Prof. Riley on Birds, 9

Projier .Mode of feed'gHor8es,ll,15

Potato Diet, 11

Plow iiig Land in .\utumn, . . 12
Philo.sophy of Cixikery, ... 13
Preparing and Paek'g Poultry, 14

PersiMial Items, 15

Persimmons as Market Fruit, . 12

Peas 3,000 Years Old, 13

Potato Bliuht, The 11,17

Patrons of llu.sbandry. The, . 18
Persimmon, Sex, X'arieties, . 19, 4.5
Planting and Train'g the Vine, 22

Persimmon, The 23

Prize Milk Cow 24

Pear anil Rose Slug 25

Plowing 29

Perennials and Bedding Plants, 30

Prevent Rii.sting 32

Pear Sings, 35

Paris (ireen, .35, 36

Penna. R. R. and Centennial, 37
Potato and Paw-Paw, The, . . 4(t

Peaches, The 41

Potato Beetle, The, 44

Plums and the Cureulio, ... 46

Plum Pudding. . 47

Progress of Invention, 48, 64,

80,96, 112, 128, 176, 192
Planting Potatoes F.arly, . . . .56
Persimmon and the Scupper-

nong (irape, 59

Potato Planting,F.arly and Late, 60
Peonies and the Rose Bug, . . 60
Pri'paralion of Food for Cattle, 60
Phosphorus in Oil Cake, &c., . 60
Parasites in Bird-Cages, ... 63

Past and Present, The 67

Plant Trees 78

Provide (iood Tools 79

Potato Beetles 60,81,97

Position of the Hive, 91

Pear Trees, Retentive Soil, . . 93
Propagation of Celery, The, . . 93

Plowing Orchards, ." 93

Perpetual Paste 95

Potato Stalk Weevil 97

Preserve TiiK Fahmku, . . . . KXt
Poultry Yard, The, 109. 124,141, 1.57

Poidtry Interest, The 109

Pennsylvania Crops, The, . .115
Primitive i'arming, . . .118,134
Public Watering Troughs, . .120
Poultry at Intern'l Kxhibil'n, . 125
Practical Cattle- Breeding, . . 125

Pot-au-Feu, 133,153

Peaches, . .' 133, 143

Plenty of Potatoes, 134

Preservation of Fodder, . . . 1.38
Pic-nic of Patron.--- Husbandry, 139
Poultry and Kggs forCenten'l, 141
Poultry Raising in Cities, . . .142

Pea.-h Mangoes, 143

Purple or Red Cabbage, . . .143
Present ami the Future, The, 149
Pure and Mixed Blood, .... 1.50
Prolitsof Farming on Prairies, 156

Public Poisoning, 157

Propagating lOvergreens, . . .157

Poland (.'hina Pigs 158

Preparations from Corn Meal, 1.59

Potatoes, 164

Preservation of Green Maize, . 170
Plowing (iuest'n Resumed,The, 171
Packing .\pples for Winter, . 172

Practical Hint.s 173

Parlor .Vilornnients, 175

Peculiarities of Spiders, . . . 177
Preservation of Fruit, &c., . . 184

Practical Brevities 190

Protecting .\nimals from Cold, 191
(Queries Answered, (>4, 89, 118,181

(Jueen of Puililings 47

Results of Improved Culture,. 5

Reily. Prof, on Birds 9

Rei>ort of Com. of .\griculture, 10
Receipt for Curing .Meat, Our, . 13

Koa.l Dust 13

Reason Wliy, The 14

Returning Prodigals 21

Reports on Crops, .... 25,171

Results of Hygiene, etc 2S

Raising Pota'toes 30

Remedy for Pear Blight, ... 31
Roasting a Sirloin of Beef, . . 31
Roa.sting Turkey and Carving, 31
Remedies f(.r Potato Beetle, . 50,53

Rose Culture 53

Remedy for the Cureulio, . 60, 130

Rose-bugs and Peonies 60

Ripeiiingoflhe Sugar-beet, . . 61
Remedies for Chilblains, ... 79
Remedy for .\i)ple-lree Borer, . 81

Rose slugs 121

Rose. The Double White Moss, 124
Raising Chestnut Trees, . . .126
Rules for Piuving Horses, . . .128

Rascal Leaf ■(runipler 130

Rich anil Rare Tree 132

Rejiair'g Damages from FIood8,138
Root-pits for Winter Veg't'ble8,140
Rheumatism in Horses, . . . 144,

Remove Mildew, To, 144

Reapers, .Mowers, Threshers, . 154

Rice Blanc Mange, 159

Remedy for Dodder, A . . . .171

Sulphur, 15

Soaking Seeds— Osage Orange, 11

Spring Radishes, 12

Savior .\pple • ■ 23

Strawberry Pest, The 26

So Far as Practical, &c. 26

Soup Making, 32

Sparrows — Finches 33

lY.

INDEX.

Shall we raise Osage Orange ? . 40
Something About Blackberries, 45
Scuppernong Grape, The . . 46
SalesofChester County Stock, . 47
Selection of Breeds of Cattle, . 47
Susquehanna Shad, The, ... 52
Super-phosphate, Raw Bones,.. 52

Soap, 5S

Separation of Butter in Churn 61
State Agricultural Fair, .... 62
Setting and Skinmiiug Cream, (J3
Summary of Winter Wheat, . . 68
Second Duke of Hilhurst, . . . 69

Sing More 72

Something About Grapes, . . 74
Scabby-legged Chickens, ... 74

Shorts Pudding, 80

Striped Apple-tree Borer, . .. . 81

Short Hay Crops, 85

Sulphuret of Lead, 86

Soils as Filterers, 90

Scale Insect, 92

Skeletonizing Leaves, .... 94

Shade Trees, 94

Study to Save Steps 95

Saratoga Potatoes, 95

Short-horn Durham Cattle, . . 101
Strawberry Question, .... 102
Something about Eggs, .... 106
Sheep-farming for Wool . . . 107
Sit and Set, Lay and Lie, . . . 109

Snails, 117

State Fair Committees, . . . .118

Seasonable Hints, 121

Strawberries, 121

Sudden Decay in Apple Trees, 123
State Agricultural Fair, .... 123

Story of a Rose, 124

Sheep on the Farm 128

State Fair Again, 132

State and County Fairs, . . . 137
Shade-trees for Stock and Profit,137

Some Exp'ts with Gr'nd Bones,137
Sheep in the Lower Alps . . . 138
Salt, Preservation of Lucern, . 138
Sowing Flower-seeds in Fall, . 141
September Manage't of Bees, . 142

Spanish Pickles, 144

State Fair Reflections, .... 146

Sheep and Wool, 154

Simple Dyspepsia Remedies, . 159

Slap-jacks, 159

Sweet Potatoes, . . . . . . .164

Save the Soapsuds, 175

Simple-interest Rules, .... 175
Something to Set us Thinking, 181

Spirit Duck, 181

Skirmishes, 184

Snows of Last Vear, 185

Stick to Your Trade, 192

Turning Points in Physical Life, 14
Training Young Stock, .... 15

To Prevent Rusting 32

This Number of The Farmer, . 38

Three Good Recipes, 47

Timber for Fences, 59

Trees for Fencing and Fuel, . 62

Testing Eggs 73

Truffles, 84

Testing the Fecundity of Eggs, 89
Tan Bark for Potato Bugs, . . 89
That Invitation to Dinner, . . 89
Treatment of Lambs for Market, 90
Treatment of Hoven, ... .90

Thrips 92

Tap-Root,The, 93

Treasury Depar't Whitewash, . 95
Traps and the Potato-Beetle, . 103

Tea-Pot Assailed, The Ill

The Drop Worm 113

To Make Jellies, 121

Tin Fruit Cans, 121

Thoroughbred Stock Sales, . . 126
Tomato Recipes, 127

To Preserve Posts 128

To Rid Wheat of Must and Rust,138

Take Care of the Tools 140

To Beginners with Poultry . .142

Three Grand Points, 151

Three Model Stock Farms, . . 155

Tree Planting, 157

Training Heifers to be Milked, 158

Tobacco, 164

Testing Richness of Potatoes, . 170
To Fatten Fowls Quickly ... 171
To Destroy Smut, Rust, &c., ■ 171
Thousands of Sheep atid Cows, 173
To Our Patrons and the People, 177

The Pea, 178

The Sheep — The Lambs, . . . 179
Things Worth Knowing, . . . 190
Teamsters, An Idea for, . . . 192

Under Consumption 2

Unaired Rooms, 32

Utilizing Potato-Beetles, &c., 34, 85
Unclaimed Premiums, .... 42
Useful and Ornamental, ... 78
Use of Paris Green, The, ... 99
Utilizing Damaged Fodder, . 107
Utilizing Water by Irrigation, 110

Useful Information, 157

Useful Hints, 160

Utilizing Raw Material, . . .191

Voices from Abroad, 21

Valueof Fish Food, The, . . . 52
Varieties of the Tree Borers, . 62

Valuable Milk Cows 63

Varieties and Cultivat'n Corn, 75
Valuable Recipes, . . .31, 80, 111
Vine Bug Disease, The, ... 90

Violets, 93

Value of Our Crops for 1874, . 140
Victoria Colony, Kansas, . . . 156
Vegetable Garden, .... 140, 156

Vienna Yeast, 159

Vegetable Ivory 181

Wintering plants in rooms, &c., 12

Winter care of Trees 12

What is Auguentum? .... 19

Wheat-gleanings, 5, 24

Wh.at our Farmers ought to do, 26
What others say of us, . . . . 28

Wheat and Cheat, 41

Words of cheer from a veteran, 46

White Gems, 47

White Custards, 47

What Fertilizers are used? . . 56

Weather, the, 72

AVeather two years ago, the, . 72

Waifs of Society, the 72

Why the Wheat was win'r kl'd 75

Winterkilled Vines, 86

Wife, Mistress and I/ady. . . 95
Way to Cultivate Flowers, the, 109

Wine Making 121

Winter Irrigation of Farms, . 122
We are growing Old together, . 126
What and How to Feed Bees, . 127
Write and Talk for the Farnier,134
Work to be Done in October, . 140
Winter Protection of Roses, . 140
Work to be Done in November, 156
Work to be Done in December,156
Women as Horticulturists, . . 156

Wheat 193

What is Good Grape Culture? 172

Window Adornnienls 174

Weight of Pigs for Market, . . 175
Winter-care of Pigeons, . . . 184
When I Mean to Marry, ... 182

Woodpeckers 180

Water Question, the, 179

Whitewash, a Good Durable, . 190
Washing Woolen Clothing, . . 191
You may Smile or be Shocked,122
Yield of the Harvest, the . . .154
Zinc and Boiler Incrustation, 88

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

Grape Trellises, 1,2,3, 22

Agricultural Building (Centeunial), 27

Horticultural Hall (Ceutenaial), 37

Henderson 's Early Summer Cabbage, .... 39

Potato-Blight (Perouospora, infestans),. . 40

Colorado Potato-Beetle, 49

Doryphora 10-lineata, a, b, c, d, e, f, 49

Poison Duster, 50

Egg Sex Test, a. b, c, d, 51

Susquehanna !5had, 52

Alosa PrastabiliiS, 52

Patent Fence and Gate, 1, 2, 3, 4, 54

Main Hall (Centennial) , 55

Art Gallery (Centennial), 55

Centennial MedaU (Fac-Similies), 55

Tachiua Fly (Lydella Doryphora), 65

Convergent Lady-Bird, a, b, c, 65

Hippodaima Couvergens, 65

Spotted Lady-Bird, 65

Hippodamia Maculata, 65

Many Banded Robber, 65

Harpactor Cinctue, 65

Fiery Ground Beetle, a, b, 65

(Calosoma Calidum,) 65

Spined Soldier Bug, a, b, 65

(Arma Siiinoso), 65

Lancaster and Frederic Stage (1799), 67

The Flying Machiue (1758), 67

A Modern Steamboat, 67

Second Duke of Hillhurst, 69

Independence Hall (1S75), 71

Independence Hall (1776), 71

The Girl and the Flowerbed, 77

The Girl and the Flowerpot, 77

The Sick Girl and the Flowers, 77

Striped Apple Tree Borer, 81

a. Larva ; 6. Pupa; c. Imago, 81

rf. Section of Perforated Trunk, 81

(Lytta Vittata), 81

Margined Blister-Beetle, 2, 82

(Lytta Marginata), 82

Ash Gray Blister-Beetle, 3, 82

(Lytta Ciuerea), 82

Black Blister- Beetle, 4, 82

(Lytta Atrata), 82

Morels (Morchella Esculenta), 84

Poland China Boar, 87

Green Fly, (Aphis), 92

Flower Protector, 92

Thrips, 92

Red Spider (Accarus), 92

Scale Insect (Coccus), 92

The Man that Dislikes Flowers, 92

The Man that Loves Flowers, 92

The Woman whose Flowers don't come up,93
The Woman whose Flowers do come up, 93

A Bouquet Holder, 93

Three-Striped Potato-Beetle, 97

Fig. 1 . Imago (Lema Trivitatta) 97

Fig. 2. Larvas and Pupa, 97

Potato Stalk Weevil, 97

a. Larva; 6. Pupa; c. Imago, 97

Flat-Headed Apple Tree Borer, 97

a. Larva ; 6. Pupa ; c. Imago, 97

(Chrysobothris Femoratus,) 97

Bogus Potato- Beetle, 98

(Doryphora Juncta), 98

6. Larva ; a. Eggs ; d. Wing ; c. Imago ;

e. One of the legs, 98

" Old Sam "—Short-Horn Bull, 101

Strawberry Flower, 102

Agricultural Hall (new, Centennial), . . . .104

Ground Plan of Ditto, 105

The Drop Worm, a, b, c, d, e,/, g, 113

(Thyridoptery X ephemerjeformis), 113

Apple Codling, a, b, c, d, e,/, g, 114

(Carpocapsa pomonella), 114

Gravensteiu Apple, 116

Hubbacdton's Nonesuch, 116

Curculio or Plum Weevil, 129

(Conotrachelus Neunphai, a, b, c, d), .... 129

Rascal Leaf Crumpler, 130

(Physita Nbulo), a,b,c,d, 130

The Army Worm, 1, 2, 145

(Lucauia Uuipuncta), 145

Shorthorn Bull Scotsman, 150

Mushroom (Agaricus Campestris), 161

Dark Brahma Fowls, 163

Young Blue Birds, 164

Machinery Hall (Centeunial), i65

Tropical Ferns and Palms, 167

Corn Stalk Weevil, a, 6, c, 169

(Sphenora Zea), 169

Birds of Paradise, 179

Lambs 179

Wood-Pickers, 180

INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Asimina 41

Aplodes ribivora 45

Agrotis zea 45

Agrotis jaculifera 98

Alosa preestabilis 62

Alosa tyraiLS 52

Arctomis monax 53-66

AlauB accuiatus 62

Apion robinia 62

Aphis avena 65

Arma apiuosa 66

Aniaopteryx vernalia 82

Aristolochia clematis 86

Agaricus campestris 84-161

Argent ifera galena 86

Antrostomus vocif era 131

Antroatomus caruliuasis 132

Antrostomus nuttalii 132

Areca oleracea 167

Attalea funifera 167

Abraxes ribearia 168

Ageria tipuliformis 168

JEgeria exitoaa 168

.^geria caudatum 168

Aradiuidffi 178

Accentor modularis 179

Brassica oleracea 39

Bucephala albeola 181

Bromus 41

Baridius trinotatus 97

Beta vulgaris campestris alba 147

Beta vulgaris 148

Botry tis infestous 17-40

Blatta orientalis 34

Clytua robinia 62

Clytua picta 62

Calosoma calidum 65

CasBida bicolor 89

Copris Carolina 89

Coreus triatis 89

Crypt ogamns 167

Cynlhese 167

Capsus quadrinotatua 168

ConotraclielUR nenuphar 129

CapriniulgidiB 131

Chordeilea popetua 132

Chordeiles henry ii 132

Chordeilea texensis 132

Cetonia iuda 136

Carpocapsis pomonella 114

CetouiadBE 118

Cephalotus 4

Caloptinus spretus 35-82

CuculuB canorus 179

Chry Bobothria lemoratus 82-87

Doryphora 10-lineate 49-82

Doryphoro juncta 9'^

Dioscorea bat tala 69

Diospyrus japonica 53

Diosjiyrus Virginians 23

Diouiea musicapula 4

Darlingtouia brachyloba 4

Darliugtonia gloudulosa 4

Drosera longifolia , 4

Drosera rotundifolia 4

Drosera lilliformis 4

DiosjiyrUH kaki 19-45

Faba vulgaris arvensis 162

Faba vulgarie equina 162

Gymuetus nitide 1 18

Hippodamia convergens. 63

Hippodamia Maculata 65

Harpactor cinctus 65

Hispa BUturaiia 52

Hypautria textor 89

Hadeua arctica 168

Lydella Doryphora 65

Lycopodon germinatum 84

Lixus concavua 89

Lucania unipuucta 134, 145

Lucania albilinea 134

Liriodeudron tulipifera 121

Lytta vittata 34, 81

Lytta atrata 82

Lytta cinerea 82

Lytta marginata 82

Lema triliueata 97

Locusta migratoria 35

Macrosylla carohna 45

Macrosylla 5-maculata 45

Macrodactylus subspinoaas 60

Morchella eaculeuta 84

Minus carolinensia 89

Mlcropus lencop*erur 82

Maritiua Viuife 167

Nepenthe distiUaria 4

Nematia ventricosus 168

Nematis grosularius ? 168

Nyctiardea gardenil 153

Oiketicus couiferum , 113

Osmoderma eremicola 118

Ovisaries 179

Podophylum pellatum 53

Pieris rajife 70

Petromalus puparum •. 70

Phyllopetra obloilgifoUa 3

Plalyphyllum coucavum 3

Piugincula vulgaris 4

Perouospora infestous 17-40

Passer domestica 33

Phaseolus vulgaris 162

PhaseolvB avensis 162

Phanogameie 167

Phoenix dacty Ufera 168

Pristophora grosularia 168

Paenocerus superrotatus 168

Phycita nebula 130

Pyrus mains 116

Paphilio turuns 118

Philanopelis satellitia 118

Phylloxera vastratrix 46-82

Pieum sativum 178

Paradiaae major 179

Paradiaae regia 179

Paradisae viridis 179

Picidae 180

Beduvius raptoriua 65

ReduviuB uovenarius .163-65

Rhyparochromua devastator 168

Serracenia variolaris 4

Serracenia purpurea 4

Sarcophoga serracenia 4

Spizella socialia 33

Salaudria pyri 35

Salandria mali 35

Salandria pmni 36

Salandria cydoni 35

SialiaBialis 164

Sialia mexicaca 164

SiaUa arctica 164

SagUB rumphii 167

SagueruB saccharifera 167

Syrphns philadelphicus 168

Spcct rum femoratum 158

SphenophorusZea 160

Solidago odora 73

Saperda candid^ 81

SpermophiluB 13-lineata 53

Tuber vulgaris 84

Thyridoptery X sphemarBeformis 113

Xylinetus robinia 63

Xanthoptera semicrocea 4

The Lancaster Farmer.

Prof. S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., JANUARY, 1875.

Vol vn. No. L

OUR NEW DEPARTURE.

Li entering iipon this our seventh volume,
we liave deemcil it exix'dient to change the
form of our journal, believing that it will be
more acceptable to our reader.s, more conven-
ient to refer to, ami more valuable as a reading
and advertising medium.

We are fully aware that the times' are not
as propitious as we could wish, but still the
wealth and agricultural position of Lancaster
county are such that the sacrilice re(piired in
sustaining a local Journal among its farming
population is inlinilesimally small, when
compared with the ample means it possesses.
The great bulk of the material wealth of the
county is in the hands of the farmers and, by
parity of reasoning, they ought to possess the
great bulk of its intellectual and social wealth,
as we certainly feel they do of its moral and
industrial. Nearly all other interests have
their representative journals, and aspire to
unity; the farmers alone seem to be a dicer-
sily; and so far, as a class, are standing in
their own light. Whilst we are by no means
the friend or advocate of selfish, sinister and
one-sided combinations, having for their single
object the pecuniary interests of a single class
or clan, yet we would recommend a freer and
more social union among those TTiio are so
eminently the pillars of the nation, as Ameri-
can farmers are. AVe would not have them the
mere shadows or mimics of any other class of
men, but we would have them intelligent and
progressive thinkers and actors for themselves
in all that relates to their moral, social and
material welfare. But so far as they may be
able to attain and rftain such- a sdtfu.s, they
should feel that its consummation and contiu- j
uance will depend upon their own energetic
co-operation ; a co-operation of not only mus-
cular energy, but also of that God-given mind
and intellect which so peculiarly distinguish
man from a mere beast of burden. ^Vhen we
look abroad into the world, if we are not
blinded by ignorance or prejudice, we cannot
fail to see that a different order of things is
rapidly developing, from that which gave its
specific character to the iiast. The wheels of
time are moving onward, and never can be
turned backward. If such a thing wore possi-
ble, it would be fatal to the very existence of
the universe. "The dead have been raised;
hungry lions have refused their iirey \ the seas
have divided and formed walls of water whilst
a whole nation passed in safety through its
sandy bosom, and men unhurt have walked
amidst consuming flames; but never yet did
time, once past, ever return." Therefore, the
piment oiily is ours. The past we cannot
recall, and the future we may never see. All
our nece.ssitie.s are concentrated in the pend-
ing present, and i7i this we travel side-and-
side together. The moment we yearn after
the "flesh-pots" of the past, we fall behiTid in
the race of life. So soon as we indulge in
selfish anticipations about the future, we, in a
measure, unfit ourselves for the rcrt'idV.s' and
duties of the present. As the ever present
now is ahv.ays with us, and as nothing that can
or ought to 1)6 done iioio should be deferred to
the future, we ask the co-tiperation of the
farming puiilic in support of TiieI..\nc astkk
Fau.meu. We not only ask their paid sub-
scriptions— for, in reality, that is a mere
pittance, which a single week's rational econo-
my would rescue from the category of useless
expenses — but we also ask their literary con-
tributions and their moral and social sujiijort,
and we ask it now. We desire to make The
F.\RMEit such a home journal as will refleet
credit upon the farmers of our great county
abroad. We desire our farmers to oi)en their
"knowledge-boxes" and let their ideas fiee
forth as free as the birds of the air — not to

hide their light under a bushel or a bed, but
to set it on a candlestick. No class of men
occupying the advanced position in agriculture
that tlie farmers of Lancaster county do, can
be de.stitute of practical ideas on the sviljject-
of farming, and few who really possess this
knowledge are unable to tell what they know
in language sufliciently intelligible to their
compeers in agriculture and the domestic arts.
The yoimg farmers who are coming forward
now, are more conversant with sc'ience and
literature than the generations of the past,
and nothing will afford tlu-m greater opportu-
nities for im|irovement, more practical in-
struction, and greater mental expansion, than
habitually writing for the press; not writing
for the mere purpose of filling up a newspaper
column, but to communicate faHs important
for their brother fanners to know. Where
the fdi-ts exist, the language will unfailingly
adjust itself in such a maimer as to be under-
stood by those for whom it is intended. We
need only refer to the essays and other compo-
sitions which have been read before the various
meetings of the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society, and ])ublished in the columns of
this journal, to illu.strate that Lancaster
comity farmers can compose and write intelli-
gently if they imll; and why they should not
have the will, is something past our finding
out, because it is a Divine .■idmonition to give
as freely as we have received. We are not
always the best .judges of the value of what we
have to give. What seems a trivial matter to
one who thoroughly knows it. may lie an import-
ant matter to oiie who is profountUy ignorant of
it. We do not insist upon ' 'scholarly" composi-
tions from persions who have never had opnor-
tunities of becoming scholars. All we desire
is common sense contributions on i)ractical
subjects, and we will see that they are i)re-
sented to the public in such a form as the
writers will have no occasion to be ashamed
of In conclusion, we cannot too often ad-
monish the farmers of Lancaster county to
busy themselves in "working up" a physical
and intellectual representation of the resources
of the "Garden spot of the Keystone State"
in the approaehhig "Uen'ten'XIAL, " which
is scar^ly a year and half in the future. We
want to see the farming interests of our great
county honorably standing by the side of the
greatest in the land. ^Ve want to sec our
journal there, as the faithful an<l appropriate
advocate and exponent of those interests. We
want to see our t<ri-enth. volume in tlie hands,
and read, by twice as many as patronizi'd its
predece.s.sors ; and finally, we want to see our
eighth or "centennial volume" in double :is
niany hands as the seventh. With thesi' legiti-
mate and, we feel, unselfish desires, we again
launch our craft upon the sea of public favor ;
and with these sentiments we clo.se by wish-
ing our patrons a bright, prosperous, and
Happy New Year.

THE PUBLISHERS TO THE READER.

To those subscribers to The Farmer who
read the complimentary introduction given us
in the li\st numl>er by the retiring publisher
and the editor, it would be hardly neces.'^ary
for us to say anything in a<ldition. • Inas-
nuieh, however, as we exiiect this issue of
The Fahmeii to meet the eye of many who
never before read it, a few wonls as io om-
object and plans may not be out of place.
That a publication speciallv devoted to the
intere.sts of the large agricultural community
of this great county can become of much
practical value to tliose who will read and
profit by the information it imparts, no one
will be likely to doubt. The prejudice which
formerly existed against that knowledge thus

gained, sneeringly calle<l "book-farming,"
has long since d"isappeared along witli the
l)rejudice which some years ago was enter-
tained against reapers and mowers, and even
threshing machines; and indeed against most
of the great labor-saving inventions which
threatened to ri'volutionizi; old methods and
demanded an entirely new train of thought.
The able publications, devoted in whole or in
part to the interests of agriculture^to farm and
household economy — inrculated all over this
broad land, havi; done more than any other
single .agency to eau.se the farmer to mount a
step higher iii the intellectual as well as in the
industrial scale. It will no longer do for him
to be content, iW our grandfathers were, to
merely know how to hold the plough and
drive the horse, to wield the sickle or the
scythe, or the fiail, having no ambition to
know what is going on- in the great world
around him. The sickle, the scythe and the
fiail belong to a past age. Their place luis
been supplied by machinery, so wonderful in its
mechanicism and so important in its achiev-
ments, that no successful farmer can afford
not to avail himself of its advantages.
The successful management of nia<-hinery
requires intelligence of a higher order— a
knowledge of the principles of mechanics and
their application. To be thoroughly success-
ful in his avocation he must be continually
educating himself up to the demands of his
new surroundings. The appearance of new
insect depredators upon the croi>8 demands
knowledge in an important direction never
dreamecfof as an attainment of the farmer in
our boyhood. The improvement in cereals,
fruits, "and all cultivated productions of the
vegetable wiu-ld, even within our time, has
been wonderful. And so we might carry
these lefiections to an indefinite length— but
enough has been said to suggest what remains
unsaid to the mind of every intelligent farmer.
Relieving that the fai'mers of Lanca.ster
county would be interested in as well as bene-
fitted "by a |)nblieation which would serve as
an organ for the interchange of idesis and
l)ractical results between themselves and our
able and zealous editor, as well as among
themselves, and many of our agricultural
friends having urged as a rea.son that we had
the facilities to make The I-ancastek
Faumeu a success, we c(msenled to accept the
responsibility of its publii-ation. We must
confess that," like our enthusiiistic friend, the
editor, we have undertaken it more as a lab, r
of love or as a matter of local (iride, than from
any hop<> of innuediate pecuniary gain ; for,
as a business enterpri.'<e, it had never been
a success during the six years its life Wiia
maintained mainlv through the iiUtck of the
editor. Our plaii, including the enlarge-
ment and other contfuiplated improve-
ments, will involve a much lieavier actual
outlay of cash than can Ix- realized from the
.subscriptions on the list as it comes into our
hands. We therefore rely upon a large
increa.se of snbscribei-s to meet these iucrea,sed
expense's and to com|)eusate in some measure
for the lalxtr In-stowed upon it. The frien(ls
oftheenterpri.se will therefore see that tht-ir
interest and ours are mutual in making eflorts
to increase the sulwcription list. IJy the
change of form and the u.se of a more compact
type we will Ik- able to give nearly twice as
much reading mailer as was given in the old
form, and we have no doubt all will agree
with us that the new form is an improvement
in appearance as well as inconvenience. Our
success in otheri)ublishing enterprises, through
the confidence and liberal patronage of the
people of I.,ancaster county during the past
thirty vears, gives us assurance that the
future of The Lancaster Farmer will not
be a failure.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

ENTOMOLOGICAL.
The heavy drain upon tlie prospeetive ag-
ricultural resources of our country bj' de.struc-
tive insects is very generally atlniittcd ])y all
who are sutiiciently intelligent to comprehend
the subject. It is not necessary to go into
details ; it is sufficient to say that, in the
entire country, it annually aiiiounts to mil-
lions of dollars. Some knowledge of the sub-
ject, therefore, becomes a matter of interest to
evei'y farmer. But few farmers, if any, can
hope to become W(e»((/;e entomologists. There
is nothing, how<:ver, to prevent them from
becoming prartical entomologists, and what-
ever assistance the editor of this journal cau
render to make them such, will Ije freely ac-
corded. We therefore jiropose the following
si/ntem in the pursuit of the subject, liecause
without system of some kind, very little pro-
gress can lie made in any direction.

We propose, tlien, to gha them all the infor-
mation we can, on any specified subject, when
proper ai)plication is made. It would be
almost useless to volunteer genei-al princi]iles
or scientific theories on the subject of ento-
mology. People want scientific knowledge.
For instance, when they find a certain insect
depredating upon their crops or industrial
productions, they want to know what it is,
something about its transformations, habits,
history, jieculiarities, local characteristics and
the proper remedies for its destruction, as
well as irhtn and Imw to apply the remedies.
Now, as it is difficult for a novice to describe
an insect plainly enough to be clearly under-
stood, and as such a description might involve
more time and lalior tliat could be immediately
bestowed upon it ; and moreover as the indi-
vidual who desires the information may not
possess the necessai'y books, nor have access
to a library containing them, it is clear that
some shorter and more practical plan must be
adopted. A pr/'pcr ai>plication can be made
by mail, enclosing specimens of the noxious
insect, carefully secured against death or
injury, together with a few lines descrilnng
the nature of its deiiredations, on what vege-
table it has been found, what it had been
doing, as well as the time and place it was
found. And what is of equal or greater im-
portance to the editor, not only the ]iostage
on the communication shoidd be paid, (it
, would not lie forwanled if it is not) but it
should either contain a three cent stani]i or a
postal card, to insure an immediate reply.
This, however, is only necessary witli those
who are not regular subscribers to The Farmer,
through the columns of which all (luestions
will be answered, so far as they enn lie. f)ur i
reasons for this course are obvious, and will I
be regarded as valid by the liberal-minded.
la good truth, we cantujt nfforel to write a
specific reply and furnish paper and enveloiies,
and i)ay the return postage into thelmrgain —
it is not in equity. On a single letter the post-
age would be a trifle, but our correspondents
should rememlier that we receive many such
letters in a month, and to answer them all,
individually, would be a greater burden than
"even-handed justice',' requires us to bear.
By answering con-i'spondents through the col-
lunns of our journal information becomes more
diffused than it (itherwise could be, for other
persons than the ones immediately addressing
us may Vie interested in the very same insects.
This will inculcate habits of nwre minute
observation than usually obtains among fanners
in general — a thing much needed — and will
suggest experimentation in their destruction
or removal. Tlie time seems to be surely aji-
proaching when our agricultiu-al iiopulation
will be rrmipelhil to give more jiatient and per-
severing heed to this qmstion than they have
heretofore been in the habit of doing. Our
plan is co-o])erative and equitable in its special
effects, and ought to meet the approval of
those interested.

The openitcg month of the year is a good
time for us to take a retros]iective glance at the
past, in order to avoid in future, where possi-
ble, errors of judgment and defects in prac-
tioe, and thus profit by experience.

OVER-PRODUCTION — UNDER-CON-
SUMPTION.

"In 1872, when there was a great abimr'ance
of all things, we were not afflicted with over-
production. What now is the luatter is under-
consumption. Some eight hundred thousand
men and women are compulsorily idle who
then were regularly employed. The earnings
of the people amounted, probably, to $2,U()0,-
000 a day, or to §1500,000,000 in 'a year. This
l>urchasing power, vast in the aggregate, has
disappeared. Restore it in the shape of wages
paid for daily work, then what is styled ' o\'er-
production ' would vanish. We shall not get
out of our industrial depression in any sudden
way. Recuperation will be apt to emblemize
the slow return of the invalid to health and
strength. The medicine needed by the coun-
try is iilenty of live money to o]ierate-the cus-
tomary exchanges, and thus keep men and
women at work when once more the industrial
movement gets safely upon its legs. Mean-
time, enough things are not produced to satisfy
the wants of the people. There are more
mouths to be jed, more backs to be clothed,
more bodies to be warmed, more feet to be
shod, more heads to be sheltered, and more
minds to be instructed in 1874 than there were
in 1S7'2; yet the quantity of things produced is
smaller. The over-production is apparent,
not real — constructive, not actual — a ratio be-
tween production and the crippled power to
consume, not between production and the
urgent needs of consumers. To get at the
complete truth it is requisite for the Tribune
to shift its point of view. More money is the
key to the problem." — Inter-Oceun.

To this we may add that there will be more
wants to be supjilied in 1875 than there were
in 1874; Init what does all this amount to if
the necessary means are not available to pro-
cure the supiilies? We want more employment
for the laboring millions of the country, no
matter how unwisely they may squander the
products of labor. That is a thing beyond
constitutional control, and hardly worth talk-
.ing about, although it means a great deal; still,
if peoiile don't see it themselves it would be as
difficult to inject it into the fissures of their
brains, as to shoot potatoes into the crevices of
a millstone. In order to furnish more emi)loy-
ment we want "more live money;" by wliieh
we infer, money judiciouslj- invested where it
will pay at least six per cent., and which will
continue to be thus invested so long as it yields
any per cent, at all— money bnnight out of old,
uniiroductive " stocking legs" and put to prac-
tical and rational i(Sf/i('?ic<.s — money, if possi-
ble, unifonn in value, and secured against jieri-
odic fluctuations and depreciations. Just tliink
of the extraordinary measui'es wliicli the phi-
lanthroiiically inclined are compelled to resort
to, periodically, for the relief of the indigent,
unemiiloj'ed. or starving millions of our coun-
trymen. If these people had the pecuniary
means there would not long be an over-produc-
tion or supiily of anything, nor yet an under-
consumptioni the latter being the effect of the
absence of these means. Tilings woidd be kept
moving, and motion is the only sure remedy
against stagnation. We believe tliat a univer-
sal nation of spendthrifts would be ]ireferable
to a universal nation of njisers. It is the penu-
rious hoarding of some, the bloated accumula-
tions of others, and the imiirudent profligacy
of the many that cause the inequalities and
stringencies of the times, with all the depriva-
tions and stifferings that follow in theii' train.

"More money is the A'c// to the problem,"
but a I'ei/ is of very little account so Ions; as
there is no availalile J(i<-k into which it will fit,
and that may be opened by it. Those locks
ai'e the rich agricultural, mechanical and min-
eral resources of the country, and these are now
shut u)) and rusting, for the want of a key to
open them. There is a point in the domestic
aflairs of a nation beyond which " endurance
ceases to be a virtue," and no one can tell ex-
actly wlien that point is reached. The British
govemment did not " see it" previous to the
revolt of her American colonies; France did
not see it before the bloody revolution of ' 0?>;'
and the South did not see it before her attempt

to nationalize slavery. When will the pos-
sessors of the "key " of our industrial inter-
ests learn that it is more profitable in the end
to keep the laboring population of our country
constantly employed, at any cost ?

LARGE EMIGRATION TO GERMANY.

PKUSSIAN MANUFACTUKERS SENDING TO
AMERICA FOR WORKMEN.

"Forseveral daysjiast many jiersons, mostly
Germans, have besieged the offices of the com-
missioners of emigration at Castle Gai'deu, and
besought them to jirovide steerage passage to
Europe; Most of them professed to be with-
out means, while othei-s asserted tljat they had
a portion of the passage money. Of course it
was impossible for the eonunissioners to pro-
vide means for them to return to Germany;
but in some few instances, where only a small
deficiency existed, the balance was supjdied by
the commissioners. In nearly every case they
came provided with letters from Gennany, in
which they were assured that labor is plenty
and profitable at home, and that the demand
for mechanics is greater than for many years
previous. Information received by the com-
missioners themselves from all parts of Prus-
sia show that the situation has not been exag-
gerated. Skilled labor is scarce, and the prices
paid exceed anything that has been paid for
years past. Bookbinders, machinists, tjpe-
setters and mechanics in the different trades
are receiving from ten to thirty florins a week,
where only one-third that sum used to be paid.
This rate, considering the prices of rent, pro-
visions and living generally, is equivalent to as
many dollars here. Accomplished book-keep-
ers with large manufactiuMug companies are
receiving from 3,000 to 10,000.r' a year. Busi-
ness is brisk throughout the Empire, and pros-
perity and plenty prevail throughout the land.
Thisis accounted for by the eonunissioners and
others, from the fact that while Germany is
now homogeneous and a unit, she became en-
riched by the late war, levying tribute uiiou
France, which was made to bear all the ex-
pense of the campaign. She was more than
indemnified. Money became plenty, and the
industries which had slumbered when the war
was raging, were set in operation at its close.
Business relations were ojiened with other
nations, which, previous to tlie war, had only
fritting commercial relations with the Prussian
provinces. There was an increasing internal
and external demand for the manufactures of
I'russia, and skilled laborers were sought for.
]5ut the war had killed off many of them. It
had taken the bone an<l sinew of the land, and
many who had not been killed had been
maimed for life. This created a great want,
and the price of labor advanced. Manufac-
turers and tradesmen, as well as the friendsof
Germans in this country, are sending to Amer-
ica for them.jirotfering good positions at home.
The inducement is increased on account of the
prevailing dullness of trade here, and the com-
missioners predict that during the next three
or four months there will lie an uniirecedented
emigration to Germany. In many cases money
has been sent from Europe to per.sons here
with which to pay their passage home. Innni-
grants are still arriving here from Germany,
but they arc not mechanics nor tradesmen.
The commissioners state that the country is
losing those who have learned trades but can
find no work here, and have gone back to Eu-
rope to work at them. It is feared, too, that
the jNIennonites will cease to ccmie, as the in-
fonnation has reached the commissioners that
the Russian government has concluded to let
them remain exempt from conscrijition and
war duty, and no longer violate the convic-
tions of the Mennonifes by compeUing them to
take up arms." — Tribune.

The foregoing is very significant, and shows
how very superior the occujiation of a farmer
is, in comparison with that of other men ;
for it will lie observed that no farmers are
among the "large emigration to Germany,"
in search of that employment which they are

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

iiiiiil)le to liiul in America. It is true tliat
fiiriuirif; may not " pay" in a mere ))fc'imiaiy
sense, as well as sonu' otluT oL'cu|iatinus more
inllni'Mueil by siiasnioilic ('ontractions and ex-
pansions, and lieiice liazardous speculations,
but it pays more surely in tlieouteome; for, no
matter what takes piaie in tlie linaueial, po-
litical, social or moral world, so louu' as human
lil'e obtains, no individual is inde|iendent of
the material world, and hence the occupation
of a farmer is a i)erpetnal and universal ne-
cessity in civilized society; and as human pop-
ulation multiplies it becoinf's,-in the same
ratio, an increasiuj? and always present ne-
nes-sity. The farmer never thinks of niliii-
qnishin"; his oeciii)alion — "shnttiu;; down,"
as they call it — lettintt his fields lie fallow
and starving iiis slock, because he can-
not realize six, ten, lifleen or twenty per
cent, on his labor ; but he ploils on all
the same, at three, two, one, or no |)er
cent., to keep full or replenish the jjranaries,
corn-bins and meat-tnbsof the world, iiatieutly
toiling and waiting for the "better day a
coniinjf." Many occupations among men are
of a (inestionable moral character, or are con-
ducted in a very questionable mauner and
from ipiestionable motives ; but the tillers of
the soil and the agri<'uUnral jiroducers of the
country have not the shadow of a tpieslion
overhanging their occupation. An<l yet many
farmers are yearning for the uncertainties of
commercial, profi'ssional and nie.elianical life.
How superlatively visionary and foolish — how
suicidal to moral and material prosperity aud
domestic happiness!

It does not seem to speak well for America
and its free institutions, to lind those who
have sought an asylum luuler its lienign gov-
ernment and laws, appealing for oiiportuuities
to return to their native land as the better
couutry of tlie two for tlie laboring man.
Bloated monoiiolies, commercial combinations
and family clanships are fast converting our
country into that feudal condition in Europe,
which turneil the tide of emigration from that
country to ,oin- borders, liut which a more
liberal and eciuitable policy there is inviting
back to her shores again.

AVe do n<it believe, liowever, , that the in-
ducement for even mechanics to return to
Europe is of a very permanent cliaracler.
The fare is now so low that to single men the
sacritice woidd be trilling and easily borne,
but to men of families we do not think it
■jvould be advisable, if they can lind any cm-
ploymeut here at all.

.Tonxsox ]SriLLEii's ANXu.\i- ADDRESS, as
Pri'sident of the T.,ancaster County .\gricul-
tural and Horticultural Society, (lelivered at
the last meeting, will be found in our report
of the proceedings of that body, iirinted in this
number. While we disseiit in toto from not
only tile niutUr but also from the maniirr c(tn-
tained in some of tlie points of this ad-
dress, on the whole there is so much well-
timed truth in it. such good advice, and svicli
well deserved criticism niiiin the inefliciency
of the Agricnltnral and llorliciiltural oriiaiii-
Bations of the county o!' Lancaster, that we
should have published it in our columns, even
if it had had no claim upon us as the ])rodue-
tion of the presi<lent of a society under whose
auspices this journal has, from its very origin,
bt>en i)nblished ; moreover, as we liave here-
tofore published several papers in our columns
favorable to the " (iransre movement," it is
but fair that we should also give the negative
side of the (pie.stion ; and we confess that Mr.
Miller has elaborated .some idga.s on that snli-
ject that have not heretofore occurred to us,
whetlier tlii'v l>e true or otherwise. In refer-
ence to the itineratiie.: habits of many of the
members of the society durim; its sessions, he
made some good hits, which recall forcibly
to our mind the rebuke administered by an off-
hand Methodist preacher to a somewhat shift-
ing congri'gation. Klevatinij his voice and
rising on his toes he exclaimed with earnest
emiihxsis. " I have no objection to be called a
trareliiig pretuJiery but I do most unqualiliedly

object to preaching to a IrdfcVinij rmKirdjal'mn. "
It is a poor compliment to an essayist to greet
him with a slampedi^ the moment he begins
to reail his paper. We do not suppo.se that
any one Hica/i.s to ))e disrespectful, but it is
nevertheless embarrassing under any circum-
stances, and exhibits that want of culture to
which the [jresideiit of the society alhuled in
his address. We have never seen this habit
so common anywhere else, a.s we have in the
great and Wealthy county of Lanca-sler, an<I
nothing— not even a poorly written or poorly
delivered essay — can justify it.

ILLUSTRATIONS.

The arrangenunts for transferring TllK
Fau.mur I'l the present publisluMs were com-
lileted at too late a day to enable them to in-
troduce all the improvements into this issue
which are in contemplation. Among other
matters now (h'cmed of importance in publi-
cations of its character, are occasional engrav-
ings illustrating certain subjects of practical
importance which an- thus more easily and
satisfactorily explained than it is possible to
do in a mere letter-press description, however
full and complete. For example, it might be
dillicult to write a desca-iptiou of a trellis for
grape vines ami the most approved method of
in'uniug and training them, so that the ama-
teur might 111' able to do (he work correctly as
descril)ed; but liy the aid of an engraving, illus-
trating the cousiruetion of the trellis, the ar-
rangement of the vines at their different stages
of growth, and how t(j prune them, the pro-
cess can be made so plain that the merest tyro
in small fruit culture can comprehend the sub-
ject at a glance. These illustrations are, of
course, expensive, but the publishers have faith
that the farmers of Lancaster county will be-
stow such a liberal patronage iiixm The
FAi!?.[Eri, since it has taken its "new dejiart-
ure," as will justify them in making a venture
in this direction, and they hope to be able to
nnike a beginning in the February number.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

OxFouD, Pa., Jan. lltli, 1S7.5.

S. S. K ATll vox— Z>rar Sir: Please deci-
])hcr these animals and let us kn')W tlie result
of your investigations. Please report to Rev.
(). L., of this borough. Very respectfullv,

J. P. A.

The embryotic "animals" alluded to in the
above, wi're the eggs of the "Oblong-winged
Katydid " — I'liiilhijilcrn I'hhiiKjifii'iu—ci large
green and loiig-liuibed grasshopjjer, more fre-
(piently found, and ]ierhaps betterkuown, than
the true Katydid. (I'luHiiihiiJInm cini-nnan.)

These eggs are always found obliipiely ar-
ranged in two rows along the side of a twig,
very .seldom any larger than tlu^ one iijclosed.
This is not the insect that emits the stridula-
ting noise during summer evenings, which
sounds like Kul'iiVil. It is a vegetarian in
habit, but W(- never have known it to be snlli-
ciently numerous to be consi<lered noxious.
The coldest Weather has not the least utTect
upon the vitality of these eggs. — Ed.

Tlll.s xuMliKU will be sent to many who are
not now, or have not been heretofore, sub-
scribers to The FAmiKi!, but a.s we only de-
sire vohuitary subscriptions they need not go
to the trouble of returning it. Still, we hope
that tho.se within the county of Lancaster, at
lea.st. will respond favorably, and .allow us the
privilege of placing their names upon our list
of subscrilHM's. It will only cost them aur d'll-
htr a year, as there is no postage on publica-
tions circulating: within the county.

We are eonlideiit thai they will not regret
it: and will have the additional satisfaction of
feeling that they h.ave made a worthy and
judicious investment in behalf of the airricul-
tural inti'rests of our irreat county, and have
contributed their mite in developing its mate-
rial, moral anil intellectual resources. If they
will only sustain The Faumek at home, as it
is sustained abroatl, we cannot fail to make it
a .success.

THE FUTURE OF THE LANCASTER
FARMER.

Is it destined to live, (lourish and grow,
or to i>ine, languish and die V This question
ajiplies to farmers generally, but to those of
Lancaster county most emphatically. Will
tla- farmers of Lancaster county patronize,
ai<i and support a periodical that bears on its
title iiage so honorabh' a name V .Vol that
farmers ontsiile of our county are less honor-
ablir than those living within its borders, but
that the latter bear, if not a world-wiile, at
least a national reputation. The title of
"garden county" has not been vaguely
lavished upon il. There is scarcely ad iascn ting
opinion, among those who have traveled exten-
sively over our cnitntrii, that Lancaster lias
Scarcely a rival county in this broad agricul-
tural domain ; not so iiiueh on aceoniit of its
natural advantages, as for the excellent tillage
bestowed upon it, and its tlioroiigh im|)rovc-
ments in buildings and fences. It .seems
natural that such a re|iutation should stimu-
late the dignity (I will not say (iride, for our
plain farmers spurn jiriih} of our tillers of the
.soil to have at coniuiand a medium through
which they can disseminate their knowledge
to others as well as among tliemsidves. Look-
ing ui)on the reputation of our county from a
distant standpoint, the natural inference
would be, that in a county which has so high
a reputation for intelligent farmiiii;, tln^re
must be a corresiionding degree of mental
culture, and conseipiently there would \ye
found among us a large amount of valuable
literary productions on the subject of farming
and its auxiliaries. When, however, we scan
the pages of The LwfASTKii FAttMEK and
find so few contributors from its nativ.' county,
the conclusion must be that our fanners cannot
or will not aid in building up an <n'gan to rep-
resent their standing in the agricultural world.

And, further, when we learn that not five
hundred fdniirr.t of this county Wi're regular
subscribers to The FAioiElt during the pa.st
year, wc conclude they are not even a reading
people, or else patronize foreign publications
to the exclusion of those at home. Since the
publication of The Fahmeu hius pa.ssed into
the hands of Fkausol & Geist, whose rejiu-
tatiou as imblisliers is a sullieient guarantee
that they will leave nothing undone on their
jiarl to make it a success, we trust there is
a brighter future liefore it. The continuation
of I'rof. llATHVox as Editor, is an additional
guarantee that matter will be regularly fur-
nished for its pages, even if he will have to
write a large proportion of it himself between
his regular business hours; a t:isk which he
has iierformed since The FAiorKU has been
in existence, without any remuneration.
While all this labor of the eiiitor liitlu'rto has
been brKlniral to the public, shall not the
farmers of I,ancaster county res>)lve that with
the year 1 ST.") a new era shall commence for
The Fahmei:, in which they will not only
piitronize il by subscrii>lions, but also by con-
tributing to its columns! Then, ho! for the
Centennial — when Lancasti'rcounly shall pre-
sent an .\gri(ailturaland llorticnltural periodi-
cal worthy its nanio and fame. ll. M. E.

THE PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

The "Pennsylvania StatetiraiiLTe." of this
organization, convened incouncilat William.s-
jiorl on Ihi^ (llh in.st., and \w have conversed
with some of the returned <li'legates from Lan-
caster county on the subject. Over one thou-
.saiid members from differi'iit parts of the
State were ip atten<lance, and the business
seems to have b('eii of an inti-restin;; and im-
portant character. They speak in the highest
terms of the kind and aci-ommodatiiig spirit of
the peo))le of Williamsport. Among other
things, it was determined to hold the next an-
nual meeting of the SiHti (Inniijt in Lancaster
city on the "Jil of December next, provided hotel
accommodations and a suitable liall can Ik'oI)-
taiiied here. This is surely a distinction that
Lancaster county did not I'xpect, for the order
is yet in its infancy here. They expect a larger
attendance than that at William.sport.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

CARNIVOROUS PLANTS.

There are no doubt many intelligent people,
and some scientific people, too, who may be
somewhat startled at the coupling of a term
with subjects of the vegetable kingdom, that
is almost universally believed to be applicable
to the animal kingdom alone. But we have
fallen upon a veiy progressive period in science,
religion and literature, as well as in philosophy,
mechanics and agricultiu-e, and perhaps no
department of natural science has been so
thoroughly explored as that including botany
and vegetable physiology. If the question
involving the capture and assimilation of ani-
mal food b}' certain species of plants, has not
been determined in the a'ffirmativc, at least
sufficient progress has been made to save it
from an unqualified negative; for observations
have been made by learned explorers, whose
experiences and logical conclusions cannot be
successfully ignored, nor satisfactorily ex-
plained upon any other hypothesis.

When Dr. Erasmus Uarwin — the grand-
father of the author of the "Origin of Species"
— about one hundred years ago, published a
work on "The Loves of Plants," he was as
much laughed at for its strange theories as
ever Harvey was when he first announced his
theory of the circulation the blood ; but the
subject of consciousness and volition, which
he attributed to certain species of plants, is
not now considered so fantastic by learned
men as it was when the elder Darwin wrote ;
and in our day it is becoming manifest, almost
beyond a cavil, that paralysis of a plant can
be produced by external injury ; that the ex-
istence of a nervous system in many vegeta-
bles is capable of a satisfactory demonstration ;
and that some flowers, at least, display their gor-
geous colors to attract certain species of iusects;
and that without this arrangement the pollena-
ceous impregnation of certain plants could not
possibly take place ; and that some plants do di-
gest and assimilate animal matter. In the Scien-
tific American for Dec. 22, 1874, page 9, seven
species of these carnivorous plants, belonging
to as many different genera, are very cleverly
illustrated ; namely, the "Trumpet Pitcher,"
or "Side-saddle Flower" [Sarracevia vario-
Iciris) which, with the allied species purpurea,
according to Dr. Gray, are found growing in
the United States, from New England to
Wisconsin, and flower in June. The for-
eign "Pitcher plant" {Nepenthe dintillaria)
which grows wild in China and the East
Indies generally. " Venus fly-trap" (Dirmcm
rtuiseijmla) in the savannas of North ( "arolina
growing wild. The "California Pitcher"
{Barlingtonia hrachyloha et gJandulosa) which
are found in the mountainous regions of the
Golden State, and flower from June until
August. The " Butterwort " (Pintjuicida vul-
garis) found from New York to Lake Superior,
and northward, in July. The " Sundews "
(Brosera), of which there are several species in
America, namely, the " Long-leaved Sundew "
(D. longifoHa), the "Round-leaved" {£). rotun-
difolia), the " Line-leaved " (D. linearis), and
the "Thread-leaved Sundew," {D.Jiliformis).
Also a species of Cephalntvs, which is gen-
erically allied to Dioncca. The Drosera rotun-
difolia — "Pound-leaved Sundew," occurs in a
swamp near Sniithville, Lancaster county. Pa.
In addition to the foregoing there are a num-
ber of plants commonly called "sensitive
plants," including the "Sensitive Briar" and
"Sensitive Fern," which, if they do not capture
and approjiriate the liquid substances of insects,
yet they immediately collai)se or close their
leaves and droop their branches when any
object comes in contact with them ; or as soon
as darkness supervenes, either at nightfall or
in the absence of the sun during the day. M.
Dutrochet, after a series of minute and care-
fully conducted experiments, believed that he
found the true nerve motion of these plants,
which he attributes to the agency of the sap
alone, and he considers the power of locomo-
tion to depend upon its system of nervous cor-
puscles in the ligneous part of the plant through
certain tubes supplied with these nervous cor-
puscles, and that neither the pith, the bark,

nor even the cellular tissues, have anything to
do in detenuining the motion of the plant.

But it is of carnivennis 2jlants that we had
proposed to make some nienlion, and not those
that are merely sensitive plants, especially as
these involve questions bearing on Entomo-
logy, as well as on Botany. More than thirty
years ago a Mr. Ellis first divined the purpose
of the capture of insects by the JJiona'a; but
it was the Rev. Dr. Curtis — a most practical
writer on Entomology — who made out the de-
tails of the mechanism of motion by ascer-
taining the seat of sensitiveness in the leaves
of these carniverous plants, and he also pointed
out that their secretions were not a mere lure
exuded before the capture of the insects that
visited them, "but a true digestive fluid,
poured out, like our own gastric juice, after
the ingestion of food." In 1808, Mr. Canby,
an American Botanist, revived the subject
of this wonderful plant, (Venus's Fly-trap,)
after it had slept for a full generation in
statu quo ; and he is still engaged in his
botanical researches. To facilitate his labors
he located himself in the Dioncra district, and
carefully studied the points which had been
made out by Dr. Curtis. By feeding the leaves
with small bits of fresh beef, he found that they
were completely dissolved and absorbed, the
leaf opening again with a dry surface. Cheese
disagreed with the plant, and finally killed it.
He also gives a very interesting account of a
captured curctdio, which used all its power and
cunning to escape, but it was of no avail, it
finally became enveloped in the digestive fluid
and died. This fluid, he maintains, is an
actual secretion, and not the result of the de-
composition of the substance which has been
ca])tured.

Additional interest to this subject has been
recently elicited through some charming pa-
pers on " Insectivorous plants," by Prof. Asa
Gray, detailing many interesting observations
and experiments on the structure, habits and
functions of Dimicea, Drosera and Sarracenia.
But by far the most interesting paper on this
subject, in its entomological and physiological
bearing, is one recently contributed by Prof.
C. V. Riley, of St. Louis, Mo., to the Decem-
ber number (1874) of Hardwick^s Science Qossip,
on the " Spotted Trumpet-leaf," {Sarracenia
variolctris,) which, according to the testimony
of the Professor, must henceforth be ranked
in comparison with other plants of a similar
habit, as' 'a most consummate insect catcherand
devourer." It is not thefloiars, but the pecu-
liar, although varied, construction of the leaves,
which form the traps in which the various
kinds of insects that visit these plants are
captured. This fact is important, because the
leavts are earliest and latest in their appear-
ance, endurance and decay, and very probably
appropriate this kind of food, "from first to
last." The leaf of the Sarracenia — the plant
upon which Mr. Riley made his most interest-
ing observations— is trumpet-shaped, a gently
widening tube, with an arched lid, partially
or quite covering the mouth. The inner sur-
face of this tube is pubescent, that is, covered
with a coat of smooth silky hairs, inclined
downward. These, however, only extend about
midway between top and bottom, and from
thence downward the tube is beset with bris-
tles, with their jioints inclining upward, and
these increase in size until near the bottom,
where they are replaced by a perfectly smooth
surface. This receptacle at the bottom of the
trumpet-shaped pitcher, secretes a limpid fluid,
which possesses intoxicating qualities, and
here is where the insects meet their death.
Inside the mouth of the pitcher, and on the
underside of its pubescent lid, there exude
drops of a sweetish viscid fluid ; this, doubt-
less, is the fatal decoy.

The insects most numerously captured are
eints, although insects of all the diflerent orders
become victims. The decomposition' of the
bodies of these ants is supposed to add their
acidulous qualities to the secretion of the plant,
at the bottom of the tube, and increase its
solvent properties. Except auts, it a])pears
that but few other Hymenoptera are captured,
occasionally a Bombus or an Apis.

Prof. Riley says he found most commonly,
in a recognizable condition, several species of
Coleoptera and two or three of Hemiptera; ' 'while
katy-dids, locusts, crickets, cockroaches, flies,
moths, butterflies, si)iders and centipedes, in a
more or less unrecognizable condition, helped to
swell the unsavory mass" at the bottom of
the pitcher. The natural inference is, that
these insects are decayed and macerated in
order to support the plant, and the testimony
of dift'erent observers goes very far towards prac-
tically demonstrating that this is not " only a
speculation," but a/oct.

But although the macerating fluid at the
lower end of this pitcher is so fatal to most
insects, there is at least one species that has
the power of resisting its influence. A large
flesh-fly, described by Prof. Riley in the trans-
actions of the "St. Louis Academy of Sciences"
as Sarcophaya sarracenia, the larva of which
feeds upon the putrid insect remains in the
tube, and when it is perfectly matured, as a
larva, it bores through the leaf just above the
stem, escapes through the aperture, and bur-
rows into the ground, where it contracts to a
pupa, and in due time comes forth a perfect
fly, not much unlike the large gray and hairy
fly which is attracted by putrid flesh. If it be
asked how this insect can resist the action of a
fluid so fatal to all other insects, we can only
answer that we cannot tell, any more than we
can tell why it is that the larva of the bot-fly re-
sists the effects of the gastric juice in a horse's
stomach, which is capable of digesting oats,
hay and corn.

Perhaps more remarkable still, in resisting
the siren influence of the trumpet plant, is a
small species of moth (Xanthoptera semi-
crocea) or "Sarracenia moth," which walks
with perfect impunity over the inner surface
of the pitcher, or trumpet, so fatal to other
insects. The female lays her eggs near the
mouth of the pitcher in April, and as soon as
the young larva comes forth from the egg, it
spins for itself a smooth silken carpet, and very
soon also closes up the mouth by drawing the
rims together, and covering them with its web,
which, of course, then debars the entriince of
any other insect. By the time the laiTa has
matured, the lower portion of the tube is filled
up with its excretions, and above this mass the
pupa is formed in a slight cocoon. As the
leaf depredated upon by this moth collapses
above where the pupa is located, and finally
dies, the escape of the imago is thereby facili-
tated or provided for.

These two insects, Prof. Riley continues, are
the only ones of any size that can invade the
death-dealing trap with impunity ; but he
mentions two other minute species sometimes
found crawling within the pitcher; and also a
parasite upon the larva of the SarcojAaga, be-
longing to the "chalcis-flies, " which must in-
sinuate itself with iniijunity, in order to reach
its host at the bottom of the pitcher. The
reasons for certain insects enjoying an immu-
nity from capture and deatli, and certain
others falling victims, are explained on the
basis of the difEereut structure of the feet ;
but as this is not particularly germain to the
subject, we omit their details for the present.
The fertilization of some plants by insects is
well understood and pretty extensively ac-
knowledged ; but that certain plants carnivo-
rousiy api)ropriate and digest animal food is
comparatively new to the masses, although the
doctrine was advanced more than a hundred,
years ago, or nearly so long ago.

We have on sundry occasions noticed on
the leaves of Drosera rotundifolia in this coun-
ty, the feet, wings and thoracic and abdomi-
nal scales of flies and other small insects, the
moist and fleshy parts having been in some
manner evaporated or absorbed by the plants ;
and our impression was that they were in some
way beneficial to the plant. If a small pebble
or bit of wood is thrown upon the leaf, it
clo.ses in upon it the same as it does upon a fly;
it, however, almost immediately relaxes and
casts it out ; b\it if it grasps a fly or other ani-
mal matter it remains closed, it is presumed
until the animal is absorbed. Contemplating
this subject from any stand-point we will, we

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

find it invested with more than ordinary in-
terest. Mr. Ililev thus siinis up his eonclu-
sions, ba.sed upon his own and other corrolxi-
rative exporienee ; 1. There is every reason
to believe that Sarraeenia is a truly insectivo-
rous plant, and that hy its peculiar structure
and secretions, it is enabled to capture and
hold its prey. 2. That those insects most
easily digested and most uset'ul to the plant,
are principally ants and small tlies, which are
lured to their graves liy the honied secretions
about the mouth, and "that most of the larijer
insects are acci(h'ntally captin-ed. H. Tliat
the oidy benedt to the plant is from the licpiid
nianure which results from tlie imtrescence of
the captured insects. 4. The Sdmiphwid is a
mere intruder, the larva sharing; tlie food ob-
tained by the plant, and the i>arent lly is at-
tracted thither by the strong odor, just as it
would be to any otlier putrescent matter. 5.
That the moth (Xnnlhuptrni.) has no other
connection with tlie i)lant than as a destroyer,
though the i;reatest injury is done after the
leaf iias performed its most important func-
tions. (J. That neither the motli nor the lly
has any structure jieculiar to it that enables
it to brave the dangers of tlie ]dant, beyond
what many other allied siiecies jios.sess. Of
course the subject is not exliausted, and is
therefore open to further development. R.

COMPARATIVE VALUE OF FRUITS.

To those pereons who have only a limited,
or a comparatively small space, to devote to
the cultivation of fruit, the following list, re-
ported to the Pennsylvania Fruit-Growers Soci-
ety, at its meeting held in the city of Reading,
in .January, 1873, may be of some service in
the determinations of their choice. It is to be
regretted that detailed reports of this and
other similar associations, never reach the
public eye until long after the events occur.
It is the same with the National Department
of Agriculture at Washington. In the mean-
time, the people who are most interested in
the work of these associations are, for an in-
definite period, deprived of the knowledge they
are intended to diffuse. The list comprises
the following:

APPLES.

Smokehouse,

- -1.1

Red Astrachan,

- 7

Fallenwalder,

- 13

Baldwin, - -

- 8

Smith's Cider,

- -10

Maideu's Blush,

- (5

PEAPvS.

Bartlett, - -

- -23

Duchess, - - -

-10

Lawrence, - -

- 21

Catharine,

- 6

Shekel, - -

- -18

PEAC

Howell, - - -

IIES.

- 6

Crawford's Late, -21
Old Nixon, - - 13
Smock, - - - - 12

10

Concord,

Susquehanna, -
Early York, - - <J
Crawford's Early,- 13

GRAPES.

- - 21 I Martha, - - - - 4

STRAWnEItUIES.

Wilson's Albany, - IS | TriomphedeGand, 7

Tlie higlier the numl>er the greater the com-
parative value, (for instance. Smokehouse com-
pares with Baldwin as 1"> does to 8,) lint, of
course, this does not imply tliat the foregoing
only are worthy of cidtivation. But the list
contains those that have received a general
recognition in the latitude of southern and
middle Pennsylvania, and may be of value to
those who propo.se to plant fruit trees during
the coming siiring, especially those who may
only desire to set out a few of each kind.

GtTAXo: Dr. Ilabel has arrived at the con-
clusion, after mature study, that guano beds
are not made of the excrements of sea birds,
as has been hitherto supposed. Chemical
treatment has disclosed an insoluble residue
composed of fos.sil sponge and marine plants
and animalcule. nebcl's opinion is that
guano is made of fossil remains, of which the
organic matter has been transformed into a
nitrogenized substance, while the mineral
constituents have jremained unaltered.

WHEAT GLEANINGS.
BY .J. STAUFFEU.

Of the plants cultivated for the sake of their
seed, wheat holds the chief place among farm-
ers. What is called winter wheat develops
Very much like wliat we call biennial plants.
Soon after it is sown the young plants put fortli
the first leaves, which, during winter and tlu'
early months of spring, increase to a tuft,
when, to all appearance, it seems to stand still
for Weeks. But wlien warm weather comes
the soft stems are put forth to tlu^ height of
several feet, furnished with leavesiind tlie ter-
minal ear. Afti'r flowering the seed is f(Mined,
iintl as th(\v ripen the bottom leaves turn yel-
low and gradually die upwards.

During the time that the growth seems ar-
rested above ground, the underground organs
are in constant activity, incessantly absorbing
food and extending its root libers, storing up
and making preparation for the growth of the
stalk, &c. On the approac^h of tlie warmer
weather, this apparent rest is but collecting
the necessary energies to carry out the final
seeding. The lowtenii)erature in autumn and
winter reduces the action of the organs, with-
out altogether suppressing them, and is essen-
tial to the vigorous thriving in its future,
more favorable conditions. It is a most favor-
able condition for future development if
the temperature of the air is below that of the
soil, so as to retard for several months the de-
velopment of the outer plant — al)ove ground.
Hence, when covered with snow, the soil is
kept moist and warm, and the plants above
ground are protected from the severest cold.
It is found that a very mild autumn or winter
o])erates unfavorably upon the future crop —
warmth causes it to shoot up thin, and thereby
consumes the food which should have .served
to form the buds and new roots, or to increase
the store of matter in the roots ; conse(piently
the root supplies less food to the jilant in spring,
and its growtli is more feeble or stunted. Some
farmers endeavor to help the matter by graz-
ing down or cutting these feeble plants, in or-
der to start a new formation of buds and roots;
this, under favorable conditions of growth,
may have the desired effect, and if the plant
has time the normal conditions may, in a
great degree, be restored. Summer wheat, in
the several periods of its development is gov-
erned in like manner, only these periods are
of much shorter duration.

The farmer in cultivating his plants can act
upon tlie direction of the vegetative force only
through the soil, that is, by supplying bis field
with nutritive sulistauces in tlie riyht jinqntr-
fioii.-t. This implies a greater knowledge than
siniiily ]>lowing and sowing ; for to produce
the largest crop of grain, not only the choice
of seed and time of sowing require due atten-
tion, but the soil must contain a iireponderating
quantity of the nutritive substances neces-
sary for the formation of seed. "For leafy
)ilants, turnips and tuberous plants, the
])roportion is reversed,'' as Mr. Liebig says,
but he refers to the ash-constituents of
the wheat plant, and adds, "we cultivate
potatoes and clover, and take away from the
field the entire cro]) of tubei-s and clover ; we
remove from the ground, in these twoiiroducts
as much phosphoric acid and three times as
much potash as in three wheat crops. It is
certain that thealistraction of these important
mineral constituents from the ground liy the
cultivation of another plant must greatly all'eet
the fertility of the soil for wheat ; the crops of
wheat diminish in amount and in number."
The great point to understand istosupiily the
proper material in proper combination to meet
the demands of the plant. Supjiose 98 cwt.s.
of grain and straw from 21 acres of ground
averages, say .') cwts. of ash-constitnents. It
is believed that there is 100 times that (piau-
tity in an available state, yet it follows that the
first crop takes that amount from the soil.
Rye may still yield a good crop after the wheat,
and oats after the rye, as they do not require
the same amount of a.sh-constituents in the
soil as wheat does.

Various plants demand various ingredients
or proixjrtions of them. Licbig says "a

thousand grains of corn (wheat) require from
the .soil a tliousand times as much ]ihos)ihoric
acid as one grain; and a tlioiisaiid straws
demand a thousand times .as mucli silicic acid
as one straw. When, tlieretbre, the soil is
deficient in tlie thousandetli part of phosphoric
or silicic acid, the thousandetli grain or the
thou.sandeth straw will not be formed. If a
single stalk of corn is taken away from a field
the conse(iuence is that the field no longer
produces one straw in its room." It follows
that the alteration of good and bad crops does
not depend altogether upon the conditions of
the weather; too few pay attention to the
actually favorable chemical and jihysical con-
dition wliieli would enable them to cultivate
wheat, rye and oats for years in succes.sion,
without adding mineral conslitiH'iits. It must
be un<lersti)od, liowever, that tliejie constitu-
ents are not all distribuleil naturally in an
effective condition or accessible to the roots.
The phosphate of lime may be iiresent in more
than sullicient cpiantity. It depends upon
stirring the soil so that the inert food elements
become distributed and the iihosphoric-silicic
acid and potash become decomposed silicates,
thus ma<le soluble and availalile by means of
the plow and harrow to insure all parts of the
soil to be arable. It is claimed that if the
excess of these food constituents were every-
where accessible and available to the roots
of the plants our fields would be able to yield
thirty full average crops in thirty successive
ye.ars without the intervention of a season of
fallow. Thus it is argued, that even if all the
straw is returned to the field of the entire
wheat iilant, the field may retain its fertility
for straw, but the conditions required for the
production of grain are diminished. The
consequence is an unequal develoiiment of the
entire plant. This <iuestion has been discus.sed
by the Society* on several occasions with regard
to the propriety of stock feeding or selling the
grain, in relation to manures and manner of
application to the soil; that is, feeding the
crop to cattle in the farm-yard and bringing it
back to the field and plowing it in so as to restore
to the soil all the mineral constituents con-
tained in the crops. It is believed that by
this operation the fields would wear out in
thirty or sixty years. The conditions that are
required to "form the grain would not be
improved, and the cause of decrease in the
crops remain the same. This may suggest the
use of prepared phosphates, dtc, but I am not
engaged in farming nor in manufacturing
artilicial manures from natural jiroducts,
therefore have no motive for advertising those
who have. The Society h;is constituted me
their Botanist — I deem the foregoing in the
line of duty I owe them as a liotanist and not
as a farmer.

RESULTS OF IMPROVED CULTURE.

The able article on "Agriculture" in the
new edition of the American Cyclopedia, lays
just emphasis upon the fact that the actual
jiroduction of the meunsof supporting life has
largely increased, as the true principles of
cultivation have becoiiie lietter known and
understood. The average yield per acre of
some of the cultivated grains, as wheat, for
instance, h.as nearly (|uadruided in countries
where the principles developed by Liebig and
others in applying chemistry to agriculture
have gained the strongest hold, even within
the memory of men .still living; and this
increase is not merely proportionate to the
greater numlierof producers, or the additional
acres brought under tillage, but an absolute
increase per acre. It is Very dillicult to
ascertain the amount of crops, or the average
yield in times past, but the average yield per
acre of wlu'at in the 11th century was only
about six bushels. The actual productive
jiower of (Jreat Britain in the article of wheat
alone increa.sed, during the half century from
1801 to 18.")], to the extent of supporting an
additional population of 7,(K10,0fttl, an increase
which can be ascribed with confidence mainly
to improved cultivation. G.

'Laucaster County Agricultural aud Hortictiltural Society.

6

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE FRUIT-GROWERS' SOCIETY.

PROCEEDINGS OF THEIR ANNUAL SESSION
AT YORK.

The animal session of the PeiniS3lvania
Fruit-Growers' Soeiety was held in York,
coniniencins; on the 2()th of the present niontli,
this being the lirst time the Society held an
annual session in that ancient borongh. The
following al'stiactof the proceedings, from the
special correspondence of the Frens, reaches
us just in time for this issue:

The mission of tlie Society is to take all the
leading fruit-growing centres, communicating
winit it has gathered in otljer places, and tak-
ing in a new stock of ideas in turn. Inde-
pendently of its interest to the fruit-grower,
there are i)oints of interest to the gnat outer
world, some of whom always accompany the
fruit-grower on these annual expeditions.
The town itfelf is not large for its age. It
contains, perhaps, about fifteen thousand in-
haliitants, most of whom are engaged in or
in some way or another dependent" on agri-
culture for their support. About three thou-
sand are sujiported by the manufacturing in-
terests of the place. The old, well-built, sub-
stantial houses remind us more of an Euroi>ean
than an American town, and this allusion may
be the more pleasantly indulged in when the
names of the streets are noted. Here is the
Queen street and the King street. King George
street. Princess street and Duke street, and
the people just as comfortable and satisfied
under Iheni as though after the French — we
might almost say rhilade]]iliia — fashion of
changing the names eveiy half dozen years.

The streets are like Philadelphia, in large
square blocks, and the more like Philadelphia
as we have a "Philadeljihia" and a "West
Philadelphia" in it, the Codorus creek divid-
ing the two. This is an innocent-looking
stream as we see it now, but is said to be
excessively wrathful at some .seasons of the
year. The old marshes on the west side have
been reclaimed, and furnish a beautiful green
divide between the two sections, which must
be excessively beautiful in summer time,
sepecially with the beautiful hills which form
a background all around the town.

The meeting of the fruit-growers was called
to order by the President, S. B. lleiges, who,
to the very successful management of the
Collegiate Institute of the place, addsthe emi-
nence of a very successful amateur fruit-cul-
turist. His annual address was one of tlie
most eloipient and instructive ever given
to the Society. After briedy alluding to the
historical associations conijectfd with the
town, he referred to the fact that some of tlie
most valuable Iruits had originated in that
section. The York imperial ajijile of that sec-
tion was to it what tlie Baldwin was to the
New England States. Then there was the
Cheese and the Creek apple, which were famed
for their superior excellence, both in flavor
and kee|iing qualities. A famous peach (the
General (irant) also originated in that sec-
tion. Another matter of interest is the in-
creased attention given to cherry culture in
that region, mostly within the few past years.
It was found to be especially well suited to
that part of the country. He had known of
eases where tlie product from one cherry tree
had brought in more money than an acre of
wheat. They commenced to bear at five years
old. He knew of two jiersons who had sold
last year about four thousand bushels of cher-
ries for canning purposes, besides what they
had disposed of during four market days of
each week in the city.

Keferring to the use of manures, he thought
that the use of stable material in a fresh or
nnfermented condition was often injurious to
fruit trees. In this connection he thoui;ht
there was no loss in that left behind, whence
saw the black, inky matter running away
from the mass in the barn-yard. The injur-
ious matter in the rough material was the
humic acid. He had experimented with ]iure
huraic acid on plants, and found it destroyed
all. He spoke of the theory of many, that we

should copy nature, but showed that this was
hardly worth a thought; man's objects and
nature's objects were wide apart. Wan could
make Nature do what she could never do for
herself. The sunbeam was the hardest of all
known substances. It would penetrate a
diamond with ease, yet man with a prism
could turn these beams ccnip.letely round.
He next referred to the use of lime in soil. It
was silex which gave the bloim to the plum
and the color to the appile and the pear, but
lime was the agent in prejiaring it. It was
])resent in all seeds, though often it was found
in but the minutest traces in the soil. It has
often a mechanical action as well as chemical
in lightening the character of heavy soils.
Lime should be used freely wherever there
was much undecomposi d vegetable matter in
the soil. The use of a.shes was dwelt on, and
highly recommended as one of the best means
of improving worn-out foil.

The rage for large fruits came in for a share
of his attention. He thought laige size in
fruits at the expense of vital principle, and the
effort to produce thi.'^e had 1( d to cultivated
fruits being more tender and more subject to
disease than the smaller wild ones. He did
not blame nurseiymen for getting what the
public wanted, but it was for their best inter-
est to educate the people as much as possible.
He hoped Pennsylvania fruit-growers would
help the American Pomological meeting next
September in Chicago, and urged immediate
and vigorous State action in belialf of the Cen-
tennial. He thanketl the Legislature ibr its
judicious action in regard to the geological
survey, from which heexpeet(d immense bene-
fits to the agricultural and horticultural inter-
ests of the State.

Among the fruits neglected in that part of
the State was the plum. The whole field had
been given over to the curculio. He exhibited
plie^tographs of his plums, haugiig " in rojies
like onions." By a hydropmlt he covered the
trees and fruits after every heavy rain with
the bitterest whale oil soap he could procure.
His neighbors' trees had no plums. He had
been charged with driving his curculios over
to his neighbors' trees. It might be well to
leave a tree or two here and there in a plum
orchard without the soap, as an additional in-
ducement for the curculio to leave the balance
alone.

Mr. Thomas Meehan was invited to address
the convention on how to plant, cultivate and
prune fruit t rees. He thought much was lost by
too expensive modes of prejiaratii^n of thesoil.
He would plant fruit trees in ordinary ground
just as one would get it ready for a corn or
potato crop, and dejieud on annual to]) dress-
ing to maintain the ferlility. Instead of
spending two hundred dollars, as some had
done, on manure for a fruit orchard, he would
have tloulile the good results from twenty
dollars a year for ten years. He thouglit in
many cases it would be found more iirohtable
to grow hay as the acconqaninient of an
orchard than any fither crop; but it was
essential in such ca.'-es to have a top dressing
every year. He had found even fresh eaith
good enough for this top drissing, so far as
the trees were concerned, with aljout six or
eight dollars ]>er acre of supei-])hospliate for
the grass. The address produced a lively
discussion, occujiying the whole of the evening
session.

The fence question was one of the most
interesting discus.ssed, introduced by Henry
M. Eiigle, of Marietta. He built his remarks
on the idea thatfeiices were made solely to kee^p
out neighbors' cattle, and thought no one
should be compelled to do this, and would
alter the whole theory' of legislation if this
was the basis of action. Slone fences were
the most ccono^nical in a long course of years
if one lived in a stony country, but he thiuight
Osage-orange hedges cheaper in anV other,
except in places wliere timber was a drug. It
cost two dollars per rod to imt up a post-and-
rail fence in his part of the country, and but
twenty-five cents iier rod for an Osage-orange
fence, though there was some little annual
cost in pruning the latter.

A resolution was oflered and unanimously
adopted, that it was the sense of the meeting
that the Legislature sliould enact a general
law for the whole State, prohibitingcattleand
similar .stock from running at large.

For the last year or two the Society has sub-
scribed to the good old doctrine that "mau
cannot live by bread alone," so they discuss
matters of taste as well as the profit and loss
on fruits. They propose at the next meeting
to change the name of the Society to that of
the "State General Horticultural Soeiety,"
whose objc ct shall be the encouragement of
pomology and (jciwral horlimUvre. In this
spirit Mr. Josiali Hoojies, of West Chester,
made an adniiralile address on evergreens and
their culture, and Mr. Purple, of Columbia,
one on garden flowers, in which the old-fash-
ioned peony came in for a share of praise.

Whether it is profitable to grow many vari-
eties of fruits was opiened by Casper Hiller,
and made an interesting topic; most speakers
considering that in peais the Doyenne d'Ete,
Manning's Elizabeth, Bartlett, Seckel, Beurre
d'Anjou and Lawrence, they had the cream,
from a thousand varieties. One speaker, how-
ever, thfiught that, say in a thousand trees,
we should have fifty or so varieties, so as to
know what was going on in the new fruit line.

The blight in pear trees was discussed, and
various washes of the stem continuously with
lime, sulphur, soft soap, &c., recommended as
among the best preventatives.

Drying fruits as a means of utilizing over-
stocks of fruits was discussed. It appears
there are now drying machines costing but a
few dollars, and by the use of which even
children can be usefully employed. Grafting
the grape was referred to as one of the best
methods of growing the Delaware and more
delicate kinds. The Clinton and the Concord
are the best to graft on. It is best to have them
growing a year or so before grafting, and to
do the grafting in fall or winter before the sap
begins to rise. The graft is set a couple of
inclies beneath the surface of the soil. Keeping
fruits made a very interesting topic. A moist
atmosphere was good for perserving ajiples
and pears, provided it was not a foul atnios-
jihere. One speaker had a spring running
through his fruit-house, which made a jiure, J
cool, moist atniospliere,and in which he could 1
keep early winter fruit in good perfection up
to February or March. Close barrels were .
not found as good as hand-made or open ones.
One speaker had found apples kept best when
gathered by the full of the moon, but another
speaker said that he lost more by moonlight
than at any other time ! Whether he lived
near to a theological seminary, as Mark
Twain's melon jiatch was, he did not state.

It is iniiiossible to give even a brief outlfne
of the discussions. The secretary, E. Eiigle,
ofMarietta, however, made full reports, winch,
in connection with the reports of the State
Agricultural Society, will be published by the
Stale.

The ofllcers for the ensuing year are : Pres-
ident, Edwin Sattertliwaite, of Montgomery;
Vice Presidents, S. W. Noble, of Montgom-
ery, and Tobias Martin, of Cumberland-co. ;
Corresponding Secretary, W^. P. Brinton, of
Christiana ; Treasurer, Robert Otto, of West
Chester.

The next i^lace of mcetingis Doylestown, in
January next.

Among the horticidturists present were
some from t)hio, Maryland and New York,
and though the attendance was, as all other
things are, alfected in .some degree by the
times, the work of the Society was never
better done.

[It may be jiroper to state in this connection
that one of the new features of Tub Farmer
under its present management, will be full
reports of Agricultural, Horticultural and
similar meetings, held in Eastern Pennsyl-
vania, prepared expressly for these columns,
by one of our own rejiorters, who will have
.special charge of this department. The pub-
lishers are determined that their readers shall
hereafter see these reports first in their own
organ, The Lancaster Farmer.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LANCASTER

COUNTY AGRICULTURAL AND

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tills society nicl .«tiiteilly, on the fourtli of
Jamuuy, 1S7.">, in llie (Jri>liiiiis" Court room,
Lancaster city. .Toliiison Miller, cliainiiaii,
pre.sided, ami" Alex. Iliinis was cliosen sec-
letarv ;<ro (( »i. I'leseiit, .loliiisoii Miller. II.
:M. Knu'le. Alex. Harris, T. W. Ilieslaiid.
Levi S[ rieisi, I'eter S. Heist, .laeol) IJiick-
walter, M. ]). Keudifj, .loliii H. Krl), T). L.
Resh, M. M. Kslileniaii, A. H. Heist, S. F. Eby,
A. C. Uvus, U. Cf. Swart/, Henry Fraiike, Israel
L. Laildis, J. n. Kisser and Hon. J. 15.
Livingston.

The reading of the minutes was dispensed
with, and the chairman then called for reports
from standing connnittees on the crops.

M. ]}. Eshleinan reported the crops lookinj;
as well as could lie expecti'd. Tohacco is
nearly all stripiieil and ready for the market.
"Wheat is aliout half s;oiu> into market.

>[. I). Kenilii; n'jiorted that the tobacco
was jiretty well stripped, and as to other
matters he agreed with .Mr. Kshleman.

n. M. Eu^le remarked that if the winter
did not iirove a hard one, the crops would
most probalily do well.

John 15. Erb reiiorted the fruit bndsswelled
a little, but regarded every I bins safe as yet.

1). L. Rcsli read the followinjf excellent and
interesting paper on the subject of

THE CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS:

The tirst article of our constitution declares
tliattlieobjcM'tofthe Horticultural Society shall
be to eiicouraiie and iiromote the cultivation,
improvement and exhibition of fruits, vetieta-
bles and llowers. The lirst two objects slate<l
have received, in a marked dejireo, the atten-
tion which they deserve from tlu^ members of
the Society, while the last, in my ii|>inion,
lia.s not been treated with that consideration
which it so richly deserves, and which its im-
portance demands.

Tlic ciiltivdtiiin i)f Jloicer/: — frcjm the earliest
times to the jiresent— always has occupied a
prominent place anions the industries of the
most eiiliaihtcned people. The ancient city
of Babylon was noted for its bantling gardens,
to which the utmost care was given. In tbesi'
gardens tlowers and |>lants were cultivated in
profusion, under royal patronage. Thevwere
the jtride of the great city. Xothing was
spared which conld add to their productiveness
. or beauty, and if history informs us correctly.
they have not been excelled by anything of
the kind in modern limes, with all our boast
of the onward march of iuiiirovement.

Flowers played no unimportant part in the
public and jirivate life of the (Jreeks and
Romans. At weddings and at funerals, at
their feasts and festivals, upon state occasi(uis
and in the worship of their gods, tlowers were
used with a lavish hand. ^'ictors in the
Olympic and other games were rewarded with
cliai>lets of tlowers, and at a marriage the
bride and her attendants were crowned with
garlands.

Xol only werP the heathen nations of an-
tiipiity devoted Worshippers at the shrine of
Flora, but (rod's chosen peo])le used the same
means to manil'est the rnllnessof their joy and
gladness on triumphal and festal o(!casious.
From that period down through the sne<'eed-
ing centuries of the Christian dispensation,
flowei-s have never lost their ancient signiti-
canee, although their language may have lu^en
partially unheede<l through the sanguinary
and intriguing .sellislme.ss of the darker ages.
They ever .spe.ak a beautifi* language, and
symbolize those active human ideas and affec-
tions \vhi<'h ultimately culminate in that sml,
which may germinati' and bloom in the realms
of the " better worhl."

At the present time, both in our own coun-
try and in Europe, much money is invested in,
and more attention is given to, "the cultivation
of ornamental plants and trees than was ever
before known. Not only in the cities, but
also in the rural districts,')>er.sonsof leisureare
devoting their time to this line and useful art,
while to many men of business, and to house-

wives and other women, it is fiwt becom-
ing a necessary and healthful recreation.

The time is jiast when the respectable farmer,
or merchant, or nu'chanie. after working hard
all day, spends his evening in the saloon or
tavern, or other loating iil.iee. He now spen<ls
it at home with his family, his books and his
tlowers. Nearly all farmers have blooming
plants in their windows in winter time, and
the number that are building conservatories
or greenhouses is yearly iiicrea-sing. This
shows a refined and cultivated taste which
true country life is well calculated to create
and nourish.

The IlorticuUural Society of Germantown,
in the suburbs of I'hiladelphia, with a view
to eiK'ourage lloriculture among tlu' people of
that iilace, annoimei's that it will distribute
amongfemale applicants lifty winter-blooming
carnations in live inch pots. The person who,
at the February nii'eting, shows hers in the
best condition will receive, as a premium, one
liKiiili-t'il iKHUling l>lants. The second best.si)e-
cinian calls for ti/hl bedding plants, and the
third liest for tn-'cHlii-jhr. The bedding plants
will lie delivered in iime for putting out in the
spring.

This iilan has been frequently practiced in
foreign citiesand villages, with the best results.
Will not other societies, like that of (Jermaii-
town, take a forward aU'fi in tbisdiri-ctiou and
introduce and encourage practical Horieulture
in city and country.

Will it pay me to beautify my home with
Howers and shrubbery V is a rpiestion which
everv one who lias a home must answer for
himself. There are few persons who cannot
afford to invest a small sum in a few rose
bushes or other ornamental ivlants to start
with, and in a short time they will be well re-
paid for their slight expenditure and trouble.

Anything which adds to the beauty and
cheerfulness of a home adds to its perinanent
value. There are many gems in the lloral cre-
ation which, when once implanted in the soil,
will continue to grow in lieauty year after
year, and remain joys forever to the f(n'tunale
po.ssessor. All will admit that this department
of nature is well wiu-thv the study of man.
" Flowers are not the trifles which many think
them to be, or God would not have besto\ve<l
the care on them that he did."

II. M. Eugle entirely endorsed the senti-
ments of the essayist, and concurred in the
opinion that llowers followed agriculture —
were next in importance. He believed that
most farmers failed to pay proper attention to
the cultivation of tlowers.

A vote of thanks was tendered Mr. Resh for
his essay, after which the Chairman, .Johnson
Miller, read his

ANNUAL ADDRESS.

Gextlkmex : With this meeting closes my
labors for the lirst term as I'resideiit of tln^
Agricultural and IlorticuUural Society of Lan-
caster County. One year ago, at the January
meeting of this Society, you held au election
for otlioer.s. Some important business in wliieh
I was interested recpiired my absence tVom
your meeting for some time, and when return-
ing into this room, a commit tee a|iproaehed me
and announced the unexpected intelligence
that I was elected President by a majority of
one vote. To he elected to the highest posi-
tion without my knowledge, or asking any
member to vote forme, isaeoniidinient worthy
of remembering, and for which acce|)t my
heartfelt thanks, one and all. When taking
the chair, which I have lillcd at every meeting
excepting one since my election, I wassomncli
cmbaiTa.s.sed when the idea struck me that the
youngest member of this Society at tlie time
should be the presiding oliieer, that 1 knew not
what to say. The only practice I had in par-
liamentary rules, or as chairman of public
meetings, was what I learric<l as Su|Hn-inten(l-
eiit of a fliiiday-.school, to which I was elected
for four consecutive terms. This, I think, was
more becoming to me than to be Chairman of
this Society. In the former, I was instructor
of persons younger than myself; in the latter,
quite the reverse. But notwithsUmduiy all

this, I conducted the meetings of your Society
to the best of my knowli-dge and ability. I
however feel that there are some members
here that could conduct them better.

As this is my tii'st annual address, you will
ple:i.se bear with me if 1 should go into details,
which, perhaps, do not Udong to siiidi papers.
I will, however, try to remain within agi-icul-
tural lines. In the lii'st place, a few words for
the Society may not be out of place. During
the year just closed, sevi'ial of our members
have passed from time to eternity, and somi!
new names have been added to the list already
on our b loks, so we set' that as some leave us
others tall in ; but tiiis is not all we want. I
think we ought to liavi^ made more progress
since the organization of this Association, in
ISlit). It has made, little advancement as a
c<iun)y society. Its meetings are often slimly
attended, jiarticularly when iiolitical excite-
nienls are in order in the county. I am ollen
called a politician my.si'lf, but I always regard
these meetings as of the lirst iiniiortance, and
even if I should be a candidate no inducement
couhl i)reveiit me from alteniling here. But
when politics run high we have only a half
dozen members here. Now, why is this state
of alfairs ? is a (pui.stion'which should engage
the attention of every member ujion thislloor.
Do the jieople of Lancaster county not know
there is a w<M-kiiig agrienltural society among
them y I say they do; they see the proceed-
ings in the dilVerent newspai^rs of this county,
for which the publishers deserve the thanks of
every menilKr of the Society. Wushould in-
vite the representatives of the press to rejiort
the proceedings of the Society from time to
time. Willi all this advantage the people have
of knowing there is an agricultural society,
they will not attend our meetings, save about
a dozen active member.s. It is a shame to have
to make such a report for a county like Lan-
caster, yet such is the fact ; and when I am
called upcm to make my annual address to-day
1 will frankly tell the truth of things, no mat-
ter whether it is in favor of or against our
Society. If we continue without awakening
more interest, and without endeavoring to get
people interested in our meetings, the trnmiM-t
of death of this Sociity will be sounded in our
ears before another President will deliver his
annual address. A year ago I made the ex-
pression that it would never die under my
hands, and I stand on the same platform be-
fore yon to-day.

Shall it be .said that Lancaster county is
without agood Agricultural and Horticultural
Society, when almost every other county in
the great Keystone State has a large Agricul-
tural society? The counties of Berks and Cuni-
biiland are lilting examiiles for us to follow.
They have interesting meetings, well attended,
and" we have some springing up within the
borders of our own county — primary societies,
(asidi' from the (Trange movement, to which I
will refer in another place), which will soon
overbalance our own in point of niimliei-s,
attendance and interesting proceedings. I
ap|)eal to you, members, let not this he the
case. Let us not 1m^ satislied any more with
the aunouneement of names for membership,
but let us make it a point to have <nir neigh-
bors and frii-nds along with us, and not only
at oni^ or two meeting.s, or perhaps, join for
the .sake of political gain, or become a member
to gain iullueiicc. We have upwards of two
hundred names, if I mistake not, upon our
lK)oks, when we never have twenty-live menil>ei-s
attending. This is a very unsatisfactory .state
of alVairs to rejiort, yet such is the ca.se. Many
of our members come to the city to attend to
business, and regard the coming to our meet-
ing as a matter of secondary importance.
This is one of the greatest mistakes, and is
one of the iirincipal drawbacks upon our
Society. It is very often the case that no
members make their ai)pearance until half-
(la-sl two or three o'clock, when the hour of
meeting is fixed (irecisely at two o'clock, and
should be (me o'clock. To remedy this an-
novanci! I would suggest a plan, viz : Meet
eaily and adjmirn early. The members who
live'at a distance have to go home by night,

8

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

or leave before adjournment. This always
makes a disturbance in the meeting, and is
unsatisfactory to those who liave to leave ;
and several times we had to adjourn without
arriving at any cor.clusion, from tlie fact that
nearly all the members had gone out. This
could and should all be avoided by meeting
early and adjourning at an hoiu' that all could
go home before it becomes late. This going
out before adjourament and talking among
members when the Society is in session is
often very annoying, and it is not very
pleasant for the chairman to be continually
calling to order. I liave no one in view in
making these remarks, but do hope we may
all avoid tliese things as much as possible.
The peeping in at the doorvhas also somewhat
disturbed the proceedings. The door should
always be closed, and it would be proper to
have a paper hung outside, and also one upon
the door entering this room, with the follow-
ing printed on it : " Meeting of the Agri-
cult\ual and Horticultural Society this after-
noon at two o'clock : Free to all." Some
would come to our meeting who I know would
not come now. I have often heard the remark
among people, "jl would come to the meet-
ings, but don't know where tlie meetings are
held." If you tell them in the Court House,
they are about as well informed as before.
Therefore the above suggestion would answer
the whole question, and woidd bring some
farmers and persons interested in our work.
As it is, they don't know where we meet or
whether they are allowed to come in. Invite
all, and spend more money for advertising and
printer's ink, and it will bring the people.
Have a committee on printing and advertis-
ing, and have always the essayist appointed
b eforehand, and four or five important subjects
for discussion at evei'y meeting — questions
th at come right home to the farmer and fruit
grower ; questions that everybody is interested
in — and advertise it. Spend more for printer's
ink, and this room will not be large enough to
hold our meetings.

Instead of meeting in this little room, Lan-
caster county should have an agricultural
society of 500 members, which would be only
about ten members out of every township.
Let us hold our,meetings in the large court
room up stairs. By energetic work, and
advertising, and working shoulder to shoulder,
this would be accomplished in the course of
time, and it would be an honor to which Lan-
caster county would be justly entitled. In
this way we would get in the leading farmers
of the county ; their sons, also, would become
interested in the bu.siness of agriculture,
■which is the driving-wheel which runs the
machinery of the wliole world. "When once
we have a large county agricultural society,
let us establish an auxiliary society in each
township in the county — have meetings — go
together to consult and talk over agricultural
matters. In this way we would teach the
rising generation the importance of knowledge
in tlie profession they are practicing and fol-
lowing. The farmers' boys are working day
in and day out ; most of them not reading a
book or a paper, but following the example of
their fatliers and grandfathers. Tlie result is,
no improvement. The world moves; we live
in a progressive age, and this class find when
they grow uj) to be men that they are liehind
the age. "When you tell them their situation,
they call you a book farmer; that if you edu-
cated your sons up to the times they won't
work, but will leave the farm and seek for
some office, etc. This expression I call a far-
cical humbug, and wherever this expression is
made we see tlie fruits of it. Here they labor
almost day and night ; they i)ost themselves
on nothing in or out of their profession — how
they could improve theii- farms, make their
land productive, their families intelligent ; the
result is "all work and no jilay makes .lack a
dull boy." Take, for instance, a farmer's son
who is raised in a family where there is
nothing to improve and cultivate the mind.
This boy grows up ; he goes out in company ;
the first place of amusement he meets is the
hotel or saloon in a neighboring town. The

games there practiced attract the attention of
that undeveloped mind, which is now looking
for something more than "all work ;" he soon
forms a habit to go to such places for passing
his long winter evenings, and his most pre-
cious time is thus passed to his bitter disad-
vantage when he grows old. He spends occa-
sionally a little; these "littles" count up a
nice sum out of the father's hard earned
dollars, which could be spent much better by
investing the same in agricultural books and
papers. After this habit of going to these
places to pass time which should be spent at
home in the family is rooted so deep in this
young man's system, he proposes to go to the
city into some business. " I won't farm," he
says, "it's a dull business; hard work, and
no pleasure. " This is the fault of parents.

The young man now goes to the city to com-
mence business. No education, no tact for
business of any kind, save places where play-
ing cards, loafing and vice and immorality liold
their court; he fails, turns out literally bad.
After he has gone through with his father's
hard earned dollars, he is here, poor and rag-
ged. Kow where is the fault V Is book farming,
or is educating farmers' sons up to the times,
the fault? No; I say emphatically, no. I say,
learn the young farmers all you can; teach
them that noble motto, that " agriculture is
the most noble employment of man." Teach
them to work, but have sometliing to improve
the mind. Have a number of agricultural
books and papers; and at the same time donot
neglect the Bible and other books that would
teach them something for their eternal wel-
fare and their future happiness. Ten times
better spend the money for such things than
give it to your sons to spend for things that
will lead them to the road of eternal damna-
tion. Let us have daily, weekly and monthly
papers, so that when evening comes and the
work is done, we can gather our families
around the table, and read what has happened
throughout the world. After having exercised
the body, the mind is in proper condition to
receive and keep knowledge. I ventiire to say
that there is no intelligent farmer in the county
of Lancaster, or anywhere, who will not say,
Amen; who will not say that this is the most
Iileasant and profitable way of spending time
and money, both for young and old. Let us
remember that the fanners' sons should be
brought to the meetings of the Agricultural
Society. The old are fast passing away; every
year a few of our members die. and if no in-
ducement for tlie young to come is offered,
one of the greatest aids to us, yes, we may say
the corner-stone of agriculture, will be entirely
neglected. That great good could be accom-
plished by having sucli an agricultural society
as I have referred to in the former ]iart of my
address, cannot he doubted; but this can only
be accomplished by having more interest awak-
ened, and have advertised what we are going
to di.si'uss, and every memlier make it a point
to bring his neighbors and friends along, and
then talk of matters which they understand.
There is often much time spent by this Soci-
ety in talking over matters not directly agri-
cultural or horticultural. I know that nearly
every year tliere is entirely too much time
spent in discussing when and where to hold the
fruit exhibition, and then generally too late.
Committees appointed to consult with the Park
Association, back and forward, delayed the
arrangement this summer until the eleventh
hour. "\Vliy not go to work early, and make
up our minds that we can hold an exhibition
or a fair, as yon choose to call it, by ourselves,
without joining in with an association that is
noted for horse-racing and betting, and the
reputation of whose grounds is such that tJie
respectable class of fanners will not enfertheir
gates. The evidence of this we take from the
fact that their fairs have time and again been
a failure. Instead of the committee appointed
to consult with such, that committeaiought to
be apjiointed in May and go to work at once,
and make such arrangements as will insure a
fair that would be an honor to Lancaster
county, and not a shame, as has heretofore
been the case in both societies. We have the

material and men to do it, if the thing is pro-
perly managed and put in right shape; but
when you have racing, gambUng, and that sort
of thing connected with fruits and productions
of our mother earth, don't ask why it is a fail-
ure. Let us go to work and make up a fair next
fall which will not only be a benefit and honor
to our Society, but also to the grand old garden
county of the Keystone State.

To make good a few words I said in the
beginning in regard to the Grange movement,
I will but briefly call your attention to it. I
Iviiow that there are some persons within the
sound of my voice who belong to it, (and
whether they are better off or whether it is a
direct benefit to them, I will not dispute, for
they know that part best themselves), but at
the same time, when I give my views on this
matter I hope I may not hurt the feelings of
any one. In the first place, it is a secret
organization. This is the main point of oppo-
sition I hold against it. I stand before you as
one of the bitterest o]iponents of all secret
societies, in any form or manner, whether you
call yourself a Mason, a Knight, a Mechanic,
or a Granger. The question of Grangery has
been fully and ably discussed in our meet-
ings of late, and I always have been quiet
until to-day. I think a few words may not
be out of place. One of my best friends in the
society made the remark to me, that the
Grange movement would gobble up this whole
concern— referring to the Agricultural and .
Horticultural Society of Lancaster county.
This has aroused my feehng to such an extent
that I tlioiight it not out of place to call your
attention to the matter, so that if this should
be the case, that we be not taken by surprise
and belong to the Grangers before we are
aware of what is going on. So far as their
principles of improving agriculture, so-
cial and moral advancement, I go with
them ; but when it comes so far that they
want to control railroads, markets, and many
other things, by secretly plotting such plans
for their own interest, I am opposed to them.
They hold out to the world very fine induce-
ments and show many advantages, but is it
sound moral principle for any class of citizens
to combine secretly and make a promise that
they will not sell their grain until they can
get so much for it ? Is it policy for any class
of men to hold back anything when the coun-
try needs it ? For instance, in the "Western
States, where the Grangers are a powerful
combination, they say we won't sell any pro-
ductions until such and such a price is paid.
"H'here is the poor man, outside of the Grange,
going to obtain the necessary supplies for his
family ? Is this doing as we like to be done
by ? Or is it loving thy neighbor as thyself?
I say no. In the VVest the cry was against
railroads ; they say railroad monopolies must
be crushed out, and they did most eflectually
crush them out— so effectually that European
and other capitalists said, "no more money
for railroads." "\Vhat was the result? The
panic came, and from its effects the w'hole
country is yet sick, and there is no telling J
when and where it will end. "No more rail- 1
roads" was followed by a general confusion in
all the iron manufactories. They stojiped
operations. No more railroads was followed
by " no more iron to luiild them," and now
we have to-day hundreds, yes, thousands of
men out of employment — without money or
food. These men have broken down railroad
monopolies, and built up Grange monoiiolies,
in which the farmers want to make all the
money themselves ; and I say as soon as
one class of men want to control everything, j
and go hand-in-hand secretly to accomplish j
their own selfish ends, they are injuring them-
selves and the wliole eountiy. In the East,
and here in I^ancaster county, T can't see any
use in them whatever. It is a new fangled
notion, and men go into them rough and
tumble, and derive very little benefit from
them. I say, let a farmer be a farmer ; a rail-
road man a railroad man ; a merchant a mer-
chant, and everybody attend to his o^^^l
business. Then we shall be better off than
with all this clubbing together. I do hope

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

that the day may not he far distant wiu-ii
everyliody will U' his own master ; be man
enoi!i;h to control his own alt'airs and have a
mimi to iudi,'e for himself, witho\it beloiiKin^'
to everv seeret order, asking and iilottinf; for
information to make K'ains without |)rinei|ile
or regard for honesty; and I say that the
worltl would lie belter oft to-tlay if they eould
do awav with all the seeret societies ever
organized, and let each man follow his own
business, and not try to cripple one monopoly
and hnild uii auolher that is really worse than
the one wiped out. If the farmer eould eou-
trol the whole affairs of this nation, both State
and church, bv belonging to the Grangers, I
would say, (iod forbid. As to my own ease,
I am opp"oscd to all .secret organizations, and
will never change my principles on this point
for gain, prolit or ollice. 1 will journey on in
this policy without fear or favor. I am born
free and independent, and, thanks be to (iod,
I have made up my mind to die free and
independent in all things. AVitli these few
remarks, I will close my first aniuial address,
and wish you, one and "all, much success, and
may we a'll try to be friendly toward each
other in all things. May this society prosper
and improve.

I), li. Hesli took exception to that part of the
address which relleeted on the (Jrange move-
ment, for he was disposed to favor the order.
He entirely dissented from the speaker so far
as he reflected uiion the Patrons of Husbandry.

Levi S. Reist was not a member of any se(^ret
society, but he unilerstood that the Grange ad-
mits I'emales to its mend)ership. This latter
feature received his favor.

M. U. Eshleman took exception to that part
of the President's address wliich implied that
no man could be " free and independent" if he
lielonged to a secret order. The speaker
thought that the Chairman's admission, that
lie was "bound by certain principles" pre-
vented him, also, from bein^ "free and inde-
pendent." The best class of i)eople belong to
the Grangers, and he therefore could not think
there was any harm in the movement.

Alex. Harris sustained the views of the Pres-
ident throughout, and regarded his address as
one of the most excellent that had been deliv-
ered before the Society.

John B. Erb expres.sed himself as "pleased
up to the handle" with the address. He did
not think the President had said anything
that could be construed as offensive to the
memlK'is of the Grange.

Dr. Hiestand believed a man could be as
" free and independent " while belonging to a
secret order as out of them.

M. I). Kendig was very much pleased with
the suggestions of the President in hisaddress,
and believed that if the sentiments were adopt-
ed the Society woiiKl be a comiilete success.

Judge Livingston thought the address was
an excellent one, and that much good could
be accomiilished by fanners providing good
reading matter for the home circle. Enjoy-
ment is just as nec'cssary for farmers' sons, in
the home circle, as among other classes of peo-
l>le, and too much attention could not be given
to it. He knew nothing of the (irange move-
ment, but if it be what is claimed for it, why
not let us know "// about it— why not let it be
free and opcnV He thought it perfectly proper
that the people should be allowed to iiuiuire
into the Grange movement, and they should be
permitted to do .so without giving offense.

I'eter S. Reist believed that many secret
societies were good in their way, but he did not
think this could be said of all of them. He did
not wish to be understood as ojiposed to the
Grange movement; but suppose iru-iihjdy
should Join it — would it be a sccrel order ?

Dr. P. W. Hiestand was not very favorable
to (iraiige organizati(ms.

On motion, a vote of thanks was tendered
Mr. Miller for his verv excellent address.

The Treasurer, P. AV. Hiestand, .submitted
his annual report, showing a balance in hand
of 884.u:{. The auditors, Messrs. Peter .S.
Reist, >L D. Kendig and D. (i. Swartz, re-
ported that they found everything correct.

On motion, "the Piesident, Secretary and

Treasurer were appointed a committee to con-
fer with the County Coniniis.sioners with rela-
tion to a room to hoUI the meetings of the
.Society ill during the eiisning year.

The Sociity went into election of oflicers, re-
sulting as follows:

For President, Johnson Miller, Warwick.

Vice Presidents, Hon. J. H. Livingston, H.
M. Kngle, Levi S. Reist, Peter S. Reist.

Corresponding Secretary, Milton B. Eshle-
man.

Hccoiding Secretary, Alex. Harris, esq.

'J'reasurcr, Dr. P. W. Hiestand.

Librarian, S. P. Eby, esij.

The remaining oflicers, elected a year ago,
hold over.

Diller Rare, esq., presented to the Society,
through Hon. J. B. Livingston, a number of
very large ]5artlett pears.

Adjourned.

PROF. RILEY ON THE BIRDS.

At a late meeting of the Alton Horticul-
tural Society, attended, by Prof. C. V. Riley,
State Entomologist of Mis.souri, after some
talk about the cedar bird, " which was jiro-
iiounced to be an nnmiligated .scamp," Prof.
Riley was called upon to give his views as to
what birds were the farmers' friends. AVe
take a sketch of his response from the St.
Louis ])i)n(H-ra(:

Mv. Riley was not sentimentally Vilind to the
faults of .some birds, and, perhaps, the blue
jay, the crow, blackbird, the red-winged black-
bird, the common roliiii, tlie golden roliin, the
cedar bird, and the king bird deserve to be
cla.s.se(l among our enemies, though much might
be said in favor of these wholesale denuncia-
tions. But he could not allow such wholesale
denunciation of our little feathered friends
without a word in their defense.

The ehiiieh bug is certainly a first-class in-
jurious insect, and yet there is abundant and
cnmiilativc testimony tliat the blithe little
quail devours immense nunibersof them, espe-
cially when hard pushed in winter. Let those
who are skeptical examine the craw^ of this
bird. He had rea.son to believe that the jirai-
rie chicken would alsoeat these nauseous bugs.
The euiculio is a hard customer, and we must
not expect much aid from the birds in dimin-
ishing its numbers; for the cnnniiig litlh^
hunchback, in the beetle state, knows well
how tc hide, simulate dead objects, and de-
ceive even the shai]) eyes of a bird : and in
the soft grub state takes good care to leave the
fruit, for transformation, eitlier in the night
or from the underside of the fruit as it lies on
the ground. Ihit even here there is good evi-
dence, from such men as S. W. Robson and
Dr. Trimble, that the Baltimore oriole will
devour it— the former having seen the bird in
the act, and the latter having taken the Ix-c-
tles from the cro]).

Thecoilling moth is certainly another of our
worst fruit pests, and he knew positively that
it was devoured by several birds, and men-
tioned the black-capiicd tit-mouse and the
downv woodpecker. So tli<iroiighly do birds
gilt its cocoons in our orchards that the pest
would hi' well kept down by them were it not
for our carelessness in harboring it in our
storeliou.ses, where tlu^y cannot reach it.

The yellovr-markcd cuckoo devoured the
larvae (if the white-billed Tus.sock moth— a
serious orchard pest ; and even so bad a bird
as the king bird had been seen devouring the
rosebug and the dilferent cabbage worms.
The tent-caterpillar is partially pri^yed ujion
by the Baltimore oriole, and greedily devoure<l
by the American cuckoo and the Jay. The
eanker-worin is also devouri'd by a number of
the different birds, anil among I hem the blue-
bird. Thus some of our very worst in.sict
enemies are preyed iilion by birds ; and who
can estimate how many hundreds of in.sects
there arc which, though not now da.vsed as
injurious, would soon lieeome so were it not
for the birds. Not one in a thousand of the
worms that hatch on <mr vegetation ever live
to go tnrough all their chaiifres, and he had
never been more forcibly reminded of the im-

jiortant part birds play in their destruction
than the present year in rearing silk-worms.
He hatched thousands of these out-of-doors on
an Osage orange hedgi- (his Sjiiing, and though
such as were protected with netting from
liirds and other enemies were remarkably
healthy, and in due time spun their cocoons,
not one of those feeding without such protec-
tion lived to si>in— all devoured by hinls.

He admitted that birds sometimes devoured
our friends, the parasitic insects ; but so does
man destroy tliein also, in a|i|ilying his artifi-
cial icmedies against the noxious ones. Ho
asserted, however, that, as a rule, predaceous
or canibal insects— tliose which are our liest
friends — such as ground-beetles and lady-
birds—are shielded from the attacks of birds
by some |)ecnliar attribute, such as |iungent
ollor, etc., which renders them unpalatable;
and t|ial most parasites were able to defend
tliein.selves by their own stings and other
weapons of oliense and defense. Thus a hun-
dri'd vegetable-feeders were <levoured to one
canibal or jiarasite ; and, all things considered,
birds are very essential and important friends
of man. He spoke of them as tiod's ap-
pointed guards and jirotectorsof the vegetable
kingdom, carrying and disjiersing its seeds,
and ever present to clear it of insects that
gnaw and destroy. He gave it as his convic-
tion that if a dozen or our most common birds
could be swept from existence, we should no
longer be able to grow our princi])al crops,
and insects would riot and multiply until they
become unendurable.

LETTER FROM A FARMER'S WIFE.

Elizaukthtowx, Jan. 12, 1875.

BJitnr nf The Fiirnier : ILiving a few min-
utes to siiiire this evening I thought I would
write a few lines to you.

No doubt y(Ui will be surprised to receive a
communication from one who is a total stran-
ger to you, hut I hope we will be Ijetter ac-
quainted by and by. I intend to drop you a
liractical note now and then, if I can be in any
way useful to Tii k Faismkk ; but you will have
to be indulgent with me. for I know veiy little
about writing, and nothing at all about gram-
mar : so if there is any mistake, the laugh
will be at mv expen.se.

I read The Laxc'Asteu Faumer with
much interest. My husband wanted to stop
it. but I said "no, not yet. I want to see what
it will be like this year, for I think it is im-
proving." "All right,'' said he, and I am
more pleased with tlie last numU'r than ever.

I have always delighted in Agricultural
publications, and I shall occasionally give
you some hints in housekeeping that may ben-
efit young married (leople, as I had an experi-
ence of more than twenty years in that line in
both city and country life, but I have always
had a preference for the country.

Hoping I have not tre.siia.s.sed upon your
time and attention, I close with my best
wi.shes f<u- the future success of your Journal,
and remain Your Friend,

Leolixe.

P. S. The following have Iteen practically
tested, and therefore are worth knowing:

now TO DKIVK weevils OUT OF A BAIiX.

Take the fresh .skin of a slieep and hiyig it
up in the entry about the middle of the bam
to drv. The odor of it will drive all the wee-
vils away, ami you will not know what has
l)ccomc of them.

TO (t'RE TIIESTIXO OF A CATFISH.

As soon as you can, take a woolen rag and
dip it in strong vineg-ar ; wrap it around the
! wounil two or three times, then hold the
member in the oven of a stove as hot as you
can Ix'ar it. from fifteen to thirty minutes, and
it will draw all the poison out.

— We commend the whole communication
of our fair eorresiHindent. The remedies are
so simple that any one can test them for
themselves.— Ed.

iO

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE HAY CROP AND HAY TRADE.

The fluctuating and high price of hay for
years past indicates how little surplus hay
"there has been in the old hay-producing sec-
tions, and the small amount of surplus there
is in any State, even with full crops, clearly
shows that a universal short crop would sub-
ject us to a severe famine in hay, and that
our only salvation hitherto has been the
extent of our country, and its varied climate,
which has infallibly secured us a surplus in
some sections to forward to others short of a
supply, as some portions of the country are
every year, through failure of the crop. Tliis,
together witli the rapid growth of our cities,
inci'ease of our commerce, and the develop-
ment of our mining, man ijftictu ring and lum-
bering interests, and the growing southern
trade, occasion an activity and demand
for hay tliat is certain to increase. But
a certain portion of the land in any sec-
tion can be devoted to the production of
hay, and as the greater portion thus produced
is required for the stock — even with a good
crop — hence it follows that this increasing
demand must be met by like increase in extent
of hay-pr(^ducing territory ; in other words,
our meadows must extend further west, where
there is more land to spare for them, and a
reserve supply of hay must be held to make
good deficiency in any State, and to supply
such cities as were dependent on such State.
In short, the great West and Canada must
wheel into line. Their farmers and merchants
must hold an ever ready surplus to meet the
demands from any section, as thej- now do
of grain, and the liay merchant, like the grain
merchant, must be at every station throughout
the country.

There is scarcely a location where a press
could not be advantageously located. Even
in Utah, Colorado and other territories, we
frequently find the price of hay beyond its
value in eastern markets. Indeed, there is
such a steady demand for hay west of the
States, that in no part of the country have our
patrons proved more successful. Texas, Ai'-
kansas, Tennessee and Kentucky have a ready
market at the South for all their surplus, at a
a much better margin than they can realize on
any otlier product; while the A\"estern States
have enough to do to supply the lumber and
lake trade, and contribute tlieir share to the
mining regions of Pennsylvania, and eastern
markets. Georgia, North Carolina and South
Carolina have more tlian enough to do to take
care of themselves, but we are pleasi d to add
that they draw much less from abroad than
formerly, and are steadily increasing their
amount of grass land. Virginia, West Vir-
ginia and Maryland must also enlarge their
meadows, as the jSIiddle States and Canada
have apparently enough to do to take care of
themselves and contribute the deficiency in
the Eastern States. We might add, that the
price hay commands in the mining and lumber
countrj' on tlie Pacific coast, makes its move-
ment golden when put up with suitable presses
for ecouonncal transportation, instead of be-
ing bundled with the rmlely constructed ma-
chines built liy Californians from recollections
of the old fasiiioned pivsses used in the East-
tern States (luring their lioyhood days.

Why should hay sell for doul)le, even triple,
the price in some part of almost every western
State-thal it will command in any other section
of tlie same State and no more distant from
market ? Why should our southern cities
want hay at such enormous prices, when sueli
States as Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky and
Tenne.ssee have more than a supply V It is
simply the want of facilities and inclination to
forward it — in other words, want of presses
and energy to take advantage of a market
which, altliough permanent and growing, is
foolishly supposed to be temporary. If corn
or wheat should advance live dollars per ton
above the level in any market in the country,
thousands of merchants would detect it in an
instant, even if a thousand miles distant, and
profit by it. Yet here we liave a difference of
sometimes twenty dollars in priceof hay but a

few hundred miles, or less, apart, and no one
seems to be aware of it. Tliese are not excep-
tional instances, nor exceptional times, but a
repetition of what has lieen for years past, and
will be for years to come, unless merchants
and farmers can be brought to understand
that hay has a casli value," and can be trans-
ported as easily and cheaply as grain, and
tauglit to market their crop, instead of allow-
ing hay to be forwarded to their neighVwrs
from remote sections and past their very doors,
and that a few hundred dollars invested in
machinery for handling liay will earn them
more money than tlieir §50,000 elevators for
handling grain, and with less capital and risk.
Tliere are thousands of tons of surplus hay,
annually, in every State in the West that
would find a ready market, far or near, and
at a good round profit, but that will never bo
moved in consequence of want of interest and
information. Even in the Middle States and
Canada, there are sections where there are no
presses nor forwarders, and the surplus hay is
lost to the market, unless some enterprising
hay mercliant may happen through and pick
it up. Much of this indillerence to so impor-
tant a trade is due to want of hiformation, as
the price of hay is not usually quoted with
other produce, except in large cities. The
merchant may be posted on New York,
Boston or Chicago markets, yet he has no
prompt means of knowing when hay will
bring him a larger margin at Washington and
Baltimore, at Indianapolis, Toledo or St.
Louis ; nor of keeping posted on the price of
hay in the hundreds of markets in the mining
districts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and along
the lakes and the various Southern markets.
In conse(inence of this lack of information,
there not only seems to be an indifference to
the importance of tlie business, but verymuch
hay is forwarded to dull markets, when it
would have commanded larger prices, and,
may be, at a much nearer market.

A KIND WORD FOR FARMERS.

Farmers are charged with being proverbial
croakers. It is alleged by those wiiO are un-
acquainted with the onerous duties and numer-
ous cares attendant upon their pursuit, that
the farmer is never satisfied with his surround-
ings. The weather is frequently adverted to in
a complaining manner. It is either too. hot
and dry or too cold and wet. Tlie spring is
so backward as to retard the rapid growth of
vegetation, or the early warmth accelerates
the budding of fruit trees, to be injured, per-
haps, by unseasonable frost a;id culil. An ex-
cess of rain is a cause of dissatisfaction, be-
cause it tends to produce rot among the pota-
toes, and loss and inconvenience is complained
of owing to repeated rainfalls during the period
of gathering hay and iiarvesting crops. On the
other hand, a protracted spell of dry weather
causes springs to cease their supply, and con-
vert tlie verdant jiasturage into parched and
arid fiidds. Thus he is supposed to be in a
state of clironic discontent, and to have a per-
petual grumble upon his lips.

Of all men it is generally believed that the
farmer should be tlie most contented and uu-
coraplainiiig. Do not his crops grow while he
sleeps, and is not liis grain golden, figuratively
speaking, at least V i)oes not each blade of
grass glisten in the morning sun with the bril-
liancy of the diamond, even if its dewy bur-
then be the only cause of such radiance '? And
then the luxuriance of that most magnificent
of all the products of the soil — Indian corn —
how glorious to look upon when tossing its
broad blades in apparent exultation, as if re-
joicing in the pride of its rapid growth !

Who that possesses the slightest degree of
poetic sensibilitv can behold the lovely scene
which the well tilled fields of the thrifty far-
mer presents to the view, wilhout.a thrill of
pleasure and feeling of admiration V Tliecity
visitor at a country home is apt to regard the
farmer as one who is surrounded with every
comfort, and all the enjoyments of lite. The
after dinner siesta having been indulged in,

how delightful, while comfortably seated upon
the ample and well shaded piazza, to gaze upon
the beauties of nature, and to witness the ope-
rations of the farmer when performed in view
of the guest, who is the recipient of generous
and painstaking Iios|)itality.

Now all this is very fine and affords a fruit-
ful theme for comment and word-painting.
As a friend once remarked, the operations of
the busy hay-makers presents a pleasing pic-
ture to the eye, especially when contemplated
from beneath the wide-spreading branches of
an umbrageous tree. But the toil, care and
anxiety attending the fanner's eftbrt to pro-
vide a livelihood for his family are seldom con-
sidered by those who are inexiierienced in his
calling, and unacquainted with the laborious
duties required in its prosecution.

The farmer is not a croaker, nor is the allega-
tion correct that he refers to liis pursuit in con-
versation to a greater extent than is noticable
in those who are engaged in other vocations.
Dependant largely upon atmospheric changes
for his prosperity, it is perfectly natural that
the state of the weather should occupy a large
.share of his attention, and form a subject of
frequent remark. In view of the liability of
loss and inconvenience in unpropitious skies,
he naturally scans the heavens with an inter-
est scarcely surpassed by the mariner upon the
ocean.

We place great confidence in mother earth,
and believe that she will ever yield a bounte-
ous reward to the skillfully applied lalior of
the husbandman. The imrest and most tran-
quil enjoyments of life frequently attended the
efforts of the judicious and enterprising far-
mer, to provide a comfortable maintenance
for his family. But it must be confessed,
with all his boasted independence, he is sub-
jected to the caprices of the weather to a more
injurious extent than those who are engaged
in many other pursuits. The prolonged ab-
sence of rain is a serious disadvantage, and it
is not surprising that the fact of it is frequently
alluded to iu conversation.

AGRICULTURAL MISCELLANY.

REPORT OF THE COMJIISSIOSER OF AGRI-
CULTURE.

The Hon. Frederick Watts, Commissioner
of Agriculture, iu his annual report says,
there is no incident which so cripples the ,
operations of this deiiartmeiit as the want I
of the punctual publication of its annual report. '
For the last two years it has not been pub-
lished. While Congress, at the last session,
apparently made the effort to order the [lulili-
cation of the annual reports of 1872 and 1S73,
for the use of Congress, it failed, in the opinion J
of the Public Pnnter, to obtain its object. \
While the Coiuniissioner does not concur in
this opinion, it is due to him to say that to
print them involved a doubtful construction
of the law, a responsibility which he was nn-
willing to take, and therefore the reports for
the use of the members of Congress have not
been iH-inted. But by the separate provision
of the act there was an appropriation specially
for the printing of Ihe reports of 1872 and
1873. These have been printed and delivered
to the department for distriliutiou.

The Commissioner says he cannot be un-
mindful of the approaching centennial of the
independence of the United States. No such
an opportunity has ever occurred for such an
exhibition of the progress this ountry has
made in its agriculture, horticulture, manu-
factures, commerce, arts and sciences, its
ad;iptation for war and the benefits of peace,
whereby the people of other countries may be
impressed with tlie caiiabilities of this nation,
and our own made to feel proud that we have
achieved so much. Jle recommends that the
Government erect a building for it.self, to be
exclusively occupied by the several depart-
ments, a Board having been designated by the
President to suggest what part each may take
in the Exposition.

By action of Congress about four acres of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

a

ground, I'onuerlv ootupicil by the c;iii;il, liavi-
iK'in added 1<> Hic dciiai-tiiicnt Knmiids, ami
are now uiidernoiiiK iireparatioii to loriu a
part of tin- aboretuiii. Tlie colkctiou ot ex-
otic, utili/able and eeoiioiine plants is •;iadii-
ally inereasinjj l»>lli in niunber and vaUie.
The orange lainilv is partieularly valuahle,
and the best conmiereial varieties are iiropa-
gated and distributed to the greatest prac-

tieable extent. . , . i, ' , • ^ p

There has been no period ni the history ol
this eonnlry when larniers'erops have been so
extensively "depredated upon as in the past
year, and this has bmnght into active exercise
tlie knowledge and industry ot the entcmiologi-
cal divisions of the department. There is
an increasing demand lor inlbnnation with
regard to insects injurious to vegetion. and
much pains have been taken to investigate
the character ot insects sent here to point
out their modes of intiicting injury, and
the means by which their depredations may
be averted, and for those who seek to prose-
cute the study or acquire the knowledge
of these insects, specimens of their injuries and
nest-arehiteeture have lieen arraiigi'd and ex-
hibited in a rocni providtil for the purpose.

During the past year the work of tlie botan-
ical division has been steadily prosecuted and
many contrilmlions added, it is bi'lieycd
that much valuable information of a (iractical
character is both received and cunununieated.
Many gratifying letters of acknowledginent
show high appreciation of the work of distribu-
tion. , , ,

The Commissioner shows the valuable ser-
vices rendered l)y the several divisions of his
department, and says : " In purchase of seeds
the department has patronized oidy seed-
growers and seed firms proven reliable by ex-
perience, whose guarantee of good (juality and
genuineness cannot be questioned, and by re-
ceiving them from llrst hands has been able to
prociue them at much lower rates, and, con-
se(iuentlv, in greater quantities, and is thus
enabled "to give more lilierally to the many
applicants who dailv apply for seeds from all
parts of the country, and to extend the benelits
of distribution. One million, two hundred
and eiirhtv-six thousand packages of .seed.s
were distribhtcd during the last liscal year."

PROPER MODE OF FEEDING HORSES.

Let me say a word or two in reference to
feeding the hor.se, as bearing upon the con-
dition of the foot. Every owner of a horse
must have obseived that the growth and
strength and appearance of the horse's fool is
inaleiially alfectcd by the condition of the
horse hiniself. A half-starved horse may have
a foot injured liy deficient nutrition ; an over-
fed horse may "have a foot heated into an
inllanimation ; and so dependent is the foot
upon a healthy .state of the animal economy,
that for the 'foot alone, if nothing else, the
diet of the hor.se should be reguhiled with the
utmost regard to his health.

I am confident that we give our horses too
much grain and too little hay — especially
horses under seven years of age, who will
work with more endurance and courage on a
good supply of grain- of the latter say six
quarts of oats and a pint of corn daily. Older
hor.ses re(|uire and will bear more grain — but
even they want more hay than is usually given.
Every horse should pass a few weeks of each
year without grain- either the first half or the
last half of the winter, whichever is the mo.st
convenient. And this mode of feeding can
he adopted without suspending the animal's
work.

I have one horse, fourteen years old, which
has had this regimen for fiuir months every
year of his life (and I bred himl, and he is as
■smooth, vigorous and healthy as a colt — has a
sound, smooth foot, was never lame and has
always been in good order. He is a good
specimen of what box stalls, brick Hoor, tar
ointment, turniiisand hay will do for horses
towards preserving their iiealth, strength and
soundness, and promoting longevity. — Muni'.

rioiKjhman.

AGIUfULTUUE AND SPANISH CIVILIZATION.

At one time in the world's history Spain
was the great power. Eivius and Slrabo
relate of Spain's fertility and of her abundant
harvests. I'ndcr the reign of Abd Errahman
111., Mohammedan, Spain snstaine<l a popu-
lation of ;5(l,(IOO,ltt)0. Tarragona, the second
city of the empire under th(^ Uomans, had
1,(10(1,00(1 inhabitants; under Abd Errahman
111. it contained :!.")0,000; now it contains but
I."),0()0. The fanatical Thilip II., and his suc-
cessor of the same name, struck the dealli
blow to agriculture by enacting inicpiitous
laws. By these measures 1^(10,000 Moors, men
and women, old men and children, were eoin-
(lelled to leave the land of their birth, their
blooming fields, and the houses their own hands
had built. The nourishing plains of the south
soon became a desert, agriculture decayed, and
then trade stagnated. As a result prosperous
villages were reduced to ruin, towns once
animated by commerce became depopulated,
lioverty an<l sloth seized tlu^ once rich and
happy countiy, the departed siileiidor of
which is still attested by magniliccnt ruins.
Thus does history show'thal where agricul-
ture holds the first plact^ in a peojile's affairs,
there wealth and progress advance; that
wherever agriculture is abandoned, there
national deciiy begins. The same grand trulli
runs through" all nations, that agriculture is
the source of wealth, the fountain bead of
civilization. As ancient nations grew rich,
and then i)ermitted agriculture to decline, So
they became demoralized, idle, vicious, and
poor; relapsing into barbarism, or vanishing
entirely from the face of the earth.— P/(ii)ii<-
loijical Journal. (
^

POTATO DIET.

Not long ago I remarked in the course of
conversation with a lady that my children ate
a good deal of bread aiid milk. ''My Willie
seldom eats it," she said. "He seems to
need something more nourishing— cats a good
deal of potato." Here our conversathm was
interrupted. If Willie eats milk, or e^gs, or
lean meat with his potato, very well. JJut if
he is kept upon potato and butter, and fat
gravy, with white bread and butter, and cake
and jiastry at meals when potato is absent, he
is very poorly nourished in my opinion. He
may look fat, as children always do when
food is mainly of the fattening or heat-iiro-
ducing kind ; but he will be likely to la<-k in
bone and muscle. Potatoes also cannot suji-
ply the system with enough of the mineral
elements reiiuired for a healthy growth. So
says ])r. Edward Smith, the author of an ex-
ce'llent book on "Foods." This book agrees
in the main with one fo which I have before
referred, "I'hilosophy of l-'.ating," though
less giveii to theorising and more to the simple
description of various kinds of food. In the
Philosophv of Eating we are taught that
])olatoes are finely adapted to be eaten with
lean meat— the starchy potatoes fiirnisbing
the fiitteiiing and heating elements which lean
meat lacks, while the lean meat supiilies the
bone and muscle-making eleineiifs not alford. d
by potato or tine Hour bread. Fat meat alVonls
h"eating and fattening elements, like potato,
but in a form less easily digested by most
jiersons.

fresh lime. This was sjiread evenly in layers
between layers of muck a foot thiik. In
twenty-four hours the lieajis were smoking hot.
lie threw more iiuuk over the top and beat
the siirtace closely with the shovel to exclude
the air. and in a few days the heat went down.
AVheii In- came to draw the muck, it had be-
come a black, rich mass, that exhaled a very
pimgent order, nmcli like barnyard manure;
and although it was late in October when it
was spread upon the grass, the color of the
field became at once a deeper green, and a
rapid growth started. Wood ashes (half a
bushel or mine to a loail of muck) will pro-
duce eijually good results, but more time is re-
quired for decomposition. — liitral Carolinian.

SOAKING SEEDS.— OSAGE ORANGE.

Among the most radical reforms in growing
plants is that pertaining to soaking seeds.
Time was when but a few kinils were thus
treated, and such only as were furnished with
hard shells or woody coverings: but now many
of our most successful gardeners believe in the
practice of soaking almost everything before
planting. The siiace of time necessary fortius
operation is governed by -a knowledge of the
germinating i)ower inherent in each; some
species rei|uire only a lew hours, while others
should remain in the water for several days.
Experienced Osage orange growei-s now ad-
vise for it immersion for a month at li-ast. and
some even place the bag of seeds in a spring
of water in the autumn, and allow it to re-
main there until the ensuing siiring. Those
of my readers who are in iHissessionof a fruit-
bearing tree may prolit perhaps by my expe-
rience. Last autumn I etdlected in a heap all
of the oranges from my old specimen, and let
them remain exposed to the weather until a
few days ago, when I washed out the decayed
mass witlunit any ditlicnlty, and obtained aliont
a peck of nice seeds ; the latter were thrown
into a bag, wet as they were, and much to my
sunnise ihey at once began si>routing. This
is merely an exemplilication of the desire for
moisture Viv the Osage orange, as in this case
the seeds were kept peii)elually damp.

now TO TREAT SWAMP Mt'C'K FOR MANUKE.

Wlietber it will pay to apply swamp muck
to land depends upon several circumstancis,
such as the richness of the deposit in the ele-
ments of fertility, in which there are great dif-
ferences ; the character of the soil to which it
is to be aiiplied ; Ihe cost of digging; the dis-
tance to 1 e hauled, and the consecpient ex-
pense of hauling." A little cyphering and a
few exiieriments will enable the farmer to set-
tle the question of prolit or loss. When used,
it shovdd alwavs be treated with lime or a.shes
to correct itsacidily. A Pennsylvania farmer
tells, in the IVihune. how he comiiosts it, and
his way is a good one. As the muck was dug,
he mixed with every five loads one barrel of

A nrUD'S EYE-VIEW OF AGRICULTURE.

When we consider that less than one-third
of the area of the United States, and less than
a fifth of the entire domain of the United
States, is mapped into farms, and remember
that of this farm aria only one-fourth is tilk'd
or mowed ; and when we further rellect that
the average yield fn'r acre could be doubled
if the maiiy could be brought up to the plane
of the fewin the practice of intensive culture
^then We begin to realize what nund)ers our
country is capabh^ of feeding, and what waste
of toil and ellort comes from the neglect of the
economic lessons taught by the statistics of
scientific agriculture. We "now know that our
wheat occupies an area less than the surface
of South Carolina, and if the yield should
eipial that of England, half of "that acreage
should easily sutlice. We know of our national
crop, maize, which grows from Oregon to
Floiida, anil veaily waves oyer a broader field
than all the cereals beside, that it might pro-
duce its amplest stores within fht) boundaries
of Virginia. The potato crop cmdd grow in
Delaware, though yielcling less than a hundred
bushels per acre; thc> barley for brewing needs
Uss than a half dozen counties, and tobacco,
suftieient to glut our own and European mar-
kets, grows on au area twenty miles square.

An important step has been gained in the
natural history of the potato blight. It is
stated that Prof. De I'.ary. of Strashnrg, ha.s
detected the existence of " helcnecism." or an
"alternation of generations," in the life
history of the rcirmnKjyirn infotnn.i. the para-
sitic fimgus which causes the disease. It is
conjectured that the second form may possibly
be found on clover.

12

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

COVERING MANURE FROM THE WEATHER.

We have always advocated having a cover
over tlie manure heap, and have contended
that manure so covered is worth a great deal
more than manure spread out in the barnyard
in the usual way. A correspondent of one
of our papers takes exception to this. He as-
serts that uncovered is just as good as covered
manure, provided the rains are kept from
reaching it. He says that a heap of uncov-
ered manure will be just as good as a heap of
covered, if there has been no rain on it ; and
in this way he writes what we suppose is in-
tended to be an argument against covering
manure. We might also state that in this
sense we could urge there was no use in cover-
ing manure. But as we cannot keep the rain
off without some covering, it is hard to see
what the argument amounts to. If the corre-
spondent in question would show how to keep
the rain from washing away all the best of the
manure without covering, we could better un-
derstand the point he makes. Until this is
done, we shall still advocate covering manure.

It is certain that the land plowed in the
autumn will, all other things being equal,
yield better than that broken in spring. This
is partly because thorough teration of its soil
is essential to its fertility, partly because the
frost has freer action to break up the minute
minerals and hasten their disintegration and
the consequent liberation of mineral elements
of fertility, and partly because in the loosened
earth the surplus water drains quicker away,
and the warmth of the sun penetrates sooner
and deeper. But many fall-plowed fields are
so situated that surface water collects in hol-
lows, and these nullify all tlie rest ; carefully
drawn open furrows for such places should be
the subject of the first work in spring. In
newly plowing land run the furrows in such a
direction as to facilitate drainage, and run the
shovel as deep (and no deeper) as it can go
without turning up the cold, unfertilized and
lumpy subsoil. It will pay.

dry cellar that does not freeze, if some care be
taken. They do not need much water, but
must be as cool as possible, without freezing.
If care be taken to give them air in fine weatlier,
and a little water at long intervals, just enough
so that the earth does uot become really dry,
there will be but little trouble in wintering
them nicely.

Many plants, after being wintered all right,
are killed by putting them out of doors too
early in the spring. We have known large
oleanders to be killed dead in the spring from
exposure to frost a single night when the ther-
mometer marked twenty-four degrees. The
same plants had withstood a lower tempera-
ture in the cellar during the winter. When
taken from the cellar they should be carefully
guarded from frost in the spring until the
last of May or first of June, according to lati-
tude, aud although tender plants will stand a
considerable degree of cold in the cellar, it is
better that they be kept from actual frost. —
Western liural.

HORTICULTURAL MISCELLANY.
WINTERING PLANTS IN BOOMS AND CELLARS.

Those who grow tender plants in summer
for ornamenting the lawns and flower beds, of
course like to keep them over the winter, and
yet, in fully nine cases out of ten, Imt little
success is had with those wintered in rooms,
and perhaps fully as little with those winteied
in the cellar.

Those that are to be kept on the flower-
stands in rooms .should not have miich heat
upon first being taken in. They should be kept
in the coolest partof the room, but should have
plenty of light until well established, or until
they begin to make new growth. If one have
a bow window that may be closed tight, this
answers a good purpose, since the sun may be
admitted above and the plants may be kept
shaded below. If you have hot-bed ashes aud
a frame, a little bottom heat, say ten inches
of manure covered with enough sand in which
to plunge the pots, and keeping the sash pretty
close and shaded until the roots of the plants
begin to draw and send moisture tf) the to]is,
will answer a very good purpose. Keep them
covered warmly at night, aud, as they begin
to grow, give air and water, and at the end of
a month they may be taken into the room and
with little care they will give much satisfaction.

Do not give too much water to window plants
or those kept on a stand in the room. The soil
should be kept moist, of course, but frequent
and light syringings will tend to obviate the
excessive dryness of living rooms. This is the
great difficulty with plants wintered in this
manner, aud toassi.stiu neutralizing this trou-
ble as much as possible, a vase or basin of
water should be kept constantly on the stove
or heater to supply this lack of moisture.

Geraniums, pleargoniums, tender roses, and
other tender or half-hardy, woody or half-
woody perennials may be kept in a light, cool,

SPRING RADISHES.

are never so good in quality, because being
later in coming into use.

Most people sow thick because they have no
faith in the seedsman. They think some of
the seeds are bad, and they want to allow for
it. But we have not found seedsmen such
irredeemable fellows as many suppose. It is
rarely we have seeds to fail. When they do,
it is generally through deep planting. Radish
seed particularly likes to be kept near the
surface. If the seed is sown while the ground
is still moist from the digging or preparing, it
may be merely sown on the surface and then
rolled or beaten in. Then every seed will
grow, and only those seeds may be sown just
where a plant is to come up to mature. — Ger-
mantown Telegraph.

WINTER CARE OF TREES.

Where trees are purchased in the fall, many
of them are lost through want of proper care
during the winter months, and for this reason
many wait till spring before buying. If trees,
especially small ones, are properly cared for
through the winter, it is better to get them in
the fall ; or, if they are grown on the place,
and to be re-planted in the spring, they are
better to be taken up at the approach of cold
weather and heeled in. This operation of
heeUng is simple, easy, and puts the trees in
the very best condition for keeping through
*the winter — as, when they are thus treated,
there is no danger of heaving out by frost, and
the ends of the roots become well calloused
and are ready to begin a fresh growth at once,
when planted in spring. To heel in trees
projierly, dig a trench, say three feet wide,
and deep enough to cover the trees, a foot or
so above the top of the roots. Before the
trees are placed in the trench, the roots should
be dipped in what nurserymen call grout, and
other people call thin mud. This gives each
root and fibre a coating of fine earth. This
done, place one row of trees against the back-
side of the trench, leaning against the edge,
and as thickly as they can well stand, then
carefully sprinkle fine earth from the front of
the trees, among aud around the roots, taking
pains that no air holes are left— pack the earth
down firmly— there is no danger of it l)eing
too solid ; and when this row is finished, the
trench for the next row is ready. The great
point is to have the earth filled in closely
around every root, and well packed down.
If this is done, the trees will be in better con-
dition for planting in the spring than if they
had been allowed to spend the winter where,
they grow. If we were purchasing trees from
a distance, we would ranch prefer to get them
in the fall, and have them well heeled through
the winter, so that we could have them ready
at the earliest possible moment in the spring.
— Cor. liural World.

The. greatest delights of a garden are found
among the early spring vegetables, aud among
them all, the radish is one of the nio.st welcome.
They are tolerably hardy, and may be found
among the earliest sown. The great charm of
a good radish, like a good cigar, is in its
mildness, and this can^ only be secured by
growing it in a rich soil. For a spring radish,
indeecl, the soil can scarcely be too rich. This
hurries it up. A slow growu radish is sure to
be hot and stringv.

The round radishes, or turnip-rooted, are
best, and the white generally more acceptable
than the red. The loug-rooted radishes, some-
times are in eating a little earlier, but to most
tastes are not so grateful as the other.

In sowing radishes a too common error is to
put the seeds in too thick. It is thought that
they can be weeded if they all grow ; but they
are seldom thinned out, and when left thick

PERSIMMONS AS MARKET FRUIT.

The persimmon, in its unfrosted state, is an
austere, harsh fruit, which no one, unless just
learning to whistle, cares to indulge in. When,
however, it has been exposed in some frost, it
is generally agreeable to most tastes. A very
large market could be found for them in the
cities if they could be got in there witliout
mashing, but this has been hitherto found
impossible. A very short distance of travel
over a railroad, is enough to turn a basketful
into a shapeless mass.

Now we think it is well worthy of thought
by those practical minds that are always on i
the lookout for something on which to make, '
whether something cannot be done to turn the
persimmon into practical account as a market
fruit for great cities. Years ago it was thought
that the strawberry and rasi)berry could not
be grown to any profit away from large cities,
because in bulk they mash together so. But
Yankee genius got over this difiiculty by the
invention of the berry basket, by which the
mass of fruit was divided into small lots and
thus prevented from crushing ononeanotherin
slatted crates. The' same surely could be done
with the persimmon. Little shallow baskets
could be provided in which the persimmon
would lie only two courses thick. It is not
necessary to wait till the frost softens the
fruit before gatherino; them, as then they get
mushy in handling. But they can be gathered
before the frost while yet hard and firm, and
put in the crates, and the crates allowed to
freeze through. We are much mistaken if
quite a good trade might not be got up in
persimmons in this way. — Germantown Tel.

DISEASE-PROOF POTATOES.

It will be recollected that the Lord Cathcart
prize offered in England for the best essay on
the potato disease and its prevention, was not
awarded, as none of the ninety odd essays
presented any new facts or remedies. There-
upon the Royal Agricultural Society oflered a
prize of £100 to any one who produced an
early potato which remained disease-proof
over a trial of three years. Six different
varieties were entered for competition, and
were sent to twenty different districts in
England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales, last
Spring, for trial. The result was not entirely
unforeseen or unsuspected. At the monthly
meeting held the first week in November, it
was reponed that not one of the six varieties
tested had resisted the disease. Thus the
trials of tiiese potatoes are concluded the first
year, aud a disease-proof potato is yet to be

found.

^

A HANDY GARDEN ROLLER.

Take a joint of stove pipe, 6, 7 or 8 inches
in diameter; set one end upon an inch board,
aud witli a scratch-awl or pencil mark around
0)1 the outside ; reverse the pipe and mark the
other end. Then with a pair of compasses
find the centre of these two wheels, and strike
around their circumference, allowing for the
thickness of the iron. Saw or cut them true
and round; bore a hole with a bit in their
centres, to receive a shaft of half-inch round
iron, about three inches longer than the length

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

13

of tlic ]n]H\ Now tit in one of these heads,
anil upset the .slieet iron \i\\n' ovei- it enoujjh
to hold it lirnily in place. I'ul the shall in,
and set the whole on end on tlie ki'<"I"<'i ^''^^-
ini; eare tliat the sliaft Klands true; and lastly
put in a <iuart or two of dry sand, and tamp
it hard with a suital)le rammer, repeatin(j the
Olieration till tlie pipe is full to within one
inch of the top. Fit in tlie other head with
the shaft in plaee; upset tla' iron over it as
l)efore, and you have a roller as servieeahle as
one of all iron, and at almost no cost. To lit
it for use, make a liox of inch stulV, lit a liandle
to it, slopins.;at an an^leof 'iOth'fireesfnun the
iHittom hoard : jiut a cross head to the end of it,
and for a -garden or walk roller this cannot he
beaten. If wanted heavier, it can lie loa<le<l
with brickbats or earth , and for wheeling
stones or rubbish olT garden or lawn, or newly
j)h)weil or spaded <;rounds, it will be pro-
nounced liy all who try it "tip top." Any
man or hoy who can use a saw, plane and
hammer, can make one in a few liours, and
with decent care it will last as many years. —
Cor. Oiuntry GentlcDian.

PEAS THREE THOUSAND YEARS OLD.

In the course of late explorations in the
ancient ruins of Kgypt, Gen. Anderson, an
English traveler, found, inclosed in a sarcopha-
gus beside a nunniny, a few dry peas, wliieh
he i>reserved carefully, and on his return to
Great Britain planted in the rich soil of the
island of tiuernsey. The seeds gi'rniinated,
and soon two little jilants appeared, from
wliieh, at maturity, sufficient peas were
gathered to plant quite a large tract of ground
in the following season. Some of the phmts
thus raised have attained a height of over six
feet, and have been loaded with blossoms of
exquisite odor, and of a delicate rose tint.
The j)eculiar feature of the growth is the stem,
whicii is so small near the root but increases
greatly in size ns it ascends, requiring a sup-
port to sustain it ujiright. The pods, instead
of being distributed around all portions of the
stem, as in the ordinary plant, arc grouped
abovit the upper extremity. The vegetable, it
is said, lielongs to the ordinary garden variety;
but from its presenting the very distinctive
differences above noted, it seems worthy of
close botanic;il observation. Tlie peas ;ire of
remarkably tine flavor, excellinir in delicacy
those of the choicest known varieties.

ORCHARD AND NURSERY.

Planting may often be done this month
where the whether is mild, but on no account
set the tree in |iarlially frozen .soil ; it is much
better to heel-in the trees in a dry, sandy spot
until spring, when they can be set out pro-
perly.

Stocks for root grafting should be taken up,
assorted, and tied in Inmdles of convenient
size, and stored in boxes of damp sawdust in
the cellar, where they can be easily reached
during the winter.

Scions may be cut at any time when the
wood is not frozen ; store in sawdust and take
care that they do not dry oui during the
winter.

(;iive seedlings early protection, but not
until the weather is quite cold ; if applied
too early, growth sometime occurs.

Collect and store as large a supply of leaves
as possible, for covering and bedding.

CULTIVATION OF ROSES.

Roses, like other things in the vegetable
kingdom, are also beautilied and enlarged hy a
judicious and generous course of treatment. 1 1
cannot be too often urged in connection with
their culture, that to succeed is to be success-
ful. He who raises (Uie perfect si)ecinien of a
plant is a better cultirator than he who raises
an acre of indifferent specniens, and whoever
has made himself a thorough master of the art
of cultivation of a single specimen or variety
has acquired a knowledge and skill which
enable him to succeed with the many. — Chcui.
H. Milhr. •

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

TO MAKE HENS LAY.

When eggs bear such a price, and are so
delicious in the many ways the good cook
brings them to the table, it is necessary the
hens .should have a little attention. Give
them warm drink every morning. Sec that
they have an abundance of gravel ; old pieces
of crockery pounded up will answer l<etter
than nothing. Concoct a iiudding for them
two or three times a week, not oftener. Tlace
an old pail out at one si<le, and into thisthrow
the Tiieat Bcraps that are good for nothing
else, egg-shells, beans, hominy, bread crusts,
corn parched very brown, coarse meal, sitt-
ings, etc., and when the day arrives to servo
up this dish, take the water in which you
have parboiled your jiork and beans, or other
greasy water, stirring into it bran sutficient
to thicken well, allowing it to cook a few
minutes, pouring the whole over these saved
up scrni)s. liet it stand a .short time after it
is thoroughly stirred, and feed while warm.
Aside from this give warm drink every morn-
ing, and you will have plenty of eggs.

PHILOSOPHY OF COOKERY.

Mrs. Hale says : Cookery is an art belonging
to woman's department of knowledge; its
importance can hardly be over estimated,
because it acts directly on human health,
comfort and improvement. One of the lirst
duties in domestic life is to understand the
quality of provisions and the preparation of
wholesome food. The jiowers of the mind as
well as tlio.se of the body are greatly depend-
ent on what we eat and drink. The stomach
nnist be in health, or the brain cannot act
with its utmost vigor and clearness, nor can
ttiere be strength of muscle to perform the
purposes of the will.

To i)reserve the full nourishment of meats
and other articles of food, in dressing and
cooking, is an art which reijuires a large
amount of scientific knowledge adiled to long
experience and observation. Without the
knowledge derived from this two-tbld source a
great part of food is waste<l and health
injured. It is an established prineii)lc in
physiology that man is omiiiverous— that is,
constituted to eat almost any kind of foo(l
containing nourishment. He can eat and
digest them in a raw state ; hut his health is
promoted by their being cooked, that is,
softened by the action of fire and water.

OUR RECEIPT FOR CURING BIEAT.

To one gallon of water, take li pounds of
salt, i pound of sugar, i ounce of .saltpetre, i
ounce of jiotash. In this ratio the [liekle can
he increased in any (piantily desireil. I^'t
these be boiled together until all the dirt from
the sugar rises to the top and is skimmed off.
Then throw it into a tub to cool, and when
cold iKiur it over your beef or jiork. The
meat mu.st be well covered with pickle, and
should not be jiut down for at least two days
after killing, during which time it should he
slightly si)rinkled with powdered saltpetre,
which removes all the surface blood, &c, leav-
the meat fresh and clean. Some omit boiling
the pickle, and 'ind it to answer well, thougli
the operation of boiling jturities the l)ickle by
throwing oil' the dirt always to be found in
salt and sugar. If this receipt is strictly
followe<l, it will reijuire only a single trial to
prove its suiieriority over the conunon way or
most ways of putting down meat. — Ocrinan-
tinm Tikyraiih.

^

ROAD DUST.

The .American .^l;/i-iC!(//(iriV« strongly advises
farmers to make a business of gathering up
road dust tor use as an ab.sorbent and fertil-
izer. It says : "This is the most convenient
absorbent the farmer can conniiand, and a few
barrels of it will save a large amount of
ammonia in the hennery, the privy, and the

slable. Hens should have a large open box
fidl of it under cover, where they may dust
themsidves at their pleasure. It is an excellent
thing to have in the stable and, when
saturated with urine, makes a valuable fertil-
izer. The fineness of the dust, continually
ground hy the iron tires and horse shoes, ia
one cause of its favorable action upon crops.
That gathered from a clay soil is best ; indeed,
sand, whether from the road or (d.sewhere ia
of little use us a deodorizer or absorbent."

CORN AND HOGS.

From carefully condiict(td exi)eriments, hy
different Jieiiions, it has been ascertained that
one bushel of corn will make a little over ten
and one-half pounds of pork, gro.ss. Taking
the result as a basis, the following deductions
are made, which all our farmers would do well
to lay by for a convenient reference :

When corn sells for 1.")^ cents per bushel,
pork costs IA cents a pound. .

When corn costs 17 cents per bushel, pTDrk
costs 2 cents a pound.

When corn costs 25 cents per bushel, pork
cost 3 cents a pound.

When corn co.sts ;i:{ cpiits {ter bushel, pork
costs 4 cents a pound.

AVhen corn costs M cents per bushel, pork
costs .5 cents jier ptumd.

The following statement shows what the
farmer realizes on his com, when in the form
of liork.

When pork sells for .'1 cents jier pound it
brings -2') cents ])er bushel in corn.

When pork sells for 4 cents per pound it
brings .'i2 cents per pushel in corn.

AVhen iiork sells for 5 <'en(s per pound it
brings 45 cents per bushel in corn. — Juurnal

of Agriculture.

^

BRILLIANT WHITEWASH.

Take half a bushel of un.slaked lime. Slake
with Ijoiling water; cover it during the pro-
cess to keep the steam in. Strain the liquid
through a tine .sleeve, and add to it a peck of
salt previously well dis.solved in water, three
[lounds of grain rice boiled to a thin ))aste,
and stirred in boiling hot ; half a ])ound of
jiowdered Spanish whiting, and a iioiind of.
clean glue which has been previou.sly dissolved
by soaking it well and hanging it over a slow
lire in a small kettle within a large (me filled
with water, and five gallons of hot water to
the mixture ; stir it well, and.let it stand a
few days, covered from the dirt. It should be
put on hot.

♦

HAY TEA FOR CALVES.

A farmer who had a calf of value and no
milk to give it was advised to give it hay tea.
He did so and the calf is reported as doing
finely though it has received neither hay nor
meal since he got it. He cuts the best and
finest hay he has, about two inches long and
pours boiling water over it ; lets it stand till
cooled to about the heat of milk from the cow,
when the tea is given to the calf and the hay
to the cow. IJoth calf and cow thrive on this
feed. We have fed a great deal of hay tea to
calves, with good results. — liunil Nttc Yorker.

FRIAR'S OMLET.

Boil eight or nine large apples to a pulp,
stir two ounces of butter, and add pounded
sugar to taste. When c<ild, add an egg well
beaten u]i. Then butter the bottom of a deep
baking di.sh, and the sides also. Thickly
strew crumbs of bread, so as to stick all over
the bottom and sides. Put in the mixture,
and strew bread crumbs iilentifully over the
to]). Put it into a moderate oven, and when
baked turn it out, and put powdered sugar
over.

GOOD PUDDING.

One quart boiled milk, quarter pound
mashed potatoes, quarter i)ounil of Hour, one
or two ounces of butter, and two of sugar.
When cold, add three egu'S well lieateii. Bake
one-half hour, and eat with sauce.

14

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PRErAIUNG AND PACKING POULTRY.

Poultry should be fat and kept twenty-four
hours from food before killing to have the crop
empty; food in the crop soms and blackens
the skin, injures the sale of poultry, and buy-
ers will not pay f(jr this extra weight. Open-
ing the vein in the ]ieck, or bleeding in the
mouth, is the proper mode of killing. If bled
inside the throat the bill should be pried open
with a piece of a chip and the poultry to be
hung up by the feet on a line. Tills makes
bleeding free and jjrevents bruising. Tlie
head and feet should be left on and the inter-
nals in. Tlie tiesh should not be mutilated in
any manner. Turkeys and chickens dry-
picked keep much longer and sell much higher
than when .scalded. If the 'picking is done by
scalding the water should be heated just to the
boihug point, and the poultry held by the feet;
dip in and out of the water tour or live times,
counting three each time in or out. The work
should be done quickly, neatly and thoroughly.
After picking, hang up. 'the poultry by the
feet in a cool, dry place, till all animal heat is
out and the poultry thoroughly cold and dry.
Avoid freezing, as poultry will not keep long
after thawing. Wrap in thin, light, strong
paper. Brown and dark heavy paper, having
too much acid in it, injures the poultry. The
head should be wrapped separately. Always
pack head downward. Tliis throws the soft
entrails on the breast bone, the poultry keep-
ing longer in this iiosition. Pack in clean,
dry, tight flour barrels.

Geese and ducks after being killed should
have all the feathers picked olf, then rub all
over thoroughly with fine resin, after which
dip them in boiling hot water in and out seven
or eight times, then rub off the pin-feathers,
after which wash off the fowls with warm
water, using soap and a hand brush. Imme-
diately after rinse them well in cold water,
then hang them up bj' the feet in a cool, dry
place, till thi-y are thoroughly dry, when they
can be wrai)]ied, and jiack as before suggested.
Poultry thus dressed and packed well, in
moderately cold weather, keep sweet and fresh
for fifteen or twenty days, and can be shipiied
from the extreme west with safety, by freight.

X ever pack poultry in straw, as in damp or
in warm weather it causes it to sweat or heat.

Game, deer, rabbits, coons, oppossums and
squirrels should be opened, all the entrails
taken out, leaving only the kidney fat ; then
the insides should lie wi|)ed perfectly dry,
with a soft clean cloth, after which wrap tlie
small game in pajier, packing back downward.

Wild turkeys, ducks, geese, grouse, iiheas-
ants, quails, piireons, and birds of all kinds,
should always have the entrails left in them,
and the head and feet left on. Tliey should
never Vie mutilated in any manner. Drawn
birds sour in a short time, and sell for less
than the undrawn, even if sweet. Wrap the
head seiiarately in paper, then the body. Pack
the head downward in tight, clean barrels, the
same as poultry. Shijipers should remember
Well that all game should be thoroughly cold
before being packed, otherwise it will soon
sweat and heat. IJarrels are the best packages
that shippers can ship in. — Muri/hmd Farmer.

on the animals and well rubbed into the hair,
and a taljlespoonful of ginger in nieal daily
for a week, is the simplest surest, and safest
remedy he has ever tried.

NEW STYLE OF BARRELS.

The paper barrel factory at Decorah, Iowa,
has already turned out several hundred liar-
rels. Much interest centres upon the exjieri-
ment there. If that is successful, as it pro-
mises to be, the barrel-making Inisine^s will
be revolutionized. By this process barrels are
made entirely out of paper. They can be
made at half the cost of tlie wooden material,
and as they weigh only onc-tliird as much,
there will be also a great saving in freight.-

INSECTS ox CATTLE.

A correspondent after having experimented
to his heart's conteiit with several kinds of
grease, tobacco, water, kerosene, ashes, aii-
gueiitum, etc., for killing lice on cattle, has
arrived at the conclusion that sulphur sprinkled

GENERAL MISCELLANY.
DESTRUCTION OF THE CANADA THISTLE.

In a brief note recently we directed the atten-
tion of our readers to the necessity of watch-
fulness against tlie introduction of vile weeds,
and especially of the Canada thistle. It is
worth while again to repeat that it does not
take long to annihilate pests like these in the
beginning, if only ]>eople will go to work earn-
estly and energetically. .Since writing the
paragraph referred to, a tact has come to our
notice which shows what may be done by
a watchful man.

One of our friends in going over his grounds
last spring was amazed to find that he was
guilty of harboring and entertaining tlie Canada
thistle. There it was and no mistake, thickly
covering a tract of over one hiuidred feet
square. lie did not send to town for a Inisliel
of salt or wait till the full of the moon, or
think of any of the cheap and easy ways
given in the papers as substitutes for hard
labor ; Ijut he sent Ezra to the tool-house for
a digging-fork, and, loosening the ground
about the plants, drew them up as much as
possible "by the roots." The :ask, he tells
us, took just half an hour.- About midsum-
mer he examined the spot again, and found
that about a dozen weak sprouts had appeared
in the place where there were huudeds in the
spring. These were served as tlfe rest of the
gang had been served before them, occupying
flfteeu minutes only, all told.

In again examining the tract recently, he
found but a solitary piece which had evidently
been overlooked before — no new ones having
appeared. This was drawn out by the hand,
breaking oft, and, as he says, leaving a small
nest egg, which may proliably hatch a little
brood to be Iqoked after next spring ; but he
has no doubt that fifteen minutes more next
spring will totally destroy his crop of thistles
"root and branch." Tlius in an hour of good
work, a man who resolved to conquer the
enemy will have come otY full victor, showing
how easy it is to cope with these pests when
taken in this way.

The fact is we begin to have rather a poor
opinion of anian wlio allows his property to be
overrun with Canada thistles. A strong,
coarse weed like this, which can lie easily
Seen and handled, ought to be looked after
and drawn out, as well as the dock, which
every good fa/mer about here thinks is an
imperative duty, if not an intense pleasure to
hunt, pull and destroy. Indeed, it sometimes
seems, as we note the intense satisfaction with
wliich some of our neighbors go at dock-
drawing, that it w.iuld ahnost be adding to
their recreations for some (me to sow dock-
seed among their crops that tliey might
enjoy the pulling up of them in due season.
There are thousands of weeds much more
injurious ; at least our friend the victor of the
Canada thistle ]iatch, thinks so. He is sure
he would sooner haveadoseof Canada tliistles
to swallow "any day," than be bothered with
sorrel, toad-flax, couch-grass, or land-grass —
and we thuik he is right. — Gcrmantoivii Tel.

THE REASON WHY

The editor of Arlliuv\'< Home Mnijazhie gives
the following questions and answers, which
are iicrtinent to this season of the year:

Why is fruit most unwholesome when eaten
on an empty stomach V

Beca use it contains a large amount of fixed
air, which requires great jiower to disengage
and expel it before if begins to digest.

Why is boiled or roasted fruit more whole-
some than raw.

Because, in the process of boiling or roasting,
fruit parts with its fixed air, and is thus
rendered easy of digestion.

Why are cherries recommended in cases of
scurvy, putrid fever, and similar diseases ?

On account of their cooling and antiseptic
properties, and because they correct the con-
dition of the blood and other fluids of the
body when there is any tendency of pu-
trescence ; at the same time, like all fresh
fruits, they posses a mild aperient property,
verv beneficial to persons of a bilious habit.

What ett'ect have vegetable acids upon the
blood y

They cool and dilute the blood, and.
generally refresh the system. All fruits contain
acids and salts, which exercise a cooling and
invigorating influence. Apricots, peaches,
apples, pears, gooseberries, and currants con-
tain malic aciik Lemons, rapsberries, grapes,
and pine apiiles contain citric acid. The
skins of grapes, plums, aloes, etc., contain
tannic acid, which has a bitter taste.

Why sliould salt be applied to vegetables
intended for pickling previously to putting
them in the vinegar ?

Because all vegetables abound in watery
juices, wliieh, if mixed with the vinegar,
would dilute it so much as to destroy its
lireservative property. .Salt absorbs a portion
of this water, and indirectly contributes to the
strength of the vinegar.

Why is bread made from wheat flour more
strengthening than that made from barley and
oats y

Because, as gluten, albumen, and caseine
are the only substance in the bread capable of
forming blood, and consequently of sustaining
the strength and vigor of the body, they have
been apuropriately called the food of nutri-
tion, as a distinction from those which merely
support respiration. Wheat contains 8-2.j parts
of starch, 315 of gluten, albumen and caseine,
and sixty of sugar and gum, while barley
containes 1,200 of starch, 120 of gluten
albumen and caseine, and 150 of sugar and
gum ; hence wheat is much richer in the food
of nutrition.

TURNING POINTS IN PHYSICAL LIFE.

From 25 to 35 is the true time for all the
enjoyment of a man's best powers, when
physical vigor is at its highest. During the
last half of this decade a man should be assid-
uous to construct a system of philosopliy, by
which to rule his life, and to c )ntract a chain
of hahits intelligently ; so that they should
neither be their slave, nor too easily cast them
aside. The exact proportion of pliysical and
intellectual strengih should be gauged, and
the constitutional weakne-ss, or, in other
words, the disease toward which a tendency
exists, should be ascertained.

Preserve, if possible, the absolute necessity
f(U- e-xercise, and have yourplac;of business
two or three miles away, over which let
nothing temiit yon to au omnibus or carriage,
save rain. The day on which a medical man
gives up riding to see his iwiintry patients, or
the use of his own legs to see his patients in
town, and takes to a close brougham, fixes
the date when sedentary diseases are set up—
while if, to utilize liis leisure, he reads as he
drives, his eyesight becomes seriously afl'ected.
From 35 to 45 a man should arrange with his
food, and avoid hypochondria. He cannot,
it is true, change his diathesis ; but he can
manage it. The liahitual character of food,
no less than its iiuality, begins to tell whether
it charges the system 'with fat, muscle, sinew,
fibre or watery 'iiarticles. From 45 to 55 the
recuperative powers should be encouraged
and developed.

There is nothing like work to keep an old
horse sound. Sporting dogs should be thin,
but obesity will set in. Anxiety ought to be
staved, hope encouraged, sordid cares avoided.
If a grief exists it should not be brooded over,
but talked out with a friend, gauged, estima-
ted in its wcn-st, and dismissed to absorb itself.
If aman at this time is much occupied out doors,
and lives wholesomely and temiierately, he is
liretty sure to be clear of sediaitary diseases.
Rheumatism, coughs, and inflammatory dis-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

15

eases, arisiiifi from fxiiosurc to wot or cold, a
mail of 4.") will Uavt* to cmiU'iul willi, but his
lilodil will lie ill a jiood coiiililiou for tlicslruir-
glt;. AIoiU'ratL' fxposuri' to harilsliips of this
kind never harmed man yet.

LONG-LEGGED HORSES.

For most eveiy-day imrposes sliort-lejjgod
horses arc in general preferred, because in
themselves they iiidieatc suiierior streiijjth,
and because, by nature, they are associated
with depth of <hest and carcass, and other
sisns of stamina and diirabilility ; but the
long lefj possesses advaiitatjes in stride and
leverage, and therefore, wliere speed is rc-
quireil, becomes a desirable forinatioii. The
length of limb must very much (le]ieiid en the
jiurpose tlie animal is destined for; a loi g leg
would be as ill adapted for a cart-lioise, as a
short one would be fora racer. To get over the
ground length becomes absolutely necessary
ill the pro]ielliiig parts of the machine, and
these are th'e loins and the limbs. Occasion-
ally we meet with horses with long limbs and
sh<ut bodies ; but sucli are rare and undesira-
ble conforinations — the limbs doing too much
for the body, or, lather, the latter I'cstricting
tliem in their action.

reoiile in general make objection to horses
with undue length of liiiib ; such a hor.se has
'■ too much daylight underneath him to be
good for anything,'' is a common expression
enough in these cases ; and, primn j\iclc — and
in nine cases, jierhaps, out of ten — these
people are correct in their disapprobation.
But every now and then comes a horse before
n.s with all this apiiarent objectionable sub-
corporeal "daylight," and yet with extraor-
dinary iiowcr in his longlimbs, with circularity
in his chest, though it be not deeii, and witli
the known character of being " a good feeder
after work ;■' and when such a horse does
present himself, we may, should he possess
breeding, regard him, notwithstanding his
long legs and light body, as an animal of a
rare and vi'luable description. His legs, hav-
ing but little to carry, are therefore likely to
'•wear well" and he is likely to prove a ileet
hoi-se, and withal a good-winded horse — one
that is likely to turn out a most valuable ac<iui-
.sitioii. One ought not hastily to reject a
horse with long limbs and their oriliiiary
accompaniment, a light carca.ss. — Pi-uirk
Farmer,

TRALNING YOUNG STOCK.

• A corre.simndont of the New York Times
tells somi'thing about the management of
young and wild stock — colts, steers and heif-
ers, iiartieularly tlie latter. He very truly
believes that many abuse their cattle when
they would not if they knew any other way to
get along. He continues:

In the iii,st jilace, ynu must secure your
heifers liy tying tluiii up so that they cannot
hurt you if they would, or get away trom you.
Tliis islnst done with a halter (ropeorleather. )
I have seen a slip-noose |iut on a heifer's
horns and drawn so tight that it wouhl nearly
craze the animal, which was then beaten be-
cau.se it Would not stand still, and to complete
its misery and destruction of its horns, was
left to stand over night in the rain to swell
the rope. After you iiave got it secure (in the
stable is the best place) get your card and
brush and go to work gently wlierever you lan
get at them best. If you are in danger of get-
ting hurt then use a broom lirst. When they
tilid it does not hurt them you will be sur-
prised to see Iheell'ect it will have on the worst
subjects.

There is .something about this mode of treat-
ment that I cannot explain myself, but it is
far ahead of the charms of music to sootlie
the savage beast.

I lay no claim to any suiieriority over any
one tliat will be patient and take lime to get
acquainted witli the subjict. But I believe I
can take the wildest native cow in the I'nited
States that has not been handled at all, and

niaki' a quiet, gentle animal of it — that is, for
me to handle; it might be afraid and even
virions lo a stranger, lieim niber, thistreal-
ment must be followed upfor weeksorinonths,
but it will surely win in the end.

This plan will not always do so well with
horses or colts, as some are constitutionally
ojiposed to the card and brush, but kind Ireat-
meiit will do a great deal toward making
friends with them.

ruorEii MODE OF feeding iiohse.s.

Let me say a word or two in reference to
feeding the hor.sc. as bearing upon the condi-
tion of the foot. Every owner of a horse must
have observed that the growth and strength
and aiipearance of the horse's fool is materi-
ally affected by the condition of tlit^ horse
himself. A half-starved luuse may have a foot
iiijuredbydelicienl nutrition; an over-fed horse
may have a foot heated into an inllammation,
and so dependent is the foot upon a healthy
state of the animal economy, tliat for the foot
alone, if nothing else', the diet of the horse
should be regulated with the utmost regard to
his health.

I amcontident that we give our horses too
mucli grain and too little hay — especially
horses under seven years of age, who will work
with more endurance and courage on a good
supply of grain — of the latter say six ipiarls
of oats and a. jiint of corn daily. Older horses
require and will bear nuire grain— but even
they want more hay than is usually given.
Every liorse should pass a few weeks of each
year without grain— either the lirst half or
the last half of the winter, whichever is the
most convenient. And this mode of feeding
can be adopted without suspending the ani-
mal's work. ♦

I have one horse, fourteen years old, which
has had this regimen for four montjis every
year of his life (and I bred him,) and he is as
smooth, vigorous and healthy as a colt — has a
sound, smooth foot, was never lame, and has
always been in good order. He is a good
specimen of what box stalls, brick tloor, tar
ointment, turniiis and hay will do for horses
towards jireserving their health and strength,
and .soundness, and promoting longevity. —
Mdxs. Pldiujhman.

SULPHUIJ.

There is no remedy and assistant so easily
and cheaply obtained> so harmless to the
fowls, nor so satisfactory in its result, as
sulphur. It being in the system of animals to
a small degree, there is a greater alliuitv tor it
than tlure otherwise would be. It can be
administered to the fowls by having it in a
small box. so that they can help thein.selves,
or by mixing it with llieir food once a week,
as often as there are indications of vermin.
Penetrating, as it does, to every part of the
system, all iiarasites are (luickly and surely
destroyed. AlsogajU'S an' said to be ])revented
in chickens. Fowls need it more than most
animals, their feathers containing between
four and live per cent, of sulphur. Their egirs
also have a small quanily, which is notii^'d by
the discoloring of a silver siiooii when it comes
in contract with a boiled egg. A|)|ilied
externally to the fowls when on the nest, to
tlu! nest itself, or mixed with the soil in the
dii.sting-box. it is equally efficacious in de-
stroying vermin.

To be used as a fumigator of buildings, it is
neces.sary to remove the fowls, dose the room
or house, mix a little .saltixtre witli the
suli>hur in an iron vessel, and apply a match
to the mixturi'. This should be done in the
morning and the doors and windows opened
in the afternoon f<ir a thorough ventilation.

Lard mixed with sulphur in proper jirojior-
tions and applied as often as is necessary to
the fcafhei-s on the neck and back of young
and old turkeys, is a very good safe-guard
again.st the ravages of foxes.

For our own iirolit, and the comfort of the
fowls, let us then use sulphur or remedies of a
like nature. — Poultry U'lnld.

HEALING POWEU OF GLUE.

Many women do not know that glue, as a
healing remedy, is invaluable. For the last
twelve or fourtieu years, says a meclianie, I
have been employed in a shop where there are
over three hundred men at work ; and, as is
the case in all shopsof iliis kind, hardly a day
]iasses but one or more of us cut or bruise our
limbs. At lirst there were but few who found
their way to my department to liave their
wouikIs bound up; but after awhile, it became
generally known that a rag glued on a llesh
wound was not only a speedy curative, but a
formidable protection against furtlier injury.
I was obliged to kee|i a full supjily of r.ags on
hand, to be ready for any emergency. I will
here cile one among many of the ca.ses cuied
with glue: A man was running a boring
machine, with an inch and <a ipiarter auger
attached ; by some means the sleeve of his
shirt caught in the auger, bringing his wrist
in conta<-t with the bit, tcarirej the llc.sh
among the muscles in a frightful manner.
He was conducted to my apartment (tlie
))atlerii shop) anil I washed the wound in
warm water, and glued around it a cloth,
which, when dry, shrunk into a round shape,
holding the wound tighl and linn. Once or
twicea week, for three or four weeks, I dre.ssed
the wouikI afresh, until it was was well. The
man never lost an hour's time in lonsequence.
The truth of this statement hundreds can
testify to. I use, of course, the best quality

of glue.

♦

FAILURES IN UUSINES8.

Peter Cooper failed in making liats, failed
as a cabinet-maker, locomotive builder, and
grocer, "but as often as he failed he ' tried
again,"' until he ccnildVtuud upon Ids feet
alone, then crowned his victory by giving a
million dollars to help the poor boys in all
time to come.

Horace Greeley trietl three or four kinds of
business before he founded the Trihuiii , and
made it worth a million dollars.

Patrick Henry failed at everything he un-
dertook until he made himself "the ornament
of his age and nation.

The founder of the New York TTrntld kept
on failing and sinking his money lor ten years,
th( n made one of the most prolitable news-
papers on earth.

Stephen A. Douglas made dinner tables
and bedsteads and buri'aiis maiiv' a Ion-; year
before he made himself a giant on the lloor of
Congress.

Aliraham Lincoln failed to make both ends
meet !)}■ clioiiping wood ; failed to earn his
salt in tlie galley-slave life of a Mississippi
tlat boatman ; he had not wit emuighto run a
grocery, and yet he made himself the grand
character of tlie nineteenth century.

(ieiieral (Irant faileil at everything except
smoking cigars ; he learned to tan hides, but
could not sell leather enough to pnn-ha.se a
pair of breeches. A dozen years ago " he
lirinight up" on top of a wooil pile "teaming
it" to town for ??40 a month, and yet he is at
the head of a ■rreat nation.

OUR HAIRS numhered.

Somebody has been at the trouble of calcu-
lating the "average number of hairs which
grow on an averai;epei"Soirshea<l. Itis found
thai tin- number variTs according to the color
of the liair. Light or blonde hair is tlic most
luxuriant, the average of this number lieing
14(1.1111(1. When the hair is brown, the usual
number is much less, beingonly llo,(H«l, while
black hairs reach only the average amimntof
KKi.dlHI. It might naturally 1h' supposed that
a li'jht haired person having the most hair
woulil have the greatest weicht to carry, but
it is not so. That which is lighest in color is
also lightest in weight; and a lady with
abundant llaxen locks is as liglit-lieadeda.sone
whose tres.ses are of a raven view. Hence it
follows that the former is of a liner texture
than the latter.

16

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

LITERARY AND PERSONAL.

Habper's Periodicals : The three moBt popular and in-
structive serial publications issued by any one house in this
country, are undoubtedly those of the great publishing house
of Harj^er & Brothers. Their "new Monthly Magazine''
abounds with able and useful, as well as entertaining papers.
The February number contains the fourth of a series of
papers on "The First Century of the Republic," in which
the progress of invention is traced, and the more remarka-
ble inventions beautifully illustrated with a style of wood
engravings for which the Harpers are not surpassed. The
leading arcicle is on " New Washington," in which the ex-
traordinary transformation which our National Capital has
Undergone within the last five years, is graphically sketched
and elaborately illustrated. This magazine has a monthly
circulation of 130,000 copies, and the publishers expend on it
for Hterary and artistic features alone about $70,000 a year,
while the yearly subscription is only $4. . . . Harper's
Weekly, the best illustrated weekly uewspapei; in the world,
has a popularity unrivaled by any similar publication, its
circulation being equal to the magazine. It is stricly honest
and thoroughly independent, while that prince of caricatur-
ist, Tom Nast, constitutes one of its most attractive features,
even to those who get the hardest cuts from his ever-ready
pencil. . . . Their other periodical. Harper's Bazar, is
a journal for the home— being especially devoted to all sub-
jects pertaining to domestic and social life. While it fur-
nishes the latest fashions in dress, it does not neglect any
of the weightier matters pertaining to the care of the house-
hold, or the cultivation of a higher life in mind and morals.
It, too, has been a wonderful success, its weekly circulation
now reaching 90,000 copies. , . . Either of these three
publications are furnished at $4 a year, any two of them for
$7, or the three for $10 in one remittance.

The Library of Congress grows steadily and rapidly.
There has been during the past year an addition of 15,405
volumes and 6,272 pamphlets. The principal source of
increase is in the requirement of the copyright law, making
it obligatory to deposit two copies of each i»ublication in the
library. Under this provision there were received during
the year 6,840 books, 6,436 periodicals, 7,722 musical compo-
sitions, 5.598 prints, 1,358 photographs, 922 engravings and
chromos, 658 maps, charts, and drawings, and 140 dramatic
compositions — a total of 29,674. Mr. Spofford, the Librarian,
in his annual rejwrt, speaks earnestly concerning the impos-
sibility of so enlarging the Capitol as long to afford quarters
for the vast and multifarious collection which is so rapidly
inereasing. He remarks; " In no country in Europe of the
first rank is it attempted to keep the libraay of the govern-
ment under the same roof with the halls of legislation. In
London, in Paris, iu Berlin, in Vienna, in Munich, in St.
Petersburg, there exists a national librai-y having its own
separate buildin^, while the library of the legislative body,
sufiBciently copious and ample for its wants, is provided for
within the parliamentory walls."

The Sacbamento Weekly Union is literally an "im-
mense" newspaper, containing sixteen pages (18 by 24 iu
size) of closely printed matter, in minion type, and seven
columns to the page. There are no blank spaces, no em-
bellished letters, but all is solid reading matter, and on a
multitude of subjects, almost •' boxing the (Uterarj-) com-
pass." We know not how this will comjiare with the leading
weeklies on this side of the Rocky mountains, nor yet
whether the weekly issues of the Unio7i are alwaytf of this
size, but we think they are. We only make this note to
illustrate the wonderful strides the " Golden State '" has made
in journalism, as in everything else, during the last twenty-
five years. Where a paper o ' this kind is profitably patron-
ized, there must necessarily be not only a "lively time,"
but also a readituj community. That, in our opinion, is the
key that unlocks the whole subject. The people are a pro-
gressive and a reading people, and therefore need large
newspaper facilities.

Hand Book of the ''Kansas State Agricultural College,"
Manhattan, Kansas, an octavo of 124 pages, in covers, 1875,
giving the Board of Regents, faculty, exi)lanatory notes, man-
agement, policy, course of study, curriculum for six years,
which is the length of the course, each year divided into two
terms. The departments include Practical Agriculture,
practical horticulture, botany, including entomology and
geology, chemisti7 and physics, English language and his-
tory, mathematics, legal, nientalKind moral science, studies
special to woman, languages. The industrial departments
are the Farm, horticultural grounds, carpenter, wagon,
blacksmith, paint, turning, sawing, carving and engraving
Bhops, and many other practical and useful occupations of
which we will speak again.

'* The Cheehie Maker and Cheese Factory, For such as
seek information pertaining thereto," by Wm. Ralph, Utica, N.
Y. This is a finely illustrated 12 mo. pamphlet, of 55 pages
and an index, giving finely executed engravings of all the
utensils and implements necessary in the manufacture of
this popular industrial product. It also gives all the neces-
sary instructions in the art of cheese making, and specific
tables of the number and size of the various articles em-
ployed, together with their aggregate costs, for a dairy of 20
cows, and from that number up to 400.

Peter Henderson's Catalogues of vegetables, flowering
and other plants, seeds, grasses, &c., for 1875, will favorably
compare with any iu the country. Those in need of any-
thing in this line, or who desire to be instructed in their
culture and floral ormamentation, would do well to consult
their catalogues, and then send on their orders to the pro-
prietor, at No. 35 Cortlaudt street, N. T. They number
about 180 pages, are finely illustrated, and in addition con-
tain five beautiful colored plates of the following : A group
of Roses, a group of Verbenas, a group of Pinks, a grouji of
Lobelias and a New Vegetable, These catalogues, with all
the plates, are mailed to all applicants, by Peter Henderson
& Co., on receipt of 50 cents. A catalogue without tlie platen
will, however, be sent to any address without charge.

Among the scientific serials deserving of favorable notice,
is the Cincinnati Qttarterly Journal of Science, edited and
published by Mr. S. A. Miller. Mr. Miller is a well-known
paleontologist of Cincinnati, and very much interested in
the identification of the fossils of Ohio and the ueighl)oring
States, and in this work he notices a large number of new
species of various orders. There are also papers by other
American naturalists, especially Messrs. Calkins, James,
Newberry, Andrews, and others. Mr. Miller is deserving of
great credit for his enterprise iu initiating this serial, which
supplies a want not filled by any of its American cotem-
poraries.

Specimen pages of Appleton's "New American Cyclopedia,
revised edition. This work, when finished, will be the cy-
clopedia of the period, and ought to be in the possession of
a great many people who will never be able to own a copy.
The cheapest style of binding will be $5 a volume, and it will
be completed in 16 large octavo volumes of 800 pages each ;
the aggregate would be $80. Now, considering the matter,
the fine illustrations, and the great bulk of the work, this is
absolutely cheap — "dirt cheap" — and yet there are many
people who fritter twice that amount away, during its pas-
sage through the press, who will never subscribe for the
Cyclopedia.

The "Gardeners Monthlt" and the **Practical Farmer^'
for January, 1875, and also the " Germantoion Telegraph " —
all occupying different spheres in the agricultural, horticul-
tural, floricultural and arboricultural, past and present his-
tory of the country — have duly come to hand richly laden
with their usual treasures. These may be regarded as the
true representatives of the aforenamed interests in Pennsyl-
vania,and while we would not discharge or displace others of
equal merit from elsewhere, we think that no " Keystone "
farmer should ignore the claims of these old and long tried
friends of the agricultural community.

" Address of the Representatives of the Religious Society
of the Friends in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delawaie"
on Theatrical Amusements and Horse Racing, issued in 1874.
If the whole argument were " confirmations stroug as
proofs of holy writ" — and we have no doubt it is — coupling
two such subjects together, strengthens neither and weakens
both.

'•Report of the '^Pennsylvania Fridt Growers^ Society,^ for
1873-4, prepared by its officers," 140 pages octavo, with a list
of the otficers and members, and several double-page illus-
trations of fruit, &c. Full of interesting essays, addresses,
reports and discussions upon the subjects of fruits and
flowers and other matters relating thereto. Published by the
State, which no doubt accounts for its late appearance.

The National, Live Stock Journal for January, 1875.
maintains its reputation as the best publication of the kind
on the American continent. Any stock-raiser who values
pedigree and blood, may find in the pages of this journal all
that is worth knowing. It is now so permanently estab-
lished, that those who desire it have only to seud on $2.00,
and 15 cents postage, to secure a copy for a year — Chicago,
111.

The Ledger Almanac for 1875 is on our table, and like
its predecessors, is a most capital and useful comj'ilatiou,
containing more reference matter condensed in the small
space, than any work of the kind that has come under our
observation the present season.

Landreth's Til/ ra/ Register and vl ^7»u«irtc for 1875— dis-
tributed gratuitously — is comparatively an unpretending
little 12 mo., freighted, however, with a large amount of in-
teresting and useful information to those engaged in rural
occupations.

Peterson's Lady's Magazine for February, 1875, has
been received, and is a splendid number. It contains
between its covers, all iu the realms of fashion, sentiment,
and the domestic fireside that any woman could desire.

ViCK's Floral Guide for 1875 is so beautifully Dlustrated
and gotten ny, and moreover is so popularly kuovrn, that it
needs no further illxuitratimi from us. Published quarterly
by James Vick, Rochester, N. Y. Price 25 cents a year.

Dry Readimo : A grandson of Noah Webster firesented
to his Majesty, King Kalakaua, of Sandwich Islands, when in
Boston, an elegant copy of Webster's Diciionary, The same
evening he commenced its perusal, at A.

Wood's (illustrated) //oimefiold Magazine is certainly the best
$1,00 magazine in the Union, and every subsequent number
seems better than the last. No. 41 Park Row, N. Y.

Peter Mahan, Sen,, and hia wife, Mary Mahan, of
Stampers Creek, Indiana, are undoubtedly the oldest couple
in that State. He was born June 15, 1782, in Virginia, and is
now, therefore, in his 93d year. Mrs, Mahan was born in
Pennsylvania in 1788, eighty-six years ago. They were mar-
ried June 6, 1806, in Shelby county, Kentucky, removed to
Indiana iu 1807, and settled on Lost River in what is now
Orleans townslip, where they remained until 1812, when they
removed to Stampers Creek township, where they have ever
since resided. They have had twelve children, eight
of whom are living, the youngest, Peter Mahan, being
forty-four years of ago. Notwith4tauding their extreme
old age they are still active, and read the finest print with-
out the aid of glasses. They have been married more than
sixty eight years, and have lived on the same farm since
1812. Mr. Mahan's first first vote for President was cast
for Thomas Jefferson, and he has voted at every election
since.

Joe. W. Fawkes, formerly of Bart, Lancaster county, and
well known as one of the early inventors and experimenters
with the steam plow, which was exhibited on the old Fair
grounds near this city in 1859, and subsequently at the
United States Fair at Chicago, writes an interesting letter to
TheExpre.sSfVfith the editor of which he constructed miniature
water wheels and tilt-hammers in their boyhood, forty years
ago. Mr, F, some years ago settled down at farming at
Maroa, Macon county, 111., where he seems to be prospering,
as he writes enthusiastically of the success of Illinois farm-
ing, and gives some interesting statistics in illustration. Our
old friend is a thorough mechanic, as well as a farmer, and
deserves the reward of success.

Mrs. Watson, wife of Prof. Watson, of Michigan Univer-
sity, is the only woman who enjoyed the privilege of going
on the Transit of Venus expedition from the United States.
First was the overland journey to San Francisco, then a voy-
age lasting twenty-six days to Yokohama, a four days' sail
to Nagasaki, and another of six days to Tieu-tsin. Then fol-
lowed a voyage up the river on small house-boats to Tung-
Chang, and finally a donkey ride of sixteen miles to the im-
perial city of Pekin. Prof. Watson, while at Pekin awaiting
the transit, discovered a new asteroid. He did-not name it after
his wife, but after a Chinese goddess (Ne-Wha) who once re-
paired the sky when it was in a dilapidated condition, and
has thereby earned the respect of astronomers.

The Widows of fifty-four generals draw pensions from
the United States government. It is stated that when the
pension paid to the widows of brigadier-generals, $50 a
month, was ofiered to the nidow of General Meade, she
emphatically declined to receive it because it was less than
that paid Mrs. President Lincoln. Of all the women who
served in the war in various capacities only one was pen-
sioned for physical disabilities, and that was Mrs. Isabella
Fogg, of Maine, who wag seriously injured by a fall, in
Louisville, while engaged in hospital work. She died last
summer.

An accident recently occurred in a coal pit in the north
of England from a curious mistake. A collier went to his
work, taking with him two bottles, almost similar in form,
one of which. contained tea and the other blasting pow^der.
After working for a short time, feeling inclined for a droi* of
his tea, he took from his jacket pocket by mistake the bottle
of powder, and held it over the flame of his lamp some time,
when it exploded, and burned him severely. More serious
results than this have often followed from mistaking a bottle.

Well Done, Girls ! Sir Andrew Fairbairn, chairman of
the Leeds School Board, speaking at a distribution ot prizes
recently, referred to the circumstance that, with one excep-
tion, the whole of the prizes were borne off by girls. And
Miss Alice Vickery, the first and only registered lady phar-
maceutist in England, has just passed honombly, iu company
with Miss Algernon Kingsford, the lirst year's examination
of the School of Medicine of the University of Paris.

Major John M, CowEll, Conveyancer and Real Estate
agent, whose card appears iu this issue of The Farmer, is
a valuable acfiuisition to our local citizenship. He is not
only thoroughly master of his profession but possesses the
advautage of a large experience also as civil engineer, as well
as in conveyancing and real estate business generally.

The New Hotel — The Stevens House — supplies a want
long felt in Lancaster. Our friends in the couuty as well
as those from abroad will there find all the appointments of
a first-class hotel at reasonable charges, and the Messrs,
Wilson attentive and obliging to their guests.

Mr. Corcoran, the Washington banker and philanthro-
pist, has again yielded to his conmieuduble force of habit.
After his princely benefaction of $250,000 to the Columbian
University, he has just given $77,000 toward the building of
the new Episcopal Ascension church in Washington.

Samuel Small Stevens, recently deceased in Baltimore,
bequeathed $40,000 to the theological department of the
Uuiversity of Boston, and $10,000 to benevolent institutions
in Baltimore.

Heinrich Brockhads, whose death is just announced,
was head of the great publishing firm at Leipsic, Germany,
He was a man of culture and ability, as well as a succeBBful
publisher.

I

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

111.

JOHN M. COWELL,

teeiancer mi Real Estate ApEt.

N. W. (OR. DUKE AND GRANT SI'S..

LANCASTEB, PA.

Real KmlaUi of ill dowrijiliou Uiuiihl, nulcl uud »x-
cb&D^ed on coiunilNf^ioii,

l-oatu Srgutiiitrd. MorlKOK.-i< Ixinglit aiiJ «i>lil.

I'ropertirt t»ki u iu i'liari,'<\ uiiil imtK, iutereHt, etc.,
coUt-cled.

I'arliKHlar uttfiitlon fU. ii !■> mattfiH BiimrtniulnK to
lUvil Estate IjiW, aii'l t'wii\"\iwu-lllK.

Jt»sd», Horlyiiyex. Ilritju. Ili/M uml all olhir lig«l
iDStrunji-uttt corrtt-tlj Urawu aiul jjamihuuj*-ly aud ut-atl)
cugrt'ai^*'*!.

itap* of Pi-oiieiiiea, IaiIh, Funua, liC. .and DraugbllDg 111
general accurate)}' aud haudauluely executed.

EDGERLEY & CO.,

Carriage Manufacturers,

MARKET S'IREET.
Jn retii' of Market Uoutte,

I.A.\( ASIKK. I'A.

giving us 11 C4ll).

ALL WORK WARRANTED,

aiii lor th** warn*- rjnaliiy tb»* rbf^aj t-si in ib^ mark* t.

Wt) hiiNf tilt \m-m ahHorliut'Ui of ».t;c<'iul baiiil v^ork on
U:iuiJ f\*'r tifiVrtrd for ^le iii ibt* cuuiilj.

REPAIRING PROMPTL K /I ZTf/VZJfZ? JO.

LANCASTER, PA.,

With whuui ui:i.v L>»- found, at Wbole^aU- and lietail. a Utrge
aeHortmeut ol

^^KUGS, |SC£DICIN£S&^0HEMICALS

Fancy and Toilet Articles,

•JPONGKS. BKl'.SUK.S, PKKFVMr.ltY. fcc. A.v.

rtyticiaiib' PrPhrrijitiLtnv carefully (yiiiij.iJiinilfd. and ortUiR

uitiiiwvrfd witb care and ilif-patrb. Tht- pidiiji- will

&ud our atork of MediciueH roniiil»*te, war-

nuted geuuiue, aud of the besi tiuality.

THE ONLY PLACE IN TOWN FOR CHEAP SOAP!

STEAM SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS,

42 East King-St. Factory — S. Water-St.,

Ket-I 8 cuUMtautly ou baud a ^'uud a»Muriiii'-u( ul

Soaps of all kinds,

T^iUow and Kut lak* n in txihan^r,- iti \\u: biKhes*. market
priiK*M. Pal*"iit Wliecl-ClrfiiHf lor S;il**.

J. B. KEVINSKI,

>S(ILK AliF.NT For.
LASCASTKU VITY A}>ltrOVSrY fult

STEINV/AY & SON'S
WORLD RENOWNED PIANOS,

MASON cS: HAMLIN'S

CELEBRATED ORGANS.
NO. 8 NORTH PRINCE STREET.

moneys;

«iKilv Iliad? liv »c-lliii(( Ti;.\« at IM-
"(mTKKS- PiilcKM. or KetliiiK up
i-hlba iu tovhiia aud country lor the 0\i\-
eat Tea Cuupauy iu .\iuerica. ftreatext iuduconentH. Seud
for circular. ( .\XToX THA fOMP.\NY,

148 thamlJera St., N. Y.

BIXXfMIXliTll.N Sl'liMiKY. Bloomiilgloii, 111.— F. K.
Puauf IX. Kpring liata free, or the aet of fourcitaloguea
poa4 free fcr twenty ceuta. jau '7&-3ui {

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOH

m mm Ejifw iii mii

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay anked until the c_^udJtion« of the fri]araiitc« are ful-
liiied. t'aU aud nee it ttith the late ini)>r*'veuieutH,^

.VLSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS.
Aud cverMhiug uaually k«pt in a ilrat chtaa Hardware

Hlorn, l(

NO. 7 EAST -KING STREET.

LANCASTER, PA.

CHARLES A. LOCHER,

DEALER LN

DRUGS, CHEMICALS,

MEDICINES,

SPICES, TOILET ARTICLES, &c.

Presriiptioue aud Faioily Hr-ci^.ts caretlluy coin-
pouiidt;d. Al^c inaui.trfcturtr of Jaiu*-» Hmith'u
Celebrated HoiBv acd Cattle Powuere.

No. 9 EAST KING STREET,

LANCASTER, PA.

House- Furnisliing Goods

AT

JOHN D. SKILES',

No. 25 EAST KING STREET.

Jiiat received full linea of

«i,r.ACiii:i) A\i) I .\i!i.i;.\(.nKi)

ShirtiDL Sheeting &?illow-CaseMii!ilifls.

IK KlNiiS, ( nil hs.

TABLK I.JNKNS. TOWKIJ*,
NAl'KI.SH, (JIII.TH,

CorNTl.ni'ANKSaud lO.MFOKT!*.
PUINTS— Xe»iMt Ktylea.

miNTK— HhlrttiiK Klylea.

t'AltlTTS, OH. CLOTHS,

WIMioW HIIADKS, ki'.

ALL AT LOWEST PRICES.

Ureal Ileductlon in WINTKlt IJIIKHS (lOODS, SHA%1.M,
SKIUTS, fir., to make ruolu fur Nprlni; atork. .VIAj, cIohIuk
out our Winter Htock ol

READY-M A 1 )E ( "LOTJIIXG,

At Prices Regardless of Cost.

0<lATIX<JS, CASSIMKKKS aud VKHTIN(JS, made to or-
der or Hold by the yard at ifroatly redutH-d pricea.

09

H ATS,

FURS,

GENTS' GLOVES,

AND

WALKING CANES,

AU :*t tbe lowest prions, at the

CENTRAL IIAT STORE,

39 West King Strfcet,
Si'it to C«-'Opt!'e Hotel,

^
^
y

LANCASTEB, PEISTNA

AMEE ii HESLET. I ,

111

GILUS CITY GALLERY

PHOTOGRAPHY,

No. 19 East King Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

/.v xoK^ OjP/:.v to receive guests.

:m. h. "vvilso:^ «& sor

F.lTKON'Alii: <n' FARMER*) NOI.ICITED.

fii COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS.

Call and be eooviuretl.

JOHN D. SKILES.

Farmers, Attention!

H. C. EICHHOLTZ,

• NO. OS NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Will sell you a Oood .\rtl>le of Cutlery of any Und.

Will alao repair any t-uttiuK luHtruineut you may hare. In
the l>06t Diauner,

Will make you a stencil plate for markiUK your baga,
your liuen or anything eUe. Anything in the at&iup Uoe
made to order.

NEW GOODS

OrE.NEU IIAILV AT

O XJ ISr ID ^A^I^ E! FL' s

MILLINERY AND TRIMMING STORE.

I..\DiK»^. ««i have ju*,t 01 ci»-d a IiirK*" a)«Hortiu«;iil of

Hamburg Edgings and Insertings,

At Gcts. pkk Yaiid ip to SL'25.

Aleo all the bileat alylea of Dreaa Trlmniinga, auch a«

aiMi»S; frt:n^oeb,

OF EVEWY I»EHCBIl'T10N.

Abo. everything ehie kept in a

FIRST-CLASS
MILLINERY and TRIMMING STORE,

And will itlwuyrt (ruftranlW; our pric»s lu Ir- tin; VMr> Low-
cet and (iiulUy tbe iK-tit.
Otve utH B call ut

GUNDAKER'S,

142 and 144 North Queen Street,

IV. .

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

W. D, SPRECHER,

I>KA.I.Ert IN'

f Uld, Bar den I- flawer Segii

FARMING IMPLEMENTS,

TERRE com aiiURON WATER PIPE,

PUMPS, LAX J) PLASTER,

FERTILIZERS. COTTON BAGS,

ECLIPSE WHND MILLS,

STUDEBAKER FARM WAGONS,

XEAVCf/VWKPSEED.

31 :EJ. X^TlSTGr ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

z
o
>

X
h

<:

ca

z

<

w

X

CO

w

Iiliifst Faid on Bepesits.

3I0XEY TO 1,0AX AT ALL TIMES.

A GEXEUAI- I'.AXKIXa liUSIXESS

TKAXSACTEI) JX ALE ITS

r.llAXCIlES.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER iN ALL KINDS OF

ROCJB^ r N ( i SL ATE-

iiKi rrE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

1.1, -T.Vly I.ANf ASTICK. PA.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No, ;V20 Xorlh Oueeii Street, Lancaster,

(Near New JIai'ket Iloiiee).

Riapers Eb Mcwers/OcTaiii Drills,

Tho Improvrd Kn.-k:i\vay Ornin Fan. Pratt'n Patent Hay

Hukf* and < 'nrii SIuIIpi-h for Horfc mid Hand Power,

tUitliuy ]iiix*;s, Corn PlantfTN, and Imjiroved

CUler Mills

ot different kinds and pjzw ; also, all kinds of Coach-
makers' Stull'.

Farmers, look to your Interest before buying elsewhere.
I can Bell ii( small iiroain. The Shop is two B'luares
northwest of 1*. 11. R. Depot, and two sqnarefi wouth of
Heading Depot. jrickoi*>* Lumber and Spuke "Wood taken
in exchange for ^Miichinch'.

PLANING AND SA-WING

of all kinds at fhort notice ; and r'aptin;,'8 kej>t on hand for
repairing Farm ^[achinery. AUo, Agrirnltnral imple-
ments of every deficription on band. Wire and Sieves
mad© to order for farmers.

SAMUEL KEELEE,

MnyH '74-lv Lancaster, Pa.

FLOWER

SEEDS,

VEGETABLE

SEEDS.

jan '75-3Baos

Spoener's Prize Flower Seeds.

Spner's Bostti Martet
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

PeBcriptivo Priced Ci»talognie, with
over ir»o illUBtratioua, mailed free to
applicant.

W. H, SPOONER, Boston, Hass.

THE BEST

>Ty annual c:italotrne of ^v■t;pt.'lLlf and Fhiuer Seed for
lft75, will lie ready by Jan. 1st for all who apply, rustom-
ers of last season need not write for it. In it will he found
several valuable varieties of i*ew vegetables introduced for
the firt»t time this season, having made new vegetables a
specialty for many ye;irs. Growing over a hvndred and
fifty varieties on my several farms, I would particularly iu-
\"ite the patronage of market gardeners and all others who
are especially depii-ous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very he.-<t ritrain. All ?eeds Hent out from my establish-
ment are covered by three warrants as given in my cata-
logne. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

CENTRE HATf

Has now ready the Largest Stock of

For MEN, YOUTH anfl BOYS, JtADE t^P OF EVEKY
VARIETY OF GOOIiy and COLORN.

PRICES TO SUIT EVERYBODY.

CENTRE 11A.T.L

Has an Immense Stock of

PIECE GOODS.

All the Latest Styles in the market to make up to order, at
low prices, and at shortest notice.

To save money, buy yonr Clothing at CENTRE HALL, a
Live House, where they keep up with the times.

MYERS & RATHVON,

CENTRE HALL, 12 East King Street,

my 'Ti-ly LAKCASTEK, PA.

SECOSr AMUAL CATALOGUE

OF

SUSQUEHANNA GREENHOUSES

AXTi

PLANT lfUEBt;RIES,

NOW KK'.DT.

Containing dc-i- <• ii,tn of
EOSEHanrt Smai.j. Plants.
Send for Catalogue— //PC
to aU. Addresa

D. L. RESH, Columbia, Pa.

p. O. BOX 330.

M VM tACTCRER OI"

XjiXJ]\/^:]B3E3T^,

Wtllianisport aitfi XooA- ITave.n,

Bill Mills— ROl'ND ISLAND k PORTAGE, PA.
Retail Lumber and Coal Yard,

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R., LAHCASTEE, PA.

AMOS MILEY,

No. 108 North QueenSt., Lancaster, Pa.,

jiANUFACTrr.Ei; ov and deai.ek in

SADDLES, HARNESS,

Collars, Bridles, Whips. &c.

Also, a Fine Lot of

Tjuaks, ?aB§e§, Cispet lags,

BUFFALO robes; &c.

HARNESS ANP TRUNKS NEATLY EErAIEED.

LANCASTER, PA.

JOK^ REST,

MANrFACTTRER OF

Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from 1 V. to 100 Uor»e-Pf.

STEAM B0ILEES~AJ)A1'TE1) TO ALL

PLTRPOSE.S.

Castings of all descriptions, Heavy ajid Tiight, Made to Order.

!
1

Illustrated Catalogues

^«^ 1875 "''

EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN!

( Seeds! Plants ! )

\lmplements. Fertilizers, etc./

Nambering 173 pages and containing five
beauiiful cok)reil jyhit^ityra^WQii ou receipt
of 50 cents.
Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

35 Cortlandt St.,

NEWTOBBi.

H. G. LIPP & CO.,

No. IS EAST KING STREET,

LANCASTER, PA.

HOUSE FURNISHING GOODS,

COOKING STOVES, RANGES.

PARLOR STOVES AND HEATERS COMPLETE.
S:OTTSE-STI"R,ES,

Plumbincj, Steam and Gas Fitting. Te^ra
Cotta, Iron andLead Pipes Tin Roofing and
Spouting done. Prices as low as any,

H. G. XiIPP & CO.

Published Quarterly. Janxarv Xi'Mkrr just

Issued, and cont.iiiis over 100 Pages, 500 En<;havings,
rfcscriptii.ns of more riian 500 of our tisst Flowers
and Vegetables, wltli I lirections for Culture, Colored

Plate, tic. I'lie most useful .ind clegnnt work of

Ihe kind in the world. Only 115 cents for the ye.-ur.

Piibli^ihed in Kni;IiNh ;ind tlermaii.

A.lrlre-, JAMES VICK. Rochester. N. V.

Frol S. S. BATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA.. FEBRUARY, 1875.

PEABSOL * OSIST, TaUltlun.

THE FAEMERS' HOME OEGAN.

mmt

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

> Piiblished under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society. .

Xditel by Frof. S. S. BATSTOir.

With the Jsnnary iMue (1875) The Farmer entered nptm
itn B©venth year, under a change of proprietore, the pnblicft-
tlon ha^ing been trunsferred to the uoderRigned, who pro-
pose to mako it In all reftpeclB a flrsl-claite local organ of tb6
Important interwita to which it is especially devoted.

With thin view Tne Fabmck hae been enlarged snd iti
form changed to the Imperial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty pages Imp. 8vo., each page meawuring 9}4
by 13 Inches, sixteen of which will be eiclusively devoted to
reading matter, the advertiwements and "standing matter "
being limited to the remaining pages. This iucresse of size
and change of form, together vc\\h the nse of a more compact
type, enablen nitTo i^%'e twice as much readhig matter M
wa» contained in the old form.

If this effort to give the ngrioultnral community of Lan-
CAater county a publication worthy of their honorable calling
la liberally seconded, we proj owe to add other improve-
menta from time to time, including lllnatrations of irnpor*
tant topics of geueral interest, and pupere from special con-
tribntOrs on the more imiwrtant local ludnstries and n-
eources of the counly — a wide field, which has been very
little oultivated by our local press.

The contributions of our able editor. Prof. Rathvon, on
fcubjecta connected with the science of farming, and partlo
nlarly that apeoialty of which he ia so thoroughly a master—
entomological science — some knowledge of wtiich has become
a neceesfty to the suocAssful fanner, are alone worth much
more than the price of this magazine.

The Farmer wlU be published on the Iftth of eT«r7
uonth, printed on good paper with cle^r. tyi)e, in oon-
Tenient form for reading and binding, and nuiUed to aub-
Mnibers on the following

TEHMS:

To snbeerlbers rf«ldiug within the comity—

$i.oo
- 5.00

To subacribers cait«ide of LaDca«t«r oouDtf, Including
postage pre-paid by the publishers:

One copy, one y««r. - . >,^ Ji^ .V-Z • $'-»5

Fiva copies, one year, . • • . • . 5.00

All subecriptipna will eommenoe with the January Dum-
ber unless olnerwise orderc<I.

All com mil nicat ions intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
ill his bunds by the firat of the mouth of publication.

All business letter*, containing siit>HuriptioDS and adwr-
tiaonents, ahould be addnsHcd to the liulilishcrs,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Eicpress Buildings, aa, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

One copy, one year,
Six copies, one year, -

BATES OF ADYERTISIBi'O.— T«n C'entfi a
line for ends lu(w>rtlon. Twelve lines occupy one
tsch of space. 5o Ct'Ts wider than a aingle column taken.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES

Our "Situation,"

PAGE.
17
The Potato Blieht (Peronofpora iufettaM,) 17
The Patrons of Husbandry, - - - 18
Blackberries, . . - - - 18

What is " Anguentum ?" ... - 19
Daniel Welwter (Kindness to Animals,)
The Persimmon— Sex — Varieties,
Good Butter, ------

Butter Making— The Cow— Odors— The
Milk Room.
Specimen Copies of The Farmer, -
" Dying for our Country,"

19
19
19

20
20
21

Voices from Abroad— ''Here and There,"
Farming In IllinolB— Reminiswooea of
By-gone Days — (Joseph W. Fawk»8)
" iMe s Letter from Home"— (C. H.
Stoltxfus.)
The Farmers' Northern Market,
Canaries, ---..-
Our National Centennial {lUuflraltd,) •

The Agricultural Department.
Our Public Reception, - - - -
Wh»l Others Siy of Ci.
Culture of the Grape, J. M- W- Grist (777kj-
<roM— .Three Engravings,)

Flsnting the Vine— t'onntruction of the
Trellis— Pruning «nd Training. ■

Lancaster County Apples, H. M. En<;le,

The Smokehouse, " Wllliiim Peuu, "

"Peun," "Pen," 8«ylor, All-SMmmer,

Klaproth, Belmont, Fauuy, Fr«ukUn.

The Persimmon {Diospyras Virginiana).

CASPEKlIlI.bEK, - - - - -

W heat C leanings. No. a. J. StaufF£K,
Straw as a Lightning Conductor, -
An Ohio Prize Milk Cow, . . - -
Farmer John — A Domatic Poem. J. T.
TuowniiimiE, . - - - -

Our Local Organization. Reported by J.
M. W. Geist, ------

Interesting Proceedings of the Lanca.-
ter County Agricultural and Hortl*
cultural Society.
Fertility in the Soil. Am. Agr.,
The Relations of Hygiene to Practical
Medicine, ...--.
. Prof. Jarvla 8. White, M.1). Sanitarian.
Agricultural Miscellany, • 29-:J0

Binding Qraio— Imrorlint Inrention.— How
to Restore Fertility.— How to Make the
Farm Pay.— Plowing.— Education of Far-
mers' Children.- Hay Producing and Mar-
ketlug.— Hay Preaslug or Baling.— The Best
Field BeanB.— How to.Xprly Lime.— Itaialng
Potatoes.— Horse- Shoeing.
Horticultural Miscellany, - - 80-31

Evergreen Trees.— The Arhor-Vit».— The
Culture of Flowere.^Pereunials aad Bed-
ding Plants —Blanching Celery.- Remedy
for the Pear Blight.— Jacob Cookliu— Au
*' Old Digger."

Domestic Economy, . - - - 31-32
Valuable Domestic Reci|>e«— Roasting a Sirloin
of Betf.- noasllng Turkey and CarylOK.—
Boup Making.— Charcoal for I'oullrj.— The
Curative Potato.— Glycerine for Preserving
Fruit.— A Hnjipy Home.— I'naired Rooms.
—Keep the Birthdays.- A Fruit Can
Opener.— To Prevent Rusting.
Literary and Personal, ....
The Grape Culturist .— " The American Farmer
M. The Colorado Potalo-Bestle." — I>escrii>-
llve Catalogues of Se^^ls, Nursery Slock,
Tborougli-Bnid Stock, .\gricnUural Publi-
cations, etc.
RairfnpnM AnnoDnrementa, • - <l. III, iv
This department Is a lilrectory' to flrnt-clasa business
hoQBea, to which we in\it« special atteuttoo.

21
21

27

28

22

23

23
24
24
24

24
25

26

28

32

^

TES UNCASTEB EIFE&SS,

(DAILTr AND W KKKI.TJ

1\)» \.ti.i\i)f Local Family and Busineu Nnitpaptr, and ths
oi)ljr Independeijl Republicap Journal it) the Countj.

THE

WE

THE -t

E E KLY, [
1843. J

FOUMDJL'D

BY THE

PRESENT PROPBIETORS.

f ■

THE

A I L y ,

666.

Thk Wbbklt EXPREA8 bA8 been before th« oitli«ns of

Lancaster oonnty for a period of thirty-two years, and Tas
Daily Kxpbehn for ovpf righlwn yeors. During this long
(leriod, and without chongo of mansK«ment, Tne F.xrBKss
hoR fairly t>arn<d a large fibar« Af patroBaffe and flrmly
estabhHhrtl lti*eif in the public confldencc, an an upright ana
Independent Jonmal, ncrver hu«ltatln|t to defend the rlffht
and denounce the wronR, no matter where found to exist.
It has always Ween a journal of progress, and ttie ontapoktti
friend of education, temperance, sound morals andreUglou.
As In the (last, so it will continue in the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, - - $>.oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Parmer : To any person residing
within the llroltB of Lancaster county we will mail—
The Weekly and the Lancaater Farmer, on* year, t>'SO
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - 5.00

fiEAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The exteadM rirciilation of Thr Kxi'HV.hs raakM it the
be«t medium for advertisinR Real Estate and Personal
Property in the <xmuly, a fad which can be ald'stcd by the
many farmers and others who have availed themselves of
the use of its columns, and to wluch we iurite Ihe atteotioD
of all tuvlug proi>erty to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

Thr KxrBBSs printing ofHoeisoneof the best furnished
establishments for tumluK out all kinds of pnntlng to be
found in the Interior of the t4t«te. We are prepared to
print any Job from the small \'isitinff card to the largest aaks
or horse bill, jwsler, or broadnide, plain or In colors, as
quickly as it can 1m' done at any other establJshiueut, and on
as reasonable terms. We make the jirinting of Sal^^dilU
for Farmev a speoteUy, and gu»r*«tee satisfactloa to our
cuBtomerv.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patt**mR adapted to printing booki,
jiampblelH, posters, sale-bills, hand-bills, millers' recelpte,
cataloKum of live st<<ck. and any kind of work done in a
flrst-claw printing ofllre; in short anything that maybe
called for by the farmer, merchant, banker, mechanic, or
business man. and we guarant*^ to do the work as satisfac-
tory ss it can be done in Philadelphia or elsewhere.

With oue of the most complete Job Ofllcee In the State,
and unsurpaKse*! conveniences for expeditiously tnming out
work by thtOx-sf worknten, under the perwjual supervision
of the proprietors, who arc l>oth practical printers, all per-
sona m need of I'riiitlug will And It to their Intcrcet to glre
UH a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS.

Express Buildings, aa, South Queen-tt,

TiATTCASTER, FA.

-^

Oar Preiait K«oniH are open to Visitors, and they %t%
alw'ays welcome to look at oar machinery in operation.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Iflif^;

A reliable time-piece sboald be In the possession of
every farmer, and nowbere can a better, more correct
and reliable Watch, either American or Swiss, be ob-
tained, warranted In every respect as represented, than

H. L.ZAHM&CO.

NO. 20 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOR TO MARBLE FRONT.

SILVEBand SILVER PLATED WABE,
KNIVES, FORKS AND SPOONS.

A LARGE STOCK.

Fanners, tls a pleasnre to have a good time-piece; tls
also a pleasure to enjoy the beautiful In agriculture and
hortloilture, and to seb the latest Improvements In
these, and all things nature has blessed us with. There-
fore. GOOD KVB siOBT is necessary lor the enjoyment of
these pleasures. The eye Is often strained and weak-
ened from different causes and should be helped In
time, call on H. L. ZAHM & CO.. where H. L. Zahm. the
oldest and most experienced optician, with A PRACTICE
OF THIRTY YEARS, will nt you with glasses warran-
ted to strengthen and renew the sight vrtthout a doubt.

DO NOT FORGET THE PLACE.

NO. 22 NOETH QUEEN STEEET,

OPPOSITE BAER'S BOOK STORE.

BPECIAETT : Spectacles, Jewelry and Watches.
Repairing — Warranted First-class.

'I

THE ilST Mi S41F1TS

ARE MADE BY

THOS. W. BROWN,

(SUCCESSOR TO ED. BUCKENDEBFER,)

COVERLET AND CARPET WEAVER.

STOEE, 542 EAST KING ST.

FACTORY, 541 & 543 E. MIFFLIN ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

CUSTOMER WORK A SPECIALTY.

J F. FRUEAUFF,

Office-ao4 L,ocust-st. House-27 S. Secdnd-st.

coz.xyacBXA. pa.

BOOKS I

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all nunner of AOREEHENTS neatly and expeditiously
drawn. Caaee carefully and tboroy^hly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD- VIEWERS. AUDITORS.

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS. ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or TruBteea of any kind.

Collections, large or amall, made upon a uolform table of
lates, 1q all parts of the United States.

Special facilities for CoUectiouB of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Conaultatlons and Correspondence conducted in either the
Freuch, German or English languages.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Columbia, Penna.

JOHN BAER'S SONS

No. 15 North Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

Invite the attention of the public to their large and well se-
lected stock of

Miscellaneous anl School Boots,

English and German Publications,
BLANK BOOKS,

Comprising Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Joonuls,
Pass Books, be, Foreign and

Domestio Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years' experience in the business, ample
capital and a spacious store, we

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our business, and offer special inducements to
all who may favor us with their patronage.

t^~ Agents for

Excelsior School Eumiture.

GBO.W.BIDWN'S

FDRNMRE WAREROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STKEEI,

Over Llpp's Tin Store, next floor td First
National Bank.

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE,

UPHOLSTERING DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

All kinds of Fnrsitore made to Order.
tyRepalrlng of all kinds promptly attended to.
GEO. W. RROWN.

Established 1770! Established 1770!

H.CDEMUTH,

MANUFACTUKER OF

AKD

FINE CIGARS.

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS.

Ail the best tobacco in the market at the lowest re-
tail prices.

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

Rattivon fe PislieF,

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

III fllllllll

e:st/^bi.isxiimi[e:nt.

Cor N. QUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

EoElisIi & American Pantaloonings and Yestings

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VELENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Ready-made Clotning of borne manutacture tor Men
and Boys. Hosiery, a full line of shirts, Collars, Shams,
and Neck Fixings, etc.

Clothing: made to order promptly, and warranted to
give satisfaction. Agents for the sale of Scott's Fashions.

RATHVON & FISHER,

Practical Tatlora.

E. J. BBJSICAIT,

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS, CUFFS, DRAWERS, NECK-
TIES, UMBRELLAS, GLOVES,
SUSPENDERS, EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO. ORDER.

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 isroiiTia: Q,"CJEEisr ST.,

(Next door to Horting & Schlott's Hotel),
LANCASTER, PA.

MARSHALLS'

Centre Square, Lancaster, Fa.

For French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boots and Shoes.

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOYS' AND YOUTH'S KIP BOOTS,

RUBBERS OP EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Misses and Children's fine Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meas-
ure. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

tS^Repalriug promptly attended to. *

liAXTCASTSH, PA.,

With whom may be fonnd, at Wholesale and Retail, a large
assortment of

HUGS, ^EDICINES&pMKMICALS

Fancy aad Toilet Articles,

SPONGES, BRUSHES, PERFUMERY, be, Ac.

Physicians' Prescriptions carefully compounded, and orders
answered with care and dispatch. The Public will
flud our stock of Medicines complete, war-
ranted genuine, and of the beat quality.

The Lancaster Farmer.

Prof. S. S. SATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., FEBRUARY, 1875.

Vol VIL No. 2,

OUR "SITUATION."

It is not to be inferii'd lh;it when an indi-
vidual assumes the editorial control of an
agricultural Journal, that he therefore knows,
or necessarily ouglit to know, more upon
agricultural sultjects than all, or any portion,
of his readers. K veil if he were an aeknowledReil
oracle on the sulijeet, iiis stock of knowledffe
would soon be exhausted. It is iirecioiis little
real knowledge that any mw man has, on aiii/
subject, in this age of sliifting and constantly
developing progression, and the more an indi-
vidual knows, the more humiliated lie becomes
at the scantiness of his stock of knowledge, the
more deeply he will be impressed with the
rertection that there is much for him yet to
learn ; and these facts and feelings he may be
doomed to carry with him through all his
experiences, to the very end of the longest
possible life-lease. An agricultural journal is
essentially — or ought to be — a depository of
the thoughts, experiences and knowledges of
its readers, its contributors and its patrons,
among the agricultural classes ; and an agri-
cultural editor, at best, can be little more than
"a gatherer and disposer of other men's stuff;"
and to do this effectually would seem to pre-
clude the possibility of his attaining proticiency
in both functions. The functions of the editor
are necessarily those of ktlers — .a collector and
arranger of the external garments which clothe
the ideas of practical cultivators; and although
it may not be necessary for him to have a
mechanical knowledge of the subject, yet he
should be sufficiently intelligent to comprehend
its scope and avoid impcjsition.

Six years ago the editorial mantle was, in a
manner, thrust upon our .shoulders, and the
experiences of those six years have served only
to astonish ns at the little progress we have
made ; and if anything were necessary to in-
crease our astonishment, it is, that the world
itself has api)arently been progressing no faster,
notwithstanding its many h^gh professions.

Since the functions of an agricultural editoi',
then, are mainly thoseof a ' 'gleaner, ' ' the value
of his labor will be more or less apparent and
effective, according to the character of the tield
allotted him to glean. If there is nothing in
it, nothing can come out of it. But we have,
during all this time, felt a conviction that in
the field which we are exploring there are
valuable "mines of wealth," and we have
never been without the hope that we would
ultimately strike the rich veins for which we
have so long been " prospecting."

It is not personal pecuniary wealth, either
present or prospective, that has stimulated us
in this apparently bootless enterprise ; but the
moral, social and intellectual wealth, which
we felt was hidden in the deep recesses of rural
minds, and the life-experiences of our fanning
population. We have all along felt, and we
still feel, that there is no independence more
enviable than that of a Lancaster county far-
mer, and if we have had any ambition in
the matter, it is that he might stand socially
and intellectually where he does physically and
materially.

From the very origin of The Farmer, in
assuming its editorship, we never expected to
dictate, or to teach practical lessons on agri-
culture, but merely to manipulate the jour-
nal .so as to make it a medium of the jjractical
ideas of our farming public; and to do this
successfully we did expect, and we still expect,
the co-operation of our rural patrons.

When the centennial jubilee of American
freedom and independence transpires, we want
to see our journal and its patrons occupying a
position worthy of the "grand old county" in
which was established the second printing
office and printing press that dignified the
early history of the American continent. If

this is a fantasy in us, it is due to partialities
and sympathies imbibed for farming occupa-
tions through a five year's api)rentice8hip dur-
ing a labor-iovhig boyliood.

It is, of course, indisputable, that if an
editor is so i'listructed and constructed as to
combine all the practical and thiMiretical know-
ledges of farming in his own fiiiK'tional com-
position, he would possess superior (pialifica-
rioiis for the work befori^ him, and could do
much more good. IJut then we rarely, or never,
find such rare combinations of talent, in any
calling, consenting to work six or seven years
without the hope of pecuniary compc^nsation.

Even if an editor should not be able tocom-
liose and write a single original contribution,
he might still find the labor of selecting and
compiling infinitely more onerous than origi-
nal composition. There is much that finds its
way into public prints of a most excellent
character that may not be at all adaiiled to
specific localities, and therefore if our agri-
cultural and domestic readers cannot write
themselves, we will feel ourselves under obli-
gations to them for approi^riate selections ap-
proved by their judgment, and which they may
desire to preserve in a more compact and du-
rable form, than they are in the journals where
they first appeared.

THE POTATO BLIGHT.

{Peronospora infeitann.)

On page 11, at the bottom of the third
column, of our January number, is a brief
notice of an important step that has been
gained in the natural history of the "Potato
blight," through the investigations of Prof.
De Bary, of Strasburg, Germany, in which he
has detected the existence of an "alternation
of generations," in the life-history of the
above named parasitic fungus, which causes
the disease.

A very full history of the "Potato blight
and rot" is also given in the United States
Agricultural Report for 187.3, with many
microscopic illustrations, (pp. ISlJ to 19i))
through the investigations of Dr. Payen, Dr.
Lyon Playfair, Rev. M. .1. Berkeley and other
eminent mycologists of Europe. Although
the researches of these distinguished savans
are very interesting, yet, as their experiments
were mainly microscopic, and under a power
of 50 to 75 diameters, very few farmers, under
the ordinary opportunities of observation,
woidd ever be able to detect the minutia
which they describe ; nevertheless, the
"blight" aiid "rot" are the visible effects of
causes which have their beginnings in just
such minutia as are here alluded to, and Ihirc
is where the remedy must be applied, if ever
the disease is to be abated.

It is stated that the potato disease was first
observed in Germany, near Liege, in 1842 ; in
Canada in 1844, and in England in 184.5.
This may be so, in reference to the places
named, but potato-rot was known in Penn.syl-
vania, to our knowledge, at least ten years
prior to the latter date, or about 18:i5, and
was quite extensively prevalent throughout
Lancaster county ; aiid especially on low rich
grounds. Wc cultivated a lot that j-ear, and
except in one end, which was little more than
a bed of stone-coal ashes, the potatoes all had
the "rot."

It has been estimated that the damage sus-
tained by Great Britain and Ireland alone, in
the year 1845, amounted to at least Ui-mtij-one
niiUions pounds sterJituj, and that in the follow-
ing year it was nearly twice that amount.

Tlie Tycmdon Titwa estimated that the loss
sustained by Great Britain in 1872 reached
about thirlti millions sterling.

For the last quarter of a century the potato

rot has been attributed by the most scientific
and intelligent explorers, to a jjarasitii^ fungus,
most (extensively known as Botrytis itifesUms;*
but byaraciM>f cliarlatans it liasl)cen attribu-
ted to all sorts of improbable, and in some
instances inq)>ssihle, sources ; and on these
theories remedies have been improvised, about
as u.seless and as ridiculous as administering
salt' to a bird's tail, or snuff to a di-sordered
threshing machine. The researches of Dr.
Payen, however, have resulted in the discovery
of a form of fungus in diseased potatoes that had
not been previously known, although Berkeley
and others are of" the ojiinion that the new
form discovered by Payen may be only a
secondary fruit of li'itri/tis itself, the habits of
which are not yet fully understocjd, notwith-
standing some of the ablest explorers of
Europe have for years been devoting mcjre or
less attention to this subject. It has been
discovered that the fungus attacks the stalks
first, causing brownish blotches and then 'the
disease is transmitted to the tubers. If a
withered stalk be taken, which has decayed
through tlie infection of the fungus, it will lie
found that the brown marks have matured
into forms similar to those discovered by Dr.
Payen, and if a section of the same is made
lengthwise, the interior wjU also exhibit spores
highly matured, and generally connected with
a very slender-jointed brown mould (my
cclium). These details are interesting in a
microscopical sense, but they arc too delicate
to be of much practical advantage to potato
growers in general.

Here, however, is a statement that is of a
more practical character, whether we can
account for it on rational principles or not.
Mr. Alartin McKinzie, of Boston, Ma.ss., wrote
to the department at Washington, in Novem-
ber, 187-2, to the effect that in a field near his
residence. Early Ros(! and Jackson White
potatoes were planted the previous season, in
enclosures adjoining each other, but the Early
Rose proved nearly an entire failure from
fungus-blight, whilst the Jackson Whites
were an entire success, growing to perfection.
Not the slightest appearance of blight was
manifested on them in a single instance, and
it is further stated, that all the conditions of
planting, cultivation, manuring and .soil, were
in both cases iiractically the same. It is
alleged that this is not an isolated case by any
means, and may ultimately demonstrate that
the disease was due to the condition of the
seed before it was planted.

It has often been stated that "the potato,
from high cultivation, is running out, and
that recourse should be had to the seed of the
I)lant, as a means of renewing the crop." And
here it may be stated that the tubn- or edible
portion, and which grows and matures under
gronnd, is not, properly speaking, the seed of
the plant. Tkat is only an enlargement or
tuljeral development of the root. The seed is
contained in the berry, or apple, which grows
on the tops, and in form is similar to that of
all other solanacious plants, the egg plant and
the t<miatofor instance. It is from the plant-
ing of these seeds that new varieties are pro-
duced, and it is to this source, many c intend,
we nmst return to escape the diseases which
now so extensively infect the plant. Some-
thing analagous to Ibis obtains in i)erpetuating
ths <inality of "live stock," and in all proba-
bility it is the same in the vegetable world.

To know exactly when the .seed is infected
by di.scase, and to what extent, in order to
prevent its increa.se and spread, is what potato
growers want, and ought to know. But, if
the presence of disease in the seed-tuber can be
determined only by the aid or a .50 or 75 diame-
ter microscope, there seems to be a poor pros-

•Now referred to the genua Peronotpora.

18

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

»

pect for tlie potato, unless the govenimeuts,
State and National, should create Bureaus,
and require all seeds to pass an ordeal of micro-
scopic examination, and have a "stamp"
attached before they are iiemiitted to be plant-
ed, a thing more easily conceived than done.
From the foregoing, it seems very evident
that the seed of the Jackson Whites, in the
specific case alluded to, may not have been
previously infected, and that the product was
proof against the attacks of fungi, although
the spores were floating in the air by millions,
and they must have been surrounded by them.
It is well known that a superabundance of
moisture and heat produce rank vegetation,
and it is also quite as well known that when
this peculiar combination of climatic circum-
stances is prolonged when the tubers are ma-
tured, that rot is more likely to follow than
when the season is dry ; but when two varie-
ties of the potato are growing side and side,
and all the culture and climatic conditions are
the same, and yet one variety escapes and the
other becomes infected, we are almost bound
to conclude, either that the one is rot-proof, or
that insipient rot was in the seed-tuber of the
other when it was planted.

It appears that European savans liave no
better remedy to suggest in such cases, than
to cut off the tops as soon as the brown fun-
goid blotches appear on them. This might
answer the purpose if done just at the right
time, and if the mere preservation of the tubers,
as an article of food, was the object; but Amer-
ican savans think that from the absence of
stalks, leaves, and the healthy action of air and
light, the tubers would not attain a healthy
and consolidated growth, and would therefore
be unfit for seed.

It is conceded that the germs of a disease
may exist in an animal or a plant— either con-
stitutionally in their systems, or in the sur-
rounding atmosphere— without said disease
ever becoming developed, owing to antidotes,
tillage, and other favorable conditions ; and
hence, mir savans suggest that as potash has
the property of absorbing and retaining moist-
ure in a high degree, and keeping the soil wet
and moist, while carbonate of soda has the
property of giving oft' water in a dry atmos-
phere, these conditions should be duly con-
sidered in the cultivation of the potato. There-
fore they recommend that when tubers in any
locality have grown to a state of perfection
'■' during per loch of I pidernic," as in the case of
the Jackson Whites alluded to, a suflicient
quantity of such should be selected for seed
purposes, and planted in still more favorable
localities, and that this course should be con-
tinued, and by this means the disease might
be ultimately prevented or entirely abated.

THE PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

The Lancaster Fakmer is not the .special
adversary of secret societies — whether they be
Granges or Religious Inquisitions — nor is it
their special advocate. It does not an-ay itself
against these institutions, neither does it cham-
pion them any more than it does any jiarticular
reaper or corn sheller, either pro. or con. It
leaves that question entirely in the hands of
the farming jmblic to dispose of as individual
men endowed with common sense, and acting
under the privileges of social and civil liberty.
It believes that the moral and material w'orlds
are large enough for Grangers and anti-Gran-
gers to pass oh to their respective destinies,
without jostling each other, if they only prac-
tice a little self-denial, and subordinate tlie in-
dividual will to the greatest good of the great-
est nvmiber.

In approving the seemingly good, and in con-
demning the seemingly evil, there is one very
essential pre-reqiusite necessary before we are
in a proper condition to perceive things as they
are in their inner essences; and that is, the re-
moval of the "fccowi " before we attempt to
remove the ' • nwte. ' ' We say seemingly, because
the experiences of years have clearly illustrated
to our mental perception that there are reed
goods and upparent goods, as well as real evils
and only apyarenl evils, and that these things

take their colors and forms, more or less, from
the qualities of the mediums through which
they are reflected, or rather transmitted. There
is a common old saw, to the effect that "if a
rnrmkeij looks into a mirror, a prophet will not
look out," which is a trite illustration of how
the "line of incident" is influenced by the "line
of accident " in the domain of Imman per-
ception.

While we are not prepared to believe that
either all good men, or all evil men, are to be
found within the folds of secret associations,
neither do we believe that they are to be found
outside of them. Good and evil are conditions
that have their foundations upon mental and
moral stratifications that lie down deeper than
merely social organizations. A self-evident,
or universally admitted good thing, in the
hands and under the control of. evil men, may
be diverted from its original purpose and be
converted into an evil thing, and the reverse
of this proposition may be equally true. Even
the Spanish Inquisition, in the hands of men
unbigoted and unbiased, and acting under the
spirit of the "Golden Rule," wovdd have been
a far better institution, and would have had a
better reputation than that which is reflected
from it in the pages of human history.

In contemplating the diversified history of
Christianity from its first foundation down to
the present time, viewing its immense labors,
hardships, self-denia!s,patience, endurance and
sacrifices; takingaretrospectof the contumely,
contempt and persecutions it has endured, no
man endowed with the smallest spark of char-
ity will deny that its institution was intended
to redeem and regenerate the human family
from an impending state of evil and sinful
degradation; and yet its great symbol has, in
many instances, been converted into "a banner
under which madmen have assembled to glut
the earth with blood." But this does not,
legitimately, nor essentially, militate against
Christianity in any of its denominational forms,
so far as the fundamental spirit of the church
is concerned— it is a manifestation altogether
outside of its spirit.

In noting the characters and qualities of the
men who compose the secret organizations of
our countn— their difterent social, religious
and i)olitical sentiments— their varied clerical,
professional and mechanicalcallings— it would
be as "far-fetched" or gratuitous, to denomi-
nate them combinations organized for the pur-
pose of advancing social, religious and politi-
cal ends, against the interest of those outside
of their organizations, as it would Ije to esteem
all outsiders arrayed in combinations against
them. There are interests, likes and dislikes,
laws of affinity and congeniality, which deter-
mine the social and fraternal relations existing
among men, that lie deeper and are anterior
to those which merely draw them together in
these external organizations, and these affini-
ties will determine the quality of their affilia-
tion in spite of others.

Whether the social organization known as
"Patrons of Husbandry" or "Grange,"
among the agricultural population of our
country, is a necessity or a superfluity, time
and circumstance will determine. The Miver-
ted— and we may also add, jjccverted- condi-
tion of human society imposes many things
which in a more periect state of order, would
be regarded as entirely useless ; and if these
things have the least shadow of right in other
industrial interests, who has the power to
limit themtotho.se interests alone? As we
said in the beginning of this paper, our pur-
pose is not to ai)prove or condemn, simply
because no man standing outside of a house in-
to which he has never been admitted, is com-
petent to judge of its contents, nor to deter-
mine the" character of its occupants or the
quality of its appointments, in an intelligent
manner.

If the time should ever come when we could
speak as experimentally of the "Grange" as
we think we can of other secret organizations,
and we feel it our bounden duty to do so —
upon the basis of public and private use— we
should not hesitate to speak, if we felt we were
doing a correspodiug good thereby. In the

meantime we would counsel all to meet the
issue amicably, and without i)rejudice or
partiality. There is no necessity of luidue
exasperation upon the subject. It is either a
necessity and a good, or it is not. If it is not
it will come of itself to naught ; if it is then
there is no power in human society that can
prevent it. One thing is certain : it is extra-
judicial and entirely outside of our civil,
organizations; therefore, every citizen has the
political right to act in freedom under the
dictates of conscience and of reason.

Whilst we do not proffer an unqualified use
of oiu' columns to a heated discussion of the
questions involved in granges or other secret
organizations, still we shall from time to time
note the progress they are making, the good
they are accomplishing, or the evils they are
engendering, so far as we understand them.

We will also cheerfully grant the use of our
columns in publishing statistics of them, in
correcting errors in respect to them, in dissi-
pating wrong impressions and other inadver-
tencies which may grow out of their discussion
when such communications are couched in
courteous language, are confined to facts, and
of a reasonable length. But we accord the
same facilities to those who are averse to
them from jirinciple, and under the same niles.
In conclusion, the Grange cannot be ignored ;
so far as its external organization is concerned
it is a /act, and must be met and treated as a
/ttcf.

BLACKBERRIES.

To the question, "What kind of blackber-
ries should we plant ?" the following, con-
densed from the United States Agricidtural
Report for 1B73, may be of some importance
to those engaged in growing "small-fruits."

Mr. C. Gillingham, of Accotink, Fairfax
county, Va., describing the condition of his
blackberry canes during the spring of 1872,
says, that in lSCt> he planted ten rows of
" Kittatinny " and ten of " Wilson " in the
following manner: First four rows of Kitta-
tinny, then following, alternately with Wilson
and Kittatinny, six rows each, ending with
four rows of Wilson. All had been treated
alike from the time they had been received by
him, and all appeared healthy until the spring
of 1872, when the Tvittatinny became covered
with " rust. " At a short distance the Kitta-
tinny appeared as if painted with yellow ochre. |
Some were destroved from its eilects. None
of the Kittatinny canes bore fiuit. The Wil-
son were uninjured, although surrounded by
an atmosphereladen with fungus spores. Every
leaf of the Kittatinny was covered with thou-
sands of spores, yet not a single leaf of the Wil-
son was affected. The Wilson canes bore their
usual complement of fruit. Mr. GiUingham.
states that the canes have not been manured
for several years. Although this circumstance
may not illustrate that the Wikson blackberry,
under all conditions, is absolute proof against
rust, nor that the Kittatinny, under similar
conditions, is always subject to it, it still will
have some effect upon sn'iall fruit-growers, in
determining what varieties they ought to select.
These are but the effects of causes perhaps not
yet fullv understood, and therefore a full and
true solution of the question will have to be
developed by future investigations. In the
meantime it may not be amiss to state the
pbvsiological theory on the subject.

The glossy covering on fruits and leaves con-
sists of wax; that of the grasses, of siliceous
matter. The wax may be removed by sulphu-
ric ether, the siliceous matter by caustic alka-
lies, or by hydrochloric acid. Should plants
fail to secrete and cover their surfaces with
wax or silica for their protection, their albu-
minous substances will then alford food for the
growth of fungi. Future investigations may
prove that in the case of the Kittatinny black-
berry alluded to, the absence of this outer pro-
tection was the cause of their destruction; but
it will not amount to much, practically, until
the atui^e of the disease can be given, and also
the remedy to cure or prevent it. The fact that
rust only appeared five or six years after the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i9

canos were planted is not (piite in liannony
witli the tlii'ory tliat the (liscasc wa.s trans-
milti'd thronuli jilanls that iiail luen previ-
ously inf('ctf<l, or (Iffcclivf. Tliis yellow or
orange colonel nist, wliieh occurred on the
Kitlatinny lilacklieriy, is prol)aliIy the same
that is sonietinies found so ]>lenlilul!y on the
raspberry. It is the l'rt<l'i /((/^nii/y/iol' AIvcolo-
gists, and we have .seen the " l'hiladel|phia
raspberry" very seriously infected with it, in
the inclosme of Mr. Peter Uiley, formerly of
Lancaster city. There seems to be no reiiiedy
yet discovered for it, but the complete ile.struc-
tion of the plants, "both root and branch;"
and unless this is unhesitatingly and thunuighly
done, in a few years the whole blackberrv or
raspberry i)lantation may W destroyed. jThis
orange colored fungus lias been notir:ed in the
State of Pennsylvania, both on the blackberry
and the raspberry, these many years, but es-
pecially on the dewlwrry, where it is sujiposed
to have originated; and Dr. Michener, of New
Garden, Pa., wrote a paper on the subject as
early as IStlS.

In coulirmation of Mr. Gillingham's experi-
ence, we may add that Dr. ^iicbeuer states
that he i)lauted the Wilson blackberry on
ground from which other varieties hadbpen
removed on account of their infection some
years previously, and that they were free from
the infection.

Even if the theory of the superficial wax
secretion is correct, how are the [plants to be
restored to their normal condition when they
cea.se to secrete or eliminate sufficient wa.\ for
their own protection again.st Ur((h>' Can the
soil be so chemically manipulated as to afford
this substance in sufficient ipiantity V Even
if it can, it would seem almost suicidal to de-
pend upon a process so tardy and delicate in
its operation. It might an.swer as a future
preventive, but when the disease is once pres-
ent, then, like a hopeles.sly decayed and aching
tooth, the best thing is to pull it out entirely.

WHAT IS "ANGUENTUM?"

Near the bottom of the first column, on
page 14 of the January number of The
Fau.mei{, among a li.st of" insecticides used, is
one called "Anguentum," and we are asked
—"What is it?"' Well, in good truth, we
find we cannot tell. The article was ntkrUtl
from a respectable source, upon which we,
lierhai»s, relied more implicitly than upon our
own judgment, if we noticed it at all. Since,
however, our attention is specifically called to
it, we feel pretty safe in saying that the word
is a misprint, and that UiujufnUun was in-
tended. An Unijmnt, is a compound, mainly
of oil and bees-wax, to which may be, and
often are, added other ingredients, according
to the specific use that is to be made of it — in
short, an ointnunt. It is somewhat thicker,
or stiller, than a liniment, but not so still as
a cerate, which is generally composed of bees-
wax and tallow. The most connnon illustra-
tion of an unguent, or a cerate, is the sub-
stance used by tanners, and eonnnonly called
"Dubbin" or "Dubbing;" and we can now
[listinctly recall the circumstance, that when
we, its a boy, worked on afanu, full fifty years
ago, tluhbiti was frequently used as an antidote
311 lousy calves and pigs. And just here we
venture to add a few remarks upon the value
}f the remedies used by the writer of the
paragraph under discussion. He .savs that all
jf them failed except the "sprinkle" of
uilphur, "well rubl)ed into the hair," and the
nternul administration of ginger.

Now, notwithstanding all this, we confess
hat ICC have more confidence in unguents or
liniple oils well rubbed in, as an insecticide,
han we liave in any dry application of sulphur.
3ut the oil or ointment niu.st reach tlie insects
-come in actual contact with them— for they
lave too much aversion to such substances, to
leliberately walk into and envelop themselves
vith them.

In connection with this subject, no time
ould be more ajipropriate tluui the present,
o admonish our fruit, fiower and shrubbery
iiltivators, that before the buds begin to swell

ill the Spring —if they have any stock infested
with "scale insects." "bark-lice," " Scnb-
liee." or whatever other common name may
be |applied; to them— is the iHDjier time to
a(hiuii.>ter a coat of oil to tlie braiKthcs thereof .
Ungueutum, or ungiuiits, may be too slitT
ill cold wi'ather, and to wait until the weallwr
is warm enough for this application il may lie
too late; therefore, almost any li(iiiicl grease
would be more effectual. The oil closes up
the breathing pores of insects and is sure to
kill all it reaches. When dead they loosen
from the bark and the spring rains wash them
oil', and leave the trees and shrubs clean and
heallhy. This is almost a sovereign remedy,
esiieci;illy in young apiile and pear trees, an<l
has received the endorsement of the highest
authorities. Indeed, the late M. Walsh, of
Rock Island, 111., deni<uistrated that oil was
eiitirelj- eflectual, where every other sub-
stance had failed. The oil is administered
with a comnion paint or varnish briisli. It is
true, that on large trees it would be almost
impracticable, liut the greatest danger is to
young trees and mirsery stock — old trees may
not need it. In conclusion, we commend the
habit of asking such quustions. It exhibits
an interest in the subject and a desire
to read understandingly, whetlK^r a remedy
is efiectual or not. To know to a certainty
what a thing is not, or what it irill wit do, is a
lirogressive step towards finding out what it ix
or what it tcill (Jo, and this cannot be too <iflen
or too earnestly impressed upon the human
mind.

DANIEL WEBSTER.

" Daniel Webster was a farmer, and took (ielieht in
eounlry tliinsrs. He had a patriarcli's love of sheep.
Clioiee breeds tliereof he had. He took delif;lit in
cows. He tilled paternal acres with his own oxen.
He loved to ijive the kine fodder. It was iilcaeant to
hear him talk of oxen, and hut three days l)efore lie
left the earth, too ill to visit them, his oxen, lowiiii,',
came to see their sick lord, and as he stood in his door,
his i^reat cattle were driven up, that he mii,'ht smell
their healthy breath, and look his last on those broad,
generous faces that were never false to him.

" What an attecting scene is here deserit)ed ! Daniel
Webster loved these animals for thitir own sake and
not for their value in silver or .i^old. He l^ived to teed
them with his own" hands in order to witness their
hajipiness while satisiyino: tlieir hun<;cr, and to win
their love lor him. They loved their kind owner,
and no wonder they came lowinsr. one by one, to see
their sick lord! The scripture says "The ox
knoweth its owner." Then all the splendid animals,
numberine between one and two hundred, knew
Daniel Webster, as they were driven up and looked
on him lor the last time, and who shall say they did
not miss him and mourn lor him when he eould
see them no more ? No doubt this ^rcal man enjoyed
more real happiness in the society* of these dumb
brutes of every kind on the Marshtield farm, than he
ever realized in hearini;the plaudits of his fellow men,
as his eU'ijant words raiijr out in the Senate ehamher
of our ^reat nation, and thousands of worship-
ers were Ibllowiiif; in his train. He knew that fame
was but a breath, and learned, by bitter ex|M'rienee,
that the most devoted of his worshipers mi^lit des<'rt
and betray him, but that not one of these guiltless
creatures would ever prove false to him."

Any one who has been brought up on a
f^iriii, or who has ever lived on one, must have
noticed, in many instances, the affections, or
at least the partiality, which some of the farm
animals have niiuiife.sted for certain memlK'rs
of the family, and that preference has otleii
been for the master, or head of the family.
On the other hand, they cannot have failed to
notice the aversions, dislikes and even hates,
V Inch some animals have entertained agiiinst
Certain memlwrs of the human species. Now
this is not mere caprice on the ]iart of the diinil)
animals, but has its foundation in rejuson, wheth-
er the animals in question are able to reason
upon the subject or not. It usually has its origin
in the kind of treatment which the animals
have received from man. These instances art;
quite frequent, and often manifest themselves
in a very striking manner on the part of
horses, dogs, poulti-\' and birds, btit are not
unusual among cattle and slieei). And when
their kind human friends have absented them-
selves, through removal, sickness or death,
the animals have seemed to l)e impres-sed with
a feeling that something has gone wrong with

j their lienefactors, and they have exhibited feel-
! iiigs of anxiety or sorrow. Poor creatures —
how true il appears that "the ass knoweth
his master's crib, and the ox his stall."
Kindness is appreciated and rewarded by
animals, whether il comes from a Washington,
a Webster, or one of the biimlilest iiieml«'rsof
the hiiiuan family. This incident in the life
of Daniel Webster recalls maiiv similar a.s.so-
ciatioiis of long ago, Uith "fortunate and
adverse," and we have no doubt many of our
rural readers have had like experiences.

THE PERSIMMON— SEX— VARIETIES.

( )ur valued correspondent, C.VsiMCit IIll.l.Klt,
who furnishes an interesting paper in thisiss'uc
on 77((' I'emininion, expresses some apprehen-
sion about the scientific accuracy of the con-
clusion of the first paragraph, where he alludes
to the sex of the trees. Practically, he is cor-
rect. Although the persimmon, so f;ir as our
knowledge of it exti^nds, cannot be classed with
purely (//orioii.s trees, yet, according to Dr.
Gray, its lloral system is "diieciously jwilyga-
moiis;" that is, the fertile and sterile llowers
— although generally on the same tree — are of-
ten on two dill'ereiit trees, the fertile being
axillary and solitaiy , while the sterile are often
in clu.sters, and moreover are much smaller
than the former. As to the sex of the trees,
we can only recommend to Mr. II. to make a
minute examination of tlii^ llowers next s<'asoii
when they are in bloom. He has had sufficient
experience in strawlieny culture to Ix; able to
distinguish between the pistillate and staminale
llowers.

We are glad to see attention called to per-
simmon culture, and find that the inquiry is
spreading — indeed, if we are not much mis-
taken some nurserymen have them already
among their stock. There are about twelve or
fifteen species described by botanists as mdi-
geiious to different iiarts of the world.

The Dioniji/ws Kaki, or Chinese persimmon,
is rei)resented as being as large as an apple,
and when dried, far superior to dried figs. If
Chinese seeds could be obtained fnnn di.stricts
in our own parallel of latitude, we iirobably
might propagate that sjieeies in this country.
This fruit in fcneign .countries is not known
under the name of " Persiiiinion;" it is called
the "Date-plum" in English, and has other
local names, rcrsimmon is the Virginia In-
dian name.

^

GOOD BUTTER.

Deservedly high as much of the butter of
Laiica.ster county stands among butter con-
sumers, yet, on the general ipieslioii of quality,
it seems almost self-evident that there is ample
room for improvement, not only in the elemen-
tary principles of butter itself, but also in but-
iar'-iiKdiiui — its process in detail, :us well as the
necessary previous conditions involving itssiic-
ccssful production.

We, therefore, feel that the following extract
is most appropriate on this occitsiou, coming,
as it does, from such a distinguished source,
in the domain of American clii-ese and butter-
mtiking. We commend every word of it to
the thoughtful perusal of the professional and
amateur dairv lolks of our county. Although
tlie butter of Eanca-ster county, taken as a
whole, may very justly lie iiroiiounced ijood,
yet there is a higher degree of comiiarison cul-
hiinating in vci;/ ijood, that Lanca.ster county —
except ill very special cases — has not yet
reached, simply because she has not thor-
oughly comiilied with the neces-sjiry previous
conditions to any great extent.

It is very .seldom that we see .so mucli on a
practical .subject so well .said, and condensed
into so limited a space; and, judging from the
many specimens of butter which have come
under our observation, and have lieen forced
upon our ga.strononiic disctission, we feel sure
that butter-makers will find somtUiing in it
worth remembering.

There is no good rejison why there should be
fill// bad butter iirmluced in Lanca.ster county.
Biitter-making [involves the sublimest priiici-

20

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

pies of chemical transformation, or transmuta-
tion, and depends more or less upon precwus
conditions for its successful results ; no matter
how common place it may seem, or how much
farmers and farmers' wives may hoot at the
idea of scientific butter-malving. Things
"worth doing at all are worth doing well,"
and the sooner this is perceived and carried
out in any department of human industry, the
sooner the hoped for "good time" will be
"coming." Health, happiness, long life and
prospeiity are more intimately connected with
quality than they are with quantity, and the
sooner this is seen the better for the progress
of the human family.

We have always felt what we deemed a justifi-
able pride in the quality of our Lancaster county
butter as compared with other counties in and
out of the State ; but we were rather " taken
down" when we were infbrmed in a Philadel-
phia market that the butter from Chester and
Montgomery counties took rank above it in
texture, color and flavor. Lancaster was con-
ceded to be good, but Montgomery was Ixttcr,
and Chester best ; and to our reply that travel-
ing agents from Philadelphia made it a point
to stop in Lancaster merely for the sake of
getting a taste of Lancaster butter, we were
met with the response that their boarding
houses had not access to, or could not aftbrd to
buy, Chester county butter. Of course, tlie
quality of things sometimes depend upon parti-
ality, or personal preference, but there is a
possibility that our butter-makers, as a general
thing, do not attend to the conditions pointed
out in this article :

BUTTER MAKING.
THE COW.

The French cook, in givinp directions how to cook
a rabbit, began by saying- : " First catch the rabbit ! "
— it seeming essential, in his mind, that the rabbit
should be caught before it was cooked. So we, in
discussing the question of butter-making, will say —
first get the cow ! This is an important step, and
more im'portant than many think — for you cannot
make good butter unless you have a good' butter cow
to begin with. Do you ask what breed is best? We
answer, it does not make any difference what breed,
if you only get a good butter cow . There are good
cows among all breeds — more among some than
among others — and only experience — a practical test
■ — can decide the value of a cow for making butter.
She may not give a large mess, but she must give a
rich mess, and it must have a clean, sweet flavor.
We see that the farmers in some sections seem to
understand this point. They have in Otsego county,
along the Unadilla river, to some extent at least,
introduced Devon blood, and we And among tlie
butter-makers there fine herds of grade Devons.
They are not generally reputed the best butter cows,
as a breed — most preferring the short horns or
Jerseys. But the short horns are not adapted to
hilly regions. For this reason, perhaps, the Devons
crossed on the best native stock, with a sprinkling of
Jersey blood, are the best for that section.

But whatever blood you introduce, be sure it is
from a milking family. This is the main point to
look at. Get males from the best milking families —
males strongly marked with the characteristics of a
good milking family — and use no others. Cross these
only with your best butter cows, and if you have cows
that havecome from good native butter stock, so much
the better. But never trust to grade bulls, however line,
except in rare cases, where you are sure of the native
stock having proved good for several generations.
When you use a grade male, you never know what blood
you will breed from. He is just as likely to transmit
his bad qualities as his good ones, and give vou only
■worthless, or next to worthless, stock. You cannot
aflord to take the risk of trusting a grade bull, if you
are trying to improve your dairy stock . Thereibrc, we
say, use none but pure bloods. It is better to pay a
little more for them than to run any risks— but be
sure that j-ou get a full blood from a good butter
family and with a good pedigree— for' without a
good pedigree he may prove as worthless as a grade.

With a good butler cow and proper care and feed,
you are in a fair way to make good butter; but with-
out such a cow, your case is hopeless. No amount of
care and feeding will make a good cow out of a poor
one. But you may greatly injure, if you do not spoil,
a good cow by neglecting to give her an aliundance
of clean, sweet food and pure water. She is a
machine for working up raw materials into milk, and
she cannot make good milk out of poor materials.
The milk, and the butter and cheese made from it,
will be flavored more or less with the food which the
cow eats. See to it that she has sweet, nourishing
food and pure water in abundance.

ODORS.

The cow being all right, and her food and drink
being all right and in abundance, the milk will be all

right, and we have only to look at its handling and
subsequent management. It must be milked from
the cow in a clean, sweet atmosphere. There must
be no taints in the atmosphere for the cow to breathe
or the milk to absorb. If there are, you will find traces
of them in your butter. Fats of all kinds have a stroilg
affinity for odors, and are used by the chemists in ex-
tracting the fragrance from flowers for the purpose
of making perfumes. These fats wUl absorb odors
from the atmosphere quite as readily. Hence, milk
and butter, from first to last, must be kept in a sweet
place. Even a coal stove or the use of a kerosine
lamp in a milk room, will flavor butter. The Prac-
ticnl Farmer relates an instance where a fancy butter
maker discovered a bad flavor in his butter — very
slight, but nevertheless to be tasted by his fastidious
customers — and he traced it to the kerosine lamp
used to light the milk room. lie at once ran a tube
from the lamp chimney up through the roof, for the
smoke to escape, and the evil was remedied.

Not one cellar in a thousand is fit to set milk or
keep butter in, because of the mustiness or other bad
smells in them. The scent rising from vegetables, as
they sweat and steam — and especially if there is any
decay about them — will injure the flavor of butter.
A product so delicate and valuable should therefore
be kept by itself in a cool, sweet place.

THE MILK ROOM.

The milk house, then, must be clean and free from
all bad odors. It must also be well ventilated, and
ought to be so built that the temperature can be reg-
ulated and kept at about sixty degrees. It should be
built with double walls, so as to have an air chamber
between. If filled in with sawdust, all the better.
The windows should be double. The doors should
be double, and far enough apart so that you can
stand between them and shut one beibre opening the
other. The room should have facilities for giving it
an even heat in cold weather, and be provided with
means of introducing cool air through an ice-box
overhead or on the side near the ceiling, in hot
weather ; or, what is better, be put in communica-
tion, by means of tubes, with your ice-house adjoin-
ing and standing on a little higher ground. The
floor of a milk-room should be elevated above the
ground, and made double, like the sides, and have a
free circulation of air underneath ; or it should be
made of stone or cement laid on the clean earth and
made impervious to moisture at all points, so that it
will not absorb milk or other liquid spilt on it, and
generate bad odors. An elevated double floor is
much the healthiest to work on, as it will always be
dry and warm, whereas stone or cement will always
be cold, if not damp, and bad for th«dairywomen to
stand on. This is an important point to be considered
by all who desire to have their wives or daughters,
or whoever may work in the milk-room, healthy and
happy. Cold feet and limbs are sure to have a bad
etiect on the health and spirits, if they do not lead
directly to consumption and a premature grave.
Farmers should therefore always bear in mind the
health, comfort, convenience and happiness of the
women folks in all their arrangements about the
dairy-room, kitchen, and wherever women are em-
ployed. Too much attention cannot be paid to their
welfare.

The air of the milk-room should not only be kept
clean and sweet and the temperature even, but water
should be kept in the room, so that the air will not
become too dry. Where milk is set in tanks of water,
of course the necessary moisture will always be
present in the atmosphere. It is also essential that
light should be admitted. We know that some think
a milk room should be kept dark, but it is a mistake.
Without light there will be no color to the cream,
and it will be poorer in quality and deficient in flavor.
The butter will also be pale and insipid in taste.
Light is essential to color and fine flavor. Any one
can make a simple experiment which will go far
toward satisfying him of this fact. Put a bit of
board over one-half of the pan, or so as to cut off the
light. He will have yellow, rich cream where the
light falls, and white, poor cream where the shadow
falls. It is also an advantage to let the sunlight into
a milk room. Of course, it should not falf on the
milk ; but let it strike the liuilding and shine through
the windows on the floor. Sunlight is a wonderful
purifier and promoter of health. It is not desirable
to have the hot sun shine into the milk room in the
middle of the day ; but instead of excluding it with
blinds, we should jirefer white curtains, that would
let the light through while excluding the heat. Of
course, if cream stauds long exposed to light, the
bleaching process will begin. Some think a steady
dim light the best. We prefer full daylight a ix)rtion
of the time, at least. During the middle of the day
the light may be shut otl' altogether. — Syracuse
standard.

A WORD FOR THE FARMER.

Prom the time it was brought into existence
I have not ceased to feel interested in the
continuance and prosperity of The Lancaster
Paumeh. I know that it has had for six
years " a hard road to travel," or rather the
editor and publishers have had. This, how-
eve'r, proves great tenacity and perseverance
somewhere. I had no anxiety on account
of its recent change of proprietors, but was
somewhat concerned for its change of face
and size. With the first number of the change
I am very agreeably disappointed,and if it is a
fair ;sample of what is to follow, Lancaster
county will have made quite a stride in Agri-
cultural and Horticultural literature. Should
our citizens, and farmers especially, fail to
patronize it as it deserves, the fault will be
with them, and not with the periodical or its
editor and publishers. The latter cannot pos-
sibly have embarked in this enterprise with
prospects of a lucrative business ; for it cer-
tainly required a new impetus to keep it from
sinking. It is therefore evident that their
giving' it a new lease of life and business
momentum is more for the honor of Lancaster
county and its tillers, than for the "almighty
dolhir. " I therefore renew my appeal to my
brother tillers of the soil of "the garden
county." Let us "put our shoulder to the
wheel," and give The Lancaster Parmer,
an impetus that will keep it going up for the
next six years instead of going down, after
which I have no fears of its permanency and
ability to stand on its own bottom.

H. M. E.

This nujiber of The Pakjier will be sent
to some of our agricultural friends who are not
subscribers, that they may have an opportu-
nity to pass upon its merits, and in the hope
that they will become sub.scribers. We invite
the attention of all who receive it in that way
to the prospectus on first page.

"DYING FOR OUR COUNTRY."

In times of war we hear much said about the duty
and glory of dying for our country. Orators who are
careful to keep their precious selves out of the bloody
fray, will harangueaudiencesbythehouronthe noble-
ness and reward of other people laying down their lives
to save their bleeding country. So meritorious is this
sacrifice considered by some, that they are ready to
promise eternal happiness in heaven to those who make
it, whatever may be their characters, or other deeds
while here on earth.

But the religion which prepares men for heaven is
not manifested by imbruing our hands in the blood of
others, and the act of rushing intothe cannon's mouth
will not atone for other sins which have been com-
mitted throughout a lifetime.

Dying for one's country generally means, when
stript of its sophistry, dying for those who wish to gov-
ern the country. It is dying for kings and nobles and
other great men who quarrel among themselves, and
then, too selfish to do their own fighting, meanly call
on their subjects to do it for them. And when thou-
sands or hundreds of thousands of these subjects have
" bitten the dust," how soon they are forgotten and left
to moulder in unremembered graves, while their poor
families and friends are euflering forthe want of their
care and support. What has been the gain of dying
for the countries during the many centuries whose
history has beenwritenin blood? In many eases where
men have died for their country their country has died
with them. This was the case with ancient Greece and
Kome, and has been also with many modern nations.
They have resorted to the sword to avenge some fancied
insult, or secure some unlawful end, and mightierones
have paid them in the coin of their own choosing and
blotted them from the map of the continent.

How much more wise and noble to live for one's
country instead of dying for it. When dead there is
an end to all eflbrts to promote the welfare of our
friends and neighbors. But while we live we may daily
perform deeds and exert an influence that shall bless,
not only our friends and our country, but the world.

Let then this false maxim, that it is our duty to die
for our country, be relegated to oblivion along with
that equally false one, that the way to preserve peace
is to prepare for war. Both had their origin in times
darker than our own, and are unworthy to be cher-
ished or believed by enlightened people. L.

There is, most unquestionably, a time and a
sense in which the foregoing is just as true as
any "proof of holy writ," and that time is when
a nation or a country is enjoying a profound
state of peace. Although "in peace there's
nothing so becomes a man as modest stillness
and humility;" yet, when the "blasts of war
are blown in his ears, " at the behest of others,
he imitates the action of the tiger, "stiffens up
the siuews, summons' up the blood, and dis-
guises fair nature with hard favored rage,"
and it is then too late, and altogether useless,
to preach to hun the doctrines of peace.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

21

There is doubtless s<ich a thing as disin-
terested patriotism, or love of country, but we
never hare believed, and never ran believe, that
all manifestations of patriotism are in reality
what they appear to l)e. How can men, daily
subjccteii to the vicissitudes of the cannon's
fell moutli, indulge in wanton acts of theft,
rapine, pillage aiid destruction, and at the
Siime time be disinterested patriots? or what
must be their ideas of lieaveu and its beati-
tudes, and their fitness for such a jilace, when
they are ready to die ostensibly for their coun-
try, with their hands so imbrued in blood. The
farmers of our country are characteristically
men of peace, and when wars ensue they are
not brought about by the patienl and humble
tillers o^ the soil, who liir for humanity, l)ut
by scheming, intriguing, and ambitious idlers,
who esteem " the world as booty, and men as
brutes."

Xothing but a state of moral and intellectual
culture will impress men with a true knowledge
of their resiwnsibilities and their rights, and
teach knaves that " those who br.eed the quar-
rels should be the men to light."

VOICES FROM ABROAD.
"UERE AND THERE."

The following extracts from letters to The
Express will be read with interest by our farm-
ers, coming as they do from two former resi-
dents of Lancaster county; not only on account
of the information they impart as to what is
transpiring in other parts of our widely ex-
tended countrj', but alsoon account of the sug-
gestions they make in reference to the com-
munication of items of information on the
farming progress of the county, which would
be interesting to local readers, but more «.^pe-
cially to those residing far beyond our limits,
but who still retain an affectionate recollec-
tion of their dear old homes. Should any of
our rural population contemplate a change in
their local habitat, they miglit find something
worth knowing in these letters, by way of com-
parison or contrast with their present stalun.
If we, however, owned a farm in Lancaster
county worth S'500 per acre, and it was paid
for, we would not trouble ourselves much
about cent, per cents, on first investments, or
large profit margins. Many of the farmers of
Lancaster county have come into possession
of their broad acres through inheritance, and
have subsequently imjjroved them without
counting the cost, and who prefer moderate
profits and healthful ease more than they do
the increa.sed labors, the responsibilities and
ianxieties of larger and more complicated
operations. These, of course, will be content
with what they have and remain where they
are. Others will act according to necessity.

FARMING IN ILLINOIS— KEMINISCENCES OF
BY-GONE DAYS.
Maroa, Macon co., Ill, Jan. 16, 187.5.
Winter has laid itR icy hand upon us in earnest.
The thermometer on Saturday marked twenty-one de-
grees below zero. Kansas calls upon us for material
aid, and the good people re.spond cheerfully in money,
clothinc:, corn and other necessaries of life; and it is
ritrht they should, for seldom we see a iieople so pros-
perous and happy. Oureropsof all descriptions have
been Rood, with remunerating prices. The health of
our comnuuilty was never better. The doctors say,
"distressingly healthy."

DWEM.IN'I! HOUSES,

large and beautiful, are springing up like magic in
every direction, and few thrifty farmers are found liv-
ing in huts, or riding to chureli in a lumlier Wiigon.
Almost every necessary of the farmer hasgonedown,
■while the produce of the farm, except wheat, has
gone up.

DUB nOMR MARKET.

Lumber sells at from $lo to #40perthou8and; coal
from $3 to $4 i>er ton; wheat, SOcents; corn,.5.5cents;
oats, 50 cents; while i)ork stands (irni at (i'-i gross.
These arc balmy days for Central Illinois, and if the
money obtained is properly used will prove a great
blessing.

Thisdate, A. D. 187.5, reminds me that my flftieth
birthday is nigh at hand, and that

FORTY TEARS HAVE PASSED

since the managing editorof Tlic A' j-prcs.? and I struck
glad hands, not over the bloody chasm, but over the
silver stream, made alive, not with flsh, but with mini-
ature water-wheels and tilt-hammers, made and ope-

rated by our own hands near our olil homes In Bart.
I pause for rcllcction, not for the return of those
" balmy days" of our boyhood, or to return to the
rocks and hills of my native State, to obtain a liveli-
hood; for eleven years' experience has proven beyond
all doubt, that Illinois stands pre-eminently over her
sister States in agricullure, and will continue so
through all lime to conic. She lias never sutlercd to
any great extent from any natural calamity, and has
never called uiK)n her sister States for assistance, yet
many of her inliabitants emigrate East, West, North
and South; but I will venture the assertion that no
other State can boast of so many

" RKTCRXINO I'RODIGAI,8."

Farmers who believe there is more money made,
and made easier, among the rocks and hills of an
E.isterii farm, which costs $:!00 per acre, than we do
on our .?;J0 prairie lands, wilt be interested in the fol-
lowing :

Four boys, age<l from I'l to 20 years, raised during
the past season l,(i'i9 bushels of small grain and be-
tween 8 ,tKX) and 9,000 bushels of corn , besiiles potatfu's ,
sorghum, Ac. We will now take :i'20 acres of land at
$'!0 per acre .and add $1,400 for horses and imple-
ments, and wc have f 11,000 capital hivested.
Cash sales for hogs and other articles - $2.21.5,00
Value of corn and oats on hand . . - - 4,01.5.00
Earnings off the farm -------- 240.00

»(i,470.00

Int. at 10 per cent, on investments $1,100.00
Taxes --.-----.- 125.00
Cash paid out for labor - - - . 140,00

$1, .105.00

Balance ---------- $5,105,00

My own time has been spent chiefly on improve-
ments, as follows, with cost of material added :
240 rods of three-board fence - - - - $ 180,00

40 rods picket fence inclosing house - - 140,00
One corn-crib holding 4,000 bushels of corn 250.00
One two-story dwelling house 10 by 28 feel 2,000.00

Total - - - - $2,570,00

Now, Mr. Editor, if some one owning $'i00 land
will show a better year's work, with the same amount
of capital and labor, I will consider the subject of
emigrating East.

THE EXPRESS —

long may it live to express its condemnation of bad
men in high places — send it regularly, as I claim a
life-lease upon it. Please find a ten dollar " stamp "
to pay the printer. J. W. F.

"LIKE A LETTER FROM OUR OLD HOME,"
Powell'SjStation, Tenn., Jan. 18, 1875.
[Extract from a business letter,] Enclosed find
post-office order from Knoxville for $8 for The ^'cekly
Express, which will pay arrearages and one year in
advance, I will try to be more punctual the ne.xt
time. Your paper has come very regularly and we
have perused its columns with a relish. It always
seems like a letter from our old home. As Salisbury
township, Lancaster county. Fa., is our native place,
the articles written by your Gap correspomlent have
always been interesting. Could he not give some
items of the farming, &c,, in Pequea Valley — how
many cattle are fed by our old neighbors, prices paid
for them, prospects of growing crops, how much
sowed, planted, Ac, what good horses are selling for
and general items in the valley ? C. H, S,

THE FARMERS' NORTHERN MARKET.

At the annual meeting of the stockholders
of the Farmer's Northern Market Company,
of Lancaster, the President, David Evans,
presented his annual report. It states that —

"While reasonable profits may soon be expected,
they will not be as large as they ought, as long as
sellers will prefer to stand on the street with their
marketing, and people as willingly buy there as in a
place better adapted for the iiurp<isc. But let us hope
that what we have inaugurated here will soon be
follnwed in the three quarlcrs of the -city; and while
affording the public these belter facilities, will also
give the stockholders adequate renumcration for their
investment. Indeed, there arc no places in any city
of the same population, and laid out on the same
plan, that, affonl tiner and more suitable sites for
markets, than the places now occupied by the old
Indian Queen Hotel, in the eastern section of the city,
the Plough Tavern in the western section, and the
spot on the southeastern corner of South Queen and
Mid<ile streets, in the southern section of the city.
With the markets thus located, and two held on
Tuesday and Thursday, or Friday, of every week, and
the other op|iositc two on Wednesday and Saturday
of every week, there would be convenience afforded
to the cititizens of our city enjoyed by few ot her cities;
and, withal, create an impetus to improvement in the
different parts of the city not now to Ije realized. The
only objection that can tie urged to such a step is that
of a supiiosed decline in the value of property where
the market is now held. But this is not founded on

good reason. The exiiericnce of other places is not
such. And if the case were such, who would feel a
justification in the pleu — that general prospi'rity and
convenience to the public should be sacrificed for the
bcni^fit of a few ? Let us hope that this great need
will s(K)n be suiiplried to the full measure of its press-
ing claims."

The closing of the evening markets one hour
earlier is suggested, together with such rules
as will prevent the congregation of boys using
vulgar and indecent language, and the habit
of smoking in the market liouse. The punish-
ment of a f(!W transgressors by way of exam-
ple is recommended.

The Treasurer's annual report shows the
financial condition of the company. The re-
ceipts from rents of stalls were $:i,23li.'.»-2 ; for
rent of restaurant, .?.'!")'i.."5S, making total re-
ceipts ."Silj.Wii.:!!!. The whole amount expend-
ded WiW S4,0rt4.4H, leaving the excess of ex-
penditures over receipts S4!iM.lH, which is
$1H2.28 more of a dificiency than in the pre-
vious year.

For the current year the receipts are estima-
ted at - - - - - - 8.5,052.00

and the expenditures at - - - 2,980.13

Leaving a balance of - - - 82,071.77
which the report states may be applied either
to the reduction of the debt or the payment
of dividends to stockholders.

The following persons were elected directors
for the current year: Benj. L. Landis, .John
Buckwalter, .Joseiih Samson, Isaac Powl,
John Hess, Clirn. Zecher, C. A. Bitner, Con-
rad Gast, David Evans.

'FARMER JOHN."

On page 24 we print a little domestic poem
which impresses an instructive les.son and is
veiy appropriate to the fin^sides of both
"ti>wn and country." We insert it in The
F.\u>iEU because we feel it will be welcomed
by the wiser class of our readers, and serve to
break the dull monotony of perpetually playing
upon a single string.

We have long thought of devoting a
"corner" in our journal to the reception of"
effusions of this kind, but want of space,
heretofore, has prevented it. But, should we
conclude to make this a feature, of course we
must re.serve to ourselves the privilege of judg-
ing the quality of what should be iulmitted and
what denied.

Many poetical effusions are only flights of
fancy and written to merely please the fancy;
still, there arc many of the true "ring,""
which speak in more imprassive language than
the tame numbers of prose, and "Farmer
John" we conceive to be of that cluiracter.

CANARIES.

Rather more than three hundred years ago,
a ship partly laden with little green birds
captured in the Canary Islands, having been
wrecked near Elba, the birds made their
escape, flew to the island, and there settled
themselves. Numbers of them were caught
by the inhabitants, and on a<rcount of their
sprightly vivacity and the brilliancy of their
voice they soon liecamc great favorites, and
rapidly spread over Europe. The original
color of the canary is not the bright yellow
with which its feathers are generally tinted,
but a kind of dai)pled olive green, black and
yellow, either color predominating according
to circumsUvnces. By careful management
the bird-fanciers are able to procure canaries
of every tint between the three colors, having
instituted a set of rules by which the quality
and arrangement of the coloring is reduced to a
regular system. Still the original dappled
green is always apt to make its appearance,
and even when two colored birds are mated, a
green one is pretty sure to be found in the
uest For our own part we care little for the
artificial varieties produced by the fanciers,
and to our mind an intelligent bird and a good
song.ster is not one whit the less attractive
because the colors of its plumage are not
arranged precisely according to the fancier's
rules.

22

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

CULTURE OF THE GRAPE.

PLANTING — THE TKELLIS — PEUNING.

Whatever else in the cereal or vegetable line
a landowner or householdci' may not have room
for, space can always be found for at least one
or more grape vines, the fruit from which is
among the most wholesome and delicious that
can he eaten; and coming, as it does, at the
season of the year when other small fruits are
scarce, it is the more desirable. This sketch
is not written for those practical horticultur-
alists who know more about the culture of the
grape than the WTiter, but for those
who have given little or no attention
to the subject, and may not have access
to such able and exhaustive manuals
on the subject as " The Grcqje Ciiltur-
t«t," by Andkew S. Fuller, which
is noticed more fully on another page.
This class, we apprehend," includes the
bulk of those owning faniis and gard-
ens in Lancaster county; and it will
therefore be our aim to make this arti-
cle as plain and itractical as possible.
For the accompanying illustrations, we
are under obligations to Mr. Fuller,
whose system of trellising and pruning we
adopted and experimented with someyears ago,
and which we still regard as the best, at least for
amateurs or those who desire to grow grapes in
limited quantities or for their own use. Whether
it is the best for vineyard purposes we leave for
the determination of those who have had expe-
rience in that wider field of culture — though we
think that few who read Mr. Fuller's reasons
for adopting and adhering to it, after a careful
consideration and trial of all other plans, will
fail to be impressed in its favor.

PLANTING THE VINE. .

Although our object is to treat more particu-
larly of constructing the trellis and pruning che
vine, as the season is approaching for planting
vines by those who did not plant last fall, a few
words on this subject may interest and profit
some of our readers. As a general rule, when
young vines are purchased from careful nur-
eerymen, who understand their business, the
roots will be pruned ready for planting ; for,
however carefully they may be taken from the
nursery, the ends of the roots will be more or
less broken. These should be trimmed ofl'
smoothly before planting. It is also beneficial
to shorten the roots considerably before plant-
ing, especially if they are long and destitute
of branching fibers. Two feet is long enough
for any rootupon a two or three year old vine;
longer ones should be cut ofl', not only for con-
venience in planting, but to incite the main
roots to throw out new ones from their ends,
as well as their sides. The soil will thereby
become filled with
feeding roots, instead
of a few long naked
ones, which have no
power of absorbing
food except through
the small fibres which
exist only at their ex-
treme ends. The soil
within the radius oc-
cupied by these long
roots is useless, so far
as furnishing nutri-
ment is concerned,
because they are not
capable of absorbing
it. It will therefore
often be necessary to
shorten the roots to
less than two feet,
and it is best to cut

off a portion of the ends, no matter what their
lengthmaybe; for it is not the number or length
of the roots that determine the quality of the
vine, but their condition. If long, soft, spongy
and unripened wood and roots are left upon tlie
vine, they are of little benefit to it at best, and
they will often die, and in their decay commu-
nicate disease to the other and more healthy
portions of the plant. Vines will sometimes
have so many roots that when transplanted the
buds left upon the stem are insufiicient to call

them into action, and they perish; forroots will
not remain entirely inactive for any considera-
ble time during the growing season without
suffering. K the roots are so crowded that they
cannot be distinctly separated and a clear space
allowed for each when placed in the groimd, a
portion should be entirely removed.

The roots properly trimmed, the stem should
be cut off to almost eighteen inches, if not
already done. The hole to receive the vine
should be dug in a circular foim, and from six
to ten inches deep on the outside, and four to
six inches in the centre; then set a good strong

Fig. 1.

stake in the centre of the hole, by which in-
jury to the roots is prevented after planting.
feet the vine in the centre of the hole close by
the stake; spread out the roots in every direc-
tion, and throw on a little soil as you proceed,
to hold them in position. When all the roots
are properly distributed, fill up the hole, press-
ing down the soil with the
foot. The depth to which roots
should be covered depends upon
whether the soil be heavy or
light, and on other conditions
— deeper covering in light than
in heavy soils being necessary,
because the air has more ready
access through a porous than a
tenacious soil ; and while it is
necessary that air should reach
the roots, it is not judicious to
allow it to penetrate too freely,
because roots require a partially
confined atmosphere, and not
one that has any apparent circulation. There
are those who advocate plantmgasdeepasone
or two feet, while others, going to the other ex-
treme, barely cover the roots with earth, and
then depend on mulching for moisture. Mr.
Fuller recommends a medium depth as the best.
If the vines are planted in the fa 11 a little mound
should be raised around the stem to protect the
lower buds from freezing out ; but if planted in
spring a shallow basin may be left about the
stem to allow the rains more readily to reach

two inches of the young shoot. As the young
cane grows, keep it loosely tied to the stake.
At the end of the first season the vines wiU
usually be large enough to be pruned for train-
ing, but many of the more feeble varieties will
require another year, and they should be cut
back in the fall or winter tatwo or three buds,
only one of which should be allowed to grow as
in the first year.

CONSTKUCTION OF THE TEELLTS.

While the usual manner of making trellises
with wires running horizontally is regarded as
objectionaVde for reasons which we have not
room to discuss, it is a much more expensive
method than the one shown in the accompany-
ing illustration (Fig. 1) consisting of two hori-
zontal bars and perpendicular wires. In trellises
constnicted in the ordinary way there is a diffi-
culty in keeping the wires straight, owing to
contraction and expansion imder a change of
temperature and weight of the fruit and vine;
besides, unless placed unusually close, the wires
are not where most needed when the young
bearing shoots first start. Mr. Fuller's method
is to select posts of durable wood of from four
to six inches diameter, and six and a half feet
long, and to set them in the ground two and a
half feet deep, and in a line with the vines,
about eight feet apart, the vine being in the
middle of each trellis. AVe used ordinary pine
three-inch scantling, with the lower end tlipr-
oughly saturated with parattineor gas tar, and
they have lasted for years and are still sound.
Nail on strips of ordinary lath, one inch thick,

Fig. 3.
the roots. It can be filled up when the vines
are fairly started in growth.

When the buds begin to push into growth,
select the strongest and rub the others off; a
bud near the ground is preferable to one that
is a foot above, and this is one reason why the
vines should be cut ofl'quite short when planted,
as itmakes the lower budsmore certain to push.
After the one bud or shoot has been selected,
the old stem above it may be cut off to within

Fig. 2.
one strip being placed one foot from the ground
and the other at the top of the posts. Then
take No. 16 galvanized iron wire and put it on
vertically, twisting it around the lower and
upper rail, each wire being placed just where
the upright bearing shoots are to grow. The
distance'between the wires will differ, accord-
ing to the variety of vines, as the distance be-
tween the buds varies; but usually from eight
to twelve inches will be the proper distance.
The wires can be eas-
ily moved to suit the
buds. No. 16 wire
runs 102 feet to the
pound and is there-
fore inexpensive. \

PKUNING AND
TRAINING.

The first year the
single vine is allowed
to grow to the stake
set in the planting,
the lateral shoots be-
ing stopped by pinch-
ing back. The next
season this cane is to
be cut back to within
twelve or fifteen inch-
es of the ground and
only the ujiper two
buds allowed to grow,
all others being rubbed oft'. From these upper
buds two canes are produced, each one of
which should have the same treatment as the
single one of the previous season. These canes
by fall should be from eight to twelve feet long
and at least half an inch in diameter. If
much smaller than this, one of them should
be cut away and the other cut back to two
buds, and two canes should be grown, as in the
previous season ; but with good vines and
good culture they will be ready for training at

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

23

tlip t'lid of tlie scconil season. Tlic two CiUics
of the vine arc now slidi-tt'iicd to four fciH eacli
aii<l bent down in opposite directions and laid
against the lower barof the trellis to form arms.
Select live or six of the buds on tlic upper side
of the arms thus laid down, to be >;rowii into
upriglit (^anes, making a mark on the trelHs bivr
opposite to each, and arrange the upright wires
accordingly. When the buds have all started,
and made ii growtli of two or three inches, the
arms should 1h^ brought up level and fast-
ened to tlie side oft lie lower bar. All buds and
shoots not wanted for upright canes sliould lie
broken otT, and so soon as those remaining are
longeliough to tie totlie uiirighl wires, it should
be carefully done. AVhcn the upriglit canes have
grown to almost two feet, they should lie stopped
by iiinching otF their ends, which will cause the
remaining leaves to grow healthy and more
vigorously. When they grow again to a few
inches, they should be again checked, so as to
keep them within the limits of the trellis, and
not allow them to grow much, if any, above it.
All the liitcr<ds or sldesliootssliould bestopjied
as thongh thej' were on young vini's. Figure
2 represents a vine at the end of the first .sea-
son aftertlie armsare formed. The first ujiright
cane at the left hand of the middle, shows the
position of the three branches of fruit, which is
all that should be allowed to grow on each .shoot
this year. No more fruiting canes should be
allowed to grow on one side than the other —
the vhw should be kept equally Ijalauced in
fruit, foliage and wood.

The upright canes are pruned Uick the first
year of training to two buds; the small cross
lines near the ba,se of the canes (Fig. 2) show
where they should be cut. The next year a
cane will procee*! from each of these biuls, and
all otluT shoots which may start from the
sniiiU ends near the arm should be rublied off;
or, if the buds should produce two shoots each,
as they will sometimes do, only the strongest
one should be allowed to grow. The second
year the caues will each produce three or four
bunches of fruit, and instead of twelve uiiright
canes (supposing that to have been the number
the first year) we now have twenty-four, and
allowing three bimchesof fruit to each, it gives
seventy-two bimches to each vine ; and Mr.
Fuller says this is not an over-estimate for the
product of a vine the fourth year after plant-
ing. The canes are to be treated the same aa
regards stopping, pinching laterals, etc., dur-
ing each year of their growth. Figure :S shows
a vine at the end of the fourth year (the second
on the trellis,) but with only five spurs with
two canes on each, making ten bearing canes
on each arm. The first two canes at the right
hand of the middle are represented with the
three bunches of fruit on each. The cross
lines near the base of the shoots show where
the vine is to be pruned at the end of the fourth
year. The uppermost of the two canes is cut
entirely away, and the other is cut back to two
buds. The vine in siibsequent years is to be
pruned in the same manner; but each year the
pruning should be reversed, if the position of
the lowi^r bud will .admit of it; that is, if we
cut away the left hand cane this season, we
should cut away the right hand cane thene.xt;
in this way the spur will remain nearly upright.

The olijection to this system of training has
been urged that in time the simrs liecome so
long as to be unsightly and iiK'onvenient; but
taking the average of .some twenty varieties
that he had trained, Mr. Fuller foiiiid that the
spurs do not increase more than three-fourths
of an inch each year, and if the foregoing de-
tails are strictly followed, the <i.nus need not be
renewed oftener than once in fifteen or
twenty years. If necessary, new arms may be
formed by allowing the two middle .spurs to
produce but one cane each, and these may
grow four or five feet long; at the next prun-
ing the old arms should then be cut away and
these two new canes bent down to form new
ones.

For garden culture the trellis is as indis-
pensable as in the vineyard, as the vines should
never be fastened directly on the side of a
building or fence, but should be at least six
inches from them; a foot is still batter, as

this allows a free circulation of air liehiml thi^
vine, and i>revents, in a great measure, the
brui.sing of the leaves, which usually occurs
when vines are laid against tiu- boards or
walls. Where the space is limited, as in a
yard, the form oftrellis may be varieil to suit.
15y doubling the height of tht^ tnOlis and train-
ing four tiers of arms instead of two, the
(piatitity of fruit may be doublcil ; thongh
where economy of space is not an object it is
better tn conline the system to one titir.

There arc many whys and wherefores which
may suggest themselves to the mind of the
amateur, which we have not space to explain
in this article ; but it will Iw the pleasure of
TllK F.MtMKlt to answer any spe(;jal iiKiuir-
ies on this as on other sul)jects, as well as to
give expression to the views of any of our
friends who may be partial to any other .sy.s-
tem of pruning and training. j. M. w. o.

LANCASTER COUNTY APPLES.

THE SMOIvKIIOUSE.

One of the most popular apples in this
State, and especially in this couidy, is tlie
SMOivElKU'SE, and unless it proves inferior in
other sections it is destined to become much
more widely disseminated. Its history and
description can probably not lie better given
than has been done by Downing, as follows :
"Origin — Lancaster county, Pa,, near Mill-
creek; grew on the farm of Gibbons,* near

his smokehouse ; hence its name. " Downing
pronounces it "good; valued for culinary
uses." This description has no doubt made
an impression, where it is not known, that it
is valued for culinary uses only.

This, however, is a mistake wherever such
an impression exists, for in this section of
country, if (in its season) it is not sold iiutrc
readily by hucksters and retailers than any
other ajiple, it certainly sells second to notie.
" WM. fenn" — "penn" — "pen."

Origin — Columbia, Lancaster county. It
is the opinion of Charles Downing that the
above names represent one and the same
apple. Although a great deal of controversy
has been had of late on account of another
apple becoming somewhat disseminated by
the name "Pen," it has since been conclu-
sively shown to he "Baldwin." .Suffice it to
say that the "Wm. Penn" is a Lancaster
coimty apple, described by Downing. It is
an excellent keeper and a prolific bearer. It
is important to pomology that there should
not be two fruits of the same class put out
under the same name. Should this article
cause further controversy, I shall be prepared
to show conclusively how and why the confu-
sion between two such different apples has
occuired.

SAYLOR.

The original tree of this apple stands now
in this town, (Marietta, Pa.,) on the property
formerl}' owned by Edward Saylor ; hence its
name. It has been an enormous and is still
an excellent bearer. It is described by Down-
ing under the name "Ned," which name
was aft(!rwards objected to by Saylor's friends
on account of its being a nickname givini to
him. In the nurseries it is now, I believe,
grown under the name of Savior only. It has
to .some extent been fruited on young trees,
and promises to be one of the most valuable
winter apples, for this section at least. As
an early, regular, and prolific bearer it is fully
equal to that iiopular apple, "Smith's C'ider;"
probably not quite equal in size, but of belter
quality, and ipiite as good a keeper. Whether
it will ]irove eiiually as valuable in other sec--
tions will require further testing.

all-summer,
is another Lancaster county seedling, destined
to Ix-come popular. As a summer apple there is
nothing again.st it except size, which is, how-

*To be more explicit, this popular apple originated about
the year 1805, ou the farm of WiIIi;im Oibbona, a ^^nind-
uncle of Dr. Jo«. Gibbous, who atill reside)* ou tlie old
homestead, in Ui>per Leacock, aud keeps up a fiue supply
of the aucestnU fruit. o.

ver, more attributable to overbearing than to
its real nature. When not lierinitted to over-
liear the fruit is niedium si/e, very crisp and
tender, the flavor resembling Farly Harvest,
but fruit of much more perfect form. The tree
bears very young. It was first brought to
imblit^ notice, I believe, by Casper Hiller, of
Coiiestoga ("entre, Lancaster county.

KI^APROTU

is also a Lancaster county a))iile, brought into
notice by Dr. J. K. Kshleiiian, on the farm of
Mr. Iheneman, lint he does not locate it. A
vigorous grower and prolifii^ liearer; pro-
nounced very good. August to October.

IIELMONT.

This very popular aiipN? originated near
Strasburg, Lancaster cimiity, in the garden of
Mr.s. Beam, at her gate— hence, the name
"(iate ap]il(%" as also other synonyms.
Although tliis valuable fruit is a native of our
county, it has not been extensively ]ilante<l
here, while in the west it is one of the most
popular winter apiiles. Its season is from
November to February. Size, medium to
large ; quality very good.

FAN.W.

This apiile also originated near Strasburg,
on the farm f<irmerly owned by .Jacob I5(;am.
Fruit large ; (luality very good. A new apple
of great promi.se.

FRANKLIN.

A native of Lanciuster county, not located
by Downing. Pronounced good. Septenilwr
to November.

These are all described by Downing in his
great work, "F^ruit and Fruit Trees of
America" — a work which should lie in the
possession of every fruil-grower in the land.

There are other valuable apples in Lancas-
ter county mit yet brought to public notice,
which should be liroiight out and fairly tested.
Not that the present catahigues contain too
few'varieties, but because fruits generally suc-
ceed best when not too far from their native
home. Lancaster county has already cfintri-
buted its full share to our native list of apples,
but as there are still valuable kinds not brought
liefore the public, may I, in behalf of progres-
sive pomologists, solicit all who possess valuable
apples, a-s also other fruits, not yet brought to
publicity, to bring such to the monthly meet-
ings of our Agricultural and Horticultural
Societj', where they will l^e examined by com-
petent committees, and reported through
The Lancaster F'aumer. u. m. e.

THE PERSIMMON.

Tlie persimmon {Diospi/ms Virriiniana)
sometimes called the date iilnm, from the re-
semblance of the dried fruit to that of the
true date, is found from T,ouisiana to New
York. In some soils it grows only to a large
bush, while in rich bottom land it is freiiuently
found twenty or m<ire inches in diameter, and
as much as sixty feet high. Some of the
trees appear to be i)ure males and are barren,
while others have perfect flowers, and bring
forth fruit without the aid of the ]iurely male.
Hut a male plant in the vicinity of the others
is of much advantage in producing large
crops.

The fruit in its wild state varies considera-
bly in size and (piality. In cultivation it
shows a disposition to increase, in size, and
from this we might infer that the horticul-
turist would have but little difliculty in bring-
ing about results .as favorabli- as have lieeii
accomplished in the peach, plum, &c.

The fruit is iiroduced abundantly and ripens
after most fruitsare over ; heni:e it would prove
a valu.able addition to our fall siqiiilv. Ft is
very pleasant to most palates, and in its dried
state is by many considered much superi<ir to
the true date. I have no doubt that by and
by we shall have seedless varieties, as we
have kinds now that are almost so.

Indeed, I was under the inqiression for sev-
eral years past that that desideratum was an
accoinplished fact. A tree growing on the
premises of Mrs. Rogers in East King street,

24

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Lancaster, to which I have access, had large
fruit, and all the specimens I ever got from it
were entirely seedless. I procured a sucker
from it which produced the third or fourth
year after planting about a dozen specimens,
which were likewise entirely seedless. For
several years past some of the fruit was seed-
less, while -.he majority of them had from two
to six seeds. Still it is a decided acquisition,
and by skillful management may bring forth
good results.

The seeds, if kept moist and frozen during
the winter, will grow readily, though sometimes
some will not come up until the second year.
The seedlings can be budded or grafted, and
will bear as young as the apple. c. h.

WHEAT GLEANINGS. No. 2.

The farmer, who, after all, is the most inde-
pendent and useful member of the common-
wealth, has to contend with drawbacks and
occasional short crops, in spite of all his skill
and industry. The weather and the seasons
he can by no means control, but he can observe
and note the results. He finds that a continu-
ance of dry or wet weather alters the relative
proportions of corn and straw in a crop of cere-
als. A spell of wet and warm weather will
favor the growth of the leaves, stalk aud roots,
as also the formation of new shoots. This ex-
hausts the material that should go to make up
the seed, hence the yield of the crop is dimin-
ished. On the otlier hand, a spell of dry weather,
before or during sproutmg time, produces the
opposite effect ; that is, the store of formative
matter accumidated in the roots is used in far
greater proportion for the production of seed,
and the quantity of straw will be less. The pro-
ductiveness of the wheat plant by division may
not be familiar to all. The experiment was
published by Mr. Stowe, who, on the 13th of
July, 1850, planted a single grain of wheat in
his garden. It came up in ten days and grew
luxuriantly till the 13th of September. It was
then taken up and divided into slips and
replanted. The plants lived and flour-
ished until the 13th of November, when
they were again i-aised, divided and i-e-
planted, and sufiered to remain until the Kith
of April, 1851. The weather then becoming
unfavorably wet they were aU taken up again
and divided into no less than 114 plants; these,
being planted, were permitted to stand until
the month of August, when they were produc-
tive of the amazing number of 520 ears of wheat,
many of them of full size, containing more than
fifty grains each. This shows what may be done
with a single seed ; but what bearing it has on
thin or otherwise sowing in the open field, I am
Dot able to see. It is more curious to learn of
its amazing productiveness under such a course
of treatment. They say "straws show which
way the wind blows." I therefore give it in
substance as I find it. The experiment is easily
made by any one who doubts it.

As the weather is mentioned as one of the
unavoidable hindrances, allow me to mention
that the learned W. H. Webster, a surgeon in
the Royal Navy, England, affirms (after the
most critical attention devoted to the subject
for a considerable period in all quarters ) that
"the weather is constantly marked by recur-
rences, separated by a solar month of thirty
and a half days. According to him tlie same
day of the montli, or nearly the same days, are
critical — either show the highest or lowest
barometer of the month, or else tlie highest or
lowest thennometer. " Tliis he affirms he has
verified in an enomious number of instances,
of which he gives a few. Of course, we neitlier
admit nor deny, but as he sets aside the suj)-
posed influence of the moon altogether, his
meterologieal pulses being "solar," he may be
astride of a hobby not yet recognized as of any
importance to the surgeon or the farmer. Our
"Prob.,"at Washington, seems to know some-
thing about the shifting winds, and hits it very
well on an average.

In my gleaning, the experiment of Mr. Ilal-
lett, an Englisli agriculturist, came to my
notice, on what is called by him "Nursery

Wheat." " A grain produces a stool, consist-
ing of many ears; each grain is planted in a hole
twelve inches apart every way, each head in a
row. From all these he selects the best grain.
This process he repeated. I copy his tabular
arrangement:

Year. length in in. No grains. Ears on stalk.

1857. Original ear, i% 45

1S.58. Finest, 6>^ 79 10

1859. Ditto, 7% 91 22

1860. Ears imperfect from wet season, 39

1861. Finest ear, 8% 128 .52

Mr. Hallett also states that the improvement
in the sixth generation was even greater than
in any of the others. " Thus," he continues,
' 'by means of repeated selection alone the length
of the ears has been doubled, their contents
nearly trebled, and the tillerir.g power of the
seed increased five-fold." By " tillering," he
means the horizontal growth, or root before the
vertical stems are thrown up. This certainly
shows what selection and proper attention can
lierform; besides, it would go to prove that
thin seeding is not necessarily attended by a
thin crop, but rather, that thin seeding and
early sowing are both beneficial, and that an
immense saving may be made in the quantity
of wheat used annually for seed. It is also
alleged that when thinly sown or planted it
grows stronger in the straw, and is better able
to resist a storm.

Plants require not only a porous, arable soil,
with a goodly mixture of humus, but there
are certain salts, such as chlorate of sodium,
nitrate of soda, and salts of ammonia, which
experience has proved to exercise under cer-
tain conditions a favorable action upon the pro-
ductiveness of a field. The woudeiful property
in arable soil of attracting and retaining these
elementary food principles, so that when liquid
maniu-e, however deep in color or strong in
smell, is filtered through it, the soil retains
all the coloring matter and odor, as well as
the ammonia, potash and phosphoric acid
which it holds in solution. This absorbent
quality of soil is important. A soil abounding
in clay, with a small proportion of lime in it,
possesses the absorptive power in the same
degree as a lime soil with a small admixture
of clay, but the amount of humus substances
will alter the absorptive relation, as it is
founded on the greater or less porosity of the
arable soil. Hence, a dense, heavy clay soil
and a loose sandy soil possess the absorptive
power in the smallest degree. The disente-
gration of minerals and rocks by mechanical
agency, or combined action of water, oxygen
and carbonic acid, during a period of thou-
sands of years, have deposited the soil in the
plains and low lands, with their properties
suited for the nutrition of plants. The same
causes, in the course of a few years, will con-
vert wood or vegetable fibre to humus, result-
ing from its decay. Yet saw-dust, when fresh,
has no more the property of humus than
powdered rocks have the property of arable
soil. It requires time and chemical changes
to bring about these conditions, and it is
questionable whether the art of man can arti-
ficially produce like results, due to ages and
special action. Lime and magnesia may be
blended with it ; these aid in separating pot-
ash from nitric acid and help to decompose the
nitrate of potash. A sort of double action
takes place in tlie soil. Soils vary, even in the
same field and difl'er essentially in their com-
ponents, whether manured or not, yet one
soil may have conditions or nutritive substan-
ces, eitlier adapted to cereals, tuniips, clover,
potatoes or the like. The food elements for
cereals and clover, and the food elements of
oats and rye, are essentially the same ; and the
nearer these elements lie together in one field,
the larger will be the result in the yield. J. s.

Prize Milk Cow: The Ohio Farmer says
that the first prize milk cow at the late Ohio
State Fair was a five-year old Short-Horn,
which gave 406 pounds of milk in severi days
on grass alone; the milk making 14 pounds 13
oxmces of butter.

FARMER JOHN.

Home from his journey farmer John

Arrived this mornina: safe and sound.
His blacl< coat off, and his old clothes on,
" Now I'm myself!" says Farmer John ;

And he thinks, "I'll look around."
Up leaps the dog : " Get down, you pup I
Are you so glad you would eat me up?"
The "old cow lows at the gate to greet him ;
The horses prick up their ears to meet him;

"Well, well, old Bay!

Ha, ha, old Gray !
Do you get good feed when X am away?

" You have not a rib !" says Farmer John ;

The cattle are looking round and sleek ;
The colt is going to be a roan.
And a beauty too — how he has grown !

We'll wean the calf next week."
Says Farmer John, " When I've been off,
To call you a^ain about the trough.
And watch you, and pet you, while you drink,
Is a greater comfort than you can think I"

And he pats old Bay,

And he slaps old Gray ;
"Ah this is the comfort of going away I

"For after all," says Farmer John,

" The best of a journey is getting home.
I've seen great sights ; but would I give
This spot, and the peaceful life I live,

For all their Paris and Rome?
These hills for the city's stifled air,
And big hotels all bustle and glar».
Land all houses, and roads all stones,
That deafen your ears and batter your bones ?

Would you, old Bay ?

Would you, old Gray?
That's what one gets by going away !

"There money is king," says Farmer John ;

" And fashion is queen ; and it's mighty queer
To see how sometimes, while the man,
Kaking and scraping all he can,

The wife spends every year.
Enough you would think for a score of wives,
To keep them in luxury all their lives !
The town is a perfect Babylon
To a quiet chap," says Farmer John.

"You see, old Bay,

You see, old Gray,
I'm wiser than when I went away.

"I've found out this," saj's Farmer John,

"' That happiness is not bought and sold,
And clutched in a life of waste and hurry,
In nights of pleasure and days of worry ;

And wealth is n't all in gold,
Mortgage and stocks and ten per cent.,
But in simple ways, and sweet content,
Few wants, pure hopes, and noble ends.
Some Land to till, and a few good friends,

Like you, old Bay,

And you, old gray,
That's what I've learned by going away."

And a happy man is Farmer John,

O, a rich and happy man is he ;
He sees the peas and pumpkins growing.
The corn in tassel, the buckwheat blowing,

And fruit on vine and tree ;
The large, kind oxen look their thanks
Ashe rubs their foreheads and st rokes their flanks ;
I'he doves light round him, and strut and coo.
Says Farmer John, " I'll take you too,

And you, old Bay,

And you, old Gray,
Next time I travel so far away I"

J. T. TKOWBRIDGE.

A CHEAP CONDUCTOR. .

An extraordinary account has appeared in
a French agricultural journal, to the eflect
that straw forms an admirable lightning con-
ductor. It had been observed that straw had
the eflect of discharging Leyden jars without
spark or explosion, and some one in the neigh-
borhood of Tarbes had the idea of construct-
ing straw lightning conductors, which wers
formed by fastening a wisp or rope of straw to
a deal stick by means of brass wire, and cap-
ping the conductor with a copper point. It is
asserted that the experiment has been tried
on a large scale around Tarbes, eighteen com-
mtmes haying been provided with such straw
conductors, only one being erected for every
750 acres, and that the whole neighborhood
has thus been preserved from the effects, not
only of lightning, but of hail also. The state-
ment comes from a reliable source, and the
apparatus being extremely simple and inex-
pensive, it is at any rate worth a trial. Cop-
per conductors are expensive, but every cot-
tager almost could set up a straw one.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

25

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATION.

INTERESTING ntOCEEDlNGS OF THE LAN-
CASTER COTINTY AOUICULTURAL AND
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

This Society met statedly on Monday, Feb.
1, in the Orjihans' Court room, Lancaster,
the president, Jolinson Miller, in the chair.

The followini; members were present :
Johnson Miller, Warwick ; .lacuh Musser,
East Donefial ; .)olm 15. Erl>, East Lamiieter ;
Dr. r. W. lliestand, Millersville ; Epliraim
Ihiber, Manlieimtwp. ; .](ihn l{nssler,Maiilieim
twp. ; Wm. M. Ihiihalver, and Henry S. Sonan,
East Ilempliekl; Jonas JUickwalter,"East Lam-
peter; Abraham Snyder, C'lav tw]). ; Levi IS.
ileist, Warwick ; Eeter S. Heist, Manlieim
twp.; Abraham Zollinger, Warwick; Thomas
Wood, Fulton; and Alex. Harris^ Geo. W.
Schroyer, Daniel Smeych, Wm. McComsey, S.
S. Ratlivon, D. G. Swartz, and J. M. W. Geist,
city.

The reading of minutes of last meeting was
dispensed with and reports of standing com-
mittees called for.

Dr. Hiestand, from the committee ap-
pointed to confer with tlie County Conunis-
sioners relative to the use of a room to meet
in during the current year, reported that they
had the consent of the Connnissioners to use
tlie Orphans' Court room, they having agreed
to compensate the janitor for keeping the
room in order. On motion, his compensation
was fixed at 50 cents a meeting, or $(5 a year.

REPORTS ON THE CROPS

■were necessarily brief, owing to tlie season of
the year. Mr. Erb reported the grass, grain,
etc,, in good condition, so far as was apparent.
He had not examined the fruit buds, but did
not suppose they had been injured. He re-
ported the springs and wells as being very
low, with no prospects of improvement in
their condition.

The President called attention to the fact
that the secretary had served them faithfully
since the organization of the Society, with
the exception of the last year, when his place
was filled by another at his owii request, and
submitted whether some compensation ought
not to be allowed for his time and labor. The
proposition was favored by Mr. Erb and
others, and the compensation fixed at $12 a
year.

UNDER THE HEAD OF NEW^ BUSINESS,

Mr. Hoover called for information on this
point : Three weeks ago, when the thermome-
ter was six degrees below zero, his pump did
not freeze, but on the day following, with the
thennometer at four degrees above zero, it
was frozen. How was this to he accounted
for? Mr. Ililler said it might be explained
from diflerent causes. There might have been
more pumping when it was coldest. Then,
while the temperature remains below the
freezing point the freezing continues and pen-
etrates deei)er. It has this effect on streams.
Although the temperature may be several
degrees higher to-day than yesterday the ice
still thickens. Mr. Erb suggested that it
takes some time for the cold to penetrate
through the pump, and thought this was the
true explanation in this case.

THE APPLE TREE BORER.

Mr. Hoover proposed the question — How
can we best an-est the ravages of the ap])le
tree borer ? He said this was an important
question in some localities where the twier is
so bad that scarcely any trees can be raised,
■while in other localities the pest is scarcely
known.

Mr. Hiller said the trouble lay not so much
in what we don't know as in not practicing
what we do kuow. It requires vigilance and
■work to conquer the borer ; but it can lie done.
Trees should not be i)lanted without taking
certain precautions. His plan was to wrap
the base of the tree witli paper or nmslin from
the ground upwards about one foot, and keep
it wrapped during the season when the borer
deposits its eggs, which it always docs right at
the ground, or rather under it. This must
be done at time of planting. Occiisionally a

borer will deposit above the wrapping, but as
this operation must be d<ino in fidl view of the
eye, it can be frustrated by proper vigilance.
An old linen cloth is perhaps the best, but
paper answers the purpose. It had been sug-
gested to coat the wrapping with tar, but lie
thought that unnecessary and liable to injure
the tree. In answer to a <piery from a mem-
ber he said oil clolh would do. In the case of
the iieach borer he liad found a thin mixture
of cow manure applied about twice a year an
ellectual preventive.

Mr. Hoover said his plan had been to ex-
amine his trees, spring and fall, and destroy
the liorers; but he thought Mr. Hiller's pre-
ventive the better plan, as prevention is always
better than cure.

Some one suggested tliat the use of oil cloth
might be injurious, as likely to draw too much
heat to the ba.se of the trees, in which Mr.
Hiller concurred: and in answer to a sugges-
tion from Mr. Smeycli, that the borer might
work through cloth and still deposit its eggs,
Mr. H. said such had not been his ohservation.

Prof. Rathvon said they had l)een seeking
information about the borer, but there were
half a dozen of them. The most injurious,
however, and the one best known, is that which
deposits its eggs in the tree near the earth. It
does this becau.se heat and moisture are two
necessary conditions for hatching the eggs. A
young brood of small white grubs is hatched
from these eggs in from six to ten days— ac-
cording to the temperature of the weather —
which immediately penetrate the tenderest
portion of the bark, and the aperture of ingress
is soon closed, on account of the small size, by
the subsequent vigorous growth of the tree.
It takes from thi-ee to five years for these Inn-a
to mature. During the first year their opera-
tions are mainly conducted immediately under
the bark; the second year they penetrate the
wood, and subsequently tliey go in still deeper.
Their galleries are usually perpendicular, or
with the grain of the wood, but when the larva
is matured it cuts a transverse gallery out-
ward to the bark where it changes to the pupa
form, from which it emerges a perfect beetle
and cuts a hole through the bark and conies
forth in June, or the early part of July. Itis,
then, from three-quarters to an inch in length,
of a white velvety color, with three broad
brown stripes reaching from the head to the
hinder end, and distinguished by a pair of long
antenna, or horns. Heuce, it is called the
"striped apple tree borer" {Sapenht candid(i')
but the same insect also attacks the quince
and the pear. The quince is particularly sub-
ject to its attacks, and from the usually small
size of that tree it suffers more from it than
larger trees. An allied species of the same
form and size, but of a fawn color, with a few
blackish spots on the wing-covers (Haperila
vestita) infests the Linden trees, and has ruined
nearly all the trees of that species in the city
of Lancaster. These borers can be sometimes
dislodged by the introduction of a barlied steel
wire, or if not dislodged at least killed. No
one has such good opportunity for oliserving
its habits as the farmer, who ought to closely
observe and make a record of it. In this county
they generally make their apjiearancein June.
Nearlyall insects belonging to tliisorder mature
in June. In rare instances he has noticed them
as late as the first of August. This is a point
which every one should closely ob.serve for him-
self. They don't live more than six weeks or two
months, as a beetle, and it is only during this
period that the eggs are de|)osited ; and. if the
trees are protected during that time, as sug-
gested, they arc safe from their depredations.
The borer next best known always works
higher U]), and never goes into the wood, but
keejjs under the bark, where the "sap-suckers"
readily get at thein. This grub is much the
.shape of a horse-shoe nail. Another variety
make longitudinal cells in the twigs. The Ijase-
borer works right into the wood, slowly but
surely.

THE PEAR AND ROSE SLUG.

Mr. Erb saw a slug on the leaves of his pear
and quince trees resembling the horse-shoe
nail in appearance. AVas it the same V

I'rof. Uathvon said the pear slug was a
different species. Another infested tlie rose,
and a third the cherry. They belonged to
the same order as the wa-sj) — the Ilymenop-
tera. The first brood go down near the
ground and form a chrysalis, and then come
up and (U'liosit their eggs. The second brood
go down into the ground and sleep there
until Spring. The rose slug can be con(iuered
by vigilance. I^ast season he had efleclively
destroyed them in his garden. In May, when
they lir.st come, the fiy can be seen early in
the morning. They should be destroyed, and
lest you should not have found all, look for the
little caterpillar or slug on the under side of
the leaves and destroy it also. Early attentioa
and close vigilance will do the work.

THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.

Mr. Erb desired Professor Katlivon'soi)inion
on the best method of iin'venting the ravages
of the i)otato bug in the coming st-ason. He
said last year he commenced fighting them,
but later in the season they came so fast ho
had to give it up.

Piof. 11. said his opinion no^w is the same
as it always was since he first warned the
fai-mcrs to preiiare for its aiiproach. It is
increasing rapidly and the farmers will be
sorry they did not pay attention to it sooner,
as he had advised them to do. There was a
pamphlet of 14 pages, entitled the " Pest and
its Uemedy" published in New York, which
gave the most valuable i)ractical information
on this subject he had yet seen in so small a
comjiass and within the comiirehension of the
unscientific reader. It recommends I'aris
green as the remedy for extiri)ation, and tells
how to apply it without danger to the iilant
or the 0|>erator. He said he had i)reiiare<l a
notice of the pamphlet and the name and
address of its publishers, which would apjX'ar
in the next number of The Lancaster
Farmer.

The President suggested that the ravages
of the pest might be prevented by planting
nothing but the Early Rose potato, as he had
noticed that in certain localities that variety
had not been attacked.

Mr. Erb said that he had raised that variety
last year altogether, and although the early
crop had escaped pretty well, the later one
was eaten out. Another member said he ol>-
served that they were as bail on the Early
Rose as on other varieties.

A CASE FOR INVESTIGATION.

Mr. Hoover said that in his neighborhood
there were five acres wliicji had Ix'cn eaten up
by the bugs, while a half acre separated only
by an ordinary fence had escai>ed. There
seemed to be no difterence in the soil or cul-
ture.

Mr. Erb suggested this might be owing to
the fact that the bug always goes for the ten-
derest stalk.s.

Mr. McComsey thought Mr. Hoover's state-
ment was so remarkalile and important tliat a
committee ought tobeaiipoinled to investigate
the facts, .and learn what the varying condi-
tions were. This suggestion was acted u]ion,
and the Chair apjiointed Messj-s. AVm. Mc-
Comsey, Ephraini Hoover, and Prof. Rathvon
as the committee to report at next meeting.

BEST MODE OF WINTERING CATTLE.

The question, " AVhat is the best mode of
whitering cattle," proposed at a former meet-
ing by Mr. Eshleman, was laid over owing to
the aiisence of the propounder.

REST JIODE OF EXTRACTING STUMPS.

Mr. Huckwalter proposed for discussion the
l>est mode of extracting stumps, to which Mr.
Musser replied that a neighbor of his (Mr.
Dully) had cleared aluuit forty acres of from
600 to "(«> stumps, by a New \'ork extractm-,
working on the screw principle, which was
effective and exjieditious in taking out any
stumps not over Iwentv inches hi diameter.

Mr. Brubaker said the easiest way was to
plow around them and wait until they rot.

Mr. Miis.ser said that was a waste of time
and ground. Rather than do that one could
afford to pay a dollar a piece and make money

26

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

by it. He never cuts a locust without digging
out the stump at the same time.

Mr. Hiller said he had them talcen out
piece-meal by hand labor and did not find it
expensive, although his \yere mostly chestnut
and more easily taken out than some others.

In answer to a query in regard to burning
them out with coal oil, Mr. Musser said he
had tried both coal oil and benzine, which he
had seen recommended, but both were failures,
although he had given them a fair trial.

RUST ON FE.\US AND SMALL FRUITS.

Mr. Erb inquired, " What is the best means
of preventing rust on pears and to keep them
from prematurely falling off?" remarking
that his Flemish Beauties were nearly all lost
last year from this caase.

Mr. Hiller said he had no information to im-
part that he considered worth anything, but
he had an opinion which might suggest the
proper inquiry. He thought, ih the course of
cultivation, we were robbing the soil of some
particular ingi'edient which was necessaiy to
the healthy growth of the pear, and that not
Ijeing replaced, rust or premature decay re-
sulted. Some pears, which did well years ago,
are now worthless for cultivation. Those pres-
ent would remember the old " Butter Pear ''
which was unequalled by any now cultivated,
but it will no longer flourish. Then, there was
the old "Winter Pear," which ripened in the
cellar as regularly as winter apples, but now
it is a failure. By continuous culture we have
been robbing the soil of a particular element
which should be replaced, if we can learn what
it is and how to do it. We ought to study
what that deficiency is. He did not pretend
*• to know, but he was clear in his mind that

;^, ■''this is the direction in which we should make

* ■ our investigations.

Prof. Rathvon said that vegetable physiolo-
gists claim to have discovered that the outer
coating of pears is a sort of wax, which is
formed by a certain element derived from the
soil, as silicate is supplied which is assential to
the healthy growth of grass. Whenever this
rust or mould olitains on the pear there
has not been enough of that secretion to pro-
tect them. To make these experiments suc-
cessfully requires the aid of a microscope of
seventy-five diameters, and hence we must de-
pend mainly on the researches of vegetable
physiologists and keep read up in their dis-
coveries. One variety of the same plant may
require more of a certain element than others.
Mr. Gillingham, of Virginia, had communi-
cated some interesting results of his experi-
ments with the blackberry to the agricultural
department. He had planted different varie-
ties under the same conditions of soU., &c.,
four or five yeai^s before. Two years ago the
Kittitany was affected with the red rust, and
did not bear or mature its fruit. Both leaves
and stems were covered with rust. The Wilson
came out unscathed. Even if the theory of
absorbing from the soil to make the wax or its
- etiuivalent be true, some plants may absorb
more than others, the soil and the climate be-
ing the same. A few years ago he noticed in
Mr. Riley's garden, in this city, that the Phil-
adelphia ras|)beiTy rusted while the Black Cap
did not. Therefore, it would require a care-
ful analysis of the soil, and close observation
of other conditions of the plants to determine
this point.

Mr. Erb said he noticed the "horse-shoe
nail " slugs on Ins pears which were rusted,
and that they had injured the leaves.

LEAA'ES THE LUNGS OF THE PLANT.

Prof. Rathvon — These were the "pear slug. "
Tlie leaves are the lungs of the tree. Injuiy to
them alone would cause the fruit to fall. A
healthy condition of the leaves is essential to
the health of the tree and the maturing of the
fruit. The same holds good with the grape or
any other fruit.

CULTIVATION OF NATIVE TREES.

Levi S. Reist had noticed that the Buerre
Diehl and Duchesse pears are liable to rust
when grown as standards, while they do very
well as dwarfs. He therefore suggested that
more attention should be paid to native

varieties. In illustration, he referred to a na-
tive pear grown at Reading, which flourishes
there, but fails elsewhere ; and the Vicar of
Wakefield seems to do better in Lancaster
than anywhere else. He had no doubt that
native seedlings would be free from many of
the diseasesiucident to foreign varieties.

THE STRAWBERRY PEST.

Mr. Erb desired 'some information on the
subject of raising strawberry plants. He said
he had failed to raise both plants and berries.
He planted a half acre last spring and before
the summer was over he could scarcely see
where the rows were. A kind of lice had
eaten the roots. They were of a whitish, dull
blue color. He couldn't even raise the Wilson,
conceded to be the liardiest variety.

Prof. Rathvon said this insect belonged to
the same order as the Phylloxera vastatrix,
which had been creating such terrible devas-
tations on the vines in France, that 100,000
francs had been oftered by the French Acad-
as a standing reward for a remedy. They
were called " the Grape root and leaf aphis,
or louse." You might have noticed little
tuber-like projections on the leaves of the
grape. Cut them open and you will find a
female aphis and several eggs. In the fall of
the year they go down to the ground where
they attack the roots. They are analagous
to the aphis which attacks the strawberry.
Prof. Riley, of 8t. Louis, recommended pierc-
ing holes in the ground and putting in acid
and lime, keeping oft" far enough not to injure
the roots. His remedy was tried in France,
but did not seem to do much good.

Without, however, seeing the insect itself,
it would be impossible to determine its species,
its genus, or perhaps its family even. The
insects that attacked the roots of Mr. Erb's
strawberries may have been a species of
"Spring-tail" or "Snow-flea" (Poduridce).
Two years ago Mr. Mehaffey, of Marietta,
brought me several thousands of these insects,
that occurred in his garden in millions, with-
out however doing any perceptible injury to
the vegetation therein; but Dr. Fitch describes
them as injurious to vegetation. Pulverized
gas lime or sawdust saturated with carbolic
acid, and mixed with the soil, has been recom-
mended as a preventive. I would recommend
experimentation on these subjects by farmers
and fruit growers, and a publication of the
results. A failure may be of as much impor-
tance to be known as a success.

MANURING CORN-STUBBLE LAND FOR OATS.

Johnson Miller proposed for discussion the
question, Would it be profitable to manure
corn-stubble land for the oats crop ? He pro-
po.sed the question because the oats crop has
become a failure, and he attributed it to the
fact that we manure for all other crops but
this. He proposed to try it next spring,
but he wanted tli^e opinion of older farmers.

Mr. Musser said he need not be afraid of
manuring too heavily for oats.

Mr. Levi S. Reist looked upon that propo-
sition as a progressive" step. The time was
when oats came to maturity without manur-
ing, iind would have grown rank with it ; but
now that the soil is less fertile he thought
manuring on the corn-stubble would not only
produce a good crop of oats but would mater-
ially benefit the succeeding crop of wheat.

Mr. Erb thought one cause of the failure of
the oats crop was to be found in the loose
manner it was put in. It dries out in our
seasons and hence will not mature. He be-
lieved in more thorough cultivation.

Johnson ^Miller said his plan is to cultivate
as thorougly as for other crops. He plants
"broadcast" with^the drill, but not in rows,
which he ccrasiders better than hand-.sowing.

Mr. Musser — The best plan is first the ]ilow,
then then the drag. He weighted the drills so
as not to get beyond a certain depth. The
best crop he ever raised was put in in this
manner.

EXPERIMENT AND REPORT RESULTS.

Mr. McComsey hoped the president, who is
one of om- most progressive farmers, would

make this experiment of manuring corn-stub-
ble for the oats crop and give the farmers the
benefit of his experience, if it was only on a
single acre. The question in his mind was
whether on farms where manure is scarce it
would pay to rob other crops of fertilizers.

The president urged the importance of not
only experimenting, but of reporting results.
This was the only certain way of investing the
meetings of this Society with interest and
profit, and of advancing the members in prac-
tical agricultural knowledge.

THE LANCASTER FARMER COMMENDED.

Mr. Rathvon presented the Society with the
ninth volume of the Proceedings of the State
Agricultural Society, calling the members' at-
tention to two articles of his it contains, one
on Potato Beetles, another on "White Cabbage
Butterflies." He also advised them to read
the article on the Potato Bug in The Farmer
of last July, and if they would keep up with
the literature of this and other important
subjects to subscribe for The Lancaster
Farmer for 1875— a recommendation which
the President and others heartily seconded.
The Farmer now contains more reading mat-
ter,and on a greater variety of subjects relating
to the farm and fireside, than any other onedo
liar journal in the Union — only a fraction over
cu/ht cents a month — and no matter how many
other papers he may subscribe for, the Lan-
caster county farmer should patronize his own
home journal; not only by his subscription,
but also by his contributons to its columns.
The more he gives in this way, he will find the
more he will have to give.

business FOR THE NEXT MEETING.

Casper Hiller was appointed essayist for the
next meeting. Subject—" Our Orchards."

The following questions were proposed for
discussion at the next meeting:

1. What is the best method of wintering
cattle ?— W. P. Albright.

2. What trees are most profitable to grow
for fencing and fuel ? — E. S. Hoover.

3. What is the best food for milch cows ?—
Jolmson Miller.

4. What variety of corn produces the most
bushels to the acre.

WHAT OUR FARMERS OUGHT TO DO.

This being the first meeting of this Society
at which we listened to all the discussions, we
cannot close without expressing our deep con-
viction of the wide field of practical usefid-
ness which it is in the power of the members
to occupy and improve. Although it is now
over thirty yeare since we held the plough,
swung the scythe, or drove the ox, and there-
fore do not claim to be " much of a farmer,"
we are free to confess that we were deeply in-
terested in the discussion of the various topics
presented, and pleased with the ])ractical off-
hand manner in which they were treated by
the different members. If the farmers gene-
rally would appreciate the advantages of par-
ticipating in these meetings and become mem-
bers, the benefit which would result to the
agricultural interests of Lancaster county
would be incalculable. As the President re-
marked in his annual address, the large court
room ought to be filled with farmers at every
meeting; and it would be, if every one inter-
ested would take some special pains to impress
the importance of the organization upon the
fanners generally. There is a vast fund of
practical and valuable information "lying
around loose " among them which could thus
be brought together and utilized for the gen-
eral good. J. M. w. G.

So FAR as practical agriculture is concerned,
the great storehouse of fertility is in the soil,
and not in the atmosphere. We must plow
better and perhaps deeper and more fre-
quently. Very few of us work our land
enough. Mr. Geddes says he plowed up this
old pasture because it "did not produce one-
quarter as much feed, as when newly seeded ;"
and yet many people think that grass and
clover " enrich " land. — Am. Ayr.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

27

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.
THE AGRICULTUU AL DEl'A RTMENT.

In our .lammiy issue we took ocrasion to
say tliat " wc cannot too often admonish tlio
farmers of Lancaster county to l)usy tliem-
selve.s in ' working up ' a physical and intel-
lectual representation of the resources of the

there, as the faithful and aiipropriate advo-
cate and exponent of those interests." And
we now add, with all the emphasis of the
accompanying lieautiful illustration, that one
of the most impressive sections of the Cen-
tennial Exi)Osilion will certainly be the Aijri-
cullural liiiihliinj. This fine structure, havim?
in its immediate vicinity a stock 3'ard, with

' Garden spot of the Keystone State ' in the
approaching Centennial, which is scarcely
a year and a half in the future. We want to
see the farminjr interests of our great county
honorably standing by the side of the greatest
in the land. We want to sec our journal

divisions for horses, cattle, sheep and swine,
and poultiy houses, will be located north of
the Con.^'fvatory and on the east side of
Belmont Avenue. The ground plan of this
department, covering an area of about ten
acres, is a parallelogram of 540 by 820 feet ;

constnactcd chiefly of wood and glass, it will
consist of a long nave crossed by three tran-
septs, both nave and transepts Ijeing con-
stituted (if truss arches of a (Jothic siyie.
This is intended for the recejition of every
kind of agricultural and dairy iniplemi-nia
and utensils, except, of course, such as are
properly included in the machinery depart-
ment. iSuch an ex-
hibition, aided as
it will be by tho
fraternal feeling
which now exists
among the farming
j)rofession, cannot
fail to inspire a
lively interest in the
present, and be pro-
ductive of substan-
tial benefit in the
future. There will
also be arranged in
this section speci-
mens of grain, and
products of the .soil
generally, which,
ctmsidcring the
wide area and ca-
pabilities of the
country, should
insure a national
display of vast im-
portance, and |)la<:e
the Agricultural
interests of • this-
country in a posi-
tion to compare fa-
vorably with other
developmentsofthe
national pntgi'css
during the past cen-
tury. TheFarming
fraternity should
certainly take a
lively, earnest, and
liberal interest in
making this de-
partment in partic-
ular, and the Cen-
tennial Exposition
in general, an un-
doubted and proud
success.

WeA-(imc that the
farmers of Lancas-
ter county, their
wives, sous and
daughters, are sec-
ond to none in the
Union, when they
choose to let their
presence be seen
and felt; and there-
fore, we would
admonish them
against that indif-
ference or (imidity
which may prevail
on account of the
imposing character
of the approaching
£.cp'iii>iiin}. A 1 1
those architectural
conceptions for the
accommodation of
a still more magnfi-
ccnt display of the
results of hiunan
industry— all llio.se
gigantic appoint-
ments and their
multitudinous de-
tails—all the de-
signs and plans
necessary in carry-
ing out the "com-
ing event " into
practical effect, arebut the nut births of human
thought — human ingenuity and human energy;
and, whether a farmer or a king, " a man's a
man for 'a that." Fundimentally, tbeCreator
has made all nun alike, all possess the same
organic principles — the same mental elements;

28

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

the difference in manifestation is only a differ-
ence in energy, and a perseverance in pur-
pose. On tliis great occasion the farmers of
Lanca.ster county ought not to be content with
merely self-gratitication ; they ought to do
something to gratify others, and we ktww that
they can ch it — their thouglits should be run-
ning in that direction now. A like opportunity
will not again be aiforded to this or the next
generation.

In this connection we would state that C.
M. HosTETTER, esq., of this city, has been
appointed General Agent for Lancaster coun-
ty of the Centennial Board of Finance, for
the sale of stock and medals, his head-quar-
ters being at the Stevens House. He has
shown us samples of the Centennial Medals,
of which there are four sizes and styles, silver,
bronze and gold — all very beautiful, with ap-
propriate State and National emblems, and
bearing the following inscriptions : On the
face — "These united colonies are, and of
right ought to be, free and independent States,
177G." On the reverse — "In commemniora-
tion of the hundredth aimiversary of Ameri-
can Independence. 187(3." Act of Congress,
June, 1874." These sell at prices ranging
from one to five dollars, or the set in a beauti-
ful case, for $11. The proceeds go to aid the
building fund.

THE RELATIONS OF HYGIENE TO
PRACTICAL MEDICINE.

BY PROF. JAR VIS S. WHITE, M.D.

"Who clothe tlje young ? It is done under
the guide of maternity. How is it done ? The
legs are bare, the arms are naked, the neck and
upper part of the chest are exposed, scanty
clothing is \>\\t on the horly, and that is all.
"Wliy so '? Would you believe it ? It is done
to harden the little ones, to give them good
constitutions ! How cruel, how sad, how
touching, and how lamentable may be tlie re-
sult ! The mother means this for good. But
let her dress herself as she does her infant; let
her give it a fair trial; depend on it, the trial
will not last long. Will you dissipate on the
winter air the warmth that God has provided
for developing your child into the full vigor
of manhood and womanhood ? W^ill you imi-
tate that poor mother, who gave her new-born
infant a daily snow-bath ? The gods had com-
passion on her tender babe and took it away.
I will not say that she was guilty of infanticide.

Intramural sepulture has been found to be
detrimental to health. This is simply a matter
of experience. In theory, the same result is
obtained. Sepulture now takes place outside
of cities; but the city grows — it invades the
place of sepulture, hence it is alleged that sep-
ulture is not accf>rding to the principles of
Hygiene. Why delay the change of " dust to
dust and ashes to ashes V" Why wait hun-
dreds of years for tlie decomposition of the
body ? Repulsive mummies, putrid flesh, and
disagreealjle bones are all surely going back to
dust again. I do not, at present, undertake
to give an ophiion on this subject; but they
tell us to burn the bodies of the dead — to imi-
tate that which nature does — but what we do,
to do quickly. A handful of gray ashes in a
sepulchral urn will symbolize the "ashes to
ashes and dust to dust," and rivet the links
of memory, wliile the uprising gases from the
furnace will symltolize the si>irit that's gone.
And then of a truth — the dead cannot harm
the living.

Where shall Sanitary Science be taught?
And to whom shall it be taught ? I will
answer this q\iestion by and liy. In the
meantime, let me ask : Who need aanitari/ in-
struction ? In my opinion, the people need it
—and the medical profession need it. Let the
elements of Hygiene be taught in every com-
mon school, ni every academy, in every private
school, and in every college in the counti-y.
The bodies of our youth need the saving grace
of cleanliness. And when they grow up they
will teach their children the simple and
health-saving rules of Hygiene. But where
shall we begin to dissipate ignorance V Why,

of course, begin with the medical profession,
and begin with undergraduates.

It was a damaging thing when one of the
officers of health of New York city gravely
informed Judge Whiting that "highjinnicks"
meant "a bad smell arising from dirty
water" — damaging both to politics and
medicine, but most damaging to the people,
whose most important interests were in the
hands of ignorant keepers.

But what shall I say of medical schools and
Hygiene ? If medical schools taught Hygiene
per sc, and insisted upon their graduates being
"posted " in the principles of sanitary science,
officers of health would at least have the
merit of being sanitarians.

The obstetrician is the sanitarian of the
cradle and of maternity. He heralds the
advent of the "little stranger," and watches
over the function that mvests the invisible
with the form divine. His office, ^:»er se, is the
prevention of disease, and when disease super-
venes he is no longer the obstetrician — but the
medical practitioner.

What hope is there for Hygiene in this
country ? Will it succeed ? Can it be planted
among the people ? And will it grow and
flourish V In my opinion. Hygiene has a
grand future in this country ; I will tell you
why I think so. The American youth — and
especially those who come here to study
medicine — have a practical turn of mind ;
they do not believe much in theories — they
believe in the useful first, and after that the
beautiful. It is an acknowledged fact, that
our. medical men are among the. best practi-
tioners in the world ; they have more science
on the other side of the ocean, but our stu-
dents are always wanting to know what will
cure their patients, and they generally find
out, too. Now, I hold that this practical
turn of mind is the best kind of soil for the
cultivation of a sanitary science. Let the
seed be planted there — it will take root and
grow, and it will be perennial ; the seed will
be scattered over the length and breadth of
the land, and the harvest will abound more
and more ; the calamities that befellMemphis
and Shreveport will not occur again ; the
beauty and healthfulness of our rivers will
not be marred by dead animals, by the refuse
of factories, and by sewage ; there will be
more to live for,, and life will be more desira-
ble ; there will be less sickness and less need
of medicine. Hygiene will be invited to come
to our banquets ; she will be a perennial guest
in our homes ; she will be the presiding genius
of our hospitals ; she will adorn our temples ;
she will be sculptured in marble and wrought
in bronze in our public parks ; and she will
be raised high above Medicine, and enthroned
in the Capitol of the nation with Liberty. —
Sanitarian.

OUR PUBLIC RECEPTION.

The reception of the first number of The
Farmer in its new dress, both by the press
and the agricultural public, has been most
cordial, and shall incite us to renewed efforts
to make still further improvements. We
stated that it would be our aim to make each
succeeding number an improvement on its
predecessor. We think a careful examination
of the present issue will show that this prom-
ise has been redeemed. In no other jomnal,
furnished at- the same price, can there be
found an equal amount of original and valua-
ble matter, of practical interest to the farmer
and fruit-grower, and especially of the same
local interest to the farmers of Lancaster
county. Nor is the favorable impression it has
made confined to our own county. Business
letters of encpdry from parties engaged in
stock raising and agricultural merchandizing,
Ln different sections of the country, indicate
that, aliroad, a first-class farmers' organ of the
great county of Lancaster is regarded as an
important enterprise, especially as a medium
of communication between our fanners and
the class referred to. We have room for only
a few of the many flattering compliments paid
to the appearance of our January number.

WHAT OTHERS SAY OF US.

"The. Lancaster Farmer." The first number
of The Lancaster Farmer issued by the new pub-
lishers is just out, and the general verdict is that it
is in every respect creditable to the editor, the pub-
lisliers, and the agricultural community, whose in-
terests it proposes to promote. The new head, en-
graved by one of the best artists in the State, is a
beautiful and life-like representation of a Lancaster
county farm scene, representing farm work in different
stages of its progress. Prominent among its features
is the ' big barn ' for which our county is noted by
strangers from every section of the country. The
motto which forms the base line, is that suggestive
and truthful declaration of the Statesman, Webster,
that ** the farmer in the fottndation of civilization^^' in
itself a text for an enlarged dissertation on one of the
noblest occupations in which man can engage. The
table of contents presents a great variety of interest-
ing and valuable information relating to the Farm,
the Garden, the Orchard and the Home, the number
of articles, large and small, footing up one hundred.
Even the advertisements are invested with a peculiar
interest, being made up of business announcements
of forty first-class houses, all engaged in different,
kinds of business — a very unusual feature in a work
of this kind. The publishers are conscious of pos-
sessing a valuable advertising medium in The
Farmer, and they propose to exercise the same care
over that department that the editor will over the
reading matter proper. All swindles and humbugs
will be rigidly excluded. Two thousand copies of
this number have been printed, and we see no reason,
why the circulation of The Farmer should not reach
ten thousand copies in Lancaster county within six
montlis. It will certainly be the cheapest local agri-
cultural newspaper in the country. We invite atten-
tion to the prospectus in our advertising columns,
where it will be seen great inducements are held out
to those who wish to subscribe to The Express in
connection with The Farmer. Specimen copies will
be sent to any who express a desire to examine it.

The next issue will be on the loth of the month.
Business men desirous of specially reaching the
farmers, cannot find a better medium through whicli
to do so effectively than by The Farmer.^ As the
space is limited, those desirous of advertising in the
next number, should make early application for the
space wanted. — Lancaster Express.

The Lancaster Farmer. This publication comes
to us this morning, opening its seventh volume with
great improvements manii^cst in its editorial manage-
ment and in its form of publication, which has been
changed and enlarged to twenty pages imperial, Svo.,
the cover being devoted to advertisements and sur-
mounted with a handsome and appropriate head.
Prof. S. S. Rathvon will henceforth be editor of The
Farmer, and his ample qualifications for the posi-
tion guarantees its success as an organ of the agri-
cultural interests of Lancaster county. Pearsol & Geist
are the publishers, and announce their intention to
make still further improvements. — Lancaster Intelli-
gencer.

The Lancaster Farmer. This deserving valua-
ble English agricultural monthly is now published in
this city by Messrs. Pearsol & Geist, and the first
number of the seventh volume, with every ap-
pearance of external and internal improvement, is now
before us. Prof. S. S. Rathvon will for the future
occupy the position of editor of The Farmer, and his
acknowledged ability and experience are equal guar-
antees for the excellence of the contents of this useful
publication, as are the names of the publishers for the
proper and attractive typographical execution of the
work, for which we wish a widely extended circula-
tion.— Lancaster Volksfreund.

Number one of volume seven of the The Lan-
caster Farmer is before us. This is one of those
excellent niontiilies so necessary to every intelligent
farmer, and indeed to all persons who feel interested
in agricultural or horticultural progress. Prof. S. S.
Rathvon, the editor, deserves great praise for the
improvement made on this journal. Everything
written or selected is worthy of a careful reading. —
Lancaster J^xaniiner.

The Lancaster Farmer, which has recently
changed hands, now makes its appearance in an en-
larged and greatly improved form, and presents a
very fine appearance, while its contents are of such a
character as to be of great value to farmers and
others, and especially so to the farmers of our great
county. Prof. S. S. Rathvon is editor, and Pearsol &
Geist are the pubhshers; subscription, $1.00 a year.
— New Holland Clarion.

The Lancaster Farmer has been enlarged apd
otherwise improved, and is now published by Pearsol
&. Geist. The January number is before us, and
abounds with interesting agricultural reading. It is
still edited by Prof. S. S. Rathvon. — Lancaster In-
quirer.

We have just received a specimen copy of the Jan-
uary number of The Lancaster Farmer, the first
one we have ever seen, and we are favorably impressed
with its style, form and general arrangement, and
cannot see why it should not succeed and prosper.
Wishing to encourage this noble cause, aud at the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

29

same time add a trifle to its advaneement, we have
coneluded to lu-come one of your eutisiribers and
advertisers. — I'roprielvrs of CliJ'lon larms, C'he»ler
County.

TiiK Lancaster Fahmer. We are in receipt of
The Lancaster Fahmer, a niontlily newppapi-r,
devoted to tlie interests of a<;rieiilliire, liortieulliire,
domeslie eecinoniy and niiscelliiny. _ It is a valual)le
comjiendiuni of useful knowledire. a'nd should reeeive
nliundant putronaf^e. — York TtUi/ram.

The first ximuer of The Lancaster Farmer,
under its new proprietorshij), presents Ifi pacres of
Bolid reading matter, that indicates diserinnnatini:
enterprise on the jiart of the publishers. The farmer
will lind in it nnieh to interest and suggest. It is
issued monthly, at $1 a year. — l.ihanon Courier.

The Lancaster Farmer. The January number
of this monthly, edited by Mr. S. S. Hathvon, and
published by .Messrs. Pearsol & Cei.'st, is before us.
We have nohesitation in [jronouneine; The Farmer
one of the best papers of the kind now published.
Price $1.00 a year. — Laiicaslcr JJuily Xewt.

AGRICULTURAL MISCELLANY.

Binding Grain — Important Invention.

Prof. Dana, in the Wesleru .Vev-Yorkcr, describes
a new grain binder, whieli liids fair to be an import-
ant acquisition to our agricultural machinery. He
says a new era has dawned iu the culture of the cere-
als, the golden age of farmers and farnuTs' wives, a
day of deliverance from a crowd of hungry, high-
priced laborers in harvest time. Mr. Daniel .McPher-
Bou, of Caledonia, N. Y., has invented an attachment
to the Marsh harvester, which binds securely, with
No. 19 annealed wire, the grain as last as it is cut. A
trial of the machine was held on tlic farm of the in-
ventor, in the presence of several grain farmers and
machinists. The trial was a perfect success. No
better work was ever done in a harvest field. Every
spear was bound in the sheaves; no rakings were left.
The strip, fifteen feet wide, between the standing
grain and the straight line of bound sheaves, was per-
fectly smooth and clean. The line of sheaves, ar-
ranged with military praeision, looked like a batta-
lion of soldiers. The iron fingers of the machine bind
thistles as easily as grain, without gloves. The draft
Is about the same as that of ordinary reapers which
do not bind. A team of medium weight made very
easy work of it. In going six times around a five acre
field of oats, not a failure occurred which could be at-
tributed to any fault of the binder. The wire, winch
was of jjoor quality and badly reeled, was broken a
few times. One circuit was made without missing a
single sheaf.

Mr. J. A. McKinnon, a skillful machinist, who has
repeatedly examined the machine, says that it cannot
possibly fail to do its work perfectly, and that, if well
made of good material, it will last a lifetime. The
machinery is very simple, very strong, and w orks with
very little noise or friction. Major H. T. Brooks
thought that the binder would save the wages and
board of five strong men, say fifteen dollars a day
during harvest time. With it, a man can cut, rake
and bind ten acres a day. It can be set to bind a
sheaf once in any required distance; and, if the grain
Is very uneven, the distance passed over can be varied
for each sbcaf by means of a lever worked by the
foot. Sheaves may be bound tight or loose by vary-
ing the tension on the wire. All objection to the use
of wire bands is obviated by the use at threshing time
of a pair of nippers which cut the wire and hold it
fast by one end until it is dropped into a basket. The
wire bands can thus be removed as rapidly as straw
ones can be cut.

Not an objection could be raised by any one present,
which was not lully removed. The inventor has been
studying and working upon his invention I'or fifteen
yearsi and has expended fifteen thousanil dollars uiw)n
it. A bushel basket would hold the result, but fifty
thousand dollars would not buy it. The nujthcr, wife
and sister of the inventor were present at the trial.
Their delight over its success may be imagined. The
nation and the world will reiterate their joy. MePher-
Bon's binder must be as world-renowned as McCor-
mick's reaper. That the inventor may not, in any
way, lose the honor or the pecuniary reward of liis
labors is the wish of the writer.

How to Restore Fertility.

Agriculture presents no problem more difficult of
solution than that of restoring fruitfulness to an im-
poverished field in the most economical way. A
practice that will do best in one soil and climate may
signally fail where the conditions and substance are
entirely different . In the matter of soils and sub.soils,
parent rocks, climates and plants, nature delights in
an endless variety. Hence our best rules for practice
have necessarily many exceptions. We will state facts
briefly, and let the reader draw his own conclusions
from them, how one can best restore fertility or
Impart it to land that is naturally .poor, and, it may
be, nearly worthless.

Wood ashes and land plaster have been used about
one liuniired years in this country to increase the fer-
tility of land "and both have stood the test of this lung
experience. C'(il. \ViMcr,of .Massachusetts, is reported
as saying, at a i)ublic agricultural discussion, that he
regarilcd good ashes as worth •'iO cents a bushel to
apiilytothe commtm poor lands of New England.
Others of much experience in their use spoke in high
terms in favor of ashes as atop-dressing fiirmcaihiws
and pastures. Some use plaster and others salt, or
both, with ashes, on clover and other plants, at a
large profit. Simple and truthful as these statements
are, there are very few farmers who understand their
full meaning as compared with stable and cow yard
manure. As a general fact, not over two or tbrc(^
parts in a hundred, and often less, are incombustible
iu the solid droppings of farm stock. There is no
part of eowdung or ]ilanls that will rise into the air
when either dceoniiioscs which will not fall again as
plant food to the earth in rain and dew. If
this were not so it would be inpossible for wood ashes,
plaster and soluble phosphates to act i)reciscly like
good stable manure. Most obviously good nnncral
fertilizers are nothing but the best stable manure
with the volatile or gaseous parts left out

The venerable Mr. U. Lee, writing in The Country
on this subject says that for sixty years he has seen
with his own eyes the fertilizing power of plaster,
ashes and lime, and it is aliout that length of time since
Sir Humphrey Davy, Black and other chemists
taught confidently that jilants were composed of com-
bustible carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
Before Liebig wrote a' word on agriculture, the fact
that decaying forest leaves send millions of tons of
carbon yearly into theatmospheresuggcstedtoothers
as well as to him that this carbon in some way re-
turned into new plant growth. For himself, the
writer had no doubt when a stuiient fifty years ago,
that plants led largely on air and water, like moss
growing on a rock. The farmer must learn to utilize
in a thousand ways this power in clover, grass and
other plants to organize air and water, that will cost
him next to nothing, and convert tliem into staple
crops. In an address before the Monroe County
Agricultural Society, iu October, 1844, and published
in the Genesee Farmer, Mr. Lee said : " I regard it
as one of the greatest discoveries of the age, that
about ninety-seven per cent, of the ingredients which
make up the whole substance of wheat, rye, oats,
barley, corn, beans and peas exist in the air in inex-
haustible (luantities. To transnmte these aeriform
bodies into the plants above named, and into grass
and roots, at the smallest expense, is the object of
nearly all your hard work."

lie now reiterates that what he regarded thirty
years ago as "the greatest discovery of the age,"
has not yet come home to the knowleilgc or api)reeia-
tign of American farmers. In 184.5, when secretary
of the New York State Agricultural Society, he lec-
tured in nearly half the counties of that State on the
above and kindred topics, but the idea of making
agriculture a science and a learned profession, was
generally regarded as the dream of a visionary.

How to Make the Farm Pay.

Our veteran friend Major Freas, of the German-
town Teleijraph, has been often heard to say that it is
amusing to listen to people who tell us how to make
the farm pay ; and ho again thus i)its practical suc-
cess against theoretical precept : It is fair-time and,
the Hon. General Jones is invited to tell >is
what is the matter with the thing. He is able
to tell just bow many greenbacks there should
be to every man, wf>man and child in the country,
and knows precisely how many miles of rail-
oads and canals arc necessary to the National
prosperity. Moreover, he ^^•as educated at the great
Jonesliorliugh University, and served his country well
on the bloody fielil of Jones' Cross-Koads. He ad-
dresses the farmers assembled on the situation and
shows chrarly that unless we have our beefsteak
analyzed we can hardly expect to have healthy
brcakfa.sts, and that the whole heart of farming is in
the nitrogen of the .soil. And the man covered with
hayseed laughs. The beefsteak is good enough as it
is for him, and he has made "a pile of money and
knows notion" of these tarnal things."

We turn from all these abstractions and look at
things as they arc. We find lots of people who are
as intelligent as the world can make tbi'm, and lots
of others who pride thcniselvi's on •■knowin' nothin'
but natur," and both alike fail; and then there are
many of both classes who have all the success any
one could wish for.

We have one such just now in f)ur mind. An
ae<iuaintance who has city business, has a farm of
alK)ut one hundred acres connected with his country-
seat. He has no time to farm it himself, so rents it.
For the first ten years, though every care has been
taken to get good men, there had l>een an annual
change. In some cases there had been a loss of rent ;
in all there was the profession that nothing could be
made of that farm. Two years ago a man took it
who was not a professional farmer, but an intellgent
ntan who had already much experience in matters
connected with farm affairs. He took it at $800 a

year rent. He made sometliing the first year, how
nuu'h we did not liear ; bnt llie last year it is said
that his profits are not less than live thousand
dollars !

We might go on and show in detail how all thig
was done, but it would not teach anybody anything.
He simply finds out what will grow anil how to grow
it, and what will wll best, and raises that which best
will sell. He is liberal in his expemlilurcs after he
8c('S <'learly that expenditures will pay, and careful
to slop all li'aks that so often fritter great suecesBes
away. It is simply common. sense business tact
which nobody can teach but which everybody may
learn.

Now, it does not hurt any one to know how much
carbon, or nitrogen, or phosphoric acid, or what-not
there is in his breakfast steak; it hurts no one to be
able to say that he was able to hold the plow or take
his turn with the mowers when he was fifteen years
of age. We like to know that people are well-in-
formed on these topics; but when we are aekcd liow
to make a farm pay we like to jwint to such men as
the one we have just described, for our answer.

Plowing.

A correspondent of the Country OentUman notices
that new fashions in plowing are coming into vogue
in Illinois, by which much expense Is saved. Instead
of the old plan of one man and a pair of horses and a
twelve-inch plow, an aiUlitional horse is used with a
sixteen or cighteen-inch phiw. One nnin therefore
attends to the work of three horses instead of that of
two. A further improvement is in the use of sulky-
I)low8. These are provided with seats so that lM)ysor
cripples can take a hand at plowing, and thus leave
the stronger hands free to do other work. Whether
much on the whole will be saved tiy this last contri-
vance remains to be seen. In a large number of eases
the heavy weights, as well as the light weights, will
not walk when they can ride, still theiwwerand abil-
ity to save, if one w ants to, is so much gain; and no
doubt these Illinois improvements will become ixjpu-
lar all over the country.

Another move, although not a western one, is to
provi<le umbrellas, which are attached to the plow-
handles, and thus the plowman Is shaded from hot
suns, .\ltogether it would seem as if farming was
about to become rather a means of pleasurable exer-
cise than the hard and severe labor it was regarded
to be at one time. Laying all pleasantry aside, how-
ever, it is wonderful how great is the advance in
labor-savnig machinery, and easy, comfortable imple-
ments, over fil'ty years ago.

In striking contrast witli the above, is the following
description (jf iirimitive plowing, as written by a .Mexi-
can correspondent of the Louisville Courwr: " On
our way back to Temiseo, we had an opixjrtunity of
observing more closely than diligence or railroad can
permit, the process of plowing as practiced in this
country. The plow itself is almost a fac-similiTDf the
pattern used by the Egyptians in the time of Abra-
ham, and certainly commends itself to all agricultur-
ists on account of its great simplicity and cheap-
ness. It consists of a wooden shaft about fimr feet
long and four inches thick, armed at its lower ex-
tremity with an iron point, slightly flattened, and
sometimes presenting a feeble forward curve. The
other end is provided with a round slick that passes
through a bole and serves as a handle. The \xi\c,
consisting of the Stem of a small tree, from which the
bark has been jieclcd, is fifteen feet long,and attached
to the shaft by means of a mortise and peg. The im-
plement thus constituted is fastened at the extremity
of the pole, to the middle of a very light wooden yoke,
about .-even feet long, which rests immediately behind
the horns of a pair of oxen, and is fastened there by
thongs of rawhide jassed anmnd the roots of the
horns. Not less than fiftysueh contrivances crawling
at a snail's pace over the' field which we stopiwd to
notice, scratching up the ground to the depth of two
or three inches, certainly to us, was a novel sight.

Education of Farmers' Children.

IIow is it that we can see men, who liavc mouIde<l
themselves on the anvil, who will not let their boys
be mimldcd on the anvil loo ! As the leather dealer
pounds the leather together to make a sole, so the
boy needs pounding to make him a man. If you
doii't you will bring up a tender child, a child that
will not wear well. And the same with a girl that
is brought up without knowing how to work. There
arc misfortunes enough that fall nimn the fair sex;
there are adversities and sudden revolutions iu affairs,
that more often fall like pitiless storms uixin their
heads than u|>on those of men; but of all adversities,
a tofilisli mother for a fair daughter is the most
adverse ; one who will not teach the child how to earn
her living, who will not teach her fruitful industry.
Music may be heard instead of spiniu'ng. In some
way or another, work sliimld be part of the education
of every boy, and the Ixjy who is brought up without
knowiiig how to work is not brought up at all ; he is
abused." The old Jews used to say, that a man not
brought up to a trade is brought up to be a thief.

30

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

and we are of the same opinion to a larreat extent. So
then, parents, if you would bring up the best crops
here, that your p;round will allow, bring up stalwart
boys that are able to work and are not ashamed of
it, and bring: up good, buxom girls, that are able to
work in the kitchen and about the house, and are
not ashamed of it either.

Hay Producing and Marketing.

Hay producing as a marketable crop, at first looked
upon as exhausting to the soil, has demonstrated, by
experiment, that it does not reduce the condition of
land, even if the whole crop is marketed, pro%iding
the fall growth is not pastured too close. Indeed,
prominent farmers in the old hay-producing sections
claim that their land is steadily improving. We are
aware that most agricultural men, who have not had
the advantage of experience or observation, will dis-
agree with us on this point, but we will only refer
them to the old hay-producing districts near our large
city markets' or leave it to time and personal experi-
ment to convince them of the fact, that the sponta-
neous product, evidently designed *by nature as a
protection to the soil, draws less from it than it
returns. All, however, will agree with us that there
is no crop attended with 9o little care and expense as
the hay crop. Harvesting and marketing is all there
is to do, and even this is more rapid and less expen-
sive than with any other crop. In many sections it is
also considered the surest and most remunerative
crop, and in most active demand.

Hat preesing or baling is comparatively a new
feature in most parts of the country, and, even in the
most flourishing hay sections, we have not far to
retrace the past to find our markets filled with loose
hay, and barges stowed with it in the same condition
for transportation. To supply our large cities thus
now, would be hardly practical, if possible; nor is it
diificult now to see the advantage of bailing hay pre-
paratory to marketing. Indeed, it has now become
necessary to bale hay to market it, even in towns and
villages, and a few years hence loose hay cannot be
found except on the farm.

The Best Field Beans.

The American Jim-al Home says that in western
New York the Medium and Marrow are most planted
and the White Kidney and Early Pea to a limited ex-
tent. The Medium is considered the most reliable,
as, from its early ripening, it is less aflfected by the
vicissitudes of the season. It sells for less, however,
than the other varieties named. The Marrow is
quite a popular variety, and on a strong soU is very
productive. It is quoted thirty-five cents a bushel
higher than Medium in the Kochester market, now,
and the same as Kidney. The White Kidney has large
stalks, requires a longer season to be matured in, and
is more liable to be six)iled in ripening. When everj'-
thing, however, is favorable it will produce large
crops. It will, of course, make a ditlerence in what
way the beans are planted as to the quantity of seed
required, but farmers generally use about a bushel of
the Marrows and Mediums to the acre, rather more
of the Kidneys, and about half as much of the Pea
bean.

How to Apply Lime.

We think lime should never be plowed under, as it
sinks rapidly in the soil when placed on top, and it
needs the action of the atmosphere to produce the
best result. Mr. .1. S. Goe, of this State, says he has
plowed up lime from the bottom of the furrows ten
to fifteen years after sowing it upon the surface on
grass. This showed a rapid sinking, and that, if
plowed under, it would go below the reach of the
plow . Mr. G . regards it as of great imjjortance in bring-
ing up a poor soil, and says that many of the fields
formerly the poorest upon his farm, are now the
most productive, and made so from top-dressing with
lime, at the rate of tilty to five hundred bushels to
the acre. We should recommend to slack the lime
with brine made of refuse salt before top-dressing.

Raising Potatoes.

J. R. Cooney, in the Prairie Fanner, gives the fol-
lowing, in brief, as his mode of raising potatoes : "I
break my ground as early in the spring as the season
will adnnt of, and rclireak it again after I have my
corn planted, which is about the i:'.th of May; I then
harrow my ground level and mark it ofi' both ways
with a marker three feet four inches, riding on the
marker to make it go in. I plough then three times
with the cultivator. My yield this year is about three
hundred bushels to the acre."

Horse-Shoeing: In Holland, horse-shoeing is
done in a way very comfortable lor the horse and
convenient for the smith. The horse stands in a stall,
across the end of which is fastened a bar. The horse's
leg is bent at the knee, the foot tied to the bar, and
the smith having both hands at liberty the work is
speedily finished.

HORTICULTURAL MISCELLANY.

Evergreen Trees — The Arbor-Vitse.

One of our most valuable evergreens, says the
Germantown Telegraph, is the native arbor-vit», but
we see it so common everywhere that we hardly stop
to think what we should do without it. Though
found in its native places in swamps and low grounds
it has learned to accommodate itself to most of our
wants, except that of growing under the shade of
trees. Indeed, in our garden culture, it seems to pre-
fer to grow in a high and dry place rather than in a
low or wet one. One of its best olHces is to serve as
a screen from unsightly buildings or objects. It
grows so well under these circumstances that one
could not possibly do without it. It occupies little
room, seldom extending more than two or three feet,
and though it grows up tolerably rapidly it keeps
itself clothed with branches close to the ground.
Then it is so very hardy — in this respect it is sur-
passed by no evergreen known.

For hedges to mark boundaries we have nothing so
cheap or tractable. The hemlock is far more beauti-
ful but requires more skill to manage. If let alone
for a few years the idea of a hedge is gone, but
tliough an arbor-vitae hedge has nothing done to it for
a long time, it is some sortof ahedge still. Of course
the idea of having evergreen hedges about one is often
pushed to extremes. They are often made where it
would look better without one. But the cases where
they do look well are numerous, and arbor-vitfe is one
of the the best things to employ.

Though there are many places where hedges are
used that would look better without them, there are
a large number of people who have none who would
find a great advantage in one. Most of our gardens
and grounds suffer terribly from winds in winter, and
tall screens or hedges of arbor-vitie would make such
places comparatively warm and comfortable. Vege-
table and fruit gardens would be especially benefitted
by tall arbor-vitie hedges around them, particularly
where early spring vegetables are among the good
things aimed at. Most of our gardens are very
much exposed ; sometimes nothing whatever, and at
best a mere pale fence around them. A good warm
arbor-vita; hedge would often be as good as two weeks
added to the earliness of the crops.

And then as single specimens on a lawn there are
few things that will command more respect than a
well-grown arbor-vitte. To be well-grown means to
have a good ojjen place all to itself and to have only one
good leader allowed to grow. When several shoots
are permitted to grow up together the time will come
when rain, or snow, or wind will separate them, and
then the beauty of an arbor-vitae is gone forever.
The keeping of the plant to one main shoot or leader
guards against any contingency like this and tHfe
plant's beauty is not only maintained for years and
years, but is annually added to.

Horticulturists are continually appealed to,to get out
something new. It is a laudable effort, but it is well
once in awhile to look on our olil and tried friends and
note what they are to us and what we should do
without them, and thus it comes about that we have
been led to look into the merits of the common arbor-
vitie and to say a good word for it.

As having an important bearing on this subject, the
Scicidific Aiiicricaii calls attention to the value of
evergreen trees' when planted among fruit trees. It
says, a well grown evergreen tree gives oQ' continually
an exodium of warmth and moisture that reaches a
distance of its area in height ; and when the tree
planters 'advocate shelter belts, surrounding a tract
of orchard fifty or more acres, when the intiuence of
such belt can only reach a distance of the height of
the trees in said l)clt, they do that which will prove
of little value. To ameliorate climate, to assist in
prevention of injury against the extreme climate, cold
inwintcrand of thefrostingof thegerm bud offruitin
spring, all orchards should have planted in and
among them, indiscriminately, evergreen trees at dis-
tances each of not more than 1.50 feet apart. Such a
course pursued, we have no doubt will render greater
health to the trees, and be productive of more regular
and uniform ci-ops of fruit. At all events, it isw-orth
trial, and we shall be glad if our readers can inform
us of any practical experiments on the subject.

The Culture of Flowers.

James Vick's Floral Guide for 1S7.5, which as a
specimen of typogra])Iiy and artistic taste far sur-
passes any of his previous ertbrts, is also a st i »re -house
of lieautiful thoughts, as well as of useful facts .iliout
flowers and how to grow them. "The culture of
flowers," he says, "is one of the few pleasures that
improves alike the mind and the heart and makes
every true lover of these beautiful creations of Infinite
Love wiser and purer and nobler. It teaches indus-
try, patience, faith and hope. We plant and sow in
hope, and patiently wait with faith in the rainbow
promise that harvest shall never fail. It is a pleasure
that brings no pain, a sweet without a snare. True,
some fail to realize their hopes, but these failures are
usually partial, never embarrassing, and are only
such as teach us to study more carefully and obey
more strictly nature's beautiful laws. Thus we gain,

first, wisdom, and then success as the results even
of our failures. I have endeavored in a plain and
pleasant way to give some suggestions on the phil-
osophy of vegetation that I think will prove valuable,
revealing the causes of past failures and insuring
future success. Indeed, I have hoped in this improved
number of the Guide to make the subject so plain as
to render failure next to impossible, and success
almost certain. Exiierience, however, is the great
teacher. The book of nature is open, but its wonder-
ful beauties and mysteries are revealed only to the
careful student. Every species of plants has pecu-
liarities which must be studied, and while we can
give a few general principles we can furnish nothing
that will compensate for the pleasure and profit tol)e
derived from work and study in the garden. Above
all things, we caution our readers against over-confi-
dence. There is no one with less confidence in his
own skill and knowledge than the experienced gar-
dener. Every season he seeks for new facts : every
year adds to his store of knowledge. Do not, for a
moment, think that the purchase of a few seeds and
the perusal of any work on flower culture will make
a florist. The purchase of a drug store and a medical
library will not make a physician, nor does the pos-
session of paints and canvas constitute an artist. To
become skillful in any art requires both study and
practice, and this is especially true where we have to
deal with nature's laws. The study of Agriculture
and Horticulture has engaged the attention of the
wisest from the earliest ages, and yet what wonderful
discoveries and improvements have we witnessed in
our own day ; and we are still learners."

Perennials and Bedding Plants.

We are pleased to see that the eminent horticultur-
ist, Mr. Hogg, in his new Ameriean Garden, has a
good word to say in favor of the too much neglected
perennial plants. The writer of this has sjient con-
siderable money and time in the purchase and grow-
ing of flowers, but the investment which gave us most
lasting pleasure was the purchase, a few years ago,
of Peter Henderson's collection of select hardy herba-
ceous plants, the set of one hundred varieties costing
us eighteen dollars, among which were a number
scarce and valuable, and all being in such good order
that not one was lost. We therefore heartily endorse
Mr. Hogg when he says:

" A fter our long and dreary winters, lovers of flowers,
especially if they are residents of the country, long to
greet their eyes with something bright and cheerful in
the way of flowers. This thej' can do by making a pro-
per selection of hardy perennial plants. Commenc-
ing with Crocuses in March, they may, at little ex-
pense, have a hundred or more species bloom in suc-
cession before their bedding-out plants are fit to be
seen, which cannot be before the first of July. How
mucli more jileasure and interest is to be derived from
a [ilat a ciuarter of an acre in extent, planted with a
hundred species of such plants, lasting season after
season, and sulRcient to stock the whole ground, than
from a single bed costing twice as much, and contain-
ing fifty Amaranthus for an outside row, twenty-
five Centaureas for an inner row, and twenty-five
General Grant Zonales for the centre — the plants to
renew which trlie next season have, nine times oiit of
ten, to be again purchased.

*' With our almost tropical summers, we can do
that which gardeners abroad cannot equal in sub-
tropical gardening. What the various species of Ri-
cinus, Cannas, Erythrina, Caladiums, and similar
plants, we can give a variety and uniqueness to our
gardens, at but little expense, which the wealthiest
nobleman abroad would envy. Such plants are as
easily kept as Dahlias, Gladioli and Tuberoses; and
these added to the former will, with good taste, give
us all necessary means to divest gardens of any appear-
ance of sameness or lack of distinctive features. If
we add a judicious mixture of plants of colored or
striking foliage among our perennials, our gardens
will never be wanting in that individuality which
should distinguish one gartlen from another; and thus
each would become a continued source of delight to
its owner from March until November or December."

Blanching Celery.

Some time since a correspondent of the German-
toii'ii Tektjraph gave aninterestiugaecountof the pre-
servation of celery during the winter season, by stand-
ing it in spring water under a shed. Few persons
will have the chance to preserve celery in this
way, nor is it perhaps desirable that they should, as
there are many ways of preserving it which answer
just as well, and which allow of the celery being just
to hand, which it is not likely to be by any plan such
as that proposed, as it is rare indeed that a spring
would be close to one's house or that one would be
willing to put a spring to that use if it was. But for
all this the hint of our correspondent is a good one,
not so much for what it teaches as for what it suggests.
We know of one whose celery did not grow very
' well last season on account of the drought. At dig-
ging time it was what he termed " poor and small,"
and hardly worth preserving; but taking the water
hint of our corresiX)ndent, he concluded that by pack-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

31

insr the roote in wet earth and keeiiinir thorn in a ei'I-
lar the vital princiiilewnulil tu'siistaiiieil anil i>eriia|iB
the whole heeonie wlilte. The ex|jcriment wasaeoni-
plele BHeeess, anil ho has hail an alvumlanee of white
crisp eelerv all winter. Larire lioxes were ohtaiiieil
ami a few jnehes thiek of earth plueeil on the holloni
ami niaile as wet as (Kissitile. The jilants were then
jmekeil upritrht, side hy side, as elose as they eoiild
stand, until t lie lM>xe8 "were full. The upper leaves
were of course exiH>sed, and atteniptin;; to firow a
little hy the eneouracoMient given to the root hy the
wet earth, caused growlh enoufjii to K" on to blanch
the whole.

There i.s an advantage In this plan, besides that of
blaneliintr a mass of niattorusually stored away irreen
and which never after becomes white, and is there-
fore wasted, aiul that is the crispy freshness which it
retains. Those who keep celery iiy various devices in
the open {rrounil, and in similar ways, have no trou-
ble from this source; but those who keep celery in
cellars often complain of it either rottini; or witlier-
ins. In the way described there is just what is
needed to keep it i'resli and nothing more.

We give this simi<ly as one plan which may suit
eomc one iicrson in an emergency, and not as the liist
plan. What is tiest for one is very often not the best
for another, and it lu'vcr docs any liarm to kiuiw lots
of them, and especially one which like this gives us a
jirinciplc which may be applied to many plans. — Ocr-
tnantoit'H Ttlvyraph.

Remedy for the Pear Blight.

Mr. F. B. Lcighton, President of the Norfolk, Va.,
Horticultural Society, is authority for the statement
that the remedy for jiear blight, recommended by the
Commissioner of Agriculture, has proved successful
in Eastern Virginia. This remedy is made and ap-
plied as follows: One pound of sulphur added to six
or eight jKiunds of carbolate of lime, reduced to the
consistency of thiek whitewash, and applied to the dis-
eased parts: and where the bark is diseased remove the
outer portion belorc making the application. Mr. L.
says he has used this with magical ett'eet on blighted
ordiseased trees, Ijut writes to the AtneHcan Faf}iier
that in future he will "use the formula recommended
by the Hon. William Saunders, of Washington, who
has charge of the pul)lie grounds, as being more eco-
nomical than the above, on account of the volatile
nature of carbolic acid: To half a bushel of lime add
foiir pounds of sulphur — slack to the consistency of
whitewash, and when applied, add half an ounce of
carbolic acid to each gallon of wash, and apply as
above directed."

Jacob Cocklin — An " Old Digger."

The gentleman whose name heads this article, was
last week in altemlance at the annual meeting of the
Pennsylvania Fruit (irowcrs' Society, held in York.
His venerable ajipearance and his interest in matters
pcrlaiuiug to Horticulture naturally excited remark,
and created a desire to know more of him. Personally
we have favorably known him for many years, having
been one of the earliest subseriljcrs to the Ouzctte. His
career has been active and useful, and as a citizen
challenges the emulation of his lellow men. He now
lives near Shepherdstown, Cumberland county. Pa.,
and has furnished us with a short sketch of his life,
as follows :

I commenced planting trees in 1827 and tip to this
date, 1(S7.5, I planted in orchards over forty thousand
trees, over i50 acres, comprising INO apple, 1"30 peach,
SO pear, -tO cherry, apricots, nectarines, almond,
quince, i)lum, persimmons, chestnuts, mulberry,
walnut, hickory-nut : also, currants, gooseberries,
blackt)erries, stra\\ Iierries, tilbcrts, hazlenuts, iVe.
Also, ornamental and I'orest trees, such as locust,
willow, maple, ailanthus, pawlonia, eottonwood and
tulip jioplar; also, evergreen, Norway spruce, hcm-
hick siiruce, pine of various kinds, cedars, Euroi)i'an
and American larch and many others too numerous
to mention. 1 commenced the Nursery business in
1.S28 and continued it lor upwards of oO years.
First planted grajic in INiS, the leading kinds to this
time, comprising about 10 acres. I intend [ilanting .5
acres in peach trees next Spring. The most I realized
in one year was in IS4<i, wlien I sold l,.^! busliels of
peaches for JIIKO and :^.5 barrels of brandy at 7.5 cents
per gallon. During this time 1 had b\isiness transac-
tions with more than 1,.'>00 persons; built 7 houses
and 4 stabli-s ; dug HI wells, .5 of about .'iO feet, the
others 20 to 2.5 feet deep; cut the timber olf 1-50 acres ;
made between oOU and 400 perches of stone fence ;
put up a eider press and distilling apparatus, besides
many other improvements. I also put up a water
ram which brings spring water 100 feet in height. I
planted three miles of willow hedge and made several
miles of wire fence, and planted 2 bushels of locust
seed in Iowa. I had some good stock, horses, cows,
hogs, fowls and sheep; of the latter I had at one time
600 head. 1 also had some cross dogs. I have trav-
eled about :i5,t)00 miles on railroad, steamboat, canal,
stage, wagon and horse. I have been in Philadelphia,
New York, Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago,
Dubuque, Iowa City, Davenport, Iowa, Kichmond,
Va., Winchester, Va., Frederick, Md. Baltimore,

Washington, and intermediate points in Pcnnsylvaida,
Delaware, New .Icrsiy, .N'ew York, Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois, Michigan, ^Visconsin, Iowa, .Missouri, Ken-
tucky, Marylaml, Virginia and the District of Co-
lumbia. I never liad a bone broken ; not in bed sick
2 months ; I did all my own writing, which was i|uite
a lal'orious task in the Nursery business. 1 also
bought and read several hundred volumes of books
and a immbcr of ])criodicals, treating on religion,
medicine, agriculture, horticulture, Ac. I had been
school director for many years, assessor, collector,
constable, clerk, judge, insjicctor at elections, super-
visor and a juror a number of times. I never had a
law suit ; I never used tobacco or opium ; never
gambled ; never was drunk ; I never was in a
house of ill fame ; was a |KM>r customer to tavertis,
oyster saloons, doctors, preachers and places of
amusement, and did more manual lalnir than any
man I am aciiuainted with. I commenced with a
capital of nearly $10,000, and now in about 4<i yeai's
have oidy doubled it, whereas if I had jjut the $10,000
on interest at (> per cent, it would have been $S0,1I00
now. But the many laboring peojilc I employed re-
ceived the benefit of my labor. The country for miles Is
dotted with trees that passed through my hands. Many
hundreds of dollars are brought from Harrisburg
each yi'ar (or fruit, that would not have been realized
had I not introduced it — fruit raisers and consumers
are benelited. Every family slioidd have a home of
its own. I have helped more than .50 families to
homes by advancing money and giving time from one
to ten years to pay the money advanced. I am now
within a fewdaysof 78year8old,iugood health and in
peace with Cod and all mankind. I Ifvc in an hum-
ble state and cheerfully earn my living and envy not
the great. — York Gazette.

[And Mr. Coeklin's latest and most commendable
act was subscribing for The Lancasfer Fahmer
and jiaying in advance. In his letter to the publish-
ers, enclosing his subscription, he says he "would like
to liear from some other ' old diggers.' " And so
would we.]

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Valuable Domestic Recipes.

Griddle Cakes : This is the way Nellie, in the
Germantown Telegraph, tells us how to make them :
Scald as much Indian meal as you think sutlicicut,
add salt and stir until smooth, not too stiff to put on
with a spoon, though molding w ith wet hands makes
the cakes more shapely. Sjilit, butter and serve hot.
We sometimes add stewed pumjikin to the batter, and
enjoy what we call pumpkin cakes. During the cold
weather it seems hardly worth while to have much
stale bread or biscuit on hand, as most folks want
some kinds of hot cakes, especially buckwheat for
breakfast, and with a little sugar stirred in they
brown very nicely.

Managing the Grate : To preserve a fire in the
grate or furnace over night there is nothing better
than moistened coal serceuings; they are better than
ashes and will not cause the tbrmation of clinkers.
In the morning, or at any time when the tire is low,
put on a little coal, let on the dral't, and after it has
burned uj) pretty well, rake gently and add more
coal. If raked when the tire is low and dead, it will
either go out or be a great while in getting on a head
and pi'oil.uciiig the necessary warmth. If clinkers
form in a grate or stove, throw in a few handfuls of
clam or oyster shells, and they will soon become so
loosened as to be removed easily without injury to the
fire-brick. I have followed this plan of managing a coal
fire for years with entire success. — Aline, in Ger-
7HajUvu'ii Tel.

Hyacinths in Glasses: Mary Jones wants to

grow hyacinths in glasses and wants to know how to
do it. The Rural New Yorker tells her: She should
get dark colored glasses, fill with water so that the
bulb will but or scarcely touch the water, and set bulb
and gla.sscB in a dark, cool jilace until the riMits of
the bulb reach topof the glass. Of course they must
be kept from the I'rost and the water changed
once in seven or ten days. Soft water should be
used, and when changed it should lie about the tein-
perature of the atmosphere in w liich the bulbs iu
glasses arc kept. When the glass is well tilled with
roots it may be exposed to the light, and they will
speedily bloom.

PnEPARiNii Minoe-Meat TO Keep: Mrs. Good-
hue, of Vershire, Vt., furnishes her mode of [ircpar-
ing niince-meat to keep a year or more, to the (ier-
mantown Tettt/raph, which is as Ibllows: I boil my
meat and salt it as lor jiics; chop tine; add suet if
you wish; after chopiiing take nearly the weight of
sugar that you have of meat, melt in a iiorcelain ket-
tle or tin pan; then put the meat in tliesugar and .«tir
it until thoroughly scalded; then pack in a stone jar,
press down firmly, and keep iu a dry, cool place.
When needed for pics add cider, apples, raisins, citron
and spices to suit the taste. I am now using meat
prepared in this way one year ago, which is as sweet
and nice as when put up.

Mi'su : We sometimes boil mush for supper and
put away a good crock full for future use. For

brcaklast put a generous lump of giKKl liutter in a
jian on the stove ; when well melted and pretty hot
]iut In some cohl, broken-np mush, heat rapidly,
slirring I'requently, and when thoroughly hot servo
on a hot dish and you'll find It exceedingly good.
Do not make the mush too stilf when boiling it. We
prefer it to the fried slices.

AiTLE riDDi.NO : One pint of t)r«Bd crumbs soaked
well and soft in a quart of milk, with two or three
well-bcatcn eggs and one or two applesehoppcd fine ;
stir all together and bake in buttered pans. Wiuo
dip with It.

To Sweeten Salt Pork : Cut as many siloes as
will be required for breakfast the evening previous,
and soak till morning in sweet milk and water ; then
rinse till the water Is clear, and fry. The pork will
be I'ound nearly as g(M)il as fresh iK>rk.

Afi'LE Butter : The best apple butter is made by
peeling, coring and slicing selected sweet apples, and
stewing them in swi'i't cider. Very little of this sort
of apple butter, however, comes to market. The
bulk of that sold is made from second rate apples,
peeled, sliced, stewed and sweetened with brown
sugar. A large quantity of such butter is made and
sold for ship stores for use by sailors.

CocoANiT Pie : One half a cup of butter, one cup
of powdered white sugar, four well beaten eggs;
beat whites and yelks together ; one cup of grated
cocoanut, one quart of sweet milk; mix butter and
sugar together, then add the eggs and cocoanut, and
lastly the milk. Hake in a lower crust. Eat when
cold. This quantity makes two pies.

To PREVENT lamp chimneys from cracking, put
them into a kettle of cold water and gradually heat
until it boils, and then let it as gradually cool ; the
chimney will not be brokni by the ordinary lluctua-
tion of the tlame of the lamp.

To REMOVE starch or rust from flat-irons, have a
pici-e of yellow beeswax tied in a coarse cloth, when
the iron is almost hot enough to use, but not quite,
rub it quickly w ith the beeswax, aud then with a
clean, coarse cloth.

Roasting a Sirloin of Beef.

An old Housekeeper, in the Germantown Telegraph,
thus criticises one of the miHles for roasting sirloin of
beef recommended by the Ohio Fanner. Sh<' says it "is
not the way that I or any experienctnl housekec]KT
would undertake to cook it. It first recouimends a
"joint weighing from fourteen to fifteen iK)unds from
a younfi and fat beef." Now everyhiHly knowing
anything about good beef would say " olil and fat
beef." Young beef is neither so tender, juicy or rich
as old beef, as the fat and the other Uesh on the latter
is newly put on. The writer goes on, " haviug laidit
in the ilrippinii-pau, tender-loin downward, wedredge
it slightly with Hour." Doesn't this « riter know that
all "doctoring" of beef helps to deteriorate its qual-
ity ? To go ou, the meat is then put down in the pan,
in which a little water is jioured, and then put iu the
oven, not to roast, as it Is claimed, but to uleir. The
writer then adds, " as soon as the surface of the
meat is so browned that the juices will not readily
escape, allow the oven to eool to a tuotUrate ilei/ree of
heat." This is remarkaldc. "When the beef Is
done, sprinkle ii-ith fait and pepper. Empty the pan
of all the drippings, ixmr in some boiling water,
slightly salted, stir it atiout and strain orer the no:at.'*
This is one way, truly, and it may suit some iK'oiile
who have never eaten really good roast lieef; but it
w ill not do for me or my family. Why, beef, to roast
it in the best manner, should not be tampered with in
any way— not oven touched with water before put-
ting in the oven. Instead of laying it broadside in the
water of the pan, it should be elevated on a "meat
stand" placed in the pan. A quarter of an hour to a
pound of liecf is thecorrect period toioast. Noilredg-
iiig, peppering, salting, or pouring ovorof gravy, iVc;
they destroy tlic sweetness, delieiousncss and rclish-
ment of the beef.

Roasting Turkey and Carving.

Rinse the turkey out in several waters, and in the
next to the last mix a teas|Kionful of soila. Fill the
body with this water, shake well, empty out and
rinse with clean walcr. singe off the hairsand prepare
a dressing of bread crumbs, add thyme and majorum,
or sage it jireferred. Wot with hot water or milk.
The liver, heart, A:c., should be boiled and chop|ied
fine and mixed with the ih-ossing. The water in
whieii they wore Imiled should bo put In the dripping
pan with whieli to baste the turkey. Dredge it with
ilour and salt before roasting, and basteoflen. With
a brisk fire and young turkey, allow ten minutes to a
pfiund for roasting. Tie a string lightly about the
neck when the craw is filled, and sow the l^ody with
a strong thread. Hemovethis wheuthe I'owl isdished.
When the turkey is lifted from the pan, add a siHKin-
ful of Ilour wot w ith cold w ator to prevent its lumping.
Boil up once and {X)ur into the gravy boat.. Jharlh
and Uoine says : "In carving a turkey, cut otf the
wing nearest you first, then the leg aud second joint ;
tbea slice the breast until a rounded, ivory shaped

32

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

piece appears ; insert the knife between that and the
bone, and separate them ; then turn over the
bird a little, and just below the breast you will find
the "oyster," which you separate as you did the inner
breast. Proceed the same way with the other side.
The fork need not be removed during the whole pro-
cess. A sharp knife is indispensalile. The platter
should be drawn i»ar enough to the carver for him to
reach each part of the bird with perfect ease."

Soup Making.

In the first place, observe always to lay your meat
in the bottom of the pan or pot, cutting the meat up,
or, if a bone, cracking it well. A lump of butter adds
richness, but it is not necessary. Select such herbs
and vegetables as you prefer; cut them up very small
and lay over the meat, with a very little water, and a
cautiously small piece of salt. Cover the vessel with
a close fitting lid and set it by a slow fire. This will
draw out all the herbs and roots, giving the soup a
difl'erent flavor from what is imparted by putting the
full quantity of water in at first. Turn the meat fre-
quently. When the gravy produced is almost dried
up, fill your pot with a sufficient quantity of water to
make soup enough for your family. To a large shank
bone of beef three quarts, or even one gallon is not too
much to allow. When your soup is done take it olT
the fire to cool, and skim thoroughly. Put it on again,
and be sure not to dish it up unless boiling hot. Be
careful to add salt and other high flavored condi-
ments sparingly; every table is provided with salt-
cellar and casters, so that a deflciency in these re-
spects may be easily rectified; not .^io an over quantity.
If other thickening "than the vegetables used is deemed
advisable use browned flour for all soups save chicken,
veal and oyster soup."

Charcoal for Poultry.

Fowls of all kinds are very fond of charcoal, and
will eat it with great relish if properly prepared.
Pounded charcoal is not in the shape in which fowls
usually find their food, and consequently is not very
enticing to them. To please their palate, the char-
coal should be in pieces of about the size of grains of
corn, and if these are strewed around their quarters
they will readily eat thereof. Corn burnt on the cotj,
and the refuse (which consists almost entirely of the
grains reduced to charcoal, and still retaining their
perfect shape,) placed before them, makes a marked
improvement in their health, as is shown by the
brighter color of their combs, and their sooner pro-
ducing a greater average of eggs to the flock than
before.

^

The Curative Potato.

Dr. Streeter, of Santa Barbara, tells the A!ta that
the worst case of gravel may be cured, the deposit
dissolved and passed away, by using the water in
which potatoes have been boiled to pieces ; strain the
water, sweeten to taste, and drink for two or three
weeks. This is a painless cure. The same authority
states that furring or coating deposited on the inside
of steam boilers may be easily removed, making the
surface appear like new iron, by placing a quantity
of raw potatoes in the boiler and letting them boil to
pieces. After two or three days o])cn the manholes
and a sandy deposit will be found; brush it out and
the boiler will be as good as new.

Glycerine for Preserving Fruit.

We learn through a German journal, says the
Journal of Applied Chemistry, that in order to pre-
serve fresh fruits it is necessary to only heat them, if
not perfectly ripe, in water almost to boiling, drain
nearly dry, and cover with warm concentrated glyce-
rine. If the fruit is perfectly ripe, heating in water is un-
neccssai-y. It is also ad\ised to pour oft' the glycerine
after standing for some time and add Iresh concen-
trated glycerine. The glycerine poured off may be
concentrated on a water bath and used a second time.
Ordinary glycerine is often inqjure, but only that
whicli is perfectly pure and colorless, with a clean,
Bweet taste and a specific gravity of 125 should be
employed,

^

A Happy Home.

In a happy home there will be no fault-finding,
overbearing spirit; there'will be no peevishness or
fretfulness. Unkindness will not dwell in the heart
or be found in the tongue. Oh, the tears, the sighs,
the wasting of life and health and strength, and of
all that ie most to be desired in a happy home, occa-
sioned merely by unkind words. A celebrated writer
remarks to this effect, namely, that fretting and
scolding seem like tearing the flesh from the bones ;
tliat we have no more right to be guilty of this sin
than we have to curse and swear and steal. In a per-
fectly happy home all selfishness will be removed. Its
members will always seek first to please each other.
Cheerfulness is another ingredient in a happy home.
How much does a sweet smile, emanating from a

heart fraught with love and kindness, contribute to
make a happy home ? At evening how soothing is that
sweet cheerfulness that is borne on the countenance
of a wife and mother! How do parent and child,
brother and sister, the mistress and servant, dwell
with delight upon those confiding smiles that beam
from the eye and burst from the inmost soul of those
who are dear and near. How it hastens the return
of the father, lightens the cares of the mother, renders
it more easy for youth to resist temptation, and, drawn
by the chords of aftection, how it induces them, with
lowly hearts, to return to the paternal roof. Seek
then to make home happy.

Unaired Rooms.

A writer in the Country Gentleman says: "I pass
some houses in every town whose windows might as
well be sealed in with the walls, as for any purpose
they have but to let in the light. They are never
opened, summer or winter. In winter it is cold ; in
the summer the flies stray in, or, if they are netted,
the dust sifts through the nets. Now, I can tell a
person who inhabits such chambers when I pass him
in the street — there is such a smell about his clothing
I always wish for a sniff of cologne or hartshorn, or
burnt feathers, or something of the sort, ' to take the
taste out.' A house that is never aired has every
nook and corner filled with stale odors of cooked
meats, boiled vegetables, especially cabbage and
onions, which, as the weeks go by, literally reek in
their hiding places. The very garments of the child-
ren tell the same story of uncleanliness. It is bad to
have unwashed 'clothes, but there may be an excuse
for it. But what excuse can there be for unaired
ones, when air is so cheap and free ? There is death
in such unaired chambers. Better a swarm of flies
or a cloud of dust ; butter frost and snow in a room
than these intolerable smells. The first thing in the
morning, when you are reatTy to go down stairs,
throw open your windows, take apart the clothing of
your beds and let the air blow through it as hard as
it will. There is health in such a policy."

Keep the Birthdays.

Keep the birthdays religiously. They belong ex-
clusively to, and are treasured among the sweetest
memories of home. Do not let anything prevent some
token, be it ever so slight, to show that it is remem-
bered. Birthdays are great events to children. For
one day they feel they are heroes. The special pud-
dings are made expressly for them ; a new jacket,
trowsers with pockets, or the first pair of boots, are
donned, and big brothers and sisters sink into insig-
nificance beside " little Charley," who is " six to-day,''
and is soon " going to be a man." Fathers who have
half a dozen little ones to care for are apt to forget
birthdays — they come too often. Sometimes they
are too busy and sometimes they are bothered,
but if they only knew how much such souvenirs are
cherished by their children, years afterward, when,
away from the hearthstone, they have none to remind
them that they have added one more year to the per-
haps weary round of life, or to wish them, in the
good old-fashioned phrase, "many happy returns of
their birthday," they would never permit any cause
to step in between them and a parent's privilege.

A Fruit-Can Opener.

This is sometliing that has been long needed in the
domestic circle. "The Sprague Can OPENEft"is
is a little instrument that can be very conveniently
carried in the pocket — a small lever with a steel blade
at theend,workingona pivoted fulcrum and through
a slat in a small piece of iron, which forms the plane
of purchase or leverage, and constitutes a sort of
shears ; used for cutting off the lids of soldered tin
fruit cans, sardine cases, oyster cans, or any other
vessel made of tin, copper, zinc, brass or iron, of the
same thickness as common tin. It is a small aflair,
costing from .50 cents to $1 each, according to style
and finish. We have tried this little instrument, and
find it admirably a<lapted to the use intended — far
more essential in a household using fruit, vegetables,
and other viands put in tin cans, than many other
domestic implements that have come into general
use.

To Prevent Rusting.

Boiled linseed oil will keep polished tools from rust-
ing, if it is allowed to dry on them. It is very dilli-
cult to get oflT and should never be put near a joint,
as it candies. Turpentine or soft soap will destroy it
when |it is necessary to brighten the surface oiled.
Common sperm oil will prevent from rusting a short
period. A coat of copal is frequently applied to
polished tools exposed to the weather. Woolen
materials are the best for wrappers for metals. Iron
and steel goods of all descrijitions are kept free from
the rust by the following : Dissolve one-half ounce of
camphor in one pound of hog's lard, take off the scum
and mix as much black lead as will give the mixture
an iron color. Iron and steel, and machinery of all
kinds, rubbed over with this mixture and left with it
on for twenty-four hours, and then rubbed with a
linen cloth, will keep clean for months.

LITERARY AND PERSONAL.

The Grape Culturist: This is the title of a
treatise on the cultivation of the native grape by
Andrew S. Fuller, the eminent practical horticulturist,
of Ridgewood, New Jersey, a new and enlarged edi-
tion of which is published by Orange Judd & Company,
the enterprising publishers of the American Agricul-
turist. In our article on the Culture of the Grape, in
this issue of The Farmer, we have followed Mr.
Fuller's system as the best, in our judgment, of the
many plans of trellising and pruning which have been
discussed pro and con, and we cannot too strongly
recommend his excellent manual to all who desire to
be thoroughly posted in all the details of the subject.
Mr. Fuller's treatise is comprehensive and exhaustive
of everything worth knowing in relation to grape grow-
ing, and his illustrations are so full and clear that the
most inexperienced amateur can have no difficulty in
understanding all directions given, so as to follow
them in practice. It contains 3^6 pages, and will be"
sent by mail on receipt of the price, $1..50.

"The American Farmer vs Colorado Potato-
Beetle" — "The Pest and Its Remedy." This is a
14 page octavo pamphlet, issued by C. T. Raynold's
& Co., 108 and 108 Fulton street, New York, and
secured by a copyright.

Although this pamphlet contains nothing new to
«s, yet it is a condensed history of the above named
insect, and the only reliable artificial remedy — Paris
Green — in which the publishers are dealers; its uses
and its dangers; the mode of judging it and applying
it; and the antidote in cases of poisoning from it. In
its essential points it is adapted to any locality where
this insect exists, and is written in language plain
enough for any one to understand. We presume it is
published for gratuitous circulation; but, in any event,
every farmer ought to possess a copy; and but for the
congressional restriction we believe we should have
transferred the entire treatise to our columns at the
proper season, although the task would be a trifle to
write one of our own.

R. H. Allen's "Annual Descriptive Catalogue of
Garden, Flower and Field seeds and Grains," and
Field and Garden implements, for 187.5, has been re-
ceived, and is by far the best yet published by that
house, giving not only the common local English
names of the different vegetable productions, but also
the foreign and the scientific names. Agricultural
warehouse 189 and 191 Water street. New York.

Attention is directed to the advertisement of
Ellwanger & Bakry, Nurserymen, Rochester, N.
Y. As is well known, they are the largest and most
successful growers of Fruit and Ornamental Trees,
Shrubs and Plants in the United States. Parties
wanting anything in their line will do well to send
for their Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue.

Coleman's Rural World, published weekly at
St. Louis, Mo., is one of the oldest and best Agricul-
tural weeklies we have seen. The eminent Prof. C.
V. Riley is the entomological editor. It is a large
quarto, and is conducted with ability and taste by
N. J. Coleman and his associates. Terms S3 a year.

The " Gallinocclture Institute" is an enter-
prising establishment at Hicksville, New York, em-
bracing the "latest discovery" in artificial chicken
production, by " Corbett's Ilatching Apparatus,"
operated without fire, steam, lampsor hens, the neces-
sary heat being generated by beds of horse manure.

The American Farmer — an octavo magazine of
40 pages — for February, 187.5, is on our table. This
ie a beautiful and compact journal, published by
Sands & Son, Baltimore, at $1.50 a year, embracing
all sorts of subjects on rural and domestic affairs.

The Massachusetts Plouuhman, a large folio,
has been received. The Pknighman. is largely devoted
to Agriculture, Horticulture, the Garden and the
Farm, as well as general literature. Published by
Geo. Noyes, Boston, Mass., at S2..5U a year, weekly.

Our Readers, who maybe" prospecting" fortheir
supply of Spring Plants and Flowers, should by all
means visit Schroter's Floral Headquarters, where
they will find a great variety of good stock to select
from.

Seeds of all kinds are advertised by William D.
Sprecher, of the old established and extensive Agri-
culture Implement and Seed Wareliouse of this city.
Attention is invited to his specialties.

The TuoROUGiinRED Stock, advertised for sale at
the "Clifton Farms," Kennett Square, Chester-co.,
is worthy the attention of purchasers. The proprie-
tors guarantee it to be as represented.

Spooneh's Descriptive Price Catalogue, published
by W. H. Spooner, Boston, has been received. It
contains over 150 illustrations, and is mailed free to
applicants.

Miscellaneous: The "Printers Circular" — "State
Hospital for the insane, Danville, Pa., 1874" —
"Forty-second Annual Report of the Managers of the
Pennsylvania Institute for the instruction of the
blind'"' — "New York city council for Political Re-
form " — American Journalist " — " Newspaper Re-
porter " — " Pennsylvania School Journal " — " The
Proof Sheet " — all duly received, all useful within
their several spheres, and all creditable to their pub-
lishers.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveyancer ani Real Estate Apt.

OyriCB IN LAW IIUILDINO,

N. W. COR, DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Heal Eatate of all description bought, Bold and ex<
ch&Dged on commlRHion.

l.oan9 Nrgotiatrd. Mortgages l>onght and sold.

Vropertiea token In charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

Bartirulnr attention given to matters appertaining to
Heal E«t;ite Law, and CouveyHiicing.

J>retlSf Mortgagem, Jirirfs, WUU and all other legal
Instruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Map* of Properties, Ix>ts, Farms, &c. .and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed.

EDGERLEY & CO.,

Carriage Maiifactussfs,

MARKET STREET,
In rear of Market House,

LANCASTER, PA.

Persons wanting a good Carriage or Buggy, will do well by
giving us a call.

ALL WORK WARRANTED,

and for the same quality the cheapest in the market.

We have the best assortment of second hand work on
hand ever offered for sale in the county.

REPAIRIHG PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.

FINE GROCERIES,

SAKINB MOL&SSES,

PURE SPICES,

Canned Vegetables and Fruits,

AT HENRY FISHER'S,

104 East King St.

DILLER & GORFF,

AGENTS FOR

m mm %mi m tm.

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay asked until the conditions of tlie guarantee areful-
flUed. Call and see it with the late improvenieDta.^

ALSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
STOVES,

And everything usually kept in a first class Hardware

Store, at

NO. 7 EAST KING STREET,

LANCASTER, PA.

MONEY

eaeilv made by «eUmg TEAS at IM-
PORTERS' PRICES, or getting up
clubs in towns and countrj- for the Old-
est Tea Company in America. Greatest inducements. Send
for circular. CANTON TEA COMPANY,

148 Chambers St.. N. Y.

BLOOMINOTON NURSERY, Bloomingtou, lU.— F. K.
Ph(£}4IX. spring listsfree, or the set of four catalogues
pQst free for twenty cents, jtu '75-^u

Farmepg, Attention !

H. C. EICHHOLTZ,

NO. 58 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Will sell you a Good Article of Cutlery of any kind.

Will also repair any cutting instrument you may have, In
the best manner.

Will make you a stencil plate for marking your bags,
your linen or anything else. Anything In the atamp line
made to order.

(Q

HATS,

AND

FTTSS,

GENTS' GLOVES,

AND

WALKING CANES,

AU at the lowest prices, at the

CENTRAL HAT STORE,

39 West King Street,

Next to Cooper's Hotel,

LA-NCASTKB, PKNNA..

AMEB Ic EESLET.

0)

<hC * ^Oft P^r I*3,y at home. Terms free. Address

. Stinbon & Co., Portland, Maine.

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

IS NO IV OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSOIST & SOK

PATBONAGE OF FARiHERS SOI.ICITED.

«S.COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS.

DEALEBS IN ALL KINDS OF

FAMIEY and EIDIE-Bl'RXINO COAE!

Orders received at

Office, No. 15 East King street, and at tbe
Yar4 No. 813 NORTH PMNOE HTREET.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No* 320 North Qneen Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market House).

Be&pers & Mswers, &rdn Drills,

The Improved Rockawoy Grain Fan, Pratfs Patent Hay

Hake and Corn Shelters for Horse and Hand Power,

Cutting Boxes, Corn Planters, and Improved

Cider Mills

of different kinds and sizes ; also, all kinds of Coaoh-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your Interest before buying elsewhere.
I can Still at small profits. The 8hoi> is two squares
northwest of V. R. R. Depot, and two squares south of
Reading Dejtot. Hickory Lumber and Spoke Wood t&ken
in exchange for Machines.

of all kinds at Hhort notice ; and Castings kept on hand for
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agrictiltural imple-
ments of every description on hand. Wire and Sieves
made to order for farmers.

SAMUEL KEELEB.

Mayll '1«-ly Lancabtkr, P*.

NE^^^ GOODS

OPENED DAILY AT

MILLINERY AND TRIMMING STORE.

LADica, we have Just opened a Urge assortinent of

Hamburg Edgings and Insertings,
At 6ct8. pek Yabd up to S1.26.

Also all the Utest itylM of Dr«ss Trimmings, such u

GIM]PS, FRIISraES,

X.A.CES A.3SriD BTJTTOISrS

OF BVBBT DBSOBIFTION.

Also, everything else kept in a

FIRST-CLASS
MnUNEEY and TBIMMING STORE,

And will always guarantee our prices to be the Very I«ow.
est and quality the Best.
Oive us a call ut

GUNDAKER'S,

142 and 144 North Queen Street,

liA-lTCA-STEie.. FA-

IR YOU WANT A
SZ'WZITG MACSZXrZ,

DOH't but cite BEroBE TOU BXAHIMB TUB

REMINGTON,

—AT—

H. A.SCHROYER'8 GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOB TO ZAHM's COBNEB,
WHO 18 AOENT FOR LANCASTER COUNTY.
ty Send for Circulars.

House Fupnishing Goods

AT

JOHN D. SKILES,

No. 26 EAST KINO STBEET.

Just received full lines of

BLEACHED AND UNBLEACHED

suiting MWii & Pillow-Case MisliBS.

TICKINOS, CHECKS,

TABLE UNEN8, TOWELS,
NAPKINS, QUILTS,

COUNTERPANES and COMPOBTS.
PRINTS— Newest Styles.

PRINTS— Shirting Styles.

CARPETS, OIL CLOTHS,

WINDOW SHADES, *C.

ALL AT LOWEST FBI0E8.

Great Reduction in WINTER DREK8 GOODS, SHAWLS,
SKIRTS, kc. to make room for Spring stock. Also, closing
out our Winter Stock of

READY-MADE CLOTHEtfG,

At Prices Regardless of Cost

COATINGS, CASSIMERES and VESTINOS, made to or-
der or sold by the yard at greatly reduced prices.

Call and be eoDvinced. JOUM D> SKILEB.

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

HELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER,

CANARY, BAPE, HEMP,

Alsike 8c White Clover,

LAWN GRASS, GREEN GRASS,

CLOVER & TIMOTBTT'.

AT W. D. Spreclier's,

31 E. KING ST., LANCASTER, PA.

O
>

<

w

CO

i

laUftst Paid @a B@p@glig.

MONET TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES.

A GENEKAL BANKING BUSINESS

TRANSACTED IN ALL ITS

BRANCHES.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

OFFICE :

Ko. 15 EAST KING STHEET,

j»n 75-ly LANCASTER, PA.

TREES, Etc.

■Weofferfor SPRING,'75i an unoEuaUy
large Btock of well-grown, thrifty

8t*Bdard nnd Dwnrf Fruit Trees.
Ctrape VlnpN, Small Fruits.
Ornaniontal TrpOH, Shrubs, Roses.
New and Rare Friill and Ornamental Trees.
Evergreens and Bnlbens Roots.
New and Rare Green and Hot-House Plants.
Small parcels forwarded by viail when desired.

TBOMrx ATTEirTIOir GIVEN TO ALI. EXgUIRIEB.

Veteriptive and Illwstraied Priced CatalogruM sent prepaid,
on receipt ft/ stamps, as /allows:
Ko. 1— rnilte, lOe. No. i — Omameatal Tree<. lOc.
No. 3 — Greenhouse, lOc. No. 4— Wholesale, Free.

E^t^'dim. ELL W ANGER & BARRY,

Mount Hope Suraeries, ROCHESTER, N. T.

TEOEOnGHBBED STOCK

FOB SALE CHEAP.

PURB AYSHIRE CATTLE and CALVES,

PURE JERSEY CATTLE and CALVES,

of all a^es, all very eboiee and nicely marked, from the
choiceet blood and milking families. Also,

"PRIZE CHESTER WHITE PIGS,"

of all a^es. *' Unsurpassed." These Pure-Bred Pigs have
DO superior on this continent. Bred from our prize and pre-
mium stock. Also, extra improved BERKSHIRE and
ESSEX PIQS. Order soon. Address,

CLIFTON FABMS,

KENNET SQUARE,

OHBSTEB OODXTY, FA.

FLOWER

SEEDS,

VEGETABLE

SEEDS.

Jan '7fi-3inoB

Spoener's Prize Flower Seeds.

Spier's Bostii llirbt
VEGETABLE SEEE

Descriptive Priced Catalo^e, with
OTer 150 illustratiouB, mailed free to

applicant.

W. H. SPOOIER, Boston, Mass.

My annual catalogue of Vegetable ^nd Flower Seed for
1875, will be ready -by Jan. Ist ftv all who apply. Custom-
era of last eeasou need not write for it. In it will b« found
several valuable varieties of new vegetables Introduced for
tfa« first time this season, having .made new vegetables a
specialty for many years, GroiiTing over a hundred and
j(ft]/ varieties ■on my several farms, I would particularly in-
vite the patronage of market gardeners and all others who
are especially desirous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very best strain. All seeds sent out from my establish-
ment are covered by three warrants as given in my cata-
logue. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

CENTRE HALL

Has now ready the Largest Stock of

For MEN, YOUTH and BOYS, HADE UP OF EVERY
VARIETY OP GOODS and COLORS.

FBICES TO SUIT EVEBYBOnT.

CENTRE H^LL

Has an Immense Stock of ........^.^„

PIECE GOODS.

AU the Latest Styles in the market to znalLe up to ord«r, at
low prices, and at shortest notice.

To save money, buy your Clothing at GEHTRE HAIX, a
Live House, where they keep up with the times.

MYERS & RATHVON,

CENTRE HALL, 12 East King Street,

my '74-ly LANCASTER, PA.

FLORAL

HEADQUARTERS

AT

SCHROYER'S,

On Harrisburg Avenue, in the Ninth
Ward, North of the College,

CSSTTIAL fWML BIFOT,

IN raONT OF

H.A. SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Next door to Zahm's Comer, Centre Square,

Every day during the season, if the weather permita,

where I will be pleased to accomodate those who cannot

come to Headquarters.

tyThe earliest, the best, and the newest TOMATO
PLANTS, in Pots and Boxes; also EARLY CABBAQE
PLANTS, PEPPER PLANTS, &o.

GEO. W. SCHROYER.

Axnsdezi June Peach..

Large as Hale's. Fcllt three weeks earlier. Very fra-
grant, fine flavored, finely colored red, free-stone, firm.
Excellent Keeper. Foliage not affected by the "curi."
Fruited on 50 trees. Productive. Original tree 6 years old,
STILL viQOBOus. CircuUr fbee, endorsed by the Jasper
County Grange P. of H., and Co. Hort. Society.

Medium Tree, top cat off, SAFELY by mail, free, $1. Sec*
ond class, by mail, 60 cts. Mcb. $7.50 per doz. Dormant
buds, 4 for $1. First-class, $9 per doz. $50 per 100 by Ex-
press. Safe arrival Guaranteed any distance by Mail or
Express. Deposit the money with Ex. Co. and send receipt
with order G. O. D. Send Grange Address.

Im C. AMSDEN, Carthage, Mo.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOHN BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF

Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from IX 'o 100 Horse-Pr.

STEAM BOrLEKS~AI)APTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

Castings of all descriptions. Heavy and Light, Made to Order.

Illustrated Catalogues
^os 1875 °^

EVERYTHINa

FOR THE

GARDEN!

( Seeds! Plants! )

Xlmplements, Fertilizers, etc/

Numbering 175 pages and containing five
bearillful colored plates, mailed on receipt
of 60 cents.

Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

S5 Cortlandt St.,

NEW YORK.

SECONI) AiraUAL CATALOGUE

OP

SUSQUEHANNA GREENHOUSES

AND

PLANT NlTBaERIES

NOW BEABT.

D. L. RESH, Columbia, Pa.

p. O. BOX 330.

Published Quarterly. January Number jnsl ^

issued, and contains over 100 Pages, 500 Engravings,
descriptions of more than 500 of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, with Directions for Culture, Colorib

Plate, etc, The most useful and elegant work of

the kind in the world. Only 1$ cents for the year.

Published in English and German.

A l.trcss. JAMES VICK. Rochester. N. Y

33. DEI. ikc^z^.a^xsr,

MANUFACTURBB OF

WitliatHsport attfl Lock Haven,

Bill Mills— ROUND ISLAND fc POBTAOE, PA.

Retail Lumber and Coal Yard,

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. 8. R., LAJCASKE, PA,

THE FARMERS' HOME ORGAN.

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

Published under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited by Prof. S. S. EATHVON.

With the January issue (1875) The Farmer entered upon
its seventh year, under a cUauge of projaietors, the jiublicii-
tlon having been trunBferred to the uudpisigueJ, who pi-o-
poae to make it in all ronpects a first-class local organ of the
important interests to which it is especially devoted.

With this view The Farmer has been enlarged and its
form changed to the Imperial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty-four pages Imp. Hvo., measuring 9% by 13
inches, at least sixteen of which will be exclusively devoted
to reading matter, the advertisements and "standing matter"
, being limited to the remaining pages. This increase of sizp
and change of form, together with the use of a more compact
type, enables us to give twice as much reading matter as
was contained in the old form.

If this effort to give ihc agricultural community of Lan-
cihster county \ publication worthy of their honorable calling
la liberally seconded, we prO] oee to add other improve-
ments from time to time, iucluJiug illustrations of impor-
tant topics of general interest, and papers from aiteciul con-
tribiUors on the more important local industries and re-
sources of the county — a wide field, which has been very
little cultivated by our local i»resH.

The contributions of our nl)le editor, Prof. Rathvon, on
BubjectB connected with the science of farming, and partic-
ularly that specialty of which he is bo thoroughly a master —
eutomologiciil Bcience--some knowledge of which has become
a nect'ssity to the succt^saful farmer, arc alone worth much
more than the price of this magazine.

The Farmer will be publiHhed on the 15th of every
month, printed ou good paj^ier with clear type, in con-
venient form lor reading and binding, and mailed to BUb-
Bcribers on the following

TEKMS:

To Bubscribers residing within the county^
One copy, one year, .... - $i.oo
Six copies, one year, - - - - . . 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, ------ 7,50

To subscribers outside of Lancaster county, including
postage pre-paid by the pnblisherfl:

One copy, one year, ----- $1.25

Five copies, one year, . - - . . . j.cx)

AH Bubscrii'tions will commence with the January num-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All communications intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
iu his hauds by the first of the month of publication.
• All business letters, containing suhRcriptions and adver-
tiaementB, should be addressed to the publliihcrR,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA

RATES OF ADVERTISIKd.— Ten Cents n
line for eacb lunertiou. Twelve Unee to the lucb.

CONTENTS OrmiS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES: pace.

" Farmers, write for your paper," - - 3.S
Sparrows — Finches, - . - - 33

Entomoloijical, 33

Tbe Cabbage Butterfly Colomdo Beetle.
Utilizing Potato-Beetles and Grasshoppers, 34

Pear Slugs, ^5

Paris Green, ..--.- 35
1 18 poisouous qualities, mode of application,
&c.. dincuBscd.
Our National Centennial, ... 37

Horticultural Hall (Illustrated)— what the
PenuBylvania Railroad Company is doing,
A Frigid' Reeord — cold winters, - - 38

Read Twice— Potash in Plant-ashes, - 88

This number of The Farmer, - - 88

Our Illustrations, ----- 38

The Grangers— position of The Farmer, 38
To Correspondents, . - - - 38

The Cabbage— its History, Cultivation and

VarieliCH'(illustrated), . - . 39

Cooking Food by Fermentation, - - 39

Farmers' Sons and The Fahmer, - 39

Wheat and Cheat, - - . - - 41
Correeti(m — the Fronclin Apple, - - 44

The Potato-Beetle to be illustrated, - - 44
The Potato, J. Staukfer, (illustrated,) - 40

Shall we Raise Osage-Orange Hedges,

J. C. LiNViLLE, Gap, . - - - 40

The Paw-Paw, Levi S. Reist, Warwick, - 40
Olir Local Organizations, J. M. W. G. 41 — 44
Proceedings of the LauoaBter Counly Agri-
cull ural and Horticulturul Society— essay
ou "Our Orchards" by Caaior Hiller—
DiBcuBsion on Frnit Euiang- The Potato
Beetle— The Fabmkk, etc.— The Patrons
of Uusbandry, AddieBs by M. B.EBhleman
— Granges in Lancaster county- Growth
of tbe Order, &c.
Letters, Queries and Answers. - 44 — 4C

An Echo from Tenne-ssei — Information
Wanted about Lantaatcr County B.irns,
Manuring, Cropl-iug, Lime Burning.-
Atwut Farmers' Wives and .\i!ricultur(il
Newspapers.— Something about Black-
berries.—Tbe Horse's Foot and Shoeing
— 'The Chinese Persimmon. — Clover and
Cut-Worms.— riums and IheCurculio.—
Tbe ScupperTiong Grape. — Words of
Cheer from a Veteran.- The Centennial
and Exhibitors.— Practical Farmers.

Farm and Garden Items, - - - 4«

Do Plants Need Water?— The Milk Ques-
tion.—.\ Potato that Kesists the Colorado
Bug.— Sales of Chester County Slock.—
Charcoal for Sick .Animals.- Selection of
BreedB of Cattle.— Destroy Earth Worms.
Domestic Economy, . - - - 47
Valuable Household Recipes- Coneslog*
Pun's— Fiencb Kolls— Lemon, or Orange
Custard— The Queen of Puddings -Plum
Pudding- Preserving Hams — c'abbage a
la Cauliflower— Cooking Celery— White
Gems— White Custards— Baked Sweel .\p-
ples— Every-Dav Pudding— Fauov Dish
—Coffee Cake— kice CUBlards- Tbe .\ut
Pest- Diphtheria.- Cure for Tootliache.—
How to Clean Oil Cloths.
The Cotemporary Press, ... 48

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c., - 48

Lancaster County to the Front, - . 48

The Progress of Invention, - - - 48

New Patents relating to tbe Farlll,Dalry,&c.
Our Fence Corners, ----- iii, vi, vii

Fact, Fancy, Wit and Humor.

Business Announcements, . - . - ii — viii

^

TES Lill^aaSTSR SIPEESS,

(DAILT AND "WEEKLY,)

11)6 Leading Local Family and Business Newspaper, and Iht
oijly Indepcndeijl Republican Journal iij the Counly.

THE
WE E KLY,

FOTJNDED

UV TllK

THE
DAILY

1843.

} PRESENT PROPRIETORS.

1856.

The Weekly ExPBEsa baa been before tbe cltiKena of
Lancaster county for u jeriod of thirty-two years, aud The
Daily Exphehk for over eighteeu yenrs. During tbia long
I>eriod, Bud without chungt? uf luaiiHgeiment, The KxpnESS
h&B fuii'ly eurued a liir^c fih^ii'C of patronage and firmly
establisbt'd itBr>lf in the public coiifldeuce, ua an upright and
iude^eiideut journal, never heaitatiug to defend the right
and deuouuce the wrong, no matter where found to exist.
It has always been a journal of jn'OgresR, and the oiilsj^ukea
friend of education, tenu rrance, sound moials audrcUgioa.
As ia the past, so it will coYitiuuo iu the future,

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, ... $a.oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any person realding
within the limiis uf I.^incasLer county we will mail —
The Weekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - • 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circuhitiou of The KxraESH makes It the
best medium for advertising Uenl Katato ami Personal
Proi erty in the county, a fuct which can be attested by the
many furmera and others who have availed themselves of
the use of its columns, and to which we iuvUo the att«utiOD
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Express printing office ia one of the b^^st fumlsbod
eatablisbmeuts for turning out all kinds of printing to be
found in tlie interior of the Slate. We are prei>ared to
print any job from the small visiting card to the largeat aale
or horse bill, i oater, or broadside, j-lain or iu colors, aa
quickly 11s it can bo dune at any other establishment, and on
i<8 rcaaonable terms. Wc make tbe jiluting of Sale-bitU
/or Fanners a specialty, and guarantee satisfaction to our
customers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns adajited to prluting books,
pamphlets, posters, satf-bills, hand-bills, millera' receipts,
catalogues of live stock, and any kind of work done in a
flrst-cluBs printing oftice; in short au>'thing that may be
called for by the farmer, nrerchaut, banker, mechanic, or
buftiness man, and we puarantet' to do the work as satlsfao-
tory as it can be done iu Philadel])hia or clsewbore.

\Vith one uf the most conii>lote Job Offices iti the State,
and unsurpusMMl couveuieucea for expeditiously turning out
work by tbe beHi workmen, under tbe [>erMooal su]>ervision
uf the proprietors, who are both practical printers, all per-
sona in need of Printing will find it to tbeir intercat to giv«
us a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK, NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express Buildings, 32. South Queen-st,
LANCASTHH, FA.

Oar Prcfis Rooms are open to Vialtora, and they are
alwaya welcome to look at our machinery In operation.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PF.NKSYI>VAJfIA HAILROAD.
Trains leave the Pennsylvauia Depot in tniB city
as follows ;

Leave

An-ive

WESTWARD.

Lancaster.

Harrisburg.

Pacific ExpresB'

2:45 a. m.

4:10 a. m.

York Accommodation . .

7:50 a. m.

Mail Train via Mt. Joy..

11:20 a. m.

MaU Train No. 2 via

11:20 a. m.
3:25 p. m.
6.10 p. m.

1:20 p. m.

4:60 p. m.

Harrisburg Accom

8:10 p. m.

Lancaster Train

7:35 p. m.

Col. and York.

Pittsburg Express

8:55 p. m.

10:10 p. m.

Ciucinuati Express'

10:45 p. m.

12:01 a. m.

EASTWARD.

Lancaster.

PhilodelphU.

Atlantic Express*

12:40 a. m.

3:10 a. m.

Philad'a Eipresst

3:55 a. m.

6:.50 a. m.

Harrisburg Express

7:20 a. m.

10:00 a. m.

Lancaster Train

9:28 a. m.

Pacific Express'

1.45 p. m.

4.15 p. m.

Elmira Express

3.15 p. m.

5:55 p. m.

Harrisburg Accom

6-20 p. m.

9:30 p. m.

The Columbia Accommodation Train will leave Columbia
at 1:00 p. m., and arrive at Lancasleuat 1:35 p. m. Return-
ing, leave Lancaster at 3:40 p. m., and arrive at Columbia at
4:15 p. m.

York Accommodation leaving Lancaster at 7:50 a. m. and
Columbia at 8:20 a. m., vrtll connect at York with Baltimore
Accommodation, south, at 9:13, arriving at Baltimore at
12:05 p. m.

The York Accommodation, leaving York at 5:50 a. m., con-
nects at Columbia, at 6:35. with the train leaving Marietta at
6:22 a. m., and at Ijiucaster, at 7:20 a. m., with the Harris-
burg Express.

The Pacific Express east, on Sunday, will make the fol-
lowing stops, when flagged, viz.: Middletown, Elizabeth-
town, Mount Joy, Bird-in-Hand, Learaan Place, Gap, Chris-
tiana, Parkesburg, Coatesville, Gleu Lock, and Bryn Mawr.

•The only trains which run daily. Mail train west on
Sunday will run via Columbia.

tRuns daily, except Monday.

PENNSYLVAITIA RAILROAD.

FLORIDA EXCURSION ROUTES.

SEASON OF 1874-5.

TicketB to Jacksonville, Fla., and Return, for sale Decem-
ber iBt to April l8t, good to return uutil May 31st, and have

all the privileges of First Class Tickets.

EouTB No. 510.— Via Washington, Bichmond, Wilmington,
Charleston, and Savannah.

KouTK No. 611.— Via Washington, Richijiond, Charlotte,
Augusta, and Savannah.

Route No. 512.— Via Washington, Richmond, Wilmington,
Augusta, and Savannah.

KouTK No. 513.— Via Washington, Richmond, Charlotte,
•Atlanta, Mucou, and Jesup.

RouTK No. 514.— Via Washington, Lynchburg, Charlotte,
Augusta, and Savannah,

RoutkNo. 515.— Via Washington, Lynchburg, Bristol, At-
lanta. Macon, and Jesup.

EouTB No. 548.— Via Washington, Richmond, Augusta,
Yemassee, and Savannah.

Route No. 549.— Via Washington, Bichmond, Wilmington,
Augusta, Yemassee, and Savannah.

Route No. 546. — Via Baltimore, Norfolk, Wilmington, Au-
gusta, and Savannah.

Route No. 547.— Via Baltimore, Norfolk, Wilmington.
Charleston, and Savannah.
All of the above-described tickets return by same route,

and are sold at followiug THROUfiH Rates.

Now York, . , $5'j 00 I Trenton, . . $47 75
' " ■ ■ 45 50

49 50

50 75
52 75

Except Routes' No. 54C and No. 547, which are not sold at
Harrisburg, Williamaport, Altoona, and Pittsburg.

Variable Route Tickets are sold at New York, Jersey City,
Harrisburg, WilUumsport, Altoona, and Pittsburg, as fol-
lows :
Excursion No. 616.— Going by Route 510, returning by

Route 512, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 517.— Going by Route 612, returning by

Route 610, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 518.— Going by Route 510, returning by

Route 511, $10 additional.
Excursion No, 519.— Going by Route 511, returning by

Route 510, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 522. — Going by Route 510, retux'ning by

Boute 514, $10 additional.
ExcuRBiON No. 523.— Going by Route 514, returning by

Route 610, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 526.— Going by Route 511, returning by

Boute 512, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 627.— Gomg by Boute 512, returning by

Boute 511, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 530.— Going by Boute 511, returning by

Route 514, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 631.— Going by Route 514, returning by

Routes 1, $10 additional.
Excursion No. S36.— Going by Route 612, returning by

Route 514, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 537,— Going by" Route 614, returning by

Boute 512, $10 additional.
ExcuBsiON No. 542. — Going by Boute 613, returning by

Boute 515, $10 additional.
Excursion No. 543.— Going by Boute 515, returning by

Route 513. $10 additional.

Excursion Tickets and information of Boutes can be ob-
tained at the following Ticket Offices :
Boston— Nos. 77 and 79 Washington Street.
New YoSK— No. 1 Aator House, No. 526 Broadway, No. 944

Broadway, and at Depots, foot of Desbrosses and foot of

CoHrtlaudt Streets.
Jersey City — Depot. Newark — 182 Market St., and at

Depot. Elizabeth — Depot. Bahway — Depot. New

Brunswick- Depot. Trenton— Depot.
Harrisburg- Depot. Williamsport— 8, W. comer Mar-
ket Square and at Depot, Altoona— Depot. Pittsburg
— 78 Filth Avenue, and at Union Depot.
FRANK THOMSON, D. M. BOYD, JR.,

General Matia^er, Gen'l Passenger Agent.

7-3-lm

Jersey City,

50 00

Harrisburg,

Newark.

50 00

W illiamsport

Elizabeth.

d9 75

Altoona,

Rahway,

49 50

Pittsburg,

New Brunewick,

49 00

2,000 Copies of The Farmer

Have been printed each month since
the publication passed into the hands
of the present proprietors. Of this
number the copies not wanted for regu-
lar subscribers have been sent to leading
farmers in the various districts of the
county, for their examination, in the
hope that they would be pleased with it
and become subscribers. We are proud
to be able to state that The Farmer has
made a very favorable impression where-
ever it has been read, and we have every
reason to believe that its subscription
list will be doubled before the year is
out. Lancaster being one of the most
populous and wealthy agricultural coun-
ties in the nation, this journal is a very
desirable medium for those who wish to
reach a thrifty class of farmers.

Hcm^Palnt

A New Work by a Practical Painter, design
ed for the use of Tradesmen, Meclianics,
nercliants. Fanners, and as a Guide to Pro-
fessional Painters. Containini; a Plain Com
mon-SoDBe Statement of the Methods employed by
Painters to produce satisfactory results in Plain
andFancr Painting of every description, includ
Ing Formulas for mixing Paint in Oil oi
] Water, Tools required, etc. This is just the Book
needed by any person having anything to paint, and
makes

"Every Man His Own Painter."

Full Directions for Using White l,ead-l.amp-
Black— Green — Yellow — Brown— Wlilt-
Ing — Glue — Pumice Stone — Spirits ol
Turpentine — Oils — Varnishes — Furni-
ture Varnish — Milk Paint — Preparing
Kalsomlne, etc.

Paint for Outbuildings

— Whitewash— Paste for Paper-Hanglng-
Hanging Paper-Graluing In Oak, IMaple,
Rosewood, Black Walnut— Staining—
Decalcomaula— Making Bustle Pictures
— Painting Flower-Stands — Rosewood
3 Polish — Varnishing Furniture — Wax-
■rt Ing furniture— Cleaning Paint—

s Paint for Farming Tools

3 -for Machinery-Household Fixtures, etc.

To Paint a Farm Wagon

-to Re-Varnlsh a Carriage— to make Plas-
ter Casts. The work Is neatly printed, with illus-
trations wherever they can serve to make the subject
plainer, and it will save many times Its cost
yearly. Every family should possess a copy. Prico
by mall, post-paid, $1. Address

THE FARMER,

,_3_i2m Liancaster, Pa.

A. K. SPURRIER,

At Mayor's OfB.ce, Lancaster, Pa.

Criminal bueiness promptly attended to at all hours.

SPECIAL ATTENTION paid to Civil Bueiness. GoUec
tioue carefully attended to, and returns promptly made, on
reasonable terms.

DEEDS. JUDGMENTS and MORTGAGES

executed on short notice, and satisfaction guaranteed.

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL. 1875.

Rattivon fc Pistier,

PRACTICAL

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

EnElish & American PantalooninEs and Vestings

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VALENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Ready-made Olothlng of home mantilacture for Men
and Boys. Hosiery, a full line of SMrts, Collars, Shams,
and Neck Fixings, etc.

Clothing- made to order promptly, and warranted to
give satisfaction. Agents for the sale of Scott's Fashions.

Our stock consists of all the novelties In the market,
for MEN and BOYS, and will be replenished as the sea-
son advances. For quality, variety, style and price, we
feel II cannot be excelled elsewhere.

Thankful for past patronage, we would call the atten-
tion of buyers to our slock of Piece Goods and Ready-
Made Clothing tor the Sprtno; of iSTo.

Fashions received monthly, and Clothing made
promptly to order, on the most satisfactory terms.

RATHVON & FISHER,

7-l-12m Practical Tailors.

The Only Place in Town for Cheap Soap.
HERMAN MILLER'S

STEAM SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS,

42 EAST EINC! ST. Factory-SOUIH WATEE SI.

Keeps constantly on hand a good assortment of

SOAPS OF ALL KINDS.

Tallow and Fat taken In exchange at the filghest mar-
7-2] ket prices. Patent Wheel Grease tor sale. |6m

fHl ilST EAi C4EPETS

ARE MADE BY

THOS. W. BROWN,

(SUCCESSOR TO E». BtlCKESfDEKFER,)

COVERLET AND CARPET WEAVER.

STOBE, 542 EAST KING ST.

FACTORY, 541 & 543 E. MirFLIlSr ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

7-1] CUSTOMER WORK A SPECIALTY. [3m

UTAH NATIVE PLANTS.

Our climate is 80 mild we Beldom have snow in the valleys
—but iu midsummer may find enow and ice in a day's ride.
The plants from the regions of the extremes of heat and
cold meet here and hybridize ; thus the many new plants-
some very beautiful iu bloom, and attractive as ornamenta.
Several new SPECIES have been discovered, and many more
new varieties.

1 will send plants or seeds, each in the proper season, for
orders accompanied by the "ready," and in some instances
will exchange for the rare and beautiful, for garden and
conservatory. J. E, JOHXSOBT.

7-3_tf St. George, ITtah.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

_ Z AHMS CORNER,

^orth Queen Street Ss Centre Square,
LANCASTER, PA.

A FULL ASSORTMENT OF

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGENT IN LANCASTER COONTY FOR THE SALE OF

The Aruadel Tmted Spectacles.

These SpectncIeB have been l>efore the public now for
some years, uiid have given entire satiefaetiou. They are
unquestionably the best in the market.

WATCH REPAIRING

and GENERAL JOB WORK in all its brauchea promptly
done. The well-earned reputation of

for flrst-clasB work will be fully maintaiced.

EDVS^.J. ZAHM,

ZA£CMS COKITSR,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,
7-3.3m ItANCASTEB, PA.

FITS CURED FR££.

OUR FENCE CORNERS.

THE LANCASTER FARMER ABROAD.

The Lancastku Farmku is not only rapiilly work-
ing its way into favor at home, but it la winning
golden opinions from leading agrieultuniliBts and
men of srienee abroad, wlio are attraeted to it by the
wfll written anil praetieally iisefnl artieles of its able
editor, I'rof. Katlivon. Indications already received
by the publlsliers in the way of compliments, suliseri-
bcrs and advertisements for The Fartiter, indicate that
it could be sustained by patronage outside the county,
even if our own I'armers fail to appreciate it, of which
the publisliers liavc, liowevcr, no fears, as subscrip-
tions from the county are steadily coming in. Tlic
following, culled from the many compliments of the
agricultural ])ress received, is from tlie Minne Fanner
published at Augusta, of which S. L. Boardman is
the agricultural editor. It is one of the leading and
oldest agricultural newspapers in the country, being
now in its forty-third year :

Among our excliangee, we have few that are more
welcome or more closely conned than TUe Laiicnnlcr
Fnriiier, published monthly at Lancaster, Pa., at
SI. 00 per year. While it is intended to Ije a local
journal merely, it is at the same time so ably edited,
so well tilled with judicious and sensible matter, and
so neatly printed and made up, as to be deserving of
a wider circulation than it can possibly have in the
county where published. Prof. S. S. liathvon — a
well-known writer on entomology, is editor.

The agricultural editor of the New York Tribune,
who is not given to paying idle compliments, and
from whom a word of commendation has great weight
with farmers and fruit-growers, says :

"The Lancaster Farmek, a monthly journal
published at Lancaster, Pa., and edited by Prof. S. S.
Kathvou, starts on its seventh year in an enlarged and
improved condition. It strives to develop local agri-
cultural interests, and should be well sustained."

Any person suffering from the above disease is requested
to address T>r. Price, and a trial bottle of medicine will be
forwarded by Express,

FREE I

The only cost toeing the Express charges, which, owing to
xny large business, are small.

Dr Price has made tlie treatment of

FITS OB EPILEPSY
a study for years, and he will warrant a cure by the use of
his remedy.

Do not fail to send to him for a trial bottle; it costs
sothing, and he

WILL CURB YOU,
no matter of how long standing your case may be, or how
many other remedies may have failed.
Circulars and testimonial.s sent with

FKEE TRIAL BOTTLE.
B« particular to give your Express, as well as your Post
Office direction, aud address

Dr. CHAS. T. PRICE,

7-3-12m 67 William St.. New York.

^. :iB. ]vi-A.nTriisr,

MANUFACTURER OF

n'itttniUJtpnrt anft I^ofh Ilnvettt

BiU Mills— ROUND ISLAND k PORTAGE, PA.
7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [3m

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R., LANCASTER, PA.

IF YOU WANT A
SB'WZITG MACHZITB,

don't but one before tou examine the

REMINGTON,

— AT —

H. A.SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOB TO ZAHU'6 COBKEB,
WHO IS AGENT FOR LANCASTER COUNTY.

ty Send for Circulars. [1-2-^ni

Heading off a Congregation.

Old Dr. Strong, of Hartford, was not often out-
witted by his i)eople. On one occasion he had invited
a young minister to preach for liim who proved
rather a dull speaker, and whose sermon was unusu-
ally long. The people became wearied, and as Dr.
Strong lived near the bridge, about the time of
the commencement of the afternoon service he saw
his people flocking across the river to the other
church. He readily understood that they feared they
should hear the same young man in the afternoon.
Gathering up his wits he said to the young minister :
"My l)rothcr across the river is very feeble, and I
know he will take it kindly to have you preach to his
people, and if you will do so I will give you a note to
him, and will be as much obliged to you as I would
to have you preach for me, and I want you to preach
the same sermon you preached to my people this
morning." The young minister supposing this to be
a commendation of his sermon, started otf in good
spirits, delivered his note and was invited to preach
most cordially. He saw before him one-half of Dr.
Strong's people, and they had to listen one hour and
a half to the s,ame dull, humdrum sermon they heard
in the morning. They understood the joke, however,
and said they would never undertake to run away
from Dr. Strong again.

The Lancaster Farmer has abandoned its octavo
form and comes to us in quarto style — something like
the PRACTirAi. Farmer. It is published by Pear-
sol & (iEisT, 23 S. Queen street, Lancaster, Pa., and
is edited by that well-known Entomologist and tal-
ented writer, 8. S. P.atiivon. It is published under
the auspices of the Lancaster County Agricultural and
Horticultural Society. We should much rejoice in
the prosperity of our valued cotemjwrary. It is ably
edited and always abounds in valuable practical mat-
ter. It ought to have 3,000 subscribers in Lancaster
county alone. — The Practical Farmer aiirf Journal of

the Farm.

^

A lisping genius, having Imught some pigs, said to
his neighbor : " I have juth been purtlialhing thome
thwine^wo thouth and pigth. I want to put them
in your pen till I can tind aplath forthem." "Why,"
exclaimed the neighbor, " my pen will hardly hold a
dozen I" " I don't thay two'thouglithand pigthi" ex-
claimed the lisper. " I hear you, two thousand pips;
why, you must be crazy!" Again, exclaimed the
man, angrily, "I mean not two thoughthand pigth,
but two thouth and two pigth !" "Oh, eh? Well,
the pen is at your service."

E. J. sb.ism:.ajct.

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS. CUFFS, DRAWERS. NECK-
TIES, UMBRELLAS, GLOVES.
SUSPENDERS, EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.
SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER,

■WARRANTED TO FIT.
118 IsrOieTH Q,TJEEIsr ST-,

(Next door lo Horting A Schlott's Hotel),

LANCASTER, PA. 17 1 3m

1760. ESTABLISHED 1760.

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PAINTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRACOTTA. IRON anft LEAD PIPE,

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FAEM IMPLEMENTS.

AGENTS FOR THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &c., &C.

We have the largest stocli of general Hardware in the
State, and our prices are as low and terms as liljcral as can
be found elsewhere. 7-3-3m

LANCASTER, PA.,

With whom may be found, at Wliolesale and Retail, a large
assortment of

^RUGS, ^EDICINES&^HEMICALS

Fancy and Toilet Articles,

SPONGES, BRUSHES, PEKFCMEBY, ic, *c.

easily made by selling TEAS at IM-
PORTERS' PRICES, or getting up
clubs in towns and country for the Old-
est Tea Company in America. Grciteat iuducements. Send
for circular. CANTON TEA COMPANY,

148 Chambers St., N. Y.

MONEY

" My dear fellow," said an old member of Congress
to a new one, " j-ou work too liard on your speeches.
I often prepare one in half an hour, and think noth-
ing of it." "And that's just what everytrody else
thinks of it," was the reply.

Physicians' Preacripllons carefully compounded, and order*
answered with care and dis| atch. The Public will
find our stock of Medicines complete, war-
ranted genuine, and of the beat quality. [7-l-3m

MARSHALLS'

BOOT Aro SHOE STORE,

Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa.

For French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boota and Shoes,

GO TO MARSHALLS".

BOYS' AND YOUTHS KIP BOOTS,

RUBBERS OF EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Misses and Children's flue Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meaa-
urc. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

B^Bepalring promptly attended to. . n-l.An

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

A A i

A reliable time-piece should te In tlie possession of
every farmer, and nowhere can a better, more correct
and reliable Wutch, either American or Swiss, be ob-
tained, warranted In every respect as represented, than

°H. L. ZAHM&CO.

NO. 22 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOB TO MARBLE FRONT.

SILVEB and SILVER PLATED WABE,
KNIVES, FORKS AND SPOONS.

A LARGE STOCK.

Farmers, 'tis a pleasure to have a good time-piece; 'tis
also a pleasure to enjoy the beautiful In agriculture and
horticulture, and to see the latest Improvements In
these, and all things nature has blessed us with. There-
fore, GOOD EtK SIGHT Is necessary for the enjoyment of
these pleasures. The eye Is often strained and weak-
ened from different causes and should be helped In
time. Call on H. L. ZAHM & CO.. where H. L. Zahm, the
oldest and most experienced optician, with A PRACTICE
OF THIRTY YEARS, will flt you with glasses warrant-
ed to strengthen and renew the sight without a doubt.

DO NOT FORGET THE PLACE.

NO. 22 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

OPPOSITE BAER'S BOOK STORE.

SPECIALTY : Spectacles, Jewelry and Watches.
Repairing— Warranted First-class.

p-l-2m

BOOKS I

DAVID BAIK. R. W. SHENK,

BANKING HOUSE

—OF—

BAIR & SHENK,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

BUSINESS PAPER Discounted.
LOANS made on Collateral Securities.
Gold, Silver, Coupon*, Government and other 8eonritie»
bought and sold.
Interest paid on Deposits.

i)^ per cent. 3 months, I 5}^ per cent. 12 months.
6 per cent. 6 months, | 7-3-3m

J F. FRUEAUFF,

Attemey-at-Iiaw.

O£fice-ao4 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of AGREEMENTS neatly and expeditiouBly
drawn. Cases carefully and thoroughly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS, ROAD-VIEWLRS. AUDITORS.

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of any kind.

Collections, large or small, made upon a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Xurope.

Consultations and Correspondence conducted in either the
French, German or English languages.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Columbia, Pemu.

JOHN BAER'S SONS

No, 15 North ftueen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.,

luTite the attention of the public to their large and well se-
lected stock of

Miscellaneous ani School Boob,

English and German Publications,
BLANK BOOKS,

Comprising Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Journals,
Pass Books, &c., Foreign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years' experience in the business, ample
capital and a spacious store, we

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our business, and offer special inducements to
all who may faror us with their patronage.
B^~ Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

1-1-12]

•t-l-ltml

no.w.BRDwn

FDRHITDRE f AEEROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STREET,

Over Llpp'a Tin Store, next door to First
National Bank.

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE.

UPHOLSTERING DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

o:e3: ^ I n. s.

All kinds of Fnmitare made to Order.
tyRepalrlne ol all kinds promptly attended to.

7-l-3in]

GEO. W. RROWN.

d

H

d

0

Established 1770! Established 1770!

H.C DEMUTH,

MANUFACTURER OF

AND

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS.

All the best tobacco in the market at the lowest re-

tail prices.

[7-l-3m]

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

Farmers, Attention!

H. C. EICHHOLTZ,

OXJTIjiESH.,

NO. 58 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

will sell you a Good Article of Cutlery of any kind.

Will also repair any cutting instrument you may have, in
the best manner.

Will make you a stencil plate for marking your bags,
your linen or anything else. Anything in the stamp line
made to order. [T-l-3in

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE SIS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

IS NOW OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSON *fe SON.

PATROSTAGE OF FARIHERS SOLICITED.

«3.COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS. [7-l-3m

NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT

DR. J. B. MeCASKEY,

Office over First Natiooal Bank,

EAST KING STREET,

Is our ONLY Licensee for the use of Rubber as a base for
Artificial Denture, in Lancaster, Pa.

All persons are hereby cautioned against purchasing Rub-
ber Dental Plates of parties NOT LICENSED by this Com-
pany, as by BO doing they render themselves equally liable to
prosecution for infringement. A reward will be paid for
information that will lead to the conviction of any parties
for the unlawful use of our patents.

JOSIA^r SA.COZT,

Trea^> Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co,
Boston, February 13, 1875. 7-3-lm"

J. B. KEYINSKI,

Sole Agent for Lancaster City and Connty lor

STEINWAY& SON'S

WORLD RENOWNED PIANOS,

AND

MASON «Sc HAMLIN'S
OELEBEATED OEGANS.

So. 8 North Prince St.

7-2-3m

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

ROOFIJSra SLi^TE.

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12in LANCASTER, PA.

FINE GROCERIES,

BAKING MOLASSES,

PURE SPICES,

Canned Vegetables and Fruits,

AT

7-2-3m

HENRY FISHER'S,

104 East King St.

The Lancaster Farmer.

Prof. S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA.. MARCH. 1875.

Vol. VII. Ho. 3.

"FARMERS, WRITE FOR YOUR PAPER."

We luivo V>efore iis a large doiibli' folio on
af;i"icultuie, called the Farmers'' Vnitm, puli-
lishert at Afiiiiicaiiolis, Minnesota, whieli lia.s
the al)ove caption as its chief motto. It i.s not
only a motto, Imt also an ailmonition, and to
show how far it is re;;arded l)y its jiatrons, we
have only to say that tliis number (Febrnary
loth) contains jij'tii-Jivc orif^inal contributions
from the same number of writers. Twelve at
least of these writers are ladies, and about half
a dozen are youths. Their contributions num-
ber from ten lines to a whole cohnnn or more,
and they an^ on all sorts of subjects connected
with agricultural, horticultural, domestic, sta-
tistical and social affairs, with a slight sprink-
ling of religious, scientilic and political. In-
deed, nearly the whole eight i>ages are taken up
with original matter, and the small remainder
with literary and miscellaneous selections and
advertisements.

Minneapolis and its surroundings, in com-
parison with Lancaster city and county, is a
new settlement, far rinioved from the great
centres of eastern wealth and intelligence, and
yet no jom-nal has come under our obser-
vation that is patronized l)y .so many contii-
Ijutors. It is true, that many of these contri-
butions are of a common place or local char-
acter, and a few of them are pnrely di.scus-
sional, but the greater number are i)ractical,
and would be suitable to any locality in the
same degree of latitude. We have said that at
least twelve of these writers were ladies, but
from the fact that many of them only signed
their initials, or the initialsof their tirst name,
we could not alw.ays determine the sex of the
writers by the names alone, nor could it be
always determined l)y the context.

This leads us to make a remark here that we
think we have made elsewhere, namely, that
lady writers should adoi)t a signature or [vseu-
donym by which we might liww their sex from
the name alone. How can we tell whether J.
E. Jones means .Tane Elizabeth Jones, or Jede-
diali Eliphalet Jones V

Now, there nuist V>e some reason for the lib-
eral literary support which these Minnesotians
extend to their local journal. And it is not
this journal alone, but all that are published in
the western states have a more liberal support
in this respect than tho.seof the east, andcs]rc-
ciallj" those in Pennsylvania. Without intend-
ing to prejudice the ca.se one w.ay or the other,
we would merely suggest that "the "Patrons
of Ilusb.andry" are numerous in that locality,
and, although it is not consiiicuou.sly apparent
that this paper is the authorized organ of that
as.sociation, still, all through its columns it
smacks strongly of the Grange. People, how-
ever, who write liberally for news))apers and
magazines are most Jikely readers of and sub-
scribers to tho.se iiublications, and if the Granges
are capable of producing such an effect upon
the Social and intellectual condition of the peo-
ple, they ought to be "looked into," for it
would seem that they are not only "Patrons
of Husbandry," but also patrons of literature.

We know not whether the Grange imi)oses
obligations, or impresses instruction, involving
moral and intellectual culture, or whether it
is to the contrary, Ijut if it does, it is only in
harmony with those ideas of "compulsory edu-
cation" which now are engaging the attention
of local legislation in many [lartsof our country.
If there is no such obligation within the order,
it cannot be denied that such a one impliedly
exists cndsick of it. When the Creator iilaced
man in the Garden of Eden he was solemnly
admonished to "drf.ss U and keep it,''' and this
involved both mental and physical labor. Had
he heeded this admonition, and subordinated
his sensual toliis spiritual principle, there would
not now be any need of such an organization
as a Grange. The "one talent" which was

committed to the slothful servant was taken
from him— because he had "hidden it in a naji-
kin " — and given tojiini that had "ten." If
these cxaniiiles do not involve nioial and men-
tal culture, (hen it would be dillicult to impress
such a precept by any demonstraliou less em-
phatic than^he terrilic " thundering of .siuai."

If, however, the facts above narrated are a
merely ordinary manifestation of the iieople's
love for literary exerci.ses, then it exhibits a
degree of social and intellectual culture that, is
a credit to any connuunily where such a state
of thingsexists,and cannot be too soon adopted
by older settlements.

We can conceive no greater aid to llu- moral
and intellectual progress of our farming popu-
lation than the devotion of a small portion <if
their time to the cultivation of their minds.
This ought to be done, without leaving their
physical labors undone. Of what account are
hou.ses, and barns, and lands alone, in tliat hour
when — "This night thy .soul shall be recpiired
of thee — " is sounded in delimiuent ears V
^^ Farmers, write for your paper.'''

SPARROWS— FINCHES.

There are about one hundred species of
birds belonging to the family FrinyiUidiv, or
Finches, that are natives to the territory of
the United States, descrii)tions of which have
been imblished in books and ixipcrs on Orni-
tholtigij. The reader will note that we have
said one hundred species. Scattered over our
broad land, each of these species may be
counted by thousands, if not liy tens of thou-
sands, and perhaps hundreds of tliou.sands,
or millions. About forty of tliese species are
either natives to Lancaster county or make
short sojourns here on their passage farther
north — at least that is the nr.mber that have
been captured or observed within tln^ limits
of the county. Many of the.se species nest,
lay their eggs and raise from one to two
broods of yoimg during the summer season.
These Ijirds are known under tlu' common
names of Sparrows, Finches, Buntings, i^c,
and occupy a very important iiosition in the
economy of nature. Every female of these
species rears its broods f)f from four to six
individuals, on worms and the softer ?nrrip of
insects— such as grul)S, slugs, maggots, cater-
pillars, &c., and therefore must exercise an
inmien.se intluence upon the growing crojis of
the entire country. No matter what the adult
birds may feed on, they bring up their little
families entirely on insect food, and they
commence gathering early in the spring, long
before any fruits or seeds have matured.
Later in the sea.son the adult birds will feed
njion berries, seeds and grain, but the damage
they do is incomimral ily small when contrasted
with the good they do in the early iiart of the
season. IJuffon longago estimated that a single
family of sparrows will consume about four
thousand insect hirrrr ina week,andsub.sefiiii'nt
writers have made the estimate rather higher
than lower. The damage that four thou.sand
htrra' a week inightdoto the vegetation within
the limit of a singli' family of si)Mrrows, if said j
insects were permitted to mature and deposit
their eggs, is almost incidculable. We are
now alluding to sparrows or finches, exclu-
sively. There are hundreds of other birds
that feed entirely on small insects, in.sccts'
eggs and maggots, throughout the whole
Season, but their scavenging labors can only
be illustrated in a seiiarate paper; we are now
siteaking of the Fringillians asafamilv alone.
Within the last three years the "English
Sparrow," {Passer do-ine.^tica) has lieen intro-
duced into America, and is increasing rapidly.

It is a bold, impudent and greedy bird,
and before many years will have completely
superseded and displaced our most familiar and

domestic species (Spizella socialis). < Umplaints
are made in some (piarters that tliese biids are
aii])roprialiug the "small fruits," but these
croakers never rellect that if it were not for
these birds, and others of their family, in the
early part of the season, they might have no
fruit to be eaten by birds or any other beings.

These birds, like our native allied species,
are always on the verge of domestic civili/Ji-
tion, and wherever man erects for himself
a domicile in the wilderness, it will not 1h)
long before they hnd it. It is .said that this
peculiaritj- is not so much attributable to tlieir
love for man (for with all their familiarity
they are still dislrustful) as it is to their self-
preservative |)rudenie. Near human society
they are more protected against their feathered
and other animal enemies, find a more abun-
dant supply of food, and have safer nesting
facilities. Hence, their very boldness is a
characteristic that enhances their value, and
stamps them as superior to birds of more
timid and retired haliits. We want a class of
feathered friends that will go where the insect.s
are, and as civilization and domestic culture
increases the quantity and ([ualilyof food that
insects most delight to fee<l on, thire also the
antidote shoulil most abound, and this will
follow, if we allow nature's economies to pre-
vail.

Lancaster county is fast becoming popula-
ted with these English sjiarrows, and up to
the first of January 1.^75, we noticed many of
them in the city — the strei ts were full of them
and thej' almost approached to the doors of
Ijouses, in search of those tiny moi-sels that
only a sjiarrow can .see, and which are of no
valiie at all to the human family. Since the
first of January they are not so common,
and no doubt iiiany of them have retired a
little farther soiitliward. There is jirecious
little for them to feed upon when the ground
is covered with snow. A few seeds and win-
ter berries is all these little feathered friends
can find to break their winter fasts, and surely
we can atlord them these. But when sjiring
returns these, and the whole local trilx-, will lie
here again to begin their mission of good.
Taking them for all in all, we cannot witlihold
our testimony and our sympathies in behalf
of the sparrows, either foreign or native, and
we hope others may be intluenced in like
manner.

ENTOMOLOGICAL.

Late in the Fall of 1S74 (sometime in Nov.)
we observed on the inside of the door of our
water-clo.set the naked chrvs;ilid of a I'ierlf
rapn\ or "White cabbage tJutterfiy." Tlicre
it has hung all this blessed winter, and up to
the present writinir (March Idth) througli all
kinds of weather, from an intense freezi: to a
gentle thaw, wi bout aiiparent injury. The
closet is a new one, built of new pine boards,
and iiainted without and within; a naked,
hard painted surface, and not a very favorable
place, aiiparently, for an insect of any kind to
make its winter (piarters. The cold has been
protracted and severe, and often the whole of
the inside of the closet was covered with a
dense and glittering hoar frost, and wherever
a nail head or a clinched jioint lay undir the
coat of paint, the frost projected (mt in a
chrystalized relief, farther and more densely
tlian the surrounding surface. Formorethan
three months we have daily had this little
chrysalid before our eyes, and have watched
it with interest, and here is the singular ob-
servation we have made. N^1 matter how
intense this cold may have lie^n (on one occar
sion it was six degrees below zero, once two,
several times at zero, and at other times more
or less above) and no matter how dense and
glittering the frost may have been elsewhere,

34

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

we never at any time discovered any on the
chrysalid. This leads us to the conjectural
conclusion that at no time liad it been frozen
— that it always jiossessed sufficient latent heat
to protect it from the ellects of frost. And
this recalls analogous observations made many
years ago in collectiu;; chrysalids in AVintor.
We have often found chrysalids under the
loose bark of decayinj; loi,'S and trees, under
boards and Hat stones and in other similar
places. Some of these we found clean and
smooth, and others perfectly genuned all over
with hoar frost, standing in needle-like crys-
tals. Those covered with frost generally," if
not invarialjly, i)roved to be dead, whilst from
the others we" succeeded in evolving the mature
insects. At first we supposed these casualties
were the effects of subjecting them subsequently
to unfavorable conditions, or to souk; inadver-
tent violence. But we manipulated them
delicately, and all the conditions were in both
cases the same. Therefore it would seem that
hybernating insects possess a latent jtower to
resist the efl'ects of cold. We have also had
this in many instances exemplified in the lanrr
of moths, especially in the hairy caterpillai's
of the conmion arctians, sometimes called
"woolly bears. " We have obtained these in
Winter perfectly rigid, apparently frozen, and
on several occasions we have cut them out of
ice in that condition, and on removing them
to a temperature of about 7U^ they have in
an hour or two revived and become as active
as We find them in mid-siunmer. These ex-
l)eriences seem to manifest that there is a vital
principle in insects that is not alfected by any
ordinary degree of frost, and that when they
are found dead under such circnmstancesthey
must have sutiered previous violence, or have
lived out the natural measure of their days.
We have, however, ol)served that sulijecting
Zarivc and i)upre to alternations of heat and
cold has been fatal to the vital principles in
them. We have also oljserved in many in-
stances that 'iiioiMure has been more fatal to
them tlian any degree of dry cold.

We have on many occasions found large
numbers of insects in their Winter hyberna-
tions, some of which were covered with a
bluish or greenish fumjus or mould, wliilst
others in tlie same place were entirely free
from it. Under these circumstances those
covered with mould were invariably dead,
whilst those free from it revived when the
proper degree of heat prevailed. From idl
this it must be inferred that insects are en-
dowed with a tenacity which enables them to
resist unfavorable climatic contingencies, and
perpetuate their species in another season.

The i)ractical lesson, however, we desire to
ini-ulcate in this paper is the necessity of
attending to the collection and destruction of
bisect chrysalids during Winter and early
Sprin,', ami especially in the case of the "Cab-
bage Buttertly," the parent of the "green
worm." These may be foimd in many nooks
and corners of the field, the garden, and the
outhouses of the farmer and the townsman,
and ought to be removed before the swelling
of the buds. The pendent follicles of the
"Drop worm," too, may now be seen on the
trees, dangling in the "Winter winds. Tliese
worms are particularly destructive to the
arbor-vitie. These should be cut off during
the month of March, with a sharp knife or a
pair of pruning shears, instruments that no
' progressive horticulturist will do without.
Those out of arm reach may be cut off by
shears affixed to the end of a pole and mani))-
ulated with a cord. Tliose girdles of eggs of
the "Tent Caterpillars" around the branches
sliould also te removed and destroyed.
In the crotches of ajjple, i)ear, plum, peach
and quince trees, groups of eggs— and a little
later in the season young cateriiillars— of the
Spring and Sunnner "Webworms," should
receive the close attention of the fi-uit-grower
if he wishes to preserve his fruit and save a
world of labor later in the season.

We wnUd also call the special attention of
potato-gi-owers to the early broods of the
"Colorado beetle." Last year they showed
themselves during the mild weather of Feb-

ruary, but March being uniformly cold they
disappeared, and reappeared, in A)iriL Tliey
should receive early attention in all (juarters.
It has been clearly (lemonstraledthat, although
they are partial "to the potato, in the absence
of this they will feed on many other kinds of
Vegetable tbod, so that it will be diliicult to
"starve them out. " These labors may seem
a "useless botheration" to the farmer, but a
time is approaching when more attention to
these things will be required than is paid to
them now. It is true that birds, bats, quad-
rupeds, reiitiles and parasitic insects will ass'st
them much more than they receive credit for,
but then these animals only destroy as many as
they ncril for their own sustenance. ' Their own
instinctive economy — and without any regard
to human economy — influences them in the
amount of aliment they appropriate to their
own use. They do not destroy wantonly.

UTILIZING POTATO-BEETLES AND
GRASSHOPPERS.

In finding remedies against destructive in-
sects, a great deal of thought, ingenuity and
labor, as well as much precious time, are ofteij
exercised in vain. Now, if we could hit upon
some plan by which the worst and most numer-
ous among them could be utilized, so far as to
yield a profit, or at least a compensation for
the damage they do, it might transpire that
tlieir presence in large numbers would be a
blessing instead of a curse. It is on record
that in France, when the " white-grubs " be-
come distructi vely numerous, they a"re gathered
by poor iieople, and esiiecially by children, who
are compensated for their labor, and that .said
grubs (larvaj of Melolontiiid.e) furnish the
oily ingredient in the manufacture of soap. In
Mexico, the "Cochineal-insect" (Coccusracti)
is gathered and exported in large quantities,
and yields a well known scarlet and crimson
dye — the cactus on which they feed being
cultivated (jr fostered for that specilic puri)ose^
We. have now before us a beautiful, clear, wine-
red color, which we have extracted from "Cock-
roaches," (Blatia orieutidis,) which may also
be suggestive. If, therefore, the "Colorado
Potato-Beetles" could be so far utilized as to
yield as much, pecuniarily, as the potato crops
which they destroy, the farmer might afford
to grow and crop the plant for this purpose
alone, and gather the beetles as they gather
the cochineal. They proba,bly would yield a
yellow dye, or at least sufficient oily matter to
make a soap. If peradventure "the plants
should also yield tubers, this would be an ad-
ditional profit.

We have here in Lancaster county at least
four other species of potato-beetles, which be-
long to the family Cantiiauid.k or " Blister-
ing-Beetles," and it has been demonstrated
that their vesicatorial or blistering properties
are nearly or quite as powerful as those we im-
port from Spam under the name of "Spanish-
rties. " There are many species of these blis-
tering-beetles within the territory of the Unit-
ed States. California, New Mexico, and the
great western jilains are fidl of them, some of
which approach the Sjianish species more
nearly than our local species do. These bee-
tles seem to be omniverous in their gastro-
nomical habits, and fi'ed on different kinds of
succulent vegetation, but they appear to have
a partiality for the tops of the potato jilant.
We have noticed them in Lancaster county
for tliirty jears or more, and by a singular
coincidence one ofthem has always been known
as the "Striped Potato-B etle."' The least olj-
servation, however, is sufficient to distinguish
it from the Colorado species. Any confound-
ing of the two could only be the "result of a
greater degree of ignoraiice than ought to be
evinced by any one claiming to be an American
farmer. The Colorado beetle (ilorz/jj/fora ten-
linefila) is short, eonvexed, tortoised-sha])ed,
and has ten lines lengthwise on its wing-covers,
as its specific name implies. It belongs to the
"lady-bird" family (Chkysomkeir.-t;,) whilst
the other species alluded to (Lytla. Vitt(da)\\Afi
only four stripes on its wing-covers, and is
long, narrow, or cylindrical in form.

The Vittata is more numerous and more de-
structive to the potato tops than its congeners,
one of which is entirely a silky black (Li/tta
utrata,) another entirely ash-colored [Lytta
cinerm,) and a third has black wing-covers,
margined with ash, [Li/Ua nuu-ginata.)

We often impatiently ask why it is that all
these noxious insects have been created only as
pests of t;he human family. Time may demon-
strate that it is not wise to ask such a ques-
tion, except as a step towards its solution.
Ever since the foundation of the American
government, or perhaps ever since the disco-
vei7 of the continent, we have been importing
" Spanish-rties " formedieinal purposes, whilst
here at our very doors, or at least in some
smitten localities, a vesicat(H-ial or blistering
insect may be gathered by bushels. Do not
these things suggest what may ultimately be
the remedy for the circumvention or destruc-
tion of these noxious denizens of the insect
world y There rimsi he a use in them, and the
line of our investigations is to find out and
apply that use.

A third species of " SiriiKil Potato-Beetle,"
one also belonging to the same family that the
Colorado species does, (Chi:yso.mei,ida,) but
not so large and eonvexed as that more notor
rious species, is the little "Three-Luied Potato-
Beetle " (LniKi irilhi&ita) which sometimes
sorely infests the potatoes, especially in the
border States. Like the Colorado, "both the
larva', and adult beetles feed on the tops of the
potato plant, but. unlike the former, the pupal
transformation takes place on the leaf, instead
of under ground, and the winter hybernation
is passed in the beetle state. The larvau)f this
species have the dirty habit of casting their
excretions up on their backs, where it is held
upon two filaments growing out of the hind
end and thrown forward, forming a sort of
canopy, supposed to protect them ifrom the hot
rays of the sun, or from their enemies. It
W(jukl Ue dilficult to suggest what ».se could be
made of these insects in human economy.
They do not seem to possess fatty matter
enough to make soap, and any other use stiU
remains undeveloped.

As to grasshop'pers, mark the distress their
"ravages have caused in poor, suffering Kansas,
.and elsewhere. What assurance have we that
they may not be as destructive there, or else-
where, next season ? and the question very
naturally arises, " What are we going to do
abor.t itV" They make their appearance in
such innnense numljers that iiothing has yet
been discovered to arrest, or even check, their
progress, and the jn'ospects before the infested
districts is anything but hoi)eful and |iromis-
ing. It is true, there may be a cessation for a
year or two, or even longer, but periodically
they are likely to appear, just as they have
appeared these many years, in some port ion or
other of the great west. It is not yet four
hundred years since the continent of America
was first discovered by Columbus, and since
that time we have accustomed ourselves to eat
turtles, terrapins, frogs, lizards, oysters, clams,
crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, and other
hopping, cree]iing and squirming things; and
who can say that long before we celebrate the
thousandth anniversary of .said discovery, we
may not be luxuriating on grasshopjiers. From
whatever source, either " good, bad or indif-
ferent," grasshopiiers may have come, they
must have been, as we said before, permitted
for some its", and that use it is the Imsiness of
the human family to discoverand ajiply. There
is no prospective I'elief in unceasingly regard-
ing tlieir presence as a calamity, but much
consolation in endeavoring to convert them
into a blessing. Think you the Parisians,
during the siege, near the close of the Franco-
Prussian war, would have long hesitated what
to do, had a shower of grasshoppers fallen ujion
their devoted city, while they were reduced to
dog-i)ie, cat-stew, monkey-hash, mule-soup,
and fricaseed rats ? Would they not, like the
Israelites in the wilderness, have regarded
such an event as fiiamm falling from heaven
for their special relief?

The "Digger Indians" of California have
been feasting on grasshoppers, perhaps for

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

35

contiiries, ami feast on tlicni still. A friciul
of ours who visited their caliii), and not only
witnessed tlu'ir i)rel)aratioM of these insects,
but also tasted of them, Ijcais testimony that
even with their imperfect eulinary skill, the
dish was not ill-tlavored or nnpalatalile. ])e-
struetivi'astlie Afrieanand I'^ast Indian locusts
are {Lonn'tn rniijrdtonn) theirlpresence in many
jihu'es is considVred more of a lilessinj; than a
curee, for they freely eat them. The western
grasshoppers "and the eastern locusts belonj; to
the same j^reat family {Lncustadix) in the order
Oiiliiijihra.

We are not by any means recomniendiuf;
them as proper food for man, Imt it is more than
probable that by the time we celebrate the
lialf decade of centuries since the discovery
of America, the Colorado f^rasshopiier (Calnp-
ionta Kjiri'liui) may be as welcome to the talile
of the epicure, as lobsters, frogs and turtles
now are.

Snakes, toads, frogs, turtles, lizards, sala-
manders and newts, all belinif,' to the great
cold-blooded cla.ss Hi i-pctdViijii, and human
g;ustrt)nomy has selected from these some of its
greatest di'licacies. It is true that there are
some |)Cople who could no more lie persuaded
to iiartake of any of these animals as food,
than they could of the filtliy contents of a
cesspool, but these are only commiserated by
the initiated. What is there about a dish of
grasshoppers that is less inviting than a dish
of shrimiisV They feed on green and succu-
lent vegetation, and .so do the domestic ani-
mals that we freely use as food, and they are
far more fastidious in their tastes than a
chicken or a jiig. As civilization extends and
expands itself, and the ground is brought
under a state of higher cultivation, grasshop-
pers and other insects will also extend and
increase theni.selves, and there seems no better
remedy than to invent means to cajiture them
and then to use them for food, or in the arts.

Grasshopi)er pies could not well be more un-
wholesome than many of the mince-pies that
find their way into the human stomach, and
hashed grasshoppers, properly |)rep;ired, miglit
be more digestalile than much of the hash now
made of tough and sinewy beef. }5ut even if
they shouUl not ultimately be adojited as
human food, there might be a virtue in thein
as food for farm stock. Pigs and chickens,
as well as turkeys, are exceedingly fond of
them, even in their raw state, and boiled with
a little salt, and mixed with chopjied feed, they
might l>e made more tooth.some to animals.

It is true, that these are merely suggestions,
but in view of the vast changes going on in
the ]iliysical world, there is no man who can
say that these things may never come to pass.
They are not more remarkable than what is
• going on daily. Forty years ago the tomato
was regarded as poisonous. To-day it is the
leading culinary preparation of the country.

PEAR SLUGS.

A blackish, slimy "sing" often occurs on
the leaves of the pear, the apjile, the quince,
the ]ihnn, tlu^ cherry and (a greenish one) on
the rose. The.se are the hirrii' of species of
"Saw-flies, " belonging to the genus Sdnndrin,
and may be referred to the species j'.'/cj, ?)(«//,
cudnni, jjnthi, ciTiisi iivil ro.-:(i' ; and if one is
found on the peach, it would probably be a
2xrsica. These fruits and flowers, it will lie
observed, all belong to some (inhr in the di-
vision UusAcE.T-;. It is not absolutely known
that these insects are all distinct sjiecies from
the mere fact that they infest the different
trees above named ; indei'd it is more than
probable that those that infest the ap]ile, the
pear and the quince are specilieally tlie same.

Notwithstanding these in.sects all belong to
one of the " first families " in the onler II v-
MEN'()rTEl!.\, (membrane-winged insects) they
are all slimy, disgusting slugs, and all skei-
etouize the leaves of the trees, leaving them
as dry and as cri.sji as if they ha(l been
scorched with firebrands, and wheii the
pnrcnchinnu or cellular tissui^ of the leaves is
once destroyed, it is, for that season, almost
equivalent to the destruction of the lungs of a

breathing animal. These insi'cts usually pro-
duce two !)roods in a .season, the last brood
remaiinng in the ground all Winter in the
pii2>:i state. The saw-llies issue forth from
the ground in the warm days of Spring, from
the beginning of April to the beginning of
May, earlier or later aeeonling to tlu^ ad-
vanced or retardi'd slate of the season. They
are then four-wiuged Hies, of a bitickish color,
and from ij to ^ of an in<-h in length. The
wings do not lie flat on the back like those <if
the eonnnon house-fly, but are bent downward
along the body, and meet in an obtuse angle
on top. The head is distinct, the tliorux or
mid-body moderately large, and the hind-body
somewhat tapering towards the end. The
anUnmr are short, and seem to (;ome out from
the middle of the head in front, divergent, and
somewhat thickened at the ends. Some of the
species have an orange-colored collar, but
those that iid'cst the rose are entirely black,
the wings in none of them IjeiiiLT as black as
tlie body, which is a glo.ssy black. The slwjx
nnght be very easily mistaken for snails, in
the species that infest the apjile, pear, iilum
and (luince, liut those infesting the rose are
green, and less slimy and repulsive than their
congeners. Anothergroup of sawflies, in their
hirvcr state, infest the leaves of the elm, the
beech, the currant, the gooseberry, the straw-
lierry and other jdants. These are called
"false caterpillars," and it is not easy to dis-
tinguish them from the true caterpillars, with-
out close observation and some practical
knowledirc of the.se distinctions. Some of the
dies from these are very pretty, and usually
are larger, brighter and more variegated than
the former. All, however, are noxious, and
if destroyed at all, it must be while they are
feeding on the leaves of Vegetation, otherwise
they might nevi'r be recognized or identified
as enemies. AVhere a (lerson has only a few
dwarfs or a few ro.se liushes under cultivation,
by using a little vigilant industry, it would
not be very diliicult to get rid of these slugs
and false caterpillars; hut where large trees
or large enclosures of trees are infested, the
task might well be regarded as hopelessly
beyond remedy. But these insects are not as
tenacious as the Colorado potato-beetles, and
therefore they will succinnb to applications
that would not alTect the former. Wt
never applied anything to our roses, but de-
pended ujiou handpicking aloue, and we linally
conquered them. After we ideidified the ;///
and made a note of its sea.son, the work was
mon^ than half accom])lislied. We visited the
ro.se bushes in tlie cool of mornings and even-
ings, and destroyed dozens of them at each
visit. During flie warmest part of the day
they are usually too active to allow themselves
to be cajitured unless the weather should
I'appen to be niuisually cool. I'nt even if we
have captured and destroyed all the Hies we
have seen, some will have eluded our vigilance,
and during the intervals bi'tween our visits
will have deposited their eggs on the rose
leaves. The.se they place on the un<ler side,
near the edges. The young slugs are very
small, green as the leaf in color, and usually
are found on the hiwer sides of the leaves,
but when they grow larger they also attack
the upjier sides, and soon convert them info
parched skeletons. Now, a vigorous and con-
timions ernshing Jiroee.ss must be carried on,
]!y doubling a leaf together tliis can be done
with thumb and linger, but a small )>air of
wooden forceps with flattened nozzles isnmch
better. In the ab.sence of these manual
efforts n^course must be had to whale oil or
cai'bolic soap solutions, tobacco decoctions,
white jiowdered hellebore, quick-lime, gas-
lime, unleacbed wood ashes or pulverized to
bacco. As the insects are similar in their
habits, these maniimlations and applications
will be more or less suitable to each.

Whether the mouldy, scruffy, and cracked
conditions of apples and pears can be traced
inunediately to the jiresenee of these "slimy
slugs" is more than we can pi>sifively allirin.
It is very certain that the leaves of a tree ]ier-
form a very inqiortant function in its physio-
logical economy, their absence stunting it,

weakening its growth and deteriorating its
fruit, illustrating that in the vegetalile king-
dom as Well as in the animal, "when one
memlier sull'ers the whole body sufi'ers."

As soon as we feel oinselves jiecuniarily
justilied in pro<-uring illustration.s, we will
])ublisli more detailed histories of these insects
in separate jiapeis. Thisnni<-h we feel called
upon to |)ublish now, in deference to the in-
(piiri<s made at the I'eliruaiy meeting of the
Agrii-uluual and llorlicullural Society. In
the mean time we would admonish our readers
to connunnii;ate fo us their personal observa-
tions and exjieriences, accor<ling to the sug-
gestions maih' in our .lanuary number, under
the title " Entomological."

PARIS GREEN,

ITS POISONOrS Ql'AI.ITIK.S — IK) TIIKV MAKE THE SOIL
roISONorS? — AKE TIIKV TAKKN Tl' INTO I'l.ANTS
SO AS TO MAKK THEM C NW1IOLE.''OME ? — I.MPORT-
ANCK OK Tlli;SI' QI'E.xTIO.NS.

I liave for some tiiiie iiiteiiilcil to writ can art Ufr for
tlic JCrniiiii/ J'vitt ii|K)ii tlie uKc of l*ariM irn'oii (arsc-
niatc of cnpiu-r) fur tfie liesl ruction of iiiNcrtH ii|«)ii
potatoes, ami otfier lilve purposcR.

Tlie rcMcni (Ualli of twn piTsims from tlip arcldcntal
Bwalfnwinjr of a very niimili* ^lo^e of tills i>oison, and
also pome invest ligations fif my own, iiave in'luced me
al tills time to carry out my inlenlion. I am aware
lliat it lia.-i lieen reported a« eoiriiiii.' fnnii lii!_'li autho-
rity that there is no ilam^er from such uses of the
poison: hut in conversation with one ol'tlie lies! chem-
isls in the country, Prol'. <i. A. Marriiier, of thiseilv,
I liud that he very much douhts the fact whether any
pueli extended ohservations as should lie rtHjUirud lie-
fo|-e eomiiii; to a conclusion U]ioii a sulijeet of sueli
trrave inqiortani-e have ever heen made hy competent
persons. He this as it may, I will venture to hope
that this arliele will hriuf out, tlimui;h the puhlic
press, the actual state of the ease, so that we may
know whether we are or are not pretty sure of (ifiis-
oniiiir the phinis to which the arsenic ^reen is directly
applied, and of endan^ierin^ from tliis course some, if
not all, (if the future crops from llie land.

The so-called Paris irrei'U, which is soM to the far-
mers, is more or less adidtcrated, accordini; to our
oliservation, mainly with white arsenic (urseiiious
acid,) or •' ralsliane," as it is fier|uenily called. This
ailulteration is, however, not more poisonous than the
fireen in its pure slate. Arsenic is used in the arts for
irlaSB-slaiiiiuir, dyeinir, and as the basis of several green
and yellow paints. It is used liy fjuacks of all kiiid8,
such as the su-called "cancer doctors" and farriers.
" AVell-informed vi-terinaries," says Prof. Tiison,
" however, irenerally discard it from their list of reme-
dies." " The reason for this," lie continues, "is that
we cannot control its action, and often a most exten-
sive and jiaiiitul wound is caused liy it."

We ourselves have seen a ease where it was applied
to a small tumor on the upper li]) of a man, by a can-
cer doctor, in which both lips were destroyed in a very
few days, and a consideralile |iortiori of both the up|H-r
and under jaws laid bare, cansiiiL' the most lerrililc
sutlcrin^', as well as a fearfully horrible wound. We
have also seen the nose of a poor horse eaten away In
the same manner with this poison.

For the olwcrvcd faelsof its ell'eets ujion veectablcs,
etc., we are mainly indebted to Prof. Tnsoii, ol' Kinij's
C'olle!;e, London, lie says that arsenic has been eni-
jiloyed as a steep for seed wheat, to prevent smut, and
that M. Audouard stales that he has detected traces
of arsenic in tfie crops raised from seed wheat thus
treated. If so small an amoinil of tlie [Ktisoii can so
atlcct tliesoil as to be taken up by the wheat iTop,
what niu.st be the result w here it is used in many hun-
dred limes the jjroiHirtion, as where it is scattered over
liclds of potatoes, and for successive years even. We
shall do w(dl to remember that arsenic remains arsenic
Ibrcver. and sull'ers no chani^e or loss of its {Hiisonous
properties during' the lajise of years, or in whatever
combinations it may enter. Both Ur. Kdmund Uavy
and Prof. Tuson join in warninir the public airaifist
the poison<ius elfecis of arsenic, in so small a (|uaiitity
as is found in " crude eiiiK'rpliosphati: of lime " used
as a manure.

Davy positively states tliat arsenic, as It exists In
artitieial manures, is taken up by frrowinjj plants. He
found (afibatiis and turnips giviufr nninistakable evi-
dence of beins: arseniated.

" These tacts," says Tuson, " have iniimrl ant liear-
iiifs ; for tliouirh the quantity of arsenic whieli occurs
in such manures is not larire when compared with
their other in!;rcdients, and the pro|)orlion of lliat
poison adiled to tile .soil must be very small, still
jilants dnriiiu' their •;rowtli, as in the case of the alka-
line and earlhy sails, take up a considerable quantity
of this sulislancc."

" Further, as arsenic is well known to aeeumulale
in soils, the effects after a time will jirobably be that
veiretablcs thus nnuiured will uiiimately be found to
contain arsenic, and will endanger the lives of men
aiitl animals."

" Our experiments," he concludes, " very carefully

36

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

performed, confirm tlie assertions of AudouarJ and
Diivy."

If tlie small amount of arsenic that can be intro-
duced into the soil in the manner noticed above is
considered so dangerous' by these eminent observers,
what must be the eravity of the ease, as we have be-
fore said, where it is sowed broadcast over the field ?

The mere dust of Paris green fallini; from the walls
of papered rooms will destroy health and life : how
much will it contribute to the health of the farmer
and his family, and to their domestic animals, to live
and work in an atmosphere filled with this dust, as it
must often be when it is set in motion by the wind?

If animals are not directly killed by it, as is the case
in some varieties, may not their fiesh, as that of do-
mestic fowls, be rendered poisonous as an article of
human food? Individuals within our own knowledge
have been poisoned by eating the tlesh of the New
England partridge, which was due to the bird having
fed upon some poisonous berries. Similar cases, the
cause of which has never been suspected, may have
come from the source indicated aJjovc.

We have now for microscopic examination a portion
of human flesh, taken from the body of one member
of a family, the whole of which perished from eating
poisoned meat. This specimen was received through
the politeuess of Dr. Murray, of the town of Flint,
Michigan. A case of arsenic poisoning, involving
some of the principles described above, was brought
to our notice yesterday. These causes are almost
every day occurring, and it would seem as if it had
become tlie duty of every one who has any knowledge
upon the subject to give it to the public. — K.U. Pipek,
64 Centre Avenue, Chicago.

We publish the above (from the New York
Evemwj Post) not because we indorse it, but
because the question involved in it wa.s sug-
fiested at the February meeting of tlie " Lan-
caster County Agriculturiil and Horticultural
Society," and we desire to keep our readers
thoroughly posted on the subject, both pro
and con.

There is no doubt about Paris Green being
a rank poison — indeed, if it was less than this
it could have little or no effect upon such an
injurious insect as the potato-beetle, or per-
haps any other insect; for, be it known that
all antidotes against noxious insects must
necessarily be poisons, at least to them, or we
could not reasonably expect any benefit from
their use. But that Paris Green or any other
mineral poison imparts its virulent qutilities
to the soil, in sufficient quantities to render Its
products unfit for edible use by niiiu or animal,
is not borne out by the experience of those
who have thoroughly tested it for the past
seven years in this country, and the opinion is
fast gaining ground that it is the only reliable
remedy that has yet been discovered, and that
when it fails, it is either owing to the inferior
quality of the poison or to its unskilled appli-
cation. Facts should always have greater
weight than mere speculation, especitilly when
those facts are the result of actual experiment.
Paris Green has been partially used for one or
two seasons in Lancaster county, and we believe
no case has yet occurred in which the potato
tubers have been poisoned thereby. In support
of its use we quote from a pamphlet recently
issued by Raynolds & Co., 106 & 108 Fulton
street, New York :

IT CANNOT POISON THE SOIL.

"Fears have been expre.ssed that the soil
becoming inijjregnated with Paris Green, po-
tatoes and other plants will necessarily absorb
it and partake of its poisonous qualities. If
this were so, it would be a valid argument
against its use; liut it is an insoluble salt, and
therefore it is quit* impossible for plants to
take it up (or absorb it) by capillary action.
The fact that many hundred tons of Paris
Green have been used in the West d ui iiig the
past four years, and there has been no instance
of poisoning caused by eating the potatoes,
should be suflicient to convince the most skep-
tical and set the matter at rest. We have to
thank Dr. Stiles Kennedy, of St. Louis Springs,
Michigan, for his voluntary testimony on this
point, which we quote from his letter, pub-
lished in the Ewniwj Post of January 7th, as
follows :

" 'In the sectionof country wherel live, it isutterly
impossible to raise potatoes without the use of Paris
Green. Everybody uses it, and everybody eats pota-
toes, but during the four years mentioned I have not
heard of any case of poisoning from eating the vege-
table.' "

WILL NOT INJURE THE PLANT OK POTATO.

Others, again, while freely admitting that
Paris Green is perfectly innoxious as far as
poisoning the plant of the potato is concerned,
have entertained the oiiinion that it injured or
in some way retarded the growth of the one,
and vitiated the quality of the other. Expe-
rience, however, has abundantly proved the
opinion to be without foundation. Professor
CuAS. V. Riley, State Entomologist of Mis-
souri, in his fourth annual report, referring to
Paris Green, says: "Properly mixed, I have
used it without the slightest trace of evil yn
the leaves or tubers ; and I know hundreds of
others who have done likewise, so that with
present experience I should not hesitate to re-
commend its judicious use." In this connec-
tion we take occasion to acknowledge our
indebtedness to Prof. Riley's able reports for
much valuable information. We iilso refer to
the testimony of the same high authority to
Paris Green as "the remedy tor the Colorado
potato-beetle."

MODES OF APPLICATION.

In its application the Western farmers gen-
erally use Paris Green dry, and as it is a highly
concentrated poison it is necessary to mix it
with some other substance, such as flour,
plaster or ashes, in proportion vaiying Avith
the strength of the green, and thus reducing
its cost. We give the preference to tlour as a
vehicle, as, combining with the dew on tlie
plant, it forms a paste which adheres with
greater tenacity than eitlier plaster or ashes.
Another mode is by mixing with wtiter, say a
tablespoonful of green to a pail of water.
This is in some respects a convenient way,
and has the advantage of being free from dust ;
it can also be used at any time of day. It has
some disadvantages, however. 1st. As the
green is not soluble — though it quickly gives
a green tint to the water when stirred — it soon
settles to the bottom, and needs continued
agitation to keep it in suspension. 2nd. It
settles in spots on the ?ea"fs, the natural tendency
of water in finding its level being to carry and
concentrate in wherever a drop tinds rest, and
evaporates. 3d. Much of it is wasted on the
ground in sprinkling. Experience will of
course demonstrate which is tlie better plan,
assisted, perhaps, also by local circumstances.

APPARATUS FOR .\PPLYING.

When used dry, the best apparatus is either
a fine sieve or a perforated tin box, which can
be obtained of any size desired. We prefer
the l)ox as less litible to allow the escape of
dust, but whichever is used it should be at-
tached to a handle or stick from eight to ten
feet long. Either is used by gently shaking
over the plants, taking care to walk windward,
so as to avoid any dust that niiiy arise. It
should 1)6 applied in the morning, when the
dew is on the vines. When mixed with water
it is usually applied by fneans of an ordinary
watering pot, or spriidiled on the vines with a
broom, taking care to keep it well stirred.

In addition to this we would suggest that
the handle need not be more than about six
feet in length, and that it be set into the side
of the box at an angle. Holding it over the
plant infested and striking on the handle with
a muffled billet of wood or a small mallet,
will enable the operator to cause the discharge
of the quantity from the box that each par-
ticular ca.se requires. This will be more eco-
nomical, prevent the loss of dust from shak-
ing, and discharge the green just at the place
where it is most needed, the more that falls
directly on the insects the surer the effect.

ALL SHOULD KNOW ITS POISONOUS NATURE.

Appreciating the danger arising from igno-
rance of the deadly nature of Paris Green, and
to guiird against carelessness in handling it,
the firm whose pamphlet we have been con-
sulting, have all their packages conspicuously
labeled POISON. And as further protection
they published the following :

PRECAUTION IN THE USE OF PARIS GREEN.

There is great danger in mixing this green
for the potato-beetle and cotton worm, owing
to the flue dust which arises in the process,
which is inhaled, and is rapidly absorbed by

the pores of the skin, especially if the person
using it should be in a state of perspiration.
To guard against this, the hands and face
(particularly the nostrils) should be protected
as mtich as possible, and should be carefully
washed after working in it, or in any of the
preparations of which it is an ingredient, as
it penetrtites and j)oisons wood — gets into tlie
seams and crevices of articles made of metal —
and even in earthenware that is porous ; there-
fore, ALL HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS, OR ANY-
THING IN BARN' OR STABLE (whlcli cattlc and
liorses could have access to) in which the
article may have been mixed, or from which
it has Ijeen used, should be carefully set aside,

and NEVER USED FOR ANY OTHER PURPOSE.

Malignant sores are not unfrequently caused
by scratching the skin when itching, or irri-
tated from handling the green. It should be
constantly borne in mind that it is a more
dangerous and deadlj' poison than arsenic ;
and farmers, planters and others, when pm'-
chasing, should be duly cautioned to exercise
the utmost care in using it.

AS A CURE OF THE POISON

the free use of milk as a beverage is recom-
mended, but a simple and harmless remedy
may be found in Hi/dratcd per-oxide of Iron,
its tlie best, according to the pamphlet we are
following. Sores caused by the green should
be well covered with it, as with an ordinary
.salve, and a teaspoonful in a wine glass of
water should lie taken twice a day, internally,
whilst working with the green. This remedy
can be obtained from any druggist or chemist.
In conclusion, it is tilleged tluit color is no sure
criterion of the strenijth or purity of Paris Green.
A highly adulteiiited article may be made to
assume a deep and handsome color by the
admixture of cheap chrome green.

The farmer must therefore depend upon the
integrity of the dealer in buying. The intensity
of color is said to depend upon the size of the
crystals and not upon the quality of the poison;
therefore, the deeper the color the larger the
crystals, which will not mix as readily and
intimately with flour, and is consequently
liable to be washed oft" the plant. The Iwtter
jilaii for farmers would be to buy the Paris
Green ready prepared for use, and from a
responsible dealer. Although the name of
this poison may never have been heard by
many of our readers before the advent of the
])otato-beetle, yet it is by no means a new
substance. It is a compound of arsenic and
copper, and under the name of "Scheele's
green," has been long in use as a pigment in
printing wall-paper,' calico, &c., and in the
manufiicture of wax and other artificial flow-
ers. These facts have long been known, and
yet i)eo])le still continue to use green wall
paper ; ladies still wear green calico dresses ;
manufacture green artificials, and burn green
wax-candles. Arsenious acid, the most pois-
onous ingredient in the compound of Paris
Green, has been eaten in small quantities by
the inliabittints of some parts of Geniiany,
and has the etlect of making them plump in
body and sustains their bretithing powers in
the act of climbing hills, and other exercises.

Its use for this purpose is, however, not to
be recommended, as when the habit is once
contracted it cannot be discontinued without
subjecting the victim of it to all the symp-
toms of arsenical poisoning. It is sometimes
also given to horses, and produces a sleekness
of skin not attainable by any other means.
Tlie English farmers use it e.xtensively as a
sheep-wash, and as a steep for seed wheat it is
also often emjiloyed. Indeed, it is used for
many domestic and medicinal purposes, and,
like many other substances, is "a good servant
but a bad master;" and those wlio have not
the intelligent caiiacity to subordinate it to
their use, had better let it and Paris Green
alone and do without potatoes.

Finally, whatever plants and tubers may
absorb from the soil in which they grow, and
thus enter into their composition, there is thus
far no evidence in support of the notion that
potatoes are poisoned by the use of Paris Green,
and as soon as such a case comes under our
observation we will publish it.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

37

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.

The Horticultural Hall.
The Ilortii'ullnnil Hall of the pre at_ Cen-
tennial Intcniational Kxliibilimi of 1870, of
■whidi our illustration gives a beautiful ]ier-
spective view of the structure, was designed

tory, -27 by 77 feet, and between tliis and the
ouler frame will be the Warm and < 'old Houses
on either side. At thi' ends, on the rislil and
left of the entrances, will be dining halls, retir-
iiij; rooins,oniees,&i'. Neartliis iiriiu-ipal build-
ing; will he a number of other .structures, such
as a Victoria Ilegia House, Domestic an(l Tro-

byMr. H. J. Schwarzmann, and will he omni
tlie most pleasing and graeefid of the Centen-
nial buildings. It will be cou.structed of ^lass
and iron, will be :ilU feet in length by USD feet
in width, affording an area of about one acre
and a quarter. The central portion of the build-
ing will be occupied by the Grand Conscrva-

pical Orchard Houses, a Grapery, and similar
horticultural buildings. The surrounding
grounds will be arranged for ont-door plant-
ini;. and under the auspices of the National
llortieidtural Soeieli', organized for the pur-
poaeof co-oi>erating with the (JentenniaU'om-
mission, it is expected that an imposing and

instructive display will be made. It is jiropo.sed
to plant, among other things, representative
trees of all jiartsof the Continent, so that side
by side the visitor may see the fidl variety of
the forest i)roduets and fruit of the countrv,
from the firs of the exlrenn^ north, to the
oranges and bananas of Florida, and the woii-
drous grapes and oIJut
fruits of California. In
this great work it is im-
portant that the most
perfect suece.ss shoidd be
achieved , so that tl le vast-
ness of territory, variety
of product, and perfec-
tion of species, which
C(m.st It ute the marvel and
the might of America,
may be displayed in such
a way as to Ix- realiz<>d at
a glance. It is a subject
upon which even a little
spread-.agle eiiljiusiasm
would be more than al-
Iowal)le,and the horticul-
turists and agricidturists
—professional and ama-
teur—of the nation, will
he ad'orded an opportu-
nity of displaying their
active synipatliv and
practical assista"nce in
tlie great celebration.

THE rKXNSYI.V.VN-IA

KAlLKOAD.VXDTItE

CENTENNIAL.

But one year remains
ni which to (ioi.sh the ar-
rangements for the great
Centennial E.xposition,
and as the I'ennsvlvania
llailroad Companv will
beretpilred to furnish the
pnucipal transit facili-
ties for the thousands
who will visit, the ollicers
of that companv have
completed all the plans
and designs for improve-
ments c(mnected with
their 1) ranch of the
world's union. These
plans embrace a railroad
comiectioii nowconiiilet-
ed, from the main tracks
to Elm avenue, the .soiit*-
ern line of Fairmotnit
Park, at the point where
it is entered bv Helmont
avenue. This connection
is in the form of a circle,
by whicli all trains from
the Ea.sl. West, Xorth
and South, arriving over
their ro;ul, and carrying
visitoiti to the exposition,
are run at once into the
Centennial depot, in
Vhich there are four
tracks. Pa.ssengers can
be arriving and depart-
ing at the sanje time
without confusion, and
the arrangenient is such
that a train can be re-
ceived and desjiatched
every three minutes, fur-
nishing tnmsit facilities
at this depot alone for
sixteen thousand jieople
per day. This arrange-
ment is designed to ac-
commodate only the
travel from distant ])oiiits
and the city snbnrbs.that
from central points in I'iiiladeliihia having
many other facilities for reaching the exposi-
tion.

The depot at Helmont and Elm avenues
will be connected with a hotel— the trains ar-
riving under a covend wav. on one side of
which will extend the first floor of this hotel,

38

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

on which floor will be a series of public looms,
such as billiard, bar, storage and storerooms,
servants' dinint; rooms, etc. At tlie park end
of this depot, stairways will ascend to a level
of the second floor of the hotel, and comnnnii-
cate with a bridge one hundred ieet wide, cross-
inj; Elm avenue and termiuatinj; Iwtween the
macliinery liall and tlie main exliibitiou build-
ing. This liridiie will be divided into twojias-
sage ways, eaeli fifty feet wide — the one for per-
sons entering the park, the other for persons
leaving it.

Tlie hotel proper will commence with the
second floor, which ison a level with this bridge.
This floor will contain a dining room one hun-
dred and seventy by two hundred and ten feet,
capable of seating comfortably twelve hundred
persons, being the largest room of the kind in
the world; a restaurant, fifty by two hundred
and thirty-nine feet; a waiting room one hun-
dred and seventy by two hundred feet, and all
the necessary parlors and reception rooms for
guests; besides kitchens, wasli rooms, etc., and
a number of sleeping rooms. The hotel build-
ing is designed to be seven hundred feet long,
two hundred and tifty-four feet wide, four
stories high, exclusive of basement, and will
comfortably accommodate two thousand live
hundred guests. While it is designed as a tem-
porary structure, to be removed at the close
of the" exhibition, it will be .substantially built,
warmed by steam, lighted witli gas, and sup-
plied with water tliroughout.

In the arrangement of trains to and from the
exjiosition, tlie company will use every exer-
tion to thoroughly acconnnodate all sections
of the country, and this they have facilties for
doing never equaled on a siihilar occasion. By
their own lines they reach all the principal
northern and western cities, and many in the
south, and tlirough trains will be run over all
these lines, combining all the comforts known
to American railroading. Between Kew York
and Philadelphia the. de of travel will, of
course, be heaviest, and here express trains
will ha run every few minutes, making the
distance in less than two hours. The company
will endeavor to show visitors a model Amer-
ican railroad, among the other attractions of
the Centennial.

A FRIGID RECORD.

The months of .January and February 187.5
were perhaps the most intensly and continu-
ously cold of any that have been experienced
in Lancaster county for many years, but still
not so cold as it has been in other places and
in other years, according to the following ex-
tracts, which we publish for the future refer-
ence of our readers. The coldest record in
Lancaster city during the two months above
named, was ft- below zero and in the county
it was 14'^ below. This was not a lower point
than was reached in 1873 but the cold was
more continuous.

A block of ice was brought from the Cones-
toga and exliiViited in this city, which meas-
ured four feet in thickness, but this may have
only been an extraordinary local formation.
The Susquehanna, in many places, was sup-
posed to have been frozen to tlie bottom, and
for a comparatively long period it become a
highway for the transport of heavy burdens
of freight.

According to the iV«p Northwest, there has
been some remarkalily cold weather in Silver
Bow, Montana. A correspondent of that
paper furnishes the following interesting item
of news :

"Your favor of the ll>th of .January is at
hand and inquiries answered herewith. On the
evening of .January 8, several persons being in
tlie store, and the spirit thermometer register-
ing "3.5'^ below," tlie remark was made that
quicksilver would congeal at :P lower. I reques-
ted my clerk, Mr. St()lte, to thoroughly cleanse
abartiimlilerand partially fill it with quicksil-
ver. We tlien exposed the glass of mercury and
the spirit thermometer on the roof of the fire-
proof on the north side of the store, giving
them as nearly equal exposure as possible.
An hour after the thermometer marked 33°

below, but the quicksilver still remained un-
changed. At i):20 p. m. the thermometer
stood 4(.P below ; still the quicksilver was live,
but terribly cold. At 'J:40 p. m. tlie spirit
indicated 41° below ; the quicksilver was
hardened on the outside. A few minutes later
the thermometer stood 42° below. I picked
i\\> the tumbler of quicksilver, and to my
astonisliment found it completely .solidified —
as hard as a rock. I carried it into the store,
and several persons examined it, it remaining
in that condition some time before it showed
life. On Jan. 10 at 11 p. m., the thermome-
ter stood 35° below. On the evening of .Janu-
ary 8, the evening above mentioned, at 10:30
p. m., tlie register was 40° below. This is the
coldest weather we have had."

A correspondent recently sent the Philadel-
phia Lrdijcr a record of the daily markings of
the thermometer in a small town of Nebraska
during the month of January. There were
only eight days in the month when tlie tem-
perature was above zero, and the highest mark-
ing was nineteen degrees. The lowest tem-
perature was twenty-six degrees below zero.
The average of the lowest markings of the
tliermometers at eighteen stations in the north-
westl-ecently, was thirty degrees below zero.
Since then, a correspondent at Minneapolis,
Minnesota, has favored us with a meteorolo-
gic-al talile, showmg the temperature and
weather of January of this year in that much
talked of climate. This will enlighten our
readers who feel an interest in Minnesota. In
Montana the temperature has been as low as
fifty-six degrees below zero. Extremely cold
weather is as disastrous to vegetables as to ani-
mal life. Our obituary columns show liow fatal
the comparatively cold weather here has been
to those in feeble health, and fears are there-
fore entertained that vegetation m.ay sufl^er
during the winter. The continuanceof cold
weather is not so much a source of dan-
ger as the extreme cold sometimes reached,
and infinitely less dangerous than the sudden-
ness of its coming and the circumstances at-
tending it. When the snows have been melted
from the ground and the moisture penetrating
the soil begins to loosen the frost, a sudden snap
of extremely cold weather kills the budding
seed, and too often injures or kills the mature
tree or shrub, lleasoning humanity is really
more subject to the danger resulting from sud-
den changes than unconscious vegetation.
Before a brief warm spell has swept away the
lirotecting snow and tempted the seeds to put
forth their tender shoots, impatient people too
often lay aside their heavy garments and ex-
jiose tlieniselves to dangers not less real than
those the soldier meets upon the field of battle.

In Europe, in the year 401, the Black Sea
was entirely frozen over. In 703 not only the
Black Sea, but the Straits of Dardanelles,
were fi-ozen over; thesnow in some iilacesrose
fifty feet high. In 82-2 the great riversof Europe,
the Danulie, the Elbe, &c., were so hard frozen
as to bear heavy wagons for a month. In 800
the Adriatic was frozen. In Dill everything
was frozen, the crops totally failed, and famine
and pestilence closed the year. In 10(i7 most
of the travelers in Germany were frozen to
death on the roads. ^ In 1134 th(; Po was frozen
from Cremona to the sea; the wine sacks were
burst, and the trees split by the action of the
frost, with immense noise. In 1236 the Danube
was frozen to the bottom, and remained long
in that state. In 1310 the crops wholly failed
in Germany; wheat, which some years before
sold in England at (is. the quarter, rose to £2.
In 1308 the crojjs failed in Scotland, and such
a famine ensued that the poor were reduced to
taed on grass, and many perished miserably in
the fields. The .successive winters of 1432-3-4
were uncommonly severe. In 1.308 the wine
distributed to the soliliers was cut with hatch-
ets. In 1083 it was excessively cold. Most
of the hollies were killed. Coaches drove ujion
the Thames, the ice of which was eleven inches
thick. In 17U0 occurred the cold winter;' the
frost penetrated the earth three yards into the
ground. In 1710 liooths were erected on the
Thames. In 1744 and 1745 the strongest ale
in England, exposed to the air, was covered in

less than fifteen minutes with ice an eighth of
an inch thick. In 1800, and again in 1812,
the winters were remarkably cold. In 1814
there was a fair on the frozen Thames.

READ TWICE.

Considering that the ashes of our crops con-
tain on an average ■ about thirty per cent of
potash — as shown in the following table — it
follows that iiota.sh must lie applied to the soil,
or the crop cannot be a healthy one.

Table— Showing the amount of potash con-
tained in a hundred jiarts of the ashes of
Wheat. In the grain, oO, in the straw, - - - -1.3
Barley. " " 32, " ' " . - - 14

Oats. " " n, " " - - - - 1.5

Kyc. " " 33, " " . - . 17

Potatoes. " tubers, 37, " leaves, - - - - 20
Hohl Kabi " " 27, " " - - - 9

Hops. " Hop 2.5, Leaf 15, Bine 21
Flax. " - - - 35, Beans 37, Peas 43
Man^jolds. - - -22 Turnips 22, Cabbage 41
Sugar Beet. - - 32, Kapeseed 25, Broeoli 47
Natural and artificial grasses, 20 to 42.

— W. N. Dunau's Circular, Jan. 1, 1875.

THIS NUMBER OF THE FARMER.

We think we have reason to be proud of this
number of The Lancasteu Farmer. Every
article it contains is either original or carefully
selected and condensed from the most reliable
sources, in which case the proper credit,
where known to the editor, has been given.
The table of contents cover a wide range of
practical subjects, of deep interest and impor-
tance ; and we do not believe those interested
in agriculture, horticulture or domestic econo-
my can anywhere get a better bill of fare for
the same money. If every farmer in this
county does not become a subscriber to The
Faioier before the year is out, he will not be
alive to his own interests.

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

In accordance with their promise in the
January number, the publishers of The
Faujier have completed arrangements for
giving illustrations of practical subjects in
each number. Another handsome engraving
of one of the great Centennial buildings is
given, and they will be continued until our
readers will be familiar with all that pertains
to this great event. In our next we expect to
give original illustrations of the Colorado and
other potato beetles. An article in type, illus-
trating the construction of board fences, is
unavoidably crowded over until our next.

The Grangers: We pubMsh an address
delivered by Milton B. Eshleman before the
Strasburg Grange of the Patrons of IIu.sbandry,
as a matter of local interest. We have, we
think, sulliciently defined our position on the
grange question in our February number, and,
if it were necessary to say anything further on
the subject, it would be this, that we do not
hold ourselves personally responsible for any
of the sentiments expressed in essays, ad-
dresses, and lectures, either for or against the
grange. We are quite willing to let the dis-
cussion of the question have a fair Held in our
columns within a reasonable limit, so long as
it is conducted with reference to the merits of
the question, and without personalities. There
is one passage in this address which, however,
is entirely ii«n tons, but which may be familiar
to "old Anti-Masons," and is as follows: "The
inventors and early advocates of Anti-Masonry
were women." We were an "yliifi-anti-Ma-
son " as early as 1828, but we do not recollect
that that argument was used against them
then. Of course, as to the comparative merits
of the secrcci/ of the grange, we are not compe-
tent to render an opinion.

It is hardly necessary to admonish our con-
tributors and correspondents, that their real
names should always accompany their com-
munications, and that if they do not appear
in our columns it may be owing to their
ab.sence. Of course, if they do not wish their
names to ajipear, we will withhold them, but
under all circumstances wc should know who
the writers are.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

39

THE CABBAGE— ITS HISTORY— CUL-
TIVATION—VARIETIES.

[HenderHou'fi K;iil\ sniiiiun- (Jubbtige.]

Altliiiusli tin- l\oiiiaiis doulillcss iiitvoiUiccd
gMitk'niii^ into Biitiiiii as ciiily as the yi'ar
100, th(^ cultivation of the ^janleii a^s an art in
Enj^lii'i'l tlati'S from llu' connncnccnient of the
llitli century. \'arietirs of ealibage were
taken to Kntjlaud from Holland about tlie
year lolO; the lirst plantinj; is ascribed to Sir
Arthur Ashley, of Dorset. It was introduced
into Scotland by the soldiers of Cromwell's
anny.

(.'ahbaRe is a plant belonging to the order
CHircii'Kn.Kaiul ijenus lirdssira, theorder ooni-
prehendini; the scurvy ,u;rass, pepiier grass,
mustaril, cress, radish and turnip, ancl the
genus including also the eaulillower, broccoli,
borecole or sprouts, rape, colza, savoy, and
kohl-rahi.

The Brassicn olcrcu-ea, from which all the
forms of cabbage siiring, is found growing
wild on the rocky shores and clill's in England,
with no appearance of a head. The cultiva-
ted cabbage is considered by some botanists a
monstrosity, but its varieties are well marked,
distinct and easily perpetuated, where care is
taken to secure such conditions as will con-
tinue their exact habits. The cabbage is a
biennial ; the seed being sown produces a full
grown plant the first season, and the next
season sends out shoots from eighteen inches to
two feet long, wliich bear small globular seeds
in a great nnnibei- of pods. The wliole plant
then perishes. The large solid heads of cab-
bage, now so familiar, have been produced
from the wild plant by gradual imiirovement
in soils, manures and cultivation. To repeat
them annually it is neceessary to observe two
points: 1. None ))ut those heiuls presenting
the best type of the variety should be saved
for seed ; they must be taken up with the
roots before the frost sets in, the useless out-
side leaves removed, and set in a cool dark
cellar, with the roots endjedded in soil, and
packed as closely as possible. In sju-ing they
are set out not less than two feet apiirt, in
good garden soil, and no seed saved except
from the most vigorous stalks. 2. They must
not be allowed to produce seeds near other
plants seeding at the same time which belong
to the same tribe, such as eaulillower, turnip,
broccoli, &c., as they will mix through their
flowers, the seed producing mongrel varieties.
Mu.cb disai)pointnient is experienced from
using seeds carelessly produced for sale by
unreliable seed growers.

There are many very valuable varieties of cab-
bage, some suited oidy to particular localities.
For early use, Early York is an old favorite,
but some prefer the early flat Battersea,
coming next in succession; tiie Winnigstadt is
excellent, heads comjiact and of ra|iid growth.
Mr. Henderson, in the latest edition of his
"Gardening for Profit," gives his preference
for early varieties in the following order —
Jersey Wakefield, grown from seeds originally
received from England under the name of
Early Wakefield; Early York, eipial to the
Wakefield in earlincss, but inferior in size ;
Early Summer; Early Wyman, tlie favorite in
the Boston market ; the Ox Heart, a valuable
variety for family culture; the Karlv Wimdng-
stadt, and the Early Flat Dutch for a succes-
sion, being two or tliree weeks behind the
earliest sorts. ^Ir. Henderson i;ives us an
interesting bit of history concerning the ex-
perience of himself anil brother gardeners

around New York, with the Jersey AVake-
field. Having experimented witli a score of
varieties he found nothingeipia! to it; but a few
years after its introduction he found that it
broke into over a dozen sub-varieties. No mat-
ter how carefully the heads were selected for
seed the same dilliculty ociau'red. A few miles
inland, .somewhere near the (grange Mountain,
an cild (ierioan was always aliead in having
(he lirst Wakcfields in the New York market.
Mild far surpassing any the New York garden-
ers could produce. All inducements to get
him to sell seed were disregarded, and year
after he kept the lead. Several plans were
laid to circumvent him, such as ordering a
hundred of his cabliages with roots on ; but
old Ca.rl was not to be caught so; he tilled the
order to the letter, making the buyer pay
rouiuUy for the I'oots, but took the liberty of
first dipping them in boiling water! 15nt one
day he invited a friend and countryman to
see his wonderful cabbaijes as they grew.
This was a fatal day for old Carl's monopoly,
for his friend had his eyes about him, and
observed that several of the stumps from
which the earliest heads had been cut were
marked with stakes, as were a few of the
choicest shape, as yet uncut. The secret was
out. Carl's success had been gained by ))er-
sistently year after year selecting the earliest
and finest heads; taking nj) the stumps froTU
whicli they werecut, he planted them cai-elully
and removing the young shoots ])roduced froiii
the stumps, he treated them exactly as a florist
treats cuttings of a (lower, that is by planting
the slip in the soil, and shading it until rooted.
After these cuttings or shoots of the cabbage
were planted in the usual cabbage frame, cov-
ered with glass in winter, set out in springlike
ajilant from the seed, and the next .Inly ripened
Seed. This process is too expensive ;ind slow
in rai.sing cabbage seed in quantity, but it is
now used by careful growers to produce i)ure
and improved stock from which to raise seed.

Of the varieties raised around Lancaster the
early Winningstadt is perhaps in the highest
favor. It received the end<u'sement of the
^Iniirirnn AfiriruU<iriili.'<l a few years ago, and
truck gardeners with whom we have conversed
speak Inghly of it, although, as Mr. Hender-
son suggests, it should be hardly claimed as
early, as it is quite three weeks later than
half-a-dozen other varieties, Imt it is an ex-
cellent sort wdiej'e two crops are not grown, as
it continues in succession for a long time.

In the second edition of his book(ls74) Mr.
Henderson thus simke of "an entirely new
variety of early eidjl)age, originated by Mr.
Van Sicklen, of Long Island, that is likely
to supercede all others for general market
purposes. He has now gi'own it f(u- the past
three years, but so far the see<l has not been
put in the market, Mr. Yixn S. being exceed-
ingly cautious not to introduce any variety
before tlau-oughly proving its nu'r'its. The
last seas(Ui, in comiiany with him. I madi' an
examination of the crop, and in my o|iinion it
is, take it altogether, the best early cabbage
I ever saw. It is i)erlia|is four or five days
later than the Wak.field, but fully one-third
heavier, and .as it has small outer leaves, may
be as closely planted. When fully matured it
will withstand the hottest weather without
cracking. All market gardeners know the
value of this ipmlity, as nuist of us have lost
heavily from this cause."

This is the cabbage of which we give an
illustration, as "Henderson's ICarly Summer,"
and of which the well-known seedsmen, Peter
Henderson & Co., who introduce the variety
this season, thus speak :

"We spiiil out tlii8 new vio-icly of Early Calilm^p,
fcoliiiir satisdiMl tliat it will rival, if not lo rsomo extent
supersede tlic WakcflpM. Tlii' merit of tliis variety
consists in its hoinir tlie earliest of all larpe fahliaffcs,
coniinjrin Imt a few days after I lie \Val«'nelil. It has
another valiialilc peculiarity, of rarely or never liurst-
in;ro|ioii when ripe, so that if a crop I'annot he used
at once, it will not s|H>il, as is the easi' with most of
the other early sorts. There is no ilonlit of it heconi'
in<r a standard variety, either for market or jMivate
uses."

As a good and reliable early cabbage is a
desideratum with market gardeuers, we have

deemed it projier to call the attention of the
readirs of TllK Fakmki; to this new viniety,
tliat those int<>resled in meeting the wants of
an early market may test it for themselves.
In market gardening a good eurh/ cabbage,
which can be depemled upon, will eerlaiidy
jiay in the viciidty of Lancaster. In this
article we have conlined ourselves maiidy to
early varieties, because the later varieties are
so much mort! easily raised, and at so much
less ex))eiise. The following, however, from
the excellent jiaper on this subject in the new
edition of ihe Amirintn (^'jirhijieiliii, now going
through the press, may contiiin some general
information fi) interest some of our readers.
After premising that aboid New 'i'ork the
late Bergen, (lat Hutch, anil best varieties of
drumhead cabbages are ]ireferred for late sorts,
the writer goes on to say :

"Three crops are seeured in a season; seeds of
early and lalc> sorts are sown in a moderate hot-bed
in .\laiih, ki-pt sliiilitly moisteiird, with plenty of air
at all tinifs when tlie temperature is not t(M) low.
The plants a re dusted with dry \vr)oil ashes, pulverised
lime, or a littU- .Scotch snulf. to keep olf the fly, (a
small black in.scct which is a !,'reat pi'sl), thiuni-d lo
an inch apart, anil kept free from wicds. When the
beds oiilsidc arc dry and warm cnoiiirh,tlie plants arc
removed diniie,' a cloudy day, or in the aflci-n<ion,
and the early sorts set with a dibhlc, 14 to IS inches,
the later ones 20lo2'iinch<'s aparl each way; watered,
and allowed to lake root, befVu'c disturbini,^ the soil
about Ihcin. If the weather continues ilry, the plants
slioulil be watered two or tlireccveniiiL's in succession.
This plantinir ^ivcsthe earliest i-abbai^cs, and summer
ealibai^cs, which come between the early and late
crops. For a late crop, the seeds are sown in an open
bed, thinly, in drills 11 to !l inches aparl, in -May, and
transplautcil from .Inuc 1(1 to .July 1, iiistraiiErht rows,
22 to 27 inches asunder each way.

"The eabbaire is a rank feeder and an exhaustive
crop. The soil shoulil be a di'cp, rich loam, not only
coniainin^: plenty of veiretable matter, but a full siip-
l>ly of polasli, soda and lime. .Vdressiiii^ of common
salt, al the rate of ten bushels per acre, will not itiily
benelit the eabbaire crop, liut kill yrulis and worms,
which destroy the youiiir piairs rapidly. Ibiirpen
manure ouirht neverto be a|>i)!ictl tothccabbajrc crojj,
as it distiirures the roots and destroys the plants,
('oniposls of muck, woorl ashes, lime, salt and com-
mon yard inainires, we!! decomposed, may he used in
larire quantities if well incorporated with the soil,
tluano, deeply duir under, is ;;ood in all liut very Uplit
sandy and ;;ravelly soils. A tirst-ratc super-phosphate
of lime, Willi one-third its wcisjht of truano mixed
with it, is one of the best inanin*cs for a irardcn soil,
or one which has al«'ays received i-ommon manures.
This eoinpoiiud may lie dissolved in w ater, and freely
used to water feeble plants, or dujr in almut llieni
with a hoe. As soon as Ihe youiif,' plants have taken
root ill Ihe new bed they shoulil be hoed, tlie oficncr
the better, until the leaves shade the soil. In its
younircr staires Ihe eabbaire must feed larirely on car-
bonic aeid, tVc, by its roots; but as it increases in
size it uses Ihe leaves more extensively; hence the
necessity of early and frciiuent hocinirs,"

We would urge upon our farmers, and 'Cs-
)ieci;illy those wlm raise vegetiibles tiir market,
to pay more attention to the seleetinu of the
liest vtirietiesiiuil the best mode of <-ultivation,
A really good cabbage is a good dish, and the
liest articK' always leads the market in cabbage
as well ;is in other vegetables. It costs no
more to raise a good artiide than an inferior
one, but in our markets the iid'erior too often
predomintite, and the i>idducer goes home dis-
stitished because he did not get good prices.
We ri'iieat, that in raising cabliage, as in doing
anything else, it always jiays U'st to do the
best that can be done under the circumstances.

M, L.VFoitTK, of France, as related by the
Paris correspondent of the Btiltimore Ainrri-
rn» FtirriiiT, cooks his food for cattle by fer-
mentation ; on a layer of cut straw he places
one of ptiliicd potatoes, tind so on aer'ording to
the sup]ily required, ti thicki-r layer of pota-
toes: and left for sixty hours it become,s ad-
mirably cooked for pigs and poultry.

F.MOiKus' SONS, and other young men of
energy, having a little leisure time on their
hands, ctin do a good business by (canvassing
for The Lan<;astf,u Faioieh. " To such we
will offer .special inducements, which can be
learned by addressing the ]iublisher,s. We
want to secure a canvasser in every township
in the county.

40

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE POTATO.

The potato is emjjhatically one of the neces-
saries of life, and is found equally welcome on
the tables of the rich and poor. Notwith-
standing that its flesh-forming material is not
so abundant as in wheat, yet it ranks high
and is worthy of all consideration, it being
rich in starch; one pound of fresh potatoes
contains 12 oz. of water, 2 oz. and 219 grains
of starch, and only 100 grs. flesh-formers, with
smaller portions of sugar, gum, fat, woody
fibre and CI grains mineral ashes. In 61 va-
rieties of potatoes it was found that the amount
of starch varied from 9 to 20 per cent.

There is a nitrogenous substance which they
term hinMase, anil which is found in germin-
ating seed near the embryo, as also in certain
fungi. This, it is asserted, is capable of one
part to transform 2,000 parts of starch, first
into dextrine and finally into sugar. There is
a complication, however, it is known, that
any albuminoid may produce the same eSect,
that is, the bodies thus altered become fer-
vients; moistur(^ and an elevated temperature
hasten the process. It is generally taught
that oxygen acting on the albuminoids in
presence of water and within a certain range
of temperature induces decomposition. I will,
by way of comparison, state that 1 lb of wheat
contains 2 oz. and 100 grs. of water, 2 oz. 21
gi-s. of gluten, 120 grs. alliumen, 9 oz. and 242
grs. of starch and 385 grains of sugar, equiva-
lent to gum, fat, woody fibre, ashes and 7 oz.
of carbon. These constituents can readily be
varied by foreign admixture, or conditions of
soil, weather and moisture. We have thus
consideied the components of a good potato.
The thin skin that envelopes it is of a corky
nature, through which water can scarcely
pass, and hence aids in preserving the tuber
during winter. We all know what a good
potato is, and it requires no savant to tell us
when it is bad or waxy. What can they tell
us of the causes and remedies to prevent the
evil? The well-known "curl," they tell us,
may arise from using over-ripe seed stock, or
such that has been improperly kept during the
winterand exposed to the lightand air, instead
of having been covered with earth, sand, or
straw, so as to preserve their juices. Again,
it may also arise from want of lime or mag-
nesia in the soil, an excess of strong manures,
and successively planting'in the same ground.
But the potato rot of Europe and this country
has been carefully examined. Those kinds
that mature early are least liable to the rot.
The disease is rarely if ever known so early as
May, and foimd most prevalent in August,
especially during moist, warm weather. If
possible, they should be taken up before Sep-
tember,unless during dry weather. Wood ashes
are reconmiended as a good manure. Lime,
plaster and salt are advantageous, while strong
nitrogenous inamu'es are considered detrimen-
tal to the potato. The rot is ascribed by some
to a deficiency of lime and magnesia in the
soil, for upon testing the ashy residue of good
or sound tubers witli those that were diseased,
it was found that the sound ones yielded 5 per
cent of lime, but the ash of diseased ones only
1.77 per cent. Hence there may be an Im-
portant fact presented by Dr. Grace Calvert,
who has demonstrated that lime is one of the
feio knoiim subsUiwts tliat are capable of
altof/ether prerentlny the dcrdapmcnt of fimiji^
and thinks that caustic magnesia would have
a similar effect. This presents a valuable
hint, and may throw light upon the statement
of J. W. Boys, who affirms that he has escaped
from this foul disease attacking his potatoes
for eight successive years by his mode of keeping
them, wliich is to sprinkle tlie floor with fine
unslaked lime, on which he places a layer of
potatoes from 4 to 5 inclies deep, and then
another layer of lime, and so on, using about
one-fortieth jiart of lime by measure, to the
potatoes. lie also states that waxy and watery
potatoes are improved by this process.

Here are concurrent circumstances that seem
to teach a lesson worthy the attention of your
readers. It is worthy of notice that the eye
of the potato is the last part affected by the
rot. The eye is actually a- bud and has the

same relation to the tuber as the germ has to
the farinaceous matter of the albumen of a
seed in which it is enveloped. In developing
a young plant the Amyhim (that istlie starch)
aiid the nitrogenous and mineral constituents
of the sap of the tuber are employed to form
the young branches and leaves. Wehave now
glanced at some of the causes and cures of
disease ; I shall briefly consider the fungus
concerned in i)roducing the visible effects
called "blight " and "rot," so ably set forth
in the Jan. No. page 11 and Feb. No page 17,
vol. VII of The Fakmer. I have before
me the article referred to. The fungus by
Berkley named Botrytis in/estans is novi' named
and figured as the Feronotipora infestans.

This genus belongs to a
class of fungi wliich do not
foster on decaying plants,
as is the case with the
majority. There are now
known and figured other
species of Pcronospora sev-
erally infesting parsnips,
peas, cabbages, onions and
spinach, differing from those
found on the potato in structure. However
interesting, I cannot stop to describe the
various kinds in this article. For the benefit
of those who have no microscope I append a
copy of the potato fungus, above named. Tlie
external signs are soon apparent; the leaves
are usually first attacked; they turn yellowish,
the stem gets blotched with brown and the
fine threads (mycelium) extend to the tubers
and soon wholly or partially destroys them by
inducing a gangrenous ferment and producing
a putrid mass. Young plants are arrested in
their growth ; in older plants we find the
tubers discolored with reddisli spots, first under
the cuticle. When taken up and exposed to a
warm damp situation in the air, the parasite
appears on the surface, and will be found to
penetrate to the interior, deconii)osing the
tissues by a kind of ferment induced; this mass
forms a nidus for other kinds of fungi foimd
on decaying matter, and care must be taken
not to confound the two, as has happened.

Here, again, we see how necessary it is to
have a knowledge of eflects from change of
condition ; patient observation under diverse
circumstances may give us a clue to see from
which quarter the wind blows. The exjie-
rience and obsei-vations of others may assist us
in our own; therefore it is well to present them
to the public, that those who read and digest
may have some data from which to compare
notes. Some one says when the vines are de-
tected to be affected with the fungus, cut
them down and burn them. Although this
might supply some ashes as a manure, it is a
doubtful remedy, especially if the mycelium
has already reached the tuber.

As starch is so prominent an ingredient of
the potato, it may interest some to test various
kinds. Iodine is peculiar in its action on
starch when dissolved in water or alcohol, and,
brought in contact with starch, gives it a
beautiful purple or blue color. This test may-
be used even in microscopic observations with
the utmost facility. There are other tests.
Cut a thin slice of a potato; if reddish spots
appear, it is a bad sign for the health of the
potato. Witli a soft brush pass diluted tinc-
ture (alcoholic) of iodine liglitly but so as to
touch all the parts. This will "eftectually re-
veal the starcli cells, and often exhibit various
tancolored markings in concentric zones or
scattered-like letters of German text, as in one
case I lately witnessed. Cooking or steaming
potatoes, when done, all the part not tainted
by the red matter will break easily between
the fingers, wliile thataflected or marbled will
resist tlie jiressure and remain comparatively
solid. If you will take the time, a slice of
potato put in water for 12 or 15 days, the
soundest part will be the first to decay, whilst
that which is affected will remain un-
changed. But the point I wish to make is,
after all, to call attention to the im))ortanx;e
of lime as a preventive, and should any
good come of it, my object is attained. Jacbo
bTAUFFEK, Lancaster, Pa.

SHALL WE RAISE OSAGE-ORANGE
HEDGES?

Eighteen years experience convinces me that
osage-orange is not the thing for inside
faiTn fences. The objection arises not from
any imperfection in the hedge — for a well
grown osage hedge wiU turn any animal larger
than a rabliit — but because of the ground it
occupies. This plant is a gross feeder, and
impoverishes the ground for at least a rod on
each side of it. In a wet season the injury
done is not so great, but in a dry summer, like
the past, the row of corn next the hedge is a
total failure, the second one reduced one-half,
and even the third row is somewhat damaged.
Other crops are injured also, but to a less
extent than corn. It is not only the pecuniary
loss that is here complained of ; the farmer of
good taste dislikes to have half-staiTed crops
around the margin of his fields.

Those who are determined to raise osage
hedges had better plant them along the road-
side and let them draw half their nourislmient
from the public road.

The chief objection, then, tp the osage-
orange hedge is its exj)mse. I was led to make
this statement by a remark made by 11. M.
Engle, at the last annual meeting of the
Fruit Growers' Society, that osage-orange
hedge could be grown for twenty-five cents
per rod. I think that a hedge four years old
cannot be grown properly for less than one
dollar per rod. The young hedge, for two or
three years, should have the same attention
that a row of com or potatoes has. If the
mice are permitted »o gnaw the bark off the
roots and make gaps in the hedge it is difficidt
or well nigh impossible to get them filled up
again, after the hedge is grown it costs from
six to ten cents per rod annually to keep it
trimmed.

The osage-orange, in good hands, makes a
neat and tasteful, as well as an enduring
fence. The careless farmer should never at-
tempt to raise one. On the great prairies of
the West where land is cheap and the enclos-
ures are large, hedges may be used to advan-
tage; but in eastern Pennsylvania, where land
is high in price, we should endeavor to bring
every rod under culture. Fencing is a heavy
item of expense and the subject is one which
deserves the earnest attention of fanners ; but
I am convinced that we will not find relief in
hedging. In conclusion, I would advise those
who intend to plant a hedge, as Douglas Jer-
rold advised those about to get married —
'■'■don't do it." — J. C. L. Gap, Lane, co.. Pa.

THE PAW-PAW.

This subject of the vegetable kingdom be-
longs to the " Custard apple " family. Paw-
paw of the United States — a Creole name. It
grjiws west, middle and south, but is not known
in New York or Canada. It is more indige-
nous to the south than to the west. Found
abundant on the banks of the Susquehanna,
from below Harrisburg to the Chesapeake Bay.
It is oftentimes only seen as a shrub or a small
tree, or under the boughs of the majestic forest
trees. They are very numerous between St.
-Toseph and Kansas City, on the banks of the
Missouri, where they grow under the mam-
moth "Cotton-Poplar," and are generally
looked u))on as "underbrush." Tliey are in-
veterate si)routers from the root, and come up
almost as thick as hemp in a wild state, and
that accounts for the fact that they never ap-
pear very large. They are so nimierous on the
banks of the Missotn-i that the vineyardmen
use the tender herb to tie up the grape vines
in their vineyards. When one is kept clear
of other trees, it will get from six to ten inches
thick in the trunk, and on the southern river
bottoms they have lieen known to grow from
fifteen inches to two feet thick. The Paw-paw
is about Ijeing introduced as a common fruit,
and no doubt will be sold by nurserymeu
everywhere.

These trees, when brought imder cultivation
in yards, will form beautiful heads, foliage and
appearance resembling the Magnolia family.
Flowers precede the leaves in early spring, and

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

41

look much like the common "shrub "of our
gardens. There arc several varieties of thi^m.
The best variety ripens in the middle of Sep-
tember. It then bcfiins to dro)) off, yellow
and .soft, very delicious to those who like tliem.
There are other varieties rii)eniuR in Octolier,
or about the first frosts. Tlieyjare^uot as larjie,
nor of as pood a cpialily as the former kind,
and for a loiiK time remain (jieen and hard, or
turn blackish and become internally afl'eclcd
with apparent disease. The flavor of these is
inferior, but no doubt they might be improved
bj- cultivation.

The Paw-iiaw, or "Papaw," belongs to the
genus yl.sioinui, and to the or(?er Anonack.k.
Tout sjiccies are found within the limits of
the United States, but there are others within
the tropics. — L. S. K., Warwick, Mar. 1, 1!S75.

^

WHEAT AND CHEAT.

As an Item of interest in tlie furniini; line, we give
the foUowinp: of what luislKiiipened tons as a fanner ;
Tliree years aj^o we \vm\ t went y aeres in wlieat t liat
we seedeil to elover, trettinj; a fair stand of the latter.
Last year and tlie year previous we pastured the
elover. Unfortiin-ately, last season we were obliged
to use our pasture too late, and the eonsequenee was
our elover drew out and froze out in the winter, and
this spring the erop was entirely gone. We deter-
mined, having more ground for plowing than we
eould use, to let it lie, grow up to weeds, and what
clover might eome, tm-n it under early and re-seed it
to wheat and elover, thus losing one year's use of the
ground. Instead, however, of growing up to weeds,
there eame up as full a erop of cheat as if it had
been regularly sown to cheat, and we have just flu-
shed mowing and stacking it, and now have in stack
over twenty tons of almost entirely pure cheat. We
cut it green, and it consequently itiil not shatter out,
and made the heaviest hay we have handled for many
a year. There is a small quantity of elover with it,
hut no weeds, and our ground is as well seeded to
clover as we could desire. And now about the cheat.
We can readily understand how the seed eould lie in
the grouud and germinate under favorable cireum-
stauces, but the quantity that thus lay there for three
years, and then grew, surprises us. Be it as it may,
we have got the eroj), have not lost the year's use of
the grovuid and the field is nicely seeded to clover —
better, in fact, thiin it was at first. — Pittsfield (III.)
Democrat.

At the hazard of reopening the discussion
on this subject, we publish the above, which
is going the rounds of the agricultural press
again. A simihir case came under our notice
about ten years ago. Mr. Thomas Coleman,
who then resided on East Orange street, oppo-
site "Kramph's Arcade," on one occasion
called our attention to a small bed in his back
yard which he had sewed in white clover. When
we saw it there was little or no white clover
visible, but instead thereof a rank crop of
cheat.

From the most relial)le information we have
on the subject, we feel pretty confident that
neither the wheat nor the white or red clover
in the above instances were transformed into
clieat, Init rather that their seeds were not
clean, and contained a portion of cheat in
them.
Wheat (2V{(!CT())i), cheat {ISromu.t), and clover
(3ViJo/i«)))),arc generieally distinct, too dis-
tinct, in our opiition, for any one of them to
develop the other. But tliey all have the
habit, underfavorable circumstances, of tlirow-
ing out a number of stalks from a single seed,
and .some interesting experiments have been
made in that liiu' within the last year. But
we would i>articularly refer the reader to page
24, Feb. No. of Tiiic F.vi!MKR^"Stow's E,x-
periment " — where 114 plants, producing .r20
ears of wheat, were produced, by root division,
from a single grain. "We are willing, however,
to receive further light upon the subject.

To PREVENT horses' feet from scaling or
cracking in .summer, and enabling the slioes
to be carried a longer time witliout injury,
the French practice is to coat the hoofs once
a week with an ointment composed in equal
proportions of soft fat, yellow wax, linseed oil,
venous turpentine and Norway tar ; the wax
is melted separately before mixing.

The pe.vches in Frederick county, Md., are said
to have sutl'ered some by the severe frosts. Mr.
Jackson informs tlie Baltimore Furiiur that of about
one hundred buds he examined, thirty were killed.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.

The stated meeting of this as.sociat ion was
held in the Orphans' Court lloom, on Monday,
the 1st inst. In the abscnec of th(^ President,
Ileiny M. Engle was called to the cliair, an<l
L)r. P. W. Iliestand (Treasurer) wasappointe<l
Secretar)' pro tan. ()wing to the inclemency of
the weather, the attendance was not as large
as usual. The reading of the minutes being
dispensed with, the es.sayi.st aiipointed at last
meeting, Casper Ililler, of Conestoga, pro-
ceeded to read an essay as follows, on tlie sub-
ject of

OUK ORCHARDS.

It is a pertinent question to ask. What is the matter
with our orchards^ Our aitjiles fail of late years
much more in quality than iiKpiantity. Last year if
our apples had been fair, we would have had an
abundance for honu' consumption, tiut to-day you
find hut few of them in market, while their plaee has
been filled oy thousands of bushels of line New York
8tate apples.

We have for years past been attributing our fail-
ures to climatic changes, brought about by the cut-
ting away of the forests; but when we compare
weather statistics we cannot jiut our finger on the
changes. Another thing that knocks our climatic
change theory somewhat wrong, is that we oceasion-
ally find an orchard that bears regularly, and brings
forth fair fruit.

The standing rule for planting an orchard is, select
a piece or ground that would produce a good crop of
corn, and you may hope for success. Then it was
expected that the orchard should be cultivated with
hoed crops for a series of years — as long as anything
would grow. When the ground becomes too much
shaded to produce crops, turn to grass, ami, as was
too often the case, "let her rip." But, this latter
remark I do not desire to enter seriously into the
question. Many orchards, cultivated as before said,
have regularly received liberal dressings of stable
manure and thorough cultivation, and yet they, too,
have signally failed. I have mentioned that occasion-
ally we find orchards that do well. If such had re-
ceived any special treatment we might learn a lesson,
and prepare ours in like manner. But we generally
find such to have been treated precisel}' like others
that have been noted for failures. A very good orchard
that I know, is planted on a northeastern exposure,
on ground so wet in the spring of the year that it
might almost be called a swamp. It never was cul-
tivated nor nuinured. Should we therefore plant in a
swamp and not cultivate nor manure at all, we
would be likely to make sorry looking orchards.
These special eases of success are undoubtedly caused
by an abundance of natural plant-food in the soil.
And might not the question arise, whether by our
ordinary course of manuring and erojiping, we do not
leave the soil more deficient in the wood and fruit
forming elements, than it was at the time of jilantiug ?

Chemistry has satisfactorily demonstrated, that the
alkaline earths found in the ashes of plants and their
fruits, must abound in t!iesoil,orgood trees and good
fruit cannot be expected. Potash, lime and phosphate
of lime, enter largely into the ajiple, pear, jjcaeh and
grape, and all virgin soils naturally contain these in a
greater or less ttegrec. It is estinuitcd that l^Opouniis
of these alkaline earths are taken out of eaeh aere,
annually, by a crop of tobacco. Wheat, eorn, pota-
toes, trees and fruits all take up a large amimnt of
this food, and we need, therefore, not be surpriseil
that our apple trees are short lived, and our fruit im-
perfect. Stable nuouire, as our own ex))erienee has
shown, will not supply in suHicient quantity the alka-
line salts of which we robbeil our orehards by injudi-
cious erojiping. We ean see eviilenee of this i'rnmthe
fact that no orehard ean he sueeessfully raised on tlie
site of an olil fine. These losses ean probably be nuide
u]> by judicious use of linu' or phosphate of linu', asbes
or iiotash, ehareoal, »te. N(\general ride ean be given
for the ajtplieation of these sin-eial manures, ^leeause
we do not yet know enough about it to lay down a
regidar formula. Hut, we might say, as did the dot--
tor, (but. I'll say it in English.) "quantity sultieient."
Some soils may want mm-h, others little, and some
one kind ami some another. Those who fi-el interested
in the quesli<m, should have no diflieulty in solving
the proi)lem.

Our Horticultural periodicals give numerous cases
of trees that were made produetive. I will give only
a few examples. T\\o pear trei's that hail for years
brojight nri good fruit, were made to yield fine fruit,
by digging a treneh a few feet from the trees, and
filling il with suds mixed with twolmshelsof ehar-
cfia! and two |K)unds of potash. A sueeessful grower
of the peaeh scrapes the soil from the base of the
tree and pounds half a jieck or more of fresh lime
around them, old peaeh trees have been renovated
by pouring a few quarts of liol lye anmnd them.

When this im]Kirtant question of nuoiuring is once
properly understood, culture f>r no culture beeomes
a secondary tpu'stion.

Then, if a man is situated near a market, he may

use his orehanl for a garden ; grow vegetables, pota-
toes, corn, hiall/nj irooil and fr^iil. Or he may lay
down his orehard to grass, as is reeommanded by
Thomas .Median, the able editor of the tiiinlnuis'
.lloiilhlj/. Kivi' or six years ago he planted an experi-
mental orehard of II ft eeii hundred tress — a|ipleR, pears,
jieaches, ilierhes and grapes — and from the start put
it into grass, and has siiH'C annually taken off over
two tons of hay per aere. Those who have seen it
pnmouiiee it a niiulel of [lerfeetion. Hut he tells UB
lie gives it a lihcral top tlreifiiittff of inamtrf! (umnntly^
anil besides gives his trees a light mulehing of earth
taken from dilehes, fenee corners, elc. If trees and
plants would generally lloiirish under such a course
of Irealmi'iit, we couid adopt it wish profit. Our
hillside orchards would no longer \>r subject to have
the loose cultivated soil washed away by every heavy
shower of rain, and Ihesavingin labor — hoeing, weed-
ing, etc., in our grape patches, would be sulliclcni to
pay for all needed fertilizers. To 1 lie general farmer,
too, the hay crop would he as profilahle as corn or
potatoes. When the I rees become tiKi large, the grass
could at times he used for pasture, but in general
would be more iirolltable to mow and spread over the
ground for manure.

The yellows lu the peach, the blight in the pear,
and much of the premature rolling of fruit, are now
admitted to be caused by foigi— parasitic plants, in
their first stages so small llial they are invisible to
the naked eye. Our grand old sniokc-liousc appc of
late years rots badly. It is said by those who ought to
know, that with a glass sullieienlly jKiwerful, you
might noliee a bright colored fungoid plant on tlie
skin of the fruit, which in a short time spreads and
causes rot. These parasitic plants a|))>ear not to at-
tack all varieties of fruit alike. Some are of so robust
a constitution as to be able to resist their attacks.
But while some varieties are sound in one orchard,
they are badly aficcted in another. And this brings
the "plant Ibod " question up again. If trees were
neither half-starved nor forced into too succulent
growth, in short if they were perfectly healthy, would
tlu^y not in a great measure be able to resist these
enemies ?

We do not soon find yellows in a wcU-taken-carc-of
peaeh orchard, until the trees become exhausted by
an excessive erop of fruit. Then these fungoid plants
run riot, and in a year or two the orchard will be
numbered among the things that are past. This
holds the same in the human family. A healthy
man man will be apt to live through epidemic and
malarious inlluenecs, while the ill-fed, iutem|)erato
and weakly will give way. It might be objected to
this theory of jilant food, that occasionally in jcars
(1873 for instance,) the fruit is unusuallj- fair. But
we must bear in mind that fungoid and insect life are
sometimes much infiuenced liy certain conditions of
the weather. The peculiar dry season of 1872 may
have had much to do in preventing the depredatiou
of these pests.

In regard to planting it might be said that in a
sandy soil trees eould be planted rather deeper than
they stood in the nursery, but in a heavy soil they
should be phinled shallow. We have examples of
successful orchards in heavy soil, where the trees
were planted almost on the surface, the earth being
banked uji around them. It must be evident that
such an orcliaid would not answer for a market
garden; the roots being near the surface, would
become fatally injured by deep plowing. Hut, in the
sandy soil the roots naturally run deeper, and plowing,
at least for a number of years, ean be done without
serious injury to the trees.

In conclusion, I do not flatter myself that I have
produced anything new; but if anylhing has been
said that will stimulate inquiry, then this rambling
essay may not have been written in vain. When we
have faithfully done our part of the work, we can
console ourselves with the promise that cold and heat
summer and winter, seed time and harvest, shall
never wholly fail.

DISCUSSION ON THE OUCII.VRI) QUE.STIOX.

S. P. EliY, es<i., remarked that the subject
of plant-food was certainly an iinportant ele-
ment in the growing of (irchard fruits. But
from what he had read on the suhjeet there
appeared to be agre;it difference of opinion as
to whether lime should be put on orchards,
and if .so in what manner and ipiantity. It is
said by some writers that orchards do not
bear because too much lime is used, or that the
fruit is not so good as when lime is not used.
A friend of his planlcd a peach orchard on
entirely new ground, ;ind wasiiuite successful.
In the main the hooks agreed with the es.s.ayist.
In regard totrenchiiiK some distance from and
arouiul the tree, ;uid putting the lime or other
fertilizer in, he woiilil suggest that this might
hiive an elVeet similar to sliorlening the roots,
a plan advocated by some horliculturalists,
wliieh, it is claimed, results in furcing out the
fruit bud.s and retarding rank growth in the
wood and foliage. When we have once dis-
covered what plant food is necessary we will

42

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

have gained a great disidoratum. To have
good fruit tlie tree must be healthy. With
healthy trees he contended that, as a rule, we
would have good crops and fruit of a better
quality, though there miglit be failures in ex-
ceptional years, owing to other causes. He
commended the essay for its many excells;nt
practical suggestions.

William McCoMSEY commended the essay
as desei-ving the thanks of the Society. lie
agreed with the essayist in regard to the advim-
tage of manuring. He had tried it twice with
great satisfaction. In the year 1836 or 1837,
he planted an orchard with the best varieties
of trees that were then known. Twenty
years afterward he became the owner of that
orchard and was surprised at the scrubby and
mean condition of the trees, and the small
quantity and poor quality^ of the fruit they
bore; especially as he knew from personal
knowledge that the trees were of good varieties
and had borne fruit of a good quality. The
first year the orchard came into his possession
he ploughed it, limed it heavily, and gave it
besides a good coat of stable manure. That
year the apple crop failed everywhere, owing
to protracted rainy weather during the season
of bloom; but a change in the healthy growth
of the trees was apparent. They threw out
new branches and looked healthy. At the
first pruning he cut away half the wood— made
the pruning thorough. The next year he was
rewarded witli an abundant crop of excellent
fruit, and the orchard never failed under his
observation, even in years when his neighbors
had none. This experience convinced him
that manuring orchards is necessary to secure
good crops. A few years later he had a similar
experience with a single tree in a lot in this
city. It had been neglected and the fruit
deteriorated from year to year. Having some
hog manure for which he had no other use, he
spread it over the lot. You would have been
surprised at the change produced in the tree.
It threw out new and healthy wood and bore
finer and larger fruit than it had for years
before. The change was so marked in every
pespect, that it was the suliject of general
remark. He was, therefore, decidedly of
opinion that it was chiefly owing to the want
of cultivation and manuring tliat our crop of
apples fail. [To Mr. El )y . ] Did not continue
cultivating the orchard ; kept it in grass for
six or seven years, and it never foiled to bear.
Ei'iiRAra'HoovEu said his experience was
about the same as the last si>eaker. Manuring
cannot fail, whether it is applied by topdressiiig
or plouglied down. His experience was that
when he manured well his apple crop increased.
He manured his orchard live times in a iieriod
of thirteen years, and it not only improved his
soil, but increased his crop of fruit. He attri-
buted the best results t() manuring. He also
thought many farmers made a mistake in bar-
ring swine and other small stock out of their
orchards for fear they would eat some of the
fruit which first falls. He believed that swine
in eating the first fruit which falls prevented
the increase of insects injurious to the fruit.
An old former once said to him that lie believed
the swine were barred out too much; that the
first fruit which fell dropped becauseit was in-
jured by the insects which drop with it. If it
is not eaten, the insects get into the earth to
breed the following year to injure the fruit.
But if the hogs were let in they destroyed them
and thus saved the crop. After this suggestion
from the old farmer, he made it a rule to let
the swine have free access to his orchards until
about September; and the result was that the
more he kept them in the better fruit he
had, and more of it. It is better to lose the
few apples that fall early, and have the insects
destroyed, than to risk the whole crop.

.ToHN B. Eiin thought that this practice of
manuring would apply to trees in bearing, but
objected to it in the case of young trees, as
tending to force tliem into too rapid growth.
The object should be to grow them hardy and
solid, which might be better done on groiuid
not t(io rich ; young trees thus grown would
stand the wiiUer better. When fully come
into bearing he would cultivate and manure.

Prof. Rathvon said the lecturer remarked
incidentally that severe drought prevented the
production of insects injurious to the fruit.
This brought up an important fact, which may
not be generally known. Two conditions of
the weather are destructive to these insects in
their larva- and pupa state. In raising insects,
in which he had considerable experience, he
had been frequently defeated by either too
much moisture or too much drought. In the
one case they will rot, and in the other dry
out. In breeding moths from caterpillars, a
process which, in many instances, requires
parts of two seasons, he had often failed, by
not securing the proper conditions of moisture.
In seasons of extreme drought very few insects
mature. One reason is that in their unde-
veloped state they are partial to succulent
vegetation, and when that is dried up they
don't get well fed. Tough as are the Curculio,
they will die in dry earth, as he had discovered
l>y experiment. Moderate moisture is neces-
sary to the breeding of insects ; and that is
why some, and especially the striped apple
tree borers, deposit their eggs aljout the roots
of trees, away from the sun, except some spe-
cies which cover their eggs with a protective
glue to screen them from the sun ; others are
affected by excessive moisture. Millions of the
" chinch bugs " perish in the west from tliis
cause.

As liearing somewhat on the subject under
discussion, Prof. Rathvon said he would read
a short article written by Prof. C. V. Riley,
of St. Louis, for the New York Trihuue. He
had prepared a paper covering a different
ground on the same topic for the March num-
ber of The Faioiek. He read as follows:

IS THE COLORADO BEETLE POISONOUS?

This question, which waR very fully (liseussed, pro
.iiid con, between the ye.ars 18fi.5 anil 1870, and settled
in the affirmative, has been revived asrain by Prof. T.
J. Burrill, of the Illinois Industrial University, who
published an item which went the rounds of the
acrieultural press, to the effect that the insect is not
l)oisonous ; a statement he supported by the fact that
he had rubbed the juice of the mashed insect into a
flesh cut, and had some accidentally squirted into his
eye without any injurious effects resulting:. Now, I
would not CO to the extent of a certain sarcastic
Chicago professor, who affirms that he could fix up a
decoction from the dead beetles that would cause a
vacancy in the chair of Vcaretable Physiology and
Horticulture in the Illinois industrial University if
Prof. Burrill inhaled it. and susfrcsts that there are
certain animals that poison v/ill not affect, and that
Prof. B. may be one of them ; nor to the extreme of
a Philadelphia physician, who asserts that the tinc-
ture from this beetle is the most virulent of insect
poisons, that "nothing can be compared with it ex-
cept tlie Areas of Midna in Persia, and the Coya in
the Valley Neyba, in Popavan, South America," ac-
eordinc t^ " Ulloa'e Travels," vol. 1, page US.

Yet there arc so many well authenticated cases of
poisonin''- Iiy the fumes' from the scalded insects, that
it is surprising that Prof. Burrill should have so
stoutly assumed the negative of the question without
further research and exiierinient. It is as if I, who
am not affected by poison-ivy or bee-sting, should
insist on the harmlessncss of either in the face of
their well-known poisonous qualities and theirdanger
to many persons. I know of physicians who persist
in disbelieving that death was ever eaiised by colu-
brine poison, because they have never known a fatal
case of snake-bite in their own experience ; but skep-
ticism of that which is outside one's own experience
usually dwells luost where that experience is limited.
Since rny experience with the Colorado potato beetle,
three ^ases of its poisonous influence have been re-
ported to me by persons in whose judgment and
veracity I have the utmost confldence; and, without
for a monient doubting the facts Prof. Burrill has
recorded, which are valuable as far as they go, I
woidd simply say that they do not go far enough,
and he has liot solved the whole truth of the matter.
That the juices of the mashed insects on the human
skin are as a rule harmless, is proved by the.hosts of
farmers who have crushed them liy hand, and I can
testify to the fact from my own experience; indeed,
scarcely any one whohashad experience believes the
wild stories" of the poisonous nature of these juices.
Yet the rule is not without exceptions, and I do not
doubt that with blood in certain bad conditions per-
sons have been poisoned by gettinig said juices into
wounds or cuts.- But to the cases of undoubted poiscm-
ing from this insect— cases that have in some in-
stances been serious, and even proved fatal— and
not from the juices of the body, but from inhalation
of the fuuK'S arising from tlie bruising or crushing <>f
large masses, and esi)ecially by burning or scalding
large quantities at a time. Tlie poison seems to be

of a very volatile nature, and to produce swelling,
pain and nausea, very much as other animal poisons
do, and Dr. R. C." Kuden, of Joliet, 111., who, as
quoted liy Dr. Hale (Trans. N. Y. Med. Soc, 18T4),
experimented on himself by taking the saturated
tincture internally— increasing the dose daily from
two to twenty drops— experienced great disturbance
of the bowels, swelling of the extremeties, bloated
face, protruding eyes, "fever, great thirst, and desire
for something acid.

From the present state of the case, therefore, while
there can be little danger in the cautious killing of
the insect in the field, I would not advise recklessness
in handling it in large quantities; and we should
especially guard against collecting and destroying it
by scalding or burning, in such quantities. There is
no longer any occasion for thus collecting and de-
stroying the insects ; and since the custom of tackling
the enemy with the Paris Creen mixture came into
vogue, we have heard much less of "potato-bug"
poisoning. I shall be glad to receive, individually, or
through the widely circulated columns of the Tribune,
any experience on this subject, and especially well
authenticated reports of poisoning. Let the facts be
stated as briefly as possible, with the name and ad-
dress of the writer in full.

Prof. R. pronounced this one of the best
articles on the subject he had seen. He also
related an instance of a neighbor, who, with
his wife and children, undertook to tight the
potato bug by crushing them in thousands
witli their hands, no bad effects resulting from
it, except that one of the children got a little
sick. Finding that slaughtering was a failure
he resorted to Paris green and got poisoned,
though that was owing to the injudicious
handling of it, as he considered its application
entirely harmless if properly applied. He said
however, that some persons were more consti-
tutionally i>redisposed to poisoning than others.
lie had never been poisoned in his life, while
others could not come within its intluence
with impunity.

UNCLAIJIED PREMIUMS.

As he had to leave. Prof. Rathvon stiid he
-■--'- ,een

mimit-

had in his possession SflO.2."), which had
put in his hands as chairman of the Com
tee on Awards at last exhiliition, which had
not been called for by the parties to whom the
premiums had been awarded, and' which he
would now hand to the treasurer.

THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE.

Epiiraim Hoover, from the Special Com-
mittee appointed at the previous meeting to
investigate the case in Manheim township,
where five acres of potatoes had been eaten by
the potiito bug while a half acre separated
only by a fence had escaped, the condition of
soil and culture beiug apparently the same,
reported that the one lot was on the North
side of the fence and the other on the
the South side, the rows running at right
angles with the fence. The lot on the North
side was planted with Early Rose, Mercer and
Peerless ; that on the south side, with Early
Rose, Jackson AVhites and Pink-eyes. The
crop on the North side was the most injured,
nearly destroyed, and of the varieties the
Mercer was iiij tired the least. On the South
side of the fence there were very few bugs,
and little injury done, and of the varieties the
Early Rose was the least aftectcd. This w;is a
new piece of land ; the other had been long
under cultivation. He conversed with the
cultivators of both lots. They say the crops
were planted and taken up about the same
time. They could account for the differ-
ence in the ravages of the bug in no otiier
way than by the difference in the land, that
on 'which the crop was so little injured having
but recently been broken up.

Wm. McComsey stated that he had corre-
sponded with a number of farmers with a view
to elicit new facts. The general opinion seemed
to prevail that in order to lietid off the ravages
of the Colorado pottito beetle, potatoes should
be pUmted as early in the season as they can
be got in. The sentiment Is— plant early; and
the prevailing opinion also seems to be that the
Early Rose variety was the least aft'ected.

.Jno. AV. Erb said his experience was that
the bugs liked the Early Rose just as well when
they could get no other to eat; and he seriously
doiiljfed whether thev would be alile to get
ahead of the bugs by any such devices ;is early
planting, or changing varieties. When the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

43

f;ronnii gets warm the bugs will bo cerfaiu to
be on hand.

('AscKi; Hil.LKl! thonglit the only effective
remedy lay in jioinoning them, and there was
no dithcnltv in doing it. Last year, witli two
jioinids of I'aris (ireen, lie had effeetually poi-
soned the pest on the (Toii of a lialf aere. It
re(iiiired bnt a single applieation during the
sea.son. He took an ordinary ean, perforated
it, placed it on a liandle, aiul dnsted tlie mix-
ture—one part of I'aris (ireen to twenty parts
of line? lime — carefully on each row.

EniitAiM 1I()()\'KK relateil his experience
with varictie.s. He planted Early Host; and
then sent f<ir a new variety from anotlier local-
ity. They wi'replaided seventy-five or one hun-
dred yards apart. The hugs nearly stripped tlie
first lot (Karly Rose) ; got at his neighbor's
next, but atlaclvcd his second lot at last witli
lis great voracity as tliey did tlie lirst.

.Jntu. AV. Eiii! said tliat last year on ground
wliere potatoes had been planted the year be-
fore the bugs lirst m.ide tlieir appearance, cat
them up, (they were Early Rose,) and then
went at the Peerless and strijiped them.

Hknky M. E.vfiLE said lie tliought tliey
would all come, finally, to the coiichision whieli
he reached with liis first experience with tlie
beetle. This pest made its lirst aiijiearance in
L.aneastercounty at ISIarietta. He also, at first,
thought they juvferred certain varieties ; but
found that the following year they preferred
another variety. They are no doulit attracted
to old potato ground liecause their larva; were
there. They love company. He don't tliiiik
varieties have anything to do with it ; tliey
■will attack the entire SdUinum family. Their
disposition to concentrate on patches is not
singular. The cucumber lieetle, or "lady-
bug," do the same thing. They generally con-
centrate, and clear out tlie liills as they go —
th.at has been his experience for twent3' or
thirty years. If not checked they will go on
until the entire crop is destroyed. He infers
tliat it is the same with the potato beetle,
without regard to .season, variety or planting.

In reply to some interrogations bj' Mr.
Pownall and others, Mr. Eiigle said there was
not much use in applying Palis Green to the
mature lieetle ; but the young larvie arc easily
killed by it. As they grow older the mucous
matter in which they are enveloped leaves
them and tlie poison has then very little effect.
Some old fellows jiut into a vessel over night
ill which they were enveloped in Paris Green,
were " lively " in the morning. When applied
at the proper time it does not take much— one
aiiplicatioii of one ]iart Parii^Green to twenty
parts of Hour or lime, if the conditions of the
weatlier are favorable, may do. It depends on
■ whether it is washed olf by rains how often it
must be repeated. He a))proved of early plant-
ing as favorable to securiiiga crop. This seems
to be the prevailing sentiment among the far-
mers, and it is iva.sonable.

THE LANCASTKK FAiniEI! COMMENDED.

Wm. McCoMSEYsaid he had a desire to spiNak
awordforTiiELANCASTEH Fah.mek. Ilehad
been a subscriber since it has been in existence;
but th(; last two numbers he had read with spe-
cial interest from first to last, and he wasfiee
to say that both the original and .selected arti-
cles possessed the deepest interest and liigliest
merit. Although he was not much of a fanner,
evi'ry article was of very great interest to him,
aiidhethoughtanyoneof them worth his year's
subscription. CiTtainly any one of the inniibers
issued in the new form was worth a year's sub-
scription to any farmer. lie was sorry, to see
the editor's statement — knowing that gentle-
man as lie did — that he had given six years of
labor to it without reward. This was a poor
recognition of his sendees to the fanners, for
informatioji imparted which it re([iiir(d years
of study and observation to qualify himself to
impart. He really thought the farmersof Lan-
caster county owed him a more sulistantial re-
cognition than they had given. In what way
can tliey do it better than to at once i)lacetlie
journal in which he takes such a deep interest
on a jiayiug basis V And why not do it? It
should iiave a larger circulation than any other
local journal, for it is especially devoted to the

interests of the largest element of our pojjnla-
tion. The better it is sustained the more will
each subscriber get for his money; foihe knows
that the enterprising publishei-s will make it
still better, in proiiortion to the |iati'onage re-
ceived, until it shall be sought after abroad as
one of the best farm journals of the day.

Hkn'uy M. E.\(ii,E said the gentleman who
had just spoken had fully expressed his views.
He had been urging the circulation of Tht
l'\(,iiiii r among his friends and believed that it
would now be a success under its new nian-
agenient. It might be slow work. Our farm-
ers are in some things regarded as a little
slow ; and he feared from what he learned
from the publishers, that our farmers may let
outsiders "steal a march on them ;" but he was
confident they will come out right in the end.

ErilKAiM iloovKli said he would ad<l, that
so far as his experience and observation went,
he never knew any business to succeed as well
as that in which those who were engaged
availed themselves of the best sources of infor-
mation. The lawyer must be familiar with
the literature of his profession; the doctor
with his ; and so witli every profession and
occupation— all deem it necessary to read tlie
organ of their calling, and they who thus keep
themselves best posted in the current literature
of their profession are, other things being
eipial, the most successful. When lie was a
teacher he would not have thought of doing
without reading Thv SclidolJow-fiai — and what
progressive teacher would ? And if there is
any one profession or occupation more impor-
tant than another, in its relations to the
material interests of the human family, it is
agriculture ; for, as Webster has tersely put
it, "the farmer is the founder of civilization."
A great many farmers who may not read, may
be good farmers ; but they must in some way
come in contact with the thought and expe-
rience of others who have read up, in order
to keep jiosted ; and these are receiving val-
uable information at the exjiense of otlier.s.
How much belter to get their information at
first hands — from some good, reliable organ of
their own calling — and he knew of none better
than our own — The Laiiamtn- Fanner Every
farmer should read his own local journal first
— then as many others as he could aftiird to
take or find time to read. It often happens
that a single article may be worth a whole
year's subscription in the information cf>n-
veyed on a particular point. For his own
part he regarded the Household Recipes in
The Fanner as well worth all he paid for it,
and he believed the day would come when the
farmers of Ijancaster county would be proud
of their organ.

MISCELLANEOUS BUSINESS.

S. p. EiiY, esq., presented sjiecimens of
apples bought in our local market, which he
claimed to be the (Jolden I'ipiiin ; but
Mr. Ililler said the question of identity of
this apple was raised at the Fruit (irowers'
Meeting at York, where the Eastern men
claimed that it was the Rhode Island Green-
ing, perhaps somewhat modified by cultivation
in our soil.

J. M. W. Geist presented specimens of
aiiples from H. B. Reist, of Spring (Jarden,
claimed to be Smith's Cider, noted for ]ir<ililic
bearing. Some doubt was expressed as to
whether they were really of this variety, Imt
Mr. Ililler lielieved they were.

1). L. Resu, llorist, of {'oliinibia, exhibited
very fine specimens of cut (lowers, including
varieties of roses, hyacinths, tulips, joii<|uils,
narcissus, azalias, geraniinns and carnations.
Among the roses were. Empress Eugenie,
Anne de Driesbach, Aggrippina, C'els, Iler-
mosa, Lauretta, and .several other varieties.

IlENiiY M. Engle also exhibted a choice
c<ille(-tioii of llowers handsomely grown.

A vote of thanks was tendered to C'asiier
Ililler for his valuable essay on "Our Orch-
ards."

BUSINESS FOR NEXT MEETING.

The following questions were proposed for
discussion at next meeting:

What is the best method of increasing the
fertility and productiveness of the soil V ■

AVliat .system of farming is best adapted to
Lancaster county V

The following questions proposed at the
February meeting lie over:

What is the best method of wintering cattle?

AVliat tries are most profitable to grow for
fencing and fuel ?

AVhat is the best food for milch cows?

AVliat variety of corn produces the most
bu.shels per acre ?

The next meeting will be lield on Monday,
the fifth day of April, at two o'clock p. in., iu
the Orphans' Court Room.

Progress of the Patrons of Husbandry in
Lancaster County.*

Buotheus and SisTiclis: In union there
is strength; in a multitude of counsellors
there is wisdom; iu prosperity there is \»)\y-
ularity. So goes the world. \Vhen any new
idea is advanced, it is almost uiiiviT.sally
sneered at and ridiculed ; but as soon as
enough persons announce themselves favorable
to it to make it fashionable, every one will
accept it. There was a time when it was very
uniiopularto be a member of church ; .so much
Vo that the adherents had to keeii it very ,
dark. It was then, to all intents and pur-
po.ses, a, nerret Kockt;/ ; Ixit now it -is the very
first mode of one desiring to be known as a
fashionable, intelligent jierson. There was a
time when it was very unpoimlar to wear a
moustache ; now you can scarcely find a real
"gentleman" without one ; nuicn more likely
to find young men so anxious to have them
that they strain the roots in their endeavors
to push them before the time. So it is with
the Patrons of Husbandry in this county.
The brave pioneers who undertook to present
to our people the blessings and iK'uefits slum-
bering in its sacred keeping had an up-hill
business, and for a long time did a thankless
work, subject to the jeers and jests of nearly
all who knew them, and to the open denunci-
ation of those who in their ignorance iinagined
that the (Jrder would work them injury. Rut
how is it now? Granges are being started in
every section of the county. Where one jier-
son joined then, ten join now, and soon it will
be twenty. The more who join, the more will
want to join, partly because the objects are
better understood, but princii>ally Ijecause it
is becoming fashionable ; because it is becom-
ing jiopiilar; because there are .so many iier-
sons in this world, like a false horse, always
ready to lend a hand when the thing is going,
but very careful not to help as long as it has
not got a good start ; so that if it should tail
to go, they might have the exijuisite plea.sure
of saying, " I told you so." Did you ever see
the boys ninning with an old-time fire engine ?
It was hard work for a few zealous firemen to
start it, and get up the speed ; bnt once
started, the others fell in, and the faster it
went, the more were anxious to take hold;
the less work there was to do, the more would
oiler to help do it, until then? were so m.auy
that they were in each others' way. From
this I wish you to take the hint that there is
.such a thing as too much help crowding in
when it is not wanted; and you always find
that they are most likely to be the persons
who are not wanteil. So, as faithful, true
members, we must man oiir port-holes and
guard well our gates, and not let any one get
hold of our rope who will lie in our way, and
wliDiii wi' will soon wish away ; for it is ex-
tremely easy to admit a lierson to a brother or
sisterhood, but to sever the bands is acconi-
lianieil Willi some unpleasantness. There are
a great many jiersons in this county whohas'e
in their veins some? of the old anti-.\Iasonic
blood, and liave had the hatred of secret
.societies drilleil into them from their youth
— yes, verily, ingrafted into them on their
mothers' brea.sts I I know that .some before
me this day are amongst that ninnber, and
I acknowledge mysidf as one. Rut any per-
son of a reasonable turn of mind can see that

*.\u jicidrfHS deliverfd l»'foio the Klranlmrp flntnge. by
the GmuKe lec'urcr, M B. Khhlemak, ou Saturday after-
noon, Feb. 13, 1875.

44

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

there is so much difference between our order
and the old-time secret societies, that tliere
is no similarity at all, except in name, and it
is very easy for a stern opponent of the latter
to become a Patron of Husbandry. The invent-
ors and early advocates of anti-Masonry were
women, who, chagrined because not eligible to
membership, and knowing that it is not good
for man to be alone, felt it to be their sacred
duty to oppose any doctrine which involved a
division of the sexes. Concerning our order,
there is no room for jealousy on the part of our
wives and sisters; and I feel certain that if the
old orders had admitted the wife and the grown
up children, there never would have been any
auti-Masom"y, and we would have been saved
the trouble of out-gi'owing our early impres-
sions, and of out-reasoning our strong preju-
dices. Again, I insist that the principal argu-
ments of those who advocated anti-Masonry,
and the churcli laws which denounced secret
societies, would not stand against our Order,
because they were not made with reference to
it. It is a new arrangement, gotten up for a
different object, with different principles, and
conducted in such a diti'erent manner that the
old arguments fall flat before it. I need scarcely
tell you, brothers and sisters, tliat the founders
of the Patrons of Husbandry were men of th^
very first class; that the gentleman who wrote
out the ritual was Rev. A. B. Grosh, a native
of this county, a high-toned and very excellent
clergyman of Washington, D. C, and that the
members to-day are of the most advanced far-
mers. Wherever they are found, they are men
of progress, men of i)rinciple, men of honor,
men of religion, men who would disdain to do
a mean act, or to advocate an unjust cause,
and, as you well know, can have no possible
object in asking friends to Ijecome Patrons ex-
cept for their good. When I became a mem-
ber, I obtained all the benefits to be derived
from the order ; that is, a full right to the ad-
vantages that will accrue while I remain a
member; and have nothing whatever to gain
by introducingothers,except their thanks wlien
they come to realize the favor I have conferred
on them; and I assure you, I have received
many thanks that I believe to be from the heart.
I will not weary you with any remarks about
the money we have saved by our special ar-
rangements with wholesale merchants, for that
you know as well as I do; butat the end of the
year I will prepare a consolidated report, and
I feel assured that we will all be astonished at
the amount of it. But under the head of social
features, I desire to impress on your memories,
that to obtain the full benefit from any Asso-
ciation, whether it be church, school, lyceiun,
board of trade, beneficiary society or grange,
it is necessary to be an active member, to attend
as much as possible all the meetings, to know
all that is going on, to take part in the debates
and try to do one's full share of bringing in in-
teresting subjects for discussion and informa-
tion for the benefit of the other members; for
the most ignorant person living knows some
things that no one else knows. Ami if every
person in the world witldield his knowledge,
would there be any advancement ? Certainly
not; the world would go backward every day.
Selfishness is the greatest evil in the world; it
is the root of all evil, of all folly and crime, all
sin; it has no jjlacc amongst us. In its stead,
we must cultivate charity, meekness, liberal
views, the golden rule, the principles of true
piety and religion. Tlien and only then will
we fulfill the objects and intentions, and .sym-
bolize the three emblems of our order — "Faith,
Hope, and Charity."

Our discussions on Agricultural and House-
keeping siilijects are calculated to do us all
good, and the only reason that we have not
had more timetod'evole totliem, is on account
of the time required to give instruction to the
new members at every meeting; Ijut we can
look for Ijctter times liefore long, because all
who are eligible will be within our fold, and
then we will have more time, and can make
more rapid strides in tlie scientific investiga-
tion of advanced Inisljandry, horticulture and
pomology, in household economy, and ways
and means whereby we can make our money

procure for us the greatest amount of comfort,
and how we shall obtain the most enjoyment
and benefit from our social meetings, and con-
trive ways that we may have time from our
work to enjoy more of them. Human beings
were never created to be slaves, and those
who, actuated by avarice, or enveloped in the
clouds of ignorance, make slaves of themselves,
disgrace the divine form they wear, and offer
an insult to the All-wise Creator. Brothers
and sisters, farmers and farmers' wives, we
will rise from the ranks of slavery ; we will be
free men and free women ; we will honor the
divine form given to us, and in our contact
with each other and the world ever be guided
by our sacred emblems. In conclusion, I will
quote a stanza from the farmer's poet, Geo. F.
Root, of Chicago :

" Brothers of the plough !

The power is with you ;

The world in expectation waits

For action prompt and true.

Oppression stalks abroad,

Moiioplies abound —

Their giant hands already clutch

The tillers of the ground.

Awake ! then, awake !

The great world must be fed,

And heaven gives the power

To the hand that holds the bread."

The Number of Granges.

There are 490 Granges of the Patrons of
Husbandry in this State, of which there are
eiglit in Lanca.ster county. The following are
their nominal and numerical designations, with
location of Grange, names of Master and Sec-
retary, and their post-otHce address :

Ko. 3, Octoraro, Octoraro : Master, Jesse
Brosius, Octoraro; Rec. Secretary, Harry
Davis, Octoraro.

No. 62, Strasburg, Strasburg : Master, J. H.
Breckbill, Strasburg ; Secretary, E. C, Mussel-
man, Strasburg.

No. 6(5, Fulton, Fulton : Master, J. G. Mc-
Sparran, Green P. O, ; Secretarj', Day Wood,
Goshen P, O,

No. 80, Oak Hill, Little Britain ; Master,
B. S. Patterson, Oak Hill ; Secretary, W. R.
Wright, Oak Hill.

No. 87, Union, Colerain: Master, W. N.
Bunting, Colerain ; Secretary, J. R. Jackson,
Colerain.

No. 161, Sadsbury, Christiana : Master, C.
B. Moore, Christiana ; Secretary, W. P. Brin-
ton, Christiana.

No. 224, Donegal, Marietta: Master, Colin
Cameron, Marietta ; Secretary, John A, Gar-
ber, Maytown.

No. 441, Silver Spring, West Hempfield twp:
Master, Jacoli H. Hershey, Silver Spring ;
Secretary, WeKster L. Hershey.

If we liave omitted any in the foregoing list
we shall be pleased to supply the omission and
also to give the time of the stated meetings of
the different Granges.

The growth of the Order of the Patrons
of Husbandry throughout the south is remark-
able. In Alabama there are reported to be
641 Granges, with 32,000 members ; in Florida
108 Granges, with r),r)00 members; in Arkan-
sas, .521 Granges, with 21,000 members ; while
in other States there are numerous lodges
with large membership.

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

The Fronclin Apple : In the February
issue of The Farmer an error occurred in
Mr. Engle's ])aper on "Lancaster County
Apples," (page 23) where one of our native
varieties, not located by Downing, printed
Franklin, should read Fuonchn.

An Echo from Tennessee.

Through the kindness of Mr. C. H. Stoltzfus, for-
merly of t he old Keystone State, I had the pleasure
of [jerusing the January No. of " The Farmer," with
which I am greatly pleased and deeply interested. I
am requested to ask, through your very valuable and
ably edited journal, that some one or more of the in-
telligent larmers of Lancaster county will write a few
articles for The Farmer, giving a general description
of the farm barns of said county ; the mode of mak-
ing, treating and using manure ; mode of burning and
applying lime, and the general system of rotation of
crops.

These are considered practical questions, and vital
to the ultimate succcess of agriculture in all sections,
and particularly in the State of Tennessee. If you
will lay this subject before your readers, you will
confer a very great favor. — John G. Caulkins,
Knoxville, Tenn., Feb. 1.5, 1875.

Herein is an ample opportunity for some of
our intelligent farmers to imitate the example
which we endeavored to portray in the leading
editorial of our present number. The farmers
of Lancaster county occujiy an elevated posi-
tion in the esteem of their brother farmers all
over the Union, where Lancaster coimty is
known ; and their experiences upon the sub-
jects enumerated by our correspondent would
have as much — if not more — weight than com-
ing from any other district in the country, es-
pecially among tliose who "were to the manor
born. " We hope, therefore, that for the benefit
of those who may need it, both at home
and abroad, the above suggestions will meet
with a ready and cheerful response. Our torch
of intellignnce will not burn less brightly by
lighting the torch of our neighljor. Every
man on this earth has a mission to perform.
Twice happy is he who discovers, even faintly,
what that mission is liefore his career has
ended, and thrice happy if he attempt to per-
form it when the discovery is made, however
feeble and imperfect the effort may be. We
are not the special advocatet of " much speak-
ing" merely for the sake of speaking, but
we woidd have men tell what they know on
any and all subjects connected with the health,
happiness and prosperity of the human family.
Without the products of the farm, human
society could not possibly exist. Practically
the vegetable kingdom is the basis of the
animal kingdom, and upon which the latter
subsists.

The Potato Beetle : The illustrated
article on this destructive pest, which will
appear in our next issue will alone be worth
more to any potato-grower than a year's »ul)-
scription to The Farmer. Now is the time
to subscrilie. Form clubs. Ten farmers club-
bing to etiier can get it a year for only
seventy-five cents each !

About Farmers' Wives.

I NOTICED in the last numberof your valuable jour-
nal an article dated from Elizabethtown. That name
always excites my interest, not because of anything
remarkable having transpired at that place, but be-
cause it is my native town ; and, though I have long
since lost all special interest in the place, I never catch
sight or sound of the name but what a crowd of pleas-
ant memories chase themselves through my mind,
memories of the careless, happy days of my boyhood,
and I seem to live over again those bright, joyous days.
And reading over the article merely for this cause, I
became interested in it for its own sake, or rather for
the sake of its ** fair author," LcoHne. She withheld
her consent to have her husband discontinue The
Lancaster Farmer, and deserves to be warmly
credited for the firmness and sensibility exhibited in
that attitude. Her fortunate husband has reason to
be proud of his wife. I wish we had many such far-
mers' wives. Would not our agricultural interests
nourish ? How many more such wide-awake farmei's'
wives are there in old Lancaster county, who will use
their intluencc in getting husband, friend or neighbor
to subscribe for or continue The Farmer, or other
agriculttiral papers? In many cases, wives have a
great inlluenee in such matters, and it often becomes
necessary for them to use that influence. Surely all
farmers eet back the worth of their money, and more
than legal interest to boot, in i;ivinga liberal support
to the agricultural journals of the country, and espe-
cially the " home journals." I take quite a number
of these agricultural papers, and find their cost trivial
compared to the ample remuueration received by their
careful perusal. I was asked by some one to-day.
Don't it cost awful to get so many papers ? ,\Iy reply
was, It costs awful not to get them: they contain too
much valuable information which would be a loss for
us not to know. Ihope " Leoline " will give us some
hints also, in reference to the managing of her house-
hold all'airs, her vegetable and flower ganlens. I ven-
ture to predict they will be worth reading. We shall
look for them. — T. il., Mercersburg, I'a., Feb. lOth,
187.5.

We liardly know which to connnend most,
" Leoline " or " T. M." Both are highly com-

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

45

pliiupntary to us, and both evince a literary
and (lonii'slicaiiiiri'i-iation nfaninre tlian ordi-
nary character. We I'cel sincerely tliai\kfid to
both of tlieni lortlie interest tliey seem loinani-
fest in our helialf, and hope to hear from them,
on tojiics familiar to them, "many a time and
often."

Our chief ambition is to make our jour-
nal a reflex of the Illegal sentiment and domes-
tic experience of the (leople, and especially that
class anionic the peojile not too proud to "eat
tlieir bread by the sweat of their brows;" and
we liail every manifestation of interest in thi'
labor we are enija^ed in, as so many "sreeii
spots in the dcstrt of our days." In tliiscoTi-
nection we desire to make two suggestions. 1.
No pcr.son can ever learn to write without
wriiimj. 2. Nomatterhow imperfectly an article
is written, if it contains a trutli worth know-
ing it will always be welcome to the drawer of
the_ editor. If tlie readers of The FAltsiElt
act on these suggestions, their efforts will be
" twice blest " without a peradventure.

Something About Blackberries.

" WImt kind of blaikberrios should we plant?"

This question has not been satisfactorily answered
yet, and 1 ean only answer for my own locality ; for,
I think much depends on loealily and the natuiv of
the soil, iV:e. But after a trial of more than half a
dozen kinds, I would say plant the Lawtons and
Kittitinys in the same pateh, but not in the same
row, (unless you only plant one row.) This will make
the Kitlitiny fruit do mueli better than it sometimes
does by itself, and 1 don't think there is a tietter berry to
be found than it is when £;rown to perfection. I don't
mean to say that these liave no faults. But they have
also flood qualities. The Lawtou is a jjreat bearer of
largre jjlump berries, the stalks are strong growers
and should be innehed off when three or four feet
hiirh, so as to form trees or bushes that need no "fix-
ing up," and it also Ibrms more fruit buds. But the
stalks will sometimes freeze — the wood or buds — in a
very eold winter. I have not notieed the yellow fun-
gus on them ; but a few stalks were attacked with a
roughness in the leaf and blossoms that looked like
" foxy " tobaeeo stalks, and of course it atfeeted the
fruit some. But there were some Ijerrieson the same
stalks (I don't know what the disease is called); the
blossoms have a very unnatural and bloated appear-
ance. I should like to know something about it.

The Kittitinvs are large, long berries, sweet and
very palatable. The busli is large and a fast grower,
endures the eold a trille better than the Lawtons; it
is sometimes a sliy bearer when planted by itself. It
gets the yellow fungus tionietimes, and all such stalks
should be destroyed as soon as notieed. They are also
troubled with the Ijorer at the roots, and tlie bushes
die out sooner than Lawtons, and need replanting
ofteucr. And there is something else the mutter with
about half of my Kittitiny patch that I can't under-
stand. It goes ahead of my knowledge box.

The one-half of the rows, that is, the cast end of
each row, is all that ean be desired for bearing good,
perfect ripe fruit in abundance ; while the west end
.of each row hioks as well, or rather better, and blos-
soms well and sets fruit well, grows well until about
the time the first tierries commence to turn red, then
the point or outer end of the berries seems as though
something sueked the juiee out, and it dries up while
the hut end mostly ripens a few seeds, or sometimes
more than half the length of the boi-ries, and some-
times a few are good enough to pick. Now, I would
like to kuow what is the causcof the entire loss of the
fruit on one end of my pateh. They are not quite as
close to the Lawtons as I would wish to have them,
but I don't think that causes all the trouble. I have
watched for insects and seen some, but dcm't think
they did it, for the green berries showed the shrink-
ing, dried appearance at the out ends, as well as the
ripe ones. But where they do well they are hard to
beat, and I mean to try them at another place ; lor I
think this dilfieulty can be overcome. J am not as
Diueli concerned about the yellow fungus, tor I oidy
lost a few stalks by it so fur, while the other takes
half of my patch. I have seen the yellow fungus on
the wild blackberries ui a thicket along the roadside
in Lampeter Square, very bad for several seasons past
—it seems to be spreading. 1 have tried the Wilson,
it didn't pay ; I tried Missouri Mammoth, (all mam-
moth but the berries ;) I tried White Blackberries,
(a nuisance) " good for nix ;" I tried two varieties
called Thornless — they may have less thorns, but they
have plenty of jaggcrs, and the fruit oidy middling
and not worth cultivating, tiive me the good old
Lawton and the Kittitiny in perfection, and I think it
is all that could be desired, (except the jaggers.)—
J. B. E., LUne VulU'y, Laii. county^ I'a.

There is a beautiful little pea-green motlL,*
the hii-m of which attacks the ripe fruit of the
raspberry, excavating galleries through it in

'Aptodis rubivora.

various directions, and, of course, destroying
it, partially or totally ; and |iossibly this insect
may also infest the" fruit of tlie lilackberry :
altliough from our contributor's dcscripticin,
we should think sonietliing else was the mat-
ter. We hope some |)ractical blackberry grower
will give him some light upon this subjecit. It
can haidly have a climatic cause, or bilth ends
of the rows would be alike all'ected. It may
be in the nature of the soil, dilleri'nce in eleva-
tion, or a rankiu'.ss of growth. Will J. B. K.
institute a series of close observations the com-
ing season, and, as soon as the rot appears,
send us .some of the berries.

The Horse's Foot.

I see notices from dill'ercnt eorresjxmdents of agrl-
enltural journals, in reference to the horse's foot — as
it is the support of that noble animal — how it should
be treated ; Jiow he should be fe<i, Ac. Now I do not
propose to get up a discussion on tfds point, but will
try to give my reasons for differing with some other
people.

One correspondent informs us that too much strong
feed has a tendency to create fever, and hence the
foot will become brittle. If this be so, my impression
is, that the feed, providing it has a tendency to injure
the foot, would have the same tendency to cause the
liorse 1(1 lose his eyesight. Again : they recommend
plenty of hay. Now, as for hay alone, I think it a poor
substitute; for, according to some of our best veter-
inary authorities, it is not very highly reeommended.
But to go back to the frmt, and lookat the subject a
little, it is apparent, that to have a good foot, have a
good, first-rate No. 1 mechanic to shoe him, and you
need never fear of your horse having bad feet.

About two-thirds of the smiths know nothing atiout
shoeing the horse. They think that burning the shoe
on to make it level, and driving in the nails, leaving
the elim'hes half an inch long, cutting great chunks
from the sides and toe of the foot— (/lis I say, they
call shueinij, and this is the way they are learning to
be good horseshoers.

In order for a smith to become a good horseshoer
he must give the subject close attention, and this too
from the very first start in the business, and then
success will erown his efforts. I have known men to
go ten miles to have their horses prupcrly shod.

But this article is rather of a negative character,
and as such, may be too much of a trespasser upon
your time and space. I will therefore close tiy prom-
ising in my next to describe as to how horses" sliouM
be shod, and the kind of shoes that should he used
in order to insure good feet to those noble animals. —
J. Q. T., Vet. Surg., .Varietia, .Uarah 1, lHr.5.

We know next to notliing about "horse-
flesh,'.' and perhaps less about "horse feet,"
but we have no doubt our correspondent will
be able to ventilate the subject to the satis-
faction of our readers, who may be "horse
fanciers."

The Persimmon.
I see the almve fruit noticed in the February num-
ber and deservedly reeommended as a desirabli' fruit,
by our friend C. lliller. There is, however, unolhcr
short article in the same number, jirobably by the edi-
tor, which is not correct. He says, "The JHoxpijriu
Icald, or Chinese Persimmon, is represented as being
as large as an apple. This is a mistake. I had the
Kaki in bearing years ago; it is smaller than our
native varieties, but deliciously sweet. The bark of
this variety is yellow, and the leaves imrtake of the
same color, while the Japan rersimmon is said to be
as large as a good sized apple. It is eaten with a
spoon. The bark of the Japan variety is dark brown,
the [ilant far more robust, thick shoots, leaves large
and thick, of a dark green color. Hon. J. llogg, of
Brooklyn, N. Y., who first introduced the Japan vari-
ety, he truvelin;,' in Japan, suei'ccded in fruiting it in
the open air i]i 1S71 or bSTli, but the cold winter of
IST.i killed all his trees. Ilesent me four small plants.
These all froze to the irround; two of them sprouted
up from the roots. These I took up ami planted in
lioxes, whiTi' I now have them in the green house.
South of liallimore they will he perfectly hanlv. In
ordinary winters they will he hardy he're, especially
if planted on elevated grounds, but an occasional col j
winter will assuredly cut them down. So, however
desirable, we cannot depeud on their being a fruit that
we ean grow out in the open air. — J. B. (lAitnEK.

We confess thtit "large as an apple," is
almost as indctinite as a iigure of comparison
as to say " large as a piece of chalk ; " still we
cannot see that our statement "is not correct,^'
if our mUhnriUj is correct.

Rind, on i)age .'(71, s:iys, "the Kaki, or
Cliinese Date-Plum {Dios]iiimx A-oAi) is a tree
of middle size, bearing a fruit about the size
of an apple, of a reddish orange color, a
very luscious fruit, with a brownish semi-trans-

[larent jiulp. Tlic fruit of one species is dried
with sugar like ligs,"and another author says
they are "superior to ligs. "

All depends now upon what kind of an
api)le Rind had in his mind when he wrotf the
above vagiiede.scription— whether a "Siberian
crab," or a "pound-apple."

The (luestion seems to be one of a purely
.scientilic character— whether William Kind,
or oin- friend .1. (i. 15., was wrong in his
idtmtilicationof Dliisjii/rax kaki; as for ourself
we "kick out" of all individual responsibility
— p.\cei)t the— "it is represented."

That our venerable friend did not succeed
in growing tht^ fruit of the kaki a.s large as it
is said to grow in (Jhinti, is not at all surprising.
Neither did he grow the Scup|iernong grape
as hirge ;is they grow it in the South— Georgia
for instance. Tiiere are ('limatic or soil con-
ditions that may cause these adverse results.
^ Some years ago we rcc^eived, through the U.
S. Agricidtural Seed Department, about twen-
ty seeds.of a "Japanese Kadi.sh" (Raplutnus
candatii.'') represented to grow bimches of crisp
and tender radishes on thi^ tops, from 12 to 18
inches in length. By the way, these to]) rad-
ishes were nothing more than the .seed-pods,
but they were said to be far superior to any
variety of that cruciferous plant grown uiid((r
ground, and made a most cai)ital salad. We
distributed these seeds' among some of our
horticultural friends, but, except in one in-
stance, wi^ believe they all came to naught; in
that instance tliey were iilantcdin in apotand
forced forward in agreenhonse. They were sub-
sequently exhibited at a Strawberry fair of our
local society, at the Court Iloase, i"n the month
of June, and a more puuv, wiry, spongy
bunch of little distorted "tails," "could not
well be conceived of; the very largest Ix'ing le.ss
than six inches long. They were almost
ta.steless, and yet they might lie quite a dilli-r-
ent thing in .Japan ; and i>crhai)s, under differ-
ent circumstances, a different result might
have been obtained, even here.

Clover and Cut-Worms.

Clovek is generally esteemed a valuable crop for
increasing fertility of "soil ; but is supiKised to aid in
generating the "lut-worm." Is this theory correct?
If so, it would be ot)jeetionable to follow it with
tobacco.- An iNQtiiur.ii, Feb. '21, 187.5.

There are various sjiecies of noxious insects
under the name of "cut-worm." (Afjroti.s) that
depredate ui>on young c;ibbage, In^an, aster,
corn, buckwheat, lettuce, and other kinds of
succulent vegetation, but we do not know thtit
clover, in a very piirticnhir mannei-, "aids in
generating" any of them. The insects most
destructive to the tobacco cro]) are the Jan-tp,
of the large gray " Ilawk-moths " (MacroKi/Ua
caralina and 't-maru\ala), but these only attack
the iilants when they are pretty well forward
in the leaf, anil are not generally found in
clover fields.

Cut-worms are subterranean in their habits,
feeding entirely upon the roots of vegetati<in;
hatched from eggs deposited by the "owlet
moths" in the ground the previous sea.son;
burying themselves beneath the frost line and
becoming torpid during the winter; conniig
up ;ibout half-grown in the spring.

During Mtiy and .liine they come up out of
the groinidal night, or in very cloudy weather,
cut off young vegetation near or just below
the surface of the ground, devour a part of it,
and then retire and renuiin hidden in the .soil
near the scene of deva.station, during the day,
where they may be found if properly looked
for. When full grown they are from an inch
to an inch and-a-li;ilf in length and of an
ashen, or dark gray color.

They change to a smooth brown chrysalis
in the ground, from which is.sues a niotli, in
June, Jidy and August, the body and fore-
wings of which are various shades of gray,
or blackish-grey, striped or vari<'gated— ac-
cording to species — and the hind wings silvery,
of various shades. The body of these moths
are about \ of an inch long, and the wings ex-
pand from an inch-and-a-half to two inches.
They are night-fliers, and are attracted by
luminous bodies.

46

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

But the "Hawk-niotlis," that are the pro-
genitors of the large green "tobacco worms"
which infest the plants in Julj' anil Angust, are
in the earth, a large brown chrysalis, with an
appendage like the handle of a jug during the
winter, and come forth in summer about the
time the "jimson-weed " is in bloom. They
are in repose during the day, but fly abroad in
the evening, and regale themselves on the
nectar of the weed aforenamed, and deposit
their eggs on the leaves of the tobacco plants
in small groups of from six to a dozen, from
which the worm in due time hatches and de-
veloHS, and then goes into the ground, where
it has been reared!, and changes to a chrysalis.
Hand-picking is the the cliief reliance, but the
introduction of a sweetened, active poison into
the trumi>et flowers of their favorite plant,
will prevent many of the worms from being

born. •

^

Plums and the Curculio.

There is no fruit in ejreater demand than the phjm.
If any one could succeed in raising them, he would
have no difliculty in tindinp; a market, and in making
a pile of money out of tliem. But that little fellow
commonly called the "Turk," (the cui'culio) stands
in the way.

Some liave been trying to circumvent the pest by
introducing curculio proof varieties, but the result,
so far, has not been very encouraging, as these cur-
culio proof kinds compare with the green gage about
the same as the sour crab docs to the smokehouse
apple. The various expeiJients in use for preventing
its depredations have not been very successful and if
notliing better '* turns up" we might almost as well
give it up for a bad job. But, as " every day brings
something new," we must still hope for a successful
remedy.

Prof. Heiges, at the York meeting of the Pennsyl-
vania Fruit Growers' Society, showed pliotographs of
branches laden with beautiful plums. He has been
experimenting, and thinks he has found a sure
remedy against the curculio. His trees were laden
with fruit, while tlie same varieties across the fence,
on hie neighlmr's lot were a total failure. He simply
syrintj^cs his trees with a strong suds of whale oil
soap, commencing with the completion of the bloom
and going over the trees after every rain, until the
fruit is safe. Let us try this simple remedy next
season. Its cost will be but tritUng. Have a lot of
the stinky stuft' ready in an out-of-the-way place.

A bucketful put on with a syringe, will completely
coat over several trees. Anj' tinner can make a
cheap, ett'ectuQl syringe. But it would pay to get a
"portable pump and sprinkler," an instruments so
useful about a place, for washing windows, carriages,
watering plants, etc., that it need only be seen to be
appreciated. Cost from ^5 to -JIO. — C. H., Couestoga,
March Hth, 187.5.

The remedy suggested by our correspondent
is ceitainly a simple one. and of easy applica-
tion, but it is "'as old as the hills," and for
many years has been the general remedy in all
cases of insect infestation, with different de-
grees of success, according to the strength of
the solution, the particular species of insects
upon wlucli it has been tried, and the
skill and perseverance with which it has
been applied. We must confess that vc
haven't as much cunlidence in it as we have
in the "jarring" process, although it is un-
doubtedly much cheaper and less laborious.
Some months ago, we read an article on this
subject, which we had intended to refer to
at some future time, but we took so much care
of it, that we have not been aljle to lay our
hands on it since. It purported to be the ex-
perience of an old peach and pliun grower, we
think in fSouth Michigan. He considered the
status of the rurndio to be such that it would
be nearl}' useless for any man to attcm-pt to
grow plums vmless he iilanted a large number
of trees in the same inclosure — not less than
one hundred as the iiihiirnuiti, but live hun-
dred or one thousand and upward woidd be
better, and would insure proportionately more
successful results. He also gave an account
of the quanties he sent to market, and the
prices he realized, which seemed entirely satis-
factory. His theory was, that it is useless to
attempt to "kill off" the curcidio by artificial
remedies, for it will he li.ere in greater or lesser
numbers at each returning season, and the
only way to meet the case is to ])lant and cul-
tivate a crop large enough to sujiply the
demands of the mark'et and the curculio also.

He did not deny the efficacy of other reme-

dies, but considered them "one-horse affairs"
at best. A dozen or two of plum trees on a
farm he considered only "curculio luirseries."
We make these remarks, not to discourage
plum culture on a small scale, but as sugges-
tions pointing to large co-operative systems
thr(jugh which the whole community may be
ultimately supplied with plums.

The Scuppernong Grape.

As I am now having a little leisure time, I will take
the opportunity to comply with the promise to furnish
you with a short article on my operations with the
Scuppernong grape this season.

At the outset, I will say I am amazed at the pro-
ductiveness of this class of grapes ; the quantity that
can be raised on an acre of ground is no longer prob-
lematical with me. I have one vine covering an arbor
twenty yards long and fourteen yards wide, and
thirteen years old, which has given me thirty bushels
of clean grapes, by actual measurement, being at the
rate of five hundred and twenty-five bushels per acre ;
and as a bushel of grapes weighs fifty-two pounds,
and yields three and a half gallons juice per bushel,
lam getting at the rate of thirteen tons and 1,H00
gallons of wine per acre. This vine has never had
an hour's cultivation nor any manuring sipce it was
planted, other than the leaves that fall from it annually.

I have another vine larger and older than the above
mentioned, being twenty-five years old. This is not
so productive, in consequence of growing in ground
too rich, being in the back yard to my house, where,
from its receiving the waste water incident to such a
situation, its growth is too vigorous.

I have have had clusters of grapes this season car-
rying twenty-four large berries, aud numbers of ber-
ries measuring one aud a quarter (1'4) inches in
diameter each. I found one berry which measured
l'$ inches in diameter audiv; inches in circumfer-
ence, which is the largest I have ever seen or heard
of. I see in the papers some statements in regard to
the large yield of grapes the present season in some
of the vineyards in Calilbrnia, to-wit — four to five
tons per acre. I have no doubt whatever that, with
our Scuppernong, I can raise treble the number of
pounds per acre that can be either in California or
the Valley of Eschol, with any grape in the world.

I have about one hundred vines of various ages
under cultivation. — J. Van Bueen, ClarlcsirUle, Oa.

We clip the above from the columns of
the '■'■ llural i^mUlierner (tnd PlanUUion" more
to show what can be done with this poinilar
grape on its "native heath," than any design
of recommeuding it to the culture of Pennsyl-
vanians. If we are not very much mistaken,
our veneraljle friend Jacob 13. Garber, of Co-
lumbia, Pa., has given the "Scuppernong" a
thorough trial, and finds it not at all adapted
to the latitude of Lancaster county.

This grape is also said to be free from the
attacks of Phiilhixera and other enemies that
this fruit is heir to, and that scions grafted
on its roots will escape their infestations. The
yield above described is so abundant, and the
fruit so remarkably fine, that other attempts
to acclimate jt might result more favoraljly,
and therefore be worthy of extended trial.
Of cotn-se, practical growers who cultivate
grapes for profit will best know what to do in
the premises. This is an exi>erimental or
transition period in the Ilortieultm-al history
of our country, and therefore in securing
any step forward we must run the risk of tem-
porary backward movements occasionally.

Words of Cheer from a Veteran.
Havino been confined to my room by sickness for
the last three mouths of this extraordinary continnnl
cold winter, I have been unable to get to Lancaster.
I will now avail myself of the mail to tend you my
subscription for The Lancastek Fahmku. I do
hope, now that you have made so great a change in
the character of the paper, with the increased size,
that farmers and nil who are friendly to the farmers,
will at once subscribe; for it. Ti'uly I have spent time
and money to encoui-age it, but it seems all to no
purpose. Now I am no longer able, or I should still
try to say a good word for it. Every farmer wlio now
refuses to spend the dollar I'or so useful a publication
ought to have his name placed on a Itlack list.' To
pay $.")(! or more to a set of unknown tree agents is,
they think, well laid out, though when the trees
c«me into bearing they mav i)erhai)S find themselves
badly swindled.— J. B. G.,'Cclu„Ma, Feb. 18, 187.5.

Nothing coidd stimulate us more in our en-
terprise tlian the above words of cheer from
our veteran friend, to whom we feel grate-
ful for his many efforts in Ijehalf of The
Faioier. We sympathize with him in his

afflictions, for, to some extent, we have been
a fellow sufferer, but hope we may both have
a brighter and more joyous Spring.

^

The Centennial and Small Exhibitors.
What ixDUCEMEXTSforpersons of small means to
exhibit anything at the Centennial ? Will they not
be imposed upon and have to pay extortionate prices
for board and lodging? Will it not be a very expen-
sive undertaking to attend as an exhibitor ? Persons
intending to exhibit would wish to know or be en-
lightened before they get themselves into a trap. — J.
B. E., Lancaster county, Fa.

The foregoing queries, sent to us by an es-
teemed correspondent, are very reasonable, aud
ought to be very satisfactorily answered, but
we cannot answer them so now. We hope,
however, that small exhibitors will not be em-
barrassed or deterred, and that no imposition
will be permitted, under any circumstances,
on the approaching a\igust occasion, aud we
think there will not. The matter of "board"
will not be difficult to arrange, we think.

I am glad to see The Fakmer "turn over a new
leaf." I have no doubt it will be a success in the
hands of the enterprising publishers who have taken
hold of it. The main thing now is to get the farmers
to write. We have plenty of good practical farmers
amongst us, who are not accustomed to " sling ink,"
whose views we should be glad to have thnmgh your
columns ; but the chief attraction in The Faiimeu to
me, are the articles on entomology. You shall hear
from me again when I feel that I have anything worth
writing. — J. C. L., Oap, Lan. county, /'i*. 15(A, 1875.

FARM AND GARDEN ITEMS.

Do Plants Need Water?

Thomas Meehan, editor of the Oardener's ^fonthly,
answers this question by saying that "if any one
thiidcs plants need water, he can try by stopping up
the hole in the bottom of a Hower pot, in which a
plant is growing. This will be one of the best ways of
learning that the essence of all good culture is to get
rid of the water in the soil as soon as possible. This
is the great principle that underlies the practice of
underiiraining land. AVe want moist oir in the soil,
not water. 'Firm potting' favors a large amount of
air spaces. If soil is moderately dry, the more we
' pound ' it, the more we pulverize it, and pulveriza-
tion means dividing into minute particles. Tlie more
particles the more spaces — the more spaces, the more
porous is the mass. Every pfire contains air, and this
air is moist air, and it is on this moisture that the
plants draw. There is no difference in the manner by
which a root draws moisture from the atmosijhere
under the ground, and that by which the root of an
air plant draws moisture above the ground. If you
take the earth in which a healthy plant is growing,
and handle it you will find no nat'.r in it; but you
will perhaps find it moixt enough to damijen a
piece of paper. We do not know that any amount
of pressure would squeeze water out of some soils
in which plants grow healthy, though jiossibly
moist air might be so compressed as to make water.
Inde.ed, the matter seems so clear to us, that we sup-
posed it would be necessary only to state it to insure
conviction. And we wonder very much that writers
still contiime to use the word water, when they speak
of the necessary conditions in the food of plants."

The Milk Question.

The farmers of Bedford, New Hampshire, had their
annual "feast" on the r2th ult., at which they dis-
cussed various phases of the farming interest. In
re])ly to some comiilaints that they could get only
four cents a quart for their milk. Ward Parker, of
Merrimack, said he wastiredofthe continual whining
about milkmen. If you don't want to sell your milk
for four cents you needn't ; there is no law to jirevent
your m.aking it into butter or carrying it to market
yourself. If the milkmen pay all they agree to, that
is enough ; if anyone will agree to pay more, it is your
pri\ilege to sell to him. As for him, he wouldn't sell
milk for six cents per quart; could do better making
it into butter. By making butter he saved lugging
home the price of it in grain and hunting the cuuntry
through for new milk cows every fall. He believed
the prospect was never so good for butter-makers as
now. His cows have yielded over ?;UII1 worth of but-
ter each this year, and the skim milk from each cow
he calls worth $4-0 more; gets this amount out of
skim milk by feeding it to calves which sell for from
$.50 to *100 each ; keeps Devons and can sell at these
prices all the calves he can raise. There are only 800
Devons in the United States and Canadas. The first
ones imported and sold were sold at low prices, which
has kept the price down ever since. His cows give
milled quarts of which will make a pound of butter;
has one cow which has given 32 quarts per day ; feeds
no grain except after the cows come in aud before they
get out to grass.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

47

A Potato that Resists the Colorado Bug.

A. .lai-ksiiii, (if Frnli-riiU loiinry, Mil., inniiniiiii-
cati'S the foUowiu}; iiitcroKtini,' fui'ls to tin- liiilliinmi'
Ainri-lcan Fartiitr, wliicli lionuyscHiilii'iillrstcil liy tlie
6wi)rii testimony 111" two of iiis liiliorfr.s. Aliout live
years a'_'o In- neciveil Iroiii New Jersey u peeiiliar
kiiul of a red |x)talo,uiiiler tlie name ol'8ilierian Heil.
It pioveil to be a very prolilic bearer, anil of a inon-
strims size; very mealy and wbolesome lor llie lalile,
tlioti^'b some piir|ile streaks would neeasiiinally run
llironi:!! the tubers. Last siinimiT lie planted tliem
in hills, four feet apart, between youn^' irrape vines,
wliieli stood eiirlit feet by eiL'lit feet, and raised on
one Here a littli- better Mian one hundred busliels of
niairnitieent imtatoes. He fertilized tlie bills by mi.K-
inir lime with ten jieri'ent.of salt, and mixinir old
eow manure with about ten per eeut of said lime and
salt eninpound. He used a ijood shovelful of it in every
lull, and embodied it with the yroiiud (elay soil) by
diiruin;:. Tlie result, be says, was astonisliinir.
Wlieu Mie potato buss (wliieh bad appeared in
myriads) had eaten olf a vine, presently two or more
viiies would shoot up. keepimr on u-rowinff until the
November frosts killed them. Most eurious of all,
tliev bore here and there small potatoes (not seed
balls) on the vines. One remarkable bill yielded
forty-tive averatre-sized |Kilatoes. .Ml his other kinds,
as Early lio.se, I'eaeh Blow, Early (ioodrieb, thoujib
treated in the same manner, were an utter failure.

Sales of Chester County Stock.

The proprietors of Clifton Farms, Kennet Scpiare,
Chester eounty, whose advertisement appears in Tin;
Fahmku, report havinL' reeeiitly sold tlie followiui;
thoriiuurbbred stnek ; The prize Ayrsliire heifer,
"Kennett Beauty," to .losliua Hunt, esip, Catasau-
(pni, I'a. ; the two .\yrsliire heilers, " Lily Dale" and
".luly .Morn," and the .Ayrshire bull ealf, "SirChel-
ton,""lo Col. Joliii M. White, of t^outli Carolina; the
Ayrshire bull ealf, "Ashland Duke," to Cieor^v II.
Terry, Orient, N. Y. ; the Ayrshire heifer ealf, " Hill-
side Beauty," to T. V\'. Krvin, .South Carolina; the
two Ayrshire heifers, "Ashland Belle" and "Laura
the Beauty," to liobert Ileunin!r, esip, Wilminfiton,
N.C.; also the Jersey bull calf "Sir Clinton," to
same tt;entleman; the Ayrshire heifer, " (jentle
Annie" and Ayrshire bull, "Kennett Laddie," to
Gen. J. Bratton, South Carolina; alsothetwo Ayrshire
Jieifers, " Fair Maiden" and "April Morn," to Capt.
Clowiiey, of same State; the Jersey bull, "Ashland
Duke." to Jos. Boman, Lancaster county, Pa. ; the
Jersey bull ealf "Clifton Boy," to Geo. B. Whislow,
Gouvencur, N. Y., also the Jersey heifer "Lady Par-
qua," to the same centleman; the .Jersey cow "Low-
land Beauty," to W. T. liiid iV Bio., Freuebtown, N.
J. Also prize Chester White and Essex pigs to many
parties in the ditt'erent States.

Charcoal for Sick Animals.
Nearly all sick animals become so by improjier
feeding. Nine cases out of ten the disestiou is
wrong. Charcoal is the most efficient and rapid
corrective. It will cure in a majority of cases if
jiroperly administered. .\n example of its use: the
hired nuin came in with the intellii:;ence that one of
the finest cows was very sick, and a kind neighbor
propiised the usual drugs and jmisons. The owner
being ill and unable to examine the cow, concluded
that the trouble came from overeating, and ordered a
tcacupful of pulverized charcoal given in water. It
was mixed, placed in a junk bottle, the head held
upward, and Uie water and charcoal jioured down-
ward. In live minutes improvement was visible and
in a few hours the animal was in the pasture, quietly
eating grass. Another instance of equal suci-ess
occurred with a youngheifer which had become badly
bloated by eating green apples after a hard wind.
The bloat was so severe that the sides were almost as
hard as. a barrel. The old remedy, saleratus, was
tried I'or correcting the acidity. But the attempt to
put it down always caused eouirbing, and it did little
good. Half a teacupful of fresh powdered charcoal
was given. In six hours all ajipcarance of the bloat
had gone and the Iieifer was well.

Selection of Breeds of Cattle.

Mr. Shaw, of Milford, an extensive Now Hampshire
farmer and dairyiiien says, our selection of breeds of
cattle shoidd be determined by the use we propose to
make of them. If we would raise beef, we should
take Shorthorns; if a large quantity of milk, without
reference to (pnility, desired, Ayrsbires ; but if we
would iret good niiik, and make nice butter, then we
elionld keep Jerseys or .\hlerncys. He had tested
the milk of one of his Jersey cows, and found it con-
tained 4:!'; per cent, cream. This was an extraor-
dinary yield, but the milk from Jerseys would aver-
aire 20 i>cr cent, cream. His herd nnike a iionnd of
butter from less than six quarts of milk, and be bad
made a pound frtun less than four quarts. Jersey
milk, where it is known, sells one or two cents higher
per quart than common milk : and larire quantities of
Jersey butter, properly made and packed, can be sold
readily at from ■'jO to 7.5 cents per (Miund. He knew
one herd of Jerseys from which the butter was sold
through the season for il.'ih per pound. Feed has a

great deal to do with butter. Woidd feed no turnips
or eabbaires. as they taint the milk, but had faith in
beets. Milk sliould not be set in a room with pies,
boiled dishes or anyl hing else, as it all^orbs all llavors
arisintr I'rom other substances. It is a mistaken idea
that Jerseys are not good for lieef; when projierly
fatted, they make the best lieef in the world, tender,
sweet anil rich. The notion that .Icrseys are not as
hardv as other brei'ds is also a mistake. They eiiduri^
our eliinate well. Another thing in their favor is
their dotillty.

^

How Til Dksthov Eautii Woii.MS : Mr. Vick, in

his Floral (iiiide, says that ten drops of carbolic acid
in a pint of water, put in llowcr pots, w ill lU'slroy all
the earth-worms which do so much damage to the
plants.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Valuable Household Recipes.
AQiTATFiiN'loN OF FiiiST-ri.Ass Kkiti'Ks: .\ House-
keeper of this city who communicates the following
recipes to The Faiimkic makes frequent use of them
in her family and gives them her unqualilied endorse-
ment. We can vouch for the phtls and rolls as the
best we ever eat:

Coiustwiii I'liffx : One (piart of (lour, one qtnirt
of milk and three eggs. ..Mix the milk gradually into
the Hour to make a smooth batter ; also the yi'lks of
the eggs; then add the whites beaten stilV: bake in
gem pans in a hot oven, having the pans heated wlien
you |ionr in the batter.

French. Jiulh: Set a si>onu:e about ten o'clock in the
morning with a half [jint of milk, two eggs well-
beaten, with a cuji of silirar, one cn|) of butter, and
one pint of yeast ; Hour to make a batter, not toostitf;
let it rise until light, then make into a loaf, with flour
sulKcicnt to make a soft dough ; let it ris** again un-
til light ; then roll out thin, and with a soft brush
spread with melted butter; cut into squares and turn
over ; put into jians and spread again ; let thcrii rise
until light, (about an biuir,) and bake in a moderate
oven about twenty minutes. These will be found to
be delicious, and alter a couple of trials you will find
no trouble in achieving a success.

Lviiion, or OniJiijf ('Hstard : One-quarter pound of
butter, a half pound of susrar, two teaspoonsful of
flour worked to a cream, four esys and one jiint of
milk ; the grated rind ami .juice of two lemons, or the
rind and juice of three oranges. Bake in crusts of
jjastry.

(Jiieen of Pmhliiigg : One pound of bread cninibs,
one quart of milk, four eggs; sweeten and flavor to
taste; a small i>iece of butter ; soak the bread in half
the milk about an hour before using. Serve warm
with sauce.

Aiiulhfr ii'iiy — very good: Leave out the whites of
the eggs ; when the pudding is done spread the top
with a layer of jelly, or any sweetmeats you prefer;
then put on the wdiitcs beaten still", with u cup of
sugar; place in the oven to brown slightly. To be
eaten with cream.

Tiihi:e (ioon Uecipes. The Queen of PmWingii ;
Take one jiart of nice bread crumbs, add one qtiart of
milk, one cup of sugar, the yelks of four eggs, well-
beaten, the rind of a fresh lemon grated tine, a jiicce
f)f butter the size of an e.irg ; bake tnitil done. Now
beat the whites of the eggs to a stitf froth, adding a
tcaiaqi of ]iowdered sugar in which has been previ-
ously stirred the juice of the lemon. Sjiread over the
])uililing a layer of jelly, (any kind to the taste,) then
jiour the whites of the eggs over, :inil jilaeein theoven
initil brinvned. Serve with cold cream. This is the
richest and best pudding I ever made or eat.

I'hiin I'lKldiiifi : Take slices of light bread spread
thin with butter; place in a pudding dish layers of this
bread and raisins until within an inch of the top. Add
five eggs, well-beaten, and a quart of milk, ami pour
over the pudding ; salt and spice to taste. Bake it
twenty minutes, and eat with liipiid sauce.

,1 (ioud Will/ In Kir/i JJaiiiK: .M'ter the hams have
been smoked take them down and tboroughly rub the
liesb part with molasses, then immediately apply
grt)unil pepjier, by sprinkliiii^ on as muib as will slick
to the molassi-s ; then bani^ up to dry. Hams treated
in tljiis manner will keep perfectly sweet, and free
from insects. — J/'"^- (tooilhnc^ {(h-ttntjc couiiti/^ I''-,)
in (tcruiuHtoifii Ti-lci/ra/ih,

Cadhaoe a i.a CAti.in.owEii: Faith Koehester
(Am. Ai/lnl.) likes her cabb.au'c cooked like eauli-
ll(»wer, and she says it is almost as ::ood. This is the
way she does it: Chop the cabbaLrc head flne, or cut
it as small as you e;m well with a knife. Hal("of an
averairi* head is sutlieient for a meal. Put it into a
kettle, and jjour over it a pint of AiWiz/.f/ water. Cover
it. and keep it boilinsr steadily, (not letting it burn
dry by too Inird bitilinir.) l"or half an hour. Pour off
what water remains — t he cabbaiie it self supplies some
water in cookiie.' — and pour in a teacupful — or two, if
you like — of irood milk, sailing' to t;iste. Let all Imil
up tocretber, and it is done. If^ you put in considera-
ble milk, it will be much liked if poured over "wliitc
gems" split in two.

Cooking Ci:i.eiiv: We all know what a delicious
relish celery is wheu eaten raw with a little salt, but

few of our readers may hi- aware that it makes an ex-
cellent dish when cfioked. At the tietter class of res-
taur:ints it is not r;ire to lind in tin- bill of l";ire Cream
of Celery. A bowl ol'tbis, eaten with bread or crack-
ers, is ii delicious and nutritious lunch, with nothing
else. This cream of celery Is a diluted form of puree
of celery, uscfi as u sauce f<ir i^amc. and the Aiiwi-ican
Ai)rifiiltiiriKt thus tells us kow to make It: Cut white
celery line, and stew with a little water, pepper and
salt, in a covered dish, until it will form a pulp ; llieii
milk Is added, or three parts milk and one of cream ;
l)oil for a l"ew minutes, and pass through a sieve, rub-
bing through all but the coarser parts of the celery.
Heat aiiiiin, and thickeiiinir with a little (lour, stirred
up with cold milk. If milk Is used without cream,
then butter may be added. .\t home, besides the
abovi- method, we more frequi'iilly cut it in pieces,
cook it soft in water, pour olf the water, and add
abundance of sauce, made of cream and a little liotir,
or drawn itutler when cream happens tf> be scarce.

White (Jems: Faith Koehester, who conducts the
household dep;irtmcnt fvf the Amrricitii AtiricuUnriitty
says, these should always be maile of the hrxt fif line
flour and new milk, with a little salt, beaten well
together into aslilf batter, t(Ki still' for griddle cakes —
or into a soft dough, too soft for bisetiit — and baked
in a hot oven in gem pans, made hot before the dough
is dipped in. .She tliinks these are the best of" warm
biscuits," and that you <m// put in baking [lowder, but
advises you to try them without.

White CtsTAiiDs: One jiint of cream, three ounces
(tf sugar, the wbitesof four eggs, and one tablesiKH>n-
I"ul of oramre-llower water. Boil the cream with a
blade of mace ; let it simmer for about Ave mlnuti'S ;
then take it olf the lire, ami add the suirar ; beat the
wliitcs of the eggs to a complete Irolli ; put them into
the cream ; set it on the lire again, and let it boil
gently, stirring constantly, till it becomes thick ; take
it olf tlic lire, add the oramre-tlower water, or a few
drops of almond-flavor, and serve in custanl glasses.

Bakei> Sweet Aim-les; Sweet ap[iles, which are
not relished fur eating by the many, may be converted
into a palatable baked apple dish, half jellied, deli-
cious in flavor and moisture, which any one can have
by stewing them in a porcelain kettle, with just enough
molasses and water to prevent them from burning,
till cooked through, and then transferring them to the
oven with all the liquid residuum, to dry and brown.

"EvEKV-DAV" PiDDixo: Half a loaf of stale
brown home-made bread soaked in a quart of milk ;
four egirs, foiw tatdcsiKionsful of flour ; a little fruit,
dried or fresh, is a great :iddit ion ; steamor boil three-
fourths of on hour. .Serve with the following sauce:
Butter, sugar and water, thickeiieil witli a little corn-
starch, and flavored with lemon juice and rind.

Fancy Dish: Take half a dozen eggs, make a hole
at one end and empty the shells ; 1111 tliem with blaiic
mange ; w hen stitf and cold, take olf the shells ; pare
lemon rind very thin, boil in water till very tender,
then cut in thin strips to resemble si raw, and preserve
in sugar ; HU a deep dish luilf full of jelly (jr nice cold
custard, put the eggs in and lay the straw, nest-like,
around them.

Coi-KEE Cake: One eup of butter, one of sour
cream, one of collee, live eggs, one eui" of currants,
one of stoned raisins, one teaspoonful ol" cinnamon,
one of allspice, one nutmeg, one teasiXKinful of soda ;
add flour to mix hard, and bake slowly.

KiCE Ci stakds: One ounce and a half of ground
rice, three ounces of loaf sugar, and one pint of new
milk ; boil the rice in the milk, adding the sugar, and
a piece of cinnamon; pour it into custard cups, in
wliiih a little fcesh butter has been melted, and bake
in a slow oven.

The .\nt Pest: Oueof the most troublesome pests
to the housekeeper is the ant. especially the little red
ant. We have tried chalking and all sorts of insect
powder, and various other devices, but, like the
weather siirns, wliich always "fail ill wet weather,"
they all seemed to fail in the ant season: but Camden
Nellie furnishestbe (iermantown 7V/'.i/ni/>A with her
experience, which is the simplest of all. She says:
"In a cupboanl. inleeted with ants, I <me day put :i
plate containing .some flour on one of the shelves, and
left it there for several days. I soon noticed that the
little pests did not molest it in any way, ami eoneluiled
to receive some beiiclit from the knowledge. Accord-
ingly I sprinkled wheat flour all over the shelves,
pretty thickly, too, and so far I am satislied with the
result. They lind it a hard mad to travel, and now
we can put any article of food in that cupljoard with-
out fear of them."

DiI'HTiiEKrA: A gentleman of Troy, N. Y., who
had a severe attack of ilipht heria, informs the Xntioual
AfJi'icuUurUty that when the chokinir sensation was
greatest, some pulverized bayberry rtjot hapix'iilng to
come in the vicinity td" his nose, provoked a sneeze.
This wasof course painful, but llii' jwiwder penetrated
and bad the elfei't ol" cleansiinr out his throut llior-
ou::idy for the time being. Uimiu re|M'ating the liose
oiiei' or tw ice a day, or as often as the case required,
he Ibund it to do him more t'ood than all the doctor's
prc-criptions. Tlie harl substance svas loosened, but
in small ijiiantilies. Since that time he has recom-
mended it to several suffering in the same way, and
all have found relief.

48

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Cure for TooTnACHE: The London La7icet gives
the following as a certain cure for toothache: Add
one drachm of collodion to two drachms of carbonic
acid, a small portion of which, inserted in the cavity
of an aching; tooth, will give immediate relief.

To Clean Oil Cloths: Add to one gallon of
water two teaspoonsfulofammoniajWith which cleanse
the oil cloth thoroughly, using a sponge and soft rag,
and wiping dry ; then sponge off light!}- with sweet
milk, wliich brightens the cloth and gives it a glossy
appearance.

The Cotemporary Press.

The New York Semi-Weekly TiiiBUNE,themo6t
perfect epitome of current events, on all subjects,
upon our exchange list, or perhaps, in the Union.

The American Agriculturist, Vol. 34, Nos. 1
and 2, Orange Jvdd <t Co., is the highest eulogy
necessary to pronounce on this journal.

Home, Farm & Orchard, a $1 weekly quarto,
Newburg, N. Y., about the ageef "The Farmer,"
small but very ably edited.

The LrvE Stock Journal, New York, a beautiful
and ably conducted illustrated quarto, very liable to
be confounded with the " National" of Chicago, by
the uninformed.

The Japanese Mail, a quarto of forty-four pages,
giving a " fortnightly summary of intelligence from
Japan for transmission to Europe and the United
States. Yokohama. — $12 a year.

The Farmers' Union is a large, eight-page, well
filled, and ably conducted agricultural folio; Minne-
apolis, Minn., at ?2.00 per annum, weekly. W. J.
Abernethy, editor and publisher.

The Prairie Farmer, a double folio weekly jour-
nal for the Farm, Orchard and Fireside, Chicago, 111.
Two dollars a year. ■ Its reputation is established or
it could not have survived forty-six years.

The National Agriculturist, 16th volume,
the same in form and size as the CttUivator (royal
quarto) and handsomely illustrated and ably con-
ducted. New York, $1.2.5 a year.

The Progressive Farmer, a journal of practical
agriculture, horticulture, mechanic arts, and litera-
ture, issued under the auspices of the State Agricul-
tural College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, a monthly royal
quarto. $1 a year.

The Cultivator and Country Gentleman
commences its fort-flfth year, fiir more vigorous and
fresher than it ever appeared in its youth. An excel-
lent standard journal on agriculture that needs not
our commending. Albany, N. Y.

The "Pen and Plow," for 187.^, is one of the
most spicy and best mechanically executed journals
on our list. An agricultural and literary quarto of
sixteen pages, printed on fine tinted paper, at $1 a
year, monthly; New York.

The Western Agriculturist: The February
number for 187.5 is on our table. A twenty page
quarto with additional tinted covers, Quincy, 111. A
handsome imprint of interesting matter on " agricul-
ture, horticulture and household reading. $1 a year.

The New England Homestead, a double folio
" weekly journal," concerning the farm, the orchard,
the garden and the fireside, Springfield, Mass. $2. .50
a year. Illustrating on its title page " the past " and
"the present " in farm architecture and improvement.

The Industrial Bulletin, one of our oldest and
most punctual exchanges. Devoted to the protection
of American industry. Published by the " Industrial
League," Johnstown, Pa. A protective monthly
quarto of sixteen pages, opposed to free trade, and
ably edited.

Wells' Annual of Phrenology and Phy'siog-
nomy for 1875 contains m_any Portraits, Biographies,
and Characters of leading'men, and much other useful
and entertaining matter. Large octavo, full of
pictures, sent first post for 25 cents. Address S. K.
Wells, 389 Broadway, New York.

" The Rural Southerner and Plantation "
comes to us enlarged, improved, and changed in form.
Instead of a folio, as heretofore, it is now a royal
quarto of sixteen pages, and is combined with the
^^ J'lantatiou*' and " iri/.so«'.s- Htrald vf Jltalth.'^
Atlanta, Georgia, monthly, at $1 a year. Cheap and
well adapted to tliat locality.

The Sanitarian still maintains the high position
It took from the start as a leader of thought in sani-
tary science. It is unquestionably the best work of
its class in this country, and ought to have a general
circulation. Edited and published by Dr. A. N. Bell,
New York. Monthly ; $o a year.

The Spirit of the Times, "a chronicle of the
turf. Held sports, agriculture, and the stage." The
February number of the 89th volume of this journal
is on our table. An ably conducted paper; "each
number containing more reading matter than any
other periodical published in the United States."
Royal, 2-1 page quarto.. New York — weekly — $5.00 a
year. George Wilkes, Editor.

Pamphlets received : "Second Geological Sur-
vey of remisylvania." "Report of the Commission
to Revise the Constitution of Pennsylvania."

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c.

The following catalogues of trees, plants and seeds
have been received since our last :

E. J. Evans & Co.'s Catalogue of Fruit and Orna-
mental Trees, Vines and Roses," York Pa.

"H. M. Thompson's Price List of Evergreen and
Deciduous Tree Seedlings, Fruit and Shrub Trees,"
Milwaukie, Wis.

" DiNGEE & Conard Company's Descriptive Cata-
logueof New and Beautiful Roses," West Grove, Ches-
ter county. Pa.

S. H. Purple, Columbia, Lancaster county, de-
scriptive catalogue of roses, bedding and greenhouse
plants, shrubs, trees, &e., for spring of 1875.

Bryant's Nurseries: Retail Price List and Cata-
logue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Grapes, Small
Fruits, Forest Trees, >&c. A. Bryant,jr., Princeton, 111.

Geo. W. Schroyer, Lancaster, catalogue of roses,
greenhouse and bedding plants, of which he has an
unusually large stock for the ensuing season. See
advertisement.

James Fleming, New York, (successor to Hender-
son & Fleming) annual descriptive catalogue of
flower, vegetable and agricultural seeds, garden
implements, &c., for 1875.

F. K. Phoenix, of the Bloomington nurseries,
Bloomington, 111. Wholesale price-list of nursery
stock and his plant catalogue of greenhouse, bedding,
hardy herbaceous and other plants. Established in
18.52.

Briggs & Bro., Rochester, surpass all their previ-
ous efibrts in their catalogue for 1875. It is printed
on a richly tinted paper, and elaborately IlluBtrateed.
Theirs is one of the largest ^eed establishments in the
country.

II. E. Hooker & Bro., Rochester, send us their
Illustrated Catalogue of Novelties and Specialties, and
their Wholesale Price List of Fruit and Ornamental
Trees, Grape Vines, Roses, &e. Rochester seems to
the national niirsery of the flower, plant and seed
business.

D. M. Ferry' & Co., Detroit, Michigan, illustrated
and descriptive catalogue of garden, flower and agri-
cultural seeds. This firm are extensive growers and
importers of seeds, and their catalogue is one of
unusual interest to farmers and gardeners. It con-
tains 218 pages, profusely Illustrated.

Cascade Nursery Company's Catalogue of
Roses, Greenhouse and Bedding plants, Hardy plants,
Vines and Shrubs. E. Y. Teas & Co., Richmond, Ind.
They claim that their stock of roses is the largest and
best collection in the United States. Eugene Verdier,
the well-known Rosarian of Paris, has named a new
hybrid perpetual after the founder of the firm, (Mon-
sieur E. Y. Teas,) which the grower highly praises.

Vick's Floral Guide, No. 2, for 1875, just re-
ceived, is a gem as beautiful as it is useful. It has a
prettily illustrated article on the seed and culture of
flowers — another shot at " the government seed-shop
at Washington" — " the post-office and seed distribu-
tion," and an illustrated list of the novelties of the
season. James Vick, Rochester, N. Y. Twenty-five
cents a year, which includes the four quarterly num-
bers of 200 or more pages.

Lancaster County to the Front!

In looking over our advertising list of nurserymen,
seedsmen and florists, for March, we are struck with
the fact that the proportion of advertisers outside of
Lancaster county is larger than that of onrhome pat-
rons. There are quite a number of persons in this and
adjoining counties engaged in this line of business who
would be greatly benefited by advertising in The
F.vrmer who allow enterprising men in the same
business at a distance to " steal a march on them,"
as Mr. Engle expressed it the other day at the Horti-
cultural Meeting. To our certain knowledge hundreds
of dollars are sent out of this county every year for
seeds, plants and trees, which our own nurserymen
and florists could keep at home, if they appreciated
the value of printers' ink as their more enterprising
rivals abroad do. It don't m.'ike much difference to
us where our advertising jiatronage comes from, so
long as our available space is occupjfd, and we have
no fears that it will not ; but we simply suggest that
it is not creditable to home enterprise that our own
people, for whose interests we are laboring in endea-
voring to foster a taste for the useful and beautiful
in gardening and fruit growing, as well as farming,
to let strangers reap all the advantage of it. If those
who have agricultural implements, nursery stock,
plants and seeds to sell, don't let the farmers know
the fact, while those from a distance keep it con-
stantly before them, how can they expect to increase
their trade with the developing progress? As before
stated, we can get as much advertising patronage as
we have room for in The Farmer, without begging
for it, ibr there are those who appreciate its value* as
an advertising medium ; but as a matter of local
pride we desire to see those at home whose interests it
seeks to promote, availing themselves of its advan-
tages. Therefore, we say, Lancaster County to the
front I

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, &c.,
For the Month, ending March 6, 1875.*

Fifth-Wheel for Vehicles ; L. Blair, Paiuesville, 0.

Mowing Machines; P. W. Brownhack, Limerick, Pa.

Cultivators; E. Children, Dunleith, 111.

Iron Tips for Vehicle Poles; J. Alder Ellis, Chicago, 111.

Middlings Purifiers ; W. J. Fender, Minneapolis,Minn.

Grain Binders; M. L. Gorham, Roekford, 111.

Cultivators; M. L. Gorhan, Roekford, 111.

Cultivators ; J. O. Milne, Minneapolis, Minn.

Bridle Bits; Nathan P. Stevens, Hopkinton, N. H.

Running Gear for Vehicles; J. Stirk, Lancaster, Pa.

Brakes for Vehicles; Wm. Fletcher, Boston, Mass.

Wheels for Vehicles; S. B. Fuller, Erving, Mass.

Draft Equalizers; E. A. Beers, De Kalb,'lll.

End Gate Fastenings; J. W. Collins, Chicago, 111.

Fanning Mills ; Asa Y. Felton, Plain View, Minn.

Spring Equalizers; T. L. Guest, Pottstown, Pa.

Grain Separators ; M. D. Judkins, (Jlenwood, Minn.

Churns ; Aug. Meger, Port Washington, Wis.

Feed Racks; A. V. Mitchell, La Salle, HI.

Harvesters; C. Myers, Pekin, 111.

Hay Gatherers; C. T. Noell, Clarksville, Mo.

Thill Couplings; E. Saper, Brooklyn, N- Y.

Corn Planters; A Staley, Martin, Mich.

Ladders : D. Argerbright, Troy, Ohio.

Running Gears for Vehicles ; J. Becker, Seymour, Ind.

Grain Drills; Wm. Brison, La Prairie, 111.

Sulky Flower; J. C. Cams, Millbrook, 111.

Farm Gates; S. H. Dasis, Chicago, 111.

Apparatus for Feeding Fowls ; Alfred de Garis, N. Y.

Bee Hives; J. R. Dixon, Topics, Miss.

Floral Stands for Windows ; G. Hills, Plainville, Conn.

Wheat Cultivators; E. E. Leech, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Riding Harrows; E. E. Leech, Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

Wire Fences; J. A. Little, Cartersburgh, Ind.

Bag Ties ; J. O. Millue, Minneapolis, Minn.

Hay Pjesses; H. E. Skillen, Pownal, Me.

Wagon Jacks; J. B. Webster, Genoa, N. Y.

Harness Hanging Frames ; X. Whiting, Trenton, Wis.

Cotton and Hay Presses; W. A. AVright, Griflin, Ga.

Green Corn Cutters; I. Barker, Otislield, Maine.

Stump Pullers; C. C. Hogue, Bush Creek, Iowa.

Governors for Windmills; W. L. Oliver, Rantsul,ni.

Sulky-attachment to Plows; G. Van Winkle, Aaron,Ill.

Shaft-tugs for Harness; T. E. Weber, Pittston, Maine.'

Land Rollers; Wm. Williams, New Berlin, 111.

Corn Shellers; W. S. Brogles, Nola Chucky, Tenn.

Carriage Seats; Daniel Conbag, LTxbridge, Canada.

Mowing Machines; E. C. Dewers, Towanda, Pa.

Methods of Tubing Wells; W. T. Dobbs, Pana, HI.

Chairs; Wm. T. Doremus, New York, N. Y.

Harvester liakes; N. H. Felt, Auburn, N. Y.

Drags; W.Gardner, Wheelershurg, Ohio.

Wheels for Vehicles; D. Gribe, Pittsburg Pa.

Garden Rakes; F. B. Hedge, Greenspot,"N. Y.

Wagon Bodies; C. W. Kinne, Cortland, N. Y.

Corn Planters; A. M. Mandy, Roekford, 111.

Seed Planters; E. M.Potter, Rutherford DeiX)t,Tcnn.

Cultivators; J. H. Rice; Keithsburg, 111.

Whiflletree Hooks; O. J. Smith, Wanwatosa, Wis.

Milk Cooling Apparatus; O. Y. Stickler, Canton, N.Y.

Vegetable Slicers; A. Vuillier, Newark, N. J.

Fruit Gatherers; C. A. Werden, Waukegan, 111.

Harvester Droppers; Cyrenus Wheeler, Auburn, N. Y.

Clinrns; James L. Wilson, Calhoun, Georgia.

Harvesters; W. A. Wood, Hoosick Falls, N. Y.

Hog Ringing Nippers ; W. E. Bingham, Decatur, HI.

Bee Hives; John Bullock, Deep River, Mich.

Plows; Cumberlon G. Cox, Richmond, Va.

Stands for Flower Pots; E. D. Durant, Kenosha, Wis. '

Plow Adjusters; S. T. Ferguson, Minneapolis, Minn.

Harness; Geo. W. Hoover, Kutztown, Pa.

Harvester Rakes; J. H. Kiston, Roekford, 111.

Bird Houses; E. A. la Baz, Philadelphia, Pa.

Corn Planters; L. L. Lawrence, Dublin, Ind.

Wheels for Vehicles; G. Leverick, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Portable Fences; T. MeSwarz, Daviess county, Ky.

Lightning Rod; M. D. Phelps, Bristolville, Ohio.

Plows; Artemas Rigby, LTpper Stillwater, Maine.

Corn Harvesters; W.N. West, Milford, Mich.

Cranberry Separators; D.Y. Saurford,NewEgypt,N.Y.

Horse Checks ; John Sugden and J. P. Gaffney, Law-
rence, Maes.

Animal Shearing Machines; Wm. C. Harlow, Med-
ford, Mass.

Wheel Cultiv.ators ; G., S. E. W., and E. A. Brower,
Crawibrdsville, Ind.

Portable Horse Feeding Supports ; Albert H. Spencer,
Boston, Mass.

Bob-sleds; B. K. Verbryck and Thos. Newberry,
Chicago, 111.

Machines for Thinning or Spacing Crops ; M. H.
Eustace, James >fc T. Kennan, Dublin, Ireland.

Machines ibr Sharpening Horse-shoe Calks; Crasters
Gleason and R. Hamiltou. Greenwich, N. Y.

Band Cutting Feeders for Threshing Machines ; David
Frost, Latrobe, Pa.

Packages for Prints of Butter; A. Robinson, Web-
ster, Maine.

Unloading Attachments for Carts, etc. ; Thomas
Crossley and L. A. Bertolette, Wilmington, Del.

• Prepared expressly for The Lancaster Fakmeh by Louia
Bagger & Co., Solicitore of Patents, Waehington, D. C.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

V.

koivie:-im[J)lDe:

FERTILIZERS

TH£ B£ST.

Farmers, Attention!

Upon receipt of 10 eentB, to pay iirintiiig, postage and
proportion of expense of this ndvertiBenieut, the Oray'e
Ferry Chemical Works, mtiniifitcturers of Oil Vitriol,
GrouuJ Bunes and other fertiliziUR materials, will send to
any farmer or other jierson a rccijie for making n home-
made fertilizer from bones and other chemicals, at a cost of
about twenty dollars per ton, without trouble, apparatus or
machinerj*, pronounced by hiindreds who have used it to be
equal, if not superior, to any super-iihosphate of lime pur-
chased in the market. Address

GRAY'S FERRY CHEMICAL WORKS,

Ofiace— 105 South Front Street,

7-3-2m PHILADELPHIA, PA.

STMNGE_BUTTRUE!

The TOONG QUA CUCUMBER grows to weigh seventy
pound'* each, and fine quality. 15 cents per seed; 10 Heeds.
|l. SNAKE CUCUMBER grows from 2 to 8 feet long, and
ooils like a snake. 20 cts. per paper. PERSIAN WATER-
MELON. Very superior, and keeps perfectly /reHh and
stee t throughout the winter, 20 cts. per paper. STRAW-
BERRY WATERMELON, finest in cultivation ; 200 prizes;
10 cts. per paper. JAPAN RADISH . Pods 2 feet long, and
deUciouB. 15 cts. per paper. MAMMOTH CABBAGE.
Heads weigh from twenty to sixty poundn pach ; tender and
sweet ; ten cents per paper. CONQUP:ROR TOMATO, ten
days earlier than any other variety ; 25 cte. per paper;

JAPAN PEAS — Two hundred bushels per acre on common
laud; uneiiualed for stock or table use; grows on an up-
right stalk. Fifteen cents per paper; fifty cents per pint ;
eighty cents per quart.

CHUFAS— Furnish grazing all summer and food for your-
Belif all Winter; fine for poultry, and fattens more hogs than
ten times the area in corn; one hundred and fifty bushels
per acre on poorest land ; ten cents per paper ; forty cents
per pint ; seventy cents per quart ; ten dollars per bushel.

NO HUMBUG,— We have certificates to prove all these
claims.

ROSE SLIPS— With good roots, of any variety the pur-
chaser may choose, at four for fifty cents ; nine for one dol-
lar, twenty for two dollars, one hundred for nine doUara.

Also, potato, cabbuge and other I'lants at low rates.

Seeds and roses by mail, pout paid.

Send for our free catalogue giving full list, descriptions
and tentimoruala from thorn who have grotcn the above seeds.
Address

SOUTHERN SEED & PLANT CO.,

Gallatin, Tenn.

he Meschacebe says of us: "Their rare and prodigious
vegetables elicit the ndmiration of all who have the good for-
tune to visit their celebrated gardens at Gallatin." [7-3-lm

SEEDS AND BULBS.

ILLUSTRATED SPRING CATALOGUE FOR 1875

UrOW READT.

■sent, with a epecimen copy of The Anifricmi Garden, a new

lUuslrated Journal of Garden Art, edited by Jamee Hogg

on receipt of ten cts. BEACH & SON, Seedsmen, '

7-S-tf 7(i Fulton St., Brooklj-n, N. y

ora 20,000 DEALERS

IN THE UNITED STATES SELL

BRIGGS & BRO.'S SEEDS,

And tlie Miyersal verdict is mat Hey

WII.L CiROW!

KF"The Quarterly Illustrated Floral Work sent one year
for 25 cts. Price Lists and Circulars sent free on applica-
tion to BRIGGS & BROTHER,
ROCHESTER, N. Y. -or- CHICAGO, ILL

7-3-lm

TS0B0T7GSBBED STOCZ

FOB SALE CHEAP.

PURE AYSHIRE CATTLE and CALVES,

PURE JERSEY CATTLE and CALVES,

of all agee, all very choice and nicely marked, from the
choicest blood and milking families. Also,

'■PRIZE CHESTER WHITE PIGS,"

of all ages. •' Unsurpassed,'^ These Pure-Bred Pigs have
DO superior on this continent. Bred from our prize and pre-
mium stock. Also, extra improved BERKSHIRE and
ESSEX PIGS. Order soon. Address,

CLIPTON FARMS,

KENNET SQUARE,

7-3-3m CHESTEB COCNTX, PA.

RIVERSIDE NURSERIES.

A fine assortment of NURSERY STOCK, Including :

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM,
Cheiry, aud other Fruit Trees.

GRAPE VINES, HLACKBEKRY, llASPBEKRY AND
STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

RHUBARB AND ASPARAGUS ROOTS,

SEASE ti OSHAUZHIAL TSZES, BOSES, SESITBBEBT, te.

Also a fine slock of FI.OWKKS and OUKKN HOUSE
PLANTS, TOMATO, CABBAOEand other Vegetoble PUnts
in season.

tB'"Send for price list to

H. M. ENGLE & SON,

7-3-2m M.\UIKTTA, Lancaster Co., Pa.

BONE DUST!

GUARANTEED PURE.

MAUFACTURED AND FOR SALE BY THE
UNDEl SIGNED.

Ko. 1 VERY FINE.

Bagged and delivered on cars at Leaman Place in any
quantity for 2X cents per pound.

No. 2, SIZE OF WHEAT GRAINS,

2>4 CENTS PER POUND.
Address, MILTOIV B. ENHI>EMAN,

7-3-3m LEAMAN PLACE, Pa.

EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN!

FOR

Florists & Market Gardeners,

at lowest rates — monthly wholeasle lists of
which mailed free on application.

35 Cortlandt Sti-eet,
NEW YORK.

C H £: IME I C J^ X«

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrate of Soda ; Nitrate of Potash; Sulphate of Potash;
Sulphate of Ammonia; Acid Phosphate—yielding 23 per
cent. Soluble Phosphate of Lime ; jirice, $27.50 per ton; also

CLIMAX SUPERPHOSPHATE,

CONTAINING 3 2(i per cent, of Ammonia and 24 per cent,
of Soluble Phosphate of Lime.

In reply to letters of inquiry, prices and the exact analysis
of any or each of the chemicals will be given : and tliey will
be sold with GUARANTEE of the quality as stated.

GEO. E. tVIIITE,

7-a-2m IGO Front St., New York.

12 HENS GIVING \

PROFIT A YEAR.

SYSTEM PATENTED.

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS, AND SEVERAL

DIPLOMAS AWARDED TO

Pror. A. OORBKXT

MANAOBR OF THE

GALLINOCULTURE INSTITUTE

AT HICKSVILLE, N. Y.
No Humbug. MilliouB of people have seen it.
Working Book, explaining bow, 50 cts; Circular, 3 cts.

For Sale at a Bargain.

A FOSTER HAND PRINTING PRESS, in good order.
Will print a form 13x18 inches. An excellent press for
light jobbing. Enquire of PEARSOL & GEI8T, Publishers
of The Lancaater Farmer 7-3-1id

TRZZXSS, Stc.

Weofferfor SPRING, '75, »■> >">u»oally
large Mtot^k of wcU-Kruwit, thrifty

Ntnndnrd nn<l nwnrf Friilt Trpea.
<irnp<- ViiicN, •iinnll FriillK.
4>rnniii«>iiliil 'l'r4>«*N. Nhriil»s. RoNes.
Nrw nnci Knrr Friiil nii<l (kriinmrntnl Trr««.
EV4>rerr<>ii itnfl ItiilboiiH Kooln.
New ntitl Itnrp <Mr4'4>ii iiiitl llot-lloiiNe I'lantft.
.Sinatt parreU /oru-ardfl by mail when deeired,

ritOMrX ATTENTION GIVEN TO ALL KNQUIBIES.

Daicriptive and liluKtralM Priced Calaloyueji nml prepaid,
on receipt of utavipn, as/ollow»:

No. 1— Fruits, IOC. No. 2— Mrnaraoutal Trees. lOe.
No. 3— Oreenhons", lOo. No. 4— Wholesale. Frco.

Address,
Kntcibd 1840.
7-2-3ni] Munnt ll,>i„- .M/iM-ni-A-, KOCH rsTKK. .\. T,

MARIETTA NURSERIES.

We invite the attention of Planters to a very largo and
fine stock of

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM and CHEItnT TREES.

Also, SHADE and ORNAMENTAL TUBES.
Small Fruits, Roses and Green-house Plants.
Send your orders early. Prices very low. Descriptlra
Catalogues free. Address

7-»-2m ENGLE & BRO., Marietta, Pa.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

FIELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER,

CANARY, RAPE, HEMP,

Alsike & Wliite Clover;

LAWN GRASS, GREEN CR 8S,
CLOVER & TIMOTITY-.

AT W. D. Sprecher's,

31 E. KING ST., LANCASTER, PA.

FLOWEE

SEEDS,

VEGETABLE

SEEDS.

7-l-3m]

Spoener's Prize Flower Seeds.

SpooBcr's BostoD Market
VEGETABLE SEEDS.

Descriptive Priced Catalogjie, with
over 160 illustrations, mailed free to
applicant.

W. H. SPOONER, Boston, Mass.

the: oLiD

CRESeENT BONE DUST,

AND OTHER

RELIABLE MANORES.

Uni/onn in quality and me-
chftnicjil condition.

For Circulars and Low Prices, address

RALSTOIS & KIRKE,

Successors to Jno. Ralston A: Co..
7-3-2m 170 FRONT ST., New York.

I(X) 1000

LODinARDand other choice Flnma,

1 yr. 2. 4 feet $t2..W $110
E;irly Beatrice Peach, 1 yr., lat class, 15.
Alexander & Amsden 1 yr., 1st class, each $1,

Asparagus Giant lyr., 1000, $2- 2 yrs. 3.

" Conovers Colossal, 1>T.,1000,$3.S yrs. i.

Rhubarb choice seediugs, 1.00 6.

freebymaU 1.50 12.60

Ash. White. S. 10 ft. 10. 60.

Black Walnut, 10. U " 8. BO.

Elm, White 10 12 " 15. 120.

Uouev Locust, 8. 10 " 7. 80.

Silver M„|,ie, 12. 15 " 10. 60.

Mountain Ash, 8. 10 " 8. 60.

•' *' Weeping, first clau, 12.

Pine, Scotch fine, 3, 4 ft, lrans[>lanted k root

pruned. 6. 50, .
Spruce Norway flue, 2. 3 ft., transplanted and

root pruned, 6. (SO.

Berberrv. strong bearing, plantfl, 3. . 25.
Calycanthus, 1. 2 ft. per 10. 1.50 8.

Tuberoses, strong flowering roots, 3. 25.

Sweet Potatoes. Nausemond and Southern Queen roots
for sprouting, per bushel, $2.->0. Greenhonae and Bedding
Plaats. Send stamp for price list, or 20c. for 5 Catalogue*.

7-3-lm F. K. PUCENIJl, BloonaingtoD, lU.

VI.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

NE\^^ GOODS

OPENED DAtLT AT

o xj nsr i>.A.i^ IE n.' s

MILLINERY AND TRIMMING STORE.

L,ij>tES, we have just opened a large assortment of

Hamburg Edgings and Insertings,

At 6cts. pee Yard up to $1.25.

Also all the latest atyles of Dreae trimmings, such as

GIMi>S, FRINGES,

OF EVEBT DISCHIPTIOlf.

Alsot ererytbing else kept in a

FIRST-CLASS
MILLINERT and TRIMMING STORE,

And will always guarantee our prices to be the Very Low-
est and quality the Best.
Give ua a call at

GUNDAKER'S,

142 and 144 North Queen Street,

7-l-3m1

HEED, McQRANN & CO.,

Illili ill iiiiii

LANCASTER CITY.

Execute orders lor Stocks and Bonds, allow Interest on
Deposits according to time, Loan Money, Make Collec-
tions, Buy Gold and Silver, and transact a General
Banking Business.
Drafts and Passage Certlflcates for sale on Europe,
GEO. K. REED, A. M. McCONOMT,

B. J. MCGKANN, R. H. BRUBAKER,

PETER McCONOMY, Jr. [7-S-3m

CONSUMPTION CURED.

To the Editor— Esteemed Friend:

Will you please inform your readers that I have a
positive

CURE FOR CONSUMPTION,
and all dlBordere of the Throat and Lungs, and that, by its
use in my practice, I have cured hundreds of cases, and
will give

Sl.OOO.QO
for a case it will not benefit. Indeed, eo strong is my faith,
I will send a. Sample, free^io s^ny sufferer addressing me.

Please show this let'er to any one you may know who is
soffering from these diseases, and oblige,
Faithfully yours,

r>r. T. IB'. BTJItT,

7-3-6m 69 WILLIAM St., New York.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveiancer aM Seal Estate Apnt,

OFFICE IN LAW SUIUjXNG,

i^. W, COR. DUKE AND GRANT 575.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Estate of all deBcription bought, sold and ex-
changed on commission.

Loans Nfgotintfd. Mortgages bought and sold.

JHropertifs taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

l*arlicular attefitioti givenjo matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

I>vedSf Mortgages, llriffs, Wilis and all other legal
instruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

MvxpH of Properties, Lots, F.irme, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-l2m

OUR FENCE CORNERS.

Whisperings from February.

The Lancaster Farmer : The February number
of this excellent monthlj' agricultural newspaper is
out "on time,,' the fifteenth of each month being its
regular publication day; and it is a decided improve-
ment even over the first issue under the new manage-
ment, both in tyjxjgraphy and the character of its
contents. Among other improvements the extracts
and miscellaneous matter are set in a new and com-
pact readable minion type, which could not be pro-
cured in season for the January number, and quite a
new feature are the illustrations, which the publishers
promise to improve still more upon if the enterprise
receives proper encouragement from our farmers.
Prof. Rathvon, the editor, manifests his usual untir-
ing industry in the editorial department, which con-
tains articles of interest and practical value on our
" Situation ; " the Potato Blight ; the Patrons of Hus-
baudry; the Rust on Blaeberries; What is "Angumen-
tum ? " Daniel Webster and his kindness to animals ;
the sex and varieties of Persimmons ; Good Butter
and how to make and keep it ; Dying for our Country;
The Agricultural Department of our National Cen-
tennial, beautifully illustrated with a full page
engraving, besides minor editorial articles. Henry
M. Engle" contributes an interesting article on Lan-
castercounty apples, giving a history of the " Smoke-
house" and several other local varieties: Casper
Hiller one on the Persimmon and its culture ; Jacob
StauflTer the second of his series of "Wheat Glean-
ings;" Henry M. Engle speaks another good word
for The Farmer; and J. M. W. Geist, the office
editor, furnishes a paper on the Culture of the Grape,
in which Mr. Fuller's system of trellising and pruning
is advocated and illustrated with engravings. The
proceedings of our Agricultural and Horticultural
Society are reported at length, and the prose of farm-
ing is enlivened by Trowbridge's admirable poem of
"Farmer John" —

"You see, old Bay,
And you, old Gray,
I'm wiser than when I went away ! "

Four pages, or twelve columns, are devoted to
Agricultural and Horticultural Miscellany, Domestic
Economy, (including various Housekeepers' Recipes)
and Literary and Personal items.

It is apparent that the farmers of the county are
determined that this enterprise, which had been
languising for some years past, shall be sustained. —
Lancaster Daily Sxpreff.

The Latest Acquisition in Sunday-Schools.

A correspondent of the National Baptist shows
how one Sunday-school was saved from being "talked
to death" by its superintendent. He visited a flour-
ishing school. Its exercises opened promptly, with-
out an audible voice ; the hymn was silently placed
on the blackboard, and sung; a teacher, previously
designated, prayed; another hymn was sung, arranged
in the same manner, and at once then, with no word
from the superintendent, the classes entered upon
their recitations. The visitor expressed his admira-
tion to a teacher at the quiet order and studiousncss
exhibited, and asked how this marvelous silence and
earnestness had been attained. He was led to the
superintendent and requested to propose the question
to him. Beginning to say that he had never seen the
like in his life, the superintendent quietly shook his
head, and, lifting a little slate, wrote upon it, to the
visitor's astonishment, "I am a deaf mute !" The
stranger turned to his friend for an explanation. We
had been talked to death, he said, in substance, by
previous superintendents. It seemed impossible for
an average man to avoid the error, so we chose a
mute, who is an accomplished Christian gentleman.

We have received from the publishers. The
Lancafter Farmer for January. This newspaper has
lately changed publishers, and at the same time
changed its form. We do not want to flatter, but the
change is a vast improvement upon the old Farmer,
both as to its contents and its typographical appear-
ance. Its editor is Prof. S. S. Rathvon, a scientific
entomologist, and one of the best authorities in
America on the important subject of entomology. If
our readers desire to become thoroughly acquainted
with the pests that annoy them most, and of which
they know the least, we advise them to subscribe for
the Farmer. It is an imperial 8 vo. of 16 pp.,
printed from clean type, on good paper, and is very
cheap. Address Pearsol & Geist, Lancaster, Pa.—
Louisiana (Mo.) Journal.

•*

A brow-beating lawyer, in cross-examining a wit-
ness, asked him, among other questions, where he
was on a particular day ; to which he replied : " In
company with two friends." " Friends !" exclaimed
the lawyer; "two thieves, I suppose you mean."
"They may he so," replied the witness, " for they
are both lawyers." '

" John, I am afraid you have been forgetting me,"
said a bright-eyed girl to her sweetheart the other
day. "Yes, Sue, I have been for getting you these
two years."

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOR

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay asked until the coDditions of the guarantee are ful-
filled. Call and see it with the late improvements.

ALSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
STOVES^,

And everything usually kept in a first class Hardware

Store, at

m 7 EAST KING STREET.

7-Mm LANCASTER, PA.

House Fupnishing Goods

AT

JOHN D. SKILES,

No. 25 EAST KING STREET.

Just received full lines of

BLEACHED AISJ) rNBLEACHED

SMrtiflL Slieetiiii & Pillow -Case Mnsliiis.

TICKINGS, CHECKS,

TABLE LINENS, TOWELS,
NAPKINS, QUILTS,

COUNTERPANES and COMFORTS.

PRINTS— Newest Styles.

PRINTS— Shirting Styles.

CARPETS, OIL CLOTHS,

WINDOW SHADES, fco.

ALL AT LOWEST PRICES.

Great Reduction in WINTER DRESS GOODS, SHAWLS,
SKIRTS, he. to make room for Spring stock. Also, closing
out our Winter Stock of

EEADY-MADE CLOTHIS"G,

At Prices Regardless of Cost.

COATINGS, CASSIMERES and VESTINGS, made to or-
der or Bold by the yard at greatly reduced prices.

Call and be convinced.
T-l-3m]

JOHN D. SKILES.

dealers in all KllinS OF
FA1WII.Y and I.IllIE-BlTRXI9rG COAl, I

Orders received at

Office. NO. 15 East King street, and at the
T-l-l!m] Yard. No. 619 NORTH PRINCE STREET.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No. 320 North Qneen Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market House).

The Improved Rockaway Grain Fan, Pratt's P.itent Hay

Rake and Corn Shellers for Horse and Hand Power,

Cutting Boxes, Corn Planters, and Improved

Cider MtUe

of different kinds and sizes ; also, all kinds of Coach-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your interest before bujang elsewhere.
I can sell at small profits. The Shop is two squares
northwest of P. R. R. Depot, and two squares south of
Reading Depot. Hickory Lumber and Spoke Wood taken
In exchange for Machines.

PLANING AND SA^WINa

of all kinds at short notice ; and Caatings kept on hand for
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agricultural imple-
ments of every description on hand. Wire and Sieves
made to order for fanners.

6-B-12m]

SAMUEL KEELEB,

Lancasteb, Pa.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

VII.

CENTRE HALL

Has now ready the Largest Stock of

READY-MADE GLOTHING,

For MEN, YOUTH au.l BOYS, MADE UP OF EVEKY
VAUIETV OF GOODS unil COI.OUS.

PBICES TO SUIT EVERYBODY.

Has an Immense Stock of

PIECE GOODS.

All the Latest Styles in the market to make up to order, &t
low priceB, and at Bbortest notice.

To save money, buy your ClothiuR at CENTRE HALX, a
Live HouBO, where they keep up with the times.

MYERS & RATHVON,

CENTRE HALL, 12 East King Street,

6-7-12m LANCASTER, PA.

CO

HATS,

AND

FTJRS,

GENTS' GL0VE8,

AND

WALKING CANES,

All at the lowest pHcee, at the

CENTRAL HAT STORE,

39 West King Street,

Next to Cooper's Hotel,

LA.NCA.STER, PENNA.

AUES & HESLET.

0)

I— ^

l-3m

PATENTS

OBTADdD BEST iNB CHEAPEST BY

LEWIS BAGGER & CO.,

. SOLICITORS OP PATENTS,

\^/'ASHINGTON, D. C.

ez^Addrfsa nil IclterB to P. O. Box <«. 7-3-12ni

ROCKY MOUNTAIN PILLS.

A TAriABLK MEDICINE.

PROM NEW AND RARK MEDICINAL PLANTS

RECENTLY DISCOVERED IN THE

ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

PURELY VEGETABLE.

Fifteen yeora of earnest botanical research among these
mouutaius and valleys have resulted in the diacovery, not
only of many new varieties of plants, but of new species —
some of which have wonderful medicinal and curative
properties. By continued eiieriment their virtues have
become kuowu — and thus from extracts of these newly dis-
covered plants are these pills compounded.

If properly used, they will cure very many disensea, pains
and aches — aud are more esgeciallv valuable in Dl'.SI-
M'Et'filA. LlVICRfOMHLAlSl. J yi>lO tISTiON,
JAVXniCJS, and «11 cases of ITEVKHS. ftH.US,
VJilNAHYanAKiDSKl'DiBQjse^, HHEVMATISM,

cosTi jicyEss. II EA urn uns, niAJtRHfEA,

MVMHS, MEAShES^toT Purifying the Blood, and for
many other diseases, and all cases of Biliousness and Dis-
ordered Stom:tcb.

On orders accompanied by the cawh or fostal order, I will
send safely by mail jost-paid one boi Pills for 2o cents, one
duz. boxes, $2.50, one gross boxes, $'24.00.

J. E. JOHIVSOM,

OUR FENCE CORNERS.

Law and Equity.
It is told of, the lati- Judge Benjamin Tappan of
Oliio, that when he applied to Judf;cRof the Supreme
Court for admission to tlie l)ar of that State, he was
asked the following questionn, to whleh he gave the
aiiswir as follows: "Mr. Tappan, what is law?"
Answer — " An unjust distriljution of justice. " Mr.
Tappan, what is equity?" Answer — A confounded
imixisitlon upon common sense I" No other questions
were asked, aud he was given a certificate.

The Lancaster Fakmek — Edited by Prof. S. S.
Rathvon: \Vc have before us this excellent periodical
in a new-ftfid Improved form, makini; a very liandsomc
appearance indeed, and entitling it to the respect and
attention of all those who "till the soil, or ply the
loom or hammer." As a Lancaster literary and
scientific production. It will command notice for its
handsome typographical ajipearance, and will com-
mend itself especially for the solid original matter its
pages contain. The subscription price is only $1.00
per annum, which should secure its extensive circula-
tion anion our worthy farmers throughout our garden
county and throughout the United States. We
heartily commend the Farmer to the favorable notice
of our readers. I'earsol i Geist are the publisherB.
— Lancaster ]\'eekhj UevUw.

The Only t>ifference.

The servant of an army oflicer one day met a crony,
who Inquired of him how he got along with his fiery
master. " Oh, ex<-ellently ! " answered the servant;
"we live on friendly terni.s; every morning we beat
each other's coats ; the only ditrerence is, he takes his
off to be beaten, and I keep mine on."

HEMO^A^LI

TRIMMING STORE

The LANfASTER Farmer : The February num-
ber of this journal Is even belter than the January
number, which we took pleasure in commending when
it made its appearance in its new dress. The present
number contains several excellent editorials on sub-
jectsof great interest to the farmer and horticulturist,
while the correspondence and selected articles show-
that careful editorial supervision has been exercised
in their preparation and arrangement for the press.
A beautiful engraving of the Centennial building in
Philadelphia, is also published In the present number,
which should be In the hands of every Lancaster
county farmer, horticulturist and stock raiser. —

Lancaster Itiielliqeneer .

^ •

An intolerable bore, having talked a friend nearly
out of his senses, finally struck out on the " oyster,"
which he called "one of the most remarkable speci-
mens of creative wisdom extant," when his friend in-
terrupted him and "closed the debate" with the ex-
clamation, "The oyster! Ah, yes, the oyster is a
glorious fellow. He always knows when to shut up."
^

The Lancaster Farmer : We take pleasure in
acknowledging the receipt of the Lniicasler Farmer
for January and February, In its changed, improved
and enlarged form. We have no doubt that under
the able control of Prof. S. S. Rathvon, it Is destined
to occupy a first-class position among the journals
devoted to scientific and practical Agriculture. lis
contents are varied and well adapted to the wants of
the farmers of our county; furnishing them with
just such information as will be of great ultimate
benefit to them in their daily avocation. — Marietta
Register.

An old-fashioned clergyman named More was
riding on horseback one stormy day, enveloped in a
loose" cloak of large proportions and having a broad
scarlet collar. By the action of the wind the cloak
was tossing about in all directions, when a gentleman
rode up on a spirited horse, whleh shied and almost
threw the rider. " That cloak of yours would frighten
the devil," said the gentleman. " You don't say
sol" replied .Mr. More; "why, that's just my

trade."

^

Lancaster Farmer : The February number Is re-
ceived. It now certainly ranks among the first of our
agricultural journals. Prof.S.S. Rathvon, the editor,
islwidely known as a leading entomologisl, and asbeing
well versed In the natural sciences and agriculture ;
hence the Farmer cannot fail in his hands totakethe
front rank among the journals that furnish useful
and rellaWe information to farmer, gardener, fruit-
grower, aud stock raiser. Address the ptiblishers,
Pearsol & Cielst, Lancaster, Pa.— .V(. Joy Ihrahl.

Our friends and patrons will plea.sc take notice that

On the First of April

will Remove our Trimming and Variety Establishment

To 54 NORTH ftUEEN STREET,

Into the Room now occupied by MU. JOHN A. KRBEN,
as a Dry Goods store, directly opposite the Inquirer
Printing onice.

We are dally adding to our stock NEW and HAND-
SOMK HOODS, and will sell at the Low«8T Prices.

T-3-lm

BLIJOMINUTO.N NLTltSKKV, Uloomiugtoii, 111.— F. K.
Piiu£Nil. Spriii|{ liblsfrec, or thu Hut uf fourc.ituloguetl
post fruo fur twenty avutii. [7-l-3m

[urgerYiia ^ |kect(jtj.

The undersigned have In preparation a NURSERY •
MAN'S DIRECTORY, embracfiig a list of the

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, SEEDS-
MEN & TREE DEALERS

OF THE tJNITED STATES.

The work will be sold wholly by subscription, the
price of which will be KIVK DOLLARS HER COPY. A
limited space will be given to .Advertisements, at the
following low rates :

Full page, - $25.00 | One-third page. - $10.00

Half page, - - u 00 | One-fnurth page, 8.00
One-sixth page, $5.50.

For Sample I'ag<'3, and further Information, address

X). "W. SCOOTT & CO.,
T-3-4m] Printers and Publishers, Galena, Ills.

VISITING- CARDS.
FOR LADIES AND OENTLEMBS,

Printed In the best style at the 6Blce of

THE FARMER.

NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE.

1875.

1821.

54th

"voXiXrjycE.

7-S-«f

ST. OEOROE, UTAH.

A harmless, half-witted creature was accosted by a
saucy fellow, who thought to make game of him.
" I say. Jack, lad, dost want a place ! Master wants
a fool." " \\-, indeed," replied Jack: "wants a
fool, does he f Then are you going to leave, or does
he want a couple ?"

A man who was sentenced to be hung was visited
by his wife, who suiJ, " .My dear, would you like the
children to sec vou executed i" " No," replied he.
"That's just like y.iu," said she; "for you never
wanted the children to have any enjoyment."

The Saturday Ivealag Post.

The Oldest Literary and Family Paper in America.

Founded Aug. 4, A. D. 1821.

A large eight-page Journal, priutt'd on fine white paper,
and beautifully illuHtrated. Contains A& columns of the
choicest reading. Powerful aud jioj ular UlilciNAL avd
Sebial Storikh from well known writers of abibty in each
number, with from ten to fifteen C'omi-leted Talkh,
Sketches and Essays, covering h wide raD^e of literature,
and e^ch the best of itn kind.

Our SPECIAL DEP.\KTMENTS will continue to be a
brilliant feature ot the paper— The Boudoir, containing
the very latent fashion news, presented in most attractive
ferm ; Faikieh' Cclumn, aud Ovr Own Sphinx, never-fail-
iug sources of iuBtruclion and umuMetnt-nt for the LITTLE
FOLKS, News OK Inteweht, The Rkviewkb, New Pii»-
LicATiuNs, Fxt^KTi.K, and the C(>«bkki'Oni>entb' BniEAU,
contuiuing solid and valuable iubtruction given in Answehh
TO ALL Inquirers upon almost every tiueetinn which can
be presouted or diKcuBsed. Since THE POST passed Into
the hands of the present Editor and Proprietor, neither la-
l>or nor exj ense have been spared (o make it the VERY BEST
Literary and Family Paj er pubhshed. New life and vigor
have l)een infused into the old favorite; the be*t writers
now contribute to its columns, and the reading matter, il-
lustrations aud typographical appearance arc e<|Uol to the
very best. THE POST, during the year 1875. will contain a
larger fund of instruction, amusement aud entertainment
than can be procured for the same terms in any other pa
per published.

TEIR^i^S FOIR 1875.

Postage to anv part of the United States, hitherto paid by
Subscribers, wi'll, after the Ist of Januar>, 187.%. be paid by
us, without additional charge to our SubscritxTS.

THE Post will l>e sent to aily address, either single or in
clubs, as follows: Single Subscrilx-rs, oneoj^y, four months.
$1-00; "*» muiiths, $1.50; om? y**-'^'', $i.OO. (lubs— Foor
copies, one year, post-i-aid, for $10 00. which is $2 60 I *'r
copy. Fight copies, one year, for $20 00, ^^^ »" additional
copy FREK to any one remitting that amount at one time.
Additions may be made to clubs at Knnic rales, via.: $^.50
(^cb. Send stamp for sj ecimcn copy tu

R. J. C. WALKER,

EDITOR AND PBOPRIETOB
727 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

H

ORSE-BILLS.

PL.\1N l)U IN' FANCY COLORS.

Printed in the Best Style at the olBce of

THE FARMER.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

WEBSTER'S Unabridged Dictionary.

•* The best practical English Dictionary

KXTANT." — London Qitarterli/ Review, Oct., 1873,

To the 3,000 Illustrations heretofore in Webster's
Unabridged we have recently added four pages of
COIiOREn ILLUSTRATIONS,

engraved and printed exijressly for the work, at large
expense, viz.:

ARMS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES.

ARMS OF VARIOUS NATIONS.

FLAGS OF VARIOnS NATIONS.

UNITED STATES NAVAL FLAGS, to.
Thus adding another to the many useful and attractive
features of Webster's Unabridged.

[^"The authority of everybody.

Proof~20 to 1.

The sales of Webster's Dictionaries throughout the couu-
try in 1873 were twenty times as large as the sales of any
other Dictionaries. In proof of this we will send to any
person, on application, the statements of more than 100
Booksellers, from every section of the country. Published
by «, A C. MERRIMAN, Springfield, Mass. [7-3-lm

FLORAL

HEADQUARTERS

AT

SCHROYER'S,

On Harrisburg Avenue, in the Ninth
Ward, North of the College,

IN FRONT OP

H. A. SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Next door to Zuhni's Corner, Ceutre Square,
Every day during the season, if the weather permits,
where I will be pleased to accomodate those who cannot
come to Headquarters.

t^"The earliest, the beat, and the newest TOMATO
PLANTS, in Pols and Boxes; also EARLY CABBAGE
PLANTS, PEPPER PLANTS, &c.

7-2-3m) GEO. W. SCHROYER.

OUR

Illustrated Catalogues
^01^ 1875 0^

EVERYTHING

FOE THE

GARDEN!

( Seeds! Plants ! )

Xlmplements, Fertilizers, etc./

Numbering nspagesand containing five
beautiful colored plates^maWci. on receipt
of 50 cents.
Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

85 Cortlandt St.,

NEW YORK.

1

1

D. L.

P. O. BOX SM.

SECOND ANNUAL CATALOGUE

OP

^ SUSQUEHANNA GREENHOUSES

AND

PLANT NUESEEIEB

NOW READT.

RESH, Columbia, Pa.

[7-1 -3m

K
H

<

0

%
K

<

pa

m Stpoilts.

MONEY TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Hates, at approved security.

SPECIAL AND LIBERAL TERMS made with parties
having charge of Trust and Estate Funds.

B^"Governmeut and State Bonds, Gold, Silver, and
Coupons, bought and softl. T-l -3m

We would call the attention of
housekeepers, and those commenc-
ing housekeeping, to our very large
stock of Cooking Stoves, Ranges
and Heaters, together with our tre-
mendous variety of House Furnish-
ing Goods, such as Table Cutlery,
Britannia and Plated Spoons, Coal
Oil Lamps and Chandeliers, Wash
Wringers, Brushes, Brooms, Buck-
ets, Tubs, and every variety of Tin
and Copper- Ware, all of which we
are selling at the Lowest Prices.
Flinn & Breneman, No. 152 North
Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 7-3-3m

$0 '° $20 Q. Stinson

home. Terms free. Address
& Co., Portland, Maine.

My annual catalogue of A'egetable and Flower Seed for
1875, will be sent free to all who apply. Customers
of last season need not wi-ite for it. In it will be found
several valuable varieties of new vegetables introduced for
the first time this season, having made new vegetables a
specialty for many years. Growing over a huniired and
fifty varietiex on my several farms, I would particularly in-
vite the patron :ge of market gardeners and all others who
arc especially desirous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very bent Mtrain. All see^ls sent out from my establish-
ment are coveted by three warrants as given in my cata-
logue. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

PSIME FRESH OSAGE ORANGE SEED.— l.bush., $7.60;
•i bush., $14 ; a bush.. i'iO ; 4 bush., $'25 ; 6 bush.. $30.
7-3-lm F. K. PHffiNIX, Bloomington, 111.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOHN BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF
Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from IX to 100 Horse-Pr.

STEAM BOILERS^ADAPTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

[7-l-3m

Castings of all descriptions. Heavy and Light, Made to Order.

be
MAILED FREE
all appli-
cants.—This Is
one of the largest
id iiiost oompre-
h 0 n s i v e Catnlof^rups
published; contains ?16
s, over 300 fine engrav-
' ings, and gives full desci-ip-
tioiis, j^riees, and directions
planting about 1200 varieties
f Vegot.ible and Flower Seeds,
Beddini? Plants, Roses, <te., and is
invaluable to Farmer, Gardener, and
Florist' Addretss, D. M. FERRY & CO.,
Seedsmen and Florists, DETROIT, MICH.

EDGERLEY & CO.,

MARKET STREET,
In rear of Market House,

LANCASTER, PA.

Persons wanting a good Carriage or Buggy, will do well by
giving us a call.

ALL WORK WARRANTED,

and for the same quality the cheapest in the market.

We have the best assortment of

second hand vrork on hajid

ever offered for sale in

the county.

REPAIRING PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO

7-1 -3m

Published Quarterly. January Nimber just

issued, and contains over 100 PaOES, 500 EncravingS,
dcicrintions of more than 500 of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, with Directions for Culture, CoLtjKBD

Plate, etc. The most useful and elegant work of

the kind in the world. Only J5 cents for the year.

Published in English and German.

Address. JAMES VICK. Rochester, N. V.

1

^

^

T

^

111

H

t'

1

y

m,

1

1

.x^

^

^

s^^^

ite^'^"

^^^'^Bi

-

Prof; S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., APRIL, 1875.

FEASSOL in GEIST, Publishers.

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

Founded under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited Tsy Prof. S. S. EATEVON.

With the January issue (1875) The Farmer entered upon
itsaeventh year, uuJerii change of luoprietois, the publica-
tion ha\iiig bi-en triiUflfened to the inuleiHiKned, who ino-
pose to make it in :ill re«i>ects a first-ch.sa locil organ of the
importuut intereHta to which it is especially devoted.

With this view The FAiiMEn has been enlarged and its
form changed to the Imjeriul Mag;izine style, each number
containing tw^nty-fourj-ages Imr.Svo., meiisuring 9J^ by 13
inches, at least seventeen of which will be exclusively devott^d
to reading niatrer, the advertisement sand "si anding matter"
being limited to tbe remauiiiig pages. This inoeasc of size
and change of form, together with the use of a more compact
type, enables lis 10 give twice as much reading matter as
was contained iu the old form.

If this effort to give the agricultural community of Lan-
caster county a publication worthy of their honnruble calling
is liberally seconded, we propose to add other improve-
ments from time to time, including illustiatioun of impor-
tant topics of general interest, and papeis from special con-
tributors on the more important loc;il industries and re-
Bources of the county — a vride field, which has been very
little cultivated by our local press.

Thf coiitril*utioiifl of our able editor, Prof. Hathvon, on
8ubj.-c'e c-oiiuected with the science of farming, and jtartic-
ularly lli.it si.eciuUy of which he is so thoroughly a master —
entoniologicii scieuce— some knowledge of which has bei-onie
a necflairy to the successfal farmer, arc alone worth much
more than the ^irice of this i-nblication.

Thk Fabmeu will bo jmblished on the 15th of every
month, printed on good pa] er with clear type, iu con-
venient form for reading and binding, and mailed to eub-
Bcribers on the following

TEEMS:

To subscribers residing within the county —
One copy, one year, . - _ _ , $1.00
Six copies, one year, - ..... 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, ------ y.50

To subscriljerB outsiile of Laucastor county, indudiitg
postage pre-paid by the pubUshere:

One copy, one year, ----- $1.25

Five copies, one year, - - - - - . 5.00

All subscriptions will commence with the January num-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All communications intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
in his hands by the first of the mouth of i)ublication.

All business letters, containing subscriptions and adver-
tisements, should be addressed to I he publishers,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

RATES OF ADTKRTISING.— Ten Cents a
line Tor each insertion. Twelve liuea to the inch.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

SIX TOPICS ILLTTSTRATED.

TWENTY-FIVE ENGRAVINGS.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES: page.

Colorado Potato-Beetle. Ittutitratedf - 4'J

(lallinoculture, et Ovaeulture, - ' - .50

Distinguisliiner Sex in Etise. lUnstraleJ, .51

The Cost of Our Receut War, - - 51

Our Paris Letter ami Our Fence Corners, 51

Susquehanna Sliail. lUnstrated, - .52

Super-Phosphate from Kaw-Boues, - - .52

Aliout (irouuil Hogs, - - . - 5:{

Rose Culture, ------ 53

Another Remedy for the Potato-Beetle, .53

The Illustrations in The Farmf:!!, - - 53

Coiistruetionof B(.>ard Ftmees. IlliiKti-ati'il, .54

Good Agricultural Correspondents, - .54

The Centennial Exix>sition. Ilhtxtratcd^ 5.5

John Bull After the Colorado-Bugs, - 56

Alfalfa Clover, Barley, tSte., - - - 56

Plantins Potatoes Early, - - - 50

What Fertilizers are Used in Your County ? .56

A Useful Tahle for Farmers, - - .56

The Great Lilium Auratuin, - - - 5.S

Irrigation in the Valley of the Rio Grande, .57

Frank It DlFFF.NDEnr'FEn, Laucaslfr, Pa.

Soap, How to Make it, JE - - - - ■5S

Mountain Tea, Levi S. Keist, Warwick, - 58

Timber for Fences, Levi S. Reist, Warwick, .59

Letters, Queries and Answers : - 59 — 60

Tlie Flower (l.iriliMi — Tiie t,'liineHC Yam —
Tlie Persinimnti and Scnpi'cnioiigOrai.e
— Tbe ('uicnl)i) auil Se<'il IMaiitiiip — The
Potato Beetle and Kaily or Late Phint-
iiig — I'eoaieHuuil tbe Uo«e-Hug — Apijre-
ciatiuu of The Fakmkb, &c.

Our Paris Letter: .... 60

Farniibg aud Feeding ou the CoQtiueut of

Enroiie.

Our Local Organizations : . . 61 — 63

ProceediugB of tlie Lancaster County Ag-
rieultin-alaiid Horticultural Society, uud
tbe Lancaster Pal k AsHociation.

The Farm and the Dairy : ... 63

Succes8lul aale of Short-IIoruB — Valuable
Milk Cows— Setting and Skiiuniilig
Oiealn— A Little Advice to Fanners —
How a Dollar Spent will "Pay."

Farm and Domestic Economy : . . 63 — 64

The Nutrition of Oatmeal — Now for House
Cleaning — ParaBites iu Bird Cagefl —
AlHjut Housework and Help — Home
Interiors.

Information About Bees : - - - (H

The Honey Beo in Farm Economy —
yueriCM answered alxjut (jueens, Itulian-
izing stock, kc.

The Cotemporary Press, ... 64

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c., . .64

The Progress of Invention, . - 64— V.

New Patents Relating to the Farm, Dairy, &c.

Our Fence Comers, - . . iii, vi, vii.

Fact and Fancy, \Vit and Humor.

Business Announcements, . - ii — viii.

^

TIE LANCASTER EXPHESS,

(DATLT ANTD WEEKLY.)

Tlje Leadii;^ Local Family and Business Newspaper, and lh«
oijly Independerjt Republicar; Jouraal it} the County.

THE ^ FOUNDED
WEEKLY, \ nv iiiK

1843 J PRESENT PROPRIETORS,

f '

THE
A I L Y ,

856

The Wkekly Expuess U:i8 been Iwfore the citiEenrt of
Lancaster couuty for u jKirioit of tUIrty-two years, and Th»
Daily Kxi'Rf.ss for over eighteen ye:irH. DuriiiK thia long
jieriod, mid without chaut^e of maunf^ement, Tiii-: EXt>RKft9
hu8 fairly c^iriied it Idr^e share of pntrouage and firmly
eHtaliliHbed itselt in the public coiitldeiice. an an u))nghl and
Indereiident journal, never hesitating to defend the right
and denounce the wrong, no matter where found to exiiit.
It huB always been a journal of jii-ogreKS, and the outspoken
friend of cduc.itiou, temperance, 8ound morals and religion.
Ah iu the i)a8t, so U will continue iu the future,

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, - - - $a.oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any pertjon roBidiug
within thy liniiis of IjimcaKler cuunty we will mail —
The \Veekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circulation of The Kxi'KKbs makes it the
best medium for advertiHJng Uetl EHtate and Personal
I'roj erty in the county, a fact which can be allested by the
many farniers anil utherH who have availe»l Iheintielvei) of
the UHti of its columns, and to which we invite the attention
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Exi'itEKK printing ofllce is one of the tMutt fumiflh*d
e»labliH)inieMt8 for turning nut all kindu of prniting to t>e
found in the interior of the State. Wc arc prepared to
print any job from the Hinall visiting card to the largent dale
or horse Itill, j oster, or broadside, ]jlain or in colom, aa
quickly as it can Ik- done at any Oiher establishment, and on
«a reasonable ternis. We muke the i.iil:iting of SaU-bUla
fur Farmerx a si-ecialty, and guarantee satiiifactiou to our
cuHtonieru.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns ndaptivl to printing books,
pamphlets, pou'etH. sale-bills, hand-bills, millers' receipts,
cataloguprt of live Hlock. and any kind of work done in a
Rrsl-class irinting office; in short anything that may bo
called for by the fiirnier, merchant, banker, mechanic, or
business man, and we guarantee to do the work as satisfac-
tory as it c;in Ui done iu I'lilladelphia or elsewhere.

With one of the most com)>lete Job Offices in the Rtate,
aud un8ur|)aasetl convenience8forexpo«lit)ously tuniuig out
work by the U'st workmeu, under the iwrsonal supervisiou
of the proprietors, who are both practical printers, all per-
sona iu need of Printing will find It to their interest to glre
us a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS.

Express Buildings, 22, South Quecn-st,
LAITCASTEH, PA.

Onr Prew* KootnM arc open to Viaitors, and they ar«
always welcome to look at our machinery iu operation.

\\

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PENSrSYI/VASriA RAII.ROAD.
Traine leave the Peunsylvauia Depot in this city
as follows ;

Leave

Arrive

■WESTWARD.

Lancaster.

Harrisburg.

Pacific Express"

2:45 a. m.

4:10 a. m.

York Accommodation..

7:50 a. m.

Col. and York.

Mail Train via Mt. Joy..

11:20 a. m.

1:00 p. m.

Mail Train No. 2 via

11:20 a. m.
3:25 p. m.
6.10 p. m.

1:20 p. m.

4:50 p. m.

Harrisblirg Accom

8:10 p. m.

Lancaster Triiiu

7:35 p. m.

Col. and York.

Pittsburg Express

8:56 p. m.

10:10 p. m.

Cincinnati Express*

10:« p. m.

12:C1 a. m.

EASTWARD.

Lsncaster.

Phil.'.delphia.

Atlantic Expiess'

12:40 a. m.

3:10 a, m.

Philad 'a Expi i-Bst

3:55 a. m.

6:50 a. m.

Harrieburg Express

7:20 0. m.

10:00 a. m.

Lancaster Train

9:28 a. m.

12:25 p. m.

Pacific Express*

1.45 p. m.

4.15 p. m.

Elmira Express

3.15 r. m.

6:5^ p. m.

Harr jsburg Accom

6-20 p. m.

9:30 p. m.

The Columbia Accommodation Train will leave Columbia
at 1:00 p. m., and arrive at Lancaster at 1:35 p. m. Keturu-
ing, leave Lancaster at 3:40 p. m.^ and arrive at Columbia at
4:15 p. m.

York Accommodation leaving Lancaster at 7:50 a. m. aud
Columbia at 8:20 a, m., will couiiect at York with Baltimore
Accommodation, Bouth, at 9:13, arriving at Baltimore at
12:05 p. m.

'J'he York Accommodation, leaving York at 5:50 a. m., con-
nects at Columbia, at C:35, with the train leaving Marietta at
6:22 a. m., and at Lancaster, at 7:20 a. m., with the Harris-
burg Expre88.

The Pacific Kxpress east, on Sunday, will make the fol-
lowing stupe, when flagged, viz.: Middletown, Elizabeth-
town, Mount Joy, Biid-in-Hand, Lehman Place, Gaii, Chris-
tiana, Parkeeburg, Coatesville, Gleo Lock, and Bryn Mawr.

•The only trains which run daily. Mail train west on
Sund.Ty will run via Columbia.

tRuus daily, except Monday.

MARSHALLS'

Centre Square, Lancaster, Fa.

Top French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boots and Shoes,

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOYS' AND YOUTH'S KIP BOOTS.

RUBBERS OF EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Mieses and Children's fine Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meas-
ure. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

CS'~Eepairing promptly attended to, [7-l-6m

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS. COL-
LARS, CUFFS. DRAWERS, NECK-
TIES. UMBRELLAS. GLOVES,
SUSPENDERS. EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER,

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 Is^OI^TII Q.TJEEIT' ST.,

(Next door to Horting & Schlott's Hotel),

LANCASTER. PA. [l-Uim

ROCKY MOUNTAIN PII.LS.

A VA1.UABI,E MEniCISfE.

FBOM NEW AND BABE MEDICINAL PLANTS

BECENTLY DISCOVEKBD IN THE

BOCKY MOnNTAINS.

PURELY VEGETABLE.

Fifteen years of earnest botanical research among these
mountains and valleys have resulted in the discovery, not
only of many new varieties of \ lants, but of new sjecles —
Bome of which have wonderful medicinal and curative
pro] ertiee. By continued experiment their virtues have
bectime known — and thus from extracts of these newly dis-
covered plants aie these pills compounded.

If properly used, they will cuie very many diseases, pains
and aches — aud are more eegecially valuable in J>1'.S'-

rii:hsjA:j.ivKn iOMPLAiyi, iNniOLSTioy,

JAVNVICIC, and all cases of JTEVERS, <OLJ>S,
UJfJNAJtYuiid KIDNEY DiHeuses, HHEVMATISM,
COS TI r EN ESS, li EA it TJi UJfty, J)1A RItJI OCA ,

MUMPS, MEASLES~for Purifying the Blood, and for
many other diseases, aud all cases of Biliousness and Dis-
ordered Stomach.

On orders accompanied by the cash or postal order, I will
send safely by mail post-paid cue box Pills for 25 cents, one
doz. boxes, $2.50, one gross boxes, $24.00.

J. E. JOHIVSOIV,

7-3-tf

ST, GEORGE, UTAH.

2,000 Copies of The Farmer

Have been printed each month since
the publication passed into the hands
of the present proprietors. Of this
number the copies not wanted for regu-
lar subscribers have been sent to leading
farmers in the various districts of the
county, for their examination, in the
hope that they would be pleased with it
and become subscribers. We are proud
to be able to state that The Farmer has
made a very favorable impression where-
ever it has been read, and we have every
reason to believe that its subscription
list will be doubled before the year is
out. Lancaster being one of the most
populous and wealthy agricultural coun-
ties in the nation, this journal is a very
desirable medium for those who wish to
reach a thrifty class of farmers.

itow^ P!airil

A New Work by a Praotical Painter, design
ed for the ate of Xradesiueii« ITleelianics,
]TIcrc1iaiits. Farmers, aud as a Guide tn Pro-
resxional Painters. Coutaining a Plain Com
mon-Sonse StateBient of the Methods employed by |
Painters to produce satisfactory results in Pltiiu
and Fancy Paintingof every description, inclnd
Ing Formulas for inixlug Paint in Oil oi
Water, Tools required, etc. This is just the Book
needed by any person having anything to paint, and
makes

"Every Man His Own Painter."

Pull Directions for Using White liCad— liamp-
Biack— Green — Yel low — Brown— ^Vliit-
iiig — Glue — Pumice Stone — Spirits ol
Turpentine — Oils — Varnishes — Furni-
ture Varnish — rank Paint — Preparing
Kalsomine, etQ.

Paint for Outbuildings

— Whlteivash- Paste for Paper-Hangliig- '
Hamming; Paper-Graining in Oalc, niaple,
Rosetvood, Black Walnut — Staining—
Decalcomania— niakins Rustic Pictures

— Painting Flower-Stands — Roseivood
Polish- Varnishing Furniture — Wax-
ing I< urulture— Cleaning Paint—

Paint for Farming Tools

-for Machinery-Household Fixtures, elo

To Paint a Farm Wagon

— to Re-Varnish a Carriage— to make Plas-
ter Casts. The work is neatly printed, with illiis-
tratlons wherever they can serve to make the subject
plainer, and it will save many times its cost ,
yearly. Every family should possess a copy. Prico '
by mail, post-paid, $1. Address j

THE FARMER, f

, „ ,.^ Lancaster, Pa i

A. K. SPURRIER,

At Mayor's Of&ce, Lancaster, Pa.

Criminal business promptly attended to at all hours.

SPECIAL ATTENTION paid to Civil BusinesB. Collec-
tions carefully attended to, and returns promptly njade, on
reasonable terms.

DEEDS. JUDGMENTS and MORTGAGES

executed on short notice, aud satisfaction guaranteed.

4>
r*

m

Meres

MONE¥ TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

KT'KCIAL AND LIBEHAL TERMS made wltb parties
having charge of Trust and Estate Funds.

II3F"Government and State Bonds, Gold, Silver, and
Coupons, bought and sold. 7-l-12in

UTAH NATIVE PLANTS.

Our climate is so niUd we Beldom have snow in the valleys
— but in midsummer may find snow and ice in a day's ride.
The plants from the regions of the extremes of heat and
cold meet here and hybridize ; thus the many new plants —
some very beautiful in bloom, and attractive as ornaments.
Several new SPECIES have been discovered, and many more
new varieties.

I will send plantB or seeds, each in the proper season, for
orders accompanied by the "ready," and in some instances
will exchange for the rare and beautiful, for garden and
couservatory. J. E. JOHKSON,

7-3-tf St. George. Utah.

Egtablisiied 17701

Established 17701

H.C. DEMUTH,

MANUFACTUKER OF
J,

AND

'§ Celt

AN

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS

All the best tobacco in the maiket at the lowest re-
tail prices. [7-1-fm]

114 E. King St.. Lancaster, Fa.

The Only Place in lown for Cheap Soap.
HERMAN MILLERS

STEAM SOAP AKD CAKDIE WORKS,

42 EAST KING ST. Fictory-SOrTTH WAIIB ST.

K eeps constant ly on hand a good assortment of

SOAPS OF ALL KINDS.

Tallow and Fat taken In exrhange at tie highest mar-
7-2] ket prices. Patent Wlieel Grease for sale. |(jm

LANCASTER, PA.,

With whom may be found, at Wboleeale and Retail, a large
aesortment of

^KUGS, ^EDICINXS&I^^MEMICALS

Fancy and Toilet Articles,

SPONGES, BRUSHES, PEREUMEBY, &c., &c.

Phyeicians' PreBcriptions cai-efully compounded, and orders
answered with cure and dispatch. The Public will
tiud our stock of Medicines complete, war-
ranted (genuine, and of the best quality. [7-l-6m

HORSE-BILLS.
PLAIN OR IN FANCY COLORS,
Printed in the Best Style at the olBce of

THE FARMER.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS CORNER,

ITorth Queen Street & Centre Suc[are,
LANCASTER, PA.

A PULL ASSORTMENT OP

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGENT IN LANCASTER CODM FOR THE SALE OF

The Aruiidel Tinted Spectacles.

Theso Spectaclcfi have h'.'en bt-foro the public now for
Bomo years, and have given entire satisfaction. They are
uuquoatiouably the bent in the market.

WATCH REPAIRING

and GENERAL JOB WORK in all its branches promptly
done. The well-earned reputation of

for flret-clasa work \viU be fully maiutaiued.

EDV/.J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS CORNER,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,
7-3.3m LANCASTER, PA.

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOR

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay aeked mitil the coudilions of the guarantee are ful-
filled. Call and 8©e it with the late improvements.

.\LSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
SSXOVK*,

And everything usuiUj- kept in a first class Hardware
Store, at

. W. 7 EAST KING STREET,

7-i-cm LANCASTER, PA.

IB. IB. lVt.A.H.TII>J",

MANUFACTURER OF

Wlttiainspnrt antl T^ck tlnvt'n,

BiU Mills— ROUND ISLAND & PORT.\OE, PA.
7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [6m

WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R., LANCASTER, PA.

IF YOU WANT A
SS-WZITG MACSZITS,

don't dot one before you examine the

REMINGTON,

— AT —

H. A.SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

NEXT DOOR TO ZAHM'S OOBKEK,
WHO IS AGENT FOR LANCASTER COUNTY.
t»-8end for Circulars. [7-»-3m

JQHN H. HETZLEE,

One of Ben. Butler's Last.

One of the last as well as one of the neatest lilts
maJe liy (Jeneral Hiitler, just before the elose of the
last session In Coiiirress, oeeiirreil iliirini; llie fumcms
"deaiMoek" tifrhl on the Civil Ki^'hts Hill. The
question of adjournment was tinder eonsiileration, and
(ieneral Butler had stepped over to Mr. Kamlall's
desk for a jirivate eonsultation. Butler favored a
iSiiiiday session. Kandall opposed.

•• Had as I am, I have some respeet for God's day,"
said llii^ Demoerat, ''and I don't think it proper to
hold a session of Congress on that day."

" Oh, pshaw ! " resixmded Bntler, " don't the bible
say that it is lawful to pull your ox or your ass out
of a pit on the Sahhath-day ! You have seventy-three
asses on your side of this House that I want to Ret out
of this ditch to-morrow, and I think I am engaged In
a holy work.'!

" Don't do it, Butler," pleaded Sam. " I have some
respect for you that I don't want to lose. I expect,
some day, to meet you in a better world."

" You will be there, as you are here," retorted
Butler, ipiick as thought — " a manber uf the Lower

In the eaki.y days of Ontario county, N. T.,
lived one Miller, from whom " .Miller's Corners,"
near Bloointielil, took its name. He had lieeii a black-
smith, and had broui;ht alom; his tools, Imt desi;;nKd
to give his attention mainly to fanniie^. But there
were so many calls upon his mechanical skill that,
without stopping to build a shop, he extcinporized a
forge, cut down a tree, placed his anvil on the stump,
ami went towork. Oneday ona man horsebaek. with
plow-irons strapped across liis saddle, who had made
his way from the south part of Canandaigua, encoun-
tered ilarvey Heeoek at the Oliver Chapin School
hou.se Corners, and inquired the way to Miller's hla<k-
sinith shop. Heeoek replied : " You are in the shop
now, but it is three miles to the auvil ! "

Plowing made easy, is what the American farmer
wants, and the wits of tlie Yankee inventor have
at last soared to the comfortable solution of the
problem. It goes forth to the public as a "shade
attachment for plows," and consists of an utnbrella
so fitted that the man at the plo<v is screened from
the heat of the sun. The legal and formal descrip-
tion, as filed at the patent olli<'e, is as follows : "A
cranked arm is secured in a socket by means of a set
screw, and is free to revolve in a horizontal plane.
The outer cud of the crank is jointed, and provided
with an adjusting brace, whereby it may be inclined
and secured at any desired angle. A suitable socket
at the upper end of the arm holds the umbrella
handle, retaining the same by a simple spring catch."
Illinois is just now in such a ferment about a
bishop that the following is not malapropos. We are
indclited for it to a correspondent who has heretofore
sent us anecdotes of the late Bishop Whitchouse.
During one of his sermons he undertook to illustrate
a point by telling the congergalion how he had once j
been lost on the prairies of Illinois, and had \yandered
for a long time, weary and almost hopeless. At last,
he saw a light, and ma<ie his way slowly toward it,
shouting for help. "Just as I thought I could go no
farther," said the bishop, "and was about sinking
dowu in despair, the door of a cabin was opened before
me, and the loiiq luohed-for ^Sucker' came." The
unintentional pun brought dov.n the house.

Of the many .iuvenile funniments that bubble
up ami seek for publicity through the types, the fol-
lowing of a little New Hampshire girl — quite mature
at six — is not bad. She went into a store where her
father was lounging, and slyly approaching him, said,
" I'apa, won't you liuy me a new dress !" "Well, I'll
see, I'll speak to your mother about it." A sad look
came over the little maiden's face, until looking up
with a smile into the paternal eyes, she said, " Well,
papa, if you do speak to mamma about it, touch her
easy, or she may want it herself! " He bought it —
for the daughter.

A Gascon who had a quarrel with the Bishop of
Bazas, swore that he would never again pray within
the diocese. Long afterward, in crossing a river in
the neighborhood, "he was overtaken by a severe Imrii-
canc. The boatman at last told him despairini;!y
that nothing further could be done to keep the boat
afloat, and that he had better recommend himself to
the mercy of God. " Are you sure," said the Gascon,
"that we are beyond the diocese of Bazas ?"

A fi:w days since a very pretty young married
woman, during a dinner-table discussion on Chureh-
manship, opened the eyes of the company and demo-
lished Iter husband by expressing, as her opinion, that
"the only difference between the ritualists and Koinan-
ists was in the fact that the latter burned iusccls."

A J HUGE in whose court was a great deal of noise,
exclaimed, "Ollicers ! call silenceinthe court. It is
a strange thing that this noise cannot be put a stop
to. I have decided I do not know how many cases
without having heard them !"

No. 9 SOUTH DUKE ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Kstate hou'^ht. sold ami exch.inge(l. Loans nc-
BOtlatcrt. I'rop.Tiicsr -u'ed. and 1 ntH co'.lect'^il.

Affcnt forth' FARMKKS' Kli.E ISSUUANlE <0. of
York, I'a. Assets, over f'JiJO.iOO. 7-l-3m

1760. ESTABLISHED 1760.

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PAINTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRA com, IRON aiillSAD PIPE.

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FAEM IMPLEMENTS.

AGENTS FOE THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &C., &c.

We have the largest stock of i{<>iieral Hardware Id the
State, and our prioia are as low and terms aa liberal a« can
be found elHOwUere. 7-3-301

LUMBER FOU FARMERS.

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

We have a large stock of Lumber, and one of the most
extensive Sash and Door Factories in the Stale, and we are
prepared to furnish Honne and Karn Dills cjmiiletc.

All kinds of Manufactured iMMiciiig, &c., making a speci-
alty of suiiplving the auricullural eommiinily. We will
make prices itilivered to any Uiilroad Station. All our
material (flinranlped as rejiresented. All manufactured
work kiln-dried and warranted not to shrink. All inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin House. North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Mjnday of each wv'ek.

KENDIG, BRICKER&LAUMAN,

7_i_12m] Middlctown. Dauphin co.. Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

LANCASTER, PENN'A,
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

All raattc-8 apperliiining to TNITED .ST.\TES or CANA-
DIAN PATENTS. TKADE .MAUKS. and COPYHrOHTS.
promptly attended to. His eil)erience, success a d faithful
attention to the interests of those who engage his •orvicee
are fully acknowledijcd and appreciated.

Prellmiuari- (•xamiualions made for him by a reliable As
sistant at Washingtou, without extra charge for dr^ng
ur description. l7-4-tx

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE, 011.0

ORESeENT BONE DDgT,

AND OTHER

RELIABLE MANURES.

Uniforin in quality and me-
chanical condition.
Tor Circulars and Low Prices, address

Successors to Jiio. Ralston & Co.,
_3_o~ 170 FRONT ST., New York.

xioiviEi-iyEAXiE:

FERTILIZERS

THE BEST.

Farmers, Attention!

Upon receipt of 10 cents, to pay printing, postage and
proiortiou of ex] euse of Ibis advertisemeut, the Gray's
Ferry Chemical Woris, mannfaclurers of Oil Vitriol,
Ground Bones and other fertilizing materials, will send to
any farmer or other person a reci] e tor making a home-
made fertilizer from bones and other chemicals, at a cost of
about twenty dollars per ton, without trouble, apparatus or
machinery, jirouounced by huudieds who have used it to be
equal, if not su] erior, to any super-phosphate of lime pur-
chased in the market. Address

GRAY'S FEEEY CHEMICAL WORKS,

O face— 105 South Front Street,

7-3-2m PHIL.\DELPHIA, PA.

STMNGE_BUTTIIUE!

The TOONG QUA CUCUMI3EK grows to weigh seventy
pounds each, and tine quality. 15 cents per seed ; 10 seeds,
$1. SNAKE CUCUMBER grows from 2 to 8 feet long, and
coils iike a snake. 20 cts. per paper. PERSIAN WATEB-
MELON. Very superior, and keeps perfectly /rcs/i and
sweet lliTOtlrjhmit the winter. 20 cts. per paper. STKAW-
BERRY WATERMELON, hneat in cultivation; 200 prizes;
10 CIS. per paper. JAPAN RADISH. Pods 2 feet long, and
delicious. 1.") els. per jiaper. MAMMOTH CABBAGE.
Heads weigh from twenty to sixty pounds each ; tender and
sweet ; ten cents per pajier. CONQUEROR TOMATO, ten
days earlier than any other variety ; 25 cts. per paper;

JAPAN PE.\S— Two hundred bushels per acre on common
land ; unequaled for stock or table use ; grows on an up-
right stalk. Fifteen cents per pajier; fifty cents per pint ;
eighty cents per quart.

CHUFAS — Furnish grazing all summer and food for your-
self all Winter ; line for poultry, and fattens more hogs than
ten times the area in corn ; one hundred and fifty bushels
per acre on poorest laud ; ten cents per paper ; forty cents
per pint ; seventy cents per quart ; ten dollars per bushel.

NO HUMBUG.— We have certificates to prove all these
claims.

ROSE SLIPS— With good roots, of any variety the pur-
chaser may choose, at four for fifty cents ; nine for one dol-
lar, twenty for two dollars, one hundred for nine dollars.

Also, potato, cabbage and other plants at low rates.

Seeds and roses by mail, punt paid.

Send for our free catalogue giving full list, descriptions
and testivioniats frmii those who have groivn the above Heeds.
Address

SOUTHERN SEED & PLANT CO.,

Oallatin, Tenii.

Le Meschacebe says of us: "Their rare and prodigious
vegetablcH elicit the admiiation of all who have the good for-
tune to vi«it their celebr:ited gardens at Gallutiti." [7-3-3m

The undorslgncd have In preparation a NURSERY
MAN'S DIKE(_TURy, emljraelag a list of the

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, SEEDS-
MEN & TREE DEALERS

OF THE UNITED STATES.

The work will be sold wholly by subscription, the
prlee of which vrlll he FIVE DOLTARS PER COPY. A
limited space will be given to Advertisements, at the
loUowlni,' low rates :

Full page, . $2.1.00 I One-third page, - $10.00

Hair page, - - 14.00 | One-Iourth page, 8.00
One-sl.xth page, $5.60.

For Sample Pages, and further Inlormatlon, address
ID. -W. SCOTT &; CO.,

T-3-4m] Printers and Publishers, Galena, Ills.

PUBLIC SALE BILLS
FUR REAL ESTATE OR PERSONAL PRORERTY,
Printed expediously at the otlice of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

EEO.W.BRflWn

FDSMITDRE WAREEOOfflS,

No. 13 EAST KING STBDET,

Over Llpp's Tin Store, next door to First
National Bank.

PARLOK,DINING-BOOM

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE.

UPHOLSTERING DONE IN
ALL ITS BRANCHES.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT
O 13: ^^ I IFL S .

All kinds of Ftirnitnre made to Order.
t»~Repalring of all kinds promptly attended to.
7-l-6ni] GTIO. W. PRCWW.

d

SI

H

d

V

SI

0

RLMOVLD FROM S. WATER ST.

CO
Q

-4

DO

to

Co"

/§

o

F. 0. STURGIS,

520, 522, <8 524,
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTtR, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fnruislieil

Aud all iuformatiou con-

ceruiug the business

cheerfully given.

\,

BONE DUST!

GUARANTEED PURE.

MAUPACTUBBD AND FOR SALE BY THE
TJNDBKSIGNED.

No. I VERY FINE.

Bagged and delivered on cars at Leaman Place in any
quantity for 2>j cents perpjund.

No. 2, S ZE OP WHEAT GRAINS,

2M CENTS PER POUND.
Address, MIIiTOX B. ESHLEMABr,

7-3-3m LEAM.\N PLACE, Pa.

EVERYTHING

rOK THE

GARDEN!

FOR

Florists & Market Gardeners,

at lowest rates — monthly wholeasle lists of
which mailed free on application.

35 Cortlaiult Street,
NEW YOItK.

C XI E: 3VE I C .A. X.

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrate of Soda; Nitrate of Potash ; Sulphate of Potash;
Sulphate of Ammonia; Acid Phosjhate — yielding 23 per
cent. Soluble Phosphate of Lime ; price, $27. 5t) per ton; also

CLIMAX SUPERPHOSPHATE,

CONTAINING 3 26 per cent, of Ammonia and 24 per cent,
of Soluble I'hosrhiite of Lime.

In reitly to letters of inquiry, prices and the exact analysis
of any or each of the chemicals will be given : and they will
be sold with GUARANTEE of the quality as stated.

GEO. E. WHITE.

7-3-2m 160 Front St., New York.

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OP

FAJIIIiY and LIME-BURNIKG COAL,!

Orders recelTed at

Ofllce, No. ir. East King street, and at tie
7-l-12m] Yard, No. 618NORTH PKINCE STREET.

J. M. KEIPER,

f

No. 45 Nortli Queen St.,

DEALER IN

PAIlLOR,DININaROOM

—AND—
HAIR, HUSK,& COMMON MATTRESSES,

Case mi Wmi-Ue^i Okdfs,

ALSO AGENT FOR THE CELEBSATED

Gover & Baker Sewing Machine.

7^~ Machines Promptly Itrpnired.

[7-4-1 ra

For Sale at a Bargain.

A FOSTER H.\ND PRINTING! PliESS, in good order.
\A'ill print a form 13x18 inches. An excellent press for
light jobbing. Enquire of PEAKSOL & GEIST, Publishers
of The Lancaster Farmer 7-3-lm

The Lancaster Farmer.

Pro£ S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA.. APRIL, 1875.

Vol. VII. No. 4.

COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE.

« {Doryphora deeemlincata.')

The accoinpanyiiiK liE;iiivs, wo tliiiik, suffi-
ciently illustniU' this iiuw notorious insect, in
its various stages of dcvolopment, without iii-
ttictiuf; upon our readers a tcelniical descrip-
tion of it. It may, liowever, Iw necessary to
state, Ijy way of simplilicatiou, that a a shows
the CfiRS. deposited in groups on tlie under-
sides of tlic potato leaves; and which,
when first deposited, are of a lemon
yellow color: 6, ?j, 'j, the hirnr, of vari-
ous ages, colors, oraiific and black; r,
thepi(jj((,a lit;ht clay yellow,and always
found under ground; d, (?, the hiuitjo,
or adult l)ectle, colors dark clay yel-
low and tilack; e, a wing cover, magni-
lied, illustrating itsspeciliclineations,
theother figures being the natural size;
/, one of the posterior legs.

The most common translation of
the Latin name is " Tenlined Siiear-
man," y/hich. tptviJifdHi/ seemsobvious
enough, but i/oicriVd??;/ it would bedif-
Ikult to see anything aliout the insect
that conveys the idea of a spearman.
These figures, together with the living
forms, which are becoming familiar to
potato growers in Lancaster county,
will enable those to identify them who may be
yet unacquainted with their general appear-
ance.

It seems hardly necessary to publish the his-
tory of the "Colorado Potato-Beetle" again
in the columns of The Faumek, and yet, in
view of the fact that it may come before a larger
nimiber of readers since " our new departure "
than it did in our former volumes, and that past
e.xperiences have had a tendency to direct the
attention of potato growers towards a more
thorough imjuiry than they have condescended
to bestow uiion it heietofore, it may not be in-
appropriate to reproduce what we have for-
merly written, with such modifications, addi-
tionsand corrections as subsequent experiences
seem to suggest. And again, notwithstanding
the floods of literature with which our country
is now almost everywhere deluged, it is some-
times discreditably apparent that a great many
peoplestill read •'little or nothing," and espe-
cially those who, one would think, have the
greatest interest in reading the practkal mat-
.ter that h:is appeared, from time to time, in the
columns of the agricultural, horticultural and
scientific journals of the country. Moreover,
if it requires periodical preaching, and thecon-
.stant illustration of "line upon line," and
"precept upon i)recept," to impress or remind
people of tlieir ridigions obligations, wecannot
reasonably expect that they will give heed even
to tluir material interests — especially where
reading is involved — without a reiteration of
our admonitions, in res|)ect to those things
which are likely to seriously ((/fWthose interests.

In the spring of 1845 a friend of ours, hxtated
in Wisconsin, in the vicinity of Grand de Tour,
and him we had pri'viousiy commissioned to
collect for us the insects of that region. His
first instalment we received sometime during
tlie sunniier of that year, and among them were
four specimens of a large chrysomelan, which
we subse(iuently submitted to a competent
coleojiterist — for we then possessed neither de-
scription nor catalogue of American insects —
and hc> named them Poliiyramma W-lineaUi of
S.\Y, with juncta of Gekmek, as a synonym.
On a subsequent occasion we received two spe-
cimensof the same species,but somewhat larger
in size, from South Virginia. Allied species,
then included in the genera, lllephnridn, Lahi-
donifru, Zij(jn(jriiinmn and Cal'lijrnpha, we had
frequently found in Lancasterand York coun-
ties, hut we never noticed that any of them fed
upon the potato tops. Calliifrapha we gener-

ally found most abundant on the dwarf willows.
For about fifteen years our groU|) of (^hry-
sonu'lans remained undisturbed, unlit the laie
lamented Mit. WAl.sii.of Hock Island. Illinois,
demonstratiMl tliat U)-linc(tl<i. Mid* iiiitft<t were
not .synonyms, but distinct; that those we re-
ceived from (irand dcTonraiid Virginia were
thi' junctit, and that h)-linii<i from (!ol<irado
and farther west, only reached Wisconsin,
Iowa and Illinois, about 18(jl or 1802. And

that wherever they appeared they were par-
ticularly destructive to the vines of the common
potato, {Solanum tubcrosuni,) and since then
they have become a common pest.

This enemy of oneof our most essential crops
having, to all appearance, now fixed itself in
Lancaster county, allow us to ott'ersome specu-
lations as to how it got here so far in advance
of its usual yearly progress through the AVestern
States. In 1S71 we heard of its being within
twenty miles of the western boundary line of
Pennsylvania; and as its previous progress had
been from sixty t(j .seventy miles a year, we
might naturally have looked for its "advance
guards "in this county, about the year IS7.")
or 187(). But it was here already in IS7-J, and
as its first appearance was in the vicinity of
the Pennsylvania railroad, there is reason to
conjecture" that it had been brought here some-
how on the rolling stock of that road. In 1870
a few of these beetles had been discovered in a
potato patch in the town of Worcester, Ma.ss.,
according to Dr. Packard, who gave it as his
opinion that they had been conveyed thither
on the railroad, as the enclosure in which they
were discovered was in proximity to tlie road.
But through Yankee ingenuity and vigilance
they were exterminated.

No\\', the last brood of the season of this insect,
either in its pui>a or mature state, hyljcrnates
during the winter sea.son — that is, l)ecomes
torpid — either under the ground, un<ler heaps
of field rulibish, or in " cracks and ci'cvices,"
or other convenient hiding ))laces. In the
autumn of 1871 they were noticed near the
eastern boundary of Ohio, deserting a potato
field V)ecau.se no more potato plants wore in
their green or succulent slate, and winter was
approaching. Tliey were so nunurous in cross-
ing over the rails of the ro.ad, that the driving
wlieels of the engines would sometimes make
a whole revolution without making any for-
ward progress, in consequence of the cruslied
bodies of the insects lubricating the tracks.
AVe may, therefore, reasonably conclude, that
some of them took refuge in the rolling stock
standiiig on the road, or in exposed freight,
subsequently lo.aded on the cars — for even the
streets, sidewalks and yards of some of the

*We are in possession of iltiislratioiisof tliisiiiseet,
and in a future nuinliernf our jnurnai we will publit^li
ttieni ami piiinl out the speejJie ilistinetions lietween
it and lO-Zute/d, auil also soniethinir alK)ut its -jreo-
trraphioal distribution, its history and its habits, fur
the edilication of our readers.

towns, were full of them and thus were con-
veyed toother remote localities. It isditlicult
to comprehend how they could so soon have
crossed the Allegheny mountains, and have
reached ICastcrn Pemi.sylvania, on any other
theory.

It is true that the matured beetles arc pro-
vided with ample wings, and although tlieir
flight is sluggish, they may still possess the
power of flying a great distance in calm
weather. Butterflies have an appar-
ently weak and awkward flight, anil yet
they have been known to alight on the
■y^~J rigging of vessels ninety or a hundred
mihsoutalsea,iufair weather. Insects
of various kinds have fri'ipiently teen
known to cross the liritisli (^haimel, a
distance of thirty or forty miles from
the continent of Em-ope "to England,
and vice v< r.sn. This does not preclude
theiiossibilityof their being also trans-
ported by artificial means, and it was
evi<lently by such means that they were
first brought into Lancastercounty.

Although potato growers are liegin-
ning to acipiirc a realizing sense of
their destructive habits, and to learn
Something of their individual identifi-
cation, yet there is a vast amount of
the most profound ignorance still
abroad in reference to their history, their trans-
formation, and their modes of reinvnluction
and [lerpetuation ; some alleging that the
" white butterfly" deposits the eggs from which
the disgusting grubs are hatched; others that
the grubs are the parents of certain plant-lice
which infest the potato vines; and others again
that when the female is d<me laying her eggs
she creeps into the groimd, and comes forth
again rein vigorate<l; many of them vigorously
warring against the grubs," but paying no atten-
tion to the mature beetles — the authors of the
pestilential hordes.

Although the lives of virgin or gravid female
in.sects may be jirolonged to an iiulcfinite
period, yet when they have oviposited, they
usually .soon die thereafter from exhaustion.
As the female "Colorado Beetle" deposits
from one thou.siind to twelve hmwlred eggs
within a period of about forty days, there is
reason to believe that she .soon thereafter shares
the common fate. This is also the ca.sc with
the males after their sperniatozoic energies are
exhau.sted. Therefore those which survive the
hybernating period .and make their apj)earance
in early spring, are either gravid or virgin
female, and imexhau.sted males. We have seen
the .sexes in coin in the early |)art of .June, and
therefore concluded that they had hylH-rnated
in the pupa state; theearlier eggs must there-
fore have been from females impregnated la.st
year.

Under these circumstances then, it becomes
the bounden duty of all tin- imtato growers in
a district infested by theColorado Potato Bee-
tle to exerci.se a vigilant watch for the.se insects
early in the spring, evcm tefore their potato
plants have broken through the surface of the
ground, and by careful and thorough hand-
picking or otherwise, to gather and destroy all
the adult Ix'ctles as soon as they make their
ai)i)earance; for in so doing they destroy from
ten to twelve hundred insects in embryo.
Although the beetles themselvesalsofeed upon
the i)otato plants, yet their injuries are only
as one to to a hundred, when compare<l tothe
injury inllicted by the larva. Butthe farmers'
labors in t his <lircetionsh(mld not ceiwe here, for
some of the insects may have evaded their ut-
most watchfulness. They should, therefore,
thoroughly examine all their potato plants,
and, if eggs are present, they will l)e found in
clusters of from twenty to iifty on the under-
sides of the leaves.
Thejse eggs are sufficiently conspicuous to be

50

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

detected by the naked eye, and are a bright
orange color wlien first deposited, but as incu-
bation supervenes, tliey cliangy in color to
dirterent shades of brown. These eggs sliould
be carefully collected and destroyed. The em-
ployment of the children of the household could
be beneficially and economically improvised for
this purpo.se," but in the absence of such chil-
dren it would be far better to hire children at
reasonable wages than to leave the work un-
done. One day's vigilant labor in early spring
would be worth more than ten days at a later
period, when the eggs are hatched, and the
larva have begun their devastating work.

REMEDIES.

If, however, through negligence or other-
wise, the insects have become so numerous that
handpicking would be impracticabk^ and hope-
less, and antidotes or mechanical means be-
come necessary in order to save the crop, what-
ever is done shoidd be done intelligently, sys-
tematically and perseveringly. Too many re-
medies are carelessly and hastily applied, and
then if no good from them becomes immedi-
ately apparent, they are luiqualifledly con-
demned. People exi)ect the result of artificial
remedies to be something analogous to a patient
taking a dose of medicine. He shuts his eyes
and swallows the pill, and then folds his hands
and waits for its operation, without any other
eflbrt on his part. You might as well attempt
to kill a bird by dropping a little salt upon one
of the feathers of its tail, as to expect to kill
potato beetles by such an indolent application
of remedies. The tobacco grower goes to work
more skillfully and perseveringly than that, j
and surely the potato crop of the country is of
more consequence to the poorer masses of the
people than the tobacco.

Remedies may be divided into three classes,
namely : Mamial, arViflrial and naturul. To
the first of these belong hand-picking and the
various contrivances which have been invented
or devised for knocking the insects oil' the vines
into receiving vessels, by the hands, a broom
or wisp, a bat, a revolving fan-wheel i)assed
between the rows, or by a sort of scoop with a
divergent mouth. The simplest of these is a
shallow pan held in the left hand under the in-
fested vine, and then with the right hand sweep-
ing or stripping them oft' iuto the pan, and de-
stroying them. As the.se insects are not gifted
with any very great powers of locomotion and
prehension, they very readily fall into such a
trap, if it is carefully and skillfully manii)u-
lated. Of course, in the use of these remedies
many of the insects may tall upon the ground
near the base of the plant, and therefore these
should receive careful attention, or they will
soon returu again to the places from where they
had been temporarily dislodged. The adults,
also, when they fall, will be apt to practice de-
ception for awhile, and pretend to be dead —
trust them not.

The artificial remedies are many — good, bad
and indifterent; but even the best of them may
be worthless, if not skillfully and perseveringly
applied. Woodfuhts, strewn on the jilants when
they are wet with dew or rain, is claimed as a
remedy, on the ground that an alkalinous sub-
stance results from a combination of ashes and
water, that is distasteful or destructive to the
insects ; air-slaked lime, on account of its acid-
it'erous qualities; yas lime, as a repellant orex-
pellant, through its asphaltic odor; pulverized
tuhacro, on account of its narcotic qualities, and
for the same reason tohwco dienvtions are ap-
plied; a solution of wliaJe nil soap, which is a
general remedy for the destruction of insects,
is also classed among the artificial means to ex-
tinguish the Colorado Potato Beetle ; white
hellebore, on Account of its poisonous qualities,
has been applied, and in some instances with
perceptible effect; but, so far, the best remedy
yet discovered is Paris green, ai)))lied as a pow-
der or held in suspension in water. Those who
have tried both plans, give the preference to
the dry powder application as tlie simplest,
most economical, and also most effective, when
carefully administered.

As a liquid, a tablespoonful of Paris green
is put intoacommon pailof water, thoroughly
stirred up, and sprinkled on the infested plants

with a common watering can, or a sprinkler
made for that sjiecial purpose. In the same
manner, a potato grower recommends one
pound of concentrated lye dissolved in a barrel
of water, sprinkled on the plants at any hour
during the day; but an intelligent farmer, re-
siding near this city, reports that he has tried
it without any visil)le good effect. ' Although
all the foreiroing remedies may destroy some
of the insects when skilfully and perseveringly
used, yet many of them have proved failures.
Tills may notbesomuch on account of the
substance used, as upon its intrinsic quality —
its uece-s.sary strength to kill the insects or drive
them away," and yet not to injure the plants,
or not being so cmidoyed as to come in imme-
diate contact with the evil.

One pound of dry Paris green, however,
thoroughly mixed with twenty pounds of
wlieat,"rye, oafs or buckwheat flour, has, uprm
general trial, been adopted as the best artifi-
cial remedy, and to which no danger attaches
if the ordinary care be taken, as in the use of
any other poison. It must also be remembered,
that the dilution of Paris green must be in pro-
portion to its quality, if the desired benefits are
to be expected from its use.

Now that the demand for this substance is so
great in the western States, " a shoddy " or
adulferated article has found its way on the
market, and farmers have been cheated and
their crops destroyed through the application
of a weak, ineffectual remedy, and the remedy
itself decried as a failure. Honorable druggists
ought to compound and mix the remedy them-
selves, and keep for sale nothing but a good
article. If we do not greatly misconstrue the
"signs of the times," tlie demand for Paris
green will be a brisk one in the future, and
none but a practical druggist would so well un-
derstand the mixing of it, for on this depends
greatly its beneficial effects; moreover, the
man who sells the best article, would certainly
rt ( f ^ tli( largest patronage.

fi A tin or wooden cylin-

drical l)ox, {(j) capable
of hf)lding about one
quart of the remedy,
having a wire-gauze or
perforated bottom, to
avoid waste, is a good
implement to scatter
the powder on the
Jilants. This box should
lave a handle at the
side, three or fotu' feet
9 long. If this box is held
over the plant, after the lid (/() on the perfora-
ted end is removed, and a gentle or brisk blow
is struck on the handle with a small mallet,
enough of the powder will be discharged to kill
all the insects it cimies in contact with.

Care should lie taken nol; to inhale any of
the mixture; but a very small quantity* in this
diluted form would not be veri/ hurtful. The
ojierator should always keep to windward of
the discharge, but, if possiljle, the remedy
should not be used when it is very windy, as
much of it would be wasted, and would jirob-
ably not reach the enemy. The best time to
use any powdered preparation is early in the
morning, when the dew is on the plants, or
immediately after a rain. In the absence of
dew or rain, and it became important to save
the cro]), the plants could be wetted artificially.
In our next number we will pulilish an illus-
trated article on natural remedies, as a neces-
sary sequel to the foregoing; which will be fol-
lowed with an illustrated paper on other species
of "Potato-beetles, " that our patrons may com-
prehend what this popular term really means.

* On this subject, however, we refer our readers to
paices 85 and ".Oof the Marcli numberof The Fakmek,
aud commend to their careful consideration the whole
article, iu which both sides of the question are ably dis-
cussed. Also to the second column of pagQ. 43, as
touching the poisonous qu.alit y of the insect itself. We
have received several other papers on the same sub-
ject, from authors, which we may insert in some
future issue, but in the meantime we would like to
have the experimental knowledge of our local potato
growers themsi Ives — whether negative or alHrmative
— because we desire to invest the subject with facts,
and not merely reckless /iKJcics.

GALLINOCULTURE et OVACULTURE.

Without stopping to discuss which of these
branches of hmnan husbandry has the prece-
dence in the ordinary developments of na-
ture's realm, it may be as clear to state that
without chickens there could be no eggs, as
that without eggs there could be no chickens.
Under any circumstances, the egg and
chicken questions are assuming a magnitude
and an importance in this country, that
are little apprehended by the masses of our
citizens, or perhaps even by those of more than
orduiary intelligence on other subjects. Per-
haps it may surprise some of our readers to
learn, that through the reports of the Chief of
the Bureau of Government Statistics, at Wash-
ington, it transpires that diu-ing a period of
eleven months, in 1873, we have imported
.5,4(J7,264 dozens of eggs, at a cost of 4^732,-
234, and that the importations of 1874, proba-
bly, far exceed those amounts. If acciu-ate
statistics of tlfe consumption of eggs in the
United States could be obtained, we feel con-
fident that the general result would be an
"eye-opener," and clearly demonstrate the
little danger there is of overstocking the mar-
ket. One large hotel in Boston uses an aver-
age of one hundred dozens of eggs daily, and
another in Philadelphia one hundred and fifty
dozens daily. According to the most reliable
data that can be obtained on the subject, the
annual consumption of eggs and poultry in the
Union amounts to the enormous sum of two
hundred and sixty-five millions of dollars. Six
millions of dollars worth of poultry were sold
in New York and Boston alone, in a single
year. This exceeds the commercial value of
all the swine and half the value of all the
sheep sold during the same period in those
places. It exceeds the entire value of the
neat cattle, and over four times the total value
of the horses and mules, yearly sold in those
cities.

Mr. Geo. S. Burnham, in his work on poul-
try, states that during last year one estiiblish-
ment iu Europe, engaged in the egg and
poultry business, averaged 50,000 dozens week-
ly, which, with the annual sales of chickens
hatclied, yielded ^28-5,000. The expenses of
the establishment amounted to §145,000, leav-
ing a profit of .fl35,000 a year.

It seems to us that these facts and figures
very clearly illustrate the increasing impor-
tance of gallinrivulture and ovaculture in our
country, and the necessity for systematic ef-
fort in a most useful industrial enterprise
— an enterprise which, if intelligently and
perseveringly followed, could not help being
remunerative.

The fact that the eggs of the ostrich, the
crocodile, various species of terrapins, and
other rejitiles are hatched without the aid of
tlie mothers that lay them — by the heat of the
sun alone — led the Egyptians, centuries ago,
to improvise the hatching of the eggs of poultry
by artificial means; and the existence of the
"Egyptian egg-ovens" has passed into his-
tory as a domestic institution these many
years.

But the artifl(tial hatching of eggs and the
raising of poultry, as a source of profit, has
not been confined to the Egyptians, -but
on the contrary, the Chinese, and tlie people
of Damascus, Palestine and elsewliere, in an-
cient times, were extensive artificial breeders.

Let any man in ordinary circumstances
ponder the subject — let him note how often
during the year he has had eggs and chickens
served up at his daily meals, and see how it
will compare with rancid bacon and tough
beef. The fact is, both eggs and chickens are
usually too high in price for the general cou-»
sumption of the common people.

Many people of delicate con.stitutions and
sedentary occupations are nearly all the time
half starved, because they cannot appropriate
the coarse and fatty food that is relished by the
robust man, .or the one who has much daily
physical exercise.

Tliere is no reason why modern ingenuity
should not be able to improve upon the ancient
systems of chicken production, and develop an
industrial occupation that will pay.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

51

From the days of Ari.stnththiwn to the pres-
ent i)erioil, liistoiy has In^eu dotted in every
century with the Importance of this industry
and its pecuniary results. Tlie Itouian Em-
peror Constant ine, notwitlistandinji the war-
hlce period in whicli lie hved, reeoj;nized t]u'
claims of t;alliiioeuIture, Ijy writini; a memoir
on the snliject, and lonj; liefore his tiini' the
Grecian i)hilosopher had suggested improve-
ments on the K},'yptian system. The ICn^dish,
French, Germans, Italians and I'ortufjuese,
had also experimented with more or less suc-
cess on the sul)jeet from an early |>eriod.

It is true there has not been that success, as
a general thing, in the temperate or cooler
climates, whicli dislinguishetl the Egyptians,
but the chief obstac'les have, on(' by one, been
overcome, and the GnUiiuH-ulturc instilidc at
Ilicksville, Queens county. New York, .seems
to have solved the knotty problem. This busi-
ness, like all other kinds of business, must be
practically underetood before it would be wise
to embark in it, but when understood, no
doubt it would afford more pleasure and profit
than any other rural occupation in the coun-
try. Prof. A. Corbett, the manager of the
institute above named, is contident that Jire
hundred dollars a pear can be cleared with
twelve hens. We need more business occupa-
tions, we need chea|ier poultry and eggs, and
the.se needs alone will command cxmsumption
and profit to those who embark in the enter-
prise with their eyes open.

DISTINGUISHING SEX IN EGGS.

The popular notion that a pointed egg will
produce a male, and a strictly oval or blunt-
ended egg a female chicken, was long since
demonstrated to be simply egg-otistical non-
sense coming from that class of folks who take
popular tradition for truth, without due in-
vestigation. Most j)ecri)le admit the desiiabil-
ity of knowing whether a certain lot of eggs
will hatch out cockerels or pullets, but very
few will admit the possibility of such knowl-
edge, classing it among " those things which
no fellow can find out." But, about a year
ago our attention was arrested by the results
of experiments published in the West Chester
pai)ers,by Wm. J. Pyle, of West Goshen, Chester
county, which struck us as very remarkable,
and worthy of further experiments. About

It will be
seen that the
air-chamber
(Fig. a) is di-
rectly at the
apex or Itlunt
end of the
egs; tliis will
hatch a lively
cockerel, of
quicl< {growth
and light
plumage.

the same time, (March 12, 1R74) this new test
was illustrated in Tfie Fam-ierx'' Journal and
FouUry Exchange, of Philadelphia, prefaced
with the remark, by the editor, that "during
the piist yeiir we have had brought to our no-
tice no less than three experiments, which seem
to be entirely succe.ssful in selecting eggs that
would produce male or female as desired ; and,
as the season of liatching is ui)on us, and the
experiment can be tried without labor or ex-
pense, we have decided to give the information
to our readers, and have had the following
diagrams made to illustrate the sidiject more
plainly,"fortheloan of which illustra'tionsTiiE
Fakmer acknowledges itself endebted to Mr.
Joseph il. Wade, editor of the excellent Poul-
try Journal above named.

In his "Code on Poultry Keejiing," Mr.
Edwards, of England, quotes Columulia, Miis-

cal, Stephanus, Ueaumer, and others, as au-
thority for the instruction to "examine the
liosition of the air cavities in the eggs, and
only letain thosethat have tlKMU placed directly
at the apex of the liluiit or large end, avoiding
all that have them ])laced at all to the side.
In this way eight eggs out of ten will jirodiice
cockerels." A correspondent of the London
Journal of UorlU-ulturf furnished the following
as the result of his experience:

" Lust winter an old country |K)nllry-kcc|ier told
me he could dlstinguisli the sex In ei;fjs; I hiiiLrhiil at
him, anil was none the Iras sceptical when he told me
the following secret: ' E^KS with the air-bladder on

This (Fi?.
h) is the kind
rejected by
all of the ex-
peri mentcrs
who have so
far reported,
as it "will be
good for no-
thing but the
pot."

the centre of the crown of the egg will produce cock-
erels; those with the bladder on one side will jjroduee
Jjullets.' The old man was so certain of the truth of
this dogma, and his poultry-yard so far confirmed it,
that I determined to make experiments upon it this
year. I have done so, carel'ully registering every egg
' bladder vertical ' or ' bladder on one side,' rejecting
every one in which It was not decidedly one or the
other, as in some it is only very slightly out of the
centre. The following is the result : Fifty-eight
chickens were hatched, three are dead, eleven are yet
too joung to decide upon their sex ; of the remaining
forty-four every one has turned out exactly true to
the old man's theory. This, of course, may be an
accidental coincidence, but I shall certainly try the
experiments again. I am now trying the same theory
upon ducks' eggs."

Mr. Pile has used his plan for some time,
and he is confident that if it is followed out to
the letter it will succeed every time. Last

Mr. Pyle
6aysthis(Fig
e) will hatch
a pullet of
quick and
healthy
growth, and
will become
a hen of good
laying quali-
ties.

summer, he hatched one hundred and twenty-
two chickens from eggs selected on this prin-
ciple, and one hundred and nineteen were
pullets. lie siiys :

"I always- select eggs of medium size, believing
them to be the best for this puriKJsc. I then get a
large lamp, and take an egg in my right hand, be-
tween the thumb and two foretingers, big end upper-
most, and hold it as near to the light as possible, then
hold the little finger of the left hand across the middle
of the egg. This will throw the light on the egg ;
then turn it around slowly, and you will iK-rceive a
dark spot, the size of a three-cent piece, directly in
the centre of the large end, or on one side, as in dia-
grams a, ft, c, and d.

"As I raise poultry for eggs and for market, I, of
course, set only eggs like letter c, with a few of letter
(I to replace the cocks of last year.

" It would he well for an amateur to break a few
eggs, empty out the contents, and examine the large
end, where the air chamber in the diB'ercnt positions

as in diagram will be distinctly seen. Where the air
chamber is wanting the egg is unfertile and will not
hatch."

In publishing Mr. Pyle's experience with
this test, the editor of the VilhKjf Record Silid :

"Our expi-riiiiic this spring (1'<T4) proves this
little |K)int. Wi- .set a little bantam hen on seven
white leghorn eggs, In live of which we could iliseover
no air ehamber, an<l after she had been sitting ten
days we limnd chickens only ia the two which had
air chambers."

This (Fig.
d) will also
hatcli a pul-
let, but of
slow growth,
a poor layer,
inclined to be
mascul ine,
and will
sometimes
crow.

The other day we wrote to Mr. Pyle, stating
that we intended to publish the result of his
tests in The F.vumeu, and that we were
desirous of knowing whetliei;^hc had any new
facts likely to modify his former statements.
It will be seen by the following reply, that he
has no doubt of the reliability of the test, and
simply repeats his instructions for the benefit.
of the amateur :

Mr. Ceist : I have no cuts of the eggs, but I send
you to-day a pa|KT containing the diagrams ; jou can
cut them yourself. If you should publish them,
please say that when the air-bladder is not to ho seen
at all, the egg is not fertile. It may \>e plainly seen
by holding close to a strong light, large end upper-
most— between the thumb and first two lingers
of right hand, with left hand placed over the top, and
the the little linger one-third down the egg. Turn
it around quictlv. You have all the instruction that
is needed.— Wm. S. Pvle, April 6, 1875.

The Cost of Our Recent War.

Mr. David A. Wells has furnished the Cob-
den Club of England with an essay upon the
expenses, income and taxes of the UnitM
.States. We copy the following statement of
the cost of the Rebellion:

The whole cost of the war to the Northern
and Soutbeni Stiites from IHOl to ISdO is esti-
mated as follows: IJves, l,(tOO,OtM); property,
by destruction, waste, etc., $it,t)(K),O()0,00O.
The gross exi>enditures of the United States
from .lune, 18(U, to July, lH(>(i,S;.-,,792,2o",00<).
Of this the actual war expenses were al)out
$5,34-i,-2:^7,CKX).

The expenses of States, counties, cities and
towns in the Northern States, not represented
by funded debts, have been estimated at
S.')00,(IOO,0(X). The increase of State debts on
the war account was S123,(HXJ,000. The in-
crease of city, town and county debts is esti-
mated at 8200,000, (XX). Total war expenses
of the loyal States and the National Govern-
ment^ Sfi, 105,2:57,000.

The estimated direct expenditures of the
Confederate States on account of the war were
S2,0OO,(RKI,OOO.

Aggregate estimated expenses of the war to
the country. North and South, «?H, 105,237,000.

The total receipts from all sources during
the second year of the war were less than
842,0(M),(K)o. The expenditures were §00,-
(MXJ.OOO per month— at the rate of 8700,000,)KX)
a year.

^

Our P.\nis Letter, which appears in this
issue of The Faumek, is an ably written and
interesting resume of agricultural i)rogress on
the continent. These letters will hereafter Iw
an imiwrUmt feature of this journal.

OuK Fence Cokneks constitute an original
and "taking" feature of The Farmer. They
are snug corners to (ind an4 enjoy a laiigh in',

52

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE SUSQUEHANNA SHAD.

This fish, one of the most delicate and tooth-
some in itsseasontliatvisitstheiuland streams
of our country, Belongs to the Herring family,
(Clupeid^e.) There are several species be-
longing to the restricted genus Alosa, at least
two of which ascend the Susquehanna and its
tributaries (when not obstructed in
their passage) the earliest " run " of
which is the "Hickory Shad," (Alosa
tyranis,) but the true shad of tlie Sus-
quehanna, and the one most highly
prized, is the Alosa 2)rcestahilis. Of
all the shad caught elsewhere in the
country, there are perhaps none supe-
rior in size and excellence of flavor
to those caught in the Susquehanna
and its tributaries, and the higher up
the streams they are caught, the fat-
ter, more solid and delicious' they are.
Those taken at Safe Harbor and Co-
lumbia are far superior to those taken
nearer the Bay, and before the era of
internal navigation, and when the
rivers of Pennsylvania were unob-
structed by dams and fish traps, those
taken at the Marietta, Elliott's Is-
land and Clark's Ferry fisheries, were
even superior to the former named.
Shad ascend the streams for the pur-
j)ose of spawning, after which their
flesh becomes soft, milky and insipid,
and many of them die before they
reach the Bay again. The young fry
descend the streams in autunm, and
many are taken in fish-traps or "bas-
kets," to the great prejudice of the
fishing interests. From autumn until
■spring the shad inhabit the deeper ^
bay or sea waters, but return every S
season to gladden the heart of man, X
and relieve him from the stale mono- "^
tony of "flitch and rancid sausages. "
Neal,in one of his"charcoal sketches, ' '
through one of his characters says:
" Of all the fish that swims, commend
me to the shad as the most gentle-
manly and best educated, for every
year they return to our very doors.
This is no doubt owing to the fact
that they are partial to ' schools,' und
by a little improvement in the curi-
cuhim of those schools, they might be -o
taught to ring the door-bell and in n
quire for the cook."

All the legislative protection that
shad require, are clear and unob-
structed fishways from the bays up to
their spawning places. They are not
a local fish, but flsli 'of passage, and
will find their way into streams of
their o-ivn accord, and without the
labor of " stocking " them.

Although the sh.ad is one of the most
excellent of fislies in its edible quali-
ties, and also symmetrical in form,
yet It cannot be iiroi)erly considered
a "game-fish." It is by no means
remarkable for taking the fiy, or any
other kind of bait— indeed, the in-
stances where it has been caught with
a " hook and line, " are not at all com-
mon, although upon the authority of
"FiiANK FoRRESTEK " it is stated
that they will take the fly if it be a
large and gaudily colored one. There-
fore in fisliing for sliad the chief reli-
ance is upon tiie net. This is of vari-
ous forms, adapted to the conveni-
ences of the fishing pools, but along
the shores of the Susquehanna, and
on its islands and artificial batteries, a
long sweeping seine is mainly used.
In the bays and elsewhere, a Gill-net
supplies the place of the seine, but
the Susquehanna fishermen have al-
ways looked ujion this mode with much dis-
favor. In some places a "scoop-net," or dip-
net, is the only implement that can be used.

It is within the memory of many of the older
citizens of Lancaster, when shad were taken in
the Conestoga, and even within the city limits.

There are various views as to the quantity

and quality of aliment in fish diet, and the effect
it exercises upon the mental and physical
systems of those who consume it. It has
been claimed by some writers that it sharpens
and facilitates theexerciseof the mental facul-
ties, whereas fat pork and susages have the con-
trary effect. AVe arc pointed to the " univer-

or flesh kind except fish. We cannot resist the
impression, however, that in our consumption
of animal food, we ouglit to make a wider dis-
crimination in favor of fish, and the efforts
made at this time to propagate these animals
by stocking our exhausted streams, seems to
also point in that direction.

THE VALUE OF FISH-FOOD.

Many elaborate comparisons have
been made as to the comparative
value of butcher-meat and fish : occa-
sional controversies have arisen on
the suljject, in which the utmost di-
versity of opinion has been expressed.
Someeconomic writers maintain that
fish has no food value worth speaking
of; others say that fish-food must oc-
cupy a middle position between vege-
tables and beef and mutton. Again,
a learned authority says that fish, well
cooked, with oil or fat of some kind,
or served with butter when brought
to table, "it is chemically the same,"
for nutrition, as butcher-meat.

Another writer says that fish as food
is only fit for children and inva]ids,and
is totally unfitted to support the health
and vigor of men or women engaged
in laborious occuiMtious. As usual in
such disputes, we may hold that the
truth lies between the two extremes.
Many people following laborious oc-
cupations, especially in Scotland, live
largely upon fish. In that country,
the fishermen themselves eat a con-
siderable portion, and, as a class, fish-
ermen are strong and healthy; and
their wives who undertake a por-
tion of the men's work are still strong-
er and healthier. In Portugal, fish
fried in oil forms a very large projjor-
tion of the food of the pi^pulation;
their tlsh-diet is supiilemented with a
little bread and fruit, and although
the peasantry of the land never par-
take of fresh meat, yet they are a
hardy, vigorous and brave people.
Let it be remembered that fish is a
necessity of life in France and Spain,
and as regards the latter country, a
constant organization is at work in
the British islands to sujjply it with
many kinds of cured fish. A huge
proportion of the pilchards taken on
the coast of Cornwall, as well as many
himdred hogsheads of cured and
smoked herrings, are sent to the Span-
ish markets.

•rnmi i"iti.TO"iiii|tfii|. ir

sal Yankee nation," as an illustration, in com-
parison with the dull, heavy and obscured in-
tellects of porkeaters. Be this as it may, we
have no positive evidence that the highest type
of humanity that ever trod this earth of ours,
embodying the highest manifestation of spiri-
tual intelligence, ever ate anything of the meat

SUPER-PHOSPHATE FROM
RAW BONES.

We l)elieve that super-phosphate
made of raw or unburnt bones is much
superior to that usually made from
calcined bones. In the latter case,
everything lilje organic matter is
driven off or decomposed by the heat
and escapes.

The French chemist makes the
value of manure depend ui)on the
amoinit of nitrogen which it contains,
but super-phosphates from calcined
bones contain no organic matter, or
a very trilling quantity.

The supcr-pliosphate also contains
5l).8per cent, of phosphate of lime,
and thei-efore contains 26 per cent, of
phosi)horic acid. The soil is con-
stantly being robbed of its phos-
])liates. The ash of wheat, corn, and,
indeed, all the cereals, contains a large
percentage of phosphates. This is
taken from the soil, and we return, in
most instances, manure made from
the straw and hay, which is, there-
fore, eomjiaratively i)oor in phosphates, for it
is a trulh that farmers should lietter appreci-
ate: Tliat a manure cannot be richer than the
SKbstancefroni which it is made. A cow fed on
straw cannot yield more manure, nor, indeed,
so much, than that contained in the straw.
Hence our lands become impoverished in their

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

53

phosphates. They may be rich in cverythinjj;
else, but a (lelicieiicy in phospliates will be
fiital. You may be able to urow line wheat,
straw or corn stalks, but the ijrain will lie
wanting. One close of a pood super-phosiihate
will supi)ly the needed aliment, and you have
an excellent prain crop.

We believe almost any land, which has been
hmp eropi>ed, will be ijreatly benelited by a
proper applieation of tliis manure. Many new
soils are delieient in phosphates, and you are
unable to raise a crop of cereals until you fur-
nish thisneeded product. VuiW the peopleof
tliis (•ountry contrive some plan for preservini;
those useful jiroducts, carried to our (titles in
the shape of fruit, grain, etc., etc., which are
u.sed us food, and waslu'd into tlie sewers and
rivers, we shall never be able to keep up the
fertility of our virgin soil. We may carry
puano from Lobos islands, husband our straw,
manufacture bones into s\iper-pliospliate, and
the cry will be, Rive ! pive ! pivit! We nuist
leani to return to the soil tlie ))liosphates and
other valuable products snatclied from it by
the wondrous growth of vegetables.

ABOUT GROUND HOGS.

The past winter having been an extraordi-
narily long one, and an intensely cold one,
a more than ordinary interest has attached
to this animal, on account of a traditionary
belief in its prognostications of the weather.
The Dii/th is to the elt'ect, that if the ground-
hog comes out from his winter cpiarters on
"Candlemas day" (Fell. ,2d,) and if there is
sutfieient sunshine to make his shadow visible to
him, he inunediately returns to his lair,
which will be followed liy si.c weeks of severe
whiter weather. ]5ut i^ it is cloudy, and he
cannot see his shadow, the event will be fol-
owed by an early spring. The '2d of February
of the present year, happened to be a cold but
bright sunny daj', and this, it is said, ac-
counts for tlie severe winter weather which
has followed.

To show that the ground-hog has no possi-
ble cimuection with this meteorological phe-
nomenon, his nature is such that he would not
come forth on a such a cold day as we had on
the id of February, 1S7.5. Now this auiuud,
otherwise called the "marmot," (Aniomiis
monax) is a hybernatiug rodent, and the length
of his dormant period isaltogther governed by
the temperature of the weatlier ; therefore, his
animation is not revived until the warm spring
temperature is sutfieient to produce that
effect. He is a most inveterate feeder, and
consumes an enormous (puintity of green and
succulent vegetation, especially young clover,
and nothing would arouse him from his win-
ter sleep but luuiger, induced by the genial
'return of spring. When there is from tln-ec
to live feet of hard frost in the earth, as there
was on the 'ind of Feliruary of the present
year, it would l.'e impossible for the gronnd
liog to come out of his burrow, down deep in
the bowels of the earth, lielow the line of frost.
When he retires in the fall he closes the mouth
of his burrow with earth fnim the inside,
and does not open it again until he is instinc-
tively admonished that winter is over and
siiring has assumed her reign. Although we
believe him to be too stupid to make any re-
liable prediction in regard to the weather, yet
he is not stupid enough to come forth when
the thermometer is down to or below zero.
Again, as to candlemas day, it is not likely
that he would regard it much ; if there should
hajipen to be a week or ten days of warm
weather in the mf)nths of l^ecember or Janu-
ary, warm enough to excite his hunger, for
instance, it would make very little differenc'e
whether the time wasChrisl»ii(.s,s, Candleiua.s.s-,
or Easter?H'/.ss : he would be apt — like any
' ' other body ' '—to make diligent inquiry about
something to eat.

There must, of course, be a cmcse for every
outward effect, and even when that cause is
discovered it may tran.spire that it is itself
only the effect of some anterior cause, no^w
of which, however, have any special' relation
to the ground hog, or any other animal alreiwly
"tabernacled " in the realm of nature.

Whatever faith "wiseacres" mny profcxH to
have in the predictions of a visionary ground
hog, we think there are but few who would
hazard the success of an important enler-
lirise upon the weather prophecies involved in
his candlemas adviut. It is, therefore, not
very likely that any "jirudent body" will
sutler uuich through the "thin faith" which
is jirofessed in the gniund hog.

Independent of wealhiT prognostic's, there
is. however, an interest atlaeheil t<i this ani-
mal ; for it is such a gro,ss feeder that, where
it exists in large numliers, it makes sad havoc
in the clover fields of the farmer, and on this
account is "hunti'd <lown " as an evil of more
or less magnitude. Under t\u'. cmnnion names
of woodchucks, ground hogs, marmots, go-
phers, prairie dogs,*' siiermoiihiles, and ground
stpiirrels, we have about twenty spei'ies of
rodents in the United States, wliich form a
distinctive grouii, and all of which possess,
more or less, the cpialities of tlie Lancaster
county ground-hog, on whose habits the
weather is often prognosticated.

ROSE CULTURE.

We extract the following from the columns
of the Amcrimn Farmer, jiulilislied at Haiti-
more, Md. It is part of an address read before
the "Maryland Horticultural Soeiety " at its
February meeting, by Mr. James I'entland,
who is distinguished in his profession as a rose-
grower, and the originator of numerous va-
rieties of that beautiful and fragrant flower.
We have seen many roses, "good, bad and
indifferent, "the lattercpiality perhaps predom-
inating, and we have thought that much of this
indiffiTcnce w.as the result of a lack of that cul-
ture which seems so practically detailed in Mr.
Pentland's address. There are many other
jioints in this address, referring to varieties,
&c., which may only be of local significance,
but our (luotation, we think, will be applicable
to any locality. Under any circumstances,
we cannot reasonably expect fine roses with-
out the necessary culture, any more than we
can any other subject of the vegetalile king-
dom, and possibly even with culture we may
sometimes fail.

" Very few iicrsons linow liow to cultivate a rose In
order to' liriii"- I'nrtli all the latent lieaiily coiilaiiieil in
the Hower. Many ai-e eoiiteiit wlieii't hey buy a rose
from those who have them to sell, to take it home,
dig a small hole in the sroiind in their garden, and
put it therein, (I eannot eall it planline:) leaving it
take eare of itself, and when they come to look for
flowers they find none. Ami no wonder ! It will not
stand sueh'treatment, but will wither and die, and
then the poor gardener who sold it eomcs in for the
blame.

Now, this is all wrong. There is not a (lower that
grows that requires kinder treatment than the rose,
and there is none more deserving, or that will better
repay good cultivation, cither in a coniniereial point
of view or for the gratitieation of two of theJine senses,
namely, sight and smell.

To grow a rose to perfection you must in the first
place lind the jiroper soil in wliicli it delights, which
is a stiff, loamy, strong virgiu soil ; yes, even a clay
soil, provided it is well drained and deep and cool, so
that the roots can tind their way down into a cool
place, in order to get away from tlie inlluenee of our
burning summer suns. In the next place you must
sec to it that the soil is pniperly enriclied ; for, depend
upon it, you will not see a rose in [icrfcetion in a poor
soil ; for', like the grape vine, it is a very gross feeder.
Therefore make; your rose ground very rich and deep.
Use any well-rotted niamire for your plants, and
plenty of it ; and as your roses gain strengtli, you can
give tliem almost any kind of manure, even to fresh

*Somc years ago we received a fine specimen of one
of these species by mail from Western Missouri. It
had been obtained in its winter hybernation and in-
closed in a tin box, and after having liecn thus con-
veyed aboiU thirteen hundred miles or more, when
the box was opened in a warm room, tlic animal re-
vived and became very active, ami also very jiug-
naeions, which is a characteristic of the genus. After
a confinement of a week or more it made its escape,
by pressing apart the wires of its cage, and from
thence passed through an aperture in the cellar, and
never was recovered. It, probably, I'ilher starved to
death or became food for rats. Tliis species Is, per-
haps, the smallest of the genus, and now Is scien-
tifically known as Sperniopholix trithceiiilincdliif, and
various common names, as the " striped gopher,"
"striped marmot," Jcc.

night soil. Watering with liquid manure occasion-
ally yfiu will Unci a gi'cat help.

Ill orilcr Id have fine fliiwers you will find pruning
a very important |K)int in the cultivation, and this
part, 1 am *iirry to say, is but poorly understoixl by
most cultivators, for how often do you see a rare
plant smiblieil olf at Its extremity. In order to give the
liiish a nice round lica<l of vi'ry slender shoots, U|Km
which yim see a small weak flower, not worthy of
being called a flower, looking as If It was ashamed of
itself, (and I don't wonder that is Is) insteail of bring-
ing out all the bi'auly of which It is capable.

To have fine, large and beautiful flowi'rs, you must
have plenty of good, healthy riMit-powcr, and not so
much wood, anil to obtain this you must have the
ediidition previously mentliined. If y<iur rose plant
lias had those conditions you will have giHid, strong,
hi-allhy ltowIIi from the ground, and In the Knll, or
very early in the Spring, when danger of severe frost
is over, (I jirelcr fall pruning, for by pruning then
you make the plant more capable of withstanding
our severe frosts, because the late growths made t)y
the rose are too tender and sappy to withstand our
cold climate) commence jiruning by cutting out all
the old wood of the previous year, or at least all the
wood of that year until you reach the new and strong
Wdod of this, if the growth has been made uiKin any
of it, as it very frci|uently will be, unless care has
been used w hilc growing. .Vfter you have cut out
all of the old growth, then commence and reduce the
new growth to tliree or four or more buds, according
to the strength of the growth. Strong growing va-
rieties may have more wood left upon them than the
weaker growing varieties. If you f(dlow out these
instructions, my word for it, you need not be ashamed
of your rose llowers.

The remark has often been made to me In the
mimth of June, when the rose Is In its best estate, by
persons visiting my place: How is it that lec don't
have as fine llowers u|ion our nise bushe^i as youi*
arc; mine arc larger bushes than yours, and of the
same kinds? and the only answer that I could give
lliemwas, "they are not jiropcrly pruned." Why,
they would rejily, a gardener pruned them, and he
ought to know. What a comment uixui ganleners!
Yes, he oiir;ht to know, and a good gardener doef
know, but the fact is, he is not always allowed to do
as he knows it should tie done, for many persons are
so afraid of seeing their pets cut down tmi close, sup-
posing that it will kill them ; and, again, many want
large liiishcs, which they can easily obtain, tint It
must always be at the expense of the llowers; whilst
others again desire (pianlity and not quality. To all
siicb I must say, don't blame your roses for not dis-
plaving tlu; full beauty of which they are capalilc. I
sha'U close this iwrtioii of my subject by saying, in
brief, if you want fine flowers give your plants jilenty
of roots, and short tO|is ; you can get the former by a
rich soil and good cultivation, and the knife and good
judgment will do the rest."

Spe.aking of desirable varieties, Mr. P. says:
"But if you want a rose in which you can feel
a re;il enioynieiit, in beholding its delicately
mifolding petals, in inhiiling its most extpii.site
fragrance, peculiar to itself alone, observing
its delicate habit of growth, and its constant
bloom ; whose colors, so delicate, look ius if
the breath of man would soil them ; then you
must grow the tJueensT)f them all— the Tkas
—so called, from their flowers having the rich
aroma of fresh tea." These are general favor-
ites with the ladies.

ANOTHER REMEDY FOR THE POTATO
BEETLE.
Mr. W. F. M assey, who seems to be a practi-
cal man, and one of intelUgeut oUservation.
comnumicates to the Amcriean Farmer (Md.)
that a strong decoction of the green rof)ts of
the "Mav-apple," or " Mandrake "— Pwio-
phiiUumpiltdtum — ellectually killed the "Colo-
rado i)otiito-beetles," in a case, or cases, where
he him.seir tried it. He does not claim to lie
the discoverer of the remedy. He found it in
the pages of an agricultural journal, ami at
once proceeded to submit it to a test, with a
favorable result. AVe give it here for whiit it
is worth, and commeiul it to our readers i\n
worthy of a trial. The potato-b<-etlc is such
an arch-enemy to the farmer that he might
afford to be moderately "humbugged" a few
times, if it only faintly promised to lead to the
discovery of aii antidiite against this increas-
ing scourge. AVe a.sk oiu- ftirmers to try it next
summer and to send to us the result.

The illustrations in this issue of The
F ARM KU constitute. an interesting and instruc-
tive feature, which will be maintained iu the
future.

54

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF FENCES.

The growing scarcity of timber in Lancaster
county, where we have not yet realized the
importance of supplying the waste of years by
planting forest trees for the purpose of fuel
and fencing, invests the question of the con-
struction of fences with a growing impor-
tance. The best variety of trees to plant to
supply these wants is one of the questions now
before our Agricultural and Horticultural So-
ciety for discussion, and it will naturally in-
volve the comparative merits and economy of
hedges, wire, board, ywst and rail, and the
old-fashioned worm-fence. The scarcity of
timber in this section, suitable for either of
the latter, and our direct communication with
the piue lumber regions, suggest the economy

yigure 1.

of board fences, and to their construction we
will confine our remarks in this article.

The board fence can be recommended for
economy and neatness ; but these desirable
qualities are often entirely lost by the careless-
ness of the builder, and the enclosure assumes
a dilapidated appearance within a short time
after being put up. In erecting a fence of
this description it will be found highly advan-
tageous to bear in mind the old adage that
' ' whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing
well." In the first place, the requisite boards
for a given distance should be all piled together
to ascertain their respective lengths, and those
not coming up to the standard dimensions
should be sawed to fit, or sorted out and
placed together, to be subsequently, used by
setting posts to suit them. In measuring the
distance for the posts care should be taken to
use accuracy. The usual distance in a fence
of this kind is seven feet, tUe boards being
fourteen feet long. The distance should be
measured invariably from middle to middle
of each post without regard to their size. The
holes should be dug large to permit the ram-
mer to be used freely around the posts — a
common error in setting posts being to make
the holes too small, thus iireventing the earth
from being thoroughly packed and leaving the
posts unfirm ;ind rickety. An excellent plan
is to make the holes large and fill in with
stones. This prevents the fence from being
thrown out of line by the action of the frost,
and preserves the bottoms of the post from
speedy decay.

After the posts are set, the top boards are to
be first nailed, and in doing so particular pains
are requisite, as they are to form guides for

proceed with rapidity and accuracy. The rails
being nailed on, the usual practice is to stop
here ; but the most important work to secure
a strong, durable fence remains to be done.
Now saw small pieces of board to accurately
fit the spaces between the rails, and nail them
against the post as seen in Figure 1, which
illustrates a panel of fence at this stage of the
operation. These little blocks are made from
the waste pieces of the rails ; they are quickly
l)repared ; one nail holds them and they add
much to the durability of the fence. They
should never be omitted. The finishing touch
is given by nailing a facing strij) foiu- or five
inches wide on every post, which not only
makes a neat finish but greatly strengthens
the fence. Tlu^ addition of a cap rail will

.give additional stability and preserve

r~Jtlie crowns of the post from decay.
■l This is simply another board running
T"^l on top of the posts, and pnijecting a
■1 — J little over the edge of the top rail.
Fiijure 2 shows a section of fence com-
"1 pleted, with facing strip and cap rail.
The cost of such a fence varies with
the price of lumber in different sec-
tions ; but the average expense has been
reckoned at $'2 a rod or 12^ cents per
foot, wliich includes all expenses, nails,
cartage, digging, &c. The cost of keeping it
in repair is about a cent and a half a foot,
each year, which includes its entire renewal
every twelve years.

A writer in The Coimtry (?e»i?emaM says that
for several years he has adopted a mode of
making board fence which reduces the num-
ber of posts and the holes to be dug one-third
or one half. He sets the posts at a distance
equal to the whole length of the boards, and
places a short piece of scantling, or the split
portion of a thick slab, midway between them,
extending from the top of the fence down to
where the lower board is usually placed. He
saves the expense of the lower board by bank-
ing up the eartli ten or twelve inches at the bot-
tom. In this way a surface drain is made for

This plan possesses the advantage of cheap-
ness, since it is easily made, and no iron what-
ever is required. All gates thus hanging will,
however, after a time "sag down, for the wood
of the gate rots, even if the post remains firm.
Figure 4. shows a plan for hanging gates,
where the hanging post projects above the other
parts of the fence, in order to permit the con-
nection of a rod or chain between the outer
extremity of the gate and the upper portion
of the post, as shown in the engraving. We
have represented a rod composed of wood for
this purpose, but the connection may be made

Figure 2. i

the remainder. Two space boards may now be '
u.sed to assist in nailing the remaining rails I
with accuracy. These consist of pieces of
stout boards, about as long as the fence is
high, having as many notches cut in them as
tliere are rails in the fence. The space boards j
being hung one at each end of a top rail, act i
as supports for the boards below while being I
nailed, at the same time preventing any error !
as to distance, and enabling the workman to '.

h'igare

carrying water away from the posts, and, most
important of qll, when horses and colts occupy
the field, a barrier is offered by means of the
ditch and bank, to prevent their crowding or
leaning against the fence. For this reason
the bank should be narrow at the top, as a
broad shelf will enable them to i)lace their feet
upon it. The boards are nailed to the battens
or stiffeners the same as to the posts, and with
long boards two are placed in each panel.
, With the cap similar to that shown in our
i illustration {Figure 2.) and the protection
~ offered by the earth bank at the bottom,
he claims that a fence thus constructed is
as strong and secure as a common board

t fence with double the number of posts.
We think the earth bank is a good idea to
combine with tlie fence we have illus-
trated, as neither cattle nor horses will
place their feet in a ditch or on the steep
side of an embankment for tlie sake of
crowding or leaning against a fence. The
saving of the bottom board will pay for
raising the bank, if it is done with a plow after
the posts are set and before the boards are
nailed on.

A plan of constructing and hanging a good
and cheap farm gate is shown in Figure 3.
It will be observed that it is constructed with
diagonal studs and is l)ne of the strongest that
can be made. The heel post has two snjall
I)rojections, one at the top, the other at the
bottom. These fit into corresponding holes
made in a pin. This i)in fits into a hanging
post, as shown by the dotted hues in the figm-e.

Figure 4.
with a chain whenever it is desirable. Gates
constructed in this manner can be opened and
shut without the least risk or fear of sagging,
by reason of their violently shutting to. They
are not expensive and might be more generally
adopted to advantage.

It is of the first importance to have the
hanging post properly secured ; and even then,
in a few years, it giVes way, from decay. An
effectual method of preventing rotting in posts
is to chnr their bottoms. The preservative
qualities of charcoal are well-known. About
eighty years ago a quantitj- of oak stakes were
found in the bed of the river Thames, in the
very spot where Tacitus says the Britons fixed
a vast number of such stakes to prevent
the passage of Julius Ca?sar and his army.
These stakes were charred to a consid-
erable depth, had retained their form com-
pletely, and were firm at the heart. This
quality of charring was well-knowTi to the
ancients. Most of the houses in Venice
stand upon piles of wood, which had all
been previously charred for their pre-
servation ; and in England estates were
formerly marked out by charred stakes
driven to a considerable depth. Another
method which the writer of this has success-
fully tried for preserving wood in moist sit-
uations is to give it a good soaking in gas
tar or paratfine. An inlet for a sewer made
of common pine wood and thus treated lasted
for years and was entirely sound when re-
moved. Another, not thus prepared, rotted
in a couple of years.

Good Correspondents : Major Freas, the
veteran editor of the Germantown Telegraphy
hits the nail squarely on the head when he says
that to be a good agricultural correspondent,
it does not require any great amount of learn-
ing. One has only to be sure the language he
employs tells just what he means to say ; and
it will be found in nine times out of ten that
the simplest and most common word is better
than one seldom in use. And so in regard to
facts, one should be sure that they are just
what he expresses them to be. People often
write that such and such results were "about"
so-and-so, when it would have been just as
ea.sy to give the whole in feet, pounds or
bushels, exactly as it occurred. It may seem
precise and particular to some people ; but it
leads to habits of exactness which in the end
save a deal of trouble all round. In these
days when " exact science " is becoming so
jiopular, it will do no harm to ask for exact
figures and exact expressions ; and to corre-
spondents of agricultural papers especially,
we may say that probabilities, iwssibili ties and
absolute certainties, are very different things,
and should always be considered while writing.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

55

THE GREAT CENTENNIAL EXPOSI-
TION OF 1876.

By the time tliis number of The Farmer
gets into tlie hands of onr rcadciH, it will hn
only one. short year before the ijreiU L\r}x>sition
of the nhte-
tie)tthceutti-
rtj will be
opened to
the publie,
if the origi-
nal inten-
tion of the
proj ectors
of the en-
terprise is
realized.

\Vc say
only one
shirrl year;
for, com-
l)arinj;w7i((£
/( as be e n
done dur-
ing; tliepast
fice years,

with what is to be done in the one coming
year, the time seems very short indeed.
Another event of the kind, in all its sijinili-
cance, caiuiot oecur at;ainnntil the year lii7(),
a jieriod whi<-h, there perliaps is not a single
being now on earth tliat eoiild in human i)roba-
bility witness it. The (luestiou naturally arises,
Have onr peojjle anything like a realizing sense
of this great event in our national history ?
Are they making any preparations to jiartiei-
pate in itV Do they even ihiuh-nli it with that
method whieli usually preeedes the outward
manifestation of living aelion? Have they
.systematieally reflected at all upon what en)
be, and what oiiijht to lie, done in the matter '?
Lancaster county is a part of the three origi-
nal counties that in the early history of our
country constituted the entire province of
Pennsylvania. She is within seventy miles of
the historically venerated spot wliere tirst was
liromulgated on this continent the declaration
that '''these loiitcil i-nhmks are, and of riijhl
oiujht to he, free and iiidejiendint .S'/o('.s. " She
has justly won the distinguished title of the
" Garden of the Keystone State," and there-
fore she occu]iies a moral, physical, political
and geographical position that will not permit
her to be a mere spectator of the "coming
event." Her sister counties and states are
looking towards Iier for a demonstration wor-
thy of the prominent position she occupies in
relation to our gi'eat State and its material pro-
gress. Not to participate fully and freely in
the Centennial P^xposition, would be equiva-
■lent to her voluntary exiiatriation. To consent
to be a mere spectator of the scene, would be
a palpable stultification of the attitude which
history and circumstances have assigned her;
and she conl<l no more Ijc a part of Pennsylva-
nia or the Union, without a iiarticipation in
Pennsylvania's distinguished glory, than a

ments, in it exclusively her own, and to carry
such an idea into effect there ought to be an
organized effort of her citizens, and a pro-
grannne clearly setting forth what ouglit to be
done; for, without some sncli organization,

very little can be accomplished without involv-
ing much labor, iirocrastination or delay — and,
" delays are dangerous."

We cannot resist the apin-ehension that,
like the sessions of Congress, or the State
Legislature, procrastination may steal a march
on time, and push too much of the work that
ought to be done earlier, into the last days of

the working session, and thus create hurry and
confusion at the opening of the Expositi<in.
The past histories of these industrial exhibi-
tions have suthciently demonstrated the dan-
ger of this, and we ought to profit by tlie ex-
periences of the past. Another point we desire
to illustrate is this: In all onr experiences of
local exhibitions, during their continuance or

man could be a i>art of heaven without parti-
ciiiating in its beatitudes.

Lancaster county is sufficiently large,
wealthy, pojmlons and accessilile to the gieat
Exposition, to have a department, or depart-

after they were over, we have been met with
the remark from many speefators. tliat if they
"had only known what woidd have been on
exhibition, they could have produced articles
much superior to those they had seen at the

fair," and these remarks would often lie aeconi-
panieil by regrets, that tliey had not been ex-
liibit(u-st!iemselves. Ili-re is just where "the
trouble comes in." Too many iieople indulge
the idea of being benefited, entirtained or
amused, without contributing to thi' benefit,
the entertaiununt or amusement of others, or
to tlie general credit of the occasion. This is
a mutual, human work, to be conducted on a
human plane, by liuman beings, and for the
instruction of humanilij, in the commeiuora-
tion of a liuman event.

Of course, it is not expected that crfri/ one
can, or slioidd, Ix'come an exhibitor, butinany
more than usually jiarticipate in these afliiirs,
can assist, in one way or another, in helping
to forward the work to its consummation; Ix'-
sides, it is as nmch a matter of course tlial
if no one pra(aieally participates in it, there
cannot possibly ln' an exposition at all. Under
any circumstances, we should feel humiliated
if it should transpire that the native county

of liouKitr Fui.Toxand Linhlkv Mfnu.w

the lionie of the "Sage of Wheatland," and
the "Old Commoner"— with its immense
agricultural, mineral and manufacturing re-
sources, should have a meagre representation
in tlie tiUK.VT Ck.ntenmai.,.

Any one desiring to forward tlie work,
should immediately jiut himself or herself in
communication, and co-oiierate, with Mn. C.
M. 1I(JSTKTTK1!, of Lancaster city, who hits
been aiipoilited the general agent" of htncas-
ter county, and has his headquarters at the

Stevens
" House.

^Ve un-
derstand
Mr. II.
inten «is
to pu b-
lislia de-
scriptive
<iut line
of vhat
ought to
be done
by our
coun t y ,
and luno
i t ought
to be
done.
We liope
the peo-
ple will
re spond
iheerful-
ly. We

have, in lonner issues of The FAliifEi;,
given illustrations of the Agricultural Hall ami
Hortieiiltunil Hall. In this we illustrate the
JIain building, tlie Art (iallery or Slemorial
Hall, and the Centennial Medals, the latter of
which will be valued by future generations as
keejisakcs of tlie first Centennial of the great
republic of tlie world. The following arc the
dimensions of these magnilieent buildings:

MaixExhuutiox Uiir.DiNO: Lengtii(East
and West,)!. SSI) feet; width, 41)4 feet; heiglith
of central towers. 120 feet. Main iiitranceon
Elm avenue. Area covereil. '.KiCi.OOS s<|Uare
feet, this divided into ]iarallel zones, length-
wise of tlie building: countries and states will
occuiiy parallel sect ions crosswise of the build-
ing. This arrangement will bring the products
of each cla.ss from the whole world into the
same line.

Art (rALi.ETiY: I><Migth, 30.") feet: width,
210 feet; heighth, ."jO feet; heightli of dome
above the ground, 150. Materials; Granite,
gla.ss and stone. Site: Lansdowne Plateau, in
Fairmount Park.

The following, furnished to theGermantown
Teleiinijih, by Walter Elder, theejninent Phila-
deljihia landscape gardener, if it does not act
as a stiinulanl to owr local florists, to partici-
pate in fhe "Great Exposition " them.selves,
will at least excite a desire to witness the dis-
play made by others:

THE <iUF..\T KXPOSITIOM COSPERVATORT.

Tlic (rranil Conservatory, witli its ihoire collections
of tender exotic plants and ornamental garden sur-

56

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

roiindinge, will be oneof the moet interesting features
of the Centennial Exposition in 1876. The structure
will look noble, chaste anil eletrant. All the other
buildings, except the Agricultural, will be filled with
the ingenuity and handiwork of man, and will show
the advanced prouress of art and science; the plants
in the Conseri'atory will show the gracious works of
God. Some will dazzlethe sight with the brilliancy and
splendor of their blossoms so lovely; others will be-
wilder the senses with the sizes, forms and singular
variegations of their leaves; some will tickle the fancy
with their curious habits and strange faculties in many
ways ; others will delight the scent with their sweet
perfumes. The grand combination of the whole, and
the amazing diversity of the various genera, will show
the illimitable greatnessof the omnipotence of an All-
wise and ever-gracious Creator. The building will be
well-vcntUated for the comfort of visitors.

The great century plant (agavia Americana) will
be there, of many tons in weight. Beside it there will
be the grand screw pine (pandanusodoratissma); and
the famous fan-palm (coryphiaumbraculifera,) with
its broad fronds of fan form ; *the curious pitcher-
leaved plant (nepenthes phyllamphoraand distillato-
ria,) whose every leaf is a natural pint pitcher, and
always full of water distilled from the atmosphere ;
and the xpater-hohling pines, whose spine serated leaves
form a tube at the bottom which is always full of
water, also drawn from the air. Then the venus fly-
trap (dioncea muscipula,) with many natural Irapx,
like iron rat-traps, with teeth. When a fly goes into
one, it closes up until the fly is dead, and again opens;
the sensitive plant (mimosa sensitiva,) which curls
up its leaves and crooks its joints at the touch of the
human hand; the bottle-bru.sh plants (metrosideras
floribundus and beaufortia decussata.) whose flowers
are scarlet, and the form of bottle-brushes, and very
beautiful. There will be the famed yuccas, which
grew in the Garden of Eden; and of whose leaves
Adam and Eve made needles and thread to sew their
firstclothes; the needle wastaken from yncca gloriasa,
and the thread was from the yvccajilatnentosa. In the
water-tank there will be Victoria J'iji, the grand queen
of the aquatics, whose leaves measure ten feet in
diameter, and the double waxy blooms, two feet
across, all spread out upon the surface of the water,
with many gold and silver fishes playing beneath
them. So glorious will all be, that visitors will never
forget their amazement.

The managers, Messrs. Mitchell , Ritchie and Hough-
ton, are gentlemen of skill, energy and fine taste.
They will endeavor to make the arrangements sur-
pass in perfection everything of the kind the world
has ever yet seen. We cordially invite all the people
from every part of the nation to visit our Centennial
Exposition of 1876.

JOHN BULL AFTER THE COLORADO
BUGS.

Denis Donohue, the British consul for the States of
Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, Ken-
tucky and Missouri, whose consulate office is in Bal-
timore, yesterday issued the following circular : "In
order to avoid the introduction into Great Britain and
Ireland of the 'Colorado' or potato-destroying beetle,
I am instructed by her Majesty's Government to cau-
tion exporters against shipping with potatoes intend-
ed either for use during a voyage to or for importa-
tion into the United Kingdom, any potato haulms or
stalks, or adhering soil, from the place in which such
potatoes are grown. The otficers of customs at the
various ports of the United Kingdom have been in-
structed to examine carefully all potatoes coming
from the United States and from Canada, whether
brought as merchandise or ship's stores, and to take
care that all particles of haulm or stalk, or of loose
soil, which may be found with such potatoes, be de-
stroyed by fire."

We are not sure that the action involved in
the above extract from a recent number of the
Baltimore Sun, will not eventually prove a
most stupendous "mountain in labor," which
may result in bringing "forth a mouse." In
our opinion, the non-importation of potatoes
from the United States and Canada will be
about as ineftcctual in diminishing the geo-
graphical limits of the Colorado potato-beetle
as the non-importation of corn-cobs. Although
it is not impossible that some of the pests may
be carried over to England and the continent
of Europe in cargoes of potatoes, yet that is
not the chief danger of their transmission.
They will be carried over (if they ever reach
foreign shores) in the same manner that the
oriental cockroaches were brought here, and
that the American cockroaches were carried
over to England ; and nothing short of abso-
lute and universal non-intercourse could prove
a certain bar to their progress. When they
reach the sealioard they will go into their
winter hybernation in the ground, if they can,
but in any convenient nook or comer, if they
cannot. Late in the autumn of 1874 thou-

sands of them were scattered over the pave-
ments of Lancaster city, crawling under door-
steps and through cellar-grates, or anywhere
else, to get "out of the cold." In another
article in this ntmiber of our journal we have
given our theory of their sudden and unex-
pected advent in Lancaster county, at least
three years before they could have reached
the western base of the Allegheny Mountains,
according to their ordinary progress. Where-
ever they have appeared in Pennsylvania they
have always been first observed in the potato
fields along the railroads; and the plain in-
ference seems to he, that they were cairied
thither on the rolling stock of the road — per-
chance amongst the freight, whether it con-
sisted of potatoes or anything else. Ours is
not the function of an luinecessary alarmist,
but we would respectfully admonish John
Bull that before five years he may have the
CoJorado 2)otato-bcctle on his soil, anyhow; and
if it once becomes domicilated there, it is not
going to leave it in much of a hurry. No; we
do not think there is much danger of its being
exported in cargoes of potatoes; but tliere are
many other contingencies through which this
end may be effected. It was demonstrated
last year, both at Marietta and here in Lan-
caster city, that where they had eaten all the
potato leaves, they scraped the "epidermis"
off the ripened vines, leaving them white as
bleached skeletons; and, not content with
this, when the meagre crop was dug up, the
beetles attacked the tubers, almost burying
themselves in the cavities they had eaten out.
It is true that, should they happen to bury
themselves deep enough in the potato tuber,
and hybernate there, they mirjht thus be
transiwrted to other places; but these are
only exceptional cases.

ALFALFA CLOVER, BARLEY, &c.

Many of the agricultural journals which
come under our ol)sei'vatioii have something
to say about Alfalfa clover, and therefore we
conclude that it has been, or is about to be,
introduced into the middle region of our coun-
try as one of its grass or hay crops.

Our attention has been incidentally called
to this subject by reading a published letter
from Rev. C. Dny Noble, fomierly of Chicago,
111., but who is now residing at Riverside,
San Bernardino county. Southern California.
Mr. N. says: "The Alfalfa clover will pro-
duce about eight crops a year, at a profit of
SlOO per acre;" and that if the land is proper-
ly irrigated (either natiually or artificially, we
presimie), the roots are good for an indefinite
period; and it is alleged that there is no bet-
ter food for all kinds of stock that are not
subjected to hard work. It is true, the tem-
perature in the winter is very seldom lower
than .3(P above zero; but still, in our Lancas-
ter county climate, we might manage to grow
four or five crops, if the roots were not ex-
posed to an open, boisterous, and hard-freez-
ing winter. Barley hay is, however, consid-
ered better for working horses, and brings
$12 a ton in winter. .$400 an acre have been
realized for barley liay in one year. When
barley has been sown and harvested, the year
following two and even tt rec crops of barley
hay can be realized without re-sowing. Corn
and wheat are not profitable, but oranges,
lemons, figs, grapes, iiomegranites, almonds,
English walnuts, peaches, plums, apples, apri-
cots, bananas and strawberries all do well.
The Muscat grape, and the raisins therefrom,
are the most profitable staples of the district.

PLANTING POTATOES EARLY.

E. S. Brownell, in the Country Gentleman, says:
" From the experience I have had,Iwould recommend
planting as early as the ground is in a suitable condi-
tion. Potatoes planted early will in most seasons
mature early, and will be less liable to be injured by
blight or disease. Planted early, they will be fit to
harvest early. I recommend harvesting as soon as
ripe, if in August. Let (hem dry and put them in
"the cellar ; be sure to exclude light and air, in order
to preserve the quality. I am of the ojiinion that po-
tatoes planted early are less liable to be false-hearted,
as tubers that grow quick are much more liable to

show that defect. Cutting tubers to single eyes will
largely increase the yield from the amount of seed
used. It also has a tendency to produce large tubers,
but not so many in a hill as where more seed is used,
which will produce more in number but of smaller
size. Brownell's Beauty has excelled all varieties in
producing the greatest weight from a single pound,
but 1 think the Eureka, that originated with me in
1871, one year after the Beauty, will do better still."

All of the foregoing, and much more, we
think, would accrue to the planting of pota-
toes early. Now, that the " Colorado beetle "
is likely to become a "fixed institution" in
Lancaster county, furnishes an additional
stimulant to plant early. It is well known,
from past experience, that the early crops
suffer less damage from the infestations of
this insect than the late crops; nor is this
a mere arbitrary result, and altogether with-
out a good reason. Only a little reflection
will illustrate that the reason is quite obvious.
The early spring brood are never so numerous
as the later broods. The vicissitudes of cold
winter and variable spring may subject the
insects to contingencies to which they are not
exposed in midsummer. However tenaceous
they may be there are nevertheless many that
perish, one way or other, between their autumn
hybernation and their spring resuscitation ;
moreover, if birds or domestic poultry will
feed upon them at all, they are more likely to
do it then, when food is scarce, after a long
winter fast, than they are at a later period,
when fruit or vegetable food becomes more
abundant. Their parasitic and carniverous
enemies are also more numerous as the season
advances than they are at its beginning.
These things, taken together, seem to suggest
early planting.

WHAT

FERTILIZERS ARE USED IN
YOUR COUNTY?

To circulars sent to statistical correspondents
of the Agiicultural Department, in sixteen hun-
dred and twelve coimties in the United States,
propounding the above question, answers have
been received from ten hundred and ninety-six;
and the following tabulated report shows the
pereenteujeot the different kinds of manure and
fertilizers used.

It will be observed from this table that the
manure from farm-animals is the main reli-
ance for sustaining the fertility of the soil. It
is also demonstrated from other statistical de-
tails of the office, that fully one-half of the
counties in the United States are cultivated
"literallj' without fertilizers of any kind,"
and another fourth, with the incidental aid of
"green manuring," or a little lime, plaster,
cotton seed, &c., &c. On the whole, however,
the farmers of the country are becoming better
versed in the philosophy of fertilization, and
better able to adapt their practice to the pecu-
liarities of the soil.

states.

Maine

N. Harapshire.

Vermont

MassactiusettB.
Rhofle Island..

Connecticut

New York

New -Jersey

Pennsylvania. .

Delaware

Maryland

VirRiuia

N. Carolina

.S. Carolina . , . .

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

MissisBippi../..

u

IS

p. a.

P.ct.

73

27

84

16

85

15

7.5

25

78

22

81

19

68

32

69

31

76

24

72

28

40

60

59

41

51

49

■26

74

33

67

45

6.5

53

47

60

40

States.

S3

<a

Ph

P.ct.

Louisiana

70
65

Arkansas

Tennessee

80

West Vii-giuia..

77

Kentucky

97

85
73

Michigan

[ndiana

84

[lliuojs

95

Wisconsin

90

Minnesota ...

98

100

Missouri

95

Kansas

100

Nebraska

100

California

98

P.ct.

30
35
20
23

3
15
27
16

5
10

2

A USEFUL TABLE.

To aid farmers in arriring at accuracy in ascertain-
ing the amount of land in different fields under culti-
vation, the following table is given:

5 yards wide by 9(iS yards long, contains one acre.

10 yards wide by 4S-t yards long, contains one acre.

20 yards wide by '^42 yards long, contains one acre .

40 yards wide by 121 yards long, ctmtains one acre.

fiO feet wide by 72fi feet long, contains one acre.
110 feet wide by 306 feet long, contains one acre.
220 feet wide by 198 feet long, contains one acre.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

57

IRRIGATION IN THE VALLEY OF THE
RIO GRANDE.

The irrigation of tin; soil by artificial means
is not a niodeni invention, nor a cu.stoni of
recent date. The soil of certain c()nntries has
always, at certain seasons, retjuired other
means than those supplied liy the iircvailinj;
iiatm-al laws, to insmc satisfactory returns t<i
the husbandman ; nor did it require more than
ordinary jiowers of observation to perceive
that if a deficiency of moisture was Iiurtful to
growini^ vegetation, the needed supiily of tliat
essential must prove beneficial. We may
safely assume, therefore, that the practice ol'
irrigation is coeval witli that of agriculture
itself.

AVe find, consequently, that in those early
times when Africa and Asia boasted of tlie
great monarchies of the world, this method of
assisting the i)arclied soil to yield its treasuics
was almost universally i)racticed. IIow the
annual overfiowings of the Xile make green
and fruitful the valh^y rendered famous by
that classic sti'cam, is known to all ; l)ut it is
not so generally known that on the temples,
jiillars and other remains tliat still strew the
banks of that mighty river, are pictured a
numlier of devices whereby the turbid waters
were dra^\ii from their channel and distiibutcd
over the sandy stiil at times when the low
waters of the Nile refused to (juit their muddy
bed.

A complete net-work of irrigating canals
covered the greater part of Assyria and Baby-
lonia, abimdant relics of which still greet the
eyes of the traveler. These, however, were
also employed for inirposcs of navigation, and
were found useful for a double jiurpose. Even
to-day the waters of the Euphrates and the
Tigris are drawn from their channels l)y the
same methods emphned 4,000 years ago. In
Spain, France and Italy, as, indeed, in all the
otlier countries bordering on the Mediterra-
nean, irrigation enters largely into the neces-
sities of the husbandman ; and without it his
lalKirs in many places would meet with iinor
returns. It was also tried in England in the
sixteenth century ; but as the rain-fall in that
country is generally sullicient, and too often
in excess of the farmer's needs, it soon fell
into disuse. It is still a common practice to
turn the water of adjacent streams into
meadows, when the .summers prove unusually
dry.

After this somewhat lengthy introduction,
we turn now to the method of irrigation as
practiced on this continent, and we purpose
to describe it with sufiicient minuteness to
render it intelligible to every reader. Our
observations, extending through a i>criod of
. many years, relate more particularly to the
valk-y of the Kio Grande, although "all over
Mexico, excepting only the valleys of the
Sierra Madre range and the narrow" belt bor-
dering on the .sea-coasts, the same geneial
system prevails. Even here the artificial
watering of land has jirevailed from immemo-
rial years. Cortes and Ids com])anions found
the practice in general vogue among the
Aztecs; and as the (ilan followed here ditfers
from that pursued on the Eastern continent,
it is a fair jiresumption that tlie concpierors
adopted the method observed by the natives.
Tliere are two primary facts connected with
this subject which must be borne in mind :
first, that irrigation is necessjiry only where
there is a deficient rain-fall ; and, second, that
it is practicable only in the valleys and coun-
try lying adjacent to streams of water. Where
the latter ar? wanting there can of course be
no artificial irrigation. It follows, therefore,
that in a regi(ui wheie there mv few rivers or
streams of considerable si/e Hint may lie made
available, there are often innnense tracts of
land which are, and must forever remain,
comparatively valueless for agriculluial pur-
poses. Gen. W. B. Ilazen has quite recently
called attention, in an article in the North
American Iievi(u\ to the immen.se region of
country lying immediately eastward of the
Eoeky Mountains, which,' from insufficient
rains and the limited number of streams, will
to all intents and purposes bid defiance to the

efibrls of the pioneer to make it available for
his siqiport. The vast plains of Colorado,
parts of Mebraska and Western Kansas, por-
tions of New Mexico and Arizona, and the
Llano Estaciulo of Texas, are all included in
this category, as well as nuich of the table
lands of Mexico.

The town of El Paso, in Mexico, is built on
the right bank of the Rio Grande river, and
contains, proViably, 4,r)t)0 inhabitants. Thesis
are scattered along the river for a distance of
six or seven miles ; and although the valley is
in some ])laces three miles wiiie, all or nearly
all the cultivated land lies within a mile of
the river bank, the rest being unoccupied.
About two miles above the town the river has
cut through a range of mountains, and, as is
usual in such placi'S, there is ('(insiderabli' fall,
and, what is eciually desirable, a rocky forma-
tion, thnuigh which a stable and permanent
mouth has l)een hewn for the irrigating ditch
or canal. Such canals are called ureqidaa, and
the main or principal one, the araiuia inndrc,
or mother canal. To furnish enough water to
suiiply the above poi)ulation, nine-tenths of
which are farmers on a larj^er or smaller scale,
requires a canal of considerable dimensions.
Indeed, the El Paso acequia is the largest we
have ever .seen, being at its origin about
twelve feet wide and five feet deep, and in
A\n\\ and May, when the spring rise has
swollen the river, generally bank full.

In digging an ace(iuia it is desirable to have
as much, and, if possible, all the water that
(lows through it, abucc the level of the fields to
be watered, because in that way the entire
quantity can be poured out over them, while
if part Hows lower than the surrounding
ground, it is not available, and conse(|uently
lost. It is very desirable also that the mouth
of the acequia — the mouth is that end where
the water first cjiters it, and not, as in a river,
where it discharges — should be quite or nearly
on a level with the bed of the river from which
it draws its supplies, because then, however
low the water in the stream might become in
a dry season, it would still continue to (low
into the aceciuia; whereas, if the mouth of the
latter was above the bed of the source of su])-
jily, either temporary or permanent dams
would be required to divert the How into the
irrigating ditch. And just here we may call
attention to the advantages this mod(" of sup-
plying the water has over that jiractised in
oriental countries ; here the canals are filled
by the direct flow of the water into them from
the rivers, while there it is jiumped or raised
up by machinery more or less rude, the motive
power lieing furnished by either men or cattle.
The former method has the advantage, both
on the score of simplicity as well as that of
economy.

The digging, cleaning and keeping in repair
of the acequias is a matter of h^gislative en-
actment, and in every townshi]) is under numi
cipal control. There is a mayordomo or gen-
eral sujiervisor, who app(jints the necessary
number of subordinates, called alathh^ de
aijua, or water magistrates, through whom all
complaints, reiiuests for the u.se of water, and
other like business must be made. Every resi-
dent, either pei-sonally or by |)roxy, is re-
quired to do a certain number of days work,
annually, on the acequias ; this amount of
work is governed by the wealth of the indi-
vidual, if he be a merchant or a professional
man, but if a farmer, then by the amount of
grain lu^ plants. The measure whereby this
service is regulated is the (ilniwhi^ equal to
.about one-fifth of our bu.shcl ; beyond a cer-
tain number of almuilas, however, a new regu-
lation conns in, and then the service exacted
includes carts and oxen to haul brush, stones
and dirt, when necessary. Any one can com-
pound by paying money instead of rendering
physical labor. Besides the regularly assessed
duty, in times of emergency, when a svulden
or unforseen tlood destroys or threatens to tear
away the banks of the acequia, or other dan-
ger impends, the Prij'ecin or Mayor of the dis-
trict ('aTi, and often docs, seize every man or
boy his police can get theirhands on, and sends
them to the point where the impending dan-

ger is. To keep in order tlie acequia madre
from its mouth to the point where the lateral
and smaller aceiiuies branch ofi', is the duty
of the entire county, but the citizens of each
precinct (of which there are seven) are obliged
to attend to the branches tliat llow through
their several districts.

This compulsoiy labor on the irrigating
canals is a very serious tax on the farmer:
more time than would be supjiosed is tlui.s, in
a measure, hi.st to him, and is an unceasing
cause of complaint. The water of the Hio
Grande dining the spring ri.se holds in solu-
tion mineral and vegetable matter equal to as
much as one-lilt h of its bulk. This being pre-
cijiitated soon (ills up the canals, and necessi-
tates fre(|uent cleanings: from one to two feet
of dirt are dug, or rather hoed from the bot-
tom, for th(! lioe is to the Mexican what the
shovel or spade is to the Iri.shman : the dirt
thus thrown out heightens and strengtheua
the banks of the canal.

It is found necess;iry to irrigate the planted
lands every eight or ten days during the sum-
uut: should considerable rains intervene, then,
of course, such frequent waterings are not re-
quired. No one can obtain the use of the
water without application to the Alcades do
Agiia, and not always then, for the sui)ply is
nearly constantly short, except during the
spring lloods. This often leads to taking the
water by stealth at night, partiiailarly at dis-
tant fields where the lialiilily to detection is
not great. Such misdemeanors are severely
jiunisbed when di.scovereil. Most farmers pre-
fer to irrigate at night, not only to avoid the
heat of the sun, but also ljccau.se they believe
the application of the water to be more etKca-
tious then than during the day.

A field to be irrigated is laid off into small
beds or divisions, each from ten to twenty
yards square: this is rendered necessary from
the fact that no considerable piece of ground
is found sudiciently level to allow of its being
evenly Hooded at one time; some porti<ms
would get too much water, and other parts
none: the ubiquitous hoe is therefore brought
into requisition, and a border from six to twelve
inches high is thrown up around a small Ix'd
of the size mentioned aliove. The water from
the acequia is turned into this small patch un-
til the soil will absorb no more, when the same
process is cimtiimed with the ne.\t division,
and so on until the whole field is gone over.

This is a tedious proceeding, and when the
water .supply is short, three or four acres are
all one man can go over in a day. When we
consider, too, that the wheat planting sea.sou
is in .lanuary, when sometimes spells of cold
Weather occur,and that thelaborer isobliged to
staijd and work in mud and water up to his
knees, it becomes apparent that the work is
anything liut agreealilc. And taking the mira-
berof (lays a farmer spends in irrigating his
crops, and then adding the time he is annually
compelled to devote to cleansing and repair-
ing the canals, it will at once be seen that the
.system entails no lit tlee.^penseuiiont he iilanter.
All this labor enhances the cost of his crops.
It must be very evident also, that, other things
being equal, agricultural products raised by
irrigation cannot compete with those grown
in iiiaces where copious rains render such a
coui-se uniK'cessary. Besides, no amount of
artificial watering of land can render the pro-
duct e(|ual, either in (juantity or quality, to
that grown when the moisture is precipitated
from rain clouds. AVIien, in addition to the
usual amount of irrigation, there are also sea-
sonable rains, the inerea.se in the crops pro-
duced is from thirty-three tofiftyiicr cent. A
hot sun, falling day after day, upon a soil that
has been flooded, bakes it dry and hard, and,
thecrnst that is formed, becomes full of cracks
and fissures, all of which are hmtful to vege-
tation.

Lateral acequias of all dimensions branch
off from the main stem and cover the valley
lik(^ a net work. The water for household
purj)oses, as well as for watering stock, is
taken from them. Ilorsesare washed in them
every day during the summer season, an<l they
are also {he common resort of men and women

58

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

for bathing piu'poses. Traversing as they do
the country in all directions, they are spanned
by innumerable rude bridges, whose repair is
a part of the duty of the supervisor and his
assistants. All in all, the system is simple
enough, but the innumerable annoyances which
arisefrom floods, from beavers and musk-rats
who dig holes through the banks and cause
leaks, and from cattle which, in crossing them,
break down the borders and send the water in
all directions, and from many other causes,
are enough to disturb the eqanimity of any one
who is not, like the Mexicans, a confirmed
optimist. — F. R. D., Lancaster, Pa.

SOAP.

To live in a clean house, to wear clean
clothes, and to have a cleaq skin, are privi-
leges hot to be lightly esteemed. A free use
of the compound which bears the honorable
name, Soap, aids very materially in attaining
these. All of us who labor on the farm, in the
shop, factory, kitchen or elsewhere, know-
that the material among which we work very
often gets out of place, becomes dirt, sticks
where it should not, and though water alone
be applied ever so freely, the " spot will not
out," and our only chance of preventin.i; an
immaculate appearance after oiu: work is done,
is by the application of soap.

The quantity of soap used by the people of
a country, it has been said, is a measure of
their civilization. A proper use, of course, is
meant ; and there is truth in this. Habitual
personal cleanliness is as sure a sign as one
can be named by which to recognize the man
or woman living under the influences of civ-
ilization.

Chemically, soap is the union of fat or oil
with an alkaline base, either potash or soda
The alkali on which its cleansing action de-
pends, used alone, would tend to destroy the
substance to be cleansed ; this is why wash-
ing powders are injurious to the textm^e of the
clothing on which "they are used, and the use
of the fat or oil in making soap is to neutral-
ize this tendency, and to act as a lubricant.

There are many extensive soap factories in
the country, and those housekeepers who wish
can be supplied with €very kind and quality
by the soap, grocery and country stores ;
but many — the majority in the country— yet
prefer that made by themselves. They have
the fat necessary in the shape of refuse lard,
tallow, bacon skins, etc., and the potash or
soda can now easily be obtained for use with
much less labor than was formerly required,
when the potash had to be extracted from the
pile of wood ashes at home. Where wood is
used for fuel this is yet done ; but we flunk
nothing is gained by it ; the unleached ashes
can be profitably used on the farm and gaixlen,
and there is always so nuicli to be done, es-
pecially about a farm-house, that no extra la-
bor should be engaged in where it can be
avoided without loss.

We would then say, if you want to make
soap (and tliis is generally one of the first jolis
in order on the approach of spring) go and liuy
caustic soda — you can get it at an apothecary
if nowhere else — and use it in this way. For
hard .soap, take to one pound of caustic soda
three pounds of fat, or five or six pounds of
ordinary soap fat, and three gallons of water ;
put all together in a kettle over the fire and
boil, adding three or four handsful of salt be-
fore the boiling is (pnte finished ; from two to
three hours boiling will l)e necessary. The ex-
perienced soap boiler will know by its appear-
ance when it has boiled sufficiently. The no-
vice will soon learn.

Where caustic soda can not be obtained, get
common washing or sal-soda, and by the ad-
dition of lime make it cai(.st/c, after the Pjllow-
ing plan, wliich is the one generally in use at
present, and wliich makes an excellent soap :
Take six pounds of washing soda and tlu'ec
pounds of fresh, unslacked lime ; place to-
gether in any water-tight vessel — an iron ket-
tle is best — and pour on two gallons of boiling
water ; stir occasionally until tb.e lime is
slacked and the soda is dissolved ; then allow

it to settle. Take the clean lye from the top
and pour it on the fat — of which three pounds
common scrapings are to be taken, and com-
mence boiluig ; then add another gallon of
water to the settlings of the soda and lime,
stirring as before. This lye is then to be added
to the other while boiling', also thi'iiw in about
six single handsful of salt about half an hour
before it is done boiling. Boil two hours

Without the salt either of these methods
will make a semi-soft soap ; but for a real
soft soap potash must be used. This you can
buy for the purpose ; or if you prefer, extract
from vfood ashes by simply mixing a little fresh
lime with them and pouring on water. An
old barrel or tub will do to hold them, if there
is a hole in the bottom for the liquid to drain
out. The ash hoppers fonnerly used for tliis
purpose are yet standing alongside of some
outhouse on many farms, but seldom used
now.

For toilet pui-poses a soap made with a
vegetable oil is to be preferred — castile, jialm
or cocoa, rather than those highly perfumed,
but which are sometimes made from the most
impure materials. If perfumed soap is wanted,
the common soap above can be melted, and per-
fume of any desired kind can be added ; but it
will be rather strong for delicate skins, and
castile is much to be preferred.

Soap-making need no longer be dreaded by
the woman to whose lot it falls, as by the
methods we have given, as well as other simi-
lar ones, all the soap needed in a family for
six months can be easily made in a single day.

It is sometimes said that home-made soap
costs more than it could be bought for. Per-
haps it does ; but then you have the satisfac-
tion of knowing from what it is made.

We would specially recommend the first
method we have given on account of its great
convenience ; but if there are any readers of
this who know of a "better way," we are
sure they cannot do better than to make it pub-
lic througli The Farmeb. JEi.

MOUNTAIN TEA.

The Beading Times, some time ago, pub-
lished an article on "Mountain Tea," and
spoke of a Mr. Hearsing as a veteran Tea
merchant, selling his tea in Berks and Lan-
caster counties. Mr. H., I believe, was never
known to visit old Warwick township, in
Lancaster County.

But the tea was well-known in this part of
the county for upwards of forty years or more.
Between the j'ears 1815 and 1820, a man by
the name of Jacob Mauss, a German, lived in
IMillport and ]5runcrsville, but left abruptly,
without paying all his liabilities. The neigh-
bors never knew what had become of him un-
til about 1830, when he "turned up," with a
large cargo of tea, contained in a muslin bag,
holding al)out fifty pounds, transporting it on a
wheelbarrow. Thus he would travel from
five to ten miles, occasionally taking out a quan-
tity and putting it into a smaller bag. He had a
light-weighing steelyards, almost worn as
white as silver from constant use, in weighing
out his tea in small quantities — from an eightli
to a pound. He represented himself as own-
ing large tea farms in the vicinity of Cold
Siirings, Lebanon county, and also in Dauphin
and Schuylkill counties. He gathered tea and
sold it, for many years, and, after his deatli,
his sons followed the same business for some
time.

After they quit the business, a man in Ra-
pho township took it up, and journeyed north-
westward, as far as Northumlierland county,
to gather tea. He carried it in packages of
difi'ercnt weights to suit customers, "it is
called tlie "Fragrant Goldenrod," (Solidago)
of which genus there are over thirty species in
the United States. "Goldenrod" comes from
an old Latin word which me<ins, to vutki: rolioU,
or, uirite, from the supposed healing qualities
of tlie tea. They llower from August to Oc-
tober, and have a rich, golden yellow color.
The loaves are lanreolnte, or willow shaped.
Tlie fall, or "Bitter Goldenrod" is very a-
bvndant throughout Lancaster county. Some

of it, in the leaves and flowers, looks like the
genuine Goldenrod, and can only be distin-
guished by tasting. The " Fragrant Golden-
rod " has been reported as existing on the hills
between Neftsville and the little Conestogo.
I noticed it in several counties west of Elmira,
in Kew York, and through Bradford and Ly-
coming counties, Pennsylvania. In passing
along the railroad, I could not ascertain whe-
ther it was the fragrant or the commoner
kinds.

I have examined the localities where it is
supposed to exist in our county, but I found
nothing but a kind of mint, and tlierefore it
has probably become extinct in Lancaster. It
makes a very pleasant tea, and if we could
habituate ourselves to it, we would like it as
well as Black or Green Tea, and would save
the vast amount of money we send annually
to China for tea. L. S. R.

P. S. — Dr. Wood gives 48 species of Soli-
dago for North America, but neither he, nor
Dr. Gray, makes any allusion to a fragrant
species, or that it is ever used for tea. Surely,
a plant used for this purpose these fifty years,
or more, must have been specifically identified
by Botanists long before this time. Can my
friend S. give the species, from its history a-
lone,and without having a specimen before him?

THE GREAT LILIUM AURATUM.

One of the most magnificent specimens of
this gorgeous flower ever seen, was exhibited
at the show of the Barnstable Agricultural
Society in September last. When the fact
that it bore no less than 61 perfect blossoms
at the time of the fair, and that three or four
others li.ad dropped off' in transjiorting it to
the show, was brought to the notice of the
State Board of Agriculture by Hon. J. F. C.
Hyde, who reported upon the exhibition as a
delegate from the board. Col. Wilder thouglit
it must be a mistake, so large a number of
blossoms never having been known. Major
Phinney, of Barnstable, amemljerof the board,
therefore addressed a note of enquii-y to Col.
Perkins, and received the following reply,
which we find in the 3Iassackusetts Plough-
man:

My Dear Sir : In accordance with my promise to
you, I herewith give you the statement regardiuff the
growth of the Lilium Auratura at Cotuit, 187i, aud
other circumstances wliich seem to bear upon the
case.

Mrs. Augustus D. Perkins began to cultivate the
Lilium Auriitum in her garden at Sandanwood, so
early as 1871. The position of the garden is on a bluff
fifty-five feet high, overlooking Cotuit Bay to tlie
southwest, and distant from the edge of the bank
about forty feet. The garden is surrounded with yel-
low pine trees. The original soil is merely sand, pro-
ducing nothing but pine and dwarf oak. After the
garden was laid out the sand was removed from the
beds to the depth of two feet, leaving the spaces round
them for paths. The beds were filled with a compost
made of black mud dug from a pond, mixed with the
sand taken from the beds, and enriched with manure
from stables near at hand. All the bulbs did well,
some reaching three and four feet in height, and hav-
ing from fifteen to twenty-five flowers on the beet
plants.

The lily which has caused some attention owing to
the size it attained in the autumn of 1874, and whicli
was exhibited at the fair at Barnstable, threw up
those shoots which still stand (February 17th, 187.5)
and by careful measurement now reach the extraor-
dinary size of seven feet eleven inches. When in ex-
hibition it had sixty-one flowers, and Capt. William
Childs, who prepared it for the fair, says that it has
already lost three, and that it bore sixty-four flowers
in all.

The well at Sandanwood, which is near the garden,
is dug through fifty-five feet of clear sand, free of
stones, but with faint traces of iron in it. This shows
the character of the soil to its whole depth. >
Yours very truly,

A. T. Perkins.

The above is not only interesting as an in-
stance of floral proliflcation of an unusual oc-
cin-ronee in the lily family, but also as involv-
ing tlie suliject of soil, and as such we com-
mend it to the notice of our correspond ent in
anotlier part of this paper, and especially since
tlie extraordinary result seems to have lieen
cftectcd through "the intelligent culture prac-
ticed by a lady.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

59

TIMBER FOR FENCES.

This qiK'stiiin Wils, or was to liiivo bocn, dis-
ciisscil at a luoi'tiiig of the Ayrindlural and
HorlicullKntl iSiiriiii/ of Lnwd.tlrr Count;/.

I believe the riiiestioii was ''what kind of
timber is (luiel^est and easiest raised for feuc-
ma purposes."

I would answer, the willow, the ailantus
and tlie loeust. Willows can be raised in from
twenty to tliirty years. I planted two willows
twenty-live years a>;o, and eut them into rails
last summer. I made fourteen panels of
"worm fence" from the rails of these trees,
and mitrht, no doulit, have made twenty-live
panels of four-rail post-fence. Willow rails
are as lasting as chestnut rails, when cut at
the proper time. I have some on my place
that were cut forty years aijo, and they are
still sound. I tliink the proper time to cut
them is when the saii is u]) — in May lor in-
stance— in order to facilitate the peeling oil'
of the bark.

The ailantus is a very rapid growing
tree — almost as much so as the willow. If it is
well sea.soned, it will last as long and as well
as locust, and it is also very good for fuel.
There may be a doubt about its durability as
a post, but it is worth trying. The locust is
also a fast growing tree, when planted in
favorable ground, and free from the "tree-
borer" (Cli/tvs rohinm). At twenty years
growth you can make from live to six posts,
b\it at ten years longer, you can make from
fifteen to twenty posts out of a single tree.

I believe, however, that locust timber ought
to lie well seasoned before it is used for fencing
and especially trees that had been growing
very rapidly.

Another word about willows. They can be
raised on any kind of waste ground, but moist
ground .is preferable, and they ought to be
raised in thick groves, in order to make them
grow straight. Xast spring I planted some
sixty young willows along a small water
stream shaded more or less on both sides by
forest trees, and at a place too where the
cattle have access the whole summer, thinking
at the time, that the cattle, by rubbing them-
selves against them might possibly retard
their growth more or less. I planted at the
same time some lifty in a low, wet place in a
corner of a field which had been intended for
corn, sujiposing those in the field would be
midisturbed, and would all grow, l)ut to my
suriirise the reverse was the case. Of those
shade<l and exposed to the cattle, nim out of
ten grew and thrived, whilst of those in the
open field and in the wet ground, nine out of
ten died.

Planting trees is mie thing, and getting them
to grow jiroperly is another thing.

It is the same in planting fruit trees. They
are too often planted, left to take care of
themselves and perish from neglect. — L. S. R.
Warwirk, April. 187.5.

[In .iddilion to tlic trops above n.iinofi, wp would
mention a kind of poplar, known as the "Balm of
(iilead," as a more rapitl trrowpr than anj' of them,
if that fdcl has any merit in relation to fpncinf;
material. Ed. J

LETTERS, QUERIES, AND ANSWERS.

The Flower Garden.

^fr. Kditor: Can we not have a Floral Dppartmint
in your exeellent paper? I have just read the Mareh
number of the Farmer, and your eordini invitation
to lady eontriliutors has prompted me to use my pen ;
hut rather for the i)urpose of ftu-itlmi information,
than for communieatini; it . I want some helpful smr-
pestions as to.tht; ease of my Ilower garden. I am
not a farmer's wife or daughter, elsp 1 should blush
for the confessions of in;noranee I must make. I live
in the eity, and have a small flower t'arilen ; I liud
niueh pleasure in the pare of plants and tlowers, and
deliirht preatly in their fragranee and beauty, but I
do not always have the gooil Hucrt-KX I desire. I want
now to solieit from yourself, or your readers, sueh
instruetivc suggestions as 1 need to beeome a better
gardener.

In the first place I want to enquire alx)ut the soU.
What is necessary to secure a good soil for flower
beds? Mine does not look right, or net right! It is
hard, light colored, and when watered, in the sum-
mer, gets packed and unmanageable. While visiting

at the West, last fall, in Illinois, I was so delighted
with the appearance of the soil there in its native
stale, that I briMight a pint of it home, in a box, to
show to my friends. It was very dark, nullow, anil
rich l(H)king; and it was really mortifying anil dis-
eoiirjiging to compare the soil of my garden with this
tieauliful loam. 1 decitlcil then that 1 wouM certain-
ly change the color of my soil, at any rate, l)y adding
imlverized charcoal to It., this spring. Will some on<;
inform me whetluT this would be a prudent course?
I should like to know, also, whether soil, such as Is
found under Ibrcst trees, in tin; country, is suitable
for garden plants. 1 have been iuforuied that it is not
so good as " made " soil.

You will see, .Mr. Kilitor, that I certainly jwcd In-
formation, anil 1 trust that some of y*»ur readers who
have had superior advantages in such matters, will
gciuTously aid me. If they will ilo so I shall, in an-
other letter, apply for help in regard to the culture
of roses and otlier tlowers and plants.

Eaknestine.

In reply to our "fair correspondent," we
would say that w(^ U^lieve we oi(<//(( to have a
"lloral deiKirtment, " and can have one if our
florists will assist us with their contributions
on FhriaiHure. The mo.st beautifid results
incidental to tilling the soil are those which
perttiin to the cultivation tjf llowering plants,
and in their sphere they occupy a plane of use
not inferior to anything that " mother earth "
produces, albeit tuey cannot be converted into
Suur-Krdut.

As to the proper kind of soil, we would spe-
cifically refer her to the article on "Ko.se Cul-
ture," in this number of our journal, as com-
ing from "one who knows." Of course,
different kinds of plants require a somewhat
dilleicnt kind of soil. Proliably, her garden
is not dug deep enough, h;is not enough of
vegetable manure, and too much lime and
sand. Lime and sand, with the addition of
water, are the elements of mortar, which, as
soon as the water evaporates, results in a
htirdened tind ailhesive mass, and there are
.approximations, more or less, to this condition
in the soil of many gardens. Note the follow-
ing selection :

SOOT AS A GARDEN KERTU.IZER. Perhaps it may
have occurred to some of our lady readers that the
refuse soot of our chimneys is one of the most valu-
able stimulants and fertilizers they can have for their
garden llowcrs. The following iueict^-nt of practical
experience is from a lady contributor to the Uurnl
Curolininn: During two seasons we nursed, fed and
petted the Hartford i)rolifie graiie vine — as much for
its sliade over the winilow as for its fruit — but it [)er-
si.sted in remaining a stunted cane, yellow, and refus-
ing to climb. Despairing a shade, grapes and ropes,
we finally iicthought ourselves of soot as a manure,
and forthwith made a "soot tea" l)y steeping a tea
cup of soot in a quart of water. This we adnnnistered,
two doses each, to both the trees and the vine. The
vine grew six feet in height in the space of six weeks,
the rose bush four feet in the same length of time —
both therefore rejoiced in living green.

The Chinese Yam.
Prop. S. S. Rathvon :

Dear Sir ; Can you itiffirm me where I can get
Chinese Yams (Uioxeorea Bnlaliis) . In view of the
Potato Bug pest, we thiidi of giving them a trial if
thi'y can lie got at a rea.sonablc rate. I sec one seeds-
man advertises at the modest rate of .?'2.0II per oz.

Would it be too late to have an artrcle on them in
The Farmer? I am under the impression you know
all about their culture and merits. — A. B. K., ,Siife
J{art>or, JMiicnuler county^ /'«., Mareh oti. l.S7o.

We know of no place within the county of
Lanciister nmn where the Y;im is kept for Siile,
btit we presume they can lie obtained fromaiiy
of the seedsmen of Philadelphia, ISallimore or
New York. It is very likely, however, that
the price will be comparatively high wherever
they may be olitiiined. VVe admire the
" pltick " of om- correspondent, and we wish
we could encomtige him in his efforts to
"head off" the potato-beetle liy planting the
Yiun instead of the potato, but really we
fear it would result in failure.

According to observations made in various
parts of the country, the "Colorado Potato-
beetle " has been seen to feiMl on Jiotatocs,
tomatoes, eggi)lants, night .shade, corn leave.s,
lambsquarter, amaraiitlius, lettuce, ciibbage,
thistles, .strawberry, currant and rasplx'rry
letives, plantain, potfito tubi'rs. and sundi'y
other vegetable substances, but its preference
is the potato.

But, under any circimistances, we think the

cultivation of the yam should not have been
discoirtinued. Previous to the, "rebellion "it
wa.s cultivated by a immber of per.scuis in thif
county, iind especiallv in and about Marietta
— .ludge Libhart, II. M. Kngle, anil others —
iind its yield and (|tiality were genenilly ap-
jiroveil, but the great objections were the great
labor in digging out the crop, on .acciiunt of
the grciit deptli to which the roots and tubers
IH'nelrated. We have always considered Ihein
excellent — to our tasle at least — tmd we should
like to see their cultivation resumed, as a
change in the productions of our soil.

They are easily rai.sed, for once plaiit,ed they
will not need to be planted soon again. Every
root fibre will send out a shoot iit the following
yi^ar ; moreover, the vine it.selfiirodiices .small
inters from which the plant can Ik- grown.

In looking over our exchtmges We were
rather suriiri.sed thiit so little is said about
did.sri/rea. Hut a single tirticlc on the subject
has cotne under our observation for months,
and that writer gave them a high edible, pro-
lific, ecimiimic, aiul healthful chtiracter, tiiid
slated that when they once became domiciliated
they are like the artichoke, (tomiiig up every
year of tluur own accord, liut unlike that tuber
they are as good the si'cond year as they were
the first, and therefore absolutely need no
gathering and housing as other tubers do ;
but he al.so deplored the great distance they
travel towanls their antipodal origin, and the
labor involved in unearthing them. Of course,
the snrlace of the soil where they grow should
be kei)t<:lear of weeds, but they grow .so deep
that a surface cro)) can also Ik; grown on the
same ground, if necessary. Some years ago
we cultivated them in boxes, but t"liis would
be imi)racticable oti a large scale. Oin- boxes
were square, and the tubers got down its low
as th<\y possibly could, llattenifigand penetrat-
ing the corners and even the fissures in ihe
boards. As the tubers increased in size they
heiived the ciirth upward, .so that the boxes
which were not qtiite full of soil in the spring,
were heaped full ;uid riuming over in the fall,
and the yield was good, but they had all sorts
of shapes and many angles.

The Persimmon and the Scuppemong Grape.

Our genial friend, the Editor of the Lancaster
F.XRMrR, it appears, cannot comprehend what is
meant when writers say, "Persimmons as large as
an apple," whether they mean "a Siberian crab, or a
jiound apple," and, after quoting some writer who no *
ilouiit mistakes the Chinese Ilioxiii/rux Knki, for JJiuit-
pyrnx .Taponiea, but not to commit hini.«elf tells us,
"as forourself, we kick out of all individual respons-
ibility— except the — it is represented."

Now , a few words in furl tier explanation. I will just
say that a friend in California wrote me some years
ago, that 1h' saw a drawing in 8an Francisco of the
.Japan variety, and that it, was "as large as your fist;
or a large sizeil apple!" They hadn't it fruiting there
then. "The man who had the drawings, also had
four trees that his son brought ilircct from .lapan."
From the above I think our friend will understand
that the large fruited variety is really the .Japan va-
riety, and not the Knl,-i, or Chinese — and that it is
some trifle larger than a "erali apple ! "

No, friend K., 1 did not sueccid in growing the
Kaki, even as large as our wild Persimmons — and
that variety never will grow larger than a small Si-
berian cral', I venture to say, even in China. No, I
did not succeed in growing the scuppemong grajic as
large as I hey grow in the .South, for I failed to fruit
it at all, and so will every one who tries to grow it
north of" .Mason and Dixon's line."

But as l« the Chinese variety of Persimmon being
mistaken for the.Ja|iaii variety — any person who can
see them both, will at once see llie dltt'crenee — the
Chinese plant being small, with thin branches and a
yellow bark, while the .Japan variety is of nuire uj)-
right growth, stronger and thicker branches, and the
color of tile bark dark lirown, so that the very ap-
pearance of the plants will at once convince the most
skeptical that it is the .Japan variety that bears the
largest fruit. Then Mr. Hogg, of Brooklyn, having
the trees bearing fruit, would certainly i»ot have in-
vitcil C. Downing and others to eome, see, and lest
It, if it were no larger than a Silierian crab apple !
Kespcctfully

J. B. Gaurer,

Columbia, Pa., Ifareh 20, 187.5.

Of course, this ditcu.fion iibout exotic |)cr-
simmons is not onr.s, but tetweeii a foreign
writer and tin American experimentalist.
Under any circumstances, it illustrates that

60

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Mr. Rind — the only authority on foreign bo-
tauy_ to which we have access — could not have
known anything about Biotipyrus Japonica, or
that he got the Kaki strangely mixed up with
it in his brief description, all of which may
be interesting to the readers of the Fabmer.

We have such confidence in the experimental
knowledge of our venerable friend, that we are
willing to concede that he is in the right, even
if he were not backed up by such authorities
as Downing and Hogg ; for we happen to know
that, in many instances, two or more subjects
of the mineral, vegetable, or animal kingdoms
may be confounded, even by writers of ac-
knowledged general merit. His remarks on
the Chinese persimmon and the scuppeniong
grape, are of undoubted value to those who
may have been hankering after foreign varie-
ties, or those not locally adapted to our soil.
Nevertheless, we must still insist that "big as
an apple," or "big as fi fist" even, are not
very definite illustrations of size. They might
answer if a particular kind of apple, or a par-
ticular person'' s fist were mentioned, but other-
wise, they approach the category involved in
— "big as a piece of chalk."

In conclusion, we thank our correspondent
for his interesting strictures, and we can assure
him that nothing emanating from his pen will
be consigned to tlie waste basket, only because
it seems to run "athwart" the statement of
the Editor.

of sulphur would give the airculios their quie-
tus, if it should reach them, but can we be
quite sure that this would be the case with this
remedy ? We see that the remedy alluded to
by C. 11. has been questioned in a Western
journal, by a writer who has tried it, but he
may also disapprove of the sulphur remedy,
on the ground we have mentioned.

Remedy for the Curculio.

Dear Editor : It is with the greatest of pleasure
that I affain resume my pen to write a few lines for
The Fakmek, which is growing dearer to me with
every number.

I can hardly wait till it gets printed, so eager am I
to read its contents.

I think T. M., of Mereersburg, " flings " his com-
pliments too high. I don't deserve them. But if he
comes to our neighborhood this summer, and deems
it worth while to come to see me, I shall cook him a
good dinner. I thought he had lost sight of me en-
tirely.

I have read C. H.'s letter on the "Plum Turk,"
and I can give you a better way to clear him out, and
not quite so offensive or expensive.

It is simply this : Take a wire, about 34 inches long,
bend it in half moon shape, or a little closer. Insert
them into dry corn cobs. Now sprinkle theiu with
flour of sulphur, then set them on Are in the grass,
around under your trees — see that the smoke gets to
every part of the tree.

Do this from the time that the buds begin to bloom
till the danger is over, twice a week. Take fresh cobs
every time,"and I tell you you will have more plums
than you know what to do with.

MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS.

I am not quite ready yet to satisfy T. M. as to my
housekeeping, but will do so in time. "Duty before
pleasure."

Already Spring is here, and the farmers have done
very little out of doors ; and when they get at work
they must work all the harder and faster, to make up
for lost time. Why should they not have a good word
every month through the P'ahmer? It gives them
food to study, as they follow the plough or harrow
day by day —

" A little kinduess every day,
To help your neighbors on the way."

A little about seed and then I will close for the
present.

Peas should be planted as soon as you can get the
ground in order, 3 inches deep, the rows 6 inches
apart.

Sugar peas should be planted 8 inches apart, as
they grow taller and need more room.

Onion seed ought to be sown \y, inches deep, and
not too thick, and covered lightly.

Sweet marjoram should just be sown on the surface
of the ground, and then pressed down. It is a very
fine seed, and planted like tol>acco seed. — Leoline,
ElizabethtoH'n, Pa., March '»1, 187.5.

We think, with Leoline, the corn cob and
sulphur fumes far preferable to whale oil soaji,
for anything that can stand ' • biu-nt brimstone ' '
with impunity must belong to "goblins
d d," but we confess that her communica-
tion is not quite clear to our comprehension.
Is any special virtue claimed for the corn cobs,
other than that their rough surface may hold
the particles of sulphur better than anything
else? Wliat use of the bent wires V Are
they hooked on the brandies of the trees ?

Wovdd not a windy day defeat the effects of
the remedy y We are satisfied that the fumes

The Potato Beetle and Early and Late Potato
Planting.

To the Editor of The Lancaster Farmer:

In the discussion following the report of the com-
mittee on the Colorado Potato Beetle, at the last
meeting of the Horticultural Society, the speakers
were all in favor of planting potatoes early, and rec-
ommended the Early Rose as the variety to plant. I
fully agree with them as to the variety, but my ob-
servation of the habits of the beetles the past season,
and experience in planting, have led me to believe
that a late planting for the main crop would be advis-
able.

No matter how early in the season you may plant,
the over-year beetles will be waiting for the potatoes
to come up to make the attack. In the early spring
the ground will be cold, and the vines will grow
slowly, and the potatoes will not mature in time to
escape the second crop of beetles, and you will have
to contend with these and their brood to raise your
crop. If you leave planting till later, say the 20th of
May, or near the time when the over-year beetles
cease flying and laying eggs, the ground will then
be warm, the vines will grow rapidly, and will be in
bloom before the first brood of the season make their
appearance as perfect beetles in search of new fields,
and you will only have to contend with these and
their brood to raise your crop of potatoes. — L. P.,
Ohrititiana, ith mo. oth, 187.5.

We place the above on record, upon the
principle that "In a multitude of counsellors
there issiifety," and because every new fact
in regard to the habits of this loathsome pest
is of interest to the potato grower and con-
sumer. Perhaps the proper mode of circinn-
venting it, inider all circumstances, is yet to
be discovered. — Ed.

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Peonies and the Rosebug.

Prof. S. S. Katuvon — Dear Sir: Please inform
us through The Farmer whether the White Peonies
( Chinicse doubly) are a benefit in grape gardens, on
account of the rose bug. As I have one large double
plant close to my grape vines, which is very full of them,
in their season, and not many on the grape vine, might
the peonies attract rose bug or slug from the vine, or
is it merely a breeding place? A Subscriber.

Aiiril 8., 187.5.

What is commonly called the " Rosebug "
(Macrod<i.ctijlu:i suh^ipdnosus) is a coleopterous
insect, and belongs to the family Mklolon-
TiiiD^, all of which arc partial to sweet-
scented flowers — the higher the fragnince, the
more is that partiality manifested. The peony
is l)y no means the " breeding place " of the
rosebug (a Slug is a different insect) but, by
ifsfragriince, its nectar, and its pollen, attracts
the insect to a sumptiieus feast. The grape
itself is fragrant when in bloom, and if the
peony, or any other llower, can draw the rose-
bug from the grape, that fact is suggestive.
This insect (more properly Rose beetle) de-
posits its eggs in fissures in the ground, and
the larva, or "grub," feeds on the roots of
vegetation.

Appreciation of The Lancaster Farmer.

Office of the State Extomolooist,
St. Lovis, Mo., March 2-:d, 187.5.
Dear Sir : I found the' March number of The Lan-
caster Far.mer you sent me quite interesting, and
am glad you are doing such good editorial work.
Shall be pleased to receive the paper regularly. — C.
V.R.

Rochester, N. Y., March atth, 187.5.

Prof.S.S. Rathvon — Dear Sir: I have to acknow-
ledge the receipt of a copy of The Lancaster Far-
Mi)H sent by you, or some other kind friend, and for
which I return thanks. I also desire to congi-atulate
you an<l the publishers on the su]3eriority of its eon-
tents and genei-al appearance. A piililieatiou of its
impress is certainly deserving of a wide circulation.
— Yours, &e., William Weilster, Garden Artixt.

Such testimonials from leading men are very'en-
couraging to both editors and publishers. Our aim
shall be to continue to deserve them, by making each
number of The Farmer better than its predecessor.

Farming on the Continent of Europe.

Correspondence of The Lancaster Farmeb,

Paris, March 30, 1875.
preparation of food for cattle.
Closely connected with the production of meat is
the selection and preparation of food for cattle. At
Berlin " loaves " for live stock are sold, and are com-
po.sed of different species of grain, according to the do-
mestic animal to be nourished or fattened. The
" bread " for horses is a compound of oats, rye,
maize and beans ; and besides analysis, experience
attests the value of this food. The same bread is
manufactured for pigs, less the oats, and all is sub-
ject to oilicial supervision. Since several years dogs
have had biscuits specially fabricated for their use.
It is a true adage, " that it is not what one eats that
nourishes, but what one digests ;" hence the value of
those processes which aid in the digestion of aliments.
Professor Colin, of the Alfert Veterinary College, has
stated as the result of his experiments, that he did
not find that chopped hay or bruised oats digested
better than these substances in their natural state.
But a horse does not utilize so perfectly its food as an
ox or a ruminant animal. Some agriculturists de-
mand that since pigs thrive so rapidly on a cooked
dietary, the same care ought to be bestowed on the
preparation of food for cattle. In the latter case fer-
menting can take the place of cooking. By mixing
cut hay, straw, roots, etc., in a vat, and pouring
thereon l:)Oiling water, the mass, after some hours,
will emit an odor like sour-kraut, and be highly rel-
ished by the animals. The mass is warm, and this
economizes the natural heat of the body in the work
of digestion, and the woody tissue of the aliments is
softened in advance — equal to a residence of some
hours in the digestive tube, while exacting less of the
juices of the stomach. At the end of the winter sea-
son horses, it is well known, are liable to deranged
stomachs, owing to the prolonged and large demand
of a continued dry regimen on the digestive juices.

PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN OIL CAKE.

Prof. Sansen, of the Grignon Agricultural College,
assures French farmers that the surest, cheapest and
most economical plan to secure a supply ' of phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen for their fields is, not to pur-
chase these valuable fertilizers in* the form of com-
mercial manures, but in that of the various kinds of
oil cake. He has already shown that, except in the
case of horses, wheat, barley and oats ought not to
be employed in the formation of wool, -eiilk and melt.
In the ease of adult animals, where the skeleton is
formed, analysis of their excretions proves that phos-
phoric acid is not retained in the system, and in the
case of growing animals, according to H. Weiske,
only 05 per cent, of the phosphoric acid in the food is
appropriated by the economy ; consequently, in both
cases the phosphate of potash, so assimilable by
plants, passes into the manure, and by purchasing
oil cakes the nitrogen and phosphoric acid they con-
tain are secured almost for nothing, while the animal
appropriates their fattening ingredients. An estab-
lishment in the vicinity of Paris, which manufactures
yeast from barley, rye and maize, sells the malt resi-
due to cattle rearers, at the rate of fr\ per 33 gal-
lons. M. Grandeau has analyzed the mash, and as-
serts three gallons of it to be equal to one pound of
meadow hay.

FERMENTATION IN AIR-TIGHT TRENCHES.

The same gentleman has also analyzed maize, cut
green and preserved in trenches for winter feeding.
This operation now becoming so general in dry maize
growing regions, concentrates the elements of nu-
trition by the fermentation and diminution of the
mass, and it seems this fermentation takes place, first
at the expense of the sugar in the plant, which sugar
itself ultimately aids in converting the starch and cel-
lular substance into sugar, and later, into alcohol,
while increasing the fatty and nitrogenous elements.
In the progressing plan of preserving green maize in
air-tight trenches, there is nothing newto record, save
that the trenches are now made in masonry instead
of being excavated in a field ; that the maize is
chopped along with straw — one part of the latter to
five of the former, and well trodden down. The
giant, or Caragua, maize is that generally preferred.
An ox consumes about one-tenth of its weight of
this preserve daily. It is essential to have the
trench about two yards wide, the same in depth ;
the sides to be vertical, according^nome, a^^d-
mitting of a more equal pressure ; tn^whgth iwfrle-
pend on the quantity of fodder to be stored—, JjiPlude
air and water ; and after transporting for consumption
the quantity necessary for the day, hermetically close
the opening. Maize being considered an exhausting
crop, the land receives 25 tons of farm yard manure
per acre in autumn, and a top dressing of 3 cwts. of a
mixture of supcr-pliosphate and sulphate of ammo-
nia in spring; the maize succeeding winter rye. In
parts of Bavaria a mixture of tares, peas and maize is
also preserved in trenches, and where maize alone is
cultivated, the cattle receive two or four pounds of J
oil cake daily with their rations, maize being regardj^
ed as poor in nitrogen.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

61

SYSTEMATIC FAUMINO IN FltANCE.

What prosiTBsivc asrriculturcniostrefiuriesls, facts

well piTsi-rvi'il ;iiid riTciriU'iI willi iiri'cit-imi ; it is thus
lliat sui-li :i plain, iiMvaniislicd tali' as lliat (if M.
ISiOiajrue's plan of farniiiif,- ili-s.Tvcs to lie wrlcomcd,
so as to I'licoiiraKe ollirrs to piibiisli tlic liistory <>f
tlioiroponilions. M. Bi>liaj;iii' is one of tlii' leadini;
pcntlcnian farnirrs of Kranir. His I'statc nimiiriscs
4,KIMI atTcs, of wliicli '.'17 an- in irrass. l,ir,4 in i-iilti-
valion, and tlic rt-inaiiuliT iindiTWooil, ponds and
lawns. He has ercotcMi hie castle, piirehased half of
his estate, acenmulnted the two-thirds of his im-
mense fori nne o\it of landed prollts, and considers
nothintr as prolil that is not represented at the end of
the year by hard cash, lie keeps one set of hooks
likea retailer, and another wherein is recorded tlic
" matters" of the faivn, as mannre, fodder, to'., and
which serves him as a i;nidc. The soil is anythim;
hut rich, it is i;ravclly, thin and cold, hnt ever tend-
ins; hy enltivation to'trrcater fertility. His workmen
—some M, have each a eottaire on the estate; there
are two tile liclds, a lime kiln ami sawing machines.
His sales of wood, cither in planks or for hurniuL'-,
yield him a net prolit of fril per acre and the pines,
liy their resin, somewhat less; his ponds bein.i; well
stocked with fish, are also a source of revenue, hut
■wood and lambs are the two jiivotsof his farming.
After years of cxpcrinii>nts, he gave up rearing meri-
nos for their wool, linding the price of meat to be
more luci-ative : he succeeded in obtaining a renumer-
ative race of sheep, liy crossing a bcrrichou ewe with
a Soutlidown ram, and his practice consists in breed-
ing ami fattening otf lambs, the issue of these cross-
ings, when eiglit or ten months old, and selling them
at some ;"/-t(l each ; he thus disposes of 1,0(10 lambs
])er annum. The ewes arc also fattened and sold
after their third lambing. The arable portion of the
estate nourishes about 170 pounds of live stock per
acre. M. Behague does not regard this stock as a
necessary evil, hut as a source of certain jirotit.

CHEMICAL MANUKES IN IMPALPABLE POWDER.

M. Menier draws the attention of farmers to the
fact, based on his own experience, that they canefl'eet
a great economy in the use of chemical manures, by
always applying them in the form of an impalpable
imwiier. The chemical action of a manure, its power
of assimilation by the plant, increases in proixirtion
to the surface in contact ; the more a mineral sub-
stance is then pulverized, the greater will consequent-
ly become that surface. In Britany the peasants con-
fer much benefit on their land, by strewing therein
the powder of ixirtious of rock specially crushed.

FKENTII MOOE Ol' SELECTING HORSES.

The purchasers of horses for the French army al-
ways endeavor to obtain a first look at the animal
when he is tranquil and in the stable; noting if the
animal supports itself equally well on all its legs, and
ifone seems to yield, to specially examine it ; atten-
tion is then directed to the largeness of the pupil of
the eye, which ought to be more dilated when in the
stable, tlian when exposed to full light. After the
ainmal has been led out of the stable, the eye ought
to be again examined to observe if the pupil has con-
tracted ; if not, the sight is feeble ; others, to test the
power of vision, feign to strike the forehead with the
hand. If the holhiw over the eyes be [irofound, and
the temples grey, old age is to be concluded ; wounds
about the temple suggest attacks of staggers, and
when the end of the nose i)rcsents circular sears. It
nniy be concluded the horse has been twitched with
. a cord to ensure his ciuietuess while being shod or
having had to sulimit to some painful operation.

THE SEPARATION OF BUTTER IN CHrRNING.

M. Limbourg, Veterinary surgeon and inspector of
the abattoir, at Brussels, draws attention to the ditfi-
culty loo Irequently encountered, for the perfect se-
jiaration of the butler in the process of churning.
This dilliculty presents many anomalies, and which
arc attributed to a chcmieal alteration in the milk, to
the existence of decomposing [irineiples, and the
health of tlie cows. As a cow is estimated to yield
from I'i to 1.5 quarts of milk daily, representing a
Ijound of butter, a prolonged dilliculty, in connectiou
with a large dairy, thus becomes serious. Some go
to seek the cause, where only the cfl'cct is percept-
ible, anil blame the vessels, or the atmosphere. M.
Limbourg has no hesitation in attributing the cause
of this non-separation of the butter in churning to the
feeble liealth of the cow, to the ixnerly of the ani-
nuil's blood, altlamgh thcaiumal presents at the same
time all the exiernal appearances of health. The cow-
is a machine for producing milk, and the organism
can be deranged by excessive or prolongeil milking,
or continuous breeding; the digestion is perforinc'd
imperfectly, the blood is not enriched, and hence the
animal becomes weak. Conueeted with this subji'ct
is the remark, that cows badly h'd during the winter,
rcllect this treatment by a diminished supply of milk
during the summer, and in addition, suller mo.st w hen
passing from a dry to a green dietary. An ill-fcil
animal draws uponits system for the elements of its
milk, and when sup|>licil with generous I'ood, first
fortifies its economy, bcftjre yielding the expected iu-
cruaec of milk.

RIPENINO OF THE SUGAR BEET.

The preservation of sugar beet occupies much at-
tention; f^ pounds of beet yield i'i of sugar — or

from .') to ten per cent. But this per eentage can fall
too or 4. when I he beet has been thri'c or lour months
stored in pits; lunce the importance of preserving the
roots, so as to lessen this diminution. The beet ouglit
never to lie lifleil till iierlictly ripe; to act otherwise
induces a li'rnientation which changes the sugar from
a erystalliiu- to an uncryslalline stale. In I be unripe
beet also, llicre exist acids whicli favor rcrmenlalion.
It is recoinmenilcd to lift the roots without bruising
them, anil to stack them, leaves on but lurncd out-
wards, in small bca|i» ; allow them to remain in this
state till llie death of the leaves, when these can be
cut olf and the roots placed in Irenches, covering
with straw, which is a bad conductor of lieat. The
root thus achieves its ripening ; by allowing the leaves
to remain, the sap thickens by the evaporation of the
water at the leaves and roots, and the latter dry, like
preserved grapes, but withinit altering.

THE NEW " ItUTCHER SHIP."

M. Tellier has produced the model of his "butcher
ship," for the preservation, by hie process of artificial
cold, and the transixirt of meat I'rom Australia and
South America. All that now remains is to aji/tly his
invention. The engine room is very abaft in the ves-
sel, and I he eold-produeing machinery is behind tliis
room ; the remainder of the ship is divided into com-
partmeuls, all fitted up with stalls, wherein the joints
are suspended, with facilities for examining the meat
throughout the passage.

CAOUTCHOUC IN HARNESS.

The idea ie being tried of introducing Caoutchouc in
the harness of draught animals, so as to augment the
strength of the cattle, on the prini'ipie, that a weight
attached to a spring, can be raised more readily than
if lifted without it, or like the elaetie union of a rail-
way train.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.

The Society met statedly in the Orphans' Court
Room on .Monday, April .5, "at 3 o'clock, the President,
Johnson Miller, in the chair. Present, .Messrs. John-
son Miller, Henry M. Engle, Alexander Harris, .M. D.
Kendig, Casper "Hiller, .John Staulfer, John Huber,
Milton B. Eshlcmau, Jacob K. Witmer, S. A. Her-
shey, Daniel Smeych, .John (irossman, Keubeu Wea-
ver, -Martin N. Brubaker, Levi S. Keist, Henry Erb,
J. M. W. t;eist,Ephraim Hoover, S. S. Kathvon, D.
G. Swartz.

.John (irossman, of Warwick, was elected a mem-
ber of the Association; also Samuel A. Hcrshey, of
Salunga.

Condition and Prospects of Crops.
Johnson Miller presented the following report on
the condition of agriodtural matters in Warwick
township, which was read :

After the ground has been covered with snow for
over one hundred days, and we have jiassed through
a winter of unusual cold weather, it afi'ords me great
pleasure to again make my monthly report to this
society. The snow only a few days ago melted away,
and w"ith this day commences the farmer's spring
work, after having rested a season from out-door
work, doing very little except feeding and currying
the stock, of which a good deal has been shipped
from our neighborhood and froju all over Warwick
township. Some twenty-five ear loads of fat cattle
have Ictt the Litiz depot within the last ten days.
This sliows that farmers have jirepared to meet field
work, and to-day we see the lioys who have been in
the school rooms out in the field ]iieking stones. The
farmers who have sjicnt the long and cold winler
days and evenings in reading (and if they have not
thus spent them it is time lost fiircver) are here and
there lollowing the plow, making ready for another
season and another crop; the gardeners are busy
cleaning out things, cutting and trimming vines and
trees, so that they will bein condition m bear another
crop; Hie birds are singing, and everlhing ajipears to
have awakened from the slumberings of a cold and
hmg winter. This is a hu.sy season for all, as there
are "so niany things that need looking after and re-
pairing, tine great point sliould be well eoiisidired
by every fanner ; Have the giound well tilled and
in good condition before planting and sowing, as
early as possible. This is a rule that is only not
practiced in Warwick township, but should be followed
all over the eountv.

As reganls lhe"prcsent condition and prospects of
grain, I'ruit and things in general, I would re|Hirt
that wheat fields come out in about the same condi-
tion as thev went under. Owing to the dry season
last fall grain was short but well scl . The ice has in
hiw places lolally destroyed the crop; but on average
with a favorable spring, we will have a tolerably
good crop. So far a.s grape vines aml^'ruit trees are
concerned they have Millercd more or less, as was the
ease two years ago. 1 noticed my peach trees a re frozen
considerably, while raspberries and grape vines have
shared the same fate. As to the fruition noihing can
be said yet. Taking all ihings togelhcr we can only
relv on an all-wise Provideiiee w ho directs all things
properly. We have no reason to complain. As we

have alwavs been abundantly blessed in the past, wo
will no iloiilit be equally eared for in the future; for
the iiromise is. If we sow we shall reap.

Henry M. Engle, of .Marietta, nqHirted that pears
and apples are all safe; but peaches arc somewhat
iniurcd. Tender grapes have also been somewhat in-
jured, but the hardy varieties are intact. Huspbcrries
sullered some but not seriously. He suggested that
the canes should always be laid down in the fall and
covered, to insure their safety through the winter.

Mil. TON B. Esuleman, of Paradise, gave it as the
result of his observation that the wheat has norbeen
injured, as it had been sown rather late In the fall,
and appearances Indicate a good coming crop. Jlo
had examined the peach buds, and thinks there will
be a giMid crop of peaches in his vicinity.

M. IJ. Ki;Niiiii. .Manor, reiiorted that farmers arc
abmit beginning field operations. There was no oats
sown in March this season, (irase and grain look
better than could be expected. A little more sunshine
and an oeeasional shower will give It a fair start.
Some of the small fruits arc very muidi atlecled hy
the severe cold ofthe past winter. Philadelphia rasp-
berries are badly frozen. Doolittlc may I'omc out
jiretty well, (irapcs materially injured, I'speclally
the less hjirdy varieties ; Cornconl and Clinton make
a toleralily fair show. Apples and [x^ars all right.
Peaches somewhat damaged. Of the farm products
of 1.S71 the bulk of wheat is on hand. Tobacco is
selling from prices ranging at 8 to IS for wrapix;re,
and :i to ."> lor tillers. Potatoes are scarce.

Jacob K. Witmer, of Manor, reiKirted that the
indicat ions were favorable for a g(H>d crop of peaches,
cherries, and other fruits generally. Clover looks
well, and the grape vines have not been injured. Ho
had heard an old adage that icicles hanging on trees
were generallv injurious and destructive to the crops.

Levis. l<i;'isT'believed that the wheat, especially
in fields that lie low, is entirely destroyed. They hart
been covered with a crust of ice for a long time, and
he fears whole fields arc destroyed.

Hi-.NRV .M. Engle did not agree with the adage
which predicted loss of fruit from icicles hanging on
the trees. On the contrary, he believed that if the
trees were even covered with ice they would still bo
safe and vield gtxxl crops.

Johnson Miller regarded the systematic report-
ing of the condition of the cereal and fruit crops as a
matter of great irn|iortance.

The Association tlien took the the question —

" What is the Best Mode of Wintering Cattle ?"
Milton B. Esuleman, who had proposed this
question, said he did not do so because he had any-
thing new to sav on the subject, but simply because
he wished to hear from others. He is a miller by
occupation, and has often heard the question dis-
cussed whether ground corn cobs eontaineiI.any nutri-
tive or fattening |in>perties. He would be glad to
hear this jioint discussed.

The President 6tatc*llhat a friend of his, iiiF.phrata
townsliip, fattened all his cattle on corn ground in the
cob, and was quite successful in the production of
good beef.

Casper Hilleh said he had been giving this mat-
ter some thought, and would read the following on

The Comparative Value of Food.

The majoritv of farmers feed their cattle just as
their fathers did before them, and the idea, perhaps,
never suggested itself to them that there might
be ,some improvement— .some plan by which more
stock can be kept, or more money saved. In countries
with large populations this fiidder question is an im-
portant One, not only in the way of supplying the
people with animal food, but also in the making of
manure for keeiiing up tlic lerlility of llie soil I o grow
cereals to perfection. In Germany, this (picstion re-
ceives a great deal of attention. The professors in
their agrieullural eollegcs have made full and search-
ing experiments on the comiiarativc values of different
kinds of food, as follows:

The basis of the comiiarison is the percentage of
nutriment in 100 pi>iinds ofthe foods mentioned.

100 POUNDS Ol'

Corn contains 'X> iHiunds of nutriment.

Oats " 70

Clover hav " 55 " " "

Wheat brin " 4H " " "

Corn fodder " 20

Wheat straw " U

From this it will be seen that, to secure an equiva-
lent to 1.(100 ths of corn, requires either 1,'1.57 tlis of
oats, l,7'27lt,sof hav, l.ilHOlt.s of wheat bran, 4,7.50 lbs
of corn fodder, or (l.'<00 llis of wheat straw.

Assuming that corn meal is worth * Ulpcrton. oats
J'll.'iS, clover hav *1.5. wheal bran *'i.5, corn fodder
$S, wheat straw ?lll— then, if we accept the theory
that an animal will require two [mt cent, of its live
weight in hay, the feed of an ox weighing 1,000 lbs
will be, per day either —

30

im

Ht-a-7

2!

Ihs of

n

7S

hay

corn meal

oats

bran

corn fodder

wheal siraw

valued

at l.V

" 17e

o 2.5c

" Site

1 " !>a<r

" ::!•<■,
From these tables it would a|ipear that hay and
vornmeal are the great staples upon which the farmer

62

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

should depend for carrying liis stock cheaply and
safely through the winter. But the less cost is not
all that can be said in favor of hay and corn, for they
have yet a greater proportional value in the manure
made from them.

It may be proper to say that the figures after the
comparative nutriment table are my own, so that if
the calculations are wrong tlie error may be placed
to its proper credit.

Mr. HiLLER further added that while hay and corn
meal are the cheapest, straw is the dearest. Yet, you
might as well talk heresy at Rome as to talk to Lan-
caster county farmers about selling straw, although
it commands a good price in the vicinity of paper
mills which use straw stock in the manufacture of
paper.

Mr. Engle said it was comparatively easy to put
these things on paper, but to his mind they were not
altogether satisfactory. The analysis read may be
correct, and no doubt it is, so far as it goes. It is
said, so much corn contains so much nutrition. What
is nutrition ? The carbonaceous foods are heat pro-
ducing, and are the best for fattpning stock. Hence
we use the yellow corn. But to produce muscle and
bone the nitrogeneous foods, such as the white-flint
corn, are preferable. We in the North often wonder
why in the South they eat corn all the year round,
while it is rejected in the North as summer diet, be-
cause it is considered too heating. The reason is that
in the South they grow the white corn, which contains
more nitrogen and phosphate, and less carbon. For
working horses the white is the best, as it produces
more bone and muscle ; but to fatten hogs the yellow
is the best, as containing more carbon. Hence it is
important in estimating the value of such an analysis
to know what kind of corn was experimented upon,
and to what kind of stock it was inteudet to be fed.
It was the same in regard to hay. It is an open ques-
tion as to when is the best time to turn grass into hay.
He gave it as his opinion that we cut it too late to get
its full nutriment. If cut young, the cattle will relish
it much better. It is not so much a question of what
nutriment is in it as what the cattle can extract from
it. Since we steam corn fodder, one load goes as far
as a load of hay or as far as three loads of fodder fed
in the usual way. In this connection he would not
discuss the question of manure.

Mr. Eshleman thought the low value of wheat
bran given in the analysis could not be correct.
Wheat is known to be the strongest of nutritious
grains, and the more of the bran is worked into the
liour thy more wholesome it is.

Mh. Enole said he had seen it asserted by a chemical
authority that there was more nutrition in a pound of
bran than in a pound of flour. But it is an undispu-
ted fact that the grain of wheat contains more nearly
all the elements of healthy imtrition than anythingelse
we can eat. To get all these eli'iuriils the grain and
bran should be ground and used toixi'tlier.

As this question was considered a little out of sea-
son, further discussion was postiwned until fall.

What Trees are Most Profitable for Fencing
and Fuel ?

This, another deferred question, was discussed at
some length, Mr. Eshleman favoring locust (or both
fencing and fuel ; although chestnut was better for
fencing rails, it did not pay so well to plant it. The
chairman considered locust most valuable for posts
and many other purposes.

Mb. Epuiuam Hhoveu said every farm has some
corners and fence lines which can be best utilized by
planting locust trees. Besides using it for fencing,
tilt- porliiiiKs of the wood not suited lor that purpose
makes excellent fuel, there being very little ditlerence
between it and maple. Every farmer can raise
enough to fence his farm without detracting' from his
area of cultivation. A locust post lasts from twenty-
five to thirty years. In twenty-Hve years he can
easily grow enough from seed to renew his fencing.
It may be said that while locust makes good posts it
is not adapted for rails, and both are wanted. But
we can sell the surplus locust posts to purchase
chestnut or pine rails. He therefore preferred locust
for fencing and fuel, as chestnut is not nearly so good
for fuel.

Mr. Hii.ler introduced a new competitor for the
meed of profit, in the cherry tree. He had recently
cut down a cherry tree twenty-five years old which
made excellent fuel, aud the lumber obtained from it
is valuable.

Mr. Keist championed the locust as most valuable
for all purposes. It can be raised sooner and cheaper
than any other. Owing to the scarcity of other woods,
such as oak and hickory, wheelwrights must use it
for axles and other mechanical purposes for which it
is well adapted. He would use locust for posts and
willow f(jr rails. A willow tree in twenty-five years
wiitild yield from 100 to l.'iO rails, and when cut in
the proper season (which he thought is May) it will
last as long as chestnut. The ailahtus was the most
rapid of growers and would make good rails. He cut a
cherry tree which he had planted 22 years ago which
g.ave a valuable yield of boards; but for fencing and
fuel his trio would be the locust, willow andailantus.

Mr. Kenuu; said the locust is not adapted to all
soils ; but where it will do well lie is in favor of plant-
ing along the fences around the farm. Around a
farm of IfiO acres, we would have 1,020 feet, which

would accommodate 440 trees planted 13 feet apart.
In twenty-five years these would yield 8,SS0 posts
worth S+,440, which would be the amount the value
of the farm would be enhanced in twent3'-five years.
The wood cut in trimming from year to year would
supply the family with fuel. Besides, it is a great
pleasure to have the roadside lined with trees which
afford a delightful shade in the hot summer when one
is driving along.

Mr. Engle, while he agreed with the other speak-
ers in their estimate of the value of the locust, said
he was looking to the day when fences would be
altogether dispensed with. We don't need much
wood for fuel when coal is so abundant and inex-
haustible, for years to come. A very valuable tree
had, however, been overlooked. The walnut will
grow more rapidly than locust and is more valuable.
You can sell enough of its fruit and lumber to buy
your fencing material. The improved American
chestnut is now extensively grown for its fruit., A
gentleman in New Jersey annually cropped from $2.5
to SSO worth of fruit from a single tree. The market
for this fruit is never overstocked. But after all, he
still desired to point public sentiment in the direction
of doing away with fences altogether, which "good
time " would certainly come.

Varieties of the Tree-Borers.

Mr. Kendig desired to know why the locust
would not grow in certain localities. In answer,
various theories and illustrative facts were given;
some remarking that the locust flourishes in gravelly
soil and does no good on limestone ridges — others
that it is often killed by excessive and close pruning
— but the locust borer was finally credited with all
the trouble ; but why this insect was so destructive in
some localities and never seen in others was not
explained. In answer to a question as to whether
the locust borer confined its ravages to that tree,
Prof. Rathvon said, to the best of his knowledge it
did ; that is the Clylus robinia does : but there are two
species of Cli/tus so nearly alike that it is very difficult
to distinguish between them — the one already named
and the Clytws jncttis, which is a hickory and walnut
tree borer. The former does not make its appearance
until September, and then it is often found abundantly
in the mature state, on the blossoms of the Soliilai/o.
The latter appears, in the beetle form, in the month
of June — sometimes even earlier. On one occasion
hundreds of them came out of hickory wood in my
cellar in the month of May, and two years ago John
A. Hcistaiid, esq., gave me several specimens that
came out of a piece of hickory wood in his office, in the
month of April. But there is a much larger " borer "
that infests thelocust trees — namely the larva of a
moth (Xylen/tcn robinUe) which is capable of doing more
damage tnan the Clylus. This insect also infests the
chestnut trees. On one occasion I took the larva of
our largest grey "snapping-beetle" (Alans occulatns)
out of tile limb of a locust tree, although it more fre-
quently occurs in the dead limbs or trunks of the
apple. There is also a minute leaf miner {llispit)
and a leaf puncturer {Ajnon) both of which infest
the foliage of the locust in vast numbers, often leav-
ing them as if they had been scorched by fire. [As
soon as we can olitain accurate illustrations of these
insects, we will publish detailed accounts of them.]

Mr. Engle said the fact being admitted that the
locust would not thrive in all localities, should teach
farmers the futility of attempting to grow trees not
adapted to the soil, or liable to be destroyed by the
borer, but to select those which were best adapted to
these conditions.

Milk Cows — Cultivation of Corn.

The questions as to the best food for milk cows, and
what variety of corn produces the most bushels to
the acre, were deferred ; and at the suggestion of Mr.
Engle the latter question was put in tbis form — What
variety of corn is most profitable, and what is the
best plan of cultivating it ''.

The Grashoppers.
Prof. Rathvon said they had h.ad so much dis-
cussion of the potato beetle of late, that he had con-
cluded to say something of grasshoppers. In the
March number of The Lancaster Farmer he had
said something about utilizing potato beetles and
grasshoppers. Since then he had seen an interesting
account of the exhumations going on at Pompeii,
where, among other things exhumed, was a table set
for the meal, containing, among other edibles, a dish
of stewrd f/rasshn/ipers. Although we might yet come
to this mode of utilizing the grasshoppers, we would
be still 3,000 years behind the fashions of the Pom-
peiians ! He proceeded to read a very interesting
article on The frrasshoppern, relating to their ravages
in Nebraska, and discussing the probabilities and
effect of a grasshopper raid in this county ; but owing
to the crowded state of our columns we are obliged
to defer its publication.

Cropping Oats on Corn Ground.

Mr. Grossman, of Warwick, inquired whether it
would not be better to chanije the usual jjractice of
cropping oats on corn ground preparatory for the
wheat crop, by manuring for the corn and foUow'ing
it with wheat, leaving the ground lie fallow during
the summer.

Mu. Hoover was opposed to manuring oats stub-
bles too heavily for wheat. Corn could not be grown

too rank, but there was such a thing as manuring for
wheat so heavily as to cause it to grow to straw.
Two successive crops of corn are too exhaustive on
the soil. If he did not sow oats he would seed with
clover.

Mr. Kendig said the oat crop had been a failure
for some years past, but it was a question whether
this was not owing to want of manure. A friend of
his had ground prepared for a crop of tobacco, but
the person who was to have planted it failed to do so
until too late. His only alternative was to plant it
in oats, and he got a crop of 90 bushels to the acre,
which paid him well.

Mr. Engle said that oats is an uncertain crop in
unfavorable seasons. We may, however, have favor-
able seasons and it will again pay well. In dry seasons
it fails, but if we knew what the season would be aud
manured accordingly, it would pay. If manured,
and a wet season follows, it will grow rank and run
tostraw. He had known cases where, for this reason,
it did not pay to harvest it. So he would not venture
to manure oats as a rule. Owing to a large demand
for other purposes, he had found it necessary to
economize manure for wheat on oats stubble. He
had it turned frequently to aid decomposition, and
then put it on lightly as a top dressinj^ after plough-
ing, stirring it in well, and had a good crop.

Mr. Hoover thought that if it was not intended
to follow corn with a crop of oats, the next best plan
would be to set the corn in larger shocks than usual,
and a greater distance apart ; then sow rye in the
spaces between. In the spring break the stubbles off
where the rows of shocks stood, and plant potatoes.
He would rather do this than let the ground lie
fallow.

The Chairman endorsed this suggestion, having
tried it successfully with five acres of rye in a twenty-
acre cornfield.

Mr. Engle said that sowing Hungarian grass
instead of oats was successfully practiced by many
farmers in Chester county, a yield of two tons of good
hay to the acre having been secured.

Mr. Eshleman suggested that crops were often
spoiled by too deep plowing; but.Iohnson Miller said
his rule for corn was to plough deep and plant shal-
low, and he always has good crops ; and Mr. Engle
said he had been harping on this for years. There
was an exception, however, in soil where the fertility
was shallow. There is nothing to be gained by
turning up sterile soil.

Native Seedling Apples.

Mr. Grossman presented specimens of a seedling
apple which he called his " Favorite," which was re-
markable for being unpalatable when first cropped,
but which kept well and grew into excellent flavor,
and also for cropping most prolificly when other vari-
eties failed. To our taste we never ate a better apple
at this season.

The same gentleman presented specimens of what
he supposed to be the White Vandivere, but Mr.
Engle said they did not correspond with his variety
of that name.

In this connection Mr. Engle, who is chairman of
the General Fruit Committee of the State Fruit
Growers Society, stated that they were desirofis of
securing specimens and;deseriptions of all good native
fruits in the county for notice in their annual report.

The State Agricultural Fair.

The chairman called attention to the fact that if the
proper effort is made the next fair of the State Agri-
cultui'ai Society can be sectired for Lancaster. This
matter was earnestly urged by the chairman, Mr.
Engle, and others, who commended it to the citizens
of Lancaster as a subject which should engage their
active co-operation. If the proper inducements are
held out by hotel keepers and our business men gen-
erally, there is no doubt that it will come here. The
advantages arising from this will not end with this
year. It has been the practice of the State Society of
late years to hold their fair in the same town two
years consecutively. If, therefore, we secure it at
Lancaster this year, we can retain it next year also,
which will be the great Centennial year. It requires
no argument to illustrate the great advantages this
would confer upon our county. Its near proximity to
the Centennial exhibition would give strangers from
all parts of this country and the world an opportunity
to see something of the richest agricultural county
in the nation, and we have no doubt hundreds of such
would avail themselves of this opportunity.

Native Flowers and Fruits.

Daniel Smeych, of Lancaster, presented a num-
ber of seedling geraniums — sub-genus Pelargonium^-
of his own raising, in relation to which the botanist
of the association, Mr, Staulfer, has furnished our
reporter with the following paper :

Do Varieties Die Out 1 The variety of plants of the
stork, or cranesbill family, called Pelargonium, from
pelargos, a stork, is extensive. Johnson, in his Gard-
eners' Dictionary, has a list of ninety-nine species,
herbaceous and tuberous rooted, and one hun'lred and
sixty named evergreen shrubs, cultivated in the green-
house. Superior varieties have been raised by seeds,
by hybridizing and tricks in trade which defy all rules
for classification. Mr. Daniel Smeych, No. I)3S West
King street, this city, who takesa great interest in

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

63

florii'ulluiv, li.id on ixliibitioii at llio mcetinc: of the
Horticiiliunil Society, a scTiosorilowers and li'avos to
ilhislralc tlio cliansi' liy cultiirc. No. 1, to lie-in with
the orijriiial lliiwcr dl'tjiat tiriirlit, \nirr, ilccp crimson
rcil species calleil " (iencral druiit," llowcrs larffc,
leaves Willi the oriliiiary zonale or dark central riii^'
(con.stantly present in these species and varietie.'s) ol'
moderate size. The sei'dinir, No. 3, was rather darker
in llie color, smaller, and the leaves reduced in size.
No. :!, also a seedlim; from No. 'i, color yood. Mower
rather less, Imt leaves much larirer in diameter. No.
4, color of llower lietwecn a rosi' and oraiiin', leaf
nearly as larire as in No. H, lloin- full size. No. ."i, a
seedliii!; from No. 4, color oraiiL'e red, leaves much
reduced in size — evidc'nily retnrnintr to its orisrinal
type of I'lliiri/oiiinin //i^ii/i'o/i, introduced in l.SOd.
Flowers were then I'... inch in diameter, of a brick-
re*! color, ite., just what No. .5 is In its rcirular lin-
eairc from No. 1, (iencral (irant, so lirilliantly red.
IIow came it so? lint whence arises color, or the
chanire of the rellectin:; anirles of liirht i Nay, what
does'even the s;reat Tyndall teach us in the matter of
(living us linht, on the nature (d' litjlit and floral
colors? No doidtt then* is a law of forces designed by
creative wisdom to act just so — nndersiu^h conditions
— anil perhai'S it is onr business to find tliem out, if
we wish to act by knowledge; yet a blind i>igcantinil
tlie acorn. So we often stundile upon a truth, and
produce results that astonish ns, if they do not edify.
So gardeners jiotter around, and often bring about a
grand change, bid for want of knowledge how tojjre-
'eerve it or iinjirove it, they "go back on us," and
ehow how little we know.

I'uoF. Katiivon- exhibited a very fine specimen of
the hmoii, grown by Mrs. C. O. Herr, of Crcsswcll,
Manor townshij), Laiieaster county.

TOI'II'S FOK niSCUSSIOX AT NK.XT MEETING.

1. What is the best method of jncreasing the fer-
tility of the soij ;

3. What system of farming is best adapted to Lan-
caster county ?

."i. What variety of corn is most |irofltable to grow,
and what is tlie best method of cultivating it ?

The .Society adjourned to meet on Monday the third
of May, at one o'clock, p. m., sharp.

THE FARM AND THE DAIRY.

The Lancaster Park Association.

At the late amnial meeting of the etoi-kholders of
the Lancaster Park Association, a large proportion
of the stock was represented either in person, or by
proxy. Mr. Robert A. Evans was called to preside
over the meeting, and Messrs. H. '/,. Khoads and John
T. Mctioniglc, to act as secretaries. The report of
the board was read detailing its operations for the
past year,, showing that the reeeijits from all sources
had been $7,()W).:!1, and the expenses ?7, 410.74,
leaving a balance of S'i4li.l'i3 after paying all the
exi>enses, one year's interest, on the mortgage, insur-
ance, taxes, t'te. The floating debts of the association,
at the time when the board came into olHee, have
been fnndeil by loan for which a ."iccond mortgage has
been given \ipon the property of the ass(iciation, and
I'rom the proceeds ot" which all these debts have been
paid otf, and a balance of :?:H..V.I remains on hand.
()u motion of J. L. Steinmetz, esq., the board was
instructed to make an eflort to secure the holding of
the next state fair in this city, and failing in this, to
liold a general county fair. An election for directors
for the ensuing year was thi'n held, and resulted in
the choice of the following gentlemen : liobert A.
Evans, II. Z. Klioads, .Jos. K. IJoycr, A. C. Kepler,
C. Kine Baer, tk'o. Youtz, John II. .Miller, Levi Sen-
senig, Sanniel Jetleries, Jas. Stewart, and L. Knapp.

The voting waseonilueted on the cumulative plan,
and 3,79.S votes were east. As there are only :^>3l
shares of stock, each entitled to eleven voles, or S,.5-il
in the aggregate, it will be seen that a large propor-
ti*>n of stock was rei)resented.

The exhibit of the atl'airs of the association was, on
the whole, favorable, and \nider the disadvantageous
circumstances which attcinled its labors, more could
not have been reasonably exi)ected.

Let them try to get the state fair, by all means.

A Little Advice to Farmers.

Help your wives in every way you can, trivial
though it may seem to you. For instance, keep an
extra pair of shoes or slippers in the bailor entry,
anti always reinendier to change your dirty boots
before entering her clean rooms. Then you may be
sure of a smile of welconn^, as no dirt will be left
after you for her to clean up. In the evening comb
yonrhairas carefully as you ever did in your courting
days. Put on a clean coat or ilrcssing-gown, ami
when you take your paper to read, do not read to
yourself and leave her to lonesome thfuights while
sewing and mending, but remember that she, too, has
been working haril all day, and is still working.
Ki'ad to her whatever interests you, so that her
interests and opinions may grow with yours, and that
she may c(nnprchend something besides love stories,
winch too many have read more than they should.
You will both l>e happier, and being a farmer's or
mechanic's wife will not be such a dreadtid tiresome
and lonely life as many girls have every reason" to
think it is — especially if he reads The Fak.mek.

Successful Sale of Short-Horns.

The Bclh'view herd, owned by William Stewart, of
Dixon, III., was recently sohl at auction. A large
mindicr of buyers were present, and eighty head
brought over ?3tl,(KH). The following is a list of the
highest ]irices ol" the day, with [lurchascrs:

Lady of Itaeine, one of thi' lini'st .Miss Wilysonthis
continent, to Col. K. H. Austin, Sycamore, 111., $1,-
.''ilill. Miss Wily, of Helleview, her" calf, same, •*7(lll.
They arc hotli gram! animals. Lord \N'ily, another
id' Lady's calves, to A. Powers, Dixon, 111., ?1,4.SI).
Du<*hess Loinm, said to be one of the tinest Lomins,
went to Col. H. II. Austin, at ?1,!MK). Louan's Thorn-
dali', N. Cornell, Dwight, III., .?"(l(l. Bloom 13lh, J.
V>. L ah man, Praidvlin (irove, III., $;!('».'>. Karl Duchess,
M. McWilhams, Darlington, Wis., ?:;(H). Caroline,
II. F. Brown, Minneapolis, Minn., $.S1(). Moselle, I!.
It. .Austin. .Sycamore, HI., *43.5. Hazel (Jneen, said
to be one (d' the tinest show -cows in Aim'riea, $77.">, to
(ireene A: .Morton, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Donna Lee,
to William Chandlers, liochelle, Ill.,S:!2.'i. Boxy, to
Mr. Van Patten, Stewart, 111., .?:i.50. Klsie, to W.
Chambers, Koehelle, III., *41ll. Hannah, to Prince-
ton, Hawks iV: .Moore, Polo, III., ?47l). Violet 3d, to
William Chambers, Bochellc, 111., *4IM). Lily of the
Valley, to AVilliam (.'hanihers, Boselle, 111., i.'idO.
Josephine, to E. A. Snow, Dixon, 111., ?^:i3."i. Linlloa,
to T. Hughes, Meriden, III., ^KIO. Cold King, to T.
Hughes, Meriden, III., .*:ii«. Marv lltli, .?:!40, to W.
W. Tilton, Dixon, III. Mai'ia,to Leonidas C. Dement,
Dixon, 111., $:'>0d. Hope, to Col. Austin, Sveaniore,
III., $:!.■«. Tanv, to W. Chambers, liochelle. 111.,
«!:i.5.5. Vi(det, to C. Dement, Dixon, III., -^-OO. Flo-
rence, $"(111. Duke of Thoriidale, to William Nael,
Paxton, III., S47.5. Champion of the West, to (ieorge
Dealand, Dixon, 111., #1,00(1.

The above includes the most of the sales, except a
few old cows, and young male and female calves,
which sold at from .?"l)0 to S12-5. Few more success-
ful sales have been madt^ in America, everything con-
sidered, and it gives a glorious prosi)ect to tlie great
sliort-horn future.

FARM AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Valuable Milk Cows.

The Chambersliurg liepoaitonj claims that Dr. Ed-
mund Culberlson, President of tht^ First National
Bank of that place, has the mo.st valuable cow in the
county, if not in that section of tlie .State. This cow
had a line bull calf, aliout four weeks ago, and since
tliat time has been giving large quantities of milk,
the average being XfP^; lbs per day. The cream from
this cow was preserved for one week, and on being
churned yielded the large amount of seventeen and a
quarter pounds of btitter. This is an unusually large
yield. The butter is of a rich yellow color, and is
very sujK'rior in quality. The cow is an Aldi'mcy,
and was imported from the island of .Terscy, by Mr.
William .Massey, of Philadeliihia. Dr. Culberlson
bouglit her from Mr. Massey when she was liftecn
months oBl, for *300. Slie now has her third calf and
is a tine animal. We mention these facts for the ben-
efit of farmers wdio are interested in im|iroving their
stock, as they know it costs no more tfi keep a thor-
ough bred animal of any kind than it does one of an
inferior breed .

A. F. Boas, of Reading, recently imrehased (luern-
sey stock from K. W. Coleman's heirs, at Cornwall,
Lebanon county. He has since reported tliat he Inul
a yield of 1.5 poimds of a No. 1 butler in one week
from one of the cows. This speaks well for that breed
of Cattle.

Henuy Geist, of Point township, Northumberland
county, iirodueed from three cows, of ordinary grade,
in thirteen weeks, between December 4th and Febru-
ary 37th, last past, theexiraordinary amount of3il2'.i
pounds of butter, or about I wenty-one pounds per week

Setting and Skimming Cream.
Cream rises because of theeomparatively liglit spe-
cific gravity of the butter globules. Tlie cream ar-
ranges itself upon the surface according to the size of
the globules, tin' largest globules being at or near the
top. Cream is, therefore, an uneven product, rising
in layt'rs. Eatdi layer is ditlerent, and prtiduces adil-
ferent r|nality of butter, and one layer is better for but-
ter-making than another. The cream rising first is
the richest, proiluces the best Imtter, and churns
ipiickest. The second skimiidng is poorer for manu-
facture, and the third may be worthless for firsl-( lass
butter. Hence, in practice, a dairynnin may obtain
too much butter from his milk, the increase in <pian-
tity not suHiciently compensating for the deerea.se in
quality, brought about by the (diuniing of globules
which should have been left in the liullermilk. Dr.
Sturtevant argues that the value of a cow or a'breed
cajuiot be determined by the percentage of cream in
her milk, as milk yicdding but ten per cent, of cream
may furnish nioi-i' butter than that yielding thirty per
cent. He sugges's that shallow selling would prolia-
bly yield the most butter, and deep setting that of
best quality.

A Dollar spent for Tht^ Lancaxtfr Fanner is money
well invested. It will "pay" — ask your neighbor to
try it.

The Nutrition of Oatmeal.

Liclilg lias shown tliat oatmeal Is almost as nutri-
tious as the very best English beef, and that it Is
richer than wheaten bread ill the elements that go to
form bone and muscle. Prof. Forbes, of Edinburgh,
during sonic twenty years, measured the breadth and
height, and also testei! the strength of both the arms
and loins of the students in the university — a very
numerous class — and of various uatioinilitles, drawn ,
to Edinburg by the fame of his tea<-hing. He found
that in height, breadth of chest and shoulders, and
the strength of arms and loins, the Belgians were at
the bottom of the list ; a littli' above them the French ;
very much higher, the English ; and highest of all,
the Scotch and Scoth-Irish from Ulster, who, like the
natives of Scotland, are fed. In their early years, with
at least one meal a day of gofid milk and oatmeal
pcirridge. .Speakiiigof oatmeal, an exchange reniiirks
that a very good ilrink is made by putting alMiut two
spoonsful of the meal Into a tumbler of water. The
Western hunters and trappers c<(nsider it the U'st of
drinks, as it is at once nourishing, unsliinulating, and
satisfying. It is jHipular in the Brooklyn navy-yard,
two and a half pounds of oatmeal being put Into a
pail of moderately co(d water. It is much better than
any of tin* ordinary mixtures of vinegar and inobuises
with water, which farmers use in the haying or har-
vest field.

Now For House-Cleaning.

Fi.OKA, in the fierinantown Tihqrnjih, thus dis-
courses on a topic of prevailing Interest at tliis season
of the year : The season will .soon be upon us to begin
the worrying but indispensable spring house-cleaning.
Strange to say — at least it will no doubt tie strange to
many of the masculine style — we housekeep<'rs do not
dread — or allow me to jiut in a somewhat out-of-the-
way wiird — we do not nhirl; this inevitable semi-annual
overturning and refurbishing of the domeslh' para-
phernalia. It has really a pleasure in it, in so far that
it precedes a brighter day for us, that is, u reclaimed,
renovated castle — for a Iiouse ix one's castle — and
therein lies the jileasurable anticipation, and smooths
away any rough edges which house-cleaning might
seem to have to some who give no assistance to It per-
sonally.

It has been said, and very truly, that every husband
shoiih! be out of the lumse at least six hours daily,
as an ordinary rule. But he should be away a mck
during these (himestic ojierations, for then we should
avoid sour looks, <Toss remarks, grumbling at meals,
and complaints at the overturning of things generally.
Still, I don't mind this little " spatting." 1 just go
on as if I heard nothing, until the dondcile is as bright
as a new cent from garret to cellar, when I present
my jewels to my lord, anil demand an apology in view
of the charming picture iiresented, am! always get It.

Parasites in Bird-Cages.

Many a person has watched with anxiety and care
a i)et canary, goldfinch, or other tiny favorite evi-
dently in a state perturbation, plucking at himself
conlinually, his feathers standing all wrong, always
fidgetting aliout, and every way looking very seedy.
In vain is bis foml changed, and in vain is another
saucer of clean water always kejit in his cage, and all
that kindness can suggest for the little prisoner done;
but still all is of no use, he is no better — and why?
Iiecanse the cause of his wretcbcilness has not lu'cn
foiiiiil out, and until it is, other attempts are but vain.
If the owner of a pet in such dillieullies will take
down the cagi' and ea.st his or her eyes up to the roof
thereof, there will most likely be s«en a mass of stuff
looking as much like red rust as anything; and from
tlicnee comes the cause of the jwior liinl's uneasiness.
The red rust is nothing more nor less than myriailsof
parasites infesting the bini, and for which water is no
remedy. There is, however, a remedy, and one easily
procurable in a moment — fire. By proi uringa lighted
candle and holding it under every ]iarticle of the top
of the cage, till all ciianec of anything being left alive
Is gone, the remedy is eomplete. The pet will sixin
brighten up again after his " house-warming," and
will, in his cheerful and ileliglitful way, thank his
master or mistress over and over again for tills,
though slight, to him, imiKirtant assistance.

About Housework and Help.

It is the iioorcst of economy for a mother. If she can
atfonl to have help, to slave and fag herself out day
after day, besides working far into the night, for the
]iurpose of saving cxiiense. True, as many mothers
say, "help is a nuisance," or, "I would rather my
work was half done than botlnr with a girl," etc.
But we must not be too partiiular. Heminiber, we
cannot lind perfcelion in any one, and while girls
cannot do just as well as you do, or as you think they
ought, they do the best lliey can. Sjieak pleasantly
fo them, aiid whinever they do right, do not fail to
sneak of it, and let thcin know that you appreciate
their etlorls to please. In fact the lady of the house
is not always an angel, and a gri'at deal deixnds
u|Kin the example she makes of herself. Poor help

64

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

annoys us fearfully, but a tired, half-sick, worn out
mother puts a whole household out of sorts, and to
the children home ceases to attract when mother is
always scrubbing-, scouring, seoldinj; and Krumbliug.
Try to be cheeri'ul. If you have so much to do, that
you scarcely know where or how to begin, do not talk
of it, but do what you think you onght to do, and let
the rest go.

Home Interiors.

Domestic miseries cannot always be concealed by
the victims of them; they lie open to the gaze of all
who cross the afllicted threshold. But they do not
concern the outer world, and the outer world has no
right to look on tliera. Visitors ehould not see them,
even when their dismal forms come boldly into view;
and visitors should bear ofl' no memory of them to ex-
hibit to others. The joys of a household may be pro-
claimed far and wide, its weakness, its affections, its
sorrows, and its misery, possess a bitter sanctity that
every sensitive and honorable soul will religiously
respect. _^_^^_^^___________

INFORMATION ABOUT BEES.

The Honey Bee in Farm Economy.

Agriculture and bee culture bear a very close relation,
and the bee plays a very important part on every
farm ; for in the springtime they are ever ready and
anxious to perform their part, visiting the blooms of
the forest field and orchard, gathering the pollen
trom petals, and sipping the nectar from the cells of
the flowers, and bearing it home to their hives as a
treasury for the support of the little colony, turning
over the surplus to the farmer for his family, for the
trouble of furnishing them with a house and looking
after them. The bees, in gathering the pollen from
the blooms, carry it from one to another, thus more
thoroughly mixing and fertilizing them than could
possibly be done by any other plan. Thus it is seen
the bees perform their part in the farm economy,
and they deserve to be recognized and fully cared for
by every farmer. When we consider the honey, it is
found to be one of our finest luxuries on the family
table, aside from its medical uses. Then let every
one give the honey bee a place in the yard or orchard
If it be but a single colony, and keep an account of
the expenses, and after comparing it with any other
product on the farm it will be found to pay better by
four-fold than anytliing else invested.

On the first warm open days the bees will be flying
out, and you ought to set some rye meal, unbolted flour,
cornmeal or flour, and shorts mixed, in a shallow
box or vessel where the sun can shine down in it, and
you will see the bees bobbing in it, filling their little
baskets and legs and bearing it away to their hives
for feeding the young ones." You should open the
hives, take out the combs, brush out the dead bees
and all trash from the boitom of the hive, and be
certain to examine carefully to see if they have a
queen; and if none is fdund, take and unite them
with a weaker stock that has a queen. Attend to
this late in the evening, after sprinkling each hive
with sweetened water, perfumed with essence of cin-
namon or peppermint, and then brushing each into
one hive together, setting in the comb that has the
queen in it first. By morning they will be all right
and ready for l)usiness.

These suggestions may be of use to those beginning
bee culture, by giving them some idea of managing
■ the "little busy bee."

Queries Answered.

The Bee-keepers Magazine gives some valuable
information in its answers to the following queries :

1. "Can I buy a pure queen (Italian), put her in
a colony of black bees, Italianize the stock, and
rear queens, so as to Italianize all I have, and could
such queens be called pure Italians? and can I do
thus and change ten or twelve hives of black bees
from the one queen I buy, and that by keeping them
60 near together?"

You can Italianize one stock in this manner and
rear queens from it, but they would be very liable to
mate with black drones from the other stocks, and
all thus mating would produce hybrid progeny.

3. " Can black l)ces be transferred from old hives
during winter? If so, how can I move the comb and
make it stick? Would beeswax do to cement the
comb to what I-wish to fasten it to?"

Not with safety; wait until fruit trees blossom.
Melted beeswax not very hot, mixed with resin, will
do, but we use fine wire to wrap around the combs
and hold them in until the bees fasten them to the
frames, then the wire is removed.

3. "What hive did the N. A. B. Society adopt as
a standard, or did they not adopt any at their meeting
in Pittsburg?"

They did not adopt any hive, but most speakers
favored a hive with frames about 13x12.

Hereafter we propose to devote some attention
to the interesting and profitable subjectof the Apiary;
and we invite facts and suggestions from practical
bee-keepers.

The Cotemporary Press.

The Aghicultukal .\nd Floral Guide. An
illustrated demi-quarto of 20 pages. Mexico, Mo.
Monthly, at SI a year, with extra premium induce-
ments to clubs, paid in nursery stock.

The Bee-Keeper's Magazine, an octavo monthly
(illu.strated) of 30 pages. An ably conducted prac-
tical journal on the subject indicated by its title. W.
B. Cobb, publisher, 76 Barclay street. New York.
$1.50 a year.

The Weekly Fancier's Journal and Poultry
Exchange. A royal octavo magazine of 30 pages,
finely illustrated and printed, and devoted almost ex-
clusively to the chicken and pigeon trade. Philadel-
phia. S3.50 per annum. Joseph M. Wade, editor
and proprietor, No. 39 North Ninth street. An ex-
cellent journal for those interested in this specialty.

The Pioneer. We have received the February
number of this journal, published at Omaha, Neb.,
apparently in the interest of the "Union Pacific Rail-
road Land Company." It is a large folio, illustrated,
with a very significant " head " and maps, and con-
tains much useful information for the instruction of
emigrants.

The Colorado Agricultural and Stock Jour-
nal: devoted to "rural and home all'airs, arts, sci-
ence, literature, and the material interestsof the great
west." A double folio, illustrated, and in fair type.
Denver, Colorado. Weekly, at S3 a year, by James
B. Hill. Emanating from almost the outer verge of
civilization, it would be a credit to the centre of the
nation.

The Pacific Rural Press comes to us from San
Francisco in the form of alarge imperials vo. weekly,
published by Dewey & Co. It is in its ninth year, and
bears all the marks of prosperity which are apparent
in the business enterprises of the Golden State. The
publishers get S4 a year for the paper, and 3.5
cents a line for their advertising, of which there are
over twenty columns in the number before us.

The Canada Farmer, published monthly, at
Toronto, Canada, is the leading agricultural journal
over the line. It is an imperial 8 vo., of 30 pages,
with cover, somewhat larger than The Lancaster
Farmer, and furnished at $1 a year. It is ably con-
ducted and is standard authority on the topics it dis-
cusses. Three numbers came to us under a three cent
postage stamp, only one half what Uncle Sam charges
to carry The Farmer to Mountville ! For many
years the Government of Canada permitted all agri-
cultural journals published in the province to pass
through the post-office free of postage.

The Colorado Horticulturist : How rapidly
the New West is being developed is shown by the
establishment, in that far Western Territory of Colo-
rado, (on the Western verge of the so-called Great
American Desert,) of a quarterly journal devoted to
Fruits, Flowers and Gardening, a specimen copy of
which has been received. It is a handsomely illustrated
quarterly. From it the people of the East can learn
how garden. crops are grown where rain^ll is not
depended on. The July number is to contain an
illustrated article on the subject of Garden Irrigation.
The home of the enterprise is at Greeley, a town but
five years old containing 1,.500 inhabitants. This is
the town founded by Union Colony, to which
Horace Greeley stood as god-father ; the temperance
town of Colorado, wherein no man looketh upon the
wine when it is red. The paper is furnished at the
low price of fifty cents per annum, with a premium
of a plant of the Rocky MontUain Jlcd liaxpbur ry ,
(price 35c.), and a packet of seed of an ornamental
climber, the ^ylhl Vucainher Vine, (price 10c.) .
Foster & Co., Greeley, Colo.

Catalogues of Seeds, Plants, &c.

The American Booksellers' Guide, published
montldy, 119 and 131 Nassau street, New York.

" How to make S3.50 a Year by Bees," J. W. Pag-
dcn, Sussex, England. A 24 mo. volume of 45 pages,
in paper covers. Lorinu, publisher, Boston.

Centennial Address to the people of New York,
by prominent citizens, and the " United States Cen-
tennial Almanac " for 1875. King & Baird, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

D. L. Resh's Susquehanna Green-Houses and Plant
Nurseries, Columbia, Pa. This handsome 12 mo.
" Catalogue and Annual Report " came to hand too
late to be noticed in our last number.

Webster's Lanthcapeand Oniamental Gardener,
containing hints and plans for laying out and orna-
niciitinLT grounds in accordance with the principles of
an and taste. An octavo panijjhlet of ;i4 pages. Roches-
ter, N. Y. See advertisement.

International Exhibition 1870, Fairmount
Park, Philadelphia, Pa. A beautifully executed
royal octavo j)aiuphletof 53 pages, with several band-
some maps, and finely executed architectural illus-
trations relating to the " Centennial."

BtHLDiNG As.^oiiATiox JOURNAL. The Organ of
the Building and Loiin Associations. As its name
implies, it is an 8 paire quarto, devoted to an interest
of no ordinary importance. Philadelphia. H. A.
Mullen, 730 Chestnut street. 50 cents a year,

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, &c.,
For the month, ending April 1st, 1875.*

Apparatus for Pisciculture; A. Bond, Vernon, Conn.
Horse Blankets and Pantaloons Combined; C. Franke,

New York, N. Y.
Grain Separator; J. H. Locke, San Francisco, Cal.
Hay Loaders; Frank Marion, Tremont, III.
Rein Holders; Carmi Osgood, East Hardwick, Vt.
Jump Seats for Carriages; N. Starkey, Amesbury,

Massachusetts.
Machines for Packing Tobacco; H. Winterweber,

Offenbach, Germany.
Check-Rowers for Corn-Planters; Geo. D. Haworth,

Deeatiir, III.
Windmills; A. & G. Raymond, Wampun, Wis.
Harvester Reels; G. G. Read, Russellville, Ky.
Sulkies; Peter Soule, Colesville, N. Y.
Pump Suckers; I. M. Springer, Indianapolis, Ind.
Plows; C. R. Dugdale, Dixon, Pa.
Transplanting Boxes; P. Eby, Lancaster countv. Pa.
Butter-Workers; J. L. Englehart, New York, N. Y.
Automatic Clock operated Horse-Cribs; W. R.Grib-

bin & Augustus McMillan, Portland, Maine.
Plows; A. Hampe, Staunton, 111.
Horse Powers; E. J. & J. W. Hovle, Martins Ferry, O.
Gang Plows; J. B. Hunter, Ashley, III.
Pruning Shears; W. H. Johnson, Springfield, 111.
Pruning Implements; W.H.Johnson, Springfield, 111.
Grain Separators; W. M. Koppers, Seville, Ohio.
Cotton Scrapers and Choppers; Wm. A. McClaug-

hertz, Seguim, Texas.
Animal Traps; I. V. Newsom, Eatonton, Ga.
Green-Corn Cutters; W^m. J. Potter, Mount Lebanon,

New York.
Land Pulverisers; A. Underwood, Carrollton, HI.
Animal Hopples; J. D. Wilson, Round Grove, Kan.
Chums; D. C. Bailey, South Salem, Ohio.
Cultivators; Jacob Behel, Rockford, 111.
Horizontal Hay and Cotton Presses; T. P. Bennett &

E. J. Riincier, Belton, Texas.
Land Rollers; P. Bilzen, Moveagua, III.
Horse Shoes; S. B. Henry, Farmwell, Va.
Fertilizing (Compounds; C. H. Hoffman, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.
Stacker Attachments for Threshing Machines; Levi

Kittinger & J. K. Koutz, Massillon, Ohio.
Wagon Brakes; R. I. Knapp, Half Moon Bay, Cal.
Cultivators; L. L. Lawrence, Dublin, Ind.
Wind-Wheels; Newell P. Mix, Avenue & William C.

Jacobs, Columbia, Ohio.
Milk Safes; J. F. Pool, Monroe, Wis.
Vehicle Springs; J. M. Pressey, Salineville, Ohio.
Plow Carriages; D. W. Ralston, Rockford, 111.
Wind-Mills; G. F. Rounds, Benton Harbor, Mich.
Interfering Boots for Horses; A. Westbrook, Astoria,

New York.
Dough kneading boards ; L. L. Black, Lowell, Mass.
Sheaf Droppers" for Harvesters ; S. G. King, Round

Grove, III.
Milk Coolers; E. McEwan & Chas. 0. Gibson, Derby

Line, Vt.
Sulky Plows ; Wm. B. Quick, St. Louis, Mo.
Churns ; J. W. Simmons, East Monroe, O.
Butter Workers- F. B. Aldrich, Chicago, 111.
Hog Trajis ; J, F. Cooper, Frankton, Ind.
Colters ; A, M. Davis, Jerseyville, 111.
Horse Collars; L. W. Harbaugh, Muscatine, Iowa.
Thrashing Machines ; T. Harri.sou, Belleville, III.
Sod Cutters; R. Hinkson, Buft'alo, N. Y.
SadiUe Horse Apparatus; A. Hitt, Flora, III.
Feed Cutting Machines ; W. J. Jones, Hamilton, Ohio.
Sulky-Harrows ; J. Kimbell, Pleasant Home, Neb.
Fruit (iatherers: M. McDevitt, Hampton, Va.
Corn Shellers; S. H. Moore, Chicago, 111.
Cultivators ; P. D. Rogulmore, Panola county, Texas.
Draft Equalizers; L. J. Seely, Waldrou, Ind.
Grupe and Flower Pickers ; L. B. Snow, Cleveland, O.
Fruit Driers; T. C. Walter, San Francisco, Cal.
Fruit Driers; H. J Allen, Sturyis, Mich.
Plows; Wm. Bradford, Valdosta, Ga.
Horse Hay Rakes; S. H. Bushnell, Fairport, N. Y.
Pruning Shears ; J. Chase, Orange, Mass.
Bag Holders ; Leonard Crolbot, Pavilion, N. Y.
Cider Mills; Enos Curtis, Traverse City, Mich.
Grain Samplers; F. A. Furst, Baltimore, Md.
Straw Cutters ; Warren Gale, Chicopee Falls, Mass.
Churns; D. W. George, Pulaski, Iowa.
Lawn Settees ; H. H. Gratz, Lexington, Ky.
Grass Cultivator Teeth ; E. Leonard, Akron, Ohio.
Bag Fasteners ; A. M. Miller, Sturgis, .Mich,
Pruning Implements ; C. .Miller, Boonville, .Mo.
.Motors for Churns, &c. ; H. Odell, Peekskill, N. Y.
Cheese Safes ;W. P. Quackeiibush, HoUey, N. Y.
Preserving Apparatus; J. P. Schmidt, San Francisco, C.
Grain Conveyers; Wm. Stanton, Erie, Pa.
Machines for Subsoiliiig and Digging Vegetables ; T.

L. Webster, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Housemaid Pails ; EnimaC. Wooster, New York, N.Y.
Garden Sprinklers ; Frank M. Gray, Norwood, 111.
Road Scrapers ; A. MeCall, Saratoga, Cal.

• Prepared expressly for The Lanoasteu Faumeb by
Louis B.igger & Co., Solicitors of P.iteutB, Wasbii)gton, D.
C, frciiii whom complete copies of the Pateuta uud Druwiugs
may be obtaiued.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

V.

Wi'fil Cutlfrs anil ITillcrs ; .Tup. Kohson, Osci'oIh, Wis.
Wlicc'lM l(ir Ilarvfsti-is; (i. 1). Howell, .VppU'tin, Wis.
Slip Ti'clli for Sirilcrs; (i. 1). Howell, Appleton, Wis.
Rut ter Workers ; Oi\n. Siifrcr, Helviciero, 111.
llav Loiidcrs ; L. I'lKlcrHdoci, Otlawa, 111.

(iniiu Separators ; Orville K. \V 1, West Cliazy.N Y.

rniiiiiiij: Shears ; C. II. Billinf.'s, La (iraiii^e, Iiiil.
Horse Shoes ; Thomas B. Bishop, Washint'ton, U. C.
Brixiin Ba^s; E. I). Bronson, Amsterilam, N. Y.
Uraiii and Straw Lifters ; 0. Kraiie, Kiiij^hls Lamliinr,

C'al.
Hay and Cotton Presses; B. J. Day, Evansville, Ind.
Fruit Driers; Levi A. lionld, Santa Clara, Cal.
Windmills; A. & W. firaf, Bernard .Innetion, Wis.
Bag Fasteners; C. W. Harvey, Waterloo, Iowa.
Seed Drills and I'lanters ; L. L. llaworth, London, O.
Potato Diirnini; Machines; T. Head, Copetown, Can..
Wind Wheels; .1. .M. Kautlnian, (loshen, Ind.
Cultivators; P. F. I.andphere, Mason, III.
Cliineh Biiir Gatherers ; K. 11. Marsh, Usage MiSBion,

Kansas.
Drv Measures ; D. M. Metford, Toledo, Ohio.
Windmills ; P. Sheekler, Orangeville, 111.
Comltiiu'd H()rse Hoes and Plows; A. D. Sim<jns,

Windsor, Conn.
Wagon Seats ; W. H. H. Suollhaker, Chicago, 111.
Side Hill Plows; C. 11. Stratton, Mouroeton, Pa.
Presses ; C. S. Swan, Tamaroa, 111.
Karth Augers; K. Whitney, Marysville, Cal.
Gate Latches; H. C. Bei-nartl, Hocky Mount, Va.
Earth Augers; F. J. Clarke, Sit. Pli-asaiit, Iowa.
Feed Batrs for Horses ; Henry Engelhert, Kutherford

Park, N. J.
Dredging Boxes ; Jos. S. Field, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Grain Thrashers and Separators ; David Lippy, Maus-

tield. Ohio.
Horse Hay Kakos; Bcnj. Mellinger, Mt. Pleasant, Pa.
Bee Hives; N. C. Mitchell, Indianapolis, Ind.
Iinjilemcnts for BindingGrain ; William A. Patterson,

Juniata county. Pa.
Seed Planters ; H. E. Pennypaeker, Phoenixville, Pa.
Spring Vehicles ; Jas. H. Phoenix, Cinciimati, 0.
Portalilc Penecs ; H. Priekett, Edenlon, Ohio.
Grain Binders ; Charles S. Travis, Great Valley, N. Y'.
Seed Sowers ; Alex. Walker, Mornington, Canada.
Grain Separators; Wm.S. Cly mans, Burnt Cabins, Pa.
Harness Clips; F. Conway, Butlalo, N. Y.
Steam Plows; James Fogartv, Newark, N. J.
Potato Diggers; M. W. Knox, Sheridan, N. Y.
Straw Twisting Machines; S. Kuh, Jellcrson, Iowa.
Wagon Covers; E. M. Saunders, Sangus, Mass.
Stumii Elevators; J. II. Barnes, Baltimore, Md.
Grain Drills; Bcnj. Kuhns, Davl<iii, Ohio.
Plows; J.O. Minor, Beilford, idwa.
Swinging Gates; F. Kaymon<I, Cleveland, Ohio.
Harvesters; C. D. Schrailer; Lancaster, M'is.
Lifting Jacks; J. J. Adirate, Stevensville, N. Y.
Dumping Carts; J. J. Adgate, Stevensville, N. Y.
Windmills; O. B. Blakeslee, Hankin, 111.
Chain Pump Buckets; A. L. Cory, Ypsilanti,Mich.
Gang Corn Planters; S. P. Evans, Ash Kidge, Ohio.
Top Supports for Carriages; A. Goodyear, Albion,

Mich.
Harvesters; M. L. Gorhani, Kockford, 111.
Carriage Tope; C. lleergeist, Cinciimati, Ohio.
Cotton Seed Planters aud Fertilizer Distributers; J.

B. Legg, Rome, Ga.
Windniilis; Geo. 11. Lucas, Pekin, 111.
Corn Drills; J. B. LudU!W, Muncie, Ind,
Harrows; W. T. MeGee, Wheeling, Mo.
_ Cotton Choppers; J. G. Mickle, Fosterville, Tenn.
Farm Boxes; -M. M. Murray, Ciiu-innati, Oliio.
AVindmills; A. iN: (i. Havmond, Wuupun, Wis.
AVater Wheels; K. K. Hoyer, Ephrata, Pa.
Axle Skeins for Vehicles; B. Snyder, Johnson's Cor-
ners, Ohio.
Grain Bands; C. L. Travis, Great Valley, N. Y. '
Cotton Planting ,\ttaehmcnts to Harrows; S. H.

Wade, Chapel Hill, Miss.
Hay Presses; Chas. Wa.ste, Galeshurg, 111.
Unloading and Dumping Grain; J. B. Whitcomb,

Farmer City, 111.
Machines lor Distributing Compounds for Destroying

Cotton Worms; Wm.T. Willie, Breuhara, Texas.
Doors for feeding Straw to Furnaces; AVm. F. Mor-
gan, Oswego, N. Y.
Journal Bearings for Harvesters; E. S. Herrington,

West lloosiek, N. Y.

REI.'SSIES.

Lawn Mowers; E. G. Passniore, Philadelphia, Pa.

Patent No. S7,iS(l; dated Feb. 2'ld, ISfiil.
Grail) Drvcrs; J. B. Whecic, Bolton, Mass. Patent

No. ;;s,'l91; dated April Uth, 18li:i.
Plows; John Lane, Chicago, 111.; Old Patent No.

111,8.54, jlated Feb. U., 1.S71.
Harvester: C. W. A W. W. Mar.sh, Sycamore, TIL,

Patent; No. 31,201, dated Aug. 17, LS.W.
Harvesters; C. W. A W. W. Marsh, Sveamore, 111.,

I'atent No. 21,21)1, dated Aug. 17, 185S.
Mowing Machines: A. B. Allen, Toms Hiver, N. J.

Patent No. 2il,22.S; dated July 24th, LsliO.
Harvester Kakes; Andrew A. Henderson, Brooklvn,

N.Y. Patent No. 2'.),.5!I4; dated Auir. Uth, bStld.
Drills for Well Boriuir; John .M. Mav, Cedar Hapi<ls,

Iowa. Patent No. 49,120; dated Aug. 1, l.Sfi.->.
Harvester Kakes: Walter A.Wood & Co., lloosiek

Falls, N. Y. Patent No. 1S,009; dated Aug. IStli,
1857; extended seven years.

Powell's I'atent Wheel HarrowlGrainCoverer.

Tliis Ilitnow, for PiilvcrizjitiDii, Covcriiif; Seed, C'<miii;ii:itivc Eiisp of Draft, Simplicity,
Durability, and General I'ractlcabtlliy, lsunsurpa.ssed hy any other Harrow or Pulverizer In use.

IT IS ADAPTED TO EVERY KIND OF SOIL!

stony. Rooty, Clayey, Loamy or sandy, being supplied with f'a.st Iron or steel Teeth. It never catehi^s upon stone
or roots, nor turns up the sod on newly plowed sward land, owing to the peculiar construction ol the Teelli. It
does the work ot four plows on old potato land by properly adjusilng it.

A SEED SOWER, now ready for use. can be attached when dc'slred.

MANUFACTURED BY THE NATIONAL WHEEL HARROW COMPANY,

L. C. DODGE, General Agent, Burlington, Vt.

FARMERS, CALL AND SEE THE GREAT HARROW.

Being itssiircd tlKit this, tlic only Wlicol Harrow in tlif world witli ;i wlictd draft, wlnrli
works vertically. Independent of the main axle. Is on.' of the mosi Imporiant agricultural Impleincnis of ih.. day,
the publishers ot Thk Farmi-:p., have made arrangements wllhlle' Mauutacturers to hrln^' It to the at lent Ion of the
Farmers of I'ennsvlvonta liy pliulns one of the Harrows and Si-cd Sowers comMned on extilbltlon at the olllee of
Thk Lancaster Fakmek. wh.re thos.' Interested tn this tTeai Improv.iiicnt are invited to call. This will be the
first one seen in the state. It was awarded the (JRVND MEDAL OK PROGKESS by the New England ACTleultural
Society, at Boston. 1ST:), and at Providence, In lsT4; also the First Premium by the American Institute, \sTi. and
First at all state and Couniy Fairs wherever (Xblblied. ("-1.1m.

m%u

No. 1. The old Nursery at
Sevenlh-st. and Borougli limits,
with '.M\ acres of Kround, live
large flreeii and Hot-houHee, and
a loug line of Cold Fninies imd
Hot Beds, etc., where stock ia
grown for whoJefliiliuK,

No. 2 Is 11 Uetail Gieen-housc,
over one hundred feet loug.
Packing Hoiihc and Office.

largost nn'l moHt comjlete

Establimiment in the State, Philiid'a and vifinity cxeoi'ted.

Stock etteraud I'lic-cs lower than any other reliablo es-
tabliubment in any State of the Union.

SEND FOR MY DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE.

Pealcrs ami Planters will save and iniikc money by calUug
to examine ni.v stocli before i.uri>li;tsii]g elsewhere.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING
I> I- A. N T I N C3-

DONE IN THE BEST MODERN STYLE.

Decorating Assemlly Rooms,

and PfTTINO VV ANY STYI.K OF I'LOWIiR DKSKINS,
done in the most Arlistic Wt.vie, ou Short Nolioo, aud at
ReaBunuble Rates. Address,

s. II. ^'TJurr.io,

Cor. Third and Cheslnut Sts-,

7-4-lnil ron'MniA, im.

MARIETTA NURSERIES.

We invite the iiKcutiou ot I'lautcrs ton very large ind
fine stock of

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM and CHERRY TUEES.
Also, SHADE and ORNAMENTAL TREES.

Small Fruits. Kosea and aiecii-UouaeTlauts.

Send your orders early. Prices very low. Descriptive
Catalogue*! free. .-Vd.bess

7-3-2m ENULE & BRO., Marietta, Pa.

TRXSSS, Etc.

We offer for SPR I NG i '75 , "" "" ''">'»"?

large stock of well-grown, thrifty

Ntnnilnrd ami Hwarf Frull Tree*.
4i:ra|><< VliK'S. Siii.-ill I'rnils.
Oriiainotilal Tr«'«'«. Mliriihs. Roion.
New anil l(»r<> rrnil :>ii<l Oriiain<-n(al Trom,
F.voricri'rii aiifl liilllxMix KooIm.
Xen and Kar)- <.r<-rii aii<l il«l-ll»niio PInntn.
Small pnrceh forviiriWd hi/ vmil irhcn demrcd.

PROMI'T ATTKNTION OIVKN TO AT.I, ENQViniEfl.

Descriptive and llhtslratfd I'rirrd CataluriiifM wnt prepaid,
on rerfiiit of ntnmpn, ajt/oltntrn:
Nn. 1 — Fruits, l<>r. No. 'J— Ornninental Tre,-a. lOC-
No. »— flrecnhoUB-. lOr. No. 4— Wholesale, Frco.

Addt-esB.
KKtah'd 1S40.
l-i-Sm] Mnvnl II. f'

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

RIM'IIKSTr.K. >•. T.

SEEDS AND BULBS.

ILLUSTRATED SPRING CATALOGUE FOR 1875

>OW KK.IOY.

Bent, with a specimen coyy of 7'hr Avi^rirnn fiardrn, a new
IlhlHt rated Journal of (larden .\rt, edited Ity .Taroev Hogg,
on re<'eii>t of teu cla. REAPH & SON. Seednnien,

7-S-lf 71; Fiilion SI., Bro..ktyn. N. Y

THOEOUGHBHED STOCE

FOR SALE CHEAP.

PURE AYSHIRE CATTLE and CALVES,

PURE JERSEY CATTLE and CALVES.

of all age«. all very choice ani! nicvl.v marked, from the
clioic'Bt l>loo<l and'inilking faniibcH. AlHit,

•■PRIZE CHESTER WHITE PIGS,"

of all ages. " UnanvpaBUcd." Tbeec P>ire-Bred Piga have
no auj'erior on this continent. Rrcd from our pi-ize and pre-
niinm atock. Alao, extra improved Pr.RKSHIRE and
ESSEX PIGS. Order «oon. Addrco.

CI.IPTON FARMS,

KENNET SQUARE,

7-2-3m CHESTER CUUNTT, PA.

VI.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

WABI

v^^nt

II ||t€

CENTRE HALL,

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

Is now ready to accommodate the Public
in the way of

REAOY-MAEE CLOTIINi;,

-FOR-

MEN, YOUTHS & BOYS.

Our stock is the largest in the
City of Lancaster. We manufac-
ture all our Clothing; we have
them sponged, made up well, and
use good irimmings. Our new
Centre Hall is packed with goods
from top to bottom. We are pre-
pared to show to the public the
largest, and one of the choicest,
assortments of Piece Goods, for
Spring, ever exhibited outside of
Philadelphia, of every grade and
shade, of both Foreign and Do-
mestic mauufacture, all of which
we are prepared to make up in
the best manner, at the shortest
notice, and at the most reasonable
prices. We are also prepared to
make up to order all kinds of
Clothing for Children, and we
keep them i-eady made. If you
want to purchase goods by the
yard, you can save money at
CENTRE HALL, as we buy
largely, and have an advantage in
our large purchases.

We keep a full line of Gentle-
men's Furnishing Goods. We
have a large lot of accumulated
Stock of Keady-Made Clothing,
Odd Lots, which will be sold
without regard to cost. It will
pay purchasers wishing Clothing
to call at Centre Hall and be suit-
ed, and save money, and you will
say the half has not been told you.
There are always ready hands
waiting to show you through the
immense stock.

Waiting your inspection, we feel
grateful to a generous public for
the patronage heretofore extended
to us, and hope by fair dealing to
merit a continuance of the same.

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

T-4-3m]

LANCASTER, PA.

Passing them in.

A well known drummer for a Boston dry goods
house, who chanced, last summer, to be in a Maine
town where the circus was to show that night, made
a bet that he could pass every one of a party of thirty,
who had come over from a neighboring town into the
"show," without paying a cent. The wager being
accepted, the party were marshaled, and proceeded
to the tent, where the doorkeeper was busily engaged
taking tickets from all who passed through the aper-
ture in the canvas. Coming up with his crowd, the
drummer rushed up to the ticket taker with his hands
full of cards, and said :

" Just count these men as they pass in, ending with
the man in the straw hat."

" Certainly, sir," and the cerberus went to work.
" Five, ten, fourteen, eighteen," &c., as they passed
in and mingled with the crowd, till the straw hat was
reached, when he shouted "thirty-one," and turned
round for the tickets. But the polite individual who
had bade him enumerate had vanished, while the
party who was crowned with the straw hat, the only
one who was stopped before he had mingled with and
melted into the indistinguishable mass of the crowd
inside, proved to be an innocent countryman, who
had legitimately procured his admission paste-board.
The ticket taker couldn't leave his post, for the in-
gress by regular spectators was pressing, so he made
the beet of it, and said nothing. He had learned a
lesson, however, that made him take tickets first and
count afterward, for the future.

A Yorkshire butcher was going to York with his
son, a boy of eighteen. He took a ticket for himself
and a-half one for the boy. When the train drew near
to York the ticket collector came round, and ex-
claimed at this half ticket, " Where's the child ?"

" Here," said the butcher, pointing to the tall,
awkward youth.

" What do you mean?" asked the indignant ticket
collector. " He ain't a child; he's a young man !"

" Ah ! so he is, now," answered the butcher, " but
that's thy fault, not mine. I know when we got in
at Wakefield he were nobbut a bairn; buttha'st been
goin' so confounded slow that he's growed sin' we
started !"

An Englishman dining in a Chinese village was
greatly enjoying a savory dish, and would have ex-
pressed his pleasure to the waiter, who, however, un-
derstood nothing of English, nor could our friend
utter a word of Chinese. The smacking of lips indi-
cated satisfaction ; and then came the question,
ingeniously put. Pointing at the portion of meat in
the dish, and which he supposed to be duck, the
Englishman, with an inquiring look, said, "Quack,
quack, quack?" The waiter, gravely shaking his
head, as much as to say "No," replied, "Bow, wow,
wow ! " . .

A PENUBious FELLOW,having buried his wife,waited
upon the grave-digger, who had performed the
necessary duties, to pay him his fees. Being of a
niggardl}' disposition, he endeavored to get the knight
of the spade to abate his charges. The patience of
the latter becoming exhausted, he grasped his shovel
impulsively, and, with an angry look, exclaimed,
" Doon wi' another shilliu', or — up she comes 1 "
The threat had the desired etfeet.

"Why, you rascal," said Dr. Radcliffe, the great
physician, to a pavior who dunned him, "do you pre-
tend to be paid for such a piece of work ? Why, you
have spoiled my pavement, and then covered it over
witlv><!arth to hide your bad work." " Doctor," said
the pavior, " mine is not^the only bad work the earth
hides." "You dog, you," said Dr. Radclitt'e, "you
are a wit : you must be poor. Come in and you shall
be paid."

A DEAF-AND-DUMB mendicant was suddenly startled
by the rude shouts of some boys while wallcing down
a city street, and in turning slipped on a banana skiu
and fell. He gave the lads a severe lecture, much to
the enjoyment of the blind beggar at the corner, who
saw the whole occurrence through his green glasses,
and was much amused thereat.

".Jennie" said a venerable Camcronian to his
daugliler, who was asking his consent to accompany
her urgent and favored suitor to the altar — " Jennie,
it's a very solemn thing to get married." "I know
it, father," replied the sensible damsel ; "but it's a
great deal solemner not to."

ArniLosopHER borrowed adictionary to read, and
returned it after he got through, with the remark
that "it was werry nice reading, but it somehow
changed the subject werry often." It was his sister
who thought the first ice-cream she tasted was " a
leetle touched with the frost." >

The Lanoater Farmer : This agricultural news-
paper is constantly securing increased popularity, and
is well filled with instructive and useful reading mat-
ter. Published by Pearsol & Geist, Lancaster, Pa.—
York (/"a.) Telegram.

JOHN M. CO^AAELL,

Copeyaicer ani Seal Estate Apt,

OFFICK IN LAW BUlLltiSQ,

N. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real EHate of all deacription bought, eold and ex-
changed on commission.

L^ntns Negotiated. Mortgages bought and sold.

fropt'rtiea taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
coUected.

I*articiilar attention given to matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

Drfdst Mortgagea, Briefs, Wilts and all other legal
inetruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, Lots, Farms, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-12m

REED, McGRANN & CO,

LANCASTER CITY.

Execute orders for Stocks and Bonds, allow Interest on
Deposits according to time, Loan Money, Make Collec-
tions, Buy Gold and Silver, and transact a General
Banking Business.
Drafts and Passage Certlticates for sale on Europe,
GEO. K. REED, A. M. McCONOMY,

B. J. MCORA.NX, R. U. BRUB.\KER,

PETER MCCOXOMY. JB. [7-3-3m

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS.,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,

IS NOW OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSON & SON.

PATROSTAOE OF FARMERS SOLICITED.

«Pft.COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS. [T-l-«m

PATENTS

OBTAIED BEST AD CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OP PATENTS,

U?" Address all letters to P. O. Box 444.

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No. 320 North Qneen Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market House).

The Improved Rockaway Grain Fan, Pnitt's Patent Hay
Rake :vnd Corn Siiellers for Horse and Hand Power,
Cutting Boxes, Corn Planters, and Improved
Cider Mills
of different kinds and sizes ; also, all kindb of Coach-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your interest before buying elsewhere.
I can sell at small profits. The Shop is two squares
northwest of P. R. R. Depot, and two squares south of
Rending Depot. Hickory Lumber and Spoke Wood taken
in exchange for Machines.

PLANINQ AND SA^WINQ

of all kinds at short notice ; and Castings kept on h;md for
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agricultural imple-
ments oi every description on hand. Wire and Sievea
made to order for farmers.

SAMUEIi KEELER,

6-5-12m] Lancasteh, Pa.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

VII.

J. B. KEYINSKI,

Sole Agent for Lancaster City and County lor

STEINWAY& SON'S

WORLD RENOWNED PIANOS,

AND

MASON & HAMLIN'S

CELEBRATED OEGANS.

No. 8 Xorth Prince St.

7-2-3m

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Attorsey-at-Law.

Ofiice-204 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

coiaUrasBXA. ^a.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of AGREEMENTS motlyund pxicditiouBly
drown. Cases carefully and thorougUly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWtRS. AUDITORS,

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of any kind.

Collections, large or small, made upon a uniform table of
rat^s, in all inirtH of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Consultations and Correspondence conducted iu either the
French, German or English lunguuges.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

7-l-l*n] Columbia, Penua.

DAVID BAIR.

R. W. SHENK.

BANKING HOUSE

—OF—

BAIR & SHENK,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

BUSINESS PAPER Discountf-d.
Loans made on Collateral Securities,
Gold, Silver, Coui oni, Government and other Securities
bought and sold.
Interest paid on Def usits.

*X I'^r cent. 3 nuinths, I 5)^ per cent. 12 mouths.

5 per cent. 6 months, | 7-a.3m

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

EOOF1NC4 ISLA-TE.

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12m LANCASTER, PA.

FINE GROCERIES,

BAKING 1 GLASSES.

PURE SPICES,

Canned Vegetatles and Fruits,

AT
7-2-Sm

HENRY FISHER'S,

104 East King St.

MODEL WIVES.

Recently tlic Kubjicts of "Model Wives"
and "Model Iluslumd.s" liiive been ventilated
in lectures before the "Howard Association,"
but possibly tliey may not liave been entirely
exhausted. The following is in point, and
we liojie that some young lady reader
t>f The FAit.Mi':i: will in like manner paint the
jiortrait of a model husband, and endorse it
by ail appeal to the " law and tlie testimony. "
If furtlier elucidation should seem necessary,
she might illustrati^ it by an appropriate little
anecdote, of which there are no doubt an
abundance to select from, and wliich cannot
possibly do any harm:

Model wives liki> city docks bIiouUI l)e,

KxiK't to reifHliirity,

Yet not like city clocks so loud

As beard by all the vulji:ar crowd.

Model wives, like echo, should be true,

And speak when only spoken to ;

Yet not, like echo, so aiisurd.

Forever having the last word.

Model wives like snails should be akin,

And their own houses keep within :

Yet not like snails and their lilthy pack.

Wearing all their tcoodness on their back.

Now, to the law and testimony we go, and
from the sentence hereof there can be no
appeal :

Genesis, iii ; 16.

1st Peter, iii ; 1—6.

Proverbs, xii ; 4. >

Proverbs, xiii ; 1 — 31.

Ecclesiastes, vii ; 28.

1st Timothy, ii ; 9—14.

Ephesians, v; 22 — 24.

Titus, ii; 3—5.

^

Fond of Fishing.
"I met, the other day," writes a foreign
sportsman, "with an Englishman who travels
some hundreds of miles every year to indulge
in his favorite sport of trout-fishing. I believe
that, provided his favorite stream was undis-
turbed, this enthusiastic fishernian would be
but little concerned if the whole world was
submerged in a second deluge, as may be
judged by the following anecdote: One day
he was exploring the banks of his favorite
sti'eam, accompanied by the landlord of the
inn at which he was stopping. The latter
happening to come too close just at the moment
when his guest was throwing liis lly, the hook
caught the poor wretch's eyelid, causing him
intense pain. The sportsman coolly took out
the hook, readjusted the tly, and, as the iiui-
keeper continued howling at the top of his
voice, ' You can,' said he, in a whis])er, 'put
your eye down in your bill; but I'll trouble
you to stop that noise, so as not to frighten
mytish.'"

^

A GOOD STonY is told of a little seven year
old bfiy, at a juvenile party. He k(>iit aloof
from the rest of the company, and the lady of
the house called to him, .saying: "Come and
play and dance, my dear. Choose one of
those pretty little giiis f( r your wife."

"Xot likely!" cried the youngster, "No
wife for me ! Do you think I want to be wor-
ried all my life like poor papa V"

A Tau.or possesses the qualities of nine men com-
bined in one, as will be seen by the following observa-
tions :

1. As an economist he cuts his coat according to
his cloth.

2. As a gardener, he is careful of his ca!>bage.

.S. As a sailor, he sheers off whenever it is projier.

4. As a play-actor, he often lirandislies a bare b(xi-
kin.

T>. As a lawyer, he attends many suits.

0. As an executioner, lie provides suspenders or
gallowses for numy persons.

7. As a cook, he isgcnerally furnished with awarm
g(X)8e.

8. As a sheriff's ollicer, he does much at s|)onging.

9. As a rational and Scriptural divine, his great
aim is to form good habits for the benefit of himself
and others.

BOOKS !

JOHN BAER'S SONS,

No. 15 Xorth Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

Invite the attention of the public to their largo and well bo-
locied stock of "

Miscellaneous aiii Scliool Books,

English and German Publications,
BLANK BOOKS,

Com))rlslug Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Journals,
Pass Books, &c., foreign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years* experience In the busiDesB, ample
capitul and a spacious store, wo

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our bnsiness, and offer special inducements to
all who may favor us with their patronage.
J^^ Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

r-i-18)

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL. 1875.

Rattivon ft Pisher,

PRACTICAL

Tatfars acid) Giotfiiers.

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All the Fine and Common Grades of

l¥M & Americau PautalooiiinES auil Vestiiigs

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VALENTIA VESTINGS.

Phiiii and Figured.

Ready-made clothlnfr of home manufacture for Men
and Boys. Hosiery, a fuU line of shirts, coUars, sbama,
and Neck Fl.tlnds. etc.

(lot 111 UK made to order promptly, and warranted to
give satisfaction. .Mrents for the ^ale of >eott's Kashlons.

our sloik consists of all the novelties In the market,
for M KN and BOYS, and wlU be reph nlshi d a.s the sea-
son advances. For quality, variety, style and price, wo
feel II cannot be excelled elsewhere.

Tliankful for pa.sl palroDa^re. w,' would call the atten-
tion of liuyera to our sioek of Piece Goods and Keady-
Made clolUInc for the sprlni,' of !*;.'>.

Fashions recilvert monthly, and flothlnsr made
promptly to ordi r. on the most sailsfaetory terms.

RATHVON & FISHER,

7-l-12m

I'mcllcnl 'i'nilora.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

SCH ROVER'S

On Harrisbnrg Avenue, in the J)th Ward,
North of the College,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

My collection of this, the most popular of all flowers,
embraces THE BEST tliat can be had. I recomiuena
none which I have not ffrown and bloomed. Persons
who make thiir selections from some oJ the highly col-
ored descriptions and plctuTts which have been sent
out from the large cUles. will, m nine cases out of ten,
be disappointed. I can furnish any Rose, which can be
had, named In any ot the many catalogues which have
been circulated this spring In Lancaster county, at the
prices named therein, nd many of the very best ou'S
of my own growing, at less than half-price. My plants
are not grown In a hot-house, but In a cold green-house,
bunt especially for roses. B»~Call and see them, and
If they do not please, you need not buy.

FUCHSIAS, &c.

By the thousand, together with a large supply of every
variety of

FLOWERING & FOLIAGE PLANTS

fsually kept in floral establishments, for beddfng,
baskets, vases, etc.

E»"Vase8 and baskets neatly filled. Baskets left at
No. 3 North Queen strei-t will be tlUed and reltirned.
Vases will be called for and fliled and returned.

Imatii {liiilf, {aibise flant?:,

OF THE VERY BEST EIND.

t^*C'ut Flowers, Bouquets, Wreaths, Crosses, etc.,
lor Parties, Weddings, Funeials, etc., in the best style.

FOR THE SPRING OF 1875

Every Wednesday and Saturday morning I will have a
general collection ot plants at ZAIIM'S CORNER, and
every Tuesday and !<at.urday afternoon at market
stalls Nos. 10 and 12, Avenue D, NORTHERN MARKET,
entering at the upper door on North Queen street.

CUT SAL mm&L BIFOT ,

IN FUONT OF

H.A.SCHROYER'S GENTS' FURNISHING STORE,

No. 3 NORTH QUEEN STREET,

Next door to Zahm's Corner, Ceutre Square,
Every day during the season, if the weather permits,
where I will be j leased to accommodate those who caunot
come to Headquarters.
7-4-lm] GEO. W. SCHROYER.

We would call the attention of
housekeepers, and those commenc-
ing housekeeping, to our very large
stock of Cooking Stoves, Ranges
and Heaters, together with our tre-
mendous variety of House Furnish-
ing Goods, such as Table Cutlery,
Britannia and Plated Spoons, Coal
Oil Lamps and Chandeliers, Wash
Wringers, Brushes, Brooms, Buck-
ets, Tubs, and every variety of Tin
and Copper- Ware, all of which we
are selling at the Lowest Prices.
Flinn & Breneman, No. 152 North
Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 7-3-3m

PLANTS.

NEW
and RARE.

ROSES, SHRUBS, AND BEDDING PLANTS,
B7 Uail a&d Express. Kew Catalogue. FREE.
Address, KKLWAXGEK A BAKKY,

Established 1840. Mt. Hope Xurserics, Rochester, N. Y.
7-4-'2m

My annual catalogue of Vegetable and Flower Seed for
1875, will be sent /rce to all who apply. Customers
of last season need not write for it. In it will he found
several valuable varieties of new vegetables introduced for
the first time this season, having made new vegetables a
Bi ecialty for many years. Growing over a hxindred and
fifty varieties on my several farms, I would particularly in-
vile the j.atrou:ige of market gardeners and all others who
are especially desirous to have their seed pure and fresh, and
of the very hejit strain. All seeds sent out from my establish-
ment are covered by three warrants as given in my cata-
logue. JAMES J. H. GREGORY, Marblehead, Mass.

FIELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER,

CANARY, RAPE, HEMP,

Alsike Sc White Clover,

LAWN GRASS, GREEN GRASS,
CLOVER & TIMOTHY,

AT W. D. Sprecher's,

31 E.KING ST., Lancaster.

OUR

Illustrated Catalogues
^°« 1875 ^^

EVERYTHING

FOR THE

GARDEN!

j{ Seeds! Plants! )

illmplements, Fertilizers, etc./

iNumberiDg 175 pages and containing five
\bcautiful colored 2)lates^inaX[\^i on receipt
JofSO cents.
I Catalogue, without plates, free to all.

35 Cortlandt St.,

NEW YORK.

EGGS rOR HATCHING

FEOH THE FOLLOWIMQ TAEIETIES OF PUItE BSED FOWLS,

At $1.50 PER DOZEN.

DARK and LIGHT BR.VHMAS, BUFF and PARTRIDGE

COCHINS, BROWN and WHITE LEGHORNS,

SILVER GRAY DORKINGS,

and HOUDANS.

I warrant one-half ot eacli dozen Eggs to hatclL It
tney do not I will replace ilicm at 50 cents per dozen.
Send stamp tor circular. Address

7-4-2m] Maelboro, stark Co., OUlo.

(Please state whore you see this advertisement.)

"ITTEB.STEIfS ORNAMEBITAI. OAItnEiVEK

W coutaiue Hints and Pluiis for Laying out and Orua-
nieuting Grounds. Eveiy one who cultivates a garden
should sENi> FOR A COPY. Bcautifully illustrated. Mailed
to any address for 25c. WILLIAM WEBSTER,

7-4-lm Kochester, N. Y.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOH N BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF
Horizoulal, Vertical and Portable, from 1^ to 100 Horae-Pc.

STEAM BOILERS~AJ)APTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

[7-1 -3m

Castings of all descriptious. Heavy and Light, Made to Order.

nin^nn l The undersigned has at his nur-jpnOPO I
1 IVlJfilJ i sery, in the village of SMOKE- 1 Mljljl} !
TOWN, six miles east of Lancaster, and four miles north of
Strasburg, a fine assortment of FRUIT, SHADE and OR-
NAMENTAL TREES.

APPLE. PEAR, CHEERY, GAGE, PLUM AND APRICOT
iTREES, ORAPE VINES AND SMALL FRUITS.|

3,000 extra PEACH TREES (budded) free from worme.
A fine lot of YELLOW LOCUST TREES.

LOUIS C. LYTE,
7-4-lm P. O. addiess, Bird-in-Hand.

12 HENS GIVING

PROFIT A YEAR.

SYSTEM PATENTED.

GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS, AND SEVERAL

DIPLOMAS AWARDED TO

P»i-or. A. COKBKTT

MANAGER OF THE

GALLINOCULTURE INSTITUTE

AT HICKSVILLE, N, T.

No Humbug. Millious of people have peen it.
Working Book, exiiliiiuiug how, 50 cts; Circular, 3 cts.
7-a-tf

^C tn *t*On ^*'^'^' ^''i' ^* home. Terms free, Atldresa
H>Q ^^U G. Stinson & Co., Portland, Maine.

RIVEESIDE l^URSERIE-.. "

A fine assortment of NURSERY STOCK, including :

APPLE, PEACH, PEAR, PLUM,
Cherry, and other Fruit Trees.

GRAPE VINES, BL.WKBERRY, RASPBERRY AND
STKAWBERKY PLANTS.

RHUBARB AND ASPARAGUS ROOTS,

SHACE ii OSKAUEHTAL ISEES, SOSES, SHEtTESEET. ic.

Also a fine stock of FLOWERS and GREEN HOUSE
PLANTS, TOMATO, CABBAGE and other Vegetable Plants
in season.

t^fSend for price list to

H. M. T5NGLE & SCUT,

7-3- 2m MAKIlCTrA, Lancaster Co., Pa.

6,000 PEACU TBEBS,

By tne Hundred and Thousand,

AT RKUnCKD PRICES.
APPLE, PEAR, AND OTHER FRUIT TRKES.

SHADE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES.
GREEN HOUSE PLANTS.

At COOPER'S NURSERY,

Bibd-in-Hakd, Penna.
Orders by mall carefully ailed. [7-«-im

VISITING- CARCS,
FOK LADIES AND QENTLEUEN,

Printed In tlie best style at tlie efflce ot

THE FARMER.

d^1 A "Vi^or* (To eubscribera in
KpJ- -^1- ^ t;cil ■( thecouuty.

SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS.

To BiibHcrib^rfl out of ) drl OR
the count J-. )■ ^Ji.^C).

Prof. S. S. KATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, MAY 15. 1875.

PEARSOL & GEIST, Publishers.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Importance and Prospects of the Enterprise.

The ro;iikT iKiw holds in liis liand tli(> fiftli
issue of The Lamastku Kaumkk sini-o the re-
sponsil>iHty of tlie ]nililic;itio;i was assumed
by tlie ])resent |iro|)rietors. rrartii-ally, it came
iiito their hands a liusiness faihiri'. In their
intrixluitory, in tlie .January number, it was
intimated tliat tlic work was undertaken more
as a labor of love, or as a matter <if loeal pride,
both by editor and iiublishers, than from any
lio]ie of immediate pccuniarj" gain. It was
then stated that—

"Our ]>lan, im-luilinn the enlar<:enient and
other contemplated ini|>rovements, will involve
a nnich heavier actual outlay of cash than can
be realize<l from the subscriptions on the list as
it comes into our luimls. We therefore rely
upon a larf;e increast' of subscribers to meet
these increaseil expenses ami to comiieusate in
some measure for the labor bestowed upon it.
The friends of the euter])rise will see that tlieir
interest and ours are mutual in making' ellorts
to in<rease the subscriirfion list, liy the chancre
of form, and the use of a more comjiact tyjie,
we will be al)le to jrive nearly twice as nuich
readiufi; matter as was jriven in the old form,
and we have no doubt all will ajiree with us
that the new form is an improvement in ap-
pearance as well as in lonvenience. Our suc-
cess in other pid>lishin!.' entcr|irises, throufrh
tlie conlidence and liberal patronaf;e of the
people of Lancaster county during the ])ast
thirty years, gives us assurance that the future
of TiiK Lancastkr Fahmku will not be a failure."

We have more than redeemed our promises.
In every issue we have given more than twice
as much rea<ling matter, anil for less money,
while the illustrations of such practical sub-
jects as the t'oloraihj Potato Beetle, and other
insectiverous pests, which were not i>romised,
are alone wortli more to any farmer than the
jirice of .'-Vib.scription. These will be coutinuecl
iroin iiionth to montli, the subjects adaiited to
the season. To please all tastes, we have added
Other illustrati(uis of various to|)ics of general
interest ; so that when we say Tiik Karmkii
is not surpassed in its general make-nj) ami
typograjihical appt'arance by any agricultural
publication in the country, as widl as in tlii'
variety and reliability of the information it
conveys, we only reiterate the o|iinions ex-
pressed of it l)y many leailing minds who have
complimented our enterprise.

When we ask the friends of progressive ag-
riculture to give TuK l'"A[iMi;n the largest circu-
lation of any other journal of its class, we are
simple asking them to i>romote their own in-
terests as much as ours. Thus far it has been
a success beyond our exjieetations ; but we
shall not be satisfied until the great county of
I-anea.ster can boast of the Jiest and most
prosperous local journal for the Farm, the
Garden and the Ilonseholil i>ublished in this
country. This is our ambition, and we shall
be satislied with nothing less. We therefore
ask every farmer into whose hands this num-
ber may come to give us his eo-oi)eration.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

FIVE TOPICS ILLUSTRATED.

TWENTY ENGRAVINGS.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES: pack.

The Colorado Potato-Beetle. Tllustrated, - 6.5

An Eurly RjiH for the Cnlorado-Beetlo.
The Facts of Natural History, - - 6f>

The Past and the I'reseiit. Iltuslrated, - 67

Modes of travel now iiud a hundred years ago.
Statistical Returnsof the AgrieuUural Dep't, 68
The Cattle Interests of the United States, - 69
A Famous Short-Horn. Ilhixtratai, - 69

The Kecond Duke of Ilillhuret.

Stewart on Fattening Stock, - - - C9
Entoniologieal — Enemies of the Cabbage But-
terfly, 70

Cianlen Culture >'s. Field Culture, - - 70

A (iood Cow, ----.. 70
The Old and the New. Ilhixirnlcd, - - 71
ludenendeace Hall in 177G and 1870— Our Far-
mers and the Centennial — Live Stock at the
Centennial,

The Weathei-— The Weather Two Years Ago, 72

The Waifs of Society, - - - - - 73

To Ohtain Fniit from Barren Trees, - - 72

Sing More — Cull i vatic uinf Music in the Family, 72

Adaptation to Climate— The Potato-Beetle, - 72

Gleanings No. 3 — About Wheat and Bread, 7;i
.lACtn STAi-FFElt, Lane.ister, Pa.

Letters, Queries and Answers: - - 7:?-74

Mountain Tea — Tt stiiiK K^y,» — Jot sand Ti:tles^
The Culture of Itos 8 — Fertilizeia for Tobacco
— Honielhiug About Grajies — Scabby-Legged
Chickens.

The Old Horse's Lament, (Poetry,) - 74

Our Local Organizations : - - - 74-76

Proceedings of the Monthly Meeting of the Lau-
c.ster County .Vgriinil'Ui'id and Ilorticulturul
Society — Condition and Prospec's of tlieCrojs
— Why the Wheat was Wint(M-i\illed— Varie-
ties and Cultivation of Corn — Hungariim
Grass — The I'ork (Question, &c.

Bees and Bee Culture: - - . - 76

Artilieial Swarming of Bees — How to Italianize
Your Bees — .\ Honie-M.lde Bee-Hive- Bee
Veils — The Kneuiy ot Bees — -Toining Swanns.

The Flower Garden. lUnstrahd, - 77-7S

The Love and Culture of l-'lowei b— Our Oardou
Itoses — The Literary or Classic Side of Gurdeu
Culture.

78

Landscape Gardening: - . . .

Imjiroved Hardy Hybrid Uhododendrons^Build
Nests tor the Itn-ds— Plant Trees, Useful and
Orntunental — The Cherry, &c.
Domestic Economy: - . - . 79-80

Curious Things in Uousekeei.lng — Beautifying
Our Homes — Lime Water lor IJurns— An Ap-
peal to Motllers — Provide Good TtHils — Iti-mi'-
dieH for Chilblains— Oreuse Your Nails— U-me-
dy for Cabb.ige Worms— .A Word for Clean
Cellais— Cooking a Shad— Valuable House-
hold Ueeeipts.

The Cotemporary Press, ... - 80
The Progress of Invention, - \ - 80-v

New Patents of Interest to the Farmer.
Our Fence Comers, - - - ii, iii, vi, vii
Business Announcements, - - ii-viii

THE LANCASTER FARMER.
Opinions of the People and the Press.

TiiK Fai!.mi:u eoiitimics to win K"l*lt''i
opinions everywhere, in and out of the county,
and its subscription list has been rapidly and
steadily increasing since its new depiirtuie at
the beginning of the year. Many of our best
faimeis, who know the value of it by a careful
perusal of its wtdl tilled and lianilsoiiielj'
])riuted pages, have- expressed their suiprise
that a single farmer should hesitate to bccoiiie
a subscriber at the the low i)riee of a dollar a
year, and even less when taken at the elub
rate.s. The following Udtcrs ;ire from gentle-
men ]irominently connected with agriculture
and horticulture in their varied iiileiests, and
where opinions are entitled to widght. Nor-
man .1. ('oluiaii, liublisher of the liund World,
St. Louis, one of the (dilest .and best agricul-
tural journals in the country, (establfshed in
1S4S) in a business letter soliciting the use of
certain illu.strations in our April number,
says, " We are highly jdeased with the appear-
ance and contents of your paper, Tiiic L.\N-
CA.STKH Fakmkii." A |)roinineiit farmer in
the lower end, in remitting his subscription
for TiiK Fahmkk hits the nail stjuarely on
the head when he .says :

"I am iniiili plea.sed with Tun Farmkk in its new
dress and wish it stieeess. 1 have alwtiysbeen of the
opinion that hiful aiirieultural pa[K'rs tnilij can be of
much practical value to the fanner. The great diversity
of climate and soil hi our widely exi ended country ren-
ders it imiH>ssil>le ftira paper haximra t^eiieriil eirciila-
tioij to treat those subjects tipmi which we need the
most lij^ht ill a way that can be of any ns<* Ion// of its
readers. Kaeh crop retjiiires ditVereiit trealiiient In
dirtereiit IcK-alities, anil thistreatiiieiit iiitist be learned
by the farmers themselves in these IrH-alilies. If they
will contribute the result of their experiments to an
agric'iiltiiral {ia)H-r which iseireulaled amoni; tliem,ii8
for instance loTuii bANc.4»TEii Kakmkk, other farni-
ors residing in baiu-asler i-oiiuty will b*' saved the
necessity of making the same ex i)erimeiits themselves ;
but in their turn can experiment upon olher entps and
manures tiiid iiiaki' known the resiibs; while to do
the same thimr tliroiuihoiit lln'eoiiiitry wouhl n'f|nlre
ail enormously iarire jH*ri«Miieal, any part (»f which
would be of u,«e to only a small iiiimlier ot its readers.
Lancaster eoiiiitv can and slioiiltl support rik-Ii a
l>a|ier. TuK Faumeu, edited by our able Iriend,
Prof. Balhvoii.aiid iiiulerlhe management of Its prea-
eiit eiiter|)risiiig pulilisliers, can and will meet all the
reqiilremeiits of an agrieiilliiral pa[>er in this eoiiiity,
ifthe farmers will do their |)art. — W. P. B., Liberty
Siftiitrtj Laiicnxttr cvitulij^ J'a.

Mr. Kililur: I thank you for a copy of The Lan-
CASTKU Faumeu. It is an excellent pa[HT in matter,
spirit and ty|)ography, and if sustained, as il should
be in our great county, it will be I he farmers jKrcn-
iiial fountain of stimulants to increased search after
kiiowledire and improvemenl in all that will reward
their industry and adorn tlielr homes. — A. B. G.,
Wat/iiiuiloH, U. v., April 29, 187oi.

Mr. Editor: I received two Nos. of The FAnMER ;
I like your paper, and will subscribe and contribute
for il after iny busy lime is over, say from the Ist of
July next ; in the metiiitime I inelosea hastily written
colli ribiit ion on " Ko..ie Culture " in the absence of
anything better.— W. E., YVii/n., April 26, 1875.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

PEX»rSYI.VAXIA RAIL.ROAD.
Trains leave the Penusylvauia Depot in this city
as follows ;

Leave

Arrive

WESTWARD.

Lancaster.

Harrisburg.

Pacific Express"

2:45 a. ni.

4:10 a. m.

York Accommodation . .

7:50 a. m.

Col. and York.

Mail Traill ^^a Mt. Joy..

11:20 a. m.

1:00 p. m.

Mail Train No. 2 via

11:20 a. m.
3:2.') p. m.
6.10 p. m.

1:20 p. m.

4:50 p. m.

Harrisburg Accom

8:10 p. m.

Lancaster Train

7:35 p. m.

Col. and York.

Pittsburg Express

8:55 p. m.

10:10 p. m.

Ciuciuuati Express*

10:45 p. m.

12:01 a. m.

EASTWARD.

Lancaster.

Philadelphia.

Atlantic Express"

12:40 a. m.

3:10 a. m.

Philad'a Expresst

3:55 a. m.

6:50 a. m.

Harrisburg Express

7:20 a. m.

10:00 a. m.

L-incaster Train

9:28 a. m.

12:25 p. m.

Pacific Express'

1.45 p. m.

4.1S p. m.

Elmira Express

3.15 p. m.

5:55 p. m.

Harrisburg Accom

6-20 p. m.

9:30 p. m.

The Columbia Accommodation Train will leave Columbia
at 1:00 p. m., and arrive at Lancaster at 1:35 p. m. Return-
ing, leave Lancaster at 3:40 p. m., and arrive at Columbia at
4:15 p. m.

York Accommodation leaving Lancaster at 7:50 a. m. and
Columbia at 8:20 a. m., will connect at York with Baltimore
Accommodation, south, at 9:13, arriving at Baltimore at
12:05 p. m.

The York Accommodation, leaving York at 5:50 a. m., con-
nects at Columbia, at 6:35, with the train leaving Marietta at
6:22 a. m., and at Lancaster, at 7:20 a. m., with the Harris-
burg Express.

The Pacific Express east, on Sunday, will make the fol-
lowing stops, when flagged, viz.: Middletown, Elizabeth-
town. Mount Joy, Bird-iu-Hand, Leaman Place, Gap, Chris-
tiana, Paikesburg, Coatesville, Glea Lock, and Bryn Mawr.

*The only trains which run daily. Mail train west on
Sunday will run via Columbia.

tRuns daily, except Monday.

MARSHALLS'

mm &,m shoe

Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa.

For French Kip Boots, For French Calf Boots, For Calf and
Kip Boots, for heavy Boots and Shoes,

GO TO MARSHALLS'.

BOYS' AND YOUTH'S KIP BOOTS.

RUBBERS OF EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Misses and Children's fine Button Work. Also,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meas-
ure. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

C3'"Kepairiug promptly attended to. [7-l-6m

S. J. EKISI.I.^IT,

The Shirt Maker,

AND DEALER IN

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS, COL-
LARS, CUFFS, DRAWERS, NECK-
TIES UMBRELLAS, GLOVES,
SUSPENDERS. EMBROI-
DERED SHRIT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER,

WARRANTED TO FIT.

1X8 3iTOE,TI3: Q,TJE;E;]Sr st.,

(Next door to Honing & Scblott'B Hotel),

LANCASTER, PA. [7-l-6m

ROCKY MOUNTAIN PILLS.

A VALUABLE BIEIUC'INE.

FBOH NEW AND BAIiE MEDICINAL PLANTS

KECENTLT DISCOVEKED IN THE

KOCKY MOUNTAINS.

PURELY VEGETABLE.

Fifteen years of earueat botanical reeearch among these
moimtainB and valleys have resulted in the discovery, not
only of many new varieties of jlants, but of new species-
some of which have wonderful medicinal and curative
properties. By continued experiment their virtues have
become known — and thus from extracts of these newly dis-
covered plants are these pills compounded.

If properly used, they will cure very many diseases, pains
and aches — aud are more eppecinlly valuable in J>I'.S-
J'EhHIA. J^irUK COMfJ.JIX-l. INDinESTIOy,
JAUNDICE, and all cases of EEVEHS, COl.US,
VniNA 7f land KIDNEY Diseases, KHEVMA TISM,
CO.ITIJENENS. liEAUTHVRN, lHAIiRH(EA,
MUMHS, MEASLES— {or Purifying the Blood, and for
many other diseases, and all cases of Biliousness aud Dis-
ordered Stomach,

On orders accompanied by the cash or postal order, I will
Bend safely by mail post-jtaid one box Pills for 25 cents, one
doz. boxes, $2.50, one gross boxes, $24.00.

J. E. JOHINSOIV,

7-3-tf

ST. GEOEGE, UTAH.

I am no farmer, but I enjoy your paper so much as
a home oriraii aud household help, that I have con-
cluded to have an extra copy sent to my nephew in
Ohio, who, I feel will appretiate its value. — W., Laji-
castcr, l\i., April 30, 187-t.

The Lanoastek Farmer for April is received.
The Farmeu begins to show itself worthy of repre-
senting the best cultivated county in the Union. It
is a model of neatness and a model farmers' guide.
This number is well illustrated. Its articles on the
potato-beetle ought to be well studied at this time. We
heartily recommend The Fakmek to our readers.
Subscription price, within the county, $1 ; elsewhere,
$1.2.5. Pearsol & Geiet, publishers, Lancaster, Pa. —
Mt. Joy Herald.

The Lancaster Farmer comes to hand regularly
and every uumber since January seems to be increas-
ing in value and interest. The April number treats
upon a variety of subjects that cannot fail to prove very
valuable to the farmers of our great county, and
when they once fully realize the value of The Farmer
we know they will not be willing to do without it.
Subscription price only SI .00 a year, or $1.2.5 a year
to subscribers outside the county, postpaid. Address
Pearsol & Geist, publishers, Lancaster, Pa. — Xew
Holland Clarion.

The April number of The Lancaster Farmer is
just out. This home journal cannot be too highly
commended. It does honor not only to the able,
pains-taking and conscientious editor, S. S. Rathvon,
but to the State at large. No investment the hard-
working farmer can make, will yield him such a
return as the dollar he pays for a year's subscription
to this home organ. If he wishes to know how to
successfully fight the Colorado potato bug — and fight
it he must during the next few months — then let him
take The .Farmer at once and learn how to save his
potato crop in the coming season. — Lancaster corre-
spondent of the Xew Holland Clarion.

We profoundly dofF our "best beavers" to
the appreciative merits of the editor and cor-
respondent of tlie Clarion — one of the spiciest
andjustlydiscriniinating journals in thecounty.
To us it is a higher compliment than any coming
from beyond our borders, because it is a home
opinion of a home journal, from those whose
opinions are entitled to respect ; which, we are
sorry to say, others in that locality, have been
unwilling to accord. To obtain a knowledge
of the real charter of a man, we are admon-
ished to ask members of his own household,
for they are supposed to know him best ; and
although it has long ago been written — "A
prophet is not without honor, save in his o\mi
country and among his own kindred," we feel
that the symbolical "ten men" can be found
in New Holland that would have saved
Sodom and Gomorah from destruction, and
that the editor of the Clarion and his corre-
spondent are among them.

2,000 Copies of The Farmer

Have been printed each month since
the publication passed into the hands
of the present proprietors. Of this
number the copies not wanted for regu-
lar subscribers have been sent to leading
farmers in the various districts of the
county, for their examination, in the
hope that they would be pleased with it
and become subscribers. We are proud
to be able to state that The Farmer has
made a very favorable impression where-
ever it has been read, and we have every
reason to believe that its subscription
list will be doubled before the year is
out. Lancaster being one of the most
populous and wealthy agricultural coun-
ties in the nation, this journal is a very
desirable medium for those who wish to
reach a thrifty class of farmers.

BOOKS I

JOHN BAER'S SONS,

No. 15 North Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.,

Invite the attention of the public to their large and well se-
lected stock of

Miscellaneoiis anS Sclool Books,

English and German Publications,
BLAKK BOOKS,

Comprising Ledgers, Day Books, Cash Books, Journals,
Pass Books, &c., Foreign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years' experience in the business, ample
capital and a spacious store, we

HAVE THE BEST FAG/UT/ES

for conducting our busineBS, and offer special inducementB to
all who may faTor us with their patronage,
e^" Agents for

Excelsior School Furniture.

-1-12]

MONEV TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

SPECI.\L AND LIBERAL TKRMS made with parties
havlnfr charg-e of Trust and Estate Funds.

C^"Governmeui and state Bonds, Gold, silver, and
Coupons, bought and sold. 7-1 -12m

UTAH NATIVE PLANTS.

Our climate is so mild we seldom have snow in the valleys
—but in midsummer may find snow aud ice in a (toy's ride.
The plants from the regions of the extremes of heat aud
cold meet here and hybridize ; thus the many new plants-
some very beautiful in bloom, and attractive as ornaments.
Several new Sl'ECIES have been discovered, and many more
new varieties.

I will send plants or seeds, each in the proper season, for
orders accompanied by the "ready," and in some instances
will exchange for the rare and beautiful, for gaideii aud
couservatoly. J. E- JOHNSOX.

7-3-tf St. George, Utah.

$5

<tSAA Per Day at home.

Terms free. Address
Stinson & Co., Portland, Maine.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Ill

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAIIMS CORNER,

XTorth Queon Strset 8s Centre Suqare,
LANCASTER, PA.

A FnLL ASSORTMENT OF

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGENT IK LANCASTER COUNTY FOR THE SALE OF

The Arundel Tinted Spectacles.

Thcftp SpcctarleH Unvf bt'cri In^forc (he public now for
Bonie yfan*. and hiive ^ivru entire KiitiRfuotiou. They are
unquorttioimbly the be»f in the murket.

WATCH REPAIRING

antl (IKNKKAL -lOB WORK in all itR branches iiromptly
done. The well-earned reputation of

for flrBt-claea work will be fully nniintiiined.

EDV/.J. ZAHM,

2AHMS CORNER,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,

7-3.3m LANCASTER, PA.

DILLER & GROFF,

AGENTS FOR*

ill «tttl,

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

No pay ankod until the coiuiitions of the Ruaranteo are ful-
filled. Cull and si'e it with th« late improvementB.

.\LSO A

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MATERIALS,
STOVES,

And evcrythiDff usually kept in a first claas Hardware

m. 7 EAST KING STREET,

,-:^,„, LANCASTER, PA.

MANUFACTURBB OP

Witlintnnport and fjorfi tinvrn,

BlU Mills— ROITND ISLAND «: POUTAGE, PA.

7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard. [r>m

NORTH WATER STREEf, ABOVE P. R. R., LANCASTER, PA.

A. K. SPURRIER,

At Mayor's Office, Lancaster, Pa.

Criminal bunineps promptly attended to at all hourfl.

SPECIAL ATTENTION paid to Civil Uusinefis. fllolloc-
tloiiB carefully uttt-nded to, and returns promptly made, on
re:i.souable tcnnt*.

DEEDS. JUDGMENTS and MORTGAGES

executed oit 8hort uotice, aud eatiKfactiou guaranteed.

A Veritable Police Court Record:

" Youiii; iiuiii, wliiit is y""r ini""' •" uski'il .luilifo
Smith, al tlif |xili(<" loiirt um- inorniii^, of a huiiil-
sdinc vcuiiii; niiin win) scptnrd nimli llie worse for liis
])r('vi(His iiii^ht's frolit'.

" .Iciliii Smith," rispoiidod tlie emlmrnisscil youth.

'' Wliorii do you live i" was the next judicial luter-
roffatlon.

" In West Twelfth street," was the evasive reply.

"It cmiiiot he ikwkIIiU'," Molemiily mnarked llii:
Judge, "that you are my cousin who was IokI wmie
months iiRo, and yet your xingular name would lead
me to that hi'lief. Hold up your head aud let me see
your fare."

The youth elevated his head to exhihit a searlet
eountename, and the judiie, on scrutinizing it, said:
" No, you're not the lousin; so you mtist t)e Hie other
.loliii .Smith who fi'ves mv so inuih tnmlilc heri'.
Kvery time lie is arrested he ^ives a dill'erent adilress
and wears ditlerent elothes."

The youth proti'sted thai he had never hcen arrest-
ed Ix'fore, tint the judire said the reeords of the court
woulil not justify his licllcviii:,' any such story. The
<'lerk was <lirectcd to see how many times .John Smith
hail lieen arrested durintrtlie week. The report came
that he was entered nine timl's. Notwithstaiidinirtlie
documentary eviilcnce to the contrary, the younj;
man still held his !;nmnil. Finally the judu'e told the
prisoner he wouM (iischan;e liim if lie would swear
he had never hcen arrested hcfore. The youth swore;
and, as he was leavins, the judire said, " I wou't ask
you to swear that your name is Smith."

A nioiii.AND minister, given somewhat to cxaffffer-
ation in the pulpit, was rcinon.stratcd with by his
clerk, anil told of his ill ctl'ccts upon the congresa-
tion. He re|)licd that he was not aware of it, and
wished the clerk, the next time he did it, to jrive a
cough by way of a hint. Soon after lie was describ-
ing Samson's tying the foxes' tails together. lie said,
" The foxes in those daysweremuch largerthan ours,
and tliey had tails twenty feet long." "Ahem!"
came from the clerk's desk. "That is," continued
the preacher, " according to their measurement; but
by ours they were fifteen feel long." " Ahem !"
louder than before. '■ But as you may think this Is
extravagant, we'll just say they were ten feet."
" Ahem ! Ahem !" still more vigorous. The parson
leaned over the pulpit, and shaking his linger at the
clerk, said, " Y'e may cough there all night, mon —
I'll uae tak' off a fut more. Would ye hae the foxes
with nae teels at a' ?"

A MAN dressed in sailor costume was up In a eriml-
niil court, the other day, ujion a charge of stealing a
pair of boots. .\s he had no counsel, the Court ap-
pointed a young lawyer to take charge of the defense.
The lawyer opened the case with a speech, in which
he alluded to liis client as "a child of the sad sea
waves, a nursling of the storm, whom the pitiless liil-
lows had cast, a forlorn and friendless waif, upon the
shores of time, after a life spent in tierce and heroic
contest with the raging elements." Then the defen-
dant was put in the dock, and the fact was revealed
that he was cook upon a canal-boat, previous to
wliieb be had hawked fish. The "nursling of the
storm" is now in jail for si.x months.

The P<)i;t Smith ox Bahie.s anmi Wind. — Tell
me, ye winged winds that round my pathway roar,
do yc not know some spot where women fret no
more — some lone and pleasant dell, some " holler ''
in the groinid, where lialiies never yell, and cradles
are not found ? The loud wind blew the snow into
my face, and calmly answered, "There is no such
place."

" Ah !" said a Sunday-school teacher — " ah, Caro-
line .Jones, what do yon think you would have been
without your good father and pious mother?'' "I
supiHise, mum," said <_'aroline, who was very much
struck with the soft appeal — " I supimse, mum, as I
should ha' been a lutrphan."

Mil Spinks is not going to do any more in conun-
drums. He asked his wife why be was like a don-
key, and she said because he was born so ; and he
says the answer is very difl'ercnl from that.

How TO DiSStADE Peoi'i.e fkom Mahrvino —
Send them to the seaside, and they will l)e always
hearing the moaning of the tied.

A CoLtTMBiA professor, reproving a youth for the
exercise of his fists, said : " We light with our heads
here." The youth considered, and replied that but-
ting wasn't considered fair at bis last school.

A CiiiiAoo man insists that he saw a red and
black snake forty feet long, and as big round as a
barrel of whisky. We have no doubt that he did,
but be unquestionably saw the barrel of whisky be-
fore he saw the snake.

The editor of the Panama filar aiwdogizes for the
non-appearance of his paper by saying that he had to
leave off to dig shot out of his legs.

JOHN H. MET2LER,

iiiii, 15! ill I, \mm%

No. 9 SOUTH DUKE ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Efltate bought, sold and cxchanired. Loans nc-
irotlated rrnp rilisr •ntid. anil unts eollcctMl.

Agini for ihi- KAKMKKS' Fli.K INSUKANCK CO. of
York. I'a. Assets, ovir P.KK1.I no. 7-4.sm

1760. £STABLISH£D 1760.

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PAINTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRA com, IRON ani LEAD PIPE,

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FARM IMPLEMENTS.

AGENTS FOR THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &c., &c.

We have the lar^eHt stock of generul Hardware in the
State, and our jiricett arc as low and termii as liberal aH can
he found elupwhere. 7-3-3m

LUMBER FOR FARMERS.

NO MIDDL£-M£N.

Wo have a lar^e fltock of Lunilier, and one of the mo«C
CxteuHive Sash and Door Factories in the State, and we are
prepared to furnish IIoii<«<« and Barii Hills oomplele.

.■Vll kiudw of Miuufactured I-VucinR, Ac. miiking a Hpi»ci-
alty of Bupplyinn the aKrieullural community. We will
make prices delivered to any Itailrt»ad Station. All our
material sriinraiif rod as rrpresentwL All manufactured
work kihi-driert and warranted not to shrink. All inqulne*
cheerfully answeri'd.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin HouBe, North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Fa., nn Mond^iy of each week.

7-*-12m]

KENDIG, BRICKER&LAUMAN,

Middtctown Dauphin co.. Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

LANCASTER. PENN'A.
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

.\11 matter*. nppertaininR to TNITED STATES or CANA-
DIAN TATENTS. TUADE MAKKS, and COPVKIOHT8.
proniptly attended to. Ui» experience, nuccewi and fatlllful
attention to the intere«tB of t hope who engage bis Bcrvioea
arc fully acknowledged and appreciated.

Preliminnrj- exiiniinationa made for him by a reliable A«
iiiHtant at Waahiugtou, without extra charge for drawing
or descriptiou. [T-i-tf

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Tlie underslgnPrt have In preparation aNUKSERT-
MAN'S DIKEfTORT, emliraclag a list of the

NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS, SEEDS-
MEN & TREE DEALERS

OF THE tmiTED STATES.

The work will be sold wholly by subscription, the

prtee of which will be FIVE DOLIARiS I'EK COPY. A

limited space will be given to Advertisements, at the

loUowlns; low rates :

Full page, - $25.00 I One-tblrd page, - $10.00

Half page, - - 14.00 | One-fourth page, 8.00

One-sixth page, $5.50.
For Sample Pages, and further Information, address

ID. "W. SCOTT & CO.,
7-3-4m] Printers and Publishers, Galena, Ills.

REMOVED FROM S..WATER ST.

^!^1

.<^v^^"=^^^^

a:
to

Co

/§

o

Q

F. 0. STURGIS,

520,522,4 524,

POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTtR. PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fnruislieil

Aud ull iuformatiou con-

ctTiiiug the bwsiuess

cheerfully giveu.

o
rn

PI

\

Pi

0
b

(0

A
P

H

STMNQEBUTTRUE! \A

The TOONG QUA CUCUMBER grows to weigh seventy j ^
JWKiirf.'ifocA, !iml line quiility. 1.5 ceutB per seed ; 10 seeds, I _
$1 SNAKE CUCUMBER grows from 2 to 8 feet long, and iTi
coils like a smike. 20 cts. per paper. PERSIAN WATER- H
MELON. Very superior, aud keeps perfectly /rp!<h ami
tweet tlirmuilmlit the iriliter. 20 cts. per paper. STRAW-
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The Lancaster Farmer

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., MAY, -1875.

Vol VIL No. 5.

THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE.
(Doryphora decemlinealu .)

At the coiK'liision of our inipcr on tins insect,
in the Ain'il nuiulicrolTiiK K.mj.mhi;, in wliirli
we atti'iniili'd to i^ivi' an account of tlic most
conunon )iiniiiiiil an 1 nrlifiriid rcuifilics for its
(Icsti'Uction, \vc promised to continue the sul)-
ject in a pajier on iiii/KaW reuicilies. and in do-
in;; so we will mainly reiiruduee what we had
previously published, whidi, with the aid of a
few illustrations, we think will assist our read-
ers ill recoLTniziu'; them when they lind thcni
in their potato lields, or elsewhere, and enable
them also to make that discrimination to which
wehavealludedon various occasions, and with-
out which the polato-firowers will lie standiuD;
very much in their own li^iit. The utility of
pvcdaceoux and jxtrasilir insects, as destroyers
of the noxious species, is becominj; every day
more manifest, and intelligent farmers every
where are bei^inning to look more minutely
into these thinj^s as suhjecls more or less con-
nected with their material interests. Asa very
striking and lioiieful exaniiile of the utility of
tttttin-o} remedies, we liave jnst received from
Huntingdon conntv, I'a., about twenty c/nv/.s-
nlids of tlic "White Calibage ]5utlerlly', "
[I'ieria r(qifi') every one of which was infested
with a small Ilymenopterons parasite, to
which we will allude specilieally in another
place, in tliis number of oiu" journal. In
continuation of our present sut)ject, we
may say that where ignorance does not
prevent the free exercise of tliese remedies,
the labors of the fanners and their families
might be much lessened. fSomeof these natural
remedies are, however, only temporary; but
others, to a limited extent, are constant. It is
not known that birds, asa geiu'ral thing, mani-
fest any partiality for these insects, and this is
also the case with poultry in general. But we
liave lieen informed that ijuinni foirU are par-
ticularly fond of them, and probably would
continue to feed upon them, until they had
a surfeit of thenf. Tm-k-ei/s, both the adults
and the young, but especially tlie latter, are
said to t)c fond of them.

Diirk-.s have been instructed to feed on them,
and in some instances chickens also; and last,
. perhaps not least, conies a report that a far-
mer in the vicinity of Kli/abethtown saved
his potatoes last year from destruction, liy per-
mitting a tlock of tame yiesr to enter his en-
closure daily, and that these, liirds became so
fond of the insects that they every morning
returned to the feast with renewed zest. Hi.s-
tory says that on one occasion a Hock of geese
saved ancient Rome from impending ruin, and
if they can now save the potato croj), they will
be entitled to a higher niche in the Temple of
Fame, or in historic record, a larger page. It
may be well to .say here, however, that it would
not be wise to iiermit fowls of any kind to enter
an enclosure where Paris green, or any other
poison, has been used.

In papers published a year ago, in the Daih/
E.c}irisx, the J)iiihj Intrlhijcncrr. and the Morn-
m<i Jierirw, of this city, we illustrated the
piissibh increase of this insect, whcrenomanual,
artilicial or natural remedies intervened to
check its progress, and where all other circum-
stances were eipially favorable; an<l the fact
that it does not so" increase, is largely to be
attriVnited to the existence of many natural
enemies to which it is constantly falling a prey,
and without which our highest estimates might
be realized.

Enemies to the Colorado Potato Beetle.

The first of the.se enemies is a two-winged
fly (Li/ilella dori/plwra, Fiij. 1,) a quarter of an
inch in length, and half an inch across the
expanded wings, of a black and silvery gray
color, the larva of which burrows into the

larva of the |iotato be<'tle, and makes it an
iniwilling but certain victim.

but the cros.slines
natural length and
Thi.s tly, acc(jrding

This figure is magnilied
at the bottom, exhibit the
expansion of the wings.
to Prof.
It i 1 e y — t o
whom sci-
ence and
economic
agri(adlure
are indebt-
ed for the
develop-
ment of its
h ist ory —
d(!liosits its
eggs on the
soil body of
the tarivi of the potato beetle ; and when the
eggs are hatched, the little "maggot" pene-
trates the skin of its host, and fecils uiion the
internal sulistance of its body, and continues
there, " waxing fat" and i)rosperiug generally.

■When the larva of the potato beetU' enters
the ground to assume tlu' puj}!) form, it carries
the i)arasite with it; and whether it is able to
effect its pupal change or not, it is all the
same, for —

"Dcatli is written in its face,
And sorrow's in it. dwelling,"
and instead of a living Donjphorii coming
f(jrth, a Lijdilht rises from its ashes, to tlii'
great joy of the fainier, and the overthrow of
one of his most destructive in.sect foes.

Then we have at least four species of "Lady-
biids," the larva of which feed upon the eggs
of the potato beetle. Almost everybody
knows what a Lady-bird is, but not every one
knows its lizard-shaped larva, variously col-
ored with pink and black, and orange sjiots;
for we have seen those who were crushing the
Colorado larva, including these u.seful little
friends in their list of proscrii)tions.

Fig. 2 represents the
"Convergent Lady-bird"
Ilippodnmia corcrijoiK) a,
the larva, b, the i)upa and
c, the perfect beetle, the
colors of which are Itlue,
orange, orange-re<l and
black, with a wliite margin and sjiots on the
tliorax of the beetle. Some years ago, when
the "Oat-aphis" (Apiliis av(na) devastated the
oat crop of Lancaster county, W'e foimd this
species very alaindant, regaling themselves on
the soft bodies of the a])hids. It is now found
to be equally as fond of the egg of the potato
beetle, and "feasts sumptuously every day"
on them, both in the larva and the perfect
state, and as it undergoes all its transforma-
tions on the vine, it is always conveniently on
hand.

Fiy. :! is the "S^iotted I-ady-
bird," {Hippridmiiia niarnhitit) col-
or, deep pink and black. This ison(^
of the most successful hyhernating
insects that we know of, having
found from three to live bundi ed of '^"/- •*•
them in a single nest, niuler bark, in early spring.
They are, however, not exclusively canni-
bal in their habits, for wc have freipiently
found them abundant. on the flowers of the
"butter-cup" (^'((nviK-uhix) feeding on the pet-
als, jiistils and stanK'Us. They are now known
to destroy the eggs of the potato beetle, and
that fact alone is worth all the butter-cups in
Christendom.

Two other Lady-birds, of the same cannibal
habits, are known to feed on these eggs;
namely, thc"nine-spotted"(Oir(ii, (7/(1 0->!o((((rt)
and the " thirl een-dotted" (I{ippndamia 13-
jiunrtid"). These two we found nmnerous in
potato flelds last summer. Of course, ajiplied
Paris green would be equally as fatal to them

^-y..5.

as it is to the Culnrado pest, but here no dis-
crimination can be made; but many <if those
who depended on hand picking crushed both
friends and foes together.

The "."opined soldier bug" {Armaapino8a,sc^
Fig. 11) belonging to the order IIkmiI'TKKA,
also feeds exlciisivily upon these potato pests,
and not only on these alone, but also on other
noxious in.sects. Helonging to the same order
are three other true ';»</.< which feed on the
potato beetle, sucking out their substance and
leaving little more than the empty sludl or
skin, namely: the "Bordered soldier buf;,"
not conunon in this locality, but farther soutli.
The "Many Handed Kobber" [Jlarprctor
cinrtus), the "Rapacious soldier bug" illcdtir
viits raptat'iriu.s, Fig. 4), with whose peuHra-
timj haliits we were made ac(iuainted many
years ago, and a few others have been known
to attack and destroy the larva of the potato
beetle in other localities ; therefore we may
count iqion their a.ssistance here.

In addition to the foregoing,
several other species of biiij.i
have been discovered perform-
ing the same n.seful service;
conspicuously amongst them, y
here in Lancaster county, is the
"Wheel-bug" (Krrnrius iiovfii-
ariiis) which is not known to
have been found in this county*
I)rior to is."i,"), although it was /''ff- ■*
common about l'hiladcl])hia in Thomas Say's
time. It is more than twice as large as Fig.
4, of nearly the same form, of bronze-brown
color, and is particularly distinguished by
having a longitudinal row of blunt spines on
the middle of the thorax, that remotely re-
semble a ))ortion of a cog-wheel, or the part of
ii circidar above a plain surface.

Several s\n'-
cies of "ground
l)eetle," of the
predaceous
families, have
been found
feeding on the
larva of the po-
tato beetle,
among which
are the "Fiery
ground beetle"
' '' \ ( Calosoma ridi-

(/«»(, Fig. ."i, a, the larva, and b, the imago),
a large lilack insect, with many copi)ery spot-s
on the wing covere; and at least three otlicr
common and well-known species; and lastly,
it is on record that the common gray "Hlister
beetle," which itself feeds upon the potato
toi>s, as a change from its vegetable diet,
manifests a redeeming trait by making nieat
of the Colorado l)eetle.

If recent observations have demonstrated
that potato beetles will also feed on tomatoes,
egg-plants, thistles, iHRht-shade, lambs-quar-
ter, horse-nettle, henbane, jimpson-weed,
raspberry, currant, ground-cherry and several
other plants, when the potato is not aceewible,
it is some consolation to know that time is also
bringing to light more of its natural enemies.
15ut let not the farmers depend upon their
friendsalone, bid co-operate with Ihein ; and we
have written this paper solely witli a view in
.some, measure to acquaint
them with the length and
breadth of the "situation."
The following commmii-
cation from an intelligent
.source will iiractically illus-
trate the iH'nelits derived
from the aid of the "Spined
Soldier l{n'j;"(((, the jointed piercer aiidsucker;
and b, the bug itself, with tlie riglft wing
expanded.) See Fig. G.

66

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

New Freedom, York co., Pa.,

Juue!Mth,lS74.
Prof. S. S. Rathvon — Dear Sir: Enclosed find
(in a quill) abuir. While worl\ing in m.v potato patch
to-day, I found him rcfjalina; himself by sucking the
juices of Colorado potato-beetle grubs. He is, there-
fore, the insect for the times — what is his name and
habits? Keply through t]w IiilcUigeiicer. Very re-
spectfully yours, T. M. Coulson.

In replying to the above, we are happy to
find such an uiiqiiahtit'il confirmation of our
statement in an article on the " Colorado Po-.
tato Beetle," published in the Lancaster In-
quirer oi June 27th, coming from such an intel-
ligent souice.

In speaking of remedies in the article alluded
to, we stated that there were natural remedies,
and that among these were certain species of
predaceous insects, whicli preyed both upon
the eggs and larva of the potato-beetle ; and
conspicuously among them is the species sent
by our correspondent " in a'quill." This is the
Arma s})iwjfia, (Fig. 0) of Entomologists, but
commonly called the " Spined Soldier Bug,"
and belongs to the order Hemiplera, which
comprises the true hwjs. It is a suctorial in-
sect, and feeds entirely upon the juicy sub-
stances of other insects, but does not confine
itself exclusively to the soft lurrn of potato-
beetles, but will also attack the larva of any
other insect to which it can gain access. Tliis
insect is about three quarters of an inch in
length from the front of its head to the end of
its closed wings, and aljout one-quarter of an
inch broad across the base of its wings. It has
a large, acutely triangular piece (Si-iiteUum) on
the back, the acute angle pointing towards the
hind end of the body. At the two outer angles
of the base of the thorax, or chest, are two
short, blunt spines, from which the insect de-
rives its specific name. The color above is a
dusky, clay yellow, and a brighter or greenish
yellow beneath. The intensity of the colors
vary, however, according to age or sex. Two-
thirds of the wing-covers are hard, opaque or
leathery, and the terminal third memljranace-
ous. The antenruv are filiform and four-jointed,
and the feet are clay yellow.

As to how this itisect passes its immature
period, we are not well-informed, and can only
reason inferentially. We have known it for
thirty years, and have observed and collected
it under various circumstances, never detected
its feeding on plant food, but njtcn attacking
other insects. On one occasion a female de-
posited about twenty eggs on a leaf, which we
kept until the young were hatched. After
keeping them a few days without discovering
that they partook of vegetable food, we left
them disperse, feeling assured that they were
the friends of vegetation in all the stages of
their development.

As they, however, beloiig to a family (Pen-
tatomaua) that is nearly allied to the family
(Coreid.e) which includes the common
"Squash. Bug" {Coreus trittis,) they may
easily be confounded with some of their plant-
feeding allies; and this circumstance seems to
forcibly demonstrate the necessity of a practi-
cal entomological education among those who
propose to make Agriculture, Horticulture,
Floriculture, Arboriculture or Sylviculture, a
secular siiecialty — involving at least a know-
ledge of the habits of those insects which are
the enemies or the fi»«'n<ls of vegetation, or
other productions in which the human family
has a domestic interest. Ajnerican travelers
are sometimes astonished at finding such cor-
rect zoological and botanical knowledge among
the seemingly ignorant peasantry, in some dis-
tricts on the continent of Europe; and when
they learn whence it comes, it is found that
the elemental i)rinciples of it have been taught
in their schools. This may not be so necessary
in sparsely poi)ulated America as it is in
densely populated Europe, but a thought or
look in that direction now is fraught with
much more interest than it was twenty or
thirty years ago; and before the close of the
present century we may have liberally endow-
ed Vollcgesof Natural Jlistori/, non-progressive
or retrogressive " fogyism " to the contrary
notwith.standing.
But, to return to our insect again, we would

endorse our correspondent's conclusions, that
this is one of " the insects for the times," and
should be fostered by an intelligent discrimi-
nation.

It is impossible even to estimate how many
of the noxious insects annually fall victims to
the rapacity of the innoxious and parasitic
species; and when we find a redundancy of the
former, we may infer that the e<iuililiriinu has
somehow been destroyed through the inter-
ventions of human progress and improvement,
aided by tlie absence of that cliscrhni nation to
which we have alluded. Two years ago several
specimens of tlie tarra of the "White-Cabbage
Butterfly " were sent to us from a locality in
tlie western part of Lancaster county, and
two-thirds of these were infested by parasites,
which prevented them from developing the
mature insects. We have, therefore, reasons
to believe that these parasites will ultimately
diminish, if not entirely extinguish, the cab-
bage pest.

In like manner the multiplication of the Col-
orado i)Otato-l)eetle may lie diminished ulti-
mately; but we would advise human co-opera-
tion, rather than relaxation of all efforts to de-
stroy them; simply because these insects are
endowed with greater powers of reproduction
than any of their enemies are. In conclusion,
liermit us to say, that as we have found Anna
Sjnnotta late in fall and early in spring; we
therefore conclude tliat it bybernates during
the winter.

■^

An Early Bait for the Colorado Beetle.

After two years' experience with the Colorado
potato-beetle, I recommend the following : Plant a
few potatoes quite early, hills far apart and not over
two or three eyes to the hill, so that insects and eggs
may be easily seen. The beetles come in advance of
the earliest potatoes and are'ready to begin operations
as soon as the potatoes put in an appearance. They
are not voracious eaters like the larva ; they do eat,
however, and they begin at once to lay their eggs,
which they invariably deposit on the under si^ of
the leaf. The patch being small and thinly planted
it is soon gone over either with Paris green or hand-
picking, and by taking the stalks in your hand and
stroking them upward the eggs are brought to view
and easily destroyed with a pair of broad tweezers or
by picking the leaves and burning them. Thus the
tirst stock of beetles is destroyed before the 'main
crop of potatoes is up and there will be but few left
to prey upon them, and if we could have proper co-
operation we could soon destroy this pest, but there
are those around us who plant potatoes apparently
only to propagate the beetle. I use no Paris green,
on account of my chickens. With the assistance of
these faithful workers I manage them by liandpick-
ing. I eontine my chickens beside the potato patch,
letting tlicra out i)art of every afternoon, when they
feed upon the larva as they would upon earth-worms.
I have thus far saved my potato crop uninjured. But
after the potato tops in the neighborhood are dried
up, they become great foragers and come upon us in
such numbers that resistance seems useless. Toma-
toes then appear to be their favorite forage, and the
crop is very soon destroyed, even the hark is eaten
from the vines. If they become as numerous along
the sea-board as they do here during the latter part
of the season they will certainly find their way across
the water. They will be upon boxes, trunks, and
everything else, and it will take more than a corpo-
ral's guard to every vessel to prevent " Doryphora "
from taking passage. — J. D. G., Center Co., Fenn.

The above, from the Tribune of April .30, is
of some importance at this time, when farmers
are about " putting in " their potato crops.

We knew an instance where a man saved
his melon plants from the ravages of the
"striped cucumber beetle" (Diahrotica vil-
tata) by planting cucumbers around the base
of his "melon hills, a little earlier tlian he
planted his melons. By the time they had
destroyed all the cucumber plants their brief
season was over and the melons escaped ; a
similar ride may be applied to the potato-
beetles.

^

THE FACTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

On page .3.30 of "American Natural His-
tory," by the bite John D. Godnian, M. i).,
of Philadelphia, (Vol. 1) the following para-
graph occurs in relation to the habits of the
" Groinid-hog" — Arctonijis monax:

" At the commencement of cold weather
the marmot goes into winter quarters ; hav-
ing blocked up the door from within, he there

remains until the return of the warm season
revives him again to renew his accustomed
mode of life."

Having read the biography of Dr. Godman,
and also his "Rambles of a Naturalist," we
inferred that his remarks on the habits of the
animals he describes were partly, if not
wholly, made from personal observation, or
upon the observations of intelligent and reli-
able authorities ; and therefore, in our article
" About Ground-Hogs," in the April number
of The Fahmer, p. 53, we based our remarks
mainly upon his authority.

At the meeting of the Li7mman Society, held
on Saturday, April 24, Mr. Wilmer P. Bolton
stated that in allhis observations upon the hab-
its of the ground-hog he had never known an in-
stance in which the burrow of this animal was
closed up during cold weather, and this state-
ment was corroborated by Mr. W. L. Hershey.
Both of these gentlemen — the former residing
in Martic and the latter in West Hempfield
townslii])s — possess ample op])ortunities to
make practical observations upon the habits
of the animals of their respective districts,
and from their intelligence and their general
characters for veracity, we believe their state-
ments entitled to respect. It is just the obser-
vations of such men on "the facts of natural
history" that we need, to clear up many of
the errors that find their way into books,
magazines and newspapers, and are transmit-
ted from one publication to another, all along
the course of time and events, until they ac-
quire a currency among those who have no
opportimity to make personal observations,
and finally settle down as authentic, when, in
fact, they may have no foundation whatever,
or one that admits of many important qualifi-
cations.

It is for this very reason that we have for
years been urging our farmers, our rural citi-
zens, and the public in general, for thar facts
— facts in agriculture, horticidture, arljoricid-
ture, floriculture, gallinoculture, ovaculture,
domestic econoiuy, MuXfactsin natural history.

AVe care nothing about speculations and theo-
ries, however useful these may be when prop-
erly applied, but we desire the facts upon which
speculations and theories should be founded,
to be of any value in the illustration of a sub-
ject, in making it plain, intelligible and use-
ful to the community at large. The greater
number, if not all, our farmers are able to
give us these /ac(.s, if they could only over-
come their tmwillingness to record them.

Although there appears to be something of
a discrepancy between the historical record
referred to, and the personal observations of
Messrs. B. and H., it may still be not .so great
as it seems "at a first sight. " Possibly Dr. G.
meant that the animal closed up the hole in
immediate proximity to his winter quarters,
"deep down in the bowels of the earth,"
whilst these gentlemen may never have fomid
it closed at its outer entrance, in which case
both parties may be right, and, if so, it only
affords another illustration of the loose man-
ner in which many observations and records
are made, and to which the article headed
" Good Co)-rcs2»ndei!ts," page 24, col. 3, April
No. of The Farmer, specifically alludes,
and the "com" of which we are compelled to
acknowledge, however humiliating it may be.

We once heard of a "crack-shot" who
stated that he drove seven rifle balls into a
mark the .size of a "ten-cent piece," and
when one of his auditors suggested that they
must have all gone througli one hole, he im-
mediately qualified his statement by adding
that he meant a ten-cent " shinplaster"— that
being the elegant phraseology applied to the
fractional currency of the period. With this
explanation the matter became perfectly
recimcilablc with the pos.sibilities of the case. .
At best, these are oidy illustrations of the
problems involved in questions of reed and eip-
parent truth. For instance, we say the sun
rises, and so would every unlettered man on
earth .say who had ever seen it rise ; but it
don't rise after all. The whole is only a phe-
noniinal appearance that is in perfect har-
mony with the hidden but real fact.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

67

THE PAST AND THE PRESENT.

PiMliaps ill 110 icspi'ct is tlie giout distiiii'-
tioii lietwccii tin' iKlst and lUe incsi'iit, within
the first historic fiMituiy of America's iiro-
grt'ss. more slrikiiif,'ly C'Xhibilcd Mian it is in
tlic dilVi'icnt modes lif travel and conveyance
over Uinil and water in eomlort, in conve-
nience and ill speed. AlllioiiLrli the lollowin^i
ilhistration rei)ri'sents a pericxl anterior to tlie
dale attaclied to the advertisement, yet it also
represents tluil and a many years' siiliseciiient
period, as we approached the outer vert;es of
civilization and iiiiproveiiu'tit. Indeed, we
are onrselves coi;ni/.aiit of astai^e-Iine hetween
Lower .\lton, on tlie Mississippi, near the
conthienee of the Illinois river, and the then
village of Chicago, on the southern end of
Lake Miehii;an, Illinois, in the antnmii of
18:5t'), and we eniiatred a ]iassa;,'e for the latter
place in one of the stages, and only failed to
consummate our intention by heiiif; "crowdetl
out," an<l before the next tril) occurred we
had chanu'cd our iniii<l and left for St. Louis.
The stajie, as it was calle<l, ditTcred in no very
essential jioint from our picture — the same
three-horse team, gray canvass bowed-top and
common wairon box. It is true, that between
Columbia and Pit tsbiirs we had canal navi-
gation, and the Portage Hailroail, with its
ten inclined planes, for summer travel ; but in
Avinter resort wa.s had to stages, although of a

on the present site of Woodward's music

store, in EastKingst. At:Jo'clock .V. M.,

next day, we took passage in a stage for

■J- 1 r-i 1 • 1 New Castle, in the State of IJelaware,

Lancaster and b rederiCktOWn taking our breakfast at Strasburg, and

CI"' \ r>Y7 arriving at the former place at 1 P. M.,

b 1 A.\jJlL, where we dined.

THE Subscriber once more informs his Friends, ,, ^^:\ 'J'"'"''", "'« ^""\ P;\fi!S« "" .a
J , D Li- • I ^u . u X- Steamboat, and reached Philadcdphia

and the Public in general, that he continues just as the .sun was .setting, and -put up"
to run this Line, as usual. He starts from the house at the Indhtii Quren. where, in discussing
of Mrs. Kimlwl, in Fredricktown, every Saturciay tlu^ subject, it was concluded that we had
morning, at six o'clock, and arrives at Lancaster on made "e.xtragood time," although we
Sunday evening: sets outs again on Tuesday morn ''i.i'1 occupied one whole day and part
ing, at 5 o'clock, from Mr. Ft-rrce s, sign of Gen-
eral Washington, King sir jet, Lancaster; and
arrives at Frederick on Wednesday evening. This
line is calculated to suit the York and Balitimore

the Wecklji Mrrrurii in 17.^8 — eighteen years
before tlu^ Declaration of Independence.

Perhaps, among the great stage proprietoi-s
previous ti> the building of the Pi'imsylvania
Kailroa<l and canals, none were more promi-
nent than the Hkksidks ; lint, without know-
ing exactly how far they were interested in
tlu' stage lines between Philadelphia and
Pittsburg, it may be safely stated that
these lines were the most comiilete and
expeditious of any on the (umtinent
of North America, and wh"u they ad-
vertised that they made th(^ trip brtwecn
the.sc two proiiiineiil i>oints, through
Lancaster and llariisburg. in 7'J, and
afterwards in M hours, llu^ event was
regarded as a wonderful achievement.

The following advertisement, which
apiieared in the ]\'(W Yarh- (uizdlc in 1771,
and wiiicli is n fm- siiiille of tin

exhibits a specimen of the " bl(. ,.■■■- "• m. , . ,, l >.. n. • c - r

,,,,,,.■] ,,,.,.,. 1 ■ Til i lonn Mcrccrcau, at the Ncw-DlJiing-Star Ferry,

that period, overall achievement that x--* v. i r . ir e r>„ i. ij„„i, .„._ Ki^i.

, ,' , ., .... , . near New-York, icrs oft irom rowles Hook, every Mon*

would now only excite ridicule ; and is . WednefJ.y, and Friday Mornings, for Philadelphia,

very much aklU to that kind ol " llyillg" .nj perlorttu the Journey ;n a Day and a Half, for the
which .lohll was doing when reproaclu'd Summer Scafjn, till the ift of November, from that Time
by his employer for occupying two hours to go twice a Week till the firft of May, when they

again pcrt'orm it three Times a Week. When the Sogct

go only twice a Week, they fet ofl" Mondays and Thurf-

days. ■ The Waggons in Philadelphia fet out from the

Sign of the George, in Second-ftreet, the fame Morning.

The PaflTcngers arc defircd to crofs the Ferry the Eveiiing

before, as the Stages muft fet off early the next Morning.

trip to Philadelphia. AVe lleparted The Price for each PaflTengcr is Ttvrntj SAiiiiip, Proc. and

from our residence in a rural dis- Goods as ufual. PalTcngcn going Part of the Way to pay

trict at H o'clock P. M., and by a in Proportion.

'•gjir" convej'anee leached Lan- -A' ^^' Proprietor has made fuch Improvement upoa
caster about "dusk" in the even- *•"= Machines, one of which is In Imitation of « Co>.ch,

ing. Here we took lo(lging at ^'-^"P" '^ ™"' ^' f"°" °'" '^' ^"^';''^;^ ..r^cFREA
Sheriff Miller\s Hotel, located ^^"^ MERt.tRtAU.

nent of North .Vmerica. in much less time, by

e ail-

ter, and extraordinary freshets in spring and
tiill.

Ill September, lK:ifl, it took us eleven days
to pass belween a point in Lancaster county
and the city of Louisville, by (-anal and steam-
boat ; but now we could reach .San Francisco,
in California, passing over the entire conti-

To the PUBLIC.
"■ "'•'^'':',"'' THE FLYING MACHINE, kept by

owing ol X ,„■._ Ki k. ».• ni..:....c... p.r,«

ill eating his dinner.

Apriijina of stage traveling in Penii-
■sylvania under the old mode of transpor-
tation of passengers, near its close :

In November, is;{:i, we made our first

.iii'-

uiliiliJiJi' — ^^iLdp • • • ■i>'^- • i

of another. A^ow we could travel to
New York and return in much less time.
Perhaps nothing can more strikingly
illustrate the great advance made in the
speed and comfort attained in public
Stages; likewise, the Frederick and Georgetown convey;inces than that e.x-
line, so that passengers, bv taking this stage, can be hiljited in our locomotives
accommodated with a passage, either to Baltimore or ■i'"'l palace car.s on thedif-
Georgetown, without being detiined longe.' than the 'i'''''"t railroads of the
ukial time of lodging, or feeding and changing horses, ''"""'''"y ; i>"J, especially
rr, ,■ r p J • 1 1 ^r- ■ where comfort and free

The tare, from Frederick to Faneytown, is i 1.3 ; ^^.^.^.^.j^^ .^,.^ ,,^.^.,^, ^.^_

from 1 aneytown to Hanover, 7.f6 ; from Hanover to (jiirdcd in the "modern

York, 7J-6; from York to Lancaster, I ij-j ; with the Hoatiiig palaces" which

usual allowance of I4lbs. baggage, gratis; 1 jolbs. ply upon our rivers and

paving the same :s a passenger. upon the ocean. And yet

The Public Houses on this route are allowed as ""'' '""^ "'" '''ese .advances

good and as reasonable as anv on the Continent; '"'** 1«'P1' ni;"lP. f|"ii\ the " ■■

And, as the Subscriber has furnished himself wi-h very earl les to the latest, without en- been inaugurated,
j , . r Li o 1 1 1- countering the most strenuous oiiiiosition

good horses and a comfortable Stage, he hopes his ^,,,1 ridicule from a cla.ss of "old fogies "

long experience, and regular attention to the Business which seem destined never to die out in

will merit the good will, and meet the encourage- our country.

ment of a generous Public. Our illustration of a "modern lloat-

WILLIAM SCOTT. i"S palace " represents one of the first-

class steamboats as they are seen on the
eastern and western waters of our vast
country ; but they do not dilfer very ma-
terially from what they were forty years ago,
because, although canal and steamlioat navi-
gation may be better for the transportation
of heavy freight, and also cheaiier, yet as a
means of expeditious travel, they seem to lie
in a manner superseded by tlie railroads,
simply because the latter have the facility of
cutting through mountains, (lassing over val-
leys, and otherwise diminishing time and di.s-
tancc, while the former are still compelled to
pa.ss through the tortuous channels of our
inland streams, and are moreover subject to

vaiice over tluMild mode of "doubling Cape
Horn," or crossing the isthmus fif Darieii, it
w.as long looked upon as wholly im])racticable,
and met with the usual opposition. \Vith all
these (•videiices of human ]iiogress, there arc
yet many who, with dismal forebodings, are
constantly harping upon the degeneracy of
these modern times, and predicting the ap-
proa<-biiig downfall of .Vmerica.

Po/fcr'.s MiKinzinr. to which wc are indebted
for these quaint illustrations, contains several
fac. tint ill's of old stage advestisements, bearing
various dates from 171'.l to n.W. From one of
these (171!!,) we learn that the Philadelphia
Wceklfi Mirnn-ii changed its day of )Hibli<;a-
tioii to suit the Wcckhj post (stage) from Phil-
adelphia, a step in advance which had just

. August 21, 1799.

quality far superior to the style set forth in
our illustration, but .still incomparably in-
ferior to our present modes of conveyfince,
and the time occupied in transit.

The foregoing advertisement appeared in the
LHwciMcr InlfUifjfiicer of Aug. '21, 17119, and also
in handbills, with tliecut, and exhibits I he speed
and usual accommodations which character-
ized the most improved stage travel of that
period, throughout the most thickly settled
jiortions of tjie country. But the cut also
embellished the advertisement of .lolin But-
ler, who ran a stage lietween Philadel-
phia and New York, which apiwared in

P AI.Ari:.

We subjoin the adver-
tisement of .loliii Butler (17.")**) referred to in
another part of this article :

JOHN
J fels out I

ciisualties of low water in summer, ice in win-

Philadelphia STAGE-WAGGON, and New-
York STAGE BO.\T performs their
Stages twice a Week.

N B U T L E R. with his waggon,

on Mondays from his lloufc, at the Sign
7)f the Death of the Fox, in Stray»berry ally, and
(hives die fame d.ay to Trenton Kerry, when Francis
Ilolman meets hiin and proceeds on Tiief<lay to
Brunfwick, and llic paffengers and gooils being f hifled
into the waguon of Ifaac Fil/.ran(lol|ih he lakes ihem
to the New iJla/.int; Star to Jacob Filzrandolph's ihe
same day, where Rubin Fit/.ramlolph, with a boat
well fuled, will receive them, and lake ihem to New-
York thai ni};ht. John lluller returning to Philadel-
phia on Tuefilay with the pafTcngers and goods dc-
liv red to him by Francis Ilolman, will again fet out
for Trentt)n Ferry on Thurfday.and Francis Ilolman,
&c., will carry his paffengers and goods, with the
fame expedition as above to New-York. Tcctf.

68

THE LANCASTER FARMER

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.
Summary of Winter-Wheat Prospects.
From the inontlilv report, of the I>epartment
of Agriculture for April, l-'^V-i, tlieareaiii win-
ter wheat, we learn, appears to have lieen in-
creased last fall bv 7 per cent. A small por-
tion of this area, partially or wholly destroyed
hy the severity of the winter, will lie replaced
by other crops : how much, will dejiend upon
the vicissitudes of April weather and the pres-
sure of sprins work. The Middle States made
a very small increase— only 2 per cent, in
Pennsylvania and 1 in New York, with a de-
crease of 4 per cent, in Delaware— an aggre-
gate increase of about i:i."),000 acres. The
Southern States, from Maryland to Tennessee,
inclusive, have made a large increase, adding
half a million acres to an area of three and a
half millions. It is largest in Mississippi— 70
per cent, in the counties reported, 42 per cent,
in those of Texas, 30 in Arkansas and Ten-
nessee, and 2(i in Georgia. Ohio counties re-
turn no increase in acreage, Michigan but 1
percent., Indiana a decrease of 2 per cent.,
and Illinois an advance of 10 per cent. Mis-
souri has enlarged her area in nearly thesame
jtroportion, and Kansas 30 per cent., in coun-
ties reporting. The aggregate increase in
acreage planted considerably exceeds a million
acres^and witli that of California will equal
one and a half millions.

The condition of the crop, as far as it could
be judged by its appearance in April, in the
more northern latitudes, before the ground
was bare and free from frost, was below an
average, and far below the status of last
spring. In the South generally the prospects
are quite flattering, and the crop is secure
against all probable contingencies excepting
rust. In California a large breadth has been
seeded. Prompt germination and vigorous
growth have followed the winter rains. The
early-sown area is probably secure, but drying
winds and the absence of the later rains excite
apprehensions of failure of late plantings. The
States in the valleys of the Ohio and Missouri
report inferior conditions of wheat, as a re-
sult of winter kilhng. Those sections in
which drought prevented early seeding and
sufficient re-development before winter set in
have suffered most. The protection afforded
by snow has been exceedingly valuable in all
the area north of the thirty-ninth parallel of
latitude, the injuries sustained resulting main-
ly from thawing and subsequent freezing in
March. In the Middle States this jnotection
has been more uniform than in the West. The
more exposed fields presented a brown and
lifeless appearance, but the roots were found
to be sound, except in patches long covered
with ice. Everywhere the superiority of
•wheat seeded with the drill, and the great ad-
vantage of this mode over that of broadcasting,
are conspicuously apparent.

The report then goes on to give a synopsis
of the returns from the dilferent wheat-grow-
ing States, specifically, and although there
are from twenty to fifty county-returns, from
many of them there is nothing specific in re-
gard to the winter-wheat crop of Pennsylva-
nia, and therefore its status must be looked
for, so far as it can be identified, in the gen-
eral remarks.

Condition of Cattle and Sheep.

The status of farm animals for the whole
country is fully up to tlie average of spring
condition in a series of years, notwithstanding
the remarkable severity of the winter, and far
above the average, taking into consideration
comparative numbers of animals represented
by the counties making reports. There has
been no prevailing disease during the winter
in any .section. Scarcity of feed, that could
not be met by better housing and care, or pur-
chased supplies, has been confined within very
narrow limits, and though, in the section
north of the thirty -sixth degree of latitude,
and east of the Pacific slope, the cold weather
■was of extraordinary intensity and duration,
the atmosphere was 'dry, and the temperature
comparatively uniform. While this induced

more careful shelter and feeding, it stimulated
in the animals vigor of appetite and muscle.

Almost the only drawliacks to the health
and thrift of cattle and sheep, in any part of
the country, have been the want of proper
shelter, care and feed. Even in sections
where, from the combined ravages of droughts,
ehinch-bugs and grasshoppers, scarcity of feed
has been greatest, and this aggravated by cold
of extraordinary intensity and duration, jn-e-
caution in liuslmnding resources in hand, and
in seasonably providing such others as could
be made available, either for increasing or
saving feed, has resulted in bringing stock
through in better condition than in pn vious
milder winters with abundant food, imder dif-
ferent treatment.

The cuttk returns, for condition, in all the
States, foot up as follows: Total number of
counties reported, 1,1S1; above average, 313;
average, 524; below, 314; not specified. 30.
Froin Pennsylvania the number of counties re-
ported is 43; above average, 10; average, 24;
lielow average, 0. Whether Lancaster county
has made a report or not, on any of these sub-
jects, cannot be ascertained from the source
before us.

The condition of sheep is still better than
that of cattle. For all the States, out of 1,039
definite returns, all except 1(32 are average
or above. Returns from Pennsylvania indi-
cate average condition, with few extremes.
The return from the Sacramento Valley states,
that "the increase of the flocks throughout
California will be greater this year than ever
known before," and that " the lambing sea-
son is well past, and good luck is reported
everywhere."

As there has been a remarkable exemption
from diseases among both cattle and sheep the
past winter, the losses, except incidental, have
resulted, almost exclusively from want of due
shelter, feed and care, and although 43 coun-
ties in Pennsylvania report 2S counties less
than the general average of losses, 9 of
equal average, and 3 above the average, there
is nothing to show that Lancaster county has
been delinquent in " shelter, feed and care."
The tabulated returns for all the States show
that in 1,111 specific returns for cattle, only
198 report losses exceeding those of 1874; and
in 1,050 speciflt; returns of sheep, but 150 are
greater- indeed, in some parts of Pennsylva-
nia, the losses were less than ever known be-
fore.

Except in a class of cases loosely termed
"Hog Cholera," less formidable, however,
than'Tast vear, all kinds of farm animals, dur-
ing the past year, have enjoyed a marked ex-
emption from prevalent diseases; and it is
found that even in those places where animals
have suffered from the increased severity of
the winter, and the failure of food crops, such
suffering was greater in those counties where
the policy of the merciful treatment of ani-
mals has never been understood or iiracticed,
and that the external causes of disease, were
much less active than in former years.

The Miscellaneous Statistical Circulars.
The ^larch circulars sent to our statistical
corps, which now represents l,(il2 counties,
including nearly all of the producing area of
the country, are of a miscellaneous character,
and not repeated annually. It was deemed
desirable to olitain a statement of local prefer-
ences for fertilizers and modes of soil-fertili-
zation, and also of the kinds and proportion
of products for feeding and fattening animals,
the length of time and cost of feeding in win-
ter, and some facts indicative of the local
surplus anil local deficiencies of the different
crops. The following list of (piestions was
very generally answered in the returns which
were received from 1,090 different counties:
1. What fertilizers are u.sedin your county? What
proportions of such fertilizers are farm-yard manures?
home-made composts? commercial fertilizers? Are
the latter deemed profitable?

3. What iiroportion of hay-flelds are usually in
clover? what in cultivated arasscs, and priniiipally
of what kinds? what is native or wild g-rasses? Is
green manuring with clover practiced ? If so, is the
full crop, the second growth, or only the stubble
turned under? Please "state the practice and Its re-

sults in soil-improvement; specific and significant
facts desired, rather than general views.

S. Number of months in a year in which domestic
animals are fed exclusively? Number of months in
which jiartial feeding supplements pasturage? and
what are the prim-ip.al kinds of forage used, and pro-
portions of each? Is grain fed to animals? If so,
when, how liberally, and to what kinds of stock?
What proportion of your corn crop is consumed in the

countv ?

4. What is the cost per head, in cash-value, of
forage, for v\-intering horses? milch cows? sheep?
What is your estimate of the average value of each
of these classes of stock in autumn? in the spring?
Is tliere an average increase of weight during the
winter, or decrease? and how much of either?

.5. What percentage, if any, of the value of your
crops is sold to go out of the county ? What is the
leading crop thus sohi ? What projiortion, if any, of
your farm animals is sold to go beyond the county?
fi. What products of agriculture are brought into
the county for consumption, and what percentage of
the home consumption? What farm animals, if any,
are brought from abroad, and to what extent?

7. Has your county derived any advantage the past
year from" association and eo-operatiou, in marketing
crops, or in procuring supplies? If so, can you give
an approximate estimate of the aggregate sum thus
saved? Individual facts in this connection will be
acceptable.

A Part of the Miscellaneous Returns.
The investigation demonstrates the fact
that farmers are learning the necessity of in-
creasing the store of plant-food in the soil, of
having it in an immediately available form,
and of supplementing notable deficiencies with
specific fertilizers. They are becoming better
versed in the philosoijhy of fertilization, and
better able to adapt their practice to the pecu-
liarities of their soils, and to their local
resources in material for fertilization, both by
increase in theoretical or scientific knowledge
and in experience gained in successful appli-
cation of such acquirement. Not all are thus
intelligent ; a large proportion yet see by the
dim light of tradition, and follow only methods
found "successful in their personal observation,
often with little regard to differing circum-
stances of soil and situation. It is true,
nevertheless, that the average practice of
these practical men is essentially soimd, and
really based on reason and science.

Though half of the counties in the United
States are cultivated almost literally without
fertilizers of any sort, and another fourth with
the casual aid of green manuring, or a little
lime or plaster, or cottonseed, or a "cow-
penned" lot, or some trifling .saving of farm-
yard manure, it is still true the practice of
systematic fertilization is increasing. It is
not only increasing, but is followed with a
better adaptation of means to ends, and with
a sujierior economy in the choice of material.
" AVhat fertilizers are used in your county V"
The following tal)le, which gives the propor-
tions of farm-vard manures and other fertiliz-
ers, presents the average of the returns of each
State, and doubtless with sufticient accuracy
frir the purposes of the investigation, of the
true averages of all the counties of the several
States. In examining the figures it must be
remembered that tliej^ indicate percentages of
whatever fertilizers may be actually employed,
however small in quantity or unimportant in
value, which are almost too insignificant for
estimate in the States west of the Alleghanies:
[Sec tabuhited results jnMished in the Ajinl
number (if Ihe Farmer, peige 5(1. Col. 3.]

The liianure of farm animals is seen to be
the main reliance for sustaining fertility. Com-
mercial fertilizers— organic and mineral — are
somewhat in use in New England, especially
in Maine and Massachusetts, including quan-
tities of fish-refuse and sea-weed. They are
also used sparingly in the Middle States; but
the cheaper minerals, lime and plaster, and
still cheaper green-manuring, monopolize a
large proportion of the percentages credited to
" other fertilizers. " The South Atlantic States
from Maryland to Georgia, inclusive, use not
only the largest proportion of manipulated fer-
tilizers, Vmt the largest quantities in compar-
ison with other sections. The cost of such ma-
terial amounts to millions in each of these
States. Little fertilizing matter is applied to
the soil from Alaliama westward, with the sin-
gle exception of such quantities of cotton seed

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

69

as are not reciuircd for sei-ding. and for a fow
oil-mills. Ill the I'astern portion of the Oliio
Valley experinunts are tried with eonniiercial
fertilizers by a few projiressive farmers, and
the nse of elover as a fertilizer is consideralily
practiced there by iniminraids from i\Iarylan<l
and Pennsylvania. And here we may stop.
The remainder of the eountry has heretolbre
practiced the draininj:; of farm-yard manures
into creeks and rivers, orlhe removal of barns
from their inconvenient accunnilalions; or, if
they all have not literally adopted this
practice, they have not indicated nnieh faith
in the necessity of manuring. And yet thi'sc
relnrns show that the lands of Iowa and Min-
nesota, and even of Illinois, are made to l)ear
an increase of 'JO to :iO jier cent, by a sintile
experiment in i^reen-mannrinK. l*houy;litful
western firmrrs are seriously iJonderiuL; the
economy and [irolit of i)rairie-land fertilization-

Astoconunereial fertilizers, our correspond-
ents (jeuerally appreciatt^ their value for spe.
citic uses; acknowledged their utility in sup-
plying lacking material for plant growth; ac-
cord to thein a jiosilive value in h.astening
growth and maturity, but persist in the opin-
ion that there is fraud in the maiiii)nlation of
some kinds, and thai the genuine are hidd at
too high a price. They know that for the re-
gular uses of
farm fertiliza-
tion they can ob-
tain the needed
elements at a
cheaper rate.

Mai\y exam-
jiles are given of
the renovation
of worn and ap-
parently worth-
less soils,and the
increase of fer-
tility in fresh
but unpromis-
ing lands. l''ields
that have been
cultivated ex-
haustively for
twenty and even
forty years, Iiavc
been restored to
original produc-
tiveness, not by
guanos and su-
perphosphates,
at -SilOto <f^(iper
ton, but by inex-
pensive local re-
-sources, the
cheapest and
most reliable of
^yhich is found
inclovering. In
one case, in But-
ler county, Pa.,

a section of thin, gravelly land, on which
it was thought no one could secure a decent
living, came into possession of (ierman im-
migrants at nominal rates. They cleared
olf the brush, plowed, cultivated, turned un-
der green crops; saved every fertilizing mate-
rial available; never duplicated a crop in five
or six years' rotatii>n, and that tract is now a
garden, and from worthles.sness has advanced
to the value of i?100 per acre, and is yearly be-
coming more productive. These owners, in
some cases, have raise<land educated families,
lived comfortably, ride in carriages, and have
money at interest. In other instances in which
the aid of clover has been invoked, swine-feed-
ing in the clover-tieldshas been made a valuable
means of soil improvement. In the South, a
region which many northern writers on airri-
cnlture as.smne most erroneously to be misuit-
ed to grass cidturc, and which southern far-
mers iiave strangely neglected as a meat-pro-
ducing section for obvious reasons, a new era
is dawning, and clover and orchard-grass are
in many places found to be sources of immedi-
ate and heavy profit, and of greatly increased
fertility. In light lands, of more torrid tem-
perature, the cow-pea performs quickly and
inexpensively the work of amelioration assign-

ed to red clover in argillaceous soils. It is a
plant literally wortli millions to the .South;
])ossibly as good an anunoiiia-gathercr as ch)-
ver ; perha|is cijually as good Ibr fattening
swine, and grown with greater facility in
poorer soils. This investigation presents pro-
minently three suggestive points: First, the
use of fertilizers is becoming more general and
more discriminating; .seeoud, few, if any, soils
in the eountry are so rich that tliey cannot be
made more pro<luctive by judicious fertiliza-
tion; third, farm yard manures are the best
tor general use; green-manuring is the cheap-
est means of soil renovation, and commercial
fertilizers are useful Ibr ipiick results aiul for
specilic pur|ioses. — U. S. Aijricultufdl D(ji(irt-
iiaiit liijtiiiis.

THE CATTLE INTERESTS OF THE
UNITED STATES.

Increase in aptitude to fatten and in average
weight has lieen continuous and marked dur-
ing the last half century. Sinc'c ISlT thercf have
been imported into North America nearly, if
not tjuite, one thousanil well-bred animals
for stock improvement, maiidy the bei'f-
yielding .short-horn ; biit also many of the
best specimen of the Ayrshire tor ipiantily of

SECOND DUKE OF HILLHURST.

milk, the .lersey and its congeners of the Chan-
nel Islands, for richness of cream and quality
of butter, the black and white Dutch, Devons,
Ilerefords, and other breeds, notexce))ting the
fat cow of Brittany. So great has been the
success of this attempted improvement, that
the cattle of the central iiortions of the West
liave become high-grade short-horns of in-
creased size and superiority of llesli, with a far
smaller prop(n-tion of olfal. Instead of degen-
erating, the th(U'ougli-breds have been im-
proved by the skill and care of our wideawake
breeders," until one family of short-horns, the
Bates stock, has been for years exiiorted to
England at prices commencing at §-2,000 to
.?:i.0ilO each, advancing in a year or two to
87. Olio, as appreciation abroad was intensified,
and culminated la.st season at the magiiifieent
figmes of S40,0IMI for an elderly cow, amid the
excitement of eonipetilion l)etween the two
most skillful breeders of two continents.

The average weight of imi)ortations two and
a half centuries a-jro, probably did not exceed
'500 ))Ounds; in 1720 the averagi' in the I/ondon
market had been reported at :i7(l pounds; at
the beginning of the |)resent century the Lon-
don average had advanced to about .")00 pounds,
and now the ollicial average is 000 pounds for

British, and .^)00 for imported beeves. The
stock of this countiy, not including that of
.Spanish blood, is now nearly up to the British
standard of weight.

A FAMOUS SHORT-HORN.

The engraving gives a fair repri-sentation of
the Second l)id«' of Ilillhurst I'.'.S'.i:!, ;il three
years. He was sired bv Sixth Duke ol'tieneva
7,'.»:{:i, out of Duchess 07111, property of \V.M.
S. Kino, esip, of Lyndale, near Miuneai)oli.s,
Minnesota.

This ainmal is a jiim Bnkc, and, without a
doubt, the finest specimen of a short -horn bull
this coiuitrv has ever ])roiluced. He was the
last bull at'thehead of the " I.yndale Herd,"
and, as is iirobably well-known to livi' stock
fanciers over the whole country, was sold at
the great Chicago sale to M. 11. Coiiikaxk, of
Montreal, Canada, for .'?14,0i)(), gold. His sire,
the Sixth Duke of (leiicva, was sold tr) Lord
Dunmore, of Kngland, for 81 "i,!!!!!), gold, and
Ills dam. Duchess 07th, was inipi>rte<l to Can-
ada by M. II. Cochrane, es(i., ami also resold
to Lmd Dunmore on account of her high pedi-
gree and intrinsic value. Both she and the
Sixth Duke of (Jeiieva were at onetime owm-d
by Col. King, and the result was the Second

Duke of Hill-
hurst. His dam
was bought
when ;i h<dfer
of Captain (iiin-
ter, of E n ff -
land, for So,00(),
gold, by Mr.
Cochrane. His
last purchaser,
however, failed
to raise the
money, and,
therefore, he is
retained in jios-
session of Mr.
King, ;is above
stated. The sub-
ject of thorough-
bred live stock,
of all kinds, is
becoming one of
absorbing inter-
est to our farm-
ing population.
And well i t
' should, for al-
though the ori-
ginal outlay is
very considera-
ble, yet the re-
sults are always
more satisfacto-
ry than raising
common and un-
profitable stock.

Stew.VRT, in his prize essay on fattening
stock, says time is<iften a matter of importance
to the feeder. Sometimes a month gaine(l is
equal to -20 ])er cent greater weight at a later
lieriod. Cooking food renders its constituents
more solulileand iligestibli'. therefore entering
on llesh and fat. As a condiment and appe-
tizer for fattening animals, inolas,ses has no
equal. A small (piantity of sweet uiKin hay will
eau.se a larg<r quantity to Ije eaten with a re-
lish. We have ol'ten tried inohus.ses upcui i>oor
iinimals with great satisfaction. A poor horse
will show a change in condition in a few daj's.
The molasses is not only an excellent condi-
ment, but an excellent food; being so soluble
and assimilable that it i)roducesan innnediate
effect upon the condition of the animal. Three
pints may be fed to fattening animals jier day,
l)Ut to cows and breeding stock it must Ix' fed
sparingly, and not more than a pint per day to
a cow, as too much sweet will iirevent their
breeding. AVhen necessary to use straw in fat-
tening stock, the use of mohw.ses, cUluted eight
to ten iiio|)ortions of water to wet the straw
before steaming, will be fomid to render it very
palatable, and cause it to lie eaten, incorpora-
ted with other fattening food, as readily as haj'.

70

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

ENTOMOLOGICAL.

Enemies of the Cabbage Butterfly.
Alexandria, Huntingdon Co., April 12, 1875.
Dear Sir : I send you by tliis mail a small paper
box containinff a number of small tlies (males and
females) which hatched out of some flti-yxalkls of the
c^bbaice butterfly. I suppose they are the enemy of
the cabbage butterfly. Please report.

Yours truly, c. P. H.

However trivial the above incident may
appear, we nevertheless regard it as impor-
tant, for in it is involved an imjiortant practi-
cal qnestion in economical entomology ; more-
over, it is a well defined contirmation of our
own ex])erience two years ago, and upon wliicli
we made the suggestion that in all probability
the cabbage butterfly would ultinuitely pass
away, or become diminished in numbers so
much as to dissipate the appreliensions that
have been entertained in regard to it by many
people.

The above "small paper bo.x" was duly re-
ceived, and contained twentv-one chri/salids
of the "Garden White" butterfly (Pieria
rupee) and over a hundred minute parasitic
hymeuoptera, of a beautiful metallic green
color and clear membranaceous wings. Many
of them were dead, Init the majority of tliem
were still alive. Out of these twenty-one
chrysalids we do not think there is a .single
one tliat would have produced a butterfly.
Ever3' one is more or less pimctured with
small holes, out of which these little flics have
issued forth in great numbers, a fruitful source
of hope to cabbage growi rs everywhere, for if
all the diri/s<didf! in the country were similarly
infested, tiie race of white butterflies and green
cabbage worms would become extinct in a
single year ; and in order to continue their
species (the parasites) we could have wished
that their advent had been dela3ed a few weeks,
until a nidus for their future progeny coidd
have been found in the bodies of the icorms of
the present season.

Tliese useful little parasites belong to a
family of hymenoptera called "Chalcisflies,"
or Chalcidians, (Chalcidid.e) and are always
found infesting some one or other among the
denizens of tlie insect world. Some of the
species are exceedingly minute, and find sulti-
cient nutriment to develop and sustain their
tiny bodies and lives within the egys of other
insects. Most of the species are so small that
we have never attempted to study them spe-
cifically, and probably never will ; and tliere-
fore, to knoii' they destroy the lamp and pupip
of the "cabbage worm," or any other noxious
insects, is perhaps as much as the "truck
gardener" and farmer cares to know in regard
to them. They seem to belong to the genus
Fterom'dus, and probably an entirely new spe-
cies ; but, until this view is corroborated by
competent authority this nomenclature can
only be considered j;rori'.s('o?«(/. We have sub-
mitted specimens to several specialists for their
examination and identifieat»ion, and if we hear
from them before this goes to press we will
append it in a foot note ; or, oti some future
occasion, puljlisha fuller account of them, with
illustrations, if practicable. Having this much
we can afford to await future development.

Since writing the foregoing, we Iiave found
the following corroboration of the above ex-
periences in theXew York Semi-Weekli/ Tri-
bune, of April 30tli, 187."); and althougli Mr.
Fuller may be mistaken as to the species of the
insect, yet that is not of the least consequence
in tlie general economy of the subject, and
does not impair any of the essential facts.
The Cabbage Pest and Its Parasite.

It is to be presumed that everybody knows by tliis
time that the parent of "the cabbage worm" is the
Rape Butterfly of Europe, imported into this country
about 18.5<> or 18.57, appearing flrst in Canada, from
whence it has spread over the greater portion of the
United Stales. Atiirst it apjjeared to have no natural
enemy to keep it in check, but in good time and in
some unaccountable manner the little parasitic fly
which had long been known to attack it abroad, was
discovered in this country, and has ever since been
thinning the ranks of this previously formidable cab-
bage pest. The two insects appeared in the suburlis
of New York city at about the same time, and their
operations ran somewhat as follows : The first season

tlie cabbage-worms were few, only an occasional one
seen; the next year very abundant taking or nearly
destroying the entire crop. In the autumn of this
seeonii season nearly every chrysalid, or at least the
larger part examined, contained the jiuija of the lit-
tle parasitic fly referred to above, instcadof an imma-
ture Initterfly; the result, as nught be inferred was,
very few cabbage-worms the third season, and scarcely
any since. This seems to liave been about the general
results in each locality visite j by this species of cab-
bage butterfly, and all applications of poisons to the
worms have done little good in lessening the number.

Of course, if the parasite does not appear in any
particular locality, they can be readily procured and
forwarded to any distance and let loose where they
would do most good in attacking their natural en-
emy or food, as they can only exist where there are
cabbage-worms. I think if cabbage irrowers will ex-
amine the ehrysalid of the last season's brood of
worms, which must at this time he abundant on the
sides of outbuildings, fences, and even stems of shrubs
and trees, they can' n^adily determine whether the lit-
tle ])arasite (PterotnahiH puparimi) has made its ap-
pearance or not. If, in breaking open the chrysalids
they are found full of minute egg-like pupa, then it
is certain that the enemy of the worms and friend of
the farmer has arrived; "but if nothing but the imma-
ture, half-formed butterfly is within, then it is safe to
conclude that you may have to wait for deliverance
from this pest another year.

Much can be done towards lessening the number of
worms by gatherine and destroying the chrysalids
found attached to fences and buildings about the
place in winter. But I would not advise destroying
those of the pupa if parasites are found in any con-
siderable number. The dilliculty in killing the worms
when upon the lab'iages is, that any poisonous sub-
stance applied is likely to make them dangerous food,
else very fllthy. (.iuano, or superphosphate and lime
mixed together, will destroy the worms; but who
would want to eat, or feed to stock, such stuflT, as
more or less will remain among the leaves and in-
closed in the head. I have used salt with good effect,
but the worms 'that have penetrated into the head of
the cabbage is safe from any outward applications.
Under present circumstances, I would say, let nature
take its course, for the little parasite will soon wipe
out the enemy. — A. S. Fuller, Bergen county, N. J.

GARDEN CULTURE AGAINST FIELD
CULTURE.

"The natural produce of wheat in our country
under careless cultivation is about sixteen fjraUia to
one. The unusual produce under the highest order
of garden culture has gone as high as se)'en thousand
four hundred and forty-five grains to one."

The above paragraph, clipped from a copv
of the Vnited States Gazette, of the year 1867,
was lianded to us a few days ago by one of
the most intelligent and practical citizens of
the western region of Lancaster county — one
who had spent niany years of his life in farm-
ing and milling, but is now extensively en-
gaged in the iron business. To liim the jiar-
agraph seemed suggestive, but he had already
retired from the farm and the mill, when it
first came inuler his observation, or he cer-
tainly would have exi)erimented to test the
diiference between "garden culture" and
"field culture " in the production of wheat.
In view of the fact (hat nearly every tiling sub-
jected to garden culture — all other things being
equal — lias largely appreciated in quality and
in yield, whilst nearly everything that has
been left to the careless cultivation of tlie field
has depjreciided, in quantity if not in quality,
cannot but impress itself upon the minds of
those inclined to that retrospective reflection
wliich runs along the line of effirts, and culmi-
nates in their primitive causes. The additional
fact that the minds of whetitgrowers have of
late been much exercised about tlie deficiency
in its yield, has also an important bearing
upon the general subject.

It is true the larger portion of tlie wheat
jn-oduced in this country is a winter crop, and
to which perhaps garden culture could not be
practically apiilied, still this would not pre-
clude the possibility of applying such culture
to spring wheat, nor of substituting the latter
entirely for tlie former. For insta'.ice, you
sow broadcast the seeds of onions, red beets,
turni])s, cabbages, corn, radishes, beans, peas,
tomatoes, tobacco and many other things that
are subjects of garden culture, and you subse-
quently treat them just as you do wheat> rye,
b;iiiey and oats, and what is the result of this
species of field culture V Why, yon have weak
attenuated stalks, a little foliage and fodder,

but no roots, bulbs, flowers, fruits, heads or
seeds of any account. It reipiires the thinning
out, transplanting, weeding, and the assiduous
labors of garden culture to produce these suc-
cessfully. The difference lietween the jiroba-
ble and the possible, between sixteen to one and
seven thousand four hundred and forty-five to
one, is so immensely great that it is not sur-
prising the subject should become one of seri-
ous human speculation. How many heads of
cabbage, of lettuce or of cauliflower would the
housewife get if she sowed her seed broadcast,
and then let the plants take care of themselves,
as the farmer does the wheat ])lant V How
many turnips, radishes and red beets under
the same treatment ? How many tomatoes,
egg-plants, peas or beans 'i How many otlier
products that are the subjects of careful and
vigilant garden culture ¥ Not many we trow.

Corn, potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, water-
melons and other jiroducts that are grown in
tlie fields, all receive garden culture or their
yield would be too insignificant to even pay
for the seed. We read of ancient * wheat
fields — long before maize and other prolific veg-
etation was known to civilized society — but
we know but little si)ecific;illy about the an-
cient mode of cidture, and we wonder how
such immense populations could possibly be
sustained iqion such limited territory. Wliat
we now call "heads of wheat" were tlien
called "ears of corn," and how do we know
that they were not as large as the average of
our present ears of corn ?

Even if we could realize the one-half of seven
tlumaand four hundred and fortij-flre to one, the
result in material substtmce would be an im-
mense advance upon our present productions
of wheat. Farmers are "boxing about " in
order to find some means by which the present
yield of cereals may be increased. They know
liow to produce vigorous tobacco plants, with
leaves, one of which would be almost large
enough to perform the ottice of "Jonah's
gourd." They know how to raise big he.ads
of cabbage, mammotli lieets, monster ]iump-
kins, gigantic melons, huge turnips and pota-
toes, hirge tomatoes and vegetable eggs, tuid
magnificent stalks and ears of maize, and they
know that these are the results of garden cul-
ture; but they do not seem to know how to
increase the yield of wheat the one-half of a
sixteenth per cent.

A GOOD COW.

"Hon. 11. G. Herrick, Sheriff of Essex county,

recently lost a cow, "speckle," tliat was a

grade Shorthorn of rare quality. She calved

Ajiril 1st, 1874, and was to have come in March,

1875. Tlie following is her record:

In April, 1874, she gave - - - IRSOlbs.

" May, " "' . . - H.5(! "

" .Tune, " " ... 1440 "

" July, " " ... i:U7 "

" Auiust," " ... 1175 "

" Se|)tember, " ... 979 "

" October, " - - - 943 "

" November, " ... 9.5fi "

" December, " - - . 74(i "

" Jan'y, 16days," - - - ■Wfi "

Total, .... - 10,7.57 lbs.
"Such a cow was worth keeping."
10,757 pounds of what '? Milk, we presume;
but standing as it does, so entirely discon-
nected with auytliing else by which milk might
be iniiilied — in the columns of the Massachu-
setts Ploughman— imA^ moreover, being of a
magnitude so much greater tliau anything of
the kind we are accustomed to in this locality,
we are just unsoiihisticated enough to inquire
what its specific meaning may be. If milk
is meant, the product would be an average
of 37 pfiunds; or Kii quarts per day. Will
some of our Lancaster c<iunty dairymen
give us the average product of their best
cows, by way of comparison '?

"Wheu the diBciplcs and their Divine Master passed
through the fields aud "jlxicked the ears of corn," we have
the light to iufer that they passed between the hills or rows,
just as ive would uow, in passing through one of our fields
of corn, (maize) aud any other inference would subject them
to the s.inierepiehension ice would deserve, in treading down
a passage through a modern wheat field. The Jews did not
accuse them of treading down the corn, but of plucking aud
eatiug it ou the Sabbath day.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

71

THE OLD AND THE NEW.

The Memories which Cluster Around our
Approaching Centennial.

EvcrytliiiiL,' <'omiecti'(l witli the si<rniii<; (if
till' IX'clanilioii of Indciu'iuli'iicc is bi^cinninii
invested with a peculiar interest as tlic lirst

IN ni;i'ir:N i

KEfiENT UAl .

ceutcnnial of our existence as a nation ap-
proaclies. The sisiiiiif; of tliat great charter
of liberty made innnortal the men who pledged
their lives, their fortunes and their sacred
honor to secure certain '" inalicnaljle rights,"
among which were "life, liberty and tlie \niT-
suit of happiness" to themselves and their
po.sterity ; and when we participate in our
Centennial on tlie Fourth of .Inly, next year,
all the historical incidents of that memorable
day, one century ago, will be rt^vived in the
hearts of the great multitude who will tlien
be reaiiing in hope and joy the fruits sown by
our forefathers in trembling faith, watered
with tears and blood.

We have given in fomier numbers of The
Fakmer illustrations of the beautiful build-
ings now in coin-se of erection for the celebra-
tion of our Centennial. No doubt most of
our readers have seen the "State House," or
Independence Ilall, as it now stands, on the
south side of Chestnut street, between Fifth
and.Sixtli, Philadelphia, and correctly shown in
the accompanying illustration. None of them,
however, ever saw the old building as it aji-
peared in the day that the old I^iberty Bell
rangout from its belfry the joyous yet staitling
news that the colonies were from that event-
ful h(UU' independent. We therefore present
in this connection a correct and well executed
engraving of the old historic Hall as it ap-
peared in the last century. In tliat Ijuilding,
as here shown, the Declaration was signed on
the day from which we date onr national ex-
istence. The longer this building stands the
more it is honored. It is more than one hmi-
dred and forty jears old, having been erected
between the years 17"2'.l and 1740. Some
changes have since been made, most of which
were necessary to the presi-rvatiou of the
structure ; but the general ai)pearancc of the
main edifice remains much the same as it ap-
peared when lirst built. There is much beau-
tiful carving to be seen in the interior adorn-
ments, ami altogether the building was re-
markably fine and costly for that early day.
Tlie old Liberty Bell, which announced the
reading of the Declaration, at -2 o'clock, on
the 4th of July, 177(1, is still to bi^ seen, in the
rear of the main hall or vestiljule, where it
was some time ago placed in a safe enclosure,
convenient to all who wish to view the grand
old relic. The bell, the metal of which
was recast into the one now in existence, had
l)een brou>iht fiom England for the I^tate
House in 1752, but it was accidentally injured
in removing it from the ship. It was recast
by Isaac Norris, then a member of tin? Col-
onial Assembly. As if endowed with the
spirit of prophecy, he cast upon it the mem-

orable Scri|)tural legend (Lev. xxv. 10) — "Pro-
rlaiiii lihcrlij tliriiiKjIinut alt the html, unto all
tlic iiilinhihiiils //i< I'Ki/"." Alter seven years of
I>rivation, suHi-iing and bloodslicd, that
prophecy was fidlilled, .so far as thednininant
race were concerned, when on the I'.lth of
October, 17S1, Lord Cornwallis surrendered
his army at Vorktown, and ils tullillmenl
linally acknowledged by the proud Ihitons in
the Treaty of IViris of Sept. 3, 17S:i ; but it
was not until eighty years later, wlien onr
second Washington, .Vlirabain Lincoln, issued
his emancipation pidclaiiialion, that the
prophecy was literally fulfdled in its relation
to ''■all the j)i/i((';/(ini(.<," without regard to
race, color or previous condition.

It is a great thought that, in the providence
of (iod, we shall celebrate our lirst Centennial
under the literal and conii)lete fnHillnn'iit of
this divine proclamalion of the old Liberty
Bell, uttered a Imiidred years before, and in
the proud consciousness that the Hag foi' which
our fathers fought does not Hoat over a single
slave.

Our Farmers and the Centennial.

We trust that the formers of this the rich-
e.st agricultunil county ill the Union will
realize, before it is too late, the importance of
giving their aid towards making the approach-
ing Centennial a success worthy of the great
Occasion. From our proximity to the ('en-
teiinial buildings, we ought to do our full
share, not only in sub.scribing to tbestockand
thereby contributing towards defraying the
expenses, but we ought also to make a fair

Live Stock at the Centennial.

It is nndeistood that the Bureau of Agri-
culture of the International Centennial Hx-
liibition has determiin'd to exhibit live stock
within the months of Septemlier and OcIoIht,
1S7() ; the [leriods devoted to ea<'h cla.ss and
family being fifteen days, and the division as
lollows :

Ibuses, mules and assi-s, (as one class) from
September (irst to lifteenth.

Horned cattle, (of all varieties) from Si'\>-
tember twentieth to October liftli.

Sheep, swine and goats, (as one class) from
October tenth to twenty-lifth.

An im|)oitant rule regulating admission re-
cpiires that all animals exhibited be of |iure
blood (trotting stock and fat cattle excepted).
Another rule not to he overlooked excludes all
animals, even though they be llioroughbnd,
which are not highly meriiorious. The exhi-
bition being o|>en to the whole world, it is of
the lirst importance that we bring forward
the best of their kind only, as the character of
our stock will be judged by the general aver-
age of those exbiiiite<l.

Exhibitors will be ex))ected to provide for
feeding their stock. An ollicer of the Bureau,
specially charged with the duty, will furnish
at cost jirices all forage and other food, at
depots c<jnveniently located within the
grounds. They will also he expected to fur-
nish their own attendants, on whom all re-
sponsibility of the care of feeding, watering
and cleaning the animals, and also of cleaning
the stalls, will rest.

l.Mllill..NUENCE U.tLL AS IT AI'eEAIttlJ l.N 1 i To.

display of our industrial resources. The Cen-
tennial Board have just placed this matter in
the hands of a local auxiliary board, consisting
of Major R. W. Shenk, (Chairman) Hon. .1.
B. Livingston, Hon. D. W. ratlerson. .1. M.
W. (Teist, W. L. Pei))er, .Vinos S. Hendi'ison,
Sam"l H. RevnoUls, F. Shroder, S. S. Si>encer,
B. F. Eshleman, Wm. Aug. Atlee, II. M.
North, R. A. Baer, .1. C. :Miiblenberg. Jno.
A. lliestand, A. C. Keino'hI. l-^llwood (!riest,
W. V. Hensel, Frank P. (irillitts, and J. K.
Barr, Secretary. Tiie Financial Agent has
written to thein, impressing upon them the
ini])ortanee of prompt and vigorous action :
and they are now arranging tlie organization
of committees in the several districts of the
county to co-operate with them in securing
j stock subscriptions. We trust, therefore, that
! when they are called upon, the readers of The
Fakmei! will not fail to ies|ioiid as becomes
1 iiatriotic citizens who feel an honest pride in
I their noble heritage. Aside from our personal
knowledge of the Managers of the Centeuuial,
their high character gives assurance that every
{ dollar contributed will be judiciously e.x-
j pended and honestly accounted for.

Though the Commission will erect ample
accommodations for the exhibition an<i pro-
tection of live stock, contributors who may
desire to make special aiTangements for the
display of their slock will be atlbrded facilities
at their own cost.

All animals will be tnider the siniervision
of a veterinary surgeon, employed liy the
Bureau, and before wiiom each animal must
pa.ss, before admission, to guard against in-
fection, and who will also make a daily in-
spection, and report. In case of sickness, the
animal will lie removed to a suitable enclosure
specially luepared for its comfort and
medical treatment. Rings will lie pro-
vided for the display and exercise of horses
and cattle.

■\Ve are informed that the Bureau is in daily
receipt of ajiplications for space, and it is
highly ini|iortant that all who design exhibit-
ing should now make application, as the ex-
tent of preparation neces.s;iry can only l>e regu-
lated by an estimate based upon actual de-
mands. ln(iuiries mav be addressed to
the Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture,
Pliiladeliihia.

72

THE LANCASTER FARMERS

THE WEATHER.

The state of the weatlior is still a wonder to nearly
everylio'l.v. the like havinj never hi'cn seen even Ijy
the "oldest inhabitant," and the would-lie prophets
who had predieted that after havini; emlured sueh an
exeeedinjrly cold "spell "of weather from New Year
until the close of March, we would surely have a flue
April, have miserably failed in their calculations.
Last week we recorded several snows, and we have
had quite a number since last week's record was
made. On Sunday morning the ground was covered
with over an inch of snow ; on Sunday afternoon it
snowed afiain, ou Monday more snow fell and on
Tuesday morning there was another snow of aliout
four inches in depth. Saturday, Sunday, Monday
and Wednesday were as cold as the average days in
mid-winter are, the groimd being frozen so hard on
Monday morning that it would bear a heavily loaded
wagon. Farmers generally sow their oats the latter
part of March, and corn is often planted as early as
the 20th of April, but this year not one half of the
oats is yet sowed and there is much plowing to be
done yet. — Xeie Holland ClariotL

But that is not the worst of it ; for, now
that the snow has passed away, it is found
thtit much of tlie wheat in this county is
winter-killed, owinn; to the continued frozen
and icy condition of the fields— this is at least
the case with many of tliem, accordini; to re-
ports from relial)U' authorities. As there has
been a recent brisk demand for tobacco, and
at renumeratini; jirices, the remedy suggests
itself to plant more tobacco and dei)end upon
more favored districts for wheat. ]?ut then
the iirotracted cold weather is unfavorable to
the starting of the tobacco crop ; therefore, if
that fails, we will have to plant more corn,
and rely on "pork and Johnny-cakes."

Coming back to the weather — what a won-
derfully prolific subject the weather is, any
how, in these dull times ! On the 24th of April
we had a sprinkling of snow in Lancaster city
and comity, and in New Jersey a perfect snow-
stfirm prevailed to the demolishment of tele-
graph lines and sundry other serious damages.
Nevertheless, there seems to be sorm good in
these weather freaks, for they furnish labor
to the poor in making tlie necessary repairs.
"It is an ill wind that blows nobody good."

The \A^eather Two Years Ago.

This season is not, after all, an excei)tionally
severe one. A contributcr to the Cleveland
Hcvahl sends a note to that paper concern-
ing the spring of 1S7.3 :

"In looking over my notes of past springs I find
the spring of \HTA fully as cold and wintry (less
snow) as this. I senil it to vou as I find it in my book
from April 21 to .May 19, 1878 :

The past winter has been long and cold ; not much
spring weather up to this. Cold weather set in the
heginning of October, 1873, and kept on without
much let-up to date. Peaches, Isabella grapes and
other tender vines were killed.

April 34, 187:1— Cold and wintry.

April 25, 187:1 — Snow and frost this morning ; cold
and wild snow storm all day.

April 37, 187:) — Snow ; last night frost.

April 2.S, 187:i— Cold and frosty.

April 3fl, 187:1 — Fine day ; cold at night.

April .*iO, 187:1 — Frost this morning ; sun bright.

May 12, 187:! — Somewhat warmer.

May i:i, 187:1 — Thunder storm last night ; cold
to-day.

May 14, 187:! — Snowing.

May 17, 187:1 — Cold and frosty all this week ; a
white frost this morning.

May 18, 187:1 — White frost this morning ; cold north
wind.

May 19, 1873 — Spring weather commenced.

THE WAIFS OF SOCIETY.

Here is a brief record of the zeal of a statistician
most suggestive of the evils which result from the
usual inditi'erence to the waifs of society ?

" Some of the most curious and remarkable crimi-
nal statistics ever obtained have been given to the
public Ijy Dr. Harris, of New York. Ills attention
was called some time since to a county on the upper
Hudson which showed a remarkable proportion of
crime and poverty to the whole population — 480 of its
40,000 inhabitants being in the almshouse — and upon
looking into the records a little he found certain
names continually appearing. Becoming interested
in the subject, he concluded to search the genealogies
of these families, and, after a thorough investigation,
he discovered that from a young girl named "Marga-
ret"— who was left adrift, nobody remembers how,
in a villa'je of the county, seventy years ago, and in
the absence of an almshouse, was left to grow up as
best she eould — have desceiided two hundred crimi-

nals. As an illustration of this remarkable record,
in one single generation of her unhappy line there
\vere twenty children ; of these, three died in infancy,
and seventeen survived to maturity. Of the seven-
teen, nine served in the State prisons for high crimes
an aggregate term of fifty years, while the others
were frequent inmates of jails and penitentiaries and
almshouses. The whole immber of this girl's de-
scendants, through six generations, is nine hundred,
and besides the two liundred who are on record as
criminals, a large number have been idiots, imbeciles,
drunkards, lunatics, prostitutes and ])aupers. A
stronger argument for careful treatment of pauper
children than these fig-ures eould hardly be found." —
Spriiiijfidd liepublican .

Here a "pin should be stuck in," and this
paragraph should lie read every diiy, if it even
is not correct in till its details, and the con-
elusions elicited therefrom ; for the simple
reason that there cannot be an (ffeH without a
cf(M.se. The aversion to mental culture, the
dislike for literature, the apathy in intellectual
exercises, and the ignorance and illiteracy re-
sulting therefrom, are just as certain to fol-
low their aversions, dislikes and apathies as
any of the above enumerated effects should
follow their primitive causes.

It is a fearful thing to think of, when we
reflect that when man became a "living soul,"
he also became ;i. subject of immortality.
There are many contaminations and acquired
evils in the world, but there are none that itre
more deeply ingrained in the liumtm constitu-
tion, either physically or spiritually, than
those that are transmitted through inheri-
tance. If nil can l)e transmitted, as the
above paragraph implies, so c:in good. To
say that it cannot would be an imputation to
Deity that we would not apply to man.

To Obtain Fruit from Barren Trees.

A correspondent of the Amcrlcau Affyk'nltitrixtsays:
"I wish to describe to you a method of making fruit
trees liear, that I l)lundered on to.

Some fifteen years ago I had a small tree that leaned
considerably. 1 drove a stake by it, tied a string to a
limb and fastened it to a stake. The next year that
limb blossomed full and not another blossom ap-
peared on the tree, and, as Tim Bunker said, 'it sot
me a thinking,' and I came to the conclusion that the
string was so tight that it prevented the sap return-
ing to the roots ; consequently it formed fruit buds.
Having a couple of pear trees that were large enough
to bear but that had never blossomed, I took a coarse
twine and wound it several times around the tree
above the lower limlis, and tied it as tight as I could.
The next spring all the top above the cords blossomed
as white as a sheet, and there was not one blossom
below where the cord was tied. A neighbor seeing
my trees loaded with i)cars, used this method with
the same result. I have since tried the experiment on
several trees, almost with the same result. I think it is
a nuich better way than cutting off the roots. In early
summer, say June or July, wind a strong twine sev-
eral times around the tree, or a single limb, and tie
it, the tighter the better, and you will be pleased with
the result ; the next winter or spring the cord may be
taken oil'."

AVe are cognizant of a single, accidental,
aiiiUagous case, but as that case was never
resolved into tlie fundamental principle of a
tlicori/ on the subject, we fiiil to Understand
the theory of the above, in some of its details.
For instance, would not June or July be too
late to have any effect ujion the tree tlie same
season the cord was applied V

Would not "next spring" be too soon to
remove the cords, if trees are expected to
"blossom and bear" the summer iniinediately
succeeding '? t)r, do the beneficial effects only
become apparent a year iifter the cord has
been applied ;ind removed V And does one
a])plication suthce for the entire subsequent
life of the tree '/ Although there fs something
plausible about it, yet it seems very much like
— "half a poinid of flour, ^ peck of iilums, one
egg, a little butter, a little salt, serve up hot."

SING MORE.

Cultivate singing in your family. Begin when the
child is not yet three years old. The songs and hymns
yfjur childhood sang, bring them all back to your
memory, and teach them to your little ones; mix them
all together, to meet the similar moods, as in after
lite they come over us so mysteriously sometimes.
Many a time and ofl , in the very whirl of business, in
the sunshine and gay(dy of Fifth avenue, and amid
tlu' splendor of the drive in Central Park, some little
thing wakes np the memories of early youth — the old

mill; the cool spring; the shady tree by the little
selK»)l house — and next instant we almost see again
the ruddy cheeks, the smiling faces, and the merry
eyes of schoolmates, some gray-headed now, most
" lie mouldering in the grave." And, anon, " the
song my mother sang " springs unbidden to the lips
anil soothe and sweetens all these memories.

At other times, amid the crushing mishaps of busi-
ness, a merry ditty of the olden time pops up its little
head, breaks in upon the ugly train of thought,
throws the mind into another cliaunel; light breaks in
from behind the cloud in the sky, and a new courage
is given to us. The honest man goes singing to his
work; and when the day's labor is done, his tools laid
aside, and he is on his way home, where wife and
child, and the tidy table and cheery fireside await
him, he cannot help but whistle or sing.

The burglar never sings. Moody silence, not the
merry song, weighs down the dishonest tradesman,
the ])erfidiou6 clerk, the unfaithful servant, the per-
jured partner. — Fxfhange.

We accord our unqualified endorsement of
the above; and even now, although we have
passed our three-score j'ears, the songs of our
youth are often resurrected, and we love to
hum them over again, and often do so, in the
lone hours of the night, when tliere are none
to hear save ourself and the drowsy "gray
spiders on the wall;" and while we are doing so,
we feel less inclined towards "treason, strata-
gem and spoils" than at any other hours
within the twenty-four. We fondly look upon
the days when we were as musical as a hand
organ (and perluips as " cracked " as many of
them, too,) and we plied our hands as nimbly,
or as lazily, as the measures of the songs we
sung. We often regret that time, circum-
stance, and advancing years have so effectu-
ally quieted oiu- vocal muse. Although the
sterner occupations of life .seem to interpose a
barrier to our youthful indulgence, still we
often revert to the ballads of yore, and men-
tally exclaim —

" Sing me the songs I used to hear,
Long, long ago; long, long ago."

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE.

It is exciting some remark in England that an in-
sect like the Colorado potato beetle, a native of South-
ern Colorado and New Mexico, should be able to emi-
grate far to the North, and endure easily the rigors
of a Canadian winter; and this fact is being taken
into account when discussing the possilnlity of the in-
sect getting a foothcdd in England. But this seems
to be an attribute of the lower orders of both plants
and animals. As we descend in the scale of organ-
isms, thei'e is an indifference to wide ranges of tem-
perature exhibited. Man has thfe power of protecting
himself against these extremes, and so can he adapt
himself to most climates; bot the next animals in
raid< to him are contined to comparatively limited
latitudes. The same with the higher orders of plants,
the most complicated '.jcing confined to the most
limited districts, wliile the lower orders are often
found in the same form all over the world — in tropi-
cal as well as very cold regions. The small fongus —
Peyoiioapora iitfvKfana — which in 184.5 made its in-
tensely destructive ajipcarances in Europe, is a Per-
uvian or Brazilian fungus, parasitic on the wild spe-
cies of fiolunuin, or potato-like plants found in the re-
gion. It v/as probably introduced by some of those
great geniuses who had a notion which they called a
" theory," that the best way to improve the potato is
to begin with some poor scrubby stock from a place
where the potato was supposed to be indigenous.
Bringing in their " improvements," they brought the
potato lungus at the same time, and it found itself
just as much at home in Canada, England, Ireland,
France and elsewhere, as in the burning atmosphere
of its own home. — I'l-cus.

On the subject of adaptability to climatic con-
tingencies, we thiiilc tlie Colorado potato-bee-
tle can carry off the palm. In JNIareh, last,
scores of them were dug up in this city, where
the ground was still frozen two or three feet in
depth, and yet these pests were capable of be-
ing crushed — as if they had not been frozen —
and on placing tliem in a warm situation they
revived, became lively, and seemed to be in-
quiring for a " potato-patch."

In addition to " John Bull " and the Eng-
li.sh Piirliament — as mentioned in our April
number — several of the continental govern-
ments of Europe are exercising themselves in
regard to this insect.

Was ever insect so distinguished as to be-
come such an object of profound solicitude
among crowned lieads, potentates, dukes,
lords and most reverend seigniors, before the
advent of Buryplwra.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

73

GLEANINGS— NO. 3.

About Wheat and Bread.

Under the Mosaic (li.si)i'iisatiun, strangers
ami tho ]>()or were allowed to ijltini in the
fence corners and anionfr the stuhhle after
harvest. Altiion;;!) not a farmer, I hoi)e the
worthy fanners who rea<l TiiK Faumkh will
allow the liunilile writer the rifjht to ;/'<(()!, as
many full and |ihuii|i ears are scattered, and
it is proper that some one shoidd leather tlieni,
" .\s till' small iiiit, (for she iiistriu'tti the iiiau
Ami iu-fuflu's lalior) t/afhtt-K at) h]u\ rail."

I also claim the privilege of presenting such
matters as I may deem iisel'iil, in my own way,
and to collect material from every source,
like
" The royal bee, queen of the rosy bower,
Collect!: licr precious sweets from every flower."

1 also crave indulgence, should I attenii)t to
be llowery. as a hotani.st. 1 k)ve (lowers, and
being soinewhat sifted with a taste for the
beautiful in |)iietrv and prose, I am, however,
not umniiulful of tln' matter of fact, useful
and true ; .so that the utilitarian need not be
offended by a poetic introductory tnmsgres-
sion.

Now for the gleanings. First among wheat,
as the statfof life, when madi' into bread. I
of course quote on the authority of IJaron
Liebig, and other men of repute. 1. Grain,
by its conversion into llower, loses in mitritive
properties: that of rye by 10 per cent., that
of wheat by !."> iier cent.

The grain-fniit or seed is constructed simi-
lar to an egg; hence botanists call the young
or iinmatine seed of a plant the Ovule (Lat.
Ondiiiu). The Ovary (l.at. Orum, an egg) is
the hollow case enclosing the ovules or young
seeds. The yolk in the egg is rich in fat and
poor in albumen, but is suri:ounded with a
layer of albumen, or the white, as it is called.
So in the grain the starchy nucleus is envel-
oped by a stratum of an allmnieniferous sub-
stance, which, in being ground, passes into
the bran ; and this substance is the most im-
portant ius a nourishment for the blood. Some

2 or 3 per cent, more of bread may beoljtained
by omitting fennentation. We know that
when organic sub.«tanees, under the influence
of water, air and warmth, are abandoned to
the reciprocal operation of their proximate
principles— sugar, starch, gluten, etc.— they
are entirely changed and deconifxised, so that
their idtimate principles— oxygen, hydrogen,
carlxm, and, in some cases, azote— combine in
new proiierties, and thus give birth to various
new compounds. Uy this is understood the
process of fermentation. (.See Ure's Dic-
tionary for a fuller account.)

• In times of scarcity, or in an economical
imint of view-, '2 or 3 per cent, saved would
seem worthy of some attention, since the
same (juantity of grain, in the form of bread
from meal, will save for every thou.sand per-
sons one hundred and twenty more from hun-
ger and its concomitant results than bread
from line floiu', freed as the latter is from
bran.

"In regard to the greater value as nutri-
ment of bran brea<i, it may be mentioned
that in the Crimean war the Kussian prison-
ers in the French camji, who were accustomed
to the coarse bread, suffered by the use of
wheat bread, and supplementary diet had to
be granted."

"The means of preparing brea<l without
fermentation are well known, and in constant 1
use in Englaiul and the United States, as well
as on their vessels. The sim|ilest is the ad-
dition to one hundred i)ounds of meal of a
pound of super-carbonate of soda, with an
eipiivalent (luantity of some acid, preferablv
tartaric or cream of tartar."

Mr. T.iehig .says : " I have for several
months past been engaged on a thorough in-
vestigation of the changes which hinnan food
undergoes, as regards its value as nutriment
by its treatment in cooking ; among others
also the preparation of bread, and one of the
results arrived at is that bran bread, com-
monly known as '^iimtpecnicAei, ' cannot be

obtained of uniform character or eon.stant nu-
triti\e value if maile partly by fermentation."

" A niimlirr of fads eliminated by the re-
cent I'russd-Austrian war leail to the conclu-
sion that a method of baking which is inde-
l)endeid of fermental ion, and not apt to pro-
duce a bread which is subject to mould, would
be of great value, not only for the army, but
for the i)eo|)le at large ; and the close res<'arch
into these relations has coulirnicd me in the
belief that bread of such qualities is not
l)rocurable except by the use of chemical
means, and that these, if properly apjjlied,
furnish bread of higher value than that at
lireseiit in use, and of a nature which leaves
nothing to be desired." (Extract from a
letter by IJarou Liebig, copied into "Dinglei-'s
Journal," from the Augsburg "Zeilinig" —
ISGS. ) In the su]ipleni<'nt tofn^'s Dictionary
(vol. ii) I lind on page 1S:J ; " Fermentation,"
says Liebig, " is not only the best and sim-
jilest, but likewise the most economical way
of imjiarting porosity to bread ; and besides,
rluiiiials, i/cneritlti/ .s/zwA//!;/, uliuuhl nircr rc-
coitimnid the xw rif vlinitU-dia for rulinary prc-
parHtiiiiis^ for chenncals are .seldom met with
in conuiierce in a state of purity. Thus, for
example, the muriatic acid which it has been
proposed to mix with carbonate of .soda in
Ijread is ohroi/s very iriiiiure, <md aj'tcn contains
arKcnic," etc.

As a gleaner, I allow this to go with tiic
above without comment : It was proposed,
and extensively used in what was called un-
fermented bread, that instead of adding salt
to the mixture of flour and water or dough,
to u.se hydrochloric (muriatic) acid and car-
bonate of soda, in such exact jiroportions as
to ftirm common salt (chloride of sodium) ; in
this case the evolved carbonic acid is received
into the dough, causing it to rise to the .same
extent as by fernientation, and good and pala-
table bread may be made ; but it is very dith-
cult to obtain it free from small <loughv
lumps, in addition to risk of impurity in the
acid used, containing traces of arsenic, when
clainu'd to be purilicd.

Aerated bread-loaves are made by Dr.
Dauglish's Knglish patent of 18.-9. It is assert-
ed that aerated bread was made in the United
States prior to 1S54. In this process an
aqueous solution of carbonic acid, iirepared
under great jiressure, is mixed with the
floLU- in a jn-oper ai)paratns, so as to pro-
duce a vesicular dough when the jiressure is
removed. The process is rapid, aiul jnevents
such deteriorations of the flour as are said to
be attendant on fermentation in the usual
way. Mr. David Fancost, about thirteen
years ago, introduced this bread into I^ancas-
ter. I regretted it exceedingly when he dis-
continued it. AVhy is it not introduced V I
am sure I relished it much better than our or-
dinary baker's bread.

Baking is no new discovery. In the Old
Testament we find that bread-making was a
duty performed by the litmily. Sarah, also
Pharaoh's servant.the chief liaker, are men-
tioned. So the farmer's wife is the baker, and
no doubt makes the more nourishing bread,
while we in the city depend upon the baker,
and eat what he gives us. In my gleaning I
find : The Israelites ate leavened bread, ex-
cept on peculiar occasions. The Bechuiin of
the present day, as his ancestors did, cooks
his unleavened bread in the embers, usually
between layers of dung. We are not desti-
tute of the same fuel on the western plains,
but delicately term it toi.s- <!r vttchr, or, nuu'o
s(iuar(ly, hnffdlo-rhijis. When the Arab
bakes a i)astry bread on a i)an or griddle, he
calls it JliUi, or flitters. Witliout intending to
talk Arabic, we do the same sometimes. The
Egyptian, like the I,ondou bakers, kneaded
bread with their feet. The liractiee is jirob-
ably more geu'-ral than we know or care to
believe. " Where ignorance is bliss, 'lis folly
to be wise." If I have said too much, I beg
pardon of bakers and consumers.

Ching-Nomig. tlu' successor of Fohi, is re-
putt-d to have first taught the art of making
bread from wheat, and wine from rice — I'.lilS
B. C. This was the era of Terah, the father

of Abraham, of the she))herd kings of Egypt,
and of the fabidous wars of the Titans in
Greece. A few years subse(piently — 1913
B. C. — Melchiscdek brought out wine and
bread to Abram and blessed him. ((ieii. xiv.
IH. ) Fifteen years afterwards we lind Abra-
ham giving threit strangers a morsel of bread
to stay their stomachs, while his wife prejiared
hot cakes made oi(( (;/" /i/ic incid, lcnttid(d. and
no dovd)t cooked in the ashes, a.s tiiey had not
then seen the Egyptian phm of baking iii
ovens. This was ' served up witli butter-
probably bonny-clabber, or curds, milk and
veal.

The Hebrew bread was a flat cake, baked on
the hearth or on a metallic i)late. It was
broken, not cut, and may have had indenta-
tions to Ibrm lines of easy fracture. Thus may
have arisen Faul'sremark — " We, heingmuny,
are om- hrmd,'' (1 Cor. x. 17.)

In the time of Fliny we lind that,- though
bread was made from a variety of grains, yet
that wheat was held in the higliest estimation
— the wheat of Italy ranking lirst for weight
and whiteness, whiie that of Sicily, one of the
granaries of Home, stood third, Bieotian
wheat being preferred to it. lie states that
the weight of all commissary bread exceeded
that of the tloiu' from which it was made by
one-third, and this is still held to be the proper
l)ercentage of grain in well-made bread from
good flour. The German iiroportion, stated \
by Kohler in his liivhcnmcixter, is l.")0 itoimds
of dough and l.")3 pounds lb! ounces of bread
from 100 iioimds of (lour. But I must stop,
lest I satiate my gentle reader with hreiuh
;/'((•( iu'/K/.s-, and yet much of interest might 1)6
added liy yoiu' humble caterer. — J. St,\uf-
FEii, ia)ica.s(( r, Po,.

LETTERS, QUERIES, AND ANSWERS.

Mountain Tea.

The intere.stinc article on tin's sulyect, page .V, in
tlie .\|iril nunilicr of TuE I'"ahmkk, frivcs a correct
account. .\s an cx-ilruiririsf and Ixilanist, I am |)cr-
I'cctly familiar willi tlic plant. It is also called
"Sweet-.sccnted fJolden rod." Scicntilically, the
SolidiKjo odora. Dr. (Jray describes thirty-three
species. The veins of the leaves arcrcticidatc hut ob-
scure, edijes entire or nearly so, lliickisli, stem slen-
der, two to three feet hich. The crushed leaves have
a jileasant odor, which distiiiL'uishes it from the
.S'. pilom and the other spccii'S. As a family, the one-
.sided racemes or axillary clusters of golden yellow
floweis arc seen every wlicrc, of some one species or the
other, in the summer and autumn, incur fence rowsor
woodlainls, meadows, cS;e.

The leaves of the Polidaero odora have a delight-
fully frat;rant oilor, iiarlaking of that of anise and
sassafras, tiut ditlVrcnt from cither. The transpar-
ent cells that dot \hv leaves contain a volatile oil,
whicli wliensubjeclcd (o (list illation jiosscsses the taste
aiid aroma of ijic plant in a hiirh desree. The vola-
tile oil is used in medicine as tieinir aromatic, pleasant
to the taste, irently slinuilant. diaphftrclic and car-
nu'native. These arc the qualities irivc!i it t»y eminent
chemists, and certainly recommi'Ud the plant as a
wl)olcs(»me t)everage. Boi^ks say but little about it.
.Mr. I'ursh informs us tliat this plant, when dried, Is
used in snme parts of the I'nitol Slates, as an agree-
al)le sul)s(itue for tea. He Inrllier states, that it has
for some time been an article of exiM)rtation to China,
where it brink's a Iiiirli lirice. This is news to many.
Kxportiiii; tea to China I and why not ? stick a pin
there; if the exportation has discontinued — why? It
certainly is an abundant, easily grown siH'cies,
although not so common apart from the mountain
district. \Vtien a boy, tif:y years airo, wc had an
annual tea merchant to supply the family, and it
was then called inthe vernacular "Blow luTgcr Ta,"
Blue .Mountain Tea. — J. S.

Testing Eggs.

To the Editor of The Linianter /-'anncr ; On page
.51, Ai)ril numlicr Laxcastkk Faiimeh, I notice you
give us Mr. I*yle's theory as to sex, tN:c., of eggs. Now
I would ask you candidly, do your readers believe
this theory ? Do they t)elicve that they can tell by
examining a fresh, unbroken e^'ir, whether it wilF
hatch lit till or not i 1 believe it iiniifp.ssihie to distin-
guish even the sex of an egg before it hatches, but
admiltiie.r that, are we foolish enoU'.rh to believe that
wc can tell which eirir will produce "lively cockerelsof
quick irrowth and liirlit plumage?" Sup|)ose it is a
black Spanish, will his plumage Iw liglit ? Are we
foolish enough to Ix-lieve tlnit we can tell which eggs
will pronduce pullets of " quick groHlh and grsHl
laying qualities i" also which will produce pullets of

74

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

slow growth, poor laying qualities, and cfowers ? I
must admit that my stomach is not strong enough to
digest it. I have only one objection to this theory, and
that is, it is not true. It has been "tried and found
wanting." — J. Y. Bicknell, Westinordand, N. Y.

We, of course, cannot answer our corre-
spondent's queries as to wliether our readers
believe Mr. Pyle's theory. We would hardly
be justified in' saying that we believe it ourself,
inasmucli as we have not tested its truth by
actual exjierinient. That is just what weasked
our readers to do, and if Mr. Bicknell has
tested it and found it wanting, there is so much
gained, though it would no doubt have been
gratifying to our readers if he had given them
some "of the details of his experiments. We
printed the actual results of Mr. Pyle's exper-
iments, (whom we know to be a reliable man,)
the experiences of a correspondent of the Lon-
don Journal of HorticuUure, and the declara-
tion of the editor of the Poiiftry Exchange^ who
said during the previous year he had brought
to his notice no less than three experiments
whichseenied to be entirely successfid in select-
ing eggs tliat would produce male or female as
desired. We expressed no opinion of our own,
contenting ourself with advising our readers
to try the experiment for themselves, as it
would cost them nothing, and giving them the
details of Mr. Pyle's plan of doing it. If, as
our correspondent and some others who have
given us theiropinonson the subject contend,
there is "nothing in it," The Farmer will
not hesitate to apprise its readers of the fact.

"Jots and Tittles" from Dauphin County.

When you go into the field to plow, have a few
nails, twine or straps in your pocket ; it will save
much time.

Feed your cattle and horses, in the spring of the
year, flour of sulphur ; it acts on the skin and furthers
the shedding of liair.

Haul out the manure as often as possible ; three
loads will rot down to one if left lay until fall; then
you will get all the substance where it belongs — on
the land.

Plow your land when it is in order — and not too
wet — if you do you will have a rough field the whole
season.

Make your own guano — hen manure, coal ashes
and chip ground — it will pay on any crop as a top
dressing.

Never drive a horse fast for the first mile or two
on a full feed — it, does more harm than you may
imagine.

Feed your stock some salt at every meal, a little
will do — half a teasimonful — you eat salt at every
meal, why should not the cattle have it?

When short feed is prepared for horses, first wet
the chart', cut hay or wliatever it may be, stir it well
so that all the particles become saturated, then put
in "ship" and mix well. It will adhere more and
feed better.

Lastly — subscribe for The Fahmeb, you will get
your money back the first numl->er. , 'j

We have tried the above without exception, and
find them all correct as stated. — B., April 17, 1.S7.5.

We cheerfully publi.sh the al)ove practical
suggestions of our (correspondent, because they
seem to have ;he "right ring, " and moreover
come from a most reliable and respectable
source. It is almost needless for us to say
that we "believe" in every one of tliem, and
especially in the hoit tiro. Such "jots and
tittles" make up the substance of the fanner's
experimental life, and he must be a shiftless
and improvident manager who cannot find
time to "scratch them down," at least once
every montli, for the benefit of his brother
agriculturists.

We hope oiu- correspondent will continue
his contributions periodically, not so much
for the gratification of any selfish desire of
our own, as for the advancement of the "com-
mon weal."

The Culture of Roses.

To the Editor of Thi: Laiifnutt'r Farmer ; In the
article ujion " Rose Culture," which you copy from
the AiiierkUH Fanner, Mr. James JPentland, the
writer, has committed a mistake or forgot a part of
his practical lesson. " The proper soil is a stiff, strong
loamy soil." Now, the Tlua roses flourish best upon
light, sandy loams; the Bentjat and Bonrhon classes
also flourish well upon sandy loams, but the Hijhrld
Ferjietatd class lloiu'ishes best upon strong loams,
well enriched with fertilizers, rotten manures. In
growing the Thea, Bengal and Bourbon classes, skill-

ed gardeners mix sharp sand with heavy loams and
clayey soils to make them more friable; by that the
plants grow more rapidly and bloom more profusely.
In growing roses upon sandy soils, muck, marl, or
cattle or hogs' dung are mixed with them. So fine
roses can be perfectly grown upon a great variety of
soils, and every lady can grow them.

Mr. Pentland's other statements are valuable, and
he deserves praise for them. Rose culture will never
be confined to strong, stiff loams. The Tlica class
flourishes upon very light soils, and the Hylirid Per-
peliials flourish upon heavy loams; Bengals and Bour-
bons do better with sand mixed with heavy loams.
We see roses flourishing wherever we travel. Every
lady should grow roses. — Walter Eldek, JPhiladvl-
phia, Pa., April 26, 187.5.

Fertilizers for Tobacco.

Can you or any of your practical readers inform rac
whether bone dust and unleached ashes are good
fertilizers for tobacco? — B., ^Var trick, Lauc-co.

In regard to the second division of the above
query, tlie liural New-Yorker, excellent au-
thority in such matters, says that "uuleached
ashes are more valutible than leached, but
either is good. Ashes contain essential com-
ponents of all crop.s. They should not be
mixed with compost — that is, there is no gain
in so mixing — but applied broadcast directly
to the soil, whether it is grass land or land
that is to be plowed. We never knew a
farmer who could get more ashes than is
profitable to apply to liis land. One hundred
bushels per acre is not too much to apply to old,
cultivated lands. Any man who asserts that
wood ashes applied to orchards is death to trees,
either does not know what he is talking about,
or has a selfish purpose in lying. Especially
are ashes excellent for orchards. They should
not be heaped right about the bodies of the
trees, but spread over the roots which extend
as far from the bodies of the trees as tlie
branches do. Ashes are esij,ecially valuable
as top dressing on old grass lands, or on lands
cropped with grain. For root crops they are
equally important ; indeed, as we say above,
there in no crop groim emd no land cultivated
that is not benefitted in a greater or less de-
gree by the application of leached or unleached
ashes— the latter being the more valuable."

The able report of the Doncaster Agri-
cultural Association declares that one wagon
load of sm;ill drill bone dust is equal to 40 or 50
loads of fold manure, and is particularly effec-
tive upon thin sandy land, acting for several |
successive crops. Pasture and grass lands are
greatly benefited by it; white clover springs
up wherever it falls; and the turnip crop is
largely increased by its application. We see
no reason why it would not be a good fertilizer
for tobacco also.

THE OLD HORSE'S LAMENT.

BY 'MRS. F. M. VAN DYKE.

What was I made for ? the old horse said,
Munching his feed in a wind-rifted shed ;
In all the wide world I have n't a friend ;
My life is a curse from beginning to end.

It is nothing but drudgery every day.

Toil without mercy, or profit or pay.

And should I fall down with a mereUees load,

I am made to get up with a merciless goad.

With whippings and cursings, cold quarters, poor feed,
With scarce half enough for a work horse's need.
With seldom a good feed of oats or fresh grass,
My master's a villain — he's worse than an ass.

Oh ! why should we suffer such anguish and pain ?
I fear, though, complaining will all be in vain ;
Adversity gives men relief when in heaven.
But no such solace for poor horses is given.

When a eolt I was frolicsome, happy and gay,
In green fields I gamboled with mother in play.
Together we feasted and played with delight.
As happy as kittens from morning till night.

Though fortune brings changes to horses and men,
The aged can never be youthful again.
But man has a future his hopes to supply.
The horse has no hope but to speedily die.

Did I say I was " friendless?" A pardon I crave,
Mr. Bcrge has a heart that is noble and brave ;
I ho|)e that his efforts will prove a success.
And all who may aid him kind Heaven will bless.
CoxSACKiE, N. Y., November, 1874.

Something About Grapes.

How can we make it jiay if we raise more grapes
than we need for our own use? It has been said that
it is a profitable business. We can't see it in that light
although we know that many persons have made it
]iay well by raising the stalks for sale (and doing
considerable blowing to keep the thing a going).
Now we would like to know how to make it pay
when we have the grapes. A great many persons
did not know what to do with their grapes last season.
Why is this the case? we need more light on the sub-
ject, or else we may be obliged to cut down our vines
and raise corn instead ; this we think would pay bet-
ter, although we mean to keep a good stock of
vines for family use. But perhaps some person can
give us better advice. If so, we shall try to profit by
it. — JouN B. EuB, Bearer Valey, Lancaster Co.

Scabby-Legged Chickens.

Some chickens get a hard crust of scabs on their
legs, which makes the legs sometitnes double as thick
as they ouglit to be, from the knee-joint to the toes.
Wluit causes it I can't tell, but I concluded to soften
them with coal oil as an experiment, so I soaked
them witli an old brush wherever there was any
scruft', and in a few weeks the scabs were all pealed
off and their legs smooth and clean.

Try coal oil ; it will loosen more things besides the
scabs on cliicUens' legs. If you want to unscrew
tight Imrrs on bolts, ajiply a little coal oil, ami it is
good for loosening dirt on instruments, cleaning
paint brushes, and many otlier jmrposes. But don't
keep coal oil and butter very close to each other, if
you don't want the butter tainted. — JouN B. Erb.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.

The May meeting of this Society was held in the
Orphans' Court Room, Lancaster, on Monday, .May
'M, 187.5, atone o'clock, p. m., Johnson Miller, Presi-
dent, in the chair. Present, Messrs. Henry M. Engle,
Milton B. Eshleman, S. S. Rathvon, Levi S. Reist, J.
Stauffer, J. M. W. Geist, Jphn B. Erb, John Gross-
man, Tobias D. Martin, Peter S. Reist, Abm. Bollin-
ger, Simon A. Hershey, Alexander Harris, Henry
Erb, Jacob Buekwalter, D. G. Swartz, Wm. MeCom-
sey, Ephraim Hoover, Jacob B. Garber, Simon P.
Eby, Israel L. Landis, John Miller. Mr. Harris, Sec-
retary, being called away, Mr. Geist acted as Secre-
tary, pro tern. Under the head of reports of Standing
Committees, the following reports were made on the

Condition and Prospects of the Crops.

Johnson Miller, of Warwick, reported that he
might as well make the same report he presented a
mouth ago. With a good deal of snow, and the ther-
mometer below the freezing point during the greater
portion of the month of April, vegetation made very
little headway. Winter wheat looks unfavorable. On
his way to Lancaster, as well as over his ow'n town-
ship, he noticed that fields looked spotted. lu low
places the grain is entirely killed by the iee, and on
the whole is very much back. The indications are not
sufiiciently good to report an average crop at this
time. Oats has all been sown, but the ground being
cold and dry, will not come up for some time. Grass,
particularly new fields, looks very " blue," and with
the best weather the hay crop will be short. The far-
mers will now go to planting ctirn in a week or two,
and that question will be discussed to-day and be in
print in time for farmers to learn anything new which
may be of use to them. As to the fruit, no more can
be said than was reported at our last meeting. The
prospect is not very encouraging. We may look for
fruit and other things about a month late. Farmers
are generally busy "fixing up ;" whitewashing fences
and beautifying homes are novv in order and should
be attended to until the weather settles down to what
we used to call spring. As it is, the weather reminds
us more of winter than anything else.

Mr. Eshleman said that he had a more favorable
opinion of the wheat through the Paradise region a
month ago than now . It was growing irregular and in
spots. No corn had yet been planted. A few potatoes
had been put in but they were evidently doing no good.
He thought the prospects for a fruit crop are good.

Mr. Engle reported for the .Marietta district.
Wheat docs not look so favoralile as at last report.
The fields are uneven and growing in bunches, ;.nd
cannot possibly make a full crop. In coming towards
Lancaster he noticed that it looks still worse. The
general opinion of farmers over the county with whom
he had conversed is, that there will not be over
half acrop, uidess the remainderof the season shcmld
be unusually favorable, when it may reach three-
fourths of a crop. The prospects for a fruit crop are
aliout the same as a month ago — favorable, and pro-
mise well. The young clover does not seem to have
sutt'ered, and he anticipated a good grass crop. He
said it used to be remarked that the condition of the
crops in Lancaster and Cumberland were generally
about alike; but he understood from gentlemen from

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

75

Ciimlierland Valley that tlie wheat there looks much

lii'tlcr tluui hiTi'.

Mh. Eli II re|)ortc(l for Slrasburir township and
vicinity. TIu' irraiii loolis vt-i'v iint'ViMi — s(fim* sputn
good iind olljcrs vrry \<ni\. Aluii^' llic I'im|iicii llio
gra!?s loi>l\s wi'll, alDiou^li in sunu' plat-fs tlie
yoviiii; C'loviT is tliiuly sc-t. Apple and pcaidi buds
look wfll. Pears not so proinisinjr, and rasplicnii's
and hlafl<lnTri»*s badly liiirt. Soim- potatoes planted,
and he saw one small Held nl'corn put in. Hi- laitieed
that a larjre area of trfound was beinir ju'epared fur
tobacco. The elierry trees are very full of btossoiu
buds; strawberry plants are very much back and un-
prumisini;.

I'ktku S. Ukist, of Manheim, did uot expect more
than half a crop of wheat. The rabbits had badly
injured his fruit trees by peclinir, aial he expressed a
decidedly uid'avnralile opinicin of any law wliieh re-
stricted sporlsmeu from killing sueii pests at their
pleasure.

Simon A. ITEusnEv, of West Hempfield, reported
the ero])s in his section about the same as reported
elsewhere — wheat bad and the fruit and i;rass crops
prolnisinir well.

Mil. Koi.i.iNOKH, who had returned from spendinif
three w<'cks in t'uiuberland county and Frederick,
Md., reported the crops i^encrally in i^ood coutlition
throuL'hout that section. They anticiiiated a full
eroj) of wheat, i;rass and fruit.

Why the \A^heat was Winter-Killed.

Mk. Exoi.e said it was an interestinir ([Uestion why
there should be this ililfcreuee ; Ibr althoiu^li Cum-
berland is a little farther south it is ol'len colder there
than here — sleiirliin^ there wlien we had none. lie
would account for it by the fact that it lies at a
hiirher altitude, the ascent beine steady until you
reach Mcchaniesburff; hence they may not have juul
as mm-h alternate thawim^ and less accumulation of
water and freezinir, wliieh would account for their
wheat not beini; winter-killed.

jMh. Esiii.em.vn concurred in the opinion that it
was owiuEf to less aeeuitiulated water and conse-
quent ly less fornuition of ice. lie used to think that
ice-freezinir would not kill wheat. .\nd why should
it have this ett'ect one season and not another ? He
had noticed that where the tield sloped south or east
the wheat looked well !mt on north or west slopes it
looked as bad as in the low Hats. This difl'ercnce
must be owini; to sonu' special condition other than
fri'ezinir, which he could not explain. Of all other
veijetatiou he had observed that clover is the most
in.jured by frequent freezinjjs and tha-winijs.

Levi S. Heist had observed that where the soil
was smooth and level, and faeini; north, the wheat
had been smothered; but where the {.'round was
rouirh and uneven it was in better condition. He
ha<i seen a few fields of rich soil slopinj^ .south on
which the wheat is i:ood.

The I'kesident said he favored rough ground —
that is, not too finely pulverized in preparing for
seeding.

Mh. Engle's observation did not eonlirm the idea
advanced by (»thers of the ditTerence between North
and South slojies. It was only on the Hats that he
had noticed the wheat winter-killed. In regard to
the question of rough or smooth ground, he said
before the invi'Ution of the drills the clods served a
.purpose; they jmlverized ami ciivered the young
rootlets of the grain; Imt the drill does this by mel-
lowing and filling in the earth on the seed.

Levi S. Keist said that while as a general thing
tJieclrilled wheat looked better than that sown broad-
cast, his theory was that in rough or cloddy ground
the clods allowed the air to penetrate under the ice,
and thus prevented the plant Irom smothering.

Mk. Boi,i,i\-(;eu dilfered with the other speakers
in regard to the respective merits of drilling and
broatlcast sowing. Ilis neighbor, who sowed broatl-
east, had a promising looking field, while his own
and that (if scune oilier neighl)ors who had used the
drill, looked as if it might as well be ploughed uiiiliT.

I'eteh S'. Heist had seen wheat under water for
days without being injured, wliile that on higher
ground was winter-kilied. In answer to a query
whether he had seen a single good Held this season,
he answered yes, that he had seen a small Held on
(iravel Hill which was of uniform growth. He had
observed in past years that wlie.it not ripe by the
fourth of July was invariably struck by rust, and it
was a questiim whether, owing to the lateness of the
eeason, it will mature if the time evidently fixed by
nature lias elapsed. By way of illustrating this
point, he asked whether if a portion of wheat frozen
with the soil, was cut anil jilaecd in a cellar cold
enough tokeejiit frozen until past the natural sea.son
for maturing, ami then placed under the necessary
conditions for growth, would it ripen at all? He
thought not.

Mh. En-(jle was opposed to the idea going forth
that this Society even looked in the direction of pre-
ferring the cdd fashioni'il broadcast sowingto drilling.
The almost universal judgment of the agricultural
coinnuinity everywhere is op|Kised to such a notion,
and this judgment is tjasAl on actual tests ix-rformed
under all the usual varying condilions.

Mil. Hoi.i.ixoEH said the argument of the last and
other speakers proceeded on the assumption that we
are improving in our methods of culture. Is this so

in the main ? Are we raising more grain per acre
now than was raised years ago f Has not tlie drill
been adopted more because it is a labor-saving invin-
tion rather than liecaiise it is a superior method of
seeiling ? He instanced tlie case of an old neighlior
of his who was prejudiced against thedrill, and woulil
not have it on his farm, and yet he raised as giKid
cro])s as his nciglihors who seeded by drilling.

Mil. Enim.e replied that (he case cited was not a
fair test. The drill could not have been ailo|ited
merely as a matter of economy and labor-saving, ibr
drills cost money, and you can sow faster by broad-
cast than with the drill. The true test is to londuct
experiments, side liy side, on the same kind of soil,
and under the same conditions. This has been done
over and over again. It has been done so generally,
and thcgcncral result has been. so uniformly the same,
that till' fact should he no longer questioned. The
few exee|itions do not disprove the rule. Whentherc
is much uiiheaving by allernali' thawings and freez-
ings, the advantagesof drilling over broadcast sowing
become the more apjiarent . In answerto the question,
why we don't raise as good crops as our forefathers,
he would remind his friend that we no longer jiossess
that rich virgin .soil which they tilled, liy constant
cropping we have rolibcd it of certain elements neces-
sary to the production of certain cro)is. Wheal crops
are generally shipped oil, while corn is more gener-
ally fed on the farm; and we raise as good average
crops of corn in Lancaster county as in any otiier sec-
tion of this country. Hence, in this way we arc im-
proving our soil for corn crx)ps. When we bi'tler learn
how torciilaee the plant food extracted by each crop,
we will be equally successful in the cultivation of
other cereals.

-Mil. BicKWAi.TEK remarked that there could be
no question of the fact that drilling is vastly advanta-
geous over broadcast sowing when followeci by a hard
winter.

Peter S. Reist thought the thicker the stalks
stand together the batter they will be protected from
the frost; and, therefore, a clrill that would plant in
hills, like corn, would answer the l>csf purposi'. Asa
general thing we drill too deep, covering the grain
three or four inches when one inch is enough. On one
occasion he drilled a part of a field with a very dull
drill, which barely covered the grain, and on that
portion he had the best crop.

Varieties and Cultivation of Corn.

The question, " What variety of corn is most pro-
fltable to grow, and what is the best method of culti-
vating it ?" was then taken up for discussion.

Mil. EiiK said he had proposc-d the first division of
the question, bceau.se he had found such a dilferenee
in the corn he had purchased for seed, varieties dil-
fcriiig so much in holding out in measure. He tliought
it au important as well as an interesting question to
the farmer.

Mil. Enoee said the answer to this question so far
as it eoncei'us variety, must depend very materially
on what use is to be made of it. H' it is to be grown
for market, and a good market is convenient, the
sugar corn would certainly be the most profitable.
If (luanlity rather than i|uality is to be considered,
the large white gourd will pniduce the most iiushels
to the acre. Other varieties will iiroducc less but
may weigh more to the bushel. The yellow gourd,
being of smaller growth, can be planted closer, and
in tliat way will yield as much to the acre. The rank
growing varieties (reaching from 12 to 1.5 leet higli)
look very big but he dcaibtcd if they were the most
profitable. This can he detcrniined only by the
actual cultivation of diHerenl varieties grown under
the .same conditions. He had rai.sed '.Kl Imshels to tlie
acre of the yellow gourd, and had never had so good
a yield of any other, though he had not tested them
on the same ground at the same time. The larger
growing varieties require a richer soil to dcvehip their
rank growth. In his experience he never foundany
variety of several he had grown to equal iu value the
small yellow gourd.

.Mil. (iiioss.M.w gave his experience during a series
of years ; had used different varieties; had tested
them in wet and dry seasons with pretty much the
same results so far as varieties were concerned. He
planted in rows using the corn-planter. Sometimes
he had the largest stalks, but his neighbor would
have the best corn, and vice versa.

Mil. Boi.i.iNi^KK thought any variety will make a
g(x)d yiehi if it is well cultivated on good soil.

-Mu. .McCd.msev's exiicrience hail led him to believe
there was a great dilferenee in varieties. Some re-
quire a stronger soil to develop. The large gourd
seed is of rank growth iu the stalk, the ears long and
thick, and requires a fi^rlile soil lor its developmeiil.
If he had that kind of land he would plant the large
gourd seed and be sure of a good crop. But for
poorer soil he would select a variety better adapt-
ed to it, such as the old yellow lliiit, as that will
mature belter on iKior soil than the larger varieties.
What there is of il will be good in the grain, wliieh
is not the case with the gourd seed. Hence, he
would be goveriud in the seleetiou of seed by the
quality of the soil. Another reason for selecting
large gourd for rich soil is Uiat it is capable of fully
developing it, while the smaller variety will noi grow
any larger on this than on a soil of iiKMlcrate fertility.

Petek S. Keist gave statistics from the agricul-

tural reports going to show that the artificial fertili-
zers imported to grow good crops cost half what the
corn is worth, and it was questionalple wliethcr this
would pay. Insleail of using artificial fcrlilizers, ho
woulil grow clover and feed it to stock, using stable
manure and lime instead of artificial. He coiiteiided
that we plow loo deep. Four or six inches is deep
enough. There is no use in turning up tlie sub-soil.
Plant an orange tree in u Ikix and it will grow unlil
the roots strike the side of the box, and then it only
begins to bear fruit. So with corn. It will not
mature unlil the riKits strike the subsoil which has
not been mellowed with the plow. There is nothing
gained by [ilougliing deeper I hail barely necessary for
the normal developmeiil of the roots. In his jiidg.
inent the variety wliieli produces the largest ears is
the best for bushels of ears and weight of grain.
But, after all, it don't depend so much on the variety
as (m the soil, season and cultivation.

Mn. HdovEK expressed his preference for the
gourd seed variety— but would <-oglinc his remarks to
Hie mode of eullival ioii. Tliere is a great deal to do
afti'r Hie seed is iilantcd, although there is a dilfer-
enee of opinion as to the lii-st plan of iihinting. Ho
had tried drilling and planting by single hill In rows,
but liad succei-dcd best by the I'lld plan of marking
out and cliei kering and planting by hand with the
hoc. He could then cultivate botliwavs. (>>rn cannot
be cultivated too much. He hud no doubt that if the
weeds could he kept down a system of planting by
single grains would produce the most corn; hut this
would cost too much for labor. Therefore he prefers
checkering and planting three grains to tlu' hill,
and keeping clear of weeds. When it can be no longer
cultivated, remove the suckers and thin to three, and
if the hills arc clo.se and the variety large, two slalks.

Mil. .MrCoMSEV was not .w sureaboul theutilllvof

high cultivation. Si years ago he planted eight

acres in corn, in good ineliow soil, scoring holli ways,
and cultivated Ihoroiighly so long as he could get
through it with a horse and shovel-plow. The crop
looked very promising; hut soon after he had done
cultivating it there came a heavy rain with wind so
completely prostrating the crop t hilt it never recovered.
He drew tlie conclusion that if he had not cultivated
so highly, making the soil so loose and mellow, he
would not have lost the crop.

Mu. Esiii.em.vn- could not endorse this proposition.
It was merely accidental. Before theu|iper supports
grow out and nach into the ground, the stalk stands
very loosely, whether the ground be mellow or other-
wise; but after they take hold it stands firmly. lie
was in favor of cultivating [■orii as much as pos.sib1e.
He had never been able to raise a good crop, as com-
jiared with others, and believed it was owing to ad-
hering to the yellow Hint variety. Those who raise
the big crojis plant the gourd .seed. .Mr. Cook had
rai.sed one liundred bushels to the acre by the use of
phosphates. He had intended to house the ero|) care-
fully, and when dry test by actual weight the proi>or-
tion of cob to grain. He had not heanl the result,
but it would be a fact useful to know. He didn't be-
lieve .Mr. Heist's theory, that corn will not ear until
the roots touch the subsoil, but he meant to test It
this year.

The President, (.Tohnson Mim.er.) exhibited ears
of six diHerent varieties which he had grown. For
seed he selectsthe thickest ears hecaiiget — thick cob
and long ear. The Mainmoth Dent he considers the
best. Furrows out and crosses with chain-scoring,
so as to cultivate both ways, and keep perfectly clear
of weeds. Plants three grains to the hill, anil then
thins out to two stalks. Shovel plows six or eight
times, both ways, north and south, cast and west —
always trying to get the rows as nearly with these
points of the compass as |io.ssible. He was opposed
to hilling up. He has always been regarded as a suc-
cessful corn grower, as was his father, who farmed
the same land.

Mk. Boi-MNiiEit said that in all this talk he had
not yet heaiil how iniieh to the acre was considered a
good crop. He had raised an average of S-Ji ^ bushels
on 1.5 acres. Did not believe that ehcckeriiig had any
advantage over planting in rows; nor did he believe
in Mr. Heist 's theory of earing depending upon riKits
striking the sul'soil. On one occasion he planted corn
where an old tree had been dugout, leaving the soil
incllow loan unusual depth. lie was sure Hie roots
didn't reach the subsoil, and he wished Mr. Reist
could have seen that corn growing Hftecn feet higli !

Mil. Heist replied that his friend's extnine illus-
tration reminded him of the man's test of Hie feather
bed. He had heard so much about the softness of
feathers that he determined to try them. .So he spread
the feather bed on a rock, and got up with a very
|)oor opinion of the softness of feathers ! It should be
lioriie in mind that the soil around an old tree is gcu-
erally fertile, owing loan unusual amount of dn>|>-
pings from cattle, who seek its shade. Besides, he
did not advocate extremes. What he meant to say
was, that the soil should be ploweil and pulverized
only so deep as its fertility goes. He favored high
cullivalion, both before and after planting, and be-
lieved it better than manure.

.Mu. IIitovEK said it was well known that you
can't give young trees too much loose soil for the
roots to branch out iu. Ttie rule is to make the pit
as large as possible. Hence, trees planted in a newly

76

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

made yard or terrace flourisli better than those plant-
ed in an old yard. Will this rule not hold good with
corn ?

Mr. Hershey believed in cheekering, three feet
apart each way, planting three grains and thinninj;
out the stalks to two in a hill. In this way 10.5
bushels to the acre had been produced. Was in favor
of high cultivation before and after planting. He
had noticed that his neighbor, who sliovel-plowcd his
corn twice, had better crops. lie then adopted the
same plan, and raised as good crops as his neighbor.

Mr. Stauffer gave the physiological view of
the question. The seed must not be planted so
deep that light, air and warmth will not reach it, nor
so shallow that it will not attain the other essential
conditions of germination — darkness, moisture and
nutriment. The roots instinctively seek darkness,
moisture and nutriment — the plant light, heat and
air. The plant feeds on the i)lant-food which the
small fibres instinctively reach out for. There should
be sufficient looseness for the air to penetrate, and
not enough to weaken the support of the roots.

Mr. Engle wanted to make sure that this society
did not endorse the doctrine, that ploughing five
inches deep was sufficient, but he was gratified that the
gentleman who advanced this theory had subsequently
materially modified his statement. He admitted
that soil which will not give deejier fertility will not
bear deep plowing profitably, until it is made deeper by
manuring:, which sliould be the first aim of a good
farmer. He is satisfied that soil for corn cannot he
enriched too deeply. In the West, where the soil is
from six to eight fleet deep, they have grown good
crops for a succession of forty years. In our bottom
soils where the roots can penetrate deeply corn ma-
tures well. He cannot, therefore, agree with Mr.
Reist, that the roots must strike the hard-pan before
the ear will mature. He was glad that the majority
of those present are in favor of good tillage. As a
general thing we draw our conclusions too loosely from
isolated results. We should try both methods side by
side, under the same conditions, giving the larger
growing corn the more space, for to give the smaller
varieties an equal chance it is apparent they should
be planted more closely. Good weather at earing
season generally produces a good crop, even on stalks
of moderate growth, and I'ice versa. He had a
promising crop spoiled by a drouth at earing time,
while, during the same season, a crop planted later
which hit favorable weather when coming into ears,
gave an excellent yield, notwithstanding the first had
been well matured and the other had not. All these
questions must be settled by actual test, and he
doubted whether any present were prepared to set-
tle the disputed points on this basis. It had been
demonstrated by a trial test that drilling in rows
fifteen inches apart produced the most bushels to the
acre, when properly cultivated; but this is difficult
and expensive, as it must be done by hand. He
furrowed one way with the plow and cross-scored
with chains attached to a pole, and found it equally
good and more expeditious.

Mk. Landis concurred in Mr. Engle'sviews. When
in Montgomery, Alabama, his attention was attracted
to a load of corn which weighed (jl and 62 pounds to
the bushel. It had been planted on scored ground and
only one stalk to the hill. The yield was good and
the quality the best he had ever seen. This showed
how crops are affected by varying conditions.
Hungarian Grass.

Mf{. Reist inquired fV)r information concerning the
proper time for sowing Hungarian grass. Mr. Engle
rciilicd that it may be sown at any time within sixty
days before frost, as it requires that time to mature.

it can be sown now and cropped in sixty days and
then seeded from second croj) if desired. He thinks
it an imxiortant crop, in the cultivation of which our
neighliors of Chester county are far ahead of us.
Influence of Country Life.

The Chair announced that Simon P. Eby, Esq.,
had been appointed essayist for the next meeting.
His subject would be, "The Inlluence of Country
Life."

Questions for Next Meeting.

The following questions were placed on the minutes
for discussion at next meeting :

1. When is the best time to cut clover and timothy
grass to make the best hay?

3. When is the best time to cut wheat ?

The society adjourned to meet on Monday, the 7tli
of June, at one o'clock p. m.

The Pork Question.

The deficiency of the hog-croji in the west for 1874
is very perceptible, without considering the increase
of population. This will no doubt be remedied tor
the present year, as we notice at a number of import-
ant iioints that farmers are opening their eyes to the
fact that the most profitable disposal of their corn
croi> is to feed it. The transportation by rail being
now fixed at a reasonable figure, hog-feeding will
doubtless become more and more a specialty in west-
ern farming. — Gcnmuitoii'ti Tditjriipk.

"Large bounties to bestow wc wish in vain.
But all may shun the guilt of giving pain."

BEES AND BEE CULTURE.

Artificial Swarming of Bees.

Dr. S. J. Parker, of Tompkins county. New York,
communicates some interesting and valuable infor-
mation on this subject to the Germantown Telet/raph.
Premising that the natural method of multiplying
colonies of bees is by swarming, he says : Altliough
artificial swarming is done in several ways, yet no
art of man can equal for general usefulness that im-
pressed on the natural instincts of bees by their all-
wise Creator. Thus, dividing the combs of movable
comb-hives often enables one to numlier by scores
and by hundreds his hives vastly bevond the natural
increase ; but as the queens supplied are artificial, in
the sense of compelling the bees to produce queens
out of season, these swarms so produced are weak in
numliers, and are very apt to die in the following
winter, of which I could name instances of such se-
vere loss as forty hives out of fifty ; and in one case
a hundred and twenty-eight out of a hundred and
thirty-five. To a limited extent, with the natural
surplus of queen-cells which each swarm of hives
provides itself, a reasonable artificial swarming, by
duplication of movable combs, may be had often
quite satisfactorily. But the objection to this is that
it needs a large apiary, and a skilled expert in bee-
culture. One of these plans for this is: With ten
large strong hives with movable combs, find one
about to swarm ; take out a comb from it with a
queen-cell nearly ready to open. Put it in a hive,
leaving the mother-queen in the old hive. Now add
to this comb with queen-cell one comb from each of
the other nine hives, each comb with plenty of brood,
and no queen or queen-cell. Of course the old bees
will go back to their respective hives, but the young
workers will stay in the new hive, and so will the brood
as it hatches new queen and youug bees. This seems
to be a very plausilile method, as it gives healthy,
natural queens. But the reader will see that when
the hives have been robbed each of the ten combs,
the chances are that at least a third of them have not
built the new frames full of nice brood-cells during
the time they were being robbed of their combs, and
hence the result is at least a third weak old hives,
and by mishap at least a half of the new hives are
weak. So one has, as I often see in apiaries where
it is practiced, out of, say ninety-nine hives, but a
dozen really strong, prosperous liives, and eighty-six
weak hives. But some one will say ten hives are not
enough to use such a system on. True. But the
results in ten hives are but little changed in the use
of fifty or twb hundred hives. That is the robbing
pf ten, twenty, one hundred, or of five hundred hives,
each of a comb, and repeating it until the number
of hives are doubled, leads substantially to the same
results.

Hence, as seen in this example, the advocacy of ar-
tificial swarming finds friends mainly in those en-
gaged in the culture of queens for sale, and in some
special money-makiuif plan. And for ordinary farm-
ers, and a few hives for any family, it is not to be
thought of. But the keeper of his ten to fifty hives
awaits the time, usually in northern latitudes in June
and July, for his ears to be greeted with the hum of
the swarm, sees them light and hives them, easily
and quietly. Thus he doubles them in numbers, and
does it as nature dictates, and not by the uncertain-
ties of any human plan, even though others may suc-
ceed by artificial swarming whose whole time is given
to bees.

How to Italianize Your Bees.

To Italianize your bees safely and in the most profi-
table way, you must send for a good Italian queen to
introduce in the strongest colony of your apairy. As
soon as the new queen has arrived, take another
empty hive of the same size, without bees, and insert
a division board so that you will have on your left
hand a little room in the hive for four frames. Now
take from the colony, which shall have the «ew
queen, two combs with plenty of sealed brood. On
one of these combs cage the new queen and bring her
with the second brood-comb and all aflhering bees,
but without the old queen, in that little room, and
give still two other combs containing only honey.
The other brood-combs of the colony transfer with
the old queen and bees in that room on your right
hand, close the hive and then set it on the old stand.
After two or three days confinement of the new queen
take out the two combs from the little room at your
left hand, cut out every queen cell and set at liberty the
new queen. The bees of this little colony will do her
no harm. From this time you will have two queens
in onc> hive, and each queen will till the cells with
eggs in proportion to the number of her worker bees
in her room. After some days, at your leisure, you
may hunt out the old queen in the strong colony.
This done you open some passage of the division
board cut in it, and I'losed before you have inserted it.
Having opened the passages, the strong colony will not
build queen cells, and so become acquainted with each
other, ."\fter one day Or two you remove the division
tioai'd, fill up its place with a comlt from the room at
jour left hand, and you have safely and in the most
jirotitable way a new queen to a strong colony.

In the same way I have described, you will divide a

strong colony early in the spring, we will say at the
close of A])ril or at the beginning of May, as the
weather is favorable and the colonies are sufficiently
strong. Give the little colony brood-combs with
sealed brood, and eggs and larva, and let it rear a
queen. (To give it a queen cell would be of great
advantage.) Do this early that you may have a fer-
tile queen in that little colony in the beginning of the j
swarming season. |

To make an artificial swarm, proceed as follows :
Hunt out the queen of the little colony after she has
laid her first eggs, cage her and bring her with some
brood-combs in a new hive of the same size, remove
the old stock from its place and bring the new one
with the young queen on the old stand. After two
or three days, in the evening release the young queen
and you will have a strong swarm. The old stock
you may remove to any jilaee you like. As the old
colony has a fertile queen it will increase. Do not
forget to give it some water in a sponge at the entrance
durina: the first two or three day after you have the
artificial swarm. — Cor. Xational Agriculturist.

A Home-Made Bee Hive.

A correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette gives
such plain directions for making a bee hive, that
every boy on a farm with a bit of taste for mechanics,
can readily make one for his own bees. He says : In
the first place, you want rabbets half an inch deep,
at each end of the hive, to receive the ends of the
frame ; next, you want your frames made true, so
that they will hang plumb in the hive. Next, pre-
pare your bottom-board and lay it level. Put your
hive on the board so that the frames will run from •
front to rear; then elevate your hive about three
inches, and j'our hive is ready for the bees. Make
your frames just three-fourths of an inch shorter than
the inside of your hive, and have them so that they
will not touch at either end, nor swing against each
other. I have a centre opening that is very convenient,
and different from any that I have seen. I wish it
understood that, when I raise the rear of the hive, I
raise the bottom board with it. If your hive leans
to one side, the bees will build across the frame. I
have my bees in a yard, and each hive is covered with
a cover, made by nailing two boards together, and
resting it on the top of the hive. I make the top
board of my hive in three pieces, by nailing two cleats
on them and making two holes to run across the
frames, each hole six inches long. This is to make
room for the bees to pass into the surrounding honey
boxes. When the boxes are on, the cover alluded to
rests on the box.

Bee Veils.

A correspondent says every one — no matter who,
whether he leads what is called a charmed life or not
— requires the person protected while at work among
his bees. To those who are commencing, and until
familiarity causes the loss of fear, a pair of good
gauntlet gloves and a veil are necessary, but afterthe
fear and trembling occasioned by the thought of
opening a hive full of bees has ceased to have its hor-
rors, all protection except- the veil will be dispensed
with. A good bee veil is made by taking a yard of
black netting — costing usually about twenty cents —
and sewing the ends together, thus making a bag,
open at top and "bottom. Then with a half yard of
good strong rubber cord, run through the meshes at
the ends, you have a veil which will slip on over the
crown of an old hat, and by drawin"; up and tying at
the neek, you have all the protection re(piired, for, if
properly made and adjusted, no bee can touch your
face or neck, consequently, there be no fear of stings,
and besides if it is light, one can see through it nearly
as well as if not worn.

The Enemies of Bees.
Never put a new swarm of bees in an old hive, as
there will almost certain be the egii^s of the honey
moth deposited in the crevices of the hive, which wiil
hatch out and probably destroy the swarm. When the
moth once gains an entrance to the hive the bees ap-
pear powerless to exjiel them. When the maggots
begin to eat their way into the combs, the sooner the
bees are luniiL'ated tin' lictter. Do not have a large
round entrance to the hive, convenient to mice, slugs
and other enemies; have an entrance of only a quar-
ter of an inch in height, and from an inch in winter to
four inches in length in summer. Should wasps or
other bees attack a hive, the only plan is to narrow
the entrance, so that only one or two bees can pass at
a time. To destroy wasi)s, saturate a piece of woolen
rag with spirits of turpentine, put it into the entrance
to the nests, and leave it there one night. The next
morning every wasp will be dead.

Joining Swarms.

Should you wish to join two swarms, lay down two
short sticks nine inches apart; take one of the hives
and knock it on the ground two or three times until
the bees are all shaken out of the hive; then sprinkle
them quickly with thin syrup, place the hive with the
other swarms on the stick over those shaken on the
ground for the night, and they will be found peace-
ably united with one dead queen in the morning.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

77

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

The Love and Culture of Flowers.

Notliiii;^ is 80 i^U-nsaiit iiiiil fin'(nirny;iiii; iih fluceese,
and no success (luilp so satisl'yiiit' us success In the
culture of (lowers. It is n pleasure witli no eonipen-
satiuL' pain — one wliiili purities while it pleasi'S. We
f;aze u;Hin the lieautilul plants ami lirilliant llowcrs
with a ilelicious eoniiniiiuiint: of ailniiration and
love. They are the olVsprini: of our forcthouirht,
taste and eare — a new, mysterious anil irlorious crea-
tion. Tliey i;rew — truly, Imt very like the stars and
the rainliow. A few sliort weeks ai;o the l>roH n
oarllily lulls were hare and lifeless; now they are
peopled with the fairest and frailest of earth's ehil-
dren. We have created all this ;rraec ; niouldecl tlie
earth, the sunshine an<l the rain into forms of nniteh-
lees beauty, and crystallized the dewdrops into j;:eins

of loveliness. There is no sreater jjleasurc than this
in all the earth, save that sweetest and uoblcst of
pleasure, the fruit of <rood deeds.

There may he hard-hearted, .seltlsh people who
love flowers, we suppose ; for there were had ansels
in heaven, and very unreliable peoi)le in the lirst and
best of all gardens ; but it has never been our ill-
fortune to meet with one such, and if by accident we
should discover a monstrosity of this kind, we would
he more friirhtcned than we were a lonir time ai^o at
what we thoui;ht a frhost sittins on a cemetery gate.

To i.oviv Howers, however, because of their sweet-
ness and beauty and companionship, and as the won-
derful work of a Kather's lovini; hand, is what we
mi'an when we speak of the love of llowers. Many
cultivate llowers from a desire to excel thi:ir iiciL'h-
bors, or as an evi<lence of their rcHnement and cul-
ture, who know nothiii'r of the ab.sorbins lovi' that
causes a man alnii>sl involuntarily to raise the hat
and bow the head in the presence of so niueh heaven-
lent loveliness. This love of llowers is contined to no
afTi" or stati(m ; we see it in the prince and peasant;
it is shown by the asred father totti'rinu near the
p:rave, who seems almost to adore the fratrrant liower
in his button-hole, and by the little ones, who, with
childish irlce, search the meadows for the Uiiudelions
of early sprinir. The love of flowers, we fancy, is the
most imre and ahsorbintr with the younsr. The unio-
ccnt and i>ure can love the jmre llowers, we think,
with an earnestni'ss and devotion unknown to some

of us thai uiL older. A beauiULil --i;;l]t ;;rectcd us
not loni; since, whi<-h we will endeavitr to (Mirtray
with pencil and graver, but perha|)s without nuu-li
success, as the spirit of such scenes is not easily cop-
ied. A jtlant stood on the sill of the window, which
attracted more than ordinary admiration fntm a little
girl whose parents were pnibably the owuers of bolli

hottse and i)laiit. l*leasure was expressed in every
featin-e; and when we saw the gentle kiss imprinted
on each (lower and 0[H'ning bud, we came nearer
breaking that command which forbids <-oveting than
we ever did before — and we didn't want the [ilant
either. This little girl had bci'n brought up in an at-
niospheri' (d' love and llowers an<I plants, and you
think her tastes wonlil havi^ been diil'ercnt with less
fa\orabh' surroundings.

.Several years ago we happened to be in one of our
imrseries, when two little (tcrinan girls, eoarselj'
dressed, and ap|)arently sisters, entered the grounils,
and wh<-n first attracting our special attention, had
inade their wav to the green-house, anil were en-
deavoring to purchase a pol -plant . When one was
selected and tlie price asecrtaiued, each one brought
a few pennies from the depths o(' lu-r dress [Htcket,
and an anxious counting eommcneed. Their united
purses dill not seem enough, and another search was
made in the corners of the pockets, followed by a
more careful counting ; and when the sad truth be-
came ajiparcnt that their means were insuflleient for
the i>urchase, we watched the sorrowful couiite-
nances, the silent tear — a beautiful study for an ar-
tist. When the good gardener, with a smile of pleas-
ure— the glow of a kindly act — delivered the plant to
his anxious customers, taking their little all in pay-
ment, their joy shed simshine all around.

This is the genuine love of llowers that we wish to
sec si>reail all overour land. We want to sec flowers in '
the mansion, the cot-
tage and the garret ;
in the school rooms,
the hospitals and
the churches. Above
all, we wish the
young to cultivate
flowers. This is why'
we write in a simple
way of llowers, and
of simple How ere,
and leave tine writ-
ing about rare and
costly things to oth-
ers. These living
preachers, through
voiceless lips, are ex-
erting an influence
for good that few
realize, and nowhere
greater than in our
new-born land,
.\merica. It is a
pleasure to feel that
wc have been en-
abled, in .some meas-
ure at least, tospeed
this good work,
which brings retiuement and happiness to so many,
and sin and sorrow to none. Perhaps we could not
better conclude what we at first designed only for a
few introdiu'tory remarks, than by copying some
lines of Horace Smith's beautiful " Hymn to the
Flowers :"

" "Neath cloistered houghR each floral hell that B^^ingcth,
And tolls its i>ertume on the jiassiiig air.

Makes .Sabbath in the ticlds, and ever siugetli
A call to I'rayer.

'* Your voiceless lips, O Flowoi h, are living preachers —
Each cup a pulpit and each leaf a tiook —
Sup])lying to my fancy uuiuerous teacherB
from lowliest uook !

"Floral Apostles! that in dewy Hlilendor

Weep without sin, and blush willmut a crime:
O, may I deeply learn, and ne'er surrender
Your love sublime I

"In the Bweet-Bcentcd pictures, Heavenly .\rtiHt,

With which thou painlest Nature's wide-spread hall.
What a delightful lesson tliou impartest
Of love to all I"

— Vick'n Floral Gtiuk.

OUR GARDEN ROSES.

In our old (lermantown gardens is a rose which
does not seem to be known elsewhere, so far as we
can judge by catalogues and other formsof literature,
hut which is well worthyof culture. Every old gar-
den has it; indeid. it is oldy in old gardens that it is
found. It is called the " .May rose," as it is the flrst
rose to bloom in the spring. The flowers are not
large, but very double, of a deep pink color, and r>f a
delightful spicy fragrani'c. Indeed, it is probably a
double form of the wild cinnamon rose of Kinvipe,
and may have 1 n iiUioduecd by our Herman an-
cestors, to whom wc are certaiidy indebted for many
good things, both among fruits and flowers. It is
easily known by its dark red stems, few thorns, up-
right, raspberry-like canes, and a |MMuliar pea-green
tint about the leaves. It has sonu' rescmblaiu'cto the
tall swamp rose which is abundantly wild in wet
places in this State, but a little examination soon
teaches one the dill'ereuce. A iilace should always be
found for the .May rose in gardens, no nuitter how
great may be the" claims of any novelty to a place
therein.

.\nother old rose of Germantown gardens, which it
always does us good to see, is the Hussian ro.se. It
has li terribly ferocious look, as not a particle of the

stem can be seen for the profusion of long j^rickly
spires that everywhere cover it. And then the flow-
ers are i|uile single, and that is not a great recom-
inendatiou to uutny to whom a flower Is hai*dly a
flower iiidess it be a double one. But it is the most
dellcioiisly fragrant of any rose grown. The (lowers
are over two inches in diameter, of a scarlet crimson,
but In the centre a large uuiss of golden-yellow from
its long and profusi' aiilhers. It grows only about
two (eet high, and is a ragged-looking bush, but widl
deserves a |dace in the shrubbery border. The leaves
have a very pretty wriidiled a|)p<'araiice, and give the
plant some Interest when not in (Uiwit, It is not
ipiite so coinnion in the old places as the .May rose.
Then we have the old rose of all roses, tlie old
Ilundred-leaveil rose, which Is now no more in any
rose catalogue, and which, though it cannot boast of
bliKuning " all llie time," is, while it is in bloom,
eipuiled by none in beauty. In the days when it was
famous we had plenty of "rose leavrs " giving a
pleasant fragrance to our bonus all the year, a lux-
ury which has well nigh departi-d with the new faii-
glcd "improvements" of the presi-nl ilay. It was Iho
ex|ircssion of all that was ilelightful to " He on a bed
id' roses," in the good old time. The Ilundred-
leaved rose would give us something worth lying on.
Hut now such a rose bed would be hard unopened
buds, with little more fragrance or blandishments of
of any kind than though they were made by Ah .Sin
from' carrots, beefs or white ^uriii|m, and the last

thing In the work!
on which any one
could wish to lie.

Well, we are glad
there are still .some
sensible i)eoplo
about who can once
in a while delight
us with a glance at
t hese good old
thi ngs. — (iirman-
lou'n Tcleijraph.

If we are not mis-
taken, the " hun-
tlreil -leaved rose"
referred to, like the
beautiful "cabbage
rose," still flourish-
ing in some old gar-
dens around Lancas-
ter.is not found in the
catalogiu's, because
it <annot be grown
from cufiugs. New
plants can be oli-
tained only by sepa-
rating young shoots
with roots attached.

THE LITERARY OR CLASSIC SIDE OF
GARDEN CULTURE.
To those of our readers who have any leaning to-
wards the literary and classic sidesof garden culture,
wc feel that the following from the .Wic York Svmi-

Weckly Tribnne, will be read with interest and edifl-
cation. In the discussion of any subject, no matter
how gross or material it is, Ihire are sland|Miin's
from which it niay be viewed, that are above the
plane of "Buckwheat cakes and sausages;" and
such a stand|>oint, as well as the historical, |if)-
ctical and niylhologieal clcnniits which an- involved
in the article, we Ulieve will invest the subject with
sulUcient interest to make it acceptable to the iutclli-
gent reader :

A GARDEN OF HERBS.

The Greeks had a proverb, "Many worts and pot
herbs in Syria," though Syria was only the heir of

Babylonia, whose priests knew well the hidden vir-
tiH's of herbs, and gathered many of them with ma-
gical observations, the traces of which remain in
Northern Kuropc until this <lay. Certain it is that
on this subject we are fiot the people with whom wis-
dom was born, and ci|ually certain that much of the
wi.sdom of the ancieius lUcd with them, or has come
to us only as the bare tradition of a forgotten lore.
I need but name

" the Bwc«t IjaUamic oil
Which wept from UintIis in Juda's fertile soil ; "

the balm that .lacob thought a noble present for the
royal Pharaoh, the jilants of which were so precious

78

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

that Pompey, Titus, and Vesjiasian all boasted of
havinK brought one or more to Rome. Josi'iilius says
that in his day Gilead had become exhausted, and
that the royal garden of Balm was near Jericho.
This garden, on their downfall, the .Jews attempted
to destroy, but were prevented ; and henceforward the
precious herbs shed their fragrant gum for heathen
deities and the odalisques of the Turkish seraglios.
Now the very plant cannot be certainly identified —
it has become simply "a name to conjure with" —
a password lor the nostrums of cjuacks and impostors.

Of a very different spirit was the herb Basil. The
Romans sowed it with maledictions, and while they
trod it down with their feet, forbade it to grow, aver-
ring that, so contradictious was its temper, it always
did best what it was forbidden to do. In Mary's and
Elizabeth's reign a pot of Basil was considered a com-
pliment to any lady, but remembering its peculiar
habits, it is just possible the compliment was a covert
sarcasm. No plant has had so bad and so good a
name. Old Gcrarde greatly prai.ses it, and says, "It
is good for the heart and the head, and taketh away
sorrowfulness which cometh of melaneholie." Tusser
has a little sneer for its dainty tastes ; and again.
Lord Bacon conmiendeth its "fat and succulent
leaves," which are yet such favorites with the French
that none of their soups or sauces want the aromatic
fragrance of Sweet Basil.

" Why should a man die who has Sage in his gar-
den?" was a poi)ular saying of Campania ; for great-
ly was this herb valued for its healing qualities, and
its i>ower to strengthen the memory and induce wise
thoughts. It has still some reputation as an emollient,
and I saw instances during the late war when the
leaves dried and smoked in a pipe greatly allayed that
irritability common to men deprived of their custom-
ary tobacco. I would not speak positively as to the
"wi.se thoughts," but I know the words were more
reasonable after it. The Cliinese are immoderately
fond of Sage tea ; and the early Dutch traders there
drove an excellent bargain on this basis : 4 jiounds of
best Young Hyson for 1 pound of dried Sage leaves.
In England, until within the last century, it was fre-
quently mixed with cheese. Thus Gay writes :

"Marbled with Sage the hard'niug cheese she iiressed."
Within my own memory it was eaten witli bread and
butter, or chopped fine and baked between rich past-
ry. Toads have astrong passion for it, therefore it is
customory to plant among the Sage bushes a little
Rue, an herb, specially distasteful to them.

" 'Here is Rue for thee,' the poor Ophelia cried,"
Rue, which Shakespeare calls,

" sour herb of grace,
Eue, eveu for Ruth;"

and makes it grow where a wronged queen has
dropped a tear. I think he is a little unjust. Rue
has a record which deserves more honorali'le mention.
Every jthysieian knows that it was the chief ingredient
of the famous antidote of Mithridates, the true receipt
for which was as follows : "Two dry Walnut kernels,
two Figs, 20 leaves of Rue, one grain of salt, pounded
into mass. Whoever eats of this confection, fasting
in the morning, no power shall hurt him that diiy."
All the ancients, however, believed that for medical
or magical purjioscs Rue ought to be stolen from a
neighbor's garden. Pliny says that the Romans put
this herb into their wine to prevent headache, and
that painters and carvers chewed the leaves to pre-
serve their sight. That some faith in its beneficence
towards vision existed, even in the seventeenth cen-
tury, is evident from .Miiton making the angel Michael
purge Adam's eyes " with euphrasy and rue " in order
to enable him to see down the long centuries of time.

It is said that weasels, before hunting rats, seek for
Rue, and that in warm climates they find in it an
antidote for the bite of snakes. Whether for its power
of antidoting evil, or for that of conferring clearer
vision, it received the honor of being used for sprink-
liug holy water, I do not know. ^However, in the
middle ages that was its religious office. Later on it
was used as a powerful disinfectant, and was also
made into a pickle, the leaves being at first boiled and
then jireserved in vinegar— the same plant that
charmed the bnavest King of Pontus, that aroniatized
the Ciesars' wine, and gave insight to Grecian sibyls
— the same, " but oh ! how ditierent ! "

Perdita, in "The Winter's Tale," beautifully min-
gles Rue with Rosemary, thus :

" For you, there's Rosemary and Eue ; these keep
Seemiug and savor all the winter long,
Grace aud remembrauce be with yon both."
And the fair Ophelia also uses the fragrant, dainty
Rosemary in the same manner :

" There's Rosemary for you ; that's for remembrance ;
Pray you, love, remember."

The accepted type of fidelity in love and friendship,
it was (and is yet in some places), the favorite fu-
neral flower, tlu! very best gift of love to tlie depart-
ed, placed upon the lips just before the coffin-lid is
closed. To this custom Kirke White pathetically al-
ludes while contemplating his own early death :

" Come, funeral flower, who lovest to dwell
With the pale cor] se in lonely tomb.
And throw across the desert gloom
A sweet, decaying smell.
Come, press my lijis, and lie with me
Beneath the lonely alder tree ;

And we will sleep a pleasant sleep,

And not a care shall dare intrude,
To break the marble solitude.

So peaceful aud so deep."

Rosemary has been a favorite subject with many
English poets, iiartieularly Herrick and Shenstone.
It is very partial to gardens over which sea breezes
blow, and I have seen cliffs which were wet with the
spray of high tides covered with this delightful
plant, whose fragrance is often the first land perfume
that greets the homeward-bound. I am astonished
that Rosemary (Dew of tlie Sea) is not a greater fa-
vorite with married ladies ; for it is a universal tra-
dition, "If Rosemary flourishes in the earden, then
the lady rules the house." And how do we know
what occult jjowcr is hidden in a sprig of Rosemary ?
Surely it is a fair and fragrant scepter. Bees arc ex-
ceedingly fond of Rosemary, and the far-famed honey
of Narbonne derives its exquisite flavor from the
abundance of this herb in the vicinity.

Rucellai says that Nature made Thyme on purpose
for bees to make honey of. If so, they improve her
gifts much better than we do God's best gifts to us.
The famous honey of Thymettus was not only the
extract of its fragrant Thyme banks, but the conden-
S|!ition of Grecian sunshine, of cloudless skies, and
hcavenlv atmospheres. Bees are not the only lovers
of Thyme.

" Where the wild Thyme perfumes the purple heath,
Long loitering there the fleecy tribes extend."

The Thyme banks of the Cheviot Hills are the se-
cret of the Cheviot mutton ; and the celebrated
Southdown — a saddle of which is a dish to be named
with respect — owes its delicate excellence to the same
source. In Spain they use a decoction of Thyme to
wash out vessels for wine, and the Anglo-Saxon all over
the world appreciates its flavor in his soups, ragouts,
and forcemeats. Thirty years ago it was used instead
of boxwood for bordering flower-beds — an old fashion
now, I know, and one I never think of apart from
some drowsy, quaint cathedral town — but it would
bear transplanting to our fresh modern gardens ; for
if the borders are kept trimly out, nothing can be
sweeter to the smell or fairer to the sight.

Mint is also a great favorite with bees, and if
rubljed with honey inside bee hives it very soon at-
taches them to a new home. From the story of
Baucis and Philemon we are lead to infer that" the
Greek peasants scoured their tables with this herb ;
and the habit was probably just as common among
the Roman farmers, for Pliny says : "You will not
see a husbandman's board in the country but is all
seasoned from one end to the other with mint ;" and
he also mentions the custom of putting it in vinegar
to eat with meats. Spearmint prevents the coagula-
tion of milk, and is therefore an excellent salad for
those who use a milk diet. Aiiother variety — Pepper-
mint— makes a popular confection, and also gives a
name to a favorite American beverage composed of
mint, sugar, ice and brandy. Omitting tlie last in-
gredient, we would venture to say it was at least
" better than might be."

Surely there are bitter cups enough in life without
mingling them, yet even wormwood has had its day.
It was the " bitters" of the Egyptians and the Ro-
mans ; and if any one desires to try it instead of
"Plantation," here is the receipt: "loz. of worm-
wood, 3 scruples of Arabian gum, .3 scruples of spike-
nard (lavender), 3 scruples of saffron, and 180 gal-
lons of old wine." I rather think the proportion of
wormwood to the wine is something aflcr the kind of
Falstaff's " halfpenny worth of bread to an intoler-
able deal of sack." The Greeks dedicated wormwood
to Diana, probably because dogs are great lovers of
it, and use it in all their disc.a,ses. The English dedi-
cated it to St. John the Baptist, and then, with
strange inconsistency, used it (before the discovery of
hops) in brewing their ale. Still, its consecration
was believed to have made it a potent spell against
witches ; perhaps it was still more successful against
moths and other insects. Nevertheless, the gift of
Isis and the plant of Diana is now little more than

"the fat weed
That rots itself in ease on Lethe's wliarf "

Yet surely there is some significance in herbs, else
why has " the hyssoj> that springeth out of the wall"
been so specially set apart for purifying and propitia-
tory services ? This herb was distinctly ordered to be
used in striking the lintels and doorpost with the
bloodof the Passover lamb. It was prominent in the
purifying services for the healed leper, and in the
ceremonies for cleansing unholy or unclean places.
David, in the very depths of his self-abasement, cries
out, " Pxirge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean ;"
and when the Great Atonement was offered for the
sins of the world, a sponge filled with vinegar, and
lifted upon hyssop to tlic lips of the Lamb "of God,
was the consummating rite of that stujiendous sacri-
fice.

See, then, how

" the meanest plant tha! grows can g've
Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears."

Are there not wayside flowers that consecrate " the
fair humanities of old religion," secrets in a weed's
]>lain heart well worth the winning, and homely herbs
rich with the spoils of time and nature'? Do not fear,
then, the lowliness of the subject, for ,

" Wisdom is oftentimes nearer when we stoop
Than wheu we soar."

A. E. B.VKR.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

Improved Hardy Hybrid Rhododendrons.

Walter Elder, the well-known Landscape Gardener,
of Philadelphia, furnishes a valuable paper to the
Germantown Telegraph on the interesting subject of
growing hardy rhododendrons. He says:

Ornamental gardening in Europe has made rajiid
advances in its improvements, within the present cen-
tury, and it now surpasses in gorgeous grandeur its
illustrious fame of former ages. The origin and intro-
duction of finer classes of ornamental plants, their
successful culture and judicious modes of arrange-
ment have made a revolution. The hardy hybrid
rhododendrons excel all other evergreen shrubbery
that have gone before them in their neat habits, beau-
tiful foliage, and the splendor and jirofusion of theii:.
blossoms, which dazzle the sight with their brilliancy.
The individual blooms are large, and the trusses of
immense sizes. Their colors and shades are from pure
white to dark crimson, and from faint lilac to deep
purple and plum colors. Every bloom is richly
spotted or blotched with darker colors. The light
colors shine like the finest silks, and the dark colors
look as rich as the most costly satins; all glitter beau-
tifully in sunshine. They are set in groups of various
sizes and forms upon the well-kept lawns, just as we
group bedding-plants. They make a most adnnrable
show. They reciuire but simple culture. Afterbeing
properly set out they need no farther care than to
keep them free of weeds. There they flourish and
bloom in their annual bloom and glory. Nothing
heretofore could equal them in the magnificent adorn-
ment they give to the park, the garden, and the
shrubbery.

Many of our wealthy and liberal horticulturists are
turning their attention to the culture of the improved
varieties of rhododendrons. David Landreth, the
great seedsman, has grown a numerous variety for
twenty-five years back, upon his pleasure grounds.
Many gentlemen call at Bloomsdale every May to see
the rhododendrons when in bloom. Our leading nur-
serymen have choice collections for sale. In prepar-
ing for plantingthem.digthe soil a foot deep and mix
well with it leaf mould or rotten tan-bark or rotten
dung; pulverize fine and let it lie a fortnightor month
before planting. The plants are in pots and may be
set in May or June.

The following is a good list to begin with : Albu
Elegant, pure white, crimson spots, large, fine truss;
Atrosanguineum, dark crimson, maroon blotch, large
truss; Blandyanum, deep rosy crimson, dark spots,
great truss; Broughtoni, shining rose, crimson spots,
large, fine truss; Hendersoni, purplish crimson, ma-
roon spots, large truss; John Waterer, brilliant car-
mine, dark blotch, immense truss; Everestianum,
rosy lilac, dark spots, crimped, fine truss; Ignesceres,
bright scarlet, crimson spots, verj' large truss; Vic-
toria, clear claret, crimson spots, very large truss;
Sir Robert Peel, shining scarlet, crimson spots, very
large truss; Mrs. John Cultton, clear white, rose
spots, splendid large truss; Sir Isaac Newton, deep
plum, maroon spots, a grand truss.

Build Nests for the Birds.

An exchange very sensibly remarks : " You who
have for many years been in the habit of giving the
birds a cold shoulder, if not actually destroying thenr
and frightening them away, for this year try the
opposite plan. Encourage the robin and blackbird
to build in the apple orchard, and put up a few boxes
about the yard and garden for the wren and the mar-
tin. Don't let the boys rob the nests, nor the town
marksmen to slaughter them murderously. Take a
little extra pains to watch your strawberries and
cherries during the few days they are ripening ; and
let the birds have fair sweep at the myriads of insect
pests that work destruction on every hand. Make
the birds your friends, and, our word for it, they will
more than repay you for the slight trouble and the
few berries they eat, by the check they will place on
the ravages of the insect pests of the farm and the
garden.

^

Plant Trees — Useful and Ornamental.

Need we urge the importance of planting orchards,
fruit gardens, shade trees, evergreens, flowering
shrubs, roses, climbers ? Do they not adorn, beau-
tify and improve home and add to the happiness of
all ? Plant trees. Plant every year, that the new
may tiike the place of the old. God has given us
fruits to be enjpyed every day of the year. Save a
few dollars from needless expenditures, that you
may increase the number of your fruit trees, for noth-
ing on the farm will pay so well. Prepare the ground
with care, jjlant, prune and cultivate properly, and
money ex|jcnded for trees is better invested than if
loaned at interest.

^

The Ciierky was introduced into England by the
Roman? Pliny says : " The cherry did not exist in
Italy ben^re the period of the victory gained over
Mithridates by L. LncuUus, in the j^ear of the city
680. He was the first to introduce this tree from
Pontus ; and in the course of one hundred and twenty
years it has traveled beyond the ocean, and arrived in
Britannia even."

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

79

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Curious Things in Housekeeping.

Every lir;nu-li (if Boii'iHT liiifi its iiuirvi'ls ; but, ox-
peclinir 111 moct in iiat\iro Willi wniKlcrs Hint luilllc
kiiOH li'dirr, we .iri' mil mi imiili asldiiifliril at tlirsc
as at till' sturllinir facts that arc forced u|niii us I'rnm
day to day ill social life. Some of tlic most surjiris-
iiig of tlicse confront us in- the developments of the
eeience of honseUeepinir. They are entirely lieyond
explanation, and \vo\dd be lieyond liclief illliey rested
upon mere assertion ; Iml as all of ns, niiforliniately,
have tested them by our own senses, we accept them
with wonder, and with some show of rcsii;iiatlon.

Take an imiiortant branch of liousekeepini;— cook-
inu'. How inexplicable are some of the nsnlts ofculi-
iia~rv study. .\ woman, with whom we once lived for
a time, had kcjit house for tliirty-tive years, had
never had a servant, and had, lUirin;;- that time, as
she informed ns, "baked twice a week rei.'nlar."
Conse(|nently, to yo in to the stalislies of the nialtcr,
bread had been baked in that establishment :i,(i40
times. Deduetinir 'J4t) for occasional sickness or
absence of the mistress (a large allowance, for she
was healthy, and seldom went from home,) and we
have :i,4(l(r times that this woman has made and
baked bread.

She used i;ood Hour, and yet bn'ad was invariably
dani|), sticky, and unfit for a savasre to cat, and no
Christian stomach could possibly ditrcst it with com-
fort. Now, surely this was a wonderful thinir! By
what methods, unfathomable to ordinary rea.«oii,
could she have avoided, in a practice of thirty-live
years, learnin;,' how to make irood yeast, how much
to work the dousrh, how Ions; it should stand to iret
liKlit, what temperature the oven should be, and the
proper leUK'th of time to hake it? How could she
help doimrit riirht the three thousand four hundredth
time! It would seem that a vast amount of labor
would he necessary to do it badly ! She was a wonum
of averasre good sense, and, no doubt, eoneientious.
She had no aspirations and no " mission," and read
nothing' but a weekly reliijious newspaiier. Her
whole mind was in her housckecpiuij, and here was
the result !

Another woman, now over fifty years of aee, has
cooked, more or less (eenerally more), since she was
twelve. She has a special likim; for lamb chops, and
has cooked them very many times. And, to this day,
she serves up liver-colored chops, fried and swini-
minff in a irreasy liquid I Merely lookiui; at tlu'm
will sive a rifrht-niinded person the dyspepsia. This
■woman has eaten lamb chops elsewhere, cooked
accordins to the best civilized methods, and has
praised them ; hut each time she returns serenely to
her frying-pan and grease. Now, upon what hypoth-
esis can this be explained; Can it be po.ssible that
there are human beings so constituted that their
minds and bodii'S act indi'iiendeiitly, so that the sen-
sation of taste has no mcnt.;il etiect whatever? For
in these instances the results were- not the effect of
carelessness or inditference— they both thought their
horrid abominations were feasts for the gods.

And not the least curious thing in these cases is,
that these poor cooks have sharp eyes for the faults
of »he butcher and baker. The biUeher knows better
than to otl'er a stale or tough chop to No. 2: and if
the baker were to serve No. 1 with such bread as she
makes herself, she would refuse to pay for it, entirely
unconscious of the reflection she would thus cast upon
herself.

Why do some housekeepers continue, week after
wfck, nionth after month, year after year, to n.se raw
tlour for "thickening ; " Would it not be reasonable
to suppose that after a number of years — say ten —
the raw llavor, and the stickiness of the compound,
would suggest to them tin- [Kissibility of altering
their manner of preparing it?

We have suggested but a few things that happened
to occur to us, and these belong only to one branch
of housekeeping; but, if we were to pursue our
inquirv into other de]Kirtm<*nts, we should be met at
everyturn with phenomena similar to the above. They
indicate the existence, in the midst of our home life,
of marvels that science has, so far, failed to explain,
and for which reasou can lind no law. — *S'cri67te?''»
Monlhly.

*

Beautifying Our Homes.

Will it pay to beautify my home with flowers and
shrubbery? is a question which every one who has a
home must answer for himself. There are few per-
sons who cannot atTord to invest a small sum in a few
rose bushes or other ornamental plants lo start with,
and in a short time they will he well repaid for their
slight expenditure and trouble.

Anything which adds to the beauty and cheerful-
ness of a home, adds to its iiermanent value. There
are many gems in the floral creation which, when
on«e implanted in the soil, will continue to grow year
after year, and remain joys forever to the fortunate
possessor. All will admit that this departnu'Ut of
nature is well worthy the study of man. Flowers arc
not the trifles which many think them to be, or fiod
woidd not have bestowed the care on them that he
did. It is a noticeable fact that the cultureof flowers
exerts a wonderful influence for the better ou the

minds and habits of those whom they surround. Thus
are tlttwers useful as well as beautiful. Their cultl\'a-
tion lends to form a taste fororderand neatness. Who
ever saw an untidy cottage with healthy, well grow-
ing flowers in the window '.

Flowers are always in season and never out of place.
In the wciods, the gardi'U and the house, they are
a never-failing source of comfort and didight . If I
have no coaches and horses, I can at least hang a
tracery of vine leaves along my iKirch, so ex<iuisilc
and deliiate that no siulpturc can match it. If I
have no conservatory with its wimders, yet the sun
and I together can linild a tangled coppice of bloom-
ing things In my dooryard, of which every tiny leaflet
shall be a miracle. Nay. 1 make my home, however
small it may he, so complete in its simplicity, so titled
lo its ollice, so governed by neatness, so endtowered
bv wealth of leaf and flowers, that no riches in the
w'orld can add lo it without damaging its rural grace;
anil my gardener.s — sunshine, frost atid showers are
their names — will work for me with no crusty reluc-
tance, but with an abandon and zeal that ouly ask
gratitude for pay. — JJ. O ■ MilcluM.

Lime Water for Burns.

A corrcspoTidc'iit of the New York Stni writes to
that journal that the n-adiest and most useful rem-
cdv for scalds and burns is an I'nibroeatiou of lime-
water and linseed oil. These simple agents combined
form a thick, cream-like substance, which elfectually
excludes the air from the injured parts, and allays
the inflammation almost instantly. He mentions a
ease where a child fell backwards into a bath-tub of
boiling water, and was nearly Hayed from her neck
lo below her hips. Her agonies were indescribable;
but her clothing being gently removed, and the lime
and oil preparation thickly spread over the injured
surface, she was sound asleep in live minutes. Sub-
sequently the parts were carefully washed with warm
milk ami water three times a day, the oil dressing re-
newed, and the little patient rapidly recovered.
Though all the scalded skin came oft', she did not
have a sear. This remedy leaves no hard coat to dry
on the sores, but softens the parts and aids nature to
repair the injury in the readiest and most expeditious
manner. Tlie niixlure may be procured in the drug
stores; Ijut if not thus accessible, slake a lump of
({uicklime in water, and as soon as the water is clear
mix it with the oil and shake it well. If the ease is
urgent, u.se boiling water over the lime, and it will
become (dear in Ave minutes. The preparation may
be kept ready l.ioltled in the house, and it will be as
good six months old as when first made.

An Appeal to Mothers.

We once heard a good man say, that just as we conduct-
ed ourselves toward one another in our families, just so
we woidd behave in the comminuty to which we belong;
therefore, we come to the conclusion, that a very
great deal depends upon the mothers of our commu-
nity. If we do. all in o\ir power to make home
attractive to our children, sons, as well as daughters,
will not seek for pleasure elsewhere ; and will never
hear the taunt that our children have received their
education in the street. Many a sou has been drivi'U
from home by cr^Yi/K,' neatness. We have heard as
an actual fact of a housekeeper in the Stale of I'cnn-
sylvania (a State noted for its housekeepers) who
was so afraid that the boys would bring a little dirt
into the house, compelled tlieni to exchange their
shoes for slippers before crossing the threshold.
Neither do we .advocate careless or slipshod house-
keeping. While in a gentle manner we appeal to
the children's feelings (for children do iiidni! have
feelings as well as grown folks,) to spare mother's
weary limbs, by helping to keep the house to rights,
let us avoid too much scolding. If we govern our-
selves and our children at home, one thing is certain,
there will be no insubordination in our schools, and
our pastors and teachers will have less need for using
their authority. Besides, there would surely be fewer
corner-loafers.

Provide Good Tools.

Few farmers are supplied with enough good tools.
Give an' honest laborer just the implements he needs
for his job, and he will do it in half the time it will
take him if poorly e()uip|ied. Now a fork is betti'r
than a shovel to move manure. It will do the wurk
quicker and easier. Coarse manure may be handled
w ith a six lined fork, w Idle line compost can be taken
up rapidly with a ten lined and twelve lined fork.

A great deal of time is s|ient on farms spreading
fine nuinurc from carts on grass lands. It is a paying
operation. If done in autumn or winter it insures on
the right land a good return. Some years ago I aban-
dimcd high-sided, narrow cart bodies tin- this wurk,
and had them made extending from wheel to wheel,
wider and Iowit, holding as much as before. Now
every common-sense cart has a simjilc arrangement
at the forward end called a swivel. By this the load
can be tilted so that it can be taken out easily. A
common shovel is not the tool to lay out a load of
fiuc manure. A strong, healthy man can easily take

U|i from two lo four shovelfuls of light nuuuire with-
out dangir of hurting himsidf, and he should have
for such work a many fined steel fork. — ('ur. Ocr-
mnntown Telegraph,

Remedies for Chilblains.

For chilblains, cut up two white turnips, wllhout
paring, into thin slices; put the slices into a lineup
with three large s|«ionsful of best lard ; let II simmer
slowly for Iwi) hours, then nuish through u sieve;
when cold spread it on a soft linen cloth, and apply
to the chilblain at night.

L. 1). .M.. in the ("mciniiati flaztlle, says: " While
working in the slio|i, I froze niv feet very badly. Be-
fore I went to bed I had s(Mne mush nuidc out of
corn meal. 1 then look some tea an<l |HPUred on boil-
ing water, just enough to cause the leaves to unfold.
Afti'r pulling the mush on a piece nt cloth, I laid on
tlnr tea leaves and hound the whole over the frosted
parts. Doing this for two nights, the frost was all
drawn out."

Another remedy, claimed to be belter than any-
thing else, and easily obtained and applied, ami a
sure etire lor chiltilains, is to soak the frozen feet iu
strong warm lime water. .Mix it nearly lo the con-
sistency of whitewash. It will slop Ihe itching Iu
live minutes, and will ]iermanenlly cure in a few' aj)-
[ilicatioris. Let the feel, remain in until Ihe dead
skill will freely rub off. Apply every evening until a
cure is ett'ected.

Grease Your Nails.

One of the technical journals says : " F.very farmer
who has had occasion lo drive a nail into seasoned
oak posts, knows its liability lo bend and break. If
the jioint Iii^ moistened in the mouth it will usually
drive more kindly. Oil is still better, but then it is
inconvenient lo dip each nail separattdy into it. An-
other point observed is, that boards become kwse
evcnttially from the rusting of the nails, which, eom-
municating to the wood, causes not only an enlarge-
ment of the nail hole, but the wearing away of the
nail itsidf, remlcriugtlic fence or the building shaky
and insecure. This may be prevented by healing any
rough grease until it smokes, aiai then pouring it
over the nails to he used. The grease will penetrate
the pores of the iron, and cause the nails to last,
without rusting, an indeflnite period. Besides this,
no trouble will then be experienced in driving them
into the hardest wood. "The reason is that Ihe coat-
ing of grease prevents contact of air, and, conse-
quently, oxidalicm. Oxygen is Ihe great destroyer of
iron, and moisture is the inducting cause."

Remedy for Cabbage Worms.

nellebore, lime, salt and similar substances have
been used with varied success for the destruction of
cabbage worms. It is now stated that bran and
buckwheat flour answer the purpose better than any
other remedies that have been tried. The bran is
simply dusteil over the infested cabbages as soon as
the worms make their aiipearance. If the worms are
very thick, about a handful of bran is required to
each cabbage head, and sonu'times it is necessary to
go over the plants a second lime. A. hundred weight
of bran is sullicient for an acre. It nuist be applied
wlien the worms are young. When they are full
grown or very strong, it docs not appear to affect
them. The buckwheat flour is sifted upon them by
means of a sieve, in the evening or in the morning —
when Ihe dew is on the jilanls. If one apfilicalion
does not destroy the worms, a second one should be
maile. It is probable thai wheat flour, flue Indian
meal, or any other pulverulent farinaceous sul)-
stance would have the same efl'eet . — American Garden.

A Word for Clean Cellars.

LiHiking after the cellars In a dwelling-house ought
to be the business of the men-folk, but how scUlom
will they move in it of their own accor<l ? When the
subject is broached, though there may be very little
oul-<loor work toilo.it is piMi-|xi(ihed as enlirely loo
soon, and then it is left from day today until a warm
day sets in and the vegetables kept inthe cellar begin
to decay and to infuse a most ilelelerious atmosphere
over the house, causing dangerous fevers and big
diict(u's bills. My sister housekeepers should avoid
this by insistinglhat thecellar bet horo\ighly cleansed
out and given two good coals of whitewash all over
except the floor. It will purity It and leave no hurt-
ful gasses lo pass up thnmgh the house to cause sick-
ness, and it may be, death. " A wortl in season." —
AiNT .M.iiiv, Oer. Tel. .

Cooking a Shad.

We reside at a iioini w here we can get every morn-
ing shad taken during the previous night, and can
take our pick if we are w illing to pay the priie. Shad
is somewhat like brcail and beef, one can eat it every
day as long as it lasts witlumt getting tired of it. As
to cooking shad I have tried various ways. It is a

80

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

moist fish and should not be fried, but broiled or
baked. We have worn out several planks in our
family in baking them over liickury coals. We
tliouaht the fish was not fit to eat in any other way.
But when it became diffieult always to have hickory
coals in an open kitchen fire-place, we tried them over
oak coals, and could discover no difference. Next
we tried on a griddle over maple coals, and no one
ignorant of the manner of cooking failed in praising
the excellence of the fish. Afterwards when wood
of any kind became scarce, I had them broiled — par-
don, epicurean reader — over the anthracite coals in
the range, and the fish was just as good as ever !

But to be more precise and certain, having a few
eticlis of hickory left, I had one shad baked upon a
plank before these coals as formerly, and another
broiled on a griddle over anthracite coal. They were
placed side by side on the table, with a private mark on
one of tlie dishes, and the family and a couple of guests
were told that they were cooked in different ways and
their opinion was desired. Pieces were taken and
placed side by side on each plate, and in this way the
question was decided — and how ? Some said one was
better, some said the other, and some said they could
taste no difference. And such 'was the fact — there
was no difference. — F., Gertnantown Telegraph.

Valuable Household Receipts.

Fire and Watehpkoof Paint: Slack stone lime
by putting into a tub, covered, to keep in the steam;
when slacked pass the powder through a fine sieve,
and to every six quarts add a (|uart of rock salt and
a gallon of water; then boil and skim clear; to every
five gallons of the liquid add pulverized alum one
pound, pulverized copperas half a pound, and still
slowly; add powdered potash three-quarters of a
pound, then very fine sand or hickory ashes four
pounds; then use any coloring matter desired, and
apply with a brush. It looks better than any ordi-
nary i^aint, and is as durable as slate; will stop small
leaks in roofs, prevent moss from growing thereon,
make it incombustible, and render brick impervious
to water.

IIOKSE-RiDisn S.\rcE. — This sauce is a great im-
provement upon the plainly scraped or grated horse-
radish for eating with either hot or cold roast beef.
A dessert-spoonful of olive oil or cream, same quan-
tity of powdered mustard, a tablespoonful of vinegar,
and two tablespoonfuls of scraped horse radish, with
a little salt to taste, must be stirred and beaten up
together until thoroughly well mixed. Serve sepa-
rately in a sauce tureen. It will keep for two or
three days, or longer, if oil and not cream be used.
I have tried this two or three times lately, and am
much pleased with it. It is an English idea, but
will soon become an American one if its excellence is
once known. — Aline, in Ger. Tel.

Jemnv Lind Soup; Wash a quarter of a pound
of the best pearl sago until the water poured from it
is clear; then stew it quite tender in water or thick
broth; it will require nearly or quite a quart of liquid,
which should be poured on it cold, and lieated very
slowly; then mix gradually with it a pint of good
boiling cream and the yolks of four fresh eggs, and
mingle the whole carefully witli strong veal or beef
stock, which should always be kept ready for boiling.
Mile. Lind was in the habit of taking this soup before
Bhe sang, as she found the eggs and sago soothing to
the chest and beneficial to the voice.

FiiRNiTTRE Polish: An excellent furniture polish
is made of ten cents' worth of bees wax placed in a
tin cup and melted in a hot oven. Into this pour two
ounces of turpentine, and let it stand to cool. Apply
it briskly to the furniture with a woolen rag, and give
it a finishing rub with an old silk handkerchief. This
polish is almost equal to a coat of varnish.

SuoRTS Pudding. — Take four eggs well beaten,
a pint of milk, and make a thin batter with shorts.
When boiling corned beef dip in your pudding bag
and fill with the above. Have plenty of room in the
kettle witli the beef, and he sure the water is boiling,
put in the pudding and boil two hours without letting
it stop. Eat with sweetened cream or any other pud-
ding sauce.

Indian Pudding. — Let a pint of sweet milk come
to a boil ; stir in enouii'h corn meal to make a tliin
batter, cool with anotlier jiint of milk. Beat four
eggs, one cup of sugar anil nutmeg together, and stir
into the other. Butter a pudding dish and put it in ;
steam or bake.

Fhuit Pudding. — Take sour cream and saleratus
and a little salt ; mix and roll out as for biscuit. Line
a basin with this, fill with any kind of fruit and cover
with more of the crust, li-aving a place in the centre
for the air and steam to escape. Bake or steam as
preferred. Eat with sauce..

Minute Pudding. — Put some milk over the fire
to boil, salt and thicken with flour stirred in slowly,
and sifted through the hand. As soon as it is tliick-
ened take it up and send to the table. Make one
minute and eat the next. Sauce — sweetened cream.
Cheap Pudding. — One riuart of milk, four table-
spoonsful of corn starch, four egL''s, six taldespoons-
ful of sugar, nutmeg; stew tlu'ce-fburtlis of an hour.
— Mks. Tcknek, in OennantowH Telegraph.

The Cotemporary Press.

The Agricultural Gazette, an Illustrated
.Tournal for Landowners and Tenant Farmers, a
weekly journal published in London, England, is one
of the last and Ijest additions to our exchange list. It
is printed in the imperial magazine style, each num-
ber containing thirty-two pages, each page the size of
The Farmer, and the columns the same width. It
is the best printed agricultural paper that comes to
our oflice. Tlie pajx'r is tinted and well calendered,
of unusual weight and fine texture ; the typography
is as nearly perfect as good taste in the selection of
material and care in "spacinGr"' etc., can make it,
while its illustrations are practical and well-executed,
especially its photographs of live stock. It is hardly
necessary for us to add that this, the leading agricul-
tural journal of En'.;land, is edited with great ability,
its discussions coverinEc the entire range of subjects
in anywise interesting the farmer and gardener. The
subscription price, to subscribers in the United States,
including postage, is £1 l.s 8d per annum ; and if
any of our progressive readers want to keep posted
in English agriculture, we commend them to the
London AgrieuUural Gazette.

The Bushderg Illustrated and Descriptive
Catalogue, a royal octavo pamphlet of 80 pages
and a cojiious index, is, to our apprehension, cer-
tainly the best and most elaborate work of the kind
that, has ever issued from the American press. It
contains 31 separate illustrations of the same num-
ber of varieties of grapes; 1 on the mode of plantins;
10 on grafting, trellising, &c., and 1.5 — including f>7
figures — illustrative of the different noxious insects
that infest the grape — its canes, its leaf, and its fruit
— and amongst the rest the notorious grape root
aphid {Fhyllorera rastatrix) which has been so de-
structive to the finest varieties of the European
grapes, and for a safe and certain remedy against
which the French government has offered a premium
of one hiiiidred thoaMind francs.

The Herdsman's Horn, by C. A. Harness, Pied-
mont, West Virginia. A 12 mo. pamphlet of 3.5
pages, purporting to be in the interest of the "Ameri-
can Grange;" very /o'ceri/ in its language, and ex-
ceedingly Utopian in its sentiments — so much so
indeed', that the author complains that he has been
charged with "communism." ll'c, however, do not
regard him as a communist by any means; he is too
impractical for that, as instanced in the declarations,
"A government without taxes; a church without
tithes; a money without usury; a people without
poor ; " and, as a consequence — " a chief mairistracv,
a national Senate, and a House of Congressmen hv7/«-
out pay," &c.; &c. Verily, with such an advocate,
the grange might well exclaim — " Oh save us from
our friends."

Gallinoculture has become a very important
branch of domestic and rural economy. The last
number of The Farmer contained a carefully pre-
pared statistical statement of its commercial import-
ance, which presented some facts that astonished
those who had not given the subject more than pass-
ing attention. Those who wish to be fully posted up
in all branches of this specialty, including birds and
all kinds of ]iet s, as well as fowls, should subscribe to the
Fancier.'^' Journal and Poultry Kxctuingp, publislied
by Jos. M. Wade, No. 39 North Ninth street, Phila-
delphia. It a beautifully illustrated weekly in maga-
zine form, and costs $3.50 a year, or $3 to clubs of
six. It is the best publication in that interest which
has come under our notice.

The Pennsylvania Journal op Dent.^l Science.
" A monthly record of the proceedings of the dental
societies, and dental science in general ; " edited and
published by Samuel Welchens, D.D.S., Lancaster,
Pa., price SI. 00 a year, in advance, single copies 35
cents. The April number of this publication has
been laid on our table by the editor. It is a beauti-
fully executed octavo of .50 pages, embellished with
a finely engraved portrait of L. P. Meredith, M.D.,
D.D.S., of Cincinnati, Ohio, a biographical sketch of
the same, and a large amount of first-class dental
literature in general — a credit to the jjrofession, the
city of Lancaster, and the editor and publisher.

A Valuable Book: Jones Brothers & Co., of
Philadelphia, have issued a new work by Theophilus
Parsons, LL.D., entitled the Political, Personal and
Property Kiglits of a Citizen of tlie United States —
How to exercise and how to preserve them. This work
is the most important which has ever been issued from
the pen of this distinguished author, lioth liecause it
contains the result of his life long lalior and study,
and because it is written for the great ina.-is of Ameri-
can citizens. Sold only Ijy subscription, and any one de-
siring an agency should apply to the publishers.

The American Artizan, a royal quarto of 36 pp.
in the higliest style of typograjiliic and illustrative
art. No. 4, vol. 19 of this journal of po))ular science
is now before us, and we can conceive of no higher
type in the scientific and mechanical literature of the
country. Brown iSc Allen, 3.58 Broadway, N. Y.

Monthly Report of the Department op Ag-
riculture, for February and Marcli, containing a
large portion of agricultural and horticultural hiatler
interesting to the farmer, fruit grower, <.tc. Printed
lor gratuitous distribution.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiart,&c.,

For the month, ending May 1st. 1875.*

Plows ; Wm. Adams, Long Island, Kansas.
Horse Hay Rakes; Wm. S. Archer, Dayton, Ohio.
Oats Screens ; J. N. Bell, Fort Dodge, Iowa.
Potato Harvesters ; A. J. Davis, Prairie City, Iowa.
Mowing Machines ; J. Garfield, Ayer, Maes.
Butter Workers ; W. Johnson, Buffalo, N. T.
Machine for Digging Stones, Stumps, &c.; C. M.

Lufkin, Langdon, N. H.
Sod Cutters; Jas. McArdle, Winona. Minn.
Revolving Harrows; J. Philips, Thorntown, Ind.
Disk Harrow Cultivators; S. G. Randall, Greene, N. T.
Harvester Cutters; Geo. J. E. & M. Vanvossen, Be-

thesda, Ohio.
Plow Standards; H. Borger, Urbana, Ohio.
Chinch Bug Destroyer; .J. Cochran, jr., Roscoe, Mo.
Hay Elevators; E. V. R. Gardner, Jahnsen, N. Y.
Horse Stopping Apparatus; J. Laul)se,Milwaukie,Wis.
Harvester; C. W. Levalles, St. Paul, Minn.
Mowing Machines; J, P. Lord, Readsborough, Vt.
Milk Testing Processes; A. Midiiaugh, Scio, N. Y.
Plaster Sowers ; M. C. Moder, Ilortonvillc, Wis.
Grain Separators; M. O'Brien, San Francisco, Cal.
Corn Harvesters; W. T. Orr, Kewanee, 111.
Driers; John E. Register, Dover, Del.
Cultivators; L. G. Roberts, Gorham, Maine.
Fumigators for Greenhouses; T. Shaw, Danville, Pa.
Churns; H. A. Simpson, Greenfield, Ohio.
HeatersforCheese Vats;L. A. Sunderland, Madison,0.
Grain Separators; W. Toepfer, Milwaukie, Wis.
Machine for Crushing Grain; C. C. Washburn, Madi-
son, Wisconsin.
Well Reamers; Wm. Young, Troy, Iowa.
Plow Wheels; David ARer,' Allegan, Mich.
Hay and Cotton Presses; H. K. Burnett, Poughkeep-

sie, N. Y.
Bag Fasteners; T. A. Danielson, Calumet, Mich.
Fruit Jars; Pierre F. Darche, San Francisco, Cal.
Peat Cutters; Benj. T. Denton, Oswego, N. Y.
Harvester Rakes; M. F. Gitibs, Livonia, N. Y.
Churns; Geo. P. Herndon, Tavelo, Miss.
Agricultural Boilers; F. N. Mitchell, El Paso, 111.
Farm Fences; Andrew N. Moore, Trenton, Ky.
Butter Workers; A . H. Reid, Brandywinc Manor, Pa.
Gang Plows; S. S. Scheumack, Victoria, Texas.
Seed Planters; U. T. Stewart, Rossville, Texas.
Windmills; J. M. Armour, Northwood, Ohio.
:\Iowiinf .Machines; W. W. Briglin, Avoca, N. Y.

Farm (iatcs ; S. R. Holt, Worthington, Oliio.
Wagon Bodies; R. W. McClelland, Cerro Gordo, III.
Wagon Standards; R.W. McClelland, Cerro Gordo, 111.
Horse Hay Rakes ; D. P. Sharp, Itqaca, N. Y.

Apple Slicers and Corers ; H. S. Siler, St. Lawrence,
N. C.

Corn Droppers ; I. G. Vail, Logan county. 111.

Machines for Hulling and Cleaning Grain ; T. Wal-
lace, Chicago, 111.

Grain Scourers; T. Wallace, Chicago, 111.

Earth Augers ; Don Juan Arnold, Brownville, Neb.

Pruning Implements; C. B. Cannon, Keokuk, Iowa,

Harvesters ; J. H. Elward, St. Paul. Minn.

Harvesters; J. H. Elward, St. Paul, Minn.

Cider Presses; D. F. Enery, Canton, 111.

Horse Hay Forks ; E. V. R. (iardner, Johnson, N. Y.

Bee Hives; G. H. Mobley, Nevada, .Mo.

Seed Planters; W. Post, Warsaw, Mo.

Sulky Plows; E. Robertson, Fairmount III.

Grain Drill Teeth ; J. B. Sandusky, Lexington, Ky.

Feed Cutters; J. A. Schwerdt, New York, N. Y.

Cultivators; F. W. Tolley, Coxsaxie, N. Y.

Apparatus for Breaking Horses; J. Z. Walling, Red
Wing, Minn.

Butter'Prints ; R. S. Williams, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lever Attachment for Mowing Machines; A. B.
Conde, Freemansburg, N. Y.

Ditching Plows; A. L. Harncd; Boston, Ky.

Field Rollers ; A Hilts, Springdale, Ohio.

Potato Diggers ; H. W. King, Canaan, N. J.

Fruit Gatherers; Nathan Lash, Montpelier, Ohio.

Churns; P. La Tourette, Vestal, N. Y.

Apparatus for Bleaching Cane Fence ; J. M. Lescale,
Painctmrtville, La.

Harvesters ; S. S. Loudenslager, Polo, 111.

Mowing Machines; H. C. &'U. C. Markham, Lyons'
Falls, N. Y.

Harvester Kakes; J. P. Monnett, Bucyrus, Ohio.

Filter Wells; Wm. P. Powers, La Crosse, Wis.

Horse Hay Kakes; A. Bugbee, Elkhart, Ind.

Comb Gang Plows and Cultivators; W. Clements,
Fiskville,"Texas.

Bee Hives; C. Gerry, Garden City, Minn.

Milk Coolers and Cheese Vats; C. W. Grannis, Co-
wanda, N. Y.

Sheep Shearing Chairs; C.H. McCan,Morristown, O.

Churns; C. W. Patton, Louisville, Ky.

Hay Slides; A. I. Reed, Pleasant Grove, Ind. ,

Cui-y Combs; J. O. Berry, Vienna, Va.

Horse Powers; G. E. Burt, Harward, Mass.

Seed Planters; J. T. Carr, .Milo, Maine.

"Prepiived expressly lor The Lancabtek FAnMEit l)y
Louis Biigger & Co., Solicitors of Piitenta, Washington, D.
C, from wtioni complete copies of the Patents and Drawings
may be obtained.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

V.

Corn Droiipcrs; J. Jacknian, Kiclimoncl, Ohio.
Fieil Wlucls f'(ir(iniiii Drills; 15. Kuliiis, l):i.vlon, O.
Harvester l{alves: \V. N. Wliileley, Spriiiirlieia, ().
Plow StaiuiarilFasleiiiiips; li. B. Biriiiiiif;liaiii, Tren-
ton, Teun.
Brciaileasi Seediiiir Maeliines; D. Buist and Charles

K. Allien, I'hihi.ielpliia, Fa.
Farm (iates; I.ioiKild S. Colin, Berlin, Wis.
Sulky I'lows; John I'ay, New Boston, Mieh.
Curry Conilis; (ieorije Ilavell, Ni'M'ark, N. J.
Clinr'us; T. B. .lewetl. Law reiiee, Kan.
Stoek Cars; John K. .Mel'her.^^on, Jen-^ey City, N. J.
Farm (Jati^s; L. V. \V. Noyes, Sjirinsrville, Iowa.
Hiilins; SaiKiles: Koliert Heiniaii. Stillivan. Inii.
Cattle Sup|iorts; F. II. Khelp. I.omlon. lOni:.
Harrows anil Hollers; A. .M . .Slrattan, I.aiioL;a, Inii.
Cotton ami Hay I'resses; B. J. Wilson, Atlanta, (ia.
Cultivators; J. N. Bashaw, (leneva Lake, Wis.
Hay Presses; J. Diman. San Franeiseo, Cal.
Sta'lk Cutters; J. V. Kekman, (Jaleslnirir, 111.
Cultivators; J. T. Henilerson, Wooiiliuri,', Tenn.
Milk Conilnetors; K. .Maev, Brooklvn, N. Y.
Butter Fails; C. B. Shelilon, New York, N. Y.
Ilanil Corn Planters; .1. W.Cieianii, Nevada, Mo.
Winil Wheels; C. T. F.iiwarils, .Moline, 111.
Milk Coolers; I), (lurnsey, Watertown, N. Y.
Meat Cutters; J. H. Holiinu'er, I.aneaster, Pa.
Harvester Wheels; M. I.. Kellar, Luzerne, Iowa.
Milk Coolers; A. P. Myers, Prattsville, N, Y.
Harvester Hakes; A. Palmer, lioehester, N. Y.
Seed Sowers ; J. W. Talley, Paxton, 111.
Harvester Kakes; J. F. Applehy, Mazomanie, Wis.
Chee.se Vats; A. B. Armetroii!;, Dorset, \'t.
J'lows ; B. S. Benson, Baltimore, Md.
Windmills; .las. Hall, Li^'onier, Ind.
Mowiuj; .Maehines; Wm. Lorey, Philadelphia, Pa.
Gang Plows; T. M. Niehol, Sparta, III.
Churns; V. W. Piekett, Baldwin, Iowa.
Corn Planters ; L. Seolield, (iranil Haven, Mich.
Cans Plows; J. .\. Siitherlaml, F.lmwood, 111.
Sulky Plows; L. W. True, TaIladoi;a, Ala.
Ilorsc Hay Kakes; J. E. Wisner, Frieudship, N. Y.

Keissi'es.
Harvester Rakes; J. Hyuearson, Farminijton, 111.

Patent No. .S(),.SI>0; dated Oetolier ASth, lS(i3.
Harvesters; John E. Buxton, and Thos. J. Howe,

Owatoma, Miun. Patent No. 147,477, dated Feb.

17, 1S74.
Harvesters; .1. H.Elward, St. P.aul, Minn. Patent

No. ll:5,!l!)(l, dated April 2',, ISTl.
Grain Drills; Kanisom S. Heynolds, Waterbury, Conn.

Patent No. :!8,1I8.5, dated June a:l, ISIVi.
Neek Yoke Attaehments; B. Foltz, Koekford, III.

Patent No. S.5,.'il!t, dated Jan. .5th, ISI!'.!.
FarniFenees; L. E. Hogue, Sandv Lake, Pa. Patent

No. l.i.'S,041, dated Jan. Kith, 1S7.5.
Corn Planters; J. Campbell, Harrison, Ohio. Old

patent No. i:i:5,l!l!l, dated Nov. 19, 1.S72.
Cultivators; U. M. Melton, Crifirlersville, Va. Old

patent No. 34,227, dated, .May :)1, IM!!.
MowiiiK Machines; J. P. Manny, Koekford, HI. Old

patent No. 18,.510, dated Oct. 27, 1857; extended

seven years.
Harvesters ; J. P. Manny, Rockford, 111. Old patent

No. 17,7!I8, dated July 14, ls.")7; extended 7 years.
Harvesters: J. P. Manny, Hoeklbrd, 111. Old patent

No. 17,779, dated July 14, 18.57 ; extended 7 years.

Sanitary Chemistry of Waters.

A valuable report by Prof. Chandler upon the sani-
tary chemistry of waters, and suji:gest ions with rejjard
to the selection of the water supply of towns and
cities, has just been re]>rinted I'rom pajiers of the
American Public Health Association, the whole
forming an important niaimal in connection with the
plans of water su])ply lor towns and cities.

Prof. Chandler in this reitort considers the nature
of the impurities contained in water and their etfect
upon the public health, and i^ives particular attention
to the jMillution of streams liy the refuse I'rom facto-
ries and by sewatje. He is, however, quite satisfied
that a certain class of impurities, esju'cially those of
an animal nature, in time become harmless by their
decay, consequent upim their combination with the
oxyi^cn in runnintr waters, this relief, however, not
applying to the case of conlincd wells. The exjier-
iences of the Thames coincide with those of the
Hudson in this respect.

It has been calculated that sewerape mixed with
twenty times its volume of nuining water, after liow-
ing a distance of ten or twelve miles, is absolutely
puritied by infusorial animals, aquatic plants, and
chemical oxidation.

The professor nuikes a special application of his
researches to the Croton water, and derives, as a
peneral conclusion from the whole, that for the sup-
ply of cities, rivers and lakes are very decidedly
superior to wells, which should always be viewed
with suspicion, on account of the daiiijcr of contami-
nation from the drainacte of the soil, leakages from
cess-pools and private vaults.

Men' of ma. sokts and eallincs may rely on find-
ing an abridged succinct I'orin ali thai in inoM iuvalna-
hh' in oiif xltilislii-iify (/iotofiii-iil,if'ogriifjfiictt,flnfiuciat
ami Kocial knotirtcUi/e of this vast country we inhabit,
in the Centenniai. G.izateeh, published by J. C
McCuttly & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.

rStOm 097% TO $XK »OB$%

FARM AND rREIGHT WAGONS.

Tlje Best Proportioned, Best Iroged, Ligljlesl Runijipg aijd Cheapest li).-irkel Wa|,'ons ir; the Market.

7-5-lm)

No. .11 Kitiat KliiK HI., l,uti<-niHl<-r, l>u.

Powell's Patent Wheel Harrowl&ramCoverer.

TliLs Harrow, for rulvcrization, Covering Seed, Comparative Ease of Draft, Simplicity,
Durability, and General Practicability, Is unsurpassed by any other Harrow or Pulverizer In use

IT IS ADAPTED TO EVERY KIND OF SOIL!

stony. Rooty. Clayey, Loamy or Randy, being supplied with Ca-st Iron or stcil Teeth. It never catches upon stone
or roots, nor turns up the .sod on newly plowed sward land, owing to the peculiar construction of the Teeth. It
does the work of four plows on old potato land by properly adjusiluif It.

A SEED SOWER, now ready for use. can be attached whendeslred.

MANUFACTURED BY THE NATIONAL WHEEL HARROW COMPANY,

L. C. DODGE, General Agent, Burlington, Vt.

FARMERS, CALL AND SEE THE GREAT HARROW.

BciiiR assured that this, the only Wlieel narro\v in tlie world with a wheel draft, which
works verilcallv. Indepcndeut of the mabi axle, is one of the most Imiioriani asfrlculliiral ImplemeniK of the da.v,
the publishers of The i'ARMEii, have made arran'-'ements wlihih-' Manula'turrrs to brinj; II to the attention of the
Farmers of Pennsylvania Oyplaiinjj one of the Harrows and Se.d SoWiXs loniMn.'d on exhibition at the offlee of
Thk Lancaster Farmer. wh.re those Intrr.steil in this trp'ai Imiin.vei,,, m ;ire tnvlled to call. This w II be the
first one seen In the state. It was award-d the CK VM> MED \L OK PKoiJUKss by me Niw England .\£rrlcnltural
society, at Boston, isw, and at I'rovldrnee. In ls7i; also the First ITrmlum by the .\merlean Institute, 1^73. and
First at all state and couniy Fairs when vcr exhibited. [7-1 am.

Agents Wanted to Sell

POLITICAL. PERSONAL and PROPERTY

nights a' Citizen,

Of the United States - How to exercise and how to preserve
them. By Theophilus Parsons, LL 0.

ContuininK n Coniiiirntary on tlio Ffilt-ral and State C^n-
HtitutioiiH, Riving tlicir history and orijfin, and a full *-x-
I^laiuitiou of tbcir ]ir)uciplo8, uurposeB and pioviHiouH ; the
powers and duticM of Public OfficiTH ; the liwhtH of the i>wi-
ple, and the obllgiitionH incurred in every reliitiou of life;
parliamentary rules for deliljerative bodice, anil full diiec-
tiouH and leg;.! fornm for all biminess trunsactionp, a» mak-
ing WillH, DeedB. MortRiigeH, l,<Mwes, Notes, Drafts, Con-
tracts, etc. A Law Library in a single volume. It mcetH
the wants of all classes and sells lu rverybody.

7-5-lm] JONES BROTHERS & CO.. Phila., Pa.

PUBLIC SALE BILLS
FOH KliAt, KSTATKnU I'KRSONAL PUOilKUTY,
Vriuted expeditiously at the otttce of

TILE LANCASTER FARMEU.

mumn guano

In Large or Small Quantities,

At LB8R PRICK than charged by the General AgontH of (ho
Peruviau Government. Circular, exrli>i"^iiR ^ow 1 am atile
to do this, with prices and full iiarticulars, iMuil<^ free, ou
application to

R. BALCAZi^R,

p. O. Boxl29. 53 Beaver St., N. Y.

ReforoncpJi by IN'rnilMHioii.

McHnrH. HiinsoN, HrRTAiJO & <'o.,

Finaucial .\Keiitti for IVruviaii Oovcrmrt-nt, New York,

MosKfi Taylor, Khq.,

rrcxidcnt Niilinnal City Bank, New York.

.T. ('. Tracy, Ki*g.,

7-5] Ivnivi.iu ("iiHUl, Sew York, [3m

VISITING CARDS.
("OR LADIES AND OENTLBMBK,

Printed In the best style at the onice of

THE FARMER.

VI.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

vr^nt

CENTRE HALL,

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

Is now ready to accommodate the Public
in the way of

SEADY-MADS CLOTHE,

—FOR—

MEN, YOUTHS & BOYS,

Our stock is the largest in the
City of Lancaster. We manufac-
ture all our Clothing; we have
them sjionged, made up well, and
use good i rimmings. Our new
Centre Hall is packed with goods
from top to bottom. We are pre-
pared to show to the public the
largest, and one of the choicest,
assortments of Piece Goods, for
Spring, ever exhibited outside of
Philadelphia, of every grade and
shade, of both Foreign and Do-
mestic manufacture, all of which
we are prepared to make up in
the best manner, at the shortest
notice, and at the most reasonable
prices. We are also prepared to
make up to order all kinds of
Clothing for Children, and we
keep them ready made. If you
want to purchase goods by the
yard, you can save money at
CENTRE HALL, as we buy
lai'gely, and have an advantage in
our large purchases.

We keep a full line of Gentle-
men's Furnishing Goods. We
have a large lot of accumulated
Stock of Ready-Made Clothing,
Odd Lots, which will be sold
without regard to cost. It will
pay purchasers wishing Clothing
to call at Centre Hall and be suit-
ed, and save money, and you will
say the half has not been told you.
There are always ready hands
waiting to show you through the
immense stock.

Waiting your inspection, we feel
grateful to a generous public for
the patronage heretofore extended
to us, and hope by fair dealing to
merit a continuance of the same.

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

7-4 -Sin]

LANCASTER, PA.

A PATENT-MEDICINE VENDOR who was dilatina: to
a larjre crowd upon the wonderful efficacy of his
iron bitters pronounced them all-potent in building
up an iron constitution. "That is so — that is so,"
said a hj'stander ; "what he tells you is a fact, gcn-
tlenien, every word of it." "Hear that, will you?"
cried the delitrhted quack ; " here is a man who has
used the bitters, and can recommend them." "No,
not exactly that," replied the old fellow. " I have
never used the stuff myself, but, you sec, my friend
.Jenkins did, and they just saved his life. You see,
Jenkins had taken the bitters jest one week before he
was shoved in prison for something. He was stripped
of everything in the shape of iron about him, and yet
he made a bar and worked his way out. He had
taken this man's iron bitters, d'ye mind, and what
does Jenkins do but open a vein in his arm, and took
iron enough out of his blood to make a crow-bar, and
prized the gates open with it and let himself out."
The vendor set his dog at him.

A Dormant Wasp. — A West Hill minister picked
up a frozen wasp on the pavement recently, and,
with a view to advancing the interests of science,
he carried it into the house, and held it by the
tail while he warmed it ears over a lamp chimney.
His object was to see if wasps froze to death, or
merely lie dormant during the winter. He is of the
opinion that they merely lie dormant, and the dor-
mantest kind at that ; and when they revive, he says,
the tail thaws out first, for while this one's head,
right over the lamp, was so stiff and cold it could not
wink, its probe worked with such inconceivable
rapidity that the minister could't grasp fast enough
to keep up with it. He threw the vicious thing down
the lamp chimney, and said he didn't want any more
truck with a dortnatit wasp, at which his wife burst
into tears, and asked how he a minister of the Gospel
could use such language — right before the children
too.

A CORRESPONDENT of the Congregationalixt gives
directions how to prevent currant bushes from being
destroyed by worms. The eggs are deposited on the
under side of a tender leaf about the time the suckers
of the currant bush are a foot high. When the eggs
begin to hatch, the young feed on the juice of the leaf
until they can crawl. Then they drop down and
scatter. Soon after the egg is deposited the leaf will
turn a purple-redisli color. Such leaves should be
plucked as fast as they appear, and hundreds of little
creatures will be found. The microscope reveals
them plainly. The leaves should be cut so carefully
that none of the destructive insects be scattered.

A GOOD JOKE is told of a certain professor — a
stickler for ventilation. Being put in a room at a
hotel with another guest, he asked the latter to raise
the window at night, as the air was so close.

" I can't raise it," said the guest after working at
the window for a while.

" Then knock a pane of glass out," said the pro-
fessor, which was done.

After a while the professor got up and broke
another pane ; then he was able to sleep ; but in the
morning he discovered that they had only broken
into a book-cass'.

A MAN was describing to Douglass Jerrold the
story of his courtship and marriage — how his wife
had been brought up in a convent, and was on the
point of taking the veil, when his presence burst on
her enraptured sight, and she accepted him as her
husband. Jerrold listened to the end of the story,
and then remarked, "She simply thought you better
than nun."

An Irishman, addicted to telling strange stories,
said he saw a man beheaded with his hands tied be-
hind him, who directly picked up his head and put
it on his shoulders in the right place. " Ha ! ha !
ha !" said a by-stander; " how could he pick up his
head when his hands were tied behind him?'' "And,
sure, what a purty fool ye are!" said Pat; "and
couldn't he pick it up with his teeth ? To ould Nick
wid yer botheration !"

The Paris Fifjaro thus neatly answers an anony-
mous correspondent: " A note, written by a female
hand, asks us why, in polite society, etiquette allows
a lady to pay a visit with her veU down. I really do
not know, madame; but I would bet it is the ugly
ones who set the fashion, and that it is only the pretty
women who make inquiries about it."

Some time-honored jiroverbial sayings need revis-
ion to suit the age. For instance, "Boys will be
lK>ys " is entirely wrong, for everybody knows that
they endeavor to appear like men as much and as
soon as possitile.

It is an extraordinary fact that when people come
to what is commonly called high words they gene-
rally use low language.
• The old gentleman who spent a fortune in trying
til raise colts from horse chestnuts, is now attenipfing
to get it back again by cultivatiug the egg plant with
a view to supplying the market with eggs and chickens.

EDWARDS & BISHOP,

36 EAST KING-ST., Lancaster, Pa.

We respectfully ask the attention of the citizens of
Lancaster Covmty to our splendid assortment of

BOOKS ^^ STA TIONER Y of all kinds.

BLANK BOOKS of every description.
Foreign &' Domestic note-papers &' envelopes.

Mercantile Stationery — Stationers' Hardware.
School BOOKS &- School SUPPLIES.

ENGPA VINGS, CHROMOS,and an elegant
Stock of general fajtcy goods.

AGENTS FOR

Tie Baflcroft Sctaol FnrDitnre,

the best In use. Endorsed by the Phlla. Public School
Board and the Stale Normal School at Mlllersvllle. Call
and examine.

School Boards furnished with books and all Schools
supplies at the lowest possible prices.

EDWARDS & BISHOP,

At the old Stand N0.36 E.KING ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.
T-6-3m.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveiaicer anl Real Estate Agent.

OFFICE IN LAW BCILUING,

N, W. COR, DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Entnte of all description bought, sold and ex-
changed on commission.

Loans Negotiated, Mortgages bought and sold.

i*rop*'rties taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

Particular attention given to matters appertaining to
Keal Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

Dfftts, Mnrtgngfs, Briffs, Wilis and all other legal
instrnmentB correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, Lots, Farms, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-12m

EEED, McGRANN & CO.,
mtm III lllllll

LANCASTER CITY.

Execute orders for Stocks and Bonds, allow Interest on
Deposits according to time, Loan Money, Make Collec-
tions, Buy Gold and Silver, and transact a General
Banklntf Business.
Drafts and Passage Certificates for sale on Europe,
GEO. K. REED, A. M. McCONOMT,

B. J. McGU.\N.V, E. H. BRUBAKER.

PETER McCON'OMV, Je. P-3-3m

OPENING OF THE NEW HOTEL.

THE STEVENS HOUSE,

COR. WEST KING & PRINCE STS,

LANCASTER CITY, PA.,
IS NOW OPEN TO RECEIVE GUESTS.

M. H. WILSO]^ & SOK

PATROJf.4GE OF F.IRMERS SOI.ICITED.

«f».COMMODIOUS STABLING FURNISHED ON
REASONABLE TERMS. [7-l-«m

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

VII.

FAEMERS, CALL AND SEE

THE IMPROVED

BUCKEYE

T/^eLi BAKE

REAPER I MOWER.

Two CuttiuR Bars, changeable Speed, SimplcBt aud Best
Machine iu (hf Murkct.

That the BUCKEYE, with proper nianagement, will work
equal tu any first-elasa machine made for doing the same
work, if not butter.

W. D. SPRECHER,
No. 3 1 E. KING ST., Lancaster, Pa.

7-6 -2m

MassillonHaryesler

Buy the Best,

TWO nun bind
Ten Acres dntlv.
l(ir.'l--rs c:,n Sl'T
or STAND, Ad-

K.vYKIHS,
MuMillon, O.

PATENTS

OBTAIED BEST AND CHEAPEST M

LOUIS BAGGER & CO,

SOLICITORS OF PATENTS,

TVash.ixigton, D. C.

tF" Address all letters to P. O. Box 441.

7-3-12m

AGRICULTURAL STORE,

No. 320 North ({iioeu Street, Lancaster,

(Near New Market Houee).

Reapers t Mowers, ^rain Drills,

The Iinproveil Kockawny (iralu Fan, Pratt's P.itent Hay
Rake and C''>ru Shflh'is for HorHp and Hand Power,
Cutting ItoxeH, Curu Plautera, and Improved
Cid«r MiUa
of different kinds and eizes ; also, all kinds of Coach-
makers' Stuff.

Farmers, look to your interest before buying elsewhere.
I CUD sell at snudl profits. The Shop is two squares
northwest of P. U. R. Depot, and two Mtpiares south of
Beading Dejiot. Hickory Lumljer and Spoke Wood taken
iu exchange for Machines.

PLANING AND SAWING

of all kiudH at Hlmrt notice ; and (.'.istiugfl kejit on hand for-
repairing Farm Machinery. Also, Agiieulturul iinjjle-
ments of every desciiption on hand. Wire and Sieves
made to order for farmers.

G-.'i-12m)

SAMUEL KETCLIiIR,

L-\NCAKTER, Pa.

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OP

FAMILY and I.I.MK-RI'IC.MXO CO.VM

Orders received at

Office. No. ir. East King street, and at the
T-l-12m] Yard. No. 618 NOKTH PKINCE STKEET.

H

OKSE-BILXiS.

PL.\1N oil IN FANCY COLOUS.
PriDted in the Best Style at the utfice of

THE FARMER.

Typical Trees.

For ffoiity people — tliu iiclic corn.

For aiitii|iiariaiis — llic ilatc.

For Hclnml-lioys — the birch.

For Irishmen — thcoch.

For conjurers — tlic jialtn.

For iieirroes — See dali.

For yoiiinr ladies — the man go.

For farmers — the plaut'in.

For fashionable women — a set of firs.

For dandies — llic spruce.

For actors — the pop'lar.

For i)hyBicians — syc a more.

Ffir your wife — lier will, O.

For lovers — the sit^li i)ress.

For the disconsolate — the pine.

For eniraeed peojile — the pear.

For scwinji-machine people — the hemlock.

For b()ardin;;-h(»use keepers — 'ash.

Always on hand — pa[)aw.

Who this is written for — yew.

.\t a late criminal trial both jndi^eand counsel had
a deal of trouble to make the liiniil witnesses speak
sulticicntly loud to be lieard by the jury, and it is
possible that the temper of the counsel may tlierehy
have been turned from tlie even tenor of its way. Af-
ter this irentleman had cone tlirouffh the various
stages of bar pleadinsr, and had coaxed, threatened
and even bullied witnesses, tliere was called into the
box a youiifc hostler, who ajipeareil to be simplicity
personified. " Now, sir," said the counsel, in a tone
that would at any other time have been denoimced as
vulirarly loud, ''I Iiope we sliall liave no difliculty in
making you speak out." " I hope not, sir," was
shouted, or rather bellowed, out by the witness, in
tones which almost shook the building, and would
certainly liave alarmed any timid or nervous lady.
" How dare you speak in that way, sir?" demanded
the counsel. '' Please, sur, I can't speak any louder,"
said the astonished witness, attempting to speak
louder than before, evidently thinking the fault to be
in bis speaking too softly. "Pray, have you been
drinking this morning T* shouted the counsel, who
had now thorough[y lost the last remnant of his tem-
per. " Yes, sur," was the reply. " And what have
you been drinking ?" "Coffee, sur." "And what
did you have in your coffee, sir?" yelled the exasper-
ated counsel. " A spune, sur," iimoeently bawled
the witness, in his highest key, amid the roars of the
whole court — excepting oidy the now thoroughly
wild counsel, who flung down his brief and rushed
out of court.

We have always understood that love laughs at
locksmiths, but we are hardly prepared to- believe
that Cui)id was such an ingenious young fellow as
the following anecdote shows him to be : A fellow
out West was courting a pretty girl, but her mother
would not permit him to stay after ten o'clock,
greatly to his and her daughter's disgtist. Last
New-Year's day that young man i)resented the old
lady a patent clock of great beauty aiul iiigeimity.
The prospective mother-in-law was greatly pleased,
and gave her old ti(-ker to a pool- woman who lived in
the neighborhood. Now that young eou])le arc happy,
for tili^ new clock is so constructed that it will lose
three hours bctwei'ii eiglit and tciiintlie evening, and
make it up all right bel\)re morning. The old lady
watches the clock carefully, ami cries, " Ahem !" as
usual when it gets to be ten. And yet, she says she
can't iniilcrstand what makes her get so sleepy be-
fore ten, and hale to get up so bad the next morning.

Arconiiixti to a Cape of Good Hope pajier, a
"good-for-nothing wretch " was brought up before
the magistrate on a charge of druid<enncss. The
evidence showed that he had been tipsy for a week,
and he was asked what he liad t(t say for himself.
"Well, yer honor," he replicil, "me ami my oUl
woman never did live easy togetlicr." "Tliat's no
excuse for your getting druidc," said the Court.
"You're right, your honor, and so it ain't," was the
answer. " We u.scd to fight like eats ami dogs to-
gether.'' " Drinking made it worse," remarked the
magistrate. "That's true," rejoined the man. "She
discouraged the life out of me, and kept me jnior, un-
til last week, when — " "Well, what did she do
last week?" "She died, yer honor." "And you
have been drunk ever since?" "Yes, yer honor; I
never could bear prosperity."

.\n Irish clergyman once broke off the thread of

his discourse, and thus addressed the congregation :
" .My dear brelhren. let me tell you that I am now
just half through my sirmoii ; but as I perceive your
impatience, I will say that the remaining half is not
more than a quarter us long as that youhave heard."

TiTF.JiE is a lady who will not permit her children
to eat anything of which Indian meal constitutes an
ingredicnl, for fear it will make them savage. She
must lie the same lady w1m» would not let her <'hil-
dreu eat spinach, for f'ear it would make them green.

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL. 1875.

Rattivon fc Pislier,

PRACTICAL

TattoiTS and Q lathi ecSo

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

e:st.a.bi.ish]vie:nt.

Cor N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,
LANCASTER, PENN'A,

ENGLISH WORSTED, TRICOT,

GRANITE, CASTORS AND

CASSIMERE COATINGS

AND VESTINGS.

All tlif Fine and C'dniinon (Irndt's i)f

EMlish & American Paiilalooniugs and Vestiugs

SILK, VELVET, MERINO, CHALLEE,

AND VALENTIA VESTINGS.

Plain and Figured.

Ready-made Clothing of home manufacture for Men
and Boys, Hosiery, a full line of shirts, collars, shams,
and Neek Fixings, ete.

clothing made to order promptly, and warranted to
give sat Isfact Ion. .\gents for the s.ale of Scott's Fashions.

Our stock consists of all the noviJ lies In the market,
for MKN and liOYs. and will be replenlslnil its the sea-
son advances. For (lualUy. varleiy, style and price, wo
feel II cannot be excelled elsewhere.

Thankful for past patronage, we would call thi' atten-
tion of buyers to our slock of Piece Goods and lleady-
Made Clothing for the spring of ISV.I.

Fashions received monthly, and Clothing made
promptly to order, on the most satisfactory terms.

RATHVON & FISHER,

7-1-l^m i'rjirliciil 'I'liilorH.

Bri^litest and Best!

AMERICAN FANCIER'S

GAZETTE.

A new liaiidHonioIy IIIuhI rntod monthly; to com-
mence iMay ir», 187"); to be edited by W. Atlee Wuri'ee and
W. H. Merry, assisted by some of the leading IJreeders and
Fanciers in this country and England.

The "OAZF/rrE" will treat iu a scientific manner bow to
rtiise iintlitiibly Poultry, l^igeons, Hogs, Kabbits, and all
kinds of pel stock ; their various diseases and cures ; aud it
will be the aim of the (Hlitors to make it the l.kai>inu I'ai'KH
of its kind in the United States. ^

I'rice One Dollar per year, postpaid. Si)ecimen copy
ten cents. Cf^Sulwcribe now.

TO ADVERTISERS.

It will offer extraordinary intlucenientH, as the rates of
advertising will lie very low, aud it will t>e largely circulated
througliout the United Slates, Cuniida and Kurope.

Advertising aud corresjtondence solicited. Agents wanted
In every county, to wlioni MtitfUAi. cash cuuimlsaions will be
])aid. Send your advertisements at once.

Address all letters to

AMERICAN FANCIER'S GAZETTE,

2-5-;<ii>] I'lilliiilcliililii. Pa.

Esfnhlislu'd 1770!

Kstablislu-d 1770!

H.C. DEMUTH.

.M.VNfF.VCTl'KKU OF

Demuth's Celebrated Snuff,
.\>.'i>

JOBBER IN CHEWING & FINE-CUT TOBACCOS

All the best tobacco in the maiket at the lowest re-
tail priceH. r'-l-'^tn]

114 E. King St., Lancaster, Pa.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE FARMEKS HOME ORGAN.

arier \

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY.

Founded under the auspices of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited Tjy Prof/sT^?. EATHVON.

"With the January issue (1875) The Fabmek entered upon
its seventh year, under a change of proprietoiH, the publica-
tion having been transferred to the undersigned, who pro-
pose to make it in all respects a fiist-class locul organ of the
important interests to which it is especially devoted.

With this view The Farmer has been enlarged and its
form changed to the Imierial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty-fourpages Imp. 8vo., measuring 9>^ by 13
inches, at le-.ist seventeen of which will be exclusively devoted
to reading matter, tbeadv^Ttisementsand "standing matter"
being limited to the renianiing pages. This increase of size
and change of form, together with the use of a more compact
type, enables us to give twice as much reading matter as
was contained iu the old form.

If this effort to give the agricultural community of Lan-
caster county a publication worthy of their honorable calling
ifl liberally seconded, we propose to add other improve-
ments from time to time, including illustrations of impor-
tant topics of geaeral interest, and papers from special con-
tributors on the more important local industries and re-
Bourcea of the county— a wide field, which has been very
little cultivated by our local press.

The contributions of our able editor, Prof. Rathvon, on
subjects connected with the science of farming, and partic-
ularly that specialty of which he is so thoroughly a master-
entomological science— some knowledge of which has become
a necessity to the successful farmer, are alone worth much
more than the price of this publication.

The Farmer will be published on the 15th of every
month, printed ou_good paper with clear type, iu con-
venient form for reading and binding, and mailed to sub-
scribers on the following

TERMS:

To subscribers residing withiu the county —
One copy, one year, _____ $i.oo
Six copies, one year, - _____ 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, ___--_ 7.50

To subscribers outside of Lancaster county, including
postage pre-paid by the publishers:

One copy, one year, _ _ . _ _ $1.25

Five copies, one year, - - _ - - - 5.00

All subscriptions will commence with the January num-
ber unless otherwise ordeied.

All comniunicatious intended for publication phould be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
in his hands by the first of the month of publication.

All business letters, containing subsciiptions and adver-
tisements, should be addressed to the publishers,

PEAKSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LAr.CASTER, PA.

RATES OF ADVERTISINCi. — Ten Cents n
line I'or eiielB iiiwertion. Twelve lines to fLe inch.

EGGS FOR HATCHING

FEOM THE rOLLOWINS VAEIETIE3 OF PUEE BEED FOWLS,

At $1.S0 PER DOZEN.

DARK anr] LIOIIT BRAHMAS. BUFF and PARTKIDGE

COCHINS, BKOWN and WHITE LEOHORNS,

SILVER GRAY DORKINGS,

and HOUDANS.

I warrant one-liall ot each dozen Eggs to hatcli. If
they do not I will replace them at ."iO cents per dozen.
Send stamp for circular. Address

XSAA.C X.7riTXlE:.

T-4-2m) Marlboro, stark Co . Ohio.

(Please state where you see this adverllsement.)

SEEDS AND BULBS.

ILLUSTRATED SPRING CATALOGUE FOR 1875

KOW READY,

sent, with a sredmen copy of Thn A mericnn Garden, a new
Illustrated Journal of Garden Ait, edited by .Jiimes Hogg,
on receipt of ten cte. BEACH h SON, SeVdsmeu,

7-:)-tf 7C Fulton St., Broolilyn, N. Y

For Sale at a Bargain.

A FOSTER HAND PRINTING PRESS, in good order.
Will ]'riut a foi tii l;ixl8 inches. An excellent press for
light jobbing. Enquire of PEAUSOL & GEIST, Publishers
of The Lancaster Fanner 7-3-lm

PLANTS, and RARE.

nOSES. SHRUBS, AND BEDDING PLANTS,
B7 Mail and Express. New Catalogue. FEEE.
Address, EI-I-WA!V«EK & BARRY,

Established 1840. Mt. Hope Nurserien, Rochester, N. Y.

THE BEST

LANCASTER, PA.

JOHN BEST,

MANUFACTURER OF
Horizontal, Vertical and Portable, from 1}^ to 100 Horse-Pr.

STEAM BOILERS ADAPTED TO ALL
PURPOSES.

[7-l-3m

CaatingB of all descriptions. Heavy and Light, Made to Order,

loupe iMnipliiiii |Q0i|«

We would call the attention of
housekeepers, and those commenc-
ing housekeeping, to our very large
stock of Cooking Stoves, Ranges
and Heaters, together with our tre-
mendous variety of House Furnish-
ing Goods, such as Table Cutlery,
Britannia and Plated Spoons, Coal
Oil Lamps and Chandeliers, Wash
Wringers, Brushes, Brooms, Buck-
ets, Tubs, and every variety of Tin
and Copper- Ware, all of which we
are selling at the Lowest Prices.
Flinn & Breneman, No. 152 North
ftueen St., Lancaster, Pa. 7-3-3

AOKXTS WAXTED for the CEXTEXXIAL

GAZETTEEK unitsd states

A book for every American. Sells everywhere at sight.
Farmers, Teachers, Students, Lawyers. Merchants, School
Directors, Miiuuf;icturers, Mechanics, Shippers, Salesmen,
men of learning, and men who can only read, old and young,
all want it for everyday reference and use. Shows the grand
results of the

FIEST 100 YEABS of the KEPUBLIO.

Everybody buys it, ami Ai/t'.
a nmnth. Semi for t-irciilar.

//.s i,uih-/ro)n $100 to $'J00

Additss

•^

Til MICASTia IIPEISS,

(DAlIiT AND -WEEKLY,)

Tlje Leading Local Family and Business Newspaper, and the
orjly Independent Republicaij Journal iij the County.

THE ■\ FOUNDED
WEEKLY, \ BY THi;

1843 J PRESENT PROPRIETORS.

THE

DAILY,

1856

7-5-4ni] J. C, McCURDY & CO., Publishers,

Philadelphia, Pa. Ciuciuuuti, Ohio.

Chicagu, 111. or St. Louis, Mo.

The Weekly Expbess has been before the citizenrj of
Laucaster county for a period of thirty-two yetirs, and Ihe
Daily Express for ovei" eighteen years. During this long
period, and without change of management, The Express
has fairly earned a large sh.ire of patronage and firmly
established itself in the public confidence, as an upright and
indejieudent journal, never hesitating to defend the right
aud deuouuce the wrong, no matter where found to exist.
It has always been a journal of progress, and the outspoken
frieud of education, temr'erauce, sound morals and religion.
As in the past, so it will continue iu the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, ... $2.00

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Farmer : To any person residing
withiu the iimits of Laucaster county we will mail—
The \Veekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - - 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circulation of The Express makes it the
best medium for advertising Real Estate and Peisoual
Property in the county, a fact which can be attested by the
many farmers and others who have availed tliemselves of
the use of its columns, and to which we invite the atteution
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Express printing office is one of the best furnishod
establishments for turning oiit all kinds of priutiug to be
found in the interior of the State. We are prepared to
print any job from the small visiting card to the largest sale
or horse bill, poster, or broadside, plain or in colors, us
quickly us it can be done at any other establishment, and on
as reasonable terms. We make the juluting of Sale-bills
for Farmerii a specialty, and guarantee satisfaction to our
customers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns adapted to printing books,
pamphlets, posters, sale-bills, hand-bills, millers' receipts,
catalogues of live stock, and any kind of work doue in a
first-class I'rinting office; in short anything that may be
called for by the farmer, merchant, banker, mechanic, or
business man, and we guarantee to do the work as satisfac-
tory as it can be done in Philadelphia or elsewhere.

With one of the moat complete Job Offices in the State,
and unsurpassed couveuiences for expeditiously turning out
work by the best workmen, uuder the personal supervision
of the proin-ietors, who are both practical printers, all jer-
sons in need of Priutiug will find it to their interest to give
us a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK, NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen-st, '
LANCASTER, PA.

Our Pross 1tooni!« are open to Visitors, and they are
always welcome to look at our machinery iu operation,

COMPLETE SECURITY.

TIE FARMElir MTIDil.

OF I<.A.NC.A.SXB:Ffc,

HAVING COMPLETED THE

VAULT,

ARE NOW PREPARED TO

RENT THE SAEES,

For the safe keei.ing of GOVERNMENT, STATE, CTY,
KAILItOAD BONDS, aud other Securilies, at inodcrale
|»ri4*<>M. according to the size. C3?~Room aud desks, which
are [jrivate, adjoiuiug the vault, provided for Safe Reuters.

7-6-tf EDW. H. BROWN, Cashier.

» -I r~i "V^io vi '"^"^ Biibscriliprs iu
)i ct I tJdl ^ the lounty.

SINGLE OOriSS 10 CENTS

To HiilmcribcrA
the coilu'

■ out of ) ^ 1 O C?

ly. , :t)i.£.o.

Prof. S. S. EATHVON, Editor,

LANCASTER, JUNE 15, 1875.

PEARSOL & GEIST, Publishers.

THE CHEAPEST AND THE BEST.

The terms of The Faumeu are only one dollar a
year to eubseribers residing williiu the limits of Lan-
caster eoimty ; six copies for $.5 ; or ten copies for
$7.50. When the (luantity and quality of the matter
contained in each nuniher is taken into account, we
hazard nothinir iu sayini,', that it is the cheapest local
journal for the farm, tlie garden and the household
published anywhere. Iu neatness of typofrraphy,
also, The Faumek is not ashamed of a comparison
with any of its cotemporaries. At the end of the year
it will make a book as handsome in ap|iearance as it
will be valuable iu the practical inforunition coutained
in its eimipaet pages. Subscribe for The Fakmeh.

Present and Future Values.

Kupp's History of L.incaster County was published
thirty years ago by subscription, at liro dvllurs a copy,
and some of the subscribers, with indiscriminate and
unmerited disgust, sold their copies as low as Jifly
centf. Two years ago wo were instructed to procure
a coiiy for a legal friend in the west — formerly a citi-
zen of Lancaster — and we were compelled to pay nix
dollars for it, and we have known ten to be refused.
To-day wc could get ten dollars for an entire set of the
six volumes of The Lancaster Fakmeh published
prior to tlie present year, although the subscription
price was only $0.T.5.

We would not be surprised if, before twenty years
— although we do not expect to live so long — the
present, the ceuteuuial, aud the post centennial vol-
umes of The Fahmek would command Jirc dollars a
volume, although, during the time pen<ling, they may
tie obtained for three. Every new subscriber who
appreciates true values, desires his subscription to
commence with the7!r«( number of the present year.

Dew Drops.

Although we cannot say that The Farmer has yet
received any overwhelming showers of support — in-
deed, we never expected it would, for we knew the
ground we were to travel over was occupied by hosts
of other worthy travelers — still ever and anon it re-
ceives tlie slow but refreshing deir drops from the in-
telligent and appreciating tillers of the soil; and these
are all the more valued lieeause they come from old
time friends — friends who know us, and who have au
almost vencrative regard for anything that emanates
from Lancaster county; such, for Instance, as the
following:

" My Dear Friend: Will you please send The
Lancaster Far.mer to my son W. His address is
W. H. B., jr., Saliua, Saline county, Kansas. I ought
to have attended to tins loug ago. I'lcase send from
Ibc first number of the present )ear, or volume. W.
is hartl at work farming and raising stock. I enelo^
$1.25 subscription for the current year. Very truly
yours, W. 11. B., May 22, 1S75."

To Advertisers.

This being the midst of the dull business season,
when nurserymen, seedsmen, florists and others, who
seek their customers through special mediums like
The Farmer, are through with their spring an-
nouucemeuts aud not ready for the fall campaign, we
have dnipjH'd four of our supplemental pages which
were added to to the March, April and May numbers
to accommodate our advertising patrons. This will be
only temporary, as we have indications of a large
sdveRising pal ronace for the fall trade. We stated
when The Farmer came into our hands that we
would not allow the advertisenicutsto encroach upon
the space allotted to reading matter, aud we liavi'
kept our promise.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

T'WENTV-ONE ILLUSTRATIONS.

I'AI

Illustrated,

EDITORIAL ARTICLES:
Tlie Striped Apple Tree Borer
I'atato-Beetles. Illustrated, . . -

Insects, Noxious and Beneficial,
Mushrooms, .Morels and Trutlles. Illustrated,
The Facts of Natural History. No. 2,
Utilizing the Grasshopper, - - - -

A Magniticent Horse --------

Winter-Killed Vines, - - . -

Sulphurct of Lead,

.Vbortive Strawberry, _ - - -

Poland-China Boar — "Sweejistakes." Illus.,
Making Land Produce Bountifully, -
tirecn Wood, -.----

Insect Fertilization and Hybrids. Jacob

Stauefek, --.--<-
Our Wheat Trade. -V<io York Time», -
Short Hay Crops. R. S. Cocktlakd,
Balloon Meteorology. Prof. Jso. Wise,
Improved Hogs and Breeding Sows,
Good Public Roads. Mn.Tox B. Eshlemax,
Zinc Preventing Boiler Incrustation,
The State Fair at Lancaster, - - -

Letters, Queries and Answers,

Tlie Grapevine Pluiiie-Muth — Tt-i^ting the Fecun-
dilj- of Egg8— The Bee Moth— Mulberries— Tor-
toiBe-Sllaped BeetleB — Aiiiericau Dor Beetle —
'* Squash Bug " — •' Snout Beetle " — Reply to
" Leoliue " — Tau Bi^rk lor Potato Bugs.

Our Paris Letter, ------

Farming; Breeding, and Fattening for Market
on the Continent.

Our Local Organizations, - - - .

Proceedings of the June meeting of the Lancaster
County Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Bees and Bee Culture,

The Wonderful lustinctR of the Honey Bee (Win.
J. Pyle) — Buckwheat for Bees — Position of llive
— Sunshine and Hhadow.

The Flower Garden, . - - . .

Insects on House Plants, and the Keraediep,(/ ^^ww-
trati'tl) — How to Preserve and Kc-store Flowers,
(7'if'< I Ihf^trattiin*) — The Best Investment —
Violets, (7Vo ///i/x?ra^(./M)— Button-Hole Bou-
quets and Bouquet Holders (/ UtiKtrattd.)

The Fruit and Vegetable Garden,

The Pear Tree Must Have a Hilentive Soil— The
Propagation of Celery — The Tap-Hoot in Nur-
sery Stock — Ploughing Orchards — Caterpillare
— Advantages of Mulching — To Keep Away
(.Uitworms — The Cutworm in Cabbages — Aspar-
agus Trade of Lttng Island- To Destroy Bugs
• on Cucumbers — A Little tiardeu — Market Uar-

deniug.

The Farm and the Dairy,

shade Trees in Pastures — How to Make Farm

Life Attractive— How Scieutlflc Farming Pays—

The Board Fence the Best— A Hint to Farmcra

— Cure for Kicking Cows.

The Farmer Feedeth All. Poetry. Leland.

Domestic Economy, . - - . .
Skeletouiziug Leaves — How to Dress Salad — Mend
Your Own Tinware — How to Make Good Apple
Dumplings — Study to Have Steps — A l*reveu-
tive .-Xgainet Moths — Wlfft, Mistressand Lady —
Cherry Jam — Perpetual Paste — Califomia Beer
— Household Kecipes.
Literary Notices, ------

The Progress of Invention, - . .
New Patents Relating to the Farm, Dairy, *c.
Editorial and Business Notices, - - -
Advertisements, ----- ii, iii.

- 93

- 04

WRITE FOR THE FARMER.
While we have access to the best aL^ricnllural ]iul>-
lications of this country, linirland and Caiiaila, with
an able correspondent at Paris, who givi-s tis, monthly,
the cream of the airricullural news of the continent
of Europe, we want more of the iiractieal experience
of the fanners, fruit-growers, gardeners and house-
kee|)crs of Lancaster lounly. There is not a fanner
or a fanner's wife who does not kiKiw something
valuable about fariniu',' and housekeeping which we
have no means of knowing, and which we would
gladly communicate for the information of our read-
ers. Don't say you " can't write." No matter about
the spelling or the grammar — wc will make that all
riijht . (iivc us/'iie/« — the results of experience — why
you failed antl why you succeeded. Every farmer
can help to make his paper interesting and valuable.

Far and Near.
The Lancaster Farmer is now read, and Lan-
caster county is familiarly known iu Enu'laud. nu tlur
continent of Euroiic, in tlic .South Pacilie Islands, iu
Japan, and elsewhere In foreign lands ; therefore, to
contribute to its pages or advertise in its columns,
will belike " bread cast U|)On the waters," which will
"return after many days." No man can properlj'
estimate the grand results which sometimes flow from
little startinir points. A weary wanderer down on the
extreme southern point of .\frica was restored to his
family, his possessions, and soeiely, by reaillng a
single paragraph on a bit of waste paper. Society is
linked together by a wonderful clniin — a chain that
compasses the entire civilized, anil much of the un-
civilized world, and no man catitruly say that he stands
alone, aud is independent ftf all, or any other man.
It was ouly the afl'ectionate jileadinffs of a beloved
mother that prevented Washington from becoming a
sailor, in which capacity he might never have earned
the title of " Father of his eotintrtj."

Our Illustrations.
The illustrations given in The Farmer are one of
its most valuable features. They are not merely for
ornament, but are of practical value, cspeeiLlly the
engravings of insects illustrating the able articles of
our editor on the insects which are so closely related
to the iuteresfs of the farmer, gardener and fruit-
grower. These engravings in any sinclo uumlxr
would cost the subscriber ten times as much as his
year's subscription. If the farmers of Lancaster
county will interest themselves In extending our cir-
culation wc will introduce original illustratitms of
local interest relating to Improvements In slock, farm
Imildings and machinery, which will still further en-
hance the value of the publicatron.

Send for Specimen Copies.

We win cheerfully send specimen cojiles of TllE
Lancaster Farmer to any person who desires to
examine the merits of the publication. Subscribers
will greatly oblige ub by showing It to their neigh-
bors, and speaking a good word for it ; and If their
copy gets soiled or lost, we will cheerfully replace It
if requested to do so. We desire to get a copy into
the hands of every farmer In this great county, being
confident that The Lancaster Farmer needs only
to be seen to be appreciated. Every farmer who aids
In extending Its circulation Is doing a good work in
elevating the standard of his noble occupation.
»

James 'Vick, the eminent florist of Rochester, has
laid us under obligations for the handsome engrav-
ings which adorn the flower garden department of
The Farmer. Husbands and wives will there And
portraits of themselves " as others see them " among
the flowers.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

MARSH ALLS' ! filler & groff.

mi AM SHOl STOIE,

Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa.

For French Kip Boots, For French Calf Hoots, For Calf and
Kip Bootx, for heavy Boots and Shoes,

GO TO MARSHALLS".

BOYS' AND VOUTHS KIP BOOTS,

KUBBEES OF EVERY STYLE.

Ladies', Miseea and Children's fine Button Work. .^Iso,
particular attention paid to customers leaving their meas-
ure. We use nothing but the best of material, and employ
none but the best of workmen.

ffg^Repairiug promptly attended to. [7-1-fim

E. J. SS.lS2£A.1!f,

The Shirt Maker,

AND DE.VLEI! IK

FINE SHIRTS, SLEEVE BUTTONS. COL-
LARS, CUFFS. DRAWERS. NECK-
TIES UMBRELLAS, GLOVES,
SUSPENDERS. EMBROI-
DERED SHIRT FRONTS.

SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER,

WARRANTED TO FIT.

118 IsrOZRTH Q,TJE:E3Nr ST.,

(Next door to Hurting ^i Schlotfs Hotel).

LANCASTER, PA. [7-1-lim

>rANrF.\rTrKEK of

AGENTS FOR

EMflE

The best in the market. Guaranteed to
give satisfaction.

t,

No pay asked until the couditioup of the giumuitef are ful-
filled. CiiU aud see it with the late improvemeutB.

FULL LINE OF HARDWARE,

BUILDING MAERIALS.
STOVE?*,

And everything usuiUy kept in n fir^"^ diss Hardware
Slore, at

I\f0. 7 EAST KING STREET,

7i,c,„ LANCASTER, FA.

Interest Paid oa Beposits.

A

ft*
#

WiUiamsport niul Lock Haven,

Bill Mills— ROrXD ISLAND & PORT-^GE, PA.
7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [f'li

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. E.. LAUCASTER.PA.
1760. ESTABLISHED 1760.

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

Sh

H

<
0

<
hi

n

MONEY TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

BOOKS I

JOHN BAER'S SONS,

No. 15 North Queen Street,

LANCASTER, PA.,

Invite the attention of the pnblic to theirlav;;;e and well te-
lected stock of

1

IS aM Sc

English and German Publications,
BLAKK BOOKS,

Comprising Ledgers, Day Books, CaBh Bookn, Jturuals,
Pass Books, kc, Foreign and

Domestic Writing Papers,

AND STATIONERY.

Having many years' experience iu the busiueBs, ample
capital and a spacious store, we

HAVE THE BEST FACILITIES

for conducting our business, and offer special inducements to
all who may favor us with their patronage,
t?" Agents for

Excelsior School rurniture.

7-1-12]

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

<E

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PAINTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TEESA com, IRON aiiJ LEAD PIPE.

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FARM IMPLEMEl^^TS.

at Llboral Rates, at approved security.

SPECIAL AXD LIBEUAL 'I'EiaiS made with parties
having' oharg-p of Trust apd Estate Funds.

tjr-Oovernmeut and Slate Bonds, Gold. Silver, and
coupons, houtfbl autl sold. 7-l-rim

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

We have a large stock of Lumber, aud one of the luosi
extensive Sa.sh aud Door Factories iu the Stiiti- no we ;ire
prepared to furuish House and IJarn Bills c • n. 1.- e.

All kinds of Manufactured Feucing, &c., niikiug a speci-
alty of supplj-iug the agricultural commuuity. We will
make prices delivered to auy Railroad Statiou. All our
material guara.ileert as represented. All manufactured
work kiln-dried aud warranted not to shrink. All inquiries
cheerfuU,v answered.

One of the firm cau be seeu at the Franklin House, North
Queeu Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Monday of each week.

KENDIG, BRICKER & LAUMAN,

7_4_piuiJ Middletown Dauphin CO., Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

o)

§

Co"

/i

- • W^

F. 0. STURGIS,

620,522,4 524,
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDTS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

EstiiatesFflrnisliefl

And all information con-
cerning the business
cheerfully given.

AGENTS FOR THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &c., &c.

We have the largest stock of general Hardware in the
State, and our prices are as low and terms as liberal as can
bo found elsewhere. 7-3-6m

9j 7j «^^i^..ij ^ f.r,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.
235 E.AST ORANGE ST.

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THE LANCASTER FARMER.

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The Only Place in Town for Cheap Soap.
HERMAN MILLERS

STEAM SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS,

42 EAST SIH3 ST. rictor7-S0TITH WATEE ST.

Keeps constantly on hand a good assortment of

SOAPS OF ALL KINDS.

Tallow and Fat taken m exchange at the highest mar-
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7-l-l>m LANCASTER, PA.

The Lancaster Farmer

Prof. S. S. EATHVOr, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., JUNE, 1875.

Vol. YTL No. 6.

THE STRIPED APPLE TREE BORER.

{Sitptfchl cuiuUthl.)

No subject of the insect realm li.is lipeii
more injurious to the Iioallli of the apple, the
pear and the (luincc trees than the indiviihial
illustrated in its various conditions in this
jiaper ; and no time could l)e more ai)propriate
than the present to guard the trees it infests
against its approaches.

By tlie time this numlier of the FAnsfEn gets
into the liands of our read-
ers tlie* "strijied apple tree
horer " will be coming foitli
from tlie trees in wliich it
was bred, in th(^ perfect
form (as in<licated bj^ ligure
(•,) and if we can ell'ectuallj'
prevent tlio females from de-
l>ositing their eggs at the
base of the trees, from the
middle of .June until the
middle of August, we shall
have accom|)lished all that
is nece.ssary to preroit the insect from perjietu-
ating its species, and when that end is secured
the battle is nearly won.

Of course the evolution of this insect from the
pupil form (as exhibited by figure 6,) does not
occur uuiformly at the same preci;if: period in
all localities, nor yet in even the same locality;
because it is influenced in its development by
the teni()eratur(( of the weather— either later
or earlier — as this is favorable or unfavorable.
But, within a month after its appearance as a
beetle, the females become fertilized, and
begin to deposit their eggs at the base of the
trees, where all the conditions favorable to
their incubation exist.

In from live to ten days after the eggs are
dejiosited tliey arc hatclied, and the young
grub, or larva, immediately penetrates the
))a.se of the tree at some tender spot favoralile
to that oiieration, and it is then so small that
th(^ ajierture it makes is soon closed up by
natural growth, and the larva for a whole year
may be found liurrowinginmiediately beneath
tlie liark, mainly in an upward direction ; but
the second year it iicnetrates the wood, and the
third year it goes in .still deeper. (Fig. d is a
cross section of a ipiince tree, which exhibits
the different positions of the larva at these
periods.) At the end of the third year the
larva matures, and is then a whitish, fatty
grul), (as seen at Fig. «,) and cuts ;i h.irizontal
gallery out towards the
bark, and there changes to
upiiipa, (Fig. 6,) and awaits
the period of its final de-
velopment into a beetle,
when it cuts its way out
througli the hark, (Fig. c.)
It is then whitish beneath.
and striped with light
brown and whiter above,
and the females are about
the size repre.sented in the
figure, but the males arc
less roljust— indeed both sexes vary consid-
erably in size. When ii tree is very large
a few ofthe.se "borers " in it would not injure
it very materially, although they would ndt do
it any good. But in young trees, for whU-h
they .seem to have a partialitv, they are ex-
ceedingly hurtful, and often entirely destroy
*K Y^g native food-plant of tins insect is

them.

said to have been the Hawthorn; and, indeed,
we made onr first collections of them on Haw-
thorn hedges many years ago, and long before
we knew they infested domestic trees. But they
now seem to prefer the young apple, pear and
quince, iis a more toothsome wood than the
Hawthorn.

'In Ibe larva or worm statu, ttiiii Insect, by way of dls-
tiUKuiKliiiin fromaapccifB of similar UabitB, is callcU the
" Buuud-beaded Apple-tree Borer."

AVe liave designated this as the '' stripid
apple (lee borer," ill order to dislingiiish it
irom several other borers which infest'^the aji-
ple tree; and yet it is a common thing to hear
l>eopl,. talk about, and even »ir/(t'"al)out—
not only "Tlie Tree liorer," but also "The
apple tree borer "—this insect, just for all the
world as if there was but onk spi^eies that in-
fested the apple, or anv other tree. From
what we have written above, aided l>y the il-
lustrations ((, h, c and </, we think our readers
will be able to form a pretty correct (■oncep-
tioii of the insect we mean, and also to recog-
nize it when they see it. And now, a few
words about

THE liEMKDY,

if, indeed, it can be truly .said that the remedy
has been yet dis(!overed.

If the reader has been attentive thus far,
h(^ will have jicrceived that the surest, cheap-
est and least dangerous reinedv to the patient
in preniUion, and being instructed in reference
to the season of the year when the insects are
abroad in their fertile state, and the time and
place when and where they deposit their
eggs, he m:iy also be able to learn how and
where to ajijily this remedy at least. Almost
any obstruction which niav prevent the female
beetles from approaching the b;ise of the trees
will answer the purpose, if
it is applied in time, and
continued long enough, say
from the l.",i'h of May, or
1st of .June, to the l.'ith of
September. (AVe have taken
the insect on the Hawthorn
as kite as the l:>tli of Au-
gust. ) Old rags, old ropes,
tow, wood, paper, oilcloth,
tin, or old jiieces of sheet-
iron, closely applied to the
° base of the tree and con-

tinued from 12 to 18 inches up the trunk, will
answer the imrpo.se.

If this remedy is applied the present season
on or shortly after the middle of June, it will
be in time enough to circumvent the enemy.
About the ba.se of the .application earth should
be heaped, but it should not be continued ui)
against the trunk, for this only shifts the field
of operation from the real ba.se to a temporary
ba.se a few inches aliove ; for these insects
usually deposit their eggs at or a little below
the surface of the earth, unless the base of the
tree is surrouniled by rank grass or weeds
For incubation they require moderate heat
and moisture, hut not a hot sun, which would
"dry them up" before they hatched. But
the top of the applit'ation should fit close
around the trunk, so that the insects cannot
make an entrance imder or behind it. !=!ome
peo))le dig away the earth from the roots of
the trees, and leave them exposed for weeks
or months; but if this does any good, it is
through that clr>w(/ht which destrovs the
vitality of the egg.s, or the young griibs, be
fore they can penetrate the" bark. This is,
however, mostly done only when it is dLscoyl
cred that the trees are infested, and then it is
too late to do any good, and may do injury.
Api>licationsof lime, wood-a.shes. gas-lime, de-
coctions of carbolic soap, tobacco, and other
substances, are applied to the base or the roots
of the trees, and, if .applied just at the right
time, may repel the insects or kill their eggs,
but can have no effect iiiion the borers safely
lodged within the trunk of the trees. In
young trees with a smooth bark, and during
the first year of the borer's jirogress, the ex'^
ternal surface will indicate the locality of their
internal ojierations in most ca.ses.

If an incision is made at such jilaces where
the trees seem to 1k' siKlering, the l)orers may
l)e dislodged. We have on many occasitms cut
out dozens of them fully half an inch in length

— four (ir live sometimes in a single tree, al-
iiHjst girdling it.

After thi'V penetrate deeper into the wood,
it is difiiciilt to dislodge
them, the lower jiortioii of
their chaniH'ls Ix'ing closei
up with their granular,
woody excretions ; hut even
then? they may Im- reached
witli a long, ticxible steel
wire, with a barbed point,
and either drawn out or
crushed to death in their
cells. The "Striped Apple-Tree Borer"
is seldom found higher than two feet from
the ground. We have seen them issue
from a quince tree at alMiiit the maxiniuiii
We have named, and in some in.stances
they may go higher, but usually they are
lower. Under any circum.stances precc niton.
is better than any cure in which the lacera-
tion of the trees is involved ; therefore we
would admonish apple, jicar and quince grow-
ers to lie particularly watchful of their trees
during the mouths of June and .Inly. Of
course, they should also kill all the beetles
they may find, and make a note of the dates
of such finding. Without such a rec'ord. they
will be ajit to forget when or where they .saw
"such and such" an in.Si'ct, and what it was
doing for a living— whether it was in the
.sjiring or in tlu; fall. .So al.so in regard to
remedies. There may be others even better
than tlio.se we have suggested ; and no iiersons
have better opiiortunities of discovering these,
and testing them practically, than those who
are daily on the ground in pursuit of their
secular occupations.

POTATO BEETLES.

Piitato-htdJiiif Why, we noticed potato-l>ee-
tles in Lancaster county .as early as the suiu-
iner of ls:!7— and strii)ed ones at that — but for
aught we know to the contrary, they mav have
l)eeii here at a much earlier i>eriod. We had no
more idea then of becoming an entomological
student than we had of becoming a mission-
.ary to the Fiji Lslands, but these strijied
potato-beetles were so numerous that season —
and alsoa beautiful red long-horned lieetle with
black .spots {Titfdopos t'lmiUor) on the wild
cotton {Asrhjxiix), that we could not help
having our attention drawn to them, and col-
lecting a bottle full of them, which we kept in
alcohol for .several yt\irs, although onr special-
ly then was mineralogy, and incidentally
Ornithology and Ilerpetolgy.

But although atripfd, Miey of course were
not the "Colorado jiotato-beetle," nor no very
near relation to them : moreover, they did not
by any means coiitine themselves-
to the potato i)lant, nor to plants
of that particular family, but
whatever they did infest, they
.stripped entirely of its foilage in
a very short sjiaee of time. These
beetles. We sub.se(iiiently learned,
belonged to the family C'(mthiirid<r
— the same family to which the
"Spanish-tly" or '"'Blister beetle" f«J- 1
belongs. Fig. 1 represents this beetle, and
it will readily be .seen th.at in form it differs
materially from the Colorado beetle, although
it does not differ so much in color. Its habits
are also dirtt'rent; moreover, its larva does not
feed on the tojis of the potato, nor on the tops
of any plant we know of, and therefore little
is known of the habits of the larvn;.

Five years later than the year lft37, we
became more familiar with this striiied
potato-beetle and its three cogeners in Uie
county of I.ancjuster, and we have seen all of
them feeding on the tops of the i>otato, in
their mature beetle state; but although many

82

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

years have passed since then, we cannot say
that we have ever recognized the Garret of either
of them. We have also seen them feeding on
tomato and various species of common wild
plants, especially the "Golden Rod" (Solkla-
go and the " Wild Indigo," (Baptisia tinctoria.)
The history of one is the history of all
of them, although Figs. 1 and 4 are most
frequently found in Lancaster county. They
have been referred to different genera by dif-
ferent authors, (Cuntharis, Epicauta ct Lytta)
but the last named, of Fabhicius, has been
most generally adopted, and seems to have
priority.

We may possibly have seen the larvm of
these insects, but we have never identified
them as such, and considermg the vast numbers
that sometimes occur in the potato fields of
Maryland and Virginia, the lanxK
in some of their stages of develop-
ment must be quite as abundant
smnewhere; but where, or on what
they feed, or of their transforma-
tions— except that they are under
//■■\\ ground, and feed on the roots of
' I mi J vegetation— the published accounts
/ A are contradictory and unsatisfac-

/ \ tory. Some of the allied species —

Fig. 3 ^i^j. u Qii beetles " for instance, are
parasitic on certain species of bees, or feed on
their "bread," and have a very extraordinary
history, transformation and progressive devel-
opment, and are ditiicult to observe.

According to Latreille, the lurvce of the
"Spanish fly" reside underground, and feed
upon the roots of vegetables, and are produced
from a mass of agglutinated eggs deposited
there by the female. "They have the body
soft and of a yellowish white, composed of
thirteen segments, with two short filiform
antenn®, and six short scaly feet," and infer-
entially, our species of " blister-beetles, " or
"potato-beetle," — as we may choose to call
them — may approximate to the foreign species
in habits and form.

Wherever they may pass the larval pgriod,
or on whatever they may feed, they usually
appear suddenly in the midsummer in the
perfect state, and remain throughout August
and September. However greedily they may
be feeding on vegetation, when disturbed they
all have the habit of releasing their hold,
drawing in the feet, and falling to the ground
and we have often been surprised at the dex-
terity with which they are capable of hiding
themselves. As we stated on page 34, col. 2,
Feb. number of The Farmer, the blistering
properties of these beetles are as strong, or
nearly as strong, in our species as they are
in the Spanish-fly, and this fact may suggest
what ought ultimately to be done with them
if they should greatly and destructively in-
crease in numbers in tliis country. They are
rather pretty insects, but emit an unpleasant
odor, and moreover, are so copious in their
excretions, that they mar their own beauty
as well as the beauty of any other insects

time on the same potato vines, or other plants.

Fig. 2 is the "Margined Potato-Beetle,"
(Lytta mnrcjinata) the general color of which,
above, is black with the wing-covers margined
with ash-gray. Itisalsothesameash-gray color
on the under side. This species does not
usually occur as frequently nor as abundantly
as No. 1. The cut is of about the natural size,
but there is also a sexual and incidental dif-
ference in the size of this species.

Fig. 3 is the "Ash-gray Potato-Beetle,"
[Lytta cinerea) the whole insect being uni-
formly of the same ash-gray color. It is not
quite as large as it is represented in the cut,
the straight line on the right side representing
the true size, d represents the difference in the
antenna; of the sexes 3 the male and ? the
female. Although we have found this species
feeding on the potato vines, yet it does not
occur as abundantly as the stripted or margined
si)ecies, nor is it so frequently found on the
potato vines.

Fig. 4 represents the "Black-i-at potato-
beetle " (Lytta murina), which, according to
Riley and Walch, is the species that feeds on
the potato vines, and we saw it so occupied
last sunmier, but must have mistaken it for
another species. It is entirely black, and we
have seen it as large, or nearly so, as the cut ;
but it is more frequently found the size of the
straight line on the right side of tlie figure.
We have a smaller silky-black species in Lan-
caster county (Lytta atrtita), which occurs on
the Golden Rod and other (ilants more abun-
dantly than any of the foregoing species, and
which has four raised lines on the wing-covers,
and has the antenna, as shown a.t c $ male,
9 female. This sjiecies is not only smaller
than any of the others, but it is also more
pointed at the hind end of the body, and the
wing-covers are also more convoluted.

The last two insects are, however, so nearly
alike that, without a minute examination,
they are almost certain to be confounded. We
have called these insects potato-beetles, simply
because our subject has . been the enemies of
the potato plant, but more properly they
should be called Blister-heetles, which they
really are; and although they have been very
destructive in latitudes farther south, they
have not been so in any marked degree in
Lancaster county. They have been success-
fully destroyed by placing dry straw or hay
between the jwtato rows, and setting it on
fire. This is said to kill the beetles, and yet
not of much injuiy to the plant.

We will continue the subject in our next
number. In the meantime our readers may
perceive hfiw indefinite it is to talk of the
potato-beetle.

that are confined with them, in an incredibly
short space of time.

Fig. 1 illustrates the "Striped Potato-
beetle," (Lytta vittnta) and is sufficiently dis-
tinguishable from the "ten-lined" or Colorado
beetle, to be recognized without a lengthy de-
scription. They differ very much in size,
although the largest of them are scarcely as
broad as the cut, excejit in the impregnated
females. The colors of this insect are yellow
and black, hut the lines on the wing covers
ar^ not imiformly the same in all the speci-
mens. In some tliere arc ticoand others three
black lines on each of the wing covers, and
the two varieties are often found at the same

INSECTS, NOXIOUS AND BENEFICIAL.

We are under obligations to Prof. Riley for
a comi)limeutary copy of his seventh valuable
contribution to the economic entomological
literature of the country.* It hardly expresses
its quality to call it a pampldet, it is ratlier an
octavo volume of 200 pages in paper covers,
and treats mainly of half a dozen of the most
destructive species of insects with which any
country could possibly l)e afflicted ; namely,
the "Colorado potato beetle," (Doryphora 10-
lineata,) the "Chinch Bug," (Micrnpualeucop-
terua,) the "Flat-headed apple-tree borer,"
(Ckryfioleothris femorata,) the "Canker
Worms," (Anisopteryx vernata et poimtaria,)
the "Grape Phyllo,Kera," (PUylloMra vasta-
tria\ ) and the "Rocky Mountain Grasshopper, "
(Caloplemui spretus,) with 311 characteristic il-
lustrations, and many more figures ; on all of
which the liistorical and descriptive details
are so elaborate as to occupy the whole volume.

The great loss to the country during the
year 1874 in fiirm, orchard and garden pro-
ducts, from the depredations of these insects
alone, is sueli as to amount to many millions
of dollars; and, yet, there are many wiseacres
in tlie halls of State and National legislation,
who woukl permit these millions of tribute to

•'^Sevrnth Annual Report on tlie Noxioup, Deueficial,
and other IiisGcla of the State of Missouri. By Charles V.
Kiley, State Entomologist. 1876."

he visited upon the people without appropri-
ating a single shilling for defence.

If there is any one fact more strongly and
distinctly brought out through Prof. Riley's
inquiries, as detailed in his able report, it is
the one with which we have been forcibly im-
])ressed for many years, and that is, even when
valuable reports are published by State or Na-
tional governments, they do not get into the
possession of the people who most need them,
and for whom they are ostensibly intended.
We have seen the most magnificent public
documents in the hands of those who had no
manner of use for them, never read them, and
who had little more conception of their utility
than a bear has of a watch. We have also
seen the shelves of second-hand book stands
teeming with them, a year or two after their
issue, but verj' few in the hands of our farm-
ers, fruit-growers and gardeners. Even if it
were true that our agricultural population do
not read as much upon these subjects as they
should do, when they have the opportunity, •
there is still no justification in depriving them
of that opportunity when a contingency super-
venes.

There should be at least one library of
practical agricultural, entomological and
chemical works in every rural town or
township of the whole country, under the
supervision of proper townshij) officers, as
the depositories of State, National and
other documents, in duplication, and as a
resort for farmers to obtain the latest and best
information on all subjects relating to their
occupations; or to obtain books on a limited
loan; and there is where State and National
governments should deposit such documents,
and not merely in the hands of State legisla-
tors or members of Congress, who mainly dis-
tribute them among their political friends.

Of course, there are many honorable excep-
tions ; but, judging from what we have seen,
and from the complaints often made, we are
convinced that the present distribution of
])ublic documents is sadly in need of a thorough
reform. Even if it could be demonstrated
that those who dispose of them to book-deal-
ers are, or have been, recipients from public
officers, it only proves that the documents got
into the wrong hands, and that a proper dis-
crimination had not yet been made.

But, to return to the matter of this report,
we would like to place more of it before our
readers than we possibly can in our present
number. The publication of such a report
itself speaks well for the liberality of the Leg-
islature and State Board of Agriculture of
Missouri. We wish we could say as much in
behalf of the "powers that be" of the State
of Pennsylvania ; it would help to maintain
her dignity as the "Key-stone" of the "Fed-
eral Arch."

The few insects -whose "doings" in the '
State of Missouri and the Northwest Prof. R.
jiortrays, form a fearful phalanx of destruction,
and, when combined in one season, they leave
little for the farmer to gather from the soil,
and are sure to leave distress and suffering —
if not absolute famine — in their wake. Tlie
Colorado beetle we have here among us now,
and there is no reason why we may not have
some of the others.

In regard to the precautionary measures of
our English and Continental friends, the re-
port reiterates what we stated to an English
correspondent two years ago, to the effect
that, if the beetle reached their shores, it
would not be through the importation of po-
tatoes from America, and that it was likely to
get there whether they imported them or not,
unless they adopted measures involving abso-
lute non-intercourse. This spring these bee-
tles issued from cellars in the city of Lancas-
ter, where they had taken up their winter
quarters last fall, and we have crushed them
under our feet on the pavements. Having
now reached the seaboard, they will pass their
hybernating period in lumber-yards and ware-
houses, or any other convenient places, and
may be transported in the cargoes of sailing
or steaming vessels, just as they were brought
into the county of Lancaster at least three

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

83

yeare before they could have rciU'hed here l)y
tlioir ordinary protircss tliroiii;li the Western
Slates; therefore, ^'Jahniii/ JiuU, hcicarcl"

NotwUhstaiurinj; the learned "hulplmh"
made alioiit the poisonous elTei^ls of i'un'.s
(Incn during the past ywir — lis rejiorted in-
jury to the soil, the tuliera, the jilanls, and
the users of it— the previous ten years of prac-
tical experience among the western farnu is,
leaves their confidenee in it as the hesl remedy
yet discovered, iierfectly intact. Of course; it
must l)e used judiciously, for no one denies that
it is a rank jwison, au"d if it were anytlnng
less, you might as well attempt to "choke a
dog with butter," its to destroy potato beetles
by au artilicial application of any kind.

The ''Chinch-bug " is the next in order, and
its habits and "doings" cover a large space
in the report. On some future occasion we
will give a history and illustrations of this
"naughty bug," .simply liecause we don't ex-
actly see why we may not ultimately have this
insect in Lanciuster county, seeing that we
have many others of the same order, that are
allied to it in habits and general ap])earance.
We need now only admonish our farmers that
a little insect without jaws, and "less than
three-tenths of an inch in length," was so nu-
merous iu Missouri, during the summer of
1S74, as to cause a loss of nincteoi hiilUons iif
(hiUnrs to the agricultural wealth of the State,
and that this injury has l)een sustained by the
wheat, com, and oat crops alone. Dry weather
and loose upland soils are favorable to the
propagation and development of this insect,
whilst low lands, wet weather, and compact
soils are fatal to it. Although artificial and
natural remedies have a tendency to diminish
its numbers, there are none more effective
than cold, continuous rains.

The "Flat-headed apple-tree borer"— so
called to distinguish it from the "Round-
headed apple-tree borer," illustrated and
dascribed in this number of The Faumeu
— was »ery destructive to the apple-trees
during 1S74 in the State of Missouri. We are
in i>ossessioii of illustrations of this insect,
and will publish a history of it in a future
number of The Faumeii, V)ecau.se we have
been cognizant of its existence in the county
of l^ancaster for more than thirty years.

Prof. Kiley also pays his compliments to two
prominent siwcies of "Canker-worms," which
devastate i\w foliaije of apple trees in Missouri,
and we have these also in our county. We will
also illustrate the history of these insects in
due time.

The "Grape Phylloxera" — the gall form
of which we have noticed in the county for
the i)ast ten years — is also treated ably and at
. length. The French government has increased
its premium to thni- huiulral tlioi(.'<aud francs
for a sure remedy against the depredations of
this minute, and almost invisible to the naked
eye, insect. From all the ol)sei"vatious and
investigation made, it seems clear that the
root and leaf insects are identical, and as we
know we have the latter, we may infer that we
have also the former.

The paper on this subject is very long, but
very interesting and useful. AVc will refer to
it again, but it may be neces.saryto say before
we close, that among the most efliictive reme-
dies has been the submergence of the soil,
where it is practicable.

The chief counteracting reliance, however,
is placed in yraftiny — grafting on stock not
su.sceptible to the root attacks of the enemy.
Concord, for this purpose, is regarded as A,
No. 1, and accordingly it is estimated by com-
petent authority that the importation of cut-
tings from America into France, during 1874-
75, will amount to ten millions of this variety
alone.

The injury to the grape crops in France
alone has amounted to Jifti/ millionf: of (hillars,
and it is rapidly spreading over the continent.
In the United States, east of the llocky
Mountains, this insect has been recognized iu
Kansas, low'a, Illinois, Mi.s.souri, Michigan,
Ontario, Xew York, New Jersev, Pennsyl-
vaiua, Maryland, Cinniecticut, tiistrict of
Columbia, jforth Carolina, Texas, Florida,

and elsewhere. No doubt grapes in this coun-
try have often been injnrecl by these insects,
and the effects referred to other causes.

The " Locust," or " Kocky Mountain (Iras.s-
hopjier, " has c.aused a vast deal more distress
and sulTering than all the others, ])erhai)s, com-
bined. From the very peculiar constitutional
character of this insect we hardly think it will
ever infest Lanciuster county ; neverlhcless,
on this suhji'ct we shall have more to say heri'-
after, for we have a si>ecies very nearly allied
to it, and which sometimes is very destructive.

INSECT FERTILIZATION AND
HYBRIDS.

My neighbor, Mr. (Jeorge Ilensel, showed
me a line specimen of the Kocky Mountain
Columbiiu% which has very long spurs to its
nectaries, each of which was slit ojicn by bets
to get at the honey. This course is out of order,
so with those that make a hole in the side of
the calyx tube. The regular way is to enter
the rtower cup, and thereby get the polU^n
scattered to be conveyed to the pistil or glutin-
ous stigmasof other ll<nvers or plants to [imducc;
fertilization, as now claimed to be one of tlie
othces spe(Mally delegated to the insi-ct tribe,
while the majority of bees actually do conline
themselves to the proper functions in collect-
ing honey and pollen in the regular way. Cer-
tain individual bees persist in taking a short
cut, as if they witc more knowing or more
reckless — seeking to gratify them.selves, with-
out regard to any benefit to the llower; nay,
indeed, rather damaging tlu; flower they rob.

Darwin, on cross-fertilization, has brought
many facts to light, giving quite a large list
of plants that seem to avoid self-fertilization.
According to his theory, all plants with con-
spicuously colored flowers, or powerful odors,
or honeyeil .secretions, are fertilized by insects;
all with inconspicuous flowers, and especially
such as have pendulous anthers, t>r incoherent
pollen, are fertilized by the wind. Whence he
infers that, before honey-feeding insects ex-
isted, the vegetatiim of our globe could not
have been ornamented with bright-colored
flowers, but consisted of such plants as i)ines,
oaks, grasses, nettles, etc. It is stated, by Mr.
T. H. Farrer, that the parts of the flower of
the scarlet-runner are so arranged that a bee,
alighting on it in search of honey, of necessity
shakes any pollen off his proboscis on to the
stigma; while, at the same lime, his proboscis,
as he withdraws it, is covered with the jiollen
of this flower, and is thus prepared to fertilize
another.

In Lobelia, the parts are so arranged that the
pollen is ejected, in small quantities at a time,
on to the exact s|)ot of the back of the visiting
bee on which it should be placed to be carried
to the stigma of another llower, the stigma be-
ing so arranged that, at the next llower visited
by till' bee, it sweeps off the previously acquired
pollen. Thus we Hud, Iiy actual observation,
that insects have an otlice to perform, and do
not rob plants without some compensation.
Farmers on the l)anks of the Rhine rei)orted,
years ago, that the orchards in which bees are
reared are more productive thanthose in which
there are none. The use of insects in fertili-
zing the fig, called "caprification, " was thought
e.s.sential in the times of Aristotle, as he, Theo-
phrastes and Pliny speak of it. Rurdach sup-
poses certain ins<'cls assigned to certain plants,
and experiments made by covering a itlant
with gauze to prevent ins(k-ts to alight, while
another of the same stood in the open air,
where it was visited by insects, had all its flow-
ers fecundated, while the covered i>lant pro-
duced no fruit. This exiieriment was made by
the celebrated Willdenow, on the AristQlochia
(Jleniatifi.

Every farmer knows that red and yellow-
Indian corn will mix naturally; this is a spe-
cies of hvViridity.

I mayhere introduce the remark of tlie late
S. G. Morton, of Pliiladelphia, in a work pub-
lished by him, in which he says: "Hybridity,
whether in plants or animals, has been singu-
larly neglected by naturalists. It has general-
ly been regarded as a unit, whereas its facts

are a.s susceptible of cla.ssification as any other
series of physiological phenomena. Ilence I
have proposed four degrees of hybridity. Tlie
fimt (hyrcc is that in which the hybrids never
reproduce ; in other woi'ds, where the mixed
progeny begins and ends with the lii-st cros.s.
TItc ficond dujrtc is that in which the hybrids
are incapable of reproilucing, iiil(rsi (tliat is,
among llieniselves), but multiply by union
with the l)arent st(«'k. Tin tliiril dri/rn: is
that in which animals of unipiestioiiably dis-
tinct species product' a priigeny which is pro-
lific i)Uer se, {among themselves). The fnnrth
degree is that which takes place between
clo.sely proximate 8|)ecies- among mankind,
for exampUt, ami among those domestic ani-
mals most essential to their wants and happi-
ness."

M. IIooilH'nk's ])rocess for facilitating the
fertilization of iilants may bi' new to some.
The iirocess consists in touching fhi' stigma
of the llower, just before it hloonis, with a
liencil dipped in honey; or, better still, with
honey mingled with the pollen of the jilaiit
which is being operated on. The process has
succeeded admirably, it is stati'd, on fruit
trees, and even on certain i>articular branches
of trees which had never borne. On the por-
tions thus treated fruit formed in natural
course, while other parts remained in their
normal condition. The effect may be ex-
plained by supposing that the honey retains
the pollen grains on the stigma, and thus
favors the fonuation of the indispens;ible pol-
len tubes."

Science has demonstrated, bv the use of the
microscope, that when pollen 1ias fallen upon
the stigma, and is retained by the hairs or
gluten on the surface, a pollen tube is emitted,
apparently owing to eiKhisinotic action lie-
tween the fluid exudation from the stigma and
the contents of the pollen cell, which latter
bursts and sets free the inner lining of the
cell in the form of a cylimlrical tube. This
tube passes down between the cells of the
style, lengthening out till it athust reaches the
ovules in the cavity of the ovary. This
lengthening was at one time thought to be
merely extension, but is now supposed to l>e
due to actual interstitial growth. Having ar-
rived hei-e, the pollen tube entei-s the foramen
at the top of the ovule left by the imiH-rfect
closing of its investments, anil thus conies in
contact with the nucleus and embryosac. In
this sack there are at the to)) some minute
vesicles, called the genninal vesicles, one, or
sometimes two of which, under conta(;t,
lengthen out into a slender cellular thread,
and at one end of this thread is the embryo
plant, as explained in the Life of a Seed, by
Maxwell T. Masters, M. IX

As regards hybrids, nnich of interest might
be mentioncil i'roni tlie experiments of Ko'l-
reuter, Naudin, Hunter, etc. Experiments
alone can determine the amount of affinity
lieyond which fertilization is impracticable;
Imt at i)resent it .seems to be restricted to jn-
dividuals belonging to genera of the same
natural group.

The tendency of the natural phenomena re-
lating to liybridity is to ]irevent its taking
place, and, when it has occurred, to arrest the
propagation of varieties so produced, and to
limit their generative powers so as to admit
only a reversion to the original siiecific forms.

It would seem that in most cases the fertili-
zing jiartieles had a si>ecifie power over the
ova derived from the same si)ecies, or W(;re
attr-.u'ted by them in a peculiar manner. It is
true a few exceptional cases are cited, but the
general rule is. that individuals of dilTerent
species donot voluntarily hybridize. The .sala-
cious marc must Ix? blindfolded, or she will
not receive the a.ss to produce the most com-
mon and useful of hybrids, being termed, par
excellince. the mule. This, however, establishes
the rule of infertility of hybrids from dilferent
species, and is evidi'iitlv an artificial and yet
natural result. To conclude, the most suc-
cessful mode of obtaining good and very dis-
tinct varieties in plants, is to employ the pollen
from a male flower grown on another plant
than that tearing the female parent. To avoid

84

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

previous and undesigned iinpreg:nation, the
autliers in tlie female parent, if they are pro-
duced in the same tiower with the pistils, must
be removed by a shaqi-pointed pair of scissors,
and the tiower inclosed in a gauze bag to ex-
clude insects, until the desired pollen is ripe.
Another etiectual mode of avoiding unde-
siiined impregnation, is bringing the femaie
parent into flower a little earlier than its con-
geners, and removing the anthers as above
described: the stigma will remain a long time
vigorous if unimpregnated. When double
flowers are desired, if a double flower should
chance to have a fertile anther or two, these
should be employed for fertilization, as their
offspring are almost sure to be very double.

Those who make it their business to grow
new sorts and varieties for sale, may not thank
me for showing how the thing is done, but our
farmers' daugliters can experiment, and try
their canny hand as well; all know of it, but,
perhaps, many not exactly how it is done.
These may be benefited, while no one will suf-
fer by the knowledge.— Jacob Stauffer,
Lancaster, Pa.

MUSHROOMS— MORELS--TRUFFLES.

(^Aqaricns^ Morcheila et Tuber.)
In Vick's Fhral Guide for 1875, p. 170,
under the head of "Mushrooms," is the result
of a corresi)ondence on this subject, assisted
by a very fine illu.stiation, but which, never-
theless, seems to us very indeflnite and un-
satisfactory, notwithstanding an appeal was
made to one "who dispenses the great knowl-
edge he possesses with a generous hand."

It is true, it is not always safe to venture a
specific name for a thing we have never seen,
even when accompanied
by a description and a
drawing, but we are some-
what sm'prised to learn
that Mr. ViCK should
"know of no variety of the
Mushroom resembling the
dgure," in this country^
(if the figure is correct,)
and that Mr. Faklow con-
fesses that it "does not
look like any fungus he ever saw."

We have lieen a citizen of Lancaster city for
more than twenty-six years, and during all
that time scarcely a summer has passed that
a species of Mushroom — under the " Pennsyl-
vania Dutch " name of " Mauricles " — has not
been sold in this market, and the illustration
above given is a tolerably good representation
of it.

We have not purchased, nor, indeed, seen
any of them for half a dozen years, simply
because, in the first place, we never get into
market early enough to secure them; and, in
the second place, they are too expensive ; but,
so far as we can recall them, they were not as
wide at the base of the cone, and had a longer
stem than Vick's illustration, something be-
tween the Morchclla escidentu and the hybrida
of England and the continent of Europe —
perhaps a ditterent species only. Doubtless
the German name, " Mauricle," and the Eng-
lish name, "Morel," are corruptions of the
technical name Morchclla. We must not forget
to say, however, that our Morels or Mauricles
cannot be said to be yellow, but we have seen
analagous species, with a very long stem, that
were a very bright yellow in color, which,
without knowing positively anything about
their qualities, we always regarded as poison-
ous. Our edible species are of a dull clay
cohir, and get darker by cooking, but we have
never seen them .scientifically figured and de-
scribed. They may be the Lycapodon gemma-
tum referred to by Mr. Fallow, but in the
absence of a figure or deseription of that spe-
cies we are unalile to detei-mine. Under any
cu'curastanccs they are not so veiy far from
the illustration in Vick that we would feel
justified in saying we had never seen any
fungus like it. If we arc not very much mis-
taken our Mauricles are brought up to market
from the southern portion of Lancaster county,
§,nd we know that some of our citizens have

collected them in the Conestoga valley south
of the city; and we also know that they are
finely flavored and of a very delicious and
edible character.

Of course, in favorable seasons, we have the
common edible Mushroom (^(?arJO«,s,) in Lan-
caster county as jilentitully as elsewhere, but
no attemjit has yet been made, to our knowl-
edge, at their artificial culture.

As to Truffles, [Tuber,) the assertion that
we have them in the United States, perhaps,
needs a more explicit confirmation before it
will be credited ; but we have a faint, perhaps
a very faint, recollection of having dug up, or
seen "dug up, something of the kind, under an
"acorn tree," about fifty years ago, that had
the intensified fragrance of a Mushroom. But
having had no subsequent experience, nor hav-
ing seen anything in print corroborating the
notion that it wasa truffle; and, moreover, the
trees having been removed, and the land under
cultivation these many years, we had kind of
concluded that it must have been the bulbous
root of a large mushroom — for it was larger
than a walnut— and we probably would not
have referred to the subject had not Mr. Vick's
aged Indiana correspondent alluded to the
Tw'kahoes or Truffles of North Carolina.

If this subject illustrates any onethingmore
forcibly than another, it is the unsafety of re-
lying entirely upon the local, common names
of things. If the subscribers to the Farsier
refer to Vol. I, 1869, pp. 4, 71, 126 and 170,
they will find much to interest them on Edible
Fungi, and the modes of propagating and cul-
tivating them, shoidd they feel inclined to
embark therein.

THE FACTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

NO. 2.

" And robins 'neath the barn caves low,
Prepare their summer home."

When a local poetess wrote the foregoing
couplet, it elicited the strictures of a number of
critics, wlio very significantly asked — "What
kindofRowns?" and very confidently assert-
ed that although swallows and phoebe birds
might Iniild their nests under eaves, yet "robins
never do. " Such critics must certainly have
been mere "closet naturalists ;" and because
their liooks may have have recorded no in-
stance where robins have departed from their
normal habit in this respect, yet the instances
are very numerous in the domestic history of
these birds where they hai-e made such a de-
parture in a very marked degree, and have
built their nests not only in boxes, deserted
buildings, and elsewhere, but absolutely under
the caves of buildings.

As a rule, robins usually build their nests in
trees, selecting a fork where two or three
branches diverge, from ten to twenty feet from
the ground, as may be most convenient. The
foundation is usually made of sticks and mud,
and the inside finished with softer and more
plialile material. They also seem to prefer
apple trees, either from their proximity to
human habitations, or because they aflbrd a
more convenient support.

Doubtless there were robins in the county
of Lancaster long before there were any apple
trees in it, and of course all robins then were in
the habit of building their nests in other trees
than ai)ple, just as some of them still do.
The planting of apple trees was the beginning
of civilization and domestic improvement,
and the robin accommodated its habits to the
new state of things, just as the wren, the blue-
bird, the barn-owl, the jiigeon, and some other
birds have ; and there seems to be no definite
limit as to what some birds icotdd do or would not
do under certain circumstances. We recall
an instance of many years ago, where a pair
of robins "prepared their summer home" for
many successive seasons in a box-cornice,
"under the eaves," that had an opening in
the end, notwithstanding there was a cherry
tree standing near it, the upper limbs of which
were much higher than the cornice. ^Tow,
the birds may have reasoned thus: "These
cherries will ripen and be gathered before our
brood is fledged and able to take care of itself ;

therefore we will not subject it to the inva-
sions of wanton boyhood, when they come to
gather the cherries."

They were wise birds, although they fKf? de-
part from the theories laid down in books, as
to the nesting habits of the robin.

A year ago we had a robin which we ob-
tained the previous autumn and kept all win-
ter. In the spring we placed his cage in the
garden and opened it ; and although he daily
left it and scavenged the garden, appropriat-
ing all the bugs, slugs and worms, yet he
always returned to it in the evening. This
bird had contracted the domestic habit of
staying out later in the evening than birds
usually do ; but he would invariably resort to
his perch in the cage for repose, whether the
cage was left in the garden or brought into
the house to save him from marauding
cats. . . . Some weeks ago Rev. A. B.
Grosh published a short but interesting paper
in the columns of the Marietta Register, illus-
trating the departure of the robin from its
normal habits under the influencea of human
civilization, in which the foregoing experiences
have been corroborated, to which a Middle-
town correspondent in the same paper approv-
ingly responds in the following language :

A. B. G.'s defense of the Lancaster county girl
whose robin built its nest under the "barn eave*
low," can be substantiated by ocular demonstrationf
to the satisfaction of all would-be critics. A robin is
now brooding on her nest under the house eaves,
within arm-reach from an upper window of the house
in whicli we are now sitting. All that is required it
some projection under the eaves, to allow the rotiiu
to place its nest on, to warrant whole colonies of these
birds in building their nests under the house or " barn
eaves low." That Lancaster countj' girl evidently
knew what she was writing about, and her head is
perfectly " level " and well balanced.

To this we may add, that a pair of robins
have built a nest and are novc brooding under
the eaves of a three-story brick house (Mrs.
Breneman's), on the corner of Lime and Grant)
streets, in the city of Lancaster. In this case
the nest is on the square capping of the water
spout under the eaves.

If anything further were necessary, the fol-
lowing, from the correspondent of a local edi-
tor of the Lancaster Exijress, residing in Ger-
mantown, Pa., ought to be satisfactory :

From the third-story gable-window of my house can
now be seen on the eaves a rude mud and stick nest,
containing three young robins. There is also .another
nest similarly located on a neighlior's house.

The general impression is that robins prefer seclu-
sion for their nests ; and, although the season is very
backward, and deciduous trees are late in beiug
clothed with foliage, we have plenty of evergreen
trees here, which many birds (robins, too,) have
chosen for " nest-hiding."

These two instances, however, ought to be suffi-
cient to verify the point of Jane Grey's poem, the only
dilference being the eaves of a barn and house.

No doubt many similar cases could be re-
corded by those who reside in rural districts,
in villages, or in the suburl>s of larger towns
and cities, although such a thing might never
be witnessed by the inhabitants of the com-
pact, seven-storied structures of the city's cen-
tre, where all the apparent or real facts of
natural history are gathered from musty, and
often superannuated or obsolete, volumes. And
if any such observations are more worthy of
credit than othere, it appears to us they are
those made through a series of years by an in-
telligent woman. We may easily conceive
how an observant woman might take the ab-
normal character of a bird, whose habits she
had been noting for several seasons, for the
general characteristic of the species, and then
celebrate it in song, espeei;illy if it should
happen to be the only individual that had
come under her observation. Under any cir-
cumstances, a robin is more likely to t)uild its
nest under "the barn eaves low " — provided a
perch is there — than a swallow is. In our boy-
hood we tisually found more swallows' nests
high ui) under the comb of the roof of the
barn, than outside under the eaves. Birds,
like other animals, often adapt themselves to
the circumstances by which they are sur-
rounded, and make a wide departure fifmi
their normal habits. It certainly cannot be
classed among the normal habits of swallows,

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

85

tn tiiiilil Oii'ir nt'Sts in l)anis or diiiniioys, for
tlii'i'c must have bi'i'ii ii pciiod wlicii tliurn
wlti- iiiithiT liarns nor (.liinincvfi lo liniltl in;
tlicrcforu, to (jnole this liahit of swallows in a
jiocni, winild ho as threat a liccnso as thai in-
duljted in hy the authoress of the poetn ''■on
^lj)ci7," in rejiard to the rohin.

We do not justify the unlimited liberty of
introducing into poetry, under an assumed
lici'nse, any asstation that would not he al-
lowable in prose, as a fact in natural history
or any other department of literature — unless
it mijjht he in a fable or i)arable as a means of
moral illustration— and we go further, and
SugRCst that any allusion to the habits of the
animal world would m;dve the subject clearer
or less liable to criticism, if (niets were only
to make such statements as relate to the gen-
eral, or widely known, habits of the animals
they refer to ; but, at the same time, a spccilic
allusion to any object with which wc are fa-
miliar, although unknown to any one else, is
not fairly a subject of criticism until we have
ascertained that the matter lias no fact for its
foundation. A critic ought to know inorc
about the subject upon which he exercisi>s his
criticism th.an its originator or author ; other-
wise he only elicits a oux^cr-criticism, and
may likewise exhibit a greater amount of in-
competency than is agreeable to acknowledge,
if he does not make himself ridiculous.

We have written the foregoing only for the
purpose of showing how exceedingly artiticial
the habits of the animal world may become
imder the inlluences of human civilization,
and the changes which have been cllectcd in
the physical condition of the coimtry through
the progressive advances of improvement; and
iu)t for the purpose of vindicating any jiarticu-
lar ;/frsoii, or of lampooning unjust criticism.
There are various standpoints from which
the book of nature shovild be viewed before we
"are able to come to a just concdusion as to
what it really teaches, and it often happens
that those in humble life — if they are intelli-
gent and gifted with proper habits of observa-
tion— have greatly the advantage of those
l>ossessiug higher social and literary positions,
and who niaj' deem the investigations of nature
beneath the dignity of their calling. An il-
literate seaman may know more about the
prognostications of the weather thau a pro-
fessed meteorologist or astronomer.

OUR WHEAT TRADE.

The accumulation of the extraordinary stock
of live millions of Im.shels of wheat in Chicago
is, we Ijclieve, an unexampled phenomenon in
the history of the grain trade of this country.
.Now, that a "break" has at length been
reached in the prices at which wheat has l)een
held in the interior, there ought to be a brisk
revival in the shipments from this and other
ports, and prices ought to reach what may l)e
called their normal equilibrium. The grass-
hopper ".scare," which has been carefully
nursed for speculative piirjioscs, has lost any
further power to influence the market, and the
largely increased area of land under wheat in
liortheasteni Nebraska, in Kansas, and el.se-
where, joined to the most favorable reports of
the aiipearance of the croj) in these districts,
has convinced the majority of producers of the
folly of holding any longer for a rise.

The possibilities of our wheat exports during
the next three months can lie most correctly
lauged by a reference to the English demand,
ind to the extent to which it has already been
lupplied. For the harvest year beginning
vpt. 1, 1.^71, and ending .\ng. 31, IST"), it;
vas estimated by the best Knglish judges that
he demand would be •2'J,70(J,UOU quarters,
riie yield of the la.st wheat harvest of the
Cnilid Ivingdoni has been, with the nearest
attainable apiiroach to accuracy, set down at
1.'{,7UO,UOO q uarters. The inqiortation required
for the twelve months ending August .il, is
therefore niue millions of quarters, or seventy-
two millions of bushels. During the eight
months between September, 1874, and April
30, 187."), the United Kingdom had already re-
ceived nearly forty-six millions of bushels of

foreign wheat, leaving twenty-six millions of
bushels to l)e supplied during the four months
between May 1 and August .31. Of the forty-
six millions above noted, twenty-live and one-
half millions of bushels were ri'ceivcd during
the closing Com' months of the last year, and
twenty and one-half millions during the first
four months of this year.

The (luestioii which inmiediately interests
the wheat-growers of the United States is
what |)roi>ortionof the Ihitish demand is likely
to be drawn from this country. Of the twenty
and one-half millions of bushels of wheat im-
portc^d during the iiast four months of 1S7.),
nearly twelveandoue-half millions were drawn
from "the I'^nited States. Of the twenty-live
and a half millions imported during the last
four months of 1874, a somewhat larger pro-
portion was contributetl by this country, liut
taking the ratio maintained between .lanuary
and the end of April, our pro|)orlion of the
estimated British wheat imports up to the end
of August ought to be about sixteen millions
of bushels. The present stock of wheat in the
country "insight," as it is called, that is,
l)ractically on tlie market, is not less than ten
millions of bushels. In the face of a more ex-
tensive demand last year, stocks were alwut
two millions of bushels less.

Trustworthy estimates about the amount of
land under wheat this year in the United
Kingdom are not yet forthcoming. As the
acri'agc of 1874 was 3,833,0(10, or pretty near
the niaxinumi area of availabh; wheat land in
that country, the Briti.sh harvest of this year
cannot be perceptibly atl'ected by the increased
(luantity planted. The average yiehl per acre
of British wheat was, last year, thirty-one
bushels, or one and a lialf bushels above the
"standard average." As the average yield of
the la.st nine years has been one and a half
bushel below the stan<lard average, it may
fairly be expected that the total yield of 1875
will fall short of that of 1874. The increased
consumption conseipieut upon low prices must
also enter into the question of future demand.
Add to these considerations the fact that all
our rivals in the British wheat trade, are,
with the exception of Russia, pnvctically out
of the race. Even Russia, which used t() send
to England twice as much wheat as we did,
has, even under the stimulus of a superabun-
dant harvest, sent during the last eight mouths
but little over a third of the amount of o\ir
imports. While, therefore, the prospects of
our export wheat trade cannot lie called bril-
liant, they are certainly reassuring. Only,
l>roducers must make up their minds to a
pretty long peri(j<l of almost stationary i>rices,
while they may reasonably expect to tiiid .some
compensation in the increa.sed purcha.sing
power of their money. — Kcw York Ihnes.

SHORT HAY CROPS.
How Shall We Make Up for the Deficiency?

I suppo.se this is not the only section of
country alliieted by a short croj) of hay, and
not the only place where the cry is ami has
been, since the fore part of .June last. What
shall we do to supply the short cro]) ? And .as
your valuable paper is extensively circulated
among the fanning community, I will make a
good suggestion. I would .say to those that
are short of hay .at the time, to connnence at
once and feed grain of .some kind, and have it
ground. I have come to the conclusion, by
my own experience, that nine times out of
ten, by feedinga little grain, it is cheaper thau
hay. If you feed but one pint per day to each
animal, and (continue it until spring, you will
see good results. They do not require as
much hay or other fodder. They look a little
gaunt, but, when spring comes, they will shed
off their old coats of hair :is early, anil gene-
rally earlier, than those that have all the hay
they want to eat and no grain ; and you will
see that the cows that have had the meal all
winter will give a good tlow of milk. But wc
must devise some means or way to meet this
delicicncy in coming seasons, for we haveln^en
taught by bitter experience that we cannot
rely solely on our hay crop for wintering our

stock of cattle and horses. And now the qiie.s-
tion arises. What shall we substitute ? or, in
other Words, what shall we .sow or idarit intlio
s|)ring to take its jilace V In this neighbor-
hood are .sown coin and millet. I had a lew
acres of meadow liust sea.son that looked more
like pasture than meadow. I starteil the
plow in it on the IJlh of .June, and (itted it
thoroughly, aii<l sowed it on tlie IHth to mil-
let seed, at the rate of half a bushel per acre,
and rolled the ground so that I could cut it
with a mowing-machine. The latter part of
August I cut and cured it the sanie as you
would hay. I think it yiehh'd at le:iflt three
tons per ton ; and if I had lell it for the hay
cro|i, it would have Iwen thn'c acres [ler ton.
1 claim that thei-e is no fodiler that I'atth^ or
hoi-ses like as W(dl as millet, if it is cut in its
proper .sea.son and cured as it ought to be.
Tliere were other crops than mine grown in
this neighborhood with as good or better re-
sults; and there Were some that were sown
later, after they had mowud the ground, that
Were not ius good. 1 would advise those who
sow for fodder to sow as early as the middle of
June. After I had cut my "piece of millet, I
plowed it over and sowed it to wOieat. The
sod was thoroughly decomposed, and it made
a fine dressing for the winter wheat. I think
I shall take the same course this coming sea-
.son with other meadow'land, for it pays, and
that is whiit we farmers work for,. whether we,
get it or not. Then fit the ground good, and
sow from three to four bushels ])er acre. Some
sow Western and some State corn, and some
mix them. I think on strong soils State is
best ; on higher soils. Western. The best way
to harvest it is to cut it with your mowing
machine ; put it in good-sized heajis, and let
it stand in the field until you wish to use it.
There are some fiekls of it standing in heajis
at this time that are nicely cured, and are in
good condition. One would naturally think
that it would spoil, but they will l)e happily
dis;ii)pointcd w-ith the result.s if they try it. 1
liave seen some cut it with sickles or corn-
knives, and then bind it in small bundles.
This method requires a great de^il of lalxir. I
think it don't pay. — U. Smith Courtland, New
Y(frk.

UTILIZING THE GRASSHOPPER.

We knew very well tliat the iilili2atii>n of the (.'rnns-
hopper was only a question of lime ; wc an- ton far
advanced in eeicnce and civilization to he beaten hy a
bug as the ancient Egy|ilian6 were, and next year, if
the wefteni pest should be ae nnnieroue as last year,
we expect to see what was undoubtctlly a ealandty
tnrneil into a blepsiii;;. In other words, tlie i^rass-
hopper is invited to come on ; the department fifat^rl-
cclture is now ready for him. It intends to waylay
him with deep trenches, squeeze a line oil fnim him,
and crush up his body into a compact mass, that will
be dried and ground into a meal which will make a
capital fertilizer. — AV.

On this subject we would direct the atten-
tion of our readers to our remarks in the March
number of TiiKE.vit.MEit, pp. .34 and 3."). Not
because wc lay any special claim to originality
on the subject — for we have very little ambi-
tion to gratify in that behalf— but to show that
iililizntion, in .some form or other, is being
faintly fbrshadowed, and may ultimately be re-
sorted to, to convert what, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, is almost universally considered
a curse, into an unmistakable blessing. Why
should not the oil uf iinissliopiifr, or tlie oil of
jioluto-hdtlf, (lossess as much healing virtue,
in special disea.ses, as " coti-liver oil V" AVhy
should not an unction, a lubricant, or sapona-
ceous element be extracted fnuii these insect.s
as well as from a variety of other animals '/
And then, its a fertilizer, what a splendid
question of "tit for tat " is involved. To en-
rich the very soil tliey rob of vegetiition, with
the fertilizing fat of their own detestable car-
c;»sse.s, woulil indeed lie "turning the tables"
to some gotnl account at last. Even if they
were jioisimous to the animal world this might
ikH impair their value a.s a lubricant or a fer-
tilizer. As a culinary preparation, provided
it could be demonstrated that they are health-
ful and nutritious, surely there is nothing
about them a hundredth jiart as revolting as the
" «c/»««/)/o»-«/rfc/t " of our Teutouiau epicures.

86

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

A MAGNIFICENT HORSE.
We need not be at all sun'rised that so many
men take a delight in " horse.-tiesh, " for if
there is any one four-footed animal on earth
in which is combined the liighest degree of
giace, beauty, intelligence, strength, majesty
and use, that animal is the horse. We are not
nnich of a horse connoisseur, but a few days
ago we saw, at the stables of Mr. S. S. Spencer,
that beautiful specimen. The Jenifer Ara-
bian, a thoroughbred stallion, imported into
Maryland by Col. W. H. Jenifer, of the
Egyptian Cavalry, by pennission of his High-
ness, the KluHlive of Egypt, specially obtained.
He is of a pure grey color — almost immacu-
late white — with a silver mane and tail ; per-
fect in form, style and action ; eight years old;
00 inches high, and has all the tiaditional
marks of the i)ure bred Arabians, which de-
scended from Mohammed to the present Arabs.
He was bred on the desert by the Bedouin
Arabs, from the stock of the famous Kochlani
or Koheilan Arabians, a branch of the great
Anaazah family, fiom Mejdee, the centre of
Arabia, and his sire and dam were both of the
purest blood.

He remained in Lancaster only a few days,
in transit from the east to farther south, his
next destination being Baltimore ; but during
that brief period there were, i)erhaps, few
horse fanciers in and about Lancaster who
did not pay their respects to him, for he is in-
deed a most admirable creature.

WINTER-KILLED VINES.

From the fact that two of our grape vines
have not yet (June 1st) developed a single bud,
we opine they were "winter-killed" some
time during the late severe winter. These
are an Isabella, fully an inch and a half in
diameter at the thickest part, and a Rebecca,
about half an inch in diameter. We don't
e:;actly see why this should be so, seeing that
an Isabella, about five feet north of the for-
■ mer, and a Concord and a Telegraph ou the
same line, have survived and are doing well —
only the usual quantity of the last year's
growth being killed. The Isabella stood on
the north side of a close fence, and had very
little sun all winter ; but it has stood there for
more than ten years without injury, and my
neighbor's vines, on the south side of the
fence, within six inches of the same latitudinal
line as mine, have escaped entirely. The
Rebecca stood on the east side of a ch.ise fence,
and was protected from the cold northwest
blasts all winter, and, moreover, had the
benefit of the sun — when it shiiied— from
about 9 o'clock in the forenoon until about ii
or i o'clock in the afternoon, and had been
standing there for three years or more. The
conditions, otherwise, were the same in all.

We have seen similar effects of cold weather
before, in regard to grape vines, but more
frequently in Arbor Vita', hedges, where,
"here and there," a single hedge-bush or
more were killed down to the ground, and
turned yellow the following spring, whilst the
others all remained green, and put forth new
leaves and branches — those killed never re-
covering again. Of course, there is some
cmise for this, and that cause is just the thing
we would like to know. We have never had
the Phylloxera, in the gali form, on our prem-
ises that we know of. Is it possible that we
had the tubercular, or root-form of the pest,
without our knowledge of the same ? Have
any of our readers or subscribers had a simi-
lar experience, and what is their opinion on
the subject? If so, will they be so kind as to
give us their experience or opinion on the sub-
ject ? We have seen tens of tlKiusands — per-
haps hundreds of thousands — of the Phylloxera
vustrix on the Clinton grape vines, to the al-
most total destruction of the crop ; but we
have not yet recognized any of the "root
phylloxera," but we have inferred that where
the one is the other will be also.

The root phylloxera is spreading in this
country, and it is very probable that much of
the injury sustained by grape vines may be
owing to the presence of tliis little micro-

scopic pest. Is it not possible that vines ener-
vated by Phylloxera may become too feeble to
successfully resist the effects of freezing cold.

Since ^vi-iting the foregoing we find, on ex-
amining our Isabella vine, which we thought
had been winter-killed, that it has only been
retarded about one full month. To-ilay,
June 5th, we find that the buds are pushing
out all over the vine with as much vigor as
the others did four or five weeks ago. This
case exhibits a well-defined question of retar-
dation, and is just as interesting as if our first
surmises had been realized.

Unless the matter can be explained upon
some other hypothesis, it may illustrate the
distinction between a northern and southern
exposure— the ditterence between tHe north
and the south side of a fence even ; but it
does not make it quite clear to us why this
difference should have been so manifest last
winter, and not in any of the eight or ten pre-
ceding winters — because, whatever the char-
acters of the winters may have been, the con-
ditions were the same to all the vines, and
especially to those on the north and the south
side of the fence alluded to, and which were
within six inches of the same line of latitude,
and one, at least, on the same line of longi-
tude. If it be attributed to the frost in the
ground, we can hardly suppose that it should
have observed such a distinct line of demarca-
tion •, for, although a fence might protect and
shelter the tops, it could hardly aftbrd a simi-
lar protection to the roots. It is singular to
see one grape vine in bloom, and another one,
only about six inches away from it, putting
forth its buds — a developmental difference of

a month or more.

^

SULPHURET OF LEAD.

Mr. J. B. Erb had some vei-y fair specimens
of Argentiferous Galena or Sidphuret of Lead,
from his farm in .Strasburg township, on ex-
hibition at the meeting of Horticultural So-
ciety, on Monday, the 7th inst. All along,
from the American Revolution down to the
present time, more or less of this mineral,
from time to time, has been found in the
southern parts of Lancaster county, and tra-
dition has it, that prior to the revolution a
company of Welch miners were successfully
working a mine of it in Martic or some other
of the southern townships. When the Revo-
lutionary War broke out, it is said, they aban-
doned it and closed it up, and as the war ter-
minated fatally to the English cause, they
never returned, and its exact whereabouts has
never been since discovered.

When the first State Agi-icultural Fair was
held at Lancaster, a large and beautiful mass
of it, from Martic township, was placed on
exhibition, but it never was reclaimed and we
never learned who was the exhibitor. It is
said to contain about 5 per cent, of silver, and
hence it is called arijentiferoinf. If this mineral
could be obtained in (piantity, the owner of
the land might well forego the vicissitudes of
agriculture and turn his attention to mining.

be. We would therefore admonish fruit-grow-
ers to make a note of this in their future ex-
periences, because in it is involved the practi-
cal side of their noble occupation, and their
opportunities to make observations far surpass
those of any other class of men.

ABORTIVE STRAWBERRY.

Mr. J. B. Erb had on exhiliition, also, an
abortive strawberry jilant. This was a fine,
large, vigorous j)lant, having borne about
thinly flowers, and all abortive but too, and he
desired to know the cause.

This is a botanical question, and as we are
not a botanist in any speciiil sense, we can do
nothing more than suggest the cause. By
reading carefully the contril)Ution of Mr.
Stauffer, in this number of The Farmer, it
will become ajiparent that insects have more
to do with the fertilization of plants than is
generally supposed— some plants depending
entirely on this resource. Now, if the weather
is cold or wet at the fructifying period, and
few or no insects are abroad, such plants will
be imperfectly fertilized — not only because of
the absence of the insects, but because, if wet,
or copiously drenched by rains, the fertilizing
granules will be washed away and aboVtion
follow. There is considerable abortion among
the cherries, the apples, and the strawberries
the present season, whatever the cause may

BALLOON METEOROLOGY.

Our townsman, John Wise, sr., the famous
iEronaut, has written to the Bulletin a letter
on balloon meteorology, from which we make
the following extract :

"The ascension made with Mr. O. Schneck's
'St. Charles' balloon, in which I was accom-
panied by Charles C. Cresson, the same person
who accompanied me last October, in the
' Franklin ' balloon, which ascended from the
roof of the building at the corner of Market
and Thirteenth streets, was purely for scien-
tific purposes. We started off under a meri-
dian sun, and in three minutes rose 5,000 feet.
Notwithstanding this velocity of ascent, the
motion in itself was imperceptible, .so smoothly
did the balloon cleave the air. The transition
so suddenly from the solid earth to the fields
of cloud-land was sufficient to awaken all the
dormant sensibilities of the soul. While my
companion was descanting upon the beauty of
real estate homesteads dotting the country all
around beneath us, I called his attention, or
rather the balloon did, to another considera-
tion. The sun having full play upon the air
vessel and expanding its gas, caused carburet-
ted hydrogen to pour down upon us a cloud of
death, although we were twelve feet below the
muzzle of the balloon.

"'Now, Mr. Cresson,' I remarked, 'this
makes it plain to you how the Zenith party in
France the other day had two of their com-
rades smothered in a hydrogenated atmos-
phere. You are already suflering, I see, and
I am not vei-y comfortable myself; my pulse
is off on the double-quick, and you are getting •
pale, so I will now put a stop to this part of our
experimentation by opening the valve. '

"We had now attained an altitude of 7,500
feet. Had the muzzle of the balloon been
close on our heads, as was the case in the
Zenith balloon, we could not have lived many
minutes in such an asphyxiated atmosphere.
The throwing overboard of an eighty-pound
weight gas-bag by one of the Zenith party,
done, no doubt, under a confused mental ac-
tion, brought about by the inhalation of a
noxious gas, explains the cause of the disaster.
The rarefied condition of the atmosphere at an
altitude of 30,000 feet will not cause death of
itself. Green, the noted Enj^jlish seronaut,
went up to that height without injury, though
he used a bag of pure air to inhale from.

" The atmosphere was much perturbed. At
five and six thousand feet up it was fluctuat-
ing to and fro, and I am more convinced than
ever that we are yet to find a solution of our
remarkable seasons from outside pressure upon
our earth's elastic shell of air, a pressure from
planetary perturbations in conjunctions, qua-
dratures and oppositions. Were it not for
outside interferences our seasons would neces-
sarily have to be the same from year to year,
assuming that the earth is regular in its mo-
tions and in its conditions of temperature as
to ecjuatorial heat and polar cold. Our i)lanet
is subject to direct pressure from Venus and
Mars,' and they in turn from Mercury and
Jupiter. The photosphere is as subject to dis-
turbances by pressure as is our atmosphere,
and while the cosmogony is a harmonious sum
total, its details are the differentiations of
evolution through motion. Future experiments
will be especially directed to that line of. in-
vestigation.

" While we were suspended over the north-
em part of our built-up city the scene mider-
neath us was peculiarly lively under the noon-
day sun. Everything shone out in radiant
beauty, shinnnering in the profusion of span-
gles and jewels.

"The transparency of the Delaware was
very marked as we stood almost, if not quite,
still over it for some minutes, and until a gen-
tle, spasmodic pulf of air sent us over the sandy
plains of Jersey."

THE LANCASTER FARMER

87

POLAND-CHINA BOAR---SWEEP-
STAKES.

This niasnilici'iit .spt'ciiiK'H of the genus
Sus, was brctl by Siik.i-aui) it AM';xam>kii,
of Charli'stoii, Illinois, and •wlicn four y^-ais
old wciy;lic(l 1,(W() [m unds. Wi- should sug-icst
as a proper male to this iniwieldy animal, the
Poland-China .Sow, Lady .Iohnson, as li^iuicd
iu tlic Feb. No., 1S74, of the Xuliimitl Live
SliK-k Junrmd, the property of Akmstkonu
Bro's, of Indianapolis, In<liana.

It would seem that pijjs arc so passive,
under the direetion of professional breeders,
that almost anything ean be made out nf them,
even to the obliteralinn of the oriRinal form
of what we in times past reeoiiiiized as a pi;;.
Cut the tail and feet olT " Swei'p-stakes " and
snspen<l him by the " snout " — by the addition
of a coat of fjreen paint— he would look like a
gipiutie pn-jjatc, or what he really is, a sack
of lard, liut he is more than that, for he
possesses the element of redui)lication in a
most e.vtraordinary degree, and has sired, and
is still capable of siring, a nmnerons progeny
of profitable porkers. Lard has become such
an important item in the domesticqiroductsof
the country, and is applicable to so many u.scs,
that any effort to increase its (piantity and
iiaprove its quality must be classed with hu-

( 'ros.sed with the Hetkshire breed, the form is
improved and the cdiistitntion hardened, with
a remarkable tendency to fatten easily: but its

j cross with the Chinese is more )iro(itable, as
the weight is heavier with light fieiliug, and

I the disposition milder. The Middlesex, a
I)opular breed in Kngland, and considerably
imported into the United States, is derived
from a mixture of the Chinese with some
larger stock ; the color is usually white, and
the size larger than the Suffolk ; the bones are
smaller than in the Essex. The Suffolk, now
the favorite, English breed, is believeil to have
originated from the olil .Suffolk, eros.sed with
the (;hincse and Berkshire. It will therefore
be seen that the blood of I lie China boarentiMS
inon^ or less into all the best and most popular
breeds, and it is this fact which .seems to lend
signilicanc'i^ and pronuse to the variety of the
cross illu.strated iu our engraving, which is
claimed to be the most remarkable specimen
of the jwrcine family ever grown in this
country.

^ •

IMPROVED HOGS AND BREEDING
SOWS.

A corresi>ondent of the Smdhcm Planter
gives the following ou the adaptability of the

iKtst breeds. They are good gra/.ei'S, and will
keep fat on any good pitsture ; they are not
disiMi.sed to roam and fret, and are not gross
feeders, but, like all other animals, retpiiro
their fond at regular intervals ; and if kepi and
Well eared for until twelve or thirleen months
old. they will yield from four to six hundred
pounds. I'idike all other large breed of hogs,
they are not at all subject to the mange.
What other animal will yitdd so nuich in so
short a time from so small a iM'ginning, with
such a small outlay, and have so many gowl
points and ipialities to recommenil them V

The I'oland-China breed oiiginated in Rut-
ler county, (^hio. It is by some called the
'•(Jregory Oeek " hog. by others the "Moore"
hog, but is generally known as ihe I'oland-
China hog. They are composed of liiur dis-
tinct breeds, viz. : "I'oland," "Big Spotted
China,"" Big Irish Gnizier," and "Hylield;"
this bree<l is of line bone, but of large size,
combining more eminently than others the
excellencies of both large and small breed.s.
The Poland-China hogs are mostly spotted. I
think they will lieeome very popular in Vir-
ginia, combining every (piality suitable as a
cross on our common stock.

"My rule in .selecting the pigs to raise from
for breeders, is to count the teats. One with

man benefactions a.s well as useful productions.

As to the edible (jualities of the nmscular
portions of such animals as Swiryi-Mnkc't,
individual tastes might dilTer; and, therefore,
some people might prefer pigs of less weight
and smaller volume, but for profit, which is
Iterhaps the leading idea, the ciise might be
different.

AVe are indebted for this valuable species to
the fact that the domestic hog and the wild
boar of Euroi>e, Africa and Asia are, gener-
ally speaking, of the same species, and will
breed together and produce young capable of
propagating their kind. The most improved
of the English and Amerii'an domesticated
breeds are, for the most ]iart, largely crossed
and inter-mixed with the Chinese and, iier-
haps, Turkish varieties. The Chinese hogs,
both white and black varieties, are easily fat-
tened, and have small bones ; indeed, tliey are
generally tt)o fat to Ije esteemed as jjork, and
are considered to make jioor bacon ; bred care-
fully, and mixed with other stocks, they are
valuable animals. The Neaiiolitan is the most
celebrated of the Italian breeds; and the stock
of most of the English breeds, though not
very hiurdy, the flesh is of superior quality.

POLAND-CHINA BOAR--SWEEPSTAKES.

Poland Chinas for this section, and some good
suggestions on the care of breeding .sows and
young pigs :

" It is economy for every fanner and breeder
to get a good sow of some first-rate breed, or
else breed the best conunon sow yi>u can find
to a thoroughbred boar, and raise a good breed-
ing sow. fiood pigs are always in demand,
and it is nearly as easy to sell a pair of
thoroughbred pipp at from §20 to ^2."), as it is
to sell .a pair of common one.s at ?•">, and the
Siune amount of food fed to a good pig will
make twice iis nuich meat iis to the other.
The only difli?rence in exjiense is in the first
cost of the boar or sow. Some ask, what are '
the liest breeds y If I wished a small lirecd of
hogs for table use, my choice would be the
Essex orUerkshire ; but no breed jiossesses so
many good points and ipialities as the Poland-
China hog. Their i)rolific <pialities, their
quiet, gentle disposition, their adaptation to
being i)rofitably slaughtered at nine or twelve
months old, and, if kept still longer, continue
to growaiui reward the owner for every pound
of food he gives them ; and these excellent
qualities init them ahead of any breed I am
ac(iuaiiited with, and 1 have tried all of the

twelve fully-developed teats will infallibly be
prolific and a good nurse, good for milk, and
careful of her young. Fourteen teat.s should
be i)referred ; but never try to raise pigs from
a sow with less than ten good teats.

"Avoid breeding in-and-in. Another im-
))ortant point is that the sow should lie so
l)etted as to liecomc foiiil of the person who
has the care of her, and thus lose the natural
ferocity of her kind. When she brings forth
her pigs give a sufliciency of food lo keep in
good flesh and growing; a sulliciency, but not
an excess of salt, and an abundanie of drink.
Keep warm in winter, and cool in summer.
.\ iiail full of water cKc.a.sionallyda.shed on the
animal on a hot day is very reviving, and con-
ducive fo good health. A sow gix-s with
young sixteen weeks, and but seldom varies
twenty-four hours fromthat time. .'>he shoidd
have all the warm water she will drink. Thi.s
is yery essential, ius it helps the (low of milk
and ]>revents fever.

" The pigs should be taught to eat with their
mother as young as two weeks, which may be
done by having a broad, .shallow trough, "and
gently putting them into it when the mother
is eating."

88

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

I

MAKING LAND PRODUCE BOUNTI-
FULLY.

" Hortus," inthe Northwestern Farmer, mentions a
market garden he saw, the past summer, near Bos-
ton, in whicli every foot of frroundwas forced to yield
several crops. Before one was taken off, another was
on the way between the rows Ground which was
growing green cf>ru for market, had already furnished
lettuce, onions, radishes or spinach, and was expected
to supply a crop of turnips after the corn was re-
moved, the seed being sown W'hile the latter was ma-
turing. Cabbage succeeded early potatoes, and late
cues followed on the pea ground. Cranberry beans
grew luxuriously between the rows of early salads.
A bed of strawberries, comprising ten square rods,
constituted a portion of the garden, the produce of
which sold in market for one hundred and sixty dol-
lars. The farmers and truck gardeners round about
New York in some instances get three bountiful crops
in one season, on the same land ; but they manure
heavily. In this way they make farming pay a large
profit.

The above extract involves a question which,
we think, has not received as mucli attention
from farmers and gardeners as the subject is
entitled to ; at least, in the county of Lancas-
ter, and also tlie greatest part of the State of
Pennsylvania, this is conspicuously the case.
Being one autumn on a visit to the city of
New York, we were surprised to see such an
abundance of green corn, green peas and green
beans in the market antl on the tables of the
restaurants, about the end of October ; and
we were inff)rmed that between the mouths of
May and November these and other vegeta-
bles, in more or less quantity, may always be
found there. Of course, this does not relate
to tlie canned vegetables, of which there is al-
ways a .supply all the year round, but to that
which comes fresh from the garden or field,
and which is produced by a system of "crop-
ping" very little practiced — or perhaps known
— by the farmers of Penn-sylvania, except a
few around the cities of Pittsburg and Phila-
delphia. Of late years — even in Lancaster
county — a little attention has been paid to the
cropping of green corn ; but that about ends
the chapter.

At certain seasons of the year we have
radishes, onions, lettuce and rhubarb — and the
earlier supply of these comes from "further
south ;" but, generally speaking, we see them
but once for a brief period, and then not again
for a whole year. By a reasonable stock of
chemical knowledge, and a generous manipu-
lation of the soil, the result might be very dif-
ferent. Surely the study of the questions of
exhaustion and sui)ply, through which recu-
peration and reproduction are effected, are not
so far beneath the dignity of the farmer and
gardener as not to be worthy of their profes-
sional attention. It is true, in their natural
seasons some of these productions may become
a drug in the market ; but this is rarely the
case with those that are produced out of sea-
sons which always command a fair price, and
are always in demand. But to produce them
in quantity and (piality requires that vigorous
culture to which we alluded on page 70 in the
May number of The Farmer, and which so
strikingly exhibits the dift'erence between
" garden and field culture;" and «/;«re is where
" the trouble comes in. " Many people whose
vocation is the ndimition of the soil, desire the
soil to cultivate itself. They are willing
enough to "plow and sow," or to "reap and
mow ;" but for tlie rest they desire it to come
without any effort of theirs, or while they are
sleeping or engaged in otlicr speculations. We
feel confident that whatever may be done
aroimd New York, Boston and Philadelphia,
may also be done around Lancaster.

GREEN WOOD.

In the Ploiiijhmnn of the 33d, I noticed an inrjuiry
as to the economy of burning green wood ; and your
decided «o, in answer.

Now, sir, permit me to answer yex, as decidedly.
Tour argument that it is sinful, waste, and wrong to
do so, I contend belongs on the other side of the ques-
tion, and that no one but a rich man can aflbrd to
burn dry.

To illustrate this, let us look at the system of steam
heating which has come in fashion within your
memory, for heating |)ublie buildings, offices, etc.
Are you prepared to say that the heat required to
evaporate water, (or in other words to generate
6team,) in the boiler in the cellar of a building, which

will heat the whole superstructure, "is absolutely
lost and does nobody any good?" In tiuruing green
wood you are doing the self same thing; the process
is crude, perhaps, but the prtHCipif is there, neverthe-
less.

I admit there is no economy of time or patience, in
trying to kindle a fire with green wood. We will
suppose our friend uses, as most farmers do, a cook-
ing stove. Let him use dry wood enough in the
morning for a g(x>d half hour's fire, when his stove
will be intensely hot ; as soon as there is room , put in
the green wood and keeji the stove full.

In this case, the twenty-flve per cent of water you
are so much afraid of, will be converted to steam in
a few minutes ; and why should it not heat the walls,
flues, and funnel of a stove as much as though gen-
erated in a patent steam heater?

Will Subscriber select a morning when the mer-
cury is at the bottom of the ladder ; measure a given
quantity of wood, Ijoth green and dried, including in
the green enough dry to heat his stove hot; burn it
and watch his thermometer. If he does not get
more heat, and for a longer time, with green than
dry, and be ready to say there is ecommiy and com-
fort in green wood in cold weather, I shall be sadly
mistaken.

We "scissor" the above from the columns
of the Mcvimchitsetts PloiKjhman to whom it
was furnished by "an old subscriber," simply
bectiuse it revives an old argument in fiivor of
"green wood," that we have not heard ad-
vanced for many years ; not because of the
fallacy of the argument so much, as because
since that period coal has come more gener-
ally into use, even in the rural districts of a
large portion of the country.

There are, however, yet some "wooden
countries " and also some "wooden people,"
even in the county of Lancaster, and, as a
question of economy, the matter may be of
some interest to them.

We spent the winter of 1836 and 1837 in
two villages in the States of Indiana and Ken-
tucky, in which no stone coal was used at all,
and we remember distinctly that there was
not a single wood pile (such as would be re-
cognized as a pile in Lancaster county) in
either of tliem. The villagers cut and hauled
the wood home green from the forest, just as
their daily or weekly necessities seemed to
require it ; and, as a reason for such a seem-
ingly improvident habit, they alleged that it
generated a more intense, economical and
pleasanter heat.

There was not a stove in either of the
villages to our knowledge, but instead thereof
large fireplaces iind we confess we felt more
comfortable that winter — so far as heat was
concerned — than we did last winter.

. ^

Zinc Preventing Boiler Incrustation.

An engineer on board the St. Laurent, a
steamer plying between New Y'ork and France,
after making some repairs in the boilers, left
accidently therein an ingot of zinc. Some
time after, in searching ior the bar in the
generator, in which, meanwhile, steam had
been maintained, he found to his surprise that
the metal had disappeared, and also that the
incrustiition left by the water, instead of
being hard and firm, was a mere mud, easily
washed out. Repeating the experiment over
another voyage, the same result was reached.
M. Lesueur, of Angers, France, after exam-
ining into this circumstance, thinks that the
zinc forms a voltaic couple with the iron of
the boiler, zinc being the negative pole and
the iron the positive. It then hapjiens, as in
all batteries, that the zinc is consumed ; while
the iron is protected both from oxidation and

dissolution.

^

THE STATE FAIR.

The next State Fair will doubtless be hold at Lan-
caster, that city having offered the Iiest inducement
to the committee appointed by the State Agi-icultural
Society to select a site. On June 7th a despatch was
received from Lancaster that the necessary additional
ground to the properly of the acricultural association
of that city had been obtained — five acres — for the
accommodation of stock and the display of farming
and other implements. The State Committee on Site
made this one of the conditions precedent to locifting
the fair at that point, and the requirements having
been fulfilled, the exhibition will in all probability go
there. Lancaster is situated in the midst of a rich
agricultural region, and is convenient of access. —
liarrisburg Patriot.

From the foregoing it seems pretty clear
that Lancaster city will be the kmale of the
next annual State Fair, and may also be
that of several succeeding ones. We hope,
therefore, that both city and county will put
their shoulders to the wheel, and make the
occasion a grand success ; for, whatever is
creditable to the State in its general capacity,
must be a credit to the coimties in their indi-
vidual capacities, according to the degree of
their co-operation and symjiathetic reciproca-
tion. Our individual opinion is, that all our
local organizations that are in the habit of
holding annual exhibitions, should, on this
occasion, merge them in that of the State.

GOOD PUBLIC ROADS.*

This is a subject, brother Grangers, which
interests us perhaps more than any other class
of men, unless it is the country physician. In
coming here to-day many of us have driven
over four miles, and some five miles, of mud
road, which, being quite passable now, we
rumble over with scarce a thought of to whom
our thanks are due. But a moment's con-
sideration will satisfy each of you that it is to
the Divine Ruler and the unprecedented dry
weather, because there has not been any road-
making done this spring ; and if the season
was half as wet as it is dry, we would scarce
be able to assemble — at all events not in time,
and most likely with broken vehicles. Now,
I desire to draw your attention to this ques-
tion. What should we do about it ? We have
all the rights <ind all the responsibility of in-
dividual farmers, farm-owners and taxpayers ;
and, beside that, we, in an organized body,
have more power, and consequently more re-
sponsibility. I presume it is known to you
all that we have a very good road law, which
provides for the bridging of all streams, re-
moving of all loose stones from the road-bed,
macadamizing swampy places, and the making
and keeping in the best of order all our roads ;
it describes how the road-bed should be high
in the middle and sloping oft' to both sides,
which would at once do away with all mud-
puddles, chuck-holes, deep ruts, and render
unnecessary all spring-breakers, except on
the steep hillsides. Remember that we have
organized for the elevation of the farming
community, for the promotion of our personal
comfort, for the encouragement of economical
ways of husbanding our resources, and in-
creasing our might and influence year by year.

The custom has been heretofore with farm-
ers to complain and scold when the road-tax
bill was presented, until the supervisors have
actually gotten to be afraid to mtike up the
roads, for fear that the tax will be increased.
Now, it is for us to break down this old-time
usage, to inaugurate a new regime, to realize
for ourselves and teach others that we pay
more every year in wear and tear of our roll-
ing stock and horses, than would pay the tax
to keep our roads in first-rate order.

I therefore itropose that we (each one act-
ing as :i committee of the whole) make it our
interest to urge it on the attention of every
ftirmer we meet, and at the same time, as we
pass around, keep an eye on the roads, and
give notice to the supervisor of every neglected
place, and make him have it attended to.
There is no trouble about it, more than mak-
ing a return to court of any neglect on the
part of the supervisor, and the Judge will soon
tell him what he has to do. If we do this, in
less than a year we will have good roads, let
the weiither be wet or dry, and we will feel an
honest pride in paying the small increase in
the tax.

There are many little jobs that we can do
for the gcncrtil comfort, such as kicking a
loose stone off the road ; opening a drain near
one's house, just before a rainfall ; throwing
a few shovelfuls of ground into a deep rut or
hole ; putting a patch over a hole in <i bridge,
and the like ; and if he is imbued with the
full spirit of a Patron of Husbandry, it will
not cost the township a cent.

• a paper read before the Strasburg Orange, ratrons of
HuBbttudry, by M. B. Eshleman.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

89

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Dear J:\Hlor: A<Toiii|iiiiiyiiiS tin's letter I send you
hy mail n small hnx with several small while eater-
jiillars ill their nests lliat are iiijiiriiif.' my erape vines.
They seem tii lie partial tii one variety — the .\f,'awam
— as I have Coneord, C'revellni;, lona, Clinton, Mar-
tha, ami others elose liy, ami I laii lincl not a sinjrle
eater|)illar on them. Please (le.serilie tlieni, with the
best way of ronihatiUK them, in Till-: Kaumek, and
olilipe a ITfip*' grower and Kiihxn-ilii-r. — Jliuk P. (>,,
I.aticiiftcr eoniily, l'a.,,fii>ic .ith, 1X7.5.

Tlic. liox alliuU'd to in the aliove was safely
rweivcd, and contained one sneeinicn of a
pale, greenish-yellow cateipillai', a little over
a quarter of an inch in length. The head was
al.so yellowish, and the tips of jaws hrownish.
Jl was covered all over with small segmental
tutjereles, and from each a sparse tuft of white,
hristly, divergent hairs. Siiperlicially it ap-
peared like the earlier staj^es of the "Fall
well-worm" (Jliijilniiitnate.rUr), excvpi that it
lacked the lilaek head. It seems to attack the
young, unexi>anded leaves, and to prevent
their exi)ansion hy a thin web, with which it
covers itself. AVitliin this shelter it gnaws ofT
the upper surface, and cau.ses it to turn black-
ish. It refused food, and on the nidrning of
June 7th we found it had chan^'ed to a ^juj<a
the previous night. This pupa is pea-green
and pale yellowish in color, and a quarter of
an inch in length ; obliijuely tnmcatcd in
front, and tapering to a point at the hind
end. The upper abdominal portion has small
tulicrcles on each segment. It has two yel-
lowish ridged longitudinal lines on the. head
and thorax, aiul a pair of brownish rulled ap-
pendages about the middle. We cannot yet
tell what it is, except that it is LeimlnptuniM.
AVe do not think, however, that oiu' corres-
pondent need be nuich alarmed about it, for
by this time its season must lie over, utdess it
is double brooded. It is very probably the
"Grapevine Plume-moth," (I'lrr'nilinrintpcris-
cclidwti/liis, Fitch,) althougli the pupa diJTers
from that ligured by Prof, lliley iii his first
rejiort.

15y the time this gets into print the cater-
pillars will all have disappeared, but as there
are two liroods in a sea.son, it may lie expected
again in a few weeks hence.

As to a remedy, it is diffictdtto suggest one.
An alkalinous .solution or a tobacco decoction
might be etTective, if it coidd reach them.
But the web would be likely to resist these.
Sulphur or coal-oil fumigation might be good.
Hand-picking \vould proliably be the most re-
liable. AVe cannot recollect that a similar
case has come under oiu" observation before.

Testing the Fecundity of Eggs.

. In the April nunilier of The Lantasteu Farmer
t notioed the results of some experiments made with
■ffffs, in aseertaining: the prolniliilities of their hateli-
iiir, liy means of the position of the air-cell. After
•atient investiiration in a darkened rfiom,l>y tholiii-lit.
• fa eoal-oil lamp, I disenveied in a niinilier of ef.'i;6
he air-<'ell in the dilferent positions deserihed in tlie
rtiele atiove alluded to ; in other eirsjs no air-ecll was
jseernilile. I set a hen with lifteen ecf,'s, in all of
I hieh the air-eell was iilaiiily markeil ; the result was
hat out of the lifteen ei;f;s, fourteen lively ehieks
(ere hatched. Heretofore we have had eonsideiahle
roulile in having e^ifrs hatched, the aver.ige heinir
mly from nine to eleven ehieks out of a setting of
ihirteen or tifteen egire.

I have not yet had an opportunity of testinir the
IKissiljility of knowing whether a certain selected lot
of eirgs will Inileli out cockerels or ]iiillels; liiil it
seems that tlie prcsciu-e of the air-eell is likely to in-
sure a goiKi hrood from a selling of ci;gs. I noticed
the air-edls in all the positions deserihed hy Mr.
W. ,1. I'yle, of t'hester eounly ; also, Us entire ab-
sence in several inslanecs.

1 woulii lie very sjlad to hear through The Lax-
CASTEIi Kakmeu of the results of experiments made
by brother farmers. It is only by faithful investiga-
tion and repeatcii experiment that many truths of
value to fanners can be ascertained ; and only in tliis
manner can we lift up the profession of farming from
a servile routine and liliml adlierenee to olil methods,
into the most iiitelleetual and most noble pursuit in
the world. — T. M. Coi-i.soN, iVeto Freedom, York
coiwtij, I'll., JIay'M, 187.5.

The above communication, from an intelli-
gent farmer — once an able local editor of the
oldest newspaiier in Lancaster county — speaks
for itself, and so far as it goes, is what we in-

tended should be elicited by thi^ publication of
Mr. Pyle's theory of demonstrating thetpiality
and sex of hens' eggs. We have no interest
in the question other than the publication in
our colunms of that which is "good and
true " for the benelit of our readers. AVe, in
common with our correspondent, "would be
very glad to hear of the results <if experiments
made by brother farmers," and should take
the greatest pleasure in making them known
through the columns of our journal. Tlml is
the legitimate way of disposing of the (luea-
tion, and not by Hat denial or ridicule, for
there may lie more in the hidden archives of
nature than we in our wisest philosophy
dream of.

The sexes and the abortivcness of eggs are
cjffh-tx that nuist have a relation to prior aiimcs,
and, therefore, are not the arbitrary results of
mere chance. The laws of nature do not operate
upon a plane of chance development — there
must be a cause fur every effect we see.

Although it mightbe prolitless labor, still we
wish Mr. C had also experimented — in hatch-
ing— upon those eggs in which he could not
di.scover an air-eell. It seems to us that this
involves the most important point in the wliole
system.

TIk' gallinoculturist wants to know before-
hand whether an egg can possibly produce a
chick or not. If it can not, then just so much
is saved in time and material, for an uiiim-
pregnated egg is jtist as good for culinary pur-
poses as one that is impregnated.

It is facetiously related of a distinguished
Gothamite, that when he moved on a farm,
the former occui>ant of which had failed, and
finding a great many hens' nests with only one
or two eggs in them, he exclaimed: "Ah, I
see the cause, he scattered his energies too
much; he needed concentration." So he
gathered them all into two or three nests, and
.set as many "clucking hens" thereon to hatch.
After Avaiting three weeks and three extra
days, he entered into an examination of the
case; and, although he was rewarded by " nary
chick," he made the discovery that the "hen
fruits " he had thus so carefully concentrated
were only pon-dain ncst-egij.f.

If this anecdote illustrates any one point in
a stronger light than another, it is the impor-
tance of knowiny hijorelmnd wliether an egg is
fertile or abortive. AVhether it is a male or a
female may only be a secondary consideration.
It .seems to us, so far as marketing ]irofit is
concerned, that the demonstration of the first
]ioint, to the entire satisfaction nf the farmer,
woiiUl be a perfect vindication of the itsc.s of
the system, as Avell as of its trullifidiiess.

The Bee Moth.

I noticed in the May number of TilE Fabmeb ad-
vice that old hives should not be used for hiving new
swarms of bees, on account of the egijs of tlie moth,
wliieli are deposited in its ereviecs. I think an old
hive should not be rejected on that account. For my
own use I prefer an vhl hive, if not too nearly worn
out, because it is already lined with propolis (bee-
glue), and the bees arc thereby saved niiieh work.

There is a prevailing oiiinion that the moth is
au enemy of the bee, but experienced bee-keepers,
who have used moveable-eomli lilvcs, liave learned
that the larva' of these insects do no injury to the
combs while the stock is in good condition. It is only
when the number of bees is very niueh reduced, by
the loss of the <iueen or otherwise, that the "worms"
enter in siillicient numbers to destroy the combs. In-
deed, in almost every case where many worms are
found fceclin:;r.ii tbecimilis an examination will sh<iw
that the queen has been lost or become incapable of
laying eggs, .so that the family has beeoiue so mueh
reduced that they cannot protect the eombs.

The time is past for the venders of " patent hives "
tohumbuu'inlclligent lice-ki-epcrs with "moth-liMps."
The liiihtwbieli apiaryeulture has gained bytln- intro-
duction of nioveable-coinb hives, has shown that the
depredations of these insects is the roull and not the
ciiKnc of evil in tlie hive. In an exiiericnce of ten
years 1 have not lost a single slock by the moth, al-
though I have made no eflbrt to check their increase
or destroy them. If I do not discover that a stock has
lost their queen until it is too late for them to raise
another to advantage, I break it up at once, join the
bees to some weak liive, and place the combs out of
the reach of the moth.

The larv.ne of the moth is covered with a tough
skin, which prevents the bees from stinging it, but

they can, ami do drag it out of tlie hive whenever
they can get bold of it. .More or less of these larvaj
are Iwing developed In every hive during warm
weather, but they do no injury while there are bees
enough to cover the eombs.

By cultivating the friendship of the common cat-
biril (.)fimus ctiroliiictttdii,) in tlic vicinity of tho
apiary, more of these worms will he destroyed tlian
by any other means I am acquainted willi. They soon
learn to watch the Iiivcs closely, and when the Ih'cs
throw the worms out will gather them up. A [lair
of -these birds will capture more worms in this way
than any number of " split elders " or the most inlrl
eate " patent " contrivance I have ever seen. — IK. P.
B., Liberty Square, June Hth, 1875.

Mulberries.

The mulberry Is a fruit t<K) irooil to be treated as It
commonly is. A kimkX tree will yield nearly every sea-
son a gocsl, splendid crop of fruit. If it is pro|H-rlv
cared for and the caterpillars are kipt oil'. Tlieymako
gooii pies, and if "canned " in glass Jars, with one-
third of sour clierrii-8, they make an excellent dessert
after a regular meal. We gather them by shaking
them — a limb at a time — into a cloth held by the cor-
ners. We then sort them and riiizc them iu cold
water, before hcatini; them for canning, as we do
other fruit. They need not be toci dead ri|)e, or tho
wind will shake them into the dirt. Try them. — J.
B. E., Lime Valley, Juw 7, 187.5.

The most pleasant and refreshing drink in
summer is lenvmaiU, a combination of stib-
.stanccs that are "sweet and sour;" and there-
fore we have no doubt that mulljerries and
sour chtM-ries Avould form a most palatablo
compound ; and we woulit imite with our cor-
respondent in recommending our readers to
"try them." The niulberrj' has long been a
neglected tree, occupying stony ridges, barren
hollows, and other out-of-the-way places on
the farm. No doubt, under more generous
culture its fruit might be greatly improved.

Queries and Answers.

J. S. — The Tortoise-shaped beetles, which you found
feeding on the sweetjMitato vines, are the CnnnUla
hientnr, and are often found — both Iwctle and larvip —
(Ui " inorning-glories " and other convolvulus i>lants,
and, when numerous, are destructive. Dose them
with dilute lye or soapsuds.

W. H. T.— The large, short, black beetle, which
you struck down as it was buzzinir around your room,
is the "American Dor Beetle,*' (t'o/trig (Carolina.')
It is at least inuoxious, if not bcueficial to vegetation
in its habits.

K. S. F. — The " stInk-hugs," which are now lively
on the wing, and which you knocked down in the
street, are the "squash-bug" (Coreim Iritlix,) " bob-
bins: round " in search of a pumpkin field. Crush
every one of them.

.1. F. S. — The long, brownish " Snout-I)ceflc " you
shook down from the plum tree, is Liiut eoncavut,
and belongs to the family of the " Curcullos," al-
though it is not known to " sling " that fruit.

Tan Bark for Potato Bugs.

A 'West Virginia ciirres|i<inilcnt of the Farmert'
Friend, writes as follows, concerning what he claims
as the accidental discovery of a new remedy for the
ravages of the Colorado Potato Becllc :

" Having by accident learned how to dispense with
the ravages of the |iotat<i buir, I hasten to inform as
many tanners as I can, llirou<.'h your valuable paper,
viz.: Ilavini; used all my stable iiiaiiure around my
apple tries last year, I had to resort to chestnut oak
tan bark from my tomato to my imtato patch, near
my house, where I have U'en raising my early pota-
toes for twenty years, putting a coat of stable ma-
nure almut one inch deep, broad<-ast before plowing,
never failini; t<i raise (IOihI ero|is. Year In-fore last tlie
bugs seemed dclermiiieil to take them. Last year on
account of the fresh bark, the bugs did not disturb
one hill of my poiatiH-s, and it was the second best
crop of till- gi-ound. This year I coated my ground
aicain; thus far there have been seven bugs found on
the iKitalois, whilst on two sides of nie, within one
hundred yards, there are two patches of my neigh-
bors that the bu^B seem determined to destroy. This
niornin;; I am treating the two last named patches in
part each to one quart of hark to the hill, to see If It
is certain that It is the tan bark, and will, as siKin as
1 learn satisfactorily, hasten to give you the infor-
mation."

^

That "invitation to Dinner."
Editor Liiiicaitlir Fariiur: I would cheerfully ac-
cept the invitation to a dinner from Leoi.ine, but
must, for the preseut, be content to remain in the
dark as to who she is, and have reason to lielievo
that, in this res|iect, she has the advantage of us. —
ToDiAS Makti.s, Mereertburg, May 37, 1S75.

90

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Fanning on the Continent of Europe.

Correspondence of The Lancaster Farmer.

Paris, May 15, 187.5.

THE TREATMENT OP LAMBS FOB MARKET.
France has a good deal of lee way to make up in
the matter of extensive horse-breeding ; but in the
rearing of cattle she is positively in an advanced posi-
tion. What has been lost sight of in the case of
horses is remembered in one respect in the matter of
stock, suiting it to the locality, thus largely develop-
ing two objects— precocity and fattening. M. de
Behague is not only a prominent illustration of these
rules, but is conspicuous in making known his
methods — their cost and their results. His specialty
is the production of lambs for the Paris market, and
this he efl'ects by selling the animals at nine months
old. He advocates that the lambs in their early age
be liberally fed, so as to increase their power for as-
similating food. Animals thiv* treated, in the early
weeks of their existence, feed better subsequently
and derive more profit from their food. To produce
meat cheaply, presupposes great precocity, an end
only to be secured by well nourishing the mothers
pending the milking period, and acting similarly
towards the lambs from the day of their separation
from the ewes till delivered to the butcher. The ani-
mal that consumes the most food in the least time
will be the most profitable for the farmer. M. de
Behague made an experiment on 100 lambs, which
were born in March, 1874, and sold to the butcher on
the 8lh and 2Sth of December following. Those
lambs fed twenty days longer sold for 38 francs per
head, being less by 4 francs than such as were dis-
posed of twenty days earlier, in addition to the cost
of twenty days' feeding. He attributes the difference
to the more or less great aptitude of the animals to
profit by their rations, and to the difference in pre-
cocity arising from the milk qualities of the mother.
Of course, among the 100 lambs selected, the largest
and fattest were sold off first. To produce meat at a
cheaper rate, then, it is essential to select rams whose
mothers have been remarked for their milking quali-
ties, and at the same time to choose good milking
ewes for breeding with. The 100 animals cost Iti
francs per day for their keep, which comprised maize,
rye and rape-cakes, lucem and clover, and the mean
Belling price was, wool included, 40 francs.

FATTENING CALVES FOR VEAL.

Veal Is a commodity very much in request in the
Paris market, and brings a higher price than beef or
mutton. But then it must be well fed. The best veal
comes from Champagne, and the animals generally
represent a live weight of 5 cwts. The veal of Cham-
pagne is famed for the perfection of fattening and the
whiteness of the flesh ; now the soil of that region is
poor and chalky. It is an error to believe this white-
ness of flesh can be everywhere produced at will, or
that feeding the calves exclusively on milk as in Cham-
pagne will secure the same end. The whiteness is at-
tributed to the non-sueeulent herbage the peculiar
soil yields, tending consequently to produce but little
blood. In the Causses the soil is peculiarly favorable
to the growth of sanfoin, and what is not a little sin-
gular inthecharacter of this forage, it succeeds equally
well after a short interval. In the same districts the
cows receive each a name and answer to it at milking
hours — four in the morning and three in the after-
noon ; in repeating the name the calf, which is kept
apart, will also present itself. Both are rewarded
with a little salt. The calf, with a cord around its
neck, is allowed to suckle the mother for a few mo-
ments ; then it is attached short to the left fore-leg of
the mother, and the milking of the latter is rapidly
proceeded with.

MEAT VERSUS WOOL.

An instance of the change that has taken place in
farming matters is atlonled in the districts around
Chateau-Thierry. During the First Empire the pri-
mary object was to produce wool, regarding meat as
less than a secondary consideration ; when the sheep
became too old they were disposed of at a nominal
price to farmers in the neighborhood of Paris to be
fattened. At present the production of meat ranks
now in importance towhatwoo! held under Napoleonl.
Further, it jjays to import the greater part of tlie food
employed in tlic fattening of stock, the soil receives
so much benefit from the resulting rich manure.

IMPROVING THE BREED OF DORSES.

Belgium is as engrossed as France with the ques-
tion of improving t he breed of horses. When it pays
to breed and rear horses of a superior character,
rather than to import them, the diffleulty will be met.
Since 1871 there lias been a rapid decrease in Bel-
gium in the production of pure blood. Only 18 ani-
mals were registered that year in the Stud Book,
against double the number in previous years. There
are not more than 18 breeders of pui-e blood horses in
Belgium at present, and the number of all of the lat-
ter is but 115. .M. Wahl, in his lately published work
on Russia, where he has resided several years, speaks
of the Russian horses — those of the Tcherkesses —
with enthusiasm. The Russians proscribe winkers as
a barbarity. The horses of the Tcherkesses are

reared in the midst of the wild steppes, in the middle
of nocturnal alarms and dangers, which develop their
sagacity in a remarkable manner ; the back is large,
the breast powerful, the hams extraordinarily full,
while the hoof is as hard as iron and as sure as a
mule's. The head and neck are light. The animal
is chosen from among the best in the troop, and the
owner admits it virtually in the family circle, as it
assists at meals, often sleeps in the room, the chil-
dren speak to it, climb up and play between its legs,
or pass the diiy on its back, so that the animal finishes
by acquiring an exceptional intelligence. But no
adult is ever permitted to mount till the horse is six
years old — the period necessary to impart solidity to
the frame. M. Male draws attention to the advan-
tages of treating horses kindly, and laments the bru-
tality to which they are so often subjected by
reckless or drunken servants. He truly says, all ani-
mals maltreated will, in the long run, become vicious.
Hence the diflieulties to make them work, to sell well,
or to obtain a good price for their progeny ; for it is
an established fact that vicious habits are transmit-
tible.

THE TREATMENT OP HOVEN IN RUMINANTS.

Solutions of ammonia are commonly administered
in France as a remedy against distention among rumi-
nants. The accident is most prevalent during the
season of young and succulent forage. The difficulty
hitherto has been, to enable the ammonia to reach at
once the paunch, and so combining with the carbonic
acid gas, the cause of the hoven, reduce the disten-
tion. M. Salles has patented-a trocar, having at the
end an india-rubber ball filled with the solution and
communicating with the trocar by means of a cock ;
when the trocar is inserted in that part of the animal
formed by the thigh and the abdomen, the ball is
pressed, the liquid enters the stomach and the infla-
tion at once disappears ; the gas can even be let off
through the trocar. The animal has only to be kept
on a low diet for a few days, till the little wound heals.

SOILS AS FILTERS — MANURES FOR SUGAR BEET.

M. Meunier has been experimenting on the power
of soils to act as filters in retaining their clayey mat-
ters from being carried away. The presence of a small
quantity of lime or magnesia was ever sufficient to
make the most troubled water pass off clear, hence,
why the water of field drains is so pure, and why that
in the form of rain, or water distilled, remains muddy,
even for a month, till coming in contact with mineral
salts, precipitation is effected. M. Lacgrange, the
director of an eminent sugar refinery, has for some
time been experimenting, practically and chemically,
with the various manures most suited for sugar beet;
he finds sulphate of ammonia to be the best, and then
ammoniaeal salts in general ; they augment the rich-
ness of the sugar, and the pulp contains a higher per-
centage of nitrogen, an advantage very valuable in
feeding stock. The chlorides are most dreaded by the
refiner, because they are rapidly absorbed by beet,
and exist largely in the juice, where the animal black
fails to act on them ; they thus prevent the crystalli-
zation of the sugar, and favor the production of much
molasses.

CONSERVING GREEN MAIZE FOR FODDER.

The Central Agricultural Society of France, has,
by its practical and scientific commission, made an
exhaustive report on the process for confcrving green
maize for stock feeding, during winter and spring, in
covered trenches. The farm selected was that of
M. Goffart, the agriculturist who has adopted the
plan since 18.53, and who has also made it first known
in France, in 1870. There is nothing positively new
in the idea. Since time immemorial vine leaves
have been preserved in a green state, in the district
of Lyons, and which has made the reputation of the
famous Mt. Dore cheese. In eider-making countries
the apple puli> is similarly conserved. In various
parts of Germany, several vegetables are preserved
in a green state for fodder, being generally seasoned
with a quantity of celery ; the same respecting beet
pulp. M . (iotfart's soil is peculiarly suited for maize ;
he prefers the South American varieties, the eara-
gua especially, the stems of which often reach twelve
feet in height. The maize is sown after rye, and is
cut green, the latter receiving the manure. He cuts
the maize before pitting it, and mixes cut straw and
chaff with the mass. This induces regularity in fer-
mentation, and best excludes the air. The larger the
trench, the better the mass is jireserved. Tliose who
do not chop the maize, sow it thickly, to have fine
stems. M. Goffart obtains as high as 65 tons of this
green fodder per acre — double what beet would i)ro-
duee. He nourishes 30 cows with the conserve, and
they eat it with avidity, despite its alcoholic odor and
sliglitly acid taste. The cows yield from 25 to 30
quarts of milk daily, and their calves had the silkiest
of skins — the eyes brilliant. No belter test than this
to demonstrate the value of food given to the mothers.
About 00 lbs. per day per head is the average con-
sumption of the conserved food. The commission
testifies to the results obtained by M. Goffart, valu-
iible in dry climates, but thinks much remains yet to
be accomplished as to the best plans for presprving
autumn green forage for spring feeding.

THE VINE BUG DISEASE — PHYLLOXERA.

There has been much erroneous news of late touch-
ing an alleged perfect cure for the ^ine bug disease —

the Phylloxera. Unhappily, the question is just in
the same state as it was in November, when both the
vine and its enemy went into winter quarters. The
evidence appears to accumulate in favor of manuring
the vines, in order to fortify them against the insects ;
and the only poison powder to employ is that sug-
gested by the distinguished chemist, Dumas — sulpho-
carbonate of potash or soda, at the rate of 85 lbs. per
acre, dissolved in .500 times its weight of water — no
small task for a vineyard — and to be applied after the
manure ; guano is preferred, at the rate of 5 cwts.
per acre ; has been incorporated with the soil. Tlie
salt, as it slowly decomposes, generates sulphuret of
carbon and sulphuretted hydrogen — two ixiisons
which kill the phylloxera ; the potash or soda, set
free, nourishes the roots at the same time. The pre-
sent season will witness these remedies fully tried.

FRUIT TREES BT THE ROAD SIDES.

Like Belgium, France protests against the authori-
ties arbitrarily planting elm, ash, poplar trees, &c.,
along the road sides, and demands that fruit trees be
employed instead, as is the case in Switzerland and
Germany, and whose roots would be less objectionable.

AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS IN ITALY.

Italy is actively improving her agriculture, by the
foundation of special schools ; she lias now established
some for the cultivation of apples, a product of great
importance. The government has opened several
depots for agricultural machinery, and has instituted
lectures on mechanics. The soldiers have to attend
the courses of agricultural lectures, two years pre-
ceding their discharge.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATION.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society.

The June meeting of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society was held on Mon-
day, June 7th, 1875, at two o'clock p. m., in the Or-
phans' Court Room. The following members were in
attendance : Henry M. Engle, J. B. Garber, Hon. J.
B. Livingston, Martin L. Kendig, Milton B. Eshle-
man, Simon P. Eby, esq., Abraham Bollinger, John
Grossman, J. H. Musser, F. B. Bomberger, Jonas
Buckwalter, Wm. McComsey, John B. Erb, Dr. P.
W. Hiestand, Christian H. Herr (Manor), Jacob
Witmer, Levi S.Reist, Peter S. Reist, John M. Krei-
ter, John Miller, esq.,!Henry Buch, S. S. Rathvon,
Henry Erb, Christian Coble, Thomas Wood, Tobias
D. Martin, .John Brackbill, Benj. Ritter, Reuben
Weaver, Johnson Miller, and Alexander Harris.

Johnson Miller presided, with Alex. Harris, esq.,
acting as Secretary. The meeting was well attended,
and reports on condition of the crops being the first
thing in order, President Johnson Miller, of Warwick,
submitted the following :

Winter wheat has somewhat improved since last re-
port, and, with favorable weather, may be set down
as three-fourths of a crop, as compared with last year.
It is fast coming in the head now, and fields begin to
look more even than they did six weeks ago. Rye is
now in bloom, and looking better than wheat in gen-
eral. In my field of stubble were sown last fall wheat
and rye, side by side ; the rye makes about four times
as much straw and double the number of bushels in
grain ; so that rye is the crop for corn stubble when
wanted to seed in the fall. Oats has been a little re-
freshed by the showers we have had ; while com is
coming up nice, and looks promising. Potatoes are
growing finely, while the Colorado bugs are quite
numerous in my neighborhood. One man has caught
some 2,000 or 3,000, and, if others would do likewise,
it would have an effect upon their ranks. As to my
own, I have very few so far, and am not at all anxious
to get more. Tobacco-planting is now in order with
growers, but they have some difficulty in getting
plants started, on account of dryness and the cut-
worms, (irass is rather short for the season, with
some fields thinly set ; will not make much more than
half a crop with the best weather. Clover is coming
into heads now, but will not make much growth,
even with wet weather. Fruit prospects in general
are very encouraging. Caterpillars have made their
appearance in full force on fruit trees, and should
be visited with a long pole with corn-cob attached,
saturated with coal oil, and burned.

Milton B. Eshleman, esq., ofParadise, also made
a written report, as follows :

Wheat — One-half crop, unless the late should be
damaged by mildew, midge or blight ; then one-quar-
ter crop. Straw very short, but heads generally long.

Corn — Came up well, and is growing amazingly,
considering the drought. I have some stalks of early
corn that will strc^tch three feet high.

Oats and barley look very well — I think better
prospects for good crops than for several years, and
they will help to make out the sujiply of straw very
materially.

Grass — Poor ; the clover is fully out in bloom, and
scarce a foot high, and beyond redemption. Timothy
scarcely perceptible, but may come to something by
the time the harvest has passed away.

Potatoes — Came up sparingly ; in some places one-
fourth of the seed rotted, and those that are growing
are well patronized by the Colorado beetle. I saw

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

91

tlio tlret liroriil of enilie on SaturdaVi aiulpave llicm
a close of Paris trri'i'" "i"t sent tliiin to tliclr lone
home, ami liave ]i|ciity more rraily for other nests as
6o<tn as tliey efune to the proper statue.

Tol>aeeo (ihints are ready, and yonie set out ; hut
most farmers are wattniir for a eood, soakinir rain.

II. M. Knoi.k agreed, in the main, with the reports
euliinilleil. lie diil not helieve wheat woidil he much
over luilf a erop. Corn has eome up reniarkahly
well, when the dry weather is eonsidered. (irass will
be only aliout three-l'ourtlis the usinil erop. The im>-
tato beetle has already put in an appearanee, and In
a week's time we shall be able to tell what they
atiionnt to in this seetion. The apple erop will be
medium. Thei>eaeh erop proudses well, ami also the
grap*'.

M. D. Kendio did not think the crop prospect very
potHl. Wheat, for want of rain, will be lipht. Corn
is settinir out wi'il, and so with the potatoes. Oats
looks well. Many are yet lioldlni; baek with their
lobaeeo planting. Tlie lirst crop will be only medium.
He did not believe the wheat would yield more than
one-1'ourth tliu usual erop in some sections of the
county.

Johnson Mii.i.eh was of the opinion that wheat
seldom docs well when sown on c(trn stubble.

M. B. EsHi.KMAN had found that wheat does well
sown on corn stubble.

II. M. Enoi.k said the /jcncral impression was that
the reason why wheat looked better in the northern
and northwestern [lart of Lancaster county was be-
cause that more snow lay upon it, thus afl'ordinfj pro-
tect ion.

Mr. Kendio believed, fnim what he had heard
from other counties, that Mr. Englc's explanaliun
w as correct.

S. P. Env, esq., now read a very interesting essay
on the subject of "The Characteristics of Farmers
and Farming, and the evil arising from the general
desire on the i>art of young men to avoid this honor-
able and indepi^ndent jHisition in life," for which he
reetnved a vote of thanks.

Mil. F.NOi.E entirely agreed with the sentiments of
the essay, and hopeil the views enunciated therein
would be lived up to. He approved the suggest ion of t he
essayist that all persons should have an object in life,
and that labor and pleasure could be united — thus
uuiking the world pleasanter for all.

Mk. Esuleman agrci'd also with the essayist, and
thought it an excellent production.

JoiiNsoN Mii-LEit took upthe tirstquestion : When
is the best time to cut clover and timothy in order to
make the best hay ?

Mn. Engi.e had long been of the opinion that grass
is allowed to get too ri^je before it is cut. He thought
clover and timotliy should be cut as young as possi-
ble, only so that it be fully grown. He had cut it so
early as to be considered eccentric. He believed bet-
ter butler could be made from green cut grass than
from that which was over-ripe. Even the color of
butter is Oner from young cut hay. He would be
glad if our farmers would test the different methods
of making hay. Green cut hay will endure hiore
than old cut hay. When st) cut it will not make as
large a bulk, but its substance will he stronger and
and of more henetit to the stock.

John Gkossman did not believe that timothy
should be cut too young. Up thought the best time
to cut clover was when its heads begin to get dry.
When clover is cut it should be turned over until it is
suineiently dry.

Levi S. Keist is not in favor of cutting grass too
green. If it sets too ripe its leaves will break oil'. A
good deal of judgment is required in order to know
when to make hay. When it is entirely ripe, it can
be cut and made and gathered into the barn the same
day.

John R. Err agreed with Mr. Reist. He was not
in favor of making hay too early, for he has tried it,
and has lost all of it by wet weather.

Peteu S. Reist is satislied that good weather is
required tQ make good hay ; but he thinks the most
Imiiortaut question is when to make it that it will
yield the most nutriment.

John Misseh believed that Mr. Eiigle was pretty
near right in bis idea of making hay as he has ob-
served.

Wm. McComsey thought that the theory laid down
by Mr. Kngle was the correct one. AVhen hay is cut
young, the saccharine matter is in greater abundance
than when it grows ohler ; and he is satislied, of
course, that hay cut y(»ung' retpiires longer time to
dry and cure it. When it has Jully matured, he
thinks a larger quantity of hay will be obtained, but
not so i;ood in quality.

H. M. Eniji.e admitted that young cut grass re-
quires more lime to eure it. Hay, when pro|HTly cut
and lUred, will look nearly the same as before it is
cun d. The hay tedder Is as little in use in t his coun-
ty as elsew here — perhaps aot a dozen in the county.
He would rather have his hay dried with as liltlesun-
shine as possible.

The second ((uestion was — " What is the best time
to cut wheat?"

H. M. Enui.e was satisfied that wheat should be
cut younger than it usually is.

Mn. EsnLE.MAN also inclined to the same opinion,
believing that the best time to cut wheat was before
it was fidly ripe. We do not receive the high price

for our (lour that the weetern article commands, and
he believed that s()niething was wrong in our lime
and iiiethod of cutting thi' wheat.

I'f.teu .S. Reist believed in waitinir until thewheat
was ripe before cutting. If you cut before It Is ripe,
11 will surely shrink, and not yield as much per acre
as when fully ripe.

The question was further discussed at considerable
lenirth, by .Messrs. H. M. Kiit'le, Levi S. Reist, Peter
S. Reist and John H. Itraekbill.

John R. Ekii exhibited very fine strawberries, con-
sisting of the followiiiL' varieties : French Seeillini;,
Karly Scarlet, Early Wilson, Agriculturist, Jaeunda,
I^ime Valley Seedlinir, ami others without names.

Ou oiotiou, society adjourned.

BEES AND BEE CULTURE.

The Wonderful Instincts of the Honey Bee.

How great is the instinct of this induslrious little
insect will be seen by reading this article. Nothing
pays better on one's farm, with so little trouble ami
expense, than the honey bee. Each hive will give a
protit of ?2I> in honey sold at wholesale prii'es, at no
c(»st forgathering, as bee |)asture is Iree, and now is
the time for them to aeeunndate the best. The
white clovi'r is beginning to bloom, and honey from
this i)lant is far superior to that math' from any other.
While this variety of clover is in bloom, they will
gather from two to ten jKiunds per day, dejiendlng
upon the strength of the hive and the condition of the
weather.

The honey is taken from the flowers by the bees,
and on their way home it is passingthrough a churn-
ing process, au<l by the time they arrive home it is
churned. The body of the bee is iiut together in
three sections or bands, audundernealh the two front
bands on each side there is an outlet or small hole,
where the butter oozes imt after being churnid. This
butter is the pure white wax. It is received by other
bees and placed in the comb or eel I, and by the mouth
of the bee it is pressed out to its proper thickness,
and the balance remaining, which, to carry out our
simile, wc may call buttermilk, is thrown up by the
bees into the cells, and the longer it remains there
the sweeter it gets, as it extracts the sweetness or
virtue from the comb, bringing back the body of the
sweets which it contained in its first gatherint' from
thetlinvcrs; and, as before stated, the longer it re-
mains in the comb the sweeter it gets — one jiound in
the comb three years olil having as much medical vir-
tue as three pounds one year old.

Besides the honey, there is the pollen, which is of
more benefit to the bee than the honey. After it is
deiwsited in the comb it is called bee-bread, as it is
their principal living in the winter, and their young
feed on it altogether, until they are ready to work.

Bees arc very prolific, hatchiiig out a brood every
nine days, from early spring until late in the fall,
from 2,000 to .5,000 each time; but as their life is
short (only six wfeks), during working season at
least one-hall' of them die. When the hive becomes
so full that it is uncomfortable for them to work, a
certain jjroportiou are driven out (which is called
"swarnnng.")i-

Tile first hatching in the sjiring is from eggs laid
late in the fall, which are protected in such a manner
as m»t to allow them to hatch until new pollen is lobe
had. The last hatching is in the fall, and are those
which are to live during' the winter.

If you kill off the American Black Queen, and put
in her place the Italian Yellow Queen, you will in six
weeks have hybrids stunething larger than our own,
with one yi-llow band around them, instead of three,
as in their purity. This will prove the shortness of
thiir lives. Hybrids do better for me than either in
their purity.

There are but two classes of Bees, male and female;
but there are three sizes, the Queen, Drone and
Worker. They would all be of one class if the cells
were all made of one size and shape ; their disparity
in size makes the difference. Tiic drone is like oilier
male bees, only that it has no sting. The worker is
a female, but a non-fertile bee or " neuter." This is ac-
counted for by the cells being only three-quarters of an
inch long and" three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter,
while the fertile bee or queen is one and a quarter inch
long and a (juarter of an inch in diameter. If they
were all (puM-ns thi-rc would be no out -door Wf)rk, as
the drones do nothing. The queen cells are always
ma<ieon the outer edge of the comb, there being more
room there to extend their length — the drones like-
wise— thiTC being but one-quarter tif an inch of space
between the combs allowed for travel. The queen
cells are but three ami live in numlier, allowing one
for each swarm ; the rest are killed off.

The |K>lleii is gathered in this wise: The back of
the bee is covered with a fine wool or hair, and on
entcTinir the fiowers the pollen sti<ks to it, and whi'n
necessary to release' it, it is combed out. The bee has
six legs, three on each side, and the ndddle one on
either side has a comb on the under side, from the
forked toe to the first joint. As this can reach only
half way across the back, it is combed from both
sides, and the pollen is taken from the comb by the
two fore feet. It is then llattened by the two fore
feet, and caught between the toes, and passed back

to the thighs of the hind legs, each one receiving fho
same weii;lit, as nearly as iKissible. The pollen Is
taken from the eiiil of the petals of such flowers ag
the bee caimot enter while on the wlnt, the front
I'eet behiir used for this pnr|K)si'. The jxillen is re-
moved by put ting the leg in the cell, when It is pushi-d
off with the forked toe, and, Btcpping to one side, tho
other is cleaned In the sami- manner.

The drones are killed In the fall, the exact time de-
pending upon the character of the winter wc are to
have, a fact which they surely know by instinct. If
it is to be long and cold they are kllleii in the early
part of September; if an open winter, not until tho
last of October. Last fall they were killed during
tli(^ last of August and the early part of Scplcmber ;
the previous fall, the first of November. I have care-
fully noticed this operation of the bees for the past
seven years, and it has never failed.

A hive of bees will consume al>out flneen pounds
during the winter, or two and a half iKiunds |>er
month. The weight of a swarm is from :i'J to .5
pounds. I have one i>( the best of my stock hanging
to a patent beam scale, ami can, therefore, tcU tbo
loss ami gain as often as 1 clMM>se.

We have nothing in the insect line which la more
useful than the honey bee, and nothini; more indus-
trious, workini; early and late, and with economy,
and on Hei<-ntific prineiides. Their combs or eellH are
all six-sided. Owinir to this shape, the cells of every
other row are the only ones iiecesBary to build, except
the front and backs of the second ones, thus doing
away witli much lalKir; ami there is nothing of any
other shape which will liold more In the same num-
ber of scpuire inches.

Truly, the Almighty has created all things In wis-
dom.—Wm. J. PvLE, Wcit UficKter, J'a., Juru 2, 1875.

Buckwheat for Bees.

As the season for providing for the busy heo a
honey-plant Is uinm us, none iircsenls itself more
worthy of consideration than buckwheat. This plant
is well adapted to our entire State, and can 1h' suc-
cessfully (irown ujion inferior soil. Lands which will
produce from six to ten bushels of corn will ijrow
buckwheat from two to four feet high, wldcli will be-
gin blooming when not over six inches hi);h, and con-
tinue till growth ceases or frost intervenes. Tho
writer has had buckwheat to bloom in thirty-five days
from time of sow imr, and produce an unbroken suc-
cessifm of fiowers from .May l.ith to Octolier Ist. Tho
first erop of blooms produce mature scwl, while the
{tlant contimics to bl(M)m. Seed may Ik: savetl by
hand, by gathering from theplants, without injury to
existing fiowers.

In strong soil we have grown buckwheat four and
a half and five feet hit'h. With this condition it is in-
clinctl to lodge and fail to produce blooms. Wetherc-
fore prefer lands of medium grade.

Prepare your lands for this plant as you would for
wheat, leaving off fertilizers. Sow about half a bushel,
never exceeding three-fourths of a bushel of seeil |H'r
acre, running over your land with brush similar lo
that used for putting in wheat, or the ordinary roller
without the brush.

Should you prefer preserving the plant for forage,
after your bees have used the fields for six or eight
weeks, you can do so and save an enormous yield of
nutritious forage. Cut with ordinary scythe, or grass
blade, just before the seed begins to brown, aiulcuro
as you would coarse characters of grass. The pro-
duct thus secured will amply remunerate the outlay
lor seed and time ami labor, and give to yimr busy
little friends abundant stores of delicious honey. In
addition to the above induecmentB for sowing buck-
wheat, the writer must be alU>wed to say nothing Is
more attrai'tive to the sight, of him who |iractiee9
iliversilieil farming than thtr buckwheat llclti in full
bl(H>m. and no sound more gladsome than the inoru-
ing hum of myriad bees sipping Its golden nectar.

Position of the Hive--Sunshine and Shadow.

For an apiary, or even a single hive of bees, tho
best position is a sheltered place on a low level, In-
stead of an elevated and cx|HiRed situation, ami as
free as possit)le from ilamp, noxious smells, and dis-
turbing sounds. A plot of well-kept grass, or a si>aec
covered with dry gravel, is frequently very desirable.
There seems to be no definite rub* as to the best Jtosl-
tion for the hive as reganls the points of the com-
I)ass ; the bees have been found t<» thrive whether
their abiMle fronts the s<iuth, the north, or any inler-
mediati- |>oiiit. On this subject so much depends on
the locality, the climate, and vari(ms other considera-
tions, that it is dillieull, or rather im|>ossil>le, to pre-
scribe any rule of universal application.

Too much heat is always injurious to bees ; they
ought not lo bi' left exposed to the sun in sultry
weather. It renders the insects extremely irritable,
and exii«>ses the combs to the danger of being more
or less softened and even melted. It is very imitor-
lant, therefore, to protect the hive by she'ltering It
from the ilin.-i't rays of the sun. .■V screen adapted to
the iiuriMise is very suitable, or a mat, which may be
thrown over the hive. In our opinion, the screen Is
to be preferrcil, as causing a grateful sliadi', and at
the same time ix;rmitting a better ventilation.

92

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

THE FLOWER GARDEN.

Insects on House Plants, and the Remedies.

In response to numerous inquiries we purpose to
give a little more in detail than we have previously
done, a descrijition of the inseets particularly injuri-
ous to house ijlauts, show the best way to prevent
their attacks, and the most approved means devised
for their destruction. In general, we may remark that
considerable heat and dryness of atmosphere are
necessary for the hatching of insects. All have
noticed in cool summers, or in a season when frequent
showers occur, our common grashoppers are scarcely
noticed, but if a drought happens, then they come in
full force. The same principle applies to plants in
the house. Those who give their plants plenty of
water by syringing, spraying, and bathing, will not
be very much troubled with insects.
THE GREEN-FLY.
The " green-fly " every plant-raiser knows, and he
knows, too, to his sorrow, how. destructive it is if left
to itself. The plants which this insect attacks are the
softest and most succulent, and at the ends of the
young shoots, and the softest leaves.
It sucks the juices so as materially to
I injure the plant in a short time. The
insects of this kind (Aphix) increase
with such wonderful rapidity that
Reaumur has proved that in five
GitEKN-FLT (APHis) generations one aphis may be the
MAGNiriED. progenitor of six thousand millions,
and there may be ten generations in a year.

The insect inflicts the injury by means of a long
rostrum or beak through which it sucks out the
juices— the rostrum, when not in use, lies inflected
beneath the breast. Their bodies, at the hinder ex-
tremity, are furnished with two little prominent or
knotty openings, from which exude almost continu-
ally little drops of sweet or honey-like fluid. As they
take in great quantities of sap, they would soon be-
come gorged if they did not get rid of the supera-
bundant fluid. The leaves and bark of plants much
infested by these insects are often completely sprinkled
over with drops of this sticky fluid, which, on drying,
becomes dark colored and greatly disfigures the
foliage.

Of all the means that have been employed for the
destruction of this insect, that which has proved most
efficient and the one now almost universally practiced.
Is fumigation with tobacco. Those who use it fre-
quently in green-houses, procure tobacco stems, when
they are readily to be had, on account of their cheap-
ness ; or in suitable climates a small crop of it is
raised for this purpose ; but tobacco in almost any
form may be used, and the amount necessary for a
stock of house-plants is of inconsiderable value.
Some plants, such as Heliotropes, Salvias, Lantanas,
and some others with soft, downy foliage, will not
bearordinary fumigations without injury to the leaves,
and these plants, therefore, should not be subjected
to it. Many plants in full flower, but especially Pelar-
goniums, will throw off their expanded blooms after
smoking, and therefore it is best to remove these be-
fore fumigating. Care should be used also to have
the foliage of all the plants dry, for if they are wet
or damp,^ the smoke will be apt to injure such as are
of a soft texture. If the plants are in a conservatory
attached to the house, the time chosen for fumigating
should be a still evening when there is little or no
wind stirring, and the temperature of thehouse should
be pretty well up, as then the inseets are more active
and the smoke will more easily afl'ect them. A few
chips or a little charcoal may be placed upon a small
furnace or a pan and ignited, and then a small quan-
tity of tobacco placed' upon it — the tobacco should
have been previously dampened so as to prevent its
burning too rapidly or blazing. See that the fire con-
tinues to burn, and add more tobacco, if enough has
not been placed on at first, until the room is filled
with smoke. It can be left this way all night, and in
the morning the plants should be well syringed to free
them of the dead insects, and to remove the odor of
the tobacco. After a few days it is best to repeat the
smoking so as to destroy any insects that may have
escaped the first time. In this way fumigation is to
be practiced whenever necessity indicates it; but as
we have before remarked, a free use of the syringe
and a moist atmosidiere will render the necessity of
less frequent occurrence.

When only a plant or two, or a small number of
them are to be treated, they can be fumigated under
an inverted barrel or large box in a back room or
shed. Single plants may be lumigated by making a
bell of a newspaper, as shown in the engraving. The
smoke can be introduced by means of a tobacco-pipe.
Fill the bowl two-tliirils full of quick-burning tobac-
co, and, after lighting, |)lace a i)iece of cotton cloth
over the bowl, and blow the smoke through the stem,
with the mouth. Instead of fumigation, a weak solu-
tion of tobacco may sometimes be used quite as effec-
tively ; this is often the more convenient way for a
few plants. Soak or steep some tobacco in water
until the strength is extracted. The strength of the
water may be determined by dipping a leaf into it or
letting it remain in it for a short time ; if the leaf is
brown or burned, or turns so when taken out of the
water, the solutiun is too strong, and must be reduced

by increasing the quantity of water. When the right
degree of strength is acquired, dip the whole plant
into the water, and afterwards syringe it off with
clean water. \Vhat we
desire to impress most
forcibly on the minds
of our readers, and es-
pecially those who keep
only a small number of
plants in the living-
room, is the better way,
of watching them so
elot^cly, and syringing
and washing them so
frequ iitlv. tliat tlie fly
is kept under and the
plants maintained in the
highest state of health.

TDRIPS.

This is an exceedingly ,
active little insect, and -
seems to leap rather
than fly. The engrav-
ing shows a thrips of natural size. Fig. f, and the
same insect magnified. Fig. h. These insects are ex-
tremely small, and have long, slender bodies, with
very narrow wings, v hich are fringed with fine hair.
They live on leaves, flowers, in buds, and even in the
crevices of the bark of plants, but are so small that
they readily escape notice, the largest not being more
than one-tenth of an inch in length. The color of the
insect varies from a whitish-yellow to a dark brown.
It attacks the ex' remities of young shoots and tender
leaves, which becomes brown and shriveled, and will
crumble to dust when rubbed between the thumb and
finger.

The same means that have been recommended for
the destruction of the " green-fly " serves for this little
pest also, but it does not succumb
so readily — the fumigation must
be more frequently "and persis-
tently practiced. As we have
said in reference to the "green-
fly," so with this insect; it may
THBiPs. ^,g prevented to a great ex-tent

from multiplying, by syringing and frequently wash-
ing the leaves of the plants.

If a vinery should be seriously attacked with thrips,
wait until all the foliage and fruit are taken off the
vines ; then remove all kinds of plants that have
green leaves into other houses, and shut up the vinery
close, and fill it with the fumes of sulphur.

RED SPIDER.

The Red Spider (Acarius iellarius) is a troublesome
little insect, and one which, if allowed to run un-
checked, would speedily bring devastation and total
ruin to the plants of the house or conservatory ; but
it is no doubt designed for some beneficial purpose.
We can more clearly see the compensating good from
its attacks than in the case of most other plant-prcy-
ere. If it were not for the whole«ome fear which it
continually inspires, gardeners and other plant-grow-
ers would probably very frequently maintain an at-
mosphere so dry as materially to injure or destroy
their plants. If you catch a glimpse Of a red spider,
you may be sure that the atmosphere of your plant-
room has been kept too dry— if it is your living-room,
it has also been too dry for the health of the human
occupants. It will be seen by the en-
graving that the insect is very minute,
as shown by the little dot a ; the same,
highly magnified, appears at 6. The
body is of a blood-red color, and the
feet a light red.

A plant upon which this insect has EEDSpiDEB(/lca-
taken up his abode, in a short time rinsteUarhu).;
shows some leaves turning yellow, indicating pre-
mature decay ; when they are numerous they work
webs on the under-side of the leaves, and sometimes
all over it, until the plant becomes amass of half-dead
and decayed leaves.

Water is fatal to the red spider, and, as before re-
marked, with an atmosphere of proper humidity, this
insect would never get a foothold. When once firmly
established upon the plants, the speediest way to de-
stroy them is by the fumes of sulphur. This remedy,
however, must be used with much caution, as the free
use of it will cause most plants to shed their leaves.

Fortunately, but little of it is required ; and in the
green-house it has been found sufticieut to mix a lit-
tle flour of sulphur with water, or with milk, whicli
is said to be better, and to paint or smear with it a
small surface of the heating jiipes or the flue ; a very
little of it in the atmosphere proves suflicient for the
destruction of the insect. In the ease of a few house-
plants, wc think that sponging of the leaves on both
sides, and syringing the jilants so that the water is
thrown on tiie under as well as the upper sides of the
leaves, will be ell'ectual, without recourse to sulphur.

SCALE INSECT.

T?he Coccus, or Scale Insect, is a common pest on
some kinds of jilants ; the orange, the myrtle, the
camellia, the oleander, and many other hard-wooded
plants, are apt to be infested by them. Tliere are
many species of Coccus, varying slightly from each
other. One kind of plants is the home of one
variety, and another sort devotes its attention exclu-

OOCCUB, OH SCALE INSECT.

sively to some other kind. The grape, the pear, the
elm, and almost every kind of our cultivated and
forest trees, has its special representative of this class
of insects. In the engra-
ving the insect of natural
size is shown, a; when
magnified, the upper side,
6, represents a shield, and
the legs are only seen when
it is turned on its back, c.

The remedy in this case
Is by washing the plant by hand, and forcing the in-
sect off witii the thumb or finger-nail ; or take a
small, stiff brush and soapsuds, and brush the plant
until it is thoroughly clean. The name of the species
that infests the myrtle, orange, oleander, etc., is
Coccus Hesperidum.

The Mealy Bug (Coccus Adonidum) is similar to
the previously-mentioned insect, except that it is
covered with a white, mealy or downy substance.
Both of them insert their beaks into the bark or
leaves, and draw from the cellular substance the sap
that nourishes them. A weak mixture of whale-oil
soap and water, in the proportion of one ]K)und of
soap to five gallons of water, will be found destruc-
tive to them. With a few plants only, we would
recommend the use of a soft brush and water, and in
this way they can be readily removed. — Vick's Floral
Guide.

Full length Portrait of some unhappy wo-
man's husband. The man who thinlcs it
nonsense for wife and girls to make flower
beds.

How to Preserve and Restore Flowers.

Flowers may be preserved in a fresh state for a
considerable time by keeping them in a moist atmos-
phere. Those who love to see plenty of fresh flowers
in their parlors or sitting rooms will be gratified by
adopting the following plan : Pour water into a flat
porcelain or glass dish. Set a vase of flowers in the
dish, and over it place a bell glass, with its rim in the
water. The air which surrounds the flowers, being

c o n fl n ed be-
neath the bell
glass, is kept
con t i n u a 1 1 y
moist witli the
water which
rose with it in
the form of
vapor. As fast
as the water
is condensed it
runs down the
sides of the
bell glass
back into the
dish ; and if
means were
taken to inclose the water in the outside of the bell
glass, so as to prevent its evaporating into the air of
the sitting room, the atmosphere around the flowers
would remain continually damp. Those who wish to
" linger on the beauty " of a rare flower or bouquet
will be repaid by this experiment. It can be tried on
a small scale by inverting a tumbler over a rose-bud
in a saucer of water. Another method by which some
flowers may be preserved for many months, is to care-
fully dip them, as soon as gathered, in perfectly
limpid gum water, and after allowing them to drain
two or three minutes, to let them upright, or arrange
them in the usual manner in an empty vase. The
gum gradually forms a transparent coating on tlie
surface of the petals and stems, and preserves their
flgure and color long after they have become dry and
crisp. Faded
flowers may be
generally more
or less restored
by immersing
them half way
up their stems
in very hot
water, and al-
lowing them to
remain in it un-
til it cools, or
they have re-
covered. The
cooled portion
of the stems
must then be Portrait of the fortunate woman's hus-
,..,t ,.tT oTiil tTio band,whomakes wifeandchildrenhappy
cut ott, ana tne and home pleasant,
flowers placed

iu I'lear, cold water. In this way a great number of
faded flowers may be restored ; but there are some of
the more fugacious kinds on which it proves useless,
but flowers may also be preserved and their tints
deepened by adding to the water a little of the solu-
tion of carbonate of ammonia and a few drops of the
phosphate of soda. The efl'ect of this, in giving the
flower a deejicr color and a stronger appearance, is
quite wonderful ; and by cutting off every other day
about one-half inch of the stems of the flowers with
a sharp knife, they may be kept as long as their
natural life would last.

The bestinvestment afarmer,gardeneror house-
keeper can make, is to put a dollar " on interest " by
subscribing for The Lancaster Farmer. It will
pay handsomely before the year is out.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

93

The woman whose flower seeds never come up
unless Ihcy arc scratched up.

Violets.

Vi<)lft.8 are tlio fi\voot('8t liiiwiTK In FloriiV uanlt-n,
ami arc altnosi universally aiiiiiiri'il. TIktc arc tlirrr
variclii'S now iMiltivalcil, viz.: the NeaiHilitaii, the
Kuseian, and the Kn(rlisli, or b. odurala. The Nea-
politan viiilets are Car more tender than all other
species, ami eania)t lu' hri>U!;ht to pcrfcctinn without
the aid of artiliclal iwat or some protection to pre-
scrvf thcni from frosts. In a cold frame or under
liand-j,'Ia.>;ses they can he ke]it in hloom from Novem-
ber to .May. Durinir summer they will lake care of
theinselvc's, with hut little attention from the irar-
dencr ; hut as soon as <'old nii;hts approach , the ^jlasses
Hlioulil he put over them ; and iluriiit^ severe cold
they must he protected hy mattini;, and the frames
liaiiked up with stable litter. F(U- window uanli'nin;;
these violets are not a success unless the plants are
purchased when in full hloom and kept in a cool tem-
perature. .\s jtot-plants they reipiire shiftiiiji; into
lara'cr jxtts, as their roots sjjread, and sliould I>e liber-
ally supplied with water wldle In bloom. In beds, to

maintain
a c:ood suc-
cession, a
new bed
sliould he
lilantod as
soon as t he
old plants
e ease to
tlowcr; but
if this can
not be easi-
ly done, let
the old
plants re-
main and
cut away
all the

suckers thoy liave made, and iiivc the bed a top-
dressinc: of rich loam and well-decayed manure, half-
and-half. All throufrh the summer the suckers
should he cut away, and the plants will need water
occasionally if tlic" season is dry. By tins method
very strong plants can be had for winter flowering,
and only one sash and frame be required.

The Russian violets are much more hardy than the
NeaiHilitan, but to blossom freely they need a fich
6oil, witli plenty of water when in bloom ; it must,
however, be well drained, so that the water will not
settle at their roots, as this will cause them to decay.
Frosh beds made every year from the offsets will pro-
duec the Kr™'''ft profusion of (lowers, and tlie old
beds can be renovated with a top-dresslni; after their
flowerinjj ceases. The suckers can be planted when
the old beds are in full bud, but all suckers produced
the first year should be removed, so that the plants
can form compact crowns, whicli will jiroduce flowers
In irrcat plenty. Tlie Czar violet is the most jmpular
variety that is cultivated, but its flowers are of a pale
blue, and siui;lc, yet their delicious fratrrancc is al-
ways apiireeiated. It has, however, a tendency to
ruii to leaf rather than to bud, and, therefore, should
not have too rieli a soil; a sandy loam seems best
adapted to its wants.

Theseviolets can be cultivated like misTionette, so
as to form a miniature tree. Take a strons, well-
rooted sucker with a lont; stem, and plant it in a pot
of lisht,
rich mold
with the
stem tied
up to a
slender -
sup port . ^

Put the ;: . , :- j_^- _____

pot where '='^ .-o ■' SLl"^' ■'i.-v

it can--;--^'; 'I :it"*C?fif f'F. ■»*>&" "zT

have bot-
tom heat,
a n d a s
soon as it

seems to „, , ., , ,.

be prow woman whose flower seeds all come up.

iniiwell, nip otTall the side branches with the excep-
tion of two small shoots. Contiime to do this, kcep-
inir only the middle and side shoots, and as the three-
inch pot (which should be used at first,) becomes
filled with roots, shift it to the next size, and I'ontinue
doiny: this as often as tlie r(K)ts touch the sides of the
[lot. Fresh soil ami a sujiply of weak mamirc-watcr
must be given to promote its i^rowth, and every
flower-hu»l picked otl' as soon as it is seen. In three
years this course of treatment will have proiluccd a
stem at least half an inch in diameter, and a bell-
shaped head, which may now be allowed to bud and
bUwim, and it will prove a charmiuLT basket-plant, or
an ornament for the window, i^arden, or trrcenhouse.
Tlie sweetest-scented flowers an' not always the most
brilliant colorcil, for Nature rarely bestows upon one
plant so great perfection, although the rose may claim
this distinction ; l)Ut violets |hisscss the pleasing tints
of dark !)lue or purj)le, pure wliite, and \i\\W blue,
while the shape of tile flowers is always lovely. No
one who has a ganlcn should Ite without a bed of
them. — .v. O. J. in Xetn Yi>rk Trihune,

^MM

Button-Hole Bouquets and Bouquet-Holder.

Within a few years the wearing of button-hole
flowers and Imlton-holc bompiets has become ijuite
fashionable, and it is one. of tiiose tasli-ful and iimo-
i'cnt pastimes whiidi we can fidly eonunend. The
button-hole i^oufjuet proper, whicli is comixised of a
very lew Hue flowers tastefully arranged,
must not b<i confounded with the button-
hole flower, which is simply a single
flower, like a rose-bud or a Tuberose, with
some pretty sweet-scented li-af for a liack-
ground, to the stem of which the flower Is
attached by a thread or light string. This
is desiiria'd to be inserted in the little Hou-
(piit-Holder herewith illustrated, and lor
which we are indebted to our friend VicK,
who sends them by mall tor twenty cents.
No leaves are more dcsiralile for tids pur-
pose than the sweet-scented geraniums, of
which the .\pplc and Halm are among the
nK)st desirables The holder is made of
glass, of any desired color, is tilled with
water, and attached to coat, dress or hair,
by the pin. In this way the flowers will keep fresh
for a day or two. The button-hole bouquet is ar-
ranged ilitlerently. The stems of th(! flowers arc
covered with a little damp moss or cotton, the whole
being surrounded with tin-foil, and fastened to the
coat or dress with a cftmmon i»in. Of course, the
holder may be used with cither, or both may he ar-
ranged for tin-foil. Mr. Vick says "the very beauti-
ful cut foliage of the Itose and W-rhnn Geraniums
are siidicicntly attractive in form alone to insure
general popularity; but when added to this is their
delicate an<l dcliglitful fragrance, we know we shall
be pardoned for urging every one who cultivates
flowers to secure at least one of these plants. They
grow easily from slips, and do nicely in the house,
and, when once secured, there will be no neci-ssity
for again )nircliasing during a life-time; for in the
early autumn slips can be taken otV ami iiotted for
winter use in the house, and in the early spring slips
can be iM)tted, and in three or fotir weeks they will
be sufficiently rooted to transfer to the open ground."

THE FRUIT and VEGETABLE GARDEN.

" 1 wiLX uot mar the works of (iod by wantuu cruelty."

The Pear Tree Must Have a Retentive Soil.

The pear tree re<|uires a retentive soil, in order to
give good returns, hut not when water stands on sur-
face or sub-soil. The loss of fruit tri'cs within three
years, in Illinois, is estimated at aliout three millions
of dollars, and that the retentive clay loam sub-soil
of the prairie lands is the cause, ami that the farmers
have adopted the plan of ridging their orchards liy
rejieated ploughings, commencing at tlie same ridge
and ending at the same furrow, to remedy this evil.
We do not apprehend that this is simply owing to
their clayey sub-soil, for in New England we find that
pear trees flourish better on land with a sub-soil or
pan of clay. The difficulty with them is undoubtedly
owing to the adhesiveness or peculiar quality of their
clay, which iirevcnts the percolation of water through
it. Such land requires a good system of draining.
On the quality of the sub-soil depends in a great mea-
sure the capacity of the surface soil for retaining or
parting with the water ami heat. Of these, the worst
is clay kept wet with subterraneous water, so destruc-
tive to fruit trees, and the best are those of clay rest-
ing on gravel or porous rock. This last is the best
lor a garden, because, while the water finds a ready
means of escape, the mots of the trees are prevented
from extending too deep into a cold and uncongenial
soil.

so, it Is an essential part of that plant. Ournurscry-
nicn at the present day invariably cut olf this tap-
root, and generally the laterals or side shoots. It is
not to be supiKised that trees form tap-riMils to their
own prejudice. These r<K)lB descend Into the earth
for some special service. Tup-riKils are undouIite<lly
essential to the healthy growth and durability of the
tree.

Professor Darby thinks that " if the seed for stock
wi-re plantetl where* the trees were to grow, and
grafted or budded in their natural |H)silioiis, we
shnulil have fruit orchards for a generation." Wo
apprehend that this cutting olf the tap-root and prun-
ing the side limbs of our trees, when young, Is a bad
practice. Wc should allow them to grow us nature
indicates, thereby incnaslng the ratio of the surface
lor the tlcsctrniling sap, as compared with tlic ascend-
ing. If the ta|>-r<K)t were uot essential for the life,
healtli and thrill of the tree, such a root would never
be iiroduccd.

The Propagation of Celery.

Celery is a native of Norway and Sweden, where it
grows near the edges of sivauqis. This plant is rarely
eultivati-d as It should be, hence the stunted speci-
mens wliieli appear in our markets. .\ <lecp trench
should first be dug, at the bottom of which a laycrof
sticks of wood, say six inches thick, should be placed,
a drain pipe being jilaced endwise ujion one or lK)th
ends of the layer. The sticks should be then covered
with about a foot of rich mold, wherein the plants
should be set, in a row and about Ave inches apart.
The plants should be kept well watered, the water
being sujiplicd through the drain pipes, so that, pass-
ing through the layer of sticks, which serves as a
conduit, the water issupplied tothe rootsof the plant.
In earthing up, care should be exercised to close the
stems ol the plant well together with the hand, so
that no mould can get between them. The earthing
process sliould be performed sulficlcntly frequently to
keep the mould nearly level with the leaves of the
outside stems. If the.-ie directions are carefully ob-
served, the ])lant may be grown at least four feet in
length, and this without impairing the flavor, which
deterioration is commonly noticed in overgrown vege-
tables and fruit.

The Tap-Root.

Hoots and stems are always in a certain di'gree re-
ciprocally proportionate to I'ach other. The tap-HM^t
does not form a part of every plant ; but wheu it does

Ploughing Orchards.

Whether it is lietter to plough young orchanls, or
to keep them |)ermancntly In grass, is a rpu'Stlon to
which dillerint answers are returned by men who
have had both experience and observation in the pre-
mises. Without attempting to decide this |Kiint,
upon which the " doctors disagree," wc wish to oiler
a suggestion to the large numlier of our readers who
think it is advisable to plough among their trees.
That is, that they use a greutdeal of care while doing
the work. A great many trees have been iM*rniancnt-
ly injured by liaving the riKits badly mangled or the
bark mutilated on their trunks. The latter often
proves to be a very serious -injury, and, even where
only a small piece of the bark Is removed, it frecpient-
ly induces disease and finally kills the tree. For
ploughing where trees are thick, o.xen are better than
horses, as there is much less danger of injuring the
trees. Hut where oxen cannot be had, horses must
be used, and a great deal of care should be taken by
the driver to keep them from getting too close to the
trees. — A'ckj Knijland Jlointtittad.

Caterpillars.
The caterpillars have just commenced their ravages
on the fruit trees, and in some localities ajipcar to be
very numerous, and promise to do great damage.
Now is the time to give them a general ipiietus ; for
if they are not killed by one of our reci'nt frosty
nights, they will do an incalculable amount of mis-
chief, not only destroying the fruit for the present
season, but rctartl the growth of the trees. One of
the best ways to destroy them is to take an old stub
broom dipped in a strong lye,or ashes and water, and
rub them otTof the limb in a thorough manner. Do
if just at evening, and you will be pretty sure to catch
them all in the nest, and one atfackwill do the whole
work. Using tire to burn them off often injures the
tree more than the worms would if left alone. But
do it somehow, ami do it thoroughly, for every worm
dcstroycdthis season will save tlie trouble of destroy-
ing many more ne.\t year.

♦^

Advantages of Mulching.

Mulching shouhi be resorted to to obviate the evil
results arising from tough soil around orchanl trees,
or from mutilatingfhe abundance of small fibcrsthut
fill the surface of the soil, which would be Ihe case if
the plow should be uscil. I know of instances of
mulched orchards bearing heavy crops of fruit every
year, and of others whcreihe mulching oiieration wa.-)
discontinued, and where the trees at once deteriora-
ted. .Mulching is also of great use in the garden, to
save laljor, as well as to preserve the soil moist and
cool. Alter hoeing, if the surface of the ground is
covered with ac good coat of weeds or straw, and
among our loniafoes, currants, ras|iberrles, A:c., the
ctfect will Ir' [ilainly seen. I think blacklK-rries can-
not be successfully cultivated without resorting to
this system. — W., in the -\'. 1'. Tribune.

To Keep Away Cutworms.

Spirits turpentine poured upon scc<l corn before
planting, and thoroughly mixed by stirring, so that
all the seeds shall be imprcgnat<sl with it. Is a s|M-elflc
for the terrible ravages of Ihe cutworm. I have never
known It to fall in one instance. .My own practice
has been to put one (|uart of I uriK'iitlne to a bushel of
corn, or in that proportion, which is sufficient ; anil I
have always thought that corn came up two or three
days quicker when thus treated. Hesides, the scent
of the turpentine, which can be detected several weeks
after planting, aids much in keeping crows at a dis-
tance.— CkarUt Currier, in .V. Y. Tribune.

The Cut Worm in Cabbages.

To prevent the ravages of the cut worm, take pieces
of newspaper, six Inches square, tear a slit in one side
to the middle, and insert the plant. Kriiig the silt
edges together; and place a little earth or pebbles on
( theciirners, and the work is done. A platform of
I paper is formed around the plant, through which the
worm eanuot {>euelrate.

94

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

The Asparagus Trade of Long Island.

The growing inipdrtauce of the aspaiagrus business
on the north side of the island may be juajji d from an
approximate statement of the amount of business
done last year. There were 166,.5r.5 bunches shipped
from the Locust Valley deijot. About 150 acres at
Bayvil?e produced 120,000 bunches ; ao aei'es at Mill
Neck, 20,000 buuches; 50 acres at Oyster Bay, 50,000
bunches; and 20 acres at (ilen Cove, 20,000 bunches,
making a total of nearly WOjlMO bunches, which is
considered rather under than over the product.

To Destroy Bugs on Cucumbers.
The striped bug on cucumbers and melons may be
destroyed, as follows: 1. By a strong solution of hen-
house manure, say one peck of the manure to one
and a half gallons of water; let it stand twenty-four
hours and sprinkle the plants freely with it after sun-
Bet. 3. By sifting charcoal dust over the plants; if
repeated three or four times tbfi plants will be entirely
freed from the annoyance. 3. Plant a few kernels of
buckwheat in each hill of cucumbers or melons, and
striped bugs will not trouble the vines.

A Little Garden.

From fifty rods or five-sixteenths of an acre in the
town of Clayton, N. Y., planted as a garden with cab-
bages, there was gathered the following crop; 1,700
heads; sold 1,110 at 10 cents, $114; gave away about
200; saved CO for family use, and made V/, barrels
of sauerkraut. The cabbages were set 2),^ feet apart
each way. The results are equal to the return of
$G40 per acre.

Market Gardening.
A market gardener near Boston, Mr. W. D. Phil-
brick, says that some of the best gardeners within
seven miles of this city employ a capital of $700 per
acre. The expenditure for manure and labor often
amounts to $-500 per acre, and they get their pay in
the immense crop of early cabbages, early corn for
the table, peas, potatoes, small fruits, and garden
truck.

THE FARM AND THE DAIRY.

Shade Trees in Pastures.

An Illinois correspondent of the Germantown Tele-
graph suggests that while much has been said and
written of "late on the advisability of planting shade
trees in pastures as a meansof promoting the comfort
of stock, not one word recommending the same thing
to promote the comfort of the men who hoe our corn,
and spend ten long hours of each day, not only en-
during the fatigue of hard labor, but the same hot
sun on a more sensitive being. This shows that the
disciples of Mr. Bergh are in advance of our philan-
thropists; that the "brutarians" are ahead of the
humanitarians. But is it profitable to have shade in
pastures i The truth of the statement that " the treat-
ment that gives most comfort to the animal gives
most profit to the owner," is not disputed on general
terms; yet the question is a practical one of dollars
and cents, of pounds of beef, butter and cheese. He
thinks cattle sutfer less from sun and heat, if out the
whole time, tlian they do wheuout a part of the time;
and it is certain that cattle put on much more flesh
if in a clean pasture, free from everything like shade
or ponds and creeks, with only a variety of grasses
and pure water in a tank, that they cannot stand in
as they do in creeks and ponds. He adds;

"While this cannot be controverted when put to
actual test, it is susceptible of proof without the trial.
I will speak of cattle grazed for bet< only, and give
some statements which I think no one will disjjute.
The more cattle cat the more they will thrive. The
more time they spend eating the more they will eat.
The more time they spend in the shade or the water,
the less time they spend eating. If these are facts, I
need say no more, but will venture on your patience
by mentioning horses. Let them be turned to pasture
during the hot months, where they have access to an
open stable. Tliey will spend scarcely an hour of
sunshine in the pasture, but nearly the whole day in
the stable, however hot the stable may be, and will
grow poorer every day ; wbereas, on the other hand,
if kept in a pasture free from shelter, they will at the
same time thrive. Shade trees and all trees are ex-
cellent in their place, but become a plague when out
of pliiee; and I insist that if we have shade for stock
we should provide it for the harder-worked men. And
what then?"

How to Make Farm Life Attractive.

Dr. Youman, in his Dictionary of Every Day Wants,
gives the Ibllowiug excellent instructions for making
farm life attractive ;

1. By less hard work. Farmers often undertake
more than they can do well, and consequently work
too early and too late.

2. By more system. Farmers should have a time
to begin and to stop labor. They should put more
mind and machinery into their work ; they should

theorize as well as practice, and let both go together.
Farming is healthy, moral and respectable, and, in
the long run, may be made profitable. The farmers
should keep good stock, and out of debt.

3. By taking care of health. Farmers have a
healthy variety of exercise, but too often neglect
cleanliness, eat irregularly and hurriedly, sleep in ill-
ventilated apartments, and expose themselves need-
lessly to cold.

4. By adorning the home. Books, papers, pic-
tures, music and reading, should be brought to bear
upon the in-door family entertainments ; and neat-
ness and comfort, order, shrubbery, flowers and fruits
should harmonize all without. There would be fewer
desertions of old homesteads if pains were taken to
make them agreeable. Ease, order, health and
beauty are compatible with the farm, and were or-
dained to go with it.

5. We have no doubt if Dr. Youman had been writ-
ing simply for the farmers of Lancaster county, he
would have closed his practical hints for making the
farm and home happy by urging them to subscribe
for The Lancaster Fahmer, for in it they are sure
to find just such things as every farmer who aims to
keep up with the times ought to know. We, there-
fore, supply the omission.

How Scientific Farming Pays.
The Oxford (Maine) Democrat contains an inter-
esting description of the " White Mountain Stock
Farm," owned by Judge Burbank, of Boston, who
read law with Daniel Webster, and now occupies the
same office, although he spends much of his time at
the farm. He knows every one of his animals by
name, and is thoroughly acquainted with everything
done on the farm,- having a "daily farm report "sent
to him in Boston. He is the inventor of several farm-
ing implements, and takes a lively interest in every
thing which effects a farmer's welfare. The farm
proper contains 1,000 acres; but, including pas-
tures and woodland, he owns 2,250 acres in all.
Last year he cut 3.50 tons of hay, nearly 175 of which
was consumed by his stock during the winter. The
remaining were sold at the highest market price, on
account of the careful and excellent manner in which
it had been preserved. The meadows from which a
great portion of the hay is cut are smooth as a barn
floor, and teams can be driven over them with as lit-
tle jolt as upon a country road. They extend to the
Androscoggin, and are one and a quarter miles in
length. The whole farm is one and three-quarter
miles long.

The Board Fence the Best.

They have an agricultural society in Washington
county, Pa., which appoints a committee every year
to visit farms and report the novelties and improve-
ments thereon. The report is printed in pamphlet
form, and distributed among the members. Last year
this committee visited ten farms at home and in an
adjoining county in West Virginia, and their report
in relation to them fills thirty-five closely printed
pages, and contains much information of practical
value to farmers. Among others they visited and re-
ported on the farm of Lewis Applegate, of Brooke
county. West Virginia. Mr. Applegate stated that he
had a post and rail fence that stood forty-two years,
and a board fence thirty years, without repair. He
showed the committee a fence built in 1851, now good.
All things considered, he has found the board fence
the best, and states it will be stronger and last longer
if eajiped, in the manner illustrated in the April num-
ber of The Farmer, and that he can keep a farm in
better order and at less expense than by using worm

fence.

^

A Hint to Farmers.

In some sections — and if would be a decided advance
in thoughtfulness and kindness in all sections — far-
mers give each of their boys, and girls, too, a strip of
land to raise whatever they choose upon it, and dis-
pose of the product for their own benefit. It is a
favor that they all .appreciate, and it is a pleasant and
serviceable employment for them in their leisure
hours. They will vie with each other in their skill at
raising their little crops, and the proceeds applied to
their own use are frequently of some value; and the
whole arrangement, while it instructs them in the
cultivation of the soil, early implants in the children
the idea of thrift and economy. Sometimes, where a
good many animals are raised, a pig, a lamb, a calf,
up to even a colt, accoi-ding to the age of the chil-
dren, is given to each to rear and to keep or sell.
Farmers, think of this ; it will more than repay you
in the happiness and confidence it will impart to your
sons and daughters. — Germantown Telegraph.

The Farmer Feedeth All.

Cure for Kicking Cows.

A method which will break the most vicious cow
from kicking (and which should supersede the cruel
practice of beating and whipping, and is the \Vork of
but a lew minutes, is as follows : Take a strap the
size of a common bridle rein and buckle tightly
around the cow (while milking), just forward of the
bag. This, practiced a few days, will effect the de-
sired result, as we are aware from actual experience.

BT CHABLES G. LELAND.

My lord rides through his palace gate,
My lady sweeps along in state ;
The sage thinks long on many a thing,
And the maiden muses on marrying ;
The minstrel harpeth merrily.
The sailor plows the foaming sea,
The huntsman kills the good red deer,
And the soldier wars without e'en fear ;
But fall to each, whate'er befall.
The farmer he must feed them all.

Smith hammereth cherry red the sword,
Priest preacheth pure the Holy Word ;
Dame Alice worketh broidery well.
Clerk Richard tales of love can tell ;
The tap-wife sells her foaming beer,
Dan Fisher fisheth in the mere ;
And courtiers ruffle, strut and shine,
While pages bring the gascon wine ;
But fall to each, whate'er befall.
The farmer he must feed them all.

Man builds his castles fair and high,

Wherever river runneth by ;

Great cities rise in every land,

Great churches show the builder's hand ;

Great arches, monuments and towers,

Fair palaces and pleasing bowers ;

Great work is done, be if here or there,

And well man worketh everywhere ;
But work or rest, whate'er befall,
The farmer he must feed them all.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

Skeletonizing Leaves.

The solution for destroying the soft tissues is made
by first dissolving four ounces of common washing
soda in a quart of boiling water; then addtwoounees
of slaked quicklime, and boil for about fifteen min-
utes. Allow this solution to cool; aftewards pour off'
all the clear liquor into a clean saucepan. When the
solution is at the boiling point, place the leaves care-
fully in the pan, and boil the whole together for an
hour. Boiling water ought to be added occasionally,
but sufficient only to replace the loss by evapora-
tion. The epidermis and parenchyma of some leaves
will more readily separate than in others. A good
test is to try the leaves after they have been gently sim-
mering (boiling) for about an hour, and if the cellu-
lar matter does not easily rub off betwixt the finger
and thumb beneath cold water, boil them again for a j
short time. When the fleshy matter is found to be 1
sufficiently softened, rub them separately, but very
gently, beneath cold water until the perfect skeleton
is exposed.

The skeletons at first are a dirty white color; to
make them pure white, and therefore more beautiful,
all that is necessary is to bleach them in a weak solu-
tion of chloride of lime. I have found the best solu-
tion is a large tablespoonful of chloride of lime to a
quart of water; if a few drops of vinegar are added
to the bleaching solution, it is all the better, for then
the free chloride is liberated. Do not allow them to
remain too long in the bleaching liquor, or they will
become very brittle, and cannot afterwards be han-
dled without injury. About fifteen minutes are suffi-
cient to make them white and elean-looking.

After the specimens are bleached, dry them in
white blotting paper, beneath a gentle pressure. Of
course, in this, as in all other things, a little practice
Is needful to secure perfection. Simple leaves are the
best for young beginners to experiment upon; vine,
poplar, beech and" ivy leaves make excellent skele-
tons. Care must be exercised in the selection of
leaves, as well as the period of the year and the state
of the atmosphere when the specimens are collected,
otherwise failure will be the result. The best mouths
to gather the specimens are July to September. Never
collect specimens in damp weather, and none but per-
fectly matured leaves ought to be gathered.

A soft tooth brush is a capital instrument for re-
moving the soft tissues — much better tlian the finger
and thumb. Indeed, it is always advisable not to
touch the leaves during the process, but to float them
on a piece of wood when the brushing process is to be
gone through.

How to Dress Salad.

We notice in a western paper an elaborate receipt
for dressing a salad. It says ; " Take the yelks of
three hard-boiled eggs, crumble them with a fork or
spoon, add about a teaspoonful of ground mustard, a
tcaspoonful each of sugar and salt, aud mix all well
together. Then add in three portions a dessert-
spoonful of olive oil, and rub the whole to uniform
smoothness. The addition of twice the quantity of
oil adds to the flavor with many. Next, give a dash
of Cayenne pepper or pepper sauce ; finally, add a
gill of vinegar." This is one way, but by no means
the best. We prefer our own decidedly. We use
head-lettuec invariably when it can be had.

For a table of six persons take four eggs ; boil three

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

95

ol'llicm liiird. Masli llii's(>, nildiiiir a lillh- vinoirar, in
order tliat the Imnl yelkn rn:jy bt* riittlicil sinootlily.
Add snini' oil, suit, iiiiii>titrd, red prppcr, and Ilic ytdli
of tlu' fotirtli ctxii rail'. Tid8 will make rvcrytlilni;
fri'c from liiinps, if stirred well. Then ad<i tlie rest
of the oil, whieh should lie liheral; salt, pepper, mus-
tard, i'ce., to the taste. There shouKl not 1h^ more
than a tahlesixxinfnl of vine^raraltoi^elher, tin lees yon
\visli a pU-kle; atjd, as yon love lis, not a mite of
6Ui;ar ! I'onr tliis over tlie lettuee, wliieh is laid in
the dish ill whole leaves. — (lenuantuwn Tdcijrajih.

Mend Your Own Tinware.

Every housel<eeper may not know of wiiat they are
capalde in the line of keepins; their tinware in onler.
For the l>enelit of siiih I will say that it is easier to
soldi'r siieh thinire than to pay a travelinir tinker two
priees for nienilin;; them. Take a sharp knife and
serape the tin around the leak until it is liriiiht, so
that the solder will stiek. Then sprinkle on a little
])owder rosin (they have liiiuid "tlux" to sell, hut
resin will ilo just as well); lay your soliler on the
liole, antl with your soldering-iron melt it on. Do
not have the iron Uvn hot, or the solder will adhere to
that. After two or three trials yt^n can do a jobthat
you will be proud ol'. If you do not own a solderiiifr-
iron, [iroeure one by ali means; but when hard
jiressed I liave used the knob on tlie end of tlie fire-
shovel, or a smooth pieee of iron, or held a candle
uniler the simt to be mended. Anytliinu^ is better
than stopping leakins: pans witli beeswax or raf,'S.
Try it, younj; housekeepers, and see how independent
you will feel. Your pans should be dry when you
take them iu hand.

How to Make Good Apple Dumplings.
First procure ,tr*^od, sour, juicy a]>plcs, pare and
core, leaving them in halves, (iet all your ingredi-
ents ready before beirinninc; to mix your douij;h ; sui^ar,
soda, sour milk, lard, salt, flour and apples. Now
make a doujjh, as for sCKla biscuits, only addini^ a lit-
tle more lard to make it shorter. Take a bit of dougjh
out on the kueading-board, and after kncadinj; roll
this as for pie crust. Then cut in pieces long enough
to cover an ajiple, allowing for lapping tlie edges.
Put iu two of your apple halves, sweeten according
to taste, and cover apple and sugar with dough. Lay
the dumplings in your bread pan, the smcM>th side up,
first having your pan well buttered. Proceed in this
manner until you get your pan well tilled, (be sure it
is a large sized pan, for they will go otf like hot cakes,)
then place a small bit oi' butler on the top of each
dumpling, sprinkle a liandtul (d' sugar over all; then
plai-e in a moderate oven and allow them to hake an
hour. .Serve (not too hot) with pudding sauce, or
witli sugar and cream.

Study to Save Steps.

If farmers would get in tlie liabit of spending half
an hour each day in thinking how steps may be saved,
work w<nild turn to much more account. Some barns
are so unhandy that thousands of steps are taken
every year that might be saved. In the house, and
especially in the kitchen, is this the case. Many a
farmer spent hours and hours last w inter by the tire,
kept in by the cold, when he would have been much
better engaged in digging a well under the kitchen,
so as to have a pump bring water into the sink. Such
an iniprovement will save miles of travel every year ;
and whenever water is drawn therefrom, bicssings
will be jironouneed. Some pantries are so inconve-
nient, and so delieieiit in drawers and shelves, that
time is lost in hunting for things, and temper is
simred. Pray — stop, consider, devise, execute ; and
if it docs not suit, try again— ^nd do have things con-
venient, and save steps. — X. Y. Tribune.

A Preventive Against Moths.
A very pleasant iierfume, and also iireventive
against mot lis, may be made of the following ingredi-
ents. Take of cloves, caraway seed, iiutmeg, mace,
eiimamon and Tonquin beans, of each one ounce, then
a<Ul as much Florentine orri.^-root as will e([iuil the
other ingredients put together. (Jriiid the whole well
to powder, and put it in little bags among your
clothes, iVc. This will answer for furs also; hut I
never tried anything more certain as a protection
against moths in furs than to first shake out or beat
(Hit every foreign substance belore imtting away for
the season. Then wrap them up in a perfect ly sound
newspaper. What I mean by sound is, that there
shall be no holes or breaks in the paper. iMakc a bag
of the paper by pasting ; pack in and |iaste up the
mouth of the bag. Put in a drawer where it will not
be disturbed. If well done, not a moth will ever be
found inside. Try it.

Wife, Mistress and Lady.

"Who marries for love takes a wife ; who marries
for fortune takes a mistress ; wlu) marries for ^losi-
lion takes a lady. You are loved liy yi>ur wife, re-
garded by your mistress, and toK-rated by your lady.
You have a wife for yourself, a mistress for your house

anil friends, and a lady for the world and society.
Your wife will agree with you, your mistress will
rule you, y'>ur laily manage you. Your wife will take
care of your lioiisehold, your mistress of your house,
your l.idy of appearances. If you are sick your wife
will nurse you, your mistress will visit you, your lady
will inquire after your health. You take a walk w llii
your w lie, a riile w llh your mistress, and ijo to a party
with your lady. Your wife will share your grii'f, your
mistress your money, your laily your debt. If you
die, your wife will weep, your mi.'<tres8 will lament,
and your lady wear mourning. Which will you have 1

Cherry Jam.

Cherry jam Is one of the most delicious sweetmeats
this fruit affords, and tieing so, It should ho made in
the most enjoyable manner. Let the fair confectioner
take equal weights of white sugar and stoned cher-
ries ; make a sirup of the sugar; simmer the <lier-
ri<!S slowly in the simp for twenty minutes; take
them out with a iierforated skimmer, and spread them
on dishes to cool ; boil down the sirup till it is c(uite
thick; put the cherries back, and let them IkiH at
once, then seal in glass cans. Canned cherries may
be put up like any other fruit in a fourth of their
weight of sugar, or even less than that ; they should
be thoroughly cooked, and sealed when boiling hot.
— Western Rural.

Perpetual Paste.

To make perpetual paste — which will remain sweet
for a year — ilissolve a teaspoanful of alum in a <|uart
of water, to which add sutlieient Hour to make a
thick eream. Stir in half a teasjioonful of [lowdercd
resin and half a dozen cloves, to givi' a jileasant odor.
Have on the lire a teacup of boiling water; pour the
Hour mixture into it, stirring well at the time. In a
few minutes it will be of the cuusistcnce of mush.
Pour it into an earthern vessel ; let it cool ; lay a
cover on, and [lut it in a cool place. When needled
for use, take out a jxirtiou and soften it with warm
water.

California Beer.

As the warm weather is coming — if it is to come this
season — and this is a delightfui, as well as a harm-
less beverage, and easily made, we give the follow-
ing recipe: Take a good sound Irish potato, say the
size of a large hen's oi^i^^ and grate it fine. Then
take a quart of rain water and sweeten with molasses.
Put the grated potato in the water and set away. In
a few days the " seed" will begin to grow antl make
good beer. A very small quantity of the " seed "
will make a large jug of beer.

Household Recipes.

Row TO MaIvE " MAiiVi.Ayn BiscuiT.s." — " Aunt
Leisurely " tells us, in the fAUlitu' Floral Valiinet,
how she found out the true way of making genuine
"Maryland Biscuits," which are good cither warm
or cold, invaluable for sandwiches for lunch, travel-
ing and pic-nies, and will keep fresh a long time.
She says, the trouble was, she could not obtain a cor-
rect receipt for making them; everybody saiil they
were easily made ; the main thing was to pi^und them
well, as that was what made them light ; but they
eotild not give the exact proportions for mixing. In
despair, she applied to an old colored woman, who
made them to perfection, and this is the result of their
conference :

"Aunt Dinah, will you please tell me how you
make your biscuit? Yours are so nice that I want
the recipe."

" Wy, bless yer heart, honey, dey's nudin to make;
ole Diner don't have no'ceitnor Dullin, and her blxits
is alius good."

"Y^es, I know. Aunty; but there are some i)eople
have such a genius for cooking that, no matti'r hf>w
they mix anything. It always comes out ri-rht ; but
I'm not one of that kind, and I know I won't get
them right, unless yim tell me exactly how much of
everything to ])ut in."

" Well, honey, jest yertake a pan of flour — and it
must be goixi tlour, tofi — and a clever-sized lump 'o
shortnin' and a smart iiiiu-h o' salt, and somt^ water,
and tote it to <le bixit block, an jioun' It as if ole Nick
hissclf was ill it, make dcin out de size of a cake o'
sassage, liali yer stove 'jix no, shove 'cm in, and when
dey's done take 'em out, and dat's all."

i was disapjiointed ; but, after all, her recipe was
as definite as that " ob de white folks," for all had
told me to take a jxtrt of flour and a lump of lanl.

tiramniar informs us that "a" or "an" are the
only indefinite articles we have, but I have founil out
another, and that is " lump;" for, after wavering be-
tween one the size of a walnut and one the size of
your fist, you are in a miserable state of indecision
whether, alter all, one tlu* size of your head was not
intended. So, in our recipes, ilear friends, don't let
us have any Inm/jn, piease, for some of us are so
stupid we don't know hovs- niuch it is.

So, having exhausted all available sources of in-
formation, with about tfie same ri'sult. I set to work
to find out myself, and, by dint of measuring, and

weighing, and experimenting, and S|Kjiling, I can at
last make thein as good as Aunt Diner's, ami if any
lady tries my recipi' anil sueeei'<ls, I shall l)e gralified.

To two iHiundsof Hour and two ounces of lard, well
rubbed in, one tablespfKinfiil of salt, and enough of
cidd water to make a <lry dough, (It takes about a
pint,) put the water In a' little at a time, so as to Im
sure not to cet it tiK« moist. Then work the dough
until in shape, lay It on a solid place, like u meat-
hliM-k, and [Kiund with the back of an axe, for half
an hour or more; If it cuts throui.'h the doutrh at
cviry stroke, BO much the belter. When It Is flattenwl
by the blows, fold It u|> and [lound HL'ain, but don't
add a sprinkle of flour after it Is first mixed. After
being pounded awhile It will blister, and, if yim pull
oil a iiiece, will snap, which shows It is getting light.
When ready to mould do not cut them, but pull otf
pieces about the size of all egi;, mould them in round
balls, and flatten them with your hand, stick with u
fork, and bake in a quick oven aUiut half an hour.
Some persons are careful not to brown them, but I
do not object to seeing them a little brow ue<l, and
they must be thorouijhly baked to be nofsl.

The biscuit-block and ismnder are as neeeesHry to
a Maryland kitchen. In any county below Ci-cIl, ae
the coffee-mill ; many have [ifmnders for that particu-
lar pur|)nse, made oi' a short bar of iron, w ith a long
wraidcn handle ; but many use an axe, and it aiiswera
just as well.

TiiEAst'iiY Depaktmext WiiiTEWAsn: This re-
ci[x; for whitewashing, sent out by the Lighthouse
Board of the Treasury Department, has been found,
by experience, to answer on W(k>i1, brick and stone,
nearly as well as oil paint, and is much cheajM'r.
Slake one-half bushel of im'slaked lime with Imlling
water, keeping it covered during the process. Strain
it, and add a peek of salt, dissolved in warm water,
three pounds of gniund rice put in tviiling water, and
boiled to a thin pa.ste; one-half [lOund |Kiwdered
Spanish whiting, and a iifiund of clear glue, dissolved
in warm water; mix these well together, and let the
mixture stand for several days. Keep the wash thus
prepared in a kettle or portable furnace, and, when
used, put it on as hot as possible, with painters' or
whitewash brushes.

Cooki.n'o CAri.iKi.owER. — I notice several ways
recommended for cooking this fine vegetable, and
perhaps sonic people prefer some of these to my own,
because I regard " doctoring " cauliflowerand aspara-
gus as an injury to them. A cauliflower should be
cooked with the outer line of leaves on, clipjK'd of
course down to the head. Let it soak in cold water
for half or a whole hour, and then boil it steadily for
an hour or until it is|x,'rfectly tender, drain and dish,
and send to table just as it is, with some drawn bul^
ter for those who [irefer this sauce. I like a little
gOf)iioil,but pcpjier and salt only bring out the gfXHl
qualities of the vegetable much better than any
sauce. — AlitiCj (lertitniitown TiUtjraph.

Sahatoda Potatoes: The following is said to bo
all there is of the cmik's secret for priMlucing those
world-renowned jiotatot^s served at Moon's Lake
House, Saratoga Springs, every summer: Peel giKid-
sized iiotatoes, and slice them as evenly as ixissibie;
dro|i them into Ice water. Have a kettle of lard, ae
for fried cakes, and very hot. Put a few at a time
into a towel, shake tiieni about to dry them, and then
drop into the hot lard. Stir them oceasionally; and
when of a li^'lit brown, take them out with a skim-
mer. If jiroperly done, they will not beatall greasy,
but crisp without, and mealy within.

Cement fou Petuoi.eim Lamts: A cement par-
tictilarly adapted for attaching the brass work to
jietrolcum lamps, is made by Puscher, by iMiiling
three parts resin witli one of caustic stsla and five of
water. The composition is then mixed with half its
weight of plaster of Paris, and sets firmly in half to
three-Cjuarters of an hour. It is said to Ik* of threat
adhesive jiower, not Jpernieableto petroleum, a slow
conductor of heat, and but suiierflcially attacked by
hot water. Zinc wliile, white lead, or iireeipitated
chalk may he substituted for plaster, but hardens
more slowly.

GuEEN Pea Soup: Take two quarts of green peas,
one small onion, and a sprig of parsley cut line; add
two quarts of hot water, and lioil shiwly for half an
hour, then add a pint of small new [sitatoes which
have been peeled and laid in cold water an hour; put
In a tables|KK)nful of suirar and a little salt, boll till
the potatoes are done, now add a leacupful of cream
or a jiiiit td' milk, boil a minute or two, and serve
with small slices of toaeteil breail or gems cut In
halves.

Boston Breakfast Cake.— One quart of flour,
two teaspoons of cream^of-tartar rubbed Into the
fliur, tnie tablesiMKin of butter rubbed into the flour,
two tables|MM)n^of brown sugar rubbed dry In the
flour, a little salt, teas|H>on of sola dis.solveil in as
niucli sweet milk as will make the Ingredients atmut
the consistency of iiound-eake dough, (irease a pan
with lard, plaie the niullin rini.'s in the pans, having
them also well greased; fill theiii half full and bake
in a quick oveu.

CiiAi KERs: Take one large cupful of bread dough,
very liirhl. and roll it out on your moulding board;
then spread on it a piece of butter and lard toirether,
as large as a goose egg; dredge a little Hour over it,

96

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

fold it up and pomid it wit!i something heavy a long
time. Afier this is done, take a small piece at a time
and roll out very thin, stamp with the clock key, and
bake quickly, and you will have far better crackers
than you can buy.

Gbeen Pea Soup wiTnonT Meat: Two lettuces,
two cucumbers, three onions and a pint of peas: put
them cut uji into a stew pan with a quarter of a pound
of fresh butter, and a little pepper and salt; cover
them down and let them stew till tender. Have a
quart of peas stewine; in two quarts of water with a
Bprisj of mint; when done pulp them throuffh a sieve,
add the liquor they were stewed in and the other
ingredients. — Ger. Tel.

To Drive Away Mosquitos: Camphor is recom-
mended as valuable for the expulsion of mosquitos
from a house. It is used as follows: Take of giim
camphor a piece about one-third the size of a lien's
egg, and evaporate it by placing it in a tin vessel and
holding it over a lamp, taking care that it does not
ignite; the smoke will fill the room next morning,
even though the windows were open all night.

To Cure Summer Complaint: Take about t%vo
tablespoonfuls of grated comfrey root and the white
of one egg, beaten well together, then have ready a
pint of boiling milk, into which stir the comfrey and
egg. It will thicken like "pap," and it is not un-
pleasant to take.

LITERARY NOTICES.

The Centennial Gazetteer of the United
States: A Geographical and Statistical Encyclo-
paedia of the United States, Territories, Counties,
Townships, Villages, Post-Offiees, Mountains, Rivers,
Lakes, itc, in the American Union: showing the ex-
tent of its growth, the vastness of its wealth and re-
sources, and its educational, industrial and political
status at the end of the tirst century of the Republic,
embracing the data furnished by the census of 1870,
and the most recent official reports; By A. Von
Steinwehr, a. M.: Published by Ziegier& McCur-
dy, Philadelphia.

The foregoing contents of the title page giyes a com-
prehensive statement of what the book contains, and
needs nothing more in that behalf from us. The book
itself is a roj-al octavo of 101(3 pages, with an appro-
priate preface and list of abbreviations. The first .58
pages are devoted to a condensed history of the United
States; their boundaries; surface; rivers and lakes;
climate and vegetation; population; cities; occupa-
tions and branches of industry; agriculture; manu-
factures; mining; commerce; railroads, telegraphs
and canals; education; government; and general his-
tory. The work is substantially bound in leather,
printed on good paper with fair type, and is embel-
lished with several finely executed full page illustra-
tions, including the capitol at Washington; headwa-
ters of the Arkansas river; city of Boston; New York;
Cincinnati; Chicago; a private home. Pacific Railroad
scene; the pine forests of Maine; a lumberman's camp
in the woods of Maine; Capitol of Michigan; Pitts-
burg; Plymouth I^ock ; Genesee Falls, Rochester,
N. Y.; St. Louis; Vicksburg, &c., &c. It is very in-
teresting to look over this volume, and note, in many
cases, the great duplication of names. As an in-
stance, John C. Fremont was nominated as a candi-
date lor President in 18.5fi, and now there are over
forty places in the United States named Fremont.
Eighty-eight places have honored the name of Adams;
Buchanan is honored with twenty; Clay with over
one hundred; whilst three hundred and thirty-seven
" bear the patriot's honored name" of Washington.
We have thirtj'-four Lancasters in the Union; over
fifty CoLUMBiAS, and sixteen Mariettas. We can
give only these few names, embracing the local and
general character of the work, but they will serve to
illustrate the necessity of precision, in directing
packages, papers, books, magazines, letters or any-
thing to be forwarded by post, express, or other means
of transportation. It may alsn assist us to curb our
uncharitable and impati.iil impulses, and to "let
down " ollicials more eon.siderately, when anything
happens to go in the wrong direction, and which we
are prone to think ought to come to hand without a
peradventure, because it belongs to us.

The Centennial Gazetteer is a volume which com-
mends itself to all wishinginformation concerning our
country. It presents in readily accessible shape the
results of the late census, and whatever is of value
from hundreds of geographical, statistical and de-
scriptive works. It represents the labor of years on
the part of the author and a large corps of assistants,
and an expenditure of nearly $30,000. The country
at large, each state, city, town and township, the prin-
cipal rivers and mountains, are treated in separate
articles, in their alphalietieal places, •anil so fully as to
bring to every reader the niostdesiralile facts respect-
ing each, and shows the gigantic results of the first
one hundred years of the greatest Republic the world
ever saw. The work is a national standard, and will
prove as indispensatde to every class as a Webster's
or Worcester's Dictionary.

New Atlas of Lancaster County.— Among
the recent local imblieatioiis, there is none more im-
portant, or more entitled to local patronage, than the

" New Tlistorieal Atlas of Lancaster County, Penna.,"
by Everts & Stewart. This is a royal folio, contain-
ing a beautifully embellished title page, a map of
the United States, a map of Pennsylvania, a map of
Lancaster county, and separate maps of each particu-
lar township in the county — forty-four in number. It
also contains maps of Lancaster city, of Marietta,
Columbia, Gap village, Strasburg, Ephrata, Chris-
tiana, Petersburg, Manheim, Washington, Bain-
bridge, Maytown, Rohrcrstown, Quarryville, Adams-
town, Millcrsville, Mount Joy, Litiz, Elizabethtown
and Springville. Also, fine illustrations of the Court
House, Soldiers Orphans' School, County Almshouse
and Hospital, State Normal School, Prison, and one
hundred and three other illustrations of private resi-
dences, business houses, manufactories, churches,
farm views, &c. ; with historical sketches of the
county, the several townships, all of the principal
towns, and many of the villages and hamlets ; and
also business directories of the city and the various
towns and villages in the county, and much other
historical matter, making it a valuable work of
reference, that all who need it should jxjssess.

The Historic Christ : An octavo pamphlet of 12
pages, on tinted paper, by Prof. T. C. Porter, D.D.
" Read as an essay before the Ministerial Association
of Easton, Pa., December 7th, 1874, and puiilished
by the request of the Association." This subject,
like everything emanating from the mind and pen of
the distinguished author, is discussed with his usual
eloquence and literary ability, and is at once an able
answer to those schools of philosophy which deny the
Divinity of the Saviour on the one hand, and those
who regard His incarnation as a mere myth on the
other hand.

The Farmers' Union : Published at Minneapolis,
Minnesota, by W.J. Abernethy, a quarto weekly sheet,
hasbeen enlarged from forty-eight to fifty-six columns.
It is now one of the largest, as it has always been one
of the best, agricultural newspapers in the country.
Its motto is, "Farmers, write for your paper," and
they do it. The young West is ahead of the old East
in this respect.

The Ladies' Floral Cabinet : Published by
Henry T. Williams, New York, is the handsomest
and most useful of ladies' journals which have come
under our notice. It is an illustrated repertory of
household art, fiowers and home liter.ature. It is
beautifully printed and illustrated, and costs only
-Sl.oO a year, with a handsome chromo thrown in.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,
Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiart,&c.,

For the month, ending June od, 187.5.*

Bean Harvesters; W. C. Barber, Knowlesville, N. Y.

Plows ; C. L. Carter, Union City, Ind.

Corn Planters; C. Ilutehins, Carthage, Mo.

Dough Mixers; E. A. Morrison, Haverhill, Mass.

Harrows ; C. W. Strombeek, Syracuse, Ind.

Attachments for Plows ; E. N. Yardley, Tonganoxie,
Kan.

Grain Scourers; M. D. Beardslee, St. Louis, Mo.

Hay-Loaders ; P. C. Craig, East Troy, Wis.

Plows ; J. Lane, St. Louis. Mo.

Gang Plows ; L. O. Rockwood, Ottawa, 111.

Cider Presses ; D. C. Starks, Hermitage, N. Y.

Cultivators ; A. B. Colver, Albany, Oregon.

Automatic Gates ; C. E. Gillespie, Edwardsville, 111.

Grain Separators ; E. Knapp, San Francisco, Cal.

Harrows ; J. McPherson, Houseville, N. Y.

Curry Combs; A. F. Migeon, Wolcottville, Conn.

Harrows; G. H. Pounder, Ft. Atkinson, Wis.

Hay and Grain Elevators; T. Powell, Stockton, Cal.

Churns; B. F. Price, Mt. Sterling, 111.

Pitman Holders for Harvesters ; C. Wheeler, Au-
burn, N. Y.

Reels for Harvesters ; F. Wyman, San Buenaventura,
Cal.

Hay Elevators ; J. Jones, Burtonville, N. Y.

Harvester Rakes; H. J. Myers, Rochester, N. Y.

Cheese Presses; A. J.Noe, Mitchell, Ind.

Farm Fences; T. W. Owens, Granville, Ohio.

Corn I'lanters ; J. StoU, Lincoln, 111.

Corn Shellers ; W. Stover, Auburn, N. Y.

Farm Gates ; J. N. Wilson, Carthage, Mo.

Comb. Hay Tumblers and Rakes; G. W. Bishop,
Castleton, Vermont.

Grain Car Doors; E. Fee, Colfax, Iowa.

Potato Diggers; I. I. McKinnon, San Francisco, Cal.

Hand Corn Planters; H. Ogborn, Richmond, Ind.

Churns; A. Vot, Oswego, N. Y.

Horse Detatchers; A. Barker, Nelmaska City, Neb.

Hitching Devices; C. H. Baueh, Ilolyoke, Mass.

Seed Planters; W. V. Burgess, Baxter Springs, Kan.

Devices for Felling Trees; C. C. Curtis, Coos, N. H.

Straw Carriers; G. Gentsel, Spring Mills, Pa.

Plows; C. A. Hege, Salem, N. C'

Wagon Bolts; J. W. HoUenbeek, Auroraville, Wis.

Churns; M. Jincks, Wallace, N. Y.

Milk Coolers; H. S. Murray, Andes, N. Y. '

'Prepared expressly tor The Lancaster Farmer tiy
Louis Bugger & Co., .Solicitors of Patents, Washington, D.
C, from wlioni complete copies of the PuLeuts and Drawings
may be obtained.

Cultivators; W. H. Bobertson, Buda, HI.

Butter Packages; H. R. Scott, Franklin, N. Y.

Draft Equalizers; W. Snow, Waverly, 111.

Grain Distributors; J. Walker, New York, N. Y,

Seeding Machines; J. C. Barlow, Quincy, 111.

Cider and Wine Presses; J. S. Boyle, Springfield, O.

Lawn Mowers; T. Caldwell, Newburg, N. Y.

Wagon Brakes; I. N. Downs, West Newton, Pa.

Windmills; C. H. Eggleston, Marshall, Mich.

Straw Cutters; E. W. Faweett, Salem, Ohio.

Cheese Slaking; A. L. Larabee, Little Valley, N. Y.

Grain Separators; J. B. Lobdell, Battle Creek, Mich.

Cultivators; E.Shupe, Middleville, Mich.

Band Cutters; P. A. Somers, Cazenovia, 111.

Gang Plows; E. J. Spargue, Casadaga, N. Y.

Horse Hay Rakes; J. E. Taylor, Westminster, Md.

Insect Destroyers; W. T. Tongue, Liverpool, Eug.

Rotary Churns; C. II. Warren, Toledo, Ohio.

Windmills; D. G. Webster, Park's Corners, 111.

Butter Workers ; J. Macull, Webster City, Iowa.

Plows ; T. J. Meroney, Salisbury, N. C.

Strawberry Cultivators ; J. Orlando, West Yarmouth,
Mass.

Corn Planters ; F. Van Dorm, Adrian, Mich.

Bee Hive ; E. Armstrong, Jerseyville, 111.

Corn Plows ; L. C. Clawson, Pleasant Hill, Mo.

Fence Posts ; M. W. Colwell, Myron, Iowa.

Reciprocating Churns ; W. Howe, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Barbed Fence Wire; M. M. Mack, Belvidere, 111.

Washing Sheep; C. H. McCall, Morristown, Ohio.

Harvesters ; H. Porter, Polo, 111.

Steam Plows; D. Beaumont, Sacramento, Cal.

Grain Bmders ; C. F. Carr, Adel, Iowa.

Cultivators; W. O. Clark, Northampton, Mass.

Harvesters ; B. Illingworth, Hampton, Iowa.

Harvesters; J. H. Kirbon, Roekford, 111.

Stump Extractors; A. McKenney, Berlin, Wis.

Sulky Plows ; O. Osborn, Trumausburg, N. Y.

Comb. Feed Boxes and Racks; D. R. Oshsander,
Fountain Green, 111.

Grain Conveyers ; H. Severn, Davenport, Iowa.

Plows ; D. B. Smith, Bastrop, La.

Corn Row Markers ; W. M. Starliper, Henry, 111.

Rotary Churns ; S. S. Beekly, Lanark, 111.

Blue Grass Seed Cleaners ; J. W. Wilcox, Paris, Ky.

Rotary Cultivators and Choppers; G. W. Fenley,
Nacogdoches, Texas.

Straw-Cutters ; Thos. Hancock, Marietta, Ohio.

Feeders for Thrashing Machines ; B. Jackson, Wood-
land, Cal.

Improvements in Thrashing Machines ; B. Jackson,
Woodland, Cal.

Couplings for Thrashing Machines ; K. Knock, Ver-
mont, 111.

Presses for Cider, &c.; D. Krumsiek, Nashville, lU.

Horse Hay-Rakes ; Gloud Piatt, Colliersville, N. Y.

Seed and Guano Distributors; R. Sappelt, Spring-
field, N. Y. Fl , P s

Harvesters ; F. F. White, Stacyville, Iowa.

Harvester Ilakes ; W. A. Wood, Albany, N. Y.

Fence Wires; R. EUwood, Sycamore, 111.

Manf. of Cider; W. H. Gilmore, ShUoh, Ohio.

Mowing Machine ; A. Gordon, Minneapolis, Minn.

Haystackers ; J. H. Hay, Omph Ghent, 111.

Grain Separators ; H. Kornt, Milwaukee, Wis.

Wool-Washing Machine ; J. K. Proctor, Phila., Pa.

Setting Saw-Teeth ; N. J. Rahilly, Beaver Falls, Pa.

Harvesters ; C. S. Stickle, Tama, Iowa.

Comb, Kein-holder and Whipsocket ; J. H. Sunder-
man, Quincy, 111.

Harvester Seats ; C. Wheeler, Auburn, N. Y.

Steaming Grain; M. H. Steele, Cleveland, Ohio.

Plows; F. R. Bell, Marshall, Texas.

Churns; G. Nottbcek, New York, N. Y.

Corn Shellers; F. H. Hunter, Helbonville, Ind.

Slings for Shoeing Animals; L. M. Johnson, Forest
City, Missouri.

Wind Wheels; I.J. Kimball, Napierville, HI.

Plant Protectors; M. E. Slocum, Hornellsville, N. Y.

Harrows; A. H. Whiteside, Onarga, 111.

Milk Coolers; Ira Barrows, Gouverneur, N. Y.

Hay Conveyors; Wm. M. Conner, Burlington, Ky.

Plow Carriages; A. Coreth, West Belleville, 111.

Corn-Row Markers; A. G. .Moore, LIuiontown, Pa.

Grain Separators; H. Ogborn, Richmond, Ind.

Cultivators and Harrows Combined ; E. M. Potter,
Rutherford Depot, Tenn.

Grain Separators; M. C. Rider, Loveville, Pa.

Rain Spout Supports; D. Koake, Haverhill, Mass.

Butter Workers; W. Ryder, Cattaraugus, N. Y.

Combined Land Rollers and Harrows; H. J. Yeargin,
Liberty, Tennessee.

Plows; J. P. Zeller, South Bend, Ind.
Reissues.

Seed Planters ; Geo. W. Brown, Galesburg, 111.
Patent No. 4fi,fil.5, dated Feb. 2.S, 1805.

Seed Planters; Geo. W. Brown, Galesburg, 111.
Patent No. 40,615, dated Feb. 3.S, 18H5.

Harvesters; J. H. Elward, St. Paul, Minn. Patent

Harvesters; J. H. Elward, St. Paul, Minn. Patent
No. 137,:!34, dated May 2.8, 1872.

Plows; John Lane, jr., Chicago, 111. Patent No.
Il:i,4:i6, dated April 4, 1871. "
No. 104,390, dated June 14, 1870.

Hoes ; Moses Johnson, Three Rivers, Mich. Patent
No. 1.59, i:;3, dated Feb. 2, 1875.

Straw Feeders; D. Morey, Watsonville, Cal. Patent
No. 135,659, dated Feb. 11, 1873.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAIIMS CORNER,

ITorth Queen Street & Centre Square,
LNACASTER, PA.

A rPLL ASSORTMENT OP

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGEllT IN LANCASTER COUNTY FOR THE SALE OF

The Afundel Tinted Spectacles,

These Sjiecfaoli's hnvc bei-ji bffore tho jmblic now fiT
some years, mid Uavo given entiro natiHfactiou. Tliey uru
unqucstiouably the bent in the market.

WATCH REPAIRING

uudGEXF.RAL JOB "WORK in all its brauches promptly
done. Thr well-earned rei>ntiition of

ZA.XXIME3 CO£^I!rE:R

for firsl-claea work will be fully maintained.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

2AHMS CORNER,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,
7-3-61U LANCASTER, PA.

I0SII 2. MlHf 21E

No. 9 SOUTH DUKE ST.

LANCASTER, PA.

KPal r.statp Jiousrht, sold ana oxcliangod. Loans no-
BOllated. I'roperili'a fntcd, and ipiits I'oUectud.

Agent tor the F.VR.MERS' FIhE I.NSUK.V.NCE CO. Of
York, Pa. Assets, over $900,(i00. 7-4-3m

o-snxtine:

PEEWIAH atTAHO

In Large or Small Quantities,

At LEHS PRICE than charged by the General Aeents of the
Peruvian Government. Circular, explaining how I am able
to do this, with prices and full particulars, maikd free, ou
application to

R. BALCAZAR.

p. O. Box 129. 53 Beaver St., N T.

Roferencrs by Porniission.

MesBrs. Hodson, Hurtado & Co.,

Fiuanclal Agents for I'eruvian Government, New York.

MosF.8 Taylob, Esq.,

President National City Bank, New York.

J. C. Tracy, Ebq.,

T-5] Peruvian Consul, New York, [.1m

PATENTS

OBTAINED BEST AND CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OF PATENTS,

'Wash.lzxgton, D. C.

IVAddrcM lU letten to P. O. Box Mt.

7-3-12m

VTA^l

'WABT

HED.W.BRDWrii

FDENITDES WAREROOMS,

No. 13 EAST KING STREET,

Over Llpp's Tin Store, next door to First
National Bank.

PARLOR,DINING-ROOM

AND

KITCHEN FURNITURE.

uriiOLSTERrx(; done in

ALL ITS BRAXCHE.'^.

HAIR, HUSK & COMMON MATTRESSES.

CANE AND WOOD-SEAT

O H ^^ I I=L S.

All kinds of Fnrnitnre made to Order.
CP^Repalrlng of all kinds promptl}- attended to.
T-i-6m] GEO. W. REOWN.

CENTRE HALL,

No. 12 EAST KING ST..

Is now ready to accominodate the Public
in the way of

nm-ME cLDTHinii;,

—FOR—

MEN, YOUTHS & BOYS.

FAEMERS, CALL AXD SEE

THE IMPROVED

BUCKEYE

REAPER I MOWER.

Two Cutting Barn, changeable Speed, Simplest and Best
Machine iu the Market.

That the BnCKKYR, with proper management, will work
equal to any first'claee machine made for doing the same
work, if not better.

V/. D. SPRECHER,
No. 31 E. KINO ST., Lancaster, Pa.

Our stock is the largest in the
City of Lancaster. "We inanufac-
tui'c all our Clothing ; we have
them sponged, made up well, and
use good Trimmings. Our new
Centre Hall is I'.ackcd Avitli good.s
from top to bottom. We are pre-
pared to show to the public the
largest, and one of tjie choicest,
assortments of Piece Goods, for
Spring, ever exhibited outside of
Philadelphia, of every grade and
shade, of both Foreign and Do-
mestic manufactxu'e, all of which
we are prepared to make up in
the best manner, at the shortest
notice, and at the most reasonable
prices. We arc also prepared to
make up to order all kinds of
Clothing for Children, and we
keep them ready made. If you
want to purchase goods by the
yard, you can save money at
CENTRE HALL, as avc buy
largely, and have an advantage in
our large iiurchases.

"Wo keep a full line of Gentle-
men's Furnishing Goods. We
have a large lot of accumulated
Stock of Keady-Made Clothing,
Odd Lot.^, which will be sold
Avithout regard to cost. It will
pay purchasers wishing Clothing
to call at Centre Hall and be suit-
ed, and save money, and you will
say the half has not been told you.
There are always ready hands
waiting to show you through the
immense stock.

Waiting your insjiection, we feel
grateful to a generous public for
the patronage heretofore extended
to us, and hope by fair dealing to
merit a continuance of the same.

centre: HAr.!..

No. 12 EAST KING ST.,

T.«-3m) LANCASTER, PA.

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

EDWARDS & BISHOP,

36 EAST KING-ST., Lancaster, Pa.

I We respectfully ask the attention ol tlie citizens ol
Lancaster county to our splendid assortment ol

BOOKS d-= STA TION'ERYofall kinds.

BLANK BOOKS of every description.
Foreign <£r* Domestic JVote-piipers &^ Knvelopes,

Alercantile Stationery — Stationers'' Hardware.
School BOOKS b' School SUPPLIES.

ENGRA VINGS, CHROMOS,and an elegant
Stoci of general fancy goods.

AGENTS FOR

Tke Bancroft Sclool Fiiriiitiire,

the test in use. Endorsed by the PliUa. Public School
Board and the State Normal .school at MlllersvlUe. Call
and examine.

.School Boards furnished with hooks and all Schools
SuppUes at the lowest possible prices.

EDWARDS & BISHOP,

At the old Stand NO. 36 E.KING ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.
7-5-3m.

COMPLETE SECURITY.

Ti FAIES!;' ITIOIL

BAXTH

OF L/LNCASXEFl,

HAVING COMPLETED THE

lifgkf-PrGof Safe Bgposlt

V AU L T,

ARE NoW PREPARED TO

RENT THE SA.FES,

For the safe keeping of GOVERNMENT, STATE, CITY,
RALLROAD BONDS, and other Seciirities, at moflerale
prices, according to the size. tyRoom and desks, which
are private, adjoining the vault, provided for Safe Renters.

7-5-tf EDW. H. BROWN, Cashier.

AGENTS WANTED for the CEATESfSflAI.

ftA7T?TTTi'TrTJ of the

wTA^iL 1 1 £l£iX\i TTNITED STATES

A book for every American, Sella everywhere at sight.
Farmers, Teachers, Students, Lawyers. Merchants, School
Directors, Manufacturers, Mechauica, Shippers, Salesmen,
men of learning, and men who can only read, old and young,
all want it for everyday reference and use. Shows the grand
results of the

FIRST 100 YEARS of the REPUBLIC.

Everybody buys it, and Agents inake/rom $100 to $200
a month. Send for circular. Address
7-5-4m] J. C. McCURDY & CO., Publishert,

Philadelphia, Pa. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago, 111,

St. Louis, Mo.

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

FAMIET and I^IHE-BDRNIXG COAEI

Orders received at

Office, No. 15 East King street, and at the
7-l-12m] Yard, No. 613 NORTH PRINCE STREET.

H

ORSE-BIliLS,

PLAIN OR IK FAXCr COLORS,
Printed in the Best Style at the office of

THE FARMER.

"W ANTED!

LIVE PEACOCKS,

Male Birds— 3 Years old or over.

AddreBB, statiug lowest cash price for bird, boxed ready
for shipment by express, C. O. D., to New York,

LIVE PEACOCK,

P. O. Box 672, Xew York.

It

To Farmers and Others!

If you want to have your Scythes, Reaper Sections,
Sickles and Lawn Mowers ground and repaired, also Saws
set and tiled, go to

7-6-2m)

1S3 EAST WAZJiVT ST., Zancaster, Fa.

A FIRST CLASS

DEVOTED TO

POULTRY AND PET STOCK

IN ALL THEIR BRANCHES.

Edited by the Eminent and Experienced Breeder and
Fancier, W. H. TODD, of Vermillion, Ohio.

The Nation is a widt-awake, original, practical and high-
ly valuable journal. No one who keeps pete or poultry can

AFFORD TO DO WITHOUT IT,

Only 60 Cents a Year, Postpaid.

It clubs with poultry and other journals at very low rates.

For iUBtanee, the Poultry World and Nation, are furuisbed
postpaid for $1.40. Fanciers* Journal (weekly) and Nation,
$2.50. American Agriculturist and Nation, $1.60, etc.

Our circulation is very large. A splendid advertising me-
dium. Prospectus free. Samples, 6 cents.

Address POULTRY NATION CO.,

7-G-tf Birmingham, Erie Co., Ohio.

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL 1875.

Bathvon ft Pigher,

PRACTICAL

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

SSTA.BX.ISXIIVEEIN'T,

Cor.N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

JOHN M. COAA/ELL,

CoiveyaiiGer aM Real Estate Apnt,

OFFICE IN LAW BCILDXNG,

N, W, COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS,,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real Estate of all description bought, sold and ex-
changed on commission.

liOatis Negotiated. Mortgages bought and sold.

J^ropertiea taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

^Particular attention given to matters appertaining to
Keal Estate Law, and Conveyancing. ^

DeedSf Mortgages, Uriefs, Wills and all other legal
instruments correctly drawn and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, Lote, Farme, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-12m

OSWEGO PURE

— A1<ID—

SILVER GLOSS STARCH,

MANUFACTURED BY

T. KINGSFORD & SON.

The BEST STARCH in the WORLD.

GIVES A BEAUTIFUL FINISH TO THE LINEN, and the
difference in cost between it and common starch is scarcely
half a cent for an ordinary washing. Ask your grocer for it.

KINGSFORD'S

0SWISO mm wsmm,

For Puddings, Blanc Mange, Ice Cream, Etc.

Is the original — Established in iSiS. And preserves its
reputation as purer, stronger and more delicate
than any other article of the kind offered,
either of the same name or with other titles,
Stevenson, Macadam, Ph D., etc., the highest chemical
authority of Europe, carefully analyzed this Corn Starch,
and says it is a moat excellent article of diet, and in chemical
and feeding properties is fully equal to the best arrow root.
Directions for making Puddings, Custards, etc., accom-
pany each one-pound package.

FOR SALE BY

BURSK & HUBLEY, Grocers,

7-6-3m EAST KING St., Lancaster.
F^OXJLTFtY ORG/VN

OF

CENTRAL NEW YORK.

An illustrated quarto journal, devoted to POULTRY,
PIGEONS and PETS, BIRDS and FLOWERS, small fruits,
the garden and lawn — how to adorn the surroundings of our
homes, rendering them attractive — and a mirror reflecting
the taste, culture and refinemeut of their occupants. Pub-
lished monthly at Ithaca, N. Y., at $1.00 per annum ; 50 cts.
for 6 mouths ; single copies 10 cts.

CHAS. G. DAY,

7-f.-3m]

Publisher and Proprietor.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Office-204 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, \AAills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of AGREEMENTS neatly and expeditiously
drawn. Cases carefully and thoroughly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWERS. AUDITORS,

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of any kind.

Collections, large or small, made upon a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Consultations and Correspondence conducted in either the
French, German or English languages.

7-l-12m]

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Columbia, Penna

TME FRANKI.1N HERD.— As the Franklin Herd
is now fairly wintered and iu marketable condition,
consisting of fifty head, mostly THOROUGHBRED SHORT
HORNS and JERSEYS, including a few grades, I now oflfer
for sale about twenty head, as a portion of the above named
Herd. The number offered for sale consists of COWS,
HEIFERS, HEIFER AND BULL CALVES of almost any
age or size to suit purchasers.

Prices reasonable and terms easy. Pedigrees guaranteed.
Call and see, or address,

TOBIAS MARTIN,

It

Mercersburg, Pa.

$1 a Year

* To Rubscribtrs id

the county.

SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS

To ■ubNcHbers out of ) rf^ 4

'^8.

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, JULY 15. 1875.

PEAESOL & GEIST, PubliEhers.

WHAT OTHERS SAY.

RpailiT, <Iiil ym ovit sop a kitliMi in i>urKuil of its
tail ! Away it ({'"S, whirliii!; roiiml and nnni(l,tiiiii-
blinfr hi'ds ovit head, and ''uji and after it asain.''
Simple kitten ; ilitwuuld jnst stop one moment it
Wouldtind tljeend of its tail riirht atitsnose. That's
the moral ol tliose jH-ople wiio are in tilind and heed-
less pursuit of .s(i»ii//ii/(.'/ whieli is riiilit Iiefore tlieir
noses, but wliieh they fail to see or appreciate, tie-
cause it has not the prestisre ol' a foreiirn stam|). To
be consistent, we wovild call tlie attention of such to
the following extracts, which contain, in jiart, the
subtitanee of irfuU others say :

A Compliment from Over the Pond.

Tlie folliiwinfrletterwas received this morniu^j from
the editor of the London Ji/ricKltiirul (la::itli (the
leadiniT weekly acrieultnral journal inKn^laud), ad-
dressed to the editor of The Lash asteu Kakmeu, in
which the latter publication is highly complimented :

AoKicrLTrnAL Gazette Officb, )
7 Catharine street, Slraud, W. C. Jime 7, 1875. f
Mil Dear Sir ; We bt-g to thtiiik you for your article ou the
Atrricuttural Cttzetteiu your uumljer for May 15. We do our
beet to make the Afiricuttural tiazvtte bp good a paper uh we
cau, and are glad to have your good opiuiou. We shall also
dud The Lancaster Fakmer a.-* vacful an exchange as any
American pafter ire reeeire Its get-up is very good.
1 am, dear sir, yours very respectfully,

Henry F. Moore, Sub- Editor.

The force of this compliment will be the more ap-
parent when it is remembered that all the leading
American agricultural papers, such as the American
Agriciillarixt, Jiiiral \cir- Yorker, Country GeutU-
man, Anurican Farmer, etc., are received at the
office of our London cotemporary . The fact is, if The
' Lancaster Fahmer was as highly appreciated at
home as it is by the best judges abroad, it would to-
day have a circulation of live thousand copies in Lan-
caster county. Although the aim of the editors and
publisher is to make.it a lucnl journal for the farm,
garden and household, its general is greater in pro-
portion than its local appreciation. But while the
farmers of Lancaster county are slow to move, when
once aroused to their own interests we always know
where to find them. — Lancaster Express.

Should be on the Table of Every Enlightened
Farmer.

The LAN'f aster Farmer, published at Lancaster.
Pa., by Pearsol i\c Geist, the farmer's organ of the
wealthiest agricultural county in Pcinisylvania, a
monthly newspaper, edited by Prof. S. S, Kathvon,
fully up in general interest, news, and intelligence to
the best papers published, is entitled to a place with
the leading agricultural papers of the country, on the
table of every eidightencd farmer. There is iio neigh-
borhood but what would derive prolitablc information
by giving The Farmer a liberal circulation and sup-
poTt. It |)ages are tilled with practical ideas valua-
ble to all." — J'oiillry Organ uf l.'entral Xei" York.

" Ought to be in Every Family in Lancaster
County."

I have been greatly interested in that valuable peri-
odical pulilislied by the publishers of T/ie Express,
'•The Lancaster Farmer.'' It is truly a valuable
addition to our stock of current literature, and ought
to be in every family in Lancaster county. Thein-
ft)rm.ition therctn contained is so varied that one can
not fail to find somethinir to please and instruct. 1
was much interested in the remarks on " beeculturc,''
as I have dabbled a little in that business myself,
but not to any extent. The household recipes are
very valuable, and many other things are of equal
interest.—/,., Clustttnt I'.erel, July 1, 1!S7.").

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EIGHTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES : iaoe.

Potato Beetles — Continued — lUiistralrd. - ii~

Flat-Ilcaded Ajiple-trce Borer — Illustrated, '.17

The Cut-Worms, ------ 98

Bogus Potato-Beetle — Illustrated, - - U8
Notes on the Colorado Potato-Beetle and the

Keinedics Kmploved for its Destruction, - 99
The Facts of Natural History— No a, - 99
Preserve The Lancaster Fanner, - - -100
Killiii!.'- the Potato-Beetles, - - - 100

8hort-Horns.or Durham i^-dina—Hbistrated, 101
Something About Horses, - . - - Uil
A New Ihu-se Disease, - - - - 101

Traps Employed to Circumvent the Potato-
Beetles, -.-.--. 103
Farming as a Business, - - - - 103

Our National Centennial, - - lOi, 105

Tbe N'<\v .Agricultural ^mlMng— I tliixtraled— Out
Share ol the Kxpeuses— Horued Cattle at the
txhibitjon — The Ceuteuuial (*rouuds ou the
P'ourth of July — luteruational ExbibitiouB Cou-
triieted— Our State Exposition at Luucaster.
The Strawberry Question, IHiistrated, - 103

J. Stauffeh, Laiicaster, Pa.
Berries. ,1. S., - - - . - . ^03
Remedy for Cabbage Worms. American

Oardui, - m:!

Letters, Queries and Answers, - - loO
Entomological Correspondence. Grape Viue
Plume Moth (Editor)— The "Wbite-Uued Aruiy
'Worm" (H. h. E.) with Kemarks by the Editor—
The Egg Controversy (W. J. Pvle)_Somethiug
about F.ggB (W. J. I'.)— The Cultivation of Celery
(au OKI Husbandinau)— The Corps iu North Car-
olina pr. H.)— Cut Oir the Decaved Blooms
(Waher Elder)— "Jots aud Tittles'' from Dau-
phin County iB.)— Abortive StrawberrysiW.J.P.)
Our Paris Letter, ------ iu7

Fraiuls iuCounnercinl Manures — Sheeji Farming —
Forage Plants — Utilizing Daln::ged Fodiler —
Good Feeding — Dutch Cheese — i'auseof theLay-
uig of Corn — The Viue Bug— Clover aud Luceru
Pests, etc.
Our Local Organizations, - - - 107, 108
Farmers and Farniiug.and Farmers' Sons — An Es-
say read before the Lancaster County .\gricul-
tural aud Horticultural Society by .Simou J*.
Eby, esq.
The Orchard and Garden. - - - lOS

Mulching (.loshua Hoopes, in N.Y. Tribune) — The
Way to Cultivate Flowers (S. E. Todd), with re-
marks liy Editor) — The Care of IjiA\'UB, etc.
The Poultry 'Vard, ----- 109

The .Vnicricau Poultry Associatiou — ^lanagement
of Sitting Hens iu Hot Weather— Hatching Eggs
— "Sit aud set, bui" and Lie"— How to Falteu
Fowls — Bone Meal for Poultry — The Poultry
Interest.

The Farm and the Dairy, - - . - 110
Frauds iu Commercial FertiUzers — The Largest
Farm iu the World — Mukiug Butter iu Winter
vs. Summer.

Miscellaneous. - - - - - - llo

The Culture of Peppermint— Cliliziog Water by
Irrigntlou.
Domestic Economy, - . - . no, ill
How to Can Fruit — Oatmeal vs. Beefsteak — Eggs
\s. Meat — Cheap Food and t*oo<I Food — Clean
(Mit VuurCvllars— TheTea-Pot Asiwikd.

■Valuable Household Recipes, - - - 111,112
Blacklnrry Syrup— Blackberry Jam— Lemonaile—
Graham Flour PulTs- ludiaj Cakes without
Eggs — Raspberry Custards.

Literary Notices, 112

The Progress of Invention, . . 112

New Patents Relating to the Farm, Dairy, Ac,
What Others Say, Business Notices, &c., - i
Our Fence Corners, - - - - ii, iii

Filled with Useful and Entertaining Reading
Matter.

The Lanca.steii Fah.meu: The .June number of
this airricultural monthly is lilled with much useful
and entertaining readin;.' matter, and is pinfusely il-
lustrated— among the illustrations being eorrei't por-
traits of the apiile-tri'c Ijorcr, several varieties of jm-
tato beetles and insects that infest house plants and
Hower gardens. Also, a picture of the prize boar,
"Sweepstakes," and several smaller pictures. Among
the contributors we llnd tin- inimc of our old triend,
T. M. Coulsim, who writes an arliileon " Testing the
Fecundity of Kiri-'s." — Lancaster InlrlVniencer.

The Best and the Cheapest.

The Lantastek Fahmeii is a welcome truest. We
regard The Fakmek. as it is now published, as the
best and -chea|K'st airricultural Jruirmil we are ac-
quainted with, and the list is quite numerous. Our
assertion is based on the fact that The Fahmek la a
practical, and not a mere lluoretical, farmer's pajier.
Besides, its editor Is one of the most distlnguislied
entomologists in the country, as Prof. Kiley himself
admits. The Fahmeu will be fouiul on iileatthis
office, where any of our readers can examine it. I'carsol
& tJclst . Lancaster, Pa ., publishers. — Journal, Loui$i-
ami, Mo.

The Farmer in the South.

" Some time atro I received the.Iatiuary, February,
>farch, anil .\|iril numbers of Tjie LancasTeii
Fahmek forlS7.'), and lately the May and .June num-
bers. I cxatnined each number, and find The Fakm-
ek contains useful information for all readers, and
more especially for the tiller of the soil, whether he
be a raiser of grains, gra,s.scs, roots, fruits, flowers,
and live stock not excepted." — .V. It., .Salisbur;/, X. C-
Constantly Securing Popularity.

This atrricultural ncwspaiH-r (The I.ANrASTEit
Farmek) is constantly securing' increased jMipularlty,
and is well lilled with Instructive and useful reading
matter. Published by Pearsol it tJeist, Lancaster,
Pa. — I'ori- (/'<!.) TeUyrain.

Brought Fully to the Standard.

The Lancastek Farmer, monthly, comes to us
with a new dress and new publishers. The editorial
management is, as usual, done by Prof. S. S. Bathvou.
It is brouirht fully to the standard. (Jne dollar a
year. — Fanner and dardiner.

Full of Good and Useful Reading.

I have received The Farmer of June l.'j, and llnd
It full of go(Hl ami useful rcadiitg. I thereftire send
you herewith Jl.'J.") for a year's subscription. — IP. J.
I'., West Cluster, June 2.5, 187.5.

Secure the Back Numbers.
Bclicvimr that all who apjireciate the value of such
a publication would want them, we printed an extra
number of The Farmer from the bc^iiming of this
volutne, so as to be prepared to supply back numbers
to new subscribers. We ar»" still pr<'i>ared to do so,
and would remind subscribers tl.al at the close of
the year the volume will be of great valu< — worth
a great deal more than the subscrijitiou price.

Artificial Fertilizers.
This Issue of The >"armer cmtalns some sliictures
on the adulteration of artificial manures, of which
there is great complaint among farmers. In this con-
nection we call attention to the advertisement of the
old and reliable house of Ilarrisoil Brothers ii Co.,
Philadelphia, w-ho will miarantee their chemical fer-
tilizers to be what they represent.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

1760. ESTABLISHED 1760.

GEO. M. STNEIMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PIANTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRACOTTA, IRON and LEAD FIFE

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, A^D
FARM IMPLEMEJS'TS.

AGENTS FOR THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &c., &c.

We have the largest stock of general Hardware in the
State, and our prices are as low aud terms as liberal as can
l)e found elsewhere. 7-;V6m

mmm fqe faemies,

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

We have a large stock of Lumber, aud one of the moat
fxteneive Sash aud Door Factories iu the State, aud we are
prepared to fiiruish Honse and Barn Bills complete.

All kinds of Mauufactured Fencing, &c., making a speci-
alty of suppljiug the agricultural community. We will
make prices delivered to any Railroad Station. All our
material g;iiaraiitee(l as represented. All mauufactured
work kiln-dried and warranted not to shrink. All inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin House, North
Qrieeu Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Monday of each week.

KENDIG, BRICKER & LAUMAN,

7-l-12iri] Middletown Dauphin co., Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

All matters appertaining to FXITED STATES or OAXA-
DIAN PATENTS, TRADE MARKS, aud COPYRIGHTS.
promptly attended to. His expei-ience, success and faithful
attention to the interests of those who engage his services
are fully acknowledged and appreciated.

Prelirainarj- examinations niade for him by a reliable As-
sistaiit at Washiugtou, without extra charge for drawing
nr description. [7-4-tf

JOHN M. COWELL,

Coflvejaiicer ani Real Estate Apiit,

OFFICK IN LAW BCILJjfNG,

N. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Real E.ttnte of all tlescriptiou Iwiigbt^ -sold aud ex-
chauged on commission.

J.oatis Negotiated. Mortgages boiight aud sold.

I't'operties takeu in charge, aud rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

J^articular attention giveu to matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Couveyauciug,

Deeds, Mortgages, Briefs, Wills aud all other legal
iustrnments correctly drawn aud handsomely and ueatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, Lots, i;arnis, &c., aud Draughting in
general accurately aud handsomely executed. [7-l-l'2m

The Best Cow; A pretty rich thiug occurred at
the establishment of Simpson not h)ng since. Simp-
son used to be our milkman, and we attribute to him,
in a great measure, our loss of confidence in humanity
generally, and milkmen in particular. Mike Wclcli
had been recommended to Simpson as a fit man tn
assist in taking care of horses and cows ; so Mike was
hired, and placed in charge of this department.

One morning, after Mike had been a month at the
place, Simpson, who had made ready to start off with
his milk-cart, said to him :

'•Mike, you may give the cows some oat meal this
morning, and be sure you give my best milker an ex-
tra quantity."

" The best milker, is it, sir '."

•' Yes ; you know the old cow that gives the most
iniiki"

'• Bedad, I think I do, sir."

" Well, you give her four quarts of the mash."

" All right, sir. I'll do that same."

On the evening of that day Simpson had occasion
to go to the old wooden pump in the yard. He tried
the handle but it wouldn't work. The pump seemed
to be entirely choked up. Finally, he discovered that
all the upper i)art was loaded with something very
nearly resembling «at -meal mash. He called his man
servant.

" Mike," said he, "what is the matter with this
pump?"

■'The pump, is it sir V

" Yes. How came this oat-meal mash in here '."

" Sure, sir, I put it in meself."

" Stupid blockhead ! why did j-ou do that ?"

"It was yerself that told me, sir."

" I — I told you to put it in here ?"

"Indade ye did, sir.''

"Wh3', you thick-headed rascal I what do you
mean?"

"Don't be in a passion, master. Did you not tell
me to give yer best milker an extra quantity of the
mash? and where in all the world, I'd like to know,
is the crathur that gives so much milk to yer cans as
does this old pump?"

The story leaked out. and added greatly to the dis-
trust already entertained by Simpson's customers.

The Springfield (Mass.) f'«io)(says: " Mr. Spring-
field is the postmaster at Tyner, Tenn., and Mr. Ty-
neristhe agent of the Post-office Department at the
postal-card factory in Springfield, Mass. Mr. Spring-
field of Tyner, needing some postal cards, ordered
them from the Post-office Department. The order
from Mr. Springfield of Tyner was forwarded to Mr.
Tyner of Springfield; and Mr. Tyner of Springfield
sent the cards to Mr. Springfield of Tyner, but Mr.
Springfield of Tyner not getting the cards from Mr.
Tynei^ of Springfield, Mr. Springfield of Tyner wrote
to Mr. Tyner of Springfield making inquiry regarding
the card's ordered to be sent by Mr. Tyner of Spring-
field to Mr. Springfield of Tyner, and this letter from
Mr. Springfield of Tyner to Mr. Tyner of Springfield
inquiring about the cards ordered to be sent to Mr.
Springfield of Tyner by Mr. Tyner of Springfield, Mr.
Tyner of Springfield now keeps to show to his friends
when telling the story of the postal cards ordereil l)y
Mr. Springfield of Tyner and sent to Mr. Siiriniificld
1^' Tyner by Mr. Tyiier of Springfield, and iinally re-
ceived by Mr. Springfield of Tyner."

A Pass TO Hade.s: There is a newspaper man in
the eastern part of Michigan who is being Ijautered as
the champion railroad pass beegar. " Passing'' lihu
by, we want to tell a little story about anoldacquaiiU-
ance who once published a pajier on the liiieof the De-
troit and Milwaukee P.oad. He was a mighty poor
compositor to begin with, aud the first issue of his
paper was a sight to see. He had borrowed old stereo-
types of bitters and buchu to fill up with, and his
" salutatory," as he calleil it, contained about two
hundred typographical eri-ors and lialf that number
of grammatical blunders. But it was a foundation,
and he went to receiving subscriptions aud sending for
railroad passes. He " went for" superintendents un-
til he had a pass over every road in the State ; but
these were not enough. He scut abroad, and finally
he addressed the superintendent of an Ohio road. No
answer. The editor wrote again. No answer. He
wrote a third letter, and an answer came back, " Go

to h 1" The editor turned the letter over and

wrote, " Send me a pass on your road and I will."
The pass came and he was. made happy.

A GOOD story is told of an old farmer, whose son
had for a long time been ostensibly studying Latin in
a popular academy. The farmer not being perfectly
satisfied with the course and conduct of the young
liopeful, recalled him from school, and placing him
by the side of a cart one day, thus addressed him :
" Now, Joseph, here is a fork, and there is a heap of
manure aud a cart ; what do you call them iu Latin ?"
"Forkibus, cartibus, et mauuribus," said Joseph.
" Well, now," said the old man, " if you don't take
that forkibus pretty quickilms, and pitch that man-
tu-ibus into that cartibus, I'll break your lazy backi-
bus." Joseph went to workibus forthwithibus.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Office-2o4 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Gai:.xjn!CsixA.. i»a,.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of .\GUKKMENTS neatly and exreditionsly
drawn. (Jases caiefully and thoiongbly Hied before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWtRS. AUDITORS.

Or in any Courts of Lancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN To

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of any kind.

Collections, large or small, mside ujon a uniform table ol
rates, in all parts of the United States.

Si^ecial facilities for Colleclioiis of Estates or Debts iu
Europe.

Cousultations aud Corresj oudence conducted iu either the
French, German or English langUfeges.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

7-l-V2ro] Columbia, Penua.

Iitir@st Paid OS Bepoiits.

b
<

<

m

>

»

**

A

tt

MOSE¥ TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

SPECI.\L .\ND LIBERAL TKKIIS made with parties
having- charg-e ot Trust and Estate Funds.

C^Governmen,! and State Bonds, Gold, Silver, and
Coupons, Viought and sold. 7-1 -12m

PATENTS

OBTAIffiD BSET AND CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITOES OP PATENTS,

"^Tasliingtoxi, D. C.

nr- Address all letters to P. O. Box Ui. 7-3-12ni

The Only Place in To'wn for Cheap Soap.
HERMAN MILLER'S

STEAM SOAP AND CANDLE WORKS,

i2 EAST EIHQ SI. Faetory-SODTH WATEE ST.

Keeps constantly on hand a good assortment ol

SOAPS OF ALL KINDS.

Tallow and Fat taken In exchansje at the highest mar-
7-2] ket prlceri. Patent Wheel Grease for sale. [6m

The Lancaster Farmer

Prot S. S. BATVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., JULY, i875.

Vol. VIL No. 7.

POTATO BEETLES — [Continued.]

(7,iiiia tiiUmiilil, el. ill.)
AVhat ! aiiotlu'r striped pol;Ui> iM'ftK'? Ex-
ailly si>; and one, tno, wliosi" iiilliicnce we
liavc felt, and wliiis,' t'dini and rmure we have
known from early biiylmod -long liclore it was
known that sneli an insi'ct as the "Coloraih)
Potato l>eetle" w!is in llit^ conntry. However
lilthy and repulsive tlie Colorado pest may ap-
pear to others, to US the -'Three-
lined" or "Three-striped fiotato
beetle" is almost ineom|iaralily
"more so," where it oeenrs in
hiii^e numbers, whieh is ncrasion-
■ ally the ease. This insect is much
smaller than any of the species
heretofore described, the size be-
uv^ indicated liy the hair line on
the right of the lignre ; but incolorand family
relationship, as well as in its genei-al habits, it
makes some approximation to the famous Col-
orado scourge. Its small si/e, its restrietetl
thorax, its longer limbs, its paler colors, and
its distinct Irilineatitui, must be snilicient to
distinguish it from all other striped potato
beetles, by any person who can ever hope to
learn the proniinent distinctions between the
genera and species of insects. This much, as-
sisted by a careful study of our illustration
(Fig. 1), will be sullicient, we think, to enable
the intelligent readers of The Faij-mkr to
identify the insect when they sec it. It has
often been mistaken for the Colorado species,
long before that insect made its apjiearance
liere. This in.sect may, howv;ver, be more surely
distinguished from the aforenamed species, by
the sing-
ular hab-
its larva
has o f
caati ng

its excrc- , snxm^^B

tions on WkV Ilr \»\iBB 0

as seen at
((, Fiij. 2.
Tlie pur-
pose of /'iij'-'- "» ^ c
this is not clearly known, but the mo.st
. reitsonable .supposition is, that its oliject is con-
cealment from its natural em niies, whatever
thi;y may be. Letter h shows an upper view
of the terminal segments of the larva, with
the anal oriliee on to)), wluTcas other larva'
havt^ it at the extreme end or beneath. Lettei'
c exhibits a Ventral view of the pupa, and d
the eggs on the under side of the potato leaf,
not much unlike those of Duryplinra. Thes(^
eggs are deposited by the female^ of the pre-
vious year, in Jlay, and by the ^mmI .of the
month of .Ivnie the larva; go into the ground,
and in about two weeks thereafter come forth
a perfict beetle, as seen at Fig. 1, and are
ready for a second brood ; and it is this second
brood that is always the most numerous and
destructive ; lint fortunately the potatoes have
then ma<le such headway that, generally speak-
ing, the damage done is not very serious, al-
though sonic bad cases of infest.ltion are on
record. The second brwxl remains in the
gromid until the following spring.

Whatever remedies may be employed to de-

s t r o y
the Co-
lorado
beetle,
nay be
also a))
p 1 i e d

Fig.^. i^^m,\^ like ef-

fect to these insects.

Another enuny to the potato plant, is the
"Potato Stalk \V kevil" (l/antdus irino-

ttttus), and we have had dozens of potato stalks,
of a sickly character, brought to us, all of which
hail a while grub liken, Fig. .'i, excavating their
heart. The female, letter c, makes an incision
in the tender stalk with her long snout, anil
deposits one or more eggs therein - usually
only (Mie— and as soiuias it has hatched out,
the young larva bores into the heart of the
stalk, and continues downward until it reaches
the end. under ground, where it changes to a
pui)a, as seenat '<, ami there remains mitil Au-
gust or.Si']itember, when it comes forth a small
black beetle, the h'Ugth of the hair line at the
left of the illustration <•. This insect belongs
to tlie gri'at (\iri-uli<im- "Snout beetle" family
(CrHCUl.lcn.Nri).!'.), and we know no remedy
against it but, to pull U|i the iulcsted stalks, slit
them ojien, and kill the larva, the pupa or the
beetle that may be found therein. The beetle
hybernates during the winter, and we have
taken it late in antunm and early in spring,
nnder bark and Hat stones, on the suimy sidi^
of a hill. When it fust conu's forth from the
pupa, it has three black velvety spots at the
base of the thorax, and is covere<l all over with
short, line, ashen, prostrate hairs ; but these
easily rub off and leave the whole insect a jet
black. Mtirc anon.

FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER.

[ ChryxobolhrU femoratu.J
The lan-a of this insect, by way of distinc-
tion, has been learned the " Flat-headed Apple-
tree borer," in order that it may not b(^ con-
foimded with the "Hound-headed" or "Striped
Apple-tree borer," illustrated on the lirstpag(^
of the ,lunc nundier of TuK Faumkk. When
inipiiry has been made of us as to the form of
this borer, we have, in an ott'-hand way, re-
plied, that it very nearly approached the
form of a "hovsc-shoe nail," or, except in
color, hke a "tadpole," and the reader can
now see how near the larva, a, approaches
tho.se forms. Likening it to a tadpcde, how-
ever, was not fortunate, for one of our (Mirres-
pondents simiehow confounded it with the
"pear-slug ;" there-
fore its identification
can only be tixed by
the addition of its
scientilic name and il-
lustrations. This in-
sect belongs to the old
family group of bee-
tles known as Serui-
coiiNiA, or " Saw-
horned beetles;"
whereas the otherspe-
cies of borer alluded to
belongs to the LoNOi-
toMrA, or " Long-'2
horned " family group,
very materially fnjm its long-horned " con-
frere in its habits, and esiiecially in this, that
it does- not invariably infest the base of the
trec-truidv, but is usually found higher up, or
among the larger branches.

We collectt'd specimens of this in.se<rt in
Lancaster and York counties more than thirty
years ago ; but at least fifty years ago we have
known a little bird belonging to the " Wood-
pecker" family, familiarly called the " Sa]!-
sucker," {I'iciix villoxu.^.) to puncture the bark
of the apple trees, which must have been in
search of these Hat-headed borers, soiniilimes
making a half-dozen or more perforations in a
row, in order to cai)ture them. IJut w(! were
then instructed to shoot them without mercy,
because it was supposed they punctured the
bark thus in order to suck the sap, as their
name implied ; and as this was the very life of
till' tree, they were mdvei-sally regarded as
<me of the farmers' worst enemies. Wi' have
reason also to believe that they are still so con-

Moreover, it dillei

sidereil by many people, and have known
them to be stoned out of orchards not ten
years ago, not so much biMtau.se they were
"sucking out the sap of the trees, ;is because it
was alliged there were no bun r.t present, and
the owners diil not want their trees mutilated,
just as if the bird did not know iM'tter than
they did whether there wius a worm piesiiitor
not. These binls an- not likely to make a
mistake as to the jitrxruic of a worm, but Ihey
may abandon ils pursuit without securing it,
because it may he t<K) deeply imlH'dded in the
solid wood.

We look our first .specimen of this insect in

the suiniiier of 1S12, high U| the Uouiid-

To]i, in ^'ork coimly, where we discovered it
silting on the sunny sid<' of a small pine tree.
Of course we did not then know -nor for some
years afterwanl - that it was an enemy to the
apple-tree ; moreover, there were no apple,
peach or cherry trees within half a mile of the
place, but plenty of pines, oaks, chestnuta
and chestnut-oaks.

We have occ;i.sionally heard complaints
from dilTereiit pla<es inthis county of dam-
ages done to the trunksand larger branches of
the ajiple, pear, pcai h and cherry, wliicli. from
the nature of the "hurl,"— although no speci-
mens were sent to u.s — we liave no doubt were
the depredations of this insect.

According to I'rof. Kiley's sewnih nnnutd
r(7/ocf on the noxious insects of Missouri, iis
well as from some of the agricidtural journals
of the Western States, the " Flat-headed
Aiiple-tree borer," w:is very destructive in
those States (luring the year 1S74, especiallv
in young or recently pliuited trees, or those
enervated by bad culture, bad pruning, un-
friendly soil, or a dry season. f)n <me occa-
sion we received alxiiit a half pint of these in-
.se(tts, and two or threi' other allied species,
from the shores of Lake Michigan, where, ac-
conliug to our informant, (the late .los. Cliilds,)
they could have been gathered up on the beach
by tliousands. They must have been driven
out into the lake by "the winds, fallen in and
drowned, and tb.eii driven back to the shore
by the waves. We make this record only to
show the source from whence noxious in.sects
are likelv to come. The trees known to have
been iniested by this in.sect are the oaks,
maples, scycamore, mountain :ush, liudcii,
box-elder, 'beech, aiiple, pear, plum, cherry
and iieach ; and if there is any significance in
these facts, it is, that as our forest trees arc
cut away we may expect more of the.se insects
to infest the cultivated kinds, tbr they are
" bouiKl to make a living " scmu'whcre.

Our illustrations convey a belter idea of their
form and appearance, in their various stages
of development, than any description we can
give. Fig. (( is the hurti. a whitish grub, set
with short, sparse, stiff bristles. In piiint of
fiict. the head is not very conspicuous ; it and
the first segment of tlie"lH)dy being retractile
within the second -like the claw of a cat- so
that nothing protrudes but the ends of a pair
of blackish Jaws {)iiawllhlfM). It is the en-
larged seeonil thoracic segment tliat gives it
the"" distinctive character of " llaldicaded."
Fig. b is the ptipn, at tlrst white, but subsc-
tpieutly approximating to the color of the ma-
ture iKcth', according to Prof. Uiley, who was
the first to figure and describe it. Fig. c is an un-
derside vii'w of the thoracic and lirst alKlomlnal
segmentsof the larva. Fig. 'Ms the i(/i«g Jrper-
fect beetle of the natural size ; a dark greenish
bronze in color above, and a coppery or brassy
colfu- beiuath. AVe have fouml it most nu-
merous sunning itself on the flat .surface of oltj
stumiis, in clearings and orchards, where wc

1" '

hi

the„ -.- „^ .,..,.. ,

according to Riley they are a p^^le yel}o\y, ant}

stumiis, in clearings aial orchards, wliere WC
inesnme it must liave bred, from tlie fact of
having al.so found the larva under the l)i\rk of
the s:ime. The iggs we hayc iieyei: s^fjii, but

98

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

irregularly corrugated, and are glued by the
female under the loose scales, or within the
crevices of the bark, several freiincntly being
fouud together, although it is evident that they
must also sometimes be deposited on the
smooth bark, and that the female makes i)unc-
tures with her jaws for their reception. When
the young larva are hatched they penetrate the
bark and feed on the fibre inniiediately under
it, and cut broad llattened channels, filling up
the space behind them with their packed ex-
cretions. Their location under the bark, es-
pecially in smooth young trees, is plainly visi-
ble from its pakr unliealthy color; and on one
occasion in which we removed a piece of bark
about six inches wide and two feet long, we
discovered in that space, as nearly as we can
recollect, fully fifty of them, of half-a-dozen
diflerent sizes. It is not certainly known
wliether it requires only a single year or a
longer time to complete the larval period, but
when the larva waxes older and stronger it is
Kiid to penetrate the solid wood, although we
have never found it thus circumstanced. We
are inclined to believe that it only penetrates
the wood sufficiently far to form a horizontal
channel in which to pass its pupal period, sim-
ilar to the habit of the Round-headed borer.
In this locality the beetles appear about the be-
ginning of June, and may be found as late as
August and September.

Of course this insect, like many others, has
its natural enemies. Woodpeckers, especially
the busy little "sap-sucker," before alluded
to, if permitted, will appropriate many of them;
but many of them are destroyed by several
species of Ilymenopterous parasites, and per-
haps these are doing more to check or destroy
them than any remedy human ingenuity can
devise. While they are just beneath the bark,
of course they may be successfully cut out, but
if we could be sure that the parasites were
present there would even be no need of this
laceration. They seem to prefer young, or
weak and decaying trees, but will also attack
strong and healthy ones in certain emergencies.
As a preventive, painting the trees once or
twice during the season with soap and lime,
has been reasonably successful in the West.
The avoidance of contusions and sacriflcations
of the bark is also recommended, and in par-
ticular where large branches are removed, the
face of the stumps and other incidental wounds
should be i)rotected by grafting wax or paint,
for these places crack open and admit the rain,
inducing rapid decay, and the female beetles
will take advantage of such places to deposit
her eggs. Mr. Briggs, an experienced farmer
of the West, recommends a thorough exami-
nation of trees from May until fall, watching for
the exudations of sap from the bark " which is
a sure indication of the presence" of the in-
sects. Carelessness in that respect cost him
over 300 young trees in one season.

THE CUT WORMS.

[AgrotiK jaculifti'a, et. a?.]
Complaints come up to us thick and fast
from all parts of the county — and, indeed,
from a large portion of the whole State — that
at no former period have the "cut worms"
been more numerous and destructive than
they have been the present seiison ; and al-
though the worst may be over before this
reaches our subscribers, still they can "stick
a pin in it," and use it on some future oc-
casion.

Out ii)orins are merely the larval form of a
genusof nocturnal moths called "Agrotans, " or
"owlets," [Afjrotis) of which there are a large
number of species in our county. They are a
fat, greasy-looking, hairless — or nearly so —
caterpillar, of a gray or brownish color, shaded
with darker brown or gray, on the different
segments of their bodies.

When they arc disturted, they usually
double themselves in the form of a crescent or
semi-circle — in some instances with tlie head
and tail touching each other — and ivmain tlius
as long as they are not molested, and as they
make no attempt to escape, they fall an easy
prey to those who may hai>pen to unearth

them from their cover during the day, where
they lie like "sneak thieves," waiting for
night, or dark, cloudy days, under cover of
which tliey do their evil work. These "sur-
face grubs " have long been known to cut off
and destroy almost all kinds of field and gar-
den vegetables ; such, for instance, as young
corn, cabbages, beets, etc. ; but the present
season they have been particularly destructive
to the young corn and tobacco plants, as high
as a dozen or more having been found in a
single hill.

The moths which are developed from these
worms expand from one to two inches, liaving
their fore wings variously marked with black,
brown and gray or ashen colors, and the hind
wings shorter and broader, and of a light or
dark silvery color.

These moths, in warm evenings, enter
houses through open windows, and flit around
gas or other lights, and many of them heed-
lessly " come to grief" by plunging into tlie
flames ; sometimes hundreds of them may be
picked up in the morning aroimd the city street
lamps and in illuminated windows. This fact
seems to suggest that traps for their destruction
might be devised on this principle.

A gentleman in Philadelphia, some years
ago, sent us some five or six hundred insects
which he had captiu-ed in large-mouthed bot-
tles containing sweetened water, which he
had hung among the branches of his trees, and
fully one-half of these insects were the moths
of various species of cut worms. It is true
that these remedies destroy our friends as
well as our foes ; but if the latter fall, we will
have less need of the former.

It is hardly necessary to attempt a specific
description of these insects without sitecific
illustrations, and as soon as we obtain these,
we will give the patfons of The Farmer the
benefit of them. It may suffice at present to
say that they differ very materially in their
transformations and habits. Probably the
worst kinds arc those that pass the winter in
the immature larva state, buried in the earth.
These are on hand early in the spring, about
one-half or three-quarters grown, and hence
about the time that beans, cabbages, beets,
corn and tobacco are well up, or set out, these
Itests attack them at night or during dark,
cloudy days, not only cutting off the plants at
or near the surface of the ground, but also in
some instances drawing the plants into their
holes and totally consuming them. We have
often found cut worms in the winter and
early spring nearly full grown, in fields that
had contained green vegetation the previous
year — such, for instance, as clover and differ-
ent kinds of weeds — and when two or three days
of mild winter or spring weather followed each
other, these worms would come to the surface
and feed on any green vegetation within their
reach, showing that manj' of them are in the
soil all winter and only require a moderate
portion of heat to reanimate them.

Of course, the best remedy is to be on the
"look-out" for the worms when they come
out to feed, or to dig them out of their holes
near the plants. Many artificial remedies
are, however, recommended by persons who
represent that they have practically exjieri-
mented upon these worms with various de-
grees of success. Among these are salt-w.ater
— an ounce of salt to a quart of water — tob.acco
water; (piick-hme, put on the plants when wet ;
dry soot dug into the ground ; soap-suds, made
of one pound of whale-oil soap to ten gallons
of water, applied warm ; four ounces of aloes,
dissolved in one gallon of water and applied to
the plants, is said to destroy them ; lime-
water or lime ashes applied to the soil ; also
gas-lime ; smooth holes made in the soil by
forcing in a smooth probe or hoe-handle, will
make i>itfalls to retain them long enough to
capture or destroy them in the morning ; coal-
oil and water — a tablespoonful of the oil to
one gallon of water — is said to drive them
away, and not injure the plant ; wrajiping the
plant three or four inches with stiff jiapcr is a
good piotcctor, l)ut it is very troublesome.
Plowing up the ground late in the fall .and
early in the .sjiring will expose them to wet

and cold, or crows and other birds, and de-
stroy many of them. The following from the
Lancaster'/«(eHi(/e)KW will speak for itself, and
can easily be tested, but we confess we
doubt it :

Mr. Jacob S. Heiland, of Manor township, informs
us that he has put a stop to tlie ravages of the cut
worm amoni; his tobacco and sweet jxjtato jilants by
the use of a very cheap and simple device. He merely
places around each plant, and a few inches from it, a
circle of wheat bran. The worms prefer the bran to
the plant, and eat voraciously of it. This unaccus-
tomed luxury swells them up, and tliey eenerally
burst open and die, and those that are not killed be-
come so sick and torpid that they cannot get away,
and may easily be picked up and destroyed. Mr.
Ileilaud informs us that since his adoption of this de-
vice he has destroyed thousands of worms that
would otherwise have destroyed thousands of his
plants. The best time to spread the bran around the
plants is late in the afternoon. The plants may
then be examined in the morning and the sick worms
gathered up and destroyed. Tins is certainly cheap
and, we have no reason to doubt, an eft'ective way of
getting rid of an annoying enemy. Other plants be-
sides tobacco and sweet potatoes may be protected in
the same way.

BOGUS POTATO-BEETLE.

{Doryphora juncta.)
If the reader will turn to the first page of
the April number of The Parmer, in the
first and second columns, he will find that we
alluded therein to this insect, which we re-
ceived from Wisconsin in 1845, and at
that time supi>osed was the Dortiphora
IQ-Uneata, which, however, subsequently
proved otherwise. By a close examination the
distinctions between the two species, in their
details, will become apparent, although super-
ficially they may seem the same. Place the
two numbers of The Farmer containing the
illustrations side by side, and then only will

the difference become manifest. It will Ijc
seen that the hirra in this species, 6 h, has
only one row of lateral spots ; that the head
is of a pale color ; that the first segment be-
hind the head is dark in color and margined
entirely with black, .and that the legs are pale.
The arrangement of the spots on the thorax
of the mature beetle, in both siiecies, are sub-
stantially the same, but they differ materially
in other respects ; but this difference only be-
comes conspicuously visible under a micro-
scopic examination.

Figure d\s a, magnified wing cover, in which
it will be seen that the dark stripes are edged
by a siuglefegular row of punctures, placed
in a groove,' and that the second and the third
stripes are united behind, the space between
them being generally brown ; and the leg c is
entirely pale, with a black spot on the middle
of the front femur or thigh.

But the greatest distinction between the
trite and theb oyus beetle is in their habits. The
D. jwirta, so far its known, h.as never attacked
the cultivated jiotato, although it has been
known to exist where domestic i)Otatoes have
been cultivated for forty years or more.

Its native food plant is the " Ilorse-nettle,"
(Solannm cariilincmis, I^in.) a wild, solanace-
ous plant which grows, according to Dr. Gray,
"from Connecticut to Illinois, and south-
ward." This insect has been found in Vir-
ginia, Georgia, Missouri, Alabama, Kentucky,
Illinois, Wisconsin, and elsewhere and, so far
as positively known, it nearly always has been
feeding on the horse-nettle, which, although
belonging to the same great family that in-
cludes the cultivated potato, is quite dis-
tinct from it. Whether it will or will not ulti-
mately abandon its native food plant and
adopt the cultivated plant, as its congener has

1875.1

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

99

done, can only 1"^ doinnnstralcil liy tile l;ii>>e
of time and piactical oWsi'ivivlion; lint it is 1k'-
lic'ved tlial it lias nut dune so yet, and certainly
it is desired that it never should.

Notes on the " Colorado Potatoe-beetle" and

the Remedies Employed for

its Destruction.

Much has Ih'pi) sjiid and written on this sub-
ject since the advent of this in.seel amongst us,
" wise and otherwise," and it almost seems
as if there was no end to the di.senssians on it,
and espeeiiiUy on that eniliraeing the best
means to destroy it.

As we stated "from the very beginniii<;, we
have no immediate interest in tlie qiieslion
any farther than it relates to the welfare
of Our patrons and the eoimtry at larj^e.
In order, therefore, to keep them posted
in the latest intellifjenee, both 2»'o and am,
we submit the followinf? e.xtraits, embrae-
iiij; the views of those liiL;h in authority, leav-
ing our readers draw their own eonilusions
and make their own apiilii ation. We are rea-
sonably well aeiiuaiiileil with the parties to the
question, have a just aiijireriation <if their in-
tegrity and abilities, and therefore entertain
the most profound respect for their opinions
even where wc feel unable to agree with them.
The tirsl e.xtraet we clip has been " going the
rounds" of the pa|)ers in general :

THE USE OK I'AUIS OKEEN.

J. L. Le Conto writes to tin- I'liiladelpliiii Prtxs nn
interesting letter in aiiswer to tlie iKipular i[uery " Can
the turiners use I'nris frrecii for the destruction of the
Ct)l<»raiio [lotalo-lteetle without dani^er of permanent
Injury?" Mr. Le Conte not only takes the position
that tlie use of this virulent poison must he aoeoin-
panieJ willi great personal eare, liut is of the opin-
ion tliatits frequent ajiiilieatiou to vegetation in sui'li
manner that it linally enters the soil will he attended
with serious evils in tlie future, ami tliat the present
advantage of the destruction of injurious insects will
be followed by such an aceumulatiou of mineral
poison in the soil a.s will eventually destroy (perhaps
at a remote period) its fertility, and reduce our pres-
ent Helds to a desert waste. He says " the answer to
the question thus proiH>sed therdore involves inter-
ests amounting to iin-alculalile millions. It is a ques-
tion whether our descendants will he able to raise
from the soil thus jKilluted sufUcient ftxid to sujiport
themselves. I wish, before the nation enters uixui a
wholesale slaughter of these and other pernicious
bugs, that the intelliL'cnt citizens would wisely and
deliberately consider the ixi.s.sihle evils which may
ensue in the future ages, when we will be replaced
by humau beings wiser and greaterthan ourselves.

That the moderate use of l*aris green liy persons
well instructed as to its qualities, aud in no greater
<iuantity than is reiiuired to produce the destruction
of the insect pests^ will be attended with immediate
'danger I do not believe. But for this intelligent use
several precautious are necessary :

J''irsl. The Paris green, as issued from the manu-
factory and dispensed by the trader, must be^Jwce, so
that its strengtii is known.

Sceond. It must be applied at such a time as the
insect is most easily allected hy it.

Third. It must be used in the smallest possible
quantity required to produce the desireil etfeet.

Fourth. It ought to be dispenseil only to responsi-
ble persons who will be fully aceountalile for the use
made of it, and carefully handled, so that it may be
used for no other purpo.se than that of destroying the
agricultural pests.

Further, in order to make the campaign against the
jHitatti-hug ctreetive, the renu'dy must be properly and
universally and carefully applied. Without a eoin-
bined ctlort on the pari of all tanners engaged in
raising iiotatoes, the result will be entirely temporary,
as colonies of the pest will still remain for subse-
quent extension."

As an offset to Dr. LeConte's apprehensions,
but at the same time in effect approving his
four precautionary admonitions, Prof. Hiley,
in his Seventh lieimrt, sums up with the fol-
lowing on pp. 12, i:! :

" Finally, wc must not forget that both ar-
senic and copper are widely distributed
throughout the organic world, and are f<innd
liatmally in many iilaiits ; and so far from in-
juring plants in minute (piantities, arsenic
occurs in the Itest superphosiihates, and the
volcanic s<iil around Naples, which, like all
volcanic .soils, contains an miusnal ammmt of
it, has the reputation of being a specilic against
fungoid diseases in plants. A certain quantity
may therefore be beneficial to plants, as it ap-

pears to be to animals, since horses fed on a 1
grain or two a dtiy are s;iid to thrive and grow
fat. !

" The green as now used could not well col- i
lect in sutlicient quantities to lie directly dele- ■
terious to man in the held in any imaginable
way, while its injury lliningh the plant is, I
think, out of llie (|nestion ; for the plantcould
not absorb eiiougli without being killed. Tlu^
idea that the earth is being sown with death
by those who light the Colorado jiotato beetle
w'ith this mineral, may therefore be dismissd
as a purt^ phantasmagoria.

" In conclusion, while no one denies the
danger attending the careless use of Paris
green, and all who have re<'ommeii(led its use
have not liesitaTed to caution against such
carelessness, a careful ini|niry into the facts
from the e.xperimelital side bears out the re-
sults of a long and extensive experience among
(he farmers of the eoinitry, viz.: Iljat there is
no present or future dangi'r from its judicious
use in till' diluted form, whether as a liquid or
powder, in which it is now universally reeom-
inended. Nor is the wholesale eliaige made
by Dr. Le Conte, that the remedy has been re-
commended by persons who have observed
only the effects of the poison on the insects to
which their attention has been directed, war-
ranteil by the facts. It is in this as in .so many
other things, a proper use of the poison has
proved, and will prove in future, a great bless-
ing to the country, where its abuse <inly can
be followed by evil conseciuences. Poison is
only a relative term, aud that which is most
virulent in large quantities is oftentimes
harmless or beneficial to animal economy in
.smaller amounts."

Finally, the Professor thinks the farm-
ers will regard with interest the work of the
committee apiiointed by the National Acade-
my, but until a better and less dangerous rem-
edy than Paris green is discovered, they will
coutimie to use that which has lieretoforc
saved them so much lalior, and given them so
much satisfaction. lie therefore admonishes
eastern farmers not to be alarmed at what has
been written on the subject of Paris green, but
to profit by the experience of their wi'stern
brethren, and not to allow the Doryphora to
destroy tlieir potsitoes when so simple a rem-
edy is at hand.

The following from the proceedings of the
Academy we clip from the columns of the
Public Ledijer:

TuE Potato Beetle. — At the last meeting of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, Dr. I.eConte s]M)ke of
the desirability of botanists experimenting to ascer-
tain what jiower leaves have of absorbing mineral
poisons, and thus to determine the value of certain
plans for destroying noxious insects. It was stated
that, although Paris green was believed to be insolu-
ble, still, when applied in qininlity to growing plants,
these plants died, as also the larva' of insects.

Dr. K(enig said the death of the plant was owing
to the I'aet that the Paris green underwent certain
chemical changes in respect to its arsenic when in
connection with the leaves, which destroyed the water
cells of the growing iilant, causing it to wither. He
thought the sulistancc ought not to be used on plants.

Colonel Bryan refcrreil to the poisonous character
of the beetles which infested the [Kitato vines, and
that the Instances in which this character was no-
ticed wcie of beetles taken from fields in which Paris
green had been used.

Dr. be Conte expressed his belief that bund laljor
would be the most appropriate way of dealing with
the potato beetle.

.Mr. Speakman counselled the examination of the
plants as soon as they appear alK)ve ground, and
dwelt upon the inqiortance of erushiiiL'thc clustersof
orange-colored eggs on the under side of the leaves.

"When doctors disagree, who shall decide V"
But suppose, for the sake of the argument,
that Dr. I.eCimte's apprehensions are correct :
the area under potato (ailture, compared with
the area of the whole coimtry, is .so small, and
the evil effects involved are so remote, as well
as the salvation of the iiotato crop being so
immediate, that farmers whose ('rops are badly
infested would be apt to heed such warnings
aliont as much as they would the astronomical
doi-trine that the earth is every year approach-
ing nearer to the smi, and after some millions
of years may be drawn into the vortex of that
tiery orb and be consumed. We would not

knowingly counsel any course tliat would ulti-
mately end in such a fatal di.sasler to the hu-
man family as the destrnetion of the fertility
of the soil (if our country, even at a ri'inolo
lieriod, but it si'ems to us that all the artilicial
compounds that the world contains would Ixi
resolved into their native elements iM'lure it
could occtn-, through the slow but snri' course
of chemical mutation. We do not think there
is a particle more now of any comiHising ele-
mi'iit of the earth, than there was "in the
begimiiiig, '' atid till the i'nri.s (/rem or other
jHiison that is now compounded and used, niil.st
lie, or have been, .somewhere ill the earth 1m'-
fore it lieeaine an article of mamifaelnre and
tnillic, ami (hat it will linally return to its first
esttite. liidd tlti fiiHiiirinij :

How MCI II I'Aiiis (iiiEEN IS IIiKTKii.f The fear
that the too free use of Paris green In the destriniioii
of the potato hug might cause it to he absorlM-d and
assimilated Im the economy of plant growth, <tr by Its
presence in tin' soil exert an injurloiiK lnlluen<-c ii[m»ii
vegetation, has led t<i an investigation tiy high Hcieii-
tlllc authority, and the idea is considered alisunl,
since actual experiments show that plants have no
[lOwcr to alisorti and assimilate Paris green or arsenic
in chemical comliination.

Prol. William .M'Murlrie, of the department of ag-
riculture, says that while their presence in the soil
may cxi'rt an Injurious inllui'iiec on vegetation, yet
they arc practically witliout ellect until the (|uaiitlty
present rcac lies — lor Paris green iMKI |Kiunds per ain-,
for arsenite of |Hitassa 4(M) |uiunds [ler acre, and for
arseniate of jMitassa about l.'id jiountls per a*Te.

He eoncludes an exceedingly interesting letter on
the subject thus : The fears of many of our agricul-
turists need, therctbre, be no longer entertained ; yet,
though Ihey will sutler no injury from [lolsoning by
arsenic in cliemieal comliination wilh vegetable pro-
duets, great care should be exercised in the matter of
removing any particles adhering meebanically to
them.

We must also offer the warning, which cannot be
too frequently repeated, that every one using such
compounds should be particularly careful aluiul stor-
ing them, since ni-arly all the accidents that have
occurred from ])oisoning by Paris green and other
tilings of like character have resulted from careless-
ness in this particular.

THE FACTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.
No. 3.

In this paiier we propose to present a few
of the marvellous notions, Ixith ancient and
modern, that at tiiucs, and by some iieoplc,
have been accepted and defended as the veri-
table/'((/(.s- as they existed, and still exist, in
the domain of nature. We can hardly tlignify
them by the name of opinions — becaust? they
do not seem to be supported by reiison — and
therefore we are compelled to place them in
the category of notions, if they are not "down-
right" iiiqicrstition.t. We admit that siipi r/ici-
(lUy viewed— 17 ri/ snperlicially indeed — there
may be the appenranct that these notions are
facts, but investigation aud the most eonuuon
experience have proved the ancient ones en-
tirely erroni'ous. and time and experience will,
no doubt, demonstrate that the modern ones
have no higher claims to credence. I?ut then,
be it rememlM'ied, these notions must lie dis-
siliated by praclii'al experiment, and not by
mere denial or groundless ridicule. Where er-
roneous notionsare entertained on any subject
with honesty and sincerity, and by those whose
opinions ondther subjects are e«ititled to re-
spect, a dtie allowance nuist l>e made for the
apiiearances which seem to su.stain those
notions. With tliese preliminary remarks, we
will proceed to illustrate our subject by adduc-
ing a few examples, as we llnd them recorded
on the jiages of the past and the present.

In volume 2, iiage'2, of aserieson the "His-
tory of Insects," entitled the Librarij of Kn-
IcrUuninij Knorrhdyr, we find the fullowing
notion enteitained by the celebnited Kliiciiuu,
one of the moat learned men of the seven-
teenth century. "Take some snakes, of what-
ever kind you want, roa.sttheiu, and cut them
in small jiieces, and sow these iiieces in an
oleaginoussoil ; then, from day to day, sprinkle
them lightly with water from a watering pot,
taking care that the piece of ground be ex-
posed to to the spring sun. and in eight day^
you will see the earth strewn with little
worms, which, being nourished with milk di-

100

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

luted with water, will g:radually increase in
size till they take the form of perfect serpents.
This, "he subjoins with great simplicity. '• I
learned from having found the carcass of a
serpent covered with worms, some small, others
larger, and others again that had evidently
taken the form of serpents. It was still more
marvelous to remark, that among these little
snakes, and mixed with them, were certain
flies, which I should take to be engendered
from the substance which constituted the
aliment of the snakes."

This is a "specimen brick" from a large
"kiln " of the same kind, which the book con-
tains, but it shows how exceedingly superfi-
cial the observations of "one of the most
learned men of the seventeenth century "
were ; and yet his theory may have been sup-
ported by some apparent facts.

(Some years ago afarmej" in Martic town.ship
killed a large female snake, and from a hole
cut in her body by the killing there issued a
large nimiber of "suakelets" from three to
five inches in length, sixty-five of which he
bottled in alcohol, and these are now in the
museum of the Linnwan Society. Suppose
now, that eight or ten days after the killiug
some "learned Kircher" had discovered this
dead carcass, and found flies, maggots and
young snakes all mingled together, how easily
it would have been for such an one to mistake
this appearance for a confirmation of his
theory.

The equally learned Redi, "moved by the
authentic testimony of this most learned writ-
er, " says, " I have frequently tried the exjieri-
ment, but I could never witness the generation
of these blessed snakelets made to hand. ' ' But
although he could not produce snakes, his ex-
periments furnished a goodly quantity of mag-
gots, which being confined in a covered box,
in due time developed a swarm of tlies of a
" vivid green and marvelously brilliant color,
probably the Mu.pm cffsar of Liniiieus. "

Pliny, in explaining how eels are produced,
gives the following experiment : You dig up a
sod on the banks of a stream, having first
sjirinkled it with water, and turn it over with
tlie grass downward, in the evening, and on
visiting it next morning you will find beneath
it a number of young eels. This was the plan
we adopted, when we were a boy, in order to
tr.ap "fish wonns" {Lumbriais) in which we
seldom failed to get a number of the largest
kind.

But here is another illustration of the facts
of natmal history — ironically speaking — pub-
lished in the same century, but which had its
origin at least a hundred years earlier, and it
may well astonish us now to learn tiiat such
views had been entertained and received a
learned endorsement, after a hundred years of
scientific and literary progress. In reference
to the "Barnacle Goose," which had been
originally figured aud described in Sebastian
Munstek's "Cosmographia Universalis,"
lo72, Gekaud, the father of English botany,
a man of no ordinary character and one accus-
tomed to close observation and trained to note
mniute differences, thus very confidently
speaks, in his "Herbal," 163G": "What our
eyes have seen, and our hands have touched,
we shall declare. There is a small island in
Lancashire, called the Pile of Flounders,
wherein are founil liroken pieces of old bruised
shii)s, some whereof have been cast thither by
shipwreck, and also the trunks of old and rot-
ten trees, with their branches, cast up like-
wise ; whereon is found a certain spume or
froth, that in time breedeth into certain shells,
in shape like those of the mussel, but sharper
pointed, and of a whitish color, wherein is
contained a thing in form like a lace of silk,
finely woven, as it were, together ; one end
whereof is fastened unto tlie inside of the shell,
even as the fish of oysters and mussels are ;
the other end is made fast unto the belly of a
rude ma.ss or lump, which in time cometh to
the shape and form of a bird. AV^hen it is per-
fectly formed the shell gapoth wide open, and
the first thing that appeareth is the aforesaid
lace or string ; next comes the Wgs of the bird
hanging out, aud as it groweth greater it

openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it
has all come forth, and hangeth only by the
bill. In a short space of time it cometh to full
maturity and falleth into the sea, where it
gatbereth feathers, and groweth to a fowl big-
ger than a mallard and lesser than a goose,
having black legs and bill or beak, and feath-
ers white aud black, spotted in such a manner
as our magpie, called in some places i>ie-annet,
which the peoi)le in Lancashire call by no other
name than tree-goose ; which place aforesaid,
and of all those adjoining, do so much abound
therewith, that one of the best is bought for
three pence. For the truth hereof, if any
doubt, may it please them to repair to me,
and I shall satisfy them by the testimony of
good witnesses."— /Sc(Vnce-Cro.s.5);(;, p. 109. 1873.

Ko comment is necessary on this curiosity
in scientific literature, and we merely give it
as one of the assumed /f(c<.s in natural history
long since exploded. But we now come to
sorae/((i(s of more modern date — indeed of the
present period — which we think calm and thor-
ough investigation will ultimately place in the
same category.

In the Ayrirultural Gazette (an English jour-
nal) on page 491), April, 1S75 — in an address
by the President of the " Society of Arts" on
field experiments, that officer — Mr. Clare
Sewell Bead, M. P. — in the discussion which
followed, said : "If they sowed oats one year,
and when they came up kept them cut close to
the ground, and allowed them to remain till
next year, they would get a crop of something
else." This doctrine was endorsed by Mr.
James Howard, who said they would get bar-
ley or wheat. " He had sowed a small plot of
oats in June, had kept them cut close with
shears, and covered them up with straw during
the winter, and next year they appeared as
wheat."

This brings out in the May number, page
589, a correspondent in the following style :
"oats turned to e,\rley ok wheat.

"I was somewhat surprised at reading in the
Agricultural Gazette of April 17, that oats sown
in June and kei)t constantly cut down the first
year would produce wheat the summer follow-
ing. This was stated as a fact by Mr. Clare
Sewell Bead, M. P., and as I understand, con-
firmed by Mr. Howard, the former recom-
mending Londoners to try such experiments as
c. ming within their reach. I have heard the
same thing as long as I can recollect, but from
my boyhood never believed it ; but seeing it
stated as a fact bj' such eminent agriculturists
that such a perversion of nature was possible,
I should like to hear something more upon tlie
subject, and take the liberty of suggesting some
further experiments of the kind, such as keep-
ing animals in an unnatural state ; my opinion
being that a cow kept in a stable upon oats
and hay regularly singed and exercised, would
as soon produce a foal, as oats under any treat-
ment, would yield barley or wheat. Mr. Read
may have liad a crop of wheat where oats were
Sown, owing to his having protected the oats
during winter with wheat straw. Grains must
have fallen out of the straw, and planting
themselves, taken the place of the oats ; had
he used barley straw, the result would have
been barley. That those ignorant of farming
who seek agricvdtnral information may not be
deceived, I hope that j'ou, Mr. Editor, or
some undeniable authority, will clear up this
long-talked alisurdity, by saying whetlier such
a perversion of nature is jjossible or not. —
H. S. H."

In a snl)sequent munber, page C>2-2, a writer
signing himself " South Norfolk,^^ confirms the
theory of Mr. Head, and adds : " Xow for
another fact for yoiu' correspondent. During
the year 18(14, and the two following years,
we sowed with tares for a crop, rye which was
grown from barley, at East Wrentham, and
the only reason for our discontinuance of sow-
ing it, was the trouble we had in separatini; the
tares from the rye, ;is the latter was much
larger than the common rye. That the barley
dki i)rodaee rye, was vouched for by, a man
' who.se word was truth,' and who, after living
ou one farm for more than half a century, died
respected and beloved by all who knew him."

To this the editor replies, that "H. S. H.
never doubted the truthfulness of Mr. Bead,
but that it is quite iwssible to hold confidently
theimtruth of a statemerd,which has, neverthe-
less, been made liy one whom everybody knows
to be a man of scrupulous honor." He then,
very significantly, asks South Nm-folk, "xVre
there no such things as blundering and self-
deception V Did he ever investigate the
parentage of any of the examples which the
readers of our societies have often ofiered of
litters of pigs, condemned by the veterinarian
as being of various ages, which have never-
theless been exhibited by men of unquestioned
honor as being of one farrow ;" and winds up
with, "We assert, nevertheless, that it would
not be one bit more astounding to fuid a cow,
after special treatment, produce a foal, than
to find a grain of oat bring forth a plant of
wheat."

Our readers will bear in mind, that the fore-
going opinions relating to the "facts of natural
history" have been entertained — and no doubt
honestly entertained — by the most intelligent
men of their day, in their special callings, and
not merely by clodhopping and illiterate boors.
It will be seen that "Johnny Bull " is as much
exercised over these questions in the present
as he has been in the past ; and that Just now
he is engaged in a discussion involving as
knotty a point as that entertained by " Brother
Jonathan" — and still entertained — in regard
to the transmutation of irlieut into cheat. We
l)elieve, however, that time will settle the ques-
tion of "oats producing wheat and barley,"
as effectually as it finally has the questions of
the propagation of snakes and the barnacle
goose.

In conclusion, however, we may add, that
these problems, as we said before, will l)e
sooner and more effectually solved by actual
experiment, however absurd they may appear,
than by ridicule and bold denial. Opinions,
no matter how fallacious they may be, are a
sort of property which men are loth to part
with without an ecpiivalent. Not every one is
capable of reasoning a priori, and many not
even aposteriori, and the.se can only be induced
to abandon old or erroneous views through
ocular demonstration.

PRESERVE THE FARMER.

The present volume of the The Lancaster
Farmer will contain a general history of the
economic entomology of Lancaster county, so
far as it relates to agriculture <and domestic
afiairs, and will be applicable not only to Kan-
caster county, but to all Southern Pennsylva-
nia, and Northern Virginia and Maryland.
And as the subject will be amply aud accu-
rately illustrated b.v*appropriate figures, it will
constitute a standard volume on that and
kindred subjects, that maj' be profitably con-
sidted for many yeais to come, even if the
future should develop better remedies for the
destruction of insects than those therein re-
commended. We would therefore admonish
our present subscribers to " itreserve The
Farmer" and have it bound for future refer-
ence ; and newsubscrlbers to avail themselves
of the present o])|)ortunity of securing it from
the beginning of the seventh volume. From
the testimonials in its behalf, from abroad, the
citizens of Lancaster county ought to be able
to reverse the disparaging maxim of that dark
age of the world, when it was literally true
that "A prophet hath honor, save in his own
country and among his own kindred." We
feel confident of future appreciation, and that
confidence will sustain us in our present eflorts
to build up The Farmer.

Killing Potato Beetles. — The Country
Gentleman recommends feeding the potato
bugs as soon as they begin to come with old po-
tatoes sliced thin, dusted with Paris green,
mixed with plaster of fiour, one part green to
ten of the latter ; drop them about the fields
or truck patches where the bugs are found ; put
but a few, and often. The hugs will go for
the fresh cut potatoes, eat them, and it will
be their last meal.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

101

SHORT-HORNS OR DURHAM CATTLE.

"Old Sam," the t'iiiespecinioai)f Short-Horn
bull whost". iiortrait wo nivc i>n this pii^'', was
justly n^Hairlcd as a iiiaKiiilirinl aiiiiiial, and
was one of the three celehraled liidls which
stood at the head of the ureat stock farm of
Col. \V. S. Kinji, at lAiidale, near Minneap-
olis. "Old Sam" was bred by Mr. K. H.
Crabb, at (ireat Hadiloii, Chlcnisford, Essex,
P'tit^land. He was a noted animal, taking
many fu'st prizes, amiin;i tliem the fnst at the
great St. Louis Fair, in lS7i) and 1S71, "fur
best bull of any a)je or breed." He was .sold
to a fjeiillenian in California, three years a(;o.

The Short -Morn iir Hnrham is bi.'c< inline; the
favorite breed in the Wist. Tlie model of this
breed forms a solid rectaniileor paiallelopipe<l,
when the head and leL;s are removed, leavini;
no unlilled space and much solid meat, wilb
little otfal. Of this breed "Allen's .\merieaii
Short-Horn Herd Book" says: "They are, as
a race, j^ood milkers, remark.ible in the rich-
ness of its ipiality, and the ipiantity is fre-
quently surprising. For beef they are unriv-
alled. Their ca-
pacity to aecu-
midaie tiesh is
enormous, and
they feed with
nkindlinessand
thrift never wit-
nessed in our
native breeds.
In milk, instan-
ce.s havt^ been
frequent in
whicli they have
given '24 to 'M'l
quarts a day, on
grass pa.sture
only, for weeks
together, yield-
ing 10 to 15 lbs.
of butter per
week. Cows
liHTe slaughter-
ed 1200 to 1500
lbs. neat weight
with extraordi-
nary proof, and
bullocks up-
ward of 2.5(J(i
ll)s." The Short
Horn crosses
with native
stock are much
prized, proving
good milkers,
easy keepers,
and prolitable
animals for
beef, and in the
hands of ordi-
nary farmers
prove better
than the pure
breed of Short-
Horns. The im-
provement of cattle has made great progress
in this country during the past twenty-five
j'ears, and then^ are few neighborhoods where
traces of impr.oved blo(Hl may not be found ;
indeed, the h 'gb prices for cattle and their
products whi(-li have prevailed since l.S.lObavc
done much to stiiiuilatc breeders to improve-
ment; but much still remains to be done in
this direction among the farmers of Lancaster
county. In a future issue we will give a his-
tory of the various lireeds and their origin ;
and we woidd esteem it a favor if such of our
readers as have experimented with improved
stock would give us brief statements of the
results of their experienc<\ and their views as
to which breeds they tind best adapted to this
locality and most profitable for milk, yoke and
shambles. There are many fine specimens in
our county, no doubt as worthy of ilescription
and illustration a.s those inctined in agricul-
tural publications, and we hope before long to
be able to furnish engi-avings of some of them.
Our friends can help us to make this dejiart-
ment of great interest and value to the farmers
and dairymen, if they will resiMjnd to this in-

vitati<m. The leading aim of TitE Lancas-
TKU F.VllMKi! is to develiip our local resources
and let the outside world know what a great
county we live in.

SOMETHING ABOUT HORSES.

AVe clip the following from a I'aris U'Uvr
entitled "Tlie(irand City to a Stranger, " as
containing matters of interest to dealers in
live stock :

"JJifore concluding my letter I must tell
you of a little sample of American enterpri.se
that recently came under my observation.
jVmong the throng at the Longchamps races
on Sunday last were two Iowa farineis from
the Western jiart of that Slate. They were
dressed as if they bad but just come from the
field or stable, and thi'ii' slouched hats bore
bayseiMl on tluir brims; but there were proba-
bly few persons present who watched the races
or studied tlu' points of the raci'rs with a more
keen and intelligent interest than they. Their
business in France was to buy a few of the

OLD SAM," A NOTED SHORT-HORN BULL.

powerful but hardy and compactly built fyvm
hor.ses for which Normandv is justly celebrat-
ed. Lighter in the leg than tlu^ English cart
horses, of which such magnificent specimens
may be .seen in Liverpool, the Normandy
hor.ses are superior to the latl(M- in activity and
hardiness, and but little iiderior to them in
size and strength. Of this noMi' variety of
the (Mpiine sitecics our two Iowa farmers had
bought nine liin; stallions, one of them four
and the other \\\i'. They had .seen some speci-
mens of the stock which had been imported
.several years ago, and had also seen the stock
obtained by crossing them with the native
breed. The result of consiili lable study and
attention was to decide them to make an im-
Iiortation on their ownaccomil; so, without
knowing a word of the French language, they
came over here, spent several weeks in travel-
ing hither and thither in Xormandy. attending
horse-fairs in the towns and visiting farmers
in the country, until they at length succeeded
in selecting the number they desired. When
I saw them they were alwut to start fi>r Iowa,
and were sanguine of doubling their money on

their iiureba.ses, in which case they intend re-
tnrinng for another lot. They hold that tlie
introduction of a larger breed of horses will
conduce to the improvenn-nl of Western agri-
culture, the lightness of the American hoi-sc
being, aciording to them, the caus<' of .shallow
jilowing. If this opinion be correct — and it
seems probable enough -the enterprise by
which they seek, quiti! legilimal^dy, to line
their pockets, will not Ix^ without a certain
degree of public importance."

A NEW HORSE DISEASE.

A new horse disca.se ha.s made its appear-
ance recently at the lielh-fonlaine car stables,
St. l^oiiis, .\Io., and causc-s agood deal of alarm
and discussion among horse owikm-s and deal-
ers. It is dillicult to .say whether there are
any grounds for apprehending that the disease
will become general. Experiments ar<> being
maile to lest the contagiousness of the dis<-;i.se
and post-mortems have been made to discover
the cause of the di.sejLse. Several horses have
■ died in variou.s

partsof the city
and in two ca,s-
es the symp-
toms were in
some resp(H3ts
similar to those
of the new dis-
ea.se. There is
quite a differ-
ence of ojiinion
among veterin-
ary surgeons as
to the nature,
cause and treat-
ment of the dis-
ease. A Uipul-
lirnn reporter
called uiM)n Dr.
Harvey, an En-
glish Veterinary
surgeon, Xo. 14
South Fifth St.,
to a.scertain if
lie had known
in England any
disi';i,se similar
totlieone which
had attacked
the hor.ses at
the liellefonl-
ainestables. He
said he had vi.s-
ited the horses
at that placf,
anil their disor-
der reminded
him of a disea.so
known in Eng-
land as gastri-
tis, or acute
intlanima t ion
of the .stomach.
At one time the
British army lost a large numWr of horses by
it. The disease was caused by a bitter and
lioisonous herb, called "yew." When fre.sh
or green thehoi"s<'s would not eat it on account
of its extreme bitterness, but when dried they
would eat it readily. He had seen the .Siime
disease caused by May-we<'d and water-parsley.
The symptoms were precisely the .siime as
tho.se manifested at the car staliles. In answer
to an iiKiuiry, the doctor .said he thought the
disi'a.se was iiroduced in the |»resent I'a.si'S by
some vegetalile poi.son mixed with the hav or
other food, or by musty hay. The inllannna-
tion of the brain and .sjiinal cord, he consid-
ered, was due almost entirely to the presence
of poisiinous matter in theslnmach. Dr. Swift
contended from the first that the disiaMr wa.s
cerebro-.s|)inal meningitis, and to show his
confidence in its non-contagion.sness, and his
disbelii'f in the "poison" theory, he has been
in the habit of putting his buggy horse- in one
of the .stalls of he IJellefontaine stables and of
feeding him with the same food eaten by the
horses affected. The iwst-raortem held by
several scientific physicians cenfirms this view.

102

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

THE STRAWBERRY QUESTION.
In refertiice to your article on iwge 86 of
the June number of The Lancaster Fakm-
EK, with regard to the tine, large, vigorous
plant having home about thirty tlowers, and
all abortive hut tn:o, exhibited by Mr. J. B.
Erb, who desired to know the cause, without
saying any more about the intervention of in-
sects to wliat has been said on page 83 same
number, I shall confine myself to a considera-
tion of the question from a botanical stand-
point.

I herewith illustrate a strawben-y blossom
cut through the <=| ^^/^~k •'•C^ 1
middle, (Fig. 1). 2,
The lowest limb is
the green flower .-;^
cup or calyx sprea- ^^.^
ding out upon the ^^Sj 11/

peduncle. The stamens are shown attached
by their filaments to the inner side of the calyx
around the central rounded receptacle— hence
pcrigyuous. This receptacle increases in size,
and forms the edible pulp or fruit, upon and
in which are embedded the achenia or real
fruit and seed, also called carpels. Fig. 2,
magnified, showing the lateral stile and
stigma, or jointly the pistil. The anthers con-
tain the pollen, and are supported on the fila-
ments, and jointly called the stamens or male '
organs, and the pistil the female. The petals,
two of which are shown from the corolla or
flower. Thus we have in the strawberry a
perfect flower composed of calyx or sepals, co-
rolla or petals, stamens and pistils, all in one ;
hence called complete also, and hermaphro-
dite, the true normal character of the straw-
berry ; but liy suppression from various causes
the whorl of stamens are only rudimentary,
without anthers, and of course without pollen,
while the pistils may be perfect ; in others, the
pistils may te abortive and undeveloped : thus
a male plant when perfect stamens and anthers
only are formed, and female when pistils (jidy.
The strawberry {Fragaria) belongs to the sub-
order RosACEvE proper, but included with the
tribe 2, Dryade;e, where the fruits are achenia,
orsometinieslittledrupes, and when numerous,
crowded on a conical or hemispherical torus, as
in the strawberry, raspberry and blackberry, all
considered as bearing complete flowers. When
either a pistil, stamen, corolla or calyx is
wanting, the flower is said to be incomplete.
But it is by no means rare that one or the
other may not be suppressed — considered an
abortimi ; a result arising to a great extent by
crossing. R. T. Clarke crossed two prolific
members, Myatt's B. Queen and Keen's seed-
ling, with the Wood and Ilautbois, and in
each case he raised only a single seedling ; one
of these fruited, but was almost barren. Mr.
W. Smith, of York, has raised similar hybrids
with equally poor success. There is a great
ditliculty, and yet hybrids sufficiently fertile .
have been produced. Prof. Gray informs us
that this takes place in the districts where
they grow wild, and result in producing puz-
zling intermediate forms. Much controversy
has taken place with regard to sexes. The true
Hautbois properly bears the male and female
organs on separate plants, and was conse-
quently named by Ducliesne dioica. But it
frecpiently produces hermaphrodites, and Lind-
ley (fiardner's Chronicle, 1847, p. 539) by
propagating such plants by runners, at the
same time destroying the males, soon raised a
self-prolific stock. English varieties intro-
duced into the United States, when cultivated
in rich soils, commonly produce plants with
separate sexes. Thus a whole acre of Keen's
seedlings in this country proved almost sterile
from the absence of male tlowers ; but the
more general rule is, that the male plants
overrun the females. Some members of the
Cincinnati Horticultural Society, especially
appointed to iuvcstigite this subject, report
that " few varieties have the flowers perfect in
both sexual organs," &c. Tlie most successful
cultivators in Ohio plant for every seven rows
of "pistillata" or female plants, <me row of
hermaphrodites, which afford pollen fcjr both
kinds ; but the hermaphrodites, owing to tlieir
expenditure in the production of pollen, bear

less fruit than the female plants. The truth
is, there is an actual constitutional difference
in varieties. Some too tender, except under
peculiar conditions, will fail to yield fruit,
where other varieties will succeed ])erfectly.
Much depends on the soil. A famous gardener
in England said that "no mortal could grow
the British Queen at Shrubland Park unless
the whole nature of the soil was altered."
This, in other near localities, is found delicious
and prolific. Evidently the climate is the
same. Some are hardy enough to withstand
the Russian winters, but easily burnt by the
sun, so that they will not succeed in certain
soils either in England or the United States.
Other varieties require more water, as the Fil-
bert Prince Strawberry, and if the ]>lants once
suffer from drought they will do little or no
good afterwards. Cuthill's Black Prince Straw-
berry evinces a singular tendency to mildew.
No less than six cases have been recorded of
this variety suffering severely, while other va-
rieties growing close by, and treated in exactly
the saiiie manner, were not at all infested by
this fungus. Tlie time of maturity diflers
much in different varieties. Some belonging
to the wood and Alpine section produce a sue--
cession of crops throughout the summer. The
Red Bush Alpine Strawberry (one of the F.
vesca sections, fields and rocks, connnon one of
our wild indigenous species) does not produce
stolens or runners, and this remarkalile devia-
tion of structure is reproduced truly by seed.
Another sub-variety— the White Bush Alpine
—is similarly characterized, but when [irtipa-
gated by seed it often degenerates and iiro-
duces plants with runners. I shall not attempt
to enumerate the numerous species of this de-
licious fruit which have been cultivated, and
follow up the lapid improvement within the
last fifty years. We have now briefly shown
that great diversity exists in this fru'jrant
fruit, hence its botanical generic name Fra-
garia. During the years 1853 and 1854 a
great controversy went on in the papers on the
" Strawberry question." Walter Elder main-
tained the "eternal laws of nature," in which
there is as little invarialjility in varieties as in
species. "In this respect," he continues, "it
is not in the blossom, but in the sexual or-
gans where stability rests. If it were other-
wise, on what would animal life depend for
subsistence V Suppose that all vegetation
were to change sex and become abortive for
one year only. What an awful desolation
would ensue 1 It was only the wise foresight
of our Maker which renders these laws un-
changeable." I quote him, because in part he
is correct ; but it mainly refers to that law of
consekvatism which is divinely estaljlished
amid a varied influence, each also governed by
law that operates in nature. Yet, " thus far
Shalt thou go and no further. " So the case with
Job and Satan. Limits are set, but deviations
are permitted, for good and wise reasons, no
doubt. Mr. Elder also says : " All cultivators
of the soil should study botany, at least so fiir
as reproducti(in is concerned, and it would en-
lighten their paths many times Avhen they
grope in the darkness without it. If agricul-
tural periodicals, as well as horticultural, had
departments of botany, and publishers-eidisted
the assistance of scientific botanists, they
would be doubly remunerated for their extra
expense by increased circulation and the addi-
tional price their journal would command.
The knowledge conveyed through such papers
would be tenfold more beneficial tlian whole
books on the subject, as no more information
would l)e given in any one numl)er than an
intelligent cidtivator could study and compre-
hend in a mouth, and by such instructions,"
&c., perhaps putting the matter a little
stronger in his conciusions than I would be
willing to endorse ; yet there is great force in
what he says. I would like to quote him at
large on the Strawberry question, between a
certain "trio" and himself, called an "old
fogy" by them.

Let us look into some of the many cases of
abortion in reproduction. If there is "much
rain or humidity in the atmosphere while the
plants are in bloom, the pollen gets clogged in

the anthers and fails to impregnate the pistils,
which proves abortion. High winds at the
time the i>ollen is matured, carries it off and
causes a failure ; frost may blight the pollen,
and the sun may scald it, and prevent repro-
duction. If a plant is in an over-luxuriant
state of growth, its succulency either destroys
the albumen or carries it off towards the en-
largement of the jtlant, and prevents the for-
mation of pollen. Want of sufficient light and
air has a like effect. Wm. R. Prince, I^ong-
worth. Elder, Hanson, Mehan, G. W. Hunts-
man, etc., were mixed up in the question.
One party claimed that stamens were turned
to pistils. Walter Elder says :

" Whenever coliesion turns about,

And ' pulls Newton's apple off the tree,'
Then stamens may lieeome pistils,
Or pistils the contrary," &c.
He concludes nine verses of eight lines each as
follows :

" Let all your plants prove themselves,
(Keep them tree of weeds),
And those will be hermaphrodites
Of themselves that bear good seeds.

He affirms " that pistillates can set fruit, for
it has been tried and proven." That Mr.
Huntsman says that it is not the fact that
there can be jiistillate and staminate plants of
the same variety — which was disproved by Mr.
Meehan's plants of McAvoy'sstrawterry hav-
ing two scapes from one root — one bearing
pistillate, the other staminate blossoms. That
fact can't l)e denied, for a plant was seen by
the editor of the Farm Journal. Moreover,
they were of the true kind, for the committee
of which Dr. Brinckle wascliairman, awarded
a premium for fruit grown on these plants."
The pistillates and staminates among the wild
strawberries are, no doubt, frequent, hence
some insist that the true character of the
plant is monoecious— rather than polygamous
or hermaphrodite. Now, Indiana com is
monceaous, the tassel, the staminate and the
pistils, the silk to the grains of corn developed
in the ear. I have seen, on several occasions,
actual grains of corn and abortive ears mixed
with the staminate tassel— this is more mar-
velous than in the strawben-y. Hemp is dif£-
cious, tecause the male and female flowera are
born on ditterent plants, when, on the con-
trary, some plants have the three kind of
flowers, those having stamens only, and others
pistils only, while some have lx)th stamens and
pistils, actually perfect or hermaphrodite. On
the strawberry question I have never yet in-
spected a so-called pistilate flower that I did
not discover the rudiments of the abortive
stamens adhering to the calyx, evidently sup-
pressed, tei-med abortion. Causes for such
abortions have already l>een given, but there
are, or is a natural force, that acts two-fold,
like in the magnet with which you can repel
or attract a needle, it simply depends upon
the needle's magnetic relation to the acting
force. There are hidden operating causes
underlying the apparent ones that the micro-
scope cannot reach, and by simply looking at
the result, and a superficial view of the mat-
ter will lead to very conflicting theories, and
once wc can clearly understand the relation of
soil, climate, and the stimulus that acts on
the various tissues to develope them, and also
have some conception of the subtle force given
out by light and heat, and the special action
muler given conditions, then will we be able
to solve these knotty questions truly ; so far •
we can only do so theoretically. But let us
have facts and then draw conciusions.

In studying books we find much given as
facts and truth that clasli with each other.
Wlien the great Patrick Henry was in the prime
of life some friend of his suggested to him the
propriety of studying certain authors, to which
he made answer—" Books are very useful for
instructing the young, and I have lieen much
benefitted by them, but now I must gather
knowledge from experience, and read men and
things— the world is my book." So with
horticulturalists. The field, the garden and
the growing vegetation is a book ever open
befoie them ; learn enough of established and
known principles and apply them to the facts,

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

103

ami (lie study will 111' in-olitiiblo. If you can
not ii)iii|)rclii 11(1 the l':icl tliat iill iiarls of a
flowir ai\' liut iiHiililii aliiiiisol till- leaf, j;iiulu-
ally unfolding from tlic crude cliloropliil or
green caly.\ to the soft and deliiate \wUi\,
thence to the stanim and final frnctif^-ing
centre, tlie pistil willi it.s ijenn, in wliich the
vital force of the plant concentrates into a
passive nucleus in tin; seed, ready, under
proper conditions, to reproduce its parent. I
have giviii a medley of statements, and, per-
haps, liave drawn no practical coiii:lusions,
but the mind must 1h^ |irepai'ed iH-fore even
correct cone liisions can lie fully received. I
shall thiiiforc rest for the i)iesent. It will
take a full month to digest tlie apparent con-
tlictiiij,'factsstated. — J. Stauffcr, Lancaster, Fa.

Berries.

After having written about strawberries,
and considering it rather dry reading, allow
me to serve you up a dish of berries more to the
taste of some, and ollering at least "variety,"
as it is calU'd the spice of life. L see no reason
wliy it should be excluded from so solid and
grave a paper as The I^anijastkii Kakmhu.
1 had to smile when 1 read it, and so nuiy you,
perhaps; so here it is :

"(,'liarles Nfathews, the comedian, w.Xfi
served by a green-grocer, named TJerry, and
generally settled his bill once a ([Uarter. At
one time the account was sent in lieforc it wa.s
due, and Mathews laboring inideraii idea that
his credit was doubted, said, ' Here's a pretty
mull, ]5erry. You have sent in your bill.
Berry, before it is tlm\ IJerry. Your father,
the elder Beri-y, would not have been such a
f/nose. Berry ; Imt you need not look so hliirk,
Berry, fori don't care a Mrnu:, Berry, and
shan't i>ay you till Chriatnias, Berry.' "

There you have an assortment of berries to
digest without fear of hurting you. J. S.

TRAPS EMPLOYED TO CIRCUMVENT
THE POTATO-BEETLES.

If the ]M>tato-boetle was endowed with the
Ica.st .sen.sibility it would either die out or leave
the country in disgust, merely because every-
body siH'aks ill of it, and the hand of every
man — not t(H) lazy to work — is turned against
it. Or, if it was endowed with that pusilla-
nimity which characterizes so many of the
human species, it would emigrate in order to
esca|)e the many snares that have been invent-
ed to effect its death or discomfiture. But it
is too greedy, dull, and stupid to comprehend
the dangers by wliicli it is surrounded, and
thus is destined to fall a victim to the human
machinations that are employed against it.
These traps embrace several different contri-
vaniis and employ different prhici|)les, all cul-
minating in the destruction of the beetle.

Acknowledging I'aris Green as the universal
remedy, Mr. Frank M. (iray, of .Jeffer.son,
Cook CO., 111., hits invented a tank which is
strapped on the back, something like the patent
fire-extinguisher, with a section of small gutta
percha or gum-elastic hose attached to the
bottom on each side, to the ends of which are
attached spriidiling nozzles, which are taken in
each hand, and the operator jia-ssing between
the rows can siirinkle two at a time, and thus
facilitate the work. This tank, or can, holds
about three gallons of water, in which is thor-
oughly mixeil and strained tliree table spoon-
fuls of good green. Inside there are three
shelves to help to keep the mixture agitated,
with an air tul>e on to]), and a lever at the bot-
ti m, which shuts off the tlow of the liijuid at
the will of the operator. It is sai<l that one
.man with this apparatus can siniiikle from i\\t'
to eight a<-res in a day, and will use from one
to one and a half pounds of green. This ma-
chine is mauufactured and kept for sale in
Chicago, 111.

Some people in Lanca.stcr county have used
a common watering can, but without any sat-
isfactory effet-t, siniply because the green won't
dissolve in water, but is merely held in sus-
pension, and therefore, unless constantly agi-
tated,it gravitates to the bottom, and the plants

only get the water or a very weak dilution of
the green.

By far the best aiul most ingenious ajiparatus
we have yet seen (U' hi'ard of, for using a poi-
soned liciuid, is 1'kck's l-Kiiii) Aro.MizKit, for
the d<struclion of iiU kinds of insects and in-
si'ct larva that feed on the foliage of trees,
shrubs, and plants. We have seen this machine
in operation, and although perhaps not piufect,
yet by comparison it is superior to " anything
out," bei'ause it can be used tor potatoi'S, cab-
bages, currants, gooseberiiis, roses, and for
shriibhery, plants, and dwarf fruit trees in gen-
eral; and what isof Ihegrcatest importance, the
undersides of the leaves are as easily wettecl or
moistened as the upper sides ; and a simple and
ingenious device at the bottom of the tank acts
in connection with the motion imparled to the
linnid by the operator in walking, to keep up
a current that laevelits the I'aris (ireen or other
substance, held in suspension, from settling at
the bottom. The tank will hold three gallons
and will run f(U- an hour without relilling. A
nuiii with this apparatus strapped upon his
liack will gooverhalf ana('reof (lotatoes in one
hour. There is a double bellows St rapiied under
the left arm which is easily worked with an
oscillating crank or handle, and Ibis, tlu'ongh
a rubber lube, furnishes almospheric pressure
on the li(iuid, and conveys another stream of
air through the pipe attached by a tube to the
the bottom of the tank, by which the stream is
oUrmizid — converted into a spray — and reaches
every portion of the leaf below and above. The
nozzle has a socket attached into which a
handle can be introduced, of any length de-
sired, for the iiurposc of using tlie li(|uid on
trees and shrubs as well as plants. We think
it will be a capital thing for iilums, pears,
(luiuces and roses. Six ounces of pure I'aris
Green to three gallons of water, is the propor-
tion used, and the distribution seems to be
very economical. The machines are m.amifac-
tured at West Grove, Pa., and cost .§1-2. 00.

15ut all of the foregoing mean I'dris Green;
and as .some people are dubious about a too
free use of this iioison, they may prefer a trap
of a different kind — .something to sui)ply the
place of hand-picking — and we would direct
the attention of those to a recent invention
patente<l by Mr. Anthony Iske, of this city.
It is a machine simple in construction, but
is quite effective in sweeping the bugs from
liolato and tobacco plants into receptacles pro-
vided for that purpose. It is comjiosed of two
pieces of tin gutter pipe, about two feet long,
which hang near the ground, one on each side
of the row of plants, while above them is sus-
pended a broom. The revolution of the wheels
on which the machine is propelled causes the
bloom to vilirate from side to side, knocking
the lings off the plants against wooden shields,
which are placed behind the gutters into which
the iiise<-ts fall. The gutters are adjustable
and accomniiHhite themselves to the shape of
the ground and the size of the plants.

We have witnessed the operation of the above
machine, and consider it the most ingenious
contrivance of the "sweeping" kind that has
yet been invented, although two others of
similar construction have already been patent-
ed. One in the west is drawn between two
rows <if potatoes by a horse, and by revolving
brushes strikes oil' the beetles on each side into
a central trough. Various shaped .scoops and
pans have also been enijiloycd for catching the
lieetles, which are cheap, if effective, and free
from danger.

Our practical and kind-hearted friend, .Tolin
B. Erb, of Heaver Meadows, LaiK'aster county,
called upon us ,a few days ago, and w:us de-
lighted with the manner in which he "got
ahead " of the potato beetle the present season.
1I(^ began early in the s<'a.son and employed a
deeii (lusting jian with a handU^ and an in-
clined side in the one hand and a new .short-
handled corn broom in the other, and swept
the insects into it. He also iiaid special atten-
tion to the mature beetles and the eggs. He
also kept conveniently a tub of thick wliite-
wash, almost as thick as mortar. Into this
he emptied the insects and stirred them up,
thus avoiding the poisonous fumes of burning,

and the vapors of scalding; and what is more,
he thinks by the addition of earth and stable
mamire, the coHipound will make a capital
fertilizing compost.

FARMING AS A BUSINESS.

However farming may l)c regarded asapnv
fe.ssion (ir pursuit liy those who are actually
engaged in it, it is certain that tlu' literature
of agriculture has a sort of fa.scination to a
very wide class of readers, and that agricul-
tural Works are read by very many engaged in
other occupations. We have observed this
tendeiuy for years, and know that the litera-
ture of agriculture, and the .sciences intimately
(!onnected with it, has a very extensive circle
of I'eadius. We find the siuiie fact also c(m-
lirnied by the editor of the Journal nf Chemis-
try, who says, there is in his family of reiulers
a large number of iihysician.s, druggists,
clergymen, merchants, chemist.s, etc., and he
has never heard a word of c(im|ilaint from any
of them that he bestowed too much attention
upon agriculture, or that they were not inter-
ested in the subject. Agriculture is so f;i.sci-
nating, so noble, so grand in all its relations
and liiariiigs, that all classes of readers, if they
donotowii a rod of land, are fondof agricullural
literature. There are Imt very few in any of
the iirofessious, or in any of the industrial
pursuits, who do not cherish a secret hope or
expectation that some day they will own a
farm, and till it, and die upon it. As people
grow older they love to think of nnjther earth ;
they loV(^ to look upon broad acres, covered with
the bounteous gifts of a kind I'rovideuce ; they
love to hear tli(^ birds sing ; they love to look
up into the heaven.s, broad and expansive;
they love to bathe in sunlight, and feel the
mild breezes of summer laden with sweet
odors from woods and llowers. Young men
often say they hati: fanning and all that is con-
nected with the pursuit. They would, like
,Iohii llandolph, go out of their way a mile to
kick a sheep; and as to cows, oxen, and all
animals but a horse, they never wish to look
u]ion them. If they live to middle lift^ they
" meet with a change," and if their success
has been inditferent, in whatever pursuit they
may have fallen into, then the wish is heard
expressed, that they had remained upon the
farm. The tilling of the .soil is a glorious call-
ing, and depend u|ion it, young men, the time
is coming when it will be more remunerative
than most trades and professions.

The fact that agricultural journals and other
works on the subject are so widely re;ul, is a
hopeful sign for the future, and shows that
the interest of all clas.ses is intimately con-
nected with the tillage of the soil.

REMEDY FOR CABBAGE WORMS.

Hellebore, lime, s;dl and similar substances
have been u.sed with varied success for the de-
struction of cabbage worms. It is now stated
that bran and buckwheat Hour answere the
purpose better than any other remedies that
have been tried. The bran is .simjily dusted
over the infested cabbages ius .soon as the
worms make their apiK'anince. If the worms
are very thick, about a handful of bran is re-
fjuired to each cabbage head, and sometimes it
is necessary to go over the plants a second
time. A hundred weight of Itran is sutTicient
for an acre. It must 1k'. applied when the
worms are young. When they are full grown
or very stning, it does not ajipear to affect
them. The buckwheat Hour is sifted upon
them by means of a sieve, in the evening or in
the morning— when the dew is on the plants.
If on aiiplicatiou doisuot destroy the worm.s,
a second one should Ih' made. It is probable
that wheat Hour, line Indian meal or any other
imlverulent farinaceous substance would have
the same efl'ect. — Ameriran Garden.

John M. MAusnALi,, of Hampton Falls,
recently lo.st a colt, which di(^d from theellect
of eating apple pomace from the cider press ;
and two or three other horses have died from
the same cause in tliat town.

104

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.

The New Agricultural Building.

In the February number of Tiik Fatsmeu
we i)ublislietl an illustratiDn of the ARricultii-
ral^buiUling us then designed to be erected in
Fairinount Tark in eonneetion witli the other
Centennial l)uildinj;». —
Tlie plan of that struc-
ture havin<: evoked a
fjreatdeal of unfavorable
critieisni, as l*ing un-
gainly in apiK-arance and
uiisuited in some respects
to exhiliit the great in-
dustry in whose interests
it was i>ro.jeeted, the ar-
chitects were instnicted
to remodel the design.
Tliis tliey have done, and
on tills page we present
the Agricultural build-
ing as it will stand in
Fairniount Park, and for
which the gromid was
broken on tlie fifth of this
mouth, with im|)osing
ceremonies. t)n the op-
posite page we also ])re-
senl a view of the ground
plan of the building,
showing the arrange-
ments of the various sec-
tions devoted to the dis-
play of agricultural i)ro-
tlucts. A comparison of
this with the engraving
in the February number
will si low that the new
design is a great im-
]>roveinent over the orig-
inal. It will cover over
ten acres, and will be
constructed of wood and
glass. It will stand on
tlie north of the Horticul-
tural building, and on
the eastern side of Bel-
mont avenue. In its
immediate vicinity will
be the stock yards for the
exhibition of horses, cat-
tle, sheep, .swiue, poul-
try, &c.

In the course of a visit
to the Centennial head-
quarters in I'hiladelphia
the other day, we found
the. oliicers were Very
much encouraged with
the now assured success
of this great enterprise.
We bespeak for them the
hearty co-o])eration of
the farmers of Lancaster
comity. It is an evi-iit
in which the honor of our
great nation is bound u|),
and it is moreover an
event which can occur
but once in the history of
a nation. No one, how-
ever young, living at this
our lir.st centennial, can
hoiie to live to .see the
second; and every one
should therefore take an
honest pride in making
it a success worthy of
the gri'atest and Irecst
nation niion which the
benignant smiles of heav-
en rest.

In the May issue of
The Fakjier we stat-
ed that the Centennial
Board liad placed the interests of the great
exposition for Lancaster county in the hands
of a local auxiliary board, consisting of Maj.
R. W. Snenk (Chairman), Hon. .J. B. Livings-
ton, Hon. D. W. Patterson, W. L. Peiper,
Amos S. Henderson, J. M. W. Geist, S. II.
Reynolds, F. Shroder, S. S. Spencer, B. F.

Eshleman, Wm. Aug. Atlee. II. M. North, R.
A. Baer, .T. C. Muhlenberg, Jno. A. Iliestand,
Maj. A. C. Reinoehl, Ellwood Greist. W. U.
Hensel, Frank P. Griffiths, and J. K. Barr
(Secretary).

Our Share of the Expenses.
At a recent meeting of this committee, the

lation being liased on the assessments as re-
turned to the County Commissioners' office :

Adamstown borouph $ lOfl

Bart township ~. :in()

Brecknock township ."00

Carnarvon township .... a .5.50

Cocalic'O East .500

Cotallco Wi'st (5.50

Colerain twp 4.50

Columbia bor I,(i00

Concstofja twp BOO

Conoy twp .500

Clay twp .500

Dom-<ral ■past l,-!00

Doni'Kal West 4.50

Driimorc twp 000

Fphrata twp 1,000

Earl twp 1,100

Earl East 800

Karl West 000

Elizalicth twp 400

Elizabcthtown bor 1.50

Eden twp 2.50

Kulfon twp 400

Heniplield East 1,300

lleniplield West l.-OO

Eami)eter East 1,100

Lampeter West 900

Laneaster twp 4.50

Lancaster city G,R.50

Leaeoek twp 8.50

Leaeock Upix-r 000

Little Britain twp 400

•Martie twp IWO

.Manor twp 1,000

Mount .Joy bor 200

Mount Joy twp 7.50

.Marietta "bor 250

.Manlieim bor 200

.Manheim twp 1,:!00

Paradise twp 700

Penntwp 800

Pcqueatwp ..." 600

Providence twp 400

Kaplio twp 1,4.50

■Salisbury twp 1,400

.Sadsbury twp 400

.Strasliurg twp 800

Strasburi^bor 300

Warwick twp 1,100

VV'ashiugton bor 100

Secretary was instructed by resolution to pre-
pare a table showing the aniouiits that should
lie sub.serilied in each district of the county to
make uj) the !?40,(iOO assessed on Lancaster
comity by the Centennial Commission. ' The
following is the result, as reported to Major
Shenk, chairman of the committee, the calcu-

Total 440,000

It is understood that
local committees will be
appointed in the several
districts to receive sub-
scriptions towai\ls this
fund, and we hope their
efforts will l)e met in a
spirit of liberality com-
mensurate with the abil-
it}' of our great county.

Horned Cattle at the In-
ternational Exhibition.

The Centennial Com-
mission i>roiioses to adopt
a. scale to regulate the
respective numbers of
each breed of neat horned
cattle to be entered for
competition.

It is assumed that sev-
en hundred (7t)U) head
will cover all desirable
entries; and upon that
basis will be calculated
the number of stalls
which will be apportion-
ed each bleed. The .scale
divides the aggregate
number into ten p;irts,
and of these, four-tenths
are assigned to Short
Horns, two-tenths to
t'liaiiiifl Lslands, one-
tenth to .I>evous, one-
tenth to Holsteins, one-
tenth to Ayrshires, and
one-tenth to animals of
other pure breeds.
The exhibition in each
breed will comprehend animals of various
ages, as well as of both sexes. Draft and fat
cattle will be admitted irrespective of breed.
The exhibition of horned cattle will open Sep-
tember -iOth, 187t), and continue fifteen days.
It is desirable that all persons who contem-
plate exhibiting will make application for stalls

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

105

witlioiit delay, ami if lU'cessary at a later day

siicli a|)|>li<aliiiTis can lie anii'iiilid. Itiiiiiirics

may lie addressed In the Cliief of the Hiii'eaii of

A^ricullurc, Intcrnatiuiial Kxhiliitioii, I'liila-

delpliia.

The Centennial Grounds on the 4th of July.
The iiinety-iiiiith anniversary i>( our national

indepcndenee was eeleluated on the ( 'entennial

firounds on the .")th of .Inly, i" a style far sur-

]>a.s.sinn anvthiuf; ever before witnessfd in this

country, ^lie immense hnilding ealled "Ma-

ehiiiery Hall," eoverinj;

nearly eleven acres, was

so far eomplited as to bo

nsed for sin^jinjj and

speakin;.', and one of the

ino.st pleasant fealnresof

tlie day was a fjrand <'on-

eert by over .'!,(MHI of tla;

pidilic sehool child reii of

I'liiladelpliia. The im-

ini'nse .striiettire was

crowded wi til sped ators,

and as the whole area is

eipiat to .">5.S,4tO scpiare

feet, the reailercan form

sonu' idea of the nundier

present. Allowing; two

stpiare tV'et to each per-
son, it woiiUl hold over

27:"), (KM) persons. For

the purpose of obtainini;

some reliable informa-
tion in relation to the

nundier of persons who

were jiresent (luring the

various celebrations and

cerenionie.s, and also

with the object in view

oflindinuout as nearly

JUS possilile the nunilx'r

of pas.sengers conveyed

to Fairmonnt I'ark an(

the t'enteunial grounds

by the v.trious passenger

railway lines on thatd.ay,

with the nundier of ve-
hicles that enteifd the

Park, and kindred in-

form.ation, a vi.sit was

made on Tuesday by a

reporter of tlie Lahjcr to

the. dilferent points and

places mentioned below.

At the depot of the Mar-
ket Street 1'a.ssciiger |t

Kailway Company, For-

ty-lirst anil Ilaverford
streets, wliieli company

runs a branch line di-
rectly to the Centennial
grounds, it was aseer-
.tained that the cars of
this comjiany carried to
the terminus of their

road, near Macbiiiery

Hall, 4.'),tXKt passengers,
and for this purjiose (id
cars were kept in con-
stant use during t he day.
The Che^jtnnl and Wal-
nut street line carried
27,47'J pa.sscngers tfi tlii'
Centennial grounds. Tlu
Hare and \Uu- street ^ - ^ - - ■^ --■-■ -.^
line to the Centennial
groimds carried souie-
lliing over 4."),(KJ(I. count-
ing children and all ; 57
ears were kept in eon-
slant u.se all day. The
I'nion line passenger

ears deposited about 2ri,(MH) i)as.sengets at tJie
lirowii streit entrance to the I'ark. In(piiry
was made at the terminus of the (Jiranl ave-
nue line, near the ea.stern end of ( ;irard avenue
bridge, and it was learned that this company
had :{7 cars running con.stantly all day, and
nearly ;)S,OtHJ iia.ssengers were conveyed over
their route to Fairmount I'ark.

The following statistics of the ntunber of
vehicles, &c., that entered the I'ark on that
day, wiis obtained from Capt. Cluisteau : At

Grecn'Street Entrance-Single carriiiges, 2,310;
double teams, 770 ; horsem<'n, 11(1, and a Ki-
hor.se team. J-andsdown Fntrance Single
teams, 2,!HK); (hiuble teams, l,tK)0; 4-horse
vehicles, l.'i; horsemen, 210. It is estjmati'd
that 75, (KM) pedi'Slrians passed Land.sdo'wn Fn-
trance alone on their way to the Centennial
grounds during the day.

International Exhibitions Contrasted.
The Centennial exhibition in I'liiladelpliia
next year will occupy the sanii' relation to the

D

— V

i 1 1 1 1 1

. — ■...•.... A . * .

! k.

1 • •-^_

i i i i i I r^

/

NJ 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1

• • • •

y[

I i I i I I I

o

I I p

^

I I 1

art and indusiry of the New WoiM that that
of London in is.")l did to the labor, manual
anil mental, of the Old World; for although
tlu- Crystal Palace fair in \cw York, in 1S.")4
atl'ected to display the works of industry of all
nations, it was incomplete in many depart-
ments, and a failure as a whole. It was not
projected on as grand a scale as that which
eommeniorates the Centennial of Indepen-
dence ; it had no such jiatriotic as.sociations,
and the country was younger and poorer and

its products crude. The industries, which
] have since become great, were llun in their
infancy; American art was in its leading
.strings, and all the elements which go to make
such an exhibiticin a success- wealth, cnltniH^
governmental patronage, easini'ss of access liy
our hoini' people, and facilities for their iiiter-
cominimication with foreigners — it Wius .sinlly
lacking. TIk' London World's Fair of 1K51
was the lir.'it great exhibition of its kind, and
its figures may be taken as iM'aring some pro-
portion to our own, al-
though thedillerence 1>e-
tween the habits of onr
Jieopleand I hose of Fiig*-
land,,ind the gre.iter in-
tliix there is certain IoIkj
to I'liiladelpliia in 1S7(;,
will tell largely in our
lavor. Still Ihestatistics
of that exhibition furn-
ish an a|iproxiniale idea
of the magnitude of tliu
great event for which wo
are now preparing. The
I/>ndon exiiibilion op-
ened its doors May 1,
lH."i|, and continued
them open until Octo-
ber 11 of same year.
Hetween these; two
d!ites it was visited by
(«,2(ll,K.")(> persons. The
grand total of receipts
tiom all sources was
t."i(l5,107, or nearly
three millions in green-
backs at their present
depreciated v.aliie. The
largest nunilM'r of visi-
tors was on Tuesday,
the 7tli of Octolier,
showing that the allrac-
tioii did not decline in
the closing days of the
exhibition. On this
day over tweiity-livo
thousand dollars were
takon in at the gales.
There was no paper
money received, and the
weight of tin; silver,
which embr.aced more
than foui-litths of tlie
receipts, w;us thirty-fivo
tons. The greenbacks
received from the twtdve
millions who will visit
the Centinnial next
year will probably lie
snllicieiit to paper the
walls of every hou.se in
Pliiladel|»hia.

Our State Exposition.

In this connection we
would impress upon the
farmers and niechani<-K,
and all others engagecl
in industrial pursuits in
Lancaster county, the
important Iwaring that
the holding of onr next

Slate Agricultural Fair

-^^-^^ — ~ " " — '-^ ^ in Lancaster will have

U)ion the exposition of

our l(M-al material jiro-

gre.ss. The holding of

this fair here this fall

will .secure it to us next

year, and that iH-ingthe.

Centennial year, it will

give onr county a induiinenep before the world

which it could not otlievwis<' attain. Lanca.s-

U'r being within less than three hours" ride of

Hie Centennial grounds, hnndredsof strangers

from all jiarts of the world will vi.sit us on that

occasion who would not think of doing so

under less attr.active auspices. It is therefore

important that we do all we can to make the

State Exposition this fall a success. As the

richest agricultural county, Lanciuster ought to

take the leiid iu the exhibition of her products.

1 L

I

106

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Entomological Correspondence.

Grape Vine Plume Moth, (Pterophonis
pericdidactylus.) We would inform our corres-
pondent at Buck P; O., who.se communication
appeared in our June number, page Si), that
about the time The Faioier was mailed to
our subscribers (June 15) the moth bred from
the little caterpillar he sent us, emerged, and
proved to be what wc suspected, as above
named. It is a very delicately formed insect ;
the wings of a tawny yellowish color, marked
with white and ])ale brown, and the abdomen
is marked with the same colors. The legs are
long and slender, dark at the joints and con-
spicuously distinguished by long spurs on each
side. It is called the ptaiiie, from the fact tliat
the wings are divided into separate lobes, the
liinder ones fringed aiound^ like feathers or
l)lunies. It is very probable that there will be
another brood of them the present season; for
maturing so early, '"it is difficult to understand
how the race could be perpetuated witliout an-
other brood." Now that we have developed
tliis much of its history, it recurs to our mem-
oi'j' tliat we bred it out on a former occasion,
fully twenty years ago, but we have not seen it
lately, until the present season. The best
remedy we can suggest is hand-picking, and
this .seems to be the opinion of all the authori-
ties to which we haveaccess. This moth be-
longs to the family Alucitid^e, and was first
named and described by Dr. Fitch, of New
York, in his "Eeports," vol. 1, pp. 13'J, 140,
141.

Prof. S. S. Rathpon:

Dear Sir : As you will see, from the specimen I
herewitli send you, that this worm is maliinfr sad
havoc amoiisj; the grain fields in tliis section of tlic
country, will you be kind enougli to give us what
information you can bearing upon the subject.
Very respectfully,

H. L. ECKERT.
Gordonvillc^ Lancaster Co., /*«., July o, 1875.

The " worms," above alluded to, were de-
livered to us by the liearer of this note, and are
the "White-lined Army Worm" (Lurania
alhilirtea) a history and description of which,
in their larva, i^ipa and imaijo states, will be
found on pp. 105, ICO, 107 and 108 of the ninth
volume of the proceedings of the "Pennsyl-
vania State Agricultunil Society, ' ' for the years
1872-3, one hundred copies of which, we be-
lieve, were distrilnited in Lancaster county,
(we gave away 20 copies ourself ) and we ob-
served some days ago a local notice in one of
our dailies, to the effect that Senator Warfel had
a number of copies for distribution. We have
nothing additional to add on the subject, ex-
cept that Ibis insect seems to be becoming more
numerous in Lancaster county every returning
harvest season, and should its increase make
any approach to that of the "Common Army-
Worm," it may T)e easily seen how destructive
this insect may become to the wlieat and tim-
othy crops in the future, miless it is "check-
mated" by a parasite, or by human interven-
tion.

The Egg Controversy.

To the Fditor of The Lancaster Farmer :

I liave received the tiack uumliers oCThe Farmer,
and am much pleased with them ; they contain mucli
good reading.

I see in tlie May numtier, on page 73, a little com-
ment tm my egg mystery, by Mr. .T. Y. Bieknell, of
■VVestnioreland, NewYorli. Mr. Biclincll, as well as
olliers of the poultry ring, arc a little sore over my
mode of testing the sex of eggs, because it was not
discovered l)y some one in tile ring. Nol, only tliis,
but many other things they do not like to .admit, in
which some one outsid(w)f the ring got ahead of them,
esjiecially if it happened to be a plain farmer. I will
here give you a few facts concerning the difference
between Mr. Bieknell and myself.

About a year ago be pulilished a challenge in the
Fani'imi' Junfinil (published by .Jos. M. Wade, Phil-
adeljihia) , otferiiig ([uite a sum if a hen would be
produced wliich would lay out a full laying of eggs,
tlie eggs hatching from a single intercourse with" I lie
cock. I answered it, saying tliey would, anything out-
side the Leghorns, and tluat I could show him each
and every egg which contained the life-principle ; that
by so doing be could tell the last egg which contained
it ; and he could then give her the male bird again.

He became somewhat excited over this, and answered
through the Journal. The controversy was kept up
until he found he was getting cornered. He then
communicated with me by mail, which continued
about three months. Finally he wrote thus, under
date of August 4, 1874 :

"I will send you to-morrow nine eggs, three from
each of three bens, all numbered. 1 wish you to ex-
amine them before a light, and tell me which will
hatch and which will not, and give me the numbers.
Then set them and see how they turn out."

I did not ask for tliese eggs, nor know of their com-
ing, until I received the above. Under date of August
10, 1874, I replied as follows :

*' I received those nine eggs, all in good condition,
and have given them a thorough examination. I find
eight of them non-fertile ; the air-bubble is not to be
seen. More than this, the eggs are not full ; by look-
ing about three-eighths of an inch down from the top
of the large end you can see the egg move on the in-
side of the shell. Such eggs will never hatch, the
life-principle being absent. The ninth one has the
appearance of having been sat on some tliree or four
days, or tampered with in some way. This one pur-
ports to have been laid July 37th, this being the mark
and date."

I received no reply to the above. After two weeks
setting, I examined the eggs with the egg-tester, and
wrote Mr. Bieknell again, under date of August 18,
1874, as follows :

" I examined those eggs to-day with the egg-tester,
and found them in accordance with ray previous ex-
amination. The one marked July 3it, the one I
su|.>posed to have been tampered with, was rotten,
streaked with blue and yellow, and did not smell very
pleasant ; the others were clear, and had the appear-
ance of fresh eggs, but the yolks run when broken,
and no smell from them."

I received no reply from Mr. Bieknell until after I
had the transaction published in the Fanciers' Jour-
nal, some time in Sejitember. He then answered by
saying, Ihatl knew nothing about them by my exam-
ination. I thought I did, and that he did also; but
he would not acknowledge the corn. — Wm. J. Pile,
West Chester, J'a., July 1, 1875.

Something About Eggs.

I often hear the question asked through the poultry
papers, " How long will an egg keep that I may rely
on its hatching, provided I turn it over every day?"

I have given the answer in the papers aforesaid, but
still the question continues to be asked, showing that
the experiment has not been tried or they surely
would be convinced. Break the shell on one side,
and on looking you will see a small yellow speck on
the yolk. Paste paper over the hole, turn it over,
and break it on the opposite side, and you will see
the same, showing that you can turn the shell but
not the egg. The flesh and bone of the chick are de-
veloped from the white of the egg, and when properly
advanced the yolk is drawn to the navel, or umbili-
cal orifice of the fe^tU, or chick, by two blood veins
protruding from the navel, enclosing the yolk. This
yellow spot is drawn towards the navel of the chick,
and from this is derived a portion of its nourisliment,
but it is very little diminished in size, until a few
himrs before it is hatched. It is then drawn into the
abdomen, the umbilical orifice closes, and the shell
" i)iped," and we soon see the beautiful work of
nature in the form of a chick, after the egg has been
brooded over by the heu for three weeks. — W. J. P.,
West Chester, Pa., July \st, 1875.

Post iScriptum. — The yolk is hung in the centre of
the egg, by two spiral cords, or springs, attached to
each end, each being twisted contrary to the other.
The one at the big end of the yolk is enclosed partly
by the life principle of the male, and the small end is
the life principle of the female. If the air bubble is
not to be seen the life princijile of the male bird is
not there; the egg, therefore, is only fit for culinary
use.— W. J. P.

[Our correspondent seems to have a proper
knowledge of liis subject, and to discuss it from
a philosophically physiological stand-point, and
those who engage in a "tilt" with him on the
subject must meet him on the same level.]

The Cultivation of Celery.

July is the chosen month of practical gardeners in
the northern half of the nation for transiilanfing cel-
ery, which is of the must .■^ini|)Ie culture. Formerly
it was only grown and used by the wealthy, the
blanched stalks being used as a winter salad. Within
the past score of years, by chemical analysis, it has
been discovered that celery is one of the most valuable
vegetables, both as a part of food and for some dis-
eases. The bleached stalks, eaten along with other
food, allays nervousness and undue anxiety, and gives
placidity to the mind, thereby imparting vigor to the
system. Chemists now extract its essence to use in
all seasons to flavor drinks. >

A skillful physician of Baltimore has of late years
compounded tiie essence of celery with that of
camomile, which has proved to be a panacea for all

nervous diseases and undue irritability ; and it also
lessens pain in other maladies ; thousands of lives
have already been saved by it. A farmer may open
furrows with small corn plows, running forward and
back in the same furrow ; spread dung in the fur-
rows as much as for potatoes ; work it in the soil
with a spade or lioe or dung drag ; set the plants
six inches apart in the furrows, and the furrows may
be five feet apart. Draw back the loose soil from the
edges, and upon the ridges between the furrows plant
husk beans. They will be all used before the celery
needs earthing up. Keep the weeds down between
the rows with a cultivator, and hoe between the
plants in the rows. Transiilant in the evenings and
give a heavy watering at once, and every evening for
a week after. On the second week water every
pecond evening, and give occasional waterings after
that. If there be much rain, no artificial waterings
will be needed. Every farmer should grow a portion
for the good of his family, and it is a most profitable
crop to sell in the market. Those who have no plants
can procure them from the seedsmen and nursery-
men, who raise thousands for sale. No earthing up
is needed until the middle of September, when other
farm work is less jircssing. Two men in an hour
will earth up several hundred celery plants. We may
notice the progress of the earthing up in a couple of
mouths after this.— An Old Hu.sbanuman.

The Crops in North Carolina.

I am not now, and have not been engaged in farm-
ing for ten years past, but having been solicited to
contribute to the columns of The Farmer, I will en-
deavor to do the best I can for you, so far as my
ability goes and my opportunities to give infonnatifm
extend. I shall deal in facts, so far as I can command
them.

At present I can only say that, so far as I have seen
and heard generally, the wheat crop, from appear-
ance in the field, promised well, but on harvesting it
I hear persons from different sections of this (Rowan)
county say that they have smut in their wheat, some
more and some less. I am inclined to believe that the
crop of wheat here this season will be less in quantity
and inferior in quality, owing to the cold weather and
frost in April. In this opinion some agree with me,
while others express themselves otherwise. I hope I
and those who agree with me will be disajipointed in
our judgment.

The oats crop, fall and spring sown, is universally
good, so far as I have seen and heard, in this and ad-
joining counties. The grasses, such as clover, or-
chard and natural grass, were certainly fine, and
much good hay has been made. The corn, cotton
and tobacco so far promise well, and a large acreage
of ground has been planted ; and it is believed if
nothing hereafter interferes there will be good crops.
From present prospects, there will be more corn made
in Kowan county than has been made herein anyone
year since 1800.

If I can do so, I will contribute monthly to TuE
Farmer until further notice, such matter relative to
crops, lands, productions, climate, «fcc., &c., as may
come to my knowledge from time to time.

No rain here in the last ten days. We are not,
however, suffering yet for want of it. The prospect
for rain now is good. — M. K., Halishury, N. C, Jnty
3, 1875.

^

Cut off the Decayed Blooms.

The lovers of ornamental gardening can double
their pleasures by cutting olf all decayecl blooms, and
thus prevent the plants i'rom bearing seeds. By this
method roses and most other tlowering plants will
push out new shoots and blossom afresh. All the
ever-blooming roses can be kept in bloom from May
to December by cutting off the blooms after they
fade. All tlowering shrubbery will grow better and
bloom more profusely in their natural season by dis-
placing faded blooms. Many smaller Ilowering
plants can be re-invigorated and made to bloom again
by nijiping off the faded blooms ; such as mignonette,
sweet alyssum, drummoud phlox, coryopsis, sweet-
williams, canterburybells, snapdragons, larkspurs,
and many others. But if they are allowed to bear
seed, they will die off, as do the farmers' grain crops
when they go into seed-bearing. By a little care, all
blooming plants will keep green and bear blooms
longer and more iirofusely ; all of which will double
the pleasures of ornamental gardening.

There is a pale green worm which comes upon the
mignonette and swcct-alyssnm, and eats their leaves
greedily ; and as these two annuals are the most
sweet-scented in their Itlooms, the worm should be
watched for and destroyed. When the leaves appear
eaten, search for the worms and kill them at once. —
Walter Elder, I'hiladclphia, June 32, 1875.

"Jots and Tittles " from Dauphin County.

1. In making board fence break the joints ; it will
last twice as long.

3. Handle the I'oUs when young ; when you wish
to break them in they are already half broke.

3. Weeds are advantageous to hoed crops ; the more
we have to jiuU and hoc the more we stir the soil ; the
oftenerthesoilis stirred the faster the crop will grow.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER

i07

4. It is a iiiiKtukc imt to oulliviitr corn or potatoes
ill dry wcatliiT ; tlii'iiiorc llie soil i» cilltivaliil tlif
jjrt-atcr ainoiiiit of aiiinionia, tVr.,it at)M>rt>H I'roiii tlie
air; tlic atiiiiisiilicrc' is full of fcrlilizi'rK.

r.. If you wisli to l<((|i clear of |Hilato l)Uj;i< "nil
bourns w'atcli pcdillcrn MiliKcriljc forTliK LAN<;A»TiiU
Exi'UKSs ami Tiik Kaii.mkk. i>.

AVi^ Wflcoiiin "Jills and Tittles," and assure
our I'on'cspondint li. Hint "not a tittle sliall
Ih' stricki'U IVdiu thu law until all isl'uUilli'd,"
and tliat a nc-iltrt nf moiilxr Jive sulijccts any
niMii to " till' iit'ualtv ol'tla' wlioli'." lluw lou}?
will lilt' taiincis of Lainastfr i oiuity continue
to witliliold tlicir "jots and tittles" — not tiiini
us, for we are not liviui.' for ourselves iilone —
liiit fioiii their luotlier fanners of our good old
coniinouwealtli. M'c nsk lion- hug ?

Abortive Strawberries.
I see Mr. .1. B. K. liail on cxliiliilion at the .Tunc
mcotiiii; of your Society an atiortivc Htrawticrry plant.
This i(S 8oiiiclliiii^ new to iiie, althoiii^li 1 hatl a iVIcnil
last fall to asl\ nie for strawltcrry plants, ami lie
wished iiie to i^ivc liiiii the faimlr plants, if I knew
tlKMlitl'crcnce. I said I did not. I had always liccn
lallt.dit that all plantu trrn: iimh', ti}itl tfutt Uir ntrth
ix ffif nwth'f, and that tlii^ reason why sonic wi-re
barren was because tlic pollen was not mixed from
one (lower to others, and that this was done hy Ijces
or other insects, or by the winds. A stalk of corn
jjrowiiitf by itself will produce no corn, oris not likely
to, because there bciiii^ m» bloom of its kintl cxccjit
its own, and its own likely to be blown past the <-ob,
intended for the corn, the result will be an abortive
ear.— W. .1. P., West VhcsUr.

The ittiliei/.injj is our own, lieeause the sen-
tence involves a ])liilosoiihieal ([uestion of
wliieli we may have something to say on a
future occiision. — Ed.

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Farming on the Continent of Europe.
Corresjiondeuce of The Lancastiir Farmkk.

Paius, .Tune 12, 1S7.5.

FIlAtTDS IN COMMERCIAL MANUUES AND A UEMKDY.

Independent of all the facilities that exist for ob-
taiiiiin; the aid of analysis, and of the ofHeial warn-
iiiiis and imnishnicnts, the frauds in eoniniercial
manures were never so rampant as now. They in-
crease in jirojiortion to tlie demand for fertilizers.
This state of things can only be attriimtcd to the in-
ability of farmers to emancipate themselves from
dependence on local dealers, so that the ell'orts beinff
ailopteil for larininic societies, to collci'tively guaran-
tee the purchases of members from responsible
niannre atreneies, must have everylMidy'sjxood wisliee.
The plan oup;ht to Ije as beneficial as fanners' dubs
insuriiic: their own live stock, and their crops a{;aiiist
hail storms. Agriculturists are commeneintr to
learn that there is no manure veritably complete in
itself; even ;ruano must have a complement in the
ease of certain soils. Tlic best jilan is for tlie culti-
vator to have recourse to various manures ; the wise
merchant never puts all his iroods in one ship, nor the
market man all his e;,'i;s in the one basket. In the
North of France, where nitrate of soda has been eni-
* ployed five years in succession, it has (iiiished by ex-
ereisini; no inlluence at all on the iiroduction of beet.
Anala^aius results are to be witnessed in Vancluse,
where the use of oil cake as a nianurc has ceased to
be advantaircoiis in the production of the chief crop
of tliat repion, namely, madder. When one makes
use thus of an unique manure, the food of plants
Iiri'scnts Itself no more in that total of immediate
principles that vci;ctatioii demands from the soil.
Neiifliborjiiir farmers club loirethcr to iiurehasc costly
niacliincs; now a very useful machine in coiineelioii
with the forejroiuff remarks, has aiipcarcd lately at
shows, beini; destined to mix and j;riiid artitieial
manures. The farmer buys the raw materials pure,
mixes them on his premises, ami in proporlions suit-
ed to his land. The machine can be cither worked
by the hand, or turned by a eonnectinii strap to a
steam en^jine or horse round, and the teethed cylin-
ders revolvin:^ in a wooden rcccpt.ai-le can be gradu-
ated so as to reduce the niixtnre to a fixed licijrcc of
pulverization. Rear in mind that siience and prac-
tice rccommeml the presentation of artificial ma-
nures in the most iiii|>alpalilc form, in order to pro-
duce iinmedintc elfects on a crop. .Many French ai;'-
rieultiirists, who contract for stalilc, iVie., manure in
the cities, in order to lessen cart iii.c, deposit the loads
on the headlands of the fields w here it is intended to
Ix- employed; a layer of earth two feet deepis jilaced
as a base, and the heap is also coated with the same.
The rain is thus excluded and the valuable products
of fermentation secured.

SnEEl- FAHMINl) FOR WOOI. AND MEAT.

In the question of slieep-farminK, many farmers
are inclined to hunt two hares at oiiee ; that is to
eay, desire to have both wotd and meal at the same

tini<\ For France, iinthinf; Is clearer than that the
prid'erenee ousrht to be irlveii to the precocious pro-
duction of meat. Oltcii llicre Is only Ilobson'.i
elioice, as the produi'lion either of wool or meat de-
pends on soil and ellinate. For example, slici'p with
wool, tine and lull, like .Mi-rinos, do not succeed on
|Ktor and huiiild soils ; in all seasons they dcmanil a
I^ood supper and a ;.'oott bctl, to nourish am] develop
thi'ir licauliful lli'cces. Further, line wool breeds
have want of a dietary more succulent and choice
than those intended ostensibly for the butcher, the
hitler (lossessini; siiiipU' habits, and a facility for
lieiii;; reared. M. Mayrc, an eminent sheep farmer,
contrasts the profits of rearing- merinos for their
wool, and soutliiiowns and their crosslnijs for their
Nesh. Taking: one of the fornicr, he shows that iliir-
ini^ four years, at the end of which it will he slaiiLrh-
tered, the lu't value of the wool for that period is
7-1 francs, ami the meat and <»lfal, 102 francs, or a
total of 17() francs. In tlu' case of the Southdown,
sold to the butcher at two years, the total wool pro-
duced is 17 francs, and the meat, <.V:e., 1 IK francs,
making a total of K'.*) francs, or for four years, with
two Southdowns, 270 francs; showinir a ditferenee,
as compared with the Merinos' net value (17t» francs)
of il4 francs. Thus, lakiiifj a base of four years, the
profit is ill favor of reariiif: and fatleninir two .South-
downs durini; that jicriod, ralher than one of the best
fleeced Merinos. Then, as meal sells at nearly the
same price as wool, profits are more promptly real-
ized.

FOKAGE-PLANTS — nllCKWUEAT— nUXdAIlIAN MOM A
— ITS CULTIVATION.

The dry sprinij and the present continued drouffht,
have seriously affected the yield of forai^e plants. As
last season, there will he a threat scarcity of fodder,
but farmers are now resort inir, before it is too late,
to sowing substitutes. The short su|iply of fooil
comes, unhappily, after a winter where most ani-
mals,''to be saved," had to be jtut on short eoin-
nioiis, the owners ealenhitiiifj on sprinfj for a supply
of succulent Ibod. Buckwheat is a favorite. It can
be sown up to the early days of .July, and thrives on
IKior soils, only partially manured. The earlier
Imckwheat is sown, the better will be the straw for
foraffe. Weight for weii;ht, the srrain has double
the nutrilivc value of hay. Hunirarian moha has
many admirers; it belonj^s to the i^rass tribe of
plants, vcirctates with i^rcat rapidity, and victoriously
suiiportsdrouijht. In two months, when not intended
for seed, it can be cut. It suits average soils — if
sandy or calcareous, so muidi the better, and a sli(;ht
dustinR of a commercial manure will work wonders.
Horses and cattle relish it, but its stems are toohanl
lor sheep. If cut before flowerinir, it will push forth
a vieonms aftermath, niakin;; excellent pasluraire.
It can be sown as late as the middle of July, and
later, even, if intcialcd to be consumed i;reen. The
seed is very fine and li^rht, and requires to be mixed
with ten or fifteen times its volume of lini? sand before
sowing;. Three ponndsof seed aresuflicient jicracre,
and many sow double the quantity. The soil bcini;
well pulverized, and the ^iiano, iVc, scattered, the
seed is then sown and harrowed in by means of a
thorn-bush harrow. Poultry like the seed, and
horses the stems after beiiif; threshed. In France
moha succeeds best when near the sea. Hnekwheat,
when intended as forage for horses, is f^encrally sown
mixed with oats and barley — the former above all —
and with wiiite mustard when intended for cattle.
Given abundantly to sheep, buckw heat atllicts them
with i,nddiiiess, thi'ir ears and head become swollen,
and they cannot bear the rays of tlie sun.

UTILIZINli DAMAliED FODDER.

These intereulary or stolen crops do not supersede
■^lie culture of maize, where eireumstauecs suit, of
its consumption and preservation in [ills in a green
state for winter and sprints fecdins;. Nor should it
be Ibrijottcn, that in the case of damaged fodder, of
hard or lar;ce stems, of potatoes, licet, turnips, Jeru-
salem artichokes, cut and mixed with chaff, colza-
IkmIs, choppi'ii straw, watered with a solution of salt
or oil cake, and allowed to fernieiit '.M hours in sum-
mer, and ■U'l in winter, form a mash that live stock
will eat with avidity, in the east of France the tiest
airriculturists larircly cultivate .Icrusalcm artichokes.
The stems are as luueli appreciated as the roots, and
horses receive as many as twenty pounds of the latter
daily.

I.MPORTANCE OF OOOD FEEDING.

In the fecdine: of cattle, as a (general remark, It is
well to bear in mind tliat under-fcediiii:' is a mistake.
Animals ought to be considered as machines, w hieli
translbrm into divers products the allnieiits they eoii-
sunie ; their keep will be most lucrative, in projmr-
tion as I hey best utilize. at least expense, the mafti-rs
given them to transform, either into meat or milk,
(lood feeding is essential in tlie ease of well-bred
animals, to maintain their vigor, precocity, and six'-
cial aptitudes, otherwise they will lie only so many
costly machines for jiroducing nianurc.

THE .VANCFACTIKE OK DlTl U CHEESE.

France imports largely Dutch cheese, familiarly
called " .MiKirs" heads ;" these alone resist long voy-
ages on sea and In warm climates. Kxpcriments are
now being eonilucted to jircpare this kind of cheese
in Auvergne, which in jioint of inilk-priMluec, very

much resemhles Holland. The fatly matter which
cheese contains, and that imparts to It its fine and
savoury taste, is at the same time tlie most aetlvo
cause of its decomposition. In Holland the milk is
partly skininn-d, more of the fatty matter csea|Hs In
the breaking and drainage of the curd, and the rest
exudes during the pressure. To cliniinale all cream
Is the si'crct in the [ireparatioii of Dutch cheese ; anil
the salting of it during ten or twelve days, the use of
liiki' warm brine baths, coating It wilii linseed oil
ami a color, to give It a crust, anil well drying it in
airy rooms, eoniplete the preparation. Acconling to
the learned M. Pasteur and other chemists, milk
coagulati'K from the presence in grand quantity of
inieruscopic beings.

CAISE OF THE I.AyiNd OP COIIN.

The laying of corn from natural causes Is attrihiiletl
to a bad organization of the the woiHly llbre, which in-
duces a weakness in the stem. The ex|HTimciit6 of
Koch conlirni tills view; he has sliowii, that the ttt>-
scuec of light priHluccs a Icngtiieiiing of the stem
and its cells, at the expense of their thiekness. Such
was what he dctceted when rye stems were covered
either in whole or in jiart by earthen tiilics, and this
weakness was most iM-rccptihli-, about the lower part
of the second knot in flic stem. The absence then,
or feeble |ircBcncc of silica in tlic stem is not to las
considered as the cause of tlie weakness; too rich
manuring |iroduccs the same effect as shade by aug-
menting prccociinisly the foliage and thusshad'e; and
similarly may be explained tli* feebleness of stems,
in the case of tliick sowing — they exclude the light.

THE Cl RE FOR THE VINE UfG.

The cure for the vine ling has not yet licen found,
but it would be wrong to assert no progress has been
made. The whole matter-is in a stale of conllniied
experiment. The siilplio-carbonate of potassium, as
reconinicndcd by the celebrated chemist, Dumas, to
be applied in a state of solution, could not be carried
into practice, the ipiantity of water required being loo
grot. Dumas now suggests the employment of three
parts of Peruvian guano, one of well burnt gy|isiini,
and one of t+ie sulpho-carbonate, mixing the first two
well, before .adding them to the latter; the paste
which is formed can fie pulverized readily after tfie
lapse of 21 hours. T"wo cwts., of the niixtun' will lio
enough for an acre, and ttie iKirlloii for each vino
ought lo be placed at thediplh of seven inches ill the
soil, selecting moist or threatening weather for the
jiurixise. All this has yet to be testeil on the large
scale.

THE CLOVER AND LtlCERN PESTS.

In the south of France, and in Spain, clover aiKl
lucern are severely attacked by a small black insect,
called fo/an/"'. which cats the leaves. In the early
morning a trough moving on wheels, and putting in
motion a iight thin board, by means of a connecting
belt, is pushed over the field. In its passage this
board or fan gently shakes, without bn'aking them,
the leaves and stems, jiothaf the bugs fall into the
trough, out of which ttiey are taken and bunicd, or
killed with boiling wafer. To ilcstroy that ti'rrihlc
weed, meadow saffron, eradication, plant by plant Is
the only remedy.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.
The time for the regular monthly niecting of this
Society having fallen on thi- day hir celebrating the
ninety-ninth anniversary of our National lndi'|K'nd-
ence, there was not a quorum of members in attend-
ance, and consequently no meethig was held. \Vc
however occupy the space usually allotted to their
proceedings with the excellent adrlrcss delivereil by
Simon P. Kby, F.sq., at the June niecting, on the
Charaetcristics of Fanners and Farming, and the evil
arising from the general desire on the part of young
men to avoid this iionoralile and indciH'ndcnt position
in life. This address contains many excellent sug-
gestions of a practical nature, and we euminend lis
careful jKrusal to our readers.

Farmers and Farming, and Farmers Sons.

Jfr. Pri:i'i(lciil and <!f»tUtncn of On- Anntciation :
Four years ago I had the privilege of addressing you
on a suliject not strii'fly horticultural. It cami>, how-
ever, at an opiKirtune moment, as flic eonimunity
seemed to be ri|H' for its reception. .\ml the faint
note then uttered found a ready rcs|ifinse. A nnmlK'r
of our most liiimane citizi'iis formed an association,
which has since relieved a great deal of siilfering
and prevented niueh abuse of oiirtlomestie animals.

The siilijeet lo which I ilcsire to call your atteiilioii
to-ilay relates more directly lo the agricultural and
hortieiiltural welfare of our counly, and if I succeed
in awakening half file interest I iliil on the former
occasion, 1 shall consider myself fortunate.

I refer to the growing tendency of young men,
particularly farmer's sons, lo leaving their homes
and farms in the country to engage iu the already
crowded oi-cupations in the towns and cities. This
tendency I believe to be the result of a mistaken idea
that farming has become less rcsjiectable than other
business pursuits; a distaste for manual lalxir, and,

408

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

that after a youne man has acquired somewhat of an
education he is no loncrer fitted for a farmer, hut for
something hetter, liy whieli he can make money faster
and easier. All of these notions are radically wrong,
and the sooner they are corrected the better.

First, as to its respectability. I venture to say that
farming is an honorable, if not the most honor-
able of all occupations ; because it lies at the founda-
tion of all others. There is no pursuit, trade or
profession that is not dependent on it. All live off
the farmer. The soil will not pnxluee sufficient with-
out culture. Stop farming and mankind will have
to return to savage life and subsist by fishing and
hunting.

Farming is honorable because it is an honest occu-
pation. Wlien I say honcxt I mean that it produces —
adds something to the common stock and common
wealth of the community, besides feeding Itself —
causing blades of grass, ears of grain, clusters of
fruit to grow where none grew before.

The manufacturer and artizan add wealth only by
converting the raw materials into articles of useful-
ness, while the merchant and professional man are,
strictly speaking, non-producers — mere assistants,
helpers, and some of them not even that.

Again, farming is honorable because it is the great
parent of civilization. Without it there could be no
civilization, for the reason that a civilized community
could not exist without being in some way supplied
by agricultural products. In a new country the com-
ing of the first farmer is the harbinger of civilization,
as the appearance of tfie first swallow is the harbin-
ger of summer. The hunter's lodge may be built in
the forest, or the trapper's tent pitched upon the
prairie, yet they give no assurance of civilization, for
in a few days the lodge may be deserted, and the tent
folded and gone ; but when j'ou see the trees felled,
the furrow turned, and the corn growing, you may be
certain some one has come who means to stay ; and
civilization has begun, because the farmer has ar-
rived.

Again, forming has been made honorable, if honor
can be conferred upon an occupation, by its illustrious
patrons. Many of our great men, who had*the means,
owned farms. Washington, Clay and Webster gave
their personal attention to the aflairs of their farms ;
and it is related of the latter that he was particularly
fond of spending his time on his farm at Marshfield ;
that he took great delight in his crops, and his fine
breed of cattle ; that shortly before he died, when no
longer able t« see after his stock, he directed his cat^
tie to be driven uj) to the house where he sat, that he
might look once more into their honest faces and
smell their fragrant breaths. His cattle knew him,
and came lowing to see their sick master for the last
time.

To the young man who hesitates to acknowledge
that he is a farmer, or that his ancestors were such,
I would say : If lesser examples are not sufficient to
convince you, go to these illustrious ones ; learn from
the farmers of Mount Vernon, of Ashland, of Marsh-
field ! He who led the armies of our infant republic,
and earned the revered title of "Father of his country,"
where did he acquire the exalted patriotism, the
Christian fortitude, the mental vigor, the unconquer-
able will, and the physical str^ngtli that enabled him
t« conquer the armies of Great Britain? I answer, in
the country, ui«"in tlic farm, in the garden, where his
father taught liim the first precepts of religion and
morality. These gi*ew with his youthful growth and
Btrengthened with his strength amid the virgin for-
ests of Virginia, and ripened into healthy manhood
under the sunshine and shadows of Mount Vernon.
Were the measures of Clay any less Jjotent in the coun-
cils of the nation, think you, because they were often-
times originated on his farm in Kentucky ? Or were
the speeches of Webster any less eloquent and efl'ec-
tive because comix>sed within sight of his waving
gr.ain fields, and within sound of his lowing cattle?
If these giants of intellect, who stood in the very front
of the front rank among men, and had reached the
tojjmost round of honor and confidence, did not con-
sider it dishonorable to be farnu'rs, need you consider
it so ? Bismarck, the man who at present controls
the imlitics of Europe, who overturns thrones and
makes and unmakes emperors at his pleasure, his bi-
ographer tells us, loves to shake off the cares of State
for a season, and retire to his extensive country seat,
to recuperate health and strength of body and mind.

The distaste for manual labor, and aversion to
^^(^^k, with which many of our young men are
troubled, is closely allied to laziness. It is a failing,
a disease, an intirmity, which, like other diseases,
must be resisted and overcome. Many a man no
doubt would prefer to work less, and take the world
easy, but is inipelleii liy a sense of duty to be indus-
trious. He will receive the reward of bis obedience.
A\'lio is more useful and respected in a community
than the industrious man ? Who more worthless and
contemptible than the loafer? The flat pronounced
six thousand years ago is in full force to-day. " In
the Kvetit of thy face shaft thou eat bread;" and
he that disobeys the sacred injunction pays the pen-
alty ; for it is alike true that " idleness i« the devil's
wur/i'Khop.''

Again, man's jihysical organization is in perfect
harmony with the moral side of the question. He
seems to be somewhat of a vegetable, and must touch

ground occasionally to preserve health and vigor of
body and mind. He should occasionally smell the
fresh turned soil, exercise in the open air, labor in
the field, so that the pores of his skin be opened, the
excess of bile thrown off, and the iron of the sun's
rays let into his system.

Exercise in the open air (that is judicious exercise,)
promotes health. Hence the benefit which the in-
liabitants of cities and towTis seek, and generally
find, in a trip into the country, to mountains or sea-
shore. It is the exercise they take in the open air
that does thum good. And it is curious to observe
that fashionable young men, who would not on any
account perform manual labor, will play base ball,
row boats, fish ami hunt, until they come back, as
tired, hungry and sun-burned as if they had beeu
working iu the harvest field. And that fashionable
young ladies, who would scorn to work, will play
croquet, and go pic-nicing over the hills, until they
return, with dresses torn, hair disheveled, and faces
glowing with health, as if they had raked hay in the
meadow, or carried water frcjm the spring. Fashion-
able people consider it highly respectable to take ex-
ercise without an object, and pay for the privilege,
but to combine exercise with usefulness they regard
as very vulgar.

Of course it is not meant that a person should labor
beyond the power of physical endurance, and to the
injury of bodily health, as some do, so that the ac-
cumulations of the first half of a lifetime cannot be
enjoyed during the latter half, on account of the
stittened limbs and racking pains caused by overwork.

The soil of the earth — the great Book of Nature —
like the volume of Holy Writ, yields a ready return
to the humblest husbandman; yet the pro'foundcst
scholar has never yet fathomed half its mysteries.
The more intelligent and educated the man, there-
fore, the better fitted will he be for a farmer. To the
young man who has received a liberal education I
would earnestly and sincerely say, desert not your
paternal acres. Be not.deluded into the false belief
that your education is not wanted uiwn the farm, or
that you could acquire wealth and honor more rapidly
in the crowded marts or professions in the city. A
rich and varied intellectual, as well as agricultural
field, lies open before you at home, ready for the men-
tal as well as the steel plowshare. Hesitate not !
falter not ! " Put your hand to the plow and look
not back."

The science of Mineralogy as to the soil you work;
of Botany, as relates to the crops you cultivate ; of
Chemistry, as pertains to both, and the fertilizers you
ought to use, will give you sufficient employment for
all you have ever learned at college, to say nothing
of other subjects that concern the animals with which
you will be surrounded, and insect enemies you will
have to fight. A wide field and plenty of opportunity
to distinguish yourself, and enroll your name among
the benefactors of our race. And, when old age over-
takes you upon your farm, amid the golden sunlight
of declining years, depend upon it he will find you a
better man, in better health, with a clearer couscienee,
more respected by your neighbors, and the chances
are, with more money on your farm and in your
purse than if you had bartered your glorious birth-
right of a farmer for the feverish excitements of a
city life.

For, remember, while wealth is more evenly distrib-
uted among an agricultural jieople, in the city dwell
the extremely rich and the abject poor. Fortunes are
made and lost sometimes in a day. Many venture,
fail and .sink out of remembrance, while the few suc-
cessful ones only are held ui> as examples. Who can
tell on which side you would be found should you
venture. Even if you nuike more money in the city,
you also spend more, and at the end of the year
you would find yourself worse off than if you had
remained in the country. You are liable to contract
bad habits, are surrounded by temptations which if
yielded to will destroy both health and reputation ;
the very atmosphere is full of unseen impurities, and
everything you eat or drink is more or less tainted by
them : whereas, in the country the air comes to you
jnirc, filled with the spicy freshness of the woods or
the sweet fragrance of meadows and grain fields.
Your vegetables reach your table fresh from the gar-
den ; your milk new, rich and nutritious from the
dairy ; and your fruit ripe and luscious from the
trees within sight of the place where you enjoy them.
Even the warmest day is succeeded in the country by
a temperature that will render sleeji rifresbing, while
in the cities the night dews falling upc^n heated roofs
and pavements are thrown oH' in sullocating vapors,
tainted with the fumes of the filth and garbage that
accumulates along the alleys and by-ways, rendering
sleep next to impossible. It is true that minds are
sbarpc'ned by attritiini — by being brought into con-
tact with other minds. So men sometimes go to the
cities to become polished, as the diamond goes to the
lapidary to be cut with the dustof its own substance.
But the diamond itself is a production of the couutry,
and like the mind must have beeu formed before it
can be polished.

And now let me close with a few quotations from
the gifted and learned who had tasted both of coun-
try and town : ,
" Now from the town

Buried iu smoke, aud sleep, nud noiBomo damps.

Oft lot me wander o'er the dewy fields,

Wliere fresfiness breathes, aud daBll the tremliliny drops
From ttie beut Ijrush, as through the verdaut maze
Of sweetbrier hedges I pursue my walk.

*'Ood made the couutry, aud mau made the town.
What wonder theu that health and virtue, gifts
That cau alone make sweet the bitter draught
That life holds out to all, should most abound
And least be threatcaed iu the fields aud groves.

" Here, too, dwells simple TnUh ; plain Innocence ;
Unsullied Beauty ; sound, unbroken Youth ;
Health ever blooming ; unambitious Toil ;
('aim Coutemplatiou. aud puetic Ease."

And now in conclusion I can only wish that such of
you who own farms and couutry seats may live long
to enjoy them, and those who have none may speedily
obtain them.

THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

Mulching.

This subject, which is gaining additional promi-
nence every year, owes much of" its unpopularity to
the abuse of its application. I have in my mind's
eye an instance that illustrates the damage dime the
system, simply by employing workmen who were
not conversant 'with the principles involved. What
could ever induce a rational being to cover the sur-
face of an orchard two feet deep with straw, is more
than the majority of fruit growers could possibly
guess; and yet such was the fact. Of course it in-
jured the trees, soured the soil, and made a capital
home for all Huinner of injurious insects, besides
whole villages of mice. The advantages to be de-
rived from the use of mulching material may be
summed up somewhat as follows : First, the desire
to keep the soil moderately moist and cool. Secondly,
to prevent the surface from baking hard through the
eondjined influences of the rays of the sun and the
high winds. Thirdly, as a preventivefrom weeds. For
newly planted trees all of these are necessities ; the
mulch preserves the surface moist and cool, and this
is precisely the condition under which young fibres
are formed. It keeps the soil open and ijorus, an-
other sine qva noii. for the formation and growth of
young roots. That it smothers out the numerous
weeds that would invariably start was the surface
not protected, is a self-evident fact.

For three or four seasons past we in the Middle
States have suffered terribly from the severity of the
drouths, and had it not been for the benelieial
ett'eets of mulching, in many instances the losses
would have been frightful. Parjidoxical as it may
appear, water applied as we will does not answer
the purjwse altogether. We need something more ;
shade is absolutely essential, together with an
equal temperature. Nature sets us" an example in
this resiwet in the fall of snow. It is not so much
the moisture contained in the covering that falls so
lightly and covers up our plants so evenly ; not
at all. It is the adequate protection afforded the
roots, that no matter how severe the sueceiiding
weather may be, these are preserved cool and un-
changeable so long as the snow shall last. I know
not of a more beautiful illustration in horticulture
than this lesson that nature vouchsafes to teach us.

The material that should compose our mulch differs
with the plants to be protected, as well as with the
season when it is applied. We may rest satisfied,
however, that all green or unfermentcd substances
are deleterious in their nature, and not unfrequently
do more barm than good. We occasionally hear of
instances, however, where such have been used with
good efl'ect— as, for example, the use of turnip-tops
for mulching strawberry beils. Still the principle is
bad, and should be discouraged. Heat and moisture
engemler deeomimsition in green vegetable tissue,
and the heat consecjuent upon rapid decomposition
is very injurious to plant life, when placed in im-
mediate juxtaposition therewith. It calls into
active life innumerable forms of fungoid structure,
many of which are the forerunners of disease, and
all are deleterious in their effect upon the^health of
the higher orders of vegetation. It forms a proper
hot-bed for the propagalit)n and dissemination of
millions of insects, the greater portion of which
damage the roots and bark of our trees and plants.
And lastly, it imparts a sour and saddened character
to the soil beneath, which must affect the well-being
of the plant.

What are the best materials to be used is not so
easily answered, although there are some things like
spent tank-bark that really seem adapted to almost
all manner of ])lants. The bealtbiest pear-trees 1 ever
saw were keft constantly nuilched with a good thick
coat of this, and each autumn a slight sprinkling of
well-rotted manure was scattered over the surface.
Tank-bark is apidicable to most kinds of growing
])lants, from the largest orchard trees to the straw-
berry beds in the garden. Straw, not too long, and
pliable, cannot well be excelled. It is clean and af-
fords a pleasant shade, devoid of any deleterious
effects. Hay I do not like, unless very coarse, and
green grass kills more than it cures. Manure should
never be used in a fresh state, although such is oc-
casionally resorted to artiund large trees.

Plants in pots — that is the ordinary varieties
usually grown for this purpose, including roses — are

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i09

proatly iK'iieflti'd liy a slit'lit mulili of (>lil lii>t-l)iil
inanuri'. Ami coiilfirs, too, sliow llic cllVct i>r IliiK
liTtilizini; coviriiiir liy an iiuriiisiil cnlur ami a iiinri'
vii,'i>ioiis LTMWIli. lirV'lit Btraw is alli-r all Ihr IhhI
rovcriii!; I'lir winter viiri'taMi'S, sucli as pplniiili,
hducr, i'alilitt>,'f, ell-. Leavi'i* are exeelUiit fur imisl,
tliiiiirs, tiwt not anmiul vouiiir everijreeiin. I have
(hell whole tieils of these entirely deslroyed l.y the
coiii|>aet. mat whieli leaves I'oriii hy sprin;:, ami this
preventing a tree eireulation of air, kills llie plants in
many iiiKtanees. The sul>.ieet may he sumnieii np in
a lew wonis. AlU'r plantiiii;, mi>st I'ormsof vecetalile
growth are lieiielited liy innlcliiiiu'; iliiriii;; ilry sea-
Bons evervthinir enjoys it to a inoilerate extent. The
inimluToV trees and plants that liave lieen saved by
this proeess is Ix'yond our ealeuialion. Tlieii why
not apply the remedy more extensively (—Josiu'.v
IIi>ol-E!4, ChcKter Co., I'a., in .V. 1'. Tribimc.

" The Way to Cultivate Flowers."
Undi^r this eaptlon Mr. S. E. Todd tlins writes to
e VtMlieal h'tinnvr :

" Flowers of all sorts like a rieli and mellow soil.
If the urouiid is heavy, adhesive, and inelini'd to lie
wot, the surplus water must he drawn away tlirou!;li
drains. Then tine ehip-manure, old sawdust, half-
deeaved tan-hark or line mold from the forest, must
lie worked into the soil. At the same tinii', line sera|>-
Ini^s from the harn-yard, or even street dirt will Ije
found I'Xi'elleiit in ]irepariiii;llower beds. Sifted eoal
aslies in {generous ahundanee will render the soil liijlil,
and w ill also improve the fertility. It is an exi-eileut
praetiee, also, to eolleet a few bushels of line eoal dust
— the liiierihe better — also, ironturniiins, iron lilint-s,
and tlio sweepinfTB of blaeksinith shops and iron foun-
dries. By snpplyiiiir erowini; plants with iron tiiinirs,
sand and |i<itasli, or soap suds — w liieh will subserve
the same puriiose as luitash — blossoms will be de-
veloped III a more velvety appearanec and of deeper
hues than ean ever lie protiueed if tlie substanees al-
luded to are searee iu the soil. Where the jfrouml is
naturally heavy, like the i;eoloi;ieal formations along-
the slopes of many of our northern lakes, agreatdeal
of eoarso manures, leaves, ohip dirt lUid such like,
needs to \w worked into the llower beds until one can
dig up the surface with a small hand fork or trans-
jilauter. There is no secret in the siiceessful cultiva-
tion of tlowers of any sort. Success will ilepcnd mainly
on the judicious exercise of more common sense than
scientitic knowledge. Still in the scientific and liter-
ary world, the person who ean pronounce the longest
and most unintelligible botanical names, and tell over
the origin, the habitat, and proniim-nt features of a
worthless plant, is usually accounted a more eminent
florist than he or she who is ixjssesscd of suffi<-ient
skill to prepare a congenial seed-bed, put in the seed
jmiin-rly, and rear fully develoiiediilants having many
eoloreil iietals in all the gorgeous beauty of the rain-
Kiw."

While the speeiflc directions which Mr. Todd gives
are in the main correct, from his standpoint, they
would get the amateur llower-eulturist into trouble,
and lead from one failure to anothi-r if followed in-
diseriminalely. What he says about iminoving heavy
adhesive soils, inclined to be wet, is (iractical common
sense, anil when followed in such .soils will lead to
Biieeess; but the amateur who follows this advice in
light alluvial soils may get himself into trouble. The
writer of tliis has had such experience in a garden of
exceedingly lii;ht soil, being from two to three feet
dei-p, and as mellow as an asli-hea;i. Plants once
started grew luxuriantly, our castor oil plants (7^i-
ciiiMx) and other strong feeders growing to a pro-
dii:ious size. liut the greatest dilliculty was experi-
enced in getting seedlings and other young plants
established. Two years ago we acted on the reverse
of .Mr. Todd's advice, and added several loads of
tenacious c((i;/ to the loose soil, wlii<-li being thoroughly
mixed, greatly improved its quality lor growing secd-
liiisis. It is still too light for siu-i-essful llorieulture,
and ought lo have as much more clay incorporated
with it. In this, as in all other matters relating to
fanning and gardening, the more one exercises his
judgment and observation, in aiiplying rules, the
more sueeessful he will be. And we are surprised
that a man of .Mr. Todd's experience and ability as a
writer, should lay down general rules w itliout guard-
ing his n-aders against such an imjiortant exception
to their application as we have pointed out.

THE POULTRY YARD.

The American Poultry Association.

At a recent meeting of the .\grleultural and Ilortl-
(ultiiral Society, some of the nienihers suggested the
ixiliey of iiri;aiii/.ing a local I'oultry .Association, for
the dissi-mination of correct information in regard to
breeds and culture. We have no doubt that such a
society could be iiivestcil with much Inten-st and be
pioductive of mutual advantage. In view of this
suirgi-slion, the following circular may be of Interest
t4i some of our readers :

'/'<> Ihi- Hfi'eral I'oullnj Aftmcialionn of Amn-{ca,and
to fiiiliridual Faiicurs : The Kxcc-iitive Coinmillce of
the American I'oultry .\ssoclalioii will hold a meet-
ing during the month of the ensuing .\iigust, and will
doubtless take steps to put into practical oiM-ratioii
the plan which was adopted at the recent Convention
of tiie American I'oultry Association, of aji/>oiiilinii
iltiiUiflijd jirmuiis to act hk JmlijfK of the dill'ercnt varie-
ties of doinestie fowls that arc now recognized in the
American Standani of Kxcellcnce.

As this is a (incstioii of genuine interest to breeders
and fanciers, the Executive ('ommittce particularly
desire the hearty co-operation id all |ioiiltry societies,
as well as of individual fanciers throughout the con-
tinent, and especially invite ail oiganlzed societies to
(-all spei-ial meeliuirs without delay, to take prompt
action ill the selection of such ]K-r.soiis as they may
conndently believe to be fully competent to act as
judgi-s of the several varieties of fowls that may be
submitted to their judgment, and to forward sucli
names at once to .Mr. E. S. Italph, Secretary of the
American I'oultry Assoeiation, liutfalo, N. Y., after
learning that parties, so chosen, an- willing to accept
the responsibilities of such jirefcrment.

It is proper to add that the A. P. A. will feel con-
strained, through a sense of deference and rCB|XinHl-
bility lo breeders and fanciers, to ai-t with great cau-
tion in the matter of apiKiinting judges, so as to
avoid mistakes that might prove fatal to the system
which they are solicitous to sec successfully inaugu-
rated ; and they believe they will be sustained in
critically scrutinizing the merits of all nominations
for juilgeships before deciding upon their acceptance.

One of the prerequisites that will be particularly
insisted upon, will be that judyet munt put axidi: all
perttonal prejudices and considerationti, and render
their deeixioHK in compliance with the impartial de-
tnandu of the American Standard of Excellence. And
it will be deemed essential also that any person ap-
plying to the Executive Committee for the position of
a judgeship, and who may not be personally known
to the said Committee to possess the necessary quali-
tications, shall have his merits so well authenticated,
by acceptable recommendations, as to satisfy the
Committee that the applicant is worthy of the place
which he aspires to lill.

Blank applications will lie forwarded to sueh per-
sons as may desire to become judges, on application to
Mr. E. S. KalplL, Secretary of the American Poultry
Association, Bullalo, N. Y. — Ciiaki.es A. Sweet,
rrcsiiUut A. l: A. Buffalo, N. Y., June 19, 187.5.

wise, but I think iH'ttcr results may be obtained by
the alKive jilaii. — W. E. Kloweu, fihocmakertown,
I'a., in I'oultry K/chamje.

Hatching Eggs.

A eorresiiondent of the Canada /•'(irm«)- has the fol-
lowing to say in regard to the hatching of eggs :

Tlie number of days required to hatch the eu'gs of
jioiiltry Is tw-eiily-<inc, but this tinu- may Ih- coiisiiler-
ably Increased in cold weather by an inattentive sitter,
hoinething, too, de|M'nds on the slate of the eggs
when set ; stale eggs will require longer lime to halcli
than fresh ones. Ilamburgs not uiifreqiieiitly hatch
out on the twcnticlh day. Turkey i-irgs require from
twenty-six lolwenty-nlnedays ; (iulnea fowl, twenty-
live to twenty-six, and sea-gull tweiity-tdght lo thirty
days. Pheasants hatch on the twenty-fourth or
tweiity-lifth day, and partridges the same. Ducks
hatch on the twenty-eiL'hlli, and gi-cse oji the thirtieth
day. In warm weather, and if the hen be a close sit-
ter, a day or two in some eases may be gainisl on this
time. We have had hens that wouhl never leave the
nest until removed, and even then scarcely take sulll-
cii-iit time lo eat enough to satisfy nature; but we
have not found sueh very close silling priKluee chick-
ens any quicker than did the hen w liii-h took a rea-
sonable time oir the eggs once in every twenty-four
hours.

Another, writing lo the W'cttcrn Itural outbe same
subject, says :

I am an old clilcken breeder, having forty years'
experience, and I know that olten cbii-kciiH never sec
daylight until the shell is broken, and very often not
then. Who Ihat has raised many chieki-ns does not
reiiieniber lindlng chicks with all the outer shell
chipiH'd away by the mother, while the chick was still
envclo|>ed in the inner membrane of the egg, often
alive, often dead i This thing often haii|Hrus in very
drv seasons. Last summer, for instance, I saved
many chicks by breaking the egg myself, knowing
the iK-riod of incubation was past, from the fact of
most of the other eggs lieing hatched, and by strict
care observed .in setting the hen, every egg being
dated when laid, etc. I had iiiore than twenty eiiieks
skiu-smothered last summer. I think, from observa-
tion, the ehiiiplng belongs to the chick, the shell
breaking to the hen.

The Care of Lawns.
In hie atldress before the .\lnnini of Rutger's Col-
lege, Key. Dr. Appleton, in speaking of the antiquity
of Oxfonl College, said, it is slated that a visitor to
Oxford was once greatly charnicd with the remarka-
ble richness and verdure of the turf. Inquiry was
made of the college porter as to the cause of this rich-
ness and beauty. The reply was that this result s\>\?
obtained by giving to the lurfclii.se personal attention
three timesawcck for eight humlreil years. Whether
this was literally true or not, it illustrates the imi">rt-
anec of frequent mowing of lawns to give them aclo.se
velvety turf.

^

TiiK Lancaster Faumek is Uie cheupest
agriciillural piiper publishwl in this country.

Management of Sitting Hens in Hot Weather.

In order to obtain the best results in hatching
chickens at this season of the year, it is advisable to
follow nature as much as possible in the construction
of nests intended for sitting hens. It has transpired
that the natural place for a hen to select for her nest
in which to deposit her eggs (from which, after
weeks of patient brooding, she brings forth her
downy little ones), is upon the bare earth. By that
wonderful gift called instinct she is impclleil to
choose a secluded spot, often beneath a brush heap,
hay barrack, or some such place where the ground is
always shaded, hence always moist. Where is the
fancier who cannot rei-all instances of this kind, of
hens that were annually in tin- habit of stealing their
nests under the barn, or soniiw here out of the reach
of meddlesome urcliins, and w lio rarely, if ever,
failed to bring forth from a dozen lo llfleen stronj,
heaitliy chicks? Then grandmother would say,
" Hens alius do best when they steal their nests and
sit themselves." Somehow we never i-ould airrce
with the " Old Lady "on I his point, but we often had
to acknowledge our defeat, when, aflcr an absence of
three weeks, a hen would come proudly man-hing up
to thcdixir surrounded by her numerous progeny.

Aft(-r many failures, w"e at last learned twothings:
first, that the hen was a "breeder." By this we
mean that all hens are not suitabU^ for breeding, and
their eggs are often sterile, hut a hen that is inclined
to steal her nest is in a healthy breeding condition,
and will court the attention of" the cock, and evi-ry
egg will as a rule be louml fertile, and if they could
be found and set under another hen, would hatch
just as well under favoraiile circum.stanees. The
second thing that we learned was, that the hen in-
variably elio.se a rather moist , damp, or shadi-d place,
on the iiare ground ; thcrelore, in making your nesis
for Kitting hens at this season of the year, make tlicm
on the hare earth, it possible ; if not, till a l«)Xofthc
liroper diinensioiis t»o-tliinls full of damp earth,
make a sliiiht depression or hollow therein, then cut
a sol to lit, and set your hen uiwin that. I do not
I pretend to say that eggs cannot be hatched other-

How to Fatten Fowls.

I have not so much experience with [loullry as with
some other things, but I will give my way of fatten-
ing fowls : The lirsteare should be to allow them as
little room as may he— just enough for the number
to stand up, but not enough for anything like exer-
cise. If six are allowed the same space that would
serve for a dozen they will not fatten as scsin or aa
readilv ; therefore, a space for the fattening coop
should be divided off, and thus allow them only nniiu
enough to stand. The food for the fowls liilendLtl to
Ix- fattened should la- ground oals mixed with
skimmed milk. This feed should be given three times
a day, and mixed lo such a consistency that when it
is spread upon a hoard it will not run oH'. I have fed
coru and oats with gcxxl results. If fowls are fed
with regularity, no cramming is needeiL They will
fatten in several weeks time. When fed on corn
alone they will not fatten as well as on the fcxxl I
have reeommendi^. — Practical p'anaer.

Sit and Set, Lay and Lie.

The two weirds " sit " and " set " are tcM) much mis-
taken for each other. When a grammar class is asked
for the llrst time if it is ri^dit lo say " hens set,"
"court sets," one-half of theiii perhaps will vole one
way and the other half the other. The court means
the judge or judges; the judge sits, the- court sits,
the jury sits, hens sit, birds sit. "Setting hen" Is
wronir; hens are not " setters" or iminters. .Sc-t re-
quires an objective ciuce ; we set a chair, but we sit in
it. There is a similar dilliculty in the use of " lie"
and "lav." In families whose hens "sel,"every-
thim; " lays," and all •' lay alie.1." Thequolcd words
are w roiig. Lay means to place, and requires an ob-
jective, as the '"• hen lays eggs," " Now I lay me."
We should say the IkKik lies on the table; he lies
abed ; lies low"; everybody lies, if you please, but no-
iKxly lays unless he has something to lay.

^

Bone Meal for Poultry.

I never knew the value of Is me meal for jioultry un-
til R-ecntly. I purchased a sack, and I was surprised
to find how well they liked it, ami the eireet It had on
the c;.'crs. I have no doubt that it makes strong Ikiiic
inthcfowl. They must have somethlii'.,' to make Ismc
and shell, and I believe that coan-i^gniiiiid Ikmu- is
just what they need. It Is iH-st to keep It U-fore them
in a narrow trough or box, nearihe wall, soltu-y can-
not scratch it out, and can helii themselvCB when It is
wanted. — I'oultry Salion.

The Pdui-tuy INTKKKST lias lif'como ono
of ixrcat iiii|Kirt;iiii:i', iind wi- .sluill lit- pli-u-si-d
to Fiiive prac-tic-al suggc-stinii.s cm the siilijccl
from any of ciuf feadei-s wlui are [lostetl iii \\\a
details of Gallinoculture.

110

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[July,

THE FARM AND THE DAIRY.

Frauds in Commercial Fertilizers.

As will be seen by our Paris letter, the adulteration
of commercial manures is attracting much attention
in Europe as well as in this country. It was the sub-
ject of a lively discussion at the last meeting: of the
Farmers' Club of the New York American Instistute.
The subject was broujjht to the attention of the clui)
in a letter from Mr. Conrad Nilson, of Stoutsburfr, N.
Y. who said that among the numerous important
facts presented at a late meeting of the club is one
that cannot fail to arrest the notice of American farm-
ers. It was stated by Mr. Scoville in his excellent
paper on " Experiment Stations in Europe," that tlie
results obtained from i'eeding experiments at a single
station in Prussia had been worth more to the farm-
ers of that country tlian the entire cost of all the sta-
tions up to that time. This was stated on the authority
of the Minister of Agriculture, and leaves no room to
doubt the fact or to undervalue it. But evcnthis fact,
immense as it seems, is only a partial indication of the
real utility and value of such stations. Besides the new
and recent facts dcveloiied in regard to feeding, these
institutions are also continually shedding new light
on the other questions and especially on the relative
value of commercial manures and on the frauds prac-
tised by the venders of them . This question of adul-
teration of fertilizers is growing in immense projior-
tioMs and can no longer be neglected with imi)unity.
Commercial fertilizers having a value of less thau S3
per ton have been sold in the market for $00. So
states the Northeastern Farmer on its own personal
knowledge, and there seems to be, in fact, no end to
the vast and systematic swindling by which farmers
are robbed without limit and without shame. Now,
if the establishment of experimental stations in this
country would have the same effect here as abroad ;
if, along with its other benefits, it would lead to the
extiri)ation of this nefarious traffic ; if it would drive
out from the presence of honorable men the vile swin-
dlers who have so long polluted the channels of trade
that susjjicion is beginning to rest even upon honest
goods and truthful men ; then, I say, let us have these
stations at the earliest moment, for the benefit to all
parties would be greater than any of us now realize.
Let us have at least one of these establishments in
our own State, and we may be very sure that others
will shortly follow.

11. E. Colton said that he accidentally learned that
the Peruvian government having been aroused by the
notice of frauds in their guauo authorized their agents
to manipulate the guano so as to make it even in
quality and the phosphoric aei<l soluble. They are
also now allowed to sell in the open market instead of
as formerly by cargo alone. These gentlemen arc
erecting machinery and will soon furnLsh an article of
Peruvian guano guaranteed always forty per cent.
nitrogen and ten per cent, soluble phosphoric acid.

The Largest Farm in the World.
This is rather a large claim to make, even in this
country, where real estate lies around in parcels of
eoiisiilerabltsizc^, but according to the St. Louis Re-
]>uhlieaii, it may be fairly applied to the estate of Mr.
(icorge (irant, founder of the Victoria colony, in Kan-
sas. His farm embraces the entire county of Ellis, is
larger than any . dukedom of Europe, and contains
57(i,9(MI acres. Mr. (irant devotee himself principally
to stock raising, and has accomplished a great deal
by the introduction of the best blooded stock and ex-
hibiting the liest methods of rearing, feeding, andim-
l)roviug the foreign and domestic breeds of horses,
cattle, aud sheei). lie has just wintered 7000 sheep,
with a loss of less than one per cent., the secret of his
success lying in ])rovidiug good shelter. He is the
ownei- of the thoroughbred stallion Flodden, valued
at :?'2.'),()l)n,>he father of which won the Derby race in
18(10. He has just purchased for his farm thirty odd
brcHid marcs in Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky, and he
has i?2.'i0,0()0 invested in stock. Amongthe large num-
ber of resident colonists and stock-raisers wlio have
purchased land of him, and are now raising stock in
Victoria Colony, are many young men of prominence,
both in this country and F.nirland. The Hon. Walter
Maxwell, younger son of Lord Herries, of Everingham
Park, Yorkshire, England, owns two sections, and is
eomtortably settled down to the healthful life of the
raneliero. Then thei'e are three bachelor sons of a
Dci-byshirc clergyman, and the nephew of theEarl of
Winclielsea, who is now on his way over from Eng-
land to take up his home there. Two nephews of
Mayor (iuthrie, of New York City, and two young
Shields, 0 f Boston, are also among the number.

The butter is then packed in small packages and ship-
ped. The lowest rate at which he sold the past win-
ter was thirty-five cents. He thought in that section
every farmer should engage in dairying. It is the
safest an<l surest, and he does not think it can be over-
done. He had noticed that in his own case he had
never been able to meet demands against him with
the ease that he had since he went into dairying. He
took milk- to the cheese factory in the summer. He
colored his butter with carrot juice, and fed clover
hay, sugar beets and bran in the winter. He raised
8(J0 bushels of beets and 1.50 bushels of carrots on 149
rods of ground at an expenses of $35. The net price
for butter during the winter was about thirty-two
cents per pound, and he realized on twenty cows last
season, including calves, .^.50 per cow. He believed
strongly in feeding bran and in high feeding generally.

Making Butter in Winter vs. Summer.

At a recent dairymeirs association, O. F. Pixley, of
Oaklanii, lliougbt making butter in the winter the
mo.st pj-olitablc. He uses a S(|uare box churn, with a
shaft miming through the centre ; churns fifteen min-
utes ; had rather churn a half hour, because he
thought quick churning injured the grain of the but-
ter. He does not wash his butter, and uses Ashton
salt, and when salted sets away twenty-four hours;
it is then taken and worked till brine comes clear.

MISCELLANEOUS.

The Culture of Peppermint.

At a recent meeting of the Farmers' Club of the
American Institute of New York, Ur. E. Ware Syl-
vester, of Lyons, New York, read an excellent paper
on the culture of peppermint, which contains much
interesting information new to us. Dr. S. said :

"In Wayne county we raise about *.500,000 worth
annually. Let not the unsophisticated for a moment
suppose that we thereby increase enormously the
consunii)tion of mint juleps, for it is with great pleas-
ure that I inform him that mint juleps are made from
spearmint and not from peppermint. Since 1871 the
price of peppermint oil has fluctuated from S3 to §(>
per pound in our market at Lyons. In 1874 1 planted
five acres, which yielded thirty pounds per acre, and
sold for .$.5.11 per pound, amounting to S7t)ti..50, or
over S1.50 per acre. The latest quotation in village
papers was $.5 per pound. Since the publication of
my paper on the cultivation of mint I have received
from numerous persons these questions : Where can
I procure the seed ? Do you plant the root, the stem,
or the seed ? It is these questions which I now pro-
pose to answer. I have no doubt that peppermint may
be grown either from the root, stem or seed, but the
most desirable portion of the plant is the rooted run-
ner from last year's growth. Perhaps you will be
enabled to understand me better if I detail the pro-
duction of this ' rooted runner.' For instance, in
the spring I plant an acre of mint roots. These grow,
are kept free from weeds, and in July or August the
tops have grown from one to two feet high, and when
in blossom the tops have been mowed off and eon-
verted into peppermint oil by distillation. About this
time small shoots or runners are seen growing from
the neck or collar of the mint and remaining on the
surface of the ground. These runners take root and
each for himself becomes a living plant, though still
clinging to his mother's breast. It is these plants,
full of life and vigor, which you must plant if you
would grow mint successfully. I once planted seven
acres with these runners in November, and the mint
was as productive as other mint in the same field
planted in the spring, but the general practice is to
plant the runners in the spring. Just at this juncture
conies the important question. How shall we protect
these infant runners during our cold and often in-
clement winters, so that they shall possess sufflcient
vitality to be sejiarated from the parents and com-
mence a vigorous, productive existence in the new
field to which they are removed ? If snow falls on
the ground before it is much frozen and remains on
until spring, covering the runnei-s with a white, soft
blanket, they will come out of the winter as bright
and smiling as a tottering infant ; but if, as too of, en
happens, wc have severe weather, without snows, and
the ground is frozen a foot or more in depth, fierce
winds sweep across your mint field, and in the spring
they look brown or black, their young rootlets are
dead and they are unfit for jilanting. How shall we
obviate the effects of the winter and have fresh,
healthy ruuners ? I answer by relating my own ex-
periments. Last autumn I divided my new mint fields
into three unequal sections, which I numbered 1, 2
and 3. Section No. 1 was ploughed in November
very carefully about five inches deep, the surface laid
flat and not lapped, so that the runners were by this
process covered with soil about five inches deep. Sec-
tion No. 3 was covered to the depth of five or six
inches with Ijuckwheat straw early in December; the
straw was spread evenly from a wagon driven over
the field an<i was not pressed down or rolled. Section
No. 3 was left unprotected in any way ; just as the
runners grew so they were left to care for themselves
during the very severe winter which has just passed.
The result was that the runners on the section cov-
ered with straw came out in the spring bright and
healthy; those left without any attention were the
next best, and many of them used in planting; while
section one, which was ploughed over, was very much
injured by the winter, and none of the runners were
used in planting, but they have come up through the
soil to some extent and now promise a fair crop of oil
this season. The method of ploughing over is not
always so successful. In some seasons the verV best
results are otiiained by this plan. It depends much
upon the nature of the soil an 1 the vagaries of the
winter. I am of the opinion that a light covering of

straw is the best method, and that wheat or rye straw
will answer as well as buckwheat; what is wanted is
some light application on the surface of the ground
to hold the light snows, if there are any, and practi-
cally protect the young rootlets from severe cold.
But, the novice asks, why the anxiety about roots ;
after you have planted a field can you not mow the
mint year after year, as we do meadows ? I answer
no ; the mint is usually cut for two years and then
replanted ; in very rare instances three crops are
gathered. How many roots do you plant to the acre ?
This is a fair question, and I should much prefer to
answer it than count the runners we plant on an acre.
When the runners are numerous and well rooted, and
all alive, from ten to twenty square rods will afford
sufficient for one acre ; hence you perceive, then, one
acre of runners will plant from eight to sixteen acres
of new mint. But if I were so situated that I had to
transport my roots to a great distance, then I would
mark off an acre in furrows of three feet each way
and jilant in the crossings. This would require about
.5,000 plants to the acre ; and then the next year would
plant my new field, using the runners from twenty
square rods in each acre. There is money to be made
by growing peppermint when the oil brings in the
market over $ i per pound, if every detail is well
managed ; audit has this positive advantage — itdoes
well on and utilizes soil that is too wet for the suc-
cessful cultivation of corn or wheat.

Utilizing Water by Irrigation.

The frequent failure of certain crops, especially
strawberries, by excessive drought, suggests the
western plan of irrigation, where immense crops are
raised by this plan. There are many farmers and
gardeners in the east who could so manage small
streams at their convenience to supply the deficiency
of the clouds, and it would pay them handsomely.
Indeed, to have water at haml just when wanted would
often save an entire crop. The western folks use their
water in a very simple manner. The little stream is
brought on a level along the hillsides, giving it the
appearance of " running up hill." Then it is carried
across hollows or round them ; wooden troughs being
used when the water is too scant, or the soil toosandy
to forbid waste. When there is a tract to be irrigated
the water is brought to the highest points and run
across in the trough on a dead-level, so that the water
will course down hill. In this, every few feet, holes
are bored through which water can run when wanted,
and be stopped by a plug when not.

Some suggestive facts on the general subject of irri-
gation were given in Mr. Diffenderfer's excellent
paper on " Irrigation in the Valley of the Kio (iraude,"
in the April issue of The Farmer. There the
farmers must depend altogether on irrigation for their
crops, and have necessarily reduced it to a complete
system.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

How to Can Fruit.

The principle of canning fruit should be under-
stood in order to work intelligently. The fruit is
preserved by placing it in a vessel from which the ex-
ternal air is entirely excluded. This is effected by
surrounding the fruit with liquid, and by the use of
heat, to rarify and expel the air that may be en-
tangled in the fruit or lodged in its pores. The preser-
vation does not depend upon sugar, though enough of
this is used in the liquid which covers the fruit to make
it palatable. The heat answers another purpose ; it
destroys the ferment which fruits naturally contain,
and as long as they are kept from contact with the
external air they do not decompose.

The vessels in which fruits are preserved are tin,
glass and earthenware. Tin is used at the factories
where large quantities are put up for commerce, but
is seldom "used in families, as more skill is required in
soldering than most persons possess. Besides, the
tins are not generally safe to use more than once,
(ilass is the preferable material, as it is readily
cleaned, and allows the interior to be frequently in-
spected. Any kind of a bottle or jar which has a
mouth wide enough to admit the fruit aud which can
be securely stopped, positively air-tight— which is
much closer than water-tight — will answer. Jars of
various patterns and patents are made for the pur-
pose, aud are sold at the stores. These have wide
mouths, and a glass or metallic cap, which is made
to fit very tightly by an India-rubber ring between
the metal and the glass. The devices for these caps
aro numerous, and much ingenuity is displayed in in-
venting them. Dr. Yeomans says, " we have used
several patterns without much diflerence in success,
but have found there was some difference in the
facility with which the jars could be opened and
closed". The best are those in which atmospheric
pressure helps the sealing, and where the sole de-
pendence is not upon screws and clamps." To test a
jar, light a slip of paper and hold it within it. The
heat of the jlame will expand the air and drive out a
portion of it. Now put on the cap ; when the jar be-
comes cool the air within will C(m!ract, and the pres-
sure of the external air should hold the cover on so

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

HI

tlrmly Hint it cuiiiuit lie pullfd iill« illiout lirsi li-ttliiK
ill air hv lircssiii!; aniilr llir nililii-r, liiserlinir a |iiii
undiT ii, iir liy siu-liiilliiT nii'aiis as Is iimviiU'il In tlii'
(■oiislnutioii i)f tlu' jar. Wlicii rciriilar fniil jars arc
nut usi'il, f.'(icHl CMflis anil crnifnl innsl In' pniviilnl.
t'cnniit is nnidi- liy nirltin!; l'^ oz. of tulluw wltli
1 tb. rosin. Tin- stiillirss oi the ciMniMit nniy In' |L,'ov-
crni'il liy tin- iisr ol niorf or less tallow. .\Otr Ihr
jar is ci'irki-il, U<- a picci' ol' stout ilrillini; over IIk^
nioutli. Dij) till' riolli on Ilif nniutli of Mil' jar into
till' niclli'il I'i'incnl, ruli Mie ii'inent on Hic cloth wUli
a stirk to tirrak up thc> Imliiilcs and leave a close
eovfrini:. The process is as follows ;

Kverylhlnir shoulil he In readiness, tlie jars clean,
the covers wi'll lilted, the fruit iiiekeil over or ollier-
vvlse prepareil, and cenieut and e»trks, if these are
usiil, at hanil. The liotllesor jars are to rireive a
very hot liipiiil, ami tiny must he irradually warnieil
lieforchand, by plaein;; warm water in Iheni, towliieli
lioilini; water is i,'nidnally added. L'oniiuenii' liy
niakiiiKa syrup in the proportion of afiound of white
8Uf;ar to a pint of watiT, usinj; less sii{;ar if
this <iuanlily «ill nnikc the fruit too sweet. When
the svrup lioils, adil as much fruit as it will cover, let
llie fruit heat in the syrup i;radnally, and when it
comes to a lioil ladle it into the jars or bottles which
have been warmed as abovi' directed. Put in as inuch
fruit as possible, and tlien add the syruji to lill up all
interstices amonj; tlie fruit ; then jHit on the cover or
insert tlie stojiper as soon as possible. Have a cloth
at hand daiupcued in hot water to wipe the necks of
the jars. When one lot has liecn l«)ttled, proceed
with more, addini; more sni;ar and water, if more
synip is reciuired. Juicy fruits will diiuinisli the
syrup much less than olhers. When the bottles are
eiild, put them away in a cnol, ili'ij itinlditrk j>/ii<-c. Do
not tamper with the covers in any way. The bottles
should be inspi'ctcd every (lay lor a week <ir so, in
order to discover if any are imperfect. If fermenta-
tion has eoinnienecd, bubbles will be seen in the
Bvrup, and the covers will be Uxisened. If taken at
once, the contents may be saved by tliorouglily re-
lieatin;;.

Another way is to prepare a syrup and allow it to
cool. Place tiie fruit in the bottles, cover with the
svrup, and then set the bottles nearly up to their rims
in a boiler of cold water. 8ome wooden slats should
be placed at t he bottom of the boiler to keep the bot-
tles fnun contact with it. The water in the boiler Is
then heated and kept lioilini; until the fruit in the
bottles is thorou;;hly heated lhroui;h, when the covers
arc put on, and the bottles allowed to eool. It is
claimi'<l thatthi' llavor of the fruit is better preserved
in this way than by the other.

All the fruits that are used in their fresh state, or
for [lies, etc., and rhubarb, or pie-plant, and toma-
toes may be preserved by the foreiroini; methods,
(irecii iieas and corn cannot be readily preserved in
families, as tliey rcciuirc sjiecial apparatus. In pre-
serving strawberries, the hard-tleshed sour varieties,
such as the WiLson, are better than the more delicate
kinds. Clurrants need more sui^ar than the forc^^oin;^.
Blackberries and luu-kleberriesare both very satisfae-
Uirily preserved, and make capital pies. Cherries
anil plums need only pickinj; over. Peaches need
jM'clin;; and tiuartcrin«c. The skin may be removed
Ironi ripe peaches by scaldini; them in water or weak
lye tor a lew seconds, and then transferrins; them to
cold water. Some obtain a strouif peach flavor by
boilin^a few pcacii meats in thesyrup. Peaches have
been kept three years, and were ttien better than
those sold in the stores. Pears are jiared and lutlved,
or quartered and the core removed. The best, hii^h-
* fla\ored and nieltin;; varieties only should be used.
Coarse bakinix pears are unsatisfactory. Very few
put up ajiples, but those who try some hiijh-llavored
ones will be pleased with them. There is a i;reat
contrast between i(uinci-s preserved in this way and
those done up in the old way of |Kiund for |>ound.
They do not become hard, and they remain of a line
li^rlit color. The most thuroui^h and reliable mode
of eamiin;; tomatoes is tirst to sutliciently steam, not
ciKik them, so as to scald or liKiscu the skin. They
are then jKiurcd u|Min tabU-s and the skin removed,
care bein;; taken to preservi^ the tomato in as solid a
state as jHissiblc. .\flcr beint; peeled they are placed
in lar;;e pans, with false bottoms perforatcil, so as to
strain oil the liiptid which emanates from them.
From these pans they are carel'ully placed by haial
into the cans, which arc tilled as solidly as possible —
in other words, all an- put in that the cans will hold.
They are then put tliroujrh the usual process and
bermctieally scaled. The cans, when opened for use,
present the tomato not only like the natural ve;;e-
table in taste and color, but also in appearance ; and,
moreover, when thus sealed they are warranted l<i
■ keep in any climate, and w hen opened will taste as
naturally as when just plucked from the vine. The
general |)ractice, however, of putting; them up Is to
eiMik them very lhorou'.;hly, as if pre|>ared fur table
use, but iu this way they lose much of their natural
flavor.

Any Intellicent (htsou who understands the princi-
ple u|ion which fruit is preserved in the way we have
described, will soon lind the mechanical part of the
process easy of execution and the results satisfactory
if onlinary care istakeiiin the preparation of the fruit
aud sealing the cans.

Oatmeal vs. Beefsteak.

,\t the Kritlsh .Association iti the section of Blolopy,
Professor liidl'irn, in llie course of a paper of a valu-
able character on the fund of plants and unimals, went
on to iKiinI out that there were few social problems
more important than how to acipiaint the wife of the
laborer or artisan, or even the wives and servants of
the middle classes, how to expend a fair share of their
Incume uiKin food to the urealcst advautai,'e and how
to prepare it without dcstruyini; its nutritive proper-
ties. A savory dish of meat was often iircparcd by
mincini; or cuttinfr the nual into small and more or
less cubical blocks. It was then stewed, or more fre-
ipienllv boiled. The outer surface of each little block
had its albumen lirjidy coairulatcd, and the whole
surface was converted into about asindiijcstible a mass
as could well beimatriued— the lii!,'h-prieed andhi;;hly-
nutritious nnal haviiiL' ticen destroyed lor the pur-
poses of nutrition and the action of the diircstivc or-
gans pruliably injuri'd for some time toeoine; or(;oiid
i.nil valuable fresh meat wassubjceled to the process
of saltlnir, which llrst of all abstracted the juices of
meat, and then hanlen the lllicrs, .so as to destroy or
i;rcatly deteriorate its diucstibility. .\o doulit it was
convenient In have a liardciicd. dry mass of meat, in-
capable of much chani.'e for months, and ready to be
used fur the purpose of lillinic the stomach and ell'eet-
ually satisfyini.' the appetite ; but these were nut the
liuriMwes for which food was intended Iu be used. It
uinjlit to be capalilc ol' supplyini; t he waste of the body
and of lieiiji,^ easily eonverled into heat and motion.
If it failed in these particulars, it would al.su fail in
nourishini; the brain and aidiii!,' in tliccvolutioiiof in-
telliirence, and thus intellectual and bodily imwer was
lost to the community and dclcriuralioM of race was
promoted. His collcaKue, Dr. (iordun, said that he
recollected runnin<; races, puttini; stones, wrestlim,',
and other athletic exercises tieiiif,' the favorite amuse-
menls of the sons and servants of the fanners in the
County Down. Now nothinir of the sort was heard of.
These youni; men found a short day's work almost
too much fur them, and at the end of it they were to
be seen lyinic about iniluli;inir in idle conversation.
Coineidenily with this they iniairined themselves the
eipials of their masters and mistresses, and that the
healthful oatmeal jsirridire and buttermilk twicedaily,
with beans and bacon fur dinner, was too strong and
coarse. They insisted on more delicate fare and de-
manded a supply of tea and white bread. Tliey were
unconscious that persons in their position but a few
years asfo i>ossessed atmizini; viijfor and perfornu'd
twice the amount of labor with greater ease, and when
the day's work was over actually reveled in the dis-
play oi' surplus strenscth, which nothing but their bet-
ter and more rational diet could have yielded them.
London Medical Heconh

Cheap Food and Good Food.

Dr. Dlo Lewis says, that " to make the iM-st bread
that can Im- nnide of wlieat, obtain [food wheat and
trrind it wllhout boltint; ; mix It with cold water un-
til il is as thick as can be well beaten wllh a s|irK>n ;
afler it is Ihorou^'hly iH'aten down, put It Into a lar);o
iron pan, com|Nised of nuiny little ones, which inUHt
be llrst made hot ; put It then ipilekly into a hotoveu
and bake II as rapidly as iKissible.

"Indian corn makes excellent nourishment. It
contains a larire amount of oil, has' remarkable fatten-
ing ipialities, and is likewlsi- remarkable as a heat
producer. Kiec keeps Us consumers fal, but It lacks
the elements which feed the muscles and brain.

" Polaloi's, both Irish and sweet, arc very (XMjr for
brain and muscle.

"Of meats, the l>est for beat and fat are pork, mut-
ton, lamb, beef, and veal ; for muscle, liccf, veal,
nnittun, buub, and |»irk ; fur brains and iicrvc, l>ccr,
veal, mulliin, lanili, and jmrk.

" In cold weather, fat meal, butter, and the like
will keep the limly warm ; and in warm weather,
milk, eggs, brun breail, and summer vegetables will
keep it ciHil.

" There is no dllfleuUy In a poor man's liavlni; meat
for his family every day. Take, for example, what
is called a shaid<fif beef. The very liest can be Uiught
fora fraction of what thedearest parts cost. A single
IKiund cooked in a stew, with dry bits of bread, will
make a meal for an entire family."

Eggs Versus Meat.

Would it not be wise to substitute more eggs for
meat in our daily diet ? About one-third the weight
of an egg is solid luitrinicTil . This is mure than can
be said of meat. There are nu bunes and tuiigh pieces
that have tu be laid aside. An egg is made up uf ten
parts shell, sixty parts white and thirty jiarts yolk.
The white of an egg contains xn per cent, water, the
yolk -Vi percent. The average weight of an egg is
aliout two ounces. Practically, egg is animal food,
and yet there is none of the disagreeable work of tlte
butcher necessary to obtain it. The vegetarians of
England use eggs freely, and many of these iiu'ii are
eighty and ninety years old, and have been ninarka-
bly fi'ee from illness. A good egg is alive. The shell
is poriis, the oxygen of the air goes through the shell
and keeps up a sort of respiration. An egg .soon be-
comes stale in bad air, or in dry air charged with ear-
iKinic ai'id. Eggs may be dried and made to retain
theirguudne.ss for a liingtinu'.or theshell may be var-
nislicd, which excludes the air, when. If kept at a
proper temperature, they may be kept good for years.
The Krench peo|)le produce mure eggs than any other,
and shi|i millions of them to Ens^land aiwinally. Fresh
eggs are more transparent at the cciitri', old ones at
the toj). Very ohl inics arc not trans|iarent at either
])lace. In water in which oiie-tenlh salt has ln'cn dis-
solved, good eggs siidi and inditlereiit lines swim. Had
eggs float in pure water. The best eggs are laid by
young healthy hens. If they are |iriiperly fed, the
eggs are belter than if they are allowed to eat all sorts
of food. Eggs are best when cooked almut four min-
utes. This takes away aniuuil taste that is oll'ensive
to some, but does nut so harden the white or yolk as
to make them hard to digest. An egg, if cooked very
hard, is dillicult of digestion, except by those with
stout stumachs ; sueheggs should be eaten witli bread
and masticated very llnely. .Vn excellent sandwich
can be made with eggs and brown bread. .\n egg
spread on toast is lit for a king, if kings ileserve any
iK'tter food than auybiMiy elsi', whicli is doubtful.
Friiil egL'S are less whoh'somc than Uiiled ones. An
egg dropped into hot water is not oidy a clean and
handsome, but a delicious morsel. Must peoplcsiKiii
the taste of their eggs by adding salt and pepper. \
little sweet butler is the best dressing. Eggs contain
much pliospl.oru.-, which is sup|>o.sed to be useful to
those wlio use their brains much.— A'<i««ii« luiinur .

Clean Out Your Cellars.

If you did not follow Hie advice given In a former
issue of TiiK FahmIvU, and clean out your cellar Inthe
spring, lose nu tiim' in dulng so. This is tlie season
for malarious diseases arising from decaylieg vegeta-
tion. Diseases which attack a man and beast lurk in
the foul air, caused by decaying vegetable substaiwes,
and many a family has sulfcred from neglect itig to
clean cellars under dwelling houses. .MI decaying
vegetables should be remuved as early as iMisslble,
and the rcnuiiniicr handled over and aired, afterwhieh
a thorough whiti'washingof walls and woodwork nniy
follow with the best resulls. Filthiness of cellars is
not wholiy conliued to the country, but it is to the
farmer we ehielly address ourselves, supiHisingthat he
may be negligent of certain duties as widl as other
people ; and as this subject of cleaning cellars is one
of some imix>rtance, we again call attention to it.

The Tea-Pot Assailed.

The Jmirnal of Cheminlry asserts that tea is not the
simple harmless In'verage that is generally sU|i|Kised ;
but that its ctfects, in this character, may rightly l>c
claimed to be classed with those of tobacco and alco-
hol. The Joiirtinl adds that " many disorders of the
nervous system are the direct results of extensive lea
bibbing. Tea is a " narcotic poison ;" lis essential
principle, theine, is allied in eoniixisillon anil pro|H'r-
tieswith strychnine and nior|ihine. It tirst cxcllcstbc
nervous sysi em and then exhausts il. Ex|H-riment
shows that lioth in man and in other animals, it im-
pairs |Mnver in thelowcrextremitles ; sothatit alTecIs
the " understanding" in a double scii.se — literally as
well as ligurativeiy. It is not the harmless exhilaraiit
it has been considered, but a powerful agent, whose
elleets are often serious."

Valuable Household Recipes.

Bi.ACKnEUliv Sviii r : Take a suflielent quantity,
of ripe lilacklHTrice. Put them into a sieve |ilaced
over a large broad pan, and with a [Kitato masher, or
s<imctbing of that sort, press uut all the juice. Itr,
having bruised them llrst, put the blacktuMrics into a
linen bag, and sipiee/.c «Hit all the juice into a vessel
placed beneath. Measure it, and to every quart of
the strained juice allow half a (Kmnd of |iowdi-riil
loaf sugar, a hea|ied lcas|»Minful of |K)Wilcred cinna-
mon, the same of |Kiwiiercil clovcji, and a imwilercd
nutmeg. Mix the spices with the juice and sugar,
and boil all together in a |iorcelain keltic, skimming it
well. When eulil, stir inlii the alMive quantity half a
pint of fourlh-prouf bran.iy. Then iKittle it i"or use.
This is a giMid family medicine, and is bcnellclal in
complaints incident "to warm weather.

lii.ArKiiiCKUV .Iam ; (Jathertbc fruit iiidry weather;
allow half a |»iunil of gisnl brown sugar to every
|)ound of fruit ; Imil the whole together gently for au
hour, or until the blackberries are soft, stirring and
mashing them well. Preserve il like any other jam,
and it will be found very useful in families, particu-
larly fur chUdren— regulatini: their IkuvcIs and en-
abling them to dispense with eatharlics. It may Is;
spread on bread, or on puddings, instead of butler ;
and even when the blackberriea are liought It Is
chea|M-r Iban butter. In the country every family
should preserve, at least, half a (sek of blackberries.

LiiMiiNAiiE: A hot lemonade is one of the Ih'sI
remedies in the world for a cold. Il acts promptly
and ell'cetivcly, and has no unpleasant afler elleels.

One le n pro|)erly squce/.ed, cut in slices, put with

sugar, and covered' with a half (liiil of boiling water.
Driuk just bel'oic g<iiug to iH'd, and do nut exjiose ymr-

112

THE LANCASTER FAEMER.

[July, 1875.

self oil tlie followinfr day. This remedy will ward off
an attack of the chills and fever if used promptly.

Git.Mi.iM FLOtTH PufFS: One quart of tweet milk,
three well-beaten cgffs, two and a half cups of oat-
meal, one and a half cups of Graham flour, and a lit-
tle salt. Use a medium sized cup. Heat and oil the
gem irons and bake in a quick oven.

Indian C.vkes without Eggs. — One pound of In-
dian meal, one jjint of cold milk poured over it twelve
hours before usin;;. Just before baking; add one pint
of milk, pinch of salt, a small teas|X)0n of soda.
Then add wheat flour enoujrh to make it a proper
coiisisteney for bakiup; on griddle.

Raspberry Custards: One pint of cream; three-
quartersof a pint of raspberry juice, and half a pound
of white sugar. Boil the cream ; dissolve the sugar
in the raspberry juice ; mix it with the boiling cream,
stirring it till quite thick, and serve in custard glasses.

LITERARY NOTICES.

The Book of the Season^ We have received a
rojjy of the first number of an illustrated publication,
which is being issued by ^llen. Lane & Scott and J.
W. Lauderbaeh, No. 3:K South Fifth street, Philadel-
phia. The title of the work is " A Century After,"
anil its object is to convey, in an entertaining and
agreealile maimer, by means of superb illustrations,
aided by charming and piquant literary matter, an
idea of the wonderful progress of Philadelphia and
its sister cities of the State in civilization and the at-
tendant arts and sciences, whi(;h has marked the
growth of the nation in its flrst century of existence.
On glancing over the pages, we confess to a sense of
pleasuralile surprise at the beauty and artistic merit
of the illustrations which adorn this elegant and sea-
sonable book. There is that in it which will amply
rci>ay the time devoted to an examination of its pic-
torial treasures, and the trifling expenditure necessary
to the owiicrshi]) of a work of intrinsic beauty and
value. Here is something that possession will not
tire of — an inexhaustible fund of refined enjoyment.
From the foretaste which is here given us, we hazard
the opinion that the future numbers will be eagerly
looked for in advauce of publication, and that, when
completed, it will be not only a remarkable book, but
a dclighttul souvenir of the Centennial of American
Independence. The original contributions by Dar-
ley, Moran, Bensell, Schell, Hamilton, Wood-
ward, aud other well known artists, will con-
sist of character sketches -and picturesque views
of scenery (much of it associated with incidents of
romance, possessing a local and national interest),
taken from [xiints in Philadelphia and vicinity and
throughout the State. The whole work, as announced
by the publisiiers, is intended to be a Monument of
American Art, Skill and Thoroughness. It is excel-
lently printed on a toned paper of superfine quality,
the .size of the page being about 10x12 inches, and
will be published in fifteen semi-monthly parts, at
fil'ty cents each, and sold only to subscribers.

PoiLTKY AND Pet Organs : The poultry trade is
Buriirising in its growth and importance, if we may
judge by the number and excellence of the journals
devoted to that interest. First on our list is the
J'aiieiers' Journal and Poultry Exchange, a weekly
magazine, beautifully printed and artistically illus-
trated, published by Joseph M. Wade, Philadelphia,
at >;:3..5t) a year. It is now in the middle of its second
year, and one of its most marked interesting features
is the great variety of its poultry and small pet ad-
vert i,><ing, which aptly illustrates the magnitude of

the interest to wliicli it is devoted The Atnerican

Juiiic'urs'' Ga-.eUc is a new candidate for the favor of
))uultry fanciers, just started in Philadelphia, by W.
Atlee Burkee and W. II. Merry. It is a inonthly of
sixteen pages, SI a year, and its list of contributors
contains the names of quite a number of able writers

and skillful fanciers The Punltry iVaHon, another

handsome monthly, devoted to poultry and pet stock
in all their branches, is published liy the Poultry Na-
tion Company, at Birmingham, Ohio, W. H. Todd,

editor, at the low price of 00 cents a year Here

also is the Ponltnj Oi-fjun of Central New York, pub-
lished at Ithica, by Charles G. Day, at $1 a year,
which is conducted with ability, and has reached its
sixth number. There arc quite a number of other
jMiblicalioiis devoted to this interest, which are not
on our exchange list, but whose existeuee and general
prosperity indicate the growing interest in the im-
portant and profitable industry of gallinoculture. As
we intend to devote some attention to the subject in
The Farmer, we shall be pleased to make their ac-
quaintance.

The Butterflies of North America : ByW.H.
Edwards. A quarto work, published in quarterly
parts at ¥3. .50 each, containing five full-page plates to
each part. Hurd & Houghton, publishers. No. IS
Astor Place, Nmv York. This is the second series of
Mr. K<lwariis' work, and will be a companion volume
to the first series, which now sells at -JJO.OO. Taking
it lor *' all in all," no work of a similar character has
ever issued from either an American or a foreign
press tliat excels this one. All the subjects are liie
size, liiiely illustrated, and colored by hand in the
highest style of art. The paper and letter-press are

superb, and the matter, in historic detail, more elab-
orate than any scientific work on Butterflies that has
ever preceded it. We write experimentally on this
subject, for we have given it some study, were one of
the subscribers to the flrst series, and would not he
without the second for twice the subscription price.
Part tliird has just been received, and is rather above
the standard of tliose which have preceded it, con-
tainiug/o)-/j/-/o?()- beautifully colored figures, includ-
ing the ujiper and lower sides of males and females,
and in some instances of the larva, pupa and cfig.

" A TuoRouonLT American Enterfrise :" Cir-
cular and specimen pages of a new and popular Pic-
torial HiSTOKV OF the United States. Johnson,
Wilson & Co., jiropose to publish an entirely original
work, embracing a complete history of the United
States from the discovery of America down to the first
Centennial period of theKcpublie in 1870, written by
Benson J. Lossing, LL. D., whose great reputation as
a historical writer ought to be a sufficient guarantee
of the merits of the work to make it sell I'reely with-
out a perad venture. The work will bear the title, ex-
pressive of its scope and aim, of Our Country ; o
Honschohl HMory for all Readers. Royal octavo in
form, fair type, tinted paper, and finely and elator-
ately illustrated. If the " specimen pages" areatrue
criterion of the entire work, both in " mind and mat-
ter," we think there is a place for it in our historical
literature that has never yet been supplied, and that
ought to be at this time.

Kansas and Colorado Gazette : A medium
folio of twelve pages, published "occasionally" at
Kansas City, under the auspices of the Kansas-Paci-
fic Railway, for free distribution. Vol. I, No. 2,
for May, 187.5, is on our table, full of reading matter
the most entertaining to emigrants, travelers, inva-
lids, or occasional and transient visitors ; embellished
with tifteen scenic views of the most rare beauty and
artistic execution, besides a series of facetious and
characteristic illustrations of " life upon the plains."
There is perhaps no part of our country that possesses
greater climatic advantages than the high and pure
aired portions of Colorado, and before many years it
may become the Mecca of those whose condition has
become physically and financially enervated or disor-
ganized, and this journal contains all the necessary
information to that end.

The American Grocer, "The Champion of the
Retail Dealer," is a weekly commercial journal ex-
pressly for country merchants, conducted with marked
ability. It is a large quorto of twenty-four pages,
and enters upon its fourteenth volume with the cur-
rent issue. It seems to us to be indispensable to any
one engaged in the retail grocery trade, while its
" Home Department " is filled with just such useful
and entertaining matter as should be in every family.
It is also the uncompromising foe of all kinds of
frauds and swindles. Its constant and standing ad-
vice to its subscribers is, to "count, measure, weigh
and gauge every thing you buy," and almost every
week its columns expose some of the various methods
of swindling made use of by unprincipled tradesmen.
Published by the American Grocer Publishing Com-
pany, 141 Chambers street. New York, at $4 a year.

The Utah Pomologist and Gardener : "Devo-
ted to the Orchard, Vineyard, Farm, Garden aud
Household." This is a inonthly demi-folio, published
by J. E. Johnson, at St. George, in the Territory of
Utah, at ?1 a year. Small, but very compact, and
has the rare faculty of judicious coudensation, so that
its readers get only the solid wheat of the literature
to whicli its columns are devoted. We feel sure it
occupies a place that could not be filled by any other
journal, anil hope "its shadow may nei'cr grow less."

Field and Forest, devoted to general natural
history — Bulletin of the Poloinac-aide Naturalists'
Club; edited by C. R. Dodge ; $l.m a year; Wash-
ington, D. C. An octavo magazine of 8 pages. The
first number, which is now before us, is admirably
gotten up, in tinted paper, fine typographical execu-
tion, aud excellent reading matter, and will be a great
help to those who take any interest in natural history.

Black Hills Bulletin, a tinted paper quarto of
10 pages, and map illustrations. Boston, Mass. Price,
10 cents a number. Published " occasionally." This
journal being in the interest of the " Black Hill Spec-
ulation," of course gives a glowing account of every-
thing that relates to that far off El Dorado, whicii,
nevertheless, it would be well to consult before
making a departure for that region.

Meal Feeding and Animal Digestion : A text-
book for all who feed condensed food, by Linus W.
Miller, of Stockton, New York, published liy re-
quest of the American Dairymen's Association, before
whom it was delivered March 14, 187.5. Price, 35
cents. This is a 12 mo. of 48 pages, neatly printed, on
a subject that is eliciting an unusual interest at this
time all over the country.

The ToHACco Leaf : " Organ of the tobacco trade
of the United States ; the largest special trade paper
in thcworld." A royal folioof eight pages, published
weekly by the "Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company"
at $4.00 a year, wliolly HUed with tobacco advertise-
ments, tobacco statistii'S, and tobacco literature, iu
general and particular. No. 142 Fultou street, New
York.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents.

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy', Apiakt, &c.

For the month ending July 3, 187.5.*

Butter Packages ; H. W. Campbell, Montgomery, Vt.
Swivel-Plows ; J. Hapgood, Shrewsbury, Mass.
Grain Tallies ; S. A. Hazleton, Bethany, N. Y.
Wheel-Plow ; J. Keys, Coultersville, III.
Hog-Trajis; H. Ogborn, Richmond, Ind.
Butter Coloring Compound ; J. C. Korick, Waubeon,

Ohio.
Milk Strainers; J. W. Bray, Laharp, III.
Farm Fences; D. L. Hoffman, AuUville, Mo.
Feed Mills; O. B. Knapp, Brandon, Wis.
Berry-Cups ; D. W. Knitfin, Marlborough, N. T.
Sliding Gates ; J. P. Me.Murray, Oregon, Mo.
Machine for Mixing Wool ; S. R. Parkhurst, Mt.

Clare.
Fence Posts ; E. Cowell, Delaware, O.
Farm Gates ; W. H. Pratt, Prattsvillc, Mieh.
Row-Gages for Plows ; W. Edward, Montezuma, Ga.
Harvester Rakes; C. Wheeler, Auburn, N. Y.
Mowing Machines ; C. Wheeler, Auburn, N. Y.
Potato and Seed Planters ; W. II. Whitney, Scranton.
Straw Cutters ; D. Belcher, Chicopce Falls, Mass.
Harrows; C. Buswell, Etna, Maine.
Milking Tubes ; S. A. Smith, Muscatine co., Iowa.
Grain Binders; J. H. Whitney, St. Louis.
Rakes lor Harvesters; J. H. Mears, Oshkosh, Wis.
Plow Irons; Gilpin Moore and Geo. Curkendall,
Moline, 111., assignors to Deere & Co., same place.
Corn-Harrows ; J. McCormick, Peoria, Ills.
WhilUetree Hooks and Clips ; Isaac N.Pyle, Decatur,

Ind.
Band-Cutters for Thrashing-Machines ; Evan L.

Beard, Thorntown, Ind.
Plows ; Holcom Olson, Mount Pleasant, Iowa.
Harrows ; Ayres Ross, Victor, Iowa.
Farm Fences ; W. E. Carey, Bloomfield, Iowa.
Apparatus for Manufacturing Iron and Steel ; John

B. Pearse, Philadelphia, Pa.
Horse Rakes ; J. Pennypacker, Ridley Park, Pa.
Reversible Plows; J. MeCabe, Woodbury, Tenn.
Harvesters ; Sidney S. Stultz, Cedar Blurts, Neb.
Hoes ; Daniel Moore and Edwin Moore, Brooklyn, E.
D., assignors to themselves and Richard D. AUiger,
New York.
Horse-Rakes; R. Brown, Dayton, Ohio.
Earth-Augers ; S. H. Horn, Bloomfield, Iowa.
Machine for Bunching Asparagus; I. A. Ireland,

Bakersville, N. J.
Corn Harvesters ; G. A. Schwartz, Orangeville, Ills.
Plows ; B. C. Bradley, Chicago, His.
Churn Dashers ; W. C. Chamberlain, Dubuque, Iowa.
Cultivators ; B. C. Cox, Cooper's Hill, Mo.
Grain Drills; J. C. Daman, Elk Point, Dakota.
Seed Sowers ; R. Furnas, Decatur, Ind.
Thrashing Machines ; A. Johnston, Loekport, N. Y.

Barbed Fence Wires ; C. Kennedy, Hinckley, 111.

Mowing Machines; A. L. Little, Sheboygan Falls,

Wis.
Plows ; J. B. Norris, Richmond, Va.

Rotary Churn Dashers ; J. J. Robinson, Gibson, 111.

Feed Cutters ; R. Seelig, Chicago, Ills.

Horse-Power Equalizers; A. A. Sheets, Maumee
City, Ohio.

Corn Markers ; M. A. Throckmorton, Andersonville,
Ohio.

Potato-Diggers; E. Vanderveer, Manolapon, N. J.

Horse Rakes, CM. Clinton, Ithica, N. Y.

Farm Fences ; Wni. A. Ellasou, Statesville, N. C.

Farm Gates ; J. Golden, Bradford, Vt.

Rotary Churns ; Jas. Goodman, Pittsburg, Pa.

Horse-Powers ; L. Stewart, Camp Hill, Pa.

Portable Fences ; C. Van De Mark, Hillsdale, Mieh.

Horse-Powers ; Z. D. Waters, Brookville, Md.

Horse Hay-Rakes; R. Wilson, Ithica, N. Y.

Cultivators; W. L. Hopper, .Moumouth, 111.

Automatic Gates; R. A. Haruiug, Sterling, 111.

Machine for destroying Potato Bugs ; T. Job, Scliuyl-
kill CO., Pa.

Rotary Churns ; V. M. Merrick, Chillieothe, 111.

Cultivators ; J. H. Coombe, Des Moines, Iowa.

Harvester Cutters; K. Duttou, Yonkers, N. Y.

Fertilizers ; W. McE. Dye, Cairo, Egypt.

Rakes ; F. W. Hawkins, Ypsilanti, Mich.

Plows ; Ch. Myers, Maryville, Cal.

Fences ; S. Olmstead, Brooks, Ind.

Hay Presses; VV. U. Penuiston, Fox, Mo.

Milk Coolers ; P. Reed, Haineshurg, Vt.

Grain Drills ; H. Rucheller, Belleville, 111.

Harrows ; Jos. Kioth, .Mt. Sterling, 111.

Churn Dashers ; W. H. Silver, St. Louis, Mo.

Portable Fences; J. L. Welchaus, Aulville, Mo.

Fertilizer Distributors ; C. Bailey, Kinston, N. C.

Barrel Churns ; J. H. Dunbar, Philadelphia.

Wire Fences ; J. Haish, DeKalb, III.

Wire Fencss ; L. Merrill, Turkey River, Iowa.

Farm Gales ; T. Schneider, Fort Worth, Texas.

Hay Presses , W. H. Tappey, Petersburg, Va.

Corn Planters ; L. K. Wilter, Chicago.

'Prt-iiared expressly tor The Lancasteh Fabmeh by
Louis Itatlger & Co., Soliciloi-B of Puteiits, WasUio^ilon, D.
(J., from wiioiu complete uoi.ieaol' tae Puleuta aud Drawiuga
may be obtaiiied.

i

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS CORNER,

ITorth Queen Street & Centre Square,
LANCASTER, PA.

.\ FULL ASSOUTMENT Of

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES.
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WAHE.

SOLE AGENT IN LANCASTER COUNTY FOR THE SALE OF

The Arundel. Tinted Spectacles.

Thfs.- Spfct;u'U-H hiivf bi'fu before tin- piililic now for
«omo yrarw, uiid Uavp ^iveu entire yatinfiicliou. They are
uuquestioiiably the betit hi tho market.

WATCH REPAIRING

audGKNEUAL .lOIl WORK in all itn braiichen promptly
doae. The well-earned reputation of

or firht-class work will be fully maintained.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS CORNER,
North Queen St. and Centre Square,
7-3i;m LANCASTER, PA.

1875. PRE-CENTENNNIAL 1875.

Ratlivoii fc Piglier,

PRACTICAL

Tai[QP§ and (Slatfiiers«

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

iiii IkMM

ESXA.BI-ISH1VIENT,

Cor.N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

MASUrACTVBEB OF

It'tlltainfipttrt and Lock llnvrn,

Bill MillB— ItOKNIi ISLAM) .s: PllKT.VOK, PA.
71] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard. (i^m

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R.. LANCASTER, PA.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7~i-i-'iii r. \N(\sti:k. pa.

To Farmers and Others!

If you want to have your Scythes, Keaper Sectioua,
Sickle*! and L«wu Mowers ground and repaired, alrfO Saws
eet and filed, go to

OSWEGO rri!K

7-6-2ml

BR.A.DY'S,

1S3 EAST TTAT.yi'TST.. J.ancnater, Fa.

.Jcisii Hii.Llsos OS RoosTEKs: " KooHlcrs," nays
,T()sli Itllliiitrs, " art> the piisrlllsla nmoii^ t)lr<lB. ami, i
liiivin^ nil HUllul)lc slioiiMir to sirikr fiuui, lliryflrlki-
I'niin iIk' hfol. Whrn ii roo.stcr t'ols whipiicil, all nf
till- hens niari-li oirwilli llii' iillnT ni.isti-r, il' lu' ain't,
liall'sii liiif or so lian»uni. Tt inpliuU llial wins a In-n.
Koo.siiTs, ax a class, won't ilo cniiy lioiihc'lioUl work ;
)iiu kant t'it a rofistcr to pay any atliiitlon to a young
oia-^. Tlu-y speiui most oftliilr tinii' in iTowinir and
struttinir, and omc in awliilc tiny llml a worm, which
they make a !;rcat fuss ovi-r, callini.' tliiir wives up
I'rom a di>liinei>, apparently to treat Iheiii, hut jist az
till' hens ijit tlierc this elegant cuss liends over and
i;olililes up the worm. Just like a man for all the
world !"

A Cuif.Vdo gentleman, oecMipieil all day. Imt liav-
iiur some '• hours of leisure in the evi-nini;," instead
of advertisiiiL' for books to write up, has set u|i a
semi-sutun-ban jirivate patrol, eharsini; his nei;;hlH>rs
«4 a month for watehinvrtheir ]iremises. WhiMi askeil
whether he did not lind it rxlianslinir to work allilay
and walk round all night, he admitted frankly that
he only visited his customers once a month, and that
was to collcet. ■' But don't they lind you out f said
the ipierist. "(), no," he replied, "they hoar the
hursrlars fioiiiir round aud t'ryina: the doors, and they
think it's me."

A Tor N(i lady entered a book store and confidently
said to an assistant, " I want Mij Fallirr." The jouni;
man looked astonished. "What did you say you
wanted, ma'am f " .ff'j Father," "I don't know
him, ma'am. We don't keep fathers on ice here.
This isn't a home for decayed old ircnts, nor an iu-
ebriate a.sylum," said the assistant. "It appear.s to
he a lunatic asylum, and you're a tirst-elass Inmate.
What I want sir, is a novel called Mij Fallier." Now
this younu man colors up and couirhs and walks away
in siicnec when any of his I'ellow youni; men say any-
thing about " father.''

A ci.nitiiYM.iN informed his i)eoplc, at the close of
his sermon, that he intended in a few ilays to goon a
mission to the heathei;. After the congregation was
dismissed a nutnhcrofthe members waited for their
pastor, and, crowding around him, expressed their as-
tonishment at the new turn in his affairs, asking him
where he was going, and how long they would be de-
prived of his ministrations. He said to them, " .My
good friends, don't he alarmed. I'm not going out of
town."

"Pkaise God whom"— aii't all through the eon-
gregation there is a general stir to lind hats and draw
on overcoats, so that by the time those who have
nothing more important to do than join in the singing
have come to " Praise him all creatures here below''
— a number of these same "creatures" arc in a deadly
wrestle with sleeves and lining by a b,acUward meas-
urement of arms. .Much they are thinking about
praising the Highest '■

A YoiN-G lady in one of the stores in Terrc Haute.
Ind., Christmas' eve, was looking at a music-box that
had .just ceased playing. Wishing to hear it again
she attempted to start it, but withoiU success. " Oh,
pshaw,'' said she, " It won't go for me.'' One of the
I>roprictors overhearing the remark, stepped up and
said, " I wish I was a music-box— I'd go for you."
.■<hc told him he might go. Aud that did not seem ta
please him.

.\ Tiiiiitiiioiii.Y loyal gentleman at the South rc-
cenMv hud a new carriage, the lining of which was
L'ray! He made a call on a secesh relative. The lady
went to the door to look at the vehicle, and, noticing
the lining, said, " I like that color." " Yes," iiuli'tly
remarked her kinsman, the owuer, " it's a m'Wmm/
color."

"Suit vour eves and listen mit me," said Uncle
Van Hevde. "Veil, de lirst night I open store I
counts di' moincs and finds him nix right : I counts
liim and dere be tree gone, and vat yer link I does
den;" "I can't say." " Vy, did not count him any
more, and he comes out shoost right ever since."

A nocTOH and a preacher were bandying woi-ds on
physical prowess. "One blow from my fist," said
the 0. I)., "Would show yoti the meaning of 'blue
nuiss.' " ■' .\nd one blow i'rom mine," said the M. I).,
" would be a new and cheap method of spreading the
(Jcwpel."

" I SEE verv little of Tou," said an old gentleman
at a fashionable ball to'a young lady whom he had
not met for a long time before. " I know it," was the
artless reply," "but mother wouldu't allow me to
wear a very low-neek dress to-ulght, the weather Is
80 cold."

An exchange asks: "What becomes of all the
pinsf" If the writer of that will move around the
house in his .stocking-feet, after a day of dress mak-
ing, hewlll get more real valuable information on the
subject than all the books in the world cau give him.
Some one wrote to Horace Greeley Inquiring if
guano was good to put on fKitatoes. He said it might
do for those whose tastes had become vitiale<l with
tobacco aud rum, but he preferred gravy and butter.

-AND-

SILVER GLOSS STARCH,

I^^or tHe I_i£L-u.rLcir3^.

M VM lAI Tl'KKIl IIV

T. KINGSFORD Sc SON.

The BEST STARCH in the WORLD.

GIVES A BEAl'Tiyil, FINISH TO TlIK I.INKN, and (he
<li(TerpIiee in (yiwt iH-tween it and eiinilniin Ktnreti lit scarct-ly
hall a cent for tin oriliimry wasliiiix. .\i*k your ((ri»c«'r fur It,

KINGSFORD'S

0SWEGO CORK STAHCH,

For Puddings, Blanc Mange, Ice Cream, Etc.

Irt the oritflnal— KHtJiblinhed in iMiM. And preserve* lln
repntatiiHi ah ruiiKit, stuonokk and MdiiK mklicathj
than any other urtiele of the kind otTered,
either oV the HttOie name or with other tillew,
Htevenbon, MAfAi».\M, Ph D., etc., the hitflieHt chemical
authority of ETirope, carefully analyzed thlH Corn Htarch.
and says it ia a mont excellent article of diet, and in chemlcftl
and feediuK propertieH 1h fully efpial to the iK-at arrow root.
DirectiouH for raakniR I'uddiugw, Cuatard«. etc., accum-
pauy each one-pound packaK<*.

FtUt SAI.r HY

BURSK L HUBLEY Grocers,

7.r,.;ini EAST KING St., Lancaster.

ft '

The nnilersigned have in preparation a NURSEKYM.XNii'
IHRF.l T( IKY, iniliraeint; a lial of tie-

Nurserymen, Florists, Seedsmen
and Tree Dealers

OF TlIK ISITKI' STATES.

The work will he sold wliolly li.v K\lli>u-ripllon, llio
price of which wlU be. FIVE UoLLAKS I'EK COPY. A
limited space will be given to .\dverliiM;ineuti», at Ibe follow-
ing low rates ;

Full page, - l2S.no I One-third page, - fio.fio

Half page, - - H.IX) 1 One-fourth page, - 8.00
One-alxth pa^e, $.'i..V).

For Sample Page«, and further information, addreaa

D. W. SCOTT & CO..

7.;n,iO I'riuter" nnd ruliIiKliers, (ialena, Illi".

PE.VLERS IN ALL KINDS OP

FA.'KII.Y and I.l.liE-Bl RMX« COAI.I

Orders received at

Offlce. So. 15 East King street, and at the
7-l-l«m) Yard, No. tX'i NORTH PUINC E STKKET.

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[ July, 1875.

BUY THE BEST FRUIT PICKER!

WQB WmmEBB QHV(\

Being the owner of the County Kight for

LAMENT'S UNIVERSAL FRUIT PICKER,

I again offer it to the public, having eustained ita well-
earned reputation after a trial of four years. Address

JOHN SPANGLER, Marietta, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Price. 81. OO, Liberal difcouut to the traile.

FOR SALK ALSO BY

WM. D. SPRECHER, Lancaster.
COMPLETE SECURITY.

<^

OQ

to

to
to

/o
o

K^^

1 ^

^/;^<^^^^''"^

0)

STONE

■ \\§

F. 0. STURGIS, '^

520,522.4 524,
POPLAR ST.,

UNCA8TER, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

EstiiatesFnrnislieil

And all iuforniation con-

cemiug the ImsineaH

cheerfully given.

J*'

O
Co

o

>^

\

RXTBBER GrOODS!

THE BEST!

ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE!

THE FAMEB!!' iTIOlL

OF L-AWrCASXER.

HAVING COMl'LETED THE

lurgukr-f roof Safe Iposli

V AU L T,

ARE NOW PREPAHED TO

RENT THE S^FES,

For the safe keeping of GOVERNMENT, STATE, CITY,
KAILROAD BONDS, and other Securities, at moderate
prices, according to the eize. tS^Kooni and dests, which
are jirivate, adjoining the vault, provided for Safe Reuters.

7-5-tf EDW. H. BROWN. Cashier.

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

AGENTS WANTKI* for tlip CEXTENNIAI-

QAZATTEEE* united states

A book for every American. Sells everywhere at sight.
Farmers, Teachers, Students, Lawyers, Merchants, School
Directors, Manufacturers, Mechanics, Shippers, Salesmen,
men of learning, and nieu who c;in only read, old and young,
all want it for everyday reference and use. Shows the grand
results of the

HRST 100 YEARS of the REPUBLIC.

Everybody buys it. and At]ent--< vtakc/rom $100 to $200
a immfh. Send for circular. Address

7-5-4m] J. C. McCURDY & CO., Publishers,

Philadelphia, Pa. ('jncinnati, Ohio.

Chicago, lU, or St. Louis, Mo.

HAERISQHBEOfHlRS^CO,,

At 105 SOUTH FRONT ST.,
Philadelphia f

manufactin-e or import all the chemicals needed by farmers
for fertilizing purposes. Every farmer should write for a
Circular and order from them the goods they need for mak-
ing reliable miinnres AT HOME at comparative small cost.
No machineiy of any kind needed.

If you desire their Circular, remember to address

HARRISON BROTHERS & CO.,

10.1 SOrXH FRONT ST.,

Philadelphia, Pa.

7-7-3in

MANUrACTUREKS OF CHEMICALS SINCE 1793.

THE OLD CRESCENT BONE,

AND OTHER
RE L I ABLE

MANURES.

$6 to $3 per ton
SAVED over oth-
ers lu moisture alone. Best materials.
No rank odors from wet, oiTensive and
insoluble make-weights. Uniform in
quality and mechanical co -.dition. —
Good packages and PULL WEIGHT.
Low Prices. Foe CtucTiLARs, &c., address,
RALSTON i KlfiKE,
(Successors to J. Ralston & Co.)
7-7-2m] 170 Fbont .St., N. Y.

F»OXJLTFtY OFt.GA.N

OF

CENTRAL NEW YORK.

An illustrated quarto journal, devoted to POULTRY,
PIGEONS and PETS, BIRDS and FLOWERS, small fruits,
the garden and lawn — how to adorn the surroundings of our
homes, reuderiug them attractive — and a mirror reflecting
the taste, cultin-e aud retinemeut of their occupauts. Pub-
lished monthly at Ithaca, N. Y., at $1.00 per auniuu ; 50 cts.
for 6 months ; single coides 10 cts.

CHAS. G. DAY.
- 7-6-3m] Publisher and Proprietor.

GENXJUSTE

In Large or Small Quantities,

At LESS PRICE than charged by the General Agents of the
PeruviiiU Government. Circular, exi laiuing how I am able
to do this, with prices and full particulars, niail*;d free, on
application to

R. BALCAZAR>

p. O. Box 129. 53 Beaver St., N Y.

RICHARD LEVICK, SON & CO.,

Maiulactnrers aiJ Dealers Id

EVREY DESCRIPTION OF RUBBER GOODS,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

RUBKER HOSE. BELTING and PACKING specialties.
All sizes constantly on baud of the very best quality and
at lowest prices.

Cj^^Write for circulars and discourts.

EICHARD LEVICK, SON & CO.,

724 CHEiTNUT ST., Pliilaslelpliia.
Agency of the XATI0N.\L RUBBER CO.

K^ferenoes by Permission.

Messrs. Hobson, Hurtado h Co., »

Fiuancial Agents for Peniviau Goveniu eiit. New York.

Moses Taylor, Esq.,

President National City Bank, New York.

J. O. Tracy. Esq.,

7-C] Peruvian Consul, New York, t3ni

.A FIRST CLASS

fia&IjT Ilkstrated Mssthly,

DEVOTED TO

POULTRY AND PET STOCK

IN ALL THEIR BRANCHES.

Edited bv the Eminent aud Experienced Breeder and
Fancier, W. H. TODD, of Vermillion, Ohio.

The Nation is a wide-awake, original, practical and high-
ly valuable journal. No one who keeps pets or poultry can

AFFORD TO DO WITHOUT IT.

Only 60 Cents a Year, Postpaid.

It chibs with poultry and other journals at very low rates.

For instance, the Poultry World and Nation, are furnished,
postpaid for SI .40. Fauciers' Journal (weekly) and Nation,
S'2.50. American Agriculturist and Nation, SLCO, etc.

Our circulation is very large. A splendid advertising me-
dium. Prospectus free. Samples, (i ceuts.

Address POULTRY NATION CO.,

7-G-tf Birmingham, Erie Co., Ohio.

EDWARDS & BISHOP,

36 EAST KING-ST., Lancaster, Pa.

We respectfully ask tlie attention of tlie citizens of
Lancaster County to our splendid assortment of

£ 0 OA'S o-' .S TA TIONER Y of all kinds.

BLANK BOOKS of every description.
Foreign &" Domestic Note-papers &" Envelopes.

Mercantile Stationery — Stationers' Hardware.
School BOOKS ^ School SUPPLIES.

ENGRA I'INGS, CIIROMOS,and an elegant
Stock of general fancy goods.

AGENTS FOR

Tlie BaEcroft Scliool Fumitiire,

the test in use. Endorsed by the Phlla. Public School
Board and the State Normal School at MlUersvllle. Call
snd examine.

school Boards furnished with books and all schools
Buppllcs at the lowest possible prices.

EDWARDS & BISHOP,

At Ihf old Stand N0.36 E.KING ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

THE SCIENTIFIC FARMER,
AMHERST, MASS.

$1.00 Pun Year.

7-T-Cm

Sa^itle Copies Free.

Prof. S. S. HATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER. AUGUST 15. ^875.

PEAKSOL & SEIST, Pubii:hers.

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

ft. Imm Im.,:

. ♦ * *

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE. DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY,
WITH PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS.

Fouii'led uiuler ihe auspices of the I.anc.ister Crmnty
.VgricuUural ami Horticultural Society.

Edited Ij Prof. S. S. EATHVOIT.

With the January issue (1H75) The Farmer entered ujiou
i(p neventh year, under a cIiauRe of i)ropriftor8, the ] ublica-
tiou haviuK bet-u transferred to the underHigned, who pro-
pose to make it iu all resjiects a tirst-claBH local organ of the
iniportaut interests to which it is especially devoted.

With this \ie\v The Farmkr has been enlarged and its
form changed to the Imperial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty-four i)agns Imn.Hvo,, measuring i)|< by 13
inches, at least seventeen of which will be exclusively devoted
to reading matter, the advertisements and "standing matter"
being limited to the remauiing jiages. This increase of size
and change of fonii, together with the use of a more conii)aet
type, enables us to give twice as luucli reading matter as
was contained iu the old form.

If this effort to give the agricultural commTinity of lian-
• raster county a publication worthy of their honorable calling
is liberally seconded, we jiropose to add other improve-
ments from time to time, including illustrations of itnpor-
tant topics of general interest, and papers from si>ecial con-
tributors on the more imiiortant local induatrieH and re-
sources of the county — a wide field, which has been very
little cultivated by our local jiress.

The contributions of our able editor. Prof. Rathvon, on
subjects connected with the science of fanning, and partic-
ularly that sjiecialty of which he is ho thoroughly a muster —
entomological science-sonie knowledge of which has become
a ne«-esHi(y to the successful farmer, are alone worth much
more than the price of this publication.

The Farmer will be published on the ir»th of every
montMt printed on good paper with clear tyjte, in con-
venient form for reading and binding, and niuiled to suli-
Bcribers on the following

TERMS:

To subscribers residing withm the rounty —
One copy, one year, ..... $i,oo
Six copies, one year, - ..... 5,00

Ten Copies, one year, ....-- y.50

To subscribers outside of Lancaster county, including
I'OBtage pre-paid by the publishers:

One copy, one year, ..... $1.25

Five copies, one year, ... . . . 5,00

All subscriptions will commence with the January ntim-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All communications intended for publication sbonld be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
iu his hands by the first of the month of publication.

All business letters, containing subscriptions and adver-
tisements, should be addressed to the publishers,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street.
LANCASTER, PA.

KATE.S OF ADVERTISIXO. — Ten Ollls a
line for rnrh inMerlion. Twelve lm(» to the inch.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

FIFTEEIT ILLXJSTRATIOlSrS.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES: iai.e.

Th.' "Dnip-AVoi-m." lUuatrnUtJ, - - 11:5
Tin-' Ai.i)li-W<inn-CnaiinLrM()th. Illn>^(,'nha. 114

Thi- lVnHsylv:Miia Cmps. - - - . H",

CoMditidii ofthi' Wiu-at Crop. - - 115

Bits and Dimes, - - - - - - 115

.MeUiods, ------- 117

Snails, - - - - - - - -117

QiK-rii's Answered, - - - - - US

• Beetles, Catei pillnrs. Cloths. Si hyux.

Tlic State Airriciiltural Fair, - - - 118

The Apple, riht^frnteil. (Am. Cyc.) - - 116

Its (nigiii, Hisiory, Varieties, Diseases, fcc.

Primitive Farming, - - - - . lis

Fkask 11. Dii-FESDERFFEn, Lancaster, Pa.

Gossip on Fruit Culture, - - - - III)
Jacuu Staiffkr. Liuiciister. Pa.

Public Watering Troughs, - - - - 120

Milton li. Kmilkman, Strasburg, Pa.
Artificial Waterings, ----- VZ\)

" An ()M Husbandman," Philadeli^hia, Pa.
Ornamental Gardening, - . . _ i^O

Waltek Ei.dkk. I'hil^idelphia, Pa.

Letters, Queries and Answers, - - 121

Lilies— Rose Slugs— Pluwer sIii-h— Wine Making-
Jellies— Tin Fruit t'HUs— liutter-M*ik Cakes —
Strawberries— Seasonable Hints (/,(V>/i/u')— De-
stroying Cut-Worms, (,l. li. /v'.)- Jots and Tit-
tles'trom Dauphin County, (/>',) — Letter from
North Cart.Una (M. K.)— The Ant Peet, iHourte-

Our Paris Letter, - - - - - - 122

Farming and Stock-Ilaising i>n th<' Continent of
Kurope.
Our Local Organization, - - - 122

Proceedings ol the Lancaster County Agricultural
and Ilorliculturyl Society— County Committee
lor State Fair.
The Garden and Orchard, - - - lr24
(ieraniums— Propngalion of the Double White
Moss Uose — Stoi-j- of a Uose — \ Wonderfui Flow-
er— Ashes in (Orchards- Kxtenninatiug "Live-
Forever."
The Poultry Yard, . - - - _ 124
Ureeding Poultry for Profit— poultry at the Inter-
national Exhibition— Judging Poultry.
The Farm and the Dairy, - - - 125
Hungarian Giass — Priictioal versus Fancy Cattle
Hieeding— liutter-Muking— Loss by Weeds and
Insects — Kaising Chestnut 'i'rees — Thoroughbred
Stock Sales — IJutter and Cheese — llow DraiuH
Act— Benefits of Adverti*ing in TiiE Faumer.
Bees and Bee Culture, - - - - 12G
Time for Dividing and Preparing for Winter— City
Bee Culture— What and How to Feed Beee — To
Clarify Honey.
Domestic Economy, - - - - - 127
The Luscious. Tomato — nhtM/raO'i! — Practical Re-
cipes for Its Preparation for the Table — Eating
Fruit— To < "lean Lime out of the Tea Kettle.
Live Stock Miscellany, - . . - 1^8
Rules for Purchasing a Horse — Caution to Stock
Raisers- Sheep ou tbeFarm—FeedJbg Wheat to
Horses.
Aurora, (Poetry.) Mary F. Van Dyke, - 124
"We are Growing Old Together, (Poetry,) - 120

Jane (iRay. Lancaster, Pa.
Literary Notices, ... - - 138

The Progress of Invention, - - - - 128

New Patents lielating to the Farm, Dairy, &c.
Recipe for Preserving Posts, - - . 138
Our Fence Corners, - - . . jj^ jii

Fact and Fancy. Wit aDd Humor.

Business Announcements, - - ii, iii. iv

file jarmer^ frinling flffice.

THE LANCASTER EXPRESS,

.DAILY AND •WEEKLY,;

Tl)e Leadiij^ Local Family and Business Newspaper, and the
oi^ly Independetjl Republicaij Journal lij the County.

THE A FOUNDED f THE

WELKLY, - i;v Mil J DAILY

1843 ] PRESENT PROPRIETORS. I 1856

The Wkeklv Exprkss has lieen l>efore the citizent of
Lancaster county for a leriod of thirty-two >eurs. aiitl 1 hk
Daily Kxi'uess for over eighteen years. During this long
jieriod, and without change of management. The Kxprkk^
has fairly earned a large share of jiatronage and tirmly
establishetl itself in the public coulidence. as an upright and
indejiendent journal, never hesitating to defend the right
and denounce the wrong, no mutter where found to exist.
It has always be<'n a journal of progress, and the outspoken
friend of education, temperance, sound morals and religiun.
As iu the }Mu<t, so it will continue iu the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year,
The Daily Express, one year.

$3.00

5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any person residing
within the limitK of Lancaster cuunty we will mail —

The Weekly and the Lancaster Farnner, one year, $2-50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - - 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circulatit>n oJ Thk Mxi'Uf.ms makes it tho
l>p«t medium for advertising Ileal Kstate aixl Personal
Property in the county, a fact which can Ik- attested by h*
many farmers and others who have availed themsolvefi)
the use of Its columns, and to which wo invite the attention
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The F.xpREss printing office is one of the best fnrnishft<l
ealablishinents for turning out all kinds of printing to Imj
found in the interior of the State. We an' prejiared to
print any job from the small visiting card to the largest luhi
or horse bill, i)oster, or broadside, plain 4)r in colors, as
quickly as it can l>e done at any other establishment, and on
as reasonable tcrais. \Ve make the ]iiluting of SaU-bilU
/or Farmers a specialty, and guarantee satisfactioD to our
customers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns adapted to jiriiiting l>ookR,
l»am|)htets, ]M)sters, sale-bills, haml-biUs, millers' receiptw,
catalogtieB of live stuck, and any kiu<l of work done in a
lirst-ctasH printing ofllce; in short anything that may 1>o
called for by the fanner, merchant, banker, mechanic, or
business man, and we guaraulee to do the work as satisfac-
tory as it can l>e done in Philatleljihla or elsewhere.

With one of the most complete Job ofUces in the State,
anil unsurpassed convenlencesforexpeditiously tnrnlng out
work by the Ix-st workmen, under the personal supervision
of the proi)rietors, who are Ijoth practical jirlntera. all i>er-
sons in need of Printing will find it to their Interest to give
us a trial.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express feuildings, 22, South Queen-st,
LANCASTER PA,

<'anvn«er« Wanted for The Fabmkh, witb vbom
liberal arraugemeots will be made.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

1760. ESTABLISHED

GEO. M. STEINMAN & CO.,

26 and 28 W. KING ST.,

HARDWARE.

BUILDING HARDWARE, GLASS,
PIANTS. OILS, PUMPS,

TERRA com, IRON MflLEAE PIPE.

LEATHER BELTING,

SEEDS, PHOSPHATES, AND
FAPM IMPLEMENTS.

AGENTS FOR THE
"OHIO" REAPER AND MOWER,
WHANN'S PHOSPHATE,
FAIRBANK'S SCALES,
DUPONT'S POWDER,
HARRISBURG NAILS, &c., &c.

We have the largest stock of general Harrlware iu the
State, and our prices are as low ami terms as liberal as can
be found elsewhere. 7-3-fim

LUMiSE FOE lAEMEES,

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

■\Ve have a large stock of Lumber, and one of the most
extensive Sash and Door Factories iu the State, and we are
lireiiared to furnish Hoiino and Barn Bills complete.

."Ul kinds of Manufactured Fencing, &c., making a speci-
alty of supplying the agricultural commuuitji We will
make prices deUvered to any Railroad Station. All our
material ^iiarailtoed as represented. All manufactured
work kiln-dried and warranted not to shrink. Xl\ inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin House, North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., ou Monday of each week.

7-4-l'2m]

KENDIG, BRICKER&LAUMAN,

Middletown Dauphin co.. Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

Its.

LANCASTER, i-ENN'A.
EAST ORANGE ST.

The Invention of the WnEELBARROW : Says a
writer in the July Scribner: It takes a great man to
do a little tiling, sometimes.

Who do vuu think invented that vei-y simple thing
called a wheelbarrow ; Why, nc. less a man than
Leonanlo da \'inei.

And who was he!

He was a niusieian, poet, painter, architect, sculptor,
physiologist, eugiueer, natui-al lii.storian,hotaiiist and
inveiitiu-, all in one. He wasn't a " .Jack of all trades
and master of none," either. He was a real master
of many arts, and a practical worker besides.

When did he live i

Somewhere about the time that Columbus discov-
ered America.

And where was he born ;

In the beautiful city of Florence, in Italy.

Perhaps some of you may feel better acquainted
with liini when I tell you that it was Leonarno da
Vinci who ipainted one of the greatest pietui-es iu the
world—'- The Last Supper,'' a picture that has bceu
copied many times, and engraved in several styles, so
that almost every one has an idea of the arrangement
and position at the table of the figures of our Lord
and His disciples, though I am fold that without see-
ing the painting itself, no one can form a notion of
how grand and beautiful it is.

And only tliink of tlie thousands of poor, hard-
working Americans who really own, in their wheel-
barrow, an original " work" of Leonardo da Vinci.

Long Words : . " Rob,'' said Tom, " which is the
most dangerous word to pronounce in the English
language ?"

" Don't know said Rob, "unless it is a swearing
word."

'■ Pooh !" said Tom, '• its .>!/»o/iWcrf, because you are
sure to get a tumble between the first and last let-
ter.''

" Ha ! ha 1" said Rob. " Now I've one for you. I
found it one day in the paper. Which is the longest
word in the English language ?''

•• Valetudinarianism," said Tom, promptly.

" Xo, sir ; it's smiles, because there's a whole mile
between the first and last letter."

" Ho ! ho !" said Tom, " that's nothing. I know a
word that has over three miles between its beginning
and ending."

" What is that *" asked Rob, faintly.

'■ Bvleiti/nered," said Tom. — S7. ykhohm.

Lending a Pie: "Mother," cried Johnny,
" haven't you a pie you would like to lend to the
Lord;"

" Why, .Johnny, what do you mean ;'' she asked,
for she thouglit at first it was a Joke.

" Don't y(m remember," he said, " that the Bible
savs. • He that giveth f o the prior Icndeth to the Lord '.'
I don't believe old Betsy has had a pie for a long
tiine, and I thought perhaps you would like to have
me to take one over to her ; then you would be lend-
ing to the Lord, you know."'

One of mother's best pies went to old Betsy ; only
she was sorrv she had not thought of sending her one
before. But' if she had, she would have lost Johnny's
way of " putting it."

HiBEKNiAX Wit and Gallantry: A sudden
Sfust of winil took a paraMil from flie liaii 1 of a lady,
and a lively Irishman, dropping his I. o I uf bricks,
caught it.

••Faith ma'am," said he, "if you were as strong as
you are handsome, it would not have got away from

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

AttQrney-a,t--La.w.,

Office-204 Locust-st. House-27 S. Secor.d-st.
CatiXXIVEBIA. PA.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And .^11 nif liner of AflKELMENTS i,eatly»nd exj editiously
drawn. Cases caiefuUy and thoioughly Hied befoie

JljSTICEb OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWERS. AUDITORS.

Or iu aiiyCi.urls uf L:iiic;ster Cuuuty,
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or TiUHiees of any kiud.

CoUec'ioue, laige or smiill, ni: de u\ on a ui.iform table of
rates, iu all j.arte of tbe Uuired States.

Si-ecial facilities for Collec.ioLS ol Estates or Debts iu
Europe.

Cousultiitious and Conesj oudence conducted iu either the
Freucb, Geimaii or Eugl^h hmgu. ges.

J. F

FREUAUFF,

ColuHibia, Penna.

Iitsrgst Paid oa Daposlii.

#

n

h

H

<

i

M

H

<

All matters appertaining to UNITED STATES or CANA-
DIAN PATENTS, TIIADE MARKS, aud COPYRIGHTS,
promptly attended to. Hjh experience, Buccens a"d faithful
attentiou to tbe interests of tho.se who engage his services
are fully acknowledged and appreciated.

Preliminary examinatioue made for him by a reliable As-
sistant at \Va8biugton, without extra charge for drawing
(jr description. [7-4-tf

JOHN M. COWELL,

Copejaicer M Real Estate Apiit,

OFFICE IN LAW BL'ILl>INr.,

N. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT SIS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

MONEY TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

Real Estate of all de8crii>tion bought, sold and ex-
changed on comniiBsiou.

Loans Nfffotiated. Mortg-iges bought and sold.

J'ropertiea taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

I'articular attention given to matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

Deeds, mortgages. Briefs, IFills and all other legal
instruments correctly draftTi and handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, Lots, Farms, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-12m

you.

" Which .shall I thank you for first, the service or
the compliment i" asked the lady, smilingly.

"Troth, ma'am," said Pat, again touching the
place where once stood the brim of what was once a
beaver, " that look of your beautiful eye thanked me
for them both."

A Pi(i-.TTY Faik Story : One of the Paris alma-
nacs has this pretty story, which is referred to La-
boulaye : '• A lazy girl, who liked to live iu comfort
and do nothing, asked her fairy godmother to give
her a good genius to d<i everythiim' for her. On the
instant the fairy called ten dwarls, who dressed and
washed the little girl and comljed her hair, and fed
her, and so on. All was done so nicely that she was
happy, except for the thought that they would go
away. 'To prevent that,' said the godmother, ' I
willplace them permanently iu your ten pretty little
lingers. Autl they are there yet."

"Isii der some leddcr here for me?" inquired a
Gerniau at the general delivery window of the post-
offlce. "None7" w-as the reply. "Vhell, dot ish
queer," he continued, " my neighbor gets sometimes
dree ledders in one day, uiid I get none. I bays more
daxes as he does, und I haf never got oue ledder
yet."

He that considers how little he dwells upon the con-
dition of others will learn how little the attentions of
others is attracted by himself. The utmost that we
can reasonably hope or fear is to fill a vacant hour
with prattle and be forgotten.

at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

SPEi'I\L.\Nn LIBH:K.\L TEUMS made with parties
having chara-e or Trust and I state Funds.

CS^Goverum.ui and state Bonds, Gold, i-ilver, and
Coupons, ijuugb; and sold. 7-1 iJm

PATENTS

OBIAIiJED BEST AKD CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OP PATENTS,

■WaslaixigtoR, D. C.

irS-Address al

letters to P. O. Box 444.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

ROOFI^C4 SLA.TE.

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7_l_V_>in L.\NC.\STER, PA.

P"r^&fiilfJiATf5KpfRS0N.U.PR0RERTY,
Printed expeditiously at the otttce of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

The Lancaster Farmer

Pro£ S. S. BATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., AUGUST, 1875.

Vol. vn. No. 8.

' THE DROP WORM."

Thyridopteryx ephemer^eformis.

The " Rag-worm," aliax " B:uskot-worm,"
alias "l)i-op-\vonu," aliax "Sack-bciiror,"
alias "S;u,-k-liiincr." of llic (Jevinans. Tlii.s
is a vi'iy old insect ilcprrdator in llio (Joni-
nioiiwiall.li of rL'nnsylvania. Tliiity yt'urs a^o
wi'rcad llic n-inililication ol' a paia^'iaiili con-
taininjian allwsion niaili' to it by Riinl)raiit
Teal, of I'liiiadi'liiliia, alKint the year 1S20.
Mr. I'lal iiHTcly noticed several follicles pre-
senled to him as curiosities for his luu.seuTn,
that had Iw'tii taken IVoni a tree on the l)anks
of the Schuylkill, or the Wissahiekon ; but al-
thon.ijhlK^ knew they contained au'orm, he did
not know hut what they always rciuaine<I a
worm — at lea.st he did not know auythiu!r
about the imiKjo, or mature insect, nothiuL;
about their sexual distinctions, their transfor-
mations, their developmental pro<;ress, their
sea.sous, their destructive habits, nor yet the
kinds of trees most ^^enerally infested by them
— only a "natural curiosity."

In i>*4S we Temoved from Jfarielta, Pa., to
the city of Lancaster, and althouiih durinu; tlie
five previous years we h.ad pretty extensively
canvas.sed the south-west end of Lancaster
county and the north-east of York county, in
all that time we had never noticed the folli-
cles of this insect in .a sint;le instance. Our
lirst knowledge of it w;is in the summer of

1S4'.». The late F. J. K , one Sunday

afternoon, called our attention to the foli-
age of a larjje apricot tree in his back yard.
Tlie tive was+nll of fruit, but the leaves
were dryinjjand becoinint; faded and crisp,
and what was most sint^ular, they did not
fall to the groinul, but in the calmest
wt^atherthey would seem to be occasionally
a;::itated, and would be moved from iilace
to place with a sort of jerk: Occasionally
one or more follicles would fall from, tiie
tree, and become suspended for a time, and
then lind its way back to the tree asjain.
One of the branches of the tree aluio.st ex-
tended into a window in the second .story,
the extreme end restins; upon the window
sill, and it was "then and there" that m
discovered the nature of the " blight," and
i-ecoiinized the presence of a (/Keer .saoA', fas-
tened by one end to a leaf or a twig, and it
was then and there, too, that we lirst dis-
covered these insects, and had the first sight of
the lively lilthi larva that was snugly concealed
within the |)recincts of the follicles.

We made no further observation at that
time, hut during the sunnner of 1S.")0 a linden
tree on the corner of North (Jueenand Orange
streets was .st'riously infested, having thous-
aud.s of these follicles upon it, almost defoli-
ating it. Then we commenced a series of
olwervations, which continued for four years,
anil we examined about live hundred of the
insects and their .sacks before our observations
Were completed, and all the different stages of
the in.sect brought to view. The.se observa-
tions, witli a series of illustrations, were sub-
seipientlv published in the Pcniisi/lvaiiid Fnrm
Jtmrnal, Vol. IV., pp. HI, LVi. ^>72, then
imblished by J. L. Darlington, West Chester,
lsr>4. The only work, on American Kntomol-
ogy to which we then had access was "Harris'
Treatise on Insects Injurious to Vegetation"
(borrowed froin the .St.'ite Library by Mr. S.),
and as this contained not a single line in refcr-
ence to this insect, we availed om-.self of all the
book information we could obtain bearing
upon the subject, from Vol. VII. of the Xnt-
iinth'Ms' Lihrarij, pp. 110-115. ]ilate 0, ex-
tracted from a pai>er by the Rev. Lan.sdown
(Juildiiig, published in'the XVth vol. of the
"Tran.sactions of the Limuean Society" of
London, 1.S2G. Mr. Guilding's observations

were made on a West Indian spi'cies, in lsl7,
which he named Oihtiritx lirhi/i, and the an-
alogy between his observations and ours were
such — as well a.s tln^ figures— that we referred ,
our speeii's to the same genus. ;

From the fact that this insect had been no-
ticed in I'lMuisylvania more than tifty years
ago, and not An""'i'>i;/ that it existed elsewhere,
we named it specilically jh aiisiilriinii-ii.'y, but
our manuscript remained uiiiiiiblished for a
year or more after our observations had been
compleleil, and therefore diil not appear in
lirint until 1S.")4. Subsecjuently we found in
the October number of the j'lAit/i// C((/(ii.'afor
for ISS.'i, an account of what appeared to be
the same insect, from the pen of Dr. Harris,
in which hr had named it roiii/crwn, from the
fact that his specimens — sent to him from Vir-
ginia— had been found only on cone-bearing
ti'ces. At that period we had never found it
on cone-bearing trees at all, but subsecjuently
we did, but not conspicuously freipient to ded-
icate such a name to it. Then, and since, we
have found it on apple, cherry, pear, quince,
nectarine, ai)ricot, peach (rarely), locust, lin-
den, maple, elm, arlior-vitiu (very freciuently),
hawthorn, beach, spruce, rose and oak. In-
deed there is hardly a tree that it will not feed
upon, but it seems to be partial to arbin--vit:r,
linden and locust — at lea.st we have found it
most numerous on these trees, and on a singlfe
occasion which came under our notice it com-

pletely defoliated a mnnber of cedars in a
church-yard ; but on pines we have only found
it sparingly. When it is allowed to jjecome
numerous, it can disligiirc a tree in a very
short space of time.

WIk n Mr. Ilaworth described it, or when
he gave it tli<' scientilie name by which it seems
to be generally recognized jioic, is mor<' than
wo can tell, for we have never seen his descrip-
tion, but we suppose that his " precedence " is,
of coiu-se, perfectly legitimate. Under any
circumstances it has a " terrible long name"
for such a little subject. Oikrtiru.^, the generic
name to which wo lirst referred it, is a Greek
term and means, substantially, a solit.ary in-
habitantof a house. IVitirUhijilcryx, we believe,
has a similar significance. The specific name,
EjihnacnTfiirmiK, we presunK-, alludes to its re-
semblance of an Ejiltrmenr—a "Day-fly," or
" May-lly. " There is one fact, however, that
came under our observation, which we have
not found siH'cilically corrol>orated by others,
excei)t in a single instauce, and that w,i.s by
the late venerable Maj. LeConle, and that is,
when the male insect first emerges from the
\ni\y.i stale, the wings are all opanue and nearly
lilack, except about the iwsterior half of the
hind wings; but the motlis are so restless and
flit about .so heedlessly and vigorously, that in
a very .sliort tim(> the wings beeoiw all trans-
parent, or nearly .so. The male h;VH the power
of extending the abdomen lo an incredible
length, and while so extended, and with the

wings transpari'iit anil expanded, a faint re-
semblance to an Kjjltoiicnr may be more or
less recognizable; but in re|Ki.se the wings arc
closed against the body, and deflexed. In the
latitude of lianeaster county, and under our
ob.servations, the young are excluded from thn
eggs from the 20ili to tlu; -JSlh of May, anil
the males evolve from the ;<i(;i'i about the mid-
dle of September, but the females never come
from fill? follicle or sack alive. Almost imme-
diately after the females are ferfilized the
males die — that act seems to entirely exhaust
them. Thi^ lignres accompanying this paper
sulliciently illu.strate this in.sect in its varioiLs
stages of development not to need a more
specific description. Fig. a is the mature
larva. The head and three anterior .segments
are glo.s,sy and motth'd with black and blueish
white, and the remainder of the Inidy i8
swarthy and fleshy. Fig. h is the male jmjia,
dark brown or nearly black. Fig. c is the
female, without feet or other organs, save an
ovipositor — a mere sack of eggs, wliieh can Ih;
seen through the white skin and exti-ndiiig up
to the, very head. A ring of brown silky llo.ss
adorns the anfepenultimate abdominal seg-
ment. Fig. d is tlu' male imaijn with the wings
exi)aiided, thickly coated with dark brown, or
nearly l)laek, flossy fur or hair. Fig. c is an
opened follicle, .showing the female with the
pupa-skin removed and exposing the eggs, a
yellowi.sh white. Fig. / is the lurra in the
sack, showing the manner in which it car-
ries it about. In repose it is fiustened lo a
branch, anil the entire l)ody is drawn in.
Fig. 7 shows the young in their cone-shaped
follicles, a short time after their exclusion
from the eggs.

On one occasion the young came forth
from a follicle suspended in our sanrlum^
and it was quite amusing to notice the
agility of these little subjects of the insect
realm. Faeh jiossessed its own silken cord,
down which it slid like a sailor, until it
reached some object below, where each be-
gan almo.st immediately to construct it.s
hnliilaruJitm, out of the material at hand.
Some fell on books and constructed them
of ]iaper and leather; others fell to the
floor and used Chinese matting, with which
it was covered; whilst othei's attached
themselves to the wall and u.sed small scales
of lime "whitewash." These follicles are at
lirst cone-shapid and erect and they continue
in that position until tliey get too " toi>-
heavy ;" after which they are suspended as
seen at Fig./'. Out in the open air these in-
fantine follicles are made of the epidermis of
the leaves and brani'hes, especially the latter.
These insects arc often infested by liymcn-
oiiterous parasites — esijcciallj- si>ecies of Icil-
NEfM.vxiD.K, half-a-dozen or more being
found in a sack, each spun in a separate co-
coon, but all adhering together. We ipiestion,
however, whether they are ever destroyed by
birds, unless they swallow "sack and all;"
for the material is strong, and they have the
power of collapsing the ends, and making
their dislodgment therefrom very diflieult.

The " Bag-worm " belongs to'tJ\e creimscn-
hirious Lki'idoi'TKUA — twilight flying moths
— and the family I'syciiid.K. Ith.as an ex-
ten.sive geologicil range, having Ixien found
on Lonj Island and in other jiarts of Xew
York State, Xew .lersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Maryland, District of Columbia," Old and West
A^'irginia, North and South Carolina, Gex)rgia,
AlaViama, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mis.sonri,
Indiana. Illinois, and no doubt in most of the
.Southern and Southwi-stern States, although
in Harris' time it was not known in any of
the Kastern States.

( )ur history and ohservationi? were also |inl>-
lished in the Furmir ami (iardnur, of Pliil.l-
deli>hia, some t«u yeai-s ago, and should there

114

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August,

be a demand for it in tlie future we will trans-
fer them to the columns of The Farmeb. In
all that wo have read upon the suliject, outside
of our own experience, we have found but little
that was new to us. We are not acquainted
with a single destructive Lepidopterous insect
that is easier circumvented tlian the " Bag-
worm," if the attempt is made at the right
time. Any time between the fall of the leaves
in autumn and the leafing of tlie trees in the
spring, is the proper time, for then the bays or
follicles may be seen hanging on the naked
branches, seemingly reproaching the sloveidy
housekeeper and "cultivator for their want of
the necessary observation and energy to dis-
cover and remove them, since they are so easily
seen and removed.

It i.s true that not all of those pendant folli-
cles upon the trees may contain the eggs of
the previous season, but many of tliem do, and
each of these is capable* of producing from
three to four hundred young ; and no matter
how cold the winter has been, the following
month of May or .June is sure to hatch out a
goodly luunb'er of "leaf-eaters," unle.ss they
ha\e l)een destroyed by a parasite, of which
unhappily there "are, proportionately, only a
few. We jiresmne every intelligent and thrifty
farmer or fruit grower lias a pair of pruning-
shear.s, that is op-rated bya spring, apole and
a cord. With such an instrument he can
reach to the utmost ends of the branches of
any fruit trees, and clip off those " pandorean
boxes," and never ])ermit them to lie opened
and let out their liidden evils upon tlie vege-
talile world. According to our observations,
the females alvuijs attach their bags to a living
twig, and so (irmly too, that no rain, wind or
st(mii lias any loosening effect upon them.
Some of the males do the same thing, but not
all of them. We have always found the latter
in excess of the former by nearly one-half , and
many of these attach their follicles to a stem
of a leaf, and of course these will fall to the
ground with the leaves, but not before the
male insects have escaped therefrom. They
thus exhibit a wonderful instinct, for the fe-
males seem to frnow that their habitations
must have a permanent foundation, in order
to i>erpetuatc the species, and they make pro-
vision accordingly. As we intimated before,
the females never leave their bags alive, but
sometimes their shrunken bodies get wedjfed
into the neck below, and then, of course, the
young cannot come forth, and consequently
perish. After the females are done depositing
their eggs their pupa skins are nearly full of
them, securely packed in the silken floss which
they have rubted from the hind ends of their
bodies. Except those that were bred under
our own supervision, we never saw but a single
male insect abroad, and that one somehow en-
tered the bulk window of a grocery store, in
which a brilliant light was burning. This was
probalily one of those "discontents," in ex-
cess, that never had been mated, and had gone
abroad in search of those pleasures denied him
at home. Finally, our advice is, " first, last
and always, " to wage an indiscriminate and
simultaneous war against them.

THE APPLE WORM—CODLING MOTH.

( Carpooapsa pomonella.)
AVhen apples were generally more abundant
than they are now — or, when they were of
less consequence as a culmary contribution
than they are now — there were just as many
"apple worms," or "codling moths," as there
are at present, or as there have been at any
period since that time. AVhen we were a boy,
say forty-five or fifty years ago, we could go to
almost any ftirmer in Lancaster county and
olitain permission to carry away as many ap-
ples as we wanted — even bushels of them —
without any other expense than saying,
" thankee," only provided we picked them off
the gi-ound. The groinid was perfectly cov-
ered with them, and we could scarcely place
our foot anywhere, immediately under the
trees, without treading on one or more apples.
Fully eighteen out of every twenty of these
aiiples were infested with a pink or white

"worm," and many is the one we have bitten
in two, and perhaps swallowed the one-half of
it before we had discovered its presence ; and
many a time, too, we have "gagged" in at-
tempting to disgorge it.

Of course, the infested apples fell first, and
practically these worms were a benefit rather
than an injury, for the trees certainly could
not have matured all their fruit without this
pruning process.

The fallen apples were used to make cider or
" apple-jack," for immediate family use, and
to give away. Those that hung on the trees
were carefully picked and stored away for
winter use, or were sold ; and at least two out
of every twenty stored away contained a
worm. Nobody seemed to care much about
the worm, and few, perhaps, ever knew that it
was afterwards transformed into a "codUng
moth."

We served five years among different farm-
ers, and we are sometimes astonished that wo
cannot recall the haViitual use of apples as a
culinaiy preiiaration, except in a.p2jlf I nitter and
"schnitzund knepf." We remember distinctly
the " liuek wheat cakes and sausages, " but very
little about apples, except Vietween meals or as
a night lunch. But all this is changed now ;
apples, for the past twenty or thirty years,

have been neither so plentiful nor so sound,
nor yet so cheap as they were fifty years ago,
and this is caused by the increased population
and greater demand through new uses of this
fruit, as much as the scarcity of the fruit itself ;
and this brings the codling moth, or apple
woiTu, prominently into the foreground, and
the reason it appeal's more formidable than in
earlier days, is because there are more people
now to dispute its depredations upon the ap-
ple, and Ijecause of its somewhat diminished
domain — that is, the diminished quantity of
apjiles — making its presence at any given place
seem larger than formerly ; for if, for instance,
the apple worm in the early days we allude to,
destroyed one-fourth or one-third of the crop,
and we had still an abundance in what re-
mained, its drstructive character would not
appear so great as where, from the diminished
quantity and greater demand, it took two-
thirds or three-fourths and only left a small
residue. It is very certain that our apple crop
in Lnncaster county has, sometimes for several
years in succession, not lieen as large liy fifty
per cent, as the quantity formerly destroyed
by the codling moth, and probaljly its entire
extermination, if such a thing were desirable,
never can be accomplished until we cease to
grow apples or pears, or any other fruit that
would likely be agreeable to its taste.

The codling moth belongs to the order Lep-
IDOI'TERA (butterflies and moths) and to the
Tortrix family (Toktricida), and is supposed
to have been introduced into this country
about eighty years ago, as it is identical with
a sjiecies existing in Europe, and proliably is
now as wide in its geographical range as the
apple itself. It is said to produce two broods
in a season, but these broods, from local causes,
are sometimes very irregular in their periods,
for we have found the worm in apples ii^ early,
middle and late summer, in autumn, in early
and midwinter, and in early and late spring.
It evit'ently can adapt itself to almost any

circumstances, only so that it has apples, pears
or quinces to prey upon. The illustration ac-
companying this article will convey a suUicient
idea of its dillcreut stages of development,
without a scientific description. Fig. e repre-
sents the mature worm, about the natural size.
In its earlier stages it is white, or nearly so,
Ijut when mature it i.s of various shades of pink
in color, and is sparsely covered with short
hairs, which arise from small tubercles distrib-
uted over the different segments of the entire
body. Fig. h represents the head and first
segment enlarged, which are of a brownish
color ; Fig. d shows the pupa ; Fig. / tlicper-
fect insect in repose, and Fig. g the same with
the wings expanded, and also of the naturiU
size. Fig. i shows the cocoon, white inside,
but more or less covered on the outside with
debris of various kinds. The pupa is a light
brown, and has rows of small spines on its
back, by which it pushes itself out of its flat-
tened cocoon, when it emerges into the outer
world a perfect "codling moth." It is then a
very "pretty creature," its front wings being
irregularly streaked, crosswise, with undulat-
ing bars of bro^vn and gray, and on the hinder
angle is a moderately large brownish spot,
with lines of a bright metallic or golden lustre.
Its real beauties become more apparent under
a moderate magnifier. Numerous as this in-
sect is, and great as has been its destructive
character, it is not generally known, even to
applegr owers, and although its excavations as
a worm in the apple are anything but a benefit
to it, yet when the fmit is large, a moth may
mature in it without damaging more than an
eighth or a tenth of it, and the remainder can
be used ; but when the fniit is small, it is*
often rendered entirely useless. In this locality
the moths make their first appearance about
the middle of May, sometimes earlier, and the
females deposit their eggs in the young fruit, at
the point marked 6 in our illustrations, where
the young worms, as soon as they are hatched
from the eggs, enter the fruit and excavate it,
in the manner shown at a, also exhibiting its
channel and aperture of escape, when it has
finished its course as a worm.

If all things are favorable, these worms
mature in about a month, therefore the first
brood of the season leaves the apple from the
fifth to the fifteenth of June, and the moths
again appear between the first and the middle
of .luly; but there is no uniformity in their de-
velopment, for about the time some of the
worms are mature and are leaving the apple,
others are only hatched from the eggs and are
entering. Generally there is but one worm in
an apple at a time, but we have sometimes
found two. We believe, however, that more
than two is rarely ever found. Some apples,
of course, do not "fall, even when infested with
these worms, and even some entire kinds resist
them in this respect, but the nuijority of the
apples infested fall. Now, if these fiillen ap-
ples are gathered before the worms have es-
caped, and are fed to swine or cattle, or if
swine are permitted to have the r.ange of the
orchard, many of them will be destroyed.
They do not, like the mrcalios, leave the
aiiplcs to go into the ground, but seek a shelter
elsewhere, above ground, in which to spin
their cocoons. In crevices of the rough bark,
or under scales and chips of bark, or in bunches
of dry leaves, are favorite places for this
purpose.

Therefore, it is recommended to furnish
such places of shelter artificially, by placing
old piecesiJf cloth in the crotches of the limbs;
by tying hay, straw, or cloth bands around the
trees ; and examining them at least once in
every ten days, and then destroying the worms
and cocoons that are found there. We have
seen it suggested that old cloth bands should
be used, and every week or two they should
be taken ofl" and passed through a dothc-s-
wringer. The late broods of these insects re-
main a long time in the worm state, even
after they are spun up in a cocoon. We have
found the worm in the ain^le in midwinter ;
and wlien^ apples are kept in barrels for ship-
ment, when the barrels are opened in the lat-
ter part of winter, or early spring, sometimes

1S75.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

115

(lozons of coooons, on llio inside, will Ite
t'onnd each contiiininLj a worm, so that their
pupal period must lio comparatively short.
There anMnany interest in-r trait.s in the, his-
tory ofthe codiini: moth whieh would he more
jiroperly detailed in a work exehisively di'-
voled lo insects. The foregoing must sullice
in this place for tho present.

THE PENNSYLVANIA CROPS.

The wlieat liarvost In tills State Is nearly over. In
■ sonic of the liiliest a!;ricullural counties, such as Lan-
caster ami Cluster, tin' irc)|i is unusually IWit, ami
In tlie western uikI norlliern counties many of the
flelils are nut conslileiiil worth cutting. The extreimly
colli weather ami the seareity of snow last winter are
rcs|Kinsil>le lor the small yields. In the Cuniherlaiiil,
I.clpamin artd Juniata valleys, nhirc the Jeeii snow
eovereil the (irounil uninterruplecUy for several
months, the crop Is heavy ami eonsiileratily in excess
of MieavcniL-'e, ami in the eastern, I'enlral ;iml south-
ern counties it is ircnerally larire ami excellent. In
Dauphin ami surroumlini; counties, with one or two
exee|itions, the wheat crop has not been lielter for
several years. Oats arc almost rcaily to lie harvested.
The crop Is uniformly jjfooil, ami \\ ill be the heaviest
for live years, almost doulilins^ that of last year.
Corn, altliou:;h backward in many places, becauseof
the sprim; drouirht, promises more than an average
yield. The drought has uenenilly rendercil the hay
crop very short, especially clover. The jKitato croji
will be immense, uotwithstandlua: the ravages of the
Colorado-bug.

The ahovc, which is going the rounds of the
press, is a (air rellex of the crop status of the
■whole country. In p.a.ssing down through the
entire State of Delaware, about the middle of
July, we found all the wheat and rye harvested,
and some farmers had commenced cutting their
oals ; and while, in the aggregate, the results
di<l not seem promising, yet there were some
llelds that presented as line a " show "—judg-
ing from the number and size of the standing
shocks — as ever wc have seen anywhere, or at
any time; especially on the lands pointed out
as belonging — or having belonged — to the dis-
tinguished Clayton family; and as to p(.(icli'.i,
the great fruit staple of the .State, the crop will
be ilislnssimih/ large; and this will be augment-
ed by a coniiiarativcly large crop of peaches in
Pennsylvania and Maryland. Since that time,
we have had a conversation with our friend, .1.
11. II., of the Mt. Joy Herald, who had just
returned from an extended triiitlirough Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri,
Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado and Utah, and
he rejjresented the i!rops as generally good, in
some localities superlatively so, the drought,
the "chinch," the gra-sslioppcr and potato-
beetle, to the contrary notwithstanding. Corn,
jiotaloes and tobacco, on the whole, look ex-
ceedingly promising, notwithstanding their
late start. If tin; weather is favorable after
the see<l is planted, late planting nmkcs but
little dillereiice in tlie perfection of the grain
or fruit. A very striking instance of this kind
came under our observation the present sea-
son. As one of the ellects of last winter's
cold, wc have a grape vine that only liegan to
put forth its leaves on the first of June, when
other vines in i>r(iximity to it were already in
bloom, and, of course, we ntiturally supposed
these wouUI be a month behind the others all
througli the season, but this is likely to be
otherwise. When these late ones were in
bloom, the others had already clusters of graiies
with the berries as large as marrow fat peas;
but now^ (August 10) there is no distinction
whatever between them. IJotli are Isabelhi,
and boih bid fair to rijien at the same time.
Of course, if the retarding causes continue,
there will be a diU'erence in the ripening peri-
ods, corresponding with the starting period,
but if other things are favorable to natural
tlevcloiiment, the outcome will lie alike in late
or early i)lantiug, budding or blooming.

In a recent conversiition with Col. B., one
of the Kansas "colonists" who left Lancas-
ter a few years ago, and who has returned to
Pemisylvania to fill an aiiiiointment at Beth-
lehem, he informed us that the agiicultural
prospects of Katisas never were better than
they are now. notwithstanding the depr(>da-
tions counnitted by the '• Hocky Moimtain
Locusts " last year. The second brood of these

in.sects are a sort of "mules," and an; inca-
pable of procreating a third brood. MoriMiver,
they iH'conie infested liy a species of parasite,
wliieh either destroys tln^m or renders them
abortives Besides, our country is so vast, and
so diversified in its soil and climate, that a
general I'ailnie in the crops is an ahini.st impos-
sible event. .Villi to lliis, our int-woik of ex-
tended railroiids, canals, ami lake and river
navigation, is so great, our means for the dif-
fusion of knowledge so ample, and our other
facilitii'S generally are so multitudinous, that
when a failure in tin' crops occurs in one State
<n' district, the deficit can be easily ami promptly
supplied by anothttr one more tiivoiably situ-
ated, and this almost without limit.

Bad as things are ri'presented in Lanca.stcr
county the ine.sent .sea.son, before the end of
it conies, it will be fouml th;it the crops will
result in their usual equalization, unless some
improbable and nnforseen calamity should
suildenly previMit it.

In this connection we would state that the
oats, corn and potatoes, of Lancaster cotmty,
including also the tobacco, priunises iui aver-
age yield. 'J'he wheat, rye and hay will be
sliort, but the (piality was never better, and
the prospects nmv, for a "second crop " of hay
are as good as usual. Mr. Milton B. Eshle-
man. of Paradise township, sent to us two spe-
cimens of oats as fine as wc have ever seen.
They were of the varieties known as the ".skin-
less " and the " potato oats. " The former wa.s
fotu' feet tall, and the latter four and a half
feet, and the seeds of the latter were as plump,
heavy, and abimdant as usual. The skinkss
variety was, perhaps, not so prolific. The
grain of this kind conies from the husks or
glumes, naked, like wheat or rye. Fronithrei;
grains of this variety, distrilmled tlirough tho
Agricultural deimrtinent, he raised seventeen
large stalks, as bi^fore stated, and each con-
taining the usual quantity of seeds. Oats in
general will be short in the straw, hut the
yield and the weight of grain will lie far bet-
ter thtiii was at first anticipated. The general
garden and late field crops, are abundant and
of an excellent quality. Potatoes, jieas, beans
and cabbages were never better at this season
of the year, and radishes are a drmj. On the
whole, it seems almost profane to indulge in
lamentations.

Condition of the Wheat Crop.

A despatch from 'Washington says that the
returns of the Department of Agriculture
for Jtdy 1st show the condition of sjiring
and winter wheat together at about 82
per cent, on an average!. Winter wheat, in-
cluding California, average 74, and spring
wheat Ufi. The sjiring wheat States in the
Northeast and Northwest are generally in
high conilition. Of the winter wheat area, the
South Atlantic and (iulf Slates ixw generally
above the average, but in the Middle States
the conditioH is very low. New York ranging
down to 45. West of tho Allegheny the jiros-
pcct is bv'tter, the State average being be-
tween 71 in Ohio and 95 in Iowa. California
reports winter wheat at 70, and spring w'licat
at 55.

BITS AND DIMES.

There are comparatively few of us, perhaps, who
are not in the habit of usin!,'irapro|>eranil untrramina-
tieal words and expressions, kiiowini; them lo be
such; many of which, through Inrces of habit, have
become so common a inoiii; the masses, that they seem
almost excusable; yet here in Calilornia there are
some which stand out so proniiiient that they sccni
almost unpardonable. The most universally adopted,
yet inexcusable word for business pe<iple — men and
women of sense — to ust', is " bits," wlien applied to
money — twelve and one-Iialf cents — just as bad and
no worse than " levy,'' the name commonly made use
of for the same sum in the .Suit hern States. Now I
neither know nor care how, why, when, or wherefore
those terms eainc into use; it is enough to know that
there are no such denominations in federal money —
a.H moat school children are tloubtless aware; there-
fore I woulil humbly suggest that " children of a
larger growth" discard the use of the outlandish
words, " bit " and " levy " altogether, and, as loyal
AmerU'au citi/ens, adopt in tln'ir stead, dime^ and
cents, that our brother cilizenK from other States, may

not feel that Ihey have entered a foreign country tho
moment they commence \m do business in Califurniu
or the .South.

The above extract wo clip from the Colifor-
nia correspondence of the ('<im]> Niir.i of May
1st, 1S75, on till! monetaiy system of tho
"(iolden State." Wi! admire the writer's
liatriotii; zeid, but we think any attempt to
reform the: coin nonuMickituie of ;i siH'cio-
circulating community, will only Ik- an exhi-
bition of Don (Quixote's attack on the wind-
mills, and <piit<! as inelTectual.

He need not have gone so far iW California
to find ;i field of laltor of that kind, for the.
term "bit" isstill used nearer home. .Mthough
the terms "lip" and "levy" were very
generally used in Pennsylvania almost up to
the period of the last suspension of specit; pay-
ments by {.]]!• banks, yet, forty years ago, and
at a more recent dale — pi'i haps at the |iri'Sent
lime — the U'tiwa jiicHi/urK and Ijit were applied
lo half dimes an<l dimes, and to the Spani.sh
and ^lexican sixteenths anil eighths of a ilol-
lar^ — commonly called "sixpence" and "eleven-
])ence"— all along the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers, from Pillsbiirg iiml St. Louis down to
New Orleans. Therefore California is not re-
sponsible for the oriijin of these names; they
were carried over along with many other vul-
garisms by emigrants from this side of the
Pocky mountains, and they will probably re-
main where thej' are forfy ye.'irs longer.

Indeed, we think that "i>ieayime'' and
" bit "—especially t he latter— are likely to sur-
vive longer, and will be more diirt^Ih to eradi-
cate than " lip" and " levy " have. In this
fast age people adopt things " for>4iort," and
it has always been a my.stery to us how the
term pirayxne became so general along tho
Ohio and Mis.sissippi rivers, seeing that it i.s a
word of three syllables. In some i>arts of New
York State the terms "sixpence" and "shil-
ling" are still used for our fractional currency,
although the originals which these terms re-
presented have Ijeen long replaced by our pres-
ent intjier i.ssne. To effect ;i thorough reform,
the whole population must engage in tho
work; and especially merchants and shopmen
of different kinds, must fix and name their
prices, in accordance with our national denom-
inations. Tliric cents, fire crnts. and ten <nxts,
are too long forour people, and if Jmu liecoines
ever universally adopted, it will be because it
is short.

The suspension of specie payments and the
issue of fractional currency, have done much
in displacing the terms Jip, hit and levy, but
still the terms ilimc ;ind half-dime are hardly
ever used, except as a " tla.sh " term. It is
wonderful how tenaciously we adhere to old
names, even when their significance hits iiassert
away.

Some years ago, seeing that the iieojile vnuld
insist on short names, a verj' learned and in-
telligent authority suggested " tbriii " for tho
first three cent pieces coined, and " (ip " for
the five cent pieces, "dime" being deemed
sullieieiitly short and expressive ; but, to use
a vulgarism, he might as well have attempted
to " imniii thunder," as to get the people to
listen to it or heed it.

These things are not only so in regard to our
money nomenclature, but they also perviulc
many other things in the aiiplication of com-
mon names. Even with the destruction of
millions of dollars worth of property by the
"Rocky Moimtain liocusl.s " in the AVestcrn
States, and their identity with the "Egyptian
Locu.sts," peo])le still insist on calling them
(jrasshopiicrs, and in applying the name of
Uicxcst to an insect that cannot possibly (at any-
thing, and cannot even suck anj-thing, except
it is in a llnid state, and is i-arely or never
seen doing even that.

More, much more light must yet lie ditVuscd
on all subjects, and thai light must find a plane
for its reception and its elUux, iM'fiu-e Ihero
can he a thorough and practical reform in any
department of human life and action. These
views may not te "loy;il," but they arc —
FACT.

Ocpse always (lock together,
Eagles are usually solitary.

116

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[Aupjust,

THE APPLE.

Its

Origin, History, Varieties, Habits, Dis-
eases and their Remedies.

The Apple is the fruit of Fyrus mahis, of
tlie natural order Kosace.e. Although the
apple is mentioned in the Bible, and by Pheo-
plirastus, Herodotus and other ancient writers,
it is probable that other fruits were designateil
by that name. Even now the word apiil

ally tinged with red and are sweet-scented ;
the fruit is more or less' depressed at the inser-
tion of the peduncle; woody threads (10) pass
through the fruit, being regularly disposed
around the 2-.") carpels, which contain two
seeds each. The apyile tree is very tenacious
of life, many specimens hearing fruit in this
country at an age of nearly two hundred years,
and the best artificial varieties last from fifty
lo ciglity years.

Gravenstein Apple.

The Graveustein ie large ; flattirt round ; the Bkin very Bmooth a^d fair of a ■»'lj;"»\yf 7 B^°"" J "\°fS u.yovou
with a brUliant red, Renerally in stripes ; stem short, rather stout, l.i a deep, rather broad, ■'"^ >'°"'^^^^'^}:^^ "" "™^
cavity ; calyx large opou, in a wide, deep, uneven basin ; flesh whitish, very juicy, crisp, of a high siuightly, vnjous
flavor ; rather acid early in the season, but when fully ripe and meUow it becomes mild and pled8.mt.
lout for the table m i f or cooking. In use during September and October.

It is both oxcel-

used to designate a fleshy fruit, as the love-
apple (tomato), pine-apple, rose-apple (myrla-
Cfrt'). The derivation of the word is curious.
Anglo-Saxon (qil (German npfel)^ one of the
few names of our common fruits not derived
from the Latin or French, is, according to Dr.
Prior, of common origin with the Zend and
Sanscrit ah or f/p, water, and phala, fruit.
The Latin pnmum, from the root po, to drink,
would ako signify "a watery fruit." What-
ever be the parent country of the apple, it was
doubtless of E.astern origin. Pliny mentions
the crab and wild apples as small and sour, so
sour "as to take the edge from oil' a kuife" ;
hut some, he says, are remarkable for their
"line flavor and "the pungency of their smell."
Many varieties were cultivated alioiit Home,
and they usually bore the names of those who
originated them ov grafted them. More tluin
twenty sorts are mentioned by Pliny, but none
of these, if in existence now, can be ideutitied
from his brief and imperfect description.'
Probably the Romans introduced the aiiple
into Euglanil, as well as the pear, but the
early cliioiiicles are silent as lo its subsequeut
history in tliat country, until after the estab-
lishment of Christianity, when the monks and
heads of religious houses planted orchards, and
thenceforth the fruit became common. The
early settlers of America brought apple-trees,
and an island in Boston harbor, where they
weri: jilanted, still bears their name. The In-
dians h(;lpii(l to spread the fruit through the
country, and "Indian orchards" are common
throughout New England.

"VVliether in the wild state or cultivated, the
apple is by no means a handsome tree. The
stem is slow-growing, low-branching, with
rigiil, irregular brandies, in many varieties
pendent to the ground ; the bark, after the
tree has passed its early 3'outli, becomes rough
and scaly ; the diameter of the head is usually
greater than its height, which seldom exceeds
thirty feet ; the leaves are broad, tough and
rigid, those of sweet-fruited trees l)eing usual-
ly ol' a darker green ; the blossoms are gener-

Western Russia.
P. carfmaria, or

"Various species of the genus Pt/rus grow
spontaneously in Europe ; the P. malus is
found as far north as (30° in
In the United States the
American
crab apple,
is abundant
in the Mid-
dle States
and south-
ward ; it is
about twen-
ty feet high,
a n d t h e
hi ossom s,
which a p -
jtearin May
and are
large, rosi -
colored am
sweet scent-
ed, are fol-
lowed by a
greenish-
yellow, fra-
grant fruit,
about an
inch in di-
ameter. The
apple does
not grow
very well
in warm cli-
mates, and
although
cultivated
in China
and India, it
is only in

the cooler and mountainous parts tliat it lives
long, and the fruit is less abundant and in-
ferior ill (piality. In the Hawaiian isltinds the
apjile trees planti-d some years ago 'seem to
have entirely cliaiigfd tlieir habit of growth,
and s(!nd up long, vertical, alnifist branchless
.shoots. Wherever the apple occurs in its truly

wild state, it is usually armed with thorns
while young.

New aiitl choice varieties of apples are ob-
tained by planting seed, as about one in 10,-
(100 of tlie resulting trees will prove better
than the original, and a desirable kind onco
obtained may be continued by grafting or
budding. In cidture deep limestone lands axe
the best, as indicated by the analysis of apple
wood and bark by Prof. Emmons, who found
in one hundred parts of the ashes of sap wood
sixteen parts potash, eighteen lime, seventeen
phosphate of lime ; in one hundred parts of .
the ashes of hark, four parts potash, lifty-one
lime. The young trees should be planted in
holes of considerable size and depth, setting
the tree at the same depth it was in the nurs-
ery, taking care to replace none of the barren
subsoil, and covering the surface of the ground
with a mulching to retain water or liquid
manure, which may then be applied without
danger of caking the earth about the rootlets.
The distance between trees should be from
twenty-five to forty feet, according to variety,
some spreading much more than others. Usu-
ally the trees are planted too closely ; and the
system in New England of lining the stone
walls with these trees lias much to commend
it, as the walls retain moisture and alscj tillow
the leaves and snow to drift and accumulate
at their sides, thus supplying needed nourish-
ment to the trees ; and, moreover, as the rocks
wear awtiy they replace the potash in the soil,
or, if it be a "limestone rock, the limestone
which the tree so much needs. Apple trees
will not grow well in wet soil, nor where the
sod surrounds them; the gi'ound should he
stirred up about the trees and well manured
with plaster or animal manures, as indicated
by the soil, for several years after planting.
Alkaline washes on the trunk will preserve
the even green bitrk until the tree is ten or fif-
teen years old. The rich soils of the Western
States yield apples of unequaled size, but the
flavor is inferior to those produced on eastern
limestone soils, or where the proportion of
vegetable matter in the soil is less, and that of
red oxide of iron greater. Dwarf apple trees
are sometimes cultivated for hedges or orna-
ment, and the Chinese raise the tree in pots.
Many varieties grafted on the wild crab do

I

Hubbardston Nonesuch.

This apple is a fine large winter fruit, which originated in Hubbardston Massachusetts, and is of excol-

Icnt .plu i y. The tree is vigorous an.i bears very abundantly, ami .8 worthy of oxtensive ouUure F.mt

large; roundish, oblong ; skin smooth, with irregular broken strips of bright aud pale red, which nearly

cover o yellow ground ; flesh yellow, tender. Juicy and highly flavored.

well and arc dwarfed ; but in Eurojie the fa-
vorite slock for dwarfing is the French ))ara-
dise apple, a naturally small tree, or the Eng-
lish dnuzuhi. In Eiigland and France the
trees are trained on walls, as espaliers am
balloon-shaijed, to insure rijieuing ; but in the
Ihiiteil States no such precaution is necessary.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

117

Of oniainoiitall)li>ssi)iiiiii}{!ii'i'lp trees, tlusconi-
111(111 cial) and llie iloulili'-llowcrcd Silierian
crab, liiitli rcil ami \^■l^il(^ aiv iniicli ciiltivaU'd.

Tlic \v(ii)d ol'ilic aiipk'-treo, in its wild .stale,
ia fiuc-fjraiiK'U, liard, and of a li;j;lit-l)n)\vii
color; and, in i>xcci>lion to tlic general rule,
tlic cultivated wood is of a still linerand do.ser
ftrain, weii;hiiifi in tlui iiropoitioii of about
si.vty-six to forly-livu of the wilil wood. In a
Ki'een .state the wood wei;,'lis from forty-ei^'lit
to sixty-six pounds i>er euliie foot, and it loses
ill di'viiiir about a tenth of its weijjht, and
fniiu iiii eighth to a twelfth of its bulk. It is
iiineh used by tiiriieis, and for the luaiiufae-
tnre of shoe lasts, eofjs for wheels, and some
kinds of furniture ; stained black and poli.shed,
it passes for ebony ; and the wood of the roots
is eut into thin sheets or vcneci-s for interior
decoration.

Thi^ apple as an article of food is iirohably
unsurpassed, except by tlu; banana, for its
a;;reeable and nutritive properties. Unlike
most tropical fruits, it reijuires no trainimj to
iK'conie acceptable to the palate, and whether
liaked, boiled, made into jellies, or preserved
with cider in the shaker apple .sance or apple-
biitti'r. is popular everywhere. The exporta-
tion of Xew Kngland ice was accompanied liy
the exportation of Nt'w lOnglandapiiles, which
are better suited for this purpose than AV'est-
ern ones ; and at the ice ports of China and
India, American apples are to bepnreha.sed in
as fine a condition as in our own markets.
American apples always command a good
price in Kngland. Every farmer cuts and dries
a supi>ly of apples for use in the late spring
and early summer, and immense ipiantities of
apples are pared and cut by machinery, and
slowly dried in ovens or in the sun, furnishing
an important article of trade. The flavor is
much injured by long exposure to the sun.
AVheii properly prepared, dried apples will re-
main good for live or six years, if kept in a
dry place ; and for use it is only necessary to
soak them in water a short time previous to
cooking. Crabapples make the best jelly, and
are also much used for a sweet pickle. The
riii^inc compose of the French is made by boil-
ing aiijiles in nuist or new wine. I?y mixing
the juice with water and sugar a light fruit
wine is obtained. Cider in the Ignited States
has never acquired much celebrity from the
care of its manufacture, as it has usually been
made from the refuse of the orchard. That
made from wild apples or seedlings is much
the best. In England, in the counties of Here-
fordshire, Woreestei-shire and Devonshire,
much cider is made of superior qnalitj*. To
these uses of the apple it may be added that
a mixture of apple pulp and lard was the origi-
nal iionuUum.

The orchard products of the United States
(mostly apples) are stated in tlie census re-
turns for ISTt) to be worth $47,.'i;ir),189. Jilore
than a million acres an^ under cultivation as
orchards, but many more acres of hilly land
might be used i)rolitably for this purpose,
where no other fruit would grow well. In
New England the crop is apt to be irregular,
and some yeare the abundance is so great that
the fruit will not pay fc)r picking and sending
to niarkit, and is used for cider or to feeil
swine. The apple-tree is not subject to disease,
and years ago the fruit was perfectly fair and
uninjured by worm or caterpillar, in N'ew f^iig-
laiKl, as still in ( )regon and the West ; but now
the Tiorer [Smnnla biviUdIa) attacks the .stem,
perforating it a little above the ground; the
woolly aphis attacks the tender shoots; the
caterpillar (C/ii-iwYij/ipa Amcriraiia) builds its
cobweb nests and devours the leaves ; the can-
.ker-worm {Anisoptcryx v(nt<ttn) also devours
all foliage ; the api)le moth {Carji'inyisa pum-
(titriii) lays its egg at the e<lge of the calyx,
and the larva when hatched enters the fruit ;
and the bark louse {t-orrus) attacks the hark.
The borer in.ay Iw destroyed, as well as the
bark louse and aphis, by pota.sh washes (li lbs.
of potash to 2 g-allons of water), if applied
when till' egg is unhatehed ; hut after the borer
h;us entered the stem it may bi^ killed by thrust-
ing a wire into the hole. The apple moth is
destroyed by feeding all the fallen apples to

swine, thus preventing the larvio from enter-
ing the earth, where they undergo tluur trans-
formation.* The caterpillar eomes from eggs
laid in the fall on the smaller twigs, encircling
them, and, as the whole coiiiinnnily collects in
the nest, may be burned by torches on poles
thrust among the branches. The canker-worm
is not .so easily managed, from the vast number
of its armies. As the females are wingless,
they may Iw prevented from ascending the
stem to lay their eggs, when they issue from
the chrysalis in the ground at the base of the
tree, by lar or any viscid substance that will
entrap them, and by digging around the trees
in the fall and exposing the pupie to the
weather.

The varieties of apples suitable for growth
in dilTercnt parts of the United States have
been mad(^ the subject of many ('xperiinents
by the best pomologi.sts ; and the Xational
I'omologiial Society, founded in ISoO by the
late A. J. Downing and others, has i)ublislied
the results. To these reports, and to the pub-
lications of local societies, cultivators are re-
ferred for the best kinds for orchards in their
vicinity. For general cultivation, the Wil-
liams "Favorite, a laige led apple, the I'orter,
Newtown I'ippin, Early r>ougli, Itid Astra-
chan and (iravenstein are recommended for
fall use; whilelor wiiiterthe Baldwin, Uhode
Island Greening, Danvers Whiter Sweet, Fa-
nieuse, Ilubbardston Nonesuch, Northern Spy,
Spitzenberg, Minister, Vandevere and llox-
bury Russet otter a variety both for cooking
and dessert. For exportation, the Baldwin,
Khode Island Greening, Newtown I'ippin,
Sjiitzenberg and Swaar are most in deimind.
In the Boston market native apples command
a higher price than Western ones, although
the latter are usually larger and fairer. Ap-
ples are commonly sent to market in barrels,
whieh weigh about 150 lbs.; and I'liuy says
that this was one of the two fruits known in
his time that could be preserved in ca.sks. On
the Western coast, however, apples are always
marketed in boxes .somewhat smaller than
standard orange boxes, holding about a bushel.
^W. T. JJriiiham, Esq., Boston, inApplcton^s
New Americtxn Cydoxxdia.

METHOD.

Of course, much is due to method in the ac-
complishinent of labor. There are many peo-
ple among all classes of .society, who can'never
lind time to either read a page or write a sin-
gle paragraph. These people have it ever upon
their tongues, that thi:y have no time for these
exercises. It is only neces.sary to say that such
people cannot possibly make much progress,
either mentally, morally, or intellectually.
Not because they have not time, however, but
because they have not the trill. No one can
become an intelligeni, discriminating, and
self-denying Christian, that does not nad. In
manyca.ses (Jod's word and the precepts there-
in contained have no more ellect upon their
life and conduct than water has upon a duck's
back. It is evident that they have not the
icill, from the fact that as soon as they have
a little spare time, they spend it on the door
step, or in some dark window recess, and gaze
listle.sslj' and gaddingly into the street ; and
thus rust their lives out in the darkest illiter-
acy and ignorance ; and they have no com-
punctions of conscience at all, that they are
doing wrong or that that wrong will one day
react fearfully upon themselves. Such a habit
may be refortiud in youth, but when it becomes
conlinned in old age, it may then well be .said,
"Can the Ethiopian change his skin or the
leopard his .spots V So may they dogooil, who
are ua:n.<t'rii(i:d to" do evil." We do not bj- any
means infer from these remarks that all the
intelligent are goo<l and all th<' ignoi-ant or
illilinatc.are evil ; but, if an intelligent person
is evil, it is not fcfca».sc of his intelligence ; and
on the other hand if an ignorant person is

"riio al)i>v,.> Ih n iiiiKHtntt'iiicnt in r»f{;tr(l to tlio niotb that
ftttjickw thi>/rftiVof (hf apple. Ua larva nrrT go«*< Into the
Ciirlti. Till) writer t'vulvutly baH ronfotiuilcd Iho C«rrw/io
(which .iIru iufcflte the ujiple) with the apjile dioth, whoso
natural hititory aiul U<ilfltH <hiv paKc lU) are treated at large
iu a leading article iu tbiH uuinljur of TuK Fabmeu.

good, it is not brjausc of his ignorance. In-
(heil there are many intelligent iieopU- in the
world.souiiiler the dominion of self-aggrandizo-
liieiil, that they '/o-irt the ni;l.s.ses to Ik- ignor-
ant that they may enjoy a monopoly of intel-
ligence, and subortlinate the ignorant miuwea
the more easily to the ailvancemeut of their
own ambitious cutis ; and there are many ig-
norant or illiterate ones, too, who settle down
in the belief that intelligence is a speiaal gift
in which they can possibly never be |)artaker«,
anil hence Ihey never cultivate even the mil
to 111- anything but ignonint or illiterate.

The foregoing relleetions have been elicitetl
from having recrived a contribution from a
farmer's wife, in which she remarks that "Peo-
ple are .so ignorant here, that they lianlly tako
even :l weekly newspai)er in their liou.seH,
while I read live weeklies and Tun Fa kmick
oviT and over, and sometimes two or three
books out of the library. I do all the work in
a family of seven, and still have liint' to return
occasional visits." IX'pend uiion it. that wo-
man has method, and mainly tlirougn ini-thod
is she able to accomplish so much. Ilei-s can
not be a iniu-ely impulsive, aimless and random
life. She iloes not defer until lo-inonow what
oiojht to be done to-day. She does not frillcr
away the early iiortion of the day or evening,
and then "owl it" into the late hours of the
night, in doing what ought to be ilone in the
earlier hours of the day or evening. Such a
one is capable of moral regenia-ation through
the ijentler preceiits of Divine truth ; whilst
her ignorant and obdurate sister can only be
ajiproaelied through " the thumlersof Sinai,?'
in some death or other calamity in her house-
hold ; and even then she may only be teiiiiK)-
rarily awed, but not refonned.
*

SNAILS.

One of the sfntrular imltistvics pursued by tlic Paris-
inns is tliat of fattcnim; snails lor I he market. Tliat
llje ileniauil lor this article of diet Ik lariti: Ih pnjved
Ijy the fact that a (rreat iiunilierof jicrsoiis liml pnifit-
alile ciiiployment in furuisliing an ailei|uate supply.
Most snail-breeders, who carry on their liiislncss out-
fide the " barriers" of Paris, fatten the inolluskB in
tanks, but some prefer to keeji the creatures In the
0]ien air. The preserver In which snails are fed Is
di\ided into eight or ten seiiarate liielosures, each of
which is surrounded by a line of saw-dust four Inches
broad, and I'rcslily laid eacli moniing. This simple
hedffc is an cflVelual barrier to the paeea^re of any
helix tempted to indulife vajraliond proixMisities and
stray lieyond the boundaries of its allotted precincts.
Eacli ilaily consiKument of snails Is tlejiosited In ono
ofthe parks or inelosure.s, and is left to fast for 4S
hciurs. After this they are removed to another park,
where they are provided with abundance of fen k1, con-
sisting of cabbaffes, lettuce, endives, thyme and vine
leaves. I'urifled by their proliniiriii fast, the snails
eat with voracity, and In eiiiht nr ten days are fat
enough to satisfy the eye and taste of a Parisian epi-
cure. The tax upon fatted snails is very small, but
It is estimated that, were the levy to be raised toonc-
(|iiarter of that set ui>on oysters, and fifty snails to be
counted as one dii/.en bivalves, the revenue aiinu.illy
arisimr Ircim theirconsuniption in Paris would amount
to U'0U,0(I1I francs.

It is stated that a diet of snails reduces a man's
flesh until he becomes a mere skeleton. The edible
snail of the (iold (.^oast has a shell three Inches loiiit
by two inches deep. From this he protrudes a pair
oi" tentacles four inches in Icnirlh. These t^'iitaelcs
arc the choice part of the animal, and arc served
whole In that savory com|K>uiid called snail soup.

.'^hrinip-lishiiii; is al.so an extensive industry In
France, and Is mostly pursued by women. The
shrimps are plentiful on sandy shores, and the fishers
wade knee-deep into the sea, pushing tiefore them a
lu't hi the form of a wide-mouthed ba^ sewed around
a hoop, and fasteiuHl to the end of the |KiIe by means
of a cross-piece. A ba;; tied around the waist receives
the animals as they arc eaUKht. In the winter the
shrimp retires to deeper water, and Is there captured
in nets drawn by boats. These nets are now made of
galvanized wire, which resists the action of the water,
anil Is a ;rreat Iniprovement U|Kin twine Shrimps
are sonietimes left by the relirlni; tide in sandy pools,
and when alarmed will bury themselves In the sand
by a dextennis movement of their fan-like tall. In
feedini; they irrasp their pn-y by the short rake-llkc
apiHiidaLTS between the claws pnijier and the tail,
and pass it alons; tip to the claws, and so on to the
mouth. The choice between shrimps and snails as
IViod Is a mere matter nf taste. Many ikthohs who
partake ofthe oni' reject the other with loathing;, l>ut
there seems, in fact, no rea.»on why both are not as
cleanly and wholesoihc as the oyster.

The snail is a univalve uiollusk, and Ixilongs

118

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August,

to the geinis Helix, of wliicli our common land
snail is au example ; and we have seen many
a larsjie "fat fellow" in Lancaster county that
no (ioubt would have made a Frenchman's
"mouth water." The oyster and the clam
are hivahcs, and belong to the genera Ostrca
and Martra. Nearly everobody admits that
the bivalves named are most excellent shell-
fislies, esi)ecially the oyster ; but no reason can
be assigned why a bivalve moUusk should be
more "toothsome" than a MMM'a're,- and this
may also run along down or up the scale, until
we reach shrimps and grasshoppers. Aprapos
on this subject, on our visit a year ago to Del-
aware, Bay we captin-ed some prawns and
shrimp.s, which we preserved in alcohol. They
were originally nearly white, but turned red,
like a boiled crab or lol)Ster. We also captured
a number of white, or nearly white, grasshop-
pers, on the sandy fiats, wliigh we also pre-
served in alcohol, and these also turned as red
as the shrimps and prawns, showing that
chemically tlieir substance must have been
nearly the same. We merely give this as a
singular coincidence, for what it may be worth.

QUERIES ANSWERED.

S. r. E. The brown earthy, cocoons and
brown pellets, resembling "ryecoflee" — which
you took out of the deca.yed portion of an old
apple tree, in June last, are those of a Calcop-
icroiis insect, belonging to the section Lamel-
livornia, and the family Cclonkuhv. The beetles
— seven in number — issued from the cocoons
between the 12tli and 20th of July. They are
fine, large specimens of Osmoderma eremirola.
Like all of their family they are only found in
old wood that is very far gone into decay. The
pellets are the ferces of the larva'. The larva
which we took out of one of the cocoons is a
yellowish-white crescunt-shaped "grub," with
brownish head and feet, and the anal end of
the abdomen much enlarged. The ]mpa is daik
brown, but could not be well described with-
out an illustration.

J. Z. The "curious" caterpillar, of a vel-
vety, olive-green color, and with two eyeliko,
and eye-brown-like spots on the front of the
body, which you jiicked up off the pavement,
and under tlie silver poplar tree, was the larva
of a butterfly, known among entomologists,
under the name of Papilio turnii.s, or one of its
varieties, of which there are many.

The butterfly is four inches across the ex-
panded wings, of a pale orange-yellow color,
and marked with black — rather pretty, and
commonly called a " swallow-tail."

H. C. The large moth which you captiu-ed
on the piazza, was the " Satellite moth" (Phi-
himpebts satcUitia) the larva of which infests
tlie grape vines, usually known as the " Grape
Sphynx," although there are several species
of them.

I. B. A. Your "bug" is a beetle. (Gym-
netis nilida), known amf)ng hjysas the " Gold-
smith," or "tJold-bug." It belongs to the
Cetonians, and the larva is one of the white
grubs found both in the ground and in decayed
wood. Some cruel Ijoys arc in the habit of
tying a string to one of their legs, "just to see
them buzz."

I. S. G. The larvec sent to us about the mid-
dle of July last, and which were on Mr. M. 's
grajx', vines, Marietta, from the head of one
which we preserved — all else being a putrid
mass — were evidently the "Abbot Si>liyux."
( Thyreu.s abbolii). We obtained one a few days
afterwards from Dr. Alice's premises, the
heads of which corresponded. This onechanged
into a chrysalis, of a dark brown color, on the
ground, under a grape leaf, aliout the 20th, but
the moth will not apviear until next spring,
and will be of a beautful chocolate brown and
yellow color, and measure full two and a half
inches across the expanded wings. It never
occurs very numerous, is one brooded, and its
feeding season short.

THE STATE FAIR.

Only one more issue of Tnte Lancaster
Farmick, and the annual exhibition of the
State Agricultural Society will be upon us. In
oiu- next number we expect to give a synopsis
of its details. In the meantime we admonish
our friends, and all the friends of agricultural
enterprise, and especially those in Lancaster
county, to study the matter thoroughly as it is
rellucted through the columns of our daily and
weekly newspapers, as well as through the
published pamphlets and monthly journals.
Lancaster city and county have been peculi-
arly distinguished in having been selected as
the centre of the operations of the agricidtural
interests of the State on this occasion. They
cannot be passive, for there is something im-
portant to redeem. We commend tlie bi'oad
and liberal action of our local society, because
we lielicvc in sympathy and co-operative union
for the sake of union. Let I^ancaster make her
mark in any event ; it will pjay in the end.

According to the Premium List, a copy of
which is before us, and the general scope of
which will be foinid in our literary record, the
following persons from Lancaster county
have been appointed among the Judges, at its
Twenty-third Exhibition, commencing Sep-
tember 27th, 1875 :

Division 2. Part 2. S. S. Spencer, Trotting
Horses, &c.

Division 4. B. J. McGrann, Eeapers, Mow-
ers, &c.

Division 6. S. S. Haldeman, Minerals, Glass,
&c.

Division 8. James L. Keynolds, Fruits, Vege-
tabli^, &c.

Division 9. WiUiam L. Peiper, Cloths, Em-
broidery, &c.

Division 10. J. G. Engle, Domestic Cook-
ery, &c.

Division 11. R. A. Evans, Musical Instru-
ments, &c.

Division 12. S. S. Rathvon, Miscellaneous
Entries.

It will thus be seen that Lancaster county
is represented in eight out of the fourteen
divisions.

Mr. S. S. Spencer is also one of the Vice
Presidents, representing the Oth Congressional
District. Prof. S. S. Haldeman is also Chemist
and Geologist.

^

PRIMITIVE FARMING.

BY FRANK E. DirFENDERFFER.

In the April nimiber of The Lancaster
Farmer, the writer of the present article had
something to say about the present system of
" Irrigation in tiie Valley of the Rio Grande,"
and he will now supplement that account by
a further statement of the farming operations
as they are to-day carried on in that non-pro-
gressive country. Unlike the United States,
it is not the land of the reaper and mower, of
the threshing machine, the cultivator, the
plow and the thousand other implements and
contrivances of improved modern agriculture.
We are not wide of the mark when we say,
that in many particulars, the usages still pre-
valent there differ little from those practiced
by the patriarchs in the earth's morning age,
after the Almighty fiat had made the lineage
of Adam toilers for their daily bread. Witli
all the inherited indifference of his Spanish
ancestry to enterprise, improvement and gen-
eral progress, the moilern Mexican Itas, through
his Indian blood, had this non-progressive
spirit confined and intensified ; and while here
and there an isolated case of unwonted effort
toward a higher and better state of things
manifests itself, it serves only, by contrast, to
call into fuller prduiineucc the indifterence
and stagnation by which it is eveiywhere sur-
rounded.

Although the early spring and late fall
would allow sevcr.al crops to be raised on the
same ground during the year, such a plan is
never pursued or even thought of. After tjie
wheat crop is taken off, the fields are left to
lie fallow imtil in the natural course of time
the planting season again comes around. The

succulent and rapidly growing grasses that
spring up in such fields towards fall, when the
rainy season comes on, are used for pasturage
at times, but the more general custom is to
send the cattle out to graze on the surround-
ing hills or wherever else sufficient pasturage
may be found.

January and February, in ordinary seasons,
are the months when the farmer prepares his
fields for the wheat crop. Notwitlistanding
that they lay uncultivated so long, they are
not as weedy as one might suppose ; generally,
uidess the ground has been broken but a few
years, they are clean, and the few weeds that
are there, are cut down with a hoe. The field
is then well irrigated, to allow it to be easily
worked and afford sufficient moisture to insure
the germination of the seed. When thesui'plus
water has been evaporated and the ground in
the required condition, the wheat is sown
broadcast, much as is the custom here ; no
plowing, harrowing or other disturbance of
the soil is attempted prior to sowing the seed,
but as it was during the six previous months,
so even does it receive the newly sown grain.
Immediately after the sower, however, come
the plowmen, from one to half a dozen in
number, as the size of the field may require.
Tile plow is the rudest and most simple device
that can well be imagined for such a imrpose;
it consists of a horizontal beam or i)ole twelve
or fourteen feet long, to one end of which is
attached a single curved piece of wood, which
serves as a handle ; on the under side of the
pole is affixed another shorter piece of wood,
somewhat inclined from the peiijendieular,
after the style and serving the purposes of the
coulter, the point being sliod with a piece of
iron to prevent its rapid wearing away and
also to increase its strength. It will be seen
from this, that the uppersurface of. the ground
is not turned under or plowed down, but the
residt of dragging such a climi.sy contrivance
tlirough the ground is simply to throw up a
narrow ridge or furrow on each side while
part of the losened earth falls Ijack into the
slight depression made by the iron-shod coulter.
The grain may therefore be said to be plowed
under, nothing further being done in the way
of harrowing it ui.

By this crude system of planting, the grain
is very irregularly covered, and as the oxen are
not under very good control, very often patches
of greater or less width remain uncovered.
Sometimes, too, the previous fall's growth o
grass is not fully torn up by the plows, and in
consequence, it is difficult to tell whether it is
a grass or a newly sown grain field that lies
before you.

In plowing, as indeed nearly all other fann-
ing operations, oxen are almost exclusively
used, mules infrequently, and horses still more
rarely. Instead of the yoke in Togue here, a
heavy beam of timber, fastened in the middle
to the plow-beam and projecting on both sides,
is laid on the head of the ox immediately be-
hind the horns, to which latter it is fastened
with thongs of raw-hide ; the animal pushes
therefore with his head, instead of with his
shoulders. This method is a barbarous one
and often causes oxen much suffering. When
yoked up without suHicient care, the head is
often unequally strapped to the beam, tighter
on one side than the other, and must be held
awry ; a born is also often snapped' off in con-
sequence, and signs of pain and suffering are
constantly observable. The superiority of the
American yoke is admitted, and yet it is very
rarely substituted.

There, as here, the wheat has its enemies.
Of these the principal one is the jack-rabbit or
American hare (Lcpus CaMalis.) The fields
lying on the outskirts of the villages and set-
tlements are often so devastated by these ro-
dents as to leave no crop worth harvesting.
The common wild goose (ylii.str Canadensis) at
times does considerable damage to the young
crop, not so much by eating the tender blades
as by treading it into the soft, irrigated ground.
Of late years, smut has been developed to such
an extent as to very seriously damage the crop,
although its ravages have been partially stop-
ped by steeping tlie seed-wheat into solution of

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER

119

blue vitriol. A full cif)]) of wlioiil laii;ely de-
pends upon a liberal luiii-fall ; a iiKidiratcerop
is nearly always ci'rtain throui;li irrigalion, in
spite of the drawbacks just enumerated, but a
heavy crop requires nioistiU'O in the shape of
rain. The younfr wheat !.;ro\vs rapidly and
requires no further attention until harvest
time, save irrigation every eight or ten (Lays.

The farmer's most serious troubles begin
when his grain is ready to harvest. Help at
this season is always scarce ; fruit is then abun-
dant and laborers manage to get along with
very little work ; the sickle is the oidy imple-
ment used to cut the crop, anil Ihi; [irogress is
correspondingly slow. As but a small portion
of the straw is'utilized, ns will be seen I'urtliur
on, the heads are cut off at aliont half their
height above the ground, witii just about
enough of the straw still attached to not ren-
der them ditlicult to handle. If not nady to
thresh his grain at once, it is loaded on carts
and liauU'd t« some large room or building
where it is carefully housed until such time as
tlicownerlinds convenient to market it. Most
geiK rally, however, the grain is at once threshed
on the Held, and this is by no means an insig-
nificant matter.

A threshing floor is prepared — the same one
is generally used for many years — on the high-
est available ground, by carefully removhig the
surface earth,together with all the grass, weeds,
stones or other objectionable materials ; the ex-
posed surface is then trodden and pounded un-
til an even, hard floor has been made ; this
threshing floor is circular in form and from
fifteen to fifty feet in diameter ; arf)und the
circumference, at intei-vals of eight or ten feet,
stout upright poles or posts are firmly sunk into
the ground ; a strong rope is fastened to these
posts, passing entirely around the enclosure
several timas and making a very efTective tem-
porary fence. On the threshing floor thus pre-
pared" and so enclosed, the unthreshed wheat
is now placed, generally forming a high circular
mound. The animals whose laborious task it
is to tread out the gi-ain are now admitted.
Ilorses and mules are commonly used, but even
horned cattle and goats are sometimes em-
ployed. There are always pei-sons who go
alMHit from ranch to ranch with a herd of horses
and tramp out the fanners grain for a stipula-
ted price, generally one-tenth of the amount of
grain threshed, but often the services of these
men are not to be obtained when needed and
the farmer is consequently thrown on his own
resources, hence the em])loymeut of the inferior
domestic animids for this purpose ; neighbors
freciuently lend each other mutual aid on these
Occasions and thus save the professional thresh-
ers' percentage.

Tramping out the grain is no light task,
.either for man or beast ; the animals are not
ridden around the ring, as with us, but turned
in loose ; a man then entere, armetl with a
lieavy whip, and begins to drive them over
the grain, slowly at first, but faster as the
straw is gradually broken up. A stranger or
more picturesque sight than this cannot easily
be imagined. Because of the great heat dur-
ing the day, this work is princij)ally carried
on at night, when several lamps are hung
around at convenient distances, to aflbrd the
necessary light. Horses soon tire of this kind
of work, and the lash and the voice are in con-
stant reqiusition ; they are not allowed to walk,
but are urged over the yielding material at a
rapid trot, or even a gallop. To follow the
horses in their wi^ary tramp is equally tire-
some to men, and these therefore relieve each
other at sliort mten'als in the fiitiguing tiisk
of driving. A ride at night, during the har-
vest season, will usually discover a pmiilKa- of
phices where this work is going on ; long be-
fore a glimpse of the lights is obtained, the
cracking of the thong, interspersed with shouts
and objurgations, fall ui)on the ear.

This toilsome work Ixnng at last accom-
plished, the equally ditiicult task of separatmg
the straw and chaff from the grain l)egius.
Forks, extemporized out of mezquit or toniillo
wood, are most commonly used; the coaracr
straw, or jxyVt, is first removed ; and this is a
matter of no little trouble, as it is broken quite

fine. The chaff presents even greater difficul-
ties ; tlie fanning mill is as unknown as the
reaper, and the fret: winds of heaven are relied
on by the Mexican to complete the wimiowing
juocess, even as they were live thonsiuid years
ago in Asia. But winds and breezes come not
at man's will, and sometimes when he most
needs them they are absent and most ])erslst-
ently remain so. I have known a tanner's
crop to remain on the thre.shing floor two
weeks, simply because tln^re was not wind
stirring to permit winnowingoperations. Ail
this wliile, night antl day, some one mu.st re-
main by the grain i)ile, to prevent theft, as,
unfortunately, many of these jx'ople are not
given to draw such close distinctions between
mcitm ft hum as are desiral)lc.

Wlien the anxiously awaited winds do come,
the grain pile liecomes a scene of nmch ac-
tivity ; the iiP yet unseparated mass is tos.sed
high in the air and against the wind, which
quickly drives off the chaff; the lighter the
breeze the more laborious tlu' process and the
more freciuently it uiusl be rei)eated, while a
stiff wind .soon completes the operation. The
rainy season follows close upon harvest, and
if the latter is much delayed, rains often fall
while the threshed graiii still remains unwin-
nowed ; this is a critical time for the farmer ;
wagon-covers, blankets, and every avaiUiblc
piece of canvas that can be borrowed is
brought mto requisitiim to shield the exi)osed
grain, and often those who cannot command
these necessary coverings garner their crop in
a damaged condition, sprouted and musty.
[to be continued.]

GOSSIP ON FRUIT CULTURE.

" Plant fruit ; yes, fruit ! in no niggard hole, to rival
ttic sluir worm's toil ;

But wide as tlic patriot's unbought soul, and deep tu
the cream of soil !

Fruit to temper tlic winter's ruth, to soften the sum-
mer's rage ;

Fruit to Iirigliten the morn of youth, and mellow the
eve of age."

Yes, plant fruit, they bloom in early spring
and make your surroundings fragrant with
pert'ume, and as ornamental as choicest flow-
ers, while the l)ud of promise is cheering to
behold and calculated to draw out our grateful
hearts in love and adoration to Him who dis-
penses so many blessings.

God bless those who cultivate and bring to
our doors, at a trifling cost, these delicious
berries and refreshing fruit, so luscious and con-
ducive to health. I can say with Burns, away
"Wi sauce ragouts, an' sic like trashtrie,
That's little short o' downright wastrie."

Nevertheless, we find horticulturists, like
other folk, have diflSculties to meet, and often
find their labor and vigilance will not protect
them from frost, blight or insect foe, or fungiLS
spoliation. Thus it is, force in natm-e is two-
fold attraction and repulsion — growth and de-
cay— antagonism seems to l)e one of the fixed
principles to propel — the kite rises only when
held by the string and acted upon by the wind.
This suggests a puzzling question, hut hi the
sweat of the brow we shall cam our bread,
and there is certainly the best reason for it, to
stimulate our otherwse indolent habits. Did
the fruit grow, as in the tropics, that we had
nothing to do but recline in the shade and eat,
and vegetate as the savages do, we would lie
no more advanced than they ; but stimulated
to exertion, we profit by experience, and if
duly exercised in our tribulations we shall l)e
the wiser and the happier for patiently sub-
mitting— provided we do not wilfully and
knowingly violate fundamental laws that must
necessarily govern its and all our surroundings
for time and eternity. Well, although I can
not say with the thrifty "old school" husband-
man,

" I oat my own lamb,

My chickens and ham,

I shear my own fleece and I wear it,"

I can sympathize with those who are so blessed.
Wlien 1 commenced my gossi|i I intended
to answer, or rather gossip, on the blacklKirry
qu&stion. The worthy editor of this Journal
places in my hands specimens of leaves, stem

and fniit, from the green beny, through vari-
(uis grades, to fully ripe, given him for inspec-
tion liy our worthy friend.]. B. Krb, who s:i}-s
that all the blackberry bushes on the whole "of
his patch were so .aftectcd — partially so hist
Bunnner. I think, also, on microscopic insi)ec-
tion of a dry leaf, 1 noticed the incipient stage
of a fungus, and also detected a minute, red-
ish larva. But to neither of these do 1 at-
tribute the di.scivsc of the l^rry. I notice, even
in the green berry, all the terminal achenia,
or pips, or seed envelopes, which constitute
the fruit when rijie, were cracked or shriveled.
Thus the conic outer tips, rather a little one-
sided, were all affected in like manner, and
from one and the same cause; it gave the ripe
berries an unsightly ap|)earance ; while plum|i,
full and juicy as usual below and upward, ex-
cei)t the conic top, which w;w of a shriveled
or rotten, gangrenous, diseased a.si)ect, making
tlu! berries objectionable. Now comes the
question, Why are they thus 'i* llcmember, I
am gossiping, and if

" Words are lilie leaves, and where they most af>»und
iMuch fruit of sense beneath is scliloui found,"

I'll own the " corn." You are invited to the
"shade" of the leaves, if fruitless. As a
gossip I do not feel under obligations to "keep
shady," but say my say.

First, there was a marked uniformity in all
the decayed tips of the fruit, iis nither one-
sided. I should like to know whether this was
facing tlie east, since, when the pistils, like
minute bristles, form upon the rachi.'r of the
fruit-ljearing central column, and the ova just
formuig to a.ssume fructification — the lower
|)art of the same l)cing shielded by the calyx
and filaments of the young anthers, also de-
veloiiing — moisture lodged among the terminal
pistilla involving the tender ova, a cold night,
a slight frost, might expand the delicate tex-
ture of the ova and produce a .slight rupture
even from its own juices thus exposed, while
those lower down on the rachis are protected,
it would only affect the terminal or exposed
ones. Then again, in this condition, a bright
morning sun striking this benumbed or frosted
portion, may cause such a change in the ten-
der tissues as to prevent subsequent develop-
ment of that portion of the fruit, which would
not prevent the enlargement of the rachis and
the further development of the rest of the
berry. Such seems to me to I* the only ra-
tional ground upon which to form an opinion
that would meet the case. Whether my con-
jecture is correct in fact, I shall not declare, as
"no one has a better right to know the jn-rplex-
ing theories in vogue as regards the action of
cold, frost and freezing on vegetation, than
myself, having carefully studied the published
accounts to be met with in our various month-
lies, as well as the older experimentalists. See
Gardeners'' MotUhbi. p. 177, .Tune, 1872 : "How
Hardy Trees are Killed by Frost," which also
refers to i/orcj/'s Magazine, the great Ijiittle-
field in which the conflict of ideas with estab-
lished opinions first took place. It was held
to te heretical that moisture in the atmo.s-
phere, or moisture in any way, had aught to
do wth (mr winter losses. Sul)sequently Dr.
Lindley, that notiid liotanist, in The Gardin-
er's Chronicle, took up the subject of the dis-
ruption of ceils by frost. I'he Gardener's
Monthly undertakes to show that it was "evap-
oration and not the mere degree of frost which
destroyed usually hardy things," and throws
a rting at "those who choose rather to borrow
lights from the tajiers bimiing in the vaults of
dead but honored names, than open their eyes
in the daylight of facts which surround them. "
"Even men," ho continues, "or at leiist one
man Ix-aring tlie usually rcsiK'cted title of
' I'rofessor,' descended to low .scurrility and
abuse of the editor i>ersonally for the views
advanced in this magazine (The Montldy).
But the day of justice hiis come," he adds tri-
umi)hantly.

While I agree with the author so far as his
remarks apply to the severe winter of 1S71, in
coimection with the drought, l>oth in the
ground and in the atmosphere of the preced-
ing summer, as the cause of the severe losses
by frost ; besides, the communications of Mr.

120

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August,

Josiah Ildoiies aiifl Mr. Sargent carry great
weight and force witli them, and demand our
rcsjiect and attention. The Gardener says:
"We suppose even 'Professor' Featherman
himself will now understand that it does not
require a man to t)e 'convinced against his
will ' in order to lielieve it. Those who have
obsei-ved the details of the 'freeze' can trace
the drying out step by step to the death of the
tree." Suppose, on the other side of the ques-
tion, that no matter what proportion of moist-
ure may remain in the sap vesicles, that surely
cannot be utterly evaporated to perfect d ryness ;
in which case a "freeze" is not required to be
able to "trace the drying out step by step,"
since the tree is virtually dead already, for the
drying out is accomplished by the evaporation.
Now if we assume Lindley's view, that the
frost destroys or ruptures the protoplastic par-
tition walls of the cells, causing the opposite
nodes of its galvanic or vital*force to commin-
gle and change its properties, so that new cells
cannot be developed in that direction, then of
course evaporation will complete the business,
and dry twigs or dead trees be the result. But
they show that death need not follow a
"freeze." Plants have and do recover under
favorable conditions, no matter how hard the
frost. Even when split by it they have sur-
vived.

In The Gardcner'a Monthly, p. 228, for Au-
gust, 1875, a Hudson River (N. Y.) corres-
pondent details some singular losses in trans-
planting of some yuccas and hollies, and then
goes on to say that he attributes the losses "to
what I consider the most unaccountable of our
unaccountable winters," stating what and the
care taken in transplanting various species of
thuja, &c., adds, "nothing could have looked
liner or greener than it has, the finest speci-
men of a Thuja Lobljie, moved with a perfect
ball, not a root exposed, until last Sunday —
nearly seven months — when it suddenly be-
gan to turn brown and the leaves to fall off,
and I supi)ose in spite of my shading and
syringing, I shall loose it. Quantities of pears,
fifteen in a row — Espalier — blossomed pro-
fusely and as suddenly faded away and died.
Several hardy evergreens in the vicinity of a
cryptomeria died, the cryptomeria not even
being burned or scorched." The cryptomeria
is a Jaiian Cedar, allied to Taxodium, called
the C. Japonica, the C. na'na, dwarf— North
China. I mention this, as the writer gives no
other name than "cryptomeria." The writer
says, "iMy ideals, that the prolonged steady
cold of the winter, thermometer at zero dining
nights, for several weeks, and some three to
five feet frost, so demoralized (if I may use the
expression,) the ground as to make it entirely
irresponsive to the external air, which was
mild and balmy, being very hot at one time —
85^ in the shade. When the ground and roots
would be hardly above frost, a midsummer
heat for two or three days, acting upon trees
and iilants iu a most exhausting way, got no
assistance from the roots or soil, and a sort of
coup de solid took place, and that I think af-
fected the hollies and yuccas." — H. H.

The eilitor says, " We can give no explana-
tion wliatever of oiu' correspondent's experi-
ence, and the one oflered by himself does not
commend itself to our judgment, and yet
wliat can the matter be ?"

Why not consider it, as the writer evidently
does, a clear case of " evaporation," if not on
the drought theory then take the "freeze"
theory, and the thing is plain. Not to enter
upon a controvcrsey on this "battle-field,"
let us get facts, and let the theories S(juare
with all the foots before we adopt them, or
ridicule any 07ie who takes one jihase or special
case to the exclusion of other conflicting cases.
This is the only way to find the true state of
each case, separately considered. Effects are
one thing, causes may vary.

One observer says, " Early peas, and some
other forward crops, are frequently in moist
situations, the most ex^iosed to danger where
they have eastern exposures, and wliere there
are alternate frosts and thaws, as the winds
from that quarter are apt, in such cases, to
bring with them a portion of muriatic acid,

which readily turns the crop black and wholly
destroys them."

So I might give statement upon statement,
scattered through various pulilications during
a period of many years ; and, indeed, did
space permit, it could do no harm to ventilate
tlie wh()le subject fully. I have said this
much, that I may not be accused of forming
a hasty conclusion upon a subject as impor-
tant as it is interesting to horticulturists gen-
erally. Therefore, what is said in "gossip,"
need not necessarily pass for "Gospel." I
gave my opinion as to the cause of the dead
ends on Mr. Erb's blackberries; if others liave
a more rational opinion by all means let us
have it. — J. Stauffcr, Lnncaster, Pa.

PUBLIC WATERING TROUGHS.*

Brothers and Sisters : I desire to draw
your attention to-day to wliat I consider a
"good thing," viz.: " Public Water Troughs. "
Uo not understand me to mean rain-water
spouts, nor horse-troughs in your farm-yards ;
neither do I mean such as the railroad com-
pany has put up at Leaman Place, to enable
the locomotives to scoop up water while they
run. I mean none of these ; liut water troughs
put up along the roadside, and constantly sup-
plied with pure, fresh water. I have, fi-om my
earliest recollection, fairly worshiped the kind
hearts, the public spirit, and the " Good Sa-
maritan" principles, that had prompted some
persons to provide public watering troughs at
their private residences. I noted all such
places for miles around, and always honored
the men who had provided them. I enter-
tained for them more than ordinary respect.
I almost envied them the sweet consolation I
imagined they might enjoy when looking at
the uoljle but jaded beasts drinking in the re-
freshing draughts provided by their hearts and
hands. But never until last month, when I
drove to ilaytown, in this county, did I fully
realize and enjoy the great comfort they afford
to travelers in a strange district of country,
who have a humane feeling for their horses, to
say nothing about the comfort to the horses
themselves. When one is passing through a
section where he is unacquainted with the
native streams and water courses, or knows
not where to And the best stopping-places ; or
one who \vould rather not stop at a public
house to water his horse, for fear of the frowais
of the landlord if he should water and then
drive on without going iu to take a driuk ;
under such circumstances he cannot approach
or pass a watering trough without a thankful
heart and a silent prayer for the beneficent in-
dividual who has provided it.

Possibly it may be asked. How can a coun-
try tavern-keeper be expected to keep up his
establishment and a watering trough for the
wayfarer withciut compensation V Well, we
have only to say that he don't make the water ;
tliat is God's beverage, jirovided for the hu-
man family, and if any man cannot co-operate
with the Deity in furnishing it free to the hand
of man or beast, let him place up an appropri-
ate card, and have printed thereon, " Oncccnt
for a man, three cents for a horse." The way-
farer can tlien driuk freely without feeling
that he is under an obligation to go in and
call for smiiethinf/ at the bar which he does not
want. No doubt many young men — yes, and
old ones, too — are drawn into hotels to drink
what they do riot desire, because tliey are
afraid to water and drive on while the landlord
stands in the door. How many poor jaded
horses are driven past, from tlie same cause,
when they are in need of water ! It seems to
be an easy thing for a man to form an evil
habit, and the effects of compulsory drinking
at the public houses soon grows into a habit,
and often renders men incompetent to take
the i)roiior care of tlieir horses, often ruining
the poor brutes for life, to say nothing about
the great injury to themselves.

This subject ought to interest every one who
has a proper care for his beast — every one who
feels a sincere interest in the cause of temper-

•An Address read before Straaburg Grange, No. 62, July

10, 1875, by M. B. ESHLEMAN.

ance — the tender heart of every matron and
every pairon of Husbandrj', who are exiiected
to possess the necessary qualities of head and
heart, and carry them out in their lives. I
apiieal to eveiy member of the Grange who
has running water on his farm, to erect a pub-
lic watering trough, as monuments to the
great blessings we have obtained from our
noble association ; and believe, me you will
have a comfortalile feeling all around the heart
every time you see a poor beast quenching his
thirst at" the fountain you have prepared.

This is not a question of mere dollars and
cents ; it is a question of humanity in behalf
of a noble animal, made subservient to the
profits and pleasures of the human family.
Contemplate for a moment the great benefits
conferred upon society by the use of the horse.
How patiently, how faithfully, and often how
cheerfully he subordinates himself to the be-
hests of his w^eaker master. AVith all the
grand schemes of conveyance," by ship, by
steamboat, by railroad and by canal, still there
is a vacuum in our social and domestic con-
cerns that can never be supplied by any other
animal than one of the equine race. He is
God-given, and to God we are accountaljle for
a right use of him. Therefore it behooves us,
out of our abundance, to supply his humble
wants at such times and places as he stands
most in need of our ministrations. In giving
thus, we give unto ourselves in the same de-
gree that we give to others. I cannot but
thiuk of the dying words of the old millionaire,
in taking a retrospective view of his life, at its
close, and which he had engraved upon his
tomb :

" What I spent I kept:

What I saved I lost :

What I save I have."
This embraces the whole story of human life.
All we really have is our boarding and cloth-
ing ; all that we carry with us into the other
life is that wliich we have charitably, hu-
manely and judiciously tjiven while we are

here.

^

For The Lancaster Farmeb.
ARTIFICIAL WATERINGS.

Artificial waterings are absolutely necessaiy
for plants recently transplanted. If the
weather is hot and dry, fruit and ornamental
trees, shrubs, flower plants and vegetables,
and even seed sown, are all benefited by occa-
sional artificial waterings. It is well known
that all kinds of plants grow more iu wet sum-
mers than in dry ones; and that heavy rains
give fresh growths to all living crops in dry
.seasons. That should teach all cultivators the
necessity of applying waters to individual
plants in very dry seasons. The quantity and
frequency of application may be considered by
the quality of the soil and the grade of the
lands. An orchard of fruit trees set out in
spring upon high or sloping lands, will require
more fre(iueiit waterings than trees of the same
varieties set upon low and level lands, and the
more especially if the high lands have a grav-
ely subsoil. All waterings should be applied
on late afternoons or evenings; and for trees,
a mulch should be put over their roots to retard
evaporation. Tli;it will keep the soil longer
moist, and the waterings will be doubly bene-
ficial. Cabbages, broccoli, celery, and m;iny
other vegetable plants, should be watered
after being transplanted, if the weather is hot
and dry. ISIany plants in the flower garden
should be watered when need be. — An Old
Husbandman.

For The Lancaster Farmer.
ORNAMENTAL GARDENING.

Most of the ornamental foliage bedding
plants should not be let bloom. Whenever
flower buds form upon the ends of the shoots,
nip them off with a piece of the shoot. That
will make the plants push out more branches,
and they will form massy plants; the leaves
will be larger and more numerous, and their
colors will be clearer and more distinct, and
variegations will be more beautiful. Almtilon
Thompsonii is a beautiful, small tree, whose
leaves are marbled with green and golden yel-

1S75.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

121

low. It forms a niassy, ck'saiit busli by nip-
pinfT ort tlie pnints ot tlio .sliools occasionally
to make it branch more iJPofiisely.

Cohus lia.s three classes : a very dark class
without varief;ations; aclass witli ilarkleaves,
edsed with green; and the !,'olden class has
brown and crimson leaves, edged and blotched
with yellow. When this latter class is used iu
ribbon beds, alon;; with the dark leaved classes,
the contrast is beautiful. Arlii/ranilius has
but four varieties : two with dceii crimson
leaves, one with very dark leaves, and one
whose leaves arc varie};ated with green, yel-
low, white and deep crimson. The Acliyran-
thus seldom produce blossoms, but Coleus arc
often disfigured by producing l)looms. Alter-
»ia)it/i(i-a.s arc all of dark foliage. Don't let
tlieiu bloom. reristroiihe cvxjnslifolia is a
dwarf creeping plant, with leaves yellow and
green, very .showy ; its blooms are purple, and
contrast beautifully with the leaves. It should
be allowed to bloom, to render it more orna-
nyntal. — Walter ELDER,P/tt7at?c?p/i»a, July^
1875.

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Seasonable Hints.

Dear Editor of The Farmer: It is with pleasure
Hi.it I oiu'C iiirain flnil so much time as to write a few
lines for your journal. I liave been too t)u.sy to write
any sooner, for I like time to write, just as well as I
do to work ; and it is Iiaril work for nie, sometimes,
to Ret on paper that whieh I eoulJeoninumieatc with
case, and in a short time, in convcrsatiou.

Lilies.

Wliat is the matter with the Wliite lilies, that they
do not bloom ? Does the I'oot refjuire ilei'p ort^hallow
plantins; !. Tlicy push tip buds, and llie buds dry up
before they expand. Do 1 not keep them wet enouaph,
or too wet, or what else is the cause ? Will some ex-
perienced lily grower please inform me through The
Farmek i

Rose Slugs.

If the " Rose Slug " eats up your rose bushes, get
Paris green, mix it with Hour ami dust it all over
them. It is sure death to the slugs, and will not in-
jure the bush any. Mine, so treated, are fresh, greeu
and healthy, and free from slugs.

Flower Slips.

Now is the time to plant (lower-slips for the long
winter — Hoses, Verbenas, Cierauiunis, ite. Set them
in a shady place until well rooted. Of course every-
body knows this, but tliey do not always think of it
in time.

Wine Making.

I will try to give you my method of wine making,
and see if you do not agree with me :

In the first place pick your fruit (whatever it may
be) on a dry day, rejeetingall that is green, deeayeil,
or damaged, crush it (the sound fruit 1 mean) by the
aid of a eider or hand-press, or any other means you
have at hand, so that it is thoroughly crushed. Put
it into a elean salt sack ; tie tightly sliut and put it
iu tlie jiress. Now press out the juiee and have ready
your cask, well cleansed ; or a large stone jar, which-
ever is most convenient, and put ill the juiee. The
containing vessels must be perfectly elean, or you are
likely to have sour wine. Afterthc juiee is expressed,
having lieen [ireviously measured, to each gallon adil
from fii'e to semn pounds of good white sugar. As
some fruit has more acid than others, the quantity of
sugar will ditlVr. Dissolve the sugar in the juiee be-
fore put ting it into the keg. The quicker you can do
this the better. Fill the vessel entirely uj) with good
juiee; I never use water when I can help it. Now,
place it in a cool, dry cellar. When it is done I'er-
meuting you can "rack it otf"— if you wish to do
BO — but I never do, for that whieh falls to the bottom
of the keg is what keeps it good ; it is practically,
" wine on the lees."

To Make Jellies.

To make good jellies use a brass kettle and good
white sugar. I'ut in a piiitof juiieat a time, and one
pound of sugar. When it begins to boil, look at the
clock, and let it boil just fifteen mimites ; pourit out,
and you will have beautiful jelly. Boil only a [jiiit at
a time if it is a little more trouble.

Tin Fruit Cans.

I do not agree with tlio.se who diseard tin cans, after
one year's use. I have tin cans whieh I have hail in
use for ten years, and only lost one in .all that time.
I use tliem only for poaches, pears and tomatoes, as
those fruits keep better iu tin than they do iu earthen
or glass jars.

bill tin cans are nice to plant (lowers in. Punch
holes ill the bottom to let out the sur[ilus water ; paint
the outside ; plant in your (lowers and set them in a
saucer, and they arc ready for the window.

Butter-Milk Cakes.

Ohc quart of wheat Hour; om tea.'ipoonfulof soda;
.fK^f to taste ; ^/ici>, eggs well beaten ; and stir inenough
ofbutler-milk to make a batter as for " (hiniiel eaken."
Put two tablcsi«ionsful of lard in a pan, and bake
yourcakCB, replenishing the lard as needed.
Strawberries.

As I read everything in The Faumeh of interest, I
of course read the Strawberry artielcK.

What is good to prevent the ants from getting at
the roots of strawberries, esiiceially youii^' [plants!

I always have trouble witli theiii when 1 set out a
new bed. Is tlie soil too heavy? I would not know
what else. LeoLinb.

A'tiMlKthtown, July 2S, 1875.

We do not think the soil has anything to do
with it, for this in.sect is foiuid in almost all
kinds of.soil, light or heavy, rich or poor, hard
or mellow, and even where there is no soil at
all, if they can fnid anything to eat there. In
regard to them, therefore, wc call the atten-
tion of our fair correspondent to the following
'• seasoii.dile hints," .some of which we have
tested years ago, and among which is one on
the suliject of ants. The best trap, perhaps,
for ants, is to lay old ropes saturated with
sweetened water, between the rows of straw-
berries and other iilants, and when they lie-
corae covered with anls — which they soon will
be if there arc any about — rai.se them carefully
lip and immerse them in hot water, and "set
them again."

As to the lily query, we commend it to some
of our lloriculturists. Of course .something
depends upon the variety of lily meant in the
query.

Seasonable IIiXTS.-The Scie7iti fie American say s :
If mosquitoes or other blood suekersinfest our sleeping
rooms at ni;;ht, we uncork a bottle of the oil of pen-
nyroyal, and these animals leave iu great haste, nor
will they return so long as the air in the room is
loaded with the fumes of that aromatic herb. If rats
enter the cellar, a little powdered potash, thrown into
their holes or mixed with meal and scattered iu their
runways, never fails to drive them away. Cayenne
pepper w ill keep the buttery and store-room free from
ants and eoekroaehes. If a mouse makes an entrance
into any part of your dwelling, saturate a rag with
cayenne in solution, and stutf it into the hole, which
can then be rejiaired with either wood or mortar. No
rat or mouse will eat that rag for the purptise of
opening communication with a depot of supplies.

Destroying Cut-Worms.

Editor Laneaster Farmer: — Deau Siu : — The .July
number of The Fak.meh states Mr. Ileiland destroyed
cut-worms by feeding them with wheat bran. I also
made experiments, but I took leaves of the common
Plantain {I'luitlugo major,) moistened them and then
thoroughly mixed witli them a ])reparatiou of Paris
green and flour. In the evening, the leaves so pre-
jiared, were laid on tlie ridges where we intended to
plant tobacco, and the next morning we found from
one up to tweuty-three dead worms. I afterwards
found out that the leaves of the common " poplar"' or
tulip-tree, {Leriodeudroti. TuKpifcra) served the piu-
pose better, as the worms are very fond of them, and
Ihey do not wilt as soon as the ]ilantaiu leaves. Now,
why not combine the two plans and mix Paris green
with the bran and put it on a (ield known to be in-
fested before eommiiicing to plant '. Mr. lleiland's
lilan may kill some, but mixing the poison among the
iiian would kill all the worms and wouhl save the
time and trouble of hunting up ami killing sueh as
would uot die of the regular " (irahani diet." In both
plans, in order to tie entirely sueeessful, there should
be no weeds iu the Held, as many of the worms will
eat of them instead of " going" for the " put up"
article.

I have found the striped potato-beetle (Lt/tta filata)
in large uunibers on our early cabbage, but as they
keep to the lower and outside leaves, and the cab-
bage has nearly perfected its heads, they eaniiot do
much harm. Should they attack recently planted late
cabbage, I think they would entirely destroy it in a
few days. — A. li. A'., Safe Harbor, Lancaster county,
July 17, I>>7.'5.

— ^

Jots and Tittles from Dauphin County.

Let the boys and girls lie the sole proprietors of
something — a calf, jiig, slieep, or several rows of po-
tatoes, to raise as their own. You will lose nothing
by it. The boys will whistle and tlie girls sing more,
consciiuenlly the work will be done easier anil better.

liaise plenty of turkeys. Send tlieni into the wheat
fields — they will dcslioy the army \Miini and many
other noxious insects, ami not injure the grain.

It is not everyone who knows how to climb a fence.
Nine out of every ten will go over in the middle of the
panel. If there is a weak rail, down it will go. Get
over near the post.

When following the plow think out a few items ;
when you get home commit lUera to paper ; send

tlieni totlie editorof Tin; Fakmeii (I believe he wtl'
cheerfully receive them) for imblication — practical
hints, founded on experience. It will please you to
see your own writing in print, and some one will he
liencfited. It may be the means of producing many
blailes of grass where but one grew before.

We believe in learning sometliing every day.

Hay crop very short; wheat good; oats, ecru, po-
tatoes, Ilungarlau grass, quite promising.

July Zi, ima. Yours, &c., B.

Nothing gives us more pleasure than to re-
ceive and print these brief but practical "Jots
and Tittles" from our correspondent 15., and
especially his kind words for TiiK I'MtMicit.
They constitute many green spots in the desert
of our editorial life, ;ind also beiiclil others.
Who will be kind enough to furnish us regu-
larly similar contributions from Lancaster
comity V — Ed.

Letter from North Carolina.

It is very strange iu this day and time that so few
of the young men of our country take the projicr view
(aswe tiiink) of (arming. But few, comparatively, en-
gage iu it, while the many try to be lawyers, doctors,
merchants, and other professional characters, none
of whom are [iroducers, but consumers, and none so
inde])endeiit as the intelligent and industrious tiller
of the soil, the noblest calling in whieh man can bo
employed. It is a great mistake to suppose because
lawyers, doctors, merchants and others dress fine,
that they, and they alone, are making all the money,
and having all the comforts, luxuries and pleasures
this life atl'ords. I say, and without fear of reasona-
ble eontiadietion, thata farmer's life, if properly car-
ried out, is the only truly independent one (in the
true sense of the word) that a man can live on terra
firnia. To prove this, look around, and you can
readily see who are the head, body and life of our
country. Farmers and mechanics, beyond a doubt ;
and the cause is jilainly seen by those who will see.
Cats with gloves on catch no mice, much less rats.

New flour in this market sells at S:i i>er sack of 98
lbs.; new oats at 40 cents per bushel. Frequent fine
seasonable rains, good for upland cotton, but not so
good for cotton or corn iilanted in low lands ; yet all
uiir planters seem to be iu good spirits, looking for-
ward to reap good erojis. .Martin Kichwine, of this
place, planted one Early Peerless jmtato, cut into nine
pieces, on the l.'Sth of April, and dug up on the l:ith
of .July Mi lbs. nett weiirht — ''0 to I, and no extra
culture at that. Jo.scph Ilarrah sowed last fall ij^"
bushels Fultz wheal, (m three-fourths of an acre of
ground, which yielded 30;^ bushelsof clean and good
wheat ; a good yield we think, and that without what
we call good farming — showing what the lands here
would produce if worked as your I.ancaster county
farmers work their lauds. Here we believe is a line
(ield open for all good and working jieople, farmers,
mechanics, manufacturers and laborers. Then I say
again, why do the people from yfnir and adjoining
counties go to the far West ? Here is a tine climate
all the year round, not surpassed in this I'nion, good
natural soil, an abumtanee of timber for building and
manufacturing purixises, minerals of dill'erent kinds,
granite of various finalities; a tine country to raise
fruits of all kinds, and fine for grape culture. AH
grains and grasses grow here, and of good quality.
At the World's Fair held in Loudon some years ago,
the bread which took the first premium was made
out of Hour, the wheat of which grew in North Caro-
lina. At a fair held in New "i'ork city, not many
years since, theaiiples whieh took the premium were
raised by Mendenhall i^: WestbrcMiks, in tinir nursery,
five miles west of Greensboro', Guilford county, North
Carolina.

All this speaks well for this State, and nature has
favored her above and lieyomi others in dill'erent re-
spects. .\ll she needs is to have the right workers
within her borders to show what she can and will do.
I should like to see persons emiirrate here, and es-
iiceially fniin Lancaster county, and develoiie her re-
sources. No one need fear to come here. Life and
piopi'rty are just as safe hi-re as iu any other State,
and more so than in many other places. I iK'loiig to
no ring, but sjieak of what I know, without any other
motive but that which I tielicve is to the interest of
my fellow beings who wish to migrate to lielter their
condition.— Jtf. Ji., Nalitbury, -V. C, July 15, 1875.

The Ant Pest.

Can you or any of your readers inform me of an
efleetive remedy for ants infcbting a pantry? I liavo
been "worried" almost out of patience this summer
with the liepredations of these in-sts — iKith re<i ante
and the large black ants. The pantry is kept as clean
as I know how. I have tried all the cures of hooks
and newspapiTS, including " chalking," borax, car-
bolic acid, (lour, camphor, cayenne pepixT, penny-
royal, etc., but '■ the cry is, still they come ! " I have
had some success in fighting the little red fellows,
but the big blackics seem to have neither palate» nor
olfactories — they walk right over all, and seem to
enjoy the fun. The pautry is on tin' first HtKir, ad-
joining the yard, and over the cellar. — Houfektcper,
Lancantcr, Aug. 9, 1875.

122

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August,

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Farming and Stock-Raising on the Continent
of Europe.

Correspondeuco of Thb Lancaster Farmee.

Paris, July 15, 1875.

EXPERIMENTS IN FATTENING CATTLE.

Prof. Sanson, of the Aericiiltural College of Grig-
non, is the well-known advocate of the theory of fat-
tening stock, to produce the greatest quantity of meat
possible, by methodic feeding, in the shortest time.
His writings tend to show that there is a stage in the
fattening of animals, when the prolongation of the
processes of fattening ceases to he remunerative, de-
spite the animal's avidity for food. The latest experi-
ment M. Sanson records, was that conducted on a
Durham bull, tied up on the 31th of December last,
in an ordinary shed with cows. The animal was not
cut, weighed 1.5 ewt., and valued at/)-3.58. The food
consisted of beet, dried vetches, wheaten chaff and
bran. The same ration of the lirst three substances
was continued throughout the 61 days the fattening
was pursued, but after 31 days, the original feed of
bran, 14 lljs., was increased by one-half, and doubled
during the last three weeks. After the second stage
of fattening, the animal increased in weight at the rate
of 5 1-5 lbs. daily ; during the last stage, and with an
Increase of farinaceous diet, the flesh put up daily
was about 4_i^ lbs., gradually diminishing to 3 lbs. It
was at this point the animal was sold to the butclier,
producing ol% per cent, of meat as compared with
Its live weight, realizing /»-.5Sl, being /j-233 differ-
ence as compared with its value when put up. The
food is valued at frliO, so that the net benefit was
/(•83, in addition to the manure.

THE AGRICni.TURAL DISTRICT OP AMIENS.

One of the most interesting agricultural regions in
France is that of which Amiens is the centre, because
it not only exhibits great variety of soil, but also
methods of cultivation. Yet, in the time of Arthur
Young, tliat traveller could find no agricultural
merit in the district. As Picardy was the seat of so
many wars, itsbackwardnessis thus easily explained.
At present it is a thriving seat of agricultural and
manufacturing industry. To the native methods of
cultivation are Joined those of Flanders and England ;
a large sea, or estuary board, and excellent canal and
river accommodation, contribute much to the pros-
perity of the rural population ; sixty per cent, of the
land is devoted to the growth of wheat and industi'ial
jilants. JIuch bog land is tilled according to a sys-
tem of root-crops and kitchen gardening. Having
dried and leveled the soil, it is divided into parallelo-
gram beds, 10 or 13 feet wide, each separated by a
ditch or canal 0 feet in width, and connecting with
the river. This canal serves to water the beds and to
receive all vegetable refuse, for the latter is never di-
rectly buried in the soil, being as just stated, allowed
to rot to form liquid manure. A three-course rota-
tion is pursued, where salads, radishes, carrots, onions
and leeks are alternated with potatoes, peas, cabbages
and turnips ; some cabbages weigh from 30 to 50 lbs ;
beets from 30 to 30 ; turnips 13 to 18, and the Tour-
nery radish from 18 to 31 fts. A visit to the market
will confirm these weights. The breeds of cattle are
naturally adapted to this almost tropical production
of green crojiping, ami where deep culture and high
manuring go hand in hand. The Flemish breed of
cattle is in great favor, although the Dutch commence
to be more in favor. Professor Sanson' asserts these
two belong to one and the same race, and wliere color
seems to play an exaggei'ated part. The Dutch cow
is an immense feeder, but then she can give as much
as 10 quarts of milk a day, and from 30 to 30 is quite
the f)rdiuary yield. The Flemish cow has a greater
disposition to fatten than the Dutch. The Durham
lireed is however preferred for fattening. When three
years old, such an animal will be as ripe for the
butcher, and twice fatter than a Flemish ox aged five
years. To ensure this quality of precocity, crossings
are in favor, and are found to distribute better that
fat between the muscles, which in the Durham too
often forms only a layer between the flesh and the
hide. Slieep are not much reared in Picardy, but
when so, the Southdown is preferred forits merit. At
thc! Aniicns Agricultural Show, sheep shearing con-
tests, with the exhibited sliears, take place ; forty
minutes is tlie average time for clipping an animal ;
prizes are also awarded for wool exhibited in the fleece;
osiers also are entered for competition. By the in-
termittent drainage of marsh lands, tlie green osier
can realize //'SOO per acre. Pear and apple pulp, or
l)ate, is a new agricultural iiroduct ; it is highly
prized, and if stored in a dry place will conserve the
flavor of thi^ green fruit for years. Five parts of
water, added to one of the paste, and boiled lor 30
minutes, forms an excellent, healthy, and cheap pre-
serve.

THE MANUFACTURE OP CHEESE.

M. Paynel, of Caen, is one of the principal manu-
facturers of tlie famous Camembert cheese, of which
he sends 100,000 every year to Paris, where tliey are
sold for JW tlie dozen, or 13 sous a piece; now it
takes two ((uarts of the best milk to make a Camem-
bert, which represents over six sous the quart for

the milk. M. Manettl, the director of the cheese ntn-
tion, or experimental farm, at Lodi, in Lombardi,
holds that the preparation of good cheese depends
more on the farmer than the dairy maid ; it is by at-
tending well to the meadows, the forage, in a word,
that the exeelleuce of cheese is determined. He
shows that in case of two fields, side by side, of the
same geological character, the soil of one was porous
and friable, ami produced excellent herbage, the
other was undrained and stiff, the forage indifferent ;
when the animals were fed on the latter the caseine
was deficient and the milk turned rapidly; in the
former the contrary effects were produced. On an-
alysis, the bad fodder was found to be deficient in
mineral matters, alkaline phosphates above all. M.
Manetti concludes that to obtain good milk for cheese-
making, every effort should be made to produce a
forage rich in quality rather than in quantity.

FORAGE AND FODDER.

Fodder will be again scarce this year, so that
farmers are feeling themselves driven to sow maize,
sorgho, Hungarian moha, &e., all of which possess
the property of resisting drought, and can be pre-
served in covered trenches, when well packed, in a
green state — air and rain excluded — for winter and
spring feeding. The culture of green maize has revo-
lutionized Belgian farming ; it succeeds in all wheat
soils, and ought to be manured, or succeed a manured
crop ; many sow some breadths every fortnight, from
April to July, to have successive green cuttings ;
white mustard is a favorite autumn plant for milch
cows with French farmers, and is familiarly called
the "butter plant." After securing a supply of food,
the next step is to ensure its economical ccmsumption,
that is, to present the aliments to the digestive forces
of the animal, under such a form as to re-act without
fatiguing, and to extract the largest numberof assimi-
table elements. For example, in the case of grains,
these do not nourish or fatten according to the quan-
tity consumed but to the proportion digested, or, in
other words, assimilated, and to promote the latter
the food ought to arrive in the stomach well masti-
cated and impregnated with the secreted fluids. To
develop flesh, blood must be first made, for this is
the source of organic growth ; and fat blood can only
be best obtained from rich food, administered in a
moist form. In a dry state, alimentation demands
too much effort from the digestive organs, and this is
great even where the Ibod is chopped or crushed.
Too much time devoted to mastication is so much
taken from nutrition, for it is not when in the act of
eating that the animal puts up fat, but wlien it di-
gests. Food for cattle ought to be then steeped in
boiling water, and allowed to lerment and cool for 31
hours ; the mixture liceomes slightly acid, a taste the
animals do not dislike ; a little salt added will not
only excite appetite, but promote assimilation. All
cattle diet can be thus prepared. Chopjied straw, cut
roots, &e., mixed. In the case where twigs have been
cut with their leaves, and stacked for feeding pur-
poses, where hay, i&c, is scarce, to sprinkle a little
salt and lyater on them, when put in the rack, will
increase their palatableness.

FLAVOR AND COLOR IN MILK.

Plants of the eruciferse order, as mustard, Ac., Im-
part a fiavor to milk when given to cows in too large
a quantity ; but it is not yet established that there is
a connection between the food and the color imparted
to the milk ; madder, if mixed with fodder, will im-
part a red tinge, carrots a yellow, buckwheat and
shave grass a blue ; but these colors are not devel-
oped until the milk has had some time to settle;
hence why many believe the oxygen of the air brings
about the change, and to prevent which some dairies
add a little " buttermilk" to the fresh milk. There
are colorings, too, in the milk, that the nature of the
food cannot at all account for.

VeiNTEH IRRIGATION OF FARMS.

With the view of combating the drought in spring
in the case of meadows, it is recommended to irrigate
them as much as possible during the winter, when
vegetation is suspended, save wlicn the water is the
product of melted snow, as in the mountain districts.
The constant trickling of water allows the accumula-
tion of elements of fertility, wliich rapidly benefit tlie
grass on the arrival of spring. It is well known that
the grass along the border of a streamlet is of a dark
green, proof of the efficacy of a running watering. It
is an error to depend on spring irrigations alone, for
at the moment when the grass commences to vege-
tate, little water is required ; it demands only moist-
ure, not wetness. The surface of a meadow ought to
be so leveled that within an hour after the water has
been turned off, one eau walk on the grass in a pair of
pumjis without wetting thc stockings. If the water
aecuinulatcs instead of flowing, the good jilants will
perish, and reeds and sedges succeed, indicating at
thc same time the leveling to he incomplete. Wlicn
the water is not of Hrst quality some fertilizers can
be dissolved in it, or licjuid manure added. In Hano-
ver, meadows, in spring and after the first cutting,
receive dressings of commercial manures, a short
time before the water is turned on. ,

GROWING RYE-GRASS SEED.

Two methoiVs are employed on the Continent to

grow rye-grass seed ; either to devote the second year's
croj) to that end, or to plow down after the first year,
and sowing rye. Suflieient of thetimothy will sjirout
lietwcen tlie furrows, and can be allowed to ripen
along with the rye, separating afterwards with a
sieve. Sowing timothy in autumn alone for seed is
not a favorite practice.

nEIFEKS AND FIRST CALVES.

Is It advantageous that heifers ought to produce the
first calf when two years old? Small farmers adopt
this practice; large holders defer that event till the
third year, alleging that such rest is essential for the
development of the animal, and imixjrtant when the
intention is to employ the cow for breeding purposes
only. Where the period of two years is adopted, the
heifer cannot be too well fed.

YOU MAY SMILE OR BE SHOCKED.

I regret to have to introduce an agricultural fact
with something like an apology. A German agricul-
turist, M. J. Swartz, of Hofgaarden, has 300"mileli
cows and 40 liorses. Some years ago, in face of a
penury of fodder, and aware that the cows had no repul-
sion for it, he fed them on the fresh excrements of the
horses, and has since continued the usage. The prac-
tice is very common in Sweden. A cow receives at
first, eight quarts of this fecal matter daily, a horse
yielding five times that quantity in the same period.
M. Swartz affirms that his Durhams cannot iie sur-
passed in health, nor does the mUk, butter, and cheese
possess the slightest bad taste. M. Lclller, of Staf-
losa, employs the same substance mixed with beet
pulp and chopped straw to fatten his slock, adding a
little crushed grain at first to deceive the animals.
He sees no more objection in converting the organic
matter of fresh horse dung into beef, butter, and
cheese, than into succulent 'mushrooms. So, gentle
reader, you may indulge in a smile or a shock as the
fact' strikes you.

THE GREAT INUNDATION.

The agriculturists at Toulouse, suffer by the inun-
dation of the Garonne, a loss estimated at two hun-
dred millions of francs. The crops on 130,000 acres
have been destroyed, and the surface soil washed
away or covered with gravel. The valley was one of
the gardens of France.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATION.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society.

The stated monthly meeting of this society was
held in the Orphans' Court-room, on Monday after-
noon, the 2d of August, Johnson Miller, President, in
the chair.

Members present — .lohnson Miller, H. M. Engle,
M. B. Eshleman, M. D. Kendig, Daniel Smeych, M.
M. Brubaker, John R. Bricker, Jonas Buckwalter,
Elias Hershey, S. 8. Rathvon, J. Stauffer, Benjamin
Kitter, William McComsey, C. L. Ilunsecker, D. O.
Swartz, S. P. Eby, P. S. Reist, and the reporters.

The meeting, though not largely attended, was very
interesting.

Reports of members on the condition of the crops
being in order.

President Johnson Miller, Warwick, said that, since
their last meeting, great changes had been going on
in this county, in which the farmers have had a busy
time. Fields have been gleaned of their crops, and
some plowed over again. Barns have been filled, but
not so full this j'ear as is generally the case in Lan-
caster county. We see now very few hay and grain
stacks, which were wont to be so plenty heretofore ;
this jiroves to us that those crops have fallen short.
Altogether, however, there is a tolerable good crop,
and the hay, if short, is of the best quality. Wheat,
although short in the straw, turns out good sized and
well filled heads, so that there will he much more
wheat than was expected in the early part of the
season. The oats crop turned out good, especially
the late sown, which was also long in the straw. Mr.
Miller reported his Canada and Western oats — the
latter of which he sowed the greater portion — as hav-
ing all turned out better than usual. Corn looks
well since the late rains, and with such weather as in
July we shall have a heavy crop, and thc fodder will
be unusually long. Pot.atoes are fine, and the late
plantings will yield a good crop. The liugs are still
at work, but the potatoes are past injury by them.
Pasture was never in better condition at this season.
The prospect of much fruit is not encouraging — grapes
excepted. Tobacco is very irregular, and cannot,
under the best circumstances, yield a full croji. Mr.
Miller said that he had experimented with several
varieties of wheat, some of which were from the Ag-
ricultural Dejiartmeut at Washington, but had not
threshed the samples out, so that he was not able to
give any more certain data than what could be seen
by the members, from the samples produced.

Milton B. Eshleman, Paniflise, reported that he
believed the wheat, in their district and through the
county, would turn out fairly, much better than had,
earlier, been expected. Potatoes were yielding well
in spite of the bugs, to which he had given one meal

1S75.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

123

of Paris green, ami satisfied tliem. The oliler ernps
hud Kiven a lair yield, 1ml llie late fruits may tie ex-
peeled to be short in llie erops.

M. D. Keudij;, Manor, reported that the wheat just
liarvesled, in their distriel, would not yield half a
croj) — not more than forty per eent. of the usual re-
turn. Ilay erop also very liflit. Corn promisee ex-
ccedln;;ly well. Potatoes, exeept where the liUi; was
permitted to eommit ravafjes undistnrtied, will be
plenty. Tobaeeo looks well. Pasture improvinir with
tlic late rains. Apples, pears and peaehes will be
Bcaree, but grapes promise well. Mr. Kendif; also
reported that he had sown a sample of Canada oats,
reeeived from the National ,\L'rieultural Department.
In order to test their eoniparitive value he sowed the
Norway (white) and the Birlii — the latter reeeived,
two years ago, frfim the department. They were all
sown on the '.Mil of April last, in the same kind of .soil
and reeeived the same kind of treatment. On the 3d
of May tile Norway eame up, then the Canada and
Birlie — three days later. Tliere was then no marked
dilferenee in them. In three weeks the Canada bepiu
to put on a dark iirceu ajipearanee, indieatimr stroni;
growth, wliieh is maintained and matured three days
earlier than the other varic^ties. The grain of the
Canada he reported as being very [ilunip and full,
and the straw stilt and about six inches longer than
the Norway. The Birlie also promises well, but not
anyway eipial to the Canada. Mr. K. w ill try them
again next seascm and more fully rejiorl.

Martin lirukaker, of East Ili'niplield, reported the
wheat in his distriet as yielding but little better than
half a erop. The eorn full and potatoes promising
fair, they having eonqured the Colorado visitors by
feeding them ou Paris green.

H. -M. Engle, of Marietta, agreed generally with
the reiiorts already made, as being the average yield
of the eounty. Hay had been generally short, but
those, he thought, who secured it early made the best
eivp in quality. The pasture, he said, was now in
first-rate order, and will be good unless there is too
mueh rain. He preferred pasture not too rank, or
knee-deei> ; eattle, he thought, thrived better on it.
He fouuii that the Hungarian grass had been more
generally sown, and it was not now too late for any
one who desired to sow it. The quality of the wheat,
if not the quantity, was good. Oats gave about three-
fourths of a erop. He tliought the eorn would not
be so produetive as ealeulated by many, espeeially if
mueh rain should continue. The jjotatoes had evi-
dently got ahead of the bugs, and would jiroduce a
good erop if hot attacked with the rot. Apples scarce
and much infected by insect. Early peaches had fal-
len from rot, but late ones may make a fair ero]).
Pears may produce better than apples, Init the insect
is in them also. Grapes never promised better, unless
wet weather brings the rot to them. Tobacco appears
as if it would give an average eroji in his district.

Sudden Decay in Apple Trees.

Mr. Eshleman asked for information concerningtho
cause of a suilden decay in his apple trees, which had
promised well — the decay not commencing until about
harvest time. The observations of Messrs. 8taufTer
and others was given, in response, as well as received
opinions on this subject. Some suggested that the
late frost took such a deep hold in the ground that
the roots of some trees were frozen, and thus the re-
quired quantity of saji was retarded, and nurture be-
ing denied decay tbllowed. It was also suggested that
these limbs may have been affected by liglitning.

Milton B. Eshleman then read the following paper:
Live Stock and Flies.

This warm, sultry weather it is painful to work
with a horse, and much more so with oxen, while
they arc tormentetl beyoml endurance and have not
one moment's relief from the stinging and biting of
flies — lioi'sc Hies, cow Hies, woods flics and house flies.
The plagues of Egypt could not have been worse.
Stamping the feet, switching the tail, and snapping
when within reach, so wear out the strength and [la-
tience of the poor brute, that he often gets so excited
and enraged as to become frantic and run oil, in hopes
of getting away from his tormentors. Fly nets, mus-
lin covers, and waslics with fish brine, carbolic acid,
walnut leaves and jimsou, give only partial or tem-
porary protection, and the drc.ad of a bite in some
exposed part haunts him continually. The shadesof
night alonc^ dis[icrse his fears, and give a sure relief;
but during the fly season the nights arc so short it is
uo wouiler that the sull'ering brutes grow jxjor and
haggard, notwithstanding the additional feed. It
does seem strange that the inventive genius of Amer-
ica, goaded on by the society to pri'Veut ciuelty to
animals, and the sense of sympathy for the noble
Iiorse that exists in almost every breast, iloes not
discover sonu; antidote. It is not only for thi; horse,
but for the colts, the cows, the stwk cattle in pasture,
and the pig in his sty. It is a i|uesti(iu that lias given
mc much thought every summer, audi have adopted
what is certainly the most huiuaue system, being the
nearest approach to the desired end ; that is, to pro-
vide for all my stock dark stabling during the whole
day, and let them pasture at night ; and any one who
sees them cannot but admit that they are doing well
under the treatment. And whenever I see a herd of
cows or colts fenced out from t h<; stable, but gathered
as uear to it as they can get, or standing under a tree

switching, biting and stamping until the pasture is
all destroyed and their feet are sore, I feel as if the
proprietor ought to be tied down on one of the New
Jersey Hats, with his sli'eves rolled up. In inosqullo
time. In about ten minutes they would introduce
into his blood some new ideas In reference to home
jirotection. It is a question that has bei'ii often dis-
cussed whether shade trees in pasture irround are
bciieflcial or not, and it Is now generally admitted
that they are an evil rather than a benelit ; for some
kind of flics cannot endure the liright sunshine, and
will not attack an animal when standing In Its full
glare; but the animal seeking the conil'ort of the
shade rushes into a greater evil ; besides, the tree
growing in the field ilis|ilaees more or less grass, and
often attracts lightning and conducts II into the herd
beneath. In my mind, the dark stable? is the ni- phis
ultra of protection to the idle stock ; but the horse,
when in service, must be jirotccted by arlilicial nu-ans.
.\s liquid applications have failed to give the desired
relief, we must fall back on the lly net, which, though
expensive, unsightly, and attended with mueh work
putting on and oil', does, when properly apiflied, pro-
tect the greater part of the horse ; but, as you have
all noticed, the Hies arc not long in making the dis-
covery that the thongs of the net cannot reach them
when under the body of the horse, and the only way
he can ilislodge them is by raising his hind foot and
shoving it forward along his belly, which causes a
stop and a jerk each time, which is extremely annoy-
ing to thf driver and very severe on the harness. To
counteract this, I contrived a short net of leather
thongs, that fits under the .belly of the horse and is
supported by straps which pass over his back. This
answers the pnriiose admirably. The application of
it is certainly attended with some trouble, but I shall
continue to use it until I learn of something better.

Mr. Engle supposed much must be left to the hu-
manity of man, in the treatment and protection of his
cattle. He was sure cows would thrive better and
give more milk when not worried ; and he would be
glad to hear of some genius supplying the needed pro-
tection spoken of by tlie essayist, and thought it would
pay well if a premium was ottered for such invention.

Mr. Staufl'er ill formed the meeting that a patent had
been taken out foragausc covering for horses, which,
whilst it entirely enveloped him, gave him air and
freedom, so that this showed our inventative geniuses
had not been neglectful of this want.

The State Agricultural Fair.

A communication was presented by Johnson Miller,
chairman, urging the importance of an active, ener-
getic co-operation of the society in making the coming
State Fair a success, and suggesting that the usual
county fair be held, also. The President read, in ad-
dition to this communication, a preamble and scries
of resolutions, pledging the hearty and undivided sup-
port of the society to the State Fair, acknowledging
the honor conferred upon Lancaster by holding it
here, and providing for the appointment of a commit-
tee— consisting of five members from the city and one
from each tovvnship — whose duty it shall be to work
up an interest in the coming exhibition, gkther ma-
terial for the same, &e.

Mr. McComsey was opposed to this Society holding
a County Fair, because he feared it might inter-
fere with the State Fair. It would certainly di-
vide the efforts of the agriculturists and horticultur-
ists, who went to no inconsiderable ex[>enditure of
time, labor and means to promote the success of these
exhibitions. He felt like seeing one grand, concen-
trated effort to make the State Fair a success, and to
encoragc the managers to hoKl the fair here again.

Mr. Daniel Snieych, city, did not agree with .Mr.
McComsey. He could not see how a fruit show in the
i'all woulil interfere with the SI ale Fair. The fruit
wbicli would be ready for the fruit show — say early
In September— could not be kept until the later season
of the State Fair, and if not exhibited at a eounty
fair it could not be exhibited at all. He refcrrml par-
liculary to peaches, pears and the best varieties of
grapes.

D. U. Swartz, esq., was also opposed to a county
fair. It had been some years since the State Fair had
been hclil in this eounty, and t he managers doubtless
had some cause for not holding it here. Perhaps they
had not been (iropeiiy encouraged. He believed in a
concentrated effort toward tlie accomplishment of
one object — the success of the State Fair, and, in
order to give it proper shape, he moved that this
society forego holding a fall exhibition this year.

Mr. Stauller moved to amciul by adding that
" whereas, it had been ;)n)/;o.'«(nn this Society to hold
a fail exhibition, the Society resolved to forego the.
same, in order to give all the aid in their jxiwcr toward
making the Stale Fair a success."

After some little discu.ssiou, .Mr. Swartz's motion,
as amended by .Mr. Stauffer, was ailoptcd, and the
resolutions were adopted, as a whole, as follows :

Wheueas, The Pennsylvania State Agricultural
Society have determined to hold their State Fair at
Lancaster, in the autumn of IfT.i, an event to which
we look forward with unusual interest ; and •

WiiEKKAS, It has hcreloforebceu customary forthc
society to hold its fair for two years hi the same place,
which, being observed iiLthis instance, will secure it
for our county during the approaehiug Centennial

Year of .\merlcan Independence, an occurrence to bo
esteemed by us of the very highest imixirtancc ; thero-
Ibre, be it

IliKob'ril, That the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society will use all their Influence and i'ni|iloy every
ellbrt, in their (Hiwer, In order to render the Stale Fair,
to be held In our midst, a great and triumphant suc-
cess.

Itctolrnl, That every member of the Lancaster
County Agricultural and Horticultural Sociciv will
esteem 11 his duty to exhibit at the Fair anything that
may be of agricultural interest, and do all else in his
Iiower to prove that our county was worthy of tho
lioiior that has beiii conferred uiMin her In having been
selected as the place lor lioliling the Slate Fair at
the most lm|>ortant cikmIi in the history of our Com-
inonwealth and Nation.

Ilisoheil, That we, the farmers and agriculturists
of Lancaster eounty. In due appreciation of the con-
sideration that has been shown us, will meet the ag-
riculturists of our State and country with anoiienand
hearty welcome, and we promise them kind and con-
siderate treatment of our whole eonimunity.

/{cxoli'al, That we will endeavor to make our efforts
to promote the success of the Fair fittingly conqMirt,
to the best of our ability, with the tith- which com-
mon acquiescence has acconled our county in being
styled " The Oardrn of tlic Keyslotu."

Unsolved, That In order to make the .State Fair a
complete? success, and that our elforts may the more
unitedly be directed thereto, we lori'go the lioldlngof
our usual annual county exhibition.

lirsuh'uly That the President of the Lancaster Coun-
ty Agricultural and Horticultural Society shall ap-
point a County Committee of the friends of agricul-
ture, consisting of one from each district and Ave in
the City of Lancaster, whose special duty it shall Uo
to gather all matterof interest, co-operate with State
committees of like character, and exert their utmost
cllbrts to crown the State Fair, to be held amongst us,
as a brilliant triumph of agricultural display.

litsoh'cd, That a copy of these resolutions be print-
ed in TiiE La ycASTEU Fa umer, and in the local pa|Mr8,
and that a copy be forwarded to the President of the
State Agricultural Society.

Under the foregoing resolution, the President, John-
son Miller, has appointed the following

COUNTy COMMITTEE.

Adamstown . Abrahara Lutz. I l.«ucoek BenJ. Landis,

Bart Uorvey B.'MiKlimun.| fS. S. Ratlivuu,

Breckuoch John H. (iood. Wiu. L. Peiix-r.

C;ininrvoii..Ge<>. W. Comptoii. Lanc'r City. Wui Mct'oinsey,
Cociilico Eiist-.Sulimfl Royer, I

Cocjilico We.st -loel Wcist.

Ooleraiu Rohf rt Hof^;;.

Columbia.. , .C. S. RuutriliaD.

Coiiestogu (^aaijer Ulllor.

C'oiioy Johu M. Eugle.

Clay Ab'm B. Suyder.

DoueRal E..IIenry M. Eiiglo.
Duncf^al W... Jacob H. MuHHt»r.
Drui]ioru..Ja8. A. McPliernon.

E|ibrata Dr. llerl/..

Kiirl Martin Hit zer.

E.irl East Sam'l .S. Maiiiu.

Earl West .Toel Wenper.

Elizalieth Cieorgc Eontz.

Elizab6thtowil..A*IdiKou Kby.

Kdeu Rob't I^lontguuicry.

Fulton.. . R. K. MeCiilluuuh.
Hclni'tield E. . JobuCiiiigricti.
Hi'mi'llclcl W .1. H. lIciBlKy

I Henry BuliedJct,
L-J. M. W. (iiiiit,

Leacock Up. ..Isaac BiiiihuuR.

Little Britain . ..las. Eettinioii.

MartiCk. ..Wm. K. Mct'reary.

Manor.... Martin I). Kiiidig.

Mt. .loy iKir. . ..John A. tlrier.

Ml. Joy twp. Henry B. Iteiat.

Mariitta li. H. Ktlla.

Maiiheiiu bor..J M Kusiuingor

Maiiheim twii .Kiih. Hrjover.

Paradise. ..M. B. Gsldeinau,

I'euu IsraPl (J. Erb,

Pcqua J. L. Broiieniau.

I'rovideuce . . . Hen j. F. Rowo.

Ra)>llo M. L. Orcider,

SaliHlmry (too. Kiiiztir.

SadHtiury. ..William Briuton.

.StraHbilrg l>or..H. Brarkliill.

StraMbiirg iwiv .E. BrackblU.

Lampeter E . . .Cidviii Coojut, , Warwick JoUliaoii Miller.

Laliiia-tcr \V',.Alilo8 H. Myllli. '• WasLiugtou bor..J L SUuiimn
LancaatcT ti>..Jac. M. Frautz. I

Mr. M. D. Kcndig, of Manor, was named by the
chair as essayist for the next meeting, but respect-
fully declined to serve.

Among the qiuslions suggested for discussion at
the next meeting was this : What is the best means
of inducing young men to adopt the pursuit of
farming i

President Engle suggested the question: "Would
It be advisable for Lancaster county fanners to en-
gage more extensively in dairying?"

Mr. Swartz suggested the question of the artificial
hatching of chickens, and mentioned the fact that he
had recently been called uiKin by a man who had a
system or process for artifiiial hatching. He would
like to hear the practicability of the tiling discussed
by the members.

.Mr. Enu'le remarked that the dlflleulty was not in
hatching them, but in taking care of them afler they
were hatiheii. If a man should take hold of it who
thorouirhly understood the process, a fortune couM
be (|uickly made, for he doubteil not that tons of
chickens would be wanted In Philadelphia during lliu
Centennial.

Peter S. Heist said itiMiV/AMie a profitable business,
but he had found nothing more uneciiain than
"counting chickens before they were lialche^l."

Mr. Staufier knew a goiKl deal alKiut the subject,
and was asked to prepare a pa[>er on it for the next
nii«ting, which he consented to do.

Johnson Miller exhibited \\w s|)ccimcns of Ued
Mediterranean, Tapiihahannoek, Clawson's Winter,
Dulfry and Jennings while wheat, and Winter rye;
and Milton B. Kshlcman, csip, cxibiled a very fine
specinien of Potato oats.

i)n inolioii. Society adjourned to meet on Monday,
Seiitember Ctli.

124

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August,

For TnE Lancaster Fakmer.
AURORA.

ET MAIiY K. VAN DTKE.

Who IB slio with step so spri5htly,

Poised on eastern liills afar,
riiiisrinsr l)acli ail shadDMs nit;Iit]y,
Liftinjr up day's curtain liriKlitly,
PromptinE: Pliiebus thus to lightlyj

Vault "within his golden car ?

Robes translucent, thickly apanjlcd
With dew diamonds, wrouifht by Heaven ;

Spun gold tresses, mist entangled,

As among them elfs had angled,

Danced and skipped, and kissed and wrangled,
Since last fairy haunted even.

From her mi.sty clouds, that cover

Seeming ghosts, slow glide away,
And in mountain dingles hover,
Like a maiden coy from lover ;
Lest the daylight should discover

That for which he still must pray.

Prithee, is her name Aurora,

Empress of the golden dawn,
Beauteous goddess, light restorer ?
All things lovely wake before her,
Bird and bee, and man adoi-e her,

Only guilt she finds forlorn.

Hail ! all hail ! thou Queen of Glory !

Time can ne'er thy grandeur blight ;
Thou hast laughed o'er earth's glad story,
Wept o'er fields of carnage gory.
Grieved to sec bright locks grow hoary,

Ever since God spake thelight.

Since the stars of night first chanted.

Echoed by old ocean's wave.
Thou hast checked their song, undaunted,
Woke the forest-bird enchanted.
And in rainbow colors jiainted

Everything outside the grave.

That will hide our best endeavor,

But cannot o'ershadow thee ;
For till Nature dies — forever
Queen of mornin?, thou shalt sever
Light from darkness — God the giver

Thus ordained thy destiny.

Thine example should remind us

That we have a mission too ;
Morn should wake and ever find us
Faithful to the work assigned us,
Constant to the ties that bind us.

Hopeful, loving, earnest, true.

C'oxgackie, JV. Y.,Julyo1,lS75.

THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

Geraniums.

Many people are obliged to rely upon the scarlet
Geranium as the only plant that will resist the burn-
ing summer suns and at tlic same time give brightness
to their yards. This makes it necessary to preserve
a large number of ])lants. Although the Geranium is
less essential in the comparatively moist atmosphere
of New York State, I have found it desirable to use
several hundreil plants this season. Of course, they
cannot lie sldred in the conservatory. My plan is the
following : First take a large number of young wood
cuttings and strip them of all buds and of all leaves
e-xcept the germinal ones. Cut them smooth with a
sharp knife below a joint. Fill a box ten inches or a
foot deep with soil within two inches of the top. Let
the dirt be sim))ly in its natural condition as found in
the garden — moist, but not wet. Press, the cuttings
down half their length or a third into the soil, with-
out making holes for their inscnion. Set them in as
close as coiivenient, without positive contact. Then
with the fingers careiully press the soil down between
them. Not a droj) of water must be put on. Set the
boxes in a cool room, out of the sun, or in a light
cellar. Let them stay there till si)ring. A few will
rot; most of them will have started roots; the rest
will be ready to do so. In early spring, if conveni-
ent, bring the boxes into a warm room till it is safe
to plant out. Those without roots, when once in the
garden, will not lie slow to do their duty. The cut-
tings should Ijc taken off in October or sooner. Mean-
while I cut back my old plants, strip off the leaves
until they sail under bare poles, and when they are
trim and compact pull them up or pry them out and
shake off most nf the dirt. In the cellar is placed a
box ten feet by six and four or tivc inches deep. In
this I plant or cover the roots of the geraniums, in
close array as possible. No buds or large leaves re-
main, and, above all things, no water is applied until
they are again planted out in the spring. My cellar
is moderately dry and cool and light. If, now, a per-
son has burdened the house with a half-dozen or
dozen large jjlants, let hii7i cut them into slips at once
and leave the old roots to a nuiet, dry winter's rest.—
B. W. Fowdl.

Propagation of the Double White Moss Rose.

This beautiful rose is not easily propagated, afford-
ing no suckers and seldom growing even from layers.
An intelligent gardener of Lanarkshire, Scotland, has
been quite successful in increasing this favorite plant
by layering in a peculiar way. The part of the gar-
den occupied by the white moss ro.se and other choice
plants was low and sheltered, the soil consisting al-
most entirely of rotted bark or tan formerly used in
the hot houses and melon frames. This substance is
not congenial to the growth of plants so long as it
contains any of the tannin or matter which renders
bark useful to tanners, but when decomposed and
reduced to a black mould it is superior to any other
soil for choice plants.

In this soil the roses were planted, and after they
had established themselves for a yearortwo, his plan
was to layer them — not in the usual way, by bending
down the branches and inserting a part in the soil,
but by bending down every branch and covering with
an inch and a half of mould. Had he left a "single
shoot uncovered, his opinion was that the tendency
of the sap being to flow upward, too much of it would
find a passage in that direction, but when all the
branches were covered, they all received a like im-
pulse ; and this theory was borne out by the fact that
every eye pushed forth a vigorous shoot, which took
root below the sui-face. By managing in this way
more plants were produced from a given number of
stools in a single season than could be produced in
ten years by the old common method.

By similar treatment the tree peony may be in-
creased in a manner that is really astonishing. A
single shoot, put down by the same gardener, for the
purpose of proving the excellence of the plan, had
twenty-seven rooted plants attached to it. Several
other choice plants that are not easily propagated in
the usual way, may doubtless be rapidly increased by
this simple and inexpensive mode of treatment.

The Story of a Rose.

A rose with so pretty a little story and so full of
romance as this ought to be beautiful, and so is the
Cherokee liose. Here is the story told of it :

" An Indian chief of the Seminole tribe was taken
prisoner by his enemies, the Cherokees, and doomed
to torture, but fell so seriously ill that it became
necessary to wait for his restoration to health before
committing him to the fire. And, as he lay pros-
trated by disease in the cabin of the Cherokee war-
rior, the daughter of the latter, a young, dark-faced
maid, was his nurse. She fell in love with the young
chieftain, and, wishing to save his life, urged him to
escape. But he would not do so unless she would
flee with him. She consented. Yet, before they had
gone far, impelled by soft regret at leaving home,
she asked permission of her lover to return for the
purpose of bearing away some memento of it. So,
retracing her footsteps, she broke a sprig from the
white rose which climbed the poles of her father's
tent, and, preserving it during her flight throusrh the
wilderness, planteil it by the door ol^ her new home
in the land of the Suminolcs. And from that d.ay
this beautiful flower has always been known in
Florida and throughout the Southern States by the
name of the Cherokee Kose."

A Wonderful Flower.

One of the most exquisite woudei-s of the sea
is the opelet, a flower resembling very much the
German Chuia-aster. It has the appearance of a
double aster with a quantity of petals of a light green
color, glossy as silk, each petal tipped with rose-
color. These lovely petals are never still, but wave
about in the water, while the flowerclings to the rock.
So innocent and lovely-looking, no one could suspect
it of eating anything ; certainly, if it did, only a bit
of rainbow or a dro]) of dew. But those beautiful
waving petals have other and more material work
to do — to provide food for a large mouth, which
is cunningly hid deep down among them. They do
their duty famously, for as soon as a silly little fish
comes in contact with those rosy tips he is sti'uck
with a poison fatal and quick as lightning. He dies
instantly, and the beautiful arms wrap themselves
aliout him and drag him into the greedy mouth. Then
those lovely petals unclose and float imiocently on the
water just like our water-lily. This llower was long
ago talked of, but its existence doubted until the last
century. Now the opelet is known to be a thing that
really exists.

Ashes in Orchards.

The point to which we now call attention is that
our farmers and fruitgrowers have ignorcii, or rather
been ignorant of, the imjiortance of wood ashes as a
vegetable stimulant and as the leading constituent of
plants. Even coal ashes, now thrown away as use-
less, have been shown, both by experiment and analy-
sis, to possess a fair share of alkaline value. We will
relate only one experiment : Some twenty-five years
ago we treated an old hollow pippin tree as fojlows :
The holjflw, to the height of eight feet, was filled and
rammed with a com posit of wood ashes, garden mold,
and a little waste lime (carbonate). The filling was

securely fastened in by boards. The next year the
crop of sound fruit was sixteen bushels from an old
shell of a tree that had borne nothing of any aeiount
for some time, and for seventeen years after flllinir,
the old i)ippin tree continued to flourish and bear wefi.
— Scicni'ijff AjiicrUuin,

Exterminating Live-Forever.

Do you know of any w.ay to exterminate lipc-fornier
and tansy, except grubbing them out? I purchased
a farm which has both the above pests on it. Per-
haps some of your readers may be able to help me by
knowing some way to get rid of them. a. v. m.

[Probably the easiest and simplest way is smother-
ing. On a small scale, this is most easily done by
burying deep under the soil. On a large scale, by
plowing under with an extra large double Michigan
plow, when they will not see daylight for a year, and
the task will be finished. In some particular "instances
they might be deeply covered with tan or saw-dust,
and smothered.] — Conntrij Gentleman.

THE POULTRY YARD.

Breeding Poultry for Profit.

So many subscribers have made inquii-y about
" breeding on a large scale," and " breeding for profit
in eggs and poultry," that we give our views with
some lunts on the subject.

Doubtless a large majority of those who engage in
poultry-keeping expect to make it pay, at least , ex-
penses, while there are many who anticipate profits,
larger or smaller, according as the east of the indi-
vidual is the more visionary or practical. When a
breeder starts in fowls, and goes down to the " hard
pan" of practical utility, success is certain. If fowls
are rightly managed, they can be made to pay a
handsome profit, though none be sold for fancy prices.
The question then is, How can this be done?

The nature of fowls requires certain conditions,
which if disregarded will result in failure ; then, in
order to succeed, how important it is that we under-
stand the natural conditions under which they thrive
the best. Give a few fowls the range of a farm in
summer, and with a small amount of grain how well
they will do. The demands of nature are fully sup-
plied from the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and
the nearer we can imitate and follow these conditions
of nature, the surer will be our success; it is from
these we must reason and base all ouroperatious. As
regards the number of Ibwls one can keep, they are
limited only by his facilities ; but whether we keep
many or few, it is a safe rule to keep no more than
we can keep well. It is iinnatural for fowls to be
kept together in large numbers, as they are deprived
of proper range, and their supplj' of green food is apt
to be insutiieient ; besides, their runs become more or
less fouled, and the exhalations from a large number
generates a poison in the surrounding atmosphere
which predisposes the birds to roup, cholera, and epi-
demic diseases. Another very strong objecticm to
keeping a large number Under one roof is, that the
attack of an epidemic or contagious disease would
result most disastrously in sweeping through the
flock, and carrying olf a large number; while if the
fowls were scattered in smalidetached buildings, dis-
ease would appear in one first, where it could be
checked at once without spreading through the lloek,
and the loss would be comparatively small. We have
kept several hundred fowls, from year to year, and
aside from fancy prices, have made them very pnifll-
able, especially for eggs. We have always followed
the plan of colonizing or scattering our birds over
considerable territory, in suitaljle houses, which are
fully described in The Nation for March. Of the large
breeds, ;ve do not keep over thirty or forty in one
flock, and prefer to divide this number in two rooms
under the same roof; of the smaller breeds, forty to
fifty could be kept in one lot. Small flocks always do
better in proportion to their cost than large ones, and
we consider a building that will comfortably house
fifty fowls, large enough to be eomijatible with the
best thrift and health of its inmates.

It is asked, "How much room is needed for fifty or
one hundred fowls?" So much depends on soil and
location, no definite answer can be given. On an acre,
fii'ty to one hundred Ijirds can be safely kept, but in
no case should the number he so large as to destroy
the grass. To ijreserve this, and keep every part of
the grounds untainted, is necessary. When a spot
once becomes bare, it is fouled and tainted, and the
surface should be pared, dug up, and dressed w ith
fresh soil once or twice a year ; or, better, if the fowls
can be kept oft', to seed it anew. Yards can be so ar-
ranged as to leave part of them vacant, and the fowls
changed from one to the other often enough to pre-
serve the grass and keep it fresh. Plenty of shade
should be furnished, and if orchards are not at hand,
the quickest-growing shrubs and bushes should be
planted ; quinces, dwarf pears, cherries, grapevines,
elders, etc., all thrive well in hen yards, and soon
make a good shade; better than nothing are rank
and tall-growing vegetables, such as corn and sun-
flowers. The best soil is gravel or sand ; but what-
ever the soil may be, the drainage should be good
enough to keep the grounds dry and free from mud.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

125

Wc have iilrrmly puhlislicd so iiimOi aliout feeding
It is lianlly iieicssaiv, in this arti<lr, with llic i-xccp-
tioii (if a IV-w ;;oiK'ral remarks : Tlic iireolcr must.
uiKk'i'staiul thi' properties of the (litlerent liiiuis of
(.'rain, ete., to feeil iiitelliuently, ami for a purpose.
For instance, he should l<ii()\v that eorn, Inielcwheat
flour, Ijoileil potatoes, jieas, milk, ami seraps, fatten ;
that for ei.'i;'-lini(liu'ini;, wlieat, rye, oats, l)arley ami
lean meat, are l)est. Where ei^^^s are llic olijeet, and
the lary;e bree.tls are kept, the f^iod that fattens must,
be used sparingly, for over-fat I euiin; disposes to
bro(Mliness and sluufiiisliness. Where e()rn is used it
is l)est io mix it witli eoarser qinUilies of food, sueh
as Ijran, (ground (»ats, barh*y, boiled turnips, ete.
Two meals a day are sutlieient, and tliey ouijiit not to
he fed more tlian tliey eau eat u]) in tliree to live min-
utes, or of eooked foed, al»out a tal)iespiH)nful t(t eatdi
fowl, anil of ^rain, one grali of tlie lianil will do for
two or three fowls ; we prefer to !,'ive a hot eookeil
mess in the morning and ijrain in the afternoon. The
soft food should not eoutain more than one-fourth
coriuneal in summer, and not more than one-half in
winter. The balanee may consist of i;i-<iund oats,
barley, sereeiuni^s, bran and tiuishi'il miildlim^s, with
boilei! vi'i^'etables in the shape of turnips, potatoes,
cal»baji:e, ete. The use and proportions of these may
be varied, to aive variety, as fowls do not relish the
same dish or a mess always served the same « ay.
One variety of grain may be given each day, lor the
sake of a change, or the grain may be mixed. In
feeding grain it is best to scatter it as much as iK)Sfii-
ble, as this prevents the fowls eating it too rapiilly,
anil gives them exercise. The smaller breeds ar(^
nan-e active, ami there is not the danger of ov(^r-
I'attening them. As a rule, we would give them all
they want, and they may even be allowed constant
access to grain without injury. — 7'he J'outlry Xutiun.

Poultry at the International Exhibition.

The prospect for a granil disi)lay of poultry at the
coming Ccnteniual is now quite well assured, and those
. having a fancy for line fowls will doubtless have am-
ple opportunity to study and investigate every known
vaiiety.

It is to be hoped that the display of poultry will be
in keeping with the enterprise and advancement of
the nineteenth century, in that direction.

Thiit contributions of stock will be made from all
parts of the poultry worlii, and we doubt not Ameri-
can breeders will contribute in a way that will do
credit to an occasion which can come but once in a
hundred years. We appeud a notice issued by the
United States Centennial Commission :

■' It is desired by many that there be a permanent,
as well .IS a tsmporary exhibition of poultry, and if
ai>plications for sjjace for the exhibition of fowls dur-
ing the six months covered by the exhibition, arc re-
ceived in suflii-ient numbers to warrant the outlay,
the Commissiini will [irobably adopt some measures
to allbrd the proper facilities.

"If the design of a permanent exhibition be carried
out, the display should he sueh as woulil impress tlie
character id' cacdi breed upon the mind of the observer.

"This cannot be ilune when the exhibition is con-
fined to trios in separate coops, but only by the dis-
play of as large a number as can be placed in one
enclosure; thus allbrding by the multiiilieation of
individual birds, each of the same breed, an O]»portini-
ity of studying the characteristics of each particular
family. Prominent poultry breeders could readily
supply the birds for sueh an interesting and instruc-
tive' exhibit.

" The temporary exhibition will commence on Oc-
tober 2i;th, bSTti, and last till Novcnd)er lOlh, a period
of lift ecu ilays. TIk- Coinnnssion willercc-t. shedding,
and the birds will be exhibited in the sann- boxes or
coops in which they were transiiorted. For thi' jiur-
po.se of i)re.serving unilbrnnly, these boxes will all be
made according to speeilieatious furuished by the IJu-
rcau of Agriculture.

■' Exhil)itors will be required to assume all respon-
sibility of feeding and general attendance on their
birds. '

" Only such speeimens will be received" as are of
jmre breed, and even these must be highly meritori-
ous.

"Further information may be liad by addressing
the Chief of the liureau of Agriculture, International
Kxhibiiion, I'hiladclphia."

Judging Poultry.

.1. W. P. Ilovey, writing in T/u: Ponllnj Xalinyt,
eonsiilers Ihesubjeet of judging poidtry from a dill'er-
cnt stand|>oint than the one usually taken, lie s.iys,
"there arc few men, (perhaps very few, and certain-
ly too few,) wlio are compcteni to judge at our ' big '
shows. Who, then, shall do it at the multitude of
Stale, anil county, and even district shows, which
are held all over the country, in which the exhibitor is
so often injured and ilisgustcd ? We want a grow ing
crop of judges who, by practice at the smallcrshows,
shall liiM'ompetent at least to criticise, and. by thus
doing, insure greater care and better judging at the
larger galhiriugs. Again, we need better juilffcs
among the exhibitors, which would enable tlicm to
select their best birds, i nd properly match them. At

one show at whicli I acted on Asiatics, the largest
exhibitor, who had the best eollei-lion of fowls, failed
to receive the premiums, his due, from inaliilily to
match his trio.s. Before 1 had looked through' the
poultry, or conunenced judging, I ri'ipicsted of the
Kxeeutive Commitlee to be allowi'd to change a few
birils into ditlcreut cofips, but the refjuest. was very
properly denied, and thi' best stock failedto winwhat
it deserved. The point I wish to make is this : Kvery
poult ry -breeder sliouhl practice juilging on his own
poultry. Every year destroy the culls. Watch the
growing tloi'k, and thin, thin, thin out. Editors say,
' lioil down your articles.' Nurserymen say, 'It is
always the lime of year to imine when the knife is
ehar[).' Fruit raisers say, ' Thin out the fruit, as a
bushel of choice will bring more money than three
bushels of inferior." That these rub's apply to
choice ])oullry, however choice, I am satislied. W'ateh
your growingchickens, thin them out, giving the best
a better chance. It is always the right time lo kill
otV the poorer and l)oil them down, literally, unless
you prefer a broil or roast. Hceause yonr iirecding-
stock cost big money, don't save a mean product;
and renu'nduT, too, you are practicing the first h'.ssons
which may make you capable of judging at Chicago
or Bull'ah) in the future."

THE FARM AND THE DAIRY.

Hungarian Grass.

The cultivation id' this speeiesof millet is bcglmdng
to attract some attention in this county, and ini|uiries
were nnide eoneerniug it at a recent meeting of our
Agricultural Society. It is extensively grown with
Jirolit in our neighlioring county of Chester. The
following, from a reliable authority, may interest
some of our readers :

This is a variety of millet that was originally intro-
duced into cultivation in France as early as bSl.5, and
has since been introduced ami cultivated in this
country, where it is regarded as a very useful addi-
tion to our forage plants. Its value has been more
fully appreciated within the last three or four years,
on account of the .severe droughts and the open and
severe winters, which have greatly injured our mow-
ing lands, killed out the true grasses in many jilaces,
and reduced the yield very generally, making it ne-
cessary for farmers to adopt some plan, late iu the
season, to meet the exigency of a short eroj) of hay
ami high prices in prosjject for a coming winter.

Hungarian grass, or as the French call it, Mo>ia de
Jfouf/rie, or Ilungarian millet, is the Vaniciiin (jcr-
maniaim of Liun;cus, and dill'ers from common millet
iu appearance by having a clo.se and upright heiul or
jianicle, while that of common millet is open and dif-
fuse or spreading. It is thought to be more nutritive,
also, while the yield is quite as abundant, and by
nuiny thought to be much more so.

Hungarian grass is an annual, and requires to be
sown every year. It it) best adajited to light lands,
and enduresourdroughts remarkably well. It should
be sow u late. The firstof June is quite early enough,
and it will do as well as late as the tenth, tifteenth or
twentieth of that month. This gives an opportunity
to turn over any "bound out" old sward laud, or to
use any piece of laud that could not be planted with
corn. It requires good corn weather and good corn
land, and does not make much growth till the warm
nights come. If sown early it will conu- up, but will
not make any growth lo speak of till the season is
well advanced, and then it will grow with great ra-
pidity, and may be cut in the ndlk in July or early in
August, so that it oceu|>ies the land but a sliorttinic.
If the laud is iiiowed early in the .s|>ring, and allowed
to lie a little while, the weeds will start, when a
thorough harrowing, and cross harrowing occasion-
ally, will destroy them. It operates as a fallowing,
and by repeated surface cultivation the soil is mel-
lowed ami the weeds destroyed. We have found the
Shares or the Nishwitz harrow very excellent for this
work. They do not tear up the obi sod as much as
the common tooth harrow. U])on sod land turned
over in the fall or early spring we use the Shares har-
row first, after the weed seed, if there is any in the
land, lias germinated. Tlien, a few days after, we
harrow crosswise with the Nishwitz barrow. That
has a series of sharp disks, that chop and cut up the
weeds most admirably, leaving the ground meUow
and in good tilth, without making the surface rough
and uniuauagealile liy turning uji the sods.

It is easy to see what cU'ect a repeated cultivation
of this kind, which does not take u|i much time or
expense, has. It destroys the weeds. That is of great
imi)ortanee. It gives a mellow surface lor a seed
l)ed, and file work comes after the planting season
and the great hurry of sjiring work is over. If the
manure has all been used up on the corn, potatoes
and roots, use some concentrated fertilizer that con-
tains plenty of ammonia, ]ihosphoric acid and )H)Iash.
Ward's .special grass f'erlili'ier gave excellent results
last year, and wc know of nothing better. Four
hundred ixiuuds per acre of this article ought to in-
sure a satisf.iciory yield.

A half buslicl per acre of Hungarian grass seeii is
a heavy seeding. If it, is all fresh and good, fourteen
quarts is abundant, but we always make a little at- I
luwance for i)oor seed and loss by birds, luodeep coy- I

crlng, and other casualties. It is to he harrowed and
brushed in jusi as is common wllh other grain crops
or grass seed. The time lo cut Is soon after I he hlos-
Bom has jiassed, or when the seed is in the milk, and
it is excellent feed for milch cows and horses. It is
good, also, to cut grceu, ns fodder.

Practical versus Fancy Cattle Breeding.

On reading from fliiu- lo time the wonilerful ac-
counts of the Shorthorn sales that are taking place,
I am at a loss tn know the reason why such large,
and, lo my mind, ridiculous prk-cs are given for eat-
tic; for, after all, they are. In a practical sense, only
means for producing so many [Miunds of human fcxxl,
and caimot be used, like race-horses, for In.stanee, to
win large amounts of money. Perhaps some of your
correspondents could Inform me why. In the interests
of farming (putting aside fancy aliogetlicr), a pure
Bates Duchess is so eagerly sought after, for exam-
ple. Is that particular trilie of cattle eapabfe of
making more imumls of beef In a shortiT time, or of
inodueing more ndlk and butter than any other ? [f
not, why are sueh prices given as we hear off Some
argue that Booth cattle are superior, and some Hates;
either, no doubt, are g(K)d enough for anv practical
puriwses. All the high priced fancy tribes are Iu
hands of large landed proprielors and rich men ; it Is
simply an ambition among them lo obtain the largest
average at their ammal sale, just in the same way as
to kill the best bag of hand-reared |ilieasaiits. and
have something to talk about and make thiinsilves
remarkable. Of course it Is lo the Interest of every
fanner to breed from pure bulls of goml peiligree,but
I maintain that a man would obtain just as gixKl ani-
mals for use and the market, if he purchased a sire
of any well known strain at a nioilirale price, as If
he were to buy a pure Duchess bull. Why is that
particular tribe so much run after? Surefv for no
)iraetical end. I am eoidident that if the2,(P(l(i gs. bull
was called some other name, and If he were bought
by a farmer, and used on his stock, he could do no
more practical good than any other bull of good ped-
igree with color, size and quality. Again, in compar-
ing Shorthorns with lleivfords, I do not think the
latter are sulliciently known beyond their own [lartic-
ular districts, although they are extensively bred In
the colonics and other places abroad. I hear in .\u8-
tralia they are becoming tnore liked than the Short-
horns, owing to their being so much more hanly.
They will live, without doubt, on less and coarser
food than Shorthorns, and the way they are reared
gives them constitutions that will stand any clini.ate
and resist nearly all the diseases so prevalent among
the Shorthorns, sueh as quarter felon, ideuro-pneu-
nionia, and ndlk lever. The general practice is to
rear the calves on their dams, and if thcv calve in
the fields when the w eather is at all favorable, they
seldom require bringing Into shelter. They are Iho
more suited to rough it than the present fashloiialile
Shorthorns, which are pampered from the day they
are calved. At all the large fat stock exhibitions
they hold thcirownlioth in weight and quality. Why,
then, are the prices for the best Ilen-f'onlsso much
less than those paid lor the best Shorthorns ? It must
be fancy. They have been tried together in every way,
both in the stalls and as graziers, and theirwor'st
enemies cannot say that they do not compare well
with their rivals. Perhaps they are not, as a rule,
good milkers ; but then neither are the highly prii'i-d
Shorthorns unless bred es|H-eially from milking tribes.
And as lately as the Croydon show the best animal in
the yard was a HerefonI bull. Why do they then
average, say .'50 gs., for all ages in a large sale of a
crack heni, while the Shorthorn avcrave their 'i<K» gs.
and P.m) gs. Surely a great deal of this must be fancy.
One great reason no doubt is because the Hcrcfonls
are almost entirely in the hands of tenant farmers,
who keep them as rent-i>ayers and not as fancy stock .
Of course the high prices paid for the most fashiona-
ble tribes of Shorthorns have a eorrcs]«indinginllnenec
on all the breed. 1 exjH'ct if .some of our leading
aristocracy were lo takeupllerefordsinthcsame way
they have done Shorthorns their prices would rise ac-
cordingly. The great mistake made in all breciling
is the keeping the young male animals intended for
sale in t(«) high couditlim, it often leads lodisapiioint-
meiit to the imrchascr. This applies in a great degree
to Kams which arc fattened to such a degree that they
arc perfectly useless. I wish some rule could be made
to pn'Vent breeding animals, shown in an unprofitable
state of fat, being awarded prizes; it is very hanl to
draw the line, as some of Ihc most noted prize-takers
have bred constantly— but I think it is far worse in
the male I hail in the female animal. — London Aijri-
cnllnral (lauUv.

Butter-Making.

Pennsylvania is the great liuttcr-making' State, for
which purpose her soil is well-adapted. If rightly
managed there Is doubtless mon' profit in the manu-
facture of butter Ihan any other branch of dairying
taki-n alone, provided a tlrst-rate article be made and
I>ul u|x>n the market iu the best (jussiblc coudilion,
and this will always be so froiu the fact that more
Ihan two-thirds of all the manufaeturirs of buffer,
even in Pennsylvania, fall tu nutkv a really firsl-ratu

126

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August,

article ; and strange as the fact may seem to be, there
are not one-half of the butter-makers who really
know wliat a first-rate quality of butter is or how to
make it. Then afain many of them ilo not eare if
they can get within a few cents a ]>ounil of what the
best of butter sella at ; th(!y woulil rather sell at a
less price if they cannot convince the buyer that it is
equal to the best, auJ if so they save a little labor,
but the result in the end only shows that they were
"penny wise and pound l^oolish." To have the
credit of makini;; the very best of everything which
we manufacture is worth more than a few pennies on
a pound or two of butter.

Among the prominent faults with butter Is one so
needless and one that is the result of so much negli-
gence and carelessness that it needs a passing notice.
I allude to the want of sufficient working to dissolve
the salt. There is no fault that is so soon detected
as this.

Another department of the dairy business is that
of making cheese. This, too, if rightly understood
and carefully managed, is a remunerative business.
It takes five quarts of milk to make a pound of cheese
in most seasons of the year. In September and Oc-
tober cows that have given mill* through the summer
will make a pound of cheese from about four and a-
lialf quarts of new milk, the milk being richer in the
fiill than in the spring. It is claimed "by very good
dairymen that just as good cheese cau be made from
milk after taking off what cream rises over night as
from entirely now milk. Certain it is that if the
cream is allowiul to rise it might as well be taken otf
and made into bultei', as it will not not go into the
cheese but will melt and run otf into the whey and be
lost. Yet I think the milk if made into cheese as soon
as the animal heat is gone from it will make the best
cheese. Yet I am aware that as good cheese can be
made from skim milk as the average of cheese from
our farm dairies, especially in the mouths of Septem-
ber and October.

Another prominent fault is the want of cleanliness
In all its details. Without this precaution it is im-
possible to make a first-rate quality of butter. If
care is not exercised in milking, the butter will be
rank from the dust adhering to the can, especially in
the winter, when cows are kept in the stable. It is
true that the quality of buttcrdepends very much upon
the feed ujmn which the cow is kept, as well as the
particular breed of the cows from which it is made.

We have in our county a man (Mr. F. R. Starr) of
whom I have once written you. As I before stated,
his cows are all Alderney, and the milk is churned
new without skimming. His means and preparations
are ample for making the best butter that it is possi-
ble to make from new milk, and I learn it sells for a
dollar a pound, and this too when other butter of
good quality sells for only forty-Uve to fifty cents a
pound, and much more is sold for thirty cents. — 6er.
Telegraph.

Loss by Weeds and Insects.

It is estimated that the value of jiroduee annually
raised in this country is -?2,.5O0,0()(),00U, of which
amount nearly or quite one-tifth, or $.500,000,000, is
lost, according to the American Natnralistj from the
attacks of injurious plants and animals. A single
eamp.aign of the army worm costs the farmers of
eastern Massachusetts §250, 000 worth of grass. Mis-
souri alone loses from liftccn to twenty million dollars
ainnially frtjm insect depredations. The annual
damage to the ap[)le and pear crop from the codling
moth amounts to several million dollars, and the work
of the ciu'culio is equally costly. A partial remedy
is to be found in a close study of insect habits, with
a view to ascertaining what insects there are, and the
means to hold them in chedc or destroy them. It is
hardly possible to estimate the havoc annually
wi-ought by the grasshopper and the potato beetle,
for example ; and auy bird or insect which would re-
duce such pests would be a substantial benefactor to
the farmer. As to the "injurious plants," or in the
common vernacular, weeds, the only method that is
feasible is to kill them at their very germination by
means of projjcr agricultural machines. Tlie Country
Gentleman aflirms that the ammal growth of weeds
in this country amounts to eight million tons, or
enough to load a compact train of wagons long
enough to span the gloljc. Precisely how the Coun-
try Gentleman arrives at this very definite estimate,
we are at a loss to determine ; but it would certainly
be better for the farmer if the weeds were actually
loaded into the "compact train of wagons" referred
to, rather than to have them to choke his crops and
leave an unwelcome legacy of liberally sown seed for
future seasons. Farmers have only to consult their
own experience to realize the extent to which the
depredations of weeds and insects are carried, and
any measures which tend to even partial extirpation
of these pests are worth the trying.

Raising Chestnut Trees.

Chestnuts sell readily at llvi' dollars a bushel. Sup-
pose twenty trees to an acre, and that from these you
take half an acre, and that from these you take half
a bushel of nuls from each tree, this will make fifty
dollars — a snug little sum to foot up some of the in-

numerable little bills arising from the purchase of
foreign luxuries. Who does not see the value and
the necessity .at this time of our great pecuniary need
of studiously seizing upon every item that might be
turned into a source of wealth ? No more need he
said under this head, unless it be to give some direc-
tions for the proper cultivation and care of nut trees,
which I do not propose doing at present. I trust that
all who read this short article will begin, if they are
not already in the habit of doing so, to drop a nut
here and there whereverthere is room for a tree, and
do not be deterred because the time may be long be-
fore you reap the fruit. Have you never eaten the
fruit of trees planted by those long since gone, and
can you deny to others what you have enjoyed your-
selves? Scatter the seeds far and wide, and you and
your children will reap a rich and lasting reward.
How much may not be added to the revenue of the
South, in a few years, by this single item alone, if all
who have land will follow these suggestions, and oc-
cupy a spare hour the coming year in planting white
and black walnut, pecan, chestnut, filbert, butternut,
and Madeira nut. — Church Union.

Thoroughbred Stock Sales.

Clifton Farms, Kennett Square, Chester county. Pa.
have recently made the following sales of improved
and thoroughbred stock from their choice herds : Jer-
sey cow, " Nellie 4th," to James Benney, jr., Pitts-
burgh, Pa.; Jersey bull, "Clifton Farmer," to Frank
Lee, esq., Madison, Indiana ; Jersey Heifer, " Clifton
Charm," to John F. Heazlit, Berea, Ohio; Jersey
bull calf, to S. M. Learning, Cape May, N. J.; Jersey
heifer, "Norway Belle," to Will J. Row, Greens-
burgh, Pa.; Jersey heifer, " Lady Velvetine," to Jas.
Benney, jr., Pittsburgh, Pa.; Ayrshire heifer, to Jas.
Smith, esq., Kent county, Md.; Ayrshire cows, "Eilie
Deans " and " Handsome Nellie," to Joshua Hunt,
Lehigh county, Pa.; Ayrshire bull, " Norway Duke,"
to Benj. W. Passmore, Concord, Pa.; Ayshire heifer,
"Crystal Belle," to Jos. R. Goodell, Lancaster city.
Pa.; Ayrshire heifer, " May-Day Belle," and Ayrshire
bull, "Sir Denton," to John Van Wagner, esq.,
Hudson City, N. Y. Also, the Jersey heifers, "Mos-
tilla," "Valley Belle," and "Primrose of Clifton,"
and the Jersey bulls, "Sir Dexter" and "Clifton
Champion," all to the Dauphin County Agricultural
Association ; also, to the same society and at the same
time, the Ayrshire heifer, " Crystal Fancy," and the
Ayrshire bull, " Forrest Duke," all choice specimens.
Also, very many choice and prize bred " Chester
White Pigs " and other stock, to various parties in
the different States, among others the following to
citizens of this .county : W. L. Peiper, Lancaster ;
James Dufl'y, Marietta ; John Sides and James Me-
Kenna, Lancaster.

^—

Butter and Cheese.

In the last twenty years the product of butter and
cheese in the United States has been more than
doubled. Last year it amounted to fi.50,000,000 pounds
of butter and 300,000,000 pounds of cheese, of which
more than ouc-lburth of the butter and nearly one-
half of the cheese were made by the State of New York.
The cheese factories number about 2000, employ about
?;.5,000,n00 capital, and use the milk of three-fourths
of a million cows. The American Grocer states that
the production this year is likely to greatly exceed
that of last year, but does not believe that the pro-
duction will even exceed the demand. The cheap-
ening and improvement of butter and cheese by arti-
ficial means'will fend rather to overstock the market.

— Farhi vnd Dairy.

^

How Drains Act.

The water that runs into drains dug iu tough clay
soil, enters from the sides and bottom, and not from
immediately above the drains. The toughest clay is
sulHciently jiermeahle to water, to allow ;it to pass
through readily, and after the drains have been in
operation some time, regular and permanent water
channels become cstablisheil in the soil, leading from
above to the bottom of the drains. In digging drains
in tough, conqiact clay, numerous small veins of water
are cut, winch show very clearly how readily the
water will pass through such soil, as soon as outlets
are provided . The advantage of deeper drains is thus
explained, and it is readily seen that their influence
extends very much further in proportion to their
depfli.

^

Benefits of Advertising.

One of the patrons of the advertising department
of TiiK FAitMUU writes us that the money he has ex-
pended in making known, through this cluiimel,what
he had for sale, has paid him a handsome return. There
can be no doubt that this holds true generally. We
believe Tliii FAiiMEii is more thoroughly read than any
other of ourloeal publications. It comes to the home
only once a month and is prized for useful information
it contains. It is, moreover, read by a special class, and
those who wish to reach this special class can not do
it as eifeetivcly through any other channel. It should
be borne in mind, too, that while there arc more solid
farmers in Lancaster than in any other county,' The
F.VUMEU is the only journal devoted exclusively to
their interests.

[For The Lancaster FAnMEu.
WE ARE GROWING OLD TOGETHER.

BT JANE GBET.

We are growing old together,

Friends of childhood, ye and I —
We who crossed o'er blooming heather

Under childhood's cloudless sky :
We who gathered springtime's flowers

In the same delicious May ;
We who rested 'neath rose bowers

When aweary of the day.

We are growing old together.

You and I who in life's morn
Lightly crossed the blooming heather,

And through fields of tasseled corn.
Many, many who were fairest

In that dawning glad and bright.
Have been gathered where the rarest

Buds shall blossom without blight.

But if care our brows have shaded,

Or our locks be turning gray.
Or if morn's sweet bloom be faded

And our roses swept away ;
We have kept the breath of blossoms

In the spirit's inmost fold.
We have treasui-ed in our liosoms

Faces that can ne'er grow old.

We h.ave sunlight ever, ever

Shining brightly in the heart.
And the dove of Peace can never

From such shelt'ring home depart ;
For the horizon glows brightest

When the sun rolls down the west.
And th' immortal soul gleams whitest

As it nears the land of rest.
Laiicaatcr, Pa.y July, 187.5.

BEES AND BEE CULTURE.

Time for Dividing and Preparing tor Winter.

It would be very strange if, in years of experience,
we had learned nothing that would change our prac-
tice in bee-keeping in some important particulars.

We have been slow to make changes, but on look-
ing back we find that in manj' things we cannot now
give the same advice which we would have given ten
years ago.

In nothing has our practice changed more than in
the time and manner of dividing bees. We used to
make all divisions as early as possible^aiming to get
our luimher of colonies as large as we could, consist-
ent with strength, by the time of the Lime harvest.

The last three seasons we have succeeded better by
keeping as many bees as possible in our hives, and
making no divisions until after the best honey is
gathered.

We use large hives and keep them crowded with
bees, preventing the swarming fever by giving the
queen ample room for brood.

If the object be to receive large amounts of honey,
there is no better way than this. It is from these
large colonies that the quantities of honey are taken,
which seem almost fabulous to those who do not un-
derstand the size of the hive from which they are
obtained.

Before this number of the Magazine reaches our
readers, the Lime and white clover harvests will be
over.

In some places this is the last abundant yield of
honey, but still in most localities, nine seasons out of
ten, bees will gather ample stores for their own sup-
port until frost.

Iu localities where buckwheat is raised much sur-
plus honey is secured.

We do not find that large colonies winter as well
as smaller ones.

In our experience, hives containing from 3,000 to
3,200 cubic inc^ies, winter best, all other things being
equal. \Ve then, after the Lime harvest is over, di-
vide our colouies, proceeding just as we used to do
when dividing iu May or June. From one of these
large hives we mal<c two small ones, taking most of
the honey from the combs, and supplying to each
half, if possible, a fertile queen. These queens may
be easily reserved during the honey harvest in nuclei,
which every progressive bee-keeper will keep in his
apiary in order to have spare queens on hand for any
emiTgency.

We made last year twenty colonies from eight of
these large hives, each oue of the twenty containing
nine frames a foot squ.are each. When divided, not
one of them contained any honey and very little
brood, but by the first of September all were stocked
with honey and brood, and all of them wintered well.
Some seasons it will be found advisable to feed occa-
sionally during the very dry or rainy weather, but
even without this, such strong colouies as these will
be from the start, will fill up without trouble.

In our Western autumns, with these abundant fall
blossoms, we often get considerable surplus honey
from these divided colonies.

We cannot too strongly advise beginners to exam-
ine every hive at the close of the Lime harvest, and

iS7r).]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

127

be sure thiit tluTO is ronm for the qiU'L-n to deposit,
epf^s. Miiny (-(tlnuicR i^n into winter (lUai'tiM's willi ntt
yoiin;; l>eeK in tlie liive, from neglect oftliis preeau-
tion. If room is L''iv('n, tluMpiocn will ijo fni laying
until fall, unil tin- force tm rcplcnislicil with yoiini;
boos, nml, in our opinion, tin- iirpsenecof tlicfiC youni^
!)t'i-s is inilispensivlde to Rn<'('rpt^fnl wintering.

\Vc Imvi' ixuniiiiwl liives in Ausrnst, anil found tliu
combs entirely lilled with lioni^y, not a dozen empty
cells in it. Siicli hives, if left in this state, would be
depopulated by fall, and the owner, if a betrinner,
would wonder what had become of his bees. " A
Iiive full of honey and no bees." Thebu.sy ifalherers
of this honey had died a natural death, and no pro-
vision lia<l been made for the queen to 6Upi>ly their
places.

Tln^ use of the extractor makes it easy to remedy
tills wow. If left until later, It Is not easy to Induce
the ((ueen to dejiosit egps.

We would uri;e those wlio have allowed natural
swarmiiiLT, to take care of tiie swarms; be sure that
the second swarnis and the old hive have secured
fertiit! (pK'cns. If bail weather comes, feed your
ewarnis liberally ; it will pay well. If the bees iiave
been put into cmjity hives and are ex|>ected to till
theni with comb, lielp them to do it by feedintj.

We arelestinii' the new contb finiiidutioiia with cfreat
satisfaction, and are sure they will be a great lielp to
those who are not supplied with comb.

It is too nuieh tile custom among bee-keepers to
del'er all pre|iarations for wintering until cold wea-
ther; but in this month the bees must, be aided to go
Into winter ipiartcrs in good order, and we trust these
few hints will aid some in the work. — Mm. »S'. H,
Tuppcr, in lice-Keeper' » Magazine.

City Bee Culture.

A manufacturer of a summerdrink, which seems to
be quite popular during the present heated weather,
lias taken a store in tlie neighborhood of our olliees,
and jibiced in the show window a bee hive, in wliicli,
in full view of the crowd which constantly gathers,
the busy Insects make the hone)' whiidi, it is asserted,
is mingled with the cooling beveragi^ The window
is open at the lop, and the bees are allowed to collect
their materials from the street refuse. The honey
Bcems to be of excellent quality, and the bees require
no further care nor attention t lian if foraging among
their favorite clover fields.

At the Fair of the American Institute last fall, a
Very line case of honey was exhibited, the contents of
which, we were informed, had been obtained by the
bees entirely from the swill barrels, the sugar-house
waste, and the Ilowers in the public parks of the city.
There was nothing about the material to distinguish
It from the best honey made from clover, and it un-
doubtedly should and proliably did iind a market just
as readily. The quantity of such honey-yielding re-
fuse wasted in the metropolis is enormous. Why then
should it not be more widely utilized through the
bees ? Private aiiiculture can be carried on just as
well on a house top or in a hack yard as upon a farm,
and any one with such space at his disjiosal might
easily manage a few hives and build up a paying busi-
ness, and It would alTord amusement to the experi-
menfor and his friends. There are many people, out
of the thousands seeking work here just at present ,|to
whom sonjesuch new oeeupatloii — for such bee cul-
ture would be, thus carried on in the city — might be
of considerable assistance in eking out a support dur-
ing the stagnation of business peculiar to the heated
term.

A contemporary suggests bee culture as an excel-
lent employment for women, an idea with which we
fully concur. A case is mentioned of a lady who
started with four hives purchased for ;S10, and in live
years she declined to sell her slock lor ijil.SllO, it not
being enough. Besides realizing this increase on her
capital, she sold 33 hives and 4:ir> pounds of honey.
Another instance is on record, of a man who, with
six colonies to start with, in live years cleared f<,t)O0
]xii)nds of honey and 54 colonies. Fine honey readily
fetches, at retail, from 35 to 40 cents per pound. —
Scieniijic American.

What and Howr to Feed Bees.

The Xational Bee .Tournal answers a dozen letters
cnipiiring how to make sugar syrup for bees, by as-
suring the inquirers that there is no mystery about it.
Simiile sugar, Colfee A, is best ; dissolve by pouring
boiling water ujion it. It really makes little dif-
ference whether it is fed thick or thin, when the bees
can lly and get water. We have fed sugar dry, sugar
simply moistened, sugar dissolved, and sugar made
Into candy. But, if we must give a rule for the syrup,
we will say a gallon of water to four \m luiids of sugar.
No glycerine, no cream of tartar. We don't say that
they arc injurious, but they are unnecessary. Fifteen
or sixteen pounds of sugar are amply sullicient to
winter a colony from November to April, if they had
not a iK>und of honey.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

To CI..4RIFV HoxKY. — Melt the honey in a vessel
standing in boiling water; strain, while hoi, through
flannel previously moistened with warm water. —
Hunta's Manual uf Bee-kccjying.

The Luscious Tomato.

This vcgct.ablc has become one of the most lm|>or-
tant of all iranlcn prodnels. Hundreds of acres are
]ilant'il ill the vieinity of all large cities, and theease
w ith w hich it is maiiagi'd places it under the control
of the least experienced. The llrst use of tomatoes as
food was
learned of
the inhabi-
tantsofthe
Maylay:i i
archlpcl a
go, though
a (icrman]
phlloso]>h
er hud as
early as
l.'i.s:! tasted
them 'with
pepper,
salt and
oil,' and

pronounced the theretofore parlor ornament tn be a
delicious relish, From the one single variety brought
originally from Peru, gardeners in this country have
in the few late years multiplied the kind and quality
until one of the seed catalogues announces thirty-five
species, one of them, tlit; latest spfirt of a disordered
fancy, said to be even wlien rip(^ as green in color as
the rich leaves around it. One of the best seed-grow-
ers says more rivalry is displayed by market garden-
ers to produce an early crop of the tomato than any
other vegetable. With all this rivalry It is doubtful
whether any for general crop purposes excels the old
variety known as the Early .Smooth Red. Being now
in season, we give below insi ructions for cooking this
delicious and healthful vegetable in various styles,
the recipes being taken mainly from Mrs.l'aul's["Cook-
ing from Exi>erience," the latest and best author-
ity on this important branch of household economy :

Tomato Sai.ad. — Take fine ripe tomatoes, peel
them without scalding, as that spoils them for salad ;
slice them evenly, not quite half an inch in thickness,
and as you cut them, replace the slices to look like
whole tomatoes ; lay them on a dish covered with
broken ice, until you have all done and are ready to
serve them ; then arrange neatly, side by side, on a
shallow dish, and garnish them with red and yellow
nasturtium blossoms ; make a dressing as for lobster
salad and serve it separately in a little ornamented
dish with cover. This Is a dish which tastes as good
as it looks, and that is saying a great deal. Uaw to-
matoes may also be sliced and put on the table plain-
ly, to be eaten with pepper and vinegar.

STUFt'En Tomatoes. — Take line large ripe toma-
toes, cut out the blossom end, and scoop out the in-
sides as clean as you can without breaking the skins ;
chop this fine, add to it equal parts of cold roast beef,
mutton or chicken, cut as tine as possible with a
chopper, and as much green corn as meat, cut raw
from the cob ; mix all together, and add a few bread
crumbs made very fine; fill the tomato skins with
this mixture, put a piece of butter as large as a nut-
meg on the top of each one, and place them side by
side in a buttered Ijaking dish large enough to hold
them without putting tliem over oue another ; bake
them nearly an hour in a good oven.

Tomato Catsi:i>. — Cut in jiieces one bushel of ripe
tomatoes, put them over the fire and boil them until
very soft ; press them through a sieve to takeout the
skins and seeds, add to them half a gallon of good
cider vinegar, tlirec half-pints of salt, two ounces of
whole cloves, two ounces fif cayenne jiepiier, two ta-
blespoonfuls of black pepper, five heads of garlic
skinned and separated; mix all together and boil
three hours, or until reiluced one-half; then bottle
without straining, and seal up. This is more ea.sily
and quickly made if the tomatoes are peele<l before
they are cooked. An ouiou sliced may be used iu
place of the garlic.

Baked Tomatoes. — Pour boiling water over them
to loosen the skins, peel them, and cut out any green
core there may be; liutter a baking dish, put in the
tomatoes whole, two layers, caidi one seasoned with
pepper, salt, a sprinkling of sugar, and little pieces
of butter put over quite thickly, and bread crumbs,
rather more crumbs on the top layer than the other,
strew pieces of butter, pepper and salt over the
crumbs on the top, bake nearly two hours In a good
oven, serve them in the dish they are baked In.
Canned tomatoes, wliich have been put up without
cooking, are very nice done in this way.

Stewed Tomatoes. — Pour boiling water over the
tomatoes (o loosen the skins, let them lie in It for a
lew minutes, peel them, cut out the green core, and
squeeze a little of the juice from them, cut them up,
and iiut them In a shallow uncovered vessel, season
them with pepper, salt, a teasiioon heaping full of
sugar, and set them over a tirisk lire ; cixik them
twenty minutes or half an hour, stirring them fre-
quently. When they arc cooked, add a Uiblcsiioonful
111 buttir with half as much liour rubbed in It, simmer
one minute longer and serve. They are very nice
thiekeucd with grated breail crumbs instead of Hour.

Ciii.ii Tomato Sauce. — Peel half a jieck of rl|X5
tomatoes, rut them in small picees (chopping spoils
theni), drain them on a sieve for six hours ; then :ulil
to them one Icacupof salt, oneof sugar, (ineofmlxeil
black and white mustard sce<l, one gill of nasturtium,
a giMid sized rootof horseradish cut in strips or grated,
two root.H f)f celery, two tablespoons of celery seed,
two tablcsitoons of black pepper, oni' teaspoon of cin-
namon, one of allspice, one of ground mace, and three
pints of good sharp elder vinegar ; bottle, and It will
be fit for use in a week, and will keeji for years.

Tomato Soup. — Wash a ciuarter [leck of tomatoes,
cut them in pieces and clio|i them line In a woiHlen
bowl ; put them in your soup kettle with a lx.ef or
mutton Ixine, or tw'oiM^iunds of lean meat of either kind,
liejiper and salt, and thrceipnirtsof cold water ; bring
to a Ixill, then simmer slowly for three hours; take
out the bone or meat, and strain the broth through a
line sieve, pressing on the tomatoes lightly; return
the liquor to the soup-kettle, mix a tabiesiKKinful of
fiour with a little cold water, stir It In thu 80up, boU
live minutes, and serve.

Tomato Sauok kou PicKt.Es.— One pock of green
tomatoes and a quarter of a i>i'Ck of white onioiiR
sliced thin ; sprinkle them with salt In alternate
layers. Let them stand all night, then strain olf the
water, cover then with vineirar, and simmer gently
twenty minutes. Mix logetlnr half a teacup of
ground mustard, a quarter of a jiound of mustard-
seed, half a cup of brown sugar, a quarter of a cup
of ground ginger, half a <up of good sweet oil, and
any other spices you please. Stir these Into the
jiickles when half cooked.

Fried Tomatoes with Cheam niiAvy.— Wash
and wipe large ripe tomatoes, and cut them In slices
half an inch in thickness, season with pe|ii>er and
salt, and fry them in sweet drippings or half butter
and half lard. When they are all done, dish them,
and dust a little fiour in the pan, pour in a teacup of
rich cream, give a boll up, jMnir over the tomatoes,
and serve. A nice breakfast dish.

BiioiLED Tomatoes. — Wash and wipe fine large
ripe tomatoes, cut them in half horizontally through
the middle, put them on a gridiron with the cut side
down, over a clear fire. When partially cooked turn
them over, and finish them with the other side next
the fire; lay them on a hot dish, and season with
butter, pcpjier and salt. A nice breakfast dish.

Tomato Butter. — To ten pounds of fine ripe to-
matoes, put live iionnds of good brown sugar, a pint
of cider vinegar, a tablcspoonful of cinnamon, one of
allspice and cloves mixed, and boil gently for three
or four hours. Skin the tomatoes, and cut out the
green core.

Eating Fruit.

We hardly know how to account for the popular
Impression that still prevails In many rural districlj!,
that the fix'C use of fruit is unfriendly to health. It
has much tii do with the scarcity of fruit irardens and
orchards in the country. As a matter of fact, cities
and villages are much better supplied with fruit the
year round, than the surrounding country. There arc
hundreds of farms, even in the oldest parts of the
land, where there Is no orchard, and the only fruit Is
gathered from a fi^w seedling apple trees grown In
the fence-corners. The wants ol cities are su|iplied
not so much from the proiier farming disi rids as from
a few men in their suburbs, who make a business of
growing fruit for market. The farmers who raise a
good variety of small fruits for the supply of tlieir
own families are still the exception. The villager,
with his quarter or half-acre lot, will have his patch
of strawlierrics, his row of currants and rasjibcrries,
his grape vines and pear trees, ami talk intelligently
of the varieties of these fruits. His table is well sup-
plied with llicse luxuries for at least half of the year.
But there is a lamentable dearth of gooil fruit uiMin
the farm from the want of conviction that it pays. It
docs pay in personal comfort and health, if in nothing
else. The incdieal faculty will bear tcstiinoiiy to the
good inlluence of rljie fruit U|>on the animal economy.
Tliey regulate the system better than anything else,
and forestall many of the diseases to which we are
liable in the summer and fall. Ar|uaint old gentleman
of our acquaintance often remarks, that apples are
the only pills he takes. He takes these every day in
the year, when they can be found in the market, and
fills up the interval between the old and the new crop
with other fruits, lie has hardly seen a sick day in
forty years, and pays no doctor's bill. We want more
good fruit, especially upon our farms, and the habit
of eating fruit at our meals. This Is Just one of the
matters in which farmers' wives can exert an inllu-
ence. .Many a good man would set out fruit trees
and bushes If he were only reminded of It at Ihe right
time. One right time will be this autumn — at least
In all but the very coldest parts of the crmntry. A
few dollars invcsteil then will bring abundant returns
In from one to five years. It Is more iniiniately con-
nected with good morals, than our philosophers think.
With good digestion it is quite easy to fulfill the law
of love. — American AijricitUnriM.

To Clean LimeOi-t of the Tea Kettle.— Boll
in Ihe kettle Iri.sh |iotatoes with the skins on. Thta
softens thu lloie, which is easily washed out.

128

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[August, 1875.

LIVE STOCK MISCELLANY.

Rules for Purchasing a Horse.

First — Examine the eyes in tlie stalile, then in tlie
light ; if they arc in any way defeetive reject.

Sceond — Examine tlie teeth to determine the asc.

Third — Examine the iioll or crown of the hca<l, and
the withers, or top of tlie shoulders, as tlie former ie
the seat of poll evil, and the latter that of fistula.

Fourth — Exaralnc tlic front feet, and if the frog
has fallen or settled down between the heels of the
shoe, and the heels arc contracted, reject him ; as he,
if not already lame, is liable to become so at any mo-
ment. Next, observe the knees and ankles of the
horse you desire to purchase, and if cocked, you may
be sure that it is the result of the displacement of the
internal org.ans of the foot, a consequence of the form
of the foot and injudicious shoeing.

Fifth — Examine for interfering from the ankle to
the knees, and if it proves that he cuts the knee, or
the leg between the knee and the anlile, or the latter
badly, reject. Speedy cuts of the knee and leg are
most serious in their effects. Many trotting horses,
which would be of great valne were it not for this
single defect, arc by it rendered valueless.

Sixth — Carefully examine the hoofs for cracks, as
jockeys have acquired great skill in concealing cracks
in the hoofs ; if cracks are observable in any degree,
reject. Also, both look and feci for ringbones, which
are callouses on the bones of the pastern near the
foot ; if apparent, reject.

Seventh — Examine the hind feet for the same de-
fects of the foot and ankle that we have named in
connection with the front foot ; then proceed to the
hock, which is the seat of the curb and both hone and
blood spavins. The former is a bony eulargcmcnt of
the posterior and lower portions of the hock joint ;
the second, a bony cxcrcseenee on the lower, inner
and rather interior portion of the hock, and the lat-
ter is a soft enlargement of the synovial membrane
on the inner and upper portions of the back. They
are either of tliem sufficient reason for rejecting.

Eighth — See that the horse stands with the front
feet well under him, and observe both the heels of the
feet and shoes, to see if he forges or overreaches, and
in case he does, and the toes of the front feet low,
the heels high, and the heels of the front shoes a
good thickness, and the toes of the hind feet are of
no projjer length, reject him ; for if he still over-
reaches with his feet in the condition described, he is
incurable. If he props out both front feet, or points
them alternately, reject.

Ninth — In testing the driving qualities, take the
reins while on the ground, invite the owner to get in
the vehicle first, then drive yourself. Avoid the dis-
play or the use of the whip, and if he has not suffi-
cient spirit to exhibit his best speed without it, reject.
Should he drive satisfactorily witliout it will then be
proper to test his amialiility and the extent of his
training in the use of the whip. Thoroughly test
his walking qualities first, as that gait is more im-
portant in the horse of all work than great trotting
speed. The value of a horse, safe for all purposes
without Idinds, is greatly enhanced thereby.

Tenth — Always purchase of the breeder of the
horse, if practicable ; the reasons are obvious. — -Mary-
land Fanner.

Caution to Stock Raisers.

It is notiuicommon to see farmers and others throw
unhusked corn to their horses and cattle. I have
often wonilcrod whetlur they were aware of the in-
jury they miglit lie thus doing tlieir stock. Every
farmer is familiar with what we call smut in corn,
but perhajis very few arc aware of the power it pos-
sesses. This smut, in technical terms, is I'Mlafjo
madU. The medical liistory of this fungus growth is
very meager ; but so far as its cdccts on the system
are known, it acts very much like the ergot of rye.
Medical writers speak thus of it. Prof. E. M. Hale
says :

"In a cowhouse where cows were fed on Indian
corn infested with this parasite, eleven of their num-
ber aborti^d in eight days. After their food was
changed none of them aborted."

Lindlay says : " lis action on the uterus is as pow-
erful as the ergot of rye, and perhaps more so."

I'owlin says : "Its use is attended with she<lding
of the hair, both of man "and beast, and sometimes
even of the teeth. Mules fed on it lose their hoofs,
and fowls lay eggs without any shells. Doubtless its
power causes the egg to l)c extruded before there has
been time for a shell to be formed."

Other proof on the subject might be given, but per-
haps the above will suffice. My own observation in
relation to it is quite limited. One case, however,
came to my knowledge within the past month. A
mare in the town of Sumner, Fillmore county, aborted
a few weeks since, from no other cause than that of
eating smutty corn. I would suggest that when y(ju
feed corn, especially to pregnant animals, husk it and
be sure that they get none containing smut. — Vor.
Fanners^ Union.

Sheep on the Farm. .

Sheep are undervalued by the mass of landholders
as a means of kceiiing up tliu fertility of the soil and

putting money into the pockets of farmers. The mo-
ment one begins to talk of sheep husb.andry, the
listener or reader beirius to look for wool quotations
— as if wool was all that yields profit from sheep. One
might as well look fiir wheat quotations alone when
there is talk about tlie profit of farming.

Sheej) on a farm yield both wool and mutton. They
multiply with great rapidity. They are the best
of farm scavengers, "cleaning a field" as no other
class of animals will. They give back to the farm
more in proportion to what they take from it than
any other animal, and distribute it better with a view
to the future fertility of the soil. Prove this? There
is no need of proof to those who have kept sheep,
and know their liabits and the profits they yield.
To prove it to those who have not the experience, it
is necessary they should try the experiment or accept
the testimotiy of an experienced shepherd.

But the live stock of a farm should not, necessarily,
be sheep exclusively. Cattle, horses, swine, have tlieir
respective places in farm economy. How many of
each to keep is a question that locality, character of
markets, adaptation of soil, predisposition, taste and
skill of the husbandman must decide. But one thing
ought not te be forgotten, that the more stock a man
keeps on his farm, the more grass and grain it ought
to, and if properly managed, it will grow. The rates
of increase will correspond with the business tact,
technical and practical knowledge, and skill of the
husbandman.

Feeding Wheat to Horses.

Feeding wheat to horses in some portions of the
west, is liy no means uncommon. A writer in the
Prairie Farmer, living in St. Clair county. 111., says
that six acres of wheat are there sown to one of corn,
as the latter is a verj' uncertain crop, and that while
wheat sells at $1 per bushel, corn bringg 75 cents,
thus, regarding the product of both, wheat is the
cheaper article to feed ; but what is rather surprising,
it causes the horses to sweat more than corn ! The
way it is prepared for feeding, is to put it in a bar-
rel and add water so as to cover it six inches, and
let it remain for thirty-six hours, by which time it
becomes soft and sometimes even sprouts. It is gen-
erally fed with cut straw, in feeds commencing with
two quarts of the wheat to four quarts. At the be-
ginning tlie animals do not take readily to it, but
gradually get to like it, and work upon it as well as
upon corn. Oats is very little used there.

LITERARY NOTICES,

Premium List and Judges op tue Pennsylva-
nia State AoRicuLTunAL Society : Twenty-third
Annual Exhibition at Lancaster, Monday, Tuc8d.ay,
Wednesday, Tliursdav and Friday, September 27, 28,
29 and SO, and October 1, 1875. This is a royal oc-
tavo pamphlet of 02 pages, beautifully printed on fine
white paper, in colors, giving lists of officers, execu-
tive committee, ex-presidents, judges, rules and regu-
lations, instructions to the judges, premium lists,
special laws, and all other matters relating to the
approaching State Exhibition, in which there appears
to be a more than usual liberal distribution of prizes,
consisting of money premiums from one to one hun-
dred dollars, silver cups, silver and bronze medals,
and diplomas. The articles for which these are of-
fered are divided into fifteen divisions, with appro-
priate committees to superintend each, consistinsf in
part of liorses, cattle, swine, poultry, farm products,
machinery, implements, husbandry, domestics, me-
chanics, paintings, fruits, vegetables, minerals, and
many other things which cannot come within a gen-
eral notice.

Diseases of the Hokse, and How to Treat them;
a'concise Manual of Special Pathology, for the use of
Horsemen, Stock-i-aisers, and Students in Agricultu-
ral Colleges in the United States, liobert Chawner,
an eminent New York veterinary surgeon, li»s evi-
dently supplied a want in this neat little volume, as
no work on the subject has appeared within twelve or
fifteen years — Youatt's, Mayhew's and Percival's
works being repulilications of foreign books which
were written for the past generation. This-profcsscs
to instruct owners of horses in the latest and most
approved modes of treatment in all diseases of the
horse, including the late epizootic and spinal menin-
gitis. It is designed to meet the wants of that large
class who handle horses, but who will not employ, or
have not the opportunity to employ, a veterinary sur-
geon. Published by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia.
Illustrated 12mo. ISO pp. Cloth, $1.2.5.

The Scientific Fahmer : A quarto of 16 pages,
published at Amherst, Mass., at $1.00 per annum, by
T. fi. Huntington and E. H. Libby, editors and pro-
prietors. This is a new caterer and solicitor ol' jiulilic
favor, and judging from Nos. 1 and 2, now bcibre us,
it deserves to succeed, and if it does not it will only
be another exhiiiition of that want of appreciation
and co-operation which has " killed olf" so many of
the good and useful things of this world. The print,
the quality of the paper, and the appropriate literary
matter, arc altOi;ether unexceptionable. Wp regard
it, in every respet't, essentially what its title imports,
and tender it a friendly greeting.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to tue Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, Ac,
For the month ending August 7th, 187.5.*

Seeding Machine ; F. B. Bushncll, Fond du Lac, Wis.

Harvesters ; V. N. Collins, Nordhof, Gal.

Harrows; C. Brodrick, Champaign Co., HI.

Plows; A. Griggs, Lafayette, Tcnn.

Hay Racks ; J. Hall, Riverside, Neb.

Seed Drils ; J. R. Simmes, Hamilton, Ohio.

Plow Cleaners ; T. W-allas, iVuburn, N. Y.

Farm Fences; L. M. Whcelock, Yorkshire, N. Y.

Harvester Reels ; Jas. F. BUack, Oshkosh, Wis.

Harvesters; H. H. Britcnthal, Latrobe, Pa.

Automatic Gates; H. Hammond, Smithfield, O.

Lifting Gates ; W. Lundy, Attalissa, Iowa.

Harvester-Rakes; J. S. Marsh, Lewisburg, Pa.

Sulky Plows ; J. Moore, Rock Island, III."

Plows; L.B. White, Norfolk, Va.

Corn Cultivators ; A. F. Batehcller, Cedar Falls, Iowa.

Gateways ; S. L. Fisher, Krimfleld, 111.

Grain Drills ; E. D. Meade, Shortsvillc, N. Y.

Rotary Churns; J. J. Shelton, Wasliington, Mo.

Feed Cutters ; F. Weljlj, Elyria, Ohio. '

Plow Points; G. Wyard, East Ahon, N. Y.

Hay Presses ; L. D. AVhitgardner, III.

Rotary Churns; H. Felk, Carlyle, 111.

Milk Coolers ; W. H. Johnson, Bclhigh, N. Y.

Harrows ; J. Mastcrn, Alexandria, Ohio.

Corn Planters ; M. Newton, Kcntland, Ind.

Corn Stalk Cutters ; A. C. Smith, Ft. Madison, Iowa.

Cultivators; F. F. Vandegrift, Wabash, Ind.

Feed Cutters; E. Waggoner, Westminster, Md.

Corn-Drills ; J. Cammel, Harrison, Ohio.

Fertilizers ; C. H. Narr, Somerville, Mass.

Corn and Cane Harvesters ; T. Merrill, Dixon, III.

Plows ; G. Ringen, Smith City, Mo.

Farm Gates ; W. Waggoner, Creston, Iowa.

Seed Planters ; D. F. Ballantine, Mt. Gallagher, S.C.

Barbs for Wire Fences; G. F. Duffey, Chicago, III.

Machine for destroying potato-bugs ; C. E. Mathew-
son, Franklin Corners, Pa.

Hog-ringing Machine ; S. Sparks, Bowinsville, Ohio.

Harvesters; G. B. Webster, Stockton, Cal.

Harvesters; G. H. Elward, St. Paul, Minn.

Corn Planters ; W. B. Gerouble, Springfield, Mo.

Potato Diggers ; J. H. Loueh, Rome, Ind.

Milk Coolers ; E. N. Porter, Morrisville, Vt.

Harvesters ; J. M. Rosebrook, Hoosic Falls, N. Y.

Agricultural Boilers ; W. H. Swarthout, Aurora, 111.

Seed Sowers ; J. Birk, Sycamore, III.

Seats for Harvesters ; W. E. Matherson, New Bruns-
wick, N. J.

Automatic Gates ; K. D. Kuntson, Clinton, Wis.

Mowing Machine ; D. Lockhead, Hocelaga, Con.

Harvester Droppers ; T. McDonough, Ottawa, III.

Mowing Machine ; C. Wheeler, Auburn, N. Y.

Automatic Gates ; O. P. Clinton, Menasha, Wis.

Machine for cutting eorn-stalks; T. O. Bryon, Bar-
nard, Mo.

Gang Plows ; H. Opp, Belleville, 111.

Corn Planters ; P. S. Shaur, Pink Hill, Mo.

Grain Separators ; W. S. Klymuns, Burnt Cabins, Pa.

Cultivators; J. N. Doncvan, Byhalia, Miss.

Fence Posts ; E. Gear, Beloit, Wis.

Churns; A. Goodnough, Portland, Oregon.

Potato Diggers ; G. W. Hagg, Milton, Pa.

Plow Mold-Boards; J. Holmes, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Seed Drills ; W. A. McCliulock, Pittsfield, III.

Plows ; W. K. Allen, Kansas City, .VIo.

Automatic Gates ; L. N. Alleiids, Poughkcepsie, N. Y.

Rotary Churns ; Tilson Laiidt, lUion, N. Y.

Farm Gates ; R. Miller, Stephensville, Wis.

Corn Shellers ; E. C. Morgan, Valdosta, La.

Harrows ; W. F. Parlin, Canton, 111.

Corn Planters ; G. W. Shepherd, Aflon, Iowa.

Milk Cans; J. W. Smith, Philadelphia, Pa.

Fertilizer Distributors ; W. F. Wheeler, Dorchester,
Mass.

Corn Drills ; J. Canterbury, Harrison, Ohio.

Harrows; J. Chamberlain, Melmore, Ohio.

Butter Workers ; M. Hutchuison, Owaionna, Mhm.

Hay Knives; R. Kencr, Battle Creek, Mich.

Milk Strainers ; F. L. Oliver, Frieiidshirp, N. Y.

Long Plows; E. P. Pullion, Palmyra, Mo.

Plows; J. R. Sample, Liberty, .Miss.

Plows; O. P. Sanibrd, Dateville, Ala.

Hay Loaders ; E. R. Whitney, Magog, Canada.

Plows ; G. Wiard, East Avon, N. Y.

To Preserve Posts.

The American Chemist says that a western farmer
discovered, many years ago, that wood could be made
to last longer than iron in the ground. Time and
weather, he says, seem to have no elfect on it. The
posts can be prepared for less than two cents apiece.
This is the recipe : Take boiled linseed oil and stir
into it pulverized charcoal to the consistency of jiaint.
Put a coat of this over the timber, and, he adds, there
is not a man who will live to see it rot.

"Prepared exprensly for The Lancasteb Fakmkii by
Louis llaygcr & ('o., Solicitors of Pattuite, Wusliitigtoii, D.
C, troui wlioin complete copies of the l*ateut8 and Drawings -
may bo obtaiiied.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

ZAHMS COllKER,

ITorth Queen Street Ss Centre Sc[uare,
LANCASTER, PA.

A FULL ASSOKTMENT OP

AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES,
CLOCKS, JEWELRY, SILVER-
WARE, AND

SILVER-PLATED WARE.

SOLE AGENT IN LANCASTER COUNTY FOR THE SALE OF

The Arundel Tinted Spectacles.

These Spectiiclen havf beeu before the public uow for
flomc yearw, untl hiive Kiveii entire Hatisluctioii. They are
Uufiiiestiouattly the (>i-n( hi the market.

WATCH REPAIRING

«ml OENEUAL .11)1) WOKK in uU its Ijiuuchts [jroiuiitly
doue. The well-earued rfimtatiou of

on firBt-class work will bi* fully (uuinliiiiu'd.

EDW. J. ZAHM,

North Queen St

7-3-Gm

ZAHMS CORNER,
and Centre Square,

LANCASTER, PA.

THE OLD CRESCENT BONE,
MANURES.

=-i/*

!r."'.»v»^ini»vt.

$5 to $8 per ton
SAVED over oth-
ers in moisture alone. Best materials.
No rank odors from 'wet, offensive and
insoluble make-weights. Uniform in

quality and mechanical condition

Good packages and FULL WEIGHT.
Low Prices. Fok Circuxars, ,S:c., address,
RALSTON & KIRKE,
(SuccesKois to .1. Kiilstim & Co.)
7-7-2ln] 1711 FltoM .Si.. X, Y.

1875. PRE-GENTENNNIAL. 1875.

Ratlivoii fc PislieF,

PRACTICAL

Tariors and GlQtfiiers.

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

Cor.N. QUEEN and ORANGE STS.

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

MANrF.VCTLREK Of

7-1]

WtlllanMport and Lock JIacen,

BiU Mills— ROUND I.SLAND S; PORT.\GE, PA.

Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [Cm

WATER STREET, ABOYE P. R. R.. UNCASTER.PA.

Wi; cull atlciitlontothoaiivertisemont of I he Mount
Hope Nurseries, Koelle^le^, N'. Y., one of tin- oldest,
most extensive and reliable ebtaMlsliiiieiilb in tlie
United States.

TiiK story of the absent-minded man who, meelinu'
lii.s OH 11 son oil tlie street, sliiMik iKiiidswilli liiin, and
askeil liini how hi8 lather was, has been equaled by
the foricet fulness of a Wiseonsin farmer. The man
drove to town to traii.-aet some business, and was ae-
eompanietl by his wife. Leavini; her at a dry (roods
store, he proeeeded to earry out his intentions. Ilav-
ini; linished his business, he fortrot all aboiil the little
eireuinstauee of briiiirinijhis wife with him, and start-
ed home. .Vrrivini,' there, he put his horses up and
proeeeiled to do the chores. In the meaiilime his wife
liad learned that her husband had left town without
her. Iliriiii: a eonveyanee, she was driven home. .She
did not wait to take otf her lhin!,'s, but seizin;; a press-
board made her way to the liaek-yiird. The husbaiicl
had just seated himself on his miikinir-stool, and had
just opened a eonversatioii with the eow on the sub-
ject of " h'.slinir," remarking' fre(iuenlly that it was
" so boss.*' He was just seltliiii;- down to business,
when a whistliuij sound, as of somethini; rapidly
eleavini; the air, came from the other side of the eow.
It was the press-board, and his wile was at one end of
it. An instant after it fell witli erushint: weii;ht Ujiou
his knees. The eow, haviiii; eonseientiotis scruples
about standinir between husband and wife, left very
suddenly, and in a hurry kicked the poor man in the
immediate vicinity of the vest |)ocket. The unhapjiy
victim of circumstances scrambled up on all-fours,
when the press-board airain desi-endcd, striking; him
opposite to where the cow bad left her tracks. His
wile then asked him if he woulilevcr fori;et her airain.
and his answer was plain and to the point, '• Not
much . "

Newsi'ai'eus : A man cats up a jiound of sugar,
and the pleasure he has enjoyed i.s cuilcd ; but the in-
formation he trets from a newsiiaiieris treasured up in
the mind, tobe uscil whenever occasion or inclination
calls for it. A newspaper is not the wisdom of a
man or two men, it is tlic wisdom of the age — of
jjast ages, too. A family without a newspaper
is always half an age behind the times in general
information ; liesides, they never think much, nor
tind much to think about. .\.nd there are the little
ones growing up in ignorance without a taste for
reading. Besides all these evils, there's the wife, who,
when Iier wttrk is done, has to sit down with her
hands in her laj), and nothing to amuse her mind
I'ronv the toils and cares of the ilomeslic circle. Who
would be without a ncAvspaper' — Fraiildiii.

Pitiu.'. TvxDAi.i. illustrates the value of a potato by
supposing that all but one was destroyed ; that one
would contain in itself the possiliility of again stock-
ing the world with an invaluable article <d' food. If
one iiotato would produce, n hen plenty, only a crop
(d'ten jiotatoes, in ten years the total product of the
produce of this one potato wouhl be cipial to lIl.UUIJ,-
lllib. which would be sullicient to stock tiie world witji
seed. Therealvalueofthat single potato. then would
be such that it would be betterthat the city of London
or New York should be destroyed than that tuber
shouKl be lost to the world.

A Boy's FouiiTnorouT : A (.'ass street boy of
tender years entered the house with a big pair of
pincers in his hand, ami when his amazed mother in-
quired the use he meant to make of them, he replied :

" Ivc got a pin-dart, haven't I .'"

"Yes:"

•■ Well, if I shoot it into the baby we can draw it
out with the pincers and not have to call a doctor,"
he continued, weariuij a smile of victory. — UdrvU
tree J'res».

Kf.ieivf.ii : The Laxcasteu Faumek, I.aiicais-
ter, Pa., a very useful periodical, ilevo»cd, as its name
implies, to the agricultural interest. Nowhere else
have wc seen such exhaustive ileseri|itions of the po-
tato bug. We feel thoroughly in harmony with our
friend w lien he goes forthceomincrcial manure frauds
in a way that should put his constituency onthe alert
respecting theiu. — .Vt'ic York Ainci ieiin Orocer.

■' It is well enough for you to name your son,
Elias," said -Mrs. Partington."" but for gracious good-
ness sake don't name him Alias, "cause the Aliases
are always cutting up bad. Here's Alias .loues. Alias
Brown, Alias Thompson, .Vlias King-tailed Squealer
— all been took up for robbin' and stcalin'."

"Did anvthing about the defeudant strike your
eye as remarkable ?" asked a judge of the plaintiU' in
a" ca.se of a-ssault and battery—-' It did, yer honor. "
—•'And what was it ;" couttoued the judge.—" His
fist, yer honor."

Dakwin acknowledged himself sold when his little
niece asked him, seriously, what a cat has that no
other animal has, and he gave it up after mature de-
liberation, and then the sly little puss auswercd. Kit-
tens.

OSWEGO ri RE

— AND-

SILVER GLOSS STARCH,

I^or tlio X-ia.'Liiiclry-

MANfKM TIIlKD HV

T. KINGSFORD & SON.

The BEST STARCH in the WORLD.

GIVES A DEAlTTIFrLFIXISIl TOTHK I.INEN, audtbe

(liirert'UW! iu coBt bctwei-ii It and oiiiiiioii Htareli ii« scarcely
half a cent fur au ordinary wuHhiliK. .\»k your (jroior for II.

KINGSFORD'S

OSWEaO CORU STARCH,

For Puddings, Blanc Mange, Ice Cream, Etc.

Id the orlRinul— Entablisheil in Iflts. ,\ncl i>reKiT>-Mi ilii

reimtatiuii u« eciiEK, sniciNiiKa auil Mi.iir. helicatk

than any «'ther article of the kiiul offered,

either of the same uainc or with other tUIen,

Stkvknson, Macadam, I'h D.,'elc., the hiKheiit chemical
authority of Europe, carefully analyzed llii" C tu Htarch,
and saVK it i» a moat eicelli'ilt article of diet, oud in chemical
and I'eediiiK |iroiiertieB in fully eiplal to the bent arrow root.

Dircclions for makiuK I'laMiugii, Cunlarila, etc., accom-
pany each oue-pouud liackage.

FOlt SALE BY

EURSK Si HUBLEY Grocers,

7.fi.:iu, EAST KING St., Lan< aster.

DEALERS IN ALL KIKDS OK

F.VMII.Y niid MME-iU UMX« fO.*I.!

Orders received at

Offlcc, NO. 15 East King street, and at the
T-l-12ml Yard, No. 613NOHTH PIUN( E sTKEET.

To Farmers and Others!

If vou want to have your Scyllien. Reaper Seclioni-.
Sickles and Lawn Mowers ground and rei aired, aUw Sawn
set and filed, go to

BRADY'S,

7-«->ml /'.'••« EAST WALMTST.. 7..i/.r<i«(cr. Pa.

THE SCIENTIFIC FARMER,

AMHEJRST. MASS.,
$1.00 Per Year. Sample Copie."} Free.

7-7-«m

A <rA

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

\

[ August, 1875.

BUY THE BEST FRUIT PICKER!

Being the owner of the County Bight for

LAMENT'S UNIVERSAL FRUIT PICKER,

I again oiler it to the iniblic, having sustained its well-
earned reputation after a trial of four jears. Address

JOHN SPANSLER, Marietta, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Price. 81. OO. Liberal discount to the trade.

FOR SALIC ALSO BY

WM. D. SPRECHER, Lancaster.

TREES! TREES!!

The Largest and most roinplete Stock ol
Fruit aiKl OrnameiilHl Trees in the V. S

I>escrii>tive aiirt Illusfratert Priced lata-
losnes sent as follows: No. 1— Fruits. lOc. No. 3
—Ornamental Trees, newed. with colored idate, 2,le. No.
3_Greeuhou8e Plants, lOc. No. 4— Wholesale, Free.

ELLWANGER & BARRY.

Mount llnpv Xiirseries. ROfllKSTER. X. Y.

FOB FA\BIVIiKS ©NLYS

Briglatest and Best!

AMERICAN FANCIER'S

GAZETTE.

A new handsomely illnstrated monthly ; to com-
mence May 15, 1875 ; to be ediled by VV. Atlee Burpee and
W. H. Merry, assisted by some of the leading Breeders and
Fanciers in this country and England.

The '• GiVZETTE" will treat in a scientific manner how to
raise profitably Poultry, Pigeons. Dogs,- Rabbits, and all
kinds of pet stock ; their various diseases and cures; and it
will be the aim of the editors to make it the leading paper
of its kind in the United States.

Price One Dollar per year, postpaid. .Specimen copy ten
cents. r^"8ubscribe now.

TO ADVERTISERS.

It will offer extraordinary inducements, as the rates of
advertising will be very low, and it will be largely circulated
throughout the United States, Canada and Europe.

Advertising and correspondence solicited. Agents wanted
in every county, to whom liberal cash commiseioua will be
paid. Send your advertisements at once.

Address all letters to

AMERICAN FANCIER'S GAZETTE,

Philadelphia. Pa.

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

^^^USHr,^^

STONE

to

Co"

A

o

F. 0. STURGIS,

520,522,4 524,
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fnrnislieil

And all iuformatiou cou-

ccTuiiig the bupiness

cheerfully given.

I

o
Co

o

pi

V

L

AGEXTS WAXTE1> lor the CEXTEXXIAI.

GAZETEER united states.

A book for every American. Sells everywhere at sight.
Farmers, Teaciers, Students, Lawyers. Merchants, School
Directors, Manufacturers, Mechanics, Shippers, Salesmen,
men of leaniing, and men who can only read, old and yoimg,
all want it for everyday reference and use. Shows the grand
results of the

FIRST 100 YEAKS of the REPUBLIC.

Everybody buys it, and Affentx make front $100 to $200
a month. Send for circular.' Address
1-5-4m] J. C. McCURDY & CO., Publishers,

Philadelphia, Pa. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Chicago, 111. or St. Louis, Mo.

THE BEST!

ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE!

OMmSSlSB WiHTlB

TO TAKE SUBSCKIBERS FOR

Tha Lancaster FarnDtfe

IMRISQI BEOiTllES I CO.,

At 105 SCUTE FRONT ST.,
Philadelphia,

manufacture or import all the chemicals needed by farmers
for fertilizing purposes. Every farmer should write for a
Circular and order from them the goods they need for mak-
ing reliable manures AT HOME at comparative small cost.
No machinery of any kind needed.

If you desire their Circular, remember to address

HARRISON BROTHERS & CO.,

lO.'S SOl'TII FROXT ST.,

Philadelphia, Pa.

7-7-3m

M.VNUFACTURERS OF CHEMICALS SINCE 1793.

Prepare for "Winter!

NOW 13 THE TIME TO PROVIDE

HMIlYBEADINGFORTHEflNTIR

Nothing so Cheap and Profitable for the
Farmers' Family as

Til LilOiSflE fABMlE,

ONLY ONE DOLLAR A YEAR.
PEAESOL & GEIST, Publishers,

LANCASTEH, PA.

PEAK-TKKES r«Hl TME MIEEIOX.— Largest
stock in the West ; extra quality ; packed to go safely
auy distance. Satisfaction guaranteed. Prices low by hun-
dred or thousand. A full assortment of other trees, shrubs,
plants, etc. Send list of wants for prices. R. G. HANFORD,
Columbus Nursery, Columbus, Ohio. It

CENTRAL NEW YORK.

Farmers' Sons and other Young Men,
during their leisure hours,

CAN MAKE GOOD WAGES.

"We want n thorough canvass made of every district, and will
pay good canvassers liberally. Address

An illustrated quarto journal, devoted to rOULTKY,
PIGEONS and PETS, lilUDS and FLOWERS, smaU fruits,
the garden and lawn — how to adorn the surroundings of our
homes, rendering them attractive — and a mirror reflecting
the taste, culture and refinement of their occupants. Pub-
lished monthly at Ithaca, N. Y., at $1.UU per annum ; 50 cte.
for 0 mouths : single copies 10 cts.

CHAS. G. DAY,

7-G-3m] Publisher and Proprietor.

HORSE-BILLiS,
PLAIN OR IN FANCY COLORS,
Printed in the Best Style at the office of

THE FARMER.

i

PEAESOL & GEIST, Publishers,

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a'vr^Qy, ( To BubAcrlbera in
i "ell •( the couuty.

SINGLE COFZES 10 CENTS

To su*>0c'riberB out of )
tbe couuly. /

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, SEPTEMBER ^5. 1875.

PEARSOL k OEIST, Publishers.

STATE AGRICULTURAL FAIR.

Tlie Couuty Comiiiiltec iipiMpiutL-il liy tliu Lancas-
ter Couuty Aftriculturul anil Ilnrticultunil Sooirty to
co-operate with tlie olliccrs of tlic 8tatc Society in lic-
vclopinir an interest in tin- apin-oacliinif State Fair,
lield an udjourneil nieetin;; in tliis city on Monday.
(.>n uiotiou ot" Mr. Enirle, Hon. Esaias liilliiiirlelt was
called to the chair. ]Ie staletl the object ol'the nu-et-
ini^ in a lew approjiriate remarks. Thoui^h not liini-
seli' a fanner, he felt a deep interest in all that per-
tains to liusbandry, and looked upon tin' fai-nu-r as a
benefactor. He referred lo the great rcKources of
this couuty, and expressed the hope that they wo\ild
he so well represented in the .State Fair that strangers
might form some adequate idea of the greatness of
the garden couuty of the State.

Hon. Ileiny M. Engle, of Marietta, was cho,sen
Vice President, and Johnson .Miller, of Warwick,
Secretary. There was a general interchange of ideas
on the best means of securiTig a representation of our
products at the fair, in the jirogn'ss of which jMr. \V.
D. Seiler, Secretary of the State .\gricultnral Society,
was introduced, and addressed thecommittec, urging
each nieniher to do his best to get his ueightjors in-
terested in the exhibition, lie said the premiums
otfered were liberal, hut the great iuducenicnt should
be the honor of exhibiting thi' best products ol' their
skill and industry. He auswci'ed mirnerous queries
in regard to premiums and the rules and regulations
of the fair.

The importance of leaving no efforts untried for
securing a represent at sou among exhibitors which
would rcllcct credit upon oui- ct.iunty, was earnestly
urged by .Messrs. Billingfclt, f^ngle, Miller, Hoover,
Ettla, i)r. Hertz, and others, in a couversational
way.

.Mr. Ocist, of the EXPUESS, favored the appoint-
ment of a Committee on Publication, consisting of
live niendjcrs, whose duty it would be to furnish such
items to the local i)ress relative to the regulations of
the fair, and the inducements held out to exhibitors,
in order that a proper interest might \n'. arousctl
among the citizens olthc county. lie had no doubt
I'Very editor would ghiilly publish briid' articles of
general interest, as llic olyect was for the promotion
of the general good. He would make a motion to
that clfect, with the proviso that he was not made
chairman.

The motion was adopted, and the chair appointed
Trof. S. S. Kathvon and .1. .M. W. Geist, city. Dr. E.
.\. Hertz, Ephrata, Henry M. Eugic, Marietta, and
.1. M. Ensmingcr, Manhcim.

Mr. McConisey saitl he could not more forcibly im-
press upon those present the responsibility they had
assumed, than by calling their attention to the reso-
lutions of the Soi'icty untlcr which thiscommitleehad
I'ccn created. They were as follows :

\Viii;nE.\s, The Pennsylvania State Agricultural
Society have determined to hold their State Fair at
Lancaster, in the autumn of l.S7,5, au event to which
we look forward with lumsual interest ; and,

WiiEUE.ks, It has heretofore been customary for
the Society to hold its fair for two years in tlie same
place, which, being observed in this instance, will se-
cure it for our county during the approaching Cen-
tennial Year of -American Independence, an occur-
rence to he esteemed by us of the very higliest im-
portance; therefore, be it

Jiesolml, That the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society will use all their intlueuce, and employ every
etlort in their power, in order to reuder the State
Fair, to be held in our midst, a great and triumphant
success.

lienolfcd, That every member of the Lancaster
Couuty Agricultural and Horticultural Society will
esteem it his duty to exhibit at the fair anj-thing that

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES:

lUnslriitnl.
lUttKh'uted

I'AGF..

• 129
129
VM
V'.Q
181
V.',2
VM
133

Jjaneastcr's Op])cM*tunity,

The Curculio.or Plum-Weevil.

The " Kascal " Leaf-Crumpler

The Sexual System of Plaut.s,

The Facts of Natural History, -

,\ Bi-autiful Tree ()f Fruit, - - _

The State Agricultural Fair

Pot Au Feu, -

Historic Tree — A Land Mark of Three Coun-
ties, 1.S3

Peaches, ------- 133

About Egyptian Wheat, - - . . 134
Plenty of Potatoes, .... 134

Destiuctive Worms, - • - - - - 134

Write and Talk for The Farmer, - - 134
Kindly (Ircctings, - . . _ . Kit;

Meteorological and Agricultural Observa-
tions for the Year 1874-5, - - - l-'l

Levi s. Heist, Wuiwick.
Primitive Farming, No. 2, - - - 134

lUANK It. Dii'i'MNiiKHEi-Eii, Laiicasicr.
Ornamental Horticulture, - - - . 13G

Wai.tkk Kldfu. I'liiludeli'tiia.
Earthing Up Celery, 130

" An Old Ilushautlniuli."

State and Qpunty Fairs for 1875, - - 137

Letters, Queries and Answers, - - 137

Shade Trcc-8 lor Slock ami I'rolit (Jnhn D. ErVl—
Letter from North Carohiiu (.1/. /I'.J — Some Ex-
periineuts with (Irouiid Boucs ( W, P. /;.) — .-Vli-
Bwers lo QiieristB {Kililor) — The Aut I'est and the
Heniedy — To CorreBiioudeuts.

Our Paris Letter, 138

Our Local Organizations. - - - - 139

Proceedings of ihc Lauciipter County .\(;rieiiUural
uud Ilorlicutturul Society — Piu-uic of the X'a-
t rolls of Uusbaudry.

Bird Instinct, - 139

The Farm and the Dairy, - - - 139

How I'hiladel].liia Buttei- is Made — Oleo-MarRarilie
Oheese and Biilb-r — Take Carp of the Tools —
Keep the Farm and Home Tidy— How Kanily
Butter is SiJOik'd — The Value of our Croiia
for 18U.
The Garden and the Orchard, - - - 140

Work to be Done ill the Uardeiis in October — Win-
ter Protection of Koses— Hyacinths in Winter
— Koot-PotH for Vegetables — Sowing Seeds in
AiltUHiii — How to (iather Cider Apples— Making
LawiiH in Aiitiiniii — Early Peaches from Mr.
Liigle— Floral Novelties.

The Poultry Yard, 141

poultry and Eggs for the Ceiiteuuial— Breeding
Poultry for Prollt — Cldeks in the Garden—
Breeding Bantams as a Specialty — T«) lieginii(**«
— Poultry Itaising in ('ities — Yit^i Vermin — A
Uood Time to Itulse Poiiilry. ,

Bees and Bee Culture, - - -';' - l-*'-

llow Bees Know their ilomea— Septeiiitier Man-
agement of Bees — Hee-Keepiiig for Farmers —
Houey Product of California — Haudliug Bees —
SloveableCouib Frames.

Domestic Economy, ----- 143
Hints on Making Pickles — Getting «p a Uellsh—
The Ilorgias of our Kitchens — Cauuiiig peaches
— Cooking Rice — Cbiiruiug Butter — lloust;hol<l

Keceipes.

Live Stock Miscellany, . - - - 144

Rheuraafiem in Horses — Jersey Cattle — Importa-

tioDOf Valuable Horses.

Literary Notices, ...--- 144

The State Agricultural Fair, - - - i.

may he of agricultural interest, and do ull else in his
power to prove that our county was worthy pf the
honor that has been contorreil upon her In linvlng
been seleeti'd as the place for holding the Slate Fair,
at the riniet imisirtant ciKieli in the history of our
Commonwealth and Nation.

/tewlvnl, That we, the farmers and aerlculturifitg
of Lancaster county, in due appreciation of the con-
sideration that has been shoxvn ns. will meet the ugri-
cultiiribts of our Slate and country with an o|k'II ami
hearty welcome, and we promise them the kind and
considerate treatment of our whole community.

Jit'wlt'rti, That wi' will endcavorto makeotn* eflTorts
to proniole the success of the fair littingly com|)Ort,
to the best of our ability, with the title which com-
mon acciuieseeuce has aeconled our county in being
styled '* Tht (''artlen of Ifif Ktynlou^,**

Jir.iobml. That in order to make the Slate Fair a
complete success, and that our cHorts may the more
unitedly he directed tluTcto, we forego the holding of
our usual annual county exhihilion.

/tmolnil. That the President of the Lancaster
County Agricultural and Horticultural SfK-iety shall
appoint a County Cnmmittee of the friends of agri-
culture, consistingof one from each district, ainl five
in the City of Lancaster, whose special duty it shall
be to gather all matters of interest, eo-operate with
State committees of like character, and cxi-rt their
utmost elibrts to crown the State Fair, to be held
among us, as a brilliant triumph of agricultural dis-
play.

llcxolved, That a copy of these resolutions he print-
ed in The L.\xeASTEK Fa».meh, and also in our local
papers, and that a copy be forwanled toihe President
of the State Agricultural Society.

.Vfter resolving that each member would Jo all in
his power by personal solicitation between this and
the time for closing tlii' entries (Se])t. 20) to get a
local display worthy of the county, by per.«onal solic-
tatiou or otlierwise, the committee adjourned lo meet
in the ()r|ihans' Court rtHini on the Thursday of the
fair week, anil make a formal visit to the exhibition.

Tlii'ie having been some cliaiiges in the committee
since it was lirst announced, we print it as at present
constituted :

COUNTT COMMITTEE ON STATE FAIR.
.\damstown, Esaias Billingfelt : Barl, Harvey
Baughman; Brecknock, .lohii II. fiooil ; Ciernarvon,
(ieo. W.Compton; Cocalico Ea«t, John S. lleiscr;
Cocalico West, Joel Weist ; Colerain, Robert Hogg;
Columbia, C. S. Kaiill'man ; Conestoga. Casper Hll-
ler ; Conoy, Simon Ilngle : Clay, Ab'm B. Snyder;
Donegal East, Henry M. Engle; Donegal West,
Jacob H. Musser; Drumorc, James A. McPherson;
Ephrata, Dr. E. A. Hertz; Earl, Benjamin Wcid-
nian ; Earl East, Samuel .S. Martin ; Earl West, .Joel
Weiiger ; Elizabeth, licorge Youtz ; Elizabelhtown,
Addison Eby : Eden, Kobert Montgomery : Fulton,
K. K. JleCuilough ; llcmplleld East, John tiingrlch;
Hemplield West, J. Ilotlman Hershey ; Lampeter
East, Calvin Cooper; Lam|)etcr West, Amos H.
Myliu; Lancaster township, Jacob M. Frantz; Lan-
caster city, S. S. Kathvon, Win. L. I'eiper, Wm. Mc-
Conisey, llenry Benedict, .1. M. W. (ieibt ; Lcaeoek
Upper, Isaac Bushong; Little Britain, Jamfa Pat-
terson; Martie, Wm. E. MeCreary ; Manor, Martin
D. Kendig; Mt. Joy l>orough, John A.Grier: Mt.
Joy township, Henry B. Keist ; Marietta, G. H. Ettla;
Mauhciin borough, J. M. Ensmingcr ; Manheim
township, Ephraim Hoover; Paradise, M. B. Eshlc-
inan ; Penn, Israel O. Erb ; Pcquca, J. L. Breneman;
Providence, John M. Shcnk ; Kapho, M. L. Greidcr ;
Salisbury, S. Kennedy ; Sadsbury, Wm. 1*. Brinton ;
Strasburg borough, il. Brackbill ; Strasburg town-
ship, E. Brackbill ; Warwick, Johnson Miller ; Wash-
ington borough, J. L. Shuman.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

Atterney-at-Law.

Of&ce-2o4 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

c:ctl,xjn(iBlA. PA.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all mauner of AGREEMENTS neatly and exj editiously
drawu. Cases Cdi cfuHy and thoionglily tiied Ijefore

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS, ROAD-VIEWtRS. AUDITORS,

Or iu auy Courts of Lutic::8ler County.
COUXSEL rilVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & ASSIGNEES,

Or Trustees of nny kiud.

Collections, large or biiikU, nii:de ui ou a uniform table of
rates, iu all ])iirtB of the United States.

Special f:.cilitie8 for Colleuiious of Estates or Debts iu
Eurojie.

Consultations aud Correspondence conducted iu either the
French, German or Enghsh languages.

F. FREUAUFF,

J-

7-l-12m]

f 'I'liimliia, Peima.

MerQst Paid on Dsposlts.

#
#
^

4

#

<
0

<
hi

<

MONEY TO LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Bates, at approved security.

SPECIAL .\ND LIBERAL TEHMs made with parties
having charge of Tru.st and Estate Funds.

lt»"Governmenl aud .'~iate Bonds, (jold, Silver, and
Coupons. Vjought and sold. 7-1 -ism

STRAWBEEEIES I PEACHES,

NEW SORTS, BY MAIL.

Plants of tlic newest and tiiicst improved sorts
carefully jiacked and jirepaid by mail. .My collec-
tion of Strawtjcrrics took the iirst premium for the
best collection, at the great show of the Mass. Hor-
ticultural Society, in Boston, this season. I grow
nearly 100 varieties, the mo.st complete collection in
the country, including all the new large American
and imported kinds. Priced descriptive catalogue,
gratis, by mail. ALso, Bulbs, Fruit Trees, Roses,
Evercreens. 2.5 packets Flower or Garden Seeds,
Sl.OU by mail.

Cf*i The True Cape Cod Cranberry, best
■ ^^"sort for Upland, Lowland or Garden, by
Cmail, prepaid, -sl.OU per l(Jt), .*5.(I0 per
l.OfKl. Wholesale Catalogue to the trade.
Agents wanted.

B. JVI- 'WA.TSOrJ,

OLD COLONY NURSERIES & SEED WAREHOUSE,

PI.YMOVTH. .Maiits. I'.stablisllotl IS4a.

:BiTisr:EE,fc3 & s:ps,:eghe;e.,

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

FAMILT' and I.IME-Bl'RXIX(i COAI,!

Orders received at

Office, NO. 15 East King street, and at the
T-l-lJm] Yard, No. 61S nokth PRINCE STREET.

To THE best of our recollection, he was an Arkan-
sas clergyman who had been accused of trailing his
" true inwardness'* in the company of tlie wrong
woman. Under these painful circum.stances, his
wife was frequently compared to a " noble Roman
matron ;" but she didn't seem to mind it, and Hrmly
declared her belief iu her husliand's iunocenec. When
the day of trial arrived she .^at in court besirle him,
and moved the jury to tears by arranging a fifty-cent
bouquet in the buttonhole of his coat. The case was
at last opeued, and the witnesses for the jn'osecution
called. There were thirty or forty of thein ; but be-
fore half a dozen had testitied a mighty change came
over tlie face of the wife, and, getting right up and
addressing her remarks to the beueh, she said : " See
here. Judge, I'm satislied, if you are. Don't mind
me ; I can stand it. I reckon it's into me, Judge, to
get even. Just hold on to liioi till called for, and if
enny woman wants him, he's hern, and no questions
asked." Tlien, turning to her husband and snateh-
insr the floral tokens from his buttonhole, she bitterly
exclaimed : " Remember, from this time forward my
home's a den of ragin' lions, and you ain't no
Daniel."

Afteh Dixxek Nap.s : Many persons are in the
habit of sleeping lor half an hour immediately after
dinner. Ten minutes' sleep before dinner is worth
more than an hour after. It rests and rel'reshes and
prepares the system for vigorous digestion. If sleep
is taken after dinner, it should be in a sitting posture,
as the horizontal position is unfavorable to healthful
digestion. Let those who need rest and sleep during
the day take it before diiuier instead of after, and
they will soon find that they will feel better and that
their degestion will be improved thereby.

Good Hu.mor : Good humor is the clear blue sky
of the soul, on which every star of talent will shine
more clearly, and the sun of genius encounter no va-
pors in his passage. It is the most exquisite beauty
of a tine face — a redeeming grace in a homely one.
It is like green in a landscape, harmonizing every
color, mellowing the light, .softening the hues of the
dark, or like a lute in a full concert of instrumental
sounds, not at tirst discovered by the ear, yet filling
up the breaks in the concord with its deep melody.

A MAN who hadn't much talent for conundrums, in
attempting to get otf one at a tea party at his own
house, the other evening, got exceedingly mixed. He
intended to ask the old question, "Why is woman
like ivv I" the familiar but gallant answer to which
is, "Because the more you're ruined the closer she
clings." But he put it, "Why is ivy like a woman?"
which none of the ladies could tell, and so the un-
fortunate man himself told them it was " Because
the closer it clings the more you're ruined."

" What are ye dancing around fur?" inquired a
bootblack, yesterday, of a boy acquaintance whose
face was covered with smiles, and who was execut-
ing a double shuttle. " Golly, 'nuff for one day," re-
plied the lad, jumping still liigher. " Cow got into
the garden this morning and tramped every bed flat
as your hat, and I won't have to pull a weed this
summer !"

Madame's Feet : Madame X. has cbrirming fea-
tures, charming arms, charming hands — but siie has
monstrous feet. Just recovering from a ,ong illness,
she said recently to one of her friends, "I am still
very feeble, but I begin to be able to put one foot be-
fore the other." "And that is not saying a little,"
murmured the excellent friend.

It was a rich old widow who wondered that the
handsome young man had fallen in love with her.
" Yes, it is wonderful," said Mr. Spruceup ; "but I
do love you to distraction; why, I even love the
ground you walkon." " 1 thought so," observed the
widow ; " but I am not iu want of a landlord at
present."

A blind max was sitting in company with some
visitors a few weeks ago, when one of the party left
the room. "Whatwiiite teeth that lady has," said
the blind man. "How can you tell that?" asked a
friend. " Because," was the ready answer, " for the
last half hour shehas been doing nothing but laugh."

A f'orPLE of Yankee neighbors became so inimical
that they could not speak to each other ; but one of
them having been converted at a camp-mcetint', on
seeing his former enemy held out tiis hand, sayiuij,
"How d'ye do, Kemp? lam humble enough to shake
hands with a dog."

A CLERCJVMAN says, "I once married a handsome
young couple, and as I took the bride by the hand, at
the Close of the ceremony, and gave her my warmest
congratulations, she tossed her pretty face, and point-
ing lo the bridegroom, replied, 'I think he is the one
to be congratulated.'" >

A DATJCiiiTEit is almost always right when she en-
deavors to imitate her mother; but we do not think
the mother is equally right when, at a certain period
of life, she tries all she can to imitate her daughter.

mmm fqe i armehs,

NO MIDDLE-MEX.

We have a large stock of Lunil>er, and one of the most
extensive Sash aud Door Factories iu the State, and we are
prepared to furnish lloiiso aud Rarn Bills complete.

All kinds of Manufactured Fencing, &c., making a speci-
alty of supplying the agricultural community. We will
make pi-ices deliveied to any Railroad Station. All our
material (;;-uarautee4l as rejjreseuted. All manufactured
work kihi-dried and warranted not to shrink. All inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin House. North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Monday of each week.

KENDIG, BRICKER & LAUMAN,

7-4-12m] Middletown Dauphin co.. Pa.

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

CO

O

Co"

o

Cl

F. 0. STURGIS,

520,522,4 524,
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTIR, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL HINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fnruislied

And all information con-
cerning the business
cheerfully given.

Co

o

\

PATENTS

OBTAINED BEST AND CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OF PATENTS,

"Wash-iagton., ID. C.

(Tj?" Address all letters to P. O. Box 441. 7-3-

MANI'P'ACTCREK OF

Williainsport and Z,orh Haven,

Bill Mills— ROUND ISLAND & PORTAGE, PA.
T-IJ Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [12u

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R.. LANCASTER, PA.

J. STAUFFER,

LANCASTER, i-ENN'A.
233 EAST ORANGE ST.

All matters appertaining to UNITED STATES or CANA-
DIAN PATENTS, TRADE MARKS, and COPVKIGHTS.
promptly attended to. His experience, success and faithful
attention to the interests of those who engage his services
are fully acknowledged aud appreciated.

Preliminary examinations made for him by a reliable As-
sistant at Washington, without extra charge for drawing
or description. [T-l-tf

The Lancaster Farmer

Prot S. S. SATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., SEPTEMBER. -1875.

Vol VII. No. 9.

LANCASTER'S OPPORTUNITY.

Before the issue of the Oetoher inimber of
The Faumkk, our apiiroachiiii; Slate Agri-
cultural Fair will he nuinhered anionj? the
things that iinr ; and, inasiniieh as Lancaster
county's seat of justice has been selected as
the local centre of that important event, it is
not expecting too uuicli tVoHi her citizens to
lend a williiii; and edi'ctive liaiid in making it
an event of which any county niiRht feel
l)rou(l, besides rellectini; credit upon aState of
which she has lon^r been accorded tlie distin-
guished title of bein.if the " sarden spot."
Posse.ssini; all the necessary elements of beinj;
a great agricultural, maniifacturiii!.' and com-
mercial centre, .she ought also po.sscss all the
euergy and enterprise of making this annual
exhibition of our material resources a com-
plete success, without the aid of her sister
counties. Never was such an opportunity for
Lancaster county to mdkr her marlc i)re.sente(l
before. With the patronage of the whole
Keystone .State, and its central organization,
together with all the appliances and conveni-
ences of the Park Association to back her up,
there is nothing to prevent her from wreath-
ing her brow with victorious laurels but the
apathy of her own people. Under such cir-
cumstances, and under such auspices, there is
oidy one consideration that ought to be para-
mount, and that is the honor and dignity of
our great county, and the great common-
wealtli of which she is a distinguished por-
tion. In the main, the moral t(me of such ex-
hibitions is elevating, expansive and progres-
sive, whatever incidental irregularities may
attend them ; and the most enterprising and
progressive people are those who do tlie good
that is in them, without permitting inad-
vertent evil to prevent or thwart them. At
no period within an experience of three-.score
years has a single season passed in which the
county of Lancaster could not have made a
creditable disi>lay of her material productions,
if she chose to "exercise the tcill, and during
all that long period, no time has been more
propitious tliau the present. Indeed, such an
opportunity may not occur again for another
century, because its iutiuence will not be ex-
hauster] in tlie approaching occasion, but, if
successful, will be extended to our National
CrntC}}ni(il.

One thing has very forcibly struck us at
nearly all the State or County Agricultural
'exhibitions we have ever witnessed, and that
was the meagre exliibition of the vegetable
and tloral productions of the garden, both in
quantity and quality; and we have more than
once felt humiliated or chagrined, when we
heard visitors renuuk that " they have better
vegetables and llowers at home," or that had
they "just thought of it," they would have
exhibited "this, that, or the other thing,"
which they did not lind there at all. These
things will perhaps always be so, so long as
people only sellisldy think of being personally
entertained, amused, or instructed, without
contributing to the entertainment, anniseinent
or instruction of their neighbors. And we
hai)pen to know, too, that many such visitors
have afterwards regretted that they had not
themselves been cxhibiti rs. Now, this is a mat-
ter on which people havi' oidy to exercise, a lit-
tle forethought, and a cullivati(m of the uill
to carry that forethought into visible effect.
Although the /<r'/)(i'!(/(j.s awarded can never be
regarded as a comiiensation for the lalior re-
quired in the neces.sary preparation, yet if that
were a re<iuisite stimulant, by consulting the
premium list of the State Society, it will be
found that they have made a very liberal pro-
vision for such products, and we hope llieir
expectations will be realhcil. Farmers aiKl pro-
ducers it behooves you to "be up and doing."

THE " CURCULIO," OR PLUM-WEEVIL.

{i'otivtrarheluti iieiniphnr.)

This insect, in its long career bcfon' the hor-
ticultural world, has attained to greater noto-
riety than p(!rhaps any other individual belong-
ing to the long and dark catalogue of fruit de-
stroyers of the AnnMican continent in the
nineteenth century. AVe accord to it no such
thing as fume; it is simply and infamously
nolin-iiius, and how to circumvent orexlcrmin-
atc it has already cost more profound and
l>erplexing thought, more inventivegi'niu.s, and
more mechanical skill, an<l we might ajjpropri-
ately add, more blank disaiipoinlnient at results,
than any other subject of the insect realm,
and we are very little nearer a surtr and ell'ec-
tual remedy to-day than we weic twenty years
ago. It is true, by laljorious and untiring per-
severance, its numbers have been, in sonu- spe-
cial cases, greatly diminished, but the li'ast
relaxation, or susjiension of such labor, has
only w^itncssed a return of the pest to a renewal
of its destructive; propen.sities. and a further
embargo on the fruit cultivator's industiy.

This insect belongs to the order CoLEOf-
TERA, or "Sheath-winged insects;" and the
family Citrculionid.k, or " Snout-beetles, "
from Ciora^io, which simply meansa "weevil."
The C'urculio has always manifested a parti-
ality for the fruit of the plum, and the cherry,
but" it also injuriously infests the ajiple, pear,
peach, quince, apricot and nectarine. In the
absence of fruit, it is said, also, to deitosit its
eggs in the tender branches, or in the soft
fungous protuberances or swellings, that pre-
vail sometimes on plum and cherry trees, under

the name of " Black Knot. " For many years
it has l)eenso destructive to the phnn crop that
fruit-growers generally were conqielled lo dis-
continue its cultivation, and then the in.sect
turned its attention to the jieacli and theai>i)le,
and twif they are sometimes found as nunuMous
in the apple" as the " Codling Moth," and be-
tween the two, that fruit has as fatal a ga\mtlet
to run as the plum aiul peach. There is proba-
bly but one distinct brood of this insect during
a year, but this fact, it f art it may be called, is
not distinctly clear. One consideration is very
.a]iparent. If any one desires to destroy theCur-
culio, he must l)egin early in the spring, as. soon
as the friiit they infest is in bloom, and cont iiuie
his labors until late in autnnm, or until all the
fruit is gathered, and even tlini he may not
succeed to his own .satisfaction. We have
taken the Curculio in almost every month of
the year, and we therefore feel convinced
that it belongs to the hibernating class;
and this /((of also supports the theory that
it is one-brooded ; but, rarely dei>ositing
more than a single egg in a fnut— accord-
ing to size — it requires some days. juThaps
weeks, liefore the femali' has them all depositi'd ,
and hence it will appear asa succession of broods
during a greater jiart of the season, and the in-
sects will seem to be coming all the while: there-
fore, theneces.sityof cont inning the war against
them will become apparent, a fact that fruit-
growers do not sulliciently heed. IJilore there
was cultivated fruit, this insect no doubt con-
lined itself to various species of wild fruit, espe-

cially the wild cherry, and even now that fruit
becomes occasionally infesteil with it.

This Inseci is generally regarded ;ls a native
of Xorth .\merica. infesting wild plums, aiiples
and cherries, but when domestic! fruit began to
be cultivated, like many otherspeeiesof insects
— the (,'olorado I'otato-lJeetle, and the ,\|)ple
Tree Borers, for instance -it deserted the wild
varietiesaiiil look lo the domestic varieties, ;ts
suiting its taste and convenience l)etter ; and
this ai-counts for the fad that don>eslic fruit is
gcni'rally more infesle<l than wild. We piti-
suine that, at least, the major part of our read-
ers have seen a Curcidio. or I'lum- Weevil, and
are, therefore, tolerably well acciuainted with
its appearance; and those who have not this
knowledge will be assisted in the idetitiliealiou
of the insect by till' accompanying illustrations,
the size being indicated by the "hair lines"
near each figure — n. b, and c, being magnilicd.

Piij. a is the hirftt, a while lleshy grub, en-
tirely without feet, thickest in the nii<ldle,and
slightly tapering towards the anterior and pos-
terior ends. It is composed of a head and thir-
teen segments, or rings; and is soft, smooth
and glossy, with a few white hairs .sparsely dis-
tributed over the body, but which are scarcely
pcreeiitihU; without "the aid of a magnifier.
Although destittite of feet, it still pos.s«-s8e8
considerable locomotive power by means of the
longit udinal exi)ansi(Uisand contractions of the
segments of the body.

Fiij. h is the 7<i<//'(, of a dirty whit<' or light
clay color, jierhaps somewhat modified in shade
by "the nature of the soil in which it is found,
which is also interspersed with a few short,
erect, bristling hairs, and in which an ai)prox-
imation to the p(a-fe<'.t insect may iK^.seen. The
snout, the eyes, and the upper ))ortion of our
figme, bear a striking resemblance to the
"Phiz," of " Bo.ss Tweed," as caricatured in
the public journals, and in siiyiug this we me;in
no ilisrespeet whatever to the — Curculio.

Fiij. (• is the mature l)eetle, mottled with
asheii gray, while and browni, with its long
snout bent under and backward, and with a
peculiar hiunp on its back. When it is dis-
turbed it sudileidy draws its feet and antemia:
clo.se to its body, drops down, and "acts po.s-
sum," iis if it were (lead. In this respect it
seemsloexhibitalowcmniingthat is .something
more than mere instinct; for shiuild it ])re-
teiid to recover, and find that the danger has
not biH'ii removed, it inuiiediately relai)sesinto
its ;)<i.s*-)(»i state again, and renuiins for some
time after the ai>parent or pending danger is
fully over, seeming to exercise a reconnoisance
tw() or three times bef(ue it ventures lo move
again. Fin. d. shows a young plum, and a
curcidio on it in the act of depo.siting its eggs.
Near the upper disk is a cres(;ent shaped in-
cision, and a small black dot, to represent
the position of the egg. under the skin of the
fruit. It is (pu'Stional)le whether this insect
can make any other than a circular incisitm
with its jaws". Its p/-o?«>.s<i,s, or snout, has a
swivel-like action in its head, aiul, in tm-ning
right or left, it must describe a circidar line,
rm account of the rigiil articulation. After
the imiision has been made, it carefully lifts
nil the edge, and plunges in its snout atiout
where the dot is, and llien turns around aiul
depositsan egg therein, after which it reverses
its position, and pushes the egg into the hole
it had previously made, smoothes down the
upraistnl edge of the skin again, and the work
is acconqtlished. The fruit represented is a
young plum, showingaboul the size it js when
"the curculio dei)osits its egg in it, for when
the fruit is small it rarely deposits more than
one egg in it. Later in the season, when fruit
is larger and more tleshy, and the insects
more abundant, two, or even three or more,
inav Ik- found in a single fruit. A large num-
ber of the insects belonging to this family

130

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

(C'URCuliois'id.e) infest the seeds or kernels
of vegetation, and tliis individual makes some
advance in that direction. On one occasion
we picked up fifty jilums that had fallen from
a tree, and in about forty of them we found
the larva of the curculio in the kernel of the
young fruit. Later in the season, when the
stone had hardened, they were found in the
jiulp outside of tlie stone. This was, perhaps,
owing to the fact that the kernel was the
softest i)art of the younger fruit. After the
larva has matured it leaves the fruit, whether
it is hanging on the tree or is lying on the
ground, and burrows into the earth, where it is
transformed into a pupa, as Fig. h. , from whence
it comes forth a perfect beetle, as at Firj. c,
in from ten to fifteen days, and is ready to go
through the same process its parent did, if the
season is not too far advanced; otherwise, it
will survive and hibernate until the next fruit
season, and thus we have found it, from early
autumn until late in the following spring,
under bark, timber and Hat stones. The indi-
viduals that go into the ground late in the
season no doubt remain there in the pupa or
beetle form until the following spring.
Since plunts have ceased to be a leading
article iu fruit culture, on account of the de-
predations of the curculio, the insect has
greatly multiplied in peaches and apples, so
that, in the latter crop, probably as many fall
in the earlier stages of the fruit from the infes-
tations of this insect as from that of the cod-

Remedies.

From the widespread and long continued
depredations of such an insect as we have
been describing, it is very natural that fruit-
growers should desire the discovery of some
quick and certain means to effect its entire
extermination, or, at least, such a reduction
of its numbers as to afford some encourage-
ment to those engaged in the laudable occupa-
tion of fruit culture ; but nothing has been
discovered that does not involve a great deal
of labor, and more patience and perseverance
than is possessed by the generality of men.

The boring of holes into the trunks of fniit
trees, and filling them with sulphur, calomel
or gunpowder, as remedies, is now entirely
obsolete ; and almost in the same category
may be included most, if not all, of the decoc-
tions, solutions and fimiigations, that from
time to time have been conspicuously plac-
arded before the public, although, to a limited
extent, some of these may have been liene-
ficial. There is very little to be hoped for
from natural remedies, although there are in-
cidental cases where these have been locally
beneficial. The ciuculio is exposed to few
parasites, if any, and in the mature state it is
not sufficiently tempting to attract the atten-
tion of fowls or birds, although some no doubt
fall a prey to these. Indeed, they have fre-
quently been detected in the stomach of birds,
but not to any remarkable extent. Artificial
remedies, as we before intimated, don't
amount to much. Therefore, the almost sole
reliance must be in a universal and simulta-
neous effort in mechanical remedies. First,
all the fruit should be immediately gathered
as fast as it falls from the trees, or the groimd
beneath the trees should be accessible to stock
and poulti-y, particularly swine. This gath-
ered fruit should be scalded, and then thrown
into the swill. So far as this remedy goes it
is very beneficial ; but the farmer or fruit
grower must not stop here. By laying pieces
of flat stones, shingles or boards on the ground
imrfcr the trees in spring and early summer,
and examining them every morning, if the
insects are numerous, many of them can
be captured in these traps daily. This may
be called our second remedy, and, so far as it
goes, it will be found useful. Thirdly, a vig-
orous and continuous process of tree-jarring
is perhaps the best remedy that has yet been
discovered. If one of the lower branches is
sawed off, leaving a stump two or three inches,
upon which to strike with a wooden mallet or
maul, it will bring the insects down from the
trees, if any are there. Before this is done a
muslin cloth should be spread beneath the

tree being jarred. Wlien suddenly interrupted,
tlie cu Aaili'o has the habit of letting go its liold,
drawing in its feet and antennte, and droi)ping
on the ground, and, as we before stated,
" acting possum " — shamming death. When
it first falls it looks like a dry bud, and for
some time makes no attempt to escape. It
may then be gathered and scalded. There are
also traps made in the form of large inverted
umbrellas, placed on wheels,and having handles
like a barrow. Tliese are run against the
trees with a sudden force, which will produce
a jar suflicient to dislodge the most of them.
A cleft is left in one side of this apparatus,
wide enough to admit the body or trunk of
the tree, and where the apparatus strikes the
tree it ought to be protected against sacrifica-
tion or bruising by a 'i)umper." If this were
persevered in by all who have fruit trees, the
curculio would soon be "played out."

THE

RASCAL " LEAF-CRUMPLER.

{Phycita nebnlo,)

Order Lepidoptera, Family Phycidae.
This insect is becoming quite common in
the Western States, but we have no specific
report from it either in the Eastern or South-
ern States ; but the middle States seem to be
a common or neutral ground, upon which are
often found insects that are common in other
localities, either north, east, west or south.
We do not know that this insect is yet numer-
ous in Pennsylvania, but we have heard of it
from several quarters, anct if we are not
greatly in error, we have seen it in Lancaster
county on several occasions, and once upon a

quince tree upon our own premises ; although,
from our ignorance of its habits we failed to
breed the fiy, or rather twith, but surely we
have captured the same, or a very nearly
allied species, on several occasions, in June
and July, among the many that are in the
habit of entering dwellings and flitting about
gas lights.

There are many leaf-crumpling caterpillars,
and therefore Mr. B. D. Walsh, late of Rock
Island, Illinois, who was the original describer
of it, by way of eminence, has named it the
" liascaV Leaf-crimipler. During the winter
small biuiches of leaves are often seen curled
partially up and attached to the ends of the
branches. In many cases these are the winter
quarters of the larva of this insect, for it be-
longs to a numerous class that hybeniate in
the lai"va state. Indeed, this insect mitjht be
inesent in great numbers and not be suspected,
for it has the art of hiding itself among the
heavy foliage that usually decks the trees in
Mayand Jime. Although comparatively new
in Pennsylvania, and perhaps not yet very
numerous, we have not developed its history
yet from personal observations; therefore,
we acknowledge ourself mainly iudeljted to
the observations of Mr. Walsh and Professor
Riley, of St. Louis, for what we may have to
say upon the subject, and we only illustrate it
in this place in order to forewarn our nursery-
men and orchardists of an enemy to thi! ajijjle
and pear that they may have to contend with
hereafter, and also to make such remedial sug-

gestions as may enable them to meet the case
when it comes.

When the trees are denuded of their leaves,
this serpentine larva becomes conspicuously
visible iu its little house or case, either singly,
as seen in Fiy. a., or closely attached in clus-
ters of half a dozen or more, hidden in a few
crumpled leaves, sewed together with silken
threads, wherein it passes its winter sesison
and begins its defoliating operations in the
spring again. In these winter quarters it is
able to bear all the exposure from cold and rain
with almost perfect impunity. But its leaf-
eating propensities are not its worst character-
istics, for during a warm early spring it also
attacks the young swelling buds, and often
becomes exceedingly injurious to young nur-
sery stock, when it is numerous.

So far as known, there is but one brood in a
year, and the larva attains one-half or one-
third its growth before the winter sets in, and
remains in a torpid condition about that size
imtil the following spring, when the expand-
ing leaves arouses it from its winter fast. It
then unmoors its twisted case (a) and sallies
forth in quest of its leafy food and ravenously
breaks its winter fast. It is then of a reddish
bi'own color, but when it attains its maturity
toward the end of May, it assumes often a
deep green color. Fig. b. represents a cluster
of these serpentine cases grouped together
around a small branch. Fig. c. represents the
head and the three thoracic joints of the ma-
ture larva. Fig. d. represents the moth, the
size indicated by the cross lines beneath it.
The fore wings are of a pale ashen gray color,
variegated with dark brown and cinnamon
brown, while the hind wings are of a uniform
dusky grey, and the antennai are simple fila-
ments tapering from base to point. The male
is mainly distinguished from the female by a
little horn-like tuft near the base of the antcn-
nte. The role of this insect's depredations
may be inferred from the fact that according
to the observations of Prof. Riley, it has been
found not only on the apple, but also on the
cherry, both wild and cultivated ; the quince,
the crab-apple, the peach, and on the wild and
cultivated plum. The pear, so far as known,
seems to enjoy an exemption from it.

From what has already been said it will be
manifest that this insect feeds on the foliage
of trees in the early and late summer ; in mid-
summer being in thepwjjrt, the imago or moth,
and in the ova states. It feeds chiefly at night
or on dark cloudy days, for that purpose
coming forth from its case and returning to it
again, remaining concealed during the day.
Being but single brooded, the remedy for its
destruction is exceedingly simple. It is merely
to remove the cases from the trees after the
leaves have fallen, when they are i)lainly visi-
ble. It is recommended to deposit them in
the centre of a large field, where they would
perish before they could reach a tree again,
and this would allow the development of two
species of parasites ( Tachina ct Limneria) with
which they are frequently infested.

THE SEXUAL SYSTEM OF PLANTS.

"Cau suoh things be,
And overcome us like a summer cloud,
Without our special wouder !"

In the June number of The Farmer (page
107) in the article on "Abortive StrawbeiTies, "
we placed in italic a part of the following
paragraph, and intimated that we might have
something to say on the subject on a future
occasion ; namely : "I had always been taught
that all 2>^<Mts arc nude, and that the earth is
i/if mo(fc«-, " inferentially, of course, the female.
It is not often that we find such a sentiment
recognized in popular systems of theology,
philosophy or natural histoi-y, and yet when
viewed from a rational standpoint it seems to
be veri/ natttral; nor is it often that we find
l)ersons among the masses, or in the ordinary
walks of life, who can say that they have
" always been taught" such a doctrine.

Let us look at the subject a little deeper or
more fn detail, and in illustration of it, allow
us to quote an extract from a distinguished

1S75.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER

i3i

author who tlourishml uuarly eighty years :i}?o
in EiijiUuid.

" Thti Liiinwan system of botany, supposes
plants to he male and female, li(('ause of cer-
tivindistinetions l)ct\veen their parts calli'd ti>e
stnmen and the piMit, the vuiion of liolh of
which is necessary to render tliitm i)r(ililic.
But tliis distinction in jilants, is no more a
sullicient reason for calling them male and
female parts of a i)lant, than a similar distinc-
tion which may he ol)serve(l in all male ani-
mals is for supposinj; there are male and
female parts in one and the same animal. The
characteristic i)ecidar to male animals is lh(!
formation of xced in themselves, wliieh is lirst
conceived in tlie uTKlerstandinf;, then formed
in the will, and afterwards translated to tin?
lower parts of the hody, where it is enveloped
with a material covering, and from thenc<'
conveyed into the wond), and last of all,
brought forth into open day. By tracing tliis
anology in the vegetaliU^ l<ingdoni, we may
easily see what is male, and wliiit is female.
AH plants are male, hccauso they (iroducu of
themselves serd.t oii/v, and not new plants.
The distinct \y,uU of the plant, which some
mistake for the male and female organs of
generation, are notlnng hut analagous resem-
blances of the will and the understanding
which are eipially distinct in every male ani-
mal, and like them, necessarily unite in the
formation of seed. But the animal sci'd cannot
produce new animals, until it is conveyed into
the wonibof a female, where, after imdergoing
a state of corruption, similar to that of (leath,
it rises again in all the strength and vigor of
anew and living animal. In like manner, tlie
seeds of plants which are all males, cannot
produce new plants until they are sown in the
woml) of the earth, which is the common
female, where they equally undergo a state of
corruption similar to death, and after that
rise up by vegetation into new plants. As
therefore, the formation of the seed is peculiar
to the male, and the nomishment anil expan-
sion of it is i>eculiar to the female, it follows,
that all the subjects of the vegetable kingdom
are males, because they are cencerned only in
preparing the seed lor the production of the
plant, and that the earth alone is the conunon
female — and also the conunon mother of the
veget.able Kingdom — because she nourishes
ami exjiands the seed, and thus actually brings
forth new plants."

AVhether we adoi)t this or not, as the true
sexual system of plants, it cannot but set us to
thinking if it be possible for the vege.able
kingdom to produce new i>lants, or even to
exist, without the conunon motherhood of the
cartli, which contains the great matrix or
womb of the vegetable w<nid.

We are awari; that this system may apiiear
too metaiihysical or '"far-fetched" to meet the
"views of popular Botany ; that it may be ob-
jected that plants can be iirodnccd and repro-
duced without .seed at all, by cuttings, scions
and tubers, and that, by parity of reasoning,
this rule might al.so ajiply to the animal
kingdom; but can they he produced without
the aid of "mother earth" V The fact that
parasitic idants do not re<iuire an (earthy
matrix for their reproduction, is by no means
a conclusive argument against this sexual
system, because the vegetation ujion which
they are parasitic dn, and their drafts \ipon
their hosts are sometimes such as to gri'atly
enervate or destroy them, inv<ilvlng thus tlieir
own destruction. 5lay not then, what appears
to Vie male and female organs in plants be
merely the representatives of the male and
female princiiiles in the animal world? Thev do
not produce a plant or tree, they only proilnce
seeds or fruit, and what is fruit, fundamentally,
but a modidcation of the leaf V and often in
both tlowers and fruit, we sec an effort to
return to the leafy condition. There are
male and female faculties in the mental con-
stitution of all animals, whether they are
controled bj- reascm or instinct, corresponding
to i\m inhilectwd and the etffertional — the un-
derstamli)iij and the irill in man ; and it
rcinnres the exercise of these two faculties in
ulthnates, before seed can be produced ; but

without a womb or matrix they will remain or
])erish iw seeds. It is also so by analogy in
l>laiits. The grains of wheat that had re- j
mained :!,OIIO years in the hand of an Egyptian
nunumy, would have remained there as .seed
to irternity, if an eivrthy womb had not
supervened. !

METEROLOGICAL AND AGRICULTU- |

RAL OBSERVATIONS FOR THE j

YEAR 1874-5. I

The snnnncr of 1S74 was rather dry; no set-
tled rain of any conseipieiice oecuring, few
thtmder showers, and few or no walcr Hows.
The hay and wheat crops wen' oidy ordinary,
theoats very light — not half acrop, and of poor
ipiality. Corn w;is an averagi' crop. .Vpples
an ordinary crop, but very knotty and imper-
fect. I'ears were amiddlingcnrp ; Ixuriesilid
not make a full crop, owing to tlu^ dryness of
the soil ; the grapes, however, were rathergood.
No real soaking rain all snnnncr. The last
good rain was about the 7th of .Vugust. The
autnnm was also very dry, so much so that
farmers could not get the .soil in good order to
])ut in their winter wheat. The wheat made
a poor growth in the fall, and tlu' winter com-
menced cold. The ground was thoroughly
frozen from November, 1S74, to .Viiril, 1H7.').
Most ticlds were literally covered over with ice
for four months. The ice disappeared about
the end of March. No water could soak into
the earth during winter. Wells and springs
became dry that had never been known to be
dry before. In March an<l Ajiril no rain of
any very special benelit to vegetation fell, nor
until about the idth of June, 1S7."). Wheat
was very short and thin, averaging scarcely
ten liu.shels to the acre, and often only one
load of straw from three or fonracres of wheat;
but the quality was good. Oats were three or
tour inches high on tlie 2((tli of .lune, and after
heading out grew to a foot or lifteen inches,
nevertheless it turned out better than the crop
of lS7-t. The great drawback in manyplaces
was a mixture of green and ripe oats, making
it troublcscmie to harvest on account of the
shortness of the straw, and often being full of
bitter wormwood and other noxious weeds.
The hay crop of 1S7.J was the smallest for
thirty years, farmers getting from live to lif-
teen loads from an entire farm — their barns
are not half filled, and they will sustain a great
I0.SS in making manure the coming winter.
The wells and springs were dry or low in June,
and the streams, last spring, had not been
lower for lifty years.

Hungarian Grass has been sown in different
jiarts of the county the iire.sent season. This
maybe sown from the 1st of May to the l.stof
August, and reipiires sixty days to mature. I
saw some cut on the 1st of August that
had niiitured perfectly in sixty days, that was
over two feet long. .Should it jirove what is
claimed for it, it will become a settled proven-
der in the county — like timothy. Refreshing
rains set in in July, yet the new clover, in new
tields, is a failure. The clover from the sjiring
sowing has generally perished. Farmers re-
sowcil clover in July. One (inn in Lancaster
city sold between four and live hundred bushels
of clover .seed the jire.seid season.

Ihn-ses at best sell lower than they did last
year. In consequence of the .scant liay crop,
they bring from one hundred to one hnndre<l
anil lifty dnllors lower than horses of the same
quality foi'merly brought, or that sold for from
two to three hundred dollars, making a diller-
cnce of a hundred jiercent. .'smking colts can
be bought at thirty or forty dollars. Two year-
lings at lifty or sixty dollars. All other kinds
of stocks are proportionally lower than for-
merly.

Ai;GrsT 20TH.^Since the foi-egoing was
written, settled rains have occurred, continu-
ing for a week or more, and springs and
streamsare re])lonishcd by the hand of nature,
and in some i)laces so lavishly as to |)roducc
destructive Ihiods and overtlows. Corn prom-
ises to be more than an average crop. Tobacco
is doing remarkahly well, and will make more
than an average cro)), and will also make more
than ordinary weight, but it is somewhat iu

danger of beconiing/oj-//, or brittle, on .account
of wet and cloudy weather.

Apples only about one-third of a crop, and
even that very imperlV'cl. Bears are (loing
well, as a general thing, (irapes seem to be
a faibu'e, in some parts of the county, proba-
bly owing to tlie cold and icy condition of
last wilder; some vines dying and othere *
Jiartially barri'U. Beaches are doing well,
as a whole, in the county, although in some
places they are prematurely diop]>iHg or rot-
ling. Berries liave done toleralily well.

The two last sea.sons have been noted for
the presence of the " tlolorado I'otato-Heelle."
They made their appearance for the (irst time
last year in siiHiiient iiuiubers to be seriously
injurious to the crop. They have |irobably
not been quite as numerous the present sea-
son as they were the last. They have been
more elleciually destroyed, generally by vigor-
ous hand-picking, more than by I'aiis <jii< n,
which has not come into general use in my
neighborhood on account of its poi.sonons ipia-
lity, which is generally abhorred. The yield
of potatoes will be large throughout thecoimty.
In places where the vines were shaded the l)ec-
tles did very little damage, hut in exposed
lilaces, and where they had In-en neglected,
the bugs destroyed everything. They .seem,
howeyer, to be decreasing from .some cause,
and 1 hope that in a very few years they may
be too few to inllict injury niion the crops. —
L. S. B., Oreijon, Lanatslcr county, Fa., AuijU3l
20, l«7o.

We hope that L. S. R.'shope, in reference
to the Botato-beetle, may be realized; hut at
the same time we would not counsel our read-
ers to suiiinelif indulge such a hope. No doubt
something is due to nidured causes, for this
apparent decrease of the beetle: but tliis ought
not to interfere with continuous and vigorous
artifviid causes, as an aid. We think however
that his ideas in regard to the clover-hay crop
will not he generally realized. We took a drive
about live miles iii> the Ilarrisburg pike im the
lid of September, and at inevcral places found
the farmers engaged in raking and hauling
home second-croj) clover hay ; and we do
not think we ever noticed a heavier crop than
we did on this occasion, in at least one of the
fields we iiassed. All looked well and rca.son-
ahly aliuiidant, but, the nwdHij may be inferior,
inasmuch as we had much more rain than was
nece.s.sary for it, and it grew very rapidly,
which is considered uiifavoralile to quality. —

Eu.

-♦.

THE FACTS OF NATURAL HISTORY,
No. 4.

Night Hawks vs. Whip-poor-wills.

Many more ]ieople have heard a "Whip-
lioor-will" than have sem one : although many
may tliink they have seen one, when, in fact,
they mav have only seen a "Night-hawk ;"
yet, notwitlistanding the fact that these birds
•ire often confounded, there is a very marked
distinction between them ; they, however,
both belong to the old family C.U'itlMln.fJiD.fi,
or '•(Joat-suckers ;" and the natural order iN-
cKssoits, or '-IVrchei-s." But they lielong to
dilTerent genera, and, therefore, the difference
between them is not merely sjiirip'r; it is
(jenerir ill its character. The Whip-lioor-will
^A)dr(istoniu.s vorififntx— IS a bird "to the
manor horn" of Lanciuster county, although
it is also native to other localities from ea,stern
rniteil States to the central plains. It is
about tell inches in length, and the wings are
six and a half inches. The general color is
pale rufous, and the top of the head is reddi.HJi-
brown. with blackish streaks, or aslien gray,
modilied by aye or sex. The bristles of the
hill, which" becoine very coii.spicuoiis when the
mouth is oiieii, are without laternal filaments,
and assist the bird in capturing its insect prey.
.\ltlioiigli the bill is very small, yet the
moutli is large, opening back a little be-
voiid till' eyes, like the month of a .snake.
It utters three distinct notes, which have
at least a fancied resemblance to the
syllables ?/7it;>-;*f)iir-iri7f, and from this it derives
its common name. It begins ita song, soon

132

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

after sunset, and continues until late at night,
or very early in the morning, and if you liap-
pen to be very near one, and listen a long
time to its song, it will sound less like whip-
lioor-will than when you are farther away —
indeed it always sounds to us more like ivhip-
jioir-wimv, with the emphasis on the first and
last syllables, Vmt heaviest on the last. Its
tail is romidcd, especially at the outer angles,
and extends considerably beyond the tijis of
the wings, and this alone might be sufficient
to distinguish it from the "Xight-Hawk."
During t)ie day the whip-poor-will sleeps either
upon the ground, on a fallen tree trunk, or on
a low liranch, and may often be very nearly
approached befoi'e it becomes alaimed and
flies away. AVhen it is sitting on a trunk or a
branch, its body is said to be always parallel
with them, and never crosswise. It lays two
eggs on the bare ground, ar on dry leaves, in
the month of May. The color of these eggs is
greenish white, blotched and spotted with
bluish gray and light brown, and short,
elliptical, and much rounded in form.

Although the eggs seem to be carelessly de-
posited oil the ground, yet they are not easily
discovered, for the bird usually chooses for
this purpose the most secluded parts of a
thicket, or other unfrequented place. Tlie
feet are very small, and appear very far for-
ward on the body. There are three species of
this bird known to the territory of the United
States, namely : "Chuck-wills-widow" — An-
trastmmis caroUnensis — of the South Atlantic
and Gulf States, and "Nuttall's whip-poor-
will" — Antrostonuts nutallii — of the central
plains and westward to the Pacific coast.

There is a superstition that obtains in
Lancaster county, in reference to this bird,
(A. vocifenis) to the effect, that if it sits upon
a house, or near it, wherein a sick person is
lying, it is a sign that such sickness will ter-
minate fatally to the patient. Indeed, we
were on one occasion a good deal amused
when a person told us "how mad he got"
when the whip-poor-will came singing around
his house, while he was lying with a fever.
Although he survived it, yet "that goes for
nothing," for he knew a man that did die
under such circumstances, and that was a
sufficient confirmation of the superstitious
theory to last him for a lifetime. His own es-
cape was probably owing to some incantation
equally superstitious.

The "Night-hawk, "«Kos "Night-jar," alias
"Fern-owl" — Chordeihs popttue — is a very dif-
ferent bird from the foregoing. It is about
nine inches long, and the wings are eight
inches, extending lieyond the end of the tail,
which is pointed at the outer angles, instead
of rounded. It has a white bar across the
wing, which is visible on top, and very much
so beneath, even when the bird is at a consid-
erable height in the air, and also a white
throat. In its colors and their distribution it
strongly resembles the whip-poor-will, but it
lacks the conspicuous bill bristles, and its
mouth does not open quite as far as the eyes.
Its locale is North America generally, and it
is more common than the whip-poor-will.
Night-hawks, as their name would seem to
imply, are not strictly nocturnal birds, but are
often upon the wing during the entire day,
especially if it be a cloudy day. Tliey are,
however, most active during twilight, and re-
tire as soon as it gets dark. They have a loud
squeaking note, which is familiar to all who
are in the least given to observation, and
those must also be familiar with their habit of
rapidly descending towards the earth, and
makhig a loud booming noise just at the point
where they suddenly turn to ascend again.
This descent is sometimes made from a great
height, and the peculiar sound "is said to be
produced by the concussion caused by the new
position of the wings at the moment when the
bird passes the centre of its plunge, and com-
mences its ascent again." The night-hawk,
like the whip-poor-will, makes no nest, but
deposits its eggs on the bare ground, or some-
times on a flat rock, in fields, or in open
woods. These are two in number, similar to
those of the whip-poor-will, but less blotched,

more freckled, and not so elliptical in form.
When the female is interrupted while sitting
on her eggs, she suddenly flutters off and acts
as if she" was woimded ; and so well does she
dissemble this, that persons are tempted to
follow her and ti-y to capture her ; but some-
hf>w, no matter how helpless she may apjiear,
she always contrives to elude the grasp of her
pursuer by an inch or two ; and after she has
decoyed him far enough away from her eggs
or young to secure tlieir safety, she darts out
of sight in a moment, and often leaves her pur-
suer in the most profound astonishment or
chagrin at her rapid recoverj', or the ruse she
had adopted to secure the pr(jtection of her
progeny. We distinctly recall an occasion of
this" kind, wherein we were led into a chase
after one of these birds in a corn-field, when
we were a boy ; but of course the bird came off
conqueror by an adroit retreat, and we were
disappointed.

To recapitulate : The whip-poor-will has
the mouth margined with long, stiff bristles,
while in the night-hawk they are hardly ap-
preciable. In tiie former the wings are short,
not reaching to the end of the tail, whilst in
the latter they are long and sharp-i)ointed,
reaching beyond the tail. In thewhip-poor-
will the tail is short and rounded, while in the
night-hawk the tail is rather narrow and
emarginate, or forked. There is also some
difference in their cohirs and markings ; liut
color is not always constant, and therefore the
most reliable points are those above enum-
erated.

There are also several distinct species of
night-hawks. The "Western Night-hawk"—
Cliordeiles hcnri/i — of New Mexico, and the
"Texas Night-hawk" — Chnrdeiles tcxensis —
of Texas ; and there are probably other North
American species.

We have prepared this article because we
are often asked numerous questions about
these birds, and about nme out of every ten
of our interlocutors enter into a disputation,
and contend that the night-hawk is a whip-
poor-will, any experimental or recorded /ncfs
of nutiiral history to the contrary notwith-
standing. Nevertheless, there may be others
who think it worth whUe to have a knowledge
of the truth as it is.

A BEAUTIFUL TREE OF FRUIT.

" Hich and Rare.^^

Not more than about thirty feet from the
inner southeast angle of Centre Square, in the
city of Lancaster, stands a plum tree, hearing
a crop of fruit as remarkably well formed and
prolific as any that ever adorned a fairy tale.
The tree is on the premises of Dr. B. Mishler;
it is trellised against an eastern exposure
of a western wall, and is about eighteen
feet in height. The fruit is oblong, or egg-
shaped in form, of a pale yellow in color,
and tolerably uniform in size, averaging
about two inches in length. The inclosure,
on the west side of which it stands, is
hardly twenty feet square, so that it can only
get the benefit of the late morning and mid-
day sun. The ground is paved with brick up
to within an inch or two of the base of the
tree. The fruit and the leaves look exceed-
ingly healthful, not one being infested by the
Curndio or any other insect. Dr. Misliler in-
forms us that it it was grafted on a wild-plum
stock, which he purchased and planted about
six years ago; but he had forgotten or did not
know Isy what name it was sold. There are
about four bushels of plums on the tree, and on
some of the limbs they hang in clusters of from
ten to twenty. The fruit, at this writing,
(Sep. 3,) is not yet ripe, but from itssizc, form,
texture, and color, we should adjudge it to be
Coe's Golden Duor, or one of its aUies or
varieties. The seed is about an inch in length,
over half an inch in width, flattened, and in its
broadest outline approximates to the form of
the fniit. In its present condition the flesh is
solid, a pale yellow in color, and adherestothe
sharp edges of the seed, and in taste it'is plea-
santly tartish. The stem is atiout three quar-
ters of an inch in length, firm, and moder-

atety sunk into the upper end of the fruit, and
the suture is tolerably distinct. "Coe's Gol-
den Drop," is represented as an English vari-
ety, with characteristics similar to those we
have mentioned ; that it matures late, is ex-
cellent for table use, and comes in after other
varieties are over : that it is sometimes con-
founded with the "Yellow Egg plum," which
is a little larger; that it will keep a longtime
after it is gathered, if wrapped in fine paper
and kept in a dry room ; and judging from its
texture, we should consider such to be the
case. It is regarded by good authority as one
of the most delicious of all plums, and is re-
commended for this latitude by good judges.

Qiii'ry. — Has the paved yard anything to do
with the healthy condition of the fruit, and
its exemption from the ravages of the "Curcu-
lio ?" Some years ago we witnessed a similar
case near the southwest angle of Centre Square,
(rear of now Locher's building) where a plum
tree stood in an enclosure — all except one limb,
about a fifth of the whole — in which were con-
fined ducks, chickens and pigeons. Not a sin-
gle spear of grass of any kind grew in the yard,
and the soil was beaten down and bare, as it
usually is in poultry yards. The tree matured
a large crop of sound fruit, all except the one
limb, which hung over the garden, on which
every plum was stung with the Curadio.

Years ago, this kind of culture had been re-
commended as a preventive of this insect, but
subsequently it was contradicted by the expe-
rience of others, and hence we made no allu-
sion to it in our paper on the " Plum Weevil, "
in this number of The Farmer. The theory
was that the female Curculio will not deposit
her eggs in fruit hanging over water, a paved
yard, or any other condition of the ground un-
der the tree which would' prevent the grub
from burrowing after it had left the fruit.

THE STATE FAIR.

It may be interesting to visitors and exhibi-
tors at the coming State fair to know that the
general admission fee will be 50 cents ; life
member's fee 20 dollars ; and that all entries,
except horses entered for speed, will be free,
whether they are entered for competition for a
premium, or merely for exhibition ; and that
all exhibitors have the privilege of purchasing
five tickets for one dollar on each day of the
fair, limited, however, to twenty-five at that
price ; all beyond that limit will be at the
general price of 50 cents each.

No premiums will be offered or awarded to
reaping or mowing machines, sewing machines
or musical instruments : Provided., however,
that Judges in their reports may notice the
specific advantages, if any, claimed by the
exhibitors or makers.

Books of entry were opened on the 31st of
August, at the office in Lancaster, and will re-
main open until Septemter -iOth, at 10 o'clock
p. m., and all exhibitors must have their
animals and articles entered before that day,
(Sep. 20th.)

Horsemen will be allowed to enter the en-
closure on payment of 50 cents additional, for
horse and rider, and the same for a single horse
vehicle. A pair <jf horses and driver, 75 cents,
and all additional passengers 50 cents each.
Scats for spectators will be provided at the
charge of 25 cents each, good for the day.

No animal or article without a descriptive
card attached, can be permitted to be placed
within the inclosure by the superintendent or
his assistants, and when properly entered, they
cannot be removed from the ground before the
close of the exhibition (except by permission
of the President) without forfeiting any pre-
mium that may have been awarded them.

If one day's notice is given, the State Society
will convey, free of charge, all articles from
railroad depots to the fair ground. The most
liberal arrangements have been made with the
various raihoads of the State for the transpor-
tation of all articles intended for exhibition,
both to and fro, of which infomiation will be
given by application to D. W. Seller, Secre-
tary, at Lancaster or Harrisburg, and com-
plete details will be given.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

133

Comiiet-itioii is co-extensive witli the United
Stutes ami Piovinccs, and tlie citizens of tlic
several States and llie Dominion arc corillally
invited to c<)ni|)ete lor i)rizes.

The Kxecntive Coniniiltei^ may revise the
preinimns awarded, and it, in its jnd^;nient
proper and advisable, they may alter or re-
verses the award of the Judges, at any regularly
called meeting.

Agricultural im])lements of every descrip-
tion that can lie sulijceted to a prai-tieal test
on the grounds may be awarded premiums by
the Judges, not exceeding the value of a bronze
medal, said awards to be subject to the revi-
sion of the Executive Committee.

It is reiiuired that all exhibitors shall ob-
tain cards, or their articles will be refused ad-
mission to the en<-losure; and said cards can
be obtained by mail, or otherwise, on applica-
tion to the i^ecretary, and <Ieno!uinating by
name and number each article entered.

We have condensed the foregoing from the
Biihs for the government of the State Fair,
and it would be well, both for visitors and ex-
hibitors, to note theiu.

POT AU FEU.

Nothing: so well syml«>lizi"s tliu economical hablteof

continental Eurtipi', and I'speeially France, as the pot
aur\:n. TIii8 is an iron pot kept t-onsLantly sininit'rini^
upon tlio tin*, into wtiicli is put I'roni day to tlay all
tlie wliolfsonic remnants of Inod wliidi in this loini-
try are tlirown away. Our people, in thoir niai;niti-
•cent way of doini; lliinffs, never stop to consider liow
inudt nutriment ailhcres even to well-piel\ed tioncs
of porter-house stealis, mutton-chops, rilis of licet',
lees of mutton, etc. All these, and many thiuss
beside, are put into the put an feu; water, seasonins^
and fraarant herbs are added as reciuired, and the
constant sinimerini;~a solvent for even the touijhest of
Texan beef — extracts every particle of marrow even,
and the bones come out as clean and white as if they
had been l)leached for years in the sun. Anions the
cuuimon people more than half the nutriment of the
day conies from put an fvn^ and if any member of the
family conies home at an unusual hour hungry, it
afl'ords at all times a meal at once warm and whole-
some. This explains how, as }Iui;h MeCulloeh tells
us, the 4(I,0()(),00U of France could live on what the
40,IH>(),01H) of America tlii'ow away, and when we
consider the wretched cookery that prevails in this
country, it is not too much to alUrm that they live
twice as well as do our farmers and day laborers.

We acknowledge that we have faUli in
"Tot au feu," although untried by us. We
seem to inhale and relish its fragrant odor.
Anything but the execrable cookery that
characterizes the greater number of the <lomes-
tic establishments of America, even where the
material is liountifully provided. A wonitm
may pass thrtiugh fifty or sixty years of mar-
ried life, and during that period she will adoiit
every fashion, mode and custom, as it is intro-
duced, and would feel very uncomfortable
and even unhappy, if she could not do so, no
matter how expensive, inconvenient, or unbe-
coming such fashions, modes and customs
might be ; and yet, during till that loug |ieriod
she will persevere in fidlowing, fundamentally,
the style and manm^r of cooking and baking
that she learned from her mother. .She will
cheerfully discard the costumes and fashions
of her mother, but, without the least rellec-
tion or inventive genius, she will retain all
hertdjsolete modes of cooking and baking, and
if perchance she s/ioh/i? make any "departure"
from these, it will oidy be superlieially, retain-
ing all the underlying ]rriiiciijlcs, just as of old.

Therefore, give us Put uu /(», even if it is
composed of grasshoppers, snails, rats or
lioi-se, nither than this stale and monotonous
style of cookery.

The housewife inadvertently attends mar-
ket, and — for cheap — buys a "shin-lieef. "
This she puts into a pot of water and boils,
and boils and boil.s, adding water as it " boils
away. " .She will then introduce some chopped
cabbage, tomatoes,carrots, green corn, parsley,
potatoes, tvirnips, a little pastry and perhaps
s<ime herbs. When this is all thoroughly
boiled, and the necessary qutintity of water
added thereto, it is turned out into a tureen
and is served as nothing but a common soup,
when, perhaps, it is the lje.st, most wholesome
and most reli.shable thing she cotdd possibly
make. Tliis approximates to Pol aufeu. I3ut

wdiat becomes of the shin ? Why, there it is;
a dry, shruid<en, bleatdied and tasteless muss,
about as easily digested as scraps of leather,
and lit only for the stomtieh of an ostrich.
The sidistance has nearly all been taken up by
the soup. What then should be done with ifi*
Why, tliere are many things that might be
done with it, and would reciuire less executive
.skill to accomplish, than is riMiuired to "do
up" an old or unfashionable dress or bonntd.
If it were limly minced and onions, cream and
herbs, with other proper seasoning were added
it might be made palatable anil wholesome,
although the strength extracted by the soup
could never be restored.

Why is it that there arc so many restaur-
ants, (lilting sahxins and " refectories" in the
country, where one individual spends daily as
much as is ajipropriated to sustain a fitmily
of six or eight y Not because all men go there
from (dioice, unciualified by other considera-
tions, but because they are ronijirUnl (o muke
a choice between the stivory and orderly served
up meals they get there, and the unsavory and
carelessly served meals (hey get at home. Xo
human being can be mentally and spiritually
comfortable who is not so physically. And
while we would uneiiuivoeally repudiiite every
species of gourmand ism, or thtit ulterior motive
which mercdy "lives to eat," we as earn-
estly insist upon properly prepared, properly
served, prf^perly ap])ropriated and properly
timed meals, as we do tiiion proper periods of
labor, and proper rtdigious exercises. The
manner, the time and the qutility of the
meal should be the good housewife's /;'c.<f con-
sideration, and everything else should be
subordintite to it ; wdten, in point of ftict and
physical importance, everything else seems to
be superior to it ; which is all wrong, seeing
that our pliysicid, moral and social structures
and their ecotiomies, are based upon rational
eating. Besides, the meal is perhaps the only
time in the twenty-four hours in the day,
when the whole family are brought face to
face together ; therefore, all we eat and drink
should be "eaten and drunken to the glory of
God."

HISTORIC TREE— A LANDMARK OF
THREE COUNTIES.

At the point where the counties of Uerks, Leliaiion
and Lancaster come tot'ctlier, tliere stood for maiiy
years an immense chestnut tree, whicli served to
mark the boundary point of the three counties. This
tree was one of the most rcmarkatjle in this section
of the State. The circumference four feet from the
ground measured twenty-nine and one-half feet, and
the branches of the tree covered nearly half an acre of
ground, some of the limbs extending in a horizontal
direction from the tree for a distance of seventy feet,
making the dianietcrof the circle covered and shaded
by the tree some 110 feet. The tree was apparently
over a century old, and gave evidence of liviufj to a
still greater age. There were signs of decay at the
top, however, and old dead braiichce protruded at
various points through the deep green foliage. This
tree served to mark the boundary of the three coun-
ties, from the time that Lebanon was cut oil' from
Lancaster, at which time it is said to have been a very
large tree, and was selected on account of being the
monarch of the forest in which it stood. Some
twenty-live or thirty years ago the tree was struck
by lightning, and partially destroyed. A few years
later it was again visited by lightning, and the wreck
of the tree completed. A sand.stone pedestal was
afterwards erected in the centre of the stump, having
three sides or faces, the name of the corrcB|)onding
county being cut on each face. The name on the
Berks coiuity side has been spelled by tins stone-cut-
ter, "Barks," and that on the Lebanon side, "Liba-
non." This stone marks the most northern point of
Lancaster county, and is situated on the highest point
of land between Berks and Lancaster. It is situated
in a dense tract of chestnut timber, aliout twenty rods
from the jiublic road leading from Kobesonia to Kein-
holdsvillc, Lancaster county, about four miles south
of the former place. The stump of the chestnut tree
mentioned can still be seen. The tree, on account of
its great size, has been heretofore indicated ou dif-
ferent county maps, and been marked as the "Big
Tree." — Jitadimj TiincA.

The foregoing revives the recollection of a
visit which u-e, in company with Messrs. J.
Stauffer, L. S. Rei.st, C T."F<ix and A. Har-
ris, made in the summer of 1870. The famous !
old tree — then already numbered with the
things that were — indeed did stand in a most

lonely s]iot on the liigh grounds that form a
ntitursil dividing line Ixdween the counties of
IJerks, Lancaster and Ktditinon; and the peeu-
litir inamier of spelling Berks recalled the
frightful lireslde tales of an old gentleman,
born and bred theret who visited "our house"
about live and lifly years tigo, and who iiiva-
riiilily pronounced tins name of the county
"l$arri(ks. " TIks translation of the name
is probably duis to some ancient "I'ennsylvania
Dutchman," not widl versed in (diaiiges in the
sounds of the roirdu, and who prided himself
in being litinil, if not lihcrol, in his transla-
tion. Thcs letter « in the; (ierman, being of
the same value as (t in bdU, might etisily
have suggested the letter a instead of e in
the translation ; and that supervening, it
would Very readily run into the .sound of a in
(Ilk, which is the most eoinmon sound of «
among the "ereole"(;ermans. I'erhaps every
lifth man in the rural districds of IJerks county
would this chiy pronounce and write tlie name
JSdikx, or Jionirks.* The iiiunes of both Lan-
ciister and IJerks are derived from the two
shires of tho.sc- names hi Kngland, xliiri lieing
of the same values as anutti/. JJy the same
rule the letter i in tierman is of the same
value as e iu English, and hence Eibanon
would liUndlij follow. JUit that is neither
"here nor there" ju.stattliis time, for no mat-
ter how people m;iy spell the ntimes of the.se
three gretit I'eun.sylvania counties, the cctun-
ties them.scdves are llurc, jind in agricultural
and minertil resources are able to take their
stand iimoiig the productive counties of the
State and nation.

On the visit we refer to our party took shel-
ter, during an impending rain-fall, under the
"balcony" of the Textor niiinsion, the lands
of which lie in the three counties alxive ntimed.
Our purpose h;ul been to visit the "Milbtich
head" and take a view of the Ephratti valley,
but the view was ob.scured by a heavy pall of
dark clouds, and our object was entirely de-
feated, and hits not since lieeii attained.

We saw nothing about the Textor ftinns —
a tract of about thirteen hundred acre-s— that
was very tidy or attractive;, although the .stock
and culture were of a good order. Thingscon-
sidered cssnilial were wellattended to ; but in
the no)i-essL))tials, things looked hap-hazard,
slovenly and uninviting. The ruling spirit
Seemed to be to get out of the soil all thtit was
in it, and to hotird it in the form of money or
its equivalent ; and if the soil was replenished,
it was only with the ultimate objec-t of getting
more out of it. Such a thing as emlHdlishing
and beiiutifying the external surroundings
never seemed to have had a pkiee in the do-
mestic curriculum of the proprietor.

If we mistake not, the "historic tree" alwvo
alluded to stood upon this farm. We mounted
the "sandstone pedestal" in the centre of the
old stump, and cast stones iuto the counties
of Lancaster, IJerks and I>ebauon, and re-
called the time, when a boy, hing years ago,
WIS stood in the extreme angles of Kapho town-
ship, and cast stones into the town.ships of
West Ilempfuld and East Donegal, and
thought it iin extraordinary feat.

PEACHES.

As a whcde, the pe^acli crop of I/incaster
county, the present seascjn, litis Ih-cii a partial
failure, although in some loctilities Ihe^y have
done wedl, making perhaps two-thirels of a,
crop, and of good cjutility. Neverthele.ss, our
market is tlooded with peaches, to an extent
thiU we have never noticed Ijefore. The«c
are mainly brought here from the Stiite of
Delaware, and are scdd at pric^es ranging from
fifty cents to one dollar i>er ba.sket. Of course,
the low i)riced articles are very inferior. In-
deed, the crop in that little State w.as too
large to mature good fruit as a general result.
Owing to the high freight, ])e-ache's still com-
mand a high price proportioned to the ejuan-
tity ou hand. It is remarktible how uniform
the prices are all over the county, the whole

'JuHt aH tbcn? ftrc fttill many people Id Lancaflter connty
vhn prouoiiiioe the name Lrng-tjMh-ttr or iMnk-i^-ter^ in*
Bleacl of Lan-cwi-lcn

134

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

market of foreign fruit being in the iiantls of
"middlemen," and our local crop is still
higher. Hygienists urge us to eat plenty of
peaches, as a sanitary measure ; but in the
present scarcity of remunerative labor, and the
comparatively high pric'es of this fruit, the
poor cannot afford to partake of it except very
sparingly. Twenty-tive cents a qwtrter peck,
a half peck, or even a whuJe peck, is too
"steep" to allow the poor the luxury of
peaches. Here would be work for a philan-
thropic Grun(je.

ABOUT "EGYPTIAN" WHEAT.

A correspondent of the New York Observer
sends that paper an extract from a recent cor-
respondence of 27ie Lancaster Express, giving
an accoimt of a visit to the farm of Andrew
Holtzworth, at Petersbuj-g, and tlie writer's
observations of the "Egyptian" wlieat then
growing on that farm. The usual story was
detailed by Mr. Holtzworth to this correspon-
dent, about the seed from which this wlieat
has grown having been taken from an Egyptian
coffin, where it had lain " for thousands of
vears. " The 06.sfrwr correspondent wants to
know whether this story, wliich he had before
seen in another form, is true. To this the
editor makes the following reply :

" Tliis story of Esyptian mummy wheat has been
current lor the past twenty-tive years — long enough
to have supplied the world with the wheat, if there
be auy truth in it. It is not uneommon to find grains
of wheat, as well as loaves of bread and roasted
fowls, in Egyi)tian tombs; but the grain has no more
life in it than the fowls. It will never germinate.
The Arabs in the Nile valley are accomplished swin-
dlers, and one of their most common tricks on trav-
elers is the sale of small pottery vases, made at
Esstout or at Gheneh, which they offer to travelers
' in the original package " — that is, closed and sealed.
They shake it and something rattles. The traveler
buys it, opens it, finds some grains of wheat, which.
In his iimocence, he believes to be wheat of the time
of Joseph. He takes it to Europe, plants it, and
grows wheat from it, which he well may, for it is
last year's grain of the Nile valley. In this way men
honestly believe that they have wheat grown from
the wheat of the Pharaohs. Many careful experi-
ments have shown th«t no grain found in Egyptian
tombs retains life. It will not germinate."

Many years ago an honest son of the Emer-
ald Isle met a waggisli friend, and inquired :
"What's the news, Jone?" Jolin replied:
"Daniel O'Connel is a candidate for Presi-
dent of Ireland, and all the Irish in America
will be allowed to vote for him." To which
the fornier very approvingly responded :
"Well now, Jone, tkot lukes rasonable. "

We confess that the above argument against
the germination of Egyptian mummy wheat
looks " reasonable," and yet we have no doubt
those who are growing that kind of wheat are
honestly under the impression that it reaU_Q is
genuine. Why are old garden seeds generally
discarded, hut because they are supposed to
be too old to germinate ? Why are seedsmen
so particular to impress, through their adver-
tisements, tlie fact that they have just re-
ceived a lot of fresh (jarden-seeds f Why, be-
cause it is the general opinion of seedsmen
that old seeds will not germinate. Under any
circumstances, it is a question that needs some
confirmation Ijefore it will te implicitly be-
lieved, although we are far from believing
that any one engaged in cultivating it is par-
ticipating in willful fraud. Of course, if
there are exceptions to this rule, the exceptors
will be able to clear up the case.

PLENTY OF POTATOES.

The sources from which we generally derive our
statistical returns have not yet rejKirted on the pros-
pective potato-crop, but the papers of our large cities
are tolerably sure it is to be a scanty one. The
opinion is based chiefly on the fact that the '• bug"
is aljout us; but from all we can gather, in spite of
the liug the crop will be a large and abundant one.
Around our large cities, and up and down along
rivers and railroad lines, locations affording cheap
transportation to this miserable insect, there has been
undoubtedly much damage done ; but if they had
shortened the supply it would have enhanced prices.
But this has not been the case. The early potato
market has been as well supplied and priees as
reasonable as they ever were.

And as to the late crops, the crops in which the
great bulk of jmtato capital is invested, those who
have had tlie 0]iix>rtunity to judge tell us in the more
out-of-the-way places where the insect has not had
time enough to reach, many more than usual have
been planted, and that the crop never looked better.
On the whole it is clear that though the crop will be
this year a renumerative one, it will not be near as
scarce and high-priced as our city folks apprehend.

Indeed the day is gone by when any trouble of this
kind is to seriously interfere with crops or prices.
The agricultural newspaper kcejis the farmer well
posted as to what is coming and the people prepare
for it. It was the suddenness Avitli which , when there
were no telegraphs or newspapers, no general ditfu-
sion of knowledge, that made these occurrences such
scourges as they were. We have indeed cause to be
thankful that with so many things yet to be improved
we are still permitted to live in the age we are. — Ger-
maiitoirit- Tdiyrajih.

Happily we can substantially corroborate
the above in this locality, without pretend-
ing to say what may be the final eti'ect,
sliould the autumn be a moist one. Up to the
liresent period, potatoes, in this market, have
beenal)undant,of good quality and moderate in
price. Early in the season there seemed to be
a disposition to "speculate " on tlie iirobable
presence of the "bug," but it soon "played
out." The spring opened cold and continued
so, which was as unfavorable to the insects as
it was to tlie jiotatoes. It then became dry,
and vegetation tardy, which aflbrded an op-
l>ortunity to fight the bug successfully. It
then changed to wet, which was another
unfavorable condition to the insect but favor-
able to the potato. It is true, tliat in some
localities the pest was bad, but the people are
better acquainted with it and know better how
to meet it. Still, we have apprehensions
about future years, because we fear these
things may throw people off their guard.

DESTRUCTIVE WORMS.

About a week ago a peculiar worm, about an inch
long, made its appearance by the millkiu in the vicin-
ity of Oakland, and threatens to be much more de-
structive than the potato-bug. So far their depreda-
tions have been confined principally to the oats and
timothy. Grass plats that they have passed overlook
as if they had been burned. Hundreds of acres of
oats have already been literally destroyed in the
vicinity of Oakland and Deer Park, from which points
they appear to be spreading in all directions. In
starting up the o;it stalk they first cut off the blades
and then the oats, leaving every straw trimmed as
clean as a whip, and the ground covered with grain.
Some call it tlie " army worm," and think it was
taken up in the south and brought here in a whirl-
wind. With every one it is as yet a mystery where
they came from and how they got here. — Oarrelt
County {Mil.) Gazette.

The above extract we clip from a recent
number of the Baltimore Sun. Of coiavse it
is very inde'liiiite as to what the insect really
is, fuiilier than that it is a "peculiar worm,"
of which there are legions in the world, all of
them, in some particular respect, being very
peculiar. Very probably,however, this is the
true "Army Worm" — Leucania, unipuncta — a
description and illustration of which we will
give in our October number. We are not pre-
pared to agree with those who " think it was
taken up in the south and brought there in a
whirlwind." Altliongh it is not an unusual
event for the winds to facilitate the migra-
tion of (t)())3f(?-insects — as, for instance, butler-
flies from tlie continent of Europe to the Eng-
lish Island, and our own " Rocky Mountam
Locusts" — we believe there is no instance
recorded where caterpillars, or the ova of in-
sects, have been so transported. Very likely
a few of these insects were in that locality last
year, and all the circumstances Ijeing fav<5ra-
ble, they have greatly increased the present
season. For the past two seasons the " White-
liued army worm " — Leucania alhilinea — has
been depredating, in moderate numbers, upon
the wheat and timothy crops of Lancaster
county, and in future years they may suddenly
appear in vast numbers.

Write and Talk for The Farmer.

If every farmer interested in the progi-tss of his
calling would write and talk for this journal, our
circulation would soon be doubled and its usefuluess
greatly enlarged.

PRIMITIVE FARMING— No. 2.
BY FRANK E. DIFFENDERFER.

Like the thriftless farmers in the far West,
the Mexican farmer often leaves the straw and
chaff lying in the field, either to rot or become
the sport of the winds ; the more prudent ones,
however, house a portion of it and feed it to
their horses in small quantities along with
corn. In no particular is the bad farming of
these people more apparent than in their utter
indifference to the impoverishment of their soil
and to any attempts at renovtiting it artifi-
cially. No case, on the part of a Mexican, to
utilize the manure made liy his cattle, ever
came to my notice. The wealth of many
fiirmers consists mainly in cattle ; during the
day these are sent out to graze, sometimes
alone and sometimes in charge of a herder ;
in the neighborhood of towns they are gener-
ally brought home for the night and housed
in corrals made for this purpose. These cor-
rals are adapted in size to the ranchero's herd,
be it large or small ; some few are adobe en-
closures, but more commonly of less elaborate
construction ; a circular space is marked out
in a convenient place, and cottonwood poles
are sunk into the ground all around ; some-
times the poles are placed so closely as to form
a stockade, but generally they are some dis-
tance ajiart and the space between them is
filled up by intertwining brushwood, willow or
toruilla, forming an inexpensive but very ser-
viceable cattle pen. No straw or other litter
is ever thrown into them and no attempt at
manure making is made ; in the course of a
few years the ordirre of the cattle accumulates
to such an extent, rising so high on the inside
of the ])en as to necessitate the removal of
the corral to some other point, virtually im-
posing trouble and expense on the farmer
because he refuses to avail himself of the best
and cheapest fertilizer, so imperatively needed
to stimulate his exhausted soil. After remov-
ing the surrounding fence, the manure is often
set on fire, smoldering and burning for days, be-
sides causing a most intolerable stench. Small
quantities are sometimes used as fuel to burn
the coarse crockery and earthenware used for
household purposes. When, however, the
corral wall is built of adobes, other means
must be adopted to get rid of the surplus
maimre ; often huge blocks of the dung, con-
solidated by time and the continual tread of the
cattle over it, adorn the top of the corral wall,
adding to its height and thereby prolonging
its usefulness.

Every farmer knows full well the important
part manin-e plays when spread over his fields,
and he only too often realizes how several
hundred years of continuous cropping has left
them so impoverished that his labiir is very
inadequately rewarded, yet he willfully and
persistently ignores tlie means placed ready to
his hands to renovate his farm and restore his
naturally fertile acres to their old-time pro-
ductiveness. When remonstrated with he
will tell you, so his forefathers farmed and
toiled for centuries, always raising enough for
their supjjort, and that is enough for him. I
remember only too well how frequently I was
compelled to listen to this argument in 18(58.
In that year I had sent out half-a-dozen light
American plows, which I induced some of
the most intelligent and infiuential farmers to
Ijuy ; several of tliem bought plows with the
sole purpose, as I believe, of getting rid of my
importunities, but without ever giving them
more than a day's trial. Even the few Ameri-
can farmers that live among them, after a
brief trial threw them aside and again took up
the more primitive Mexican implements and
modes. Even the useful fanning mill, through
whose instrumentality they might be saved a
world of trouble and expense, even to the ex-
tent of their entire crops sometimes, failed to
make good its footing ; I took out one for my
own needs, and that its utility was plainly
demonstrated to them was evidenced by their
frequent applications to borrow it; yet never
a second one was taken into the district while
I lived there.

Of the several cereals grown, corn is much

I87r..]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

135

thf niDst imiiortaiit, oxci'cdin?; tlie wheat crop
in iiuautity al least in tlie itiniinrtiim of four
to one. It furnislies tlie inlialiilants witli
tluir |)rineilial arlit'leof food and is almost the
only K'ii'ii f''il to liorses. Made U|) into tor-
tillas, it is present at every meal, aiid even a
local failure of the eroj) entads no little ineon-
veidence and ol'ttinies much distress ; linppily
however, this is rarely the ease, and j^enerally
it is both atiundant and cheap; in ordinary
yeura the price in Kl Paso was from #J to $:{
per fanefj;a of "ii bushels; in the ai;ricultural
towns of the interior, remote from a market,
the price runs from fifty cents up to a dollar.
1 omitted to say further back that wheat is
worth about one-third more than corn, and
subject to ^'"I'iitcr lluctuations in i)rice.

'T'he land f(n- corn is jirepared nnich like
that for wheat ; when ready, the corn is
dropped into hills and covered with the hoe ;
it is irrigated at intervals, as its condition
seems to re(piire or as the water supply will
admit. It is also worked between the rows
once or twice, but never more than one way,
the lields never bein^ chec(piered. The cus-
tom is to plant too thick, to put too many
grains into each hill, and as there is besides a
great tendency to develoiV an aliundant crop
of suckers, which are never removed, the field
is apt to be too choked for the growth of very
heavy crops. When, however, the season
proves favorable, these drawbacks are over-
come and the crop astonishing. I am unable
to give the busliels raised on an acre, as I
never knew of any measurements either of
ground or corn being made with this end.
The corn seems to ripen somewhat unequally,
some early and some late. New laud, if not too
Wet, produces most abundantly. The saline
and alkali incrustations visible in so many
places on the surface of the ground prevent a
good crop, and although contiiuious cultiva-
tion overcomes this objection in a great degree,
land entirely free from this feature is preferred.
Tlie corn is husked in the Held while the
stalk is still standing; it is thrown together on
heaps and then hauled home in carts ; it can-
not be kept in a close room like the unthreshed
wheat, but necessity has invented for them a
corn crib called a tnija, which is well adapted
to their needs. They are constructed in the
following manner: four, six or eight tim-
bers, generally Initts of trees, are firmly set
in the ground, ;uid extending three or four
feet aljove it ; on these heavy logs or .string-
ers are laid as a foundation, and transverse-
ly upon these latter, thinner poles, sufli-
ciently close together to jircvent the ears
of corn from falling through ; the shape given
tlie tnija is either Sipiare or oblong, coniiiioiily
the latter ; long, thin poles are set uj) ail
around the outer edge, and are lifteen or
twenty feet high ; lirushwood is interwoven
from one to the other until the log and brush
structure is as high as necessary. In its con-
struction, size and shape excepted, it very
much resembles a galiion. Into this rude but
excellent crib the corn is thrown, where it re-
mains until otherwise disposed of. Rain sel-
dom falls during the fall aud winter, so the
grain suffers little from exposure to the
weather.

For some unaccountable reason, which no
one was ever alile to explain to me .satisfacto-
rily, they husk their corn before it issnlHciently
mature, before the grain is well hardened, and
to this reason I attrilmte the fact that it cannot
be kept over the year without great care and
troulile. When left on the col) it does better;
but if shelled, then as soon as summer comes
the wecvilgetsintoit,and it becomes difficult to
preserve. To do so, it becomes necessary to take
it out into the open air, say al)nut every two
nionths, and winnow it a.s you do wheat; this
is exjiensive and laliorioiis, and it was to dimi-
nish both these items that I took out the fan-
ning mill alrciidy spokeuof. If shelled in the
spring and not cleaned several times during
the summer, it will lie found when fall
comes that very little of it, except the hard
outer shell, is left, the softer parts of the grain
having been entirely eaten. I never tried the
experiment, but it was always my belief that

if left in the field until fully hard and ripe it
wouW better escape the ravages of tli<' weevil.
It has often been told nu; that in the States of
Gnadalaxara, Zacatecas and lower Mexico
generally, no trouble is experienced in keep-
ing corn two, three, or more years. There the
large rani-hcs have specially erei'ti'il gran-
aries t'or this jiurpose : tliese are built in the
shape of a huge sugar loaf, open only at the
top, where the corn, still on the cob, is thrown
in. When full, these storehouses are hermeti-
cally closed, thus preserving the corn sweet
and nndaniaged for years.

Shelling tlie corn is a very tedious and labo-
rious oiieration. Until recently, the hum of
the modern corn-sheller never fell upon the
ears of these iiriiiiitive farmers; in its stead
they had the ccrandu, a c<jntrivance of home-
made coiLstructioii, which I will attempt to
describe. Four stout forked poles are set in
the ground, about live or six feet ai)art, and
about two feet above the ground; strong poles
are laid in these forks from one to the other,
makiiif; a continuous frame-work around llu'
toi); the green hide of an ox is then cut up
into strips, or ribbons, an inch or more in
width, which are then stretched acro.ss the
frame-work from .side to side, and pas.sed
around the poles composing it; when the whole
has been gone over in this way, the operation
is repeated in the transverse direction, thi;
strips being passed under and over tliose
already imt, or in other words they are placed
just as the matting is we use on our floors.
When the rawhide dries it shrinks somewliat,
and through the interstices thus opened the
cinn drops down. This machine is so woven as
to be a little baggy, and into the depression
the ears of corn are thrown; men take their
stand around it armed with heavj' wooden
clubs, with which they belabor the ears until
all the grain has been hammered off and fallen
through, and nothing but a mass of broken
cobs remains in the ceramlu. Sometimes the
method of making this rude corn-sheller is
varied ; the ox-hide is left entire, the edges
being cut even to admit its being adapted in
size and shape to the frame-work; round holes
are then cut into the skill, through which the
corn falls.

If the farmers are careless about preserving
their straw, they are not so witli their corn-
fodder. After the corn is taken out of the
field, the stalks are cut down, laid in heaps,
and without being tied up into bundles hauled
home ill carts. Every farmer's hou.se has at-
tached to it a stable yard, in which his hor.ses
and mules are kept. In onecorner of this yard,
and sometimes in the centre of it, an elevated
lilatform is erected, and on lliis tdjitsUd the
fodder is stacked, serving not only as food for
the cattle, but also as a shelter during rainy
and inclement weather.

Hay is never made artificially by the ^lexi-
can farmer. lie very ofttii sows a palth of
ground with that speciesof clover called (Oj'alfn,
better known to .seedsmen as lucerne ; but this
is cut and fed green, never cured and pre-
sencd. It is a very valuable grass, grows with
uncommon rai>idity, and in favorable seasons
canbecut asoftenashalfadozen times; if Uft
stand too long, the steins i;rowtliii:k and hard,
and cattle no longer eat it with the same avidity.
Gramma grass, that most valuable of all the
gra.ssesof thefar Westand South, is his depend-
ence for hay. This is not only invaluable as
pasture, but it has in addition the great merit
of curing into most excellent hay in the fall,
while .still standing on the ground. Should his
fodder give out, or he wish to jjive his stock a
change of food, he puts his oxen to his cart
and goes out five or .six miles where the ijrummu
is abundant, and with that, to him, most use-
ful of all iiii))lemints, the hoe, soon cuts off a
load. Making hay with a hoe must .seem to a
Lanca.ster conuty farmer the most absurd of
all absurdities. IJarley is also },'rown to a
limited extent for food, being sometimes fed
in its green state, aud sometimes the grain
itself.

One of the most important productions of
Mexico is beans. They are the favorite
food of all classes and couditiom> of people,

and to eat a meal witliout this particular dish
is not to be thought of. The chinch bw.; has
for a series of years so attacked the bean
crop in the Hio ("irande valley, that it is no
loni;er planted there. In all parts of the in-
terior it does finely, and from thence .supjilies
are drawn by the le.ss favored sections. A
]>iiit of bians. boiled and then fried in lard,
six tortillas, and a small plate of c/uVc orj^'reen
pepiier, is the usual meal placed liefoie the
day laborer ; on it he manages to do a good
deal of hard work, keep in robust health, and
thrive generally.

rerha|)s the greatest drawliack under which
the farmer laJKirs is his lack of capital, arising
chiefly from his thriftle.ssness and want of
|iroper niana);enieiit. He seldom manages to
lay by anylhiiip; for a rainy day ; at lea.st not
one in ten does. Like the planters of the
South in unti-bdlum days, whin harvest-time
comes around it finds much, if not all of his
crop eitlier sold (ir li\ polhecated, with barely
enough left to furnish him bread. l'erhapsa.s
many as one-half of all the farmers begin to
sell their prospective crop U-fore it is planted.
They stand in need of some neces.sary article,
and not having the money to buy it, sell so
much of their corn or wheat croji as will pur-
cha.se it. In this coui-se there is much risk to
the seller, and still more to the buyer; there
may be a failun^ of the crop, either partial or
total, when, ofcour.se, tlie farinei' cannot pay,
or he may be able to iiay only )iart, h-aviiig
the rest standing against him until the follow-
ing year, in which case about fifty jier cent, is
added to the indebtedness by way of interest ;
and in this way the farmer soon finds himself
in embarrassed circumstances. •

This embarrassment is not, however, alto-
gether on tlie jiart of the i>lanler. Nearly all
merchants, both native and foreign, are dealers
in grain, and are given to this practice of ad-
vancing goods and money on the ungathere<l
crojis. Thisoften leads to sharp competition, of
which he is (juick to avail hini.self. He iH'gins
selling grain to a certain merdiant, and after
a while, the latter Ijelieving his customer h:is
sold alKjut as much as he will be able to pay,
the acreage jilanted and the condition of
the seller's crop being closely ob.served, re-
fu.ses to buy any more from him. In such a
case the farmer goes to some other dealer, and
the latter, believing the farnu'r's word, also
purchases grain from him ; and in this way
an un.scrupulous person may sell his crop to
two or three diflercnt men ; and this often
leads to quarrels between the rival pnrcha.s-
ers. It mattei-s little to the planter which of
them gets it, his interest in it having long be-
fore been realized and spent. Some dealers
have agents who go around at harvest-time
watching their doubtful customers, and to
have the lir.st share in the distribution of the
too-often sold croji. I remember a character-
istic instance in a neighl«n- of mine, who, in
coming home from a distant village, where he
had Ih'cii on business, hapiiened to ride by the
corn-field of one of his customers who had sold
him most of liis cro]), and who was, besides,
known to lie a .slippery i(i)jue that sold his
corn as often as he {toiild lind a ))urch;i.ser.
The corn w;us nearly all husked and on a large
pile in the field. Inhere was little time for(le-
iiberation ; a few lK>urs' delay iniglit be dan-
gerous, because other imrcha.sers of the corn
mifrht put in their aiipearance and carry it off.
So, sending the servant who accom|ianied him
to town, some three or four miles distant, for
the net'e.s.sary nmnberof bagsand teams to haul
home the grain, he remained and deliberately
mounted the corn heap, and with drawn six-
shooter stood guard over it for some hours un-
til his carts cnme. Xor was it an unneces-
sary ]irecaution, as the carts and servants of
another imrchaser meanwhile presented them-
.selves, but as these latter came unprei)ared
either to light or besiege my neighbor, he suc-
ceeded in holding jxis-session until his own
forces arrived, when he triumphantly marched
off with the spoils of his victory.

The C'on.stitutioii of Mexico allows of inter-
state duties, and a more serious :ls well ius an-
noying drawback to domestic trade cauuot

136

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

well be imagined. Fancv .1 car-load of grain,
raised in California and shipped to New York,
to be obliged to stop on the frontier of every
Stiite through which the railroad passes, to be
inspected and pay certain duties ; yet sucli is
the law in Mexico. And in the matter of
grain there exist regulations within the same
State equally oppressive and vexatious. Every
precinct or township levies what is called au
extraction duty of 14 cents on each fanega of
corn or wheat taken out of tliat precinct, and
the same grain again pays an introduiiion
duty to the precinct into which it is sent. A
more effectual drawback ui)ou tlie industry of
a people can hardly be conceived. It leads to
smuggling, seizures and confiscations, and in
the end the farmer is the principal sufferer.

Tlie soil is well adapted to nearly all the
productions of the temperate zone, and par-
ticularly to fruits. Vegetables do well, with
the exception of Irish potatoes, which it has
been found impossible to grow in the neigh-
borhood of El Paso. Several hundred miles
to the north, aroiind Santa Fe, they do well,
and also among the mountains two hundred
miles to the southwest. Believing they could
be grown if the proper care and method were
adopted, I tried tlie experiment myself. I
planted them in ditferent kinds of soils, with
and without manure, covered them with earth,
straw and sand, but got no tubers. Major B.
W. Brice, since Paymaster General of the
United States, one year raised a fine lot in a
garden attached to his quarters at Fort Bliss,
but he never again succeeded in doing so, al-
though he tried to do so again and again on
the same spot and by the same method.

Corn teing -almost exclusively used as food
for hoi-ses, no oats are grown in the vicinity of
El Paso. What might be done with oats may
be seen from the following : About IStJi) the
papers were filled with accounts of the great
productiveness and weight of Norway oats,
and an American neighbor of mine sent to the
States for some, with the intention of trying
what could be done with it. The first year it
grew tall and thrifty, making large, well-filled
heads. The next year (1871) a patch of about
one-quarter of an acre was planted with the
seed raised the previous year. Lest what I
shall state may be discredited in consequence
of defective memory or the length of time that
has elapsed since then, I will quote several
paragraphs from my diary of that date: '' In
going oyer to Fort Bliss this morning I pulled
a dozen heads of oats out of Mr. Florez's
patch. At Bliss I measured them ; they ran
from lit to 24 inches each ! I never saw any-
thing to equal them ; and the stalks ivere
taller, many of them, than I." That was on
June 27th ; on .luly lath, the following addi-
tional memorandum occurs : "Cut two stalks
of oats out of Mr. Florez's patch measuring six
feet four inches each. " I do not know that
any but the usual plan of planting was
adopted, but this shows what the soil will do.
With careful farming, such as the formers of
Lancaster county l)estow upon their crops, I
have no doubt that the present production
would lie increased on"} hundred per cent.
This, however, will never be aecomiilished
while the present race tills the soil. So wed
ded are they to the husbandry of their fathei-s
that they will not forgo it until a race of men
with newer ideas and more modem methods
steps in to revolutionize theirold timecustoms.

Such are some of the )>eculiarities that ob-
tain among this race of primitive farmers.
The facts we have related are but a fair sam-
ple of the whole, and will convey to the reader
a truthful picture of agricul'ural life on our
own borders, such as few can have imagined.
A bountiful Providence has cast their lives
in a place where the necessaries of life can be
obtained in defiance of their antiquated ideas
and thriftlessness. Their wants are few and
simple, and these their inditierent system of
farming secures to them. Knowing little and
caring less about what they might accomiilish,
tln^ir lives glide away more happily perhaps —
certainly more contentedly — than our own,
who live surrounded by all the comforts and
appliances of the most advanced civilization.

For The Lancaster Farmer.
ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE.

Having got through the "burning, flery
furnace " of summer, we may now turn our
attention to the improvements of ornamental
gardening. As the arboral embellishments are
to be stable standards, their selection and
arrangement are important. The services of
a skillful gardener will be a saving of present
expenses and futiu'e disappointments. Bloonis-
dfxle Park, of the Landreths, is a graceful
model of an ornamental park. It is thirty
acres in extent, and was planned by David
Landreth, a muster gardener. He selected all
the plants and directed their arrangement, and
all other work. The species of trees and shrubs
are numerous, and now, with thirty years
growth, they are large and hands(jme, and the
following specimens are worthy of special
notice : Talus betecnta, Aurea and Betinospora
aurea, are richly gilded with golden foliage.
Biota Kiirea and Thuja aurea, are also slightly
gilded with golden yellow. A Pkea cephaJo-
nica tree is the largest and handsomest in the
nation. The following species are hardly
equaled in the coimtry : Pinus cemhra, Pkea
nohli.i and grandis; Cedrus lihani, Cryptome-
riajapionka, Libocesedrus,decurrens and Chili-
ensis, Cupressus, Laicsoniana; and the hand-
somest Scfjuoia ijigantm that we have seen in
cultui-e. Two Enyliah yews, fifteen feet high,
and as much in the diameter of their spread
branches and class, massy shrubs. They were
imported from England in 1810 by the origiiial
Mr. Landreth, who founded the great seed
firm of " Landreth & Sons," and now they are
great favorites of the grandsons.

The above are all evergreens. The follow-
ing are deciduous : A darlcpw-ple Beech tree,
is fifty feet high, and fifty feet in the diameter
spread of its branch, and is a mass of branches
and foliage from the ground to its top; another
tree is the common Beech, in the lower eigh-
teen feet, and above that the purple- Beech is
grafted; the tree is forty feet high, and thirty-
five feet in the diameter of its branches; a
dense mass from base to summit. A SaJis-
fmrki adkintifoUa tree, fifty feet high, very
straight, finely branched; and all the branches
of each tier are of the same length, which is
uncommon in the species. The Larches, Lin-
dens, white Birches, Decichious Cypress. Ken-
tricky Coffee tree, &c., are admirable specimens
of their several species. The matchless splen-
dor of the numerous varieties of the Belgian
Azaleas and Bliododeiulrons, have been noticed
elsewhere, and liy many writers.

David Landreth, esq., who planned and
directed the making of the whole out of a
bare field, is still an active business man, and
highly enjoys the fruits of his labors. Blooms-
dale Park is near to Bristol, Bucks county. Pa.

(The Landreths are not nurserymen, and do
not deal in the sale of trees, or otherwise we
would not have noticed Bloomsdale Park.) —
Walter Elder, Landscape Gardener, Phila-
elelphia, September, 187.5.

For The Lancaster Farmer.
EARTHING UP CELERY.

Celery is botanically named Apiuni grareo-
lens; Loudon claims it a native of Great Bri-
tain. There it grows spontaneously and abund-
antly in salt marshes along the sea coast which
are often deeply inundated by the sea waters
during high tides ; hence, it is a marine and
half acpiatic plant.

In our culture, far inland, it makes but lit-
tle growth during the months of .luly and
August, but after the middle of September,
in the northern half of the nation, its growth
is rapid. In earthing it up the .soil between
the rows should be deeply stirred and finely
broken in the forenoons of dry days, and put
about the plants in the afternoons; it will be
well warmed by the sunshine, and will excite
a lively growth in the plants. Each jilant
should be clasped by one hand while the soil
is put up about it, .so that none will get about
the hearts of the jilants, as in wet weather
they might rot. The soil is put uj) .as high as
the leaves, and as the crops increase in growth

more soil is put up about them, say once a
fortnight, and always in dry weather. The
last earthing up, late in November, the plants
are all covered, except the top leaves. In
that form the cro])s keep sound all winter,
providing the ridges are covered with corn-
stalks, or straw, or long, strawy manure.
Some cover with tree leaves, and with brush-
wood upon them, to keep them from being
blown off. From November to April celery is
in use, and brings a good price. Truckmen
cultivate in long rows with horses. — An Old
Husbandman, Philadelphia, September, 1875.
^ .

KINDLY GREETINGS.

The Lancaster Farmer : This new help to the
agriculturist, and by the way an almost indispensa-
ble one at tliis early day in its journalistic career, ap-
pears for August improved to a marked degree, bear-
ing on its [lages unmistakalile evidence of patientcare
in selection and deep thought in its original articles.
It is a /Ji-arficn/ publication, and all its aims are t6
that end. Its original articles by the editor. Prof. S.
S. Rathvon, are above the common run of original
articles, hiiving stamped on their every line the pecu-
liar characteristic of that worthy man, viz : elabo-
rateness, plainness and sound logical reasoning, and
hence cannot fail of their purpose, which is not only
to entertain, but to instruct and lead to good practi-
cal results. Besides, The Farmer contains this
month an article on " Primitive Farming," by F. K.
Ditfenderfer, who, on this occasion, has yielded to the
persuasion of his friends by permitting his name to
appear. Mr. Diifenderfer, we have no hesitation in
saying, has written more lor new spapers and periodi-
cals than any man of his years in this city, yet from
an innate modesty would never before allow his name
to appear in print. We are happy to greet him be-
fore the light of the literary world, and certainly re-
joice at the thought that at least he will receive that
credit for his brain-productions to which he has been
for many years so eminently entitled. With such an
editor, and with one such contributor, The Lancas-
ter Farmer must continue to grow in public favor.
— Lancaster Weekly Jieview.

The Lancaster Farmer for August is an excel-
lent number, and its varied contents cannot fail to be
of great interest and immense value to everyone who
will give it a fair perusal. As Tue Farmer is a
home organ, every tiller of the soil in this county
should be a regular reader, as we know that if such
would be the case, a great deal of advancement
would be made in various directious in agriculture in
our midst. Yet while The Farmer specially com-
mends itself to the favor of our county, it is con-
ducted in such a manner as to make it of great value
to the farmer, fruit grower, gardener and household
everywhere, and should receive an extensive circula-
tion throughout every portion of the Union. — Clarion.

The Lancaster Farmer : If our subscribers wish
to see a copy of tliis very excellent periodical they can
do so by calling at the Century office. It is a valua-
ble agricultural monthly, published at Lancaster by
Pearsol iSi (ieist, under the editorial charge of Prof.
S. S. Uathvon, at the exceedingly low rate of §1.25
per aniuim. The August number contains the
usual variety of interesting and valuable articles, the
ones on the Drop Worm, and the Codling Moth, being
noticeably so. We will notice more at length here-
after.— Gettysburg (I'a.) Century.

We certainly ought to feel grateful — and we
think we do — for the favorable notices of our
journal, and our efforts to make it acceptable
to the reading public, not only from the local
press, l)ut also from the agricultural press of
our widely extended country; and if we at any
time indulge in a passing regret, it is that the
number who have this appreciation of our la-
bors in the county of Lancaster is yet so lim-
ited. It is true, that the subscription list of
The Farmer is gradually recruiting from the
ranks of the solid men of our grand old county,
but still it is not nearly what it ought to be.

But, whatever may be accorded to us per-
sonally, we do not claim the sole merit of the
present excellence of The Farmer. Much is
due to its contributors, its corresiiondents, and
its enterprising and liberal publishers ; and in
its mechanical get-up it reflects credit upon
the "chief" of the job department.

The centennied year is' just approaching,
when we hope to be able still further to im-
prove The Farmer, and to present many
new attractions ; and we fail to see — on its
intrinsic merits so generally conceded^why
the journal should not be able to double its
subscription list next year. We suggest that
our subscription iirice is so low, that the way to
secure a copy of The Farmer is merely to
entertain the will to do so.

1S75.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

137

STATE AND COUNTY FAIRS FOR 1875.
State, Provincial, etc.

Alabiinia Sdum Oct. 2R-Nov'r 1

Ann'riciiuI'romolo(^cal. .Chicago Septeml>er S-10

Culiforiiia Kucniinento Septcinlier IB-'25

Ciliciimat i luduat riul . . . . Cinciiilmti Sept . S-()ctol>'r 9

Colorado Denver Keiitember 21-25

Conuecticut Hartford October 6~ S

OeorKiu Macou October lSJ-23

Oonnautuwu Hortlc'l Oeniiaiitowu Reptenitjer 7- 9

IllilloiH Ottawa September i:i-lS

Indiaua Iiulianapolis Sept. 9-Oct'r '.i

Iowa Keokuk Sept. '.'7 Oct'r 1

KauHaH City Exhil>ition..KaiiHas City, Mo. .Septeml)er 13-lS

Ix>uiKville ludustrlal I.oiU8viUe, Ky Sejit. 1-Oct'r 10

Maine Portland September 21-24

Maine Promological WlHcaHnet September 21-24

Mauuf. * Mech. Ex St. John, N. B. . . .Seplember 7

Maryland lialtimore September 14-17

MaKHacUllHettB Hortic'l. .lioHton Se])tember 21-24

MeclianicM San FnmciBCO. . . .Aug. 17-Sept. 17

Micbigau East Saginaw September IH-IT

Minnesota , St. Paul Septeniljer 14-17

Montana Helena Sept. 27-Oct'r 2

National Exposition Rome, Oa October 4- 9

Nebraska Omaha September 21-24

Nevada ^~— October 4- 9

5iew England Manohester.N. H..Sei)tember 7-1(1

New iTersey Waverley September 20-24

New York EIniira Sept. 27-Oct'r 1

Ohio ColumbHB October (J-IO

Oregon , Salem October 11-1(1

remisylvania Lancaster Sept. 27-Oct'r 1

Rhode island Providence October 5- 7

SI. Louis Aasociatiou St. Louis, Mo October 4- 9

Virginia Richmond October 2rt-3n

Washington Territory... October 18-23

West Virginia Clarkelnirg September 7- 9

Wisconsin Milwaukee September G-h)

Nafl Poult ry AsBoc'u.... Chicago, 111 Jan. 20-28, 1876

County Fairs in Pennsylvania.

Adams • Oettysburg September 28-30

Beaver Beaver Sept. 28-Oct. 1

Berks Kuiztown October 5-8

Berks Reading Seplember 14-17

Bucks Duylestown October 5- 8

Chartier'8 Valley Cannousbnrg September 28-30

Chester Ambler Park Sejitember 21-24

Chester Oxford Sei>tember 22-24

Chester W'e.at Chester September 8-11

Crawforil TilnsvlUe October 4- 7

Dauphin Millersburg September 7-10

Daui)hiu Gratz September 14-17

East Penu Norristown September 14-17

Fayette Browaisville Sejit. 30 Oct'r 1

Greene Carmichael's September IG-IS

Greene Wayuesburg Sept. 30-Oct'r 1

Lawrence Harlansbnrg September 21-23

Lebanon Avon September 21-24

Lehigh AUentown Sept. 29-Oct'r 2

Mercer Stoneboro September S-10

Montgomery .\nibler Station. .Sejit, 31-24

Northami>ton Easton October .V 8

Northern Pennsylvania. .Erie October 5- 8

Northumberland Sun bury Sept. 2tv-0ct'r 1

Schuylkill Orwigsbnrg.. . Sept. ^8-Oct'r 1

Snyder Middling October 5- 8

Washington Washington Sept. 30-Oct'r 1

Westmoreland Greensburg Sept. 29-Oct'r 2

York York October 5- 8

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Shade Trees for Stock and Profit.

Nearly every farm or field ini<;ht have plenty of
Bliade trees with very litlh* expense if the owners
would only make up llieir niiiid.s that it shall be doue.
But our aim should he to raise or pliiut sucli trees as
would trrow into profit the quickest. Locust along
roadsides, lanes or fences, and in iiulleys or hollows,
and in corners of tields, or any waste places thateaii't
easily be fanned, niiijht be made to pay well for their
keepinj;, and also allord excellent shade for stock in
summer. A few walnut and poplar, and other use-
ful trees, mijiht be planted aloii!; the streams. Wil-
lows will soon form a very toui^h bark that the floods
will not injure, vS:c. Trees aloni^ roads or lanes will
not injure the fields vei-y mucli. They di-aw lialf
tlicir nourislinient from tlie road, and in a few years
will be worth much more than tlieir cost and trouble.
But some- men don't see any profit in it. Tom Care-
less says, "Too much troul>le, and costs too mucli to
start 'cm." I tell him that it will pay belter for tlie
trouble and expense than many other things wljich
are often done on a farm. Tom says : "Yes; but
there isCharlcy Halfdone, he tried it : a few years ago
he bought a whole load of locust tr(;cs and stuck 'em
along the road, and they didn't do any good; tliey
nearly all died or blowed over, and the borers got at
the others." I said I didn't wonder tiiey did no
good, ft)r I saw they were only stuck in the edge of
the bank outside of the fence, and the dirt wore away
and they fell over, one afier another, before they g(»t
a good iiold with their roots. You see it was only
halfdone. Now, Tom, just take a ItKjk at John
Donewcll's lane; you see there along eacli side a
siilendid row of locust about fifteen years old, and I
don't think there is one tree missing. He planted
tliem inside of tlic fence, and had it done well. Tom
says now he sees it does help to set off a farm, and
thinks he will try it too ne.xt sijrintr. Now, to show
Tom that it does pay, I want him to take a look at
Mr. James Postwood's farm ; there you will see
along the road a great many locust trees, from 20 to
30 years' growth, fit to cut for (Kists, and along his
lane and otlier fences a great many other trees in fine,

thriving eondition. Only a few years back he cut a
few clusters of locust trees, and they made over f'iOO
worth of iKjsls. Now the sjirouts from those stumps
prow with wonderfully strong growth, and in a few
more years they will be ready for jmisIs. 1 tidl you
that .Mr. Poslwnod's larm turns olf a great many
more posts than is needed on his farm, and brings as
good crops as could be expect ed on any farm. If trees
are planted on tlie south side of roads or streams,
their shade w ill not do as much harm to the farm
land as they would on the opposite side. A brother
in Illinois says in a letter to me that locust woiiM not
do liny good there, for it has been tri(^d, and the bor-
ers are too bad on them. I still write to him that I
would try il, at any rate. I think if he would sow
the seed by tlie acre on his prairie farm, that in a
few years, when they get well rooted, they woiddgct
ahead of the borers. I iiotie(^ here in Lancaster
county, at some places, the borers are bad, and yet
In the same field, or the next one to it, the trees do
very well, and are not much atlectcd with them. I
could show some vci'v nice locust trees now that
were some years ago eaten oil" by the worms. It is a
very good [)lan for each farmer to start his own lo-
cust nursery, and then the trees can be transplanted
fresh from the nursery at the proper lime. .\ great
deal of money has been spent anil work done for
trees that were not lifted carefully, and had been out
of ground too long before they were planted again. I
have seen wagon loads of trees jterish Just because
they were not properly transplanted. If you want to
put money on interest in a safe bank, then plant trees
for profit. — JouN B. Euil, Liiite Valky.

Letter from North Carolina.

The wheat and oat cn^ps are gathered and threshed.
I sjioke to quite a number of farmers from this and
other counties around, and while many say the crop
of wheat turned out well, it would still have been bet-
ter hail it nt)t been for thecold spclland frost in April
last. I believed then that all wheat was injured more
or less, and those farmers with whom I have 6|K>ken
lately agree with me now, that this caused the wheat
crop to be 13',' per cent, less than it would have been
hail it not then been injured.

The oat crop turned out remarkably well, as far as
I have seen, and could learn by inquiry.

The corn crop, if nothing now injures it, will be the
best that has been made here since the year ISdO.

We have had rather too much rain for cotton, still
all reports to me are that it promises a, good yield.
Tobacco also looks well.

Joseph Ilorroh sowed 1\^ bushels Fultz wheat
last fall on ^^ of an acre lot, which yielded ■ini^
busliels of clean, fine wheat. Hon. Burton Craige
sowed 3^:i bushels of wheat last fall on 3)^ of an
acre of ground, which yielded ('i'.)h: bushels of good
clean wheat, and the land not good, which shows
what it would produce if it was as well fed and culti-
vated as Lancaster county farmers manage and culti-
vate lands. I believe here is a good opening for those
who are seeking new homes, cheap land, mild and
genial climate, and healthy eounti'y,sh(mld any wish
to settle here, but fearful of liiV' or property being un-
safe. I will say to all such, you will be as safe here
as anywhere, your own country not excepted. Not-
withstanding 1 have heard some of your Laucaster-
countians express great distaste for North Carolina,
for whom I have the greatest respect, and kindest
feelings, I believe they are biased and prejudiced
against this country. -Vnd I further believe if your
people would come here and examine this country,
and learn its soil, climate, and the character of the
people thoroughly, and the advantages North C'aro-
lina |>os6csses, some at least would move here in pre-
ference to going west. I speak unbiasedly, and the
only and true motive I have, is to hold this section of
country U|i in its true light, and if I can, by so doing,
benefit others, I shall feel myselfamply compensated
for my work.

Much rain fell here for a fortnight past, too much
for cotton and also lor corn in low lands, Intt a fine
season for ui>land corn. Potatoes, turnips and to-
bacco are said to be looking fine.

Farmers here are turning land, and making pre-
parations to sow wheat. W. H.Crawford, said to be
the largest farmer in this (liowan) county, has 1,(KH)
acres in cultivatirm. and is running thirty phiws.

Preparations are being made for the iigricultural
and mechanical fair to be hehl here in October next,
of which we may speak again.

This place has shipped in one season 2,000 bar-
rels of dried blackberries, '2,000 barrels of dried
apples and peaches, 3,000balesof cotton, 10, (KK) bales
of forage, such as hay, fodder and shucks, .'50,000
bushels of corn, .'10,000 bushels of meal, :;o,000 hush-
els of oats — no small shipments, considering so many
other places near by ship the same articles. This
season berries and apples will be short, and no dried
peaches to ship. — -M. K., Halislmiy, N. C, Aug. 30,
1S75.

Some Experiments with Ground Bones.

In the spring of 1874, in a field prepared for plant-
ing corn, upon which there had previously been
applied ground bones at the rate of .')((() poiiiuls to the
acre, we carefully measured with a surveyor's chain

several equal iX)rtlons of ground, and applied enough
Ixine meal. In addilion to what il had already re-
ceived, to make the whole amount on the dillVrent
measured {K^rtions be at the rate of 1,(MM), 2,(XM> and
4,0(M) pounds respectively. The ertrn was all cut
and husked t<igether, so that no c(>mparlson of re-
sults was made on that crop. The corn was p<T-
ceptibly larger, however, where the extra quantity of
bone was applied.

This vear, when the oate which Bueeeeded the com
was riiM', that on each piece of measured ground was
harvested separately; also another and adjoining
[Kirt ion of the same size as the others from the rest
of the Held, and which had received .VJO ixmnds of
bone per acre. Kroni this we ascertained that the
yields of the diirerent pieces, (commencing with tliu
one that had received .'iOO |Kiunds jx'r acre) was at
the rate per acre of 37 bushels of oats and 1,020
liounds of straw, 38i.; bushels of oats and 1,040
|K)und8 of straw, 41'^ bushels of oats and 1,080
pounds of straw, and .W.; bushels of oats and l.'.l'iO
jHiunds of straw. It would have added much tolho
value of the cxi>erlinent if a |iicce had been tried
without any iMine meal, but the thought of trying It
did not occur until after the field had been sown all
over.

Krom this exp<'rlinent It will be seen that the In-
crease In the pr<Kliiction of grain and straw Is greater
In [iroixirlion to the increase In the quantity of iHino
dust applied, and not less, as has been sup|Hised by
many fanners. It does not, however, show Kuffleienl
increase to pay for the extra quantity of Ixmes ; but
when we remember how slow lK)ne8 decomjiose. It
will be safe to conclude that succeeding crops will bu
benefited more than this one, and that a similar In-
crease in the wheat and crop of grass which follows,
together with the benefit the corn received, will bo
more than sutllclent to pay for the Ijones. — VV. I'. B.,
Liberty St^nare^ Lancaster C'o.^ I'a.

Answers to Querists.
^fr.A, S. A"., .Vaiifu^im towtixfiip. — The beetles that
excavate your ijcaches, burying their whole bodies In
them, are Cetonin iiida, of Linna'US, and are llie typo
of a large family belonging to the section Lameli-I-
coitiN.i, or " leaf-horned beetles," because their <iii-
tenna, or horns, are terminated by a laminated club,
like the leaves of a book. These beetles arc bred
from a white "grub" widch is usually found in the
ground, or in old wood in a much decayed condition.
It is ouly the mature insect that attarks fruit. Wo
have never known them to be very abundant in Lan-
caster county. We have frequently found a few of
these infesting roses, ripe pears and rijw sweet ajiples,
and judging from their general taste we are not at all
surprised that they should attack your Ius<'lous
peaches. Indeed, nearly the whole family to which
they belong manifest a partiality for sweet, thoroughly
ripe and luscious fruit. Of course, when tWo or three
of these beetles get into a ripe iHMch. it soon liegins
to decay thereafter. The lart<a of Lamellie4;>rn bee-
tles have been very plentiful the present season, de-
stroying rose bushes, grape vines, |>car trees, iSe., by
devouring their roots. 1 know of no remedy except
hand picking. Their larva usually mature in rotten
wood or in the ground.

The Ant Pest.

Answer to " TTuHAikecpcr." — My wife was pestered
with both the little red and large black ants In her
cuiiboards and shelves, and the little ik'sIs found out
my Inuiey cups stored away in a corner cuplH>ard. I
bought ten cents worth of insect jHtwder at Spreclier's
Agricultural Store in Laneasler, and applied it in the
evening when I got home, and the next morning not
a live ant could be seen. I applied it with a feather
to the corners and eilges of the shelves very thin, and
it acted like a churm. It is now alHmt four weeks
sinee I did so, and we have seen none since. — JouN B.
EiiH, Lime Valley.

Julilor Lancaster Farmer: I notice in the last num-
ber of TiiK K.MiMKK that Leoi.ine in(iulre8 how to
keep the anis fnnri her strawberry plants. I sugircst
that if she will mulch her tieds with sjKMit tan bark,
(which, by the way, is not a bad mulch) she will
have no further trouble with them. We grow straw-
berries on a large scale in field culture, and use this
mulch altogether. If one is very particular alnrnt an
extra clean mulch, a little clean rye straw or fresh
mown grass may be put arouii>l the plants just be-
fore the fruit iK'gins to ripen. — Tobias Maktis,
Mercershnrg^ Pa., Aug. 30, 187.^^,

Ai'ST Prudence says In the American Grocer that
she has always been successful In dIsiKTsing black
and rtnl ants with Lynn's magnetic p*jwder, provided
it is fresh. She dusts it over the shulvca aud lu
the cracks.

To Correspondents.

We must Insist ui>on our eorrespondentg observing
the printer's rule to write upon unly one title of l>te
thict, and to use [le'U and Ink instead of lead pencils,
whenever practicable. Always write names of per-
sons and places, aud all arbitrary terms, as plainly
uE jKiSsible.

138

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Correspondence of The Lancasteb farmer.

Paris, August 7, 1875.

CATTLE-BHEEDING IN MATENNE.

The Department of the Mayenne is in many re-
Bpects curious as one of the chief cattlar breeding
districts of France. As a general rule, the Durham
race there predominates, and compels the disappear-
ance of local breeds in the course of four crossinss.
The only difference between the reputed pure and the
general cla.s6 of Durhams lies in this— that one is in-
scribed in the Herd Book and the other is not. Prof.
Sanson, like several of his colleagues of the Grignon
Agricultural College, brings his pupils every season
to some point of Frauce where his lessons on the the-
ory and practice of cattle breeding can, on special
points, be illustrated. He was thus able to point out
in Mayenne that, independent of the general question
of feeding, a too exquisite attention to the most per-
fect (lualities of a sire results, in the course of years,
in the production of animals of reduced size and
weight. Some stock-masters lyive found out the er-
ror of this erroneous desire for points of absolute ex-
cellence, and seek bulls not coming up to that refined
standard. Yet, with such prudence, the race of short-
horns in Mayenne is less by one-fourth in point of
volume than what it ought to be. This diminution is
the consequence of the lamentable plan of not giving
stock sufficient uourishraeut throughout the winter,
irrespective as to whether the yield of fodder be short
or profuse. Those admirable meat-producing ma-
chines, the Durhams, are positively compelled to
draw throughout the winter on the materials they
have accuniuiated in their economy during the sum-
mer ; so that in spring, when the animals are turned
out for sale in Normandy, to be there fattened, they
are in a more inferior condition than when tied up the
previous autumn. Instead of being prepared for the
butcher they are studiously maintained thin. What
a loss, too, for the soil, this constant selling off of the
stock, of the valuable phosphates of the hones and
flesh, and no compensating return made to the land,
except in the form of lime"; but the latter without the
phosphoric acid is of course as if phosphate of lime
did not at all exist to build up the animal's bones.
The district imports no oil-cake, nor even employs for
feeding the vast quantities of bran to be obtained
from the numerous flour mills in the locality. Some
cattle breeders mix on the meadow even wheaten
straw with lucern, sainfoin and artificial grasses,
forming the mass into ricks, thus allowing it to fer-
ment instead of winnow. The mixture is excellent,
and better for animals over one year of age, as far as
puberty, rather than the legumiuous fodder alone.

The Durhams are animals akin to large maehines,
producing in proportion to the primary matters su[;-
plied for transformation. Moderate but not excessive
work has not proved, in the Mayenne at least, inju-
rious to the rearing, etc., of Durham oxen, as all, in
working, increase in size and weight— when, of
course, proportionately fed . This economic condition
is at variance with the experience of other countries
which reserve animals for the rent apart from those
for the work.

TO KEEP MILK FROM CURDLING.

Prof. Kolbe has demonstrated that, by the addition
of four per cent, of salicilic acid to fresh cows' milk
marking 6.5 degrees of heat, the milk will be preserved
3(> hours longer from curdling than milk not treated
by the acid. This quantity of acid is sutlicient when
the milk has to be transported to a distance ; but
pending periods of great heat, it would be well, as in
the ordinary practice with extensive dairymen iu
France, to reduce the temperature of the milk to •5:i
degrees before employing the acid. The difBculty
• lies in applying the acid, which requires to be dis-
solved in cold water to the extent of ten per cent, of
the milk — a dilution purchasers would not tolerate.
It dissolves more readily in warm water ; iu this state,
liowever, it would coagulate the milk. The acid as
generally sold is in the form of a powder, difficult to
moisten and aiit to run together, forming little lumps,
despite the stirring of the milk. The best state iu
which to apply the acid is in the form of crystals,
taking care that these are not too large.

BRAN FOR MILK COWS.

Bran is often richer in protein than flour, but the
butter is more digestible ; hence why bran is steeped
or cooked twelve or twenty-four hours before being
used. To augment the digestibility of brau, Stoeck-
ard added to one part of" bran eight parts of cold
water, and the oneUhirty-third part of chlorhydnc
acid, cooking the mixture for ten minutes, with
steam, if possible, pouring oH' the liquid into a sepa-
rate vessel. To the remaining paste four parts of
water is added and a spoonfull of calcined soda ; then
the drained-otf liriuor is poured back, and a little
chalk dusted over the mixture. This plan gave good
results, but in practice was found difficult. Bran is
given to milch cows with profit. by mixing one part
of malt siftings with one hundred of bran, either in a
drink or with the chopped Ibod. For young cattle the
bran is mixed with the oil-cake.

PRESERVATION OF FODDER.

The season continues to be very trying for the

preservation of fodder, owing to the excessive hu-
midity existing, which at the same time affects its
nutritive value. The general practice at present in
France is to dry the forage plants only partially, and
to then pile in small heaps till fermentation com-
mences to set in ; afterwards to seize the first few
bright hours that present themselves to open the
heaps, when the humidity rapidly escapes. In put-
ting into riek, fagots are preferred for ventilators;
for after cuttings of lucern, clover, meadows, etc.,
their texture being young and juicy, and humidity
prevalent, they are made' up into very small heaps,
mixed with straw, and fagots employed as venti-
lators. The preservation of green food in trenches
will be extensively practiced this year in France ;
giant maize and mustard are the forage plants now
most relied upon for fermented food in spring.

REPAIRING DAMAGE IN THE FLOODED DISTRICTS.

The occupiers of the flooded lands in the region of
Toulouse are bravely repairingthcir misfortunes. The
damage has been great, but not what was at first ex-
pected, and in no case is it irreparable. The vines
have been well washed, hOAvever ; the wheat crop it-
self in many places can be saved. The hay harvest
having been completed before the calamity, those
ricks overturned and partly coated with mud have
been duly opened, and when dried the hay is passed
through a threshing machine, which removed nine-
tenths of the mud. The hay was then re-stacked,
one pound of salt being added to each cwt. of hay.
Much attention was paid to breaking up the crust of
mud as soon as the land was sufficiently dried, and to
scarify often to destroy the numerous strange weeds
that appeared. Where there was a coating of sand,
such was ploughed deeply down. Fields of lucern
were restored by a vigorous use of a harrow with iron
teeth. The plants sown belong to the quickly grow-
ing fodder order.

SHEEP IN THE LOWER ALPS.

The mountainous districts of the Lower Alps are
largely employed for the summer pasturage of sheep
of the warm plains. The sheep ascend the moun-
tains in May, at the rate of ten miles per day, in
flocks of 2,000, preceded by the rams and guarded by
dogs from wild animals. The shepherds are accom-
panied by their wives and families, and delight in the
mountain life, till the rains of September set in, when
they return. The price paid for the season's pastur-
age, per sheep, is /r.l'^. There is a local race of
sheep very much iu request, habituated to live at
6,500 feet above the level of the sea, and producing
four lambs during the year. In the valleys much
waste land has beeU planted with truffle oaks, and
highly prized truffles are now raised in large quanti-
tities. In the Vasges mountains there is a remark-
able race of sheep called the " Black Swiss," kept by
the inhabitants apparently forthe wool, which they
spin and weave into coarse cloth, requiring no dye.

IMPROVED BEE-HIVES.

At the recent agricultural show at Caen, M.Mauget
exhibited a bee-hive, only costing one franc, which
protects the bees from the extremes of heat and cold,
and allows the honey to be removed without fumiga-
tion. It can be transported also to distant localities
where the bees can find suitable pasture flowers. M.
Mauget has SOO well-stocked hives. He has also in-
vented another hive, where vapor generated by the
bees easily escapes, and thus prevents the glass from
being obscured, and so allowing the observer to en-
joy an uninterrupted view.

INDIGESTION IN HORSES AND CATTLE.

M. Pety, veterinary surgeon, draws attention to
the liability of horses and cattle suHVring from indi-
gestion, from the consumption of forage in a humid
or musty state. It is fr<;)m over-f ceiling this com-
plaint is ordinarily produced, or to the too rapid trans-
ition from dry to unlimited green food. Another
very common cause is the putting of animals to work
immediately after their feed. The giving of chaff
and the refuse of the threshing machine is also an-
other fruitful source ; as well as excessively cold
water; and .above all, allowing the animals to drink
the water of marshes. A little salt or a handful of
meal is excellent in the drinks. Old animals ought
never to be given too much food at once, and it should
be mixed with a little straw. When the horse
shows symptoms of indigestion— restlessness, sud-
denly refusins food, resting on one leg and then on
another, the head drooping and seekingthe left flank,
its excrements eitherhardor liquid, etc.— anexcitant,
as three ounces of kitchen salt, or a glass of gin in a
bottle of water, will afford relief, or an infusion of
camomile or sage. In case pain exists, two spoon-
fuls of laudanum will jirovc excellent. Of course,
soap injections, friction, and fumigation are not
to be overlooked. Bleeding, in case of grave indiges-
tion, becomes mortal.

REAPING AND MOWING MACHINES.

France has made rapid progress in the employment
of mowing and reaping machines, and never more
marked than the present season, when the weather
has been so untoward and manual labor so scarce.
As at the contest at Mettray and elsewhere, there is
a uniformity in excellence, almost of perfection, in
the machines turned out of some well-known firms ;

so that where different verdicts are passed, the decid-
ing points are to be found, not in superiority of
mechanism, but in the ability of the driver, the effi-
cacy of the yoking, or the accident of the soil.

CONTINUED RAVAGES OF THE VINE BUG.

The continued and extending ravages of the vine
bug develop much discussion, which is not a bad
thing in itself, but no perfect remedy against the
phylloxera exists, save autumnal and winter flooding
of the vines, as practiced by M. Faucon. The alka-
line sulpho-carbonates have not realized the great ex-
pectations formed about them. The only party truly
sage is that which continues to still try every sug-
gested remedy, and avoiding absolute conclusions,
till justified by full success. The importation of
American vine-stocks has yet to prove their efficacy,
as well as the various [xiwders reputed to destroy the
insect, while resting inoeuous towards the vine

iSALT A PRESERVATIVE OF LUCERN, ETC.

Dr. Schneider recommends the salting of lucern,
sanfoin, etc., in its green state, immediately even
after being cut, and asserts, after twenty-five years'
experience, that it will keep thus without spoiling for
eleven days, when some fine days may be expected.
The mass dries by transpiration ; the salt absorbs the
moisture first, and then impregnates the forage with
the brine, which acts, as usual, as a preservative.

TO RID WHEAT OF MUST AND RUST.

To rid seed wheat of smut and rust, it is the usual
practice to steep it in preparations of lime, salt, etc.
The Agricultural Society of Allier recommends in-
stead the dissolution of nine pounds Peruvian guano
in 23 gallons of water, allowing the grain to steep for
twenty-four hours, skimming off the bad seeds, and
rolling the remainder in dry guano, previously treated
with "sulphuric acid, occording to the Ohleudorf
process.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society.

The September meeting of the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society was held in
the Orphans' Court Room on Monday, the 6th inst.,
at m o'clock-President Johnson Miller in the Chair.
The meeting was unusually well attended. Present,
Messrs. Heiiry M. Engle, John Miller, Peter S. Reist,
Thomas Woods, Ephraim Hoover, Alexander Harris,
Hon. Geo. H. Ettla, Hon. P. J. Roebuck, Henry B.
Reist, John Hoover, Martin D. Kendig, Calvin Cooper,
Daniel Smeych, Isaac Bushong, Milton B. Eshleman,
W. W. Davis, Johnson Miller, H. H. Tshudy, Henry
Erb, Mirtin Miller, William McComsey, S. S. Rath-
von, Levi S. Relet, Jonas Buckwalter, J. Stauffer,
David G. Swartz, Elias Brackbill, John B. Erb, Dr.
P. W. Hiestand, John M. Grider, Jacob Garber, Simon
P. Eby, John M. Stehman, and the reporters.

Dr. P. J. Roebuck was nominated and elected an
honorary member.

The following gentlemen were elected active mem-
bers : E. K. Hershey, Cresswell; Adam Ranck,Bird-
in-Hand; and H. H. Tshudy, Warwick.

Crop reports were now called for, but there was
little new information given, most of the members
stating that there had been no change since last re-
ports. M. D. Kendig, of .Manor, said that the only
thing he had to report was that the tobacco plants
were unusually free from worms.

" Would it be advisable for Lancaster county far-
mers to engage more extensively in dairy farnung ?"
was the qu'estion for discussion, and Mr. H. M. Engle
remarked that the farmers of this county cannotcom-
pete with those of the west, in general farming, be-
cause of the "cutting prices" in this section — divid-
ing the land into very small farms. The question is,
whether at the present high rate of land in this
county, farming can be made to pay by the ordinary
process — whether it is not necessary, in njany cases,
to resort to dairying, or something that will yield an
income additional to that coming from the usual pro-
ducts. He favored the idea of dairying more exten-
sively, and thought there was much good pasture land
in this county, and referred, by way of encourage-
ment, to the success achieved in this direction in
Chester county. The best land for this purpose he
believed to be old pasture land. The better the pas-
ture the better the butter; and the better the butter
the better the price. He referred to the high price
which Chester county butter brings in the Philadel-
phia market. In the speaker's mind there was no
question that a large portion of the land in this
county could be made to pay better by dairying than
by any other industry.

Peter S. Reist thought the comparison drawn by
Mr. Engle between Lancaster county, Chester county
and Western land, was a great point. Why does land
command so much higher price iu this county than
in Chester county ? ?200 per acre here — S.50 there.
Because of its high state of cultivation— its produc-
tiveness; and this would not be the case were the
lands laid in pasture. It is the power to produce
large crops of wheat, corn, &c., that commands for
land a high price iu the market.

Mr. ICiigle tliought his friend Reist had overdrawn
the value of Lancaster county a little. The proper

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

d39

way to ect lit it woulil bo to take the averiisi", ami lie
was well aware tliat laiul eiiulil be bouirlit here lor
$")0 per aerc, as well as in Chester eouiity. lie eilecl
the ease of a lariiieriii tliiseounly who raises nothiiiR
but the best live stoek, and makes the farm sii)i|«irt
it. He proihiees not less than three luiiidreil |huiiii1s
of butter weekly, whieh, to sell at an averai;e of 41)
eeiits per poiimf the yi'ar roinul, will briiii; in at least
Jodll per month— a pretty fair ineonie,it niustbecou-
fesseii — whatever the expenses may be.

Presiileiit Miller a<;reeii with .Mr. Enirlein his views
about ilairyinir, and thought it espeeially eommemled
itself to those farmers living along railroads, or adja-
cent to them.

Mr. I'eler S. Heist was not opposed to dairyimr, but
he wanted to fairly review the praetieability and ad-
visabilitv of it in t'his eounty.

[Mr. Braekbill here introdueed Mr. IJelnhold, a
member of the State Afrrienllural Soeiety eominittee,
who was present for eonfiTenee with the eommittce
of this Soeiety on the eoniim; State Fair.]

The dairy (piestion was now, on motion, poatijoned
until the ne.xt nieetiiif;, and theiiuestion — " How best
to prepare laud for the sowing of wheat," was
taken u|i.

Mr. Eufrle thought if land had not already been
prepared for seedinii, this season, it was now too late
to prepare it properly for seeding-! line. He believed
in plowing early, so that theground might settle and
beeoiiu' mellow— settle not too solid, but so as to be-
come mellow on top. If you defer plowing too long,
it Is apt to become " cloddy."

President Miller also believed in early plowing,
althoui;li manvof his ueii;Id)ors were opposed to it.
Some of then! are plowim; now, and their land is
rouirh and not easily handled.

Teter S. Heist favored early plowing— particularly
on lame tracts, and i;ave in detail his whole system
of sowing, which tallied pretty much with that of H.
M. Engle.

Mr. Braekbill felt some delicacy in givnng his opin-
ion among so many older and more experienced far-
mers, but as the discussion seemed to lag a little he
felt like keeping it up. He believed the matter of
late and earlv jjlowing depended a good deal on the
condition of the soil and the character of the season.
One thins he felt confident of, and that was that the
land at p'resent is not nearly so well prepared as it
was fifty years ago. He then gave his experience at
length, dropping many practical hints of value to
the farmer.

Mr. Ephraim Hoover was a firm believer in early
plowinsr, for the reason that the soil retains its mois-
ture much better. In older times they plowed early,
and then plowed again. Now, instead of second
plowinsr, we have the use of the cultivator— whieh
probably answers the purpose as well. Experience
liaii taught him that earlv plowing produces the best
results — provided it is followed by careful cultivation
afterwards, keeping down the weeds, etc.

Mr. Jacob Stautfer gave a scientific reason for early
plowing, fully sustaining all that had been said in its
favor by the practical farmers who sjioke before him.
The members were so unanimous in their methods
and practices in the preparation of the soil for the
sowinir of wheat, that the further discussion of the
subject was abandoned.

Mr. .laeob Stautfer now presented a novel and very
cntertainins; paper on the subject of" Artilieial Incu-
bation," illustrating the same with drawings. [Not
havim; time to procure the engravings necessary to
illustrlite this article, it is necessarily deferred until
our next issue.]

The Conimiltee on the State Fair, consisting of
fifty members, (((Uite a number of whom were pres-
ent) received their premium lists, (in pamphlet
form) i>osters ami other documents, from the State
Committee, necessary to a faithful and intellitrent
working up of the material in their respective dis-
tricts.

The members of the committee who were present
seemed sanguine of a goodly display from this county,
and each. expressed his determination to work up his
district to the best of his ability.

The President spoke eheeririL'ly of the subject ; and
just here a messenger from Court arrived ordering
the room to be cleared in order to accommodate
Court No. 2 of Common Pleas. The Society then ad-
journed to an arbitration room, up-slairs.

On motion of Mr. .VIeComsey, the Lancaster County
Committee of Arrangements' lor the State Fair will
hold a meeting in this city, for the purpose of thor-
oughly organizing for effect ive work, on Monday
afternoon next (September Ki) at 1 o'clock, in the
Court House. Mr. MeComsey hoped the county
would prove itself worthy of the high honor con-
ferred upon it, in its selection for the State Fair, and
he made a stirring appeal to the farmers to do their
best to make the fair a success. He desired to call
the attention of members andagriculturistsgcnerally
to the importance of a creditable reiiresentatioii of
the products of Lancaster cimnty at the cnsuins State
Fair. Whilst he lielieved the honor conferred in the
selection of the place for holding the fair— owing to
the position and resources of Lancaster county — was
deserved, we should, nevcrtheiess, prove ourselves
worthy of the hi^'h distinction. Amongst all the
highly favored plaies throuirhout this broad land, he
knew of noue more highly favored by the great and

good fiiver than our own grand old county. Here
our fig-tree never fails to blossom, nor our vines to
yield their fruit, and our fields to produce abundant
meat, while the lowing cattle on a tbousaml hills till
our folds. We shoulil, therefore, not only show our-
.selvi'S worthy of the distinction conferred" ii|«)n us in
the selection Of Lancaster as the place of holding the
fair, but also that we are worthy reeipieiils of this
great beneficence of a kind and overruling Provi-
dence. Owing lo our resources and facilities, the
people of Pennsylvania will (■xpect much of Lancaster
county. See to it, then, that they are not disap-
pointed. Bring samples of the products of your
vines, your orchards and gardens, of your fields and
your lioeks, and of your manufaetories and work-
shops, as well as the handiwork of your wives and
daughters. You will thus secure distinction for your-
selves, refiect credit upon our county, and prove
yourselves worthy of the honor conferred in the se-
lection of the place. He deemed it unnecessary to
appeal to our local papers. They have heretofore
never failed to contribute their full share to promote
and protect home enterprise and loCal interests, and
he felt assured they will again in this Instance.

Mr. Engle read a communication from Daniel
Shelley, of Cumberland county, (an interested party
in the State Fair) giving words of encouragement,
and showing that people abroad expect great things
from this eounty.

The following fruits were exhibited :

Kejijamin H. Longenecker, of Lanecaster town-
shl|) — two of the largest and finest peaches we have
ever seen — desiring a name lor them.

Apples for a name, by Dr. P. W. Hlestand, of
Millersville — very rich in flavor and perfect in form.

John B. Erb, Beaver Valley Nurseries— Jellry tip-
ples and Telegraph grapes.

Jacob M. Mayer, Manbeim townshii) — Crab apples
from a tree said to be seventy-live years old ; also,
several varieties of choice grapes.

Levi S. Keist, of Warwick— a Husset apple of last
year's growth, and two apples for a name.

Mr. Daniel Smcych, city, presented Telegraph,
Rogers' Nos. 19 and :i, and Salem, No. .5:i, of grapes,
and also Bartlett and other pears, elegant peaches,
etc. — none better to be found anywhere, as was at-
tested by the appreciation of them shown by the
members.

Adjourned to meet on Monday, the 4th of October.

THE FARM AND DAIRY.

Pic-nic of the Patrons of Husbandry.

The great pic-nic of the Oranjiers of Chester, Dela-
ware, Lancaster and Cecil counties came off at Ox-
ford on Saturday, the 4th inst.; and the weather
being propitious, the attendance was large, and every-
thing passed otf pleasantly and to the satisfaction of
all concerned. At '11 o'clock the Octoraro band,
headed by chief marshal James Patterson, Little
Britain, Lancaster county, and aid, N. Bunting, Cole-
rain, same county, and followed by a large number of
people, proceeded to the Fair Ground. In front of
the track-stand upon the Fair (irounds a large speak-
ers' stand was erected and most tastefully ornament-
ed with the emblems of the order — the elioieest trea-
sures of Flora, Ceres and Pomona. The beautiful
arrangement of these emlilems was the handiwork of
a committee of ladies from Brandywine (irange, and
was highly illustrative of their taste and skill in these
rural accomplishments. A large amount of buntim;
was displayed, while around the front and top were
festoons of evergreens ; around the upright posts
were tied large stalks of growing corn, sheaves of
wheat and oats, wreaths of flowers and bunches of
all fruits. On the stand were handsome vases of
flowers and baskets of the most luscious fruits of the
season. On the front were appropriate mottoes,
worked in letters of green, and enriched with flowers.
In the centre was the handsome banner of Brandy-
wine Grange, No. (ill. Between the speaker's stand
and the society's grand stand, seats were erected to
accommodate some !3()0 persons ; and as the society's
stand will seat about 1,000 comfortably, all of which
were crowded, with several hundred standing around,
we place the attendance at 2,000— fully one-hall of
these being ladies.

Among the oflfieers were the following Viee-Presi-
dente from Lancaster county: Jesse Brosius, Octo-
raro, :i ; J. H. Breekbill, St'rasburg, (12; J. ti. Mc-
Siiarran, Fulton, r,i;; B. S.Patterson, Oak Hill, SO;
W.N. Bunting, Unicm, 87; C. B. Moore, Sadsbury,
Kil ; Colon Cacierou, Donegal, 224 ; J. H. Uershey,
Silver Spring, 441.

BiUD IxsTlNOT : A correspondent of a Hartford
(Pa.) [laper says : " We had the curio.Kity when in
Norway to sec for ourselves what the chickens would
do at night in those h>ng days of almost |M-rpetual
sun. So, on the roa<I from Stockholm into Norway
we took pains to inform ourselves in theseinteresting
matters. We found that, wholly disregarding the
sun, the hens all went to roost in Norway just about
7 o'cloik P. M., all through June, though the sun
was four or five hours high, and the world was 'as
light as a eork.' They returned to the active duties
of life before three the next morning."

How Philadelphia Butter is Made.

The delicums flavor of Philadelphia butter Is known
to travelers from all jiarts of the world. Outside of
its places of nianufaelure it sometimes commands as
high as a dollar a iiound. .Mr. Isaac A. Calvcr, who
markets his butter at those high prices at Pbihulel-
Iilila, attributes his success to three |>oints. 1. The
food of his cows. 2. Temperature. H. Neatness and
dainty rellnenient at every step, from the moment the
milk flows from the uilder till the dollar in currency
Is paiil for the iK)und of butter. He says : " I have
found that I make the best butler when I feed on
white clover and early mown meadow hay. I cut
fine, moisten, and mix in both corn meal and wheaten
ehoi^s. Next t«) meal, I regard shorts, and i>refer to
mix them together. I feexl often, and not much at a
time. I do not urn; rofils, unless it be carrots. My
pastures and meadows arc quite free from we«'«l8. I
cannot make this grade of butter from fuul jmttnre
or low grade hay.

" Tem|)erature I regard as a matter of prime Im-
portance in making butter that commands a high
price. Summer and winter I do not permit my milk
room to vary much from .WO. In summer I secure
the reiiuisite coolness by spring water of the temi)er-
ature of .'i.'i^ Fah., Ilowing over a stone or gravel floor
in thi' milk house. This can be accomplished with-
out water in a shaded cellar ten feet deep. As gtK>d
butter can be made without water as with, but the
milk and cream must be kept at all limes a little be-
low (10°.

" We skim very clean, stir the cream |)0t whenever
a skimming is (Miured in, and churn but once a week,
summer and winter. Just before the butler gathers,
we throw into the churn a Inicket of ice-cold wafer.
This hardens the butter in small particles, and makes
a finer grain. In the hot months this practice Is un-
varying.

" In working we get out all the buttermilk, but do
not apply the hand. A better way is to absorb the
drops with a linen cloth wrung from cold water. The
first working takes out all the milk ; at the second
we handle delicately with fingers as cxx)I as may be.
The salt is less than an ounce to a pound, but not
generally much less. The balls each weigh one
pound, and receive a uniform stamp. On packing
for market, each ball is wrapped In a linen cloth,
with the name and stall of the market man written
ujion it. Our tubs are made of cedar plank, 1'^ lo 3
inches thick, and lined with tin. On the inner face
are projections, on which the shelves rest. The balls
are not liruiscd or pressed at all, and pass into the
haiids of the customers as firm, as perfect in outline,
and as 6|v)tless as when they left flic spring house.

"We find uniformity to be a prime virtue In the
buttermaker. We produce the same article, whether
the cows stand knee-deep in white clover blooms or
sun themselves on the lee side of the barn In Feb-
ruary.

" 'There is a small ice chamber at the end of the
oblong butter tub, which we use in summer, so that
in dog-days the heat within the tub does not g€'t
higher than 60° Fahrenheit. I need not add that we
observe a scrui)ulous, a religious neatness in every
act and in every utensil of the dairy. Milk which,
ujion leaving the udder, passes through an almos-
phere loaded with stable fumes, will never make but-
ter for which we can get a dollar per imund. No
milk sours u|>on the floor of the milk room ; none is
permitted to decompose in the crevices of the milk
pans ; the churn is scoured and scalded till no smell
can be detected but the smell of white cedar.

"Our customers take the napkin with the prints,
wash, iron, and return them when they come lo tho
stand on market days. These are generally Weilnes-
days and Saturdays". With these prices we have no
dilliculfy in making a cow pay for herself twice a
year ; if she cost *<10, we sell '$120 worth of butler
from her in twelve months."

It mav be remarked that the sour milk is employed
by the Philadelphia buttermakers as fooil for swine.
It is estimated that such milk will make 100 ixiumls
of i«uk per cow. The cows in the district where the
Philadelphia butter is made are well sprinkled with
the Jersey or Alilerney blood, and alxiut a (Hiund [wr
day from each cow Ls considered a fair average for

the best dairies.

^

Oleo-Margarine Cheese and Butter.

We arc plea.sid lo see tliat so res|)ectable and Influ-
ential an authority as the .im. rioi.i Ai/ricullHrixl
maintains the ground assumed some time since by T/ie
f.iincaslii- Fj-piem against the Oleo-.Margarine swin-
dle. The subject, since we calliHl the attenlion of our
readers to it, has been very thoroughly disciiset^ in
the columns of the Ainerwm Grocer, and we are de-
cidedlv of the opinion that the "professors" who
rushed to the defense of Oleo-Margarine have come
out badlv worsted. The Affriciilturinl says :

" It Is'about two years since the prejiaration of tal-
low, known as Oleo-Margarine, was tirought to the
public notice, and offered for sale as butU-r. Tlienfbo
AiiurUuii Agriciiltiiritl tiutk strong grounds against
it as a fraud ujxjii the consumers of tmttcr, and ailan-
gerous thing for dairymen to touch, and advised

140

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

dairymen, produce dealers and consumers to avoid it.
Since then this stufi' has been larjrely used to mingle
with skim-milk, for the manufacture of cheese, and
some dairymen have unfortunately been led into the
most surprising; advocacy of this adulteration by offi-
cers of the Dairymen's Association and a university
professor, to enter into the manufacture of this fraud-
ulent article. As pointed out two years asfo, and
often since, the public refuse to eat this trash ; the
markets are consequently overstocked with it, and
prices for genuine cheese are borne down by the pres-
sure of the unsalable adulterated article. The whole-
sale produce dealers are now very bitter against the
' Oleo-Margarine,' and many manufacturers doubt-
less feel equally bitter against those who induced
them to make the unsalable chesse. The verdict of
the public, however, will be, 'served them right ;' for
those who undertake to adulterate food, and those
who encourge the attempts to do it, are both deserv-
ing of censure, which the public will not be slow to
inflict upon the delinquents. In self-defense those
factorymen who make genuine butter or ' full cream'
cheese, should take means to prevent this unfair and
injurious competition, by procuring the passage of a
law to prevent the sale of adulterated cheese or but-
ter, except it be conspicuously branded, and repre-
sented openly as what it really is, a mixture of milk
with beef tallow, cotton-seed oil, horse fat, or what-
everotber ingredient may be used in the adulteration."

THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

Take Care of the Tools.

The tools employed upon the farm are costly, and
should receive the same care which is bestowed upon
other valuable property. There is manifested by
many farmers a kind of chronic neglect in respect to
the care of the implements of husbandry. Compli-
cated machines like those used for mowing, raking,
threshing, etc., with their iron wheels, levers and
cams, are allowed to rust and decay, so that iu a cou-
ple of seasons they are worthless. This neglect is in-
excusable, unpardonable. Some farmers become tor-
pid, frozen up, in winter, and appear to have no ac-
tive blood in their veins. They will not take up a
rake or a neglected hoe in winter, and put it under
cover. We have seen ladders, forks, harrows, shov-
els, etc., peeping out from under the snow in winter,
fn time of thaw, and have asked why they were not
cared for. Sometimes the reply has been, "We will
attend to it to-morrow ;" but that to-morrow never
came. There must be a society organized for " pro-
tecting farming tools," and the officers must have full
jiowcr to forcibly seize and put away all neglected imple-
ments, no matter upon whose premises they are found.

Keep the Farm and Home Tidy.

If you get a moment to spare, spruce up ; put the
gate on its hinges ; put a little paint on the picket
fence you built last year ; trim up the door-yard ;
make it cozy and inviting. Do not say you can find
no time to attend to these things. The fact is, you
have no right to be slovenly. It can do you no good,
but, on the contrary, it will mar your peace, wound
your self-respect, and impair your credit. Then, by
all means, spruce up a little at odd times, and even
times, too, for that matter. It will make you feel
vastly better, and maybe a trifle prouder of your pretty
homestead. Your wife and children will be made hap-
jiicr Ibr it ; your neighbors will be enriched, beauti-
ficil and blessed by it : and your farm will be worth
more money in the market, and of greater value to
you at home, if you spruce up a little now and then.

How Easily Butter is Spoiled.

"A Farmer's Wife "writes : "Of all the products of
the farm, butter is most liable to be tainted by noxious
odors lloatiug in the atmosphere. Our people laid
some veal in the cellar, from which a little blood
fiowed out, and was neglected until it had commenced
smelling offensively. iThe result was, that a jar of
butter which I was then packing smelted and tasted
like spoiled beef." Another writes that "there was
a pond of filthy, stagnant water a few hundred feet
from their house, from which an offensive effluvium
would be borne on the lireeze directly to the milk
room, when the wind was in a certain direction; the
result of which was that the cream and butter would
taste like the disagreeable odor coming from tliat
pond. As soon as the pond was drained, we had no
more damaged butter."

The Value of our Crops for 1874.

The total value of all agricultural products in the
United States for the year 1874 was ?2,447,.5:;8,C.59.
Tlie products derived, directly and indirectly, from the
grass crop, is estimated at .?i, 292,000, 000, itemized as
follows : Hay, 27,000,000 tons, at $20 per lun, Sr,0O,-
000,000; live stock, s], .'•,2.5, 000,000 ; animals slaugh-
tered for food, JioOO, 0(10,000 ; butter, S.'iU, 0(10,(100 ;
milk, .<;2.5,000,000 ; wool, «2."),000,000 ; cheese, $.5,000,-
000. The estimated total derived from grass is prob-
ably too large, for the reason that the hay crop, the
value of which is given as one of the items, must have
been used to some extent iu swelling the other values.
Still it is doubtless safe to say, allowing more than
half the value of the hay to go to this account, that
in round numbers the value of the i)roduetions depeud-
ing upon the grass yield for 1874 was $1,000,000,000.

Work to be Done in October.

VEGETABLE OARDEN.

Place Lettuce Plants which are to be headed for
winter in hot-bed frames, and cover them at night.

Set Cabbages for early spring in cold frames, but do
not cover them until cold weather.

f^heltcr) Caidiflon-ers which show their blossoms
from rain and frost by leaves broken down over their
heads.

Cabbages need their last attention from the hoe.

Earth up Celery, but not when wet or damp with
dew.

Cut Parsley well back — to force a new growth —
and transplant enough for winter use into frames.

As frosty nights approach, cover Tomatoes — enough
for daily use— with cloth or straw. If the frost
comes sharp enough to kill the vines, gather all of
sufficient size and lay them in a warm, sunnv place,
covering at night. They may be kept thus for weeks
after the vines are gone.

Melons require the same treatment as tomatoes.
Watermelons may be kept till Christmas.

Dig Pool crojK, throw in heaps, and cover with a
few inches of earth to keep out slight frosts. When
the crop is removed, dig the ground over and leave it
rough and unraked, that the' frosts may mellow it,
as well as kill the eggs of insects and the seeds of
weeds.

Make Mushroom beds in cellar of barn or house.

Phnbarb and Asparagus beds are benefited by cov-
ering four to six inches deep with rough manure or
other litter.

FRUIT GARDEN.

Transplant Currants and Gooseberries, and prune
the old wood. Rust and milldew, so common ou the
fruit of the latter, is often avoided by removing old
wood, .and letting light and air into the middle of
the bush. Cuttings succeed much better when
planted in the fall. All but one bud should be
buried, and the soil pressed firmly against the
lower ends.

\i Raspberries were not pruned last month, see to
them now. Last year's wood is now worthless,
either for growth or fruit.

Prune Thimbleberries and Blackberries, and plant
new vines.

FLOWER G.tRDEN.

Spring-flowering bulbs, such as hyacinths, Tulips,
Crocus, Iris, Xareissns, Jonquils, Scilla, Snow-drops,
and all varieties of Hardy Lilies may be planted
this month.

Peonies may be set out — September is the bet-
ter time.

The seed of hardy annuals, such as Larkspur, Oilia,
Eschseholtzla, Candytuft, Alyssum and Mignonette,
are to be planted now if you wish early summer
flowers.

Gladioli, Tigridia and Amaryllis Formossissi7na
should be taken up on any fine day before frost.
Dry them in the sun, and store for the winter in a
place free from frost and damp.

As soon as frost touches the tops of DaJdias, Cala-
diums, Cannas or Erythrinas, take them up, dry in
the sun, and put in a dry cellar.

If Tuberoses are in bloom, pot the best of them and
bring into the house to finish flowering. The bulbs
should be dried in the sun like Gladioli, but need
keeping in a warmer pl.^ee.

This is the best period in autumn for planting
Evergreens and Hardy shrubs. During this or next
month, according to the season, protect all plants
that are in the ground, if not completely hardy. This
should be put off as late as possible. The coverings
may be of straw, Russia mats, canvas, boxes or bar-
rels. The two last must be perforated for ventila-
tion, or the plants will become musty and decay.

Tender roses — of the China Tea and Bourbon class
— should be lifted from the open ground and potted
for blooming in the late winter or early spring.

Zonale Pelargo/dums, Lemon Verbenas and similar
plants, desirable to be saved, should be taken up as
early as possible, potted and moderately pruned back.

Grading, making new borders, latmsnud walks may
be done in the fine weather of tins mouth.

CONSERVATORY AND HOUSE PLANTS.

Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, JVarcissus, etc., intended
for early winter-blcjoming must be potted.

Amaryllis and Cape Bulbs that are are now start-
ing to grow should be re-potted.

Briug in all House J'hmis before the frost injures
them ; set in a room without a fire, and give abun-
dance of air every mild day.

Callas may now be divided and re-potted.

Put in cuttings of Fuchsias, Heliotropes, Verbenas
and Carnations.

Baphnes, Camellias, Chinese Primroses, and any
other greeuhouse plants that require larger pots,
should be shifted, but only if the old pots are full of
roots.

Over-potting — putting plants into pots too large for
them — is a common error of novices in floriculture,
and is very injurious to the plants. Plants that are
kept iu the house should have plenty of light>aud
air, and their leaves kept clean and free from dust by
frequently syriuging, watering overhead or sponging.

Winter Protection of Roses.

A plant well wintered is worth so much more than
one taken in and newly planted iu the spring that it
is very desirable to protect roses without removal,
when possible. This can be easily done in most loca-
tions by either of the methods given below. A rose
maybe winter-killed quite to the ground, but if cut
off early in the spring down to the live wood, it will
fisually push up new shoots, and bloom as well as ever.

In winter protection, there are three rules that
should hot be forgotten. First, Bo not give too tnuch
protection! This is worse than not enough. Second,
Befer covering for winter as late as possible; woderate
freezing is not injurious. Third, Uncover at the pro-
jier time ire the spring. Just when this is, must de-
pend on the locality, the weather and the season. It
should, of course, not be done until the frost has en-
tirely left the ground and the growing season is at
hand. If the plants have had but slight protection,
such as evergreen boughs or straw, a few days earlier
or later will not make much difference; but if covered
with earth they are in a condition to be more easily
injured by sudden changes in the temperature, or dry
winds, and should not be uncovered until there is a
prospect of reasonably settled weather. Even then
it is well to cut off at least one half the last season's
growth, to guard against too rapid evaportion.

To cover with straw or evergreen boughs, (if the
roses are set singly) drive a stake firmlyby the side
of the plant, and tie it nicely to the stake; then take
straw or boughs of a suitable size, stand them neatly
and closely around, and bind firmly together. If a
number of the plants are together in a bed, give a
covering of straw or leaves, that will be four to six
inches thick when settled; then put boughs thickly
and neatly over the whole. Boughs will auswer very
well alone, or leaves alone, if means are taken to keep
them from flowering off. To protect with earth, bend
the plant down to the ground and cover with fine soil,
six inches or a foot deep; or cover the whole bed six
inches deep with earth. Covering with earth is only
recommended for regions of severe and protracted
cold, where nothing else will save the plants.

Another plan — and a very good one — is to take an
old box or barrel, knock out the top and bottom, turn
it over the plant and fill loosely with leaves, or clean
straw, or small boughs. When the covering is moved
in the spring and the plants pruned, the beds should
be nicely dug over and dressed. The Dingee >& Conard
Company, who are perhaps the largest rose growers
in the country, is our authority for these remarks.

Hyacinths in Winter.

Why is it that, as a general thing, persons are so
unsuccessful in blooming bulbs iu the winter? In
nine cases out of ten the bulbs certaiiily do not give
the satisfaction they should. We tlnnk the mistake
is that they are forced into growth too suddenly.

A lady buys, say, half a dozen choice bulbs. She
does not care particularly to have a succession of
bloom. If they flower moderately well, she will be
perfectly satisfied. They are planted according to
directions, and set away in the dark for six weeks. At
the end of that time you may find them in the sun at
the sitting-i'oom window. In a day or two the points
of green leaves seen near the surface will open with a
little compact bunch of color in theceutre — and there
it will stay till it withers. Perhaps out of the six
bulbs three will throw up spikes of bloom. These
will probably prove of the white or lavender varieties,
which seem to be of freer habit than others.

Last winter we succeeded in growing as fine blooms
of hyacinths as we have ever seen, and with very little
trouble. Late in December, after our fall stock of
bulbs was disposed of, we found a dozen or more hy-
acinths of various colors which had been overlooked.
To keep them from spoiling they were hastily planted
in four or Ave large pots, and these set away in an
out-building, where they would be free from frost and
have very little light. There they were left for three
months, and nothing done except to water them occa-
sionally. Expecting little or nothing from them, they
were not noticed till leaf and flower stalk were both
perfectly developed. The light had not been suffi-
cient to color the flowers, and thest^ were all of «. dirty
pale green. The pots were now brought to the sit-
ting-room and placed in the full sunshiue, and in a
few hours each spike had assumed its natural tint.
The ettect was very beautiful. Not a bulb had failed
— red, purple, yellow, blush and white were all large
and perfect. — American Garden.

Root-Pits for Winter Vegetables.

Choose a warm protected corner in a well-drained
field. One of the first requisites of a pit is perfect
drainage. Water would make it foul and disagreea-
ble, and cause the roots to decay. Therefore do not
attempt making a pit unless you are perfectly sure
that water will never enter it. Make a furrow about
three feet deep by running your ditch plow several
times in the same line, north and south. Lay the
roots in the furrow in a neatly built triangular stack.
Tlirow back the earth over the roots to the depth of
a foot or more, rounding the top so as to throw off
water; and cover the whole with straw. At intervals

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Ui

of four feet, set a smiill Inimlle of straw, nn its l)utt3,
on the turnips; so that the straw will reaeh into tlie
air thr()Ui;li tlie earth ami serve for ventilation, to
prevent the roots heatinir ami jrrowinfr. Ojien tlie
southerti enil, in a bright, warmish ilay, when you
wish a supply.

All tuliers, such as beets, carrots, horse-radish,
parsnips and turnips, may he easily and elieaply kept
iu this way. I'otaloes do best in a ecllar. If the
root erops arc lar^e, and intended for market, the pit
should be dug from three to four I'eet deep and about
si.t I'eet wide. The roots are then packed in sections
of two feet wide across the pit. Between the sections
a spac*! of six inches is left, and this is tilled with soil
level to the top. The advantage of this arraiiiremcnt
Is tlnit four or live barrels of roots can l)c taken with-
out disturbing the next section, which is protected by
the six inches of soil.

Sowing Flower Seeds in Autumn.

Concerning this subject, .1. Vick, tlorist, Hochester,
N. Y., says : There are some seeds that will (hMiuieh
better if sown in the autumn than with spring sow-
ing. They require a moist, cool soil forgerniinaticm.
If sown in the s|iring, the warm dry weather sets in
before they have accjuircd much strength, and they
BUifer In eonsenvience. Tlit^ XeinojthiUiti and f'Utrfi-iax
are examples. They grow naturally in cool, shady
vales, or in mountain regions, and, if sown in autumn,
the plant will start early in the spring, so that iu
May, or early in June, they will be in ])crfcetion and
charming. If sown in the spring they arc apt to per-
ish or sutler with tlie drought and heat liefore they
reach pcrfectiou. There are several hardy annuals
tliat do well when sown in the spring, but will hear
autumn sowing, and reward us with early spring
flowers in consequence of this treatment. We have
now a bed of phlox drumniondii that wintered safely.
The seed was sown late in the autumn, and the bed
covered with manure after sowing, which was allowed
to remain until quite late in the spring. Sweet alys-
8um and white candytuft will give an abundance of
white for early cutting, if sown in the autumn. In a
sandy soil the jxirtulaca may be sown in the autumn
with good success. Seeds of biennials and perenni-
als, if sown early enough to produce strong little
plants before frost, will flower the next summer.

Pansics and Chinese piuks, though they bloom the
first summer if the seed be sown in the spring, will
make much stronger plants and flower more freely
and earlier if young plants arc grown in the autumn.
The pansy sometimes sutlers in the winter, but if the
young plants are put in a frame and covered with a
few loose Ixiards, or a little matting, being always
sure to give air, they will pass the winter In safety.
^

How to Gather Cider Apples.

Get twenty-four yards of the best drilling, as it is
the cheapest in the long run. Cut into eight equal
pieces ; these will each be nine feet long. Cut each
piece obliquely from end to end, starting four inches
from one corner and coming out tiie same distance
from the opposite corner at the other end. You will
now have sixteen pieces, each thirty-two inches wide
atone and four inches wide at the other end. Put
the wide ends together, sew the strips together, hem
the edges around the small hole in the centre, bind
the outer edge well, and fasten small stout cords at
each of the sixteen corners. It is now ready for use.
With these small cords tic it to the lower branches of
an apple tree, wherever it is convenient. The tension
. you give in tying will determine the sag in the centre
so that you can accommodate it to the height of the
lower branches from the ground. Drive the wagon
under it, and shake all the branches immediately over
the canvas. As the apples roll into the wagon a boy
can casil}' pick out stems and leaves. When one side
of the tree is finished, the eanva.ss is moved to another.
In this way the apples are all in the wagon when the
shaking is done, except a few that drop outside of the
canvas. If preferred, the apples can be delivered in
a basket, ami then emptied into the wagon. Such a
device saves half the labor of gathering apples, and
if well made of good material will last for years. —
OI{io farmer.

♦

Making Lawns in Autumn,

It is an excellent practice to prepare the ground
thoroughly and sow the seed in September, a few
diiys prior to the autumnal equinox. Then the seed
will irerminate readily, and the grass will get a
strong foothfild in the seed bed. If lawns are pre-
pared and seevi sown in this month, by the lirst of
June the following spring the grass will need mow-
ing, akd by the middle of June the lawn will be per-
fect. If the lawn is prepareii in the spring, the work
should be done very early, for it is of the utmost im-
portance to give grass seed the benefit of autumn
and spring rains. Many persons neglect to make
lawns until late in the spring, and then resort to sod-
ding, while, if they would have sown seed in the
autumn, or even early in the spring, they would have
secured a better lawn almost or quite as early and at
less than quarter the expense. As a lawn will last a
lifetime, if properly made, let the work lie done
thoroughly. The ground must be well pulverized to

a good depth, and care must be had in leveling, so
that the surface will be entirely even and remain so.
Sometiines, when the surface is raised by usiiu; heavy
material in one phiec and light in another, in a yi'ar
or two it is much disllgnred by unequal settling.
When the surface of lawns is uneven, let the ilepres-
sion be tilled with mellow soil of any sort or with
sandy loam. If done now, the grass will come up

through it.

«

Early Peaches from Mr. Engle.

Mr. Mahan, in the (tiirdrjwr'n Monthly^ acknowl-
edges the receipt, on the 17tli of .Inly, from Henry M.
Kngle, of Marietta, "Englc's Uowning I'caeh,'' which,
he says, " for a peach ripened inthco|H'n air in Penn-
sylvania, we believe to be as early as any — to say the
least, and we doubt very much whether if tried fairly,
side by side — not by the usual plan for ' allowing for
latitude,' and then ' calculating dillerence,' liy which
so many things are reckoned up to be ' twenty days
earlier ' than sonicthing else — this would not beat the
lieatrice, Amsdcii, or any of the candidates for the
early prize. Like all early peaches, this one of Mr.
Englc's is not large — it is about equal to a large black
walnut in this respect — and, again, like all these ex-
tra early peaches, the eating qualiti<'S are not the very
best of which a peach is capable. It is, however,
superior to any of the early ones in being remarkably
juicy, and this in the early and hot season of the year
will bean advantage; on the other hand it is a cling
stone, and will not cut up well. On the whole, we
regard it as a valuable addition." A few days after
the Uowning, he received -from Mr. Engle another
excellent early peach — the Wihhr, and says, " Wc
do not know whether the Ilalc is ' playing possum '
or what is the matter with it — but there seems to be
no doubt that there are several good kinds cousidera
bly ahead of it this year."

Floral Novelties.

The JTortieuUurUt gives an account of two novelties
amimg' flowers which it is almost tempted to treat as
fables until their veracity is cstalilished by personal
verification. The following is the description of them :
"One is a black lily in Santa Clara, Calilbrnia, with
three large blossoms, each nine inches long, and per-
fectly black outside of the green petals. The other is
to be seen at Constantinople, and is described by an
eye witness as belonging to the narcissus genus of
bulbs. The flower represents a perfect humming-
bird. The breast, of a perfect emerald green, is a
complete copy of this bird, and the throat, head, beak
and eyes are a perleet imitation. The hinder part of
the body and the two outstretched wings are of a
bright rose color — one might almost say flesh-colored.
These wondrous bulbs should have been sent to the
Vienna Exhibition. They will be iu abundance by the
time of our Centennial celebration in 1876. And yet
they can hardly be greater curiosities than the strange
and mysterious * t^ancta 'Spiritu ' flower from South
America, with its life-like representation of doves."

THE POULTRY YARD.

Poultry and Eggs for the Centennial.

A visit In the Centennial buildings and grounds a
few days since, while it delighted us vastly with the
fine appearance of the structures and the very beau-
tiful and aiipropriiite nature of the location, also im-
pressed us with the vastness of the concourse that
will, without doubt, assemble there during the ex-
hibition.

In a conversation with one of the gentlemen con-
nected with the Centennial Commission, we were in-
formed that the estimated number of visitors will not
be less than nine millions. Of course, this number
of people will not be present in anyoncdaj", but upon
this number they base their calculations for the con-
tinuance of tlic exhibition, and during this jicriod the
tcmiiorary increase of population of the city will not
average less than one hundred thousand dally, who
must be fed and otherwise cared for from sources be-
yond the usual place of supply. Thousands who live in
the near-by towns will be here for one or more meals
each day, breakfasting ami lodging at home, thus
contributing to the demand for edililcs. Now it oc-
curs to us that, in this condition of alfairs, there ex-
ists an opportunity for someof our many experienced
fant-iers, possessed of the necessary energy, with a
few hundred dollars ready money, to secure a very
handsome sum iu connection with our favorite pur-
suit. The demand for poultry and eggs during the
spring and summer of 1-S70 will be enormous and
continual, as they enter largely into both the neces-
sities and luxuries of life ; and while the increased
supplies demanded by the exigencies of thcoccasion,
of almost every description, have been iiiseusscil and
provided for, the supply of chickens and eggs will re-
main mainly depentli-nt ujiou the ordinary channels,
and wc opine that they \\ ill be found entirely inaile-
quate. To rent, near the city, a few acres of suitable
land, and erect the necessary buildings thereon to
properly house a few hundred fowls, would not run
largely into money, even were the houses, or a |Kir-
tion of them, so arranged as to permit the bringing

out of broods as early as January, (by heating the
premises in some economical way) and we have no
doubt of the great iirolit that would result therefrom.
While standard fowls need not be purehased for this
piu'pose, yet it would lie wisdom to select the variety
bi'st adapte<l to attain the end sought, viz., eggs and
fowls that early acquire size for table use, not forget-
ting that the chief ilemand for both will be during
the months of June, July, .\ui;ust and September.
During the last three of these nnjnths eggs arc rarely
plenty, and bring goiMl prices at onlinary times ; and
we may reasonably anticipate they will command
betttr when the consumption is so materially iu-
ercascd.

Anil although we fail as yet to hear what progress
has been made by our Centennial Committee, still so
good is the opixirtnnity for a grand exhibition of
jKinltry, that we feel assured that our fanciers will
yet rally Ihclr forces and i'oiiie lorwanl with some of
the really fine stock that wc know is in the country,
and thus aflbrd a chance for a large aihlitlonal profit
in the sale id' pure bred fowls; and this Is another
reason for adhering to purity of brce<l in an under-
taking of the nature suL'ge.^ted. The money is in It,
gentlemen, and we await the coming man whose en-
ergy and exiierienec shall guide the dollars Into Ills
own jiosscssion — his by right of foresight and decisloD
— enjoyably his, being won in the jiractice of the
fancy we all enjoy. Now is the acccpte<l time, and
while these very days ought to bear their projMirt ion-
ate burden of preparation, yet there Is lime enough
to secure the stock uecdeil for the hatch of '7.5, time
enough to erect the buildings and get everythinjf
('« traiit for winter, and room enough, too, for all who
dare to win. — Fmiciert' Juurtial.

Breeding Poultry for Profit.

[Concluded from thu .\ugUHt FAUMEn.]

Variety is so essential to the highest welfare of
fbwis, that it must be constantly studied by the suc-
cessful breeder. It is to be regarded in feeding grain,
meat and vegetables ; ami besides these, a constant
supply of bone meal and broken oyster shells is neces-
sary, with pure water, of course.

We are often asked in reganl to the best breed for
certain purposes. For eggs, we should say Leghorns,
Brown or White; also, Itandiurgs and Spanish, in
warm climates. For ajl purjioses, Plymouth Kocks
Asiatics, Domiiiiquesand (iamcs. For eggs and meati
Iloudans, Brahmas, Creves and Dorkings, in the or,
der named. For meat and eggs, iuconflned quarters-
Asiatics.

There is profit in eggs, but not at ten to fifteen cents
a dozen. When eggs come down to that it is time to
put them down (in a pickle,) and hold for better
Iirices. The best time to market eggs is from Novem-
ber to February or -March. The bi'st time to market
ohl fowls is in October, or iu the spring; the greatest
scarcity is in May and June. Where fowls are bred
for market, early chicks, or broilers, pay the best.
They must be hatched in the spring — the earlier the
better — and, if well fed, are marketable at six toeight
weeks old. At this age they sell for ?l .. '50 a pair, in
the iirineipal eastern cities, till about July, when the
supply is larger. With a light scald they arc easily
plucked, and by packing in ice can be sliippi'd hun-
dreds of miles in warm weather. There is no reason
why this is not a profitable liranch for the enterpris-
ing breeder who wishes to try |Hiultry on a largescale,
wliere a good market is not too remote.

To bring hundreds and even thousands of chicks to
the reiiuired age, plain, cheap structures could he
used ; extensive grounds, with large range, arc not
necessary. A little ingenuity would ilevisc arrange-
ments, etc. Forthcbest thrift of the growing bi-oods,
we would advise the class of buildings heretofore
mentioned for cheapness and utility ; for the comfort
of early hromls, they can be cheaply warmcil by the
" Non-Fre(^ziiig Fountain," without danger of fire.
If the buildings are movable, fresh runs arc easily
secured, and health more certain. The iK'st incuba-
tors, to our notion, are Cochins and Brahmas ; these
can he had to set almost any time when wanted, and
being large, are warm as setiters and mothers. For
"broilers," a vigorous, rapiil-growing chick is Ik'sI,
for which a iiurc Leglioru ami Brahma or Coohln
cross would be t:(MXl. Of the pure breeds, Plymouth
Kocks would " fill the bill," (K-r-haps the iH'st of any.

Where breedini.' for |iroHl,or on a large scale, is
connected with ganleiiing, <ir a farm, the manure
would be found highly valuable, and could lie utilized
as quite an item towani defrayini: cximmiscs.

Finally, to any one contemplating breeding on any
scale, lor profit, wc would say, " Count the cost,'* and
"go slow " at first. — The J'outtry Nation.

Chicks in the Garden.

Wc love to see them there, or alKiut the lawn, or
around the door; ever busy, ranging hither and
thither, dolling the grccnswanl with their bright-
colored, sofl-feathered round boilies ; seizing the
grasshoppers, chasing the winged moths and liuttcr-
Hics, swallowing the currant worms, huntinc the
beetle-bugs, and doing no harm during the first two
or three months of their existence, toanjthing useful

142

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September,

or ornamental in ve/jpetation. So says the Fanciers'
Journal, and we find the following in an exchange on
this subject:

" The advisability of keeping fowls to run in a gar-
den is a question tliat has puzzled me much, and is
still undecided in a ' ruralist's ' household. A dozen
times has the domestic council decided that every
' fowl's ' head should come off and as many times has
the decree been revoked, and as I write this a brave
old Brahma struts the door crowing defiance in my
ears.

" During the winter we think fresh eggs and an
occasional fricassee are not to be despised, and broi'ers
in July and AuerTist are always acceptable; but when
we see the seeds of our vegetables being scratched
up, or the small fruits disappearing, and the ripening
tomatoes hacked into by the. voracious feathered
bipeds, there comes a tcmjxirary change in our ideas
of their usefulness. At such times one has need of a
large amount of natural philosophy,' else desperate
measures might be resorted to in saving one good
thing by destroying another.

" At this moment two broods of young chickens,
accompanied by their maternal parents, are running
about the lawn and garden, every hour or two com-
ing up to the kitchen door for a few crumbs in the
■way of relish with the many insects they have been
devourintf. It is these frequent visits and the confi-
dence with which they ask for what is wanted, as
well as their beauty and cunninsrwavs, that blastsall
of our resolves to have no more fowls on the place.
There is something about a chicken for the first
month or two of its life which is peculiarly attrac-
tive, and the pleasure derived from seeing them run-
ning about repays for all the damage they may do
afterwards.

" I am always ready to dispose of the hens until the
epring broods of chickens begin to appear; then my
heart fails me, and I begin to count how much good
they may do in killing noxious insects, and I even
keep an eye on their movements as they scratch off
the heads of the young asparagus beetles, or tear up
a hill of melons or cucumbers in searching for cut-
worms. There are no currant worms on my planta-
tion, although these insects are abuudant in ray neigh-
bors' gardens, and have been for several years; in
fact, I have a bountiful supply of all the various
fruits and vegetables thriving in this climate, although
two or three dozen fowls roam at large and eat what
they please in my garden. There go those little round
balls of the softest down as fast as their little legs
can carry them for a few more crumbs, and I'll wager
something that they will not be disappointed. Well,
chickens are chickens every time, no matter whether
Brahmas or Bantams; besides this, we have 'chicken-
hearted ' people who like to have such petp about,
even if the profits cannot always be found in dollars
and cents."

•

Those who Breed Bantams as a Specialty

Have found that the smaller the size of this tiny and
beautiful class of poultry, the more desirable they
have become, in late years, as well as the more sala-
ble— other qualities being equal.

The Black Bantam, or the Gold or Silver-laced
Sebrights, and the varieties of modern Game Ban-
tams, arc all bred now-a-days for pets ; and their
diminutiveness — other qualifications of fine plumage,
form and carriage being retained — is quite a desid-
eratum.

It may not be new to some fanciers, but we make
the sugircstion (after known successful trials,) that
the early I'all of tlieyear is the best time to hatch this
class of birds. They are generally a tender chick to
rear, but with average good care these little birds will
mature well after hatching in August or September.
The cooler weather retards titeir growth, and they are
thus kept below attaining the stout proportions of
their race, that are hatched at an earlier period in the
season.

Bantam fanciers who aim to breed the smallest
specimens of their respective varieties, who hatch
their chickens about this time, or up to a month later
in the year, will find their birds next spring, on the
average, one-fifth less in weight, and, with proper at-
tention, quite as healthy, as well-formed, and as per-
fect in general development and feathering, as their
earlier-hatched brothers and sisters of the same spe-
cies. The fact is worth understanding by those who
covet the lesBer-«Jztrf Bantam fowls.

To Beginners.

To those who intend to go into the poultry raising
business we would say a few words. The autumn is
a first-class time to begin. Do not strike out too
largely at first ; commence with only one or two
breeds ; we would not advise more than one. Buy
good stock of the particular stock you intend to try,
from some well-known breeder who will sell you
what he represents, and almost directly you will be-
gin to get returns for your investment, for the pullets
will lay through the winter, when eggs realize their
best value ; then early in spring (this depends, how-
ever, on the sort you have) look after getting from
your neighbors a few old hens, to use for setting pur-
poses. After having mated your birds carefully,

which should be done quite early, save all eggs, and
then commence breeding operations. Keep an ac-
count of all receipts and expenditures, and give the
readers of the Gazette your first year's experience.
We have only just said a few words now to those who
intend to go in for poultry raising. Our future num-
bers will contain each mouth the necessary instruc-
tions, which will enable all amateurs to steer their
course safely, and to make the result of their ven-
ture profitable to themselves and encouraging to
others. — Phlla. Fanciers' Gazette.

Poultry Raising in Cities.

There are numerous persons residing in cities who
desire to keep poultry, but think they cannot do so
in confined quarters. No doubt a great many sigh
for the advantages the country offers ; still it is not
impossible to raise poultry successfully in cities, even
in confined quarters. Some of the yards attached to
city residences are beautifully adapted for poultry
raising, but even in the smaller yards it is practicable.
The chief things to remember are, first, no over-
crowding ; secondly, keep only those breeds that cau
stand confinement ; thirdly, secure to them the ad-
vantages of the country in the way of fresh, green
food, such as lettuce, cabbages, squashes, etc.
Cochins, Brahmas and Spanish are as good as any,
and will stand confinement very well. Many of the
renowned birds in the show room have been reared
and matured in cities.

Fight Vermin.

A very important duty of the poultry breeder is to
see that his chickens are free from vermin. Sprinkle
sulphur continually over the chickens, roosts and
houses, the latter two occasionally washed with kero-
sene. If you find the slightest symptoms of the pres-
ence of vermin, get rid of them immediately. Some-
times careless breeders will lose whole settings of
eggs, simply by not occasionally sprinkling the hen
and nests with sulphur, or other good insect powder,
that the poorhens, unable to stand the dreadful pests,
have forsaken their nests. A careful breeder will
never allow the subject of lice among his poultry to
trouble him, but will see that he " has none of it."

Now IS THE TIME to Commence poultry operations;
there are probabilities of a great demand the coming
year for eggs and chickens. We predict a good result
for those who begin in earnest.

BEES AND BEE CULTURE.

How Bees Know their Homes.

Bees are not attracted to their homes by instinct, as
by a magnet, but are governed by their senses in mak-
ing the locality. In early spring a large percentage
of the bees that fly out are young ones that have never
been out ; and the older ones that have been confined
to their hive one-half or sometimes all winter, seem
to have to some extent forgotten their situation ; con-
sequently, when they fly out in the spring they do not
leave the hive in a straight line, but only go a few
inches, then tnrn their heads towards the hive and
oscillate back and forth in front of it ; then moving
further back, still hovering in front of the hive, with
their heads towards the entrance, occasionally advanc-
ing towards it, as if to note more particularly the place
of entrance and its immediate surnmudings, they
then increase the distance, taking a survey of build-
ings, trees, fences, or any other noticeable objects
near by, after which they start in a direct line from
the hive.

On returning, they come directly to the hive and
enter ; the surrounding objects and the color of the
hive seem to be noted by the bees. After the bees
have become familiar with their course in the spring,
should the hive be moved ten or twenty feet, the bees
in flying out will not note the place ; but if they are
in a clear, open space, they will generally find the
hive.

But should other objects intervene, or hives be set-
ting close by, a large number would miss their way
and be lost, even if the hive should be moved only
three or four feet from the old stand. They would
cither wander aljout until they would die or attempt
to enter other hives, and very many of them be killed.
If I wish to move them a few rods after the bees have
formed their course, I do so gradually, not exceeding
the breadth of the hive each day, until I get them
away from other hives ; then move them three or four
feet each day, and coutiiming in this way until I get
them in a permanent place. Before moviug, if a hive
is closed and shock raped, or smoke blown into the
entrance, it alarms and surprises them, and they are
much more apt to note the change when they come
out. In moving half a mile or more the result is dif-
ferent; they note the new locality, and all returutoit.

Queen bees arc even more sharp in locating the hive
than the workers or males ; yet they make use of the
same means in marking their locality. On more than
one occasion we have accidentally allowed valuable
queens, which we had received from a distance and
had not yet introduced, to take wing and fly i^way ;
but they always returned within five minutes from
the very spot from which they took their flight. In

order to secure this result it is necessary that all the
surroundings should remain unmoved until the queen
bee's return ; even the aparian occupy some position,
with hat on or off, as when the queen took her flight.
— Seth Jloagland, in Practical Farmer,

September Management of Bees.

Bee-keepers in our latitude do not calculate on
their bees securing much honey or pollen during this
month. But we have had large quantities of surplus
honey gathered this month from late buckwheat, gol-
den rod and other wild flowers, which bloom in low,
wild lands during the forepart of this month; and
when ".Jack Frost" does not show himself, both
honey and pollen have been gathered largelyup to the
first of October. The honey harvest as a general
thing terminates this month.

As soon as the honey season is over, plundering
and robbing commences. Great care must be taken
to guard against it by closing the entrance of the
hives of all weak or small swarms; and it often does
not come amiss to contract the entrance of the strong
also, for we have seen some strong swarms robbed.
Bees are like mankind in this respect; some will de-
fend their stores fiercely, while others will make no
resistance. If a colony retains its drones long after
those of other stocks are destroyed, it will almost in-
variably be found queenless, and should be supplied
with brood from which to rear a queen. Look often
to your colonies, and if any weak ones are found feed
them up, and they can be made as strong as any by
spring; but will be worth comparatively nothing if
left to themselves. — Practical Farmer.

Bee-Keeping for Farmers.

Some have adopted bee-keeping as the business of
life; and these have mostly attained a flattering suc-
cess. Others engage in it as a pastime and amuse-
ment chiefly.

Agriculture has made great advances of late years.
The intelligent bee-keeper no longer consigns his
favorites to a hollow log, or rude box, nor what is
even worse, to any of those absurd contrivances which
have proved the ruin of thousands of happy colonies
of bees, and provoked the disgust of their unfortunate
owners. But providing himself with some form of
movable comb hive, well constructed, and having a
sufficiently capacious brood chamber (or main apart-
ment) and suitable arrangement for surplus honey,
he enters upon the pursuit with fair prospect of suc-
cess. Those who have once learned how to keep
bees, will not soon abandon the pursuit. — Western
Agriculturist.

Honey Product of California.

The Los Angeles (California) Fxprcss says : " It is
stated that the honey product of San Diego county
this year will be fully six hundred tons. One million
two hundred thousand i>ounds of honey is prodigious
for an industry only about three years old. Los An-
geles county, also, is making tremendous advances
in honey culture, and in a few years the two coun-
ties will supply the world. The honey of Southern
California is without a rival in quality and flavor in
market. It is only during the last twenty years the
bees have been known in California, and to-day the
business of the apiarist promises to be one of the
most important in the southern portion of our State.

" From the same county San Francisco has received
since December last over 5,0011,000 oranges and
(),000,000 lemons, while the industry is rapidly ex-
tending to the other parts of the State."

Handling Bees.

If you wish to handle bees without injury, go about
it carefully, without jarring them in any way; do not
let tlie putrid breath from your lungs go among them.
By the use of a little smoke at the start, it is wonder -
ful to see what control the apiarian will have over
them when properly managed. Bees when gorged
with honey are very peaceable. When often handled
they become accustomed to the practice, and when
done gently will scarcely notice the action. If roughly
handled, without due respect to them, you will be
obliged to notice the diflerenee with pain and regret,
and beat a hasty retreat. By a careful study of their
habits and instinct, the practical apiarian can handle
his bees with no more fear of harm than the farmer
has from the heels of his favorite horse or the milk-
maid from her favorite cow.

Movable Comb Frames.

With the movable comb frames all hives of colo-
nies cau be kept strong, both with honey and brood.
An equalization should be made, both in the spring
and fall. When made in the spring, it places the
bees nearly on a footing with each other, which is a
decided benefit ; yet the difference in the prolificy of
the queens and condition of the combs, etc., has so
much to do with their prosperity that it is impossible
to keep them near equality without frequent changes
during the summer. Equalizing them in the fall pre-
pares them to enter the long, hard, cold winters alike.

1S75.]'

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

US

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

' Hints on Making Pickles.

Care slwuld be taken to procure unailiiltcratod
viiu'jrar. It is very inisatisraetory Ut inake piekles
niili'ss you are stire your vine^^ar is perfei-tly pure. It
is lietter to (to souu^ dislanee from lioiue to procure
ivlialile vineirar tliaii to use tliat wliieli is not war-
i.inlcil free Iruni forcif;ii aciil. Tlic ipianlity of salt
\'. ;iU'r used in scaldini^ tlic ve^etalilcs will indicate
t lie quantity of vinegar required. .\l»oiit a pound
:iiiii a lialf of Bait to a j;allt)n of water is the usual
allowance for tliis operation. All vcy:etal)Ics, cxcci)t
onions, make lu'ttci- pickles, If youncf and tender. I
know a liiily wiio pickled a peck of ycllt)w luittcr
heauB, full-i;ro\vn, and lK)U;;ht at the jc^rocery at a
fancy price. They were hitflily and cx|iensivcly
spiced, tiut when lirouslit to tlu' talile were so toufrli
and striiiiry tliat. it was f<mnd iinpossil)le to eat them.
Beans are not lit t.o pickle after tlie seed has i-om-
meuced to absorb the juices of the pod. Tlie snuilli-r
and j;reener bean-pods are, tlic nicer the pickle. Wlien
the conditions are riffht, they make as delicious a
pickle as can be nuide.

Very early and t;reen melons make a fine pickle.
If they will not snaji otT, rind and all, without
ell'ort, tlicy are unfit for use.

Most liousckecpers differ in their makine: pickles;
but if flood vinciiar is used, the spices the same, and
the vegetables tender, tlic results will lie nearly the
same. It is only a question of time. What I mean
is this ; In the lonj^ run it does not matter so mueli
what the saltiui; process has been, whether they have
been in salt tlirce days, twenty-four hours, or only a
few minutes. Very excellent pickles can be made
without puttinsT the vegetable in salt at all, but it will
take a lonj^er time for the vinefi:ar to penetrate it.
The object of putting: vei^etables desij;ned for present
vine<;ar-pickliny; in salt and water, is tti extract or re-
duce the natural juices of the fruit in order to make
room lor tlie vincirar to enter readily. A very little
alum dissolved in the vincfjar restores the crispucss
lost thniu^h the action of the salt. All young:, tender
and green vegetables are adapted to acid pickling, to
which sugar would be inappropriate ; but ripe vege-
tables, which have lost their snap, such as yellow
cucumbers, are better when the acid used receives a
due proportion of sugar. Pickled fruits are better
when tlie sugar predominates over the aeid of the
vinegar. Cloves, cinnamon and cassia-buds arc, in
my opinion, only adapted to those pickles in which
sugar is used. Mace, mustard-seed, capsicums or
red pepjiers, green jieppers, garlic, black pepper-
corns, ginger-root, ami bay-leaves are best adapted
to a purely acid pickle.

India Pickle. — After peeling and slicing a root of
horseradish, chop it fine; also, a half dozen medium-
sized onions, three or ftiur green peppers, removing
the seeds, and a cabbage. Pour over tiie wiiole, after
mixing, a weak brine, and allow it to stand over night.
Spice some vinegar with allspice and mace, adding
cloves and cinnamon, if you like. Heat the vinegar
and spice to boiling, with a small quantity of alum,
and tuni it over the pickle. It will be tit to eat in
three weeks.

Young Beans. — Gather them when quite small and
tender. Pour over them a brine matlc in the jiropor-
tiou of an ounce of salt to a quart of water. It should
be scalded. Let them stand over night. Drain oQ'
the brine, and pour over hot spiced vinegar, with a
trilie of alum.

Nastcrtiums. — Let them stand in salt and water
a few days, when they should be well drained, and
■scalding hot vinegar poured over them. No spice.
Put into a uarrow-moutlicd bottle and cork well.

Pei'Teks, (.tkeen. — Take out the seeds. Soak
them for a few days in salt and water. Then pour
over them hot vinegar. They are good when opcncil
carefully on the side, stufled with cabbage, and then
put into vinegar.

Manooes arc made of young and tender melons
gathered late in the season. Cut out a small slice,
reniove the' seedy portion. Stuff with small cucum-
ber, radish-jKids, nasturtiums, young cauliflower, or
anything you Mice, using mustard seed as a spice;
alxlut a teaspoonful put inside of each melon ; replace
the piece and tie it on. Tlic melons and stulling in-
gredients should be soaked in brine lor two days be-
fore fixing them for the vinegar. Pour the vinegar
over them scalding hot, with a piece of alum as large
as a hickory nut to a gallon.

Peaciies, scalded in salt and water, thoroughly
wiped, and hot spiced vinegar poured over llicin, make
a good pickle.

PnKi'i,E,oRRED Cabbage. — Takeoff all the tough
outside leaves, slice them thinly and evenly, put them
in layers, and sprinkle salt freely over each layer, and
let them remain twenty-four hours. Drain the cab-
bage well. Boil up some vinegar and add alum, and
spice to your taste, and pour hot over it. Repeat this
process for three or four days.

Ghehkins.— Scald in salt and water. Drain and
pour hot spiced vinegar over them.

CutuMBEits. — There are many different methods
for putting up this fine pickle ; almost all arc good.
From two to four inches long, and as thick as the

finger, is the best size. The qulckergrown the belter.
One way is to give them a good scald-up In brine,
wipe, and jiour over spiced hot vinegar. Another is
to soak them in hot salt ami water twenty-four hours,
and then pickle them. You may put them in salt and
water as you pick tlicni, and finish tlictii when they
are all collected from the vines. .Scalding several
tiinCBwill make them grcenand brittle. I'cp|iers and
onions improve the flavor. Horseradish and green
grapes arc excellent, added to cucumbers, and. In
fact, improve pickles generally.

AiiTiiiioKES, .Jeiutsai.em.— Soak In salt and water
for a few days, or until the skin can be removed. Hub
off the skin, and pour boiling spiced vinegar fiver
them. Let them stand in the vinegar four or five
days, scald up again, and repeal this until the arti-
chokes arc thoroughly [lickled.

Onions. — The best time to pickle onions Is in Octo-
ber. Small button (niions arc the best. Cut off the
end smoothly with a sharp knife. Pour a strong, hot
lye ovir them. Let them stand until the skin is loose.
Pour off the lye, and wash tlicin in dear water before
]>utting in the hands. The skin may now he readily
remtived. When skinned, pour over tlicin a good
brine, and let them stand a week, or until they are
transparent. Drain and iiour boiling vinegar over
thcin. They need very little, if any spice. Ifnoteon-
vcnient to use lye, the roots and lops may tic <'Ul off
smoollil}', and the salt and water put over them be-
fore the skin is taken olf. In that ease they will not
alfect the eyes in the usual uiqilcasant manner.

Cauliploweus should be ])arlioiled,cut ititosmall
pieces, and allowed to stand in a brine a few days.
They may then be drained, and spiced vinegar poured
over. They may be colored with beet-root, vinegar,
or, if added to the red cabbage, they will turn of the
samecolor as the cabbage.

PEAf'ii Mangoes. — Cut off a slice from the slalk-
cnd large enough to allow the stone to tjc removed.
They may then be filled with a few esculents, a little
horseradish, or chillies, ailding spice. Keplace the
piece, and jiour over scalding-hol vinegar. — Aincriam
Agriculturist.

•

Getting Up a Relish.

AtJNT Prudence, in the American Grocer, says
there is one branch of cookery which is rather apt to
be overlooked, and that is the preparation and sup-
ply of some one nice, semi-hearty dish for tea — some
relish, as it is very rightly called, some dish which
may be either hot or cold, but which must be either
salt or sour, and which will give tone to the bread
and butter and cake which are ordinary staples of
the tea table. Salads come as near satisfying all
tastes as it is possible to do, and are by no means as
tinwholesome as is generally supposed. Sweet oil,
which is the only ingredient which can be called rich,
is rather wholesome than otherwise, and a properly
made salad should not disagree with any one. Cream
is a very good stibstitute for oil in the preparation of
a salad dressing, and fresh, sweet butter is even bet-
ter— neither of which disagree witli dyspctirs, and
both of which are easily procured in country places
where good sweet oil is scarce and dear. There is
always something left in the cupboard which will dti
for a salad, if it is only a dish of cold potatoes. If
there is a slice or two of cold meat, or a bit of cold
fish, or a iilate of cold string beans, cold beets, a few
leaves of lettuce, a dish of cold greens ; in short, the
list is so long of things which make a good salad,
that it is ditlicult to go amiss among the usual house-
hold supplies.

We will suppose that you have only cold potatoes.
In that case chop them finelj' and heap them in the
centre of a platter. Take an even teaspoonful of
ground mustard and a saltsjioon of salt, and mix
them to a paste with vinegar. It is best to use a
fiirk for this, and to mix in a soup plate. Now add
a yelk of one egg, being careful not to allow the
white of the egg to follow ; that you can reserve for
your coffee the next- lime you brown it. Stir the yelk
throughly through the mustard, and begin to add
sweet oil in small portions, not more than a teaspoon-
ful at once, but add constantly as you mix. If the
dressing ticcomes to<i hard or looks stringy, aild a
spoonful of vinegar from time to time, but not often.
It should become a light, creamy mass, and it will If
it is properly stirreil ; and you go on ailding oil and
vinegar until j'ou have the necessary quantity, when
you taste to see If it is suflicicntly salt or sour, and
if not, add either salt or vinegar as 30U wish. Pour
this mixture over the potatoes, smoothing It with a
knife blade.

Now, if jou wish to Impress your family with the
idea that this is something very fine, you had better
make a Inmler of crisp lettuce leaves around the salad
by pushing the stems of the leaves undcrnealh, and
if you can find a stray radish in the ganlen, cut it in
thin slices and lay them in figures over tlie surface.
The half of on onion, minced very fine and mixed
with the potatoes, is to the masculine palate a great
addition to the above dish. A herring split Into fibres
and ailded will also meet with general favor. And,
in short, dear housewives, this plain potato salad is
the canvas, the groundwork for embroidery, the
field u|Hm w hieh you may exercise your fancy and
your genius.

If you have a slice of cold corned beef or ham, or
cold lamb or mutton, chop them and add to I lie po-
tatoes. If you have a cucumber, slice that and put
it In the dish. If you have cold beans, use them
alone with bread crumbs; and, in short, make your
salad of what you please, but make II w ell, and when
your masculines enjoy it, [loint out to them that It Is
only one of the tlrucer'n benefits to them.

We shall treat of this subject of tea dishes in sev-
eral of our future iiumberH, and if any of our readers
have any new or favorite dishes of thisclass, we ho|«3
tliey wlil give us and the community the beucflt of
their knowledge.

The Borgias of our Kitchens.

Oh, woman ! heaven's last, best gift to the kitchen,
must you and your dHUghlers still continue to mar-
shal faniilicK the salcratUH way to dyspepsia? Can
you never learn that th<' gridiron and the clear, glow-
ing bi lis ofcoals, whereon St. Lawrence himself would
have di cmi-d it a luxury to be broiled, better benefit
the lordly steak nnriiaceratc<l with the brutal |K'Stlc,
uneontaminaled with factory lanl, and will B<Kiiicr
woo it to turn to'palc pink, delicate anilHT ami len-
der brown (with a sensitive elevation at llie corners,
forming a lent ral chalice for the reception and pre-
servation of its own juices) than the frying pan, ac-
cursed of (itxl and ulihorred of men? Know you not
that by thinly slicing potatoes — not left over from
yest<rday's noon-ilay dinner — into cold water, wiping
the same dry in a towel, dusting them with |)ep|H'r and
salt, frying them In iKiIling lard, and as soon as they
put on the rich golden brown hue of a Cuban belle,
removing and draining them, you can compa.ss that
which, at Saratoga, has brought fame and fortune to
the artistic restaurateur? Is it not in you to pour
boiling water on your coffee, and set the |>ot over a
shovelful of embers in the heart h-lxix, where It will
just simmer and not boil ? Can your finer female
sense not ap|)rcliend the dilTerence between fanning a
smokeless lire with a generous slice of bread till the
surface of the latter turns delicately goMen, then
brushing the same with fresh butter, ami burning
bread 011 the top of a dirty stove, then swatibing It In
melted, rancid olcti-margarine ? Alas! if ex|H;rience
can be relied on, we fear not. Priseilla is joined to
her saleratus and frying-pan; let her alone. — A^ew
York World.

Canning Peaches.

People's tastes differ so widely in respect to the
quality of fruit, especially after it is canneil, that to
state iKisltively which are the best varieties would be
pleasing a few and disap|iointing many others.
Among whlte-fiesheil peaches, liowever, one of the
most attractive and highest flavored is undoubtedly
Stumivthe-WorM, and it seems to combine all the re-
quisites for canning as well. Wanl's Late Is, next In
our judgment ; and for a cling-stone to preserve whole
nothing can surpass the old Late Heath. Among
yellow-fleshed varieties, (and by the way these are far
richer than the others) the Crawford's Late is ilecld-
edly the best we have tested, (lossessing size, quality,
appearance, and the lateness of the season to recom-
mend it . Crawforil's Karly may come next , hut it is not
c(|ual to its namesake. .\ go<Ki reei|K' foreanning is as
follows : Use quart cans; place the [x-aches in lioiling
water, sulHcicnt to fill a jar at one time, and let them
come to a boil ; have a sirup ready, boiling hot, made
of two pounds of sugar to a half pint of water ; take
the peaches out with a skimmer, draining them as dry
as [xissible ; when c<ioked slightly put them into the
jars, fill the interstices with simp, and fasten at once.
Then^ is entirely tiKi much work generally bestowed
niKin the operation. The simpler it is to be effective,
the better for the fruit when canned. — N. Y. Trib.

CooKiNO Rice : Beckt, writing to the German-
town Telegraph, says: " You askeil me the otherday
something about cooking rice so as to preserve the
grains separately and at the sametime to lie perfectly
done. I have no diflienlty In doing this, and rleo
ought to becooked in no other way. I wash the rice
thoroughly in cold water, then put intolMiiling water,
and allow it to Uiil from fifteen tti twenty minutes.
To ascertain wfien projH'rly d*)ne, a grain rulibetl l>e-
tween thumb and linger should disappear. Put the
rice ill a colan<ler to drain, followeil by a cup of cold
water. After draining, n-turn the rice to the sauce-
pan, keep covered mar the fire, and you will find it
whole and ready for the talile.

"I make a very palatable rice-dumpling after the
following receipt : Pick and wash in colil water as
mucli rice as may be needed, and boil it gently In
water that intist be boiling when the rice is put In,
until the water is ab.sorbni. There shouM be two
quarts of water to a ]>ound of rice. Keep the pot
covered, but do not stir it . When done, take off and
spread the rice on an inverted sieve, loosening the
grains lightly with a fork so that all the moisture
may eva|Hirate. Pare and core as many soliil, juicy
apples — a dozen for a |iound of rice — as you may de-
sire; fill the cavity with marmalade or jam; then
cover each apple over with rice, lie up in a cloth and
put into a [Kit of cold water. After the water IkiIIs,
let boil for from an hour to an hour and a quarter."

144

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[September, 1875.

Churning Butter.

In this age of improvement no farmer who will
consult his own interests will ehurn his butter by
hand. About ten or twelve years ago I bought me a
dog-power and a good churn dog, paying *10 for the
dog and .?1G for the machine, making S26 for both.
The first season I churned a little over 3,000 pounds
of butter, and my dog more than paid for himself and
the dog-power. It is far cheaper for every farmer to
do his churning by some other means than by hand.
If the old way of churning is practiced, one generally
has to millv first ; by tliat time his breakfast is ready,
and by the time he gets ready to churn the atmos-
phere is warm, and the butter comes soft, and will
" run up hill on a shingle." My first business in the
morning is to set Rover churning, and by the time we
get the cows milked our butter has come in good
condition, and is ready to take out. Let any farmer
try one year with the dog-power, and if he goes back
to the old plan I would like to know it. — P. K. Mon-
tague, Chautauqua county, N. T.

Household Recipes.

Moths in Carpets : Moths will work in carpets
in rooms that are kept warm in the winter as well as
in the summer. A sure method of removing the pests
is to pour strong alum water on the floor to the dis-
tance of half a yard around the edges before laying
the carpets. Then once or twice during the season
sprinkle dry salt over the carpet before sweeping. In-
sects do not like salt, and sufficient adheres to the
carpet to prevent their alighting upon it.

Improved Sandwiches : Boil a few pounds of
ham, and chop it very fine while it is yet warm— fat
and lean together — rub dry mustard in proportions to
suit your taste through the mass ; add as much
Bweet butter as would go to the spreading your sand-
wiches, and when it is thoroughly mixed, split light
biscuits in halves, and spread the ham between.
These can be eaten without trouble, and will be found
excellent.

Spanish Pickles : One peck green tomatoes, 1
dozen onions ; slice, sprinkle with salt, and let stand
over night, and strain ofi" the juice. Allow 1 ft. sugar,
]4 B>- whole white mustard seed, 1 oz. ground black
pepper, 1 oz. ginger, 1 oz. cloves, 1 oz. cinnamon;
mix dry ; put a layer of tomatoes and onions in a ket-
tle, and sprinkle with spice ; then tomatoes, and so on
until all are used ; cover with vinegar, and let boil
slowly two hours, after which pack in small jars and
set in the cellar. This is, of all pickles, the very best
— fine as an accompaniment of a dinner, or to be eaten
simply with bread and butter, and we advise every
housekeeper to try it.

Delicious Rolls: Half a teacup of butter, mixed
well with one pound of flour, half teacup of yeast, a
little salt, and enough milk to make a good dough.
Let it set in a warm place for about two hours to
rise. Then make into rolls and bake in an oven.

To Remove Mildew : Soak the part of the cloth
that is mildewed in two parts of chloride of lime to
four parts of water for four hours, or until the mil-
dew has entirely disappeared, then thoroughly rinse
It in clean water.

Brighton Biscuit : One cup of butter, two of
sugar, two eggs, half a cup of milk, one teasjMon of
soda, and sufficient flour to roll out thick. Sift
granulated sugar over the top before baking, to give
them a sparkle.

Glossed Shirt Bosoms : Take two ounces of
fine white gum arable powder, put it in a pitcher and
pour on a pint or more of water, and then, having
covered it, let it stand all night. In the niorning
pour it carefully from the dregs into a clean bottle,
cork, and keep it for use. A teaspoonful of gum
water stirred in a pint of starch , made in the usual way,
will give to lawns, white or printed, a look of new-
ness, when nothing else can restore them, after they
have been washed.

A convenient method of preparing outdoor labels
for plants, capable of resisting weather, consists in
first cutting them out of smooth card or pasteboard
and writing upon them in ordinary inji whatever may
he desired. When this is dry they are immersed in
linseed oil, or what is better still, linseed-oil varnish,
until they are completely permeated by the liquid;
after which they arehungintheopenairupon threads
to dry; they become like iron, and resist wet for a long
time, and arc more durable than slips of metal.

Coffee-Making : Scribner's Monthly gives the fol-
lowing: To each person allow a good tablespoonful of
coffee, and one or two extra "for the pot." Pour
boiling waler upon this, and boil for eight or otl-
minutes ; then have a beaten egg in a bowl of eon-
water; add this, and let it boil thoroughly for a mod
ment. Remove from the stove; add, if needed, more
water, and leave for a moment to settle,before serving.

Fruit may be preserved with honey by putting the
fruit first in the can, then pour honey over it, and
seal air tight ; when tlie lioney is poured from the
fruit it will have the flavor and appearance of jelly,
making a delicious dessert.

LIVE STOCK MISCELLANY.

Rheumatism in Horses.

Inflammation of the muscles and tendons in the
horse is much more common than is generally sup-
posed, and many obscure forms of lameness niay be
considered to belong to this disease. Very often a
horse, after a cold or wet day's work, comes out of
the stable " as stifi' as a poker," and scarcely able to
walk, upon which his master fancies he will be laid
up with severe lameness for some months ; but on
entcriog the stable next morning he is surprised to
find his horse is quite right again and fit for work.
The great peculiarity of these attacks of rheumatic
lameness is their liability to shift and change, the
horse on one day being lame in his near fore leg, and
perhaps on the next refusing to put his oft" hind foot
on the ground. But sometimes this disease is per-
sistent in one limb, though varying in degree ; and
here the horse always trots lame on one leg; at other
times both fore limbs may be efl'ccted, either in the
shoulder or in the feet, but the difficulty is to find
out the seat. If before, it is usually in the shoulder
or arm, and if behind, in the muscles of the hip.
Shoulder lameness, when presented, is often rheu-
matic, but in some cases it is the result of a strain ;
in either case, however, requiring the same treat-
ment.

Lameness from rheumatism may almost always be
known by the horse lifting his leg, whether hind or
or fore, with difficulty; whereas in tlie disease of the
foot or the lower part of the leg, he lifts it readily
enough, but puts it down with great caution, and
flinches when it is on the ground. The toe is also
dragged on the ground in rheumatism, which causes
actual loss of action or power; whereas this dragging
is never seen in the fore foot from any other cause.
In the rheumatic hip the same kind of defective action
is seen, and the hind leg is not brought forward with
sufficient power or freedom.

In every case the treatment consists in rubbing in a
stimulating liniment, such as the following: Cam-
phor, one ounce; oil of turpentine and spirit of wine,
of each, three ounces; mix, and ajjply a ix>rtion night
and morning; it should be rubbed in well with the
hand. The horse's general health should be attended
to, and his stomach set right by stomachic balls, if
necessary; or a fever ball and the following, given
every other night, will sometimes give relief : Nitrate
of potash, one ounce; camphor, one and a half
drachms; calomel and opium, of each, one scruple;
linseed meal and water, enough to form a ball. —
Prairie Farmer.

Jersey Cattle.

If the value of Jersey stock is to rest on color, de-
terioration will surely follow of those useful qualities
that are far more noticeable in the good old-fashioned
parti-colored cow, than that which will be found
among the generality of fine, high-bred, whole-colored
fawns, grays, or foxy, so-called Jersej's. I have
owned hundreds of acclimated Jersey stock, aad have
never, as a rule, found the whole-colored such large
producers as manj- parti-colored ones ; in fact, by far
the most butter-producing cow I have ever possessed,
was not only parti-colored, but the most ugly and
ungainly beast of the lot ; yet her stock have never
failed to show their large butter-making qualities.
The true type of a Jersey cow is, in fact, an animal
that will not make meat. I do not say that this is
not improved upon, by acclimatization and a sliglit
introduction of a hardier breed, of which what are
termed Chichester Jerseys are the best description ;
neither do I say that Jersey breeders in the island it-
self have not in some instances a breed that shows a
disposition to make some flesh, and very probably
may then be following up the requirements of fash-
ion, yet I maintain that a pure Jersey should throw
the bulk ol' her feeding properties into butter, and
with little to flesh. The parti-colored good cow may
have but a white spot, especially under the belly, but
througliout the body the rich, yellow skin, under any
colored hair, will be found, black, white, or fawn. I
have seen the commencement of a whole-colored herd,
the property of a noble duke, to obtain which I have
seen wealthy and large producing cows sold otf to
prevent an animal remaining with the slightest stain
of other than one color. I have heard from good au-
thority that usefulness has been sacrificed for fashion
in this instance, which, if followed up, as it rapidly
is, I have no doubt that the future rich Jersey will be
beef, not butter, as it was. — London Agricaltural
Gazette.

Importation of Valuable Horses.

M. W. Dunham, of Oaklawn Farm, Wayne, 111.,
writes us that he has returned from Europe, where
he has been spending part of the summer, in selecting
horses to replenish his stud preparatory to the fall
and spring demand. He selected and imported thirty-
three stallions and mares, the largest importation
ever made to this country. They arc of the choicest
blood of France, selected from the best stud stahlcs
of the old district of I'erche, notable as the birth-
place of the famous Percheron race, with which we
have attained such grand results in producing valua-
ble horses by crossing upon our common mares.

LITERARY NOTICES.

Our table is fairly groaning under the weight of
such standard journals as the Ganlener'x Monthly
Gcrmantown Teler/raph, Xew York Semi- Weekly Tri-
bnne. Country Gentleman, American Agriculturist,
Natiotial Stock Journal, Sural New Yorker, Farmers'
Union, Masxacfmxetts Plouyhman, Fen and Plow,
Farmer's Friend, Colman's Mural ^Yor^d, Neia Eng-
land Homes, Hmiitarian, Laies of Life, Progressive
Farmer, Japanese Mail, London Agricultural Gazette,
Home, Farm and Orchard, Saturday Evening Post,
Peterson's Magazine, Prairie Farmer, American Gro-
cer, American Cabinet- Maker, Fanciers' Joxirnal,
American Farmer, Maryland Farmer, Bee Keeper's
Magazine, Ladies' Floral Cabinet, Rural Southern,
Southern Cultinator, The Fancier's Gazette, Poultry
Organ of Central New York, The Poultry Nation,
American Gai-den, besides many other shining lights
and we often regret that we are so limited in space as
to be unable tofransfermoreof their excellent matter
to our columns, for we feel that an epitome of their
contents would go far towards illuminating the world
on all subjects relating to the material condition of
the human race, worth knowing anything about. The
agricultural press of America is ail honor to the na-
tion, and ought to be amply sustained.

Premiums, Rules and Regulations of the
Berks County Agricultural and Horticultural Soci-
ety, for its exhibition at Reading, on Tuesday, Wed-
nesday, Thursday and Friday, September tlie 14th,
15th, IfJth and 17th. This is a handsome octavo
pamphlet of 40 pages, and the most elaborate and
liberal in its details of any list of a similar character
that has ever come under our observation ; and,
although by the time our September number gets into
the hands of our subscribers, the fair will be in "full
blast," we cannot but admire the thorough going en-
terprise of our northern neighlror, and making a re-
cord of it. A striking and advanced feature, is its
recognition of Pisciculture, and its offering a liberal
premium for the " best display of fish." Cyrns T.
Fox, esq., is Secretary of the Society— " the right man
in the right place"— and we observe that on one of
the standing committees for 187.5 are ten ladies; and
we especially note this as an example for Lancaster
county. And to show that this is not merely an empty
compliment, over seventy premiums, from ^l to -$:>,
are offered for the best pickles, preserves, jellies,
canned fruits, &c.

The Maryland Farmer : A monthly magazine,
devoted to agriculture, horticulture and rural
economy. Published by Ezra Whitman, 145 Pratt
street, Baltimore, Md., at $1.50 a year, in advance.
This is a royal octavo of 58 page's in covers. It is
hardly necessary for ns to say anything commenda-
tory of this excellent journal. Having almost attained
its twelfth year, its character may be considered es-
tablished. The August number" on our table con-
tains over fifty practical articles on Agriculture, Hor-
ticulture, Live Stock, the Dairy, Apiary, Ladies' De-
partment and Miscellany, all productions of unusual
ability, and the paper and typographical execution
are ne plus ultra.

We are in receipt of a copy of the regular semi-
annual extra edition of the Ameuioan Grocer, a
33 page trade journal, published weekly at 141 Cham-
bers street. New York, for -$4.00 a year. The Amer-
ican Gkoceu has won a deservedly high place among
commercial papers by the fullness and accuracy of
its market reports and prices current, embracing all
kinds of merchandise and country produce, as well
as for its bold and successful advocacy of trade re-
forms in the interest of honesty and fair dealing
among merchants. It is proving an invaluable assist-
ant to dealers throughout the country in giving them
information concerning qualities and prices of goods.

Farmers' Stock Journal: Devoted to the devel-
opment of Agricultural Kcsourcesof the Great VV'est,
and advocating the breeding and improvement of the
stock, whether in Ininds of breeder or farmers. Pub-
lished monthly by Alex. Charles, Cedar Rapibs,
Iowa. This is similar in size and quality to the pre-
eceding, but covers a different ground. The quality
of its paper, and its illustrations, are above the usual
average. $1.00 a year in advance.

The Canada Farmer, a royal 4-to. of twenty
pages, published by the Globe Printing Company, at
Toronto, Canada. This is an illustrated journal of
rare value, and at the low price of .$1.00 a year. No
district ol' country anywhere possesses a more able
representative of its various agricultural and econo-
mical interests. " May its shadow never grow less."

The Western Farmer, same size and price as
the two foregoing, edited and published by W. M.
Kennedy, Dixon, Illinois. The avowed representa-
tive of " progress with prudence, practice with sci-
ence," a cabalistic combination that must ultimately
succeed.

The Health Reformer : A monthly journal for
the houseliold, devoted to physical, mental and
moral culture ; with the motto, " Nature's laws,
God's laws, obey and live." A royal octavo maga-
zine of .'Ki pages. Published by the Health-Keforra
Institute, Battle Creek, Michigan. Terms, $1.00 a
year, in advance.

I

THE LANCASTER -FARMER.

III.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating td the I'.vum, the Uaihy, AriAKV,i'i:c.,

For tin? month eudiug !jf|)temL>or 4IU, 16T5.*

Kotary Harrow; W . G. KiMil, C'oltisa, Cal.

Keciprocatiiij Clmrus; D. How laml, I'ittslnirg:, Pa.

Feed Ctitters; A. C. Slenarl, WalKin, N. Y.

CJreen lorn Cuttor,<; T. Wiliiur, Biillalo, X. Y.

Horse Hay Forks; T. M. Edwarcl.s,i:a."it Hainptou.N.Y.

Harvesters; J. I'. .Maimv, Itoekl'onl, III.

Harvesters; J. I'. Manny, Hoeklonl, ID.

MowIds Maeliiiies; J. V. .Manny, Koekt'ord, 111.

Kevolvinff Horse Kakes; J. H. KanUolpli, Bayow
(ioiila. La.

Sulky Harrows; D. F. Shaw, Hamilton, Mo.

Cultivators: W. Weaver, tinenwieli, N. Y.

Cultivators: li. Wilkin!.oii, (Juineev, Ohio.

Milk Coolers; O. H. Willanl, Randolph, N. Y.

Harrows; J. S. Beazcll, C'hillieothe, .\Iii.

Gang Plows; K. A. Beers, Ue Kalh Centre, 111. •

Horse Hav Hake.-: C. M. Lufkiii, Bane, Mass.

Plows; J.J. .Middiediteh, New York City.

Corn Shellirs; C. I). Head, Aver, .Mass.

Farm l-eiiecs; A. Hosh. Tyler", Texas.

Spiral Hay Forks; A. .Sheilenherger, Versailles, 0.

Harrows; L. Study. Plum Hollow, Iowa.

Kotary Churns; J. L. Bonion, Hanulton, Ohio.

Feed Cutters; L. Evens, Fayetteville, X. Y.

Stalk Cutters; C. II. (iaylord, Oseola, Arkansas.

Grain Forks; F. (ierfon. Locust (irove. Pa.

Steam Plows: T. C. Stark, Valleys, Cal.

Rceiproeatini; Churn Dashers; H. A. Stearns, Lincoln,
Kliode Island.

■\Vason Kaeks; J. Bolt, Warsaw, 111.

Cider -Mills; J. Bowen, Laueasler, Ohio.

Cotton, Corn and Pea Planters; 1). W. Bristol, Plea-
sant Hill, Miss.

Apparatus (or De.stroyinsr the Cutting Aut; F. A.
Fenner, .Mission Valley, Texas.

Devices lor Destroyins; Butfs ou Plants; R. X. Clark,
Xisbet, Pa.

Cultivators; J. C. Jenkins, Lebanon, Tenu.

Plows; H. Krag, Washinsrton, Mo.

Cultivators; E. Xauiuan, Cnioniown, Ohio.

Handles lor Harrows; S. D. Keigel, Adelphi, Ohio.

Straw Cutters; A. Sehellinger, Mishawaka, lud.

Butter Packaires: C. B. Sheldon, New i'ork City.

Fences; II. Bean, Pawling, Pa.

Corn Plows: A. Binder, Lehigh Tannery, Pa.

Grain Separators; A. B. Farquhar, I'ork, Pa.

Harrows and Sowers; K. H. Hudgeus, Lawrens C.
H., S. C.

Stump Pullers; W'. O. Johnson, Alma, Jlich.

Fruit Driers; J. Johnson, New York.

Apparatus lor Fish Culture; J. Hoth, Duncannon, Pa.

Grain Deeortieatois; W. Swli, Beckenheim, Prussia.

Wheel Cultivators; G. W. Schenck, Geucoa Lake,
Wisconsin.

Fruit Gatherers; M. Smith, Cayutaville, X. Y.

Keciproeating Churn Dashers; I. J. Whitlatch, Lex-
ington, Ind.

Grain Separators; A. W. Gray, Middlctown, Vt.

Weeding Implements; C. Crofut, Weston, Conn.

Cheese Presses; G. C. Doli>t, West Andover, Ohio.

Milk Cans; S. F. Hawley, Cuba, X. Y.

Harrows; I. W. Hutchiii, Clinton. 111.

Grain Separators: A. W. Kendwiek, Brooklyn, X. Y.

Gang Plows; D. A. .Munnel, Mapa, Cal.

Straw Cutters; W. R. Cowman, Danville, Ky.

Plows; I. M. Brons, Philadelphia, Pa.

Grain Meters; W. Colwell, Cliillicothc, 111.

Harvesters; A. Gordon, Syracuse, X. Y.

Machines for Compressing Grain Shocks;
Minear, Cliillicothc, Ohio.

Machine for Sharpening Mowing Machines:
Phelps, Newark. Ohio.

Animal Clippers; T. L. Phipps, Birmingham, Eng.

Corn Harvesters; C. D. Reed, Polo, 111.

Cultivators; A. Sehroader, Walla Walla, Wash. Ter.

Baleing Hav; J. M. .Scvniour, Newark, N. J.

Egg Testers: W. W. Wilson, Parkville, Mo.

Portable Fences; I. L. Davidson, Worth co.. Mo.

Horse Hay Forks; J. P. Freist, Chillieothe, Mo.

Horse IlaV Kakes; C. E. Lipe, Syracuse, X. Y'.

Feed Racks: M. Ralph, Ursa, III.

Plows; W. S. Wadsworth, .Miami eo.. Kan.

Grain Drills; W. Aldrich, Dayton, Ohio.

Churns; J. Butler, Berlin, Wis.

Corn Shcllers: H. C. Creekmore, Salado, Texas.

Harrows: L. Francisco, Oakland, Wis.

Garden Trellises; I. Goodspeed, Greenville, Conn.

Corn Shcllers; W. II. Hall, Tillin, Ohio.

Sheep Shears; P. Ilarlowe, Ilvdc Park, Ma.ss.

Grain Drill Teeth; (i. L. Ives," Galesburg, Mich.

Animal Traps; E. Oliver, New "York City.

Apparatus I'orTempering Butter: I. C. Korick.

Grain SepanUois; W. E. Torley, Milwaukee, Wis.

Automatic Gates; F. L. Firris, Alden, 111.

Scrapers; J. McGill, Cecilton, Md.

Churns; W. Redheffer, St. Louis, Mo.

•Prepared expressly for The Lascasteb Fabsiee by
LouiB Bagt^er & Co., Solicitors of Piitente. Waabingtou, D.
C, from wuom complete cjpiesof the Pateuta aud Drawmgn
may be obtained.

S.
G.

Poweirs Patent Wheel Harrow ^/ Grain Coverer,

This II;\ii-ow, for Pulverizntioii, Covering,' Seed, Coiuparative E:».se of Uraft, Simplicity

Durability, aiul Ueiieral l'nicti(uil>ilily, is uiiBuriiusBed by auj o^hor Harrow or PilhiiiziT In une.

IT IS ADAPTED TO EVERY KIND OF SOIL

stony, Rooty, Clayey, Ixiamy or Sandy, being supplied wltb fast Iron orStc-el Teeth. II nev«rcnche« ui<ou »toue
or roots, nor turns up the nod on newly plowed sward land, owing to the peculia ' countructluu of the
Teeth. It does the work of four plows on old jiotato land by properly adjiuiling It.
A SKKI> SOWKR, now ready for use, can \te attached when desired.

MANUFACTURED BY THE NATIONAL WHEEL HARROW COMPANY.

L. C. DODGE, General Aftent, Ilurliiii/'oii, IV.

FARMERS, GALL aWMtIe GREAT HARROW.

Being assured that this, the only Wheel Harrow in the world with a wlieel drsift, which

works vertically, nidcpeudcut of the main axle, is one of the moat important agrioallur.il implemeulB of the day the pub-
lishers of The Farmer have made arranKementa with the niauufacturer to bring it to the attention of the'rarmers of
Pennsylvania by placing one of the Harrows and Seed Sowers combined on exhibilioii at the olBee of The Lancaster
Fahmer, where those interes'ed in this great improvement are invited to call. Thi» will be tlie lirst one seen in tiie tilntr
It was awarded the «U.\NDMBD,VL OF PROQKESS by the New England Agricul!u-al Society, at Doaton 1°T: and at
Providence, in 1374 ; also the First Premium by the American Institute, l«7:j, and F ' ' '

wherever exhibited.

Firat at all State and County Fairs

THE SCIENTIFIC FARMER,

AMHERST, MASS.,
Sil.OO Per Year. Sample Copies Free.

1875. PRE-CENTENNIAL. 1875.

iattivoii fc Pisliep,

PRACTICAL

Tai[airs and ClQthJerSe

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

e:sx.a.bx.is»ivi£:nt',

Cor.N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveyaicer anfl Beal Estate Apt,

«)KKI(E IN LAW lu II.I'IM.,

N. \V. COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

OFFICF :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12m LA>'CAST£B, PA.

It^nl JCttalf or all <lfHcrli»tluu bought, sold aud ex-*
cbaugrd ut) o«>iiiniii>Htou.

J.otiitM Srifoiintfit. Moiif;»(;efl bought aud sold.

J'ropt^tieti takfii iu cbargi\ aud reutn, iutereat, etc.,
colleclt'<l.

I*artimilar attention giveu to matteni appertaining to
Real Estate Ijiw, aud rouvoyancing.

I>eed»f MorfffOfffti, llriefn, It'iUtt and all other legal
inatniiueuta correctly drunn and baudHomely aud neatly
•Dgroesed.

Maps of Propertien, Ix>tB, Famio. kc. and Draughting in
general accumtely and bandnonn-ly »'Xfcuted. [7-l-12ni

UBLIC SAI.E BILLS

you HKAI. i:sT.\TKoH I'KItSONAL PRORERTY,
Printed cxj editiounlv andVheap at the otBceof

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

■IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[ September, 1875.

BUY THE BEST FRUIT PICKER!

Being the owuer of the Couuty Right for

LAMENT'S UNIVERSAL FRUIT PICKER,

I again oflfer it to the piiblic, having Bustained its well-
earned reputation after a trial of four years. Address

JOHN SPANGLER, Marietta, Lancaster Co., Pa.

Price, S"1,00. Liberal discount to the trade.

FOR SALE ALSO BY

WM. D. SPRECHER, Lancaster.

7-7-3m ^_^

Briglxtest and Best!

AMERICAN FANCIER'S

GAZETTE.

Anew handsomely illustrated monthly ; to com-
mence May 15, 1875; to be edited by W. Atlee Burpee and
W. H. Merry, aseisted by some of the leading Breeders and
Fanciers in this country and England.

The " GAZETTE" will treat in a scientific manner how to
raise profitably Poultry, Pigeons, Dogs,- Rubbits, and all
kinds of pet stock ; their various diseases and cures ; and it
wiil be the aim of the editors to make it the leading paper
of its kind in the United Stales.

Price One Dollar per year, postpaid. Specimen copy ten
cents. 83^Sub8cribe now.

TO ADVERTISERS.

It will offer extraordinary inducements, as the rates of
advertising will be very low, and it will be largely circulated
throughout the United States, Canada and Europe.

Advertising and correspondence solicited. Agents wanted
in every coimty, to whom liberal cash commissions will be
paid. Send your advertisements at once.

Address all letters to

AMERICAN FANCIER'S GAZETTE,

Philadelphia. Pn.

FtXJBB£:Ft. GOODS!

RICHARD LEVICK, SON & CO.,

Manufacmrers aid Dealers m

EVERY DESCRIPTION OF RUBBER GOODS,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

RUBRER HOSE, BELTING and PACKING specialties.
All sizes constantly on baud of the very best quality and
at lowest prices.

IT^^Write lor circulars and discoui-ts.

EICHARD LEVICK, SON k CO.,

724 CHEaTNUT ST., Pbiladelpliia.

agescy of the national rubber CO.

AGEXTS WAXTEO for the CEXTEXNIAI.

QAZETEEH united states.

A book for every American. Sells everywhere at sight.
Farmers, Teachers, Students, Lawyers. Merchants, School
Directors, Manufacturers, Mechanics, Shippers, Salesmen,
men of learning, and men who can only read, oldandyouug,
all want it for everyday reference and use. Shows the grand
results of the

FIRST 100 YEARS of the REPUBLIC.

Everybody buys it, and A<jent.^ ituike /rmii $100 to $^00
a month. Send for circular. Address

7-5-4m] J. C. McCURDY & CO., Publishers,

Philadelphia, Pa, Cinciunati, Ohio.

Chicago, 111. or St. Louis, Mo.

FOXJLTFIY OFtG-.A.rflr

OF

CENTRAL NEW YORK.

An illustrated quarto journal, devoted to POULTRY,
PIGEONS and PETS, BIRDS and FLOWEKS, small fruits,
the garden and lawn — how to adorn the surroundings of our
homes, rendering them attractive — and a mirror reflecting
the taste, culture aud refinement of their occupants. Pub-
lished monthly at Ithaca, N. Y., at SI. DO per anuum ; 50 cts.
for 6 mouths; single copies 10 cts.

CHAS. G. DAY,

7-6-3m] Publisher aud Proprietor.

TREES! TREES!!

The Ijar$:rest and most roiiiplote Stock oi
Fruit and Ornamental TreeN in tlie U. S.

Descriptive and Illustrated Priced Cata-
losrnes sent as follows: No. —Fruits, lOe. No. 2
— Ornamental Trees, new ed. with colored plate, 25c. No.
3 — Greenhouse Plants, KK*. No. 4— Wholesale, Free.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Mount Hope Nurseries, R4»CIIESTER. HT. Y.

THOS. M. HARVZY,

WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA..

Breeder and Shipper of

GDERMYlSSvlBDTTER STOCK,

Yorkshire and Berkshire Pigs.

Dark Brahma Chickens from the best imported
blood. Also Bronze Turkeys.

Hall's Patent Husking Gloves,

HALF ClTovES FUL.L CLOVbS.

Five years lu use. Over 100,00" sold. Sales increas-
ing. Now better than ever. Made oJ hest call glcve
leather. Shielded iroin w»ar by etetl plates. (See
*u'.) Wi 1 wear five liines as long. Claws of steej.
PpfivtrDt soie or cold hands. Husk onR-:hird tmier,
Konr y z s— Kx-Large, Larpe. Mt-nium and Small.
K'' -ind leli-hacded. Ail wibIudr a Pin fur husking, use

HAI.I/S IMl'llOVFO HUSKIIVO PIN.

Made in bust lorin oi castsreel : provided wir' nrraps
ready for use. Unquesll onably the very itEsTHueking
Pin mttde. Also make best quality calf gloves and
cnittena; wear equal to buckskin. Samples sent, pre-
paid on recfipt of price Half U. Gloves. $1.25; Full
H. Glovea. *2 50; H. Pin 25c. three tor tiOc; Calf
Glovep, *1.5i); Mitrers $1.20. Liberal discount in
Quantities. Ask your mi^ rchant lor them, or addre^a
Hall Husking Glove Co., 145 y. Clinton St.. Chicago

r@^ r^BniBS Q)UVfi

THE BEST!

ECONOMICAL AND RELIABLE!

Atl05SOUTHFEONTST.,

manufacture or import all the chemicals needed by farmers
for fertilizing purposes. Every farmer should write for a
Circular aud order from them the goods they need for mak-
ing reliable manures AT HOME at comparative small cost.
No machinery of any kiud needed.

If you desire their Circular, remember to address

HAEKISON BROTHERS & CO.,

105 SOl'TII FKOXT ST.

Philadelphia, Fa.

T-7-3m

MANUFACTURERS OF CHEMICALS SINCE 1793.

H

OESE-BILLS,

PL,\IN OR IX FANCY COLORS,
Printed in the Best Style at the office of

THE FARMER.

EVERGREEN BONE DUST,

MA.NUFACTURE1> BY

M.

B. ESHLEMAN, at LEAMAN PLACE,

Is guaranteed Fsre Saw Boss, ani lothisg else.
Special pains taken in preparing it for feeding hens.

No. 1, for feeding.
No. 2. for land.

82.50 per hundred.
- 1.75

This includes bags and delivering on board cars.

A FIRST CLASS

liaely llkstmtei Meatlily,

DEVOTED TO

POULTRY AND PET STOCK

IN ALL THEIR BRANCHES.

Edited by the Eminent and Experienced Breeder and
Fancier, W. H. TODD, of VermilhoD, Ohio.

The Nation is a wide-awake, original, practical and high-
ly valuable journal. No one who keeps pets or poultry can

AFFORD TO DO WITHOUT IT.

Only 60 Cents a Year, Postpaid.

It clubs with poultry and other journals at very low rates.

For instance, the Poultry World and Nation, are furnished
postpaid for $1.40. Fanciers' Journal (weekly) aud Nation,
$2.50. American Agriculturist aud Nation, $1.60, etc.

Our circulation is very large. A splendid advertising me-
dium. Prospectus free. Samples, G cents.

Address POULTRY NATION CO.,

7-6-tf Birmingham, Erie Co., Ohio.

The Fruit Recorder and Cottage Gardener

I will be sent free3 months to all ap-
Iplicaiits, We do not ask any ono to
Isuhscribe for our paper until they
Ikuow what thoy are to get. It speaks
■ for itself Price only $1 per >ear.
1 ^lost lil>eral lerms to club agent t* of
lit->y papfT in tins country l*ur-
If1>'8 Smatl Fruit Insti^ctor
"^is a work of 0-1 pp. that t Us in eioi-
ple language just how to gmw fruits in abundance
for homeuse or market Price, "^ rents, postpaid.
A. Dl. PUBDV. Bovhettter, A. Y.
7-9-3m

eAimSSlRS W4IT1S

TO TAKE SUESCRIBEES FOR

Tfia Lancaster Farraieir,

Farmers' Sons and other Young Men,
during their leisure hours,

CAN MAKE GOOD WAGES.

We waut a thorough canvass made of every district, and will
pay good cauvussers liberally. Address

PEARSOL & GEISr, Publishers,

7-8-tf I..\XCASTER. PA.

BransonKnitter

A MARVEI/ of simplicity and durability. Knits a stock-
ing, heel and toe complete without a seam, in six or ten
minutes. Knits Ladies', Gentlemen's and Children's Stock-
ings, Leggings, Scarfs, Tidies, Fringe, and all kinds of
Fancy Work. Agents wanted. Circulars free. HAW LEY
& BRANSON, aa.l Aorth Sth .Street, Ptiila.
8-8 -3m

THOROUGHBRED STOCK,

FOR .S.VLE t'lIE.lP.

Prize Ayrshire t'alves, Prize Jersey Calves, all from
deep milking and butter cows. Also, prize bred Chester
White Pigs. Unsurpassed— no superior lor exhlbltllLg
purposes. Address,

Keniiett Square.

i'liestor t*o„ Pn.

R. Y. FAIRSERVICE & CO.,

613 Fourth St„ East Newark, N, J.,

OFFERS FOR SALE
*' WHITE," "BLACK,"' AND "COLORS."

60 cents pound, postage paid. We guarantee one jfeund
equal to five dozen 200 yard Spools. -

$1 a Year

( llie nullity.

SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS. '^"'L^.;^^' \ $1.25.

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, OCTOBER 15, 1875.

PEARSOL & GEIST, Publishers

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY,
WITH PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS.

Koiindcil uiulcr the auspices of the Lnncasler County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited by Prof. S. S. RATHVON.

With Ihe.Iiumiiry iRsne (1875) The Faumer ciiterfd upon
its seventh year, under a change of lu-oin-ietors, tho publif::!-
tiou ha\ing been transferred to the undereigTied, who jiro-
]io8e to make it in nil respects ii flrst -class local organ of the
important iutereate to which it is especiiilly devote<l.

With this view Thk Faumkr has been enlarged imd its
form changed to the Imiterial Magazine style, each number
containing twenty-four pages Imp.Svo,, nieasuriug OJ^ by 13
inches, at least seventeen ol" which will be exclusively devottd
to reading matter, the adNcrtisenieuts anil ''standing mutter"
being limited to the remaining jiages. This increase of size
and change of form, together with the use of a more comjiact
type, enables us to give twice as much reading matter as
was contained in the old form.

If this effort to give the agricultural community of Lan-
caster ctniuty a publication worthy of their honorable calling
is liberally seconded, we inopose to ydd other improve-
•nieuts from time to time, including ilhistrations of impor-
tant topics of general interest, and jtajiers from s]*eeial con-
tributors on the more im)iortant local industries and re-
fiourees of the county — a wide field, which has been very
Uttle cultivated by our local i)res8.

The contributions of our able editor, Prof. Rathvon, on
BUbjecIs couuectiui with the science of farming, and partic-
ularly that specialty of whicli he is so thoroughly a master—
entomologicjil science— some knowledge of whicli has become
a necessity to the successful farmer, are alone worth much
more than the price of this pul>lication.

The Fakmku will be published on the 15th of every
mouth, printed on good pajier with clear typo, in con-
venient form tor reading and binding, and mailed to sub-
pcribers on the following

TERMS,

To subscribers residing within the county —
One copy, one year, . _ _ - _ $i.oo
Six copies, one year, - _ _ . - - 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, .--..- 7.50

To subscribeis outside of Lancaster county, including
postage pre-paid by the imblishers:

One copy, one year, - - - - _ $1.25

Five copies, one year, • - . . . . 5.00

AH subscriptions will commence with the Januui-y num-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All eomnuinicatious intended fcr publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to secure insertion, should be
in his hands by the first of the month of publication.

AU business letters, containing subscriptions and adver-
tisements, should be addressed to the publishers.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

RATKS OF AnVERTIMXG. — Ten Cents n
line for citoli insertion. Twelve UueB to the iuch.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER,

EDITORIAL ARTICLES : pack.

The Army Worm. Itlnstraicd, - . - 14.5

Thc> .State Fair, . - . . - W<

Our Cultivated Vegetables. No. 1. The Beet, 147

Old and New, - 1+S

The Present and the Future, - - - 149

Curious Facts, ------ 149

Corresjiondenec and Coijitations, - - 1.51

The Future of the Peach Trade, - - 152

Whatis "Pot-au-Feu?" - - - - 1.52

Berries and Brains, - - - - - 152

(Queries and Answers, ----- 1.5:^

General Utility of Short Horns, flhistriikd, 1.50
E. A. Fawcf.tt, London Afiricullnral Gaxt^tte.

Mineral Resources of Lancaster County, 1.53

W. p. lioLTON. Lilifi-ry Square, Liin. co., I'n.

Hardy Blooming Dutch Bulbs. W. Ei.dkii, 1.5:i

Our Paris Letter, 1.54

FamiinR on the Continent of Kurope— Tlie Yield
of the H irveftt — Deprediitious of the Vine BuR —
Ueajiers, Mowers and Threshers — ,\dnlterafion
of Commercial Manures — Hay Farming and Bal-
ing— Sheej) and Wool— Increasing the Breed of
Horses — New Process of Plantinj^ Potutoee —
MiscellJineous Items.

Our Local Organizations, - - - - 154

ProceediMt,'s of the Lancaster ('ouuty Agri(^ultural
and Ilorlicultural Society.

Three Model Stock Farms, - - - 155

TheOdeman Estate — Charles B. Moore's Farm at
Christiana — The Victoria Colony in Kansas.

The Garden and Orchard, - - - 1.5fi

Work to l)e done in Noveml)er — Women as Horti-
culturists— Public PoiwouinK — Tree Planting —
t^Heful Information — The Broom Corn Market —
Keeping Winter ,\i»i)les — Pro]>agating Ever-
greens— Karthing Potatoes — Winter Family
Heading.

The Poultry Yard, ----- 1.57

Tlie Fowls or a Heifer — Bronze Turkeys — How
Much Hens will Eat — How to tell a Goose from a
(Jauder.

Bees and Bee Culture, - ... 1.58
Italian Bees — Bee Culture for Ladles.

Live Stock Miscellany, - - - . 1.58

The Horse E|>ideniic — A New frause of Trichina
iu Pork — Poland-China Pigs — Training Heifers
to Ix- Milked.

Poetry, A Woman's .Vnswertoa Man's Qucetlon. 1.59

Domestic Economy, ----- 159

H"w to Keep Sweet Potatoes — Concrete for Walks
— Simple Dyspepsia Remedies — A Test for Eggs
— Household Kecijies — TTseful Hints — Improve-
ment in Out-Door Closets — .\ Farmer's Library.

Literary and Business Notices, -

The Progress of Invention,

New Patents BclatiUKto the Fami, ke.

The State Fair, . . . -

List of Premiums Awarded, &c.

Our Fence Corners, - - . .
Fact and Fancy, Wit and Humor.

- 100

V

^\% I'amerp printing ^iiice.

Til LANCASTER EZPHESS,

(DAIXiT A.ND -WEEKLT.)

Tl)e Leadirj^ Local Family and Business Newspaper, and the
oi)ly Independeijt Republicar; Journal iij the County.

THE

WEEKLY

1843

■}

FOTTNDED

liV IHK

PRESENT PROPRIETORS.

{THE
D A I J^ Y ,
1856

Thk Wkkkly Exprickh has been before the citfzenti of
Luiicanter county for ii perioil of thirty-two years, aiul Ihf.
Daily Kxphess for over eighteen years. During this long
period, nud without chittige of management, Tiik KxettF.HS
hn8 fairly enrneil a large share of patronage and flmily
efttahlinhed itnelf iu the public confidence, an an ujiright and
independent journal, never henituting to defend the right
and denounce the wrong, no matter where found to exist.
It has ulwaya l)ecn a journal of progresM, and the ouls)K>keQ
friend of educiitiou, temperance^ Houml morulH and religion.
As iu the paet, so it will coutiuuo iu the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year, - - - $2.00

The Daily Express, one year, _ . . _ 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any )>er8on resldlug
within the liniilK of L;tneaHter county we will mail —
The Weekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50
The Daily and the Farmer, one year, - - 5.00

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circnlation of Tun Kxi-ukss makea it the
best medium for advertising Uwil Kfltate and Personal
Property iu the county, a fact which can !«■ attested l»y he
many farmers and others who have availe<l themw^lveBi'
the use of itK columns, and to which we invito the atteution
of all having property to dispose of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

Thk Exi'KKss jprintiiig ortiee is one of the Iwwt fumishad
estatilishinents for turning out all kinds of pnntlng to be
found in the interior of the Htat*-, We are prepared to
print any job from the small vi»iHng card tn the largeMi ulo
or horse bill, jtoster, or broatlsiil**, plain or in eoh>r«, u
quickly as it CiU l>e done at auy other estabhshnienl, and oa
as reaHi>nablo terms. We make the jdluting of Sale-bitU
for Fai^nerH a Bpecialty, and guarautee fiatlsractiou to our
customers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the varionw inidiTUs adapti-^l to jTiHting iMiokn,
pamphlets, posters, suh -bills, hund-bills, millers' receipts,
catalogues of live stock, and any kind of work done in a
flrst-claSM priming olhcc; iu short anything that may l»e
CiilltHl for by the fanner, merclmnt, bankt-r, mechanic, or
businene man, and we guanintee to do the wiirk as satlsfac
tory as it can Ik» done in Pliiladelphia or elsewhere.

With one of the most complete .lob tulicshi the State,
and unBun>»»<*"'<i conveniences forexpediriuusly turning out
work by the In'st workmen, under the personal supervieiou
of the j»ropriett>rB, who are both pnictical printers, all jter-
sons in nee<l of Printing will find it to their interest to give
UB a trial.

PEARSOL 8, GEIST,

BOOK. NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS.

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen-st,
LANCASTER, PA.

<'anva»cr<i Wanted for The Fabkbb, with vhom
liberml ftrruigement* will be made.

.THE LANCASTER FARMER.

J. F. FREUAUFF,

Office-204 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And all manner of AGREEMENTS neatly iiiid exiiertiliously
drawn. CuseR carefully and thoronRhly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS, ROAD-)/ 1 EWERS, AUDITORS,

Or iu Jtuy CourtB of Liiiicaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & AIS8IGNEES

Or Trustees of :iiiy kiml.

Collections, large or small, made \ipon a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the United States.

Siecial facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Europe,

Consultations and Correspondence conducted in either the
French, German or English languages,

J. F. FREUAUFF,

7-l-12m] CoiumV)ia, Pt-nua,

i

<
0

<
A

<
P3

n
^

>

A

i

If*

MONEV 10 LOAN AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

SPECIAL AND LIBERAL TERMS made with parties
havlntr charsfc of Trust and Estate Funds.

CB^Government and state Bonds, Oold. silver, and
Coupons, bought and sold. 7-1 -12m

STRAWBERRIES I PEACHES,

NEW SORTS, BY MAIL.

Plants of the newest and finest improved sorts
carefully packed and prepaid by mail. My collec-
tion of Strawberries took the first premium I'or the
best collection, at the great show of the Mass. Hor-
ticultural Society, in Boston, this season. I grow
nearly 11)0 varieties, the most complete collection in
the country, including all the new large American
and imported kinds. Priced descriptive catalogue,
gratis, by mail. Also, Bulbs, Fruit Trees, Roses,
Evergreens. 3.5 packets Flower or Garden Seeds,
$1.00 by mail.

Q Q The True Cape Cod Cranberry, best
^^' ^'■sort for Upland, Lowland or Garden, by

Cmail, prepaid, $1.00 per 100, S.5.00 per
• 1,000. Wholesale Catalogue to the trade.
Agents wanted.

B. IMC. TATA-TSOW,

OLD COLONY NURSERIES & SEED WAREHOUSE,

I'l.YMOl'TII. Mass. I'lstnldiMliotl IsVi.

:BIT3SrEI2,fc3 & SIPE-IECHEE,,

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

FAMII-Y anrt I.mR-KlJRXIxXO COAL!

Orders received at

Office, No. 15 East King street, and at the
7-l-12m] Yard, No. 61S NORTH PRINCE STREET.

A QfEEK Fish : A California paper states that Mr.
Thomas .Mason, an express driver in San Francisco,
says that while fishing otl' Powder House Point, re-
ceutly, he caught a very strange fish, the name and
nature of which were unknown to him. He was out
in a boat with his son, a lad of thirteen years, and,
after fishing several hoiii-s, felt a powerful tug on his
line. He drew up quickly, and found a strange look-
ing object attached to his hook. It was almost round,
about the size of a frying pan, and covered with
spines, giving it the appearance of a hedgehog when
enraged. Its mouth was like a frog's, its eyes large
and of a yellowish color, while a tail a foot long and
barlied at the extremity added to the repulsiveness
of its appearance. Mr. Mason, however, found that
it was not only outwardly disagreeable, but, chanc-
ing to touch its tail as he drew it into the boat, re-
ceived a shock that made him let go of the line in
double-iiuick time. The fish accordingly went over-
board, and was lost.

An Interesting Discovery. — Some workmen,
while engaged in laying water pipes in Cividale, Italy,
recently encountered a large Hat stone. On raising
this, a bed of mason work was revealed, in which was
jilaced a stone sarcophagus covered with a marble lid.
Within the receptacle were the remains of a human
skeleton, some portions of which were yet perfect.
Beside the body lay a sword, lance, helmet, spears, a
gold clasp and ring, a piece of very beautiful gold
tissue, and a flask of water, which was still remarka-
lily clean. The removal of clay from the bottom of
the grave brought out the letters CISVL — from which
arclufologists have decided that the remains are those
of Gisuif, Duke of the Lombard Marches of Friuli,
who Icll in battle in fill, while repelling an invasion
of the Avars.

A Felonious Goat. She testified before the mag-
istrate that "dot pilly goats shoost was a-a-vell, I vas
vashing by some clodings of a pig tub, und dem gotes
coom up pehind und — veil, shoge, I (lon't ken tell you
dot vas. I feel someding pehind my pack, und shump
over der tub und sthand me on my head up mit dot
tub's pottoni up, und der clodings sphilt shoost like
me, und dem gotes vink at me mit von eyes und vag his
tails of mine face, and valk out py his pehind legs
like a man, und I can't sit me down cood any more
already." The goat was fined one (s)cent, which he
left behind.

A MAN residing in Mill street, going home at a late
hour in tiie night saw that the occupants of a house
standing Hush with the street had left a window up,
and he decided to warn them and prevent a burglary.
Putting his head into the window he called out?

'•Hello ! good peop !" That was all he said. A

whole pailful of water struck him in the face, and as
he staggered back a woman shrieked out : "Didn't I
tell you what you'd get if you wasu't home by 0
o'clock? "

Charles Dickens said that " the fir.st revelation
of the dry-rot in men is a tendency to lurk and
lounge ; to be at street corners without any intelligible
reason ; to be going anywhere when met ; to be about
many places rather than any; to do nothing tangible,
Imt to have an intention of performing a number of
tangible duties to morrow or the day after."

A LITTLE BOY who was nearly starved by a stingy
uncle, (his guardian), with whom he lived, meeting
a lank greyhound one day iu the street, was asked
by his guardian what made the dog so thin. After
reflecting, the little fellow replied, "I suppose he
lives with his uncle."

The other day an Irishman with a very heavy trunk
got into an omnibus, and sat himself down and held
the box on his knees. The conductor wanted to take
it from him. " But," says Paddy, " sure the poor
creatures of horses have enough to do to drag along
without that, and I'll carry it myself."

When they came to examine the hull of the Great
Eastern they found fifty-two thousand square feet of
iron plate incrusted with mussels, iu some places to a
thickness of six inches. The total weight of these
incumbrances was estimated at three hundred tons,
enough to load two brigs or thirty freight cars.

He who has never changed any of his opinions,
never corrected any of his mistakes; and he w^ho was
never wise enough to find out any mistakes in him-
self, will not be charitable enough to excuse what he
reckons mistakes in others.

MotiXT Holyoke SEMiNARYhas supplied one hun-
dred and fifteen wives for foreign missionaries, the
last two graduating classes furnislied eighteen. 'They
usually go abroad first as teachers, and are speedily
married by the missionaries.

An Englishman was recently arrested for "stealing
gas," by attaching a rubber tube to a pipe in the cel-
lar of an unoccupied house next door to his o,wn. He
had drawn ofi'six hundred thousand feet in five years.

A Chinese womau at» Portland, Oregon, has just
taken the veil. It belonged to some one else, so that
she will be secluded for the space of four years.

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

We have a large stock of Liunber, and one of the most
extensive Sash and Door Factories iu the State, and we are
prepared to furnish floiiHO and Bsirn Bills complete.

All kinds of Mauufactured Fencing, &c., making a speci-
alty of supplying the agricultural community. We -will
make prices deliveied to any Railroad Station. All our
material ^iiaranteoU as represented. All manufactured
work kiln-dried and warranted not to shrink. Ail inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Franklin House, North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Monday of each week,

KENDIG, BRICKER & LAUMAN,

7-4-12m] Middletown Dauphin co., Pa.

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

CO"

Q

OQ

of

/§

o

F. 0. feTURGIS,

520, 622. & 524,
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTLR, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fnruislieil

And .ill information cini-

cerninp the business

cheerfully given.

V

THOS. M. HARVEY,

WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA.,

IlroocU*r aiKl Shippei' of

GDERNSEYISSIBDTTEE STOCK,

Yorkshire and Berkshire Pigs.

Dark Brahma, Chickens from the best imported
blood. Also Bronze Turkeys.

J. STAUFFER

LANCASTER, jeENN^A.
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

All matters appertaining to UNITED STATES or CANA-
DIAN PATENTS, TRADE MARKS, and COPYRIGHTS,
promptly attended to. His experience, success a d faithful
attention to the interests of those who. engage his services
are fully acknowledged and appreciated.

Preliminary exaraiualions made for him by a reliable As-
sistant at vVushiugton, without extra charge for dra-\ving
or desci'iption. [7-4-tf

MANrFACTCBER OF

M,IUn,nsii„rt iiiiil /.i,. I.- Jliirrn.

Bill Mills— ROUND ISL.\ND & PORTAGE, PA.

7-1) Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, [12m

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. R.. LANCASTER, PA.

HORSE-BILLS.
PL.\IN OR IN FANCY COLORS,
Printed in the Best Style at the office of

THE PAEMEK.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

EVERGREEN BONE DUST,

MANUI-ACTl'ItK-n IIY

M. B. ESHLEMAN, at LEAMAN PLACE,

Is gua;utood Furo 2iii Soio, and sotbiag dso.
Rjiecial piiiiin tJikrii iu pn-pariiiK it for IfciliuK lionp.

N». I. i'nr r<'<-<liiii;. - - 93.-'i<> l><>r liiiiMlrpdl
^'i». *2, lor lanll. ... 1,75 *'

ThiH iiirliuk-H huf^M and (U'livrriliK <ni board iriirH.
7-0-nin

A FIRST CLASS

Finely Illustrated Monthly,

DK\OTED TO

POULTRY AND PET STOCK

IN AUL THEIR BRANCHES.

Kiliteil by Ihe Kmiiieiit and ExiJprienced Breeder and
Faiirier. \V. H. TODI), of Verrnillion, Ohio.

Thf, Nation isii wide-iiwalte, oriKimil, iiriictical niid high-
ly vjihmbU" jtmrunl. No one who keepH jiets or poultry can

AFFOHI> TO IKtWITIKUIT IT.

Only 60 Cents a Year, Postpaid.

It clubs with I'oultry and othor journaiR at very low rates,
l-'or instance, the Poultry World aud Nation, are furnished
postpaid for$L40. Fanciers" Journal (weekly) and Nation,
$*i.ril). Ameriean ARticulturiKt and Nation, $1.60, etc.

Our cirtMilatiou iw very large. A splendid advertising me-
dinui. Prospectus free. Samitles, G cents.

A-i.i-.— POITLTRY NATION CO.,

liirniinKliani, Erie Co., Ohio.

;-r.-t i

The Fruit Recorder and Cottage Gardener

I will bn Bent FttRESmoDthe to all ap-

Iplicants. \Vy do nut ask any one to
subscribe for our papt^r until they
know wliatthoyaretoget. Itspeuks
■ for itself Price only SI per >ear.
1 Most lilH'ral terma to club agents of
la V pup'T in this country Pur-
Ifty's Muall Fruit Instmolor
^is a work of r)4 pp. that t Us iu sim-
ple laneiiaee just how to pmw fruits in abundance
lbrhomeu8oor iiiarUfr I'ricc,_;;''> rrnie, postpaid.
A.M. I»rB£iir. Ilotlie»t*r, N. Y.
7-0-3m ^^

OMYASSSRS W4HT10

TO TAKE SUBSCEIBERS FOB

The LaBcaster Farnu^ife

Farmers' Sons and other Young Men,
during their leisure hours,

CAN MAKE GOOD WAGES.

We want a thorough cauvaes made of every district, aud will
pay good canvassers liberally, .\ddreps

PEASSOL & GEIST, Publishers,

7-H-tf I.AXASIKK, PA.

BransonKnitter

price: S20.

A M.IRVKIj of simplicity and durability. Knits a stock-
ing, heel and toe complete wilhout a seam, iu six or teu
minutes. Knits Ladies', Orentlemeu's and Children's Stock-
ings, Leggings, Scarfs, Tidu-s, Fringe, aud all kinds of
Fancy Work, .\geuts wanted, ('irculars free. HA tt'I^l^Y
S; ItRANSOX, 235 Xortli Sth Stroet, PhJIa.
H-H.:ini

THOROUGHBRED STOCK,

F<tR KAI.K <'IIKAI>.

Prize Ayrslilre Calves, Prlzf Jerscj- Calves, all from
dei'p mllklDg and bull er cows. Also, prize bred Cbesler
Wblie Pit's. I'nsurpassLd— no supi-rlor tor e.xblblilng
purposes. Address,

K<Miiiott S4|iiiir(>. <'liOHl<'r <'o., Vn.

R. Y. FAIRSERVICE & CO..

613 Fourth St., East Newark, N. J.,

OFFERS FOR SALE

SI3£ COKZX SPOOX. COXXONT.

" WHITK," *' BUACK," AND " COL-OBB."

60 cents pound, postage paid. We guarantee oue pound
equal lo live dozen 200 yard Spools.

TREES! TREES!!

Brief fun der Sue Vinelaund.

Ml Mir Unichr: Wyley icti liab k'anl da» dii iiu
on liaiirra tscilin;,' driiiiia wit — an iiiniiallii'lK' Iscll-
in? — wan du nicer |irivaU';;e i;idist, dun will ieli al»
cbinol aw en venieb selm-iva. Weils yt'tz 8o llel dis-
eusseilt wcrt , ep (le wcibsk'id viita sctta, fio nius IcIi
yets saea das ieli dillcr mil de Sue Aiitliony, iind cle
Anna l)i<kcns"n. Icb irlanb I's ihnle tsw Mel nnslanda
maucha an dc Icctiim. .\bi'r dock set mere des rcelit
liava, unsei- hanri'ci tsn tnanairii.

Weil es niicli zimlieli I'rea ini splmdeyoar Isli, so
will icIi aul'an;;a tsn I'ro^'a e|) dons' winder bollz all
da Iiame isli, nnd line iraniaclit, ninl in der bolt/.lidlc
Setrantra i Sin tlc)n de ejiplc bclini all protect Inn tie
meiss und do liossa ? Isli der L'rniiil ill Hialieifed uin
(U'bebni, und de neslita niit spliecksehwart ireseli-
inear't ? !Sin dc riss all Isu nin de slliellc, das des
ij'fee net so expifscd isli i Sin de binkic lun de epiile
belini i^awaiiil iiii wanna Stlicllc Isu ^a, und vara se
aw scnde ^al'cedered ? Es isb nixes besser patzallt.
Hen de sei aw, warnia stlielle und lien si' ken riss iiii
troke ; (ireairi' se an alle jiaar dai; drnekena sinili ?
Des isb der only wake fur Cliestcr c(miily sci Isii
niaelia. Wie icli in der sbiib' a:aiii;a bin, but der
sliulenieister t;'sa|jlit, **besser liolver so liel reelit
^adune, das tswa niobl bo liel youslit lialver (ja-
dune.''
iSo will icb nimiiiy iiieli advice e;eva at present.

SUK VlNKI.AI XI).

I/iiin(i ^Vowxf, (MuIhTj 18?.').

Tbe foregoini; s;rapbie commiiiiicatioii we exiinined
from an aeenmuiation of past years, and assisrn it a
place in our "fence corner," on this oeea.sion, al-
tIiouy:li from Ilie sii;niliean<'c of its inlerroL'atorics, in
an economic and liumane sense, umlcr oilier eircnin-
stanees, it mii^lit have been entitled to a more eon-
spicuons place in our journal.

Tile dialect in wliieli it is written, is an atti'inpt at
'•Pennsylvania Dutcli,'" and the writer lias succeeded
about as well as others liavc, liir we have never yet
seen any composition in that peculiar lanijiiasre, that
we tbou^'lit an entire success. On the subject of
"Woman's l\ifflits," Sitsnu seems to be "on the
fence," and this itself niiifht .seem a jiistilicatioii lor
placins; it in the /<»cr (•»/■/('/■, fur tlicre is the place
any person on a fence would be most likely to "come
down." We, however, do not jjiei^- this peculiar
kind of literature to our columns, and only insert
this on account (if its brevity, its unll/iiUj/, and the
practical tiuality of its oll-liand sugsestious — merits
rarely found combined.

How to find a girl out — Call when she isn't iu.

A XF.w definition of an old maid is— a womnii who
has been made for a long time.

Ax Iowa bride madi' every girl of her acquaintance
attend her wedding by keepim; the nameof the bride-
groom a secret until the last moment.

Whkn you hear a good story from tbe lips of a
stupid man, and sec a silk unibrclla in the bands
of a man who does not pay for a news|)aper, you may
know that both have been borrowed.

As the ladies walked on the beach with their long
hair down, because otherwise "it lakes so long to
dry," it was tbefH/<i» tcrribli who said triumphantly,
"Mamma leaves all hers at the hotel."

" Ix the order of the DauL'hlers of Rebecca," says
Hon. Schuyler Colfax, " arcCli.lHiO .\mcriean women,
and yet no one outside knows aiiytbiiiir about the
society. Who says a woman can't kccji a secret ?"

The elevators in the new Palace Hotel, San Fran-
cisco, have their uppermost landing on the roof,
where a line place is prepared for the guests to prome-
nade and enjoy the extensive viewof tbe city, suburbs
and harbor.

Miss Ad.v Lfc.\,of Carthage, O., won a eook stove
at the Cincinnati fair as "the best and most expedi-
tious eook." In thirty minutes she cooked well,
potatoes, chicken, iiorter-honse steak, tomatoes and
corn, and made cotfee, tea, i)ie aud biscuit, and eel
the table in the neatest style.

Tmk worst case of sellishncss that a Kentucky
newspaper has ever been permitted Iu picseiil to the
public, cmanaled from a youth wlm coin|)lained be-
cause bis mother put a biirger mustard [ilaster on his
younsjcr brother than she did on him, after they had
partaken too friely of melons and hard apples.

A fakmek's wife in a Yorkshiri', Kngland, town
was recently assaulted by her husband in a Held
where there' was a cow that the woman had irreally
petted. On seeing the man bealiiii,' his wife, tearing
her clothes, and otheiwi.se maltreating her, the cow
came charging mxin the lield, and attacked the man
with such ferocity that he was glad to retreat. The
cow then tiKik npailefciisivi' iiositioii by the woman's
side, and stood perfectly still while the woman strug-
gled to her feet aiul supimrtcd herself by leaning
against its flank, until she bad siiHieiently recovered
to take refuge from her husbaml in llight.

IIm'

'4llll|»l4>lf MtO

i'<>N In I lie I'.

Frillf iiihI 4ftrilf«lll*'iilnl Tr<'<>N In Ille I'. S

lkf>N4-ri|»li\e iiikI I lliiHlral4'4l I'ricefl 4'iita.
lOKll^'M N4.|ll UN I'4>I|4ium: Nu. — l-'rultH, Kkc. Nu. '£
— *'rnalnoiilaI Ti'ecM, new ed. with ctiloreil |iiiiti*, *2!ic No.
■-l-'ii'-"iiii,)iis,. i'liinlK, lOc. No. l—WholeHiile, Free.

EELWANGER & BARRY,

.Voiiiil ll,>i>r yiimrriiK. II4I4 II F.SrF.K, M. Y.

Hall's Patent Husking Gloves.

HALF CLOVES FULL CLOVfcS.

Kive yoKrslli une. Dvcr lllll.uil'' .olil. Sate« Inrreu-
lag. Now better limn ever. .Mticle ul iiH.s r eitlr glovo
leather, slileldcd rroiu wiur liy «teil pliiltn. (8e«
rut.) Will wear five Mine* an hinir. Clawa of BUM.
PreveDl BOre or c<,Id haiidn. IIiiHk ohi:-;tilrd fMt«r.
four » /.. «-Ki I.irKO. I.^rne. .%!.■• lurii and Small.
H r„lMl l.l|.lii,i:,|,.,l. All wi«IUi,u-» flu r..rliu»l(tDg,u»e

HAl.I/N l>li'ICO\ l.l» ill'NKI>-<l i>I<V.

Made la iiewt lonn ul cil-i « i-..| : provided wll' Hirapi
ready for use. I'n.iuinll .iiahljr iho vi;ry iic^-r HuaklDS
Pin inadc. AIko make twnt ■lUaltty calf KloveB and
mlttenv; wear equal t<j DtickHkiu. .Samplen nent. pre-

Satd. on receipt of price Half H. l.lovel. $1.^5 full
t. Gloves. P>:m: H. I'ln a.-ic, Ilirnc for line; Calf
Glove», tl.SU; .MIttena »l.an. Llheral discount In
quantities. Ask your mrrchant for them, or addrcM
Bali. HpBKiMo Qlotk 0O..145 B. Cllnlon St..Chlca»)i

Brigb.test and Best!

AMERICANFANCIER'S

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Fanciers in this country and Kngland.

The " OAZETTK" will treat iu » Hcientiflc manner how to
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kinds of pet ntock ; their varions ditteasefl und eiirctt; and it
wiil be the aim of the editors to make it the lkadinq papku
of its kind in thi- United State's.

Price Oue Dollar per year, postpaid. Specimen copy ten
cents. C^'Subscribe now.

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It will offer extraordinary indm-emi-nts, oc the rates of
advertising will lie very low, and it will be lurKely circulated
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Address all letters to

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PIGEONS and PKTS, itlUDS and I'LOWKKS, small frutls,
the garden and lawn— how to adorn the surroundings of our
homes, rendering them attractive— and a niirmr refli-ciiug
the tafte, eulinre and ri'tiiienient of their occupants. Piil>-
liahed muntiil> at Ithaca, N. Y., at fl.Ut) ] er anuuni ; 50 ctH.
for G months; single copien 10 cts.

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IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

AN INDISPENSABLE REQUISITE

— FOB EVEKY —

Teacher, Advanced Student, Intelligent Family,
Library, and Intelligent Person, is

The Best English Dictionary,

PlONAKf.

WlBSfEE'S IIAlllSilB.

"The Best Practical English Dictionary
EXTANT."— A.'»"'<"i (pmrterly Review, October, 1S73.

" Every fanitcr shuuld give his sous two or three square
rods of gVouud. well jirepared, with the avails of which they
may buy it. Kvery vuchanir should put a receiving box iu
some cou-jiicuous place in the hou^e, to catch the stray peu-
nies for the same purpose.

Lay it upou your table by the side of the Bible— it is a bet-
ter expouuder thau mauy which claim to be expounders.

It is a great 1 .bor-saver ; it has saved us time enough in
one year's use to pay for itself ; aud that must be deemed
good property which will clear itself ouce a year. If you
have any doubt about the precise meauing of the word
clear, in the last senteuce, look at Webster's uiue defluitions
of the v. t."— J/rt.v^. Life lioat.

trf'Keceutly added four pages of «"«»XOREB II.-
l.i;S'I'K.4'J'IOX!S. engraved expressly for the work at
large expense. Sold by all Booksellers. It

mm^ Bim'

IN the APPENDIX which we shall issue 1st of February
next, coutaiuiug all changes, corrections, &c., we pro-
pose to insert advertising, same as iu Directory proper.
This will go to every subscriber free, aud as it will contain
all the correcl ions aud changes up to day of pubUcatiou, it
■will be carefully studied by all, aud be a.i good an advertis-
ing medium as the Direciory proper. We will insert adver-
tisiug matter iu the APPENDIX at the followicg low rates.

Fvill page $25.00 I One-third page lO.OO

Half " 14.00 I Oae-fourtii " B.OO

One-sixtli page 5. 50.

ADDRESS,

D. W. SCOTT & CO.,

Printers and Publishers,

«,\I.E5(A. IL,I>S.

Published Weekly at Louisville, Ky., Headquarters of
National Grauge,

The Leadhig Grange Pajter !

HAS THE CiliA.NGE DECISIONS AND OFFICIAL
Grange publications. A paper for Patrons of Hus-
bandry everywhere ; a tirst-class Agricultural and Family
iiewspajer ; has the cream of all the agricultural papers.

THE CHEAPEST PAPER,

Has not oilv articltB iiilerestiiig to Graugers, but General
News, the Markets, Choice Stories aud Fine Selectious relat-
ing to Practical Science, as apiilied to Agriculture. Nothing
tedious— but everyt'hing Fresh and Siiarkliug, making a
paper for the Farm aud Fireside, the Old and the Young,
and popular anmng all chsst-s.

See "What Louisville Papers Say.

" The National Granger is a large eight page paper, well
filled with useful and eutertaining articles, which will com-
mend it to every intelligent farmer. Col. W. J. Davie, one
of the leading Grangers of this State, has taken an interest
in the National Granger. Colonel Davie is a good writer aud
an able sieaker. Ah one of the chief lecturers of the State,
he has done more probably than any other man to secure the
wonderful success that has attended the Order of Patrons in
Kentucky."— Dailj Courier- Jotirnal.

" Neatly printed and full of well arranged, interesting
matter." — Daily Commercial.

'•The paper is handsoniely made-up, aud filled with a
good variety of farm and fireside reading. "^Daily Ledger.

Rates — $1 50 per year; 4 months on trial for 50 cents.
Clubs of not less than 4 furiiished at $1 aS foreachname.
Samples free. Agents wanted. Address

NATIONAL GKANGEK PUBLISHING CO.,

3mos Louisville, Ky.

NEW VARIETIES OF POTATOES

FOR SALE THIS FALL

20 Per Cent. Cheaper than Next Spring.

Brownell's Beauty, $1.75 per bushel.

Ohio Beauty, $2.00 per bushel.
Carpenter's Seedling Ice Cream, $1.50 per bushel.

Also new varieties, such as Snowflake, Early Favorite,
(Early Ohio, best out) Early Paragon, Red Jacket, Red Car-
ter, Nonesuch, Eureka, Victor, Pennsylvania Seedling of the
Early Hose (first year out). Concord, Early Monteeee, Dur-
moie Seedling, Early Vermont, Brooks' Seedling, Oswego.

For sale by the pound, half-peck and peck. Price sent on
receipt of address. All the above delivered to freight or ex-
press office free— freight aud express charges to be paid by
the purchaser. Pound lots by mail free. Address

ROLAND ROBERTS,
It Ilorsliaili, IHoiitgomery Co., Pa.

Powell'sPatent Wheel HarrowlGrainCoverer.

This IlaiTow, for Pulverization, Covering Seed, Comparative Ease of Draft, Simplicity,

Durability, and General Practicability, is unsurpassed by aiij- other Harrow or Pulverizer in use.

IT IS ADAPTED TO EVERY KIND OF SOIL

stony, Rooty, Clayey, Loamy or Sandy, being supplied with Cast Iron or Steel Teeth. It never catches upou stone

' or roots nor turns up the sod on newly ijlowed sward laud, owing to the peculiar construction of the

' Teeth. It does the work of four plows on old potato land by properly adjusting it.

THE SOWER attached to this Harrow (not shown in the above cut) is adopted fo the sowing of all kinds of seeds aud

fertiUzers, aud operates on the broadcast principle, sowing from f* ur quarts to four bushels per acre. The Mechanism

is simple, and can be managed by any boy comiieteut to drive a pair of horses.

MANUFACTURED BY THE NATIONAL WHEEL HARROW COMPANY.

L. C. DODGE, General Af/eiif, Burllngou. Vt.

FARMERS, GALli AND SEE THE GREAT HARROW,

Being assured that this, the only AVheel Harrow in the world with wheel draft, which

works vertically, independent of the main axle, is one of the most important agricultural im[ilemeuts of the day, the pub-
lishers of The Farmer have made arrangements vrith the manufacturer to bring it to the attention of the farmers of
Penusylvauia by placing one of the Harrows and Seed Sowers combined on eshibitiou at the office of The L.^ncasteb
Farmer, where those interested iu this great improvement are invited to call. This will be the first one seen in the State.
It was awarded the GRAND MEDAL OF PROGRESS by the New England Agricultural Society, at Boston, IHT3, aud at
Providence, in 1874; also the First Premium by the American Institute, 1873, and Fii-st at all State and County Fairs
wherever exhibited. 7-9-'2t

THE SCIENTIFIC FARMER

AMHERST, MASS.,
$1.00 Per Yeak. Sample Copies Free.

S3fe>-~^

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

ROOFINCl SLA^TJE.

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12m LANCASTER, PA.

1875. PRE-CENTENNIAL. 1875.

J

Rathvon ft Pislier

PRACTICAL

TiilB^iri acid GI@th]Nr§,

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

f iititt ill liiif itii

ESXA-BLISMIVIENX,

Cor.N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

JOHN M. COV^ELL,

Copeiaicer aM Real Estate Apt,

OFFICE IN LAW BOILIJlNG,

N. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Kml EiliUif of all desciiptiou bought, sold and 6x-
chiiiiged on comDiissioii.

l.iiiiiiK Nigotlntcd. Mortgages bought aud Bold.

fmitittirs taken in charge, aud reuts, iuterest, etc.,
collected.

Particular attention giveu to matters appertaiuiug to
Real Estate Law, aud Couveyaucing.

Jtfetis, Mortgiitjrs, Briefs. Wills aud all other legal
iustnuueuts correctly drawu aud haudsomely aud ueatly
eugrOBsed.

JUa/is of Proiierties, Lola, Farms, &c.. aud Draughting iu
general accurately aud haud.'^omely executed. [7-l-l"2m

PUBLIC SALE BILLS
i"k KKAI. KST.A.TK(}K PERSONAL PRORERTY,
Printed exieditiouslv aud'cheui' at the othceof

TITE LANCASTER FARMER.

The Lancaster Farmer

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., OCTOBER. 1875.

Vol. VIL Mo. 10.

THE ARMY WORM.
J.fiirit It itt titi i/iti n ctii .

On page l:U, Scptomher iiumlun- of The
Faumkh, in an extract fioni the Gnrrcl Coun-
(i/(M(l.) f/((2i"((f,lK'aiie(l "Destnictive Worms, "
\ve sugjicstod that said worms were ])rolialily
the "Army Worm," addini; tlie scientilic
name, to let tlie intellij^iMit ri'ader know ex-
actly what we nicant l)y "Army Worm," be-
eanse it i>ften occurs, that when almost any
worm injurious to vegetation becomes numer-
ous, the uninformed, or undiseriniinating, are
very apt to designate them "army worms,"
just as if numbers alone were necessary to de-
termine the siHM'ies of an obnoxious subject of
the insect world ; although it is very probable
that the true army worm had been so called,
from the fact that it generally appears in
large and destructive armies. It is not jn'oba-
ble lliat Vegetation will suffer anything from
army worms the present sea.son, but having
the illustrations on hand, we have thought it
meet to enlighten our readers as to what the
anuj' worm really is, as a suliject for future
reference.

The army worm has appeared in Pennsyl-
vania at dilVerent periods, and in different
places, but we have not hoard of its Jjeing
here — at least not in Lancaster county — dur-
ing the present year. Fiy. 1 represents the
mature larva of tliis insect, and it will be seen
that it very closely resembles the common
"cut-worm." and to which it is allied. In
the absence of a specimen of the larva from
which to describe it, we will appropriate a
brief description by Prof. Riley, and we
think this, with the illustration before them,
will enable our readers to recognize this worm
when they hapi)en to see one. If they cannot,
then the fault must be theirs and not ours.

"The general color is dingy black, and it is
striped longitudinally, as follows : On the
back a broad dusky strii)e ; then a narrow
black line ; then a narrow wliite line ; then a
yellowish stripe ; then a narrow sub-obsolete
white line ; then .a dusky stripe ; then a nar-
row white line ; then a yellowish stripe ; tlu'ii
a sub-obsolete white line ; belly obscure
green." This, of course, has reference to the
one side, or one-half of the worm. It will be
seen that it is composed of a head and twelve
segments, or sections. To the first three are
attached three pairs of feet called the "pec-
toral feet," or legs ; then thia'e are two seg_-
ments without any feet ; then there are four,
each containing a pair of prehensile feet, or
"pro-legs ; '' with these it holds fast wliile it
stretches the fore part of the body out in
search of Ibod ; then there are two more seg-
ments without any feet, and the terminal or
anal one has a pair of feet very similar to the
other eight.

The ]iu]ia, or vlirijsalis, is a glossy chestnut
or mahogany Ijrown, and resembles the pupo'
of cut-worms generally, but not so dark in
color as some of them. The apex, or end of
the abdomen, is armed with two converging
points, or si)ines ; two tine hooks on each side
of them. These jiupa- are naked in the earth,
in a sort of cavity, but no cocoon around
them, and it is by means of these spines and
hooks that they work themselves towards the
surface of the earth, when the moth is ready
to come forth.

When mature, tile hirv<i is about an inch
and a-lialf in length, and the head is .some-
what broader than the succ<'eding segments,
of a pale gravi.sh yellow color, speckled with
brownish. 'I'he juijki is about three-ijuarlers
or an inch in length, and aliout the .sanii- in
circumferenci' at the thickest part. Fiij. 2 is
the inuKjo, or perfect moth, the body of which
is robust an(l three-cpiarters of an inch in
length ; the expansion of souif specimens be-
ing two inches from tip to tip of the wings.
Tlu' geni'ral cohu' of the moth is a fawn, or
reddish brown, and it has a whitish spot near
the centre of the front wings, from whence
comes the specific, name luiijiuncta; there are
dusky oblicpie lines on the wings.

This insect
belongs to
the old limu-

ly JS'ortllithl,

or "night-
flyer.s," and
originaly Ije-
longed to the
tyiiical genus
of that fami-
Fi,/. 2. ly.

The army worm and motli seem to be widely
diffused, as varieties of them, or species nearly
allied to them, have been found in England",
in Brazil, in .lava, in India and in Australia,
and no doubt it occurs wherever grass grows.
Entomologists are by no means in jierfect
agreement as to whether it is single or double
brooded; that is, whether it |iroduces one or
two broods within the year. ^^ery able
authorities, however, maintiiin that it is single
brooded. It apjieai-s to have been Very de-
structive the present season in Maryland, and
that it appeared about the end of "August, if
that is really the insect to which the |iara-
graph in the Septendier nundier of The
'Fakmeu alludes. Prof. Hiley states that in
southern ^lissonri it appears in the larva
state about the middle of April, and in
the northern part about the middle of .May.
while in Massachusetts it ajipears in the mid-
dle of .Tune, and in Maine in the middle of
July. In the State of Pennsylvania we might
look for it from the middle of May to the first
of .Tune.

The develomenlal progress of the army
worm seems to be from "egg to egg" during
the Spring, Summer and Autunui ; that is, the
eggs are generally deposited sometime during
tlie autumn, on perennial grasses, at or near
the base of the plant, where they remain all
winter, and are hatched out in tlie spring,
from the beginning of May to the beginning
or middli! of .July, according to latitude or
temperature, except those that winter in the
pupa state, of which there are often many. In-
deed it is very probable that they are hatched
out at dirt'erent jieriods, and the larva aiipear-
ing at these different periods in the .same
locality, seemingly evinces that there is more
than one brood in a season, but this may only
be an appearance. Be that as it may. how-
ever, after the larva has matured it goes into
the ground to be transfornud to the jiiijia. and
this accounts for the sudden disa|)i)earence,
to the great a.stonishment of tlie farmer
.sometimes, who is altogether unable to
account for this disappearance, and imagines
that it has at least left the premises for
" a little season." But when it ajipears
again it will not be in the form of a worm
but in the form of a moth. When they have
Ihiished one field or enclosure, they trav(d in
immense numbers to another, and from this
circumstance they have received theircommon
name "army worm," as previously suggested.
They differ very materially in size and color
in the different localities where the}' have oc-
curred, from the eastern to the western States ;

sojnneb so indeed, both in the larva, llw ]iu])a
and the iiiKKjn, as to seem like<lifrerent species,
but no doubt tliey are all the same. This
habit of trav(ding from one field to another,
has led some of the farmers who have been
troubled Willi them to head them off by jdow-
ingdeeji furrows across their track, the straight
side of the furrow being toward the licdd niiin-
fested. The worm then finds it dithenlt or ini-
po.ssible to ascend the straight side, and isthus
arrested in its progress. Here thev often
gather in teiis'of thousands and are destroyed.
Some strew dry straw or leaves in these fur-
rows and set lliein on tire, and thus destroy the
worms.

It is suggested that the earlierof the worms
or the moth breeding IVoin them, deposit their
eggs on the grass higher up the stock, and
tiiat thus they are cut off and carried to the
stack or the liarn, and from thence get into
the dung heap, from whence they are carried
to the fields.

They seem to thrive best in moist sea.son.s,
or on moi^t lands, if the moisture is not too
great. Too much heat and too much moisture
are not favorable to theii' health or increase.

Army worms do not occur in destructive
numbers, more than one or two sea.sons in
succes.sion. If they sometimes appear for
three consecutive seasons, it is (juite ns often
that their ajipearance is liniite(l to a single
season. This is owing to the fact that there
are a nvniiber of [larasites that prey upon
them, and these parasites greatly diminish
their numbers the second season, and entirely
exterminate them the third.

At least two of these parasites are "Taehina-
tlies" — namely, the "Red-tailed Tachina "
(E.e<iri.-<ta /(wcaiiiVi, Kirk,) and the " Yellow-
tailed Tachina" (ExoriKta ./(f/nV((m?a, Riley,)
both iiretty large species, being a third of an
inch or more in length, and having tlie'geiieral
appearance of the common grey and black llesh
flies. And then there are two or three pretty
large Ifliiuwiinn flirs conspicuously among
which is the army worm ophion (Oiihiim fnirga-
tiis. Say). We have on several occasions bred
liotli tills insect (or an allied spi'cies) and a
species of IVtii/us out of vari<ius Lrpidiqilerout
larva, esiiecially the "Fennel worm.s," [I'ajii-
/»')) besides two small hlinriimonn, namely :
the ^[lf:nl■lwru.1 vitrtux and the Przamarhiui
niiniurux of Walsh, and the army wcuin Ich-
neumon " (IcIiiKumiin kucatiia, of Dr. Fitch,)
and also some others, making seven or eight
in number, or even more. "

It has not only been stated — with what
truth we are unable to say— that the army
worm has been known to pass through wheat
fields and destroying all the chess or cheat
growingin them and leaving the wheat intact,
but that they have absolutely saved the crop
in helds infected with rust, by eating oflf all
the infected blades and leaving the ears of
wheat free of injury, and that disgusting as
they are, they have saved the farmers in a
single neighborhood thousands of dollai-s. If
this can be substantiated, it will only be an-
other illustration of how completely disgui.sed
a blessing may lie, or that, under certain cir-
cumstances, a blessing may grow out of what
we have deemed a curse. But, of course, it
would not be wise in farmers to depend much
ujion such contingencies, lest they might un-
con.sciously "reckon without their host," and
find themselves overwhelmed in the end.
From what has been ssiid, it will lH\seen that
thearmy worm deposits itseggson the grassdur-
ing the summer and autumn, and that the eggs
remain there all winter; if therefore, such
grass is burned off, when it is dry, the
eggs will be destroy<-d. and a brood of worms
from them will be prvvented the following sea-
son, and prevention is always better than cure.

146

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[October,

THE STATE FAIR.

The State Agricultural Exhibition for 1875,
held at Lancaster city a fortnight ago, is now
one of the things of the past agricultural his-
tory of the C'oniinouwealth of Pennsylvania,
and under all the circumstances is an appro-
priate precursor to that great event of the
near future whicli is destined to distinguish
the closing daj's of the first and tlie opening
days of the second century of the national life
of the American Union, and we hope may
be chronicled as the beginning of a new and
more progressive era in the agricultural his-
tory of our State and county.

Tlie late exhilMtion perhaps came nearer a
success, in all respects, than any heretofore
held under the auspices of the State Society,
and illustrates the wisdom of its officers in
selecting the city of Lancaster as the proper
centre for the ultiniation of the agricultinval
resources of the commonwealth. It affords us
a special gratification in being able to record
the co-operation of our local society, our farm-
ers, fruit growers and florists, as 'well as our
entire people, in endeavoring to bring about
that success. We felt convinced from . the
very beginning that they could do so, but we
had some apprehensions as to whether they
would. Of course, no matter where a State
Fair is held, it is not expected that every
county will be represented, or that those re-
motely located will contribute to. the fruit,
vegetable or fioral departments as freely as
those in the immediate vicinity — indeed, such
a thing would hardly be practicable if it were
necessary. Many products in these deiiart-
ments of Husbandry are too perishable in their
natures to bear the " wear and tear" inci-
dental to a protracted transportation ; and this
is also the case in many articles of domestic
production ; hence much depends upon the
public spirit and the enterprise of the people
in the immediate vicinity of the exhibition,
and on the late occasion Lancaster city and
county came up nobly to the work of making
the event creditable to their ancient reputa-
tion and to their social and geographical po-
sition. As is nearly always the case on snch
occasions, many of those who witnessed the
exhibition have indulged in the usual regrets
that they had not tlieniselves been active par-
ticipants. This only illustrates the power of
example, and that nianj- people are influenced
in what they do more by what others do than
by any original or fixed principles latent
within themselves.

Whether ever the working machinery of
our public agricultural and mechanical exhi-
bitions will liecome more perfect in their de-
tails than thi-y are at the present time, will
depend greatly ujion whether ever their re-
sponsible heads will possess the ability, the
persevering energy, and the determination of
character mcessaiy to make them so. To ac-
complish this recjuires sometliing more than
merely good intentions. "A fig" to good in-
tentions if we do not i)ossess the necessary
knowledge and two figs to both good intentions
and knowledge, if we do not possess the neces-
sary viU to carry our good intentions and our
knowledge into practical efl'ect. Indeed, so ini-f-
fective may only good intentions be, that .some-
body has long ago made the harsh utterance
that the way to perdition is paved with good
intentions. This sentiment seems to ignore
the too prevalent popular idea that good in-
tentions alone will exonorate a man from the
many deliixpiencies which grow out of, and are
the legitimate results of, the lack of an ener-
getic exercise of the will-principle, or an
ignorance of what ought to be done, and how
it ought to be done, in order to carry any
great enterprise into practical effect, and es-
pecially in the proper arrangement and execu-
tion of its minor details.

It is true that the duties often involved in
such enterprises may be so various, so vast
and so complicated, that no single head can
have the capacity to compreheiid or grasp
them all ; but this is not absolutely necessary
to a successful issue of the final result. It
only requires the executive ability of the chief
to form a proper conception of what is intended

to be done, and then a judicious delegation
of power to subordinates, under methods that
have been thoroughly digested through pre-
vious reflection, aided by past experiences. It
ifc also true that these enterprises belong so
unqualifiedly to the " peace establishment "
(if the country, and are .so completely under
the control of the social relations of the par-
ticipants in them, that the rigid rules which
obtain in the xwi'ely military or civil powers
of the government cannot be generally ap-
plied to them ; but they are nevertheless le-
gitimate, and being sucli, they could be con-
ducted with a greater adherence to fun-
damental rule than generally obtains in them,
even under the relaxations usually made in
accommodation to the conveniences of the
public. " A place for everything, and every-
thing in its place," is always in "order, under
any circumstances. •

Without intending to be captious or critical,
we are led to these cogitations from the fact
that, somehow, in the late exliibition, many
things got out of their places, and into im-
proper ones. For instance, we found some
cigars referred to Division 5 — "collections
and di.splays " — and others to Division 12 —
" miscellaneous entries. " Now it is ques-
tional;)le whether manufactnred tobacco or
cigars should have been referred to either of
these divisions. Tobacco is an ancknowledged
staple production of the country, and if not
cultivated, at least manufactured, in almost
every State of the Union, whether its produc-
tion be regarded as a good or an evil. A large
and respectable class of our citizens, almost
everywhere, earn a livelihood in either its
cultivation, its manufacture, or in its com-
merce, and it therefore occupies no equivocal
ground. The artizans who engage in its
manufacture consider themselves as belonging
to the mechanical classes, and those who cul-
tivate it consider themselves farmers or agri-
culturists. Leaf tobacco shouM therefore be
classed with agricultural productions, and
cigars, snufl', chewing and smoking tobacco
with manufactures or mechanical produc-
tions. It is too pronounced to be classed
"miscellaneous." Bread and meat slicing
machines, lioisting machines, gas machines,
ironing machines, and even refrigerators or
cooling machines, should be placed in a divis-
ion including machinery, and in a class includ-
ing complex or compound domestic utensils,
to distinguish them from simple utensils, as a
knife and fork, which should be placed in a
different class. The former certainly belong
to the category of washing machines, wi-inging
machines, mincing machines, etc. A miscel-
laneous division should only include collec-
tions of coin and medals, collections of miner-
als, shells, animals, antiquities, relics, and all
■unique articles that cannot properly be placed
in any other divisioti.

We are aware tliat in classifying and pre-
paring a list of premiums, a good deal of com-
plicated thought and labor is involved, from
the fact that it is not previously known ex-
actly what will lie olfered for competition and
exliibition. But it is not in that fact in which
the chief blunders are involved, but in a lack
of judgment in assigning the articles to their
projier divisidus or classes when they are en-
tered. We consider that the officers who have
charge of this function ought to have more
practical jud meut than any others.

The details of classification should be more
distiijctly defined and limited than they usu-
ally are ; and there should be divisions, classes,
sietions, and also, (/roups, where the sections
are large ; each section having its separate
committee of examination, and the State So-
ciety .should only apjioint the chairmen of
these committees, delegating to each the
power to appoint his colleagues, and said
committees in no case should consist of more
than three members. Not only men of ability
and integrity, but also men of leisure, should
be appointed on such committees, if possible,
and those who have any reason to believe
they will be unable to attend on the second
morning of the fair should at once decline the
appointment. All the articles or objects be-

longing to a division, class, section, or group,
ought, respectively, to occupy separate and
contiguous places, and not be scattered over
the whole fair ground ; and if each article
was designated in the numerical order that
they are entered on the books of the several
committees, the labors of said committees
wouUl be greatly lessened and simplified.
The iiremiums, medals, diplomas, etc., should
be so defined and limited, as to leave as little
as possible to the discretion, and hence to the
personal responsibility of the committees, but
instead thereof to the society.

It is questionable whether a State fair, or
any other public exhibition that is to bo con-
tinued for several days, should be advertised
to begin on the first working day of the week,
or Monday. To open on Monday would in-
volve the necessity of having everything in
readiness on the previous Saturday, or the
desecration of the Sabbath for that prelimi-
nary purpose. Four days, with everything
amply arranged and in order, are quite long
enough if the proper announcement is made
to that effect, for any State or county fair ;
and if it must be five, it would be better to
include Saturday than Moiulay. It is true,
this might occupy the Sabbath in effecting
the removal of the articles and objects, but it
would be very little more for those at a dis-
tance to remain until the following Monday,
and those living near could effect the removal
of their property on Saturday evening. Under
any circumstances, remote exhibitors would
be apt to occupy Sunday before they reached
home, even if the fair closed on Friday even-
ing, and at the worst, there is perhaps less
harm in ending a journey, or finishing a
work on Sunday, than commencing them on
that day. It requires a whole day to arrange
some collections, even after all the articles
are on the ground, and there would be less
interruption if the opening took place on
Tuesday.

We have indulged in these strictures, not
because they are specially applicable to the
late fair, but because we find that in thirty
years experience but little progress has been
made in perfecting the details of such public
exhibitions, and that things are progressing
pretty much in the old and unsatisfivctory man-
ner. The late exhibition of the State Society
was a mammoth affair, and as ably conducted
as perhaps it could be under all the circum-
stances. It would be folly to expect entire
satisfaction with all its results. The masses
of the people are, consciously or unconscious-
ly, under the dominion of self, and of course,
would naturally be dissatisfied with things
that were not subordinated to the gratifica-
tion of individual selfliood. The nmnber of
entries for competition or special notice run
up to thousands, aiul it would l)ea great mar-
vel if all these should be entirely satisfied.
On Thursday, which was the " great day" of
the exhibition, the number of visitors was
fully twenty-five thousand, a result as gratify-
ing to the friends of the society under whose
auspices the fair was held, as it was to the
responsible managers of it. The state of the
weather, except the last day, was all that could
have been desired, and in every respect, we
reiterate, the twenty-third exhibition of our
State Agricultural Society was a success.

The mnnlier of awards in favor of exhibitors
at the late fairwas very large; so large, indeed,
that, not wishing to encroach upon the space al-
lowed to our usual variety, we find it necessary
to add four pages to this issue in order to make
room for "the list. A goodlj- number fell to
the lot of citizens of Lancaster county. Of
frst money premiums there were two hun-
dred and fifteen, amounting to eleven hundred
and forty-six dollars, namely : Fifty-two of
$1.00,- sixty-two of $!2. 00; thirty of »3,00; two
of $4.00; twenty-six of $5.00; two of $6.00;
twenty-two of $10.00; five of $15.00; five of
$•20.00; five of .'SS25.00; one of $.30.00; two of
$40.00; and one of $100.00. Of second money
premiums there were fifty-four, amounting to
two hundred and eighty-nine dollars, namely :
Twenty of $1.00; eight of $2.00; six of $3.(m:»;
eight of $5.00; six of $10.00; three of $15.00;

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i47

two of $20.00, and one of $50.00. In aildition ]
to tliese there were two special pieiniiiiiis,
amounting to seventeen dollars, makiiit;
the ai;<;reKate amount paid out to citizens
of Lancaster city and * county, i?l,4.V2.(H).
Lancaster city and c(umty also received
forty-nine diplomas and two si)ecial diplo-
mas. Citizens of Lancaster city and county
were also awarded three -silver medals,
twenty-one bronze medals, sixteen honorable
mentions, and t'drly-live favorable notices.
And yet with all these, it is possible siime
have been omitted that ou^lit to have received
premiums, medals, or diplomas, and others
may have received thi'm who were, perhaiis,
not" fairly entitled to them. The examininj;
committees, and the su]iervisinL,' otRcers, of
course, always try to do their best ; but in
such large •ratherings there is always some
confusion ; moreover, these functionaries are
generally scattered over the whole State.
— mostly strangers to each other— more or less
pressed for time; ditliculties in the way of
bringing them together in proper time, and
their duties often not well detined. throwing
them more or less upon a disca-etionary
cour.se, involving resiionsibilities that are
anything but pleasant in assuming ; and
theretbre it must needs be that their awards
will not always be satisfactory to all exhibi-
tors. In our view, medals and diplomas are
the highest awards, tor these are speeilic, per-
sonal and perpetual, and should only be
awarded to those who are the actual invent-
ors, or manufacturets, or the breeders, or
cultivators ot the things they exhibit. Pur-
chased or borrowed works of merit, however
honoralile or complimentary may be the
notice of them to the individual who has the
means to become the possessors of them, ex-
cept in very special cases, cannot be entitled
to a personal medal or diploma. Although
their money premiums may be as liberal as
their enterprise deserves, yet they camiot
be entitled to a token so individualized as a
medal or a diploma. But there is also some-
thing for exhibitors to do in order to facilitate
the working machinery of a fair, and render its
results successful and satisfactory. Those who
intend to place their articles on exhibiticm, and
become competitors for honors and premiums,
should have them entered at the Secretary's
ollice a week or ten days before the exhibition
is opened to the public, in order that a proper
classilieationof them may be made before they
reach the fair ground, and a proper place be
assigned them when they are received there.
When a dav is once fixed and properly adver-
tised, to which the reception of articles is lim-
ited, except in very special cases, the time
ought not to be extended, for it is through this
extension, and the coming in«of "eleventh
" hour" exhibitors, that much of the confusion,
hurry, and imperfectly executed functions
occur.

When the committees commence their ex-
aminations—which ought to bo on the morn-
ing of the lirst day— exhil)itors should lie pres-
ent, in order to "explain the merits of their
articles, and thus assist the committees in
making aii intelligent examination and render-
ing a just award.

OUR CULTIVATED VEGETABLES.

No. I.— The. Beet.
The beet is mentioned both by the Arabic
and ancient Greek authors as (>ne oT their
dietetic i)lants. The latter held this root in
gi-eat esteem, for it was their custom to offer
it on silver to Ajiollo, in his temple of l>el-
phos. It was only the leaves of this plant that
were eaten by the ancients. The (ireeks dis-
tinguished two kinds, according to their color,
the white and black beet; the last, according
to Fee, would answer to one of the purple
kinds. It was Theophrastns' opinion that the
white is more juicy than the l>lack, aiul it
produces less seed. It was generally known
as the Sicilian Beet, where it grew in great
abundance, and in those days formed a con-
siderable portion of the diet of the inhabitants
of that island. Beta stands at the head of

one of Martial's epigrams. He describes it a.s
food oidy tit for the artizjvn, as it re(inired
Iieiiju'r and wine to make it palalabh- to a re-
fined ta.ste.

" bislpid l)fet may liid a tnulchiiiaii ■liiif,
But asks (if tliee al>uiiilaiil spite ami wine."
Pliny gives an accm-ate description of this
vegetable. He says, "Our people distinguish
two varieties, the spring and autuum" kinds,
so calle<l from the period of .sowing; but srinie
consider the best time to be when the jiome-
granale is in llower. Tin: young iilants, when
Fhey had thrown out live" leaves, used to be
trausjilanted, and they thrive all the better
if, like the lettuce, the roots are welt covered
with manure, in a moist soil." This author
informs us that this vegetable was mostly
eaten with lentils, beans, and nmstard, to re-
lieve its iiisii)i(lity. Beet is a vegetable with
a two-lbld eharaeleristic, partaking of the na-
ture of the cabliage in its leaves, and resem-
bling a bulb in the root. It was a custom with
the Romans to put a light weight niion the
plants the moment they began to assume the
proper color, in order that they might "cab-
bage," and the larger tlie heads the more
highly they were esteemed. Those grown in
the t"erritory of Cereeir sometimes iiroduecd
heads two feet in breadth. Pliny stales that
there was also a medicinal dilfereuee between
the two varieties, the white lieiug remarkable
for its purgative qualities, and the black being
astringent. "When wine in the vat," says
the same author, "has been deteriorated by
assuming a Havor of cabbage, it may be re-
stored to its original taste, by plunging beet
leaves into it." Beet is said to have been
tirst cultivated in England in ir)4S, at the
period when many of our culinary vegetables
were introduced or imiinn'ed. Our old friend
Gerard observes, "that Red-Beet boiled, eaten
with vinegar and pepper, is a most delicate and
excellent salad, luit what might be made
of the red and beautiful root, I refer unto the
ciu-ious and cunning cook, who no doubt
when he has had the view thereof, and is
assm-ed that it is both good and wholesome,
will make therefrom many divers dishes, both
fair and good." This Red-Beet was cidtivat-
ed bv Tradescant yt Land)eth, in 1I>.")C). The
white variety appears to have been introduced
from Portugal, and Kvelyn, in his "Aretaria.
or, a Discoiu'se on Sallets," published in
1699, states that the costar or midrib of the
leaves of this variety, when boiled, melts and
eats like marrow. In 1747, the celebrated
Prussian chemist MargralV, discovered the ex-
istence of a certain portion of sugar in beet-
root. This discovery was eonnuunicated to
the Scientific Society "iif Berlin, but no attempt
was made to carry the principle of investiga-
tion into practice. Forty years after this,
Arhard, another Prussian chemist- resumed
the experiments of .Margralfs connnencing,
and he was so enraptured by the iirosjiect
which bis labors opened to him, that he an-
nounced the beet-root as one of the most
bountiful gifts which the Divine munilieenee
has awarded to man upon the earth, allirmiug
that not only sugar eoidd be iirodueed from
it, but also tobacco, molasses, colfee. rum. ar-
rinv-root, vinegar, and'beer. The institute of
Paris, however, did not sympathize with
Arhard, for in l^^Od a eonunittee of that body
having gone through a series of careful ex-
periments, reported the results were so un-
satisfactory that it woidil be unwise to es-
tablish anv manufacture of sugar from beets.
In 1800, Bonaparte, endeavoring to destroy
the colonial prosperity of (ireat Britain.
pas.sed a decree prohibiting the purchase of
West Indian produce in France, and sugar
Ijeing an article of the lirst necessity to the
Freirdi, this law caused much dissatisfaction
to the public, and Napoleon h;ul to con-
sider how the wants of the ))eoi>le could be
snpi)lied without Ibreign conmuTce. M.
Deyeux. a member of the committee aiipoint-
ed to consider this question, turned Ins atten-
tii>n to the l)cet-root. His experiments were
more satisfactorv than those of the commit-
tee of 1800, probably because the necessity
of producing sugar at home was more press-

ing. An imperial manufactory of sugar was
forthwith established at Rambliulet, inqierial
schools were instituted for instructing jiupila
in the process, etc., and by 1812 the maim-
facture of k-et-root sugar was c(jnsidered
prosjierouslv set on foot.

The root from which the sugar is extracted
is the white variety, {IxUi vuliiiii~is anii/i cstris
atb'i.) Thia-e are n"ow several large manufac-
tories of this arlicle, both in France, Belgium,
and other parts of the Coidinent, and its pro-
duction is increasing in Australia and Tas-
mania. Dr. Ure states that he has obtained
.j p<'r cent, of good sugar from white beet
grown in Miteham. in Surrey, and <iuring the
last few years, the experiment of cultivating
beet, for the jiurpose of manufacturing sugar
and alcohol therefrom, has been successfully
carried out in some (larts of Kugland, an<l it
is probable that it will become a prolilnble
and important business. The relined sugar
from the beet-root looks extremely well, but
is not so sweet as the less relined article from
the sugai cane. One ton of beet-root is reck-
oned to produce •').") pounds of relined sugar.
As louii since as 18:!7, there was a inanufac-
torv for rcliuing beet-root sugar established
at Chelsea ; an<l at the present time in France
there are more than four hundred manufac-
tories for making this article; and such is the
perfection, that it can gain a very little higher
state. There are three or four joiUMials pub-
lished in that country entirely devoted to this
subject. A white variety of beet is now
ext'ensively cidtivated as "food for domestic
animals, under the name of mangolds, for-
merly known by the (Jerman name tmnujcl
u-erzil. The lirst seeds of this plant were sent
to England from Mctz by Thomas B. Parkins
to Sir Richard .lebb, in 1780. who jiresented
.some of them to the Society of Arts, and by
them distril)Uted to several parties; but the
tirst cultivators of this root, on a large scale
for agricultural purposes, were Sir W. Jern-
ingham and Sir Mordaunt Martin, of Bum-
ham, in the county of Norfolk, about 17'.HI. A
Mi: Newbv introduced its cultivation into
Cambridgeshire in 1812. lie published an
interesting iiampblet upon the subject. Dr.
Lettson also wrote a small work on the in-
troduction of this root into this country in
1787.

When the Begent's Park was forming, a
jiarl which had lieen trenched was sown very
thiik with mangold seed, and such was the
produce that it was sold by auction to cow-
keepers in the neighborhood at the rate of
£8(1 per acre.

This plant is now very largely cultivated by
agricnllurisls. ami may be considered tlie
most inqiorlaut cro)) next to the turnip. Of
late years there have been several varieties of
mangold introduced, fitted for Held cultiva-
tion. Year after year are exhibited some
euorincnis roots of this plant at the various
agricultural shows. At the Agricultural Hall
at Islington. ('hristma.s, 1874, might be seen
some singli- roots of Messrs. Sutton's " Mani-
moth " inaiiiiold, siiowing upon poor dry soil
in Suffolk, weiiihiiig 4(1 ))(nmds and upwards.
Perhaps one of the largest crops of this plant
on record is that which was grown on the
sewage farm of the Karl of Warwick, near
Warwick. This crop reached the extraordi-
nary weight of eiiihtii-lirotiins i>er acre. ( Vide
ClKimhcr'.i Ai/r. .'four. Nor. :!0., 1874.)

There apiiears to be three species of l)eet,
from which have sjirung the several varieties
now in cidtivation. Matthiolus, in his "Com-
nientarii." imblished in 1.'>C>"). has sziven some
beautiful wood engravings, considering the
earlv iieriod they were jiroduced, of three
kinds of beet, which he calls Alba. Xi';ra and
liiihra. (;aspard Bauhin. whose " Pinax "
was i>ublished in lf.2:i. enumerates nine syte-
cies, six of which he calls minors, anil three
majnrK. Linnaeus reduced these nine, in
".Species Plantarum." to two, viz., lieta
mnritinid and Jl. ndgari-f; but in the four-
teenth edition of his " Svslema Vegetabilum "
the JSHa (Ohii of Batihin is admitted as a si)e-
cies under the name of ]i. cicla. Timer's
opinion is that the lield beet, or luangold, is a

148

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[October,

hybrid between the red garden and the white
sugar beet.

Beta maritiina, or seed beet, is an herb,
growing wild upon oiu' sliores, as at Dover and
other places, it is also found in abundance
on the west coast of Ireland. The leaves are
used as an early sulistitute for spinach, and
are considered an excellent dish, and perfectly
wholesome. It is called by the people living
on the coast C'oliff spinach. According to
Benthem, the white and red beet of our gar-
deners and the mangel-wurzel of our agricul-
turists are the cultivated varieties of this
species. But opinions ditfer, as in most things,
and other botanists consider that our culti-
vated root is a native of the south of Europe.
The white garden beet (Beta cicla) is exten-
sively cultivated in Switzerland and Ger-
many ; the stout midribs and foot stalks,
called "chards," are boiled and eaten like
asparagus. The' root of the garden beet is ex-
ceedingly wholesome and nutritious ; and Dr.
Lyon Playfair has recommended that a good
bread may be made Ijy rasping down this root
with an ecjual (piautity of tiour. Good domes-
tic ale has been made from it. ( T'ide Hogg's
" Veg. King.") The roots dried and ground
are sometimes used as "a supplement to
coffee." They have also been candied for
sweetmeats. The juice of the red-beet is
sometimes employed as an economical rouge
by the young lassies in the Highlands when
they wis'h to look blooming. The use of this
root for salad and for garnishing dishes is well
known. There are also several varieties now
introduced for the purpose of decorative plant-
ing in dower gardens. One kind from Chili
is especially adapted for shrubberies, the foli-
age presenting a great variety of color. This
plant, it is said by some authors, takes its
name Beta from the shape of its seed vessels
resembling the second letter of the Greek al-
phabet. Withering says that the English
name Beet is derived from the Celtic word
hett, signifying red. The origin of the name
mangel-wurzel — '"root of scarcity" — by which
it was known when first introduced, arose from
a mistake of a Frenchman, Abbe de Com-
merell, who wrote a treatise on this plant, and
called it mamjel — German for scarcity — in-
stead of maiujold, red-beet. The Erench
called it Itacine de Disette, but afterwards
Racine d' Abondance, and from its pno-
perty of growing with a large portion of its
root above ground ; it is also known by the
name of Betta Rave, Sur terre, etc. — Hajip-
DEN G. Glasspole, in Science Gossip, Lon-
don, 1875.

This popular root was no doubt introduced
into America by the first settlers of the coun-
try, and has become an article of universal
culture and use. It is the Beta ruhjaris that
is mainly cultivated in this country, but this
has nudtiiilied into many varieties, among
which are the Early Bassano, l)ark-i-ed Egyp-
tian, Early-tiu'iiip blood. Early yellow turnip,
Dewing's early turnip. Long smooth blood,
Swiss Chard, White sugar, l^ane's improved
imperial sugar, Long red mangel-wurzel.
Yellow glol)e mangel-wurzel, Norbiten giant
mangel-wiu'zel, and others. The white sugar
beets and the mangel-wurzels attain, in some
instances, an enornious size, are cultivated as
food for cattle, and are excellent for that pur-
pose. It is not likely that the beet will ever
be cultivated for the purpose of manufactur-
ing sugar out of it in a country that yields
sugar-cane and sorghum so abmidantly as
ours. There was a "S(iuinling" in that
direction during the war of the Rebellion, not
only in regard to sugar, but also in regard to
■ cotton, but it all " blew over " on the return
of peace. " Flax-cotton "' and " '^pet-Sugar"
were to l)e northern comnensations for the
"cotton-fields" and "cane-brakes" of the
South, if the war had continued and ended in
a divided country. If these productions do
not supervene inider more favorable political
circinnstances, then it furnishes an additional
argument in favor of the union of the whole
country under one government. According
to the most practical American authority,
beets require a deep rich soil, and for a gen-

eral crop should be planted in drills in the
middle of May. These drills should be from
two to three feet apart, and when the plants are
well up they should be "thinned out" to
eight inches apart.

OLD AND NEW.

A Method to Improve Seed Corn : " I have
been in the habit for a number of years of selecting:
the best ear of the two wliieh grew on a single stalk
of corn, and have found it annually to improve to a
very 'considerable increase. After performing the
experiment for three years, and establishing the fact
in my own mind, I communicated it to my neighbor.
He laughed at me for it. I invited him to a thorough
experiment. We took each of our fields, adjoining,
and of equal quality of soil, planted and tilled at tlie
same time, and as nearly alike as we could. The
result was, that his, from ordinary seed, produced
about forty bushels : and mine, from selected seed,
propuced nearly sixty bushels to the acre." — Mirror,
July 9, 1807.

" Seed Cokn : Very soon corn will be'sufiieient-
ly advanced to raise ears for seed, and we would
earnestly recommend the practice of picking the ears
before cutting the corn, that the very best specimens
may be selected from the plants bearing two or more
ears. Careful selection after this manner will result
in a few years to something worth recording." —
Weekly Bevieie, Sept. 9, 187.5.

The first of the foregoing extracts, as
will be seen, we have selected from the
columns of a copy of the Mirror, a
weekly newspaper published at Russel-
ville, Logan county, Kentucky, in its issue of
July Itth, 1807, two months more than si.xty-
eight years ago. The second one is from the
columns of the Weekly Beview, in its issue of
September 9, 1875, published at Lancaster,
Pa.

We have placed them in contrast mainly to
show how exceedingly slow we are progress-
ing in certain directions, for it was only last
winter that |,the President of the Lancaster
County Agricultural/and Horticultural So-
ciety, in a paper on his method of selecting
seed corn, submitted sulistantially the same
views as our first paragraph contains, and
very probably there may have been farmers in
Lancaster county, even at this late day, who
only "laughed at them." The very fact that
that officer had previously been requested to
give his views on the subject, evinces that this
method of selection was not generally known
or practiced — indeed, our second paragraph of
the present year, seems to imply tliat this
method has not yet been generally adopted,
and hence the practice is "earnestly recom-
mended," and its results confidently promised.
And to illustrate that such promises are not
mere vagaries, even though made by one not
professionally an agricultiu'ist, we have only
to look at the results of corn culture in Lan-
caster comity, as it manifested iiself in visible
form, at Uie late exhibition of the Pennsyl-
vania State Agricultural Society, held in the
city of Lancaster, a few days ago. An intel-
ligent farmer — a subscriber to The Lancas-
ter Farmer — informed us that his com
yielded last year eighty bushels to the acre,
and it was so much ijetter the present season,
that he had no doidit at all in his mind the
yield would be ninety-five or even a hundred
bushels to the acre. Such results are, of course,
in some measure due to a favorable condition
of the weather during the develoiiiug season,
but through careful selection and thorough
and careful after-culture, the maximum is in-
creasing in quantity and ([uality. The beau-
tiful and thoroughbred hoi'ses, cattle, .sheep,
pigs and poultry, at the late exhibition, ex-
hibited the same results, and not less so, the
fruit, vegetable and fioral display. A practical
fruiter and fiorist informed us that he had
produced about twenty improved varieties of
the Geranium — the fiowers on some being two
inches in diameter — through selection, cross-
ing and culture.

The truthfulness of this method has been
verified a thousand times throughout the
whole earthly lifetime of a Washington (in the
nineteenth century too) not only in regard to
seed corn, but also in reference to other seeds
and tubers, to fruit and to live stock ; and yet,
old as the method seems to be, there are, no

doubt, thousands who still know nothing
about it, or who knowing it, have no faith at
all in it. This either evinces that there are
yet many people who do not read, or who do
not heed what they'read.

We have looked over many a field of
corn in tlie planting of which we felt con-
vinced this method of selection had not
obtained; indeed, / during the five years
of our experience on a Farm, in our boy-
hood, we have no recollection that any
reference was^ever had to special selection in
preparing seed corn.

The general indifference which sometimes
prevails on this subject, especially in some
places, is aptly illustrated by the following
anecdote :

A gentleman riding past a poor corn-
field and seeing the proprietor sitting
on the fence, he accosted him with,
"Well Joe, your corn looks very small."
"Yes," ; laughingly replied Joe, "I
planted the .small kind." "But," continued
the gentleman, "it looks yellow." "Yes,"
responded Joe, "I planted the }'ellow kind."
"You don't seem to understand," persevered
Joe's interlocutor, "I mean you won't have
more than half a crop. " Joe, with perfect dis-
composure, "wound up " with " I don't expect
more than half a crop, I've planted it on the
shares. Hawkins gets the other half." This
obtuseuess of Joe, of course, may have been
only assumed to ward ofl' prying importimity,
but it would be safe to infer that he patronized
no agricultural paper — was no "book-farmer"
— and would probably have discredited his own
methods of fanning, if he had ever seen them
in a book.

It is very probable that this method of natural
selection, in reference to seed corn, has had to
struggle up through the past sixty-eight years
without gaining universality, mainly because
it had unfortunately gotten into a newspaper
or book, so great is the antipathy some people
have to book-farming. It is true, many things
in reference to farming, as well as on other
subjects, get into newspapers and books, that
are altogether worthless, but this requires dis-
crimination to discover, and it is questionable
whether any class can become a discriminating
people without being a reading people. Intel-
ligently exercised, this is as natural as cause
and eft'ect.

The prejudice against book-farming — the
adhesion to things that are old, only because
they are old, and the rejection of things that
are new, because they are new — manifests
itself sometimes in an exceedingly ludicrous,
if not in an absolutely stupid manner. Here
is Mr. and Mrs. Grimshaw, who have not only
the rejiutation but also the cliaracter of rais-
ing the liest 91'ops of e(n'n and potatoes and
making the liest butter and cheese, that are pro-
duced anywhere in the community in which
they live. They are not selfish, but freely com-
municate to their neighbors all the details of
their modes of culture and making, who experi-
ence corresponding results. These modes are
verbally commtmicated, and are implicitly be-
lieved in. But, some editor obtains them and
inserts them in his paper, or some author
gives them a prominent place in his book.
Kow, because they have Votten into print,
seems to be a sufficient reason to entirely dis-
credit them, by those who are averse to book-
farming. Book-farnnng is intended to include
that which has been the result of practical ex-
perience. It is true, men and women may
differ in their experiences. There are unfor-
seen climatic and chemical causes which often
affect results, even where all the premises are
in harmony with what has been regarded as a
successful method, but this may be only an
incidental failure, and not at all prejudicial to
the method itself ; or to our misapplication of
it. ^Ve have no prejudices against old things
regardless of other considerations — indeed,
there are many old things which we fairly
revere ; but not because they are old, but be-
cause they are good. Neither do we enter-
tain any special respect for things that are
professedly new, for that cause alone, for well
we know that there are many such things that

1S7-5.J

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

149

liave no merit wliatcver, except that they are
new ; and even many of the new tliiMLTs wliich
are daily liein;,' Ihoul'IiI fmth. are liut the le-
(levelopnienl of thinfjs tliat are old. In one
sense it is true, that "there is notliin^ new
uncU'r the sun." Tlu' reeent diseoveiy of a
tliint; is no creation of that tliin;; ; it is only
tlie develnpnient of a thiuL; that liad an ex-
istenee "loiifr, lon^ a^ro," if not from tlie very
'MieKinuiui;. ■■ I'rineiiiles are eternal, and
(luirultinialion isfiradvially ih'veloiJcd throuixli
tlie slow processor human |iroi;ress. Althoui;h
we feel convinced that the human family on
the whole is proirressiiij;, yet it never will he-
come truly rcKcnerated, until it hceomes im-
hned with the moral and philosoi)hical iirinci-
jiles tliat ohtained duriny; the "most ancient"
period of its existence on this earth — until it
regards tlie essential suhstance of thinf;s, in-
stead, of rteetini; shadows. These iirincijiles
applv as ecpially to .V.i;ricnllui'e as they do to
any other depart nicnl of human industry and
economy. Of course, we do not expect, nor
desire, the Immaii family to ^o back to the
days of its infancy, as to tlie applicnccs neces-
.sary to its susti'uance, its comfort, and itscon-
venience, in its present nmnerical and intel-
lectual condition, liut when lumian character
is restored to its state of primitive_pnrity, all
outward aiiplianccs will be in correspoiiilence
with its internal condition, and that will be
all that is necessary to its physical comlbrt
and convenience, and hence its entire haiipi-
ness. The human family in its i)riniitive
intej^rity was very probably i)urely frnijivor-
ous, and only as it increased numerically were
the various auricultural specialties born and
nurtured into efficient being. Horticulture
must therefore have been coeval with the hu-
man race itself, and had it been confined to its
primitive limit, nothing else would have been
necessary ; but it was under the mandate to
"multiply and replenish," and in obedience
to this behest, agricullural progress was de-
veloped. Under the jierverted ansjiices of the
freedom in which it was lirst created it became
sensual, and hence gradually grew carniver-
ous, and through this, its present omniverous
character was linally developed, originating
it.s "tlocks upon a thousand hills."

All these conditions necessitated naturnl
sekrtion. but not in the sense set forth by the
Darwinian tlie<iry. Although natural .selec-
tion undoubtedly develojis improved varieties
in any direction in which it is applied, yet it
will never transform an apple or a pear to a
peach or a plum ; nor corn to wheat ; nor a
horse to an ox, whatever their protojilastic
origin may have been ; simply because the
distinctions between these forms are ijinerir.
and beyond thi^ pale of mere variety. The
bountiful Creator is a ISeing of (irii(i\ and
■ everything is ultimated in material form, un-
der an efflux and inllux which determines its
physical character, before it is manifested in
visilile being. 15ut a judiciously applied sys-
tem of natural selection will most undoubted-
ly produ('e an improved variety or even anew
variety of a specific thini;, whether it be an
animal or a vegetable. This has been so re-
peatedly demonstrated that it seems almost
supertlnous to uige it at this late day. The
fanner can have this demonstrated any day in
a variety of ways. It is through this means
that all the imjiroved varieties of stock, grains,
and fruit are luiidnced, and those who are
ignorant of it are among the inexcusably con-
senative, or coustitntioiially "fossilized" in
human society.

THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE.

" Humaging the hold" of our "Editorial
Drawer" on a recent occasion, we found the
following under date of February t^, 1*^<'>'.* :

"Mr. I?.: Here yon will tind a piece of
hickory wood which I at one time split apart,
the .same being a stick of coril wood. Vou
will find therein a plug, as marked. On the
lower end of the stick, 1 found a rag, or pajier,
in which were the linger or toe-nails of some
jierson. The outer bark had grown over
them.

"Old Jacob A. tried oi'ten the same for the

cure of rupture for man, chihl andhorseH, and
also for other diseases, viz. : On the (irst Fri-
day of the IK ir iiKiiin. after midnight, he often
came to me to borrow an augur and mallei.
The augur being without a screw point, he
used a gouge to .stait it. He always boreil
the hole int<i the tree on the side of suiiri.se, or
east. The plug used was a limb of the tree
the size of the augur, and wlnli' engat;ed in
this work he would not speak to any one. It
is said if the tree ilocs not die, there will be
no cure performed ; Init this tree lived on and
ilid not die.

"This may be a matter fordiscu.ssion before
the AtluiKiihii, and perhaps interestin" to one
and all. Yours respectfully, _ .S. .1."

Wf hitsldi to put the above in'print, as an
apology for having left it remain for nearly
seven yi'ars among the rubbish ot our drawer,
without having given it a respectful hearing
and placing it on fecord. We c.-innot recall the
" ])iece of hickory wood." It probably ar-
rived during our temporary absence, and onr
attention was never calle<l to it, nor have we
any recollection of having read the communi-
cation betbre to-day. Under any circum-
stances, it seems evident to ns that "Old
.hu'ob " could not have been a reader of The
F.MOiEl!, or iierhaps of anything else, or he
probably wcmld not have had such faith in
"heels, horns and toe-nails."

This recalls a remark made to us during the
Fair-week, by an intelligent farmer and fruit
grower of Franklin county, who made ns a
friendly call. During his visit to Lancaster,
his native county, he sauntered through onr
Wednes<lay morning market, and he imagined
he ccnild liick out every vendor in it who was
not a habitual reader of an agricultural paper
by the cpiality of the in-odnce he oll'ered for sale.
This \i> fiii-hirr vs. fiiniicr. and not our com-
parison," and yet tliere may be something in
it. Another intelligent subscriber from the
east end of the county, called njion us for a
duplicate copy of mir September number, as
his had been loaned or lost, and he could
not afford to be wilhout it. He stated that
he subscribed to several agricultural papers,
and amongst the rest, for the Anieriran
AyrifuUiirist ; but none of them elicited his
interest as the J-'an/n;- does. "He reads it
through and through, from beginning to end,"
and then lays it carefully away to have it
bound when the volume is completed. He
complimented us on its original matter, and
its selections. "Nothing in it but what is
interesting and useful," and he only won-
dered it was not taken and read by every
farmer in the county of Lancaster. AVe have
faith in the future. We may not live to see
it, lint Thf Fiu-iiio- will eventually be as
amply su.stained as its friends think it de-
serves. The (iresent generation will gradu-
ally be numbered with the past, and new and
progressive generations will follow. These
will not go backward; indeed they cannot,
for they are under the influence of " the in-
exorable logic of events," and this will pu.sh
thein forward. Brains will ultimately take
thei>laceof " toe-nails," and the "fogyisni"
of the lu-esent period will be numbered with
the things that were. It is true, that there
may be a recklessly going forward, but this is
tar'better than standing still, or going back-
ward. Everything that God has made in
the past aiai present, or will make in the
future, is slamiied with the irresistible and
indelible imi>|->'ss of iirogl-e.^sion, and there
can be no healthy develoinneiit without it.
To stop for a single moment, would shatter
the universe to its very centre and resolve
the world into chaos again. We are not so
good, so pure, .so virtuous, so efficient and
so skillful that we can afford to sto]). Our
destiny cannot be wrought out in igiKU-ance,
in weakness, and in supineness. There will
be, there nnist be, more reading among the
ma.sses than is done now, although the coun-
try is flooded with literature. The people
may read much that is trashv, useless, or
even hurtful, but without reading they will
never he able to exercise the neees.sjiry <lis-
crimination to determine what to read, or

how to reatl. Let the anti-rea<1er8 pass off

the stage ; others will lake their place, and
the world will still go onward. Some, no
doubt, wi.sh it were otherwise, but this cannot
and will not )h'.

CURIOUS FACTS.

Fishes swallow their food whole. They
have no dental machinery furnished for them.

I Sharks have a very formidable "di'nial
machinery," allhou'.;h perhaps not for the pnr-
|)o.si> of mastication .-io much as for capturing
and securing their ju-ey ; hut what can be the
us(^ of the incisors, and the inolai-like diMilal
liavenieiits on the uiiperand lower Jaws of tlie
" Sheep.s-liead V" .\nd perhaps the .same may
be .said in reference to tlie "Oyster-cracker,"
the very name of which implies (hat they re-
duce their food before swallowing it, if it is
not for some sort of griiidin;; their food. — El>.]

Frogs, toads and serpi'iits never take any
fooil liut that which they aie sjitislied is alive.

I When we were a boy we caught frogs very
readily bv baiting onr hook with a bit of red
llannel. What they took it for we never
could imagine, and jierhaps they would have
rejected it as suddenly as they took it had they
not been hooked. — El>.]

Serpents are so tenacious of their life that
they will live for six months without food.

Turtles dig holes in the sand hy the. si-a-
sliore, and bury their eggs, leaving llieiu to be
hatched by the sun.

Lobst(Ms are very pugnacious, and light se-
vere battles. If they lose a claw, another
grows out.

Naturalists .say that a single swallow will de-
vour six thousand Hies in a day.

[Bird haters, and especially wauton swallow
destroyers, will jilease make a note of this,
and govern tlieni.selves accordingly. — Ed.]

The tarantula of Texas is nothing but an
eiHunious spider.

A codfish produces more than a million
eggs in one sea.son.

A whale suckles its young, and therefore is
not a fish. The mother's affection is re-
markable.

Toads become torpid in winter, and hide
themselves, taking no food for five or six
months.

Serpents of all species shed their skins an-
nually, like sea-cralis and lobsters.

Turtles and tortoises have their skeletons
partly outside of, instead of within, the body.

It is believed that crocodiles live to be hun-
dreds of years old. The ancient Egyptians
embalmed them.

In South America there is a prolific honey-
bee that has not been furnished with a .-iting.

[The late Dr. .1. ('. Keinhardt informed us
that there were thirteen species of " .stingless
bees" in Brazil alone. — El>.]

In the darkest nights fishes pursue their
usual movements, the sanu; as Viy daylight.

Seals are as intelligent as dogs, and may be
ma<le to perform many tricks like them.

The head of the rattlesnake has been known
to inllict a fatal wound after being separated
from the body.

If the eye of a newt is put out, another jier-
fect eye is soon supplied by rajiid growth.

Fisiies have no eyelids, and neces.s;irily sleep
with their eyes open.

.\lligator.s fall into a lethargic .sleep during
the winter, like toads.

There arc agricultural ants in Texas that
actually plant grain, and reap Ix'fore the
harvest.

fDl{. LfXCEf TM, of Texas, imblished a
very interesting paper on these ants, in the
" Proceedings of the Academy of Natural
Sciences," some yeai-s ago; so that the fact.s
in reference to tjiem are no doubt pretty well
established ; nevertheless, the ipiestion may
not yet Ik- fully credited.— Ed.]

TiTisA'()i.rM?:of TiikLan'c.vsti I! FAiarEn
will, when bound, be worth many times its
cost. But we ])ro]iose to make the next and
each succeeding volume still more valuable to
the practical farmer and gjirdener

150

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[October,

1

GENERAL UTILITY OF SHORTHORNS.

Their Origin--Pure Blood and Mixed Blood-
Management and Treatment.

The accompanying engraving illustrates one
of the celebrated shortlioru bulls which stood
at the head of tlie great stock farm of Col. W.
S. King, at Lvndale, near Minneapolis. "Old
Sam " and the " Second Duke of Hillhurst,"
were illustrated in previous numbers of The
Farmer. "Scotsman " was an imported bull
and stood at the head of the herd at Lyndale
before "Old Sam" assumed that position of
honor. He took many first prizes, and was re-
garded as a very tine animal.

The London AyricuUuml Gazette of the 25th
lilt. , contains an elaborate paper on the General
Utilitv of Shorthorns, read before the North-
east [Somerset Farmers' Club, by Mr. E. A.
Fawcett, in which he thus jtreats of the origin
of Shorthorns :

First of all, then, he would touch upon tlie
origin of Shorthorns. Their origin would be
some hundreds of years before the Herd Book
was comi)iled, therefore they would observe at
once with him the folly of arguing simply upon
the foundation of the Herd Book. For instance,
the Stan wick
Park herd was
said to have ex-
isted at least two
hundred years be-
fore Messrs. Col-
ling purchased
the cow called
Duchess, and
Messrs. Colling's
herds were sold
some ten or
twelve years be-
fore the Herd
Book was estab-
lished. He men-
tioned that, to
show them that
no breeder ought
to be guided sole-
ly by the pedi-
grees of the Herd
Book. Messrs.
Colling, who were
probably the first
parties who bred
the Shorthorns in
and in, purchased
from Messrs.
Maynard and
others, who had
been breeders of
Shorthorns long
before the
Messrs. Colling
started. No pedi-
grees were then
kept ; the Herd
Book only com^
menced in the

year 1822 or aljout then, and therefore the
early pedigrees, as found entered in the Herd
Book, were, necessarily, to a very large extent,
made up from hearsay, or, at best, from very
questionable information. People referred to
the Herd Book as though it related to the be-
ginning of the breed of Shorthorns, although
it was well known they had been known as the
Teeswater or Dutch cattle, for hundreds of
years before, but no exact account existed as
to their origin or the process by which they
were improved. No doubt the Galloways and
the West Highlanders were those which im-
proved the quality of the flesh and the hair,
reduced their size, sliortened their legs, and
increased the valuable pro]iortions as well as
the flavor of tlie tlesh. The Durham ox was
calved aliout the year ITiKi, was got by Favotn--
ite (2o2), and was out of a black and white
cow, bought in Durham market for £14, some
twenty years before the Herd Book existed.
Messrs. Maynard, "Whitham, Charge, Harri-
son, Millbanks, and many others, were well-
known bull breeders long before that period.
Hubback, No. 31SI, was pointed out as the
foundation of the Shorthorn breed, but no one

knew how he was bred. Mr. William Fawcett
had him, and used him long before the Col-
lings had him, and he believed that his dam
was a black Galloway cow, which went in the
lanes. He was sold for £1 to a Mr. Nattrass
when a calf (so it was said, ) but there was great
doubt as 10 this calf being the bull that was
afterwards called Hubback. Messrs. Colling
& Waistell gave £10 for him, and sold him to
C^harles Colling for £8, and Mr. Hubback
bought him from Charles Colling, hence he got
the name of Hubback. This bull died in 1791,
some tliirty years Ijefore the Herd Book was
compiled, and therefore they might judge how
ditlicult and uncertain it must have been, to
arrive at anything like the correct pedigree of
the animal. T^iere was no positive proof what-
ever of his breeding. He passed through the
hands of various persons who kept no record
of the breeding of their animals, who seldom
knew what cow tliey were from, or by. wliat
bull they were got — for bulls in those days
went, as he was sorry to bear many did in that
place, in the fields and often in the lanes. It
was iierfectly clear that Hubback didjiot origi-
nate the Sh("nthorns, which it was now gener-
ally stated he did. They must have existed

SHORTHORN BULL SCOTSMAN.

Ijefore to produce him, and as to his exact
breeding, no one knew what was the breeding
of his dam or sire; it was mere supposition or
imagination. Then, again. Favourite (2.52),
calved 171)4, died in 180S). (They would ob-
serve, again, that was about ten years before
the Herd Book was established.) He was not
from stock of Messrs. Colling'sbreeding, but de-
scended from a cow bred by Messrs. Maynard.
He was by Bolingbroke, No. 86, and bred by
Phoenix, by Foljanibe from Mr. Maynard's
Favourite, sold to Messrs. Colling for some-
thing like £:i(l, and Bolingbroke's stock was
said liy many old lireeders to have resembled
the HeretVini cattle very strongly indeed. They
had red bodies and white faces, white legs and
white hacks; and many of the old breeders lie-
lieve that the Herefords were used as a cross
in some of tlie early Shorthorn cattle. Some
of them went so far as to say they remembered
some bulls of that breed going with the cows
in Stanwick Park. It was well known that
Messrs. Colling crossed with the Red Gallo-
ways (viz.: Scotch cows without horns,) and
Mr. Richard Booth also used them for a cross;
and the Loughorns, if not the Herefords and

Devons, were also used. Some of the early
Shorthorn cows were hornless, and some had
cock-horns, indeed, some of Messrs. Booth's
had cock-horns to this day. Milk, hair, .size,
and beef were the properties at which the early
breeders aimed, and were wliat they desired
and considered necessary. Now-a-days, pedi-
gree apiieared to give the value almost entirely.
Were gentlemen who gave these enormous sums
for particular pedigrees justified in so doing ?
Mr. Fawcett then discussed the questions of
" Pure Booth," " Pure Bates," " Gwynnes,"
and other "fashionable lots, " in connection
with the herd liook, one of liis many striking
illustrations being tlie following:

The Duke of Devonshire liad a sale on Sep-
temljer 9th, 1874, and a great many extraor-
dinary prices were given by the nobility, and
some middle class fanners who were beginning
to follow the examjile of those gentlemen who
gave such prices. He was not there to advise
those present to do so, for a particular pedi-
gree only — nothing of the kind; hut he was
there to tell them the truth, and nothing but
the truth. At the Duke of Devonshire's sale
tliere was one family called the Rose of Raby,
supposed to contain the best animals the Duke

of Devonshire
had then. He
would tell them
the descent of
these animals,
and then they
should hear what
prices they real-
ized the other
day. The Rose of
Raby was bred
byMr. H. E. Sur-
tees, of Dane
End, near Ware,
H ertf ordshire,
and he was there
a short time be-
fore Mr. Surtees'
sale of April 30,
1862. There was
a little calf there
that was very
poorly. It was
very quiet, and
so ill that they
thought there
was nothing in
the world for it
but dying. He
said to the bailiff,
"If you can get
another man and
manage to hold
the calf up, we
will see if it is
strong enough to
suck the cow. If
it can manage to
suck the cow, it
may possibly
live." He fetched another man or two; they
got the poor creature to suck, and after suck-
ing a few minutes it sot a little strength. He
advised them to let it suck a cow often in the
day. They did so; the calf got better, and was
sold at the sale to a gentleman named Betts
(who had a good deal of money, but who was
not a farmer) for 86 gs., because it was a jiure
Bates. That calf passed from Mr. Betts into
the hands of the Duke of Devonsliire, and it
was called the Rose of Raby. The whole of
that fomily in the hands of the Duke of Devon-
sliire were" bred from that identical miseraiile
looking calf. Now, he -would tell them the
prices they realized in September, 1874, and
tliese were considered tlie best animals sold in
that sale. Lot ten sold for 2ri0gs. ; lot sixteen,
30.5 g.s. Another was sold for 150 gs., and lot
twenty-five was sold for 230 gs. They would,
therefore, observe that from a poor little mis-
erable calf, for- which none of the gentlemen
present would have given 5s. , had tliey seen it
as he saw it, had descended some of the best
animals in the possession of the Duke of
Devonshire, and which had realized such
prices.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

151

' Mixed Blood."

Ill" liail iiuleavored to show what those pure |
Bati's :iii(l pure Booth aniiiials were, and he [
wouia now take the niixeil lilood. What was
Lord Exeter's hull Teleniaehus CJT.lUi:!,) that
had heeu winiiint:attlieUoyaliU\ilolher|iI;u-es
for many years V lie was neither a pure IJooth
nor a ptire Uates, hut he wa.s of mixed lilood.
lie did not Irouhle them with thf pedifiree,
but if any of thiMU woidd refer to it, they would
find lliat lie was of mixed hlood. Xeverthe-
less, he had taken a -ireat many prizes, and was
considered to he one of the best bulls out; Mr.
Outhwaile's Lord (iodolphin, who won at the
Koyal last year, was also mixed. He was hy
lloyal Win"dsor,of mixed l)lood; hy Baron Kil-
lerhy. of mixed blood; by Weleome (iuest, of
mixed blood ; and by '\'anj;uard, of mixed
blood. There was n"o question that these
were all of mixed blood. \'au,L;nard would
perhaps l)e elaimed as pure Booth. 'Hiey
saw, therefore, he was not a Wild Kyes,
not a Duehess, not an Oxford, not from
any of those families that were fashiona-
ble. He was not from any of those fainilies
for which sueli enormous s'ums were realized.
But he was ijood enoujih to win the Uoyal.
So, again, with X'ivaniliere, Mr. (iuthwaite's
cow, which had won more prizes perhaps than
any cow then liviu';. The first bull in her
pedii^ree, Brigade Major, was said to be liooth.
Tlie next was a Bates bull, and then she went
back to a bull that was neither Booth nor
Bates, so that she was of mixed blood, and
from no fashionable family, and yet she could
win, and had wtMi more prizes than any
cow livins;. She was not a Duchess, not a
pure Bate's, not a pm-e Booth, not an ()xforil,_
nor a Wild Eyes, nor belonging to any one of
those families" for which such enormous iiriees
were obtained. He would now come to the
recent sale at Birmingham. Colonel Loyd-
Lindsay won one of the lirst prizes with his
bull Augustus, brother to Roderick and Au-
tunmns," which bulls won the first prizes in
187-1, and Augustus took the lirst prize this
year. Now let them see if he was from one
of the fashional)le lot. The first bull in his
pedigree was Bob Roy (2".t,S0(>.) which was of
mixed blood. Then tl'iey had Chanter (l'.).4-j:!,)
Wisetonian (17,244,) and Magician the -'nd
(10,4S(). ) The last was a bull which he bought
at Mr. Lax's sale. He sold him to Mr. Wm.
Harrison, of Kirkbank, and at that time Mr.
llarrisoitehad very few cows left. He knew
them perfectly well, and when he looked over
the Birmingliam catalogue, a few years ago,
he saw the pe<ligree of Autumnns was incor-
rect. He let the matter pass, and thisycarhe
looked again. He had now Mr. Wm. ilarri-
soii's catalogue of the cows that were sold by
• Mr. Wetlierell on April 4lh, IS.'iT. Mr. Har-
rison gave the pedigree in his catalogue diller-
ently. He (Mr. Fawcett) brought this cir-
c\nnstance before their notice, to sho\y tliem
what an unsinmd and unprofitable business it
must be to give fiOOor 7(10 gs., or, as was.some-
tinies the case, ^DbO gs., fjir animals who.se
pedigri'e was doubtful, if not incorrect. But
even supposing the pedigree to he right in the
case he had just mentioned, the animal was of
mixed blood. He was neither a Dnchcss nor an
Oxford, uor a pure Booth nor pure Bates; but
he was good enough to go and win at Birnnng-
ham. He would undertake, at any time, to
show that the wliole of the Booth and I'.ates ani-
mals were just as much mixed, and had i(lenli-
cally the same lilood in theui, as those aniinals
had which some jiersons appeared to despise,
and hold at sucli a cheap rate.
Management.
As an old breeder, who knew thi' ups and
downs, as well as the anxieties and dangers, to
which, as iaeeders, they were all liable, he was
going tospeak tothemasiiractical men. and to
tell them liis view as to how Shorthorns ought
to he bred, and of what nse they were. In his
opinion, the most important jioint in scdecting
a cow was to take care she had plenty <if gooil
thick-set hair on lier; let her be well covered
and have a good jacket ou her, ,so that if they
were obliged to keep her out at night, she would

have somctlHTiR on her to keep her warm. The
next point was to look after nnlk. He looked
upon milk as the lirst great element in life ; if
they had no nnlk they had no const it nt ion, and,
without milk, how were ihey going to g<t their
cheese and liutter V Therefore he considered it
most impiuiauf that very great attention
should be paid to th<' milking properties of a
cow, and that she shouUl give a fair and rea-
.sonahle (piantitv. The next i>oint was lier ap-
pearance, and in this respect the fashion was to
run almost mad. I'eople wanted to see a cow
almost like a barrel; they must not see her ribs
or her sJKUilderfi. She must he straight cm this
side, on that side, and on all sides. That was
what lie called madness, though perhaps it
might look pretty. But, as i>ractical men, they
all knew that when the cow <-amc tothecalying
there was nothing likegood wide loins and hips.
With small, narrow loins and hips, tlie calf was
in danger, and so was the mother, and it was
sacrilicing a great deal for a neat style only.
His experience was, thai with good wide loins
ami hips there was very little trouble <u- dan-
ger in taking away the calf; and he had otXen
noticed that with'narrow ones there was often
very great ditliculty. The next point was the
wid'thof the chest, not the depth of it, hut a
good round chest, which gave plenty of room
for the heart and lungs, and i)lenty of room
between the fore-legs. The next iiiece of ad-
vice lie would give them was not to purchase
any show aniiiials. The greatest nmnber of
liriV.es were now taken by animals fed on sugar.
The ell'ect of sugar was certainly to stop breed-
ing; and if they canu' to turn these animals
oirt to grass, they would melt away like snow
in the summer's sun. Then, again, they must
liave clean water and clean tbod, if they wanted
to do any good with Shortliorus; dirty water
would produce inllainmatioii of llie stomach.
He u.sed a great (plant it y of bran and linseed,
and he hardly ever lost a'cow fnnii milk-fever.
If they had anv dillicnlty in raising a calf, let
it suck; he had never lost a calf whilst sucking.
They might be troubled occasionally with a. calf
scoiiring? and he would'tell them how to cure
it. < uve it a little castor-oil and ginger, and a
small teaspoonful of laudanum, and about a
tablesiioonful of treacle; put it in a basin with
a little hot water, and give it when new-imlk
warm; let the calf suck afterwards, and he
would warrant it would cure him.
Three Grand Points.
His three points were kindness, (piietness,
and cleanliness, and he hoped the younger men
would remember it, for it might be useful to
them when he was at rest. Let them study
the dispositions of all their animals, treat them
kindly and quietly, keen them clean, and then
they could do almost anything they liked with
tliein. He had not atteliqUed tosay that Short-
horns were better than llcrefords, or any other
breeds, fen- he believed they might adai>l any
other breeds to their purpose as well as Short
h(M-ns, if they only studied the animals. Slioii-
horiis had been produced, there was no doubt
whatever, by simply crossing all the other
breeds, and in a way and manner that no man
living knew. By introducing a little new blood
with judicious care, they might have herds ol
ainios' anv sort they thoie.'ht desirable. Before
leaving the room he wished to exju-ess hisdeep
.'latitude for the very kind receiition they had
given him. "What he hail said was the truth,
and he sincerely wished to help them. He
knew wMI what "they had to contend w.lh, and
for years jiast nobody had been madi' a butt
of ill a more disgraci'fiil form than the farmers
had. He .should like to know where thi'y could
tiiid a better or more holiest class of nieu than
the Kngllsh farmers.

CORRESPONDENCE and COGITATIONS.

A subscriber who had loaned his .Tune num-
ber of TilK Fah.mkh to a person who fm-got
to return it, after requesting a duplicate copy,
for whii'h he inclosed a satisfactory considera-
tion, "winds up" with the tbllowing ;

"I am much i>lea.sed with the explanation
of Ihe 'sexual svsteni of i)lants.' You deserve
much credit for your trouble in setting forth
the fads.

"I am trying hard to get you new subscrib-
ers for TiiK Faioiku ; oiir people a(hnit its
n„.,.ils— that it is very useful to the fanning
pulilic in many respects, but they like to read
Ihe Xrw 1 orA-ircfWi/ the liest. "—!'., Sqd. 21,
is7r).

We confess that we cannot do otlierwise
than commend the literary ta.stes of those
who iirefer a New York imA///, lo our jour-
nal, whicli only appears iiionthhi ; because, as
a general thing, said weeklies are conducted
with rari^ ability. But, we would most re-
siH'ctfully beg leave to suggest, that tliis may
he no better reason for withholding support
from a home journal— by tliose who are able
to bestow it— and lavishing it upon a foreign
one, than it would Vie to withhold support
fidi'n a constituent of our own connnuiiity,
and bestowing it entirely upon one liir iM-yond
our local limits ; especially in a case where
the nuriU of such a home Journal is ailmitted,
and it is deemed sufficiently interesting to
horrmi'.

Scarcidy a week passes (last week came six)
that we do not nceive coininenilat<u-y notices
from our coteniporaries, or their friends, far
beyond the geographical limits of our own
State, and their wonder that we are not lietter
patronized at home, where a local recognition
and sniqiort ought to originate and be freely
accorded. We do not think that we are ille-
gitimately .selfish, "sine- self-preservation is
Uie fiiist law of nature," but we must insist
that the local press of the country is entitled
to greater consiihration. both morally and
mat'i'rially, than it has ever yet received, and
that it forms a constitiuMit in the composition
of foreign journals that is mm-e manifest to
their conductors than it can he to their
readers. Wipi' out the existence of the local
press and the local n^coid of a country, and
you destroy whatever interest there may
have been in the lar._'er puhli<'ationsof foreign
localities. Look at the old lilesof (lapels i>ul>
lished fifty, sixty or a himdrcd years ago, and
see how meagre are their eolunms in items of
local interest. Many of them are i.rincipal-
ly made up of matter that has very little
reference to local afTairs. It is the local press
that is the chief instrument in the develop-
ment of local resources, anil local eomniuni-
ties could not ))ossibly do more towards the
advaiiceiiiint of local" progress, than in lend-
ing a hearty support to their local journals,
whether social, scientific, literary, mechanical,
or aLrricultural.

There are no better rea.sons for supporting
foreign journals to the total exclusion of local
journals, than there are Ibr supporting foreign
merchants, mechanics, arlizansand workshops
to the total exclusion of those that are located
in the community around us. and it must he-
come api>arent, on only a little relleetion, that
to withdraw our entire support from our local
eominunitv and bestowing it entirely on a
foreign oiie, that that coninuinity must ulti-
matidv become impoverished— mere "hewera
of wood and drawers of water" to foreign
monopolies, if it cimid sustain itself at all.
The term fmcign is not used here to designate
a country outside of the jurisdiction of our
Federal rnioii, but mav mean a diflerent
country, a different State", a dillerent county,
or a diiVereiit town or city from that in ^vhlph
we reside. Is it rational, is it politic, is it
charitable to ignore our felhnv -citizen, our
fellow-taxpaver, our fidlow-associate, or our
fellow-sympathizer in our local district Ibr no
other reason than because his establishment is
not so large and imposing as that of a foreign
one ? We by no means disimte the inalienable
ri'dit of any freeman to exercise his own wish
and will in the distribution of his i>atronage. in
anv ca.se. Nor are we in favor of that morbid
partiality which can seciiotliing worthy of its
consideration beyond the borders of its own
immediate liicsiiie. In-cause there may be situ-
ations and circnmstaiices under whi<-h a com-
munity may be more benefited by a judicious
exiiansion t^han by suicidal contraction.

But we respectfully submit that our local
journals, our local entcn)ri.s<'s, our local inter-
ests and our local prosperity ought to be ob-

152

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[ October,

jects of o\ir first consideration; and tliat we
sliould procure from abroad only that wliich
we cannot obtain at home : and, furthermore,
tliat when from any cause we may be com-
pelled to limit or cf)ntract our patronage, our
discriminations ought to be in favor of home
industries and enterprises; in plainer terms,
when we feel that we cannot subscribe to but
a single journal, that single one ought to be our
home or local journal, especially when we have
reason to lielieve it needs our patronage and
support. This may appear like sheer selfish-
ness, and in one sense we confess it is; but it
is that form of selfishness which is necessary
to the material and moral prosperity of every
community, and the prosperity of each partic-
ular community is necessarily the prosperity
of the county, the State, or the nation, in its
aggregated capacity. Finally, whom might
we reasonably expect to stand up with us,
shoulder to shoulder, in resisting the invasion
of a foreign foe, but our local yeomanry ?
Whom would we naturally expect toco-operate
with us in our local enterprises ? Of whom
might we expect sympathy in the hour of ad-
versity ? Who would most likely occupy seats
beside us in the temple of our God ? and who
would be most likely to minister to us in our
afHictions and follow us to the grave, but our
local citizens ?

THE FUTURE OF THE PEACH-TRADE.

Much as our peach-i2:rowers have accomplished,
much remains to be done. It is not many years ago
that " peach brandy" took much of the crop that
could not be marketed otherwise, but the internal
revenue laws have thrown brandy-makinsc into the
hands of a few large monopolists who have learned
to dispense pretty much with peaches. Dried peaches
opened a'small avenue for profit in; the surplus, but
the great progress in the art of fruit-canning keeps
dried-peaches rather in the background. They are
still extensively prepared and used in this way, but
they are by no means as popular, we regret to say,
as they once were, and the quantity used for this
purpose is not at all proportionate to the great increase
in peach-culture. The canning of peaches has been
the chief line In peach progress. Already the homo
consumption is enormous, and during the past few
years our canned peaches have become a recognized
" institution" in England. Still it is not enough as
outlets for our crop. There are no more grown than
can be consumed, but our methods of distribution are
faulty; and it is here that shrewd business calcula-
tion must be brought to bear.

At the present writing we have peaches in Phila-
delphia, New York and Baltimore, at ridiculously
low prices ; and yet but a comparatively few miles
west they are among the most expensive of luxuries.
They bring almost as much by the dozen in some
western cities as the grower gets here by the bushel.
But there is no way to help the peach-starved places.
Peculiar arrangements have to be made for trans-
portation, and these arrangements cannot be made
at a few hours' notice. That is, so far it has not been
the case, but this is just where invention is needed.
There seems to be no insurmountable obstacle. We
have succeeded in accomplishing so many supposed
impossible things that there is no reason why we
may not conquer here. In almost all branches we
can find out where there is a scarcity and supply the
want at once. When wo can do this in the peach
lino, we have the perfection in the peach business ;
its absolute control.

Step by step we are reaching this, and just kow we
are all wiitching the experiment being made by our
enterprising line of Philadelphia steamers. It is to
put fresh peaches direct on to the English market.
Those who have the matter in charge have no doubt
of its success, but a few more weeks will absolutely
determine. If it does succeed it will be the begiiming
of a new era in peach-culture, and one that will be
warmly welcomed by our whole people, to whom a
general diffusion of first-class fruit at low prices has
become a sort of national pride, as distinguishing us
particularly from almost all other peoples of the
earth. — OfnnaHtuir)i Tchyrupk.

The successful transportation of peaches to
Europe will no doubt be ultimately developed,
but the experiment the present season, accord-
i ng to report, has lieen equivalent to a failure.*
The price of peaches in ■this market the present
season, abundant as the fruit was, was by no
means too low to realize a jn'ofit on. The very
lowest at which inferic ir fruit was sold was forty

•Accoidiug to the following, thiajie uot true'^iu all cases :
JjONDon, Oct. .'». — The expei-iraeat of bringiug peaches by
the steamer ('auada from New York in a box on deck ar-
ranged on the allegretti refrigerating plan was a success,
the fruit being delivered here in good condition and eagerly
purchased.

cents iier basket — and this not frequent — whilst
the ))etter qualities ranged from sixty cents to
one dollar — mediums averaged fifty cents.
Peaches must rot on the ground where they are
grown before they will be sold l.ielow these
prices, unless there is an abatement in the
railroad freight on them. The transijortation
of iieaches is only a spasmodic occasion, and if
railroad companies ever cultivate a desire to
make an exception in favor of them, they will
confer a blessing upon the poorer classes of
society, for abundant as peaches were the pres-
ent season, so great is the lack in employment,
that many of the poor could not afford to con-
sume them.

Canned peaches are also too expensive for-the
consumption of the poor; therefore rather than
let them rot, it seems to us it might pay to dry
them Ijy some of the improved nKides recently
invented. But dried peaches with the .skins on
are not desirable, and sometimes very disa-
greeable; whilst judiciously skinned they have
a better taste and flavor than much of the
canned fruit. Of the following modes we pre-
fer the first.

Drying Peaches : Never pare peaches to dry.
Let them get mellow enough to be in good eating
condition, put them into boilinr/ water for a second
or two, just long enough and no longer, and the skin
will come off like a charm. The gain is at least six-
fold— saving of time in removing the skin, great
saving of the peach ; the part saved is the best por-
tion ; less time required to stone the peaches, less
time to dry them, and last but not least, better when
dried. A w'holc bushel may be done in a boiler at
once, and the water then turned off. Thus, the other
morning, a friend had over two bushels skinned,
stoned (halved) and on the boards long before a
quarter of them could even have been peeled.

Another way of drying-peaches has been practiced
by Thomas Belangee, Egg-Harbor, N. .1. He has a
small bouse with a stove in it, and drawers in the
sides of the bouse, lathed at their bottoms. Each
drawer will hold nearly a half-bushel of peaches,
that should be ripe and not peeled, but cut in two,
and laid on the laths with the skin downward, so as
to save the juice. Tlie drawer having been shoved
in, they are soon dried by the hot air of the stove,
and laid up. Peaches thus dried eat like raisins.
— R. Hecker, Phila. Aug. 2, 1875.

The above is also from the columns of the
Tdcijvdphot the same date. Neither drying
nor canning peaches is likel}' to become pro-
fitable, except by those who raise them on their
own premises. Kor is there anj- other mode
of preserving them so cheap andeasy of trans-
portation and handling as drying them ; nor
is there a less deteriorating or perishable mode.
About fifteen thousand baskets of peaches
have found their way, the present sea.son, into
the markets of Lancaster city from the State
of Delaware, and probably three thousand
baskets from the county ; but it would be safe
to say tliat not any of these were dried or
canned, except by private parties and for
private use. We have seen and tested speci-
mens that were dried by a new and rajtid pro-
cess, that were infinitely superior to the best
dried figs, and which retahied their original
fiavor and color in a remarkable degree. If
peaches were skinned before they are dried
they would always find a market, even in com-
petitifm with canned peaches, on accoimt of
the la-ice alone. Therefore, l)y all means dry
them rather than let them rot, for if skillfully
done there is no danger of their spoiling in
keeping them on hand, if only ordinary care is
taken. The love of the fiavor of peaches is
almost universal, whether they are dried or
otherwise, and when the quality is good, they
are as healthful as they are agreeable.

What is "Pot au Fef," and how is it
pronounced y " Why the d — 1 don't you write
in Engli.sh ?" to which we might reply, "Why
don't you rrad in French V" Altln)ugh jware
not responsiltle for tlie term (being a selected
article) nevertheless we will condescend to say,
perhaps, what we ought to have said in our
comments, that " Pot au feu" is pronouncctl
I'()t-o-/i(i/Ji, and literally means broth-meat:
hrotli and meat boiled:, or broth and boiled meat,
all of which is inferred in the article >ilself,
without an explanation being necessary. Pot,
standing alone, is pronounced po, and means a
pot; a kettle; two pints. Au is pronounced o,

and means, to the; in the; with the. Feu is
pronounced fugh, and means fire; heat; viva-
city. The most literal version of the term
would, perhaps, be rendered Pot on the fire ;
or. Pot at the fire; and relates to a pot or ket-
tle that is constantly kept on the fire, for the
purpose stated on page 181:5, September num-
ber of The Farmeb. Whenever we speak of
the domestic customs of a nation, tribe or com-
munity, it seems allowable to make use of the
terms by which such customs are designated
among the people where such customs obtain,
although we confess it would also seem neces-
sary to give the plain English of any foreign
terms we may find necessary to use.

BERRIES AND BRAINS.

The following from the Gerriiantoicn Tele-
graph of the 1st ult., in reference to tlie "ten-
dencies" of the American Pomological So-
ciety, of which clie veteran Col. Marshal P.
Wilder is the distinguished presiding officer,
contains so much that is rationally truthful,
and withal comes so near our own sentiments
on the subject, that we do not hesitate to
transfer it to the columns of The Faumer.
Indeed, we think the thing would "fit" in
other places than the association in reference
to which it was written. Displays of fruits,
vegetables and flowers are unquestionably a
great attraction, and also eminently useful, on
occasions mainly gotten up for display, but
under the most favorable circumstances they
ought to be rather regarded and made use of
as means auxiliary to the illustration of ends,
than as ends themselves. The individual who
can practically illustrate how two blades of
grass may be made to grow, where only one
could have possibly grown Ijefore, does in-
finitely more towards satisfying the material
wants of humanity than the most showy ex-
hiliition based on mere display. Displays of
fruits and flowers alone, at least, only exhibit
what has been done, and not necessarily what
caii be done, and bow to do it :

The talents for organization and leadership are so
pre-eminent in Mr. Wilder that whatever he under-
takes is sure to be a success. The successful presi-
dent, however, cannot always direct the tendencies
of large bodies, except to a very limited extent. He
has rather to anticipate its wants, and lead it to the
fulfillment of its wishes, than to accomplish his own.
We think there i^ danger of this great society
degenerating into a mere fruit-show. It is quite cer-
tain that this is not Col. Wilder 's intention or desire.
But he cannot help, nor can any one now help, the
consummation of this error with the whollf popular
machinery against him. There must be a wholesome
public feeling, or the evil is sure. The tendency this
way is greater than we have ever noticed it before.
The most urgent appeals are being made to the va-
rious States to " bring their fruits ;" and on this oc-
casion a valuable medal is to be awarded to the
State or individual that shows in this respect to the
best advantage. In all such interests, new lands with
newly-settled populations, and orchards of just such
an age as to be in their best bearing vigor, are sure
to come ofl' victorious. Insects have uot found them
out, and the orchards are not close enough together
for blights an<I moulds to be contagious. Practical
fruit-culture is very little advauced by those exhi-
bitions of maiden fruits. They are beautiful. They
eaptivate the youthful heart. They draw the multi-
tude to look at them. But " beauty is but skin-deep."
It does not wear. And by the time those who look
at them now come into close relations with them,
come to have orchards of their own, they generally
find that their early beauties are blotched and
wrinkled, and that the least handsome fruits are
often the best after all.

That some fruits are useful accessories to a meet-
ing of a society like this, is certain. But the fruits
retiuircd are such as will aid in correcting the names
of varieties, or in some way illustrating some pecu-
liar phases of fruit-ctriture. What possible use can
be served by the exhibition of bushels of Baldwins,
Greenings, .Maiden's Blushes, or the scores of kinds
with which every tyro in fruit-culture is familiar
with, and can bebought at every apple-stand in the
country ? In a State or county fair, where it becomes
a legitimate object of a society's existence to encoiu'-
age the jiroduction of fine fruit between neighbors,
this can be understood ; but in a ease like this there
is no point. The fruit-grower of Maine or Canada
cannot bo expected to compete with Missouri, Kansas
or California.

We take it that the Pomological Society will find it
more to its interest to bring together brains than ber-
ries, and to encourage fruit-culture by the develop-
ment of principles than the exhibition of pears . It is

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i53

all very well for some one in some favored nook to
gather anil send to the exhiliition a plate of lieanliful
hutler or White Doyenne pears, l)ul it woulil l)e a
matter of nnieh more pulilie interest to know exaelly
why ottier [leople tlo not ijet them, and some eei'tain
atul sure proeese l)y whieh they can. It is a pleiisure
of a eertain kiml to look on friend I'ome's lar^'e Bart-
lelt pears, "so fair and so wliite, withont spreekle or
sjieek;" hut the man who ean tell ns without i^uess-
work in elear faets whieh evey one ean understand,
the eause and the eiire of j)ear pli;rht, is to he a thou-
sand times more weleomeil than a wholi' State-fidl of
men lu*ini.^ini; fruits to tlu* fair. Of course we ean un-
derstand that a little eoneession to tin* tnere sii^ht-
seeini^ puhlie is neeessary in all undertaking's of this
kind. Our only ohjeetion is thatthis side issue should
eoine to he a leadinir feature The whole eouulry is
interested in the work of the National Soeiely ; tliose
wlio see the fruits exhihited are iuit a l)uekelful in
the ^reat puhlie oeean that expects a henelU. fn.im its
labors in otlicr ways.

LETTERS, QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

A Si'Hsi'KiBKK. — Your gra]U's wcic ad-
jmlgi'd to be " Uoj;oi"S' Seedling, No. IV," witli
a sliadow of doubt.

1... H. F. — Your peaches arc "VanBuren's
Golden Dwarf."

1i. F. II. — The singular animal which you
caiitnred on a rose-bush near liaiidjridf^e is the
" Spectre-insect," or "AValking-twig " — Sjiect-
rum femurutum — and beloiig.s to the anibula-
torial .section of the order Ohtuoi'TEK.x,
which includes gra.sshoppers, crickets, cock-
roaches, etc.

S. K. — The bird you shot in the Landisville
marsli is a yoiitig " Night-heron" — Ni/cli(trdi((
yardcnii — of which tliere are two living speci-
men.s in the possession of the proprietor of tlic
saloon in the basement of tlie " Inipiirer
Building." This bird has nested and bred in
Lancaster county from a very remote period.
and some very peculiar sii])erstitious traditions
in regard to it have been entertained these
many years. It is also called tlie " Qua-bird, ' '
from its peculiar note, qua, iiuii.

P. T. R. — The insect you brought ns is the
"Wheel-Bug " — lietluriti.t )iocoi«caw — and be-
longs to a family of prcdaceous and seiui-
raptorial IIemii'tek-V, or half-wings. It is a
true bwj, and is a friend to the huinaii family,
in that it feeds entirely upon other insects,
noxious and innoxious.

MINERAL RESOURCES OF SOUTHERN
LANCASTER COUNTY.*

Beginning with the extreme south-eastern
portion of the county, and witli the oldest
rock formation, is found chromate of iron,
associated with the various magnesian miner-
als. It is mostly embedded in .serpentine,
which underlies a territory in the county "f
about thirty square miles, known as "the
Barrens," which at siillicient depth yields
"both minerals (piite abundantly. During tlu^
war (ptite an extensive trade was carried on
with the magnesite, as well as the chromate,
but since epsom salts and calcined magnesia
have become so low in i)rice it has been dis-
continued.

North of and above the serpentine lies a
bed of stratified gneiss, occupying ;i belt tu'ross
the county about lour miles wide, upon which
rests a soil excellent for agricultural pur-
poses. Along the northern side of this and
immediately adjoining a scam of trap which
separates the gneiss from the slate, is a stra-
tiun several hundreil feet thick, which in ap-
pearance nuich resembles sandstone, being
separated by parallel divisions into layers vary-
ing from three inches to two feet in ihickness.
It is extremely hard ai\d comi>act, and is a
most excellent building ntaterial. On account
of each piece having two parallel faces it
forms very close and solid masonry. For the
same rea.son it requires but little dressing,
and is readily worked in the quarry. When
it can be conveniently reached by railroad it
will undoubtedly be extensively used. A
number of the bridge walls and cullierts on
the Columbia and Port Deiwsit R. R., are
built of it.

The ridge of .slate on the boundary lietween

*Read t)cfore the August meetiug of the Linnfean Society
by W.T. Bolton.

Fulton and Drumore townships is 1200 or
l.")tK) feet thick where it is exposed on the
river. It exleiids in a north-easterly direc-
tion through the county, and gradually dis-
appears from the sinface ; the most ea.steiiy
point at which it crops out being about live
miles from th<' river. A short distance utider
the surfiK'e. however, il extends almost the
enlire breadth of llie county, being found in
wells at .seviial dilTerent i)laces. The only
(piiirry which has been successfully worked is
on the river bank. Some slate h;is been
taken from a ipiarry near Fairtield, but of in-
ferior cpiality. That formerly taken from the
Peach Bottom tpiariy was considered inferior
to the York county slate, but since that
cpiarry has been worked by its iireseiit owners,
the Peach Bottom SlalcComiiany, with steam
power. ))inniis anil other facilities, for work-
ing deep into the rock, it is found cpiite ecpial
to that on the other side of the river. This
company is now doing ;i large business, not
oidy in niantdacturin^' rooling slate, but ;nan-
tels, stejis, watering troughs and various arti-
cles for ornament and utility.

Tlie slate gradually passes through talco.se
slate to another form of stratified gneiss, con-
taining more magnesia and tdlumiiia than the
former. This gradually shows a hirger \ito-
portion of oxid of iron until the valley ex-
tending from McC'all's Ferry to Pennington-
ville, is reached, where iron ore is found in
abutidance. A mine of superior iron ore in
this valley, near Muddy creek, was worked
during the Revolutionary War, but was after-
wards abandoned until the late war, since
which time large (piantities of ore have been
taken from it. It is now owned and operated
in part by the District Attorney, J. W. .John-
son, of Lancaster. '

A few years ago a large piece of magnetic
iron ore was found in this valley, about two
and a-half miles from the river, on Thomas
Robin.son's farm, a part of which is in the
]\Iuseumof the Linna'an Society. It is strong-
ly magnetic, and will pick up nails very readi-
ly. Since that time other pieces have been
found in the same neighborhood, giving evi-
dence of its being there in considerable quan-
tity. The mines in the ea.stern part of the
valley have been worked for many years, and
liave yielded the ore in abundance, and prom-
ise to continue to do .so.

In the eastern i)art of this valley the oldest
limestone formation iir the county is fotind.
Tliis has long supplied the lower townshii)s
with lime, and (lone much toward bringing
their soil to its present state of cultivation.

North of this is the copper mine, and the
Martic ridges, the former the most elevated
ridge in the county, south of the red sandstone
hills, is of almost pure hornblend and .seems
to have been heaved up through the rocks of
a later formation which surnuind it. It is in
this rock that the largest IkkIv of nickle ore in
this country is found, being mo.stly in the
form of a suli)hide. Copi)er is also a.ssociated
with it in greater or less (juantities, hence the
name of the ridge. What seems to he a con-
tinuation of the sam(^ ridge, through Provi-
dence and Martic townships, is of si very dif-
ferent rock, being nearly the same as that in
the territory south of ''the valley."

North of this ridge and separated from it
by a stratum of sand.stone, is a series of de-
tached mound-like hills, formed principally of
(plait/, with more or less limestone. These
hills extend from the Susquehanna in Cones-
toga township, through the northern part of
>fartic. Providence and Eden townships, and
the .southern i)arts of Petpiea. West Lampcler
and Strasburg townships. Throuiihout their
whole extent the (piartz comjiosing them con-
tains more or less of the ores of silver, lead,
tin and zinc. Mines have l)een oi)ened in
several places, but for some reason have never
been worked to much extent. The most ex-
tensive one is in Peqnea township, nearPequea
creek. This is the one referred to in the
,Iune numlKT of The L.\nc.\stek F.\hmek,
where mention is made of a tradition, that the
mine was worked previous to the Revolution-
ary War, and that its entrance wiis concealed

at the time of the excitement resulting from
the invasion of the British, and its where-
abouts had never since Imtu discovered. From
information obtained in the neighborhood, I
have rea.son to believe that the part of the
account relating to the concealing of the en-
trance is corrccl ; but that it lia.s been work-
ed niore or less at ditTereiit limes ever since.
Siveial yeaix iigo the piopcity on which it is
situated was purclia.sed by a cotupany of
Philadelphia capitiilisis, who sunk several new
shafts and opened new galleries. After a few
yea i-s I he work was abandoned, although the
(piantity of galena found was larger than
ever before. Tlit^ reason for discontinuing
the work was probably on account of the
small per centiige of ore lor the (|uanllty
of rock to be moved. The silver is all found
in combination with sulphide of lead, the pro-
portion being variously state(l at from ."> to 10
percent. On the opposite side of the creek
another luiiu- has been opened, and another
on the farm oI'Martin Hoover, in Providenct!
township, but after working a short time thed
were abandoned. North of the last namt-h
hill extends the i:reat liniestoiie basin whicy
sejiaratcs the northern and the southern jiarts
of the county, the geology of which has already
been minutely described.

♦

For The Lanparteh Fabu eb.
BLOOMING DUTCH BULBS.
By the time this gets through the press, it
will Ije time to pUuit hardy, blooming ImiIIw,
as Snowdrops, ('rociis. Hyacinths, Crown Im-
perials, Tulips, Narcissus Lilies, Ac. .Some
are the earliest harbingers of spring; others
the queens of beauty of the summer garden ;
all are beautiful of bloom, and manyare highly
fragrant. Asa whole, they Ibrin a grand coiu-
hinatiou for decorating and perfuming the gar-
den. It ajipears that before the advancement
of botanical .science, they wereall called Lilirs,
and they are fre(iucntly alluded to in the Old
and New Testaments as the emblems of love
and beauty. Solomon, the great kiiigof .leru-
.salem, grew them largely in his royal garden.s.
For centuries back, the commercial lloristsof
Holland, Belgium, and northern Germany,
have surpa.ssed till others in their culttne, and
in the production of new superior varieties by
hybridization and special culture, .so now they
siipply the whole world with them. Hence,
they are called '• Dutch Bidbs." Ilmrhm is
still the great mart for their siile. All coun-
tries make annual importations from there.
Our own ornamental gardening has ri.sen to
such eminence, our ,seedsmen and nurserymen
make large im)iortali(>ns every year. We have
seen those of Pliila(lelplii;i for this year, lately
arrived. Tliey are all sound, large and line
bulbs, with nianysui>crioruew varieties among
them. The demand for them has always iK-en
as ureat ius the sui'ply. Seedsmen transport
them all over the nalion to private familitfl
and dealers in country places. They are .sent
by dozens, or hundreds, and balesful as re-
(piired, so all may get them who want them.
They are all of simple culture; rich soil well-
])iilveri7,e(l, and in sunny exposures, will grow
them to advantage. The sooner they are
planted now. the larger roots they will make
before hard frosts stop their growths, and by
that they will bloom stronger and earlier in
their times, .Snowdroiis comes first, next
Crocus, then Hyacinth and Crown ImiH-rial,
then Narcissus and Tidip. Lilies bloom at
different times, and keep up a show of IiUls-
som for many mouths. The bulbs are planted
of a depth according to their sizes; Snowdrojis
an inch under ground, and Ulies four inche^s
under ground. Hyacinths and \:u\ Tliol
Tulips are nuich grown in pots and Udl ghtsses
in gla.ss hous»'s and iii windows of dwelling
hou.ses, and bloom very early, just after frosts
seal up the ground. The biilb beds should get
a slight covering of straw manure, to lie all
winter, and taken off in spring after the frost
is out of the ground. Kverybody should grow
a few bulbs, as they appear to shorten the win-
ter and make spring look earlier. And they
are something to iulmire and love. — Walter
Eldek, Laudsatpc Gardciur, PhUaddphia.

154

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[October,

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Farming on the Continent of Europe.
Correspondence of The Lancaster Farmeb.

Pakis, September i, 1875.

THE YIELD OF THE HARVEST.

Although harvestinir operations are nearly termi-
nated in all France, yet the exact result cannot be
etateil with accuracy till threshine operations be
completed. General opinion believes the yield will be
a mean average of about 2.H million quarters for whet;
in exceptional years double this quantity is produced.
Some twenty-four million quarters are required for
home consumption, and four millions for sowinffs. Thus
no wheat can be exported of this season's crop, but such
can take place from reserved stocks, which are lariie.
Natural and artificial meadows have furnished some
excellent aftermaths ; licet looks better, and the vines
promise an exceptional vintage, in quantity, at all
events. Potatoes leave somethiuK to be desired ; and
while the condition of cattle is generally good, there
are districts where the foot and mouth disease has re-
appeared.

DEPREDATION'S OF THE VIXE-BUG.

The importance of the vine-bug or phylloxera
question to France may be estimated by the fact that
the insect, which covers the roots like a bark, has al-
ready dest royed nearly half a million acres of vine-
yard, and threatens with ruin two millions of acres
more. Since three years a Government Commission
has been occupied at Montpellier, experimenting with
all suggested remedies on an affected \'ine_vard sev-
eral acres in extent. It may be safely said, the Com-
mission, composed of practical and scientific men, has
discovered no cure. It has, however, demonstrated
the happy action of manures in prolonging the life of
tlie vine, without, however, preserving it. The sub-
mersion of the vines, for thirty days at least in au-
tumn or winter, with running water, and the subse-
quent application of fertilizers, known as the Faucon
plan, is the sole eflflcacious remedy up to the present
demonstrated, and so highly is it appreciated, that a
project is on foot to construct a canal, to be fed from
the Rhone, so as to enable several million acres of
vineyards to be temporarily inundated. A special
commissioner has left for the United States to study
a variety of American vine-stocks, known in Pennsyl-
vania as the "corn grape," and reported capable of
resisting the phylloxera.

REAPERS, MOWEKS AND THRESHERS.

iSeveral agricultural societies adopted the excellent
practice this year of issuing instructions for the use
of mowing and reaping machines, and trials of both
have been extensively made. Since May, last, 3,000
of these machines have been sold in France, and
mostly of foreign make. A reaping machine is not
easy to construct ; its parts are numerous and di-
verse, demanding an extremely precise, if not deli-
cate, adjustment. French manufacturers are not able
yet to compete with English aud.Vmerican fabricants.
The total reapers turned out by tlie former do not ex-
ceed oOO. As France at present exports locomotives
to England, there is no reason why she may not one
day do the same for mowers and reapers. It is calcu-
lated that the 3,000 machines purchased within the
last three months represent the equivalent of oO.OOO
laborers. This supplemental labor is incalculable
where farm servants are rare, and where the military
are too occupied with their own duties to give much
practical help during harvest-time. .It is becoming
the custom in France to present the farmer who otters
his wheat to be cut by a competition of reaping ma-
chines with the prize reaper, the latter being pur-
chased for that purpose by tlie local farming society.
Not less noteworthy is the progress made in the
adoption of threshing machines. For large farms
steam machines of course are employed, but in the
ease of small holdings the little Swiss machine is pre-
ferred. It is portable, and so passes from neighbor
to neighbor. If worked by a horse, ten bushels of
grain per hour may be threshed ; if turned by two
men, one-half that quantity.

ADfLTERATlOX OF COMMERCIAL MANURES.

The Minister of Agriculture, alarmed at the ex-
tensive adulteration of commercial manures, and
which is progressing rather than diminishing, re-
commends each Department to establish a laboratory
for testing the sincerity of the selliT, and he urges
every agricultural society to obtain samiiles of ma-
nures oliered for sale in their neigliborliood, sending
same to be analyzed, and in case of fraud, placing
the matter in the hands of the public prosecutor.
France has sutlicient laboratories already in connec-
tion with her agricultural schools and "stations ; "
the obstacle to conquer is the apathy of the farmer,
who in too many cases is already the debtor of tlie
seedsman and manure dealer. The easiest and best
guarantee is to order c<inimercial manures at the
fountain head. The newest substance for falsifyhig
guano is a compound of gjpsum and [ihosphate of
lime, colored to imitate real Peruvian. M. Coren-
winder, of Lille, draws attention to the baiicoul nut,
belonging to the euphorbUwfe family ; when deprived
of its thick shell, it yields 02 per cent, of oil, suitable
for burning or industry ^ the cake is as rich as 23 per
cent, in nitrogenous matters, and the phosphates are

also in large quantities, hence the cake would make
a capital manure. The nut is peculiar to Cochin
China, Tahiti and New Caledonia.

HAY FARMING AND BALING.

A fresh impulse has been given to hay farming by
the employment of machines for compressing the fod-
der. A cubic yard of hay, ordinarily bundled, weighs
about 1 cwt.; by pressure, and well corded and wired,
five and six times that quantity can be forced into
the same space. It is thus that Cherbourg sends hay
to Paris, and the same facilities prevent a region
from suffering from any penury of fodder. The
presses are of various sizes, the portable ones being
iiired out. Reports of late have been very unfavora-
ble ti-> the giant maize of Nicaragua, so much es-
teemed for green feeding. On examination it has
been found tliat the seed had not been imiiorted from
South America, but raised in the vicinity of Mar-
seilles; the seed germinated very unequally and
sickly, and was fonnd to be black in the centre, and
suflering from a dry rot. Apart from any question
of degeneracy, the climate of France cannot ripen
this maize, and hence why farmers are falling back
on the variety known as "horse-tooth." M. Goffaft,
who has become the authority on the preservation of
green maize and rye in trenches for winterand spring
feeding, asserts the plan has never failed, where the
instructions have been minutely followed. The amount
of moisture contained in the plant is no obstacle to
its preservation, as maize contains 90 per cent, of
water when put in the trench, and revealed on analy-
sis the same jier centage, four months later, when
taken out to be consumed. M. Gotfart thinks that the
reason why so many complain of green rye not con-
serving well is owing to its being relatively dry, con-
taining but 70 per cent, of water, and hence, one rea-
son, perhaps, why a watering with salt in solution
proves so beneficial. The colder the state in which
green stutt' is put into the trenches the better; thus,
after filling some pits in December, M. Goffart found
that such as had a layer of ice on the surface before
being covered in, maintained the desired low tempera-
turetothelast.

SHEEP AND WOOL.

The CentrJl Agricultural Society has resolved that,
as yet, there is not sutlicient practical evidence, that
in the case of Merinos, precocity is compatible with
relative amelioration in the staple of the wool. Pro-
fessor Sanson combats this doctrine, by producing
specimens of wool, of an excellent character, belong-
ing to Merinos, that had their full permanent teeth at
the age of twenty months — the grand proof of pre-
cocity. In other instances, Merino rams had their
dentition perfect at twenty-six months, thirty being
the general period for such.

INCREASING THE BREED OF HORSES.

Belgium is very much occupied with the meaus to
increase the breed of horses, to supply the deficiency
caused by foreign purchases. The favorite plan is to
award annual jirizes to the best stallions, aged from
four to nine years, and which shall have covered thirty
mares at least, in the locality. France, in addition,
gives prizes for the best brood mares, but which
must not be exported. Belgium being very rich, can
aflbrd to pay good prices, there the rent per acre of laud
is frOO, and for its purchase fr-t,000. The land is fer-
tile, excepting the heath district of Campine, and fifteen
quarts of milk is the expected yield of a Dutch cow.
When the quality, as well as the quantity diminishes,
the animal is at once (attened for the butcher. Some
of the small farmers employ dogs, in a separate out-
house, to turn the churn crank. It is by means of
beet pulp that Belgian farmers are able to fatten so
much stock. Manual labor is not dear, farm ser-
vants receive fr30 per month, with board and lodg-
ing, and day laborers three sous per hour.

NEW PROCESS OF PLANTING POTATOES.

The Telliez process of planting potatoes, horticul-
tural rather than agricultural, consists in being able
to have new potatoes in January and February, equal to
those ordinarily produced in May and June. Having
selected a light friable soil, at least twelve inches in
depth, make a hole ten inches deep, place a little ma-
nure therein, then the potato, afterwards some ma-
nure, and then fill in the soil. The holes ought to be
twenty-lour inches assunder. The seed potatoes
should be preserved in charcoal dust till first of
August — the moment for planting — and to be steeped
for one hour beforehand in a solution of half a pound of
salt and one quart of w.iter; about the middle of Sep-
tember mould, and at the same period in October
weed and earth up, irrespective of the faded stems;
then cover with a little straw; the tubercles will in-
crease imderground, independent of all exterior vege-
tation, and may be gathered in the early part of Jan-
uary, although they will not be fully ripe till the close
of February.

MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS.

M. Duponchel recommends an effective means for
destroying dodder. Mow the spot affected as close as
possible to the soil, afterwards raking it clean; then
strew a quarter of a pound of sulphuret of > calcium
per square yanl ; the dodder will be burnt, but the
clover and lucern ^^ ill in no way sutler.

To destroy the terrible bugworms which attack the
young hop stems, M. Breithaupt pours some carbolic

acid on a heated shovel; the fumes cause the worms
to fall dead in masses.

Canadian poplar seems to be proscribed for road-
side planting; instead, ordinary poplar is recom-
mended for humid soils; elms for strong clays, and
oak for land unsuitable for any other tree ; the dis-
tance between each tree to be thirty-three feet.

It is alleged that one of the obstacles to the rearing
of horses in France, is the absence of oats. In the
southern parts of the country, barley is the favorite
grain for horses, as is i)racticed at present in Spain,
Algeria, Arabia, itc. The Romans fed their cavalry
horses only on barley. A new variety of oats, called
SuUnes, has been introiluced in the neighborhood of
Lille, which yieldsovcreighty bushels per acre, where
formerly but half that quantity was produced; hence,
the cultivation of this grain cro]! is now rapidly spread-
ing; oats sell at frll to frli per cwt.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society.

The stated monthly nieetingof the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Society was held in
this city on Monday, Oct. 4th: Present, Messrs. .John-
son Miller, President; Peter S. Reist, Calvin Cooper,
Simon P. Ebv, John Crossman, Win. J. Kafroth,
Henry M. Edgle, M. B. Eshleman, Elias Brackbill,
S. S. Rathvon, Mr. Buckwalter, Martin Brubaker,
Ephraira Hoover, John M. Stehman, Reuben Weaver,
John Gross, and Alexander Harris, Secretary.

W. J. Kafroth, of West Earl, and Henry Webb,
were elected members of the Society.

The President read a report on the condition of the
crops in Warwick township. He said the State Fair
is now among the things of the jiast, and our minds
are again directed to our work at home. In looking
over our farms, we find that the wheat crop sown
only a few weeks ago is coming up finely, and the
fields look as if very well set and in good growing
condition. The seeding has varied from the first of
September to the first of October, and there is some
to sow yet. The corn crop is the largest and heaviest
we have had for years, and at this time is nearly all
cut. Potatoes, both white and sweet, have turned out
large crops, and in spite of the bugs Lancaster county
has a very fine crop of jiotatoes. These being plenty
and cheap, will be a relief to the poor during the ap-
proaching winter, which, from present indications,
will be marked with a scarcity of labor for a large
class of our population. Agriculturally, this has been
a year of plenty, and people have no reason to com-
plain. An all-wise Providence has proviiied for all
who feel like earning an honest living by labor, and
those who do not will receive the just reward of their
indolence, in not working while work could be had.
While we have fine weather farmers should not lose
a day in putting things to rights about the farm and
farm buildings, especially to procure the proper pro-
tection of their stock from the inclement weather of
winter.

.Mr. Kafroth agreed in the main with the President.
The farmers in his township had fair crops of wheat
and fruits.

Peter S. Reist made an encouraging report. The
farmers are now busily engaged in feeding, and for
some time they have been selecting more clioice stock .
They are sowing more corn ground in wheat this fall
thaii has been done for years. Apples are rather
scarce. Potatoes, notwithstanding the bugs, have
yielded a good crop.

Johnson Miller agreed with Mr. Reist in the matter
of sowing wheat on corn stubble.

John Grossman was in favor of cutting offthecorn,
then plowing the ground, and afterwards harrow-
ing it.

John Brackbill differed somewhat in his plan.

Reference having been made to a particular drill,
Mr. Engle said he had not tried it, but he had seen
it. Hcand Mr. Carter had carefully examined the
drill at the fair, and they had formed the same opin-
ion of it. The drill which he (the speaker) used, had
the shovels eleven inches ajiart. He thought the
drills, as now generally used, would not give general
satisfaction. He believed we would yet be compelled
to adopt the method pursued in England — to culti-
vate our wheat like corn.

Mr. Kafroth presented apples, grown by Mr. Ens-
niingcr, of .Manheim, and he desired the members to
examine an. I pronounce upon them.

Joljnson .Miller thought something should be done
to secure a meeting room.

On motion, a committee of four was appointed to
see the County Commissioners with reference to a
room for the future meetings of the Society. The
following gentlemen constitute the committee: S. P.
Eby, esq., Epliraim Hoover, D. G. Swarlz, esq., and
Wm. McComsey — the committee to rejiort through
the papers for next meeting.

Mr. Engle spoke of the success of the State Fair.
One of the leading managers stated to him that the
fair was the. niost^ complete success which the State
Society had ever known. He thought we should soon
go to work to arrange lor the next fair, which he be-
lieved would be held in our midst next year. Many
who did not participate this year now regretted it,

,

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER

155

and tlicy promise I liat. tlii-y will not iic(rli''t it in fiiluro.
lie tliouirlil we (ilMiulil ilii sunii't liinir towurfl liavinir a
larircr rcprcM-ntaliun in the State Society. Tlici|iiali-
(Irations prcscrllnil liy tlic (Dnstilulion arc iin animal
paynii'nt of two dollars, and twenty ilollarslo lieeoini'
a nu'iiilnT.

A (tcncral disiussion on the sulijcit <if the late lair
now cnMK'd, and several nieniherh lulieved thai, in
view of tlie etlinis tliat liad liccii inaile liy I lie loeal
soeiety, its inuiiiluis Ijad warely rereivi'd >.neli loiirte-
OUR reeognilion from tlie tnaiiafrers as tliey hud de-
served. A few free tiekets were at least due the
County soeiety in ronsiderationof what they had done
for the State association.

II. M. EuL'le spoke of phi n(in'_' trees in the fall, and
saiil the small lilirous roots will strike out, liut to en-
ahle the trees to do so, they should lie planted early.
They should also he planted early in the spriusf. The
ofti'iier a tree is transplanted the better it will do.
Hivi'rs, the i,'reat nurseryman of Knsiland, transplants
his younij trees every year.

Levi S. Heist remarked that trees :;rown from si'ed
throw a tap root wliieh runs down to a irreat depth,
anil il is a <.'ood plan lo cut otf the tap root, as the
tree will then throw tnit side roots.

.laeoli Staull'er w as ajipointed essayist for the next
meelinsr.

The followiiii; questions were proposed for discus-
sion at the next mcetinsr.

Hy John (irossnian: What is the best time to plow
ground for corn or oats i

By K|ihraim Hoover: What herds of cattle are the
most |irotitahlc to be raised by Lancaster county
farmers i

Hy Heubcn Weaver: What grape is the most pro-
fitable fiir cultivation ?

.■\aron Jl. Suinmy was elected a mcinhcr.

Heubcn Weaver Kxhibitcd some very fine Martha
prapes.

S. S. Rathvon exhibited the followinp: fruits: Rog-
ers' seedlintr irrapes, Xo. 17, from Conestoga town-
ship: Van Biireii irolden dwarf (leaehcs. by Lewis 11.
Fisher; pomeirranalcs, i.'rown by Mrs. Kraniph, in the
open air, at the "Home Cottage," Lancaster; ligs,
second crop, grown of the same, under the same cir-
cumstances; apples for a name, by Levi S. ReisI, for
a friend.

After testing the fruits the Society .idjourncd.

THREE MODEL STOCK FARMS.

The Coleman Estate — A Farm of 22,000 Acres.

A writer in tlie Keadini; Timrs irivcs an interesting
account of the immense landed estate of the Cole-
niaus, which is the largest landed estate in the com-
monwealth, and devoted almost entirely to farming
I]ur[)<iseB. It is situated at Cornwall, Lebanon
county, and Speedwell, Lancaster county, and con-
tains twenty-two thousand acres. It is owned by
the heirs of Robert W. and William Coleman. The
residence of the proprietors is at Cornwall, six miles
south of Lebanon, and is reached over the Cornwall
turnjiike, probably the finest road in the State, on
which not a stone or rut can be seen. This farm is
not divided into distant tracts, but is one contiguous
body, and comprises about l.i,Ot)0 acres of woodland,
l(l.5i„ acres of iron ore, known as the Cornwall ore
hills, while the remainder is in the highest state of
cultivation. Some idea of its extent may lie formed
from the fact that it would occupy the better jiart of
three days to drive round it. There are about tiftj'
miles of road traversing the estate, and in daily use.
One of these roads has a continuous length oi' over
iQW miles. There are engaged in the direction and
control of this *-state one manager-in-chief, with six
assistants under him, while the tenantry compose a
body of about one thousand men, women and chil-
dren. Hundreds of the best draught, horses and
roadsters, and the choicest strains of lattle and sheep,
can here be seen, while slock raising is a sjieeialty.

For the purpose of maintainiiiir a supply of first-
class horses, the old Spci-dwcll Korge property, in
Lancaster county, distant seven miles from Cornwall,
has been converted into a stock farm. The forge,
which, in days long gone by, furnished the iron mar-
ket of that era with a regular supply, is now a mass
of mouldering ruins, the walls overgrown with moss
and ivy, and the water-power become a means of ir-
rigation to the land. The stock farm is under the su-
pervision of Mr. (ieo. Youtz, an experienced farmer,
and in matters pertaining to tlie qualities of i;ood
horses andcatllc a reeoL'uized authority. The chief
attraction at Speedwell is its magnificent stud, at the
bead of which stands " .Middlctown," a half-brother
to the famous Dexter. This stallion is l.i'.j hands
high, a tdooil bay, has two white bind feet, ami as he
sweeps around file track bears himself with all the
dignity and pride of royalty, is a perfect trottir, with
a coat like satin, pure galled, with an easy, beautiful
movement, and so gentle that a woman can lirive
him.

He has sired the largest [lereentage of trotters in
harness of any known stallion, and iH'fore his trans-
fer to the Speedwell farm, liis owner was offered
t'J5,(HMI for him. He can make his mile in 2:;i0.
" Middlctown " is known throuirhoiit the United
State*, aud noted for his performances in the stud.
He is 13 years old, and has forty desccDdants, whose

records raniro from that made by "Orangt^blossom,"
in 'J;!!!'..., to that of " .Melody," in 2:4(). To show
that his iret is equally valuable and desirable, we

would Just mention that a daughter of his, " Katie
Wink," .sohl with male for *->(l,(»IH) in goM to a pur-
chaser in Caliiornia. There are at present four mares
at ,spee)lwcll, sent in from Indiana, who wereaecom-
paiiiid by their owner, for the pur|Hise of ensuring
t heir sale arrival, so anxious was he for their wel-
fare. In adilillon to ■' .Middlctnw n." there is •' Speed-
well Hoy," also a Hysdyck Ilamblctonian. Hi- is
smaller than " .Midilletown," has two while hind
li'et anil one white front foot, is seven years old, also
a blc«)d bay, and cm maki> his mile In 'i:M.

Of cattle none but the short horns are kept here.
The choicest strains of <-jittle and sheep, though rais-
ed here, are sent to Cornwall. Among the former
class at this place are the celebrated head of Ilolstein
cattle. There arc but twobenis in the I'liiled Slates.
These animals are remarkable fortlh'ir beauty, which
consists in their deep black color about I hi' bead, neck,
rump and legs, while round the centre of their Ixidies
runs a broad, snow-white belt. Some have broader
bells than others, occasioneil by the action of our cli-
mate. The ell'cct of this strong <-oni rasf of color is
beautiful in the extri'tne, especially whenthe animals
are browsing on some field of rich, green grass. Next
to these in good looks are the Aldcrney cattle. These
arc generally of a delicate fawn iMilor, lithe in limb
and body, anil at a distance bear a stronir resemblance
to the ilcer. It is the handsome .Mdcrncys that yield
the rich yellow -milk and the gohlen butter, and of
them it may with truth be said, "they arc worth their
weight in gold." The lovers of good mutton can
here have their eyes regaled by the sight of the ele-
trant "Southdown," ami if he is a guest at Cornwall
he will have his palate tickled with a taste of this
same excellent meat. Nor is this all that this big
farm can boast.

There is an orchard here that supplies the owners with
all the fruit they want, and that last year gave every
man who worked by the month on the place a bushel
of apples and a barrel of eider. Pears, peaches,
plums and quinces are cultivated, while the gardens
of the owners, the manager and his assistants, con-
tain the best grape vines, strawberry, raspberry and
melon patches, and vegetabies of all kinds in pro-
fusion.

There are thousands of bushels of wheat, rye, oats
and corn raised on this estate. Much is sold, but the
greater jiarf is housed and ttsed. Wheat atwi corn is
sent to their mill to be su|iplied to employees and
employer. Every cnqiloyee on this estate gets a
bushel of flour from the Cornwall grist mill for?1..50
per bushel, no matter what the market price may be,
and the corn is sold at a similar proportionate rate.

Besides this farm the estate owns 1 ,4"i."> acres in
York county, known as the Castle Finn proiH-rty, aud
ill cockney phrase, a "shooting box" on Lake Sara-
nac, in uiirthern New York, up among the .\diron-
dacks. Here, in past years, one of its former owners
passed many a pleasant hour hunting deer and fish-
ing for trout in company with his personal friends.
Another large farm called Colebrook, which belong-
ed to the ancestor of the present proprietors, and has
by the death of the previous owners become separat-
ed in ownership, once formed jiart of this huge estate.
There arc charcoal furnaces here but they have not
been in blast for many years, the farm being exclu-
sively used for agricultural purjioses.

A Lancaster County Stock farm.

In the September number of The Marylniiil Farmer,
D. Z. Evans, jr., one of the sjiecial contributors to
that excellent agricultural monthly, gives the follow-
ing description of the breeding establishment of our
friend, Charles B. Moore, near Christiana:

" Last.hine wcbad tlicop[)ortunity to make another
trip amongst the breeders, and, as in former visits,
we gleaned many items of interest and value. This
time wc visited the breeding establishment of .Mr.
Charles H. Moore, near Christiana, Lancaster county,
I'cnn.sylvania, having lii'ard so much of his fine stock
and the advanced methods of feeding and manage-
ment, which he so .strongly advocates and untiringly
Iiraetices. Although a comiiaratively young man in
years, he proves, by his enteriirise anil success in
breeding b iL'b-elasstlioroughbred stock, and by adojit-
ing the must approved methods in all deparlments,
, that au old head is sometimes found on young shoul-
ders. In his discussions, he is firm in his convictions
i without being dogmatic, and is ever ready and will-
I ing to show his stock and make all desired explaim-
I tions or give information. His geniality, loo, eannol
I fail to make him many friends, .\lthough our visit
' was a hurried one. wc took the time to run over his
things, rather more hurriedly, though, than we eared
1 to do, but promised ourselves more leisure at some
near future time, when we hope to i;ive the results of
exixriments which .Mr. .MiKire has instituted, as they
cannot help but be both interesting and very valuable.
" Wc did not arrive at .Mr. Misirc's until about
I noon. After rest and relrcshnu'iils we sallied out to
take a peep at the stock and fixtures. We first headed
for his milk liou.se, which is a mmlel of eleanlineti.
I We first stepped into the churning and wash room,
and where a ueat little uprieht engine is placed. The

water Is pumped witli this, the churning done, water
heated, and a number of necessary lhin!.'s done. As
we neglected to find out what make II was, we can-
not say imsllively, but think 11 is a Baxter eiiirlne. It
is scarcely any more trouble than an ordinary stove,
it being a self-feeder. In the milk room were tlirec
forty-cow Jewell milk pans, with the hot and cold
water pijM's. .Mr. .MiM>re likes the .lewelt pan, as it
is less work, takes u[i less room, aiiil is, consequent-
ly, less I'Xpensive. .Some dairymen object to il on
aecounL of experieni Ing a dillleulty to inaintuln a
uniform temperature of the milk, as wide a margin
as from leu to fifteen deirrees being noticeable be-
Iweeii the top and bottom of the pans. Another. ol>-
jeclion urireil is that the de|ith of the milk cannot be
well regulated or equalized, as a dairy of forty
cows, most of them being old in mllkiiii;. will nut
supply as much milk as forty cows in the flush of
their yield. However, be that as It may, the quality
of bis butter is most excellent. He sets his milk
alxiul five Inches in depth.

".\fter leaving the milk house, wldeh is a neat
affair, built of stone and well eemenleii, built against
the side of a good hill, or rather in jk gisMl hlU, tu
seiMire more uniformity of tem|HTature, we went lo
the stables to see the cattle, our euriosity l«'liig raised
lo see the Jersev bull "Commodore Roxiiury," H. K.,
l.Wli, as wc had" heard Mr. T. M. Harvey, of West
tirove, I'a., than whom there Is no betier judge of
good dairy slock, speak so ljij;hly of turn. I'lilikc
many Jersey bulls we have seen, he was compara-
tively quiet and doeUe, his owner leading him alxiut
easily by his ring. He has one of the richest, mel-
lowest hides that I wo lid wish lo see, and has a very
fliic milk mirror orescutcheon. Owing to lieing sta-
bled continually his feet have grown rather more
than is consistent with beauty, but this Is so easily
remedied that it does not amount to a defect. This
btdl took eleven first prizes in Ohio, Pennsylvania,
.Maryland and Virginia, at the fall fairs last year, ag
did quite a lot more of his stock. ^Ve saw the cow
"Fawn," H. R.,x.~j0. She is a represeiitati\eaniinal,
and was a heavy prize taker at last fall's fairs. We
saw several inoye line Jerseys and (iuernseys, also
some neat half-bloods, whose excellent dairy quali-
ties made them valuable to their owner. Here we
saw the "(iill'ord SwingiiiL' Stanchion," in full blast,
with a dairy heril of over thirty cows. They seemeii
contented, and did not seem to mind this rather un-
natural niinie of haltering. It seemed cruel lo us,
but not a single one of the animals cvinccil any un-
easiness or showed signs of jiain. Mr. -Moore likes
them.

"The water was under cover, and the whole herd
could be watered, winter and summer, without going
out of Ibc laru'c circular (inside) barn in which they
were. The animals are not pastured, but .Mr. Moore
resorts to the .soilinir process, fceiliiu: five times each
day. The grass is cut and carted into a large floor;
from here it is taken on a truck made for the purpose
and from it distrdiutcd to the herd, a track runniug
around the barn to facilitate this.

"In the stables saw dust, leaves, etc., are usoi as
absorbents, and the manure is all kept under cover
of the barn, in the large circular enclosure back of
the cows; the cows when in their stalls standing
with their heads outward. In feeding cut food, a
Sinclair ma.«tieator is used fur cutting, driven hy a
large stationary engine, which also does all the
steaming, grinding, threshing, sawing, etc, done on
Ihe place, lie told us that he used lo pay as much
lor lolls lo the miller as now pays for his coal, and
he now saves time, besides doing luany otiier things
with it.

"In soiling, he alternales, using clover and then
rve, as he considers it jircfcrable and better to do so
liian confining to one kind of foisl. On his farm he
makes seventy bushels of corn to Ihe acre, and, al-
though bis farm eonlains one hundriil acres, he car-
ries over thirty licad of cat I Icon il,and a larirehenl of
Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs. Formerly from leu
to Hfleen head of cattle was the eompleinent, luit a
liberal application ofhrainit. aideil by proper tillage
and a dilferenl management, has clfeeted the very
desirable change. He raises from two acres aud
a-half to three acres of roots yearly — Im'^Is, mangel-
wurtzel, etc., for his stock, to be used as a winter
food in eonneetion with nu'al and other ffXHl. We
next visited his piggery, which is one of the largest,
if not the very largest, allalrof Its kind In Ihe State.
Here wc saw a lot of very line Bcrkshires, and some
eipially as fine Yorkshires, many of them Ixdng ini-
iKirted. He has six im|K>rled Berkshire sows. "Lady
Yorkshire" is a splendid dish-faced Vitrkslilre, and a
heavy prize winner wherever exhibited. She took
prizes in Penusylvania, Virginia. .Maryland, Ohio, and
other States. The iinporled sow (Berkshire) "Swan-
wlck's Pride," took the first premium in Kngland
and ten first premiums here. .Sir. Moore is a strong
advocate of steaming fissl for slock, and not only
advocatet it but he praelicen il . As II may Ih' of Ik-iic-
flt to our readers, we are about gelling a condeU6C<l
rciKirt from him on "Steaminir Foisl for Stock," and
will, when received, lay it befsre the readers of this
paper for their perusal and coiisidiTatioii.

".Mr. .Moore also breeds the Dark Brahinas aud
Partridge Cochins, and shows with all his slock that
wiial is worth doing at all is worth doing well.''

156

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[OL'tober,

The Victoria Colony in Kansas.

THE GRANT ESTATE — STOf'K-RAISING — PROFITS OF
FARMING ON THE PRAIRIES.

Three years ago Victoria (Ellis county) was un-
known, but with the advi^iit of the Kansas Pacific
Railway a new order of thing.* has taken the place of
the old savage life which had existed for centuries.
All along the line of the road towns and villages, with
here and there a conijiaratively large city, have grown
up, making central points from which civilization is
extending for many miles into the interior. Settlers
are becoming more numerous, and are taking advan-
tage, of the provisions of the Homestead law, which
gives them a sufficient number of acres on which to
build a home, and to secure a comfortable existence.
Law and order prevail, and jiroperty is as safe and
well protected as in the more densely populated States
of the East. The plains of middle Kansas are pre-
eminently adapted by nature to the nourishment and
protection of cattle, slice]), ami other live stock.
They have been aptly termed the stock-grazing
ground of the nation. Million^ of cattle, sheep and
horses can be fed, watered and cared for on these
plains, summer and winter, at the lowest possible
cost. Nature has ho\intifully provided nutritious
grasses for sheep and cattle, which, with the excep-
tion of a very few days in the depth of winter, is ac-
cessible the year round. This new ground, opened up
for the enrichment of the nation and the development
of its resources, is also remarkably fertile in the pro-
duction of grain. Rye, wheat, barley, millet, corn
and alfalfa clover yield immense crops to the acre,
and besides furnishing winter feed for the horses,
cattle and sheep, return a lai'ge money income to the
farmer.

George Grant, of London, England, soon after the
Kansas Pacific Railroad began to run its through
trains, was induced to visit this part of the United
States, with a view of investment, and afterspending
several weeks in traveling over Kansas, saw so many
evidences of the natural advantages of these plains,
that he decided to invest a large sum of money in
founding a colony which should test, practically and
intelligently, the special adaptation of these prairies
to stock-raising, and bring into the market a part of
the country hitlierto i-egarded as barren and unfruit-
ful. Mr. (irant subsequently entered into a contract
with the Kansas Paeitie Railway for the purchase of
the largest tract of land owned by any one person in
the United States, and exceeding in area any duke-
dom in Eurojie. This immense estate he divided into
sections or stock farms one mile square, which are
well watered and suitable for raisiugstock and grain.
Many of the sections, from the peculiar formation of
the land, contain natural corrals or shelters for sheep
and cattle, and needonly a short line of fence to afi'ord
a perfect winter protection for the stock. The colony
is also advantageously situated, a portion of the es-
tate lying contiguous to and surrounding Fort Hayes,
one of the principal permanent military stations of
the West. Denver, with its wealth and comforts of
civilized life, is within an easy journey westward by
rail ; when one leaves Victoria in the early morning
is reached at supper-time without fatigue or discom-
fort. Equally distant from Victoria, eastward, is
Kansas City, and a night's ride beyond terminates at
St. Louis. New York is only fi'2 hours from Victoria,
and the traveler may breakfast at the Langham
Hotel, London, in less than 1+ days after leaving Mr.
Grant's hospitable mansion.

The Victoria estate ditfers from other settlements
in this country in several important particulars. Mr.
Grant has sub-divided his estate into large farms, and
sells only to settlers of assured character and po-
sition, who wiil devote themselves to raising improved
breeds of sheep, cattle and horses, and cultivate the
land according to the progressive farming ideas of
the ])resent day. The unsurpassed advantages of the
climate, soil, grass, water and shelter of this district
are peculiarly favorable to the growth and improve-
ment of live stock ; and Mr. Grant believes that a
breed of sheep, cattle and honses will be developed on
these plains fully equal to tlie best breeds of Europe.
Foot-rot and kindred diseases are unknown here,
owing to the high elevation and dryness of climate.
Mr. Grant began his new enterprise by importing
English long-woolcd rams, selected from the first
flocks of Ene-land, eliiefiy Oxford Downs, Cotswolds,
Lincolns, Leieesters and Shropshircs. He then pur-
chased Colorado graded ewes for breeding, and the
experiment of crossing the merinos with the long-
wools resulted most favorably. Besides the general
improvement in Ibrni, size and weight, they clipped
from seven to ten pounds of wool, being nearly
double that of the native stock. The English
rams cost from $15(1 to $250 each, but this out-
lay has been amply repaid in the marked im-
provement shown in the merinos crossed with this
best imported blood. The sheej) are divided into
flocks of about 1,000 each, under the charge
of separate shepherds, and remain out in the oix-n
prairie more than three-foiu'ths of the year. Mr.
Grant has built extensive covered corrals of the Kan-
sas stone found here in great quantities, for winter
shelter, and in stormy weather feeds crushed corn.
The cost is comparatively small, and out of a flock of
7,000 ewes there was a loss of only 1 per cent, during

the winter. This Mr. Grant attributes to the perfect
shelter and corn feed. Experiments made by the
head shepherd with certain flocks, by feeding hay
instead of corn, jiroduced a greater death-rate, and
corn was substituted with most beneficial results.
Mr. Grant sums up his experience on this point in the
opinion that proper shelter with a feed of crushed
corn wiil carry a flock of sheep safely through the
winter with no appreciable loss. Mr. Grant has in-
creased his flock this season to 10,000 ewes, and is
arranging to have on his estate 100,000 of improved
breeds within five years. An estimate has been made
of the probable results of sheep-farming at Victoria,
basing the flgures on past experience, and it shows
that beginning with a flock of 1,000 breeding ewes
and 30 rams, the annual increase and profits in ten
years, at the lowest estimate, will amount at least to
$200,000. As to cattle, Mr. Grant uses only first-
class imported short horns of the Booth and Bates
strain, some of which are the finest animals ever
seen in this country. He has also four bulls, known
in Europe as the pure Angus Poll, but almost un-
known here, and which in the London market bring
a higher price as beef than any other cattle. In the
ultimate success of this breed in crossing native
stock Mr. Grant has the fullest confidence. These
noble-looking animals, full, round, and deep-chested,
with short legs, are exceedingly robust in appearance,
and may be described as "all beef." At their pres-
ent age, three years, they weigh on an average 2,200
pounds each. The 200 young calves sired by them
are fine specimens of the improved breed and closely
resemble their sires. In all, Mr. Grant has 500 native
cows of the best class and approved colors, from
which, and his frequent purchases, he will possess
in a few years one of the finest herds in the United
States. "These cattle are under the charge of herders,
and are quartered for the summer on what is known
as the Smoky Hill Ranche, which is supplied with
running water from the Smoky Hill river, and shel-
tered by Cottonwood and elm trees. This ranche
is about 15 miles from Victoria Depot. The winter
ranches are on the Victoria river, and the sheep and
cattle occupy a frontage of clear running water ex-
tending fully 10 miles in length. In horses, Mr.
Grant has about oO very fine brood mares, most of
them of high pedigree, by sires such as Bonnie Scot-
land, and other thoroughbreds. These have been
served by his imported stallion Flodden, sired by the
celebrated English stallion Thormanby, the winner
of the English Derby in IStiO. The pedigree of Flod-
den dates back to the reign of Charles II. He is a
gold bay, with black points, W'i hands high, and
shows his lineage in every movement. The crops of
Middle Kansas this season are unusually fine and
have escaped the ravages of the grasshopper. A
few hours before we reached Victoria, we saw on the
line of the railroad a fleld of wheat two miles long
and one mile wide, containing about 1,S00 acres, near-
ly ready to cut, and valued at $27,000 over and above
the expen.se of planting and harvesting. Mr. Grant
has on his farm 225 acres of rye, expected to yield
from 40 to 50 bushels per acre, and 125 acres of mil-
let, which will cut fully three tons to the acre. He
has besides equally good crops of wheat, alfalfa and
corn. The crops on the adjoining farms of Messrs.
Gunther, nephews of ex-Mayor Gunther of New
York, the Hon. Walter Maxwell, Walter Shields, and
other settlers on the Victoria estate, also give prom-
ise of an abundant harvest. Altogether, the Victoria
Colony is in a prosperous condition and its success
assured. The class of settlers and the continued im-
provement in the breeds of sheep, cattle and horses
must ultimately largely benefit this unrivaled graz-
ing country, and add materially to its wealth and
prosperity. — Correspondence N. Y. Tribune.

THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

Work to be done in November.

VEGETAHI.E GARDEN.

LHtnec and Cnbhagesm frames should be frequently
aired to make them hardy.

Thin out Winter Spinach, Corn Salad and yomifj
Oniotis, and in very cold localities cover lightly with
litter.

Put Celery in trenches a foot wide, and as deep as
the plants are tall. Pack closely and cover with litter
when there is danger of hard freezing.

Cabhar/en keep best by inverting the heads, setting
close together and covering with several inches of
earth.

Finish harvesting the root crops. If there is not
room in the root-cellar put them in a pit.

Late Turnips, Pamnips, Oijsier Plants and Horse
Badish should be last cared for, as freezing and
thawing injure them little. Those not needed before
spring may be left in the ground with slight pro-
tection .

Use every spare moment in digging the ground and
manuring whenever it is needed.

FRUIT GARDEN.

Plantin;/ may continue if the season remains favor-
able.

As soon as the leaves fall, prune grape vines; lay
down tender varieties and cover them with earth.

Bend down the tender sorts of Raspberries and cover
the cones with earth.

Strawberry beds should be covered with straw,
leaves, or other material when the ground freezes.

FLOWER GARDEN.

Bulbs which have not been planted may be put in
as long as the ground can be worked. The bulb
beds should be well covered with litter, and thus held
in place by boards laid over it.

Storing tender bulbs and protecting plants should
be pushed forward rapidly. Put all into winter
quarters.

Zonale (?erfl?ii?(ms, not needed forthe conservatory,
may be put into the cellar — in boxes or hiuigup.

Cover Iicrbaceons perennials with littery manure;
cover leader shrnbs with straw; collect leaves for com-
post; clear up rubbish; and put vases and moveable
trellises under cover.

See that all newly planted trees are well staked
and protected from the winter wind. Give the roots
a good mulching of leaves or litter — it is a great bene-
fit to them.

CONSERVATORY AND HOUSE PLANTS.

Dutch bulbs should be put in glasses or pots.

Be sure and keej) potted bulbs in a dark cool place
until well rooted.

Do not keep plants too warm — sun heat is generally
sufficient at this season of the year.

Top dress the i)Ots by removing the surface soil and ^
replacing with new and fresh.

Camellias should be kept free from dust, and moist.

Autumn-flowering Oxalis is now in bloom, and must
be kept in the sun in order to bloom freely.

Work to be done in December. ,

VEGETABLE GARDEN.

Cold frames must be closely looked after.

Canliflower is less hardy than cabbage or lettuce,
and the sash over it will need to be covered with
straw mats on cold nights.

Accumulate manure. A great deal is thrown away
that should be put in the compost heap. Collect all
litter, leaves and rubbish, not needed to protect
plants, and add this to your manure pile.

FLOWER GARDEN.

All plants in cold pits and cellars should be kept in
a state of rest^with only water enough to keep them
from drying up. Neglected November work must be
done forthwith.

CONSERVATORY AND HOUSE PLANTS.

A trying season for house plants is approaching.
Do not at any time air them — except for a few min-
utes while the thermometer is below thirty-five de-
grees in the shade. During very severe frosts plants
should, at night, be withdrawn from the window to
the centre of the room. Never give water until the
soil is inclining to become dry — except to Hyacinths
and other bulbs in a growing state. Destroy insects
as soon as they appear. Clean the foliage with sponge
and sprinkle frequently to remove all dust. The wa-
ter used must not be warmer than eighty degrees;
and sixty degrees is preferable. Turn the plants fre-
quently to prevent their growing to one side.

The great difficulty with house plants is a dry
atmosphere. Water should be kept upon the stove
or in the furnace. An open fire in the room requires
no water.

Bulbs that were potted in October, and are well
rooted, may be placed where they will have heat and
light.

Women as Horticulturists.

An intelligent lady correspondent of the Chicago
Farmer argues for Horticulture as a suitable employ-
ment for women. She says, if a boy shows any par-
ticular preference in any particular direction, he is
generally allowed to become master of it. Then why
not the same with a girl '! Whatever she shows ap-
titude for let her become perfect in it, whether it be
teaching, book-keeping, telegraphing, reporting, etc.
There may be no apparent use for such, and if in the
years to come no necessity arrives for a practical use
of such knowledge, no harm has been done.

I know we who are toiling and saving, laying up
for such treasures, striving to shield them i'rom all
care or knowledge of such ; we cannot think that
misfortune could ever tarry at their door ; we cannot
bear to open their eyes to the other side ot^ life, but
justice ought to be done. We would not send our
boys out into the world without some little fitting An'
it, and they are naturally more able to battle for
themselves. So let us prepare our girls, lor how often
do we feel the bitterness of not knowing what to do.
The most thoughtless of persons who have lived to
be eighteen years of age, have seen the changes that
have and do take place; the uncertainty of riches and
the comforts and ease their possession can give. One
may be born surrounded with wealth; a father may
die, and with him depart the living. "They may leave
our protection for their own homes, that seem so
bright with life's sunshine; even then changes may
come. There is sickness and death and other sad
ways to bring want into previous happy homes, and
then we may be powerless to save. Then there will

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

157

arise to her two resources — keeping borders or slowly
stiehiiii; lier life away. The lirKt is a hanl, wftrryiug
life; striviniT t" please many ami rarely sueeeciliiif;.
The last, to most, is slow ileath.

A woman is naturally f,'iftecl with a love of the
heautifiil. Then why is it they do not turn their at-
tention to florieulture ? To me there seems no worii
more lieanlil'ul, more reliniiiffor elevatinjr; it brinjrs
forth all tliat is irood and pure in one's eharaeter, It
tills one's life with lieauly, and prepares one to die,
for can one that sows a seeil and walelies its (growth
fail to have in view immi>rtal life !

Tlie work of J'MorienUiiri' is jiartieularly adapted
to woman. There is so muih tlnit her senile, nim-
lile lingers can more earefully do tlian a man's
strou^'er toueli, such as liuddiuij, takinir eutlinf;s,
and iiotlini: of same, tran.splantin;; of seedlinj;, paek-
iu-c of small i)lants for sliipmeni, ete. In the ar-
raniremeut of flowers, in all their varied desii;ns of
floral deeorations, their iilea of harmony of eolor is
naturally better than lljat of man; their fint;ers more
supple and in every way seem just fitted for sueh
work. If this eailins was only more (generally open
to women, how many would leave other more toil-
Bome pursuits to lead a life of health, beauty, and
moral improvement.

The more intelli^'enee is brought into any work,
tlie more advancement is made. One can rise todis-
tinction as well in this as any other. Intellect will
tell, and if guided with a great love for the under-
taking, success will i'ollow. Those who may have
read '' .My Ten l{i>d Farm, or IIow I Became a Flo-
rist," may see what a woman can do. How she may
keep the gaunt wolf poverty from the door and a
tired house-bound woman may possess a new lease
oflife. Wheat florist will give them an open door J

^

Public Poisoning.

Every farmer cannot conveniently have a root cel-
lar under his barn, or anywhere but under his house,
but he can keep his cellar from stinking with decay-
ing vegetables if he will take a little pains to clean
out every spring, and oiien the winbows, so as to give
a eirculiitiou of air through it from spring until fall.
Rotten vegetables and stagnant air in the cellar,
coming up through the tloorinto the living rooms and
Bleeping rooms, has produced many a ease of typhoid
fever and other diseases that have baffled all efl'orts
of physicians to cure. It is as fatal as was the mi-
asma'of the Chickahominy swamp. I have been into
bouses where everything was nice, and even splen-
did, in furnishing and appearance, and the inmates
were continually breathing in an air as foul as a
privy vault, from the odors arising from the cellar
througli the floors. Yes, and I have seen sueh houses
where the odor from the privy itself was as percep-
tible in tlie living room as it it had opened out of it,
and the family ate and slept as if in the midst of spicy
gales. Aiui they thought sick headaches, fevers,
summer complaints, and other diseases that afflicted
them, were simply "mysterious dispensations," in-
stead of licing the penalty of breathing poison. Sink
drains and their accompanying cesspools are another
prolific cause of disease. The old-fashioned open
drain, running alimg near the back door, across the
path perhaps, and making an unsightly and oHensive
(to eye and nose) track, is perhaps the least deadly
of the whole, if neglected, for there is an escape for
its odors in the out-of-door air ; but the more genteel
covered drain, through which the foul air is continu-
. ally being driven back into the house, can only be kept
wholesome liy having a very sharp fall, and by fre-
quent cleaning and the use of absorbents and disin-
fectants ; and it is too often allowed to be in such
close proximity to the well as to be allowed to leach
through into it and poison the water. Look out for
that. With air and water both poisoned, you will
Btand a poor chance for a long life or a healthy one.
A solution of copperas, unslaked lime, chloride of
lime or carbolic acid are either of them good to de-
stroy all such odors, and the poisonous germs that
arise from such places, and they are any of them
cheap enough, so that we can afford to use them
freely, but the two last named smell almost as dis-
agreeably, if not as unwliolesomely, as any place
■where you would use them. Pure, dry earth is very
nearly as good as anything else, and will, by absorb-
ing all the valuable parts that would otherwise es-
cape in the air, soon become a good fertilizer for your
land. There is only one objection to it — it does not
cost anything. — Buxton Journal .

Tree Planting.

The imiiorfance of planting fruit trees our people
thoroughly unilcrstand, but a great necessity is aris-
ing for the planting and cultivation of forest trees,
which is probably not so well iindcrstood . Fifty
years ago, nobody supposed that the supply of tim-
ber in this country could ever be exhausted, and the
great object was to get rid of it in the easiest and
cheapest way, that the land might be brought under
cultivation; hut sinee then the consumption of timber
has been so great, and its uses so astonishingly mul
tiplied, notwithstanding its use as fuel has greatly
diminished, that if the stock is not re-supplied by
cultiTation, there will be a timber famine before the

lapse of another flfly years. Our own county afVonls
some illustration of this truth. Less than fifty
years ago, we were encfrcled with a bell of limber,
and It was ilitheult lo travel in any direitlon in Ihi'
county a mile without striking a woods; but it is not
so now. Our stately forest trees have fallen beneath
the sturdy blows of the woodman's axe, and our
supply of timber Is now jirineipally olitaini'd from the
mountains on either side of us. ,\s this Is true of
other localities thronghtiut the country with a few
exceptions, the question of planting and cultivating
trees for tin\ber Is beginning to cngaire the attention
of some of the best minds in the country, and is, as
we are told, freely resorted to in the West.

Useful Information.

One thousand shingles laiil 4 inches to the weather
will cover one hundred sqiuire f'ci't of surface, and .5
ptiunds of shingle nails will nail them on.

One-fifth more siding and flooring is needed than
the number of square feel (if surface fi> be covereil,
bei'ause of the lap in the siding and matching of the
floor.

One thousand laths will cover 70 yards of surface,
and eleven pounds of lath nails will nail them on.

Eight bushels of good lime, sixteen ttusbelsof sand,
and one bushel of hair, will make enough good mor-
tar to plaster one hundred square yards.

\ cord of stone, three bushels of lime, and a cubic
yard of sand will lay one hundred cubic feet of wall.

Five <'Ourses (if brick will lay one foot in height on
a chimney; six bricks in a course will make a flue
four inches wide and twelve inclics long; and eight
bricks in a course will make a flue eight inches wide
and sixteen inches long. — Prairie Karmer.

The Broom Corn Market.

A prominent firm of dealers in broom corn in New
York, in a recent circular, gives some facts concern-
ing broom corn which would in<licate good prices for
the crop. The demand continues moderate. For
the past three months there has been no stock in the
hands of manufacturers ; they have pursued the
plan of buying small quantities to sujiply imrnediate
wants. The steady jobbing demand still continues
(although it is difficult to place any large lots), and
the stock is being gradually reduced. By ai-fual
count we place the entire stock in this market in
hands of receivers, dealers, speculators and manufac-
turers, at 916 bales. These figures will not vary ten
bales either way. One year ago to-day the stock was
2, TOO bales, or nearly three times greater, and this
proportion we consider a fair estimate of the entire
crop of the country.

Keeping Winter Apples.

With other modes of saving apjiles all winter and
far into the spring, we have more than once suggested
that generally adopted in New Eugland, New York
and Northwestern States, which is to pick them care-
fully from the trees, sort them out ami put them
in dry flour flasks, pressing them down closely, anil
heading them up. They should be allowed to stand
under a shed until cold weather sets in and then be
removed to a dry cellar or some place where they will
not freeze. Care must be taken that none but per-
fect fruit is barreled. We saw one of the best far-
mers of Montgomery county putting up his apples in
this manner, and he told us that they frequently kept
until early hay-making.

Propagating Evergreens.

The cones of all evergreens are gathered when ripe,
and allowed to dry; after which the seeds should be
beaten out and cleaned. Mix the seeds with at least
ten times their bulk of sand in boxes, having .so
thorough drainage that water will pass freely there-
from. Water tboroughly and place them where they
may freeze ami thaw slightly. In the sjiring sow
thickly in beds lightly shaded from the sun: keep free
from weeds, and when one or two years old piik out
into rows one foot apart by four inches in the rows.
When large enough, transplant into nursery rows,
until large enough to Hnally fransplanl lo the places
where they are to stand. — Western Hiirid.

Earthing Potatoes.

By drawing up the earth over the [Mitafo in sloping
ridges, the plant is deprived of ilsduc supply of mois-
ture by rains, for when they fall the wafer is east in-
to theditches. Further, in regard to the idea that,
by thus earthing up, the number of tubers is Increas-
ed, the etlect is quite the reverse; for experience
proves that a potato, placed an inch only under the
surface of the earth, will proilucc more tubers than
one planted at the depth of a f(x>t.

Now IS THF TIME to provldc your winter family
reading. Thk I.-vncasteh Faumkk gives more
good reading and practical information than you can
get elsewhere for the same money.

POULTRY YARD.

The Fowls, or a Heifer.

Here is a brief narrative of fact which comes to nic
from undoubted aulhority, hut which is so mitural
(in these days of young chicken-lovers) that I |iub-
tish it with the greal4*r salisfaetion, ami simply omit
the real names of the parties eonecrncd out of cour-
lesy to those interested in the ph-asanl alfair.

k cily merchant went Into the suliurhs to reside, a
dozen miles from .\lliany, last year. When he got
settled Ihere, he hail not a very large place, and so
could keep but little live-stock.

The ehlldreii — two lads of fourteen and sixteen —
had their dog and lo|i-eared rabbits; the daughter,
her 'finch and canary; the lady, her a(|Uarium ; and
the father had his horse. There was a snuill out-
building upon the premises, and It was suggested
that this should be occupied with a Hock of fancy
chickens or an .MdiTiiey heifer; and it was put to a
family vote, which should lie purchased.

Tlie gentleman argued that the cow wouli! Im* the
most protllalile. She would cost $l"iO. lie knew
where he lould get one, then just after calving, that
would give them eight i|Uarfs of milk a ilay. "This
would be so nice," agreed the eeonouilcally dlsjiosed
wife.

But the children wanteil the fancy chickens. Car-
rie could tend them; the boys would \\\ the house up
nicely for their a<-commodation ; they would lay lots
of eggs (which were as desirable as milk), and would
not cost half so much to feed ; they could raise chick-
ens by the score — and all lo better proflt in dollars
and cents than with the cow. They voted, and a
majority of one, in favor of the chickens, decided the
matter.

The il20 were invested in thirteen prime Light
Brahma fowls, a year old — a cock and twelve hens.
They were put into their clean, bright quarters In
-March, and the oldest lad kept an account of the re-
sults from breeding them ten months, up to January,
1H7.5. This was what eventuated— ilebit and credit.
Dii.
To Food purchased, eight months, . . . $20^0

Hone-meal and scraps, 3 I'i

Sulphur, kerosene, and turnips, ... 1 IMI
Laths, nails, and slats — for coops, . . '2 4.5
Original cost of thirteen fowls, . . . I'JO 01)

*1-Hl!t7

Cn.
By 13fi dozen eggs used, (ailiO cents, . . . $40 NO
40 chickens eaten, (a} fiO cents, ... 24 00
12 chicks— 4 cocks, 8 pullets— sold for

breeders, f"i $4, 4S GO

21 best fowls kept over, worth »3 eaeli, . «:t 00

»17."> 80

The cow would have cost ?2 a week lo keep ; her
first cost would have been *1'2(). Her milk would
not have been worth over thirty dollars more than
her cost to keep; and so it was esteemed a better
way to buy their milk, and have the Brahmas instead
of the cow.

Pecuniarily, this turned out much the more profit-
able; and Ih'iK year, from the "twenty-one best fowls
kept over," the boys have as handsome a floik of
sixty-flve chicks as can be found in Ihe State of New
York, in addition lo all their older laying fowls —
some of which, no doubt, will Iw seen and nole<l at
the next season's shows.

Thus the question at the head of this article Is
answered. The boys did not receive "fancy prices"
for their choice chickens ; nor iliii they reckon those
on hand, at *:> eacli, almve their value. But they
thus paid all costs and expenses, and had a value of
al«nit *»l left after all, the first year. Not bad for
young beginners! — Fancicm' Journal.

Bronze Turkeys.

Last spring I proeuri'd fhiriecn egL'S, jiut them un-
der two hens (not hen-turkeys,) and only six eggs
hatched. Seven eggs had never iK'en impregnated.
Those turkeys are now about half grown. They are
all gobblers "but one. The prosjiect now is that they
will nuike large and heavy roasters by t'hristinas. I
will never attempt to rear any turkeys Ix-sides Ihe
bronze breed. The real lironze turkeys arc almost
Identical with the American wild turkey in plumage
— a dark gray bronze. When full grown they are
twice the weight of a common, or the largest of com-
mon turkeys. The lmpn)ved New England bronze
turkey iu>ver weighs less than forty-five jionnds the
pair— that is, the lowest weight allowable when bred
in-and-in. Some havi' been known to weigh eighty
ixiunds the pair, extra fat. They are like the
" Kouen '' cluck— size is the main crileriim they are
judgiHl by. Of course, they must lie next thing to
black, every feather showing a bright, shiny bronze.
They are the least diflieuit to raise, as they are hardy,
prolUie, large, fine, and the meat is sweet. A be-
glimcr can raise a d<i7A'n where one is raised of the
while sorts. Some have an idea that they are some
strange-Ioukiiig turkey. There is no dlfTcrence be-

158

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[October,

tween thciii and many cnnimon turkeys, only great
size. They are marked similar to the original stoek,
only Bome darker; in fact, the wild stoek has been
extensively used in brinfjinij' about this noted bird.
They are to common stock what Koucn ducks and
Toulouse geese are to their respective common ances-
tors.— Agrtcohi, X. Y. Ihrald.

How Much Hens Will Eat.

It is difficult to determine by general rule how
much corn or its equivalent should be fed to fowls ;
but the following record of an experiment made in
January, lSfi9, has a bearing on the subject : A flock
of forty-five grown chickens — a few of them full Brah-
mas, the others half-bloods — were allowed all the
corn daily, they could eat. They fed from a hopper
60 arranged that corn was within their reach all the
time, care being taken tliat none of it should be car-
ried off by rats, mice or otlier intruders. In eighteen
days the flock eat 1+4 pounds of shelled corn, or an
average of eight pounds per day for the -45 chickens.
At this rate one chicken would eat 1-78 of a pound
per day, and one hundred would therefore eat 17.8
pounds per day. During the eighteen days this flock
eat, besides the corn, nearly one peck of onions and
turnips mixed, about two pounds of meat scraps and
one head of cabbage. They were well supplied with
water, lime mortar, ashes and sand. The result of
this experiment was that the hens became too fat,
and toward the close of the term of eighteen days
they laid fewer eggs than at the commencement, al-
though as the season advanced the production of eggs
should have increased. It is evident that no invaria-
ble rule can be laid down. In the case here mention-
ed it is clear that a less quantity of fftod would have
kept the flock in better condition, even during a win-
ter month and in latitude 39.40 north.

How to Tell a Goose from a Gander.

In sorting out a flock of geese for home breeding,
or to make sales, it is often difflcult to distinguish the
males from the females. A correspondent of the
Farmen^ Home Jouniat, Ky., thus delineates the
difference :

" The goose has always a feminine appearance and
the gander the opposite. Her head is smaller and
her beak shorter; knot on forehead smaller and not
so pointed; her neck shorter and more delicate; the
black streak on back of neck not so high; colored
ring around head not so bright; her neck comes out
of her body more abruptly (this is occasioned by her
having a larger breast than the gander,) giving a
square appearance to the body. The voice of the
gander is keener and louder; coloring about head
more brilliant; eyes keener and always on the look-
out. With such marks plain to view, any practical
gooseman can readily distinguishone from the other."

BEES AND BEE CULTURE.

Italian Bees.

This variety of the honey-bee is found south of the
snow-covered Alps in northern Italy, and is of a
striped golden color. They were accidentally dis-
covered during the war of Napoleon III, by Captain
Balderstein, who carried the first colony across the
Alps in 184:5. In 18.53 they were introduced by Dzier-
zon into Germany, and into the United States in 1860.
There have been several importations.

We were slow to believe all the good things said of
them by German apiarians, until convinced of their
superiority by the universal testimony of prominent
American bee keepers, coupled with our own experi-
ence. From the mass of testimony in favor of the
Italians, we condensed the following points of supe-
riority over the common bee:

1st. The queens are more prolific than the common
kind, consequently the colonies have more brood,
swarm earlier and more frequently. 2d. They are
less sensitive to cold, working more hours in a day
and in cooler weather, hence, collecting a greater
amount of stores. 3d. Their strength being greater
and their wings larger, they are more active, fly more
swiftly, and are less liable to be robbed, but easily
master weak colonies of common bees and appropri-
ate their stores. 4ih. When bred in combs of their
own building, they are longer and their honey sacs
larger. .5th. Their proboscis being longer they are
able to work upon flowers that the black bees cannot
operate on. 0th. Their beauty of color and graceful
form render them an object of interest to every per-
son of taste. Hence they attract many visitors,
who admire their golden color, so beautifully shown
by the sun rays, as they pass swiftly to and from the
hive. — //. A. Kiiiff, in Practical Farmer.

Bee Culture for Ladies.

Lizzie E. Cotton, writingto ttte Scientific American,
confidently recommends bee culture as well adopted
to the sphere of woman, both incity and country, and
says: "I speak from experience, having been engaged
in this pursuit for over twelve years. In my first at-
tempt at bee ctilture, I used the old fashioned box
hive. These hives were readily constructed with lit-
tle or no reference to giving a profit in surplus honey
obtained from them. The losses in such hives, from

various causes, especially in winter, were very great,
and profits were small at the best; ten to twelve dol-
lars profit from the sale of surplus honey from such
hives in one season was considered an extraordinary
yield. I have for several years used a hive of my own
invention. It is constructed with special reference to
securing a good yield of surplus honey, in the most
convenient marketable form. My hive is so arranged
and constructed that I am able to prevent or contrive
the natural swarming of bees, and, when desired, to
turn their surplus honey in the parent stock instead
of swarming out, as they often do (to their great
damage) under ordinary management. It is sur])ris-
ing to note how much more honey will be stored by
a stoek that does not swarm (yet has the same in-
crease of bees) than by one that casts one or more
swarms. I often obtain from two hundred to three
hundred pounds honey in small glass boxes from a
hive in a season.

There is, in my opinion, no pursuit which offers
greater inducements to women as bee culture. There
are very many whose occupation confines them in-
doors nearly the whole time, excluding them from
the air and sunshine, to the great injury of their
health; while, at the same time, after this great sac-
rifice, they barely succeed in obtaining a livelihood.
To such, bee culture otl'ers special inducements, such
as health and a greater recompense for labor per-
formed. I hope that ere long bee culture will receive
from my sex the attention it deserves. I am ac-
quainted with many who have lately commenced in
the business who are meeting with great success.

LIVE STOCK MISCELLANY.

The Horse Epidemic.

As the horse disease is making its appearance
throughout the country, the following from a dis-
tinguished veterinary surgeon to the New York
Sportsman will be well worth a careful reading :

" The appearance of the influenza among our
equine friends is now the subject of a great ileal of
anxiety and speculation as to its results among own-
ers of horses.

" As it is an affection with which we have to deal
more or less every fall, and sometimes in the spring
of the year, and there being many popular errors re-
garding the cause and effect of the disase, I thought
it might be interesting to give your readers some
facts regarding it which have probably to a great ex-
tent been overlooked.

" What is influenza? It is a poisoned condition of
the blood, the poison existing in the atmosphere, and
being inhaled in the inspired air. Influenza occurs in
several forms. Sometimes the part most affected is
the mucous membrane of the windpipe, as in the epi-
zootic three years ago; sometimes the mucous mem-
brane of the throat and nostrils are the point of at-
tack, as in the present epidemic. Occasionally the
entire air passages are affected. A severe type was
seen in the epidemic of cerebro-spinal-meningitis four
years ago. But in whichever form it exists, the cause
is essentially the same, the only difterence being,
probably, in the species of plant or spores inhaled.

" When it is known that over 3,000 species of
fungi were observed by Fries, an eminent Swedish
naturalist, in a very small space, and that some of
these species, according to the same authority, are no
larger than the 1-10,000 of an inch in diameter, or
about one-third as large as the blood corpuscles, it is
not to be wondered at that a quantity large enough
to poison the system may be absorbed. Wet seasons
are also known to be favorable to the growth of all
vegetable matter, and especially fungi, audit is found
that epidemic attacks of influenza are more conmion
in wet seasons and climates than in dry atmospheres.
For instance, they have it to a much greater extent,
and more severe, in England, where there exists a
very much more humid atmosphere than in our own
climate.

" But why does it not attack all horses alike ? The
answer to this question probably lies in the fact that
each animal has its own idiosyncracy, and in some
systems the soil would be more fit for the existence
and propagation of those organic living vegetables
than in others.

" The effect of these iX)isonous fungi, when taken
into the system, according to Mitchel, is to produce
a narcotic effect, and is not a predominant symptom
in influenza. The sleepy, dull appearance is due to
this cause ; then there is more or less general fever,
etc. The symptoms need not be fully described, as
they are too well known already.

" What is the best mode of treatment when looked
at from this standpoint ? As there is a great ten-
dency to congestion and stoppage of the circulation
in the small blood vessels, and a consequent coagula-
tion of the blood, partly from the diminished nerve
force produced by the eflect of the poison on the
brain, and partly from a febrile state of the whole
system, we can only give such agents as are known
to have a solvent effect on the blood, and also try to
excite the nervous system to a healthy degree. Am-
monia is such an agent, and it is w'ell known that sal-
ammoniac is one of the best agents we possess for the
treatment of this disease ; it also acts slightly on the
kidneys, thereby eliminating a portion of the poison-

ous matter from the system. This agent, when given
in half-ounce doses, three times a day, dissolved in a
gallon of water, in which form the patient will drink
it, acts .almost as a specific in this disease. If there
is much cough, apply mustard to the throat, feed the
animal on bran mashes for a day or two, apply cloth-
ing to the surface of the body, and give them" plenty
of fresh air ; and in a few days your horses will be
working again, with no bad effect from the disease.
"Tours, J. M. Heard, V. S."

A New Cause of Trichinae in Pork.

Some new cases of deaths, due to the eating of pork
infested with trichime, recently quoted in Western
journals, should be the means of directing public at-
tention anew to the horrible disease of swine called
trichinoxix, and to the fact that, when once the para-
site attacks a human being, the result is prolonged
suffering and, in a multiplicity of inslances, death.
The worm existing in the pork, literally bores its way
out of the stomach and into the muscles. It has
lately been found that swine may become infested
with trichinie through eating carron, or even de-
cayed vegetable substances. This is a point worth
consideration by farmers who incline to the belief
that dead chickens, putrid swill, or any other filth
about the place, is legitimate food for the pig. The
animal is not dainty in his tastes, and will lunch off
his dead relatives with infinite gusto ; but it is the
poorest economy to permit him to assume the role of
scavenger. No milk dealer will allow his cows to eat
garlic if he can help it, though the brutes are crazily
fond of the odoriferous weed ; and there is certainly
more reason for the farmer to see that his porkers
have no access to unclean food. In the one case, if
precaution be neglected, the taste of the milk is af-
fected ; in the other, the entire flesh is rendered
poisonous and dangerous food.

Poland-China Pigs,

This breed is very popular in the West. It was
illustrated in the .luue number of The Farmer (page
87.) The Western Bnral sa.y» : "Poland-China pigs
vary in price from ten to one himdred dollars each,
according to size, merit and the reputation of the
breeders. For -$35 very good representatives of the
breed can be bought. These pigs vary in color con-
siderably. They are spotted, black and white, some-
times showing a sandy color. Those with little white
are now generally preferred. We have seen a few
without any white and those ali white are occasion-
ally found. These are exceptional cases, however.
There are also considerable variations in size and
form,, as they are bred by different breeders. A
weight of 1,000 pounds is sometimes reached; while
those bred by others will not weigh over 400 pounds
at maturity. It is claimed for these pigs that they
process in unusual degree, an aptitude to fatten at
almost any age. They are frequently fattened when
from 7 to 10 months old; while others keep them un-
til they are 18 to SO months old. At the latter age
there ought to be no difficulty in having them aver-
age 400 pounds. It is doubtful whether any breed
of what are properly called large hogs is superior to
the Poland-China."

Training Heifers to be Milked.

Concerning this subject Dr. Orcut writes : Our po-
sition in regard to suckling calves upon young heif-
ers— their first one or two calves, say — is that this
natural action encourages the mothers in giving
milk. The idea may seem novel to some, and there
is a difference in heifers. Some are more " foolish "
and sentimental concerning their offspring than others.
In breaking in a heifer to milk, I am apt to mix in with
her calf a good deal, endeavoring to associate my-
self in the minds of both as a familiar object, so that
my little stripping passes as a matter of course among
the new and bewildering circumstances, as in times of
general excitement shrewd managers are very likely
to be found stripping the public purse. Barring
the opinions that may obtain with the selfish and
short-sighted against the policy of developing the
lacteal secretions in this natural manner — by allow-
ing a heifer to "fuss around with a young calf " —
the plan must look quite reasonable. It is certainly
a time-honored practice among careful farmers, and
a good deal of observation and some experience will
warrant me in asserting that early indulgence in the
cares of maternity is no detriment to the future pro-
ductiveness of the grown up cow. Shrewd cow buy-
ers— milkmen and others — go a-picking among the
stock that has been bred and fed in the plainest nor-
mal farm fashion, preferring to add the extras them-
selves. After three or four years of age, when the
milking habit is formed, calves may be " deaconed "
with less feeling on the part of the mother. She is
used to the hand of man, and becomes by habit
reconciled to her lot. Your old cow is not a roman-
tic or seutimenfal animal. I made a visit lately to
our eldest cow, Clover, sold last spring. She wouldn't
even look at me, or scarcely stop gathering grass
long enough to smell of my hand when I lifted her
head by the horn. This may not be precisely like
refusing to look at her calf, but if you knew the in-
timacy formerly existing between us, you'd allow it
was somewhat like. But this animal never showed
much affection for her calves at any time .

i

isr.5.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i59

A WOMAN'S ANSWER TO A MAN'S
QUESTION.

Do you know you have usUid for tlie coetllefit thinir

EviT luailu iiy tlii' liand above —
A woman's licart and a wouum's life,

Anil a woman's woiulorful love i

Do you know you have aPked for tliis prieelcss thin^,

As a cliikl niii;lit ask for a toy,
Dcmanilint.' wlial otluTs liaviMlit-il (o win,

With till' ivikli'ss ilasli of a lioy !

You hnvp written my leSBon of duty out —

Man-like, have you (|Uestioned me—
Now stand at the liar of iny woman's soul,

Until I shall question thee.

You require your mutton shall always he hot,

YoiM- soeks and your shirt he whole;
1 require y<tur heart tii he ti'ui'as (ioil's stars.

And pure as his heaven your .soul.

You require a cook for your mutton and heef,

I require a far irreater tliin;;:
A seamstress you're waiitiuL^ for soeks and for shirt,

I ktok for a man and a kin^.

A kinu: I'oi- the heautiful realm called home.

And a man that the maker, (!od,
Shall li>ok upon as he did on the first

Anil say " It is very ,i;ood."

I am fair and youns;, but the rose will fade

From my soft yoiniij tdieid; one day —
Will you love me then, 'mid the falling; leaves.

As you did 'mid the liloom of May ^

Is your licart an ocean, so strong and deep

1 may launch my all on its tide?
.\ loviiiL' woman tinds heaven or hell.

On the day she is made a bride.

I require all tliinirs that are ^rahd and true,

.\11 thinsjs that a man should be;
1 1' you n'ivc this all, 1 would slake my life

'fo he all you demand of me.

If you cannot be this — a laiuidress and cook

You can hire, with little to pay;
But a woman's heart and a woman's life,

Are not to be won that way.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

How to Keep Sweet Potatoes,

The question as to size of bins is not so particular,
as I have kept them equally as well from a barrel to
sixteen hundred baskets in one bulk. It is ncces.sary
that the cellars should be well ventilated, especially
from four to six weeks after storine, while underKO-
ing their sweats, avoidimr too much direct draft.
Some varieties arc much hardier tlian others. The
Short Nanscmond variety is as hardy as any. It is
Very desirable lo keep the cellars at one temperature.
I generally separate my bins witli common inch
boards. One foot of air space between the potatoes
and ceilinff is futficient for the circulation of air. I
would recommend that the thermometer never i;o
above 70° nor lidow .50°; between (1(1° and 70° is the
proper heat. 1 built a prcservinj,' house, with cellar
below and room above, with bins on each side of the
.entrance to hold from two hundred to four hundred
baskets, and left space next to the wall to enable one
to go around; the space to continue up tlirough the
floor and around the upper room, sothat the heatand
air might circulate friun the room below to the one
above." The room above should be brick-paved and
plastered. This buihling had a wind-break on the
north side, of ciirht feet wide and Icngthof the house.
In cold weather the potalii-liins should be tight all
round, rest on ground and lloorwitli straw underand
next tothe Wall, with strawaround them. Fora few
weeks after housing let the windows be left open, wit h
wire screens in them, to protect against rats and mice.
It is very iinpt)rtant that the potatoes to be Imuseil
should be selected from as high ground as possible,
and gathered immediately from the hoe or plow. I
ouee put sixteen hundred baskets in an ice-house in
one bulk, anil as they were put in 1 set a stove on a
hoard on top of the potatoes, and in that way dried
off the sweat as it rose, and took them out at early
winter with very few decayed ones. — Xeie Jersey Cor.
N. Y. Tribune.

Concrete for Walks, Etc.
John Turner, in the London .{iiriniUiirnl Giizrtir,
gives his experience in makiim- and usin!.' asphalt as
follows: " 1 have done a ureal deal sueeisstully in
walks and sonu* kinds of lloors. sucii as the Iloor of a
pig house, but have never attempted it for heavy
traflic. It is neither dithcult nor expensive. Of
course, a great deal depends U|xin the cost of mate-
rial; the labor is trilling'. 1 have used sercenintrs of
gravel (I don't like it clean, but mixed with sand);
I have used sand alone (wlien 1 eoiilJ not get any-
thing better,) blacksmitlis' a.shes, and ashes from my
engine. The last I did was for our churchyard walks;

for those I got the screenings of Leicestershire gra-
nite, which made a splendid path, but of course more
expensive — the granite cost f'J..">(l per ton. It is quite
an unneecs.sary expense and trouble to bull tlic tar.
(ict your material dry, mix it with tar, turn it over
twice, and let it lie a couple of days, then turn it
airain. and mix a little lime with it, about a tenth,
let it lie another day. and then iin a tine sunny day
lay it on. rake it even, and roll well as soon as it will
roll, in an hour or two's time; if the roll does not
work well (it outrht lo if tin* stutl'is not mixcil with
too mueh tar,) siattcr a little sand over it. Kvery
summer I brush my walks over with cold tar, and
give a i^ood sprinktim; id' sand, and they arc as ijood
now as when tlrst put down, Ilftecn years siniM'. .\ny
laborer can do it, only take car<>, before layiii<; it
down, it is of proper consistence. When ready, it
ou<;ht not to show the least tar, but should be a dull
dead black, and, when moved with a shovel, ouifhl
tootle lively, exactly like a mass of mites in a cheese.
The stuff will keep a a long time in a heap if coverinl
up or ol hcrwise kept dry."

Slinple Dyspepsia Remedies.

Dys])cpsia arises from a great varietv of causes,
and dillerent i)ersoiis are relieved by ditferent reme-
dies, accordiui; to the nature of the disease and con-
dition of the stomach. We know of a lady who has
derived great bcnpllt from driid<ing a tumbler of
sweet milk— ^thc richer and fresher the better — when-
ever a buruiut.' .sensation is experienced in the stom-
ach. An elderly gentleman of our acquaintance,
who was afflicted for many years with great distress
after eating, has elTccted a cure by mixing a table-
spoonful of wheat bran in half a tumbler of water,
and driid<ing it half an hour after liis meals. It is
necessary to stir quickly and driidi immediately, or
the bran will adhere to the glass and become pasty.
Coffee and tobacco are proba'.ily the worst substances
persons' tfoubled with dyspepsia are in the habit of
using, and should be avoided. Kej;ular eating of
nourishing, l>lain food, and the use of some simple
remedies like the above, will effect in most cases
quicker cures than medicine.

A Test for Eggs.

Among the minor troubles of city life is the diffi-
culty of procuring a regular supply of fresh eggs.
When we cannot remove our woes, the next best
thing is to try to understand them. So we devote
this paragraph to what will interest all out ofhear-
iutr of the cheerful sounds of the barn-yard. An eirg
is srenerally called fresh when it has only been laid one
or two days in summer, and two to six days in winter.
The shell being porous, the water ill the interior
evaporates, and leaves a cavity of greater or less ex-
tent . The yolk of the egg sinks, too, as may be easily
seen by holding it toward a cauiJlc or the sun ; and
when shaken, a slight shock is felt if the egg is not
fresh. To determine the precise age of eggs, dissolve
about four ounces of common salt in a quart of pure
water, and then immerse the egg. If it is one day
old, it will descend to the bottom of the vessel ; but
if three days, it will lloat in the liquid. If more than
five days old, it will come to the surface and project
above in proportion to its increased age.

Household Receipes.

PRF.r.Mi-^TioNs Madk fhom Cokx oh Indian'
Meal : Now is the season for the enjoyment at fam-
ily meals of the many palatable and wholesome pre-
parations which can be madeof eorn or Indian meal.
The bountiful crop of corn with which we have been
favorcdthis sea.son, and the comparative shortness of
the wheat crop, invest the culinary manipiilalions of
corn meal with more than ordinary interest and im-
portance. To those of moderate means the abundant
corn crop will be found a irrcat blessing during the
ensuiii!; winter. The following recipes arc from the
latest and best authority — Mrs. Paul's "Cookery
from Kxiierienee :"

Coni-hiilfer Cukes: One pint of corn meal, a small
teasjioon of soda, the .same of salt. I'our boilin<>;
water over the Indian nu'al, beatiu!; all the time un-
til like mush ; let it stand until cool, add the beaten
yolks of four eggs, a handful of Hour, with two lea-
spoonfuls of cream of tartar in it, stir in milk until
like buckwheat cakes, then add the soda in a s|x>on-
ful of hot water, whiles of cirgs last; bake on a grid-
dle.

Corn Mnffinn Xo. 1 : One coffee cup of sweet
milk, one of butter milk or sour cream, one hcapinir
tablesiKKUiful of lard, one eollee cup of Uiilcd rice,
one of corn meal, and two e<;i;s beaten separately;
beat the butter-milk, rice, lard and yolks toccther:
then add the whites licaten to a stiff froth, the Hour
and the sweet milk, with half a teasjioonlul of soda
dissolved in it, last of all. Bake in miillin rings.

Corn y[iiffliix Xo. 2 : One quart of milk, two egirs,
two tables|Mionfuls of sugar, one cup of flour, a little
salt, a tablcspocmfulof melted butter, two tables|ioon-
fuls of cream of tartar dry in the fkmr, and a tea-
spoonful of soda dissolved in a little of the milk ; inli
all together, and add corn meal enough to make a

baiter; stir in the soda last of all. Bake in mullin
rings, set on a hot griddle, tiirniiii; them; or you
may set the muflln rings in a dripping gian and bake
them in a hot oven.

('urn I'lifft : .Scald five tal)les|K>(mfuls of corn meal;
While hot add a piece of butler the size of an egg;
when cool, two ci^tfs beaten light, separately, eight
tablesixKinfuls of wheat Hour, two cups of milk, and
a little salt; bake half an hour In a hot oven In round
tins the sl/.e of muflins.

Cum Jlrriul .Vo. 1 : Olie quart of butler milk, a
teaeupful of flour, four egijs, a lablispoonful of buU
ter, and a teaspomiful of M>da, dissolved in u table-
siKHinful of hot water, and Indian meal to tin* con-
hislince of sixiiii;!' cake. Stir the buttermilk i^radu-
ally into the llimr. beatini: well ; melt the butter and
stir it in, and a leaspoonful nf salt, beat thi' e|,'|,'n and
stir them in, then stir in the eorn meal, and last the
soda. Bake in square tins.

,Vo. 2: One pint of Indian meal, half as much
wheat flour, a tabiespiHiiiful of butter, a feaspiMinful
of suirar, half a teaspiNinful of soila, one of cream of
tartar, a pint of milk, two eggs beaten liehl; stir all
well together as above; bake in sc|uare tins half an
hour.

.Vii. :! : One quart of buttermilk, four beapingtable-
spoonsful of wheat flour, four ei^gs, a tables|M>onfuI
of butler, Indian meal suflieient to make it the con-
sistence of sponge cake, one tcasfMionful of sisia; stir
the buttermilk gradually into the flour, beatini; it well,

add a teas] iifnl of salt, then the cyi^s beaten light,

melt the butler and stir in; then beat in the Indian
meal, and last the soda dissolved in a labU'spixinful
of warm water; beat up and bake in shallow pans.

Xo.4: t)ne pint «tf sour milk, one pint of corn
meal, three eggs, two tablespAonsful of sugar, one of
melted butter; and a t<'aspoonful of saleratusor soila.
Stir the milk gradually into the Indian meal, add the
egi;s beaten very liirht, then the suijar, stir in the
melted butter, tlu-n the soda dissolved a tablcsjKKJD-
fulof hot water, pour in shallow pans, and bake about
fifteen minutes.

Misnixnippi Corn Jiread : One pint of boiled rice
mashed Hue, one pint of corn meal (sifted,) a table-
S|X)onful of butler or lard; mix with sour milk, add
last a teaspoonful of soda disMilvedin a tables|>iKinful
of warm water; bake in a pan like |Miund cake, in a
hot oven.

Cum Itotlf/erK : One quart of corn meal, a tahle-
spoi^nful of lard, two eirt;:,a tcasiioonful of salt; scahl
the meal with the lard in it with boilini; water, cool
with a little milk, add the cgt's (beaten liifht,) beat
very hard lor ten minutes, nnike tliein thin enough
with cold milk to drop off the s|K)on and n-tain their
shape in boiliiii^ lard; serve hot; have the lard l)Oiltng
hot when you dropthcm in.

.Viixli C<ikt:i: Mould cold boiled mush into balls,
with a little flour, loprevent it stiekin«rtoyour hands,
flatten lliem half an inch thick, and bake a nice brown
on a hot griddle; turn tlicin over when one side Is
brown. Split and butter them, and send to the table
hot.

I'une : One pint of milk, a pint and a half of In-
dian meal, three eggs beaten light, a piece of lard the
size of an e2:g, and ateaeupof yeast; mix all toy-ether
and set in a warm place to rise. When light, |xiurit
in a buttered |ian and bake nearly or (|uit« an hour in
a moderate oven.

.S7///) .Jiieks : One quart of Indian meal, scalded
with boiling water until the consistence of mush;
when cool, add a teacup of flour, a leas|>o<mfulof salt,
a teacup of yeast, and milk tothe consistence of buck-
wheat <-akes. Bake on a griddle.

Vienna Yeast : Vienna bread and Vienna l)ecr
arc said to be the best in the world. Both owe their
superiority to the yeast used, which is i>re|iared In
the followini; maimer : Indian corn, barley, and rye
(all sprouting) are jjowdcred and mixed, and then
macerated in water at a lcni|H*ralurc of from 149° to
1('p70 Fall. Sacehariflcation takes place in a few
hours, when the liquor is racked off and allowed to
clear, and fermenlalion is set uji by the help of a
minute qiiantily of any onlinary yeast. Carlmnic
acid is disengaged during the process with so much
rapidity that the globules of yeast are thrown up by
the gas, and remain floalim; on the surface, where
they form a thick scum. The latter is caR'fully re-
moved, and constitutes the best and purest yea.sl,
which, when drained and compressed in a hydraulic
jircss, can be kept from eight to Uflccii ilays, accord-
ing to the season

CocKiioiciiEs : The roots of black hcllcbomc,
strewn afnight in the places infested by roaches and
beetles, are an eti'eetual remedy. The vermin will
be found in the morning dead or dyinir. Black helle-
bornc gniws in marshy grounds. It is sometimes call-
ed ''Chrislmas Kose," on account of its flowers ex-
pandini; in the middle of winter. Fresh burned plas-
ter of parts, mixed with wheat Hour and a little
sugar, dislributcd on shallow plates and lH)anIs at
night is also said to be an effectual remedy, as after
three or four nights' renewing no roaches will be
seen.

Cream Cake: A piece of butter the sizcof an
egg, one cup of sugar, one egg,onecupof cold water,

460

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[October, 1875.

three cups flour and three teaspoons of baking pow-
der, rubbed well into the flour. Flavor with lemon.
To make the cream for this pie, take the yolk of one
egg, half a cup of sugar, two teaspoons cornstarch.
Set the dish in a kettle of boiling water until it be-
comes a little thick, and then spread it between the
layers of the cake. Use the white of the egg to frost
the top.

Cider may be purified by isinglass, about one
ounce of the latter to the gallon. Dissolve in warm
water, stir gently into the cider, let it settle, and draw
off the liquor. 'Cider may also be preserved sweet
for years, bv putting it up in airtight cans, after the
manner ofpreserving fruit. The liquor should be
first settled and racked off from the dregs, but fer-
mentation should not be allowed to commence before
canning.

To Clean Straw Matting and Oil-Cloth :
Wash the matting twice during the summer with
salt and water, say about a pint of salt dissolved in
about a pailful of warm, soft water, drying the mat-
ting quickly with a soft cloth. The salt will prevent
it from turning yellow. After oil-cloths are scrub-
bed and dried," they should be rubbed all over with a
cloth dipped in milk. You've no idea how brightly
the colors come out.

Rock Cream : Wash a teacupful of the best rice,
and boil slowly until quite soft, in new milk; add
white sugar to'taste, and then pile it on a dish. Lay
on, in different places, lumps of jelly or thick pre-
served fruit. Beat the whites of five eggs to a stifl'
froth, with a little sugar and flavoring. When well
beaten add a tablespoonful of rich cream, and drop
it over the rice, imitating the form of a rock of snow.

RiceBlakc Mange : One pint of new milk, two
eggs well beaten, four tablespoonfuls of ground rice,
flavor with lemon or rosewater, sweeten to taste ;
let it boil in a porcelain kettle, and when cooled a
little, turn into a mold or dish, and when wanted
turn it out, mix a little cream, sugar and flavoring,
and pour around it; ornament it with bits of red cur-
rant jelly.

To Clean Walls and Ceilings of the soot or
black arising from coal oil lamps, smoke, etc., sweep
off as clean as possible with a broom, and wash down
■with a strong soda lye, which is to be removed after-
ward with water, to which has been added a little
hydrochloric acid. When dry, the plastering can be
whitewashed, kalsomined, or papered.

Useful Hints.

Improvement in Out-Door Closets.

Prof. Beal, of the Michigan Agricultural College,
gives some excellent practical hints on the construc-
tion of closets, which are worthy the attention of
farmers and others out of the reach of sewerage.
Country closets as now constructed are often a nui-
sance and a source of disease. Prof. B. says : Several
closets at the Agricultural College are built on ground
slightly sloping, with the back side toward the foot
ofthesjlope. No pits or holes are dug. Along the
back side are doors turned down horizontally and
hung on hinges by the upper edge. The doors usu-
allv hang down to the ground, and may be easily
raised to remove night soil when necessary. A small
room in the same building is filled, in dry time, with
dry muck, loam, or dust from the road. Clay is bet-
ter than sand. Every day, or every other day, or
twice a day, a small quantity is shoveled into each
closet. Copperas-water, lime, plaster, or other de-
odorizers, are also used in addition to dry earth.
Every few weeks, or even once or twice a year for a
small family, the night soil is carted away to the
compost heap.

If cared for as above there is almost no unpleasant
odor ; nor is it more disagreeable to cart away than
so much manure from the barnyard. The advan-
tages of some such mode are : The closets may be
cheaply made and kept nearly free from unpleasant
odor ; they may consequently be placed much nearer
the house, or even connected with it ; there is no pes-
tilential fllth filtering into adjacent w-ells, or other-
wise causing "mysterious epidemics" in the family;
the compost heap is increased in value. Something
like this, or better than this, must some day become
the universal custom in all the best private houses,
schools, railway depots and hotels.

Slops from the kitchen can be run upon a heap of
dirt which may be occasionally shoveled over and
changed after it has absorbed a good deal of filth.
It is" then well worth removing to use as a fer-
tilizer. It is better than running underground into
a pit where the odors generally find some way of
escape, often into the kitchen, on account of some
defect or stoppage of the pipes.

The use of dry earth is vastly better than to wash
the filth into a sewer, thence into a river to contami-
nate the air and water. A little mouse, a dead frog,
or squirrel, or a few dead worms, will spoil the water
of a well so everyone will smell it and refuse to drink
it. The same subjects are completely deodorized by
a small shovelful of dry earth.

The best way to mark fruit trees is to procure
strips of sheet zinc, eight inches long and a half an
inch wide, and write the name with a pencil. Bend
the strip around a limb once or twice. Labels of
this sort will be legible for ten years.

The best way to preserve a knowledge of the varie-
ties of trees in an orchard, is to make a pencil map in
a fruit book, showing a draft of the place. If a tree
dies or is removed, rub out the name in the map, and
insert that of the new tree in its place.

When a sewing machine is gummed up so it runs
stifl" and hard, ."T little kerosene oil will clean it out
in a few moments.

A wash composed of a teaspoonful of powdered
borax to a pint of rain water is excellent for remov-
ing dandrufl' from the hair.

Scratches in horses may be cured by using a wash
twice a dav of a teaspooful of powdered blue vitriol
dissolved in half a pint of water. Keep the feet
clean.

The best scouring powder in the world for keepmg
tinware bright, is" the fine, white, soft ashes from
hard or soft coal. The polish produced is remarka-
bly bright and permanent.

A screen or blower of wire gauze, from .36 to 40
wires to the inch, placed in front of range or stove
fires, will prevent, it is said, smoke coming into the
room when the chimney fails to draw well.

A cement, impermeable by air and steam, and es-
pecially well adapted to use for steam or gas pipes,
is made of powdered graphite 6 parts, slaked lime :5
parts, sulphate of lime 8 parts, and boiled oil 7 parts,
well kneaded.

Some weeds can be killed and prevented from grow-
ing in garden paths by watering the ground with a
weak solution of carbolic acid, 1 part pure crystal-
ized acid to 2,000 parts water. Sprinkle from a
watering pot.

Brown bronze dip, for coating hat hook« and simi-
lar small hardware articles, is made of iron scales, 1
pound; arsenic, 1 oz. ; muriatic acid, 1 lb.; zinc,
solid, 10 ozs. The zinc should be kept in only when
the bath is used. The castings must be perfectly
free from sand and grease.

A good test for gold or silver is a piece of lunar
caustic, fixed with a pointed stick of wood. Slightly
wet the metal to be tested, and rub it gently with
the caustic. If gold or silver the mark will be faint ;
but if an inferior metal, it will be quite black.

To prevent condensation in a steam pipe laid under
ground, place it inside another larger pipe, filling the
intervening spaces with pulverized charcoal. The
outside pipe should be water-tight.

A Farmer's Library.

In a town in Western New York, as long ago as
180.5, a " Farmer's Library " was organized, the first
instalment of books, according to the American Rvrnl
Home, from which we get our facts, being carried
from Canandaigua on the back of one of the origi-
nators. The membership fee was SL.'JO, with an an-
nual fee of fifty cents. The library grew to number
1,.500 volumes. Agricultural works, history, poetry,
fiction, etc., were collected, and well read. Of late
years, however, the library is being neglected.

In a more western State, many years ago, a library
was established in a somewhat similar way, except
that a considerable number of volumes were given by
a gentlemen interested in the enterprise. The library
grew to have a few hundred volumes, and generally
well selected. For a time it was well used, but the
interest gradually decreased, although the use of the
books was allowed any one at a merely nominal cost,
until two boys were the only ones who made use of
the library. One of these two boys was the writer of
this, and his boyish head often wondered why it was
that half a score of farmers' sons would sit by the
hour in the country store in which the library was
kept, engaged in idle talk, rather than in reading the
books which had given him so much pleasure. At
last the books were divided among the half-dozen or
so of members who had kept up Iheir fees, and so
ended an effort which ought to have succeeded well.
— Western Rural.

LITERARY AND BUSINESS NOTICES.

The Nurseryman's Directory : This publica-
tion which was aimounced through the columns of
The Farmer some months ago, has reached us since
our last issue. It is a reference book of the nursery-
men, florists, seedsmen, tree dealers, etc., for the
United States, alphabetically arranged by States and
post-offices. This enterprise was projected and car-
ried through by D. W. Scott & Co., Galena, Illinois.
It is a neat octavo volume of 212 pages. There has
never been a complete directory of this important
interest printed, and while Messrs. Scott & Co. have
made a very creditable beginning, there is much to
be done yet before the work is complete and reliable,
especially in the orthography of proper names. We
base this judgment upon the character of the reports
from Lancaster county and such other parts of this
State as we are familiar with. We find names cred-
ited to Lancaster which are so marred by bad report-
ing or bad typography that the owners would scarcely
recognize them. For example, Geo. W. Schroyer is
put down Geo. W. Schulemeyer. Now, inasmuch as

Geo. W. is and old printer and a good one — having
for many years been foreman in this office — this ex-
traordinary Teutonic enlongationofhis surname must
be very provoking — especially as George don't drink ■
beer. It looks as if whoever reported the list had
been trying to get two family names, Schroyer and
Myers, together, and didn't know just how to flx it.
Perhaps Pennsylvania theology could do it better
than Galena tyjjography. Then A. D. Rohrer is put
down Bohrer; Solomon" Sprecher is put in the seed
business instead of Wm. D. Sprecher; John B. Erb
is located in Luni Valley instead of Lime Valley —
though we know .lohn don't grow his fruits and bcr
ries by lunar influences ; he is too progressive for such
moonshine. Cyrus N. Herr, Strasburg, is put down
Heiut ; Casper Hiller, Conestoga, is changed to Caper
//(■(((■)■, though the firm name is right under the head
of Lancaster; Manheim is printed Manheine; Pearsol,
in the firm name of the publishers of The Farmer,
is spelled three different ways and the compositor
didn't happen to hit the right way in either, although
he had the printed copy before him. But with all
these defects the Nurserymen's Directory will supply
a want long felt by this important interest, and all
omissions can be supplied and corrections made in
the next edition. The publishers announce that they
will issue an Appendix in February containing all
changes, corrections, &c. If our Lancaster county
nurserymen, florists, etc., will send their names, post-
office address and business to the publishers of The
Farmer, we will see that a complete and correct
list is furnished for this appendix. Every man in-
terested in this important industry should feel a pride
in having such a work complete and reliable. We
know the difficulties attending the first eflbrts to
compile a directory, even of a local character, and
when it is considered that this covers the entire na-
tion, Messrs. Scott & Co. have made a very creditable
initial step.

The Semi-Tropic al: A monthly journal bearing
this suggestive title comes to us from Jacksonville,
FloridaVwhich is a publication of which the land of
orange groves and perpetual summer may well
be proud. It is an octavo of 66 pages, the paper and
typography of which is fully equal to the best publi-
cations of "its class to be found in any of the States.
Its editorial articles and contributions are first-class,
and the general tone which pervades it is thoroughly
national and patriotic. An article on the Centennial
is so sensible and so catholic in a political sense that
we regret we have not room for it in this issue. Re-
ferring to the late war and its cause, the writer says:
" Out "of this anguish of hearts and destruction of
wrong has sprung the glorious light of a new birth—
a new revelation, and a greater than Washington has
arisen, in that as he freed us of others, Abraham Lin-
coln has freed us of ourselves, and wiped out the only
stain upon our national escutcheon, in eradicatingthe
evil of slavery which was foisted upon us by our
fathers of New England— so history will write it be-
cause she will love to do so— and through all future
time, while free men live, will the name of Abra-
ham Lincoln be cherished in sacred reverence." We
bespeak for the Semi-Tropieul many northern friends
and patrons. Charles W. Blew, publisher, Jackson-
ville, Florida. Terms, ?3 a year.

The Musical Casket : Among the many cheer-
ino- evidences of construction in the south are the nu-
merous excellent publications which are springing up,
devoted to the social, literary, and agricultural inter-
ests of the people. The latest which has reached us
is a neat monthly of *ight pages, bearing the above
title, published at Singer's Glen, Virginia, by the Glen
Publishing Company. It is a model of typography
and literary and musical taste. The editor says it
will be his constant endeavor to furnish to the readers
of his little monthly good, wholesome, entertaining
literature of that class which leaves no sting behind;
that casts no stain upon the character; that encour-
ages worth, honesty, integrity; that is evangelical in
its character, promoting godliness, sobriety, virtue;
that will foster a love for the good and beautiful in
literature and song; that will make the reader better
for its perusal. It is the organ of character notes in
music, and an advocate of' congregational singing.
We wish it success. Subscription, 40 cents a year.

The Southern Cultivator : And here comes
Georgia's most practical and substantial contribution
to the agricultural literature of the day, in its vener-
able Monthly Magazine for the Plantation, the Gar-
den and the "Family Circle. It is an octavo of 44
pages, filled with alily written and carefully selected
articles concerning the whole range of the practical
wants of the farm and the garden and the household.
Tlic Viiltlralor is an established institution of the
suimy South, being in its thirty-second year. W. L.
Jones, publisher, Athens, Ga. g2 a year.

Moore's Rural New Yorker is one of the oldest,
most widely quoted and most valuable of the many ex-
cellent agricultural journals which come under our
notice. It is running its twenty-second volume, and
is conducted by its founder, D.D. T. Moore, assisted
by an able corpsof editors in the variousdepartments,
among which we recognize our old friend, Andrew S.
Fuller. It is published at Rochester at $2.65 a year.
The National Granger is the title of a large
eight-page weekly, published at Louisville, Ky., the

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

tentli mimln'r of ivlilili lias iraclu'il us. It is well
editeii, anil an cxpoiu'iit nf the pnnciples of tli«
Patrons of Imsliandrv. W. .1. Davie, uilitor. Terms,
?l..'iO a year, or *?1 .'>•"> to i^raiii:ers or elnbfl.

Tin: \Vmi:i:i, llAituow and Ghain .Sowkk adver-
tised in aiii>l her eolunin atlriU'teii luueli atleiilion at
the late Stale Kair. It is eoiieeded hy those who have
ti'sted it in Ihe Kastern States to lie the most eoni-
l)let(' and nset'nl ai^rieultnral inipleiiieiit bron;;ht out
within till' last ten years, takin;r rank with IlitMiiower
and rea]>er and threshiiiLT niaehine. It sows all kinds
of jjraiii liroadeast. heinii: adjustabh' to from four
quarts to lour Imshels per aeie. It also sows all
kinds of fertilizers. As a hroadeast sower it nu'ets
all olijeetions to drillini;. The harrow and coverer,
w liieh is shown williotit the sower in the en;^ravin;r,
is unquestionably the best harrow and pulverizer in
the market. It operates upon an entirely new prin-
eiple, adapts itself to all inequalities of soil, while
the tooth-lthides are so eoiistrueted that they will not
eateh on stones or rocks. We have no doubt this
iniplenient will beeoine as pii[>iilar in I'ennsylvaiiia
as it is in the Eastern States.

Hfi.i.Kss Oats AN'i> Bkicad : At the elose of the
late State Kair, Mr. N. S. Kislier, of l.eesport, Herks
euunty, I'a., left upon our table a sample loaf of
bread baked Iroin Hour of the hulless oats whieh .Mr.
Fisher is iiitiodueini;. The bread was very palatable
and we know oat meal is always nourishini; and
wholesome. This variety oriiiinated by hybridiziu!;
the California wild oat with tlieohl fashioned Enjrlisli
oat. It is elainied thai it will yield as many measured
bushels as any other variety, with one-half the amount
of seed, while it weifi'lis 511 pounds to the liusliel, be-
iDf; as heavy as wheat, and two weeks earlier than
common oats. Mr. Fisher sells the seed at 50 cents
a pound, or ■'•2 pounds for Jl'J.

The Cahix'kt Makeu ; One of the most remarka-
ble publications on our table is a weekly beariiiiif the
above title, iiutilished in Boston, and devoted to the
interests of the furnilure, uiiholstery i;oods, carpet,
uudcrtakiiii; and eo:;iiate branches of trade. It is
the pioneer in the above interests, having been estab-
lished in -May, 1870, and its progress has lieen unin-
terrupted since its inception. A perusal of its capa-
cious and well-tilled columns impresses one with the
magnitude of the iireat industry to which it is devot-
ed. It should be in the hands of every cabinet mak-
er and furniture dealer. Published by J. Henry Sy-
iiionds, Boston.

An Apoi.oov. We are obliged to apologize fortius
issueofTilF. Fahmeu appearing a week later than the
advertised time. By one of those contingeneies
which will occasionally oeciir in a printing othec, a
IKjrtion of the type used in printing Tin-: Fahmkk was
" locked nil" in another job, the proof of which was
miscarried in the mail, and consequently delayed.
We will take special pains to avoid any such delay
in the future.

The Wksteun Ui'kal, imblished at Cliicogo by
II. N. F. Lewis, ranks among the best of the larger
agricullnral literary weeklies on our exchange list.
It is one of the established institutions of the great
West, which sujiiiorts several excellent farm journals,
two of them in Chicago — Thf Jinral and Tlu: Priurlr
FartiiiT. Coleman's yi*'n-*i/ World is another of the
same style ami class. Specimen copies of any of our
agricultural exchanges can be seen at this ollice by
those desiring to examine them.

The Lancastek Fakmeh will be greatly improved
for the coming year. We are bound to make it the
" best U leal agricultural journal in the country. To
those who subscribe now for next year we will send
the November and December numbers gratis — four-
teeu months for ?1 to subscribers residing in Lan-
caster county, or Sl.-o when sent out of the county
— including postage prepaid by us.

The Patiion's' (Jazette is the title of a sixteen
page quarto, published in New York, and devoted to
the interests of the Patrons of Industry, gives special
attention to monthly inarkel reports and the jiur-
chasc of grangers' supplies. Published liy (lalbraith
& Co., No. li Frankfort street, N. Y., at one dollar
a year.

The Sanitarian for October maintains the high
character of this useful sanitary monthly. It con-
tains a second instalment of Dr. Kilner's able paper
on "Ventilation for Health," and a great variety of
other useful papers, eminently worthy a large ciri'U-
lation. McDivitt, Campbell & Co., 79 Nassau street,
N. Y. ?:! a year.

ThePuinteks' CiiKri,AU,ademi-+to.of :!Opages.
A beautiful illustrated journal devoted to "typo-
graphy, literature, arts and sciences." K. S. Meua-
niin, editor and publisher, .510 .Minor streel , Phila-
delphia. $1.0(1 a year. An able representative of
"the art preservative oi'all arts."

FoiKTH ANNt'Ai, REi'ouT of the Board of Dlrcctors
of the Texas and Pacific Hallway Comjiany to the
Btoekholders, August 10, 1M75. An Svo. i)am|ihlet of
46 pp., which those desiring information on a "mooted
subject" wouUl do well to consult.

KissEv's KmiT Farm, Dayton, Ohio. A 12 mo.
catalogue, with beautiful illustrations of Ihe straw-
berry— " Monarch of the West " — natural size, and
iu colors. Worth looking into.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Rei.atino to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, Ac,
For the mouth (Hiding Octobur 7tb, IStB.'

Insect Destroying ComiKiunds; G. W. Davis, Boston,
Mass.

Hillside Plow Clevises; F. C. Merrick, South Parle,
Maine.

Corn .Markers; W. H. Hider, Plum Hollow, Iowa.

Cheese Vats; C. W. F. St reel , Lanark, 111.

Cullivator Teelli; .1. Flynii, Monehes, Wis.

(irain Drills; .1. 1. Lynam, Louisville, Ky.

Harrows and C'ultivators Coinbincil; W. McCray,
Black Oak, Mo.

Automatic (Jrates; W. W. McKay, Ossian, Iowa.

Farm Fences; .\. iMillcr, tluntersvilK', Alabama.

Pittman Boxes; C. II. Salzmnii, Qiiincy, 111.

Wool Driers; J. M. Dick, Bulfalo, N. Y.

Butter Workers; P. .M . Biee, West Chester, Pa.

AnimalPokes; S. .\. (iiislin, .Mexico, .\. Y.

Cotton Stalk Pullers; H. Lee, Mahalasville, lud.

Apparatus for Preserving Eggs; F. D. Stone, Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Potato Diggers; W. E. Babcoek, Pembroke, N. Y.

Droiiocrs lor Harvesters; J. Bahruth, Liberty Prai-
rie, III.

Pruning Implements; W. Carr, West Hayden, Ohio.

.'\liparatUB for Liquid Manures; E. II. Cummings,
Chicago, III.

Sulky Plows; U.K. Feniier', Urbana, 111.

Stock Cars; W. W. Kerr, Chicago, III.

Fence Posts; A. Y. McDonald, Dubuque, Iowa.

Seed Planters; F.O. Weiiell, Plainlield, 111.

Cullivator Frames; W. M. Coston, Quilman, Mo.

Weeding Iloes; A. S. Dunham, Verona, N. Y.

Bee Hives; S. Hixim, West Newton, Pa.

Bee Hives; Peter Honnell, Marietta, Miss.

Hand Planters; D. W. Hughes, St. Louis, Mo.

Churn Cops; VV. Mance, .letferson township, Mich.

Fertilizing Distributors, Planters and Cultivators;
B. Scotield, Carlersville, (ia.

Corn Markers; Win. F. Senlin, .Marshall, Mo.

.Machines for (iathering Grass Seed; J. K. Symcs,
Hamilton, Oliio.

Corn Planters; S. Wrisrht, Troy, Ohio.

Potato Diggers; D. Bottsford, Warsaw, N. Y.

Grain Cleaners; T. Buhlinann, Chom-Zug, Switzre
land.

Corn Shellers; J. S. Foster, Auburn, N. Y.

Straw Cutters; W.H. Hall, Tillin, Ohio.

Harvesters, A. .1. Cook, Wichila, Kansas.

Horse Hayrakes; B. .1. Downini;, Davton, Ohio.

Side Hill Plows; K.I. Knaiip, Half .Moon Bay, Cal.

Wheat Steamers; D. Sims, Leavenworth, Kansas.

Hog Traps; W. Deatlierage, Galesburg, 111.

Harrows; J. B. Green, Elliott, Cal.

Cultivators; M. .Mc.Nitt, .Mound Station, 111.

Cotton Planters; .1. B. Oiion, Pecon Point, Ark.

Sulky Plows; E. W. Hussell, Ashley, .Mo.

Butter Workers; P. Shaw, Seituate, .Mass.

Butter .Molds; " "

Hollers and Harrows; A. P. Allen, Denmark, Iowa.

Churn Dashers; J. D. Bright, Terrell, Texas.

Corn Droppers; J. W. Fawkes, Maroa, III.

Feed Cookers; B. Fisher, El Paso, III.

Harvesters; .J. S. Fowler, Davenport, Iowa.

Fence Posts; (i. W. llalch, llarkmon, Ohio.

Horse Hayrakes; J. lIollingsworMi, Chicago, III.

Fruit Driers; D. S. Lowman, Leitersburg, .Md.

Cattle Stalls; I. H. Marsh, Brasher Falls, N. Y.

Corn Planters; E. E. Matthews, Muneie, Ind.

Check Rowers; L. .J. Ailell, Fayetleburg, 111.

Gates; C. C. Kedmond, San Jose, Cal.

(irain Separators; L. C. Hoyer, Hogertown, Ind.

Corn Shelling Implements; J. .M. Wilson, Nashua,
N.H.

Comimsition for Preserving Eggs; J. K. Boone,
Booneville, .Mo.

.Meat Cutters; D. I. Debroat, Newburg, N. Y.

Wheel Harrows; J. S. Snively, (Jreencastle, Pa.

Dumping Wagons; T. Weaver, Ilarrisburg, Pa.

Insect I)estroying Apparatus; W. F. Woolsey,
Breckinridge, .Mo.

Pulverizing Machuies; J. Caldwell, Philadelphia, Pa.

Plows; I. Freeman, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Washing Machines. G. W. Grubb, East Covington,
Pa.

Churns; G. W. McClurc, St. Louis, Mo.

Horse Shoes; .M. L. Hoberls, .Manslield, Ohio.

Flower Pots; C. J. Sonas, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Grain Driers; J. Souter, Bulfalo, N. Y.

Ditching Machines; F. Taylor, Iiidianai>oIie, Ind.
Reissue .

Harvesters; J. Gore, Brattlebon), Vt.

Apparatus for Steaming Cirain; John C Hunt, Chi-
cago, 111.

Combined Harrows and Cultivators; John W. Dilez,
Macomb, HI.

Wheel Plows; Jas. Flow, Pilot Point, Texas.

Churns; E. (iroat, Napa, Cal.

llarrows; I. N. Harbaugh, Brighton, Iowa.

•Prejtiired expressly lor The I.ancahtkh Faiimku l>y
Louis Ua^ger A; CV)., Solieilors 4>r I'litt'iitH, WasbiiiKluii, l>.
C, from wtiolii coiiipleto copies of the PatcutM Ulitl J>ruwui({H
may lie obtaiued.

THE STATE FAIR.

Complete List of Premiums Awarded to
Exhibitors.

In another ileparlmenl of Till'. Farmer, the
editor gives his views at length In reirurd to the
late .\niiual Fair of the Pennsylvania State .Agrl-
I'Ulliiral .Society and the principles upon which
such I'Xhibitions should be managed. Bi-low we
print the full list of the awanls of prenihiiiis,
diplomas, etc., for which we could not lind roiim
in the sixteen pages set apart louur u.sual eillto-
rlal and miseellaneous mailer.

As the Ollice Editor Is res|ninsible for tills, wc
know Ihe readers of The Farmer will panloii
us for mentioning what the |iroverbial nnslesty
ofourChU'f doubtless prevented him from do-
ing in his department, viz: That Prof. Kalhvon
was awarded the premium of thirly-Iive dollars
otlered by the .Stale Society for the best essay
on Ihe Colorado Potato-Beetle. This is a coni-
pliiiu'iit well deserved and appropriately Ijc-
stowed. No eiitomolot^ist in this county better
underslands the subject than Prof. Rathvon.
Long before anybody in I his .seel ion apprehended
any danger from the Potato Bug, hesoundeil the
alarm, ilemonsl rated thai the |M*st would surely
cross the [iioinitains and travtd east, and loldour
•farmers how to prepare to save their eroiis from
its devastations. It was mainly to the practical
information ditfiised by him through the col-
umns of The Far.mek and the local press, that
the farmers owe their success in raising sucii
good crops of {Mitatoes in defiance of the ravages
of the bugs.

This excellent essay for which the premium
was awarded, will be published in the annual
report of llie State Agricultural Society, illus-
trated with the col rect engravings of the Bee-
tles which appeared in former issues of Tub
Failmek.

List of Premiums.

DIVISION I-CATTLE.
I\iri 1. Thvnnty/ihrttl Jlcttltt,

Thumau L McKeeu, Kaxtou, thoroughbred
Short-horn cattle, 1st premium, iSO.

J li Lougeucckcr, Union Deposit, Dovou cattle,
1st premium, -tSO.

James Young, Uiddletown, Jersey cattle, 1st
premium, iHO.

r> W Golemau's beiis, Cornwall, Holsteiu, lut
premium, «50.

Charade (Mile.

SRutter, Emigsville, Bhort horn cow "IJeauty,"
over :! years old, lot premium, i?10.

C B Moore, Christmna, Jersey cow "Grace,"
over ;l years, 1st premium, •i'lO,

G Zeigler, Lancaster. 2 Durham heifer calves,
3 mouths old, 1st premium, ^5.

Levi O Getz, Laucaeter, Devon cow, lat pre-
mium, .iio.

William L Peiper, Lancaster, Jersey heifer
"Maud, " 12 mouths, 1st premium, .^10.

/>— Workititj Oxett,
R W Coleman's heirs, Cornwall, Yoke of oxen;
1st premium, $10.

K—Fat (Mile.
Edward Smyser, fat beifer, l>10.

I\iH 2 — J^irt/r CtUtk— Short /{uniit, Vevotut, Jlcre-
J'lirdx, HoUtcitiK

Tbos P McKeeu, Easton— Short-boms— bull,
"Prince Nicholas," over 3 years, lot premium,
^40 ; heifer, "Ducbessof Lehigh, ' 1 year old: 2d
premium, -tlS; calf, "Duchess of Lehigb 4tb," 1
year old, 1st premium, iW ; calf, "Lchictou," 1st
premium, -TlS.

A M Uauck, Dird-in-Haud, Short born cow,
"Snowdrop," C years old, lot premium, r'25.

Edw Hicko, Oosheuville — Short-horns— bull,
"Jlontezuma," 2 years old, lot premium, t25
cow, "Fauey," G years old, 2d premium, *15 :
beifer, "Leuora," 2 years old, 1st premium, «'20.

J b Loiigontcker, Union Deposit, Dovuuo,
bull, "Champion," 2 years old, 2d premium, ^15;
bull, "Prince John," over 1 year, Ist premium,
«'15; heifer, "Devon Beauty," under 1 year, 2d
premium, ?5.

R W Colemau's heirs, Coniwall, Holsteins,
cow, "Cornie," 2d premium, -rlS; beifer, "Mag-
gie," I'l years old, 2d premium, .flO.

Colebrook estate, John Ueuoon, agent, Dovons,
"Red Cloud," I'.j years old, 2d premium, t'20.

Levi O Getz, Lancaster, Devouo, bull, "Red
Dick,'' over 1 year old, lot premium, iylO.

Fart 3. Small CultU—AUUrney, Jrrny, AyrMn,
Brittany^ Chiinntl ItUatid*.

Dr W F Atlee, Pbiladolpbia, Jersey bull,
"Julian," over 3 years old, 2d premium, ?20.

C B Moore, Cbriotiana, Jersey bull, "Richard,"
over 2 years, lot premium, ?25 ; heifer, "Glen
Dale Belle," over 2 years old, lot premium, .725.

James Young, Middletown, Jerseys— bull,
"Billy, ' imported, over3yoar8, Ist premium, HO;

VI.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

cow, "Azalia," 7 years, 1st premium, $25: "Blue
Belle," 2 years, 2d premium, *15; heifer, "Dutch-
ess," 1 year, Ist premium, ijl5.

F A Brock, Laucaster, Alderuey heifer-calf,
under 1 year, 2d premium, -io.

T S Cooper, Coopernburg, Ayrshire imported
bull-calf, "Sweepstake," Ist premium, $5.

W L Peiper, Lancaster, Jersey cows, imported,
"Beauty," 6 years old, 2d premium, $15 ; bulls,
"Pythias," 18 mouths, 1st premium, $20; "Jerry,"
15 months, 2d premium, $10 ; Jersey heifer.
"Blanche," 12 mouths old. 2d premium, $10;
"Lucy," G mouths, 2d premium, $10.

DIVISION II— HORSES
Part 1. .1 — Jin/mrted Horses.

Thos L McKeen, Easton, Imported etalliou,
"Grand Turk." Ist premium, $100.

Part 1. B — Thoruugh-Jlfed Homes.

Thomas R Davie, West Chestnr, enters Major
Cryer's stalliou "JuUus," 13 year's old, Ist prem-
ium, $100.

J B Barker, jr., Thorndale, stallion "Andes"
7 years old, 2d premium, $50.

1 1 Parker, West Chester, The Jenifer Arabian
staUiou, 9 years old, special premium of $50.
Part 1. C — Fine Bred Horse— Slufjle.

W S Kennedy, Cains, stallion, "Membrino
Yarick," 3 years old, second premium, $20;
mare, "Carrie Mack," 3 years old, 1st premium,
$15.

McKeen &, Hullick, Easton, stallion, "Ivan-
hoe," 3 years old, Ist premium, $10; mar6,"Gold
Elser," 3 years old, 2d premium, $10; gelding
"Billy Button," 3 years old, Ist premium, $15.

A C Kepler, Lancas er. brood mare, 1 years old
and sucking colt by Vosburg, Ist premium, $10.

8 Baxter Black, Compassville, bay mare, "Kya-
dyk Maid," 9 years old, with filly foal at her foot.
Ist premium, $20.

I B Black, jr., stallion, "Inkerman," 5 years
old, 2(1 premium, $50.

C Musselman, Marietta, stalliou, between 1
and 2 years old, Ist premium, $10.

A D Geiger, Lancaster, "Enterprise,' 2 years
old, 2d premium, $10.

. J B Baker, jr. , Thorndale, bay mare with foal
at her foot, Ist premium, .$30

B W Coleman's heirs, G Youtz, (agent) stallion,
"Middletowu," 14 years old, 1st premium, $100;
marc "Flora Patchen,"|14 years old with foal, 2d
premium, $10.

J R B03 er, Lancaster, fine bred horse colt, 2
years old, 1st premium, $15.

S Baxter Black, Cains, Hambletonian colt, 1st
premium, $40.

Part 1. I) — Fine and Draitgld Horses Mute/ted.

C G Groff, New Providence, pair of bay mares
between 3 and 4 years old, 1st premium, $30.

H R Trout, Lancaster, one pair of sorrel
horses. 5 3'ears old, 1st premium, -$40.

McKeen & Hullick, Eastou, pair of bay draught
or farm horses, 1st premium, $15; youug stallion,
"Oxford," 1st premium, $40.

Burl 2. B— Saddle and siinjle road horses.

A C Kepler, Lancaster, grey gelding, "George
Ironsides," 1st premium, $15.

J B Baker, jr., Thorndale, family horse, 2d
premium, $10.

John N Eaby, Neffsville, saddle horses, 2d
premium, $5

M McGonigle, Laucaster, chestnut gelding,
"Midsummer," Ist premium, $15.

T McKeon, Easton, "Snow Ball, "[2d premium,
$5.

James Groff, York, sorrel horse, 1st premium,
$15.

Bart 2 f — Pacini/ Horses and Pmws.

Master John Dickey, Lancaster, children's
pony, 2d premium, $5.

Bart 3. A — Heavy Brauyld Horses and Hares.

M H Wenger. Lancaster, Percueron stallion,
"Norman Bill," 1st premium, .f^O.

Isaac Yost, West Earl, stalliou 5 years old, 2d
premium, $15.

John Kendig, Willow Street, Percheron mare,
"Lucy," over 3 years old, with foal at her foot,
2d premium, 410.

I G Pfautz, Lititz, Lincolnshire stallion, 10
years old, 2d premium, $5.

Moses. Youugst, Lebanon, imported mare, 6
years, with foal, 1st premium, $25. — ^=r-,

J J Parker, West Chester, Imported Percheron
stalliou, 1st premium, $30. F ?.

A K Groff, Paradise, Percheron stallion, "Her-
cules,''special premium, $15.

I'artS. B— Quick Dramjhl.
Kiik-Brown, Pleasant^Grove, stallion, "Dandy,"
over 6 jears old, 2d premium, $10.

A B Magraw, Colora, Cecil CO., Md., stallion,
"Prince," ist premium, $20.

I I Parker, West Chester, stallion "Philippi,"
1st premium, .$15.

I G Pfautz, Lititz. Hambletonian stallion, 7
years old, 1st premium, $z5.

Jesse McCunkle, Lancaster, half Percheron
mare, 4 years old, Ist premium $10.

E Keener, White Oak, twin Hambletonian, filly
colts, over one year old — matched, 1st premium,
$5.

John S Mann, Manor, mare 3 years old, 1st pre-
mium, $10.

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Jas McPherson, Safe Harbor, heavy draught
horse, 1st premium, $10.

Bart 3. V — Jaeks and Mules.

M H Wenger, Lancaster, pair of mules, 4 and
6 years old, 1st premium, $20.

P H McTague, Lancaster, "Jennett, ' 5 years
old, 1st premium, $10. .

Colebrook estate, J Benson, agent, pair of
mules, 17 hands high, 7 years old, 2d premium,
$10.

DIVISION III— SHEEP, SWINE AND POUL-
TRY.
Part 1 — A. Home Bred Sheep. Imported and
Vlherwisi'.

J B Baker, jr.. Thorndale — Southdown buck,
over 2 years old, 1st premium, $15.

Thos Wood, Doe Run, Chester county — South-
down buck, over 1 year, 1st premium, $10 ; 5
Southdown ewes, Ist premium, $15.

Townsend Walter, West Chester — Long wool
buck, 5 years, 1st premium, $15 ; 2 long wool
bucks, 2 years old, 1st premium, $10; 5 ewes,
Ist premium, $15; 5 ewe lambs, 1st premium,
$15; 5 ewe lambs, ^Ist premium, [$10.
B—Floek)^ of Fine Bred.
.Thomas Wood, DoeHvun, Chester co.. South-
down ram, with 5 lambs of^jhis get, first, premium,
$25.

T Walter, West Chester, buck with 5 lambs of
his get, second premium, $15.
B—Fleeees.

T Walter, West Chester, long wool fleece, 1st
premium, $10.

D— Swine — All Breeds to Compete Separately.

W H Cole, Clinton, Huntington county, im-
ported small breed ^Yorkshire boar, "Forrest
Boy," 1st premium, $15 ; small breed Yorkshire
sow, "Lottie 3d," 1st premium, .$5 ; small breed
Yorkshire breeding sow, 1 year old, "Lady Ham-
brook," Ist premium, $10 ; small breed Yorkshire
boar, under 10 months, "Duke 5th, "let premium,
$5.

A M Rank, Bird-in-Hand, Poland boar, 5
months old, Ist premium, $5 ; 2 Poland China
sows, 5 mouths old, 1st premium, $5.

D H Bransory, Coatesville, Berkshire boar, 1
year old, 2d premium, $5.
C B Moore, Christiana, imported Berkshire boar,
"Sir Russell Stanwick," Ist premium, $15;
Berkshire sow, "Stanwick Pride," 1st premium,
$10; 5 Berkshire pigs, 6 months old, 1st pre-
mium, $5; Yorkshire boar, "Grand Duke," be-
tween 1 and 2 years old, Ist premium, $10.

Thomas Wood, Doe Run, Chester county,
Chester White breeding sow, 2 years old, let pre-
mium, .filO.

C B Moore, Christiana, 5 Yorkshire pigs, under
6 months old, 1st premium, $5.

Cloud & Son, Kennett Square, 5 Chester White
pigs, 1st premium, $5; Chester White boar, under

6 or 10 months old, let premium, $5.

J B Longenecker, Union Deposit, Berkshire
boar, imported, 1st premium, $10.

Charles E Downing, Lancaster, pair of China
hogs, 14 months old, 1st premium, $10.

T S Cooper, Coopersburg, imported Berkshire
sow, "Cleopatra," 18 months old, Ist premium,
$10; Berkshire boar, "Sambo," 2 years old, Ist
premium, $10.

Ashbridge & Bro., West Chester, Chester
Whites, boar over 2 years old, 1st premium, $10;
boar over 1 year old, 1st premium, $10; 12 boars

7 months, 2d premium, .$3; sow under 7 months,
1st premium, $5; for his herd, 1st premium, $30

E—Fmdtry.
Charles Lippold, Lancaster, display of pigeons,

5 varieties— pair of White Owls, pair of Black
Turbets, pair of Fan Tails, pair of White Trum-
peters, pair of Yellow Ruffles, 1st premium $3 ;
pair black-breasted red games, pair game ban-
tums, csge of fancy birds, guinea pigs, special
mention.

Hayden H Tshudy, trio of silver-spangled
Hamburgs, 6 months old, 1st premium, $2 : trio
of Plymouth Rock, 6 months old, special men-
tion.

W A Schoenberger, Lancaster, trio of partridge
Cochins, 1st premium, $2 ; 6 trios Golden Ham-
burgs, 1st premium, $2; trio of Silver Hamburgs,

6 Silver Polands, 1st premium, 62; 6 Golden Po-
lands, 1st premium, $2; trio of Sultans, special
mention ; trio of White Leghorns, 1st premium,
■f2; trio of Domineques, 1st premium, $2; trio of
Hodana, 1st premium, $2.

Thos Woods, Doe Run, Chester county, trio of
Buff Cochins, Ist premium, $2; pair of Ayles-
burg ducks, 1st premium, .$2; pair of Bremen
geese, $2.

H M Buch, LandisviUe, white Brahmas, 1st
premium, $2.

John C. Smith, Lititz, pair of Muscovy ducks,
pair of White Swan Geese, ^special mention.

H Haldie Wentz, Laucaster, trio Chinese ban-
tams, 8 months old, special mention.

Robert Dysart, Lancaster, trio black Spanish
chickens, Ist premium, $2. ,

J D Dougherty, Harrisburg, pair of Roueu
ducks, 1st premium, $2.

John Snyder, Lancaster, pair of Bally games,
special mention.

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Henry E. Johnson, Wheatland, pair of white
Guinea fowls, 1st premium, $2 ; pair bronze tur-
keys, 1st premium, $2 ; white ducks of a peculiar
breed, special mention.

Howard Ashbridge, Wellstown, pair of white
bantams, Isl premium, $2.

D H Bransom, Coatesville, pair of white tur-
keys, 1st premium, $2.

DIVISION IV- AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS
.1. Bea/n/uj and Moiinnij Machine.s.

The committee report that not having the arti-
cles in this class under practical test, they cannot
say which is the best.
J'art 1. B — Thresliitifj JJachiitc^ and Horse Ptwers.

Keller & Wissler, Bruunerville, horse power
and uuiversal jack attachment ; youug chief
thresher and separator, diploma to each.

J N Groff, Liberty Square, Kendrick's fanning
mill and grain and seed separator, favorable
mention.

L H Davis, patent Pittman's connecting for
machinery, special notice.

Geyser manufacturing company, sweep power,
diploma.

Part 1. C — Cider 3PiUs, Churns and Artieles of
Similar Chartu-ter.

Wm Dipps, Coatesville, French bar feed and
meal mill, diploma.

Pearson Embree, West Chester, Pearson Em-
bree butter worker, small premium or diploma

element A Dunbar, Philadelphia, collection of
cnurns, diploma.

W MeWilliams, Brandywine Manor, butter
worker and moulder, complimentary notice.

The committee of this division report the en-
tries in this class are more numeroms and their
quality better than at any previous exhibition of
the society.
Part 1. B — Cultivators, Grain Brills aiul Sowers.

W D Sprecher, Laucaster, MeSherry broad cast
seeder; Hunt's corn planter, favorable mention.
Parti. F — Waijinis, Carts, Brays and Carriages.

W D Sprecher, Lancaster, one-horse Studa-
baker farm wagon, 1st premium, $5 ; two-horse
Studabaker farm wagon, first premium, bronze
medal.

McKeown, Miley & Co, Lancaster, two seated
carriage, bronze medal.

George W Eberly, Laucaster, 3 sets buggy
wheels, diploma.

P S McTague, Lancaster, cait for general use,
1st premium, $5.

Landis Coach Works, Mount Joy, hearse, di-
ploma; sporting wagon, 1st premium, $5.

M M Grove & Co, Harrisburg, buggy with
Kline's patented conical compensating axles; set
Kline's conical compensating axles, bronze
medal; Khne's patent compensation wrist pin for
handresting and other machines, diploma.

Jacob A Lippe, Laucaster, collection of felloes,
diploma.

F Seidle, Mechanicsburg, set of Watson's
patent wheels finished, diploma.

Samuel B Cox, Lancaster, market wagon, 1st
premium, $5, or diploma.

Edgerly &, Co., Lancaster, no top trotting
buggy, diploma; pony phaeton and pleasure
wagon, favorable mention ; surry top buggy, 1st
premium, .$5; one spar top buggy, diploma.

P McNiff, Harrisburg, trotting buggy, bronze
medal.

Part 1. F—Miscellaneoiis tarm Tools.

Nash A- Bro. , New York, Coates' lock-lever bay
rake, favorable mention.

W D Sprecher, Laucaster, bag wagon with
holder attached, favorable mention.

Pennock Manufacturing Company, Kennet
Square, double harpoon horse rake, favorable
mention.

Brady Edge Tool Works, Lancaster, set drill
and blasting tools, Ist pren^jum, $5.

Lancaster Bolt Company, Lancaster, lot of
carriage and tire bolts, favorable mention.

M G Collins, patent pinch bar for moving care,
diploma.

Chas H Pederick, Media, set of hand-made
horse shoes, 1st premium, $2.

Abram Spencer, Grampian Hills, locomotive
ditcher, diploma.
Part 2. B—Ploii's, Plmeiny Machines and Harrows.

W D Sprecher, Lancaster, No. 9 Dayton cham-
pion sod plow, bow and horn coulters, diploma.
(The committee awarded to W D Sprecher for his
very fine display of steel plows a special diploma.)

P P Jlast & Co., Springfield, Ohio, Buckeye
plow sulkey, diploma.

D Root, Son & Co., Mount Joy, No. 40 three
three-horse plows, diploma; No. 5, two- horse
plow, cast iron, diploma ; two double shovel
plows, diploma.

Wallace & Son, Sheridan, one plow, diploma.

The committee say this was a display of un-
usual excellence.

Ptirt 2. C— Leather and its Manufacture.

Amos Holliiiger, Laucaster, four sides harness-
leather, diploma.

John Dohiier, Elizabethtown, C tanned calf"
skins, diploma and favorable mention.

Amos Miley, Lancaster, double set of fine gilt-
mounted harness, 1st premium, $5; 2 sets of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

V!I

eiogle fiuo rubber and gilt-mouiitod biiRgy har-
neHS, lnt meniiiim, ^5; 5 riding Maddlen, lat prc-
mitmi, tr); 1 farm caddie, Int prctiuiiim, •*:); 12
wagon wliipH, lot premium •*.'); 12 carriage wbipH,
iHt premium, '^'S; ;i tiitebiiig HtrapH, IhI premium,
^2; 1 Hole leather trunk, Int premium. •'?3; 12
cans Frank Miller'Hnil blacking, Ixt premium, ^%

J Orozinger, LancHHtor, 2 hidew water proof
beltuig leather, diploma and Hpecial mention.

Jerre Hauman, Lttiicastor, 3 HidoH oak tanned
Bole leather, diploma and Hjiecial mention.

H F KHhetiHliade, Keading, 12 calf akiuH tainied
by Pe Long liroe., and tiuixbed by H F Ettben-
ebadc.

The committee report that the goods of thin
claHH were without exception of %'erv wuperior
qwality and liniHli, and evince a high degree of
mechanical akill in their manufacture.

DIVISION V-C0U,ECT1()NS AND DISPLAYS
4 — Vaiutiiujs ttitit W'iirbs of Aft.

B Frank .Saylor, Laucaatcr, display of photo-
graphs, exceedingly line — bronze medal.

J H Kudy, Lancaster, specimen of poumauHbip,
2d ])remium, ^1.

Thomas Cummings. Lancaster, case of photo-
graphic pictures, diploma.

MiHs Minnie Allen, Harrisbnrg (aged fourteen
years'), crayon sketches, "Hertha," "Foster
Mother, "Fruit Tiece." These drawings wore
very fine, and a diploma was awarded to the
ycung lady.

Miss E M McPheran, Millersville, oil paintings,
2d premium, ■*!.

Mrs. Turner, Lancaster, oil painting, 2d premi-
um, *1.

Miss M E Heudel, Lancaster, oil painting, 2d
premium, i\.

Miss E Koseumiller, Lancaster, oil painting,
2d premium, ^l.

Miss Mary Zahm, Lancaster, two crayon draw-
ings, diploma.

15 F Fordney, Lancaster, oil painting, "Land-
grave Castle," diploma.

C 15 Herr, Willow Street, portrait in oil, Ist pie-
mium, ^3.

A Shindler, Lancaster, display of oil paintings,
diploma.

F J .\mweg, Lancaster, three architectural
drawings, dijjloma

Miss Alice M Amweg, Lancaster, fancy picture,
diploma.

Jno C Miller, Lancaster, display of penman-
ship. 1st premium, ^tt.

J A Keller, Lancaster, 2 lead drawings, diplo-
ma.

A A Martin, Lancacter, 3 oil paintings, Ist pre-
mium, i'i.

SlisH Alice Malone, Lancaster, Grecian paint-
ting, diploma.

H Z lihoada >t Bro. , Lancaster, oil paintings ;
"Madonna Delia Hedia," or "Madonna of the
Chair," "Ltndale Chaniouni," "St. John before
King Herod," "Murillas," "Madonna Charity,"
"Faith," after liapliael. These paintings are very
fine. The Messrs. Ithoads received a silver me-
dal.

Miss Lillie IMusser, Lancaster, table painted on
glass, 2d premium, ¥l.

C — Mrrrn ittilf l}i.'<jilay.s.

John P. Weise, keeper Lancaster county pri-
son, rag carpet, jute carpet, boots and shoes,
baskets, bags and bagging, bronze medal, and
diploma for last two.

Middletown Furniture Company, furniture,
. bronze medal.

Lewis & Souder, Lancaster, boots and shoes,
diploma or i5.

,J. V. Campbell, Lancaster, segars, diploma.

A. Wright, Kochestor, N. Y. , perfumei-y, bronze
medal.

Myers A Rathvon, Lancaster, woolen goods
and clothing, diploma for elegant display— goods
tirst-class.

F. Oause, Lancaster, cedarware, good.

Brady Edge Tool Works, I^ancaster, edge tools,
bronze medal.

Joseph Sampson, Lancaster, brushes, diploma.

Sichso & Son, X'hiladelphia, tine made dress
shirts, bronze medal.

Stirk's China Hall, Lancaster, (lueensware,
china, glass, etc , diploma.

H. S. Shirk, Lancaster, homemade carpet,
diploma.

Foose A Stirk; Lancaster, display of copjjer-
ware and tinware of tbeii own manufacture, di-
ploma or i5.

Mrs. W. H. Pool. Lancaster, ladies hair work,
diploma.

Sbultz A Bro., Lancaster, case of hats, favor-
able mention.

Kendig, Bricker A Lauman, Middletown, sash,
doors, etc. , displayed good work.

Mrs. S. A. Bear, Lancaster, ladies hats and
bonnets, favorable mention.

Colo A Co., York, walnut furniture, diploma.

Mrs. M. A. Houghton, Lancaster, millinery
and fancy goods, diploma or ^5.

0. Boettuer, Lancaster, bread, rusk, rolls,
buuns, etc., diploma.

£. J. Erisman, Lancaster, gent's furnishing
goods, favorable mention.

H. S. Shirk, Lancaster, home-made coverlets
and counterpanes, diploma.

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Marietta Hollow-waie Co., Marietta, hollow-
ware, diploma.

John P. Schaum, Lancaster, oopperware,
favorable mention.

H. ('. Demuth, Lancaster, meorshaum goods
anil cigars, favorable mention.

Amer A Hesslet, Lancaster, hats, caps and
furs, diploma.

Hermann Miller, Lancaster, soap, favorable
mention.

I'.dwards A Bishop, Lancaster, stationery and
blank books in case, diploma.

Johnson A Co., Harrisburg, printing presses,
stencil and stamp goods, bronze modal.
1) — Sili'n-wart:.

A. Bhoads, Ijancaster, jewelry and silverware,
bronze medal.

H. /. Uhoads A Bro , Iiancastor, watches,
jewelry, silverware, French clocks, bronzed, and
miiHic boxes, bronze medal.

DIVISION VI-MINEUALS, C.LAHS, Ac.

,1 — .l/fHrlvl/.-J, Afiihf Otrs, /nni, dv.

Fliun A Brenemau, Lancaster, display af cop-
porwaro, diploma.

Cobaiigh A Bro., Middletown, Pa., ]>aints,
bronze medal.

D. Orahill, Lancaster, Bed Hematite ore, first
preniium, i^.'l.

John P. Schaum, Lancaster, copper tubing,
bronze medal.

B—Stfmn EvijincK and t^astim/x.

Melliiigton A Barton, Safe Harbor, hydraulic
engine for forcing water, diploma.

D. Z. Lautz, (lap, Lancaster county, wind mill,
rigged and operated, bronze medal.

Aaron Miller, Kingtown, Schuylkill county,
patent rotary foot power for moulding machine,
brouzo medal.

Harbergor, M'CuUey A Co., Lancaster, 8. M.
King's patent shingle dressing machine, bronze
medal.

Flick A Co, Waynesboro, portable engine,
brouzo medal.

John Best, general display of engines, etc,
silver medal ; portable engine with improve-
ments, silver modal.

M M Grove, Harrisburg, reaming tool, diploma.

C — Cr^t.s.s, Cuth-ri/, himpa, tic.

Flinu A Breneman, Lancaster, slate mantels,
diploma ; specimen of plumbing work, set up
for UMO, to include range, sink, washstand, Ac,
bronze medal ; low down grate, diploma.

W M McCluie, Columbia, collection of plain
slate ware, 6 marhleizcd slate mantels, bronze
medal.

H A T Humphreville, Mountville, Pa., steam
boiler and washing machine, first premium, :^I.

Denny washing machine, 1st premium, ^1.
II — Slt>ir.\ niul Tinware.

Kepler A Slaymaker, Lancaster, Pa. , cooking
stove for wood, "Utility," bronze medal.

Flinn A Breneman, Lancaster, Empire cooking
stove for coal, bronze modal ; furnace for warm-
ing houses, bronze medal.

H G Lipp A Co, Lancaster, "Coronet" self-
feeding parlor cook, double heater, bronze medal.

Diller A Groff, Lancaster, 3 Triumph ranges.
Nos G, 7 and 8; 2 Harvest Home ranges, Nos 7
and 8; parlor oven heating stove, bronze, medal.

Foose A Stirk, Lancaster, No 8 Sterling range
(complete), bronze medal.

DIVISION VII— FLOUR, SEEDS. GRAINS, A<'.
A — Aijrictdtural CfiUcctuntK

Six Cumberland county farmers, fi bushels
white wheat, 1 bushel each, Isl premium .*1() ;
0 bushels red wheat, 1 bushel each, Ist premium,
■t'lO ; G bushels oats, 1 bushel each, 1st premium,
■*G ; collection of potatoes, 6 varieties, 1 peck
each, 1st premium, *8 ; 12 varieties of apples,
1st premium, .*'10 ; 12 varieties of pears, 1st pre-
mium, .¥10 ; 12 varieties of native grapes, 1st pre-
mium, ^10.

Braudywiiio Farmers' Club, C varieties, of yel-
low corn, G varieties of white flint com, 1st pre-
mium, ¥lO.

Jl— Flour, Mnil and Slarc/i.

C Musselmau, Marietta, barrel flour,lst premi-
um, i5.

F S Barnhart, Keading, barrel of rye flour, 1st
premium, i'.i ; 50 pounds of buckwheat flour, Ist
premium, ■*2; 100 pounds new corn meal, Ist pre-
mium, «3.

C — Grain and Sefd.s.

B M Greidor, Harrisburg, Canada barley malt,
1st premium, .t2.

C; H HulTmau, Landisville, 1 pomid of tobacco
seed, 1st premium, it.

B L Wood, Doe Run, bushel timothy seed, 1st
premium, ii.

Thomas Wood, Doe Hun, bushel yellow corn,
1st premium, .~2; bushel of white flint corn,
1st premium, ^2.

F S Bernhart, Reading, 2 bushels "Eureka"
white wheat, first premium, t3.

John B Erb, Lime Valley, 3^' bushel sweet
potatoes, 1st premium, ?2.

B J Rutherford, bushel of rye wheat, lat
premium, -73.

J H Musser, Marietta, display of wbeat over
three Tarieties, Ist premium, $'5.

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John Grossman, Lititz, cucumber seed,
premium, •f2.

John S Mann, Manor, bushel of rod wheal,
"old blue stem,'' first premium, ^3.

John B Hollowav, Amity township, I5orkn co.,

2 bushels of Scbiujer oats, 1st premium, i'2.
Philip Hess, Harrisburg, ' jjxwk of sweet pota-
toes. 1st premium, it: 'j peek of turnip seed,
Ist premium, *2 ; collection of soe<ls, 1st pre-
mium, itt.

(iooigo Y'outz, Brickerville, prolific potatoes,
Ist premium, ^2.

fJ—Ititftrr. t'hirX4 inifi //imt-t/,

John li Krb, Lime Valley, 10 |ionnds of honey,
1st premium, .*5.

D H Lintnor, Lancaster, bee hive, 1st pre-
mium, it.

Mrs Bushong, 10 (muuds of butter, ad pro-
minni, .^3.

E R Kendig, Lancaster, 10 |>ouiidH of honey,
'2d premium, i3.

S S Sponcor, Lancaster, 10 pounds butter, Isl
premium, f.'i.

G Dawson Coleman's* cheese factory, Lancas-
ter county, 3 cheese, loss than 1 year, 1st pre-
mium, iin.

DIVISION Vin-FRUIT8 AND VEGETABLES.

A—Friiilx,
Chfts K Long, Lancaster, basket of pears, G

varieties, 1st )>remium, iCi.

Cumberland County Horticultural .Society, Pa. ;
collection of apples, 187 plates, 1st premium, iW,
10 fall varietiOM of apples, 1st premium, itt: G va-
rieties of fall or summer pears, 1st premium, ii ;

3 varieties of fall or sumiucrpoars, 1st preniium,
^■3; 5 varieties of winter pears, lirst premium, ^4.

Levi S Reist, Oregon, !> varieties of apples, 1st
premium. tS; 3 varieties^f fall or winter peare,
.5 varieties each, 1st premium, ."3.

Levi Scarlett, Christiana, G varieties of poaches,
2d premium, i:i.

Mrs M S Clarksoii, Lancaster, 3 varieties of
peaches, 2d premium, .*2.

Henry M En^-le A Son. Marietta, G plates of
peaches, Ist ]}reniiiini, ^"4.

Daniel Smeych, Lancaster, collection of |>ear8,
'2d premium i!> ; 11 varieties of peaches, Ir-t pro-
miiim, .^10; for best and largest collection, 3i
peck of plums, Ist premium, *3.

Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand, basket of apples,
Ist premium, iC> ; collection of apples, '2(1 pre-
mium, ■*.5.

Benedict, Weidle A Ck). , T ancastor, 3 summer
or fall varieties pears, Ist premium, 73.; ar-
ranged basket of not less than G varieties— best
and largest collection— 1st premium, tlO.

J Frederick Sener, Lancaster, 3 plates of
peaches, 1st premium, ?3, two varieties of ex-
traordinary merit.

John Killer, Lancaster, 5 winter or fall varieties
of pears, 1st premium, *4

William Miller, Lancaster, plate of gages, 1st
premium, it.

S. S. Spencer, Lancaster, basket of quinces,
special premium, -"2

Experimental farm, Chester oo., plate Bartlett
pears, favorable mention.

/;— Vcijclablex,

D H Branson, Coalesvillo, 12 ears yellow corn,
Ist premium, i\.\ 12 ears white com, Ist pre-
mium, i\. and favorable mention.

John B Erb, Lime Valley, 12 poppers, 1st pre-
mium, ?1.

John A Keller, Lancaster, largest collection of
vegetables, 1st premium, -710.

Jacob M JIayer, Lancaster, 3 marble head
s<piashes, 1st preiniuin, i\: 12 rose colored china
winter ra<liHlies, 1st premium, i\.

Daniel Smeych, Lancaster, 3 mammouth pump-
kins, 1st premium. i\; 3 sweet pumpkins, Ist
premium, 81; 3 squashes, 1st premium, i\.

A S Keller, Lancaster, }., bushel red beeta, 1st
premium. .*1.

Samuel Flk-kinger, Harrisburg, G heads of flat
Dutch cabbage, Int premium, .?!; 12 table tiiniips,
1st premium, rl

Philip Hess, Harrisburg, 12 cucumbers, Ist
premium, i\ : G heads lettuce, 1st premium, t1 ;
12 hollow crowned parsnips, Isl premium, ii ; 3
green citrons, 1st premium, .?! ; watermelons, Ist
premium, ?1 ; tomatoes, 1st premium, -Tl.

C — (irnjieit, *'ultr, i\>rilitiU, <tr.

Cumberland County Horticultural SociolT, \4
peck Concord grapes, 1st premium, it ; ', peck
Catawba, Ist premium, it; '^ peck Ives, 1st pre-
mium, it ; collectiou of grapes of 15 varieties, 3
bunches each, 1st premium, 7lO.

Jacob .M Mayer, Lancaster, 'j' peck Isabella,
1st premium, it ; ' .j peck Clinton on vine, Ist
premium, .}2.

Joseph Schmilt. Harrisburg, 4 bunches Rogera
grapes. No. IS), Ist premium, ?1 ; 4 Rogers, No.
34, Int premium, ?1 ; collection of gra|)e8, foreign
and domestic. l"t premium, $3.

John I) Erb, Lime Valley, 1 quart raspberry
wine, 1st premium. i\ ; 1 pint raspberries, Ist
premium, il : blackberry wine. 1st premium, tl.

Mrs H K Sloner, Lancaster, 1 bottle of white
curant wine, vintage of ISGli, Ist premium, it; 1
Isabella of IhG'.i, 1st premium. *.'}; 1 blacklierry
of 18ti2, 1st premium, *2; 1 elderberry of
1865, 1st premium, i\; 3 bunches black Hamburg
grapes grown in a green bouse, let premium, $3.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER PARMER.

[Oct.

^

Mrs Q G Gensemer, Lancaster, cherry wine, IbI
premium, $2.

Henry M Engle <t Sons, Marietta, six plates
grapes, Ist premium, .i^5.

Dan'l SmBych. Lancaster, 4 bunches each of
Concord, Graveling. Diana, Alien's Hybrid,
Israella. Senanrjna, Catawba, Walter, Delaware,
Eogers Hybrid, No. 3, l»t premiums, fl each;
Black Hamburgs, 1st premium, $3; }-^ peck
Martha, lat premium, Vl; 15 varieties of not less
than 3 bunches each, Ist premium, $5.

S H Purple, Columbia, 2 gallons cider vinegar,
1st premium. ^1

Benedict. Weidle A Co , Lancaster, i bunches
each of Isabella and Eebecca grapes, Ist pre-
mium, $1 each.

D H Branson, Coatesville, two bottles each of
Catawba and Concord, Ist premium of $3 each.

S M Hentzler, 1 quart each of claret and native
grape wine, 1st premiums, .f3; 1 quart of straw-
berry wine, 1st premium, .$2.

/) — Flower:^ and Desig7}x — Sjxnni^^is of Plants and
FIou'e%x.

George W Schroyer, Lancaster. 12 varieties of
flowers, one each, 1st premium' $4; bedding and
out-door decoration for the garden, Ist premium
$5; collections of pinks, panseys, fucbias, gera-
niums and roses, 1st premiums $2 each; one pair
flat round bouquets, 1st premium 83; one basket
with flowers, 1st premium *2.

A D Rohrer, Lancaster, fancy basket with
flowers, let premium $2; basket with flowers, 2d
premium .f 2.

G O Hf nsel, Lancaster, flat round hand bou-
quets, 2d premium, 5^2; bridal bouquet, Ist pre-
mium, #3; pair of round hand bouquets, Ist pre-
mium, .$3; collections of aloes and cactus, Ist
premiums $2 each; achimines, Ist premium, $2;
two designs in flowers, 1st premium, 4(2; collec-
tion variegated leaf-plants, 2d premium .¥3; new
specimen of plant not before shown, Ist premium,
$3; 6 varieties of flowers,one each, Ist premium,
»3.

Wm P Brinton, Christiana, coUectiou of ever-
greens, 2d premium, 4'5.

8 Kennedy. Gap, petunias, 1st premium, $2.

C F Bachler, Lancaster, rustic fiu-niture for
garden, 1st premium, ^Z.

P H Purple, Columbia, 12 varieties of flowers,
one each, 2d premium, $3; new flower, not
before shown, 1st premium, $2; collection of
variegated leaf plants, Ist premium, .■i'.5; nursery
collection, 1st premium, SIO; collections of helio-
trope8,.verbena9, verbena seedlings, cut roses,
1st premium, & each; display of evergreens, 1st
premium, $10,

L U Stine, Harrisburg, bedding and out-door
decoration for garden, 2d premium, .*3; collec-
tions of tuberoses and dahlias, 1st premium, $2
each.

L Bachler, Lancaster, 6 varieties of flowers, 1
each, 2d premium, t2; collections of Dianthus
family, everlasting cut flowers, 1st premium, i1
each; pair round hand bouquets, 2d premium,
$2; collection of bouquets in pyramidal form,
1st premium, .95.

Miss Margie Musser, Lancaster, phantom
bouquet and vase of grasses, 1st premiums, .f3
each.

DIVISION IX— CLOTHS, EMBROIDERY AND
FANCY WORK.

A—JAnen.i, Cloths and Carjjetx.

Mrs M A Rudy, Lancaster, table-cloths, sheets
and bag 165 years old, Ist premium, .f5; one
apron 85 years old, Ist premium, .f 1.

Mrs Ann Bnch, Lancaster, linen table cloth, 100
years old, Ist premium, $1.

Levi S Reist, Oregon, ten yards linen diaper,
1st premium, $9.

Philip Schum, Lancaster, one white cotton
counterpane, 1st premium, $5.

Miss Fannie Eby, Harrisburg, parlor hearth
rug, 1st premium, i'5.

John 8 Mann, Manor, fifteen yards home-made
rag carpet, 1st premium, .'fS.

B — QniUiiif/, Einbroklcri/, fSeuiitf/^ etc.

E C Thomas, Christiana, sample of indelible
ink marking, Ist premium, $1.

Mrs W Michael, Lancaster, child's white em-
broidered sacque, 1st premium, $1.

Mrs. Jane Hess, Lancaster, silk quilt, 61 years
old, Ist premium. $3

Mrs Joseph Celby, Lancaster, tufted ottoman
cover, 1st premium, $1.

Miss Sallie Reist, Oregon, tufted reception
chair, Jst premium, $1.

Miss Howell, Lancaster, two pair embroidered
pillow shams, 2d premium, *2.

Miss M A Stauffer, Lancaster county, star quilt
and silk quilt, 1st premium, $1.

Mrs S G Gensemer, Lancaster, silk sofa cushion,
2d premium, ijl.

Mercy M Hains, Pleasant Grove, three em-
broidered collars, 2d premium, $2.

Miss Wbitehill, Lancaster, embroidered yoke
and sleeves, 1st premium, ^2.

Mrs M A Rock, Lancaster, two silk qnilts, 2d
premium, f 1.

M H Wer.tz, Lancaster, one embroidered opera
cloak, 1st premium, 82.

Mrs 8 Lutz, Lancaster, one quilt, Ist premium.

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Mrs S 8 Gibbs, Lancaster, one piece of Camilla
work in cloth, 1st premium, $1.

Mrs A E Eby, Lancaster, one delane quilt, 2d
premium. 81.

Mrs N Kendig, Lancaster, velvet quilt contain-
ing 4,800 patches, 2d premium, 81.

Miss Lillie R. Altick, Lancaster, sofa cushion,
2d premium, 81.

Mrs C Gast, Lancaster, two embroidered bed
gown >okes and embroidered ruffling, 2d pre-
mium, 81.

Mrs. Theresa Loeb, Lancaster, infant's hat, Ist
premium, 82.

Miss Emma Gemperling, Lancaster, tufted
chair cover. Ist premium. -81.

Mrs. Jacob Blaue, Lancaster, counterpane, Ist
premium, .81-

S. Wbitehill, Lancaster, one knit bureau cover,
let premium, 81.

Mrs CFRengier, sr, Lancaster, needle book, let
premium, 81.

Mrs Dr Huber, Lancaster, lace handkerchief
and two embroidered handkei chiefs, 1st pre-
mium, 83.

Mrs R A Bear, Lancaster, pair of embroidered
slippers, 1st premium, 81.

Mrs Susy Cooper, Lancaster, one embroidered
pin cushion. Ist premium, 82.

Mrs T J Davis, Lancaster, pair pillow shams,
Ist premium, .83.

Miss Maggie Musser. Lancaster, child's em-
broidered handkerchief, 2d premium, $1 ; and
three embroidered skirts, Ist premium, 82.

Miss Mary R Slaymaker, Lancaster, sofa cush-
ion, 2d premium, 81.
I'art (J— Knitted Hair Work, Hair S/iell, lliix.i, etc.

Fannie E Young, Parkesburg, carriage afghau,
1st premium, .82.

Sue Erisman, Sporting Hill, hair wreath, 1st
premium, 82.

Mary Reiley, Philadelphia, worsted work pic-
ture masquerade ball, 1st premium, 82.

Sue Erisman. Sporting Hill, 2 tidies made of
home made linen, 1st premium, 81.

N Dysart, Lancaster, wax bouquet, Ist pre-
mium, 82.

M E Martin, Lancaster, 6 knitted tidies, knitted
stockings, 1st premium, 81.

S G Gensemer, Lancaster, bead basket, Ist
premium, 81.

Annie M Deaner, Lancaster, crochet zephyr
shawl, 1st premium, 82.

Annie Weber, Lancaster, wax flo-vers, Ist pre-
mium. 82.

A M Dougherty, Lancaster, wreath of hair
work, 2d premium, 81-

Mrs S R Miller, Lancaster, worsted tidy Ist
premium, 81.

Ellen Sheets, Lancaster, one pair of children's
socks made from wool of poodle dog fifty years
ago in Ireland, Ist premium, 81.

Mrs J H Baer, Lancaster one afghan, 2d pre-
mium, 81.

Mrs Thos B Cochran, Lancaster, wax cross, 2d
premium. 81.

EnimaE Gemp6rUng,Lanea8ter, child's afghan,
1st premium 81.

Misie Brenner, Lancaster, zephyr chair cover,
Ist premium, 81.

Louisa C Millinger, Lancaster, seed wreath, 1st
premium, 82.

M E Keller, Lancaster, bead cushions, worsted
cushion, 1st premium, .81.

Mrs David Bair, sr, Lancaster, one slipper
case, Ist premium, .81

Mary Bachler, Lancaster, wax bouquet, 2d
premium, 81.

Mrs A D Caufman, basket wax fruit, 2d pre-
mium, -81.

Lillie Kurtz, Lancaster, imported tidy, 2d pre-
mium, 81.

Emma Mawger, Philadelphia, ornamental hair
work, for pictures, Ist premium, 82.

Emma Mutser, Lancaster, two vases wax
flowers, lat premium, .82.

Mrs Haines, Lancaster, hair receiver, Ist pre-
mium, 81.

M K A Heinitsh, Lancaster, moth work in silk,
Ist premium, 81.

Mrs E Saylor, Lancaster, wreath feather flowers,
Ist premium, 81.

DIVISION X— DOMESTIC COOKERY.

Miss Annie F Clark, Lancaster, two loaves of
bread, 1st premium, .82.

Miss Jennie E Downey, Lancaster, Lafayette
cake, 1st premium, .81.

Mrs George Logue, Lancaster, two bottles of
catsup. 1st premium, .81.

Mrs Dr A M Miller, Bird-in-Hand, bran bread,
Is'^ premium, 81.

J It Royer, Lancaster, display of cakes, bronze
medal; display of candies and confections, di-
ploma.

Henry M Engle & Son, Marietta, six jars of
canned fruitss, diploma.

Mrs P McConomy, Lancaster, one jar of pears,
one of assorted pickles, one of spiced peaches,
favorable mention ; cmnamou cake, Ist pre-
mium, 81.

Mrs H J Ehoads, Lancaster, two bottles assort-
ed pickles, 1st premium, .81 ; one jar strawberry
preserves, one jar peacb preserves, one jar
quince preserves, one of cherry preserves, one
of spiced peaches, favorable notice.

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Harry Zahm, Lancaster, sponge cake, lat pre-
mium, .81.

Daniel Smeych, Lancaster, 2 jars air tight cher-
ries. Ohio beauty; 2 of Khiuehart ; 2 of seedling;
2 jars of "Clapp's Favorite" pears; 2 cans pre-
served peaches, favorable notice.

Mrs M Bufhong, Lancaster, 2 loaves of wheat
bread, very favorable notice.

Mrs A E Eby, Lancaster, jar of spiced peaches,
of canned peaches, 1 of canned to matoes, 1 of
spiced pears, favorable notice.

Mrs Elizabeth Wolf, Lancaster, 2 jars canned
peaches, 12 years old, remarkably jjreserved.

Mrs A Groff, Lancaster, 2 loaves of wheat
bread, second premium, .81.

Mrs J H Pearsol, Lancaster, 2 tumblers of
quince jelly, first premium, 81.

Mrs C A High. Lancaster, 2 cans air-tight Bart-
lett pears, 2 cans air-tight ox heart cherries, Ist
premiums, 81 each.

Mrs Duchman, Lancaster, 2 jars canned cher-
ries', Ist premium, .81.

Miaa Annie Geltmacher, Lancaster, 2 tumblers
crab apple jelly, Ist premium, 81.

Mrs S Kraut, Lancaster, honey cakes and
walnut cakee, 1st premiums, 81 each.

MisB M Wiant, Lancaster, silver cake, 1st pre-
mium, 81.

Mrs David M Bear, Lancaster, two jars of
pickled onions, two of catsup, two of ChiMan
sauce, two of pickled cucumbers, two of pickled
cherries, second premium, -83, for display.

Mrs E W Miller, 2 jars peaches, let premium,
81.

Cumberland County Horticultural Society,
collection (18 jars) canned fruit, 1st premium, .85

DIVISION XI— MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND
SEWING MACHINES.

The committee on this department report as
follows ;

Your committee made careful examination of
all the sewing machines on exhibition, including
the Howe, Wheeler & Wilson, Remington, Weed,
Grover & Baker, Domestic, American, and McLean
& Benner, and have no hesitation in reporting
that all do their work equally well and satis-
factorily ; and we cheerfully recommend them
all to public patronage.

We were particularly pleased with the recent
improvements made to the Weed machine. Sam-
ples of leather, one-half inch in thickness, were
exhibited, sown entirely through by the Domes-
tic. McLean & Benner is a new machine, the
first time on exhibition. Beautiful samples of
workmanship were shown by all the machinee.

Your committee have also examined the oniy
piano organs on exhibition, by A DeN. Stucken-
holz, and cordially recommend them to the pub-
lic for its patronage.

DIVISION XII— MISCELLANEOUS ENTRIES.

The committee reports of the following articles,
awarded premiums at former exhibitions of this
society, they make favorable mention : J Rohrer,
Lancaster, iceberg refrigerator ; Frantz & Popes,
knitting machine ; J Steel, Philadelphia, gas
apparatus for private families.

George MoMullen, Lancaster, ironing table,
diploma.

Anthony Iske, Lancaster, potato bug destroyer,
honorable mention ; kitchen slicing utensil,
bronze medal.

C Liller, Lancaster, case hair work, diploma.

D S Sweeton, Strasburg, croquet set, honorable
mention.

J Good, Lancaster, kitchen and ironing table,
ironing board, honorable mention.

Martin Rudy, Lancaster, case of Indian relics,
honorable mention.

Johnson Miller, Litiz, collection of agricultural
implements, made with pocket knife, by a boy
twelve years old, honorable mention.

J G Goodman, Lancaster, 300 cigars, honor-
able mention.

J Stauffer, Lancaster, volume of plants, pen
and water ; volume of insects, color drawn ; vol-
ume of fishes and reptiles, from life ; diploma,

W A Middleton, Harriaburg, wire farm fence,
diploma ; chemical writing fluid, diploma.

8 M Hyde, tomato trellis ; honorable mention.

Wm J Harkesbeimer, Philadelphia, house and
veranda swings, honorable mention.

Wm H Fool, Lancaster, Gordon's food for
horses and cattle, honorable mention.

Harrisburg Collar Hoist Elevator and Manu-
facturing Company, cellar hoist elevator, bronze
medal.

C F Eby, Lancaster, pair of fancy parlor stools,
honorable mention.

Lebanon Building and Paving Co, paving blocks
of annealed sing, diploma.

M G CoUms, Lancaster, empress perfumer,
diploma.

Elsenhower, Fink & Co., Reading, five re-
frigerators, silver medal.

Couestoga Cork Works, Lancaster, case of
corks, diploma.

Snyder Bros, Lancaster, 1,000 cigars, diploma.

Baer's Sons, Lancaster, two school desks, di-
ploma.

Premiums that have not yet been paid, will be
paid on application by mail to John B. Ruther-
ford, Treasurer, Harrisburg.

Mechani,

$1.2S.

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, NOVEMBER 15, 1875.

PEARSOL & GEIST, Publishers.

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

|lie lanca^ter |arieri

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY,
AND MISCELLANY,
WITH PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS.

Koimded uiuler the auspices of the Lancaster Comity
A"ricuUura1 ami 1 Inrliculltiral Socielv.

Edited Ij Prof. S. S. RATHVON.

With the.Tiiiiuary iBsiie (lft7r>) The Farmeii entert-d tipoii
itB eeventh year, muler a change of projinetorH. tUe jmblica-
tiou haviuK beeu translVrrt-d to thf underBigiied, who pro-
jiOBP to make it iu uH icHjiectH a tiist-chiKM lociil organ of the
inii">rtaut iutereets to which it is fsiiecially devoled.

Witli tliiK view The F-MtMKn has been eiiliirKfd mul its
form changed to the Iiiiiierial ^lat^aziiit- Biyle, each miniber
containing twenty-four ptigej* Iui|i.8vo., meaBiiring 9J4 liy 13
incheH, at least Beveuteeu of which wiU lie exclusively devoted
to reading matter, the advertisements and "wtanding matter"
being limited to the remaining pages. Thiw increase of size
and change of form, together with the use of a more compact
tyi'^1 tuubles us lo give twice an much reading matter as
was contained in the old form.

If thin effort to give the agricultural coninmnity of Laii-
•tuistor county a p\iblicutiou worthy of their honorable calling
is liberally seconded, we propone to add other improve-
ments from time to time, inchuling illustrations of impor-
tant topicH of general interest, and papers from special con-
tributors on the more imitortant local indiistries and re-
sources of the county — ii wide tield, which has been very
little cultivated by our local press.

The confril)utionB of our able editor. Prof. Rathvon, on
Bubjects connected with the science of farming, and partic-
ularly that specialty of which he is so thoroughly a master—
entomological science — some knowledge of which has become
a necessity to. the successful farmer, arc alone worth much
more than the price of this publication.

Thk Fahmek will be published on the 15th of every
month, printed on good piijier with clear type, in con-
venient form for reading and binding, and mailed to sub-
scribers ou the following

TERMS.

To subscribers residing within the county —
One copy, one year, _ . - _ - $i.oo
Six copies, one year, - . _ _ - . 5.00

Ten Copies, one year, -_-..- 7.50

To subscribers outside of Lancaster coimty, including
postage pre-i»aid by the publisberB:

One copy, one year, ----- $x.as

Five copies, one year, - - . - - - 5.00

All subscriptions will commence with the .lanuarj- nuni-
l>er unless otherwise ordered.

All communications intended for publication should be
addressed to the Kditor. and, to secure insertion, should be
in bis hands by the first of the mouth of jiublication.

AH business letters, containing subscriptions and adver-
tisemeuts. should be addressed to the publishers,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

IIATE.S OF ADVERTINIXG. — Ten Centa ft
line for eacb Insertion. Twelve hues tu the iuch.

SIX ILLUSTRATIONS.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES : l-ACH.

The .Musln-iiuiu. /Ih'xii-dlnl, - - - Ifil
Our Culliviitcil VeKftaWes. No. 2.— The Beau U!2
Crops of t lie United States, - - - lti:i
Tlie Bliic-biril. lUn^lnilnl, - - - UH
Our National C'eiiteiiiiial. Ill'i.xti-atiil. - Ili4
rile (.'.■iiteniiiiil iilid AerieilH ure — The CeuteH-
iiial DrtiauiHiitul I^irk — Live Stork at the Cen-
tennial,

Oleoiiiaiijariiie Cheese, - - - . KJfi

Kerns ami Palms, i ihixtfittnl, - - lti7
The Faels ol' Natural History. No. o. — The

Currant W'min, - . - - - Kit
The C'hineh-liui;-, or .MoniKMi l.onse, - I IW
Hen's Teeth— Bone Dust, - - - - Kilt
The Corn-stall< Weevil. / tin ^1 ratal , - UV.)
The Newly Married, ----- 100
.Tots ami Tittles. Queries, Answers, ete., 170

Inl'ornLaliiiii Wanteil. ----- 17"J
ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:

Dark Brahmas. W. Ati.ki: Bi ui-ei:. /I-

lilsh-illnl. - - - - - - Kio

The Centennial Ornamental Park. Wai.-

tkh Ei.okk, --.-.- 105
Hen's Teeth--Bone Dust. .Iamks Hatii-

AWAV, ------ 10!)

Jots and Tittles. B, Dauphin eo., I'a., - 170

Our Paris Letter, 170

Our Local Organizations, - - - - 171

Proceeiliiiiis ut lli.- I.;ini-.a8(er County AKrictiltai-iil
nlid Horti.-ullinjil Society.

The Garden and Orchard, - - 172

PuekinK /Vi'i'les for Winter — What is Good Grape-
CnltureV Length of Knot- Growth iu Pluutii
and Trees— tJood Celery,

Bees and Bee-Keeping, - - - - 17.".

CouinieneiiJt^ Bee-Keepiutf--H)in<lliug Bees— Hint
to New Betiiiiners,

The Farm and the Dairy, - - . . 17:5

The Dairy Interests iit the Centenuiul — Practical
Hints — A Vast Kstate iu Kansas — (iJKanticFarui-
iiiK ill I'enusylvania — Am Item for Fanners auil
Grain Dealers.

Poetry. " AU the \Vu,-hl," - - ■ - 174

Domestic Economy, ----- 174

How to Cure Bacon, Hani and Pork — ,\ Good Way
to Pickle One lluui— The French Way of Salting
Pork — Window Adorunients — Hints About Meat
— Ele'-tion Cakt — Parlor .-Vdi.rnnieuts — How to
Boil y.un*' — .Save the Soaj.snds — How lo (^Icau
(Carpets — Moths in Carpets — Good Kiudlintts.

General Miscellany,' ----- 17.5

Degs, Good and Bad— Weight of Pirb for Market
— Fine Ktock a Safe Iiivestuient — Look to the
Forests— Simple Interest Uules.

Literary and Business Notices, - - - 176

Books Periodicals and Farm Machinery.
The Progress of Invention, - - - 176

New Patents KelatluKto the Farm, kc.
Our Fence Corners, ----- ii, iii

Fact aud Fancy, Wit and Humor.

Til LANCASTER EXPRESS,

(DAILY AND -WEEKLY,)

Ttje Leadii}g Local Family and Business Newspaper, and the
or^ly lndependfi)l Republicar; Journal ir) ihe County.

THE ^ FOUNDED ( ^"^

WEEKLY/ nv mi: -' DAILY.

1843 J PRESENT PROPRIETORS. I 1856

The Wkekly Kxpiiksb htis l>wu befor<» the citlzenri of
I^aiicH^ter couuly for ii i eriod of thirty-two vearB, and *•• IIK
Daily Kxprkkk for over eiKhteeu ywirn. During thin loug
lieriud, ultd without chuiiKir ol ni:iunKcnieut, TllK F^xprkha
huH fairly vurued u lur^e Hhurc of iiatroiiti^o ami liniily
fntH!)Iish<'d itwlf ill thi- public coiili<UMic<', aH an upriKht iiud
independent journal, never heHitatin^ to defend Ihe riRht
and deiitiunce the wrong, no mutter where foun<l toexiitt.
It hiiH alwayH lieen a journal of progreHH, and the nutupokeii
friend of education, tcini erance. Hound nioralH and religion.
Ab ill the paHt, so il will eonlinue in the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The Weekly Express, one year,
The Daily Express, one year,

$a.oo
5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any perHon n>Ridiug
within the liniiltt ol' Laneiii^ler county we will inuil -
The Weekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, $2.50

REAL ESTATE ADVERT/SING.

The extend«*d eircuI;iIion of Thk Kxi'lcKh^s ninkes it the
l>eHt niediiini for a<lv<'rtir'itiK Kr:il Kt^tate and Personal
Property iu the couuly. a fact which can l»e atti-wted hy h»
many furmeiH aud olliern wlio have availe<l theinftelveit of
the u^e of itH e«>lumnH. and to which we invite the utteutiou
of all having i>roiterly to diHpOKe of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Exi'Hkwk printing othet- in one of the best furuiHhwl
establiithmeutH lor turnmg out all kindr« of i>riiiling to be
found in Ihe interior of Ihe State. Wr are prepareil to
print any job from tlie Hiuall vi^ttiug curd to the largeHt aale
or horHo bill, poHter, or broadrtide, i>lain or In colora, as
ipiickly aH it can W doue at any other 4'Htablitihmeut, and on
BB reasonable terniH. We make the I'lliitlng of SaU-bHU
for FarntrrM a sjiecialty. aud guiiraute*.* Batipfaellou to our
cuHtonierB.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the varioun patteriiR adapteil to jiriHtiug books^
painphletH, imBtent, Mile-bllU, haml-ltillit, millent' reoelpts,
catalogueH of live Btoek. and any kiud of work done iu •
hrHt-clnPB printing otllce; in Khort anyihing that may be
called for by the fanner, merchant, liankcr, mechanic, or
bUHineHB man, and we guarantee to do the work aM aatinfao
tory aH it c:in Iw done iii Philadelphia or eUewhere.

With one of the nioHl complete .Job OlMcen iu the State,
and uuHurpuBHed eouvenieucei* forexpediilouBly turning out
work by Ihe IwhI workmen, under the pernonal Hn]iervijiiun
of the proprietors, who are Uilli practical printerw, all i>er-
HOUH in netnl of Printing will find it to their intereat to give
UH a trial.

PEARSOL L GEIST,

BOOK, NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS.

Express Buildings, 22, South Qucen-st,
LANTCAtjTER, PA.

('anvit»M«'rM Wanlecl fur The Farmkii, with whom
liberal arraugemeuta will be made.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

AttQfiiey-at-liaw,

Office-204 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,
And all manner of AGKEEMENT.S neallyaud i-xiiedltiously
drawn. Cases carefully and thoronghly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS, ROAD-VIEWERS. AUDITORS,

Or iu iiuyCoiirte of Lnncaster Comity.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & AI8SIGNEE8

Or TruBtees of any kiud.

CollectiouB, large or small, made upon a uniform table of
rates, in all parta of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Consultations and Correspondence couducted iu either the
French, Germau or English languages.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

7-l-l'2m] Columbia, Penna.

^ -■' I

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

^

V)

to

Co

/§

o

F. 0. STURGIS.

520,522,4 59-1.
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

Estimates Fflriiislieil

And nil iuforuiation con-
cerning the business
cheerfully given.

N

Published Weekly at Louisville, Ky.. Heartijuartera of
National Grange.

T/te Leading Grange Paper !

HAS THE GRANGE DECISIONS AND OFFICIAL
Grange jiublications. A jjajier for Patrons of Hus-
bandry everywhere ; a fiist-class Agricultural and Family
newspaper ; has the cream of all the agricultural iiapers.

THE CHEAPEST PAPER,

Has not 01 ly articles interesting to Grangers, but General
News, the Markets, Choice stories and Fine Selections relat-
ing to Practical Siuence. as aiiplied to Agriculture. Nothing
tedioU8--but everything Fresh and Sjiurkliug, making a
paper lor the Farm and Fireside, the Old and the Young,
and poimlar among all classes.

See What Louisville Papers Say.

"The National Granger is a large eight page paper, well
filled ivith useful and entertaining articles, which will com-
mend it to every intelligent farmer. Col. W. J. Davie, one
of the leading Grangers of this State, has taken an interest
iu the National Granger. Colonel Davie is a good writer and
an able speaker. As one of the chief lecturers of the State,
he has done more probably than any other man to secure the
wonderful success that has attended the Order of Patrons in
Kentucky." — Daily Courier-.Iournal.

" Neatly printed and full of well arranged, interesting
matter. "--Daily Commercial.

'* The paper is handsomely made-up, and filled with a
good variety of larm and fireside reading."— Daily Ledger.

Rates — $1 50 per year ; 4 mouths on trial for 50 cents.
Clubs of not less than 4 furnished at $1 35 for each name.
Sampies free. Agents wanted. Address

NATIONAL GRANGER PUBLISHING CO.

ll-3mos LouisvUle. Ky.

Always have a liook within your i-eaeh which you
may catch uj) at your otld inimitcs. Kcsolve to edge
in a little i-eadiiia; every day, if it is but a single sen-
tence. If yon can irive fifteen minutes every day, it
will be felt at the end of the year. Keifulate your
thoughts when not at study. A 111:111 is tliinking even
while at work. Let liim tiiinl; well.

WO-MAN.
O woman: lovely woman ! Nature made thee
To temper man ; we had been brutes without you.
Angels are iiaiuted fair, to look like you :
There's iu you al! that we believe in heaven —
Amazing brightness, purity and truth.
Eternal joy and everlasthig \o\e.—'l himiOK Otimy.

"What makes you look so glum, Tom?'' "Oh!
I had to endure a sad trial to my feelings-" " What
on eartli was it ?'' " Why, I hail to tie a pretty girl's
Ijonuet with lier mother looking on."

I " I am a home missionary," onee observed a chris-
tian mother. "Six pair of little eyes are daily watch-
ing niy looks as well as listening to my words ; and I
wish my children never to see in me tiiat wliich they

1 may not imitate."

j An old writer says : "Head not books alone, but
I men, amongst them chiefly thyself. If thou findest
anything rpiestioiiable tlicrc, use the eoinmcntarv of
a severe friend rather tlian the gloss of a sweet-lipfiat-
terer ; there is more profit in a distasteful truth than
deceit ful sweetness .

TO A FKIEXI).
'Tis many years since last we met ;

We may not meet again ;
But this fond heart will never cease

To love thee all the same.
No change of any kind will tend

To make me love thee less ;
My fondest prayer for thee will \w —
Pure, perfect hai'piness.
When are stockings like dead men ? Wlien thev
are men-ded ; or perliaps when their soles are de-
parted ; or, again, when tliey arc all in holes : or
when they are in toe-toe ; or when they are past heel-
ing; or when tlicy are no longer on tlieir last legs.

"I would marry you, Jacob," said a lady to an im-
portunate lover, "were it not for three reasons."
"Olil tell me," he said, imploringly, "what they
are, tliat I may remove tliem !" " The first is," said
she, " I don't love you ; the second is, I don't want to
love you ; tlie third is, I couldn't love you if I wanted
to."

A MAX in Boston, in his hurry to assist a fainting
lady, got a bottleof mucilage instead of camphor, and
bathed her face with it . She was a good deal stuck
up with his attention.

Gathkk ye ruses while ye may,

Old time is still a flying ;
And the same flower that smiles to-day.
To-morrow may be dying.
No DiFFEUEXi'E TO HiM. — A man saw a boy about
eleven years of age seatedonthe sidewalk bareheaded,
in the full blaze of the scorching sun.

" Bub, you ought not to .sit there !" said the man.
"Why?"

" Because j-ou'U get all tanned up."
" Makes no ditl'erenec to nic whether Isit inthcsuu
or the shade," sadly answered the boy, " Mother tans
me up three or lour times a day any how." — Exehaiuic.
The most original spelling we have ever seen is the
following. It beats plionetics: S(l you be— a tub. 80
oh : pea— a top. Be 80— bat. See SO— cat. Pea 80
— pat. AreSo- rat. See oh ! double you— cow. See
you bee — cub. See a bee— cab. Bee' you double tea
— butt. See a double ell — call. *

It was a luinter who ])Crpetrated this double bar-
reled, breech-loading, pun-eonundrum: " Why is an
old man's farm in Texas like the focus of a sun-glass?"
" Because its the place where the sous raise "meat."
A GE.NTbEMAX of I'athcr diminutive size, according
to the ordinary law of compensation in such cases,
married a regular maypole of a partner, who over-
topped him by about two feet. As he led her up to
the altar, the minister lost his presence of miml and
called out, " Who bringeth this child to lie baptized?"
Decision- and promptitude, even though some-
times a man may err for want of due deliberation,
will in the long run more often conduce to success
than a slow judgment that comes too late.

"Makiak," remarked one of the horny-handed
sous of toil to his wife, " 'Pears to me it takes a sight
o' calico ter make you a dress, these hard times.
Can't ycr economize with one o' them ar pull backs
the city gals wear?" It was then that Mariar fired
the bread-board at him and remarked that she wasn't
"going to stop the circulation of blood in her legs for
no bald-headed old penny-pincher. "

" What's de occasion of dat big smoke over dar ?"
inquired one colored man of another at the market
yesterday. " Fire, sah," was the answer.' "And
what's de iicca6ioi}of de fire?'' " Combustshun."
"And what's combustshun?" " My friend," replied
the other, crossing his legs, "dar's heapsof things in
dis vyorld dat no nigger ever knowed or ever will
know", an' we'll change de subject to gooseberries."

THOS. M. HARVEY,

WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA.,

Bre«'«lor anil Shi|>|>er of

GnEKEY'^"^^^^

ULDERNEYI BUTTER STOCK,

Yorkshire and Berkshire Pigs.

Dark Brahma Chickens from the best imported
blood. Also Bronze Turkeys.

BlCKFOi^D

5nitte:fi

2

s

s z

3 ?

A Family Knitting Machine.

Now attrac*iug universal attention by its af*toi ishiug per-
formances and its gre^it pi-acticil v,hn*ff!r every-day family
UHC. It knits every possible variety of plaiu or fancy work

WITH ALMOST MAGICAL SPEED,

»nd gives perfect f^hajie and fiuisli to all garments. H will

knil a pair of socks in fifteen minutes! Every raachiue

WARKA NTKO perfect, and to ilo ja^t irhnt it reprexented.

A complete ins'ruction book accompanies each machine.

No. 1 Family Machine. 1 cylinder, 1i needlen, $30.

No. 3 " •■ 'i '• T-i & loi) " 40.

A mmpli' machine will be sent to any part of the United
States or Canada, (where we have no agent) exprej^tt chargeit
prejiaid, on x-eceipt of the price.

AGENTS wanted in every State, County, City and Town,
to whom very nberal diHcountH will be made. Address,
BICKFORD KNITTING MACHINK MF(4. 0(1.,

i-ll-tf] Sole Manufacturers. Rrattleboro, Vt.

The Fruit Recorder and Cottage Gardener

I will bo Bent FErE 3 months to all ap-
Iplicants. We do not ask any one to
iBubecribe fur our paper until they
■ know what they are to get. It speaks

Ifor itetif Price only SI per jear.
MoRt liberal terms to clubagentc* of
a y paper in this country Pur-
dy's Small Fruit Instmolor
-ia a work of t'vl pp. that t lis in sim-
ple language juHt how to grow Iriiits in abundance
for home use or market Price, *"> < cms, poetpaid.
A. M. PURI>V. Boebeflter, N. Y.
7-9-;im

RXJBBSFt. GrOODS!

RICHARD LEVICK. SON & CO,

Manufacturers anfl Dealers iii

EVERY DESCRIPTION OF RUBBER GOODS,

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL.

RUBREll HOSE, BELTING and PACKING specialties.
All sizes constantly on hand of the very be8T quality and
at lowest prices.

lt.^?~\Vrite for ciriruhns ;iiid discoui'ts.

RICHAED LEVIGK, SON & CO.,

724 CHESTNUT ST., Philacielpliia.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

ROOFlISra SL^TE.

OFFICK :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-t2m L.\NCASTER, PA.

THOROUGHBRED STOCK

FOK S.\I.K «IIK.*P.

Prize Ayr-sbU-e Calves. Prize Jer.s(!v Calves, all from
deep milking and toutier cows. Also, prize bred Chester
White Pigs. Unsurpassed— no superior for exlilbltlne
purposes. Address,

CXjIIFTOIsr IF'.A.'RayilS,
Keniielt Square, riipKter Co., P».

DEALERS IN .4LL KINDS OP

FAlIII>ir and I>IME-Bi:K:^'IKCi COAL!

Orders received at

Office, No. 15 East King street, and at the
T-l-18m] Yard, No. 61S NOHTH PRINCE STUEET.

The Lancaster Farmer

Prof. S. S. RATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., NOVEMBER, 1875.

Vol. VII. No. 11.

THE MUSH ROOM.
{Agarictts i'lituprstiis.)

Wlietliei' the cninnKin sjK'cii'.s of Anierioiin
edible niu.slii-Diiin i.>* identical with tlie eoiunioii
edible specie.s of Kuioiie. or whether it is speci-
fically ditVereiit, is not essentially ijei-niain to
the present di.scnssion of this most excellent
fungoid esculent. There are few in our towns,
villages and rural ilistricls who have not been
familiar witli the name and delicious (pialities
of the mushroom trom their earliest youthful
observations up to the present time, whether
amonf; the old, the nnddle ajjed, or the younj; ;
and it is rather a matter of surprise that in the
present proijressive period, when utility and
economy are marching; abreast in the explora-
tion of nature's domain, seeking and develop-
ing new comf(u-ts, convenieTices and luxuries
for the use andlielioofoftlu'hnnian family, that
Yankee genius, jierseverance an<l enterprise
have not achieved something in (hat direction.
The field and function in our domestic econo-
my that involves the artificial propagation and
culture of the nnishroom is .still lying fallow.
Not even the maunfactiu'e of spurious bricks
of mushroom spawn has yet been attempted,
and the country is still waiting to be cheated
in this respect.

In case any of our readers should feel a de-
sire to know something more about the mush-
room and its cultivation as a contribution to
our ])resent market jirodncts, we insert the
following from a cotemiiorary journal on the
subject, so that even if tliey do not feel inclined
to engage in its cultivation, they may at least
know what has been done, and is still being
done, by other nations and i)eo])les:

"Mushroom growing, as it is carried on in
some parts of France, is one of the most ex-
traordinary examiiles of culture in the known
world. In the vicinity of Paris are extensive
stone-(iu,arries, long since abandoned, from
which the stone has been extracted, leaving
extensive caves, as in coal mines, sixty and
seventy feet underground, and extending great
distances, in some instances fairly under the
city itself. In these caves the temi)erature is
very equal, and the atmosphere moist : and
here mushroom-growing has been brought to
its fullest development. The floor of the cave
is carefully swept, and the lieds are then made
of the dust of the stonecutting yards above,
mixed with stable manure. The beds are about
twenty-two inches in height, and the same in
width, ranged in parallel rows, between which
there is just room enough to walk. The tem-
])erature of the bed is carefully noted, during
the fermentation of the manure, and the spawn
of the mushroom is not sown until it is below
seventy degrees Fahr. : since, if it is above this,
the layers of spawn are liable to be burnt.
The spawn, when sown, is covered with ma-
nure, which is removed as soon as vegetation
begins, and is replaced by earth. The details
of making the beds, watering them, picking
the crop, and renewing the spawn, vary in
different localities, l)ut the general system is
everywhere the same. Tlie nnishroom caves
of Montrouge, just outside of the fortific;itions
of Paris, on the southern side, are reached by
descending well-like pits, by means of a ladder,
which is simply a single jiole with sticks run
through to serve as steps. From the bottom
of the pit little i)assages radiate. They are
sometiiues narrow and very low, but every
inch of available room is made use of, and as
many beds are crowded together as possible.
Eyerything is kept .scruiadously neat, and no
litter is left strewn on the floor, as one woidd
natur.ally expect. Another type of mushroom
cave is fo\md at Frepillon Mery-sur-Oise, where
are the ([uarries for the building stone and plas-
ter so largely used in Paris. The excavations
here are not in small, narrow passages, as in
those previously described, but form large

vaulted aiiartnients. The beds are arranged
in rows, in such a manner as to make the most
of the sjiace, and here, as elsewhere, the i)rac-
tice of planting a certain number of bc(ls every
day in the year is observed, so that Ihe supply
is unfailing. An idea of the nnishroom Imsi-
liess may be formed when it is known that one
propr ietor lias twenty-one miles of beds,a not her
sixteen, another sevi'U, and .so on through a
long list. Among the unmeroiis localities in
which the culture of the mushroom is carried
on, besides the two mentioned, the principal
are Moulin de la Itoche, Sous ]5ieetre, near
Saint (iermain, andat liagneiix. Thesecaves,
like niiiies, are under government supervision,
and vary in depth from twenty to one hundreil
and fifty or sixty feet. Coal mines are not
ailaiited to the growing of mushrooms, and the
smallest jiarticleof iron in the bcdsof manure,
is avoided by the spawn ; a circle anumd it
remaining inert. It is' said to be the same
with coal."

According to Kind, the Agurirux ccDnpi'stris,
or common mushroom, is the only species cul-
tivated in Europe as an article (if food, and as
it is the only species that is likely to lie culti-
vated in America until more is known about
the ipialities of all our native species, and as
even the common species, above named, is
liable to be mistaken or confounded with the
poisonous varieties, we Will add a desci'iption
of the genuine kind, as a guide to the novice:

" The stem of the edible niushroom is short,
solid, and white, marked a little below the
cup with a permanent ring, the remains of the
curtain that covers the gills in their earlv
stage."

Immediately after the niushroom is above
the ground, the cu]) is almost an ol)long R])here,
but after the veil is broken and it jirogresses
towards maturity, it will lie found like the
illustrations accompanying this paper, the rear
figure not (piite as far advanced as the front
one.

The cup at first is white, regular convex,
and a little turned in at the edges. As it ad-
vances in growth and age, the; surface becomes
brownish, scaly, and llattened. The tlesh is
white, tirni,aiid solid; the gills a re loose, reach-
ing to the stems on all sides, lint not touching
it. When young, these are of a pinky red,
but change to a livid colorabout the.same time
that the cup alters its form, and the upper sur-
face also changes its color. The latter circum-
stances dislinguisli it in this stage from the
dark gilded "toad-stool," witli whicii it
might be otherwise confounded.

The gemiiiie mushroom is the Chiimpifinon
of the French, and the J'nilifiliot'thc Italian.s.
It was well known and highly esteemed by the
ancients. The common species vary niuch in
size, from two to eight inches in diameter. In
.some parts of the northern counties of Kiig-
land a nm.shroom was gathered that measured
thirfv-four inches in circumference, and
weiglied over a [lound : another measured
thirty-two inches in circumference, ten inches
around the stem, and weighed one pound eight

ounces. A 11 hough <if so common and abun-
dant growlh ill some situali<ins and seasons,
yet to <ibtain a regular supply, mushrooms are
now generally cultivated artiiicially in Fiirope,
as heretofore described in this paper, l^iit file
wild kinds fioni old pastures are al ways consid-
ered more del ieale in llavor than those obtained
by culture. The chief places where mushrooins
naturally grow are neiderately dry, rich, old
pasture grounds, and from such places they
are .sometimes largely gathered during suniiuer
and aiitunin.

Mushroom ( ulture. perhaps, requires more
Iiatient, ]ierseveriiig and skilful labor than the
cultivation of ordinary vegetables; but when
once all the conditions and relations necessary
are known, and some experience therein has
been attained, it will doubtless be simple
enough. A writer in The (iarden, an English
horticultural journal, says, "the best mush-
room spawn I ever used wius some that had
been keiit above a warm, dry place for two
years or more. It became hard as a iKiard,
and had to be broken wjth a hammer when
wanted for spawning the beds. I have seen
the niuslirooms up in four weeks from the date
of spawning, and have gathered jilauts in six
weeks, about the period it is generally sup-
posed that spawn requires to run. Many
mushroom growers make a mistake in spawn-
ing their beds at too low a temperature, say
7"i . This temiierature rmti/ do, but 85'-- is
lierfectly safe, and will cause the spawn to run
sooner, and will give quicker returns."

Mu.sludom spawn is a white librous sub-
stance, running like broken threads through
any substance lit to nourish it, and this scat-
tered on iiroperly prepared beds iiroduces a
lilentiful crop. In no case is it iieces.sary to
sow the visible seeds of these fungi. Tliey
seem to exist almost everywhere, and all that
seems necessary is a iiroper locality for their
development. Ilorse-droppings and garden
mould, with marble dust, seem to be the prin-
cipal ingredients necessary. The "dniiipings"
generate sufficient heat for the purpo.se, with-
out any artilieial appliance. This is amply
demonstrated at the Iliitksville chicken hatch-
ery, where the necessary temperature is con-
stantly kejit up by horse-dropi lings. There are
many exhausted ([uarrie^ in Lancaster county,
which, if properly closed in, would make good
inusliroom beds. Of course, those who would
desire to j;(i into the culture of these fittuji
would no doubt jirefer to get Iheir "spawn
bricks" from exiierienced and reliable sources,
but should they desire to use sjiawn of their
own make, they may make it by taking any
amount of fresh li(irse-dro])iiings, and adding
thereto oiie-tb.ird of cow "s droppings, Ihe s;ime
ipiantity of mould, with some short litter, and
mash the whole into a thin c<impost, which is
spread on the open lloorof a shed and allowetl
to remain until it is dry enough to form iiit<i
Hat bricks. In Kiiglish lists are about sixty
species of edible /uiitji, including "triitlles,"
"inorells," " iHitl-balls,"" " piiie-stems," ite.,
Ac., to which we sliall refer on some future

OUR CULTIVATED VEGETABLES.

No. 2.— The Bean.
The place of honor among the pea-tlowering
plants must be awarded to the iH-aii; for, if
we are to lielieve Isidorus. this was the lirat
culinary vegetable made use of by man. The
nionumeiils fif Kgypt show that the iK'an was
cultivated in that country al an early date,
and the Kgyjitians. Greeks and Honians, all
held very curious and supei-stilious notions
resiiecting this vegetable. Some authors say,
iK'cause its po<l resembles the ark of Xoah in
form, and in gratitude for the preservation of
that patriarch, the beau was forbidden to be

162

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[November,

eaten. It was formerly consecrated to the
dead, and the Egyptian priests held it a crime
to look at beans, judging the very siglit un-
clean. Tiie Flaniiin'S, or the priests of.lupiter,
were forbidden to touch a beau, even to pro-
nounce its name, for tlie fatal plant contains
a little bhiclv spot, wliicli is no otlier than a
noxious cliaracter — a tyiie of death. Hippo-
crates, from this superstitious fear, is said to
have trenil)led for his patients when beans
were in lilossom.

Pytliagoras expressly forbade his disciples to
eat beans, professing to believe that at the
creation man was formed of them. The Ro-
mans, at one time, l)elieved that the souls of
such as were departed resided in this plant,
and Lucien introduces a philosoplier in hell,
saying that to eat li(>ans and to eat our father's
head were eipial crimes. Ovid informs us tliat
this vegetable was used in tlie funeral ban-
quets of the Parentalia, oj.- sacritiees offered to
the manes or tlie spirits of deceased relations.
Clemens Alexandiinus attributes the absti-
nence from beans to tlie opinion that they oc-
casioned sterility, which is conlirmed hy Tlie-
ophrastus, who extends the effects even to
plants. Cicero suggests another reason for
this abstinence, viz., that beans are great ene-
mies to tranquility of mind, for wliich reason
Aniphiaraiis is said to have abstained from
them, even before Pytliagoras, that he might
enjoy a clearer divination of liis dreams. How-
ever, in spite of such ridiculous prejudices.
this vegetable had numerous and enlightened
defenders liotli amongst the Greeks and the
iiouiaiis. It is stated th.at one of the festivals
to Apollo — the Pyanepsia — owed its origin and
pomp to the bean. It was then, as Soyer re-
marks, that this vegetalile olitained pre-emi-
nence over all that were boiled in the sauce-
pan. The Romans presented beans as an
oblation in their solemn sacrifices called Fa-
bariu, a festival held in honor of Cania, wife
of Janus. Pliny informs us that they offered
cakes made of bean-meal unto certain gods
and goddesses in these ancient rites and cere-
monies. Lempriere states that bacon was added
to the beans in the ollerings to Carna, not so
much to gratify the palate of tlie goddess as to
represent the simplicity of their ancestors. If
this was the case our dish of beans and bacon
is certainly of very ancient origin. Pliny fur-
ther informs us that when green it was served
on tables reno^vned for delicacies, and when
fully ripe it frequently replaced Isotli wheat
and other corn.

In ancient times lieans were used instead of
Ijalls or iielibles in voting Iw ballot. A white
bean signified absolution, and a black one con-
demnation. From this practice, perhaps, was
dei-ived the plan of black-ljalling obnoxious
persons ; and from this cause it has been sug-
gested tjiat Pythagoras, in recommending liis
disciples to abstain from beans, meant to ad-
vise them to have nothing to do with politics.
The Roman biisbandmen had a religious cus-
tom connected with this pulse. When they
sowed corn of any kind they took care to bring
home some beans, which were offered up to a
god to insure good luck, from which circum-
stance these beans were called Refrina\ In
.sales by public auction, too, it was thought
lucky to include a bean in the lot for sale.
Pliny tells tliat bean-meal is known as "lomen-
tuin," and, as is the case with the meal of all
leguminous ])Iants, it .adds consider.ably, when
mixed with flour, to the weight of the bread.
This lonienlum was a celebrated cosmetic with
Roman ladies, as it was thought to po.ssessthe
virtue of .smoothing the skin and taking away
wrinkles. Columella notices beans in his time
as food for peasants only :

".\ik1 herbs they mix with beans for vulgar fare."

Pliny states that in tlie vicinity of Macedo-
nia and Thessaly the custom was to phiugli
them into the ground as manure just as they
began to bloom, and ttiat the land was exceed-
ingly enriched by the process. This autlior
says that ihe beau is the fir.st leguminous plant
that is .sown, being »tlone before the .setting of
the Yergiliie, in order that it may pass the
winter in liie ground. He also states that beans
grew spontaneously in moist jjlaces, particu-

larly in certain islands lying within the Xorth-
eni Ocean, from whence tliey have derived the
name of Faliaria-. They grew wild also through-
out Mauritania, (Now Morocco,) but these
Pliny characterizes as s<.i bard and tough that
they could not be IjoIUmI tender. One of the
most noble and powerful families of Rome de-
rived the name of Fabii from some of their
ancestors liaving cultivated the bean.

Although many alhisions are made in Scrip-
ture to wlieat and barley, we do not read of
the bean being cultivated, and it is only twice
mentioned. The earliest notice is of those
brought with other provisions by the tliree
loyal Israelites to King David when lie lied
from his rebellious son, jVbsaloni, to Maha-
naini.* The ])rophet Ezekiel was coniinanded
to make use of this pulse as one of the ingre-
dients of the bread he was to eat for three
hundred and ninety days.t According to Rab-
binical authority, it is stated that tlie much
esteemed Egyptian bean was cultivated in Pal-
estine, and the same source of information de-
clares that the eating of this vegetalde was
interdicted to tiie high-priest on the day of
the atonement, from its decided tendency to
bring on sleep. The Moors, it is believed,
when they conquered Spain, introduced the
bean into that country, and from there or
Portugal, the seed, some authors suppose, soon
afterwards was imported into the Brilisli Is-
lands. Gerard states that the garden bean is
the same in all respects as the field bean, the
one having been improved only by the fertility
of the soil. Since that period, like all other
vegetables, it hasramihed into many varieties.
Those cultivated for agriculture are known as
Fuha ru1g(tris nrrensis, or, as Loudon calls
them, Faha riihjnvis equina, because the}- were
grown chiefly for the use of horses. There is
a strong and well-marked ditlerence lietween
these and tliose cultivated for the garden, but
botli are botanically included under one spe-
cies. Of the field bean there are at least twelve
varieties, and of the garden, about twenty.
The earliest garden bean is a small seeded
kind, called the Maragan, which was introduced
into England from a place of that name on the
coast of Morocco. The large variety called
the " Windsor bean" is said to have been first
cultivated in that neighborhood by some Dutch
gardeners who came over at the Revolution.

There is a field near Eton still ciilled the
Dutchman's Garden. This species of pulse is
extremely prolific when planted in a suitable
soil. Phillips tells us of a single Heligoland
horse-bean, planted in the garden of Beanlien
poor-house in the year 1821, that jirodueed 12(j
pods, whicli contained 399 good lieans fit for
seed ; and had the plant not been blown down
by the wind in the midst of its bloom, there is
reason to suppose it would have produced
nearly double that quantity. Beans were used
medicinally by the ancients; when bruised with
garlic, they were said to cure a cough that was
thought past a remedy. Ever sinc(^ the middle
ages the liean has played a very important part
in the famous Twelftli-night cake almost over
all Europe. In "Brand's Popular Antiqui-
ties," we read that tlie clioosing a person as
khig or queen by a bean found in a piece of a
divided cake, was formerly u common Christ-
mas gambol in lioth the English universities.
Thomas Randolph, in a curious letter to Dud-
ley Lord Leicester, dated Edinburg, -laimary
15tli, 1.563, mentions Lady Fleinj'ug being
" tjueen of the Bene on Twelfth-day." Ful-
ler, in his "Worthies," mentions that Leices-
tershire in his time was famous for beans, and
under the proverb. Bean Belly Leicestershire,
he writes, " those in the neigjiboring counties
used to say, merrily, ' .shake a Leicestershire
yeoman liy the collar and you shall liear the
lieans rattle in his belly.' "But those yeomen
only smile at wliat is said to rattle in their
bellies, wliilst they know good silver ringeth
in their pockets." The poet Soutbey men-
tions that in days gone liy, the jSIayors of
Leicester used to be chosen by a sow. The
candidates sat in a semi-circle, each with his
hat full of beans in his lap. and he was elected

'2 Samuel IT-2S. t Ezek. 4-9.

Mayor from whose hat the .sow eats first. (See
common-place book. )

Beans are cultivated over many countries,
as for to the eastward as China and Japan :
they are very generally used as an esculent in
many parts of Africa, particularly in Barbary.
where it is usually full jiodded at the end of
Feliriiai'y, and continues in bearing during the
whole spring. AVlien stewed with oil and gar-
lic, beans form, according to Shaw, the prin-
cipal food of persons of all classes in that
country. It wolild appear from " Dickson's
Husbandry of the Ancients," that Faha was
derived from Haha, a town of Etruria, where
the liean was cultivated, and it is the same as
the small liean of our fields. — H. G. Glass-
pooLK. in Science (r'o.s.si'p, London, 1875.

When the bean was introduced into Amer-
ica is perhaps not precisely on record, but, if
not previously, it was no donlit brought over
in the Mayflower, and was diffused from Ply-
mouth Rock. Tlie Puritans, having been first
driven to Holland, before their migration to
America, very probably brought seed-beans
from that countiy. Speculation upon that
question just now, however, is of very little
account. We know it is here, and that as an
esculent it is universally regarded as a good
"snap." Its eastern origin may be inferred
from its liaving been a popular "Yankee in-
stitution" from a very early period in our
domestic history.

Two prominent varieties, or rather species,
are cultivated, and these are now multiplied
into numerous suli-varieties or species. The
dwarf, bush, or snap-short varieties, included
under Phasecjhi.'i cuhjarif:, are mainly the fol-
lowing : 1, Early Brown; 2, Cliina Red Eye;
3, Early Yellow; 4, Newington Wonder; 5,
Powtawatainie; 0, Red Speckled ^'alentine;
7, Brown Speckled Yalentine; 8, White Cran-
berry; 9, Royal Dwarf; lu. Red French; 11,
Dwarf Wax, and 12, White Wax, and are con-
sidered worthy of special cultivation.

The pole-beans, or running varieties, in-
cluded under Phn»eolus ?nic)isi,«and muUifloriis.
are the following, in part: 13, Long Lima; 14,
Carolina; 15. Scarlet Runner; 10. Cranberry;
17, White Dutch; 18, Wren's Egg; 19, Giant
Wax; 20, Tall German Wax, and 21, Southern
Prolific. There are also numerous synonyms
and suli-varieties — among the former. Early
Mohawk, Early China, Red Marrow, Refugee,
M'hite Kidney and Horticultural Dwarf; and
among the latter. Butter Bean, Horticultural
Pole and Small Lima, Salaa or Sewee.

The English horse bean varieties, included
under Faha, ruk/nris equina, are 22, Long Pod,
and 23, Broad Wind.sor. For all [iractical pur-
poses, Iiowever, the foregoing may be reduced
to one-half.

The cultivation of the bean is so common,
and so generally understood, that it would be
superfluous if it were not presumptuous in us
to offer any suggestions upon such a subject.
In order to secure an uninterrupted supiily, it
is simply necessary to make repeated plantings.
An experienced authority, and one that is
widely known, recommends that "little at a
time and often, shouUI be the rule." As an
esculent, the bean is wholesome and nutri-
tious, and well meriting the high fiivor in which
it is held throughout the civilized world. In
proportion to its weight, it yields more nutri-
ment and better supjilies the place of animal
food than any of the vegetaliles ordinarily cul-
tivated; and many of our readers may be able
to recall the case of the poor woman and her
three children, who were amply sustained by
tlie ov.a-iiroduct of three hens, which she bar-
tered for the white field bean, at a time when
eggs were higli in price and beans were low.
There is no other vegetable that is easier kept
for winter use. They are subject, however,
to the attack of a destructive insect, when
stored away, iianicly, the " Bean- weevil " —
Bvuchnsi fabcv. — which has only been developed
in Lancaster county within the last five years,
and of which we shall speak specially on a
future occasion.

y

Specimen Copies of The Farmer sent to
any address when requested by a subscriber.. , i

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i63

DARK BRAHMAS.

BY W. ATLEK BIMIPEK.

Tlu'sc popular Cowls deservedly occupy the
lirst place rtuinuL; tlie nienilx'rs of that widcly-
dislrilmtcd irroup— the Asiatics. Over no
bree<ls of fowls has there heen sucli a furore
excited as the Asiatics, iucludius dark and
lifjht ISrahnias, partridije. bull', white and black
Cochins. At their lirst introduction enormous
prices were realized for specimens aiiproachinfj
only mediocrity. I5ut now reliable breeding;
stock can be procured at fair prices : and yet
for birds of extraordinary merit prices ar<? re-
alized that to till' uninitiated would seem fab-
ulous, cxorbitanl. outrajicous, &e. l?ut it is
not so, and especially with dark Hrahmas.
>i'o breed of fowls iiresents greater obstacles
in the way of establi^h-
inff a strain and produc-
inj; birds approaching
the maximum "one
hundred points" of the
American standard, and
when sucli wonders are
liroduccd they are worth
all they will bring. It
is estiuiated that out of
each one hundred dark
Brahmas raised, only
aboid live will be what
are termed "High Class
E.xhibition Birds."
Great care and skill,
united with a sharp and
ready eye to perceive all
blennshes or excellen-
cies of form, feather or
markings, are necessary
in the mating for breed-
ing this highly interest-
ing fowl. Very mucli
damage (how nnieli can
scarcely lie realized) has
been done to the i)oul-
try interest by ignorant
breeders advertising
"Extra fine Steel-gray
Dark Brahmas," "eggs
for hatching for sale
from my fine hens of so-
and-so's noted strains,
mated with a grand
cock not akin," of some
other strain. Xow thi.'-
breeder probably be-
lieves all he says — that
the eggs from such fowls
will produce choice pro-
geny, and beginners are
apt to be lured by the
high-sounding words
and the names of the
strains of repute from
which his fowls were
raised. But although
the specimens them-
selves are good, they
may be of strains bred
entirely for ditlerent
purjioses, and wliich be-
ing thus suddenly mat-
ed together will produce
birds possessing all the

faults of both strains. So it will be seen that
it is often very essential to incpiire the parent-
age of your stock, and see that the strains are
not foreign to each other. The cock should
have a solid black breast, but one with a spot-
ted breast will often breed good pullets. The
cockerels from such a mating will, however,
be nearly worthless. The puilets sliould be of
tliat nnu-h-esteenii'd stecl-grav plumage, with
very distinct i)(ncilling. In mating breeding
birds it sliould be borne in mind that the pro-
geny as a rule resemble the male jiarent
more in color, markings and fancy points in
general, and the female in size and form.
Thus very good cockerels can be breil out of a
correct cock mated to hens which may be of
poor pencilling but of comely shape and form.
In selecting fowls to breed for size (and cer-
tainly this i.s an object, although not to the

neglect of symmetry,) a heavy build, with large
bones and frame-work should besought, rather
than fat and muscle. The over-fattened fowls
of the show-pen are often nearly worthhss as
breeders. But if the fowls are selected as.just
recommended, the progeny will make very
large ones if well fed and cared for.

In economizing merits sonu' fanciers would
place ihe dark Brahmas ahead of the light,
thinking also that they are of a hardiir consti-
lution; but such is not the case. They are not
('(lually i>rolitalilc and good as winter layers.
Dark Brahmas are of large siz<', easily con-
lined and very hard,v. Of a quiet disposition,
they are, nevertheless, good foragers if allowed
the range of a suitable grass-plot. The pro-
pensity to sit is in this, as in all Asiatic breeds,
a decided drawback. But, on llie whole, they

DARK BRAHMAS.

area very profitable variety and most assured-
ly are exceedingly interesting. They ])re.sent
many changes of form and feathers before ar-
riving at maturity, which can not fail to rivet
the attention and attract the admiration of all.
Sometimes the most ungainly will mature into
the finest and most symmetrical fowls. Over
all things in breeding, look to symmetry and
elegance in preference to mere size. Do not
cultivate " long-legged racers." They are not
only continual eye-sores, but also consume a
vast deal of foini that is wasted in the produc-
tion of slianks and which are scarcely edible.
Dark Brahmas present a peculiarity worthy
of notice in their pugilistic propensities. They
are the bravest and most fearless of their class.
Indeed, to such an extent docs this .sometimes
manifest itself that they have lieen known to
come off victors in contests with games. Sucli

propensities add exceedingly to their noble and
■self-confident carriage anddignified bearing,
which camiot fail to excite admiration.

We have the i)leasure of illustrating tliis
article with one of the finest cuts ever en-
graved, which will, we trust, make clear what
our words may have failed to express. The
engraving was taken frcun life by the fancier
artist, J. W. Ludlow, and represents fowls
imported by Mr. S. II. Seamans.

CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES.*

Wheat.
The wheat crop of the ])resent year is a
short one, and the deficiency is augmenlcd by
a marked general deterioration in (piality.
None of the States east of the .Mi.s,sissippi, ex-
ee|)t Wisconsin, appears
to have equalled the crop
of last year. The Pacific
coast crop is also short.
The average for the en-
tire country, reported in
October, is about HO per
cent, of hust year's pro-
duction. If this indi-
cates the total deprecia-
tion, it amuiuits to 0"2,-
(«H),(IOf) of bushels, and
gives a crop of •240,000,-
(M)Oof bushels. In quality
the entire crop of the
country averages ft4, or
14 per cent, below a
sotnid condition. This is
equivalent to a further
reduction of the crops,
though it means poorer
bread rather than less of
it. Shipments of wheat
were made from Mary-
lanil to Ohio, in oriler
to make a mixtiu'c that
woidd i)roduce a pas,«a-
ble ilom-. In the entire
State, Pennsylvania has
made about two-thirds
of her last year's crop ;
all of the Southern States,
however, have increa.sed
their production over
last year, some of them
7.') per cent.

Corn.
The condition of the
corn crop, as reported to
the 1st of October, is ex-
■ ceptionally high. Its
average status in several
of the States is consider-
iibly above the standard
of gdod condition ; that
is, in thrift and produc-
tiveness. But after that
date the crop suffered
some depreciation from
severe frosts, therefore,
there will be a large
quantity of unmerchant-
able corn, sofi and loose
on the ear; and alsoacon-
siderable proiiortion of
unsound fodder. In ad-
dition to fro.sts, corn has Ikhmi injured some by
in.sects and drought. A return, however, of
the quantities harvested camiot be made until
the end of XovenilKT, when the comparative
result will be better undei-stood.
Rye.
The* product reported this year falls about 4
per cent, short of la.st year, wliich was l)arely
an average croj). The ])roducti<<n of rye is
not extensive in any of the Stales. Pennsyl-
vania stands third among the rye-|iroducing
States, and her product the present year is
from 93 to OS in IIKI, or average standard. In
Wisconsin it reaches 120, whilst in Kansas it
is less than GO.

Oats.
Returns make the entire product five per

•Condcniod from the October Reiwrt of tho Deptrtmnit
of Agrloulture.

i64

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[November,

cent, greater than last year. Early drought
pinched the crop in some of the States, and
the ravages of the army worm diminished it
in others. The a\t'rage product of Pennsyl-
vania is from 98 to llu, whilst in Michigan it
is 121, and in Mecosta county, of that State,
ten acres yielded 84 bushels per acre. The
lowest product was in Delaware, which reached
only 63 on an average. In some i)arts of
Michigan oats made a weight of from 3.5 to 50
l)ounds ])er bu.shel, but in many of the States
the weight was below the average.
Barley.

The product of barley returned is 87 per
cent, of last gear's crop, and about an equal
reduction in (piality is indicated. The pro-
duct in Pennsylvania is two per cent, in excess
of the crop of last year, but in Florida it is 25
greater. Xeljraslca, owing to the presence of
the grasshop])ers, made only an average of 53
to 82. The Southern States which grow bar-
ley produced a very superior (luality and nearly
an average tiuantity.

Buckwheat.

Tlie condition of the entire crop is not far
from an average. Xew York, Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, Virginia and Ohio produce about
four-fifths of the entire crop of the country.
Among these Virginia stands 100, and Penn-
sylvania 103, wlijlst Kew York is the lowest,
being '.i4. Early and late frosts damaged the
condition of the crop extensively in the North-
west, especially in Wisconsin, and slightly in
other places.

Potatoes.

The crop, as a whole, promises to be extra-
ordinary, both in yield and (piality, the beetle
to the contrary notwithstanding, which, of
course, effected a reduction in some localities.
The status of Pennsylvania in the production
of this tithcf is 108, whilst Illinois is 124, the
highest ligure in the country ; and wliere the
potato-beetle has been subordinated to Paris
(jreen for ten years or more. In a few of the
States tlie potatoes suffered from rot, but up
to the first of October not very extensively in
any of tliem. In Arkansas a second crop of
potatoes was raised from seed of the first crop.
Sweet Potatoes.

In tlie States that produce these tubers the
crop will be an average one. Tlie highest
condition, 113, was in Arkansas, and the low-
est reported was in Georgia, being 82. Penn-
sylvania was 98. The crop never recovered
from the innching droughts in some of the
Southeru States early in tlie season.
Tobacco.

The condition of the tobacco crop, on the
whole, is two per cent, above average. The
New England crop is unusually fine, being
from 10 to 14 per cent, above average. Penn-
sylvania is 10 ])er cent, above average. Dav-
iess county, Kentucky, claims 8,000,000 lbs.
as the quantity of her product. Michigan is
50 per cent, below the average, wliieli is the
lowest rep(n-ted. The Pacific States all report
a full average. Some counties in Virginia
complain of loss fi-om "frencliing"' and "fir-
ing," and in North Carolina, although the
crop is large, there is a deficiency of " oil."
North of the Ohio the tobacco snfl'ered severely
in some localities from frost, but in Pennsyl-
vania, and especially in Lancaster county,
there was little or notliing of this drawback.

THE BLUE-BIRD.

(A'trt/m Sialis,) Linn-liaird.

Of all tlie feathered tribes there is, perhaps,
no sul)ject among them more familiar— in locali-
ties where it abounds— tlian the l>lue-bird ; and
yet tliis common name alone would not, in
every instance, define the bird we mean; be-
cause, there is a small blue-finch, sometimes
called the " Indigo-l)ird," to which the term
Blue-bird is very frequently ai)plied liy those
who never go to any trouble to learn the dis-
tinctions between ycncra and s^Kcies.

Tlie Blue-bird belongs to the order Inces-
soR.s, or Perchers, and to the family Tukbid.t^,
or Tlirushes, and is, specifically, nearly allied

to the robin ( Turdus migrator ius). It is one
of the earliest birds that visit us in the spring,
often coming as early as the middle of Febru-
ary or the beginning of March, and it is also
one of the last to leave us in autumn. It seems,
however, to be always hanging on the "ragged
edges" of winter, for we have seen it abun-
dantly in Kentucky during fine warm days in
.lanuary ; but it would suddenly disappear
when the weather would change to cold again.
There is no liird tliat adapts itself more freely
and more thoroughly to the domestic condi-
tions of the countrj-, or has a greater affinity
for human society. It will readily appropriate
any box or other device constructed by man
for its domicile, in wliicli it lays its eggs and
rears its broods of young.

The geographical field occupied by our Blue-
bird is that which lies between the Atlantic
coast and the Kocky mountains. West of the
Rocky mountains its place is supplied by the
"Western Blue-bml," (Sialia maicana,) and
confined to those mountains is the "Rocky
Mountain Blue-bird," (Sialia arciica).

(Jur Blue-bird is from six and three-quarters
to seven inches long, and the wings are about
four inches. The color above is an azure blue;
the neck and breast are reddish brown, and
the abdomen is white. In the female the blue
is much lighter than in the male, .and she is
tinged with brown on the head and l>ack. In

the absence of a box, a cote, or a gourd, the
blue-bird usually makes its nest in hollow trees,
a fence post, or other similar place, but does
not usually build on branches or in a thicket,
and the female lays from four to six eggs, of a
pale blue color, trenerally two, but very often
three broods of young are brought forth in a
season, in the same nest ; and while the female
is sitting on the second brood of eggs, the male
is occupied in teaching the first lirood to fly
and provide for tliemselves.

Our illustration represents the young Blue-
birds at the period when they are committed
to the charge of the male, who continues to
feed them, and by all the means in his power
encourages them in making attempts to fiy.

The most important characteristic — in an
agricultural view — in the history of this little
friend of the human family, is the great num-
ber of insects it requires in one season to raise
its two or three broods. The adult bird itself
feeds largely on insects, but whatever else it
may feed on, it rears its several families of
young entirely on these noxious little aniriials.
A single pair of these birds will raise twelve
young ones, on an average, in a season, and
each of these will devour one hundred insects
in a day. They are, therefore, not only a direct
benefit to vegetation, but also an indirect one,
because many of the insects they destroy early
in the season po.ssess the powers of multiplying
themselves l)y thousands or tens of thousands
before the end of the season. We once noticed
a parent Blue-bird return to its nest fifteen
times within half an hour, and every time it
bore a small animal of some kind in "its lieak.
We are therefore clearly of the opinion that
the benefits of insectiverous birds are more
likely to be under than overestimated.

EvEitY F.VRMER who reads tills journal Call
do good service for the cause of progressive
agriculture by making some effort to increase
our subscription list. All will agree with us
that The Farmer is worth double the price
we ask for it. What is needed is to make its
merits more generally known.

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.

The visitor to the Centennial grounds in
Fairmount Park cannot fail to be impressed
with the magnitude of this great national en-
terprise. Tlie gentlemen who have the prep-
arations in charge deserve great credit for the
energy they have displayed in getting the va-
rious buildings so far advanced as to leave no
longer any doubt tliat they will be completed
in amiile time for the grand opening.

Another gratifying fact is the assurance that
it will be in all respects a great success as an
international exhibition. "Russia and Italy,
two important European nations, it was feared
for some time, would not take jiart in the ex-
position. All doubt on this point is now re-
moved. The great northern power has ap-
pointed her commissioners, and.the land of the
vine and the beautiful skies will send us some
of the finest works of art ever presented to the
admiration of man. All the foreign nations
will be represented in their material resources,
and many of them propose to do honor to the
great occasion by sending members of their
royal households to become our guests.

We give herewith an illustration of Ma-
chinery Hall. This, in size and importance,
is a companion to the main exhibition build-
ing, and in interest to a majority of visitors
will, no doubt, be the centre of attraction. On
no other occasion has the opportunity been
presented for those interested in mechanics to
see in one group such a large and varied repre-
sentation of the products of inventive genius
and mechanical skill as will be brought within
the vast area of this beautifuU hall.

If there were nothing else to see this would
alone compensate for the trouble and expense
of a visit. Yet, this will be but a small part
of the attraction. In the main exhibition
building the products of the industry of all
nations will be grouped in interesting and con-
tiasted detail. Agricultural Hall will be a
vast storehouse of the results of the intelligent
labor of those whom AVebster justly pronounced
the "founders of civilization." In Horticultural
Hall, filled with the fioral trophies of all climes,
the visitor will revel in what it will require no
great stretch of the imagination to fancy a
second Eden. In the Art Gallery, itself one
of the finest, most substantial and beautiful
buildings on the Continent, the connoissuer in
art can study the productions of the great
masters of tlie ages. Then in the Women's De-
partment, for which a beautiful and capacious
building is being specially erected liy I.,ancas-
ter county mechanics, there will be a magnifi-
cent display of the handiwork of the mothers,
wives and daughters of America and of the
world, which cannot fail to be one of the lead-
inr; attractions of the Exposition.

We have not the space to note the many
other buildings projected and in course of
erection by special industries and used as the
head(iuarters of the various nationalities. We
must reserve these for another occasion. In
the meantime none of our readers visiting
Philadelphia should fail to spend a day in the
Park. They will agree with us that it was a
day well spent.

The Centennial and Agriculture.
Literature and labor, to be successfully de-
veloped, are inseparably connected — indeed
the one cannot be visibly manifested without
energy and exertion, any more than can the
other. The agriculturist who despises litera-
ture now, will be wiped out of existence, with
all his sympathizing posterity, long before the
return of another centennial anniversaiT. If
it be true that "agriculture is the foundation
of civilization" — and we verily believe it is —
then there can be no true and progressive civ-
ilization without its literary accompaniment.
The republic of letters is not only democratic,
but it is also domestic in its tendencies, and
fosters and ])rotects all the different shades of
literature, whether moral, social, scientific or
commercial. Very few domestic interests now
in the world, of any magnitude, are without
their literary technology and representative
exponents, and perhaps none in a more marked
degree than agriculture and its corelatives ;

li

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

165

and tlu'Sd iiitiTosts, instwul of Ijowing tlicm-
sclvcs pnuic to till' ilust, if they iriU, mny now
stand I'li'it as "a man aniouK nu-n." There-
fore, as a powerful ell'ort is now beinj; made to
l.rinn; out the a,ij;ricultural results of the eotui-
try ill ;i Hiand display liclore the vision of
the assendjled coinitry and the world, woukl it
be amiss, in connection
with such an exhiliition, to
have a collection of male-
rialized specimens of its
litcratureV A handsomely
Ijound cojiy of the iircscut
volume of every aKricultu-
ral journal of every coun-
try represented in tlu'fj;real
t'entennial Exhibition, to-
gether with loo.se nuniluM's
of the pendili<i volume, as
far as it has advanced,
would be a distinguisliiuj;
feature, aiul add j^rcatly to
the interest thus represent-
ed. Xo matter how hum-
ble the publication may be,
or how limited its circula-
tion, the very fact that it
exists at all. <'viuces that it
has its friends and is read,
and has established ,a status
that cannot be ifjnorcd ;
moreover, there is no jour-
nal so insi^niticant that it
docs not occupy a place in
the world of literature
which no oflier coidd. If
the Uiiriculturists of the
country can exhibit a cred-
itable array of literatun
representinjj; their interests
and svipiiorted by their con
tribulions, they will do a>
much in support of the dig
nity of their craft as an\
step they could possibl\
take. We commend tht
enterprise to the considera-
tion of tho.se who have au-
thority to recommend it.
In these views we are in-
lluenccd purely by princi-
ple, and not by personal
cousiderations.

The Centennial Ornamen
tal Park.

The Centennial buildings

and grounds ai-e now very
attractive. The construc-
tion of the edifices is near
to.. completion, and they
are of very elegant designs;
but it is only since the Lay-
ing out and ornamentation
of the grounds has pro-
gressed and been brought to
incturesque beauty that the
liandsome structures .show
to advantage. The plans
of the buildings and designs
of the grounds retlect great
credit upon the skill and
ingenuity of II. .1. Swartz-
man, es(i., the chief archi-
tect and engineer. Mr.
John Stevenson, the land-
scape ga rdener-in-chief, ha.-
shown himself highly (piali-
fied for his post in the ad-
miral)lc manner in which he
has worked out the ground-
plans. These grounds make
a large ornamental i)ark.
which is already partly laii
out in drives and foot-
walks, leading from each
building to all the others. They have cut the
groun<ls into many different figures and sizes,
which will be hiind.somely embellished with
ornamental trees and shrubbery of choice
species. The roads will all be made hard and
dry by suitable materials. There are three
water jiouds, already made, which will greatly

ornament the park. Kach |iond has a small
island in the middle, and the largest will also
liave a fountain of ornament. There are two
substantial and ornamental bridges now in
]UX)ccss of construction across a ravine, whicli
intersects the grounds, and the bottom of
which is the course of the water stream. The

ravine is well clothed with large, old trees;
and the bridges, uniting the roads on both sides,
will be highly iiicturesciue. The landscajie
garden work is most beautifully executed.
The grounds west of 15elm<int avenue are
mostly finished, except near the buildings. On
the cast side of the avenue there are depre.ssed

I and elevateil gardens, to be decorated, next
summer, with such ornaments of tloral wares
j as are In-st suited for them. Thet;rounils im-
mediately around the edKices caniiot be wholly
imjirovcd until the mechanics and their ma-
terials can be kept inside of the walls. Then
! they will be ina<lc> especially iHauliful, and the
buildings will look the
nore ornamental. The
iMHB' II I scene will be charmingly

fTl^ '"^ delightful. There will be
M~''kv -^ ""' '''""''^*' 'lower gardens
— imniedialely around the
Kxiilic ( onsi'rvatorv and
the .M.inorial Hall. These
are to remain permanent
buililhigs. 'i'he llowergar-
ilensaround them are to Ito
laid out and decorated by
Mr. Charles II. MiUer, the
Hipular landscape gardener
and nurseryman, of Mount
-Mry. riiiladelphia, who is
appointed chief of the con-
.scrvatory. Thou.sands of
citizens visit Centennial
jiark dailv, and tens of
thousands on Sundays; be-
sides delcLjalions of hun-
dreds from other jiarts oc-
casinn.illy. The Kxpo.silion
will be a grand success and
an in'imortal honor to the
nation. All hail!— AV.\L-
■ri:i£ Ki.DKK, Landxeape
<!iirihnii\ J'tiihufii, OH.
:)il//i, IST."..

Live Stock at the Centen-
nial.

A liajipy solution has
belli reached iif the trouble-
some problem how to ]iro-
vide ade(|uatcly for that
department of the Inter-
iKitional Exhibition which
comprises horses, mule.s,
horned'cattle, sheep, swine,
etc. It was manifest that
these could.iiot be aceoni-
nioilated in the vii'inity of
the Agricultural Building
of the Exhibition, or with-
in the Park enclosure.since,
in the lirst place, the only
available drainage of <iny
siii-h tract must be into the
Scluivlkill at a point above
the \Vater Works of the
city and of the Exhibition;
anil next, the area of di.s-
liosable ground in that lo-
cality is wholly uneipial to
the magnitude of the live-
stock exhibitiou to be pro-
videil for.

In this emergency the
IJoard of Finance have
been fortunate ill leasing
Iroin the] 'Pennsylvania
Railroad . Company the
stock-yards, above twenty-
two acres in extent, which
are now used as drove-
yards by that company,
but from which they intend
to remove in Deceiuber
ni'Xt. and which are situ-
ated upon the south side
of its main line of tracks,
between lielmont avenue
and Eorty-lii-st street, with-
in a few" lumdred feet of
the jirincipal entrance to
the Exhibition Grounds.
This ground is pa.s.sed by
street railways on both of the bounding streets,
as well as by the Pennsylvania Railroad,
which will erect a dejiot upon it for pa.s.senger
accommodation, and has already sidings and
platforms within the enclosure for the unload-
ing of animals, so that these can be brought
by rail from any point without trans-shipment.

i66

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[November,

The existing shedding will be cleared away,
and the whole surface handsomely renovated
and supplied with stalls of a convenience and
neatness unusual at live-stock exhibitions.
Many of the important preliminaries are al-
ready provided, since, in addition to the essen-
tial railroad facilities already mentioned, water
is now distributed throughout the entire tract
by service pipes twenty-five feet apart ;
thorough drainage can be secured through the
adjacent city sewers ; much of the surface is
paved ; large numbers of neighboring sheds
and barns j)rovide sufficiently for storage of
hay, grain, etc.; and hotels hai'd by, formerly
used by the drovers, will acconunodate exhibi-
tors and their agents. AVhen it is added that
the area of the land is such as to admit the
construction of a half-mile track for the exer-
cise of the animals and their examination by
the judges, it will be seen that the managers
of the Exhibition have jirovided the means of
giving its due prominence to this very impor-
tant department of the Agricultural Exhibi-
tion.

Special series of live-stock exhibitions have
been provided for as follows : Horses, from
September 1 to September 15 ; neat cattle,
from September 20 to October 5; sheep, swine,
dogs, from October 10 to October 25; poultry,
from October 25 to November 10.

Persons who intend making entries for this
exhibition should do so without delay, in or-
der that the managers maybe aWe to estimate
the number of stalls and extent of other prepa-
rations that will be needed. In the large
Agricultural Exhibition Building, though it
covers ten acres, so many aiiplications for
space have been made l)y exhibitors of agri-
cultural products and machinery as to necessi-
tate an enlargement of the original plan. The
display of live stock is likely to be no less pop-
ular ; and those wishing to participate in ■ it,
even though their applications may require
future amendment, sliould lose no time in
communicating with Mr. Burnett Landreth,
Chief of the Bureau of Agriculture, Interna-
tional Exhibition.

OLEOMARGARINE CHEESE.

What Shall be Done to Save Our Cheese In-
dustry from Ruin ?

The only salvation for the cheese industry of this
country is to abandou tlie manufacture of every
quality except full cream cliccse, wliich is tlie only
kind entitled to the designation cheese. So-called
cheese is made of every gradation of quality, from
the poorest skimmed milk article to the rieliest full
cream cheese, and sells in the market to-day from say
2c. to IS'jC. a pound. If the milk is entirely skim-
med the poorest product is the result. This quality,
so far this season, is proving an exeeedinfjly unprofit-
able manufacture, as it costs to make and sell it at
least 3c. a pound, and therefore, at present prices, nets
a loss of Ic. a pound. The next quality above contains
say 5 per cent, of cream, and being made of good tex-
ture and properly colored, brings a relatively higher
price ; and so on for all the gradations of iiuality,
until when the cheese is made with a mixture of
morning milk skimmed and evening milk unskimmed,
in equal quantities, an article may be produced by
proper care and surface polishing with butter tha't
will pass very well with those who are not experts for
a full cream cheese, and sell very close up in price to
it. Then comes in theoleomargarine cheese, in which,
as we stated last week, the cream is all taken off and
the oil called oleomargarine, from the fresh fat of the
caul of an ox, is substituted in equal weight for the
cream. This produces an article which, in many re-
spects, so closely resembles the full cream cheese as
to be readily sold for it. A skimmed milk cheese mav
be easily told by its lack of flavor, its insipidity to the
taste, and the absence of any oil when rubbed between
the finger and thumb. These characteristics become
less noticeable as the quality is improved. In the
case of oleomargarine cheese, Tvhile the flavor and
taste may be very closely assimilated to the full cream
product, it shows the presence of the beef fat or cot
ton seed oil very readily. Such oils do not seem to be
very brave in this situation, for with the least pres-
sure they run. They exhibit the same quality also,
but in a higher degree, in oleomargarine butter.

Last year skimmed milk cheese sold very well up
to the beet grades. This year they can hardly be sold
at all, and, if sold, at no profit to the maker, who
would have done a great deal better by feeding his
skimmed milk to his pigs and calves. This article
may then be considered as having almost killed itself.
It is wanted neither at home nor abroad, and no re-
ceiver in this city cares to be bothered with it. One

reason of this is that the article is too poor to deceive
anybody, which does not hold a'ood, however, for the
better grades of partially skimmed milk and oleo-
margarine cheese. Another reason, and one which,
to a consideralile extent, will apply to all inferior
grades, and which will help towards a correction of
the dirticulty, is that the lower tlie price of the best
quality cheese the less jirofit there is in making sub-
si itutes, and the opening prices for full cream cheese
this season are indicative of a lower range of value
fur this product.

There is, however, another feature in this case. It
is well understood in commercial as well as in dairy
circles that the word factory applies to full cream
chee.se made in factories established for that purpose,
and that the word creamery applies to the different
grades of skimmed milk cheese made by butter manu-
facturers. This distinction is not observed by many
of the manufacturers of the skimmed milk cheese,
who put the word factory on their boxes, unquestion-
ably for the purpose of misleading somebody as to
the quality of the product. The manufacturers of
the oleomargarine cheese also use the word factory
and with the same intention.

As it is our intention to follow this subject to some
conclusion, we have thought it advisable to set forth
these elementary facts about the cheese industry as it
stands at present, in order that all interested in it
may understand the true position of the question. If
it were a i|uestion entirely confined to ourselves in
this couBtry it might, from our genei-ally demoralized
condition on the subject of food products, be less
dangerous to the cheese industry to deal in these in-
ferior goods; but it is not so. Of the 1,905,978 cheese
received here during the year ending May 81 last,
1,701, o2S were exported, leaving 204,650 for" our home
consumption, about 9 per cent, of the the total re-
ceipts. We presume other seaboard markets would
show similar results, so that to us here, commercially
speaking, it is our export trade in cheese that over-
shadows every other con.sideration. How is that af-
fected by these practices ? That is the paramount
question. Every person here interested in the export
trade, and nearly every receiver is, tells us that the
presence of these adulterated cheese in the English
market is already being I'elt here, and that it is abso-
lutely certain, if their manufacture or shipment is
persisted in, to react disastrously upon our cheese
trade, and ultimately to drive us out of a market that
has cost us BO many years and so much labor to es-
talilish, and which is so sensitive to the adulteration
of its food products as to require the most thoughtful
attention of its most celebrated manufacturers of
such products to avoid the very difficulties into which
we seem to be willing to rush blindfolded,withoutany
regard to consequences. Can the dairymen and the
merchants who handle their products afford to do
this i Must the entire cheese interest of this country
be sacrificed out of consideration for a few misguided
manufacturers and two or three receivers of this oleo-
margarine cheese? There is but one answer. Those
who are thus engaged must quit it. We know the
sentiment of the cheese receivers and exporters of
this city. In due time they will take such action as
will place themselves unmistakably against this arti-
cle. It wouldbe well for them to say that they regard
its manufacture and sale, under any circumstances,
as fraught with the utmost danger to the great cheese
industry of the country, and that they will not recog-
nize or handle the product in any shape. — Aiaericnii
Grocer, JV. Y.

The manufacture of oleomargarine cheese
has provoked a very animated, if not acrimo-
nious, discussion among dairymen. Tliree or
four years ago I\Ir. Ilenry O. Freeman was
making butter and skim-niilk cheese, in Che-
nango county, N. Y. He made several ex-
periments with different materials, to supply
the specific elements that had been removed
from the milk in the form of cream. At first
an inferior kind of butter was employed for
this purpose, but the result was unsati.sfactory,
as the cheese was oily and soft, in.stead of hard
and tough. The discovei'y of oleomargarine
suggested to the mind of ]\Ir. Freeman an-
other substance for enriching the depleted
elements of the skim-milk. This aroused a
strong feeling among the regular cheese deal-
ers, who denounced the new cheese as a filthy
and noxious compound. The agricultural
chemists, however, after careful analysis, have
shown that the oil-cells exist, and that the oils
combined in the oleomargarine are identical
with tho.se in butter, minus certain subtle
odor-giving elements in the latter, which
chemical analysis hits not yet been able to de-
tect. In the manufacture of cream cheese,
however, these fine cream oils, which give
butter its iieculiar flavor are mostly dissipated,
and hence cheese can be made of oleomarga-
rine, of a composition so nearly identical with
that of cream cheese that no "appreciable dif-
ference can be detected by analysis. An

i-
of

American correspondent of tlie English Aijr,
cuhuml Gazette has subjected both kinds c
cheese to the test of the microscope, and found
that the oil in the oleomargarine was present
in irregular cavities, whilst in the cream
cheese the tiny round oil globules were held
closely together in the curd.

About a dozen factories have already been
established in this country for the manufac-
ture of oleomargarine cheese, and equipped in
the best style. The men engaged in the busi-
ness have a considerable capital, and evince a
respectable share of energy and business tact.
The manufacture of this cheese is advocated
on the ground that it utilizes a vast amount
of otherwise waste material in the skim-milk.
It does not propose to enter into competition
with the fine grades of cream cheese. This
class of products has an element of profit in
itself which would render an attempt to invade
its field entirely hopeless. But those inferior
brands known to the trade as " half-.skims" or
"hard-skims'' will probably be driven out of
the market entirely by this process. There is
no danger of any attempt to palm off oleomar-
garine cheese as cream cheese, as the means of
detection are too numerous and too easily ap-
plied. Oleomargarine cheese has a function
of its own — the supply of cheap food material,
which does not attempt to grade with good
brands of cream cheese. The severe denun-
ciations which met the article upon its first
introduction have measurably subsided. Or-
gans of the cream cheese interest demand that
a careful distinction be made between the two
kinds in every market, a necessity which will
be less felt in proportion as the cream cheese
factories scrupulouslj' adhere to the standards
which have given them their specific reputa-
tion. [The foregoing we condense from pp.
459 and 460, Oct. No. Monthly Report of the
Agricultural Department at Washington.]

If people desire an inferior or low-priced
cheese (and mauy can afford no other) it does
seem like an arbitrary exercise of influence
and power to attempt to prejudice the public
against the manufacture or sale of such an
article, provided it is sold under its own legiti-
mate brand. Skim-milk cheese, under the
names of "Dutch cheese," "cottage cheese"
[schmrai-kuse) " scalded clieese," &e., has been
manufacttired and sold in this country from a
date long anterior to that of cream or "En-
glish cheese ;" biit this always carried its kind
and quality on its very face. Some people
prefer to purchase $2.00 shoes to 17.00 shoes ;
40 cent, peaches to $1.00 peaches; Uinon cloth
(satinet) to genuine l.n'oadcloth, and as inde-
pendetit freemen no one thinks of interfering
with their choice, albeit these articles may be
palmed off as superior kinds.

We were informed, from a reliable source,
that the faculty of Cornell University, N. Y.,
analyzed this cheese, and made a daily use of
it, aiid found it as healthful and palatable as
the cream cheese, and much cheaper. We,
however, do not ]irofess to be its advocate or
champion, but merely give both sides of the
question, and let it stand ujion its o\\ii merits.
The main thing in which the public is inter-
ested is the fact that oleomargarine is liable
to be sold for cream cheese ; but even in ihis
respect "let me ncjt know I am rolibed and I
am not robbed at all," is of as much signifi-
cance as the thousand other daily ap]ilications
of the maxim. In good truth we do not think
the public troubles it.self much aliout the (lues-
tion. All the noise has been made by the
parties who are pecuniarily interested in the
matter, and if it can be compromised in some
way satisfactory to Ijotli, the i)ublic will qui-
etly submit to being "fleeced," just as it is in
a linndred other ways and things, and to
which it is as likely to become "used to it"
as eels are to being skinned. We imagine we
have been eating oleomargarine, or its equiv-
alent, these many years in the form of cheese,
and prol)al)ly it may be our fiu'tune to do so a
little while longer, although we confess we
would not like to see our eagle's wings clipped
in the foreign cheese trade.

Renew your subscription for 1876.

1

1875.J

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

167

FERNS AND PALMS.

On ;i iiirrclv supi'vCicial viow, i>r in spci'ilk'iil-
Iv nniU'lhicd'illuslrMtions, tlu'iv sceni.s U) be
rittkMlillcivnci' Ix'twocn ,/■<r/l^■ luul //-(/mx— at
loast in tliosc vt'f;c'talilf iirodnt-tioiis of tropical
climates- tlic -'trcc-t'cnr' of tlicSonth Anicri-
caiiishuutsrcacliiiii: a lici,L;lit of forty feet, and
sonic of llic '•palins""(>ftUcsanH' localities licini;
mere .slirnlis ; and yc-t tlic palms liclonj; to
the riniu'i<iiii)i<ms., w llowcrinf; gland division
of the vegetable kiii'jidoni, ami tlu' ferns to the
Crniitmimnoux or llowerlcss division. The
palms', of which some attain a liei,!,'ht of lifly
or sixty feet, are chiellv with nnhraii.-hed
trmiks," growiiii: bv the terminal Imd ; with
lartje plaited, or slieathiii.t,' leaves, collected in
one terminal cluster; and have perfect or
polysamons llowers on a livanchiiii;- spike, or
spdilix. bnrstiim' from a broad, sliicldni'i leaf,
enelosiiiK said llowers, located near the trniik,
and under the shelter of the i;eneial foliage.
There arc some sevenlv <n- more ijOKnu and
about live linndrcd .viVciV.s belontxina to the

■-7"'

of liolili

They

as the

as-
are
pal-

order P.\l>>lA(,K.i;, most of thcni
pect and interesting;' attributes,
chietly troiiical, a few. however,
mctttu's of 8011th Carolina,
Fku-ida, &c., advancing into
the wanner (larts of the tem-
perate zone.

The ]u-operties and uses of
the palms are of the highest
importance and variety. From
the drupes of several African
varieties, and from the cdcoa-
nut, oil is obtained. Othir
species secreti' wax from their
leaves. Starch is obtained
abundantly from llie Sago
Palm (SiKjits ruriipliH,) and
many other species. Even
sugar and alcoholic licpiors are
made from the .juice of the
unopened spathe of the Sugar
Palm. (Sdijiirrii.t .mrrhtiriffr.
Mtniiitin vhiifcr, <.W.) The bud
of the Cabbage Palm [Arern
olerui-ai) is *boiled and eaten
as a vegetable. Among the
rViite are emmierated tlie date,
from the Date Palm {Pli(rni.r
('(/(■((//i/"(iv(,) and the cocoanut.
from the Cocoa Palm, {Atlalfi
fiinifii-u,) &c. Besides, tlir
broad leaves and the stems are
used for various imrposes, sui'li
as thatching, utensils, imple-
iiients, i<:c.

Ferns are lierbacpous pe-
rennial jilants, sometimes be-
coming arborescent ill tropical
regions, and then rising in the
maimer of palms. Their fromls
or leaves are sometime.s sim-
ple, sometimes more or less
deeply cut, ]iinnatitied or
deeompound. These fronds present
mon character, that of being ro
like a crosier at the extremity about the pe-
riod when they begin to develop. The or;,fans
of frnctilication are commonly situated on the
lower surface of the leaves, along the nerv-
ures. or at their extremity. The siiornles are
naked, or contained in a kind of small capsule.
These capsuh's are aggregated into little
masses, wliich are in the form of round, kid-
ney-shai>ed scales, sometimes surronnded by
an elastic ring, which oiien either at their cir-
cunifereiice, or by a longitudinal slit, or by
bursting irregularlv. According to Humboldt,
of all tiie tbrnis of troiiical vegetation the ferns
are among those which most attract the at-
tention ami awaken the admiration of the
traveler. They abcmiid on the banks of
streams, amongst the dropiiing springs that
ooze from the crevices of rocks : and some
species of exquisite beauty are found lining

•The trunks of theoibbuge ami other palms are rnMiuiiitly
infested liv the larva of the " Palmwecvil," {Uhiiiiatplioniii
palroatum.) a large, lut, white grub, which attiiiim to three
or four inches in length, and as much in circumference,
which is gathered and cooked, it is said, as a seasoniug to
the cabbage-palm.

the sides and the roof of the caverns which
contain the .sources of natural tbuntaiiis. In-
deed, within the tropics they seem to delight
ill insular situations, few. comparatively, being
found in the interior of large continents, ow-
ing perhaiis to the want of a due proportion of
moist lire.

There are 200 (jencru and about •i,0(J(l species
belonging to the order Fli.lfKS, or Ferns.
They constitute a large and interesting order
of llowerlcss plants, distinguishetl for their
elegant plnnie-like foliage. In our latitude
thev are usuallv from a few inches to a few
feet high, but some of the tropical siiecic.s, as
the CvNTiiK.K of both Indies, are from lifteen
to twenty feet in height, vieing with the palms
themselves in size and beauty.

The medicinal properties of ferns are gener-
ally mncilaginons and mildly astringent, hence
considered pectoral. Oii)iiun<hi rn/a/i'.s has been
sncccssfnlly administered Ibr the rit-kets.

There are large numbers of local species of
these plants in Lancaster, and they are coming
much in use for ornamental lawn or ganleii
culture, such as central groniis, hanging bas-
kets, Ijorilers, iS:c. Tlie central ligure in our

TROPICAL KERNS AND PALMS.

a com-
led up

I Imvc illecovored that the ourriint worm makes no

lens than elirhl trniisforiiinlloiis, uinl inn sure Ihul It

lias been li.r wiint ol lliis kiinwleiliie that it hus, up

to this lime, been impcisslbli' even Ici eheeli its ii-ereiise

niiilerially, anil iidIIijii!,' whutever has beenilone ctVee-

tually for Its utter iiniiihlhilliin by deistroylnir lis

rhylliin. Whiil it Iiilior in here |ireseiileil for BClenec

— what a sulijeel for the eonsiilerullon of fanners iind

rruil-nrower.H: 1 ainiiellhera rannernnr a L'arilener,

but inerelv a recent frull-LTower on a small seulc.

,\nil Klliell now well eiitereil U|K)n my elL'hth deeude,

I did not, till a recent period, even know that any

such pest as the currant worm exi.sleil, nor lliat

' the I iireuliii, till- s(|nash biiu', the canker worm, the

i potato luetic, anil the hopper of the WchI were each

in full blast, eueli in Us seasou, and neither of whieli

ever falls to "come to lime" and put In an ap[K'ar-

I anee at the hour when the fruits of the iKior man's

j tolls are re,idy for their jaws.

I Many othcT pcsiH have only four transfornnitlons;
I and it has been by patient, peislsleiil lnvcsll)ratlou
that I have traeedllie currant worm throiiifli el({lit,
1 and now I dcM-rlbe the place where, by unity of sys-
I tcmalic elfort in any •riven locality, it may he utterly
exterminated. Karly In .May. and until late In June,
It will be noticed thai 'more or less of the new urowlha
of the currant bush have been siidilcniy cut olT. TIiIb
cut is Ihil, takini: olf about four Inches from the top,
j which thus falls to the u'lound. Now, this Is the
! spot where a successful blow may be struck ajraiiiBt
this enemy. The eirir from which
the borer eoines Is de|)06iled in the
end of that cut -oil' stem, still a part
of the bnsh. The first week In. July
I clipped from tlie.se top.s an Inch or
two, and in each jileec 1 cut otV I
found a borer, some of them within
a line of the top, and .>^o very small
that they could only be discovered
bv the microscope. In November
la.st I had found lliesc cut-olf stems,
of that season, dead downward almut
ciL'hl inches, and in each one a Itorcr
larircly irrown. Some of thesedead
stemsl left till April this year, when,
on exainiiiiiii.' thcni,! discovered the
borcrlraiisformed to a lly, somewhat
li^'lit -colored, and the same lly that
I have so cd'len detected in attachini;
Us eijsjs so mathematically upon the
under side of the leaves; and, a«
most fruit-irrowers know, it Is from
these ows that we have the worms
that devour the currant leaves.

.\nd now to the iiucstion I have In
vain so often asked tliiou,-h the
press, as to " what becomes of this
feedinir iiirrant worm when Its mis-
sion has been fullllled." I have
found the true answi'r. I placed a
few leaves with these worms uimn
thctn in a L'lass jar now on the tabic
before me." The next raornlnL', only
a few hours after, I found a nutnlx>r
of new worms on the leaves, unlike
those I put Into the jar. They were
liL'lil-eolored, with a tintre of yePow
at each end. .\nd I have since wU-
iiesseil the entire process of moltlni;,
lioth in mv jar and alsoonthe leaves
In the irardcn. And this molllne ex-
plains what is meant by those rc-
niains which appear u|ion the leaves
after the feeding worms have (rone.
And it explains also where the white
irrnb has come from which the fruil-
trrowers have noticed, now and t hen,
feedinir worms on tlie

incidental illustration i^ a palm - indic^l ^:^:}^r^ :IZ:^,:^^'^^^:;\,.^'' ^vh.te trru-s
by the Mowers around the base of the 'cavc^, ^.^^^ ^^^^^ ^^.^^ „„ „„y ,,,„|- ,„„ „

and ■ ' ' ' " ■"

tiful

itlier characteristics, and exhibits a beau-
■' summer scene for a winter day.

TTE FACTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

No. 5.— The Currant Worm.

1

I The extensive damages done by this worm are so
sronci-ally known amonc: all cultivators of small fruUs
That I stippose most of your readei-s will hail with a
heart V welcome anv new liirhl that promises assis-
tanee'in its utter extermination. It has ccrtaily been

1 very a^frravatins for the fruit -trrower to be compelled,
frot'n year to vear, to witness the mischief done by
this pest. Ills not a pleasant sisrht to see patches of

' currant bushes loaded with fruit, hut every leaf eaten
otr. .>*onie growers have become so disiriisted with

i this inei-easimr mischief thai they have dviir up Ibcir
bushes and made one lire for them and these hatclul
vermin toirether. Duslinfr these pests with white
hellebore does not prevent their Increase. They

1 "come to time" the followimr year. And the dis-

I covery to which I now ask attention Is the fact that

I at the verv time while vou have been Hirhtinir Ihese
worms onthe leaves they have been workinir in three

I or lour forms in the ground, in the air, and in the
wood of the currant bush, thus preparing a year be-
fore for another onslaught upon you the next siiring.

pon which I saw
the skins, from which I have since found that they
had mnlted. The irrcen worm, fully matured, fastens
ils tail to the leaf, or stem, and raises its head, which
slowly opens, when the head of this white LTUb a|v
pcar.s" protrudim; from the bodv of the oUI one, and
gradually works, l)v ptishiiiir the old skin back with
its lesrs. and when free it remains stupid for a lime.
It never feeds, t)ut soon falls to Ihecround and enters
the pupa state. In the jar I saw these molted worms
descend to its bottom, they curled up and were soon
encased in a black cell attached to the irlass and the
leaves, where they still remain. I also took some
thirty leaves, with' a white worm on each one, and
caretully allowed the worms to drop into a two-quart
glass Jar half tilled with earth, and I saw each one of
those worms imniediatily enter the earth out of sight.
From this arrangement I am hoping 10 have a good
opoort unity for inspecting that insidious fly I hat comes
out of the ground in the spring, and for the purpose
of cutting otr the new stems to which I have referred.
This lly has never been described in any work on eu-
tomohigy that I have seen. Nor have I yet found the
fruit-grower or the writer who has witnessed the
process by which this damage is done. Nftr am I
aware that the rhythm of this currant worm has ever
been described, which is here given :

There are two forms of lly, one of which cuU off
the stem and leaves Its egg, or eggs, in the top. The

168

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[Xovember,

other attaches its eggs unrter the leaves. Hence there
are two forms of eggs. From one the borer comes,
and from the other that nasty worm that strips the
currant anil tlie gooseberry bushes of tlicir leaves.
There are three forms of the worm ; one is a borer ;
the second eats the leaves, and from this one another
is molted, and this entering the pupa state makes
eight transformations, which complete its rhythm.

And now it becomes manifest as to the method for
its utter extermination. All these cut ort' stems or
canes can be counted, and so easily they may be cut
off again ; and if this be done in time the currant
worm is annihilated. And this summer and fall, witli
a sharp knife, take off a piece of these cut ends be-
low where the borer may have penetrated. By the
middle of July it is down two inches or more, and by
November it will have killed ten inches of the stem ;
and late in the fall I have found more than one borer
in a stem, and I have suspicion that, in some cases,
this borer penetrates down into the root far enough
to come up and out of another cane than that one
where it began. It is best to attend to these cutoff
tops immediately on discovering them. The cut you
make should be with an upward slope from the axil
of a leaf below. In this way you may facilitate the
continued growth of the upward stem, and the slant
of your cut will enable you, from time to time, when
inspecting your buslies, to distinguish those you have
attended to from any others niutihitcd l)y the fly. I
have demonstrated the IjeneHts of this method in my
own garden ; and the present year, but lor the gar-
dens of my neighbors, my battle with this enemy
would have been but a small affair. And I am sure,
that if all who grow currants in any ou^ locality were
to unite in following up this process for ayear or two,
the hated currant Worms, heretofore so numerous,
would soon become lew and far between. Hence-
forth I abandon all hope from the hellebore and go
for certain and utter extermination. — L. R. S.,

The foregoing we clip from the New York
Semi-Weekly Tribune of August 27, 1875. It
is rarely that we fiud such a conii)lete snhna-
gf«)idi of truth and error as is here dished up
by this astute octogentirian, in giving the
"rythm" of the "currant ^vol■m." We think
that extended oViservation and investigation
will lead him to diftereut conclusions in refer-
ence to the unity of his subject and its " eight
transformations." If he does not discover
that he lias sadly mixed up the history and
transformations of several species of currant
worms — and of which there are perhaps a
dozen— then economic entomology may go
begging for another eighty years before the
"rythm" of the currant worm is developed,
and its "certain extermination" efl'ected.
There are many authorities in Massachusetts,
both living and dead— Harris, Peck, Packard,
Mann, etc. — of whom had he taken counsel
he might have very ntuch facilitated his inves-
tigations, and have come to an intelligent and
rational conclusion.

It would be next to impossible to say to
What particular species of worm the various
phases of the above observations allude ; but
we may be allowed to infer that he has refer-
ence to Hadena arctica, one of the cut-worm
moths, the larva of which lias long been known
to devour the leaves of both the gooseberry
and the currant. This worm is usually con-
cealed under the soil during the day, and
climbs up and cuts off and devours the leaves
during the night. Digging up the soil and
hand-picking, or dilute carliolic acid, are the
remedies usually applied.

He may also have observed one phase of Dr.
Fitch's American "currant moth," the Abrax-
as ribearia, which belongs to the family of
Geometricians or "measuring worms." This
is a pale yellowish worm, with many small
black dots upon it, ;ind the moth is a nan-
keen yellow, with faint darkish btiuds across
the wings. This insect yields to white helle-
bore or hand-picking. Both these moths un-
dergo their transformations in the soil, under
the bushes, and may be dug up, sieved out and
destroyed.

There are two species of Hymenoi'tera,
the American and the foreign (introduced)
currant and gooseberry "saw-flies," which
feed upon their leaves. These are of a green-
ish or pale yellowish color, and are known
among entomologists as the " false caterpil-
lars." There are two broods of these in a
season. The first brood undergoes its tran.s-
formationon the ground, among the leaves and
rubbish, and the second brood goes into the

ground, where the pupa remains all winter,
and the "fly" makes its appearance in the
spring. The American species is the Priati-
2,hora<jrosularini>f Walsh, and the foreign spe-
cies is" the Neinatus nntrieosiis of Klug. These
insects in their larva states readily yield to ap-
Itlications of good hellebore or Paris green.
Possibly our aged "amateur" may have had
these in stinie of their phases under observation.
The four insects we htive named are all leaf-
eaters, and leaf-eaters only, never depredating
upon the currant or gooseberry in any other
way. But there are other enemies to these
bushes, the habits of which are enti^rely differ-
ent. Ac(ieria tijmlif'Jririig, a beautiful little
moth, the larva of which is a " stalk miner,"
is one of these ; and we feel very certain, from
the tenor of his observations, that he was
"after" this insect, in part. This insect is
allied to Aeijeria cxitnga, which mines about
the liase of peach trees, and is so injurious to
them. Tlie aforenamed currant liorer is also
a foreigner, but when introduced we cannot
say at present, nor is it of any account just
now. But we have a native species, Acijeria
candutitiii of Harris, which very nearly resfjm-
bles it, Ijut is not so numerous nor so destruc-
tive as the foreign species. It is very singular
that nearly all the foreign noxious insects in-
troduced into this country multiply more rap-
idly, and are more destructive, than ournative
species.

The worst American currant borer we have,
however, is a beetle, the Psenocenis supernota-
tus of Say. This also penetrates the canes
downwards, and no doubt the remedy recom-
mended by I.. R. S. may be of great benefit in
the forestalling or destruction of this pest.
This insect belongs to a long-horned family
(LoNCiicoRNiA). The larva of this little bee-
tle is a footless grub, whereas that of the Ae-
gcria is a regular caterpillar, having the usual
number of well defined feet. Several of the
true "bugs" also prey upon the foliage of the
currant ; prominent among them is the "four-
lined leaf bug" — Capsu>< quadrinotatiis of Siny
—but this individual being a suctorial insect
feeds onlv on the sap or juices of t!ie plants,
and i)robably did not come under the observa-
tion of L. R. S.,'or perhaps it would have been
•amalgamated with the general mass, and af-
forded a few niore transformations in its
"r(/(/wi." But he evidently had a squint of
S'/rjj7ww, perhaps S. philadelphinis, a beautiful
black and yellow two-winged fly, the larva of
which feeds on Apliids, and which conse-
quently is classed among our insect friends.

As we intend, in subsequent numbers of
The Faumer, to give full histories of these
insects, with accurate illustrations, we can
only thus briefly allude to them in these stric-
turijs ; and the're are a number of other ene-
mies of the currant and the gooseberry that
might properly have been added, but are not
necessary now.

We see that L. R. S. has had his paper pub-
lished also in the Baston Journal of Chemisiri/.
Perhaps after all it is more of a chemical ques-
tion (based on mysterious affinities) than an
entomological one. Economic entomology
needs more patient, persevering and accurate
explorers, in order to disentangle and simplify
its details ; but we question the utility of such
efforts as the one we Iiave been reviewing, be-
cause they grossly pervert the fads of Natural
Histori/, "and involve the snijject in deeper
doulit among the uninformed. We accord to
L. R. S. a noble end or aim, liut we think he
misapprehends the means of attaining it.

To show into what a labyrinth of doubt and
mystery reading siit-h papers precipitates the
hortictiltural student, we append an extract
from the Soni- Weekbj Tribune of Sept. 17th.
This writer is a little nearer, but still wide of
the mark ; and we are tempted to exclaim, "(J
LeRoy Sunderland, LeRoy Sunderland, O!"
TnKCuiiitAXT Wf)UM.— In a late issue of Th,r Ti-l-
//«/((■ is a long communication on the currant worm,
showing ranch research, and claiming the discovery
of a sovereign and jierpetual remedy. From the
small experience I have had I think tlic chances are
that " L. K. S.," by a little attention, will be aJ)Ie to
make still further discoveries, and thus perhajis ef-
fectually extirpate the dreaded enemy. It would be
a happy thing, if it is true, that all their eggs are laid

in the branches of the bush, and that by cutting and
burning they could thus be destroyed ; but I am in-
clined to think there is some mistake about this.
Now, it is true that there is a borer of some kind that
bores down into the branches of the common kind of
currants, and undoubtedly it is the same that destroys
the leaves subsequently. Every Ijraneh thus bored
into will wither and die. I am inclined to the opinion
that there if more than one kind, and that their habits
and modes of propagation are dissimilar. I have as-
certained that this methanieal borer is not armed and
equipped with a boring apparatus so effective as to
enable him to penetrate the canes of the Versailles
currant. They continue to grow larger and taller
every year, and bear bountifully, and never a borer
makes his appearance. But tlie black long fly ap-
pears regularly in the spring, depositing its eggs on
the leaves. White hellebore is the sovereign remedy
for the insects, and two applications, when the dew
is on, winds np their career. — R. L. Dorr, Livingston
county y A^. 1'..

" This fly has never been described in any
work on eiitomology that I have seen." "Nor
am I aware that the rythm of this currant
worm has ever been described." Perhaps not;
but it can hardly be supposed that a man in
his "eighth decade," who professes to have
only recently turned his attention to the sub-
ject, could have been much of an entomologi-
cal or horticultural reader, or could have had
very extensive access to such works. To be
able to say that we have never seen anything
in print on any subject, under such circum-
stances, may not be saying much after all.
That will depend much upon the extent and
character of our reading ; Imt in any event
does not prove that there is nothing extant
upon the subject. We question, however,
whether this writer would ever find a confirma-
tion of his assumptions if he had the entomo-
logical literature of the whole civilized world
before him. Moreover, the term rythm seems
too indefinite and obsolete to be applied to
such a subject, and we confess ourself alto-
gether ignorant of its value in this relation.
Between the lids of Webster's Quarto un-
abridged, with its 1,76.5 pages, the word
does "not occur, and hence is not defined.
If ever the word had a definite meaning it is
probably too obsolete to be entitled to a place
in a dictionary now. If it expresses some
phase of thought too ethereal or evanescent to
be defined, it Is questionable whether it can be
of any use in illustrating a subject of such a
material character as entomology. We do not
desire to be hypercritical, but in discussing the
facts of Natural History we claim the privilege
of instituting a comparison between fact and
fiction ; and if we appear to be giving too
much prominence to the paper we have quoted
we can only reply that a production which has
been dignified by a place in the columns of the
New York Tribune and the Boston Journal of
Chemistry, cannot be beneath the notice of an
honorable cotemporary who feels an interest
in all that relates to the economies of the
world of nature, as the basis of higher aspir-
ations.

i^

CHINCH-BUG, OR MORMON LOUSE.
( Rhtjptt voch roniun df'vastator. )

This insect, which when full grown, is only
about one-twelfth of an inch in length, yet be-
comes so numerous sometimes as to seriously
injure, if not totally destroy, the crops of
wheat and corn. It was very destructive last
season in some of the Western States, and
while we do not propose to give its history in
this issue of our journal, we may state, as a
preliminary, that Dr. Sheimer, of Illinois, es-
timated the damage done to tlie wheat crop of
that State, in 1864, at over ,«73,000,000. Each
female deposits about .500 eggs, and some idea
mtiy lie formed of their numbers and increase,
in favorable seasons (dry weather), when we
state that in Ogle county. 111. , as many as 30
to 40 busheles a day of these little insects were
taken out of holes dug in the ground to entrap
them, and tliatthis process was continued until
only four or five bushels a day could be shoveled
out. These insects being "sap-suckers," and
not leaf-eaters, would not be likely to yield to
Paris qreen or any other poison externally ap-
plied,.simply because their aliment is contained
between the integuments, and not on the sur-
ftice of the leaves.

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

169

HEN'S-TEETH— BONE-DUST.

To the Kditor of The Lancahteu Kakmeh,

While tile aliove question is agitatins the minds of
thinking men over the whole eountiv, I tie;; leave to
add my niite to the great fund of kniiwleilge on the
.subjeet; antl althtmgh it is still aii open tinestion as
to whether the tirst hen was i)rodneed IVoni an egg,
or the tirst, egg was produced by a hen, we do know
that they have kept up an unbroken ehain of alter-
nates down to the present time, ami are likely to eon-
tiiuie to do so until '* time shall be no longer.'*

We learn many things about them through our
daily intercourse with them, and by our humane care
of thom from the tirst down t(i the last "pen feather.'*
There are, doubtless, others who know more aliont
the seienee of cookery than I di». who may he able to
convert those long-spurreil and shell-hark legg<'d sidi-
jects intoyaesj/za/csof that much coveti-d dish known
among epicures as " sjiring chickens;" neither do
I presume to he a professor in the art of " counting
chickens before they are hatched;" nevertheless, I
may he able to testify to that which 1 know and have
seen.

The lirst point I wish to ventilate in this article, is
in relation to the most proper fotid for hens, having
in view the greatest ])roduetion of eggs. 1 have, for
several years, had charge of .Mr. Milton B. Kshle-
nian's Bone-Du.sl Matnifaetory, near I.eaman Place,
in this county, and have the privilege of keeping fowls
in and about the buildings, and I hav<' long since dis-
covered that I get eggs when other people get none;
and that my hens average a greater jtrodui'tion of
eggs than any I can hear <.)!'. and that they keep in
good laying order almost constantly. They are very
fond of the small particles of grcmnd bone, and I tind
it is not merely an acquired taste, for any strange
fowls I procure take as naturally to it as a eat does
to milk. The philosophical theory of it .seems to be
that the rough edges of the inirticles of Ixuie perform
the same function in the gizzard of the fowl that is
usually performed by sand and gravel, and while
these bone fragments assist in The digestion of other
food, they become rounded o(f, and tinally dissolve
themselves, thus furnishing just so much more nutri-
ment in proportion to bulk, and dispensing with the
weight of gravel, which passes through the animal
unchanged, and is therefore a dead weight to the
fowls all the time.

The second point will become manifest, I think, on
looking a little farther. The hone is composed mainly
of three substances, namely, oil, lime, and phospho-
rus, all of which the hen requires to facilitate her
physical development, and increase her laying capa-
cities. Practically, it may be said that the oil feeds
and furnishes her flesh, the phosphorus builds up her
bones, whilst the linu' produces shell material for her
eggs. Very few ]iersons think of their hens during
the hard freezing winter weather : how impossible it
is for them to obtain lime and sand. They will give
them more or less corn, and wonder why their liens
don't lay eggs under such eircumstanccs. And you
will tind thatthis almost invarlablyoccurswhen eggs
happen to be very high in price. Again, chickens
are the most tender of all domestic animals, and often
suffer very much from the effects of cold; and we can-
not keep them in warm apartments because they re-
quire so much ventilation, and tlius they become
thoroughly chilled, and while in that condition they
cannot thrive, and will not lay. Therefore, the ex-
tra heat produced by phosphorus in their systems, is
of great benefit to them; at all events such seems to
be the case according to my experience. — James
Hathaway, Evergreen Milh, Oct. oU, 1ST5.

We commend the above to the consideration
of tlie cultivators of hens and their inodiKt,
as coming from a practical and respectalile au-
thority in our midst, suggesting that tliere
must be acau.se for tlie ett'ects he has recorded,
whether he has hit upon the real cause or not.
According to accredited authorities on the
question of aliments, they may be classed into
proteids, fats, amyloids, and minerals. The
proleids are generally known as albiimiudus
substances, and include gluten of grain and
seed, the whites of eggs, the muscle of rtesh,
and the casein of cheese, &c. The/(((»- inchule
all oil, wliether animal or vegetable, as butler,
fat meats, nuts, &c., and are called hydro-
carbons. The umyloids include starch, sugar,
gums, &c. ; they are also hydro-carbons, but
the hydrogen and oxygen are in the foini of
water. The inuiprfi/ji are certain salts of alka-
lies, phosphorus, lime, &c., but none of these
alone will perfectly nourish the body — all must
be present. There is only one substance in
nature which perfectly illustrates a combina-
tion of all these substances, and that is milk,
the tirst and only substance whicli niatnmals
can partake of immediately after they are born.
The chief function of the proteids is to con-
struct and repair the tissues of the body; the
fats are generators of heat; the amyloids pro-
duce fat ; and the minerals produce bones and

teeth. It will thus be seen that our corre-
siionilciil not only speaks from expi'rience, but
also from authority, for these laws are as ap-
lilicable to hens as to in;inniials.

CORN-STALK WEEVIL.
iSphfmtphvrtiM Xi'tt.)

Hardly a season passes that we do not re-
ceive, during the month of .hnie, from some
locality in Ltincaster comity or elsewhere,
more or less black snout beetles, that have
been detected boring into the young corn, tit
or near the base of the stalk. Sdinelinies these
are sent to us as rare ciiriosilies, luit ipiite tis
often they iire acconipanieil l>y coinplaints that
tliey are destructive to tlie young corn. Oin'
illtistiations do not accm-alely represent a
Sphenophorwi, when closely examined. TIk^

itiitemiif
inst ead
of issii-
ingfrom
near the
apex,

shi«ild be from near the base ol the snout.
The lines on the wing covers should be piuic-
tured, and the thofiw should exhibit polished
irregular ridges. Our artist reports his speci-
mens taken out of a moist piece of rotten
wood, very early in spring. FUj. a. represents
the lufvd' about the natural size. >'»;/. b. is
the pupil, and /•'/'/• ''• "'^' imcgo, or jierfect
beetle, both of which are greatly niagnilied.

We did not see tlie speeinu'iis from which
these drawings were made, and we merely
give them in illustration of the theory that
many of the beetles belonging to Ibis tiimily
(Curlioxid.k), whicli are injurious to veget;i-
tion, pa.ss their larval and pupal periods in
saturated rotten wood ; and in corr<iboration
of this we are able to state th;it we have, often
founil various species of them so circumstanced.
These facts may suggest that the removal of
the cause would diminish the number of the
no.xious jiests. The genus Sjihrmijihorus is a
very large one, and in structure is netirly al-
lied to tlie wheat and rice weevils (Sit'ipholis),
but differ very materially from them in their
habits. The '"Corn Splienoiiliorus" is about
three-tenths or a quarter of an in<:h in length,
not including the snout, and it is generally
found of a dull black above, and a polished
black lieneath. Like many (jther species be-
longing to its family, however, very recent
specimens, or those obtained immediately after
they hav<! emerged from the imjia state, are
covered with a grayish or yi'llowish dust,
which is easily wiped olf by friction.
. AVe are often asked, "What shall I do about
it ?" To which we can only iidd to the sug-
gestions already made, "hand-iiiek ihem."'
As soon as we can learn more tibout their lar-
val history, and are able to identify it with
the itiKKjo, we will publish it with accurate
illustrations.

THE NEWLY MARRIED.

The lirst thing a young iii;nricd couple generally
do, is to endeavor to furnish their rooms or house just
as richly as their means will possibly admit of. In-
deeil, as a rule, they go beyond their means in this
respect, the wife's standaril not liciiig what they can
get along with anil be coinfortabli', but to have her
apartments furnished so that her neighbor, .Mrs. Smith
or Mrs. Jones, cannot have the pleasure of being sujie-
riorlo her. Now this is all wrcMig. The lirst objei't
of a married <-onplc- should not lie to own furniture,
but a house and lot. In that there is iirolit; in the
furniture there is none. We care not how economi-
cally or wisely furniture may be puicliasi'd, nor what
care may be bestowed in preserving it fr0114alm.se, it
will never bring the priie paid for it, whether the re-
sale of it is made the day after its purchase or five
years thereafter; but a house and lot, wisely selected,
is always worth its cost, and, as a rule, a eonsiderahle
advance on that cost, the rule being, the longer the
time since purchase the greater the advance. Kree
rent and independence are the result of house owner-
ship, while neither is attained by the ownership of
the finest furniture. Married jieople beginning life
should prefer a house and lot of their own, with the
house even half and very plainly furnished, to a hired
house or rooms with the very best of furniture. Let
this fact be remembered, t(Ki, If a house and lot is not
acquired by a couple iu moderate eircumstauces dur-

ing tlie first tlin'e years of llielr imirriage, their
chanees of seeurliig one after that is conKlaiilly
lessening.

There Is so much in the above, which we
clijifromtlieeohmmsof the Mnlriiii'iiiinl linznr,
that approximates so nearly to a very import-
ant domestic Irntli, that welnive no tiesitaney
in transferring it to the columns of Tmk I''ah-
y\V.\v. !i truth, too. whi<'h it woul<l lie well to
consider and act niion, in ahnosi ;iiiy walk of
life, and especi;illy among the middle classw-.s,
ortho.se who "love their neighbor and live by
labor." Then' are, no doubt, thousands of
married jieople who have made the discovery
that they committed a grave error in this re-
spect, and although n-aiiy may have retrieved
it aflerwaids. many more have never been
able to eonie up with the loss llii-y have sus-
tained in the early |M'riods of iheir married
career. In nine eases out of ten, if a property
has thus been obtained at any reasonable jiricc,
and at any rea.sonable pl:iee. it will Increase ill
value the longer it is kept, if any ordinary care
is bestowed upon it to keep it in repair. If
the iier.son purchasing properly under such cir-
ciimslaiic<'s is never able to jiay for it, it may
still he a great advantage to liitn in more wtiys
than one. In the lirst place. It gives him a
credit — :i standing in society — a position of re-
sponsibility that he. ]ierliaps, would not other-
wise pos.sess. In the second pkti'e, the inter-
est on the money invested is lixed by law, and
therefore be has perfect control over the
amount of his own rent, which is not theca.se
when heoecitpies :i house belonging to another
per.son. In the third place, so long as he pays
iiis interest iiidinptly. his obliLralion is easily
reiK'wable or transferable; and fourthly, when
he is compelled to sell, he is likely to realize
more than he paid for the pro|ierty. In nine
cases out of ten, also, when an obligation is
foreclosed, and the property is dispo.sed of un-
der the sherilT's haininer, it is because the
owner has been delinc|uent in the payment of
his interest and his taxes. Of course. We would
not advise a young man to encumber liimself
with a jiroperly who could not save enough
from his occupation to pay his interest and
taxes, in addition to his family expenses ; for
such a course w<»uld only end in domestic dis-
aster.

As a single illustration, we will mention one
among the many cases of which we are cogni-
zant. A young man purchased a house and
lot for one thoiisiind dollars, gave a Judgment
bonil for eight hundred, and a promis.sorv note
for two hundred dollars. Tliis latter obliga-
tion he paid off ill "dribs," running over a
period of seven or more years, but he never
paid anything on the judgment except the an-
nual interest, and tlie obligation was from
time to time amicably renewed. For many
years his rent was only the interest on eight
hundred dollars. (^-IS.OK) while, in time, all
the houses ;iround him, of the same size, ad-
vanciMl in rentids from sixty to one hundred
and lifty dollars. After pos.se.ssion for twenty
years he .'<old his ludpiMty. ami realized two
thousand five hundred dolkirs from it. One
year titter he bec;iiin' its possessor, the house
would have brought twelve hundred dollars at
a forced .sale, and at no time during the hust
ten years of his ownership would it have
brought less than two thousand dollars. That
is the way such things work, if the lirst in-
vestment and the terms have lneii judicious,
and the interest and taxes are promptly paid.
There are many men of mediuiii means who
jirefer to invest their money in ivtil estate at
six per cent, interest rather than in .stocks and
Ixuids, where a higher intcri'Sl is ouiy pro.s-
pective. Ajudi;ment Ixindora mortgage that
is amply .srcnred. in no respect dilTei-s from a
government bond in its intrinsic ipiality, pro-
vided the interest thereon is promptly paid
when due.

There is no community more contented,
more thrifty, more independent, and morei)er-
manently fixed than that in which every
man owns the jiroperty he and his family
occupies.

We liavo penned this, because there is a ten-
dency almost everywheri? tiniong young mar-
ried people towards di.splay in their house-

170

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[xsoveuiber,

keeping arranijements, and the "wear and
tear" of one removal is always greater than
five years jvulieious use of their furniture; and
to avoid this abuse, the only rational remedy
is in the ownershii) of the tenement that con-
tains it.

JOTS AND TITTLES.

Feku uye to the cows a fpw weeks before calv-
ing; they will ealve nuich easier. A pint every few
(lays.

A PINT OF sTKONii viNEu.VK, with a handful of
soot, given as a ilreuch to horses, will cure olistinate
cases of colic. It is always conveniently at hand.

TrKi'EXTixE AND LARD compose one of the best
and most simple liniments for cuts and bruises about
horses.

Horse Powder : Boneset, catnip and tansy, dried
in the shjde and pulverized. A tablespoonful three
times a day. An excellent horse powder, particularly
for a cough.

When vof see a max along the road hunting a
lynch-pin, or tn'ing to fix up a breakdown, don't
"pass him by on the other side." Kender him all
the assistance you can. He will not forget it : you
may get into a similar fix.

QfERiES.— Do plants in a bed-room purify the air
in it !

Why is cloverseed of ditlercnt colors '! — B., Duuphiii
cuuntij, Xofemlitf 2, 187.5.

To the first query we may reply that the
presence of plants in a bed-room do not neces-
sarily eillier purify the atmosphere in it, or
vitiate it ; tliere are other contingencies which
have a modifying or determining effect upon
its condition." Tlants absorb carbon and emit
oxygen : man and animals ab.sorb o.xygen and
emit carbon : so that one class feeds the other
with what itself rejects. We may see this
principle illustrated in a properly stocked
aquarium, in which as long as the normal pro-
portions are continued, it will be healthful to
l)oth plants and lishes. But the decomposition
of vegetable matter in the tank, together with
the fietid animal matter exhaled from the
fishes, may be such as to destroy the ecjuili-
hrium and render the tank unhealthy. A case
analogous t(^ this may exist in a lied-room iso-
lated as an acinariuni is— that is, cut oli'from
the great reservoir of air outside of it, as the
tank is cut off from the great reservoir of
water. The atmosphere in its normal and
most healthful condition, contains only from
four to six parts of carbonic acid gas in ten
thousand parts of oxygen and other substances
composing it, and to'lie healthful it requires
Just this proportion of carlwn. The distiuii-
"ance of this condition, through the decompo-
sition and decay of plants, together with the
fietid animal exhalations, in bed-rooms desti-
tute of ventilation, would render them nn-
healUiy. We often experience a sickening and
depressed sensation on going into a close green
house, which is caused by the decomposition
of the plants, too miK'h oxygen, too little car-
bon, or other distiniiancesof the normal con-
diti<m of the atmosphere in them. On the
whole, we do not consider' ]ilants of any san-
itary advantage to sleeping apartments.
Stenches, eltluvias, and even fragrant odors,
are diffused atoms, and these atoms sometimes
proiUice diseases. "Hay fever" and "hay
catarrh, " for instance, are attributed to causes
of this kind. Pure perfumes in normal quan-
tities are agreeable, and douVrtless also health-
ful, but in excess, especially when long-con-
tinued, they are nauseating, if not alisolutely
sickening. As a general rule, and under cir-
cmnstances where there is no disturbance of
the equilibrium of nature, or out in the open
air, lOants in-eserve the purity of the atmos-
phere, absoi'bing the excess of carbonic acid
generated by the respiration of animals, and
giving out, by the decomposition of water, a
quantity of oxygen to make up for that con-
sumed iiy the animal kingdom. This is, how-
.ever, oidv a general statement of a great law,
which is liable to violence from counteracting
or contlicting causes.

To the second (juery we reply that the dif-
ference in the color in cloverseed is probalily
the same as that we often see in green or ripe
shelled peas, and many other seeds, and may

be owing to the different stages of develop-
ment when the clover or the pea-vines are cut
from the base of the jilauts— some are mature,
some prematin-e, and some immature. We
have seen peas taken from the same vine, some
of which were white, some pale yellow, and
some pale green, all equally dry and hard ; and
when subse(piently planted all germinated and
grew. Over-ripe seeds may become externally
sun-bleached, although the germ may remain
intact ; and this is as likely to be the case in
cloverseed as in any other. These answers
are, however, given' only as suggestive, and
not as absolute or arbitrary conclusions.

The Lancaster Farmer for October apologizes
for being a little late this month, but it needs no other
apology : for notwithstanding it started well, each
number is a decided improvement ou the preceding
one. Farmers of this and adjoining counties, by all
means take The Farmer. Price to .=;ubscribers in
the county 81; out of it §1.2.5 a year. Single copy 10
cents. — ^ft. Joy Herald.

It is not necessary to give any special reason
now for our lateness of issue last month, fur-
ther than to say it was unavoidable, but not
likely to occur again. Within one week after
the time when the October number of The
Fau.mek should have been issued, we received
special letters of anxious inquiry from over
half ado/en of our most intelligent subscribers,
some of whom are also valued contriliutors.
This is surely complimentary to our joiu-nal,
evincing that Thk Fakmer could not die or
be suspended without creating a sensation of
regret.' Our ambition is to make The F.vh-
MER a vwle mecum of perpetual reference to
the \eonianry of the country, and especially
of our county— one that they may feel they
cannot dispense with, and one whose monthly
visits shall be looked for as anxiously as the
periodical return of their nearest and most
valued friend. There are some things in this
world the value of which we only learn to fidly
appreciate after they cease to exist, and should
The Farmer die, we happen to kiiow that
many would contemplate such an event with
feelings of regret.

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Farming on the Continent of Europe
Corresrondeuce of The Lancaster Fakmek.

Paris, November 1, 187.5

COMMERCIAL manures — ROTATION OF CROPS.

.\gricultnre cannot but benefit by the increasingde-
inand for commercial manures. Su])erphosphate of
lime, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda, are
at the ])resent momenl in high request, and to eflica-
ciously combat fraudulent agencies, the chief manu-
facturei's have determined to directly supply pur-
chasers themselves. The saving in commission fees
will cover the expenses of transport. The employ-
ment of industrial manures, liowever, is accomplish-
ing a revolution in a direction that many do not ap-
prove. To produce farm yard manure, live stock
are necessary; to support the latter, grass lands and
an organized culture are required, involving a stafl'of
laborers, implements and machinery, and above all,
an intelligent superintendenee. It is no secret, that
many landed proprietors in France have well nigh
ruined themselves by the rearing of stock and the
productiiui of root crops, and now adopt, since some
ten years, a plan of cultivation, which dispenses with
farm yard manure, cattle servants, &e. It consists
in the adoption of a rotation, comprising first year,
wheat; second year, oats ; each manured with sni)er-
phosphate of lime and sulphate of ammonia, at the
rate of six ewt. of the former, and seventy pounds of
tlie latter jjer acre, for the wheat, and about half
these (luantitics for the succeeding oat crop. The
third vear tlic land is devoted to buckwheat, clover
or mustard, ploughed down green; fourth year wheat
unmanured. The average total expenses over the
four years amounted to something better than one-
half the f»i-oduce lor the three years, and yielded a net
profit of IV. 150 per acre. If tliis system spreads, the
conditions of agricultural work, and the situation of
the rural classes, will be sensibly modified.

THE AliE AT WHICH LIVE STOCK MATURE.

An interesting discussiou is going on, respecting
the period when live stock ought to be considered as
having reached the adult state. This period, it is
asscrtcil, eoninienccs when the animal has achieved
its dentition; that is to say, when the milk incisors in
the lower jaw have been replaced liypermanei^t teeth.
But at what age, with the horse and ox, for example,
do all the teeth become replaced ! Before races of
animals were improved, development was slower, and

dentition consequently took a longer time for com-
pletion. But since those three alimentary races — cat-
tle, sheep and swine — have been ameliorated, the re-
sult has been to hasten the arrival of the adult state,
considered as precocity. At agricultural shows, prizes
are awarded to cattle twenty-five months old; to sheep,
ten or fifteen; and to i)igs, twelve months of age. It
is alleged that the meat at these ages naturally pos-
sess all the maturity equal to that of animals arrived
at double the age; but also dentition is advanced, and
even the perfect knitting of the bones. On the other
hand, it is maintained this precocity cannot take place
in the case of horses, where vitality is concentrated
in locomotion, energy, and the power of endurance.

TESTING THE RICHNESS OF POTATOES.

Prof. Wallny, of Munich, has made a series of anal-
yses of potatoes to test their richness in fecula, and
has found that the latter increases with the size and
weight of the tubers, the difference being as much as
two per cent, between large and average sized pota-
toes. For purposes of distillation, he therefore recom-
mends large, and for feeding, small tubers, the latter
containing more nitrogen. For the same reason he
suggests that, for seed, cuttings should be preferred
of the large potatoes, as ge'rmination requires matter
non-azotized.

BUCKWHEAT AND WINTER RVE AS FODDER.

Buckwheat, when given as fodder, has been ob-
served to produce vertigo, alike in cattle, sheep and
pigs; in the case of the latter, furious delirium ensues, ■
with difficulty to keep on the legs, and ultimately
finishing by a long sleep. Inflammation of the head,
red and staring eyes, are the characteristics when
sheep are attacked! It is only from eating the flow-
ers that the malady is produced. Bees are even said
to fall ofl' the flowers in a state of stupor after
alighting sometime thereon. An agriculturist states
that he allows his sheep to crop the winter rye in
spring, and finds the plant grows more rapidly after-
wards; the sheep return to the Vye at intervals of
three days. By this process, also, he has been enabled
to induce the sheep to eat damaged hay, first shaking
out and airing the latter, and watering it with a solu-
tion containing twenty per cent, of salt.

THE PRESERVATION OF GREEN MAIZE, iC IN
TRENCHES,

to be consumed in winter and early spring, is at pres-
ent a demonstrated success, and a great boon in the
case of dry climates. Now, while this arrangement
tides stock over until April, a dry spring ensuing can
deprive cattle of green foildcr fro'u the close of May
to the middle of .July. M. Leccjuteux has applied the
trench system to spring green rye and red clover, cut-
ting the former in two-inch lengths and mixing two
parts of rye with one part of clover. The mass kept
well from May till July, and was highly relished by
the cattle. The best time to cut the rye is just when
the car is shooting; as, if more matured, the ah.sence

I of moisture preventsitsbeing well preserved; the best
,. 4. coating for the mass, before being covered with earth,

1 is heather, as it acts as a ventilator and condensor for

1 the generated gas. M. Bohierre draws attention to

I the important

DISINFECTING PROPERTIES OF THE REFUSE OF
! HEMP FACTORIES,

winch completely absorbs the most noxious gases.
Strange, chopped hay and straw possess also deodori-
zing jiowers. and which may explain why hay strewn
on the floor of a room which has been freshly painted
removes the disagreeable smell. All these substances
derive their efficacy from their porosity. At Angers,
gardeners employ this refuse hemp for bedding pur-
poses. M. Faucon, the author of autumnal submer-
sion of vineyards for six weeks or two months, as

A PERFECT CURE FOR THE PHYLLOXERA,

and the only one up to the present found to be suc-
cessful, has this season been rewarded by a yield of
wine double that produced inordinary years; his vines
are exempt from the bug, while those of his neigh-
bors, where the inundation scheme is not employed,
are nearly destroyed.

TREATME.NT OF THE FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE.

Cocutle, the French name for the foot and mouth
disease, is making terrible progress; the malady is
more inconvenient and annoying than fatal. Although
only known since 1S40, Gasparin described a disease,
perfectly analogous, which attacked sheep in 1817,
and the" remedies then employed were exactly those
now patronized. As in the cure of every ei)izootie
malady, those animals badly fed or cold, are the ear-
liest ti) be all'ected. In this country, and, indeed, on
the continent generally, the plan of having the cattle
sheds low, in order to "enable barn to exist overhead,
is highly objectionable, and favors the spread of dis-
temper. When an animal is attacked with coeotte, it
is at once separated, covered with some sacking, and
deprived of food lor two days. The two principal
points to be kept in view are, to calm external irrita-
tion, by means of nitre and tannin solutions, and to
fight tiie fever, by purging the blood of tlie poison in-
troduced therein." Towards the afternoon of the second
day, the animal is administered, by means of a horn
or a bottle, a linseed or meal drink, anduext day some
slices of beet, and the leaves of that plant. In the
case of milch cows, the udder should be fomented

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER

Hi

every socoml hour with the tiimiic iiuiil Uitiun, balhint'
the teats to draw oil" the milk, ami thus prevent iii-
flaninuLiinii. The milk for eii^ht days afterwartis
oiijrht to lie thrown away, as il" jriveii to pigs it would
prove eontagious.

A NEW VETEHINAUV DEVICE.

Tin' veterinary surgeon of one of the ehief railway
eonipuiiies of Paris, ha.s invented for the use of its
dray and hues horses, a elieap and simple niaehine
for self-irrii,^ating the feet in easeof any inllaniinalory
ailment. A hox eontainintr lour eoeks is pla('e<l ontlie
animal's hack hy means of a skeleton sort of sa<Idle;
an India ruhher tul)e eommunieates between this box,
anil a vessel plaeed above the manger eontaining a
solution; from eaeh i-oek in the box resting on the
baek cd*tbe animal, is a tube deseending to eaeh fet-
loek, terminatinir in a kind of gaiter, inside of wliieh
is a perforated plate, so as to allow the solution, or
simple eold water, to fall in a eontinuous tine spray
over the sprain, &e.

A ItEMEDV run IHIIIDKII.

Continued evidence is adduced of the destruction
of dodder by sul|ihuret of calcium, a salt which costs
fr..*) per ewt. When the we*'d is perceived, the clover
or lueeru is at once cut as closely to the irround as
possible, and after removal the soil is dusted with the
salt, at the rate of one-()iuirter to one-half pounil per
square yard; a strong dew is necessary to make it
act, which it immediately does, by burning up the
dodder roots and stimulating the crowns of the clover
and lucern.

A.N E.\<'EI.I.KXT MEANS TO rHESEmE IIAUNESS,

and, indeed, all kinds of leather trappings, from the
injurious etleets of the ammt)iiia of stables is, to add
a little glycerine to the grease ordinarily employed.

TO FATTEN FOWLS WITHIN TEN OK FOUHTEEN DAYS,

they ought to be plaeed iu a wooden cage two feet
above the soil, the bottom id' the cage to be strewn
with wood ashes daily : tin- food should i-onsist oi
rice, boiled in skimmed ndlk, adding a spixinful of
carbonate of soda; the ])oultry ouirhtto receive, also,
pure watertwice a day, and, like the food, in earthen
vessels. The chief object is to maintain great cleanli-
ness, and to avoid the iireseuce of any acid. The flesh
of fowls thus fatted is highly jiraiscd.

TO DESTROY S.MUT, IIUST, EKliOT, ie.,

in cereals intended for sowing, the seeds are plaeed in
several steeps, and when the floating grains are re-
moved, the rest arc ndled in lime. Instead, there-
fore, of a steep composed of a salt of cojiper, diluted
eulpuric acitl, urine, or dissolved guano, M. Kogc
proposes for his steep a solution of a salt of lead; a
greater number of seeds have germinated when thus
treated as compared with other means, and subse-
quent vegetation has been more rapid .

OUR.LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agricul-
tural and Horticultural Society.

THE NOVEMnun MEETtNO .

The regular stated monthly meeting of the Soeiety
was held in the rooms of the Boarded' Trade on Mon-
day aflernoon, the Hrst of Xovcinber, at two o'clock.

The following members were present : Johnson
Miller, President; Alexander Harris, Sei'retary: Ilcnry
M. Engle, Ephraim Hoover. .Jacob Kollinger, .lolin B.
Erb. Abraham Suminy. .\aron It. Sumniy, William
MeC'omsey, Milton B. Eshlcman, t'aspcr Hillc-r, Ed-
win Keinhold, 8imon P. El)y, Pi4er \'oK']isIein, .John
Grossman, Jonas Buekwaltcr, .Martin D. Kcndig, E.
K. Hershey, S. S. Kattivon, John (Ungrieh, Peter S.
Reist. and the reporters.

yir. John .■<. (iingrich, of East Hempfield, was pro-
posed and elected a member of the soeiety.

After the meeting was organized, the President
called for

KEPOKTSON TlIF, CKOI'S.

Henry M. Engle said that the corn crop iu his neigh-
borhood was over an average. The grain has started
up very finely this fall. He never saw it do better.
Fruit, potatoes and other crops have heretofore I)een
reported. The young clover is not well set thisseason.

-Mr. Jacob Bollinger said that the crop of wheat in
his district does not look very well. It is inferior to
that of some other years. The corn is not (juite as
solid as he has met with in other years. He planted
his corn from the 1.5th to the '2.5th of .May, and aver-
aged eighty-seven bushels to the acre. He did not be-
lieve in i)rovidential dis[)ensations as regar'ds the
growing of crops. It is the ground and fertilizers
that produce crops. In his neighborhood the ajiple
crop was very poor.

Mr. Engle believed thatthcrewasgreatershrinkage
in the corn crop this year than in former years.

Ephraim Hoover was at his ohi farm a few days
ago; there the wheat crop is looking very tine. Tlie
corn crop was quite good this year. He also discov-
ered that there was a considerable shrinkage in the
corn crop. The fruit crop was just an averairc. His
orchard sh)pes to the north, and bears alternately —
one-third one year and lull crop the next. He be-
lieved iu adding fertilizers to the orchard.

John B. Erb's crops look well. Iu his neighbor-

hood a great deal of grain has been put in ground
that was intended for grass. More wheat has been
sown this year than usual.

M. B, Eshlcman saiil that the greater part of his
neiirhbor's « heat was sow n about the middle of Sep-
' ember, but he did not sow his until the betrinnlng of
Ucttibcr. His crop is now as large as that sinvnearlier.

KErollT ON IM.ACE OF MEETISO.

The committee on procuring a room for holding

■heir meetings, re|»orted progress. On motion, it was

ordered that the committee lie continued, and unless

hememliers are not i fled, the next meeting will be

held at the same place.

I'OKN AND FltrlT I'llESENTED.

Jacob Bollinger presenle<l the society with four

ears of corn of his gn>wing.

t'asper lliller presented to the society three varlc-
liesof |iears — D'Angou. Laurence and Oick's.

The following question, jiroposed for discussion at
the last meeting, was then oth'red: What Is

THE HKST TIMK TO I'LOW OUOINII FOK COIIN OH OATS.

.Mr. Jacob (irossman, who proposed the question,
said that he was in favor of fall plowing. If thi'soil
is heavy it should be plowed in thi' fall, and if it is
light.it should be plowed in the spring.

Johnson .Miller said that he foumi fall plowing much
the best for corn, and ecpially as good for oats. IJur-
ing the bust year he comminenced to plow a twenty-
acre field in the fall and finished all but about three
acres, which he plowed in the spring. It was lime-
stone land, and was planted in corn. The greatest
dilfercncc was noted. Three times as much matured
on that which was plowed in fall as in spring. In
other seasons he found no dilferenee. lie favored fall
plowing.

H. ,M. Engle believed that no rule could be laid
down for fall or s|iring plowing. His experience told
him so. There is a dilfercnce in soil. In some it
would bebetter to plow in fall, in others it would be
better to plow in spring. Can't say which season
would be the best. Mucli depends on the kind of soil
to lie plowed. A heavy stilf clay soil is best |ilowed
in spring. Plowing depends upon so many contin-
gencies that it cannot be determined which is the best
time to do it in.

Ephraim Hoover gives a preference to'spring jilow-
iiig. He believed the matter of spring and fall [ilow-
ing depended altogether on locality. Plowing should
be done as early in spring as possible. Manure should
be placed on the ground as early as possible so as to
give it a chance to soak in. Leave only as much ma-
nure in the barn yard as is necessary. There is great
advantage in thus applying the manure. This is the
way he prepares his land for corn. As regards oats,
it makes little ditferenee whether the plowing be done
in the spring or fall.

Jacob Bollinger believes there are as many ditferent
opinions about s|]ring and fall plowing as there are
individuals. His plan is to have the maimre on the
oats stubble and then plow it down. This has always
been his practice. He has tiecn very successful in
growing corn. As regards wheat, he has not been
very successful. He averaged seventy-five bushels of
corn to the acre. Fall plowing, in his opinion, is the
best.

On a question being asked Mr. Bollingi^r in regard
to the cut worm, he said that it was the worst in
spring plowing.

H. M. Engle thought the members should confine
themselves to the question. The question for discus-
sion was about plowing, and not manuring. Forcorn
('ultivation he bclieveil in top dressing.

Mr. McComsey thought some latitude should be
allowed in the discussion of (piestions. as it bringsout
very many interesting facts that can be made use of.

J. B. Erb said that his experience in ph)wing was
to turn the furrow ui> on its edge. Corn planted in
this kind of ground will become much better than if
the furrow was turncil clear over. This will holdout,
whether it be sprinir or fall plowing.

H. M. Engle said that he found the stirface soil to
he always the most profitatile. He agreed with Mr.
Erb, and showed that the .strength of the soil was
more in the surface .soil than in the sub soil. If the
surface soil could all be kept on the 1(^p, so much the
better. It is the l)est for tender plants.

Ephraim Hoover believed this was so. as you turned
the best soil to the best advanta'jc. There was one
objection, however, and that was it was very dilticull
to plow. If plowed by a iw)or plower, a great many
weeds would spring up and create a great deal of
trouble. As far a? putting the soil to the best ad-
vantage for planting corn is concerned, he believed in
surface soil.

.\I. 1). Kcndig never plows in the fall for oats. He
alwavs plows in the spring, as he has faith in that
kind of plowing. For corn he plows partly In the fall
and partly in the spring. His land is limesti>ne. and
he always plows it as early iu the spring as is conve-
nient. Fall plowing was more destructive to the cut
worms. He had full confidence iu spring plowing,
and was decidedly in favor of it .

H. M. Engle regardedihe farmer that waslrouhled
with weeds as being far behind the age. If we under-
stood farming ariglit, we would not be troubled with
weeds. If you once get your farm clear of weeds you
will never be bothered with them again. The best

way to destroy them Is to cut them down with a
reui>or, rake them together ami burn them.

Mr. Hix>ver believed in the old maxim that "an
ounce «)f prevention was worth a |M>und of cure,'' and
that the closer you come up with the furrows In plow-
ing the belter. This thing id' not a Mowing any weeds
to grow. Is all very well, but on a larL'c farm it is lin-
|)Osslble to keejj them down. The best way to destroy
weeiN in tlidshing up corn was to plow them down
and not shovel harrow tlietu.

Mr. McComsey bellved the only way to settle this
(piestioll was to

INSTITITE A SEllIES (IK KX I'EIIIMENTK,

to go throuL'h a perloil of years and appHed to dllfer-
ent soils. This, he thoiigiit, would he the only way
to settle a <|Uestiou of this character. If he were a
practical farmer he wiiuld test questions of Ihiskliid.
He thoughl tIn-re was a L'reat ailvaniaire In fall plow-
ing. If he was a farmer he wouhl plow forcorn and
oats between the current work of fall and freezing
up time.

Mr. MeCom.sey then said. If no other inenihorK
wished to speak on this (piestion, he would like to say

A WOItl) ON THE DAIItV (^lESTION,

which was discused at the last meeting. .Some two
or three weeks agohe visited thebirthplaceor Itolx-rl
Fulton, which is in the extreme southern |Mirtion of
this county. He had long held a desire to visit the
birthplace of this ceh'bral.ed man. whose genius and
skill contributeil so much lothe wellfare of his fellow-
man and the whole world. In passing through that
part of the country, he was struck by the modes of
farming and living. It was forty years since he was
there last, and he noticed trreat changes in the niethoil
of farming. The plans, principles and successes were
entirely ditferent. He wouliKiiistance that of dairy-
ing, and speak of a .Mr. Hussell, who owns a fine
large farm ofsome three bund red acres. It is among the
best, if not the best land in that portion of the county.
He has nearly abandoned the raising of wheat and
general farming, and has turned his attention to
dairying. His largest crop was corn. He visited his
fields and it gave him great pleasure InlrKjkingat the
stock, almost as much as at those entered at the late
exhibition. There were forty odd head of dairy cows.
They were not of the I'ancy or imiHirted stock, f)Ut
seemed to lie a cross of the best breeds. .Mr. Hussell
is doing a thriving business, and sells every pound of
his butter for cash. He buys butter for eating. The
milk he feeds to his hogs, calves and sheep, all of
which bring to him the highest cash iiriees, lie Is
frcd to admit that he is making money. Dairying is
less exhaustive to the soil, and he is bringing up his
land to a high state of cultivation. Ills now worth
six thousand dollars more than when he coninienced
dairying a fvw years ago. He is only one out of several
who are engaged in this business in this section ofthe
county. In concluding, .Mr. .MeCoiiLscy urged that
this brain h of business he encouraged.

H. M. Eugle was also a strong advocate of dairy-
ing. He believes there are strong indnecmeiils to
certain farmers in this county to go intfi this branch
of business, (ireat wealth alone is made from this
branch of business inChestercounly. Of course, the
land is better adapted for dairving, but he Ix-lleved
that there were a great many places in this county
that were equally as irooil. .Ml wc have to ilo is to
test it. At iiresent there is a great demand lorchoioj
and fancy butter. A grand o|K'niiig is now ofl'en*d lo
the farmers of Lancaster county to go Info this busi-
ness. Let them drop tobacco and take up dairying.

On being asked, Mr. McComsey said that

TUE rOUN (HOP IN THE I.OWEK END OF THE ( OfNTY

w as very good, some fanners averaging I'ighly-scveu
bushels t o the acre. At one I ime t he sout hern end of this
county was believed to be the imonst iu thi' county,
but now it can raise crops that are ecpial andean Ik-
compared with any in the county.

The (piestioll propo.sed at the last mcctliifjf by
Ephraim Hoover, " What herds of cattle are the most
jirofitalilc to be raised by Lancaster eonnly farmers ("
was, on motion, |)osll)oned until next meeting lordis-
cussioii.

TUE I'LOWINO (Jl'ESTION KESUMKII.

■Johnson Miller said plowing in fall has many ad-
vantages ov(;r spring. The ground stands the dry
weather better, and it is easier cultivafeil. Weeds are
not so trouliiesome.

John B. Erb slated that oiic-tliini more corn can l>c
raised by fall plowing than by spring plowing, on ar-
(■(Uint ofthe land taking up a great deal of wilier
from the sikuvs and rains of winter.

.Johnson .Miller siigirested that It would Im' well to
take a vote hereafter on all i|iicslions which are sug-
gested and discussi'd.

H. .M. Engle believed that each subject should Im-
left to the members themselves to decide.

Ephraim Hoover: After the mcmliers Jiave hcani
the discussions, let ihcm go home, compare their
locality with that of others, and

<iO INTO EXrEllLMENTIXO.

This would he a great deal belter than rushing in and
following the advice of a Society vole, which, iu the
end, j>erliaps, would Ix* wrong.

Wm. McComsey said if a vole would l>e taken on a

•172

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[November,

subject it would not be binding:. A eood farmer is a
close observer at bis (arm, and he brings here the re-
sults of his experiments anil experience. Above all
things, let us carry out the object of our society, and
that is a free intcrchanire of views and experiences,
thus not only benelitinff one, but all.

.John B. Erb moved that some suitable design be
purchased and hung out, to inform the public of our
place of meeting. So ordered.

The Secretary was ordered to pay to the Board of
Trade $3..50 for rent of room.

After testing the fruit and dividing the seed corn,
society adjourned.

^

Information Wanted.

Some days ago we received, by mail, a tin box — or
rather the lids of two boxes, diftering slightly in size,
the largest being nearly four inches in diameter. The
whole surface of the smaller lid was impressed, in
" bold relief," with the following: " Thoinns J. Bip-
f/tr, Packer, ChoUr Leaf Lard, Kaiixax City, Mo.,^'
in short, it has the appearance of an ordinary large
sized blacking box. The jiaper enveloping this box
was perfectly saturated with a *tieky,'saccharine sub-
stance, something like syrup or molasses, that bad a
slightly pungent, fonnie odor, so that somewhere in
its transit it was reenvelopcd and redirected, probably
by some post-oftice oUieial. In removing these en-
velopes, they were torn into small pieces, so that if
they contained any written explanation it wast()tally
destroyed. On sejiarating these lids, which were sol-
dered at two places, the internal cavity contained
nothing but a mass, apparently of debris, about the
size of a " horse-bean," which, on being placed in
water, and dissolving the adhesive substance, revealed
a number of reddish brown ants, with small black
eyes, and large baggy abdomens: at first collapsed,
but afterwards becoming inflated, when placed in
alcohol, increasing the volume of the mass at least
tenfold. These ants are entirely new to us, and we
are anxious to know from whence they came, and
something definite about their history. If their alxlo-
mens contained all the matter that flowed out of the
box, they must be capable of extraordinary distention.
Of course, the ants were all dead when we received
them. If the person who was so kind as to send them
will write us something about them, and give us
their locality, &c., he will confer a special favbr. Or,
if he would be kind enough to send us others, in-
closed in a box out of which the saccharine matter
could not leak, he would still I'urther subserve the
ends of science.

THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD.

Packing Apples for Winter.

Under the term packing we include the whole ope-
ration of storing and keeping after picking, until
finally disposed of. We recommend as the best arti-
cle to pack in, a well-made, clean, new barrel, hold-
ing two and one-half bushels, and perfectly seasoned
and dry when the fruit is put in it. Take out the
head, fill it a little more than level-full, and then
cover with short boards, so as to exclude sunshine
and rain, and, with two or three sticks of stove-wood
or some means of keeping the bottom of the barrel
off the ground, leave it for a week or two to sweat
and dry out ; when the head must be pressed down
to its place and the hoops driven on tight and nailed
at both ends. If the barrel is not level-full when
headed up, it must be made so, as this is most essen-
tial to prevent after handling of the barrel bruising
the apples. Failure in this one thing of pressing the
contents of the barrel, so that there shall be no loose
apples, and no working in any manner of the whole
or any part of them, w-ill involve serious danger of
loss of all the labor previously bestowed ; and yet we
find that right here is the great neglect. Right pick-
ing and right packages are all useless if afterward
the fruit is bruised in consequence of loose packing.

We greatly prefer to put the fruit immediately into
the barrel in the orchard and head up the bairel be-
fore it is moved, to the method so often recommended,
of picking and carrying to some out-house or chamber
to cure before packing'; as it saves much labor, in-
volves less risk of bruising, and requires less time.
When the barrels are headed up they may be laid on
the side on sticks and left in the" orchard, if tlie
weather is fair, or removed to some out-house, barn,
or any place where they will be dry and cool. It is
a good way to lay down some pole.s and rails near the
cellar where they are to be kept during the winter,
and lay the barrels on them and cover them tempora-
rily with boards. The point to be aimed at is to keep
them as cool and dry as possible and out of the cellar
till winter or very freezing weather : as it is a well-
established fact that an apple will bear more cold
and freezing without aflecting its quality than any
other fruit or vegetable, esiiecially if kept in the dark
and all air excluded.

Another reason lor choosing tight packages is that
light and air, in conjunction with warmth, rapidly
change the structure or internal condition of the fruit
and induce decay. The same agencies which ope-
rated in maturing and perfecting it will, after it is
matured, ripen and afterward destroy. It is essen-

tial to success in keeping fruit in any manner, or by
any method to keep this act in view and to be gov-
erned by it. The writer has known apples packed
as above directed and put in adai-k cellar to be frozen
solid clear through, and remain so for weeks ; and on
being opened in May show no signs of injury in looks
or taste.

There is no question but that it will always pay to
pack apples as herein directed, even if they are to be
sold immediately; and there were never so many ap-
ples on the market but there would be remunerative
prices paid for such by any parties knowing how they
were picked and packed,

A very simple and effective implement for pressing
down the bead of the barrel, as required in this pro-
cess, can be made by taking two rods of one-fourth
inch iron, a little longer than the barrel, and make a
hook at one end by simply bending over about one-
half inch and hooking the other ends into a ring about
three inches in diameter, made of three-eighths inch
iron, and a lever made of some stout timber about
three feet long and two or three inches thick. Place
one end in the ring, previously hooking the other ends
of the rods on the lower chimes of the barrel, and,
having a block about eight inches in diameter to lay
on the head of the barrel, put the lever on this block
and press the head to its place and hold it while the
hoops are driven.

In commencing to fill the barrel with the apples,
some advise placing the layer all with the stem end
down, which gives a fine appearance when opened,
and helps to sell it. Of course, there is no harm in
doing so, provided you do not select larger and better
specimens for that layer, as looks are to be regarded
as desirable just as long as they do not deceive.

We advise in all cases of putting apples in a cellar
to keep for spring and summer use to have one espe-
cially devoted to that use; or to partition off a room
in it which can be kept cold, even below the freezing
point, and at the same time be dry. We rej)eat that
there is more danger from warmth than cold, from
light than darkness, from handling than from lying
still. Lastly, mark each barrel distinctly with the
variety and grade on the end, which should be opened,
— E. H, Benton, Wiacontdn- Hortiniltitral Society.

What is Good Grape-Culture ?

A friend joyfully told us a few days ago of his an-
ticipations in the grape way. He had bought a little
place in the vicinity, and had made up his mind to
have things right. His maxim was that what was
worth doing at all was worth doing well, and he meant
to do it. He had done it. He had dug out the dirt
three feet deep into the clay, and had filled it in with
light rich compost, through which the roots might
IHist. their way in ease and comfort, and live on the
fat of the land. He had spent considerable money in
doing the job well. He intended to get only the best
vines, and felt sure such an expenditure would result
in magnificent grapes and plenty of them. He had
done his work well.

It is strange that such a course as this should ever
have been recommeuded by horticultural writers, but
it is a fact that they have. Grapes are now so easily
and cheaply grown — fruit often five cents a pound —
that we had well nigh forgotten that this was the
standard advice of the books years ago. But our
friend produced it in black and white from the pages
which he had chosen as an authority, and then we
knew how it was in the olden time.

Now, our readers at least would know that instead
of such a proceeding as this being an evidence of
doing it well for the grape, it is simply an act of folly,
not only towards one's pocket but as an act of liber-
ality to the vine itself. The grape root needs to be
warm and dry, but this deep well in the clay encourag-
ing the collection of water from all around it has
Just the contrary eflfect. The roots are damp and cool
and not warm and dry.

Indeed it is only of late years, when people have
given up all this expensive foolery, that grape-culture
has become a tolerable success. Under the old plan
we had failure after failure, that we came to believe
only those varieties which were little removed from
the wild fox or the frost grapes could be grown. But
now we have the finer kinds getting quit^e common.
As soon as we gave up this deep trenching nonsense
grape-culture — real grape -culture — took a fresh start,
and this real culture consists in little more than
planting a vine in good earth, as we would any ordi-
nary tree, and see that it does not suffer for want of
food. This is good grape-culture in a nutshell. —
Germantoii'n Telegraph.

Length of Root Growth in Plants and Trees.

Prof, W, J, Beal, of the Michigan Agricultural
College, furnishes The Country Oentleiuan. with the
following interesting facts, mostly the results of his
own examinations, in relation to the length of roots
in plants and trees: "The soil has much to do with
the length and number of roots. In light, poor soil,
I find roots of June grass four feet below the surface.
People are apt to underestimate the length, amount,
and importance of the roots of the finer grasses,' wheat,
oats, etc. Same roots of clover and Indian corn are
large enough to be seen by every one on slight exam-

ination, A young wheat plant, when pulled up, shows
only a small part of its roots. They go down often
four to six feet. It needs very careful examination
to show tliat chjver and Indian corn have any more
weight of roots than June grass. They jirobaljly do
not contain more. The roots of a two-year old peach
tree in light soil were found seven feet four inches
long. In a dry, light soil, this season, we pulled up
one parsnip three feet long, and another three and a
half feet long, small roots even still longer. The
noted buffalo grass on the dry Western prairies is de-
scribed as having very sliort roots; but, Mr. Felker,
one of our college students, found that they went
down seven feet. The roots grow best where the best
food is to be found. They grow in greater or less
quantity in every direction. It' one finds good food,
it flourishes and sends out lumierous branches. Many
of the smaller roots of trees die every autimin when
the leaves die, and others grow in sjiring. Near a
cherry tree in my yard was a rustic basket, without a
bottom, filled with rich soil. On removing the basket
and earth, cherry roots were found in large numbers
near the top of the soil , They had grown full of small
branches where the soil was good. Roots in soil will
grow up just as well as down, and do this."

Good Celery.

There is no doubt that some varieties of celery are
more disposed to be soft and pithy than others. The
dwarf stocky kind known as the " Boston Market, "is
generally good. Still the season evidently has some-
thing to do with it, as well as peculiarities of culture;
and hence it is not always safe to blame the seeds-
man tor poor seeds or a poor kind, when the quality is
not up to expectation. From several quarters where
celery is a great crop in gardening, we hear that this
season it is very rare to find jioor celery. The rains
in the early fall come at a time to give the plants a
good start, w'hile the comparative dry time since, with
a rather cool temperature, seems to make up about
the best conditions for this vegetable.

There are few things so enjoyable to most people
as celery, and good celery is worth a study to those
who enjoy it. These little hints, as aftbrded by nature,
cannot always be copied; but then they sometimes
can, and at any rate when we know the best condi-
tions, we can often adapt them to our service, — Ger-
maiitown Telegraph.

BEES AND BEE CULTURE.

Commencing Bee-Keeping.

The greatest success in the business must <lcpcnd
much upcm the character of the \i\\e you use, and the
facilities it affords for the securing of surplus. If you
use the box hive of 2,000 cubic inches capacity, with
two or four boxes upon its top for surplus, of the ag-
gregate capacity of tft'cnty to twenty-ibur pounds,
then twenty-four pounds per colony is all you can rea-
sonably expect. If you use a hive of about the same
room for breeding and winter, and surplus box room
for a hundred pounds of honey, you may expect one
hundred pounds. If you use a hive with box room
for two hundred pounds of surplus, you may expect
a surplus of fropi one hundred to two humlred pounds,
if the surplus boxes are in intimate connection with
the breeding apartment, and communication between
them is free and unobstructed. The principal ad-
vantage of this plan is, w-e secure a full working force
the first season.

Purchase eight good colonies of bees, and place
them in the apiary where you desire your new hives
permanently to stand. When the first swarm issues
place it in the new hive. Remove the old hive a few' feet
from its stand, setting it bottom upward. Place the
new hive upon the statu! where the old one has stood.
With smoke and rapping drive the bees all out of the
old hive. They will enter the new hive upon the old
stand with the new swarm. Cut out all the comb in
the old hive, pUacing that having brood larvas or eggs
near the entrance to the hive, Thcj' will gather over
the comb and hatch out all the brood, securing the
full force of all the workers in the new hive.

Each of the eight colonies treated in this manner
will give the full working force of each colony in the
new hive, and give half or more of the honey they
gather in the surplus boxes, probably securing an
average of eighty or a hinidred pounds, or more, ren-
dering the first season as profitable as after seasons.
Fifty pounds to each colony would pay double the
cost of the colonies the first year. The surjilus boxes
must not be placed upon the hive until the queen has
c(nnmcnced breeding in the central apartment. This
gives full surplus, and will cover all the expense of
the new hives and cost of bees the first season, if the
field and season are good. — Jusjwr Hasen,iu Country
Oeittlcinan.

^

Handling Bees,

To many farmers bee culture is unpleasant because
they do not know how to handle their bees. How
many are there who have bees but never look at
them for fear of getting stung? And how many
among the farmers of America do not keep bees be-
cause they are afraid of them 1 We have often met

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i73

with jK-isous wlio, upon lirarins of ourlarseapiark'S,
would sav ■■ "Oh, I would like to si'P your bfcs, but
1 am afraid they woulil stiii!.' nir." Yet, whciievcr
we have had the i;(><id luek of imlui-ins; any of these
tiiniil persons to jiay a visit lo our hees, we have al-
ways sueeeeded in eliauiiini; their opinion on this im-
]iortant part of liee eulture, aial they invarialily left
with the impression that tamini; l)eeK was not, sueli a
hard matter after all.

Some jiersons think that hees know their keeper,
and allow themselves to he handled hy him or her
with more faeilily than hy straufrers. This is a mis-
take. The life (d' a bee is" so short and there are so
many hees in a hive that tmless they he handled al-
most every day most of the hees do not seetheir own-
er at all. If a hive be plaeed in a nnieh frequented
plaee, however, tlie bees will be much tamer than if
they he in an out-of-the-way eorner.

lint a hive id bees ean be tamed and handled at
anytime if the t bin;; is properly done. When bees are
scared hy blowing smoke at the entranee to the hive,
they till themselves with honey, and in this state they
will nut stimr norsel auLny, uidess pressed or injured.

The best time to ojien a' liive is tbewarim-sl part of
tlie day, when most cd' the old bees are out in the
fields. Timid jjersons ean use a veil to eover their
faces. It is even a frood preeaution, in a larfje apiary,
to wear a veil all the time. The hands should be
naked, for sloves are uidiamly, and they will hardly
ever s;et stung if the bees are carefully and quietly
handled . — Wtstcrn AgricuUurM.

New BKiilNNEIis should eommenee on a prudent
scale; that is, besrinwith a few swarms, and increase
the numln'rs as their knoivledije pro^-resses. It is
very risky business to invest capital larLrely in any
business of which they have a limited know led^-e, and
more so with ajnculture than most other industrious
pursuits. .Many persons, after reading and otherwise
obtainiuir knowledge of the large profits of practical
apiarians, are induced to embark in bee-keeping on a
large scale, with but little or no experience, and the
result is a failin-c, which I ends to bring discredit upon
tlie business. Knowledge inapiculture is largely in de-
mand, and is a much safer Ibundat.ion than capital.

THE FARM AND DAIRY.

The Dairy Interests at the Centennial.

The American Dairyman's Association arc active in
their etVorts to secure a full representation of Ameri-
can dairy products, and they arc ably seconded by
the Vhilailclphia Produce Exchange, the only organ-
ized body in Philadelphia directly interested in dairy
products. At a recent meeting they adopted a series
of resolutions, and aiipointed a committee to carry
them into effect, of which Mr.. 1. 11. Hcall is Chairman.
In addressing tlie meeting, Mr. Keall presented some
facts and considerations which illustrated the vast
imi)ortance of the dairy interests of the United States.
Referring to tlie active preparations the dairymen of
the country arc making to participate in the Centen-
nial Exhibition, he said the dairymen of Ohio are
sliowing great enterprise in connection with tlie mat-
ter, in one section arranging for the manufacture of
a cheese to weigh 29,(1(10 pounds, at a cost of over
$1.S,0()(), and wc may expect fully as great efforts from
the dairvmen of New York Stale and the Northwest.
The world has come to recognize thegreatness of the
dairy industrv. It is estimated that we produce
1,0110,00(1,(100,0(1(1 ]iounds of butter, and 200,000,000
pouiwls of cheese annually in this country, and yet
leading thinkers upon the subject consider the trade
as yet in its infancy. Thmujli the American peojile
fuliy appreciate the excellency of liutter as an article
of food, they have little conceptiim of the superiority
of cheese as an excellent and cheap article of diet.
The English people cat 4'.^ pounds per capita to our
I'o pounds, and they arc probably the best informed
upon the relative values of food of any naticm in the
world. Too much stress cannot be laid upon the im-
portance of this article. If our people knew the value
of cheese, the demand would far exceed the present
production, great as it is, and it is most desirable, as
well for the interests of the coiisninins public, as for
the dairymen of the country, that efforts be made to
induce a freer use of this article. This can best be
accomplished by a display of the product. Buttoin-
duce a large coiisumption of any article, excellency
must be studied, and hence the dairyman must beeii-
couragcd tu raise tin slaiidavd <if hin pnnlnclioii. In-
deed, the future of dairy interest, both as regards
cheese and butter, depends ujion t he quality produced,
and there is certainly no better means of stimulating
ourdairymen lo excellence, than by such a display of
their products as the Centennial will atl'ord. The
dairymen themselves will derive vast henelit from
a proper display of their goods upon the occasion of
our hundredth year of existence as a (;overnineiit,
and we must encourage them all we ean.

The most important feature of this matter is, that
two-thirds of all the cheese we make, and a consider-
able amount of tlie butter being exported, great ad-
vantages will result to tlie commerce in these articles
if a proper representation is made. Merchants and
consumers from abroad interested in cheese and liut-
ter will attend the Centennial, and we are directly in-
terest etl iti securing a proper cxhitiit of our advantages

in producing and shipping. The export trade in
cheese from New York- is simply enormous. In one
week over 1(10, 0(KI boxes were sent from that city to
(ireat Hrilain, worth, at least, ?"iOO,(l(IO.

Philailelphia has now every advanlage for ex|)ort-
ing goods. The American Steamshl|> Company has
given vast facilities, and when the manai^ers see the
neeessity of providlm; more ships, or anari;.dng to
aceommoilale all shippers who wish to furward iroods,
they will do so. " We arc," said Mr. Keall, " already
betier situated, geoi^rapliieally, than .New York for
obtaining goods, liciiig nearcrihe priKluciiig iKiinIs by
one hundred miles, and having the bi'st managed
railroad in the world (the Pennsylvania railroad),
conneetini: us with every point. Our organization has
already done much to advance the true interests of
the produce trade, but it has a larger and greater
work before it. She has proven lierself thus far capa-
ble of tilling the position for which she wasdcsigni'd,
and as the years go on, more and more important will
be her fuiielions. The work in hand is one that will
require much labor and skill, but though our num-
bers are not large, wc have many indefaligaMe work-
ers, while all may be relied u|ion to do their part.
The dairynu'ii of the country lo(^k tons for ineonragc-
nient in this matter, and we owe a duty to them, to
our city, and to the dairymen and dealers of ourgood
sister (ireat Britain and the Continent, which should
make us anxious to provide all possible aecommoda-
tioiis for all."

Practical Hints.

Floating on the great sea of the agricultural news-
paper are often many little hints, which if gathered
together, would make an extremely useful volume.
Here before us one gives an account of how he gets
rid of larsje rocks, which, as " boulders," lie arotind
his farm (but this proliably originated with us, as we
rceommended it both for boulders, stumjis, iVcc, fully
twenty-five years ago); he digs a hole below the
reach of the plow, alongside, and with a lever tum-
bles them ill and buries them. Where stone is abun-
dant, this is much better than blowing them to iiieecs
with [lowdcr and carting them away. Stumps may
be got rid of in the same way ; but here is one who
burns them out. He has a large tin funnel made so
as to lit over the largest of the stuniiis, and has an
opening at the bottom like the opening to a fiiruacc.
In this opening he builds a small tire, and the draught
through the furnace keeps the tire burning until the
whole stump is burned away. We should suppose by
this plan the stump would not burn below the line of
the draught, and that it would still leave all beneath
the surface of the ground, and thus would the plow
be as much impeded as if the stump was still there.
Yet there seems the rudiments of a cheap and easy
way of getting rid of stumps, and it is worth noting.

Then we have another who had a long pale fence
wliicli it was necessary to remove. The posts had to
be dug out; but to save this a couple ol' oxen were
attached to a lever, which drew them out easily.
The lever in this case was simply a chain, and the
prop a short thick log of wood, inclined at an angle
towards the post to be lifted, and away from tlie
oxen. The chain or rope, wlicn attached to the bottom
of the post, pulls it out easily, when the oxen draw
the short block upright. There is a useful hint in this,
although as a general thing a man with a good lumber
log-lever will easily draw out any ordinary jiost.

Another person has had trouble with the drawing
out of stajiles from barn-doors, and screws from
hinges. He drove pegs into the holes, and put the
irons in again; but they would soon come (nit, wooden
pegs and all. Then he used leather, which was better
than wooden pegs, but in time the latter got used to
the pressure, and let the stajilcs out. Then he tilled
tiic li(des tightly with cork, and put in the screws
and irons, and they have remained in perfect condi-
tion to this day.

In connection with this matter of staples is another
hint from one who wanted a ring set into a piece of
stone. He ran lead into the hole about the ring, but
in time it got loose and worked out. Then he was
told to melt brimstone ami run it in the place of the
lead, which he did, and it has been sound and solid
ever since. There is nothing new in this; stone-cut-
ters generally use sulphur for cementing pieces to-
gether: but still the hint will be valuable to those for
whom the contributor intended it.

And here is one more before us, which comjilctes a
very g<x>d chapter of little hints, from one day's read-
ing. It is in relation to garden-ilibbles. The con-
tributor has to use one often, and he had the iqiper
part of the handle of an old spade, as so many do,
for that purpose. He had it pc.inlcd with iron, which
w as an improvement ; but it still required some force
to press it into the ground, and it was by no means
easy work. At length he had the point of the dibble
made flat, like a wciIl'c, and then |Kiinted it with iron
as before, and found after that that dibbling was
comparatively easy work to what it had iK'en before.
He has " no blisters on his hands now," for which he
may well be thankful.

It is such little things as these which make up the
valiu- of an agricultural paper quite as nuich as scieii-
titic discussions and learned opinions; anil we take
pleasure in gathering up these fragments, lest they
be lost. — (lertnantovn Telegraph.

A Vast Estate in Kansas.

MR. r.EOHliE (IHANT'h KAHM OK .'>7<i,(K)0 APKEfl —

TiiorsANiis OP siiKKr Axn cows.

Among the prominent visitors at the fair Is Mr.
(leorge tirani, of Victoria Colony, Kansas, the owner
of the largest farm In the world, with the exception,
perha|)s, of that of the Duke of Sutherland, whose
broad acres consist largely of hill and heather. Mr.
(Irani 's diiinain covers .'i7(»,0(M> acres in the heart of
Kansas, abmit '.i!HI miles west of Kansas City to Fort
Hays, the centre of the tract. His effort is to estab-
lish a nioilel farm, for which irreat credit Is due him,
as well as for bis successful efforts in iiitriHluelng Im-
jKirted stock, and showing the residts in crossing ini-
porfcd with native slock, and also the best methods
of sheltering and feeding cattle in winter. Mr. (irant
is goin;:back to Europe in about five weeks to arrange
lor the briiiL'ing out of more jieople and a large |ior-
tion of high-bred stuck, which he will exhiliit at the
Centennial, with the Intention ultimately of shipping
it to Victoria. Mr. (Iraiit slates that one herd of
eighty-one shorl-horns of the Boo' h strain sold live
weeks ago at the sale of the late Mr. Torr's pro[M'rty
in Eiiirland at an averaire jiriee from yountr to old of
?:(,()00. They were of the same familythat he liasat
Victoria, and many of the animals were Unight for
America.

Mr. (iranl's colony has largely swelled this season
by immigrants, ami another Knglish company has
just bought 40, 0(K> acres adjoining the Victoria colo-
ny. One of the New York Cunthers has started with
."i.OOd acres, and Mr. Dickinson, of St. Louis, has
bought two square miles, aial Is out there now mak-
ing arrangements for putting up a house. Mr.drant
says he is more than satisfied with the produce of his
crops this season.

The rains have been abundant, but last year the
grasshoppers swept everything. One field of eighty
acres of Hinigarian grass on his farm has prtHlueed
770 tons of fodder and ."),11.") bushels of seed, giving a
profit of more t bail .lOO per cent, on the cost of putting
in the seed. He i>ut in :!00 acres of alfalfa, a kind of
fodder much used in California. The land will grow
three crops of this grass in a year, at the rate of six
tons to the acre, but it afi'eets a deep, dry soil. Mr.
(Jrant has increased his flock of sheep to 10,000, and
has 1,000 cows. In less than five years heexiH'cts to
increase his shecji to 100,000. His wik>1 alone this
season brought 811,700 in Boston, at :i:i cents per
I)ound. Sheep farming is evidently destincil to be a
profitable business in Kansas. — SI. Lviiis Ucpubliean.

Gigantic Farming in Pennsylvania.

.lames Younir.of Middletown, Uanphin county, Pa.,
does farmiiii; on a gigantic scale. His sales of wheat
this fall and winter will aggregate S(;,(KK) ; hay, ?4,000.
The yield of corn on his [ilace this season exceeds 10,-
0(K) bushels. Last winter he fattened for market 212
head of cattle. He believes in steaming food for his
cattle, and for that purpose has erected in one of his
capacious barns a boiler (i'.j feel high, with a diame-
ter of two and one-sixth feet. It Is a twelve-horse
Iiower, and carries sixty pounds of steam. He finds
that he can use much of his produce, by steaming it,
that would go untouched in a raw or unprepared
state. He uses up all his corn stalks by steaming.
Prior to the use of steam, it took all the hay he could
priHluee to feed his cattle. Now he feeds more caltlc
than ever, and has laru'C quantities of hay lo sell.
Last year he sold two hundred tons. Mr. Y'ouiig Is
about putting in a ten-horse [mwer enirine to run his
threshers, finlder-cutters, etc., and believes it will be
a great saving.

The butter .Mr. Y. manufactures Is of so su|)erior a
quality it never reaches the general market, and com-
maiid.s a hisrlier price than the best grades quoted.
His cows are |irineipally .\lderneys, and he has forty
of this breed as nearly alike us twin sisters — each one,
in addition to the other peculiarllies of the breed,
liavinir black bunds, a black tongue, and a long,
handsome. black-tii>|Kd tail.

An Item for Farmers and Grain Dealers.

Col. John Wallower, of Harrisburg, who deals ex-
tensively in grain, seeds, Ac, conceived the Idea
lately, (if erecting two immense kilns lodry new corn
in order to prepare it for market. Before carrying
out the intention, however, he thought he would first
experiment In the nialler of drying corn. ?'or this
puri>i)se the Colonel proeuriKl fnim a farmer near the
city thirty-nine imunds of corn, all fine, large ears.
He placed the corn in an open range at 11 o'clock a.
in. one day, and removed it at 0 o'clock p. in. on the
next, the corn meanwhile having thoroughly dried.
I'lKUi weighing the same amount of corn after it was
shelled, the product was twenty-two iKiunds — a loss
of over forty-three i)er cent. Accoriling lo the same
ratio it would require !»!l <)-'22 pounds of ears lo make
fifty-six |x>unds of shelleil corn. The corn referred In
was in good condithm, and h.ad been eriblxMl fully a
week. By this experiment il will be seen that if the
farmer diiqioses of his corn in the fall the profit will
be eon.slderably greater than if he holds It over till
spring and submits lo the shrinkage.

174

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[November,

ALL THE WORLD.

All the world is full nf babies,

Sobbing, .si^hius: everywhere;
Looking' out. with eyes of terror,

Besitins at the eniiity air.
Do they see the strife before them.

That they sol) and tremble so ?
Oh, the helpless, frightened babies.

Still tliey eome, and still they po.

All the world is full of children,

Laushiiiir over little joys,
SifrhiUi,' over little troubles.

Fingers bruised, and broken toys;
Wishing to be older, larger,

Weeiiiug at some fancied woe;
Oh, the happy, hapless children,

Still they come, and still they go.

All the world is full of lovers.

Walking slowly, whispering sweet;
Dreaming dreams and building castles.

That must crumble at their feet;
Breaking vows, and burning letters.

Smiling lest the \world shall know;
Oh, tlie-fbolish, trusting lovers,

Still they come, and still they go.

All the world is full of people.

Hurrying, rushing, pushing by,
Bearing burdens, carrying crosses.

Passing onward with a sigh;
Some there are, with smiling faces.

But with heavy hearts below.
Oh, the sad-eyed, burdened people.

How they come, and how they go.

All the earth is full of corpses.

Dust and bones laid there to rest;
This, the end that babes and children.

Lovers, people, find at best.
All their tears and all their crosses.

All their sorrows, wearing so.
Oh, the silent, happy corpses.

Sleeping soundly, lying low. Aiinn.

Yet this world is full of blessing,

Hope is blooming on the earth;
Fi'om the seed we sow in sorrow,

Joy shall spring in the new birth —
In thai morn of general gladness

When the Son of Life shall come
To dispel the clouds of sadness

Ling'riug round the lonely tomb.

Why should not the world be joyous.

With its babies, children, lovers.
People, sorrows, crosses, corpses.

When Love's soft-eyed augel hovers
Over every human creature,

Luring him from earth to heaven ?
.\h, the answer. Truth has written —

" .Man's proud heart to sin is given."

.f. M. W. G.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

How to Cure Bacon, Ham, and Pork.

As the wintry months approach, the hog gains
greatly in the estimation of his friends, and many
persons who would not ta.ste of his tlesh in the sum-
mer months are pleased to. see the various dishes com-
posed of it upon their tables. But bacon holds its own
at all seasons of the year, and ham is always appre-
ciated when prop(>rly cured and cooked.

Opinions diller as to the derivation of the term
"bacon." Some wise heads think it to be a corrup-
tion of the Scotch hdlccn (dried); while others beiieve
it to come from berclmn, as the Hncst flitches are fur-
nished by animals led upon beeeli-nuts.

There "ar(^ also various ways of curing bacon. The
Yorkshire (Kngland) method is to burn oil' the bris-
tles, rather than to scald them, then brush the car-
cass and wash it in cold water, and let it hang where
it will not freeze I'lir twenty-four hours. One-quarter
of i\ pftinid ol" saltpetre and twenty-five pounds of
common salt are then rubl)ed thoroughly into the
pieces of the animal, which should be placed in a
large tub and covered up closely, in a cool place for
a Ibrtnight. Then-turn over each piece and rub in a
little more salt. Let il remain in the pickle another
fortnight, and the bacon is ready to be smoked. The
best way to smoke it is with corn on the cobs burned
upon charcoal; keeping up a slow, dense smoke, and
. not a fire. Then ]>ut it in a cloth and wash it over
with whitewash, to preserve it from mold or tly-blows,
and iilace wheie there is no moisture, and it will
keep for years.

The Westphalian hams and bacon are cured by the
following receipt :

To si.v pounds of rock salt add three ounces of salt-
petre, and two jjounds of coffee C sugar. ' Put it into
three gallons of water, and boil until dissolved, skim-
ming it well while it boils; and whencoldpour it over
the meat, keeping evt-ry part of it under the brine.

Bacon can be ])ieklcd ready to smoke in about ten
days; but hams should remain in for four or five
weeks. This pickle can be usad again and agaip, if

it is boiled up, skimmed, and a small portion of its
ingredients added each time. .

Before putting the meat into the brine, it should be
carefully washed and wiped clean from blood, as that
spoils the pickle. Pickling tubs should be larger at
the bottom than at the top, so that the pork can re-
main undisturbed in its layers until needed lor use;
and the bottom of the tub should be covered with
coarse salt, and then a layer of meat placed upon it,
and so on until the tub is filled.

A GOOD WAV TO PICKLE ONE HAM.

Take a deep stone-ware dish, just lai-ge enough to
hold a ham, and mix together one pound of coarse
brown sugar, one and a half pounds of fine salt, and
one ounce each of saltpetre and salt-prunellc. Then
rub every portion of the ham, and pile the remainder
of it over the top, having placed the ham skin side
downward in the dish. Let it stiind for two or three
days; then turn it over and rub in the mixture, and
ladle over it with a spoon any brine that may be
found at the bottom of the pan. Do this for a fort-
night, and if the ham is needed for use, it can be
smoked for two or three days, and then boiled. And
it will prove a delicious dish, especially if roasted and
served with a claret-wine sauce, made by basting it
the last hour with a tumblerful of the wine. And,
after pouring off the fat, thicken the gravy. If it is
to be kept, let it remain in the pickle, rubbing it oc-
casionally, for a month or more. A pint of molasses
can be substituted for the sugar, and a pint of beer is
also an improvement to its. flavor.

THE FRENCH W.iY OF SALTING PORK,

Bacon is almost the only meat ever tasted by hun-
dreds of thousands of Frenchmen, and they have,
become connoisseurs in the method of preparing it.
As soon as the pig is killed it is alwaj's singed, not
scalded, the carcass being placed upon a bundle of
straw and the fire set to it to windward. As one side
is singed the pig is turned over, and if any bristles
remain they are burnt off with wisps of blazing straw.
Next it is brushed, and scraped with a knife, and
washed clean with cold water.

After cutting it open, the "fry" is placed into
water, to be cleansed from blood, and afterward it is
speedily cooked. Some persons will leave the opened
carcass to cool all night; while others kill by early
dawn, and cut up in the evening, by candlelight, to
save time. The pig is cut up inlo convenient pieces
of from three to five pounds each, reserving the bams,
feet, heads and tails for special treats; also a few
roasting pieces and some sausage-meat. The feet are
then boiled tender and broiled as tid-bits.

For a pig weighing two hundred pounds take thirty
pounds of common salt, a quarter of a pound of salt-
petre, two ounces of ground pepper, and four ounces
of ground allspice and cloves mixed together. Stir
these ingredients up well, and rub each piece of pork,
whether it is to be salted or smoked ; then sprinkle
the mixture over the bottom of the tub, and put in a
layer of meat, sprinkling it with the salt and spices ;
and do so imtil it is all packed, covering the upper
layer thickly with the salt. Cover up closely, and it
will keep perfectly and be more toothsome than pork
pickled in the common way. — S. O. J., Indcpemknt.

Window Adornments.

At this season of the year the beautiful color of field
and forest leads to a desire for home-adornment, and
the finely tinted leaves are gathered and preserved,
and do excellent service in making home attractive
till the leaves and flowers eome again. But while
these relics of the past are doing good service in their
humble way, making the dark corners glow with a
faint glimmer of life, we may make the light by the
windows do us equal if not better service, by feeding
living plants and aiding them to bear for us sweet
and lovely flowers. Vines may be trained up the
window frames, pots may be made to stand in brack-
ets, and banging baskets let the flowing shoots hang
down.

All this does not take much to do, but people often
think otherwise, and this is why so few have nothing
at all. Indeed the choice flowers of the conserva-
tories are often among the worst for window culture;
and the wild weed would be a much greater success
and be more pleasing than the most valued exotics
from a foreign land. Indeed a weed is not a weed
only in relation to time and place. It is a flower and
a valued flower when it comes where it does not grow
natin-ally, and where it is desired to come. There is
no growth in winter out-of-doors, and so the ^ild
flower growing in the windows in winter is no more
a weed than anything that grows. There are many
green things in woods and meadows, ferns, mosses,
vines, and so on, that would remain quite green only
for severe frosts and cold winds. In windows this is
accomplished. It must however be borne in mind
that these naturally hardy plants do not like much
heat, and hence they are adapted to cool rooms only
and not to warm ones. With heat they are worthless.
For such heated rooms the more tropical plants must
be used.

It is not our purpose here to name varieties to grow,
rather to suggest that anything that comes tt> hand
will do, but to offer a practical word or two as to
treatment that may be of service. Air, fresh from

the outside, whenever it is not frosty, is of course an
advantage, as the foul air from heaters, gas-burners,
and other contrivances are more or less of an injury.
The sunlight is, of course all know, a benefit at all
times. Will this or that do well in the shade, is often
a question. Some things, as ferns and mosses, will
do, but even these like sun, if not too warm a sun.

As to watering, this is the great question with all
window plant growers, 'tt'e see it stated that a well-
known horticulturist of this place, in a recent ad-
dress to the Horticultural Society, gave it as his
opinion that there was much more danger from too
much than too little water to room-plants. This is
our experience. If one is not quite sure from the
appearance of the earth and of the plants, it is better
rather to wait a little while, say for a d.ay, than to
risk it. Il will he pretty sure to need the water then
and be benefited by receiving it. In regard to plants
in baskets, however, we should think the ideas of
our horticultural friend might be reversed. These
we think are generally inspired by too little than too
much w'ater. The danger is, therefore, from the
other side. They often get but a drop or two from a
cup, and a basin held under the basket to catch
the drip ; but besides this a hanging-basket should
be dipped in a bucket of water about once a week. —
Geriiiaittoifii Telegraph.

Hints About Meat.

Meat should be wiped with a dry, clean cloth, as
soon as it comes from the butcher's; fly-blows, if
found in it, cut out; and in loins the long pipe that
runs by the bone should be taken out, as it soontsiiuts;
the kernels should also be removed from beef.
Never receive bruised joints.

Meat will keep for a long time in cold weather,
and, if frozen through, may be kept for months.
Frozen meat must be thawed before it is cooked, by
plunging it into cold water, or placing it before the
fire before setting it down to roast. It will never be
dressed through if this precaution is not taken, not
even when twice cooked.

Pepper is a preventive of decay, in a degree; it is
well, therefore, to pepper hung joints.

Powdered charcoal is still more remarkable in its
effect. It will not only keep the meat over which it
is sprinkled good, but will remove the taint from
already decayed flesh.

A piece of charcoal boiled in the water with "high"
meat or fowls, will render it or them quite sweet. A
piece of charcoal or powdered charcoal should be kept
in every larder. Hams, after being smoked, may be
kept for any length of time packed in powdered
charcoal.

The leg of mutton is the most profitable joint, con-
taining most solid meat. The neck is an extravagant
joint, half the weight consisting of bone and, fat. The
shoulder has also much waste in bone. The breast
does well for kitchen dinner nicely stuffed, and is
much cheaper than the other joints.

Sirloins and ribs of beef are very extravagant
joints from the weight of bone. The roasting side of
the round part of tiie buttock, and the part called the
"top-side," are the most proHtable for family eating.
The mouse buttock is used for slewing; shin is used
for soup or stewing.

The usual quantity of butchers' meat consumed in
a family is, on an average, three-quarters of a pound
per day for each person; but when the family con-
sists of ladies and children, half a pound per day is
about the quantity consumed, one with another, in-
dependent of hams, bacon, poultry, fish and ganu".

Election Cake.

I some time time ago came across the following
receipt for making" Election Cake," and having tried
it, I can recommend it to all my sister house-keepers:
Four pounds of flour, two pounds of butter, and two
of sugar. Stir the butter and sugar together tho-
roughly; then mix half of it with the flour, together
witii a tumblerful of good home-made yeast, and one
quart of warm milk. Beat and pat it with both hands,
until the ingredients are thoroughly mixed, then let
it stand in a warm place until it is light, say five or
six hours. Then add the remainder of the butterand
sugar, two pounds of raisins, and a small quantity of
pulverized mace. This may stand over night, and put
in pans for baking early ui the moruing. It should
rise in the pans, and then bake an hour in a slow-
oven. This cake requires no eggs, and is used by
economical house-keepers in winter, when eggs are
dear. The loaves, nicely frosted, will be preserved
moi.st for a long time. — Kittv, of Long Island.

We have no doubt the above would make an ex-
cellent cake, and large one also; but whether house-
wives in ordinary circumstances, would consider
eleven pounds of material, to say nothing about the
" home-made yeast " and the mace, savored much of
economy, especially if butter happened to be dear, is a
question about which there might be different opin-
ions. It is singular that nearly all the receipts of this
kind that get Into cook-books, or the newspapers and
magazines, seem to ignore a large class of people of
limited means, putting it entirely out of their power
to make use of these pretty compounds, on account
of the extravagant quantities given. It is true, half

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

175

the quantiticR. or even the quartor, may bo uscd,b»it
then why do thoy not adaj)! their cjuantities at once
lo the eiremiistances of small laiiiilieH of Umitetl
means, anil lei the ri<'h, or lar^re faniiiles, multiply
quant it ies thontselves.

Parlor Adornments.

Some one writes in the Journal of Ihrticiilhnr: " Do
you w ish the uijly plain doors that shut of!" your tiny
entry to he arehed or eurved like those in the drawini;
room ofyour rielier iieighhor '. Huy a eoupleof hraek-
els, sueli as laiui>s for tlie hurnins of kero.sene are
sometimes phu-eil in. and serew them on the siiles of
the door. Put in eai-h a paii'of Kui^lisli ivy, the lonj;er
the better; then train the jilants over the top ai^aiust
the sides — indeed, any way yiuir faney indieates. You
need not huy the beautiful but eostly pots the tlower-
dealer \vill advise. Common iriazed ones will answer
every puriMtse, lor, by plaeini; in eaeh two or three
sprays of Coliseum ivy, in a few months' time uo ves-
ti;re of the. pot itself eau be diseerned through their
tliiek screen. The Eni^lish ivy yropiuic over t lie walls
of a buildinir. instead of promni in <^ dampness, as most
persons would sujipose. is said to be a remedy lor it,
and it is mentioned as a fact that'll! a eertain room
where damp had jirevailcd for a leuf^th of time, the
atleeted parts inside had beeome dry when the ivy
had j^rown up to eover up the opposite exterior side.
The elose overhangiiifi: pendant leaves prevent the rain
or moisture from penetrating to the wall."

How to Boil Eggs.

There is an objeitiou to the eommon way of boil-
iiiff eirffs which most people do not understand.
The wliite, under the usual three minutes rapid eook-
ine, becomes tousrh and iudiffestible, while the yolk
remains soft. When properly cooked, eirgs are done
evenly through, like any other food. This result may
be attained l)y jiuttinif the ecirs into a dish with a
eover, or a tin pail or farina kettle, and then pouring
upon them hniiinij water, two quarts or more to a
dozen efcsrs; then eover and set them away from the
stove fur fifteen minutes. The heat of the water cooks
the egistt slowly and evenly and sufficiently, and to a
jelly like consistency, leiiriiig the centre or yolk
harder than the white, wM\f the egi; tastes as much
richer and nicer as a fresh egg is nicer than a stale
effe;: and no person will want to eat them boiled after
bavins: once tried this method.

GENERAL MISCELLANY.

Dogs Good and Bad.

Save the Soapsuds.

However dcjilorable washins; day may be to the
liousehold (and the careful house mistress or tidy
maid has it in her power tofrreatly modify its discom-
forts), to the garden it is a very bountiful day. Our
hungry and thirsty grapevines and tlowers are glad
of every drop of wash water, and will repay every
bit of fatigue it may cost us to give them this fertil-
izer. If the sun is shining hot when we go out to
dispense our favor, it is best for us to dig a slight
trench not far from the root of the iilant, and jiour
the water into it, and cover again with the top soil.
This makes the water go farther, and at the same
time does not tempt the rootlets to the surface of the
ground. No better liquid can be prepared than the
soapsuds from the "woolen tubs," as they are sure
to nourish the roxes. If any of the liquid rests upon
the foliaije of the plants, wash it olf by syringing
smartly — plants always pay for this extra eare.

How to Clean Carpets.

A tablespoonfnl of aminoiua in one gallon of warm
water will often restore the color of carpets, even if
dissolved by acid or alkali. If a ceiling has been
whitewashed with the carpet down, and a few drops
should fall, this will remove it. Or, after tlie carpet
is well beaten and brushed, scour with oxgall, which
will not only extract grease, but freshen the colors.
()ne pint oi'gall in three gallons of warm water, will
do a large carpet. Table and floor elotlis may be thus
washed. The suds left from a wash when ammonia
is used, even if almost cold, cleanses these new lloor
cloths well.

Moths in Carpets.

Moths will work in carpets in rooms that are kept
warm in the winter, as well as in summer. A sure
method of removing the pests is to pour strong alum
water on the tloor to a distance of half a yard around
the edges before laying the carpets. Then inii'e or
twice during the season, sprinkle dry salt over the
carpet before sweeping. Insects do not like salt, and
sutticient adheres to the carpet to prevent tliuir alight-
ing upon it .

^

Good Kindlings.

Very good kindlings are nnide in Europe of corn
cobs. They are first steepe<l in hot water containing
two ])er cent, of saltpetre, and after being dried at a
high temperature arc saturated with fifty per cent. of
resinous matter. These lighters are sold at from three
to four dollars per thousanil.

The oflicers of the New Hampshire Airrieutural
Fair having otfcTod premiums for bIoo<lcii dogs, tliev
were roughly criticised by some of tlie pajiers. who
argued tliat as " doirs kill sheep, tiierclbre dogs
should bedestrnyed iusli-ad of being enccmraged or
improved." Thereupon the Miner ami /Wc/zKr took
U]) till' argiuni'Ut fiir Carlo, Kido anil the other good
(logs, declaring that the aliove argument had " en-
gulphed the iinderstandiiii.' " of the anti-dog people.
There arc, says t lie i-diloi-, in tliis .state, ihoiisamls
of mongrel curs which are worthh-ss and worse than
worthless. They kill sheep, yelp at passers-by, aial
devoin- food w hichtJhinilil lie put lo some better purpose.
They are an expensive ntiisancc from which wcoiiiilit
to lie delivered. Hut, on the other haml, there are in
the .State some dogs which arc of real value as pro-
tectorsof life and property and [iromoters of ratioiuil
jileasures. The race of "old dog Trays," which was
faithful and kind, is by lui im-ans extinct.

.Vstliircis nothing meaner or more iinprofitable
than a bad dog, so tliere are few tliiiiL's which pay
better and are less trouble and expense than a irood
dog. If a watch-dog, he is awake at all times of day
and night, and always faithful anil devoted to his
master's interests. He never tins and never lliuchcs.
lie is |)roof against bribery and threats, lie never
gets drunk, nor asks for a vacation, lie demands no
wages, and does not grumble about his board. He is
the terrorof thieves, the safety-guard against tramps,
and the best fire-arm in uAe. If a farm-dog, he will
watch sheep, drive cattle, keep the hens within
botinds, and earn his price evci'V year killing wood-
chucksand squirrels, and as a hunter he fillsthe first
place in a sjuirtsman's outfit.

But a good dog. like a good horse or a good man,
is the result of good blood and good training, and it
is because nearly all our dogs lack both pedigree and
decent bringing up that so many of them are gooil-
for-nothing, annoying, sheep-killing curs. It costs
no more to raise a good dog than a poor one, and yet
there is no animal which it is more liilhcult to pur-
chase than a good dog. To the man who owns a
first-class one, money seems to be no object. Be he
ever so poor, he will sell his cow, his horse, and his
pig, belbre he will part with his dog. A hundred
good watch dogs could be sold in this city in a week,
each one for more tlnin some of our friends seem to
think all the dogs in the State are worth, and there
is ahv.ay6 a large and increasing demand for good
hunters, while of good shepherd and farm dogs there
are twenty needed where one can be had.

AV'ere it desirable, we caimot rid the country of
dogs. Between the human and the canine races there
is a strong " natural affinity." " Love me, love my
dog," is a foundation-stone of society. Even the
lousy curs which abound in the State now hold a
place in the atfections of the people, from which
neither taxation, moral suasion nor law can dislodge
them, and which they will contimie to hold tnitil
other atid lietter dogs come to take their places.

If, therefore, the managers of the Fair can, by
showing us a few model dogs this year, encourage
the production of others, and in making room for
them drive out tho.se which are good-for-nothing and
vicious, they will, we believe, do a service not only to
householders whose property needs jirotcction, to
sportsmen who delight in hunting, to children who
want pets, but to farmers whose sheep are now at
the mercy of base-born and badly brought up dogs;
and all grumbling at the dog show is, to our mind, in
the interest of " curs not tit to live."

Weight of Pigs for Market.

It was only a few years agothat swine fcrtierswere
vicing with each other for the greatest weight td" car-
cass ; but this is now all clianired. Hogs that will
weigh .'Jtttl pounds are sold at a less i>rice pi-r pound
than those of '.'.ioto "(lO pounds. The ntarket in Eng-
land has long favored light weights. London is
chiefiy supplied with jiigs of less than 2(11) pounds
weight. .\nd this tendency of the market to pigs will
fattened, but of small weiirht. is just what thi' farmer
should cncourairc for it is exactly iu the liiie of his
inti'rest. It costs more to make the second hundrcil
pounds on a pig than the first, aiul still more lo make
the third hundred pounds than the second; and so
every iM>und aiided becomes more expensive.

Several years havi' jn'oved that wcll-fattcnctl pigs
of '2.")0 poinids weight find the greatest favor in the
market, anil this fact should ehansre the whole sys-
tem of j>ig raising and fattening. Instead of ki-eping
them till eighteen to twenty months old. they should
never be kept beyond twelve months, except fiir breed-
ing, and seldom beyond nine or ten months. The
great eti'ort should be to induce early maturity in our
pigs, and thus shorten the period of fcedinir. and con-
sequently lessen the cost \WY pounil of producing jK>rk.
This is a matter of much greater importance than jKvrk
raisers generally realize. We think any well-con-
ducted experimcnl would show that ten piirs carried
over thewinterin store condition, as is usual, and fat-
tened at eighteen or twenty months, cost, |X'r |>ound
of live weight, twice as much as another ten of cqual_

quality, full feed, and fattened at nine or ten months.
There would not be so much ditfcrciM-e in cost per
pound if the piL's were full fed for the w lioh> eight ecu or
twenty mouths; but even then Ihcilitfi-rence wmdd be
at least fifty per cent . in favor of carl\' mat nrity. ,Vnd
this mailer of early inatnrity is ciiilrely wllhiii llio
eonlriil of the breeder. K cross of Herkshire, Essex,
Siillolk, snudi Vorkshire, or other early maturing
breeds, upon our best ciiniinon sows, will produce the
desired result. But this system has no iieriod of stor-
ing anlinuls ; it must be one constant pniL'ress from
the first to the last day in the llfeof the pig.— «<(/.i/o
Lire stork Joitrntil .

Fine Stock a Safe Investment.

John Scott, in the .S'iri'/(f mid I'onlirt/ ./umi-jki/ for
September, Impresses a lesson which we have always
sought to teach, by an illustration which may make
it clearer to many than it ever has boon before, and
especially as he vouches for the occurrence as uii ac-
tual fact:

".My neighbor bought a trio of tine piixs, paying
therefor the reasonalile sum of $I2<). The male was
valued at ?lill and the fennilcs at ^"Ocacli. This was
a wise apportiotunent of values, as the inalc would
imi>r'ess his value on all the produce. There arc those
who think, however, that *titt is trjo great a price for
one pig. In this ease he did not die or prove barren;
but lie begat his likeness not only on the fcmalcH of
his own blood, but largely on otliersto which he was
bred. In the short space of two years my nidglibor
had sold, at prices much less than he paid, pure-bred
piirs lo the amount of SlJOO; had on hand a stock of
yim ng things, worth $'!l)ii; stiil had Ihcnriirinal stock,
and had paid for all his teed and labor by the use of
his male on his and other stock. To say iiotliingof
his enjoyment in the possession of the best, of the in-
creased respect of his nei!rhl">rs. of his own cullnrc
!.'roH iuL' out of the tliouL'hl he [rave to his pursuit, he
had a clear return of SI ,i«HI on an invest mciit of <!12(l,
and all in two short years. .MIowing one-half for
contingencies, and who has done as well as this with
low-priced stock ?

" If a boar will get one hundred jiiirs In a year and
each of the pigs is worth ^'2 more than are those from
a common sire, what is he really worth ! If we use
him but three years at this rate, he will cam us 815(10.
Is it not plain that siuh an animal has a real value
far beyond the terrible hundred dollars for whi<'h he
sells ; Is it safe. then, to wail for the price lo come
down before we buy .' The expectation or fear that
the prices will ttunbic is based on the assuniption that
the world will move backward. The Idea is as vain
as it is uncomplimentary."

Look to the Forests.

The Imperial .Vcademy of Sciences at Vienna has
taken up a question in which all nations may be said
to be more or less interested, namely, the decrease of
the quantity of water In springs, streams and rivers.
.\ circular, accompanied by an able and instrnetlvc
report, has been addressed to seicniitic societies in
otlier covmlrics, in the hope that they nuiy be per-
suaded to undertake observations which in course of
time may furnish data for practical use. The Aca-
demy calls attention to the fact that for some years
past a diminution of the waters of the Dainihc and
other great rivers had been notiecil, and especially
since the modern practice of cutting down forests
without reirard to eonscquences, has prevailed. The
Austrian Engineers and .\rcliitects' I'nion have
also taken the question in hand, and ap|i<>intcd a
" hydrotechnic comnu'ttcc " to collect facts and pre-
pare a report. The Danube, the Elbe and the Khine
were each assigned to two members, while other two
were to examine into the metereology of the subject,
and into the inlluenee which glaciers and .\lpine tor-
rents may have on the ijcneral resnil. The commit-
tee regard the i|uesiion as urgent; they recommend
the immediate adiqition of remedial measures, and
they are unanimous in deelarin;^ that the prime cause
of the injurious decrease of water is the decrease of
forests.

Simple Interest Rules.

The following arc simple and cxrellcnl rules for
fliiding the interest on any principal for a given nutn-
ber of iliiijt. The answer in each ease bcinir in cents,
separate the two riL'ht-hand fiirures of the answer to
express the amount in dollars and cents :

Four iK-rcent. — Multiply by number of days to run:
separate riglit-hand-Hgure from product and divide
by 0.

Five pcT'CcDt. — Multiply by niinilxT of days, and
divide by 72.

Six per cent. — Mnlti|ily by number of days, sepa-
rate right-hand figure, and divide by <i.

Eight per cent. — .Multiply by number of days, and
divide by 4.").

Xine percent. — Multiply by nunil>cr of days, sepa-
rate the right-hand figure, and divide by 4.

Ten per cent. — Multiply by numlierof days, and
divide- by :t(!.

Twelve |x"r cent. — Multiply by number of days,
separate the right-hand flcure. and divide by 'i.

176

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[November, 1875.

LITERARY AND BUSINESS NOTICES.

The :Matuimoxial Bazah, "A .Moutlilv Journal,
devoted to the interests of Love, Courtship ami Mar-
riage," is a medium sized folio, [luhlished at Chieaifo,
111., by H. H. Burtin it Co., at §1.110 a year. The
publishers say, " We have liere in America a large
scattered population, representing a diversity of
wants and circumstances, each Imried in the obscurity
of the individual threshold; and it is the purpose of
the MatrinuDiUil Jiii-.ai- to bring these wants to light,
and cause them to be um'versally recognized." * *
"The stranger in one State can, through the medium
of the iJrt.T«/-, conimuue and interchange sentiment
freely and witliout restraint, with the stranger in
another State, thereby creating a bond of union be-
tween persons thousands of miles away." * * »
"The Jlalriinoiihil Bazar is conducted on strictly
honorable principles, fulfilling its professions, and
thereby commending itself tothe confidence of all
those who luay seek its aid" — and much more on the
same subject, recognizing marriage as " the great
event of life," the importance of which requires the
exercise of care and judgment in the selection of a
partner. .

To show the nature of the demands upon the col-
umns of this paper, wc find in them one hundred and
ninety-one advertisements, fi-om one line to thirty
lines, composed of offeriugs in marriage, asking for
marriage, correspondence, fun or amusement. Based
upon tile professions and convictions it avows, if we
cannot see anything in it to specially commend, so
also do wc see nothing to specially condemn. As the
great majority of the world now looks uijon the sub-
ject of marriage, and as a merely secular transaction,
we suppose people would be as properly mated by
this system of selection as liy that which generally
prevails outside of it. But in our view the marriage
relation is something above and more sacred in its
origin and purposes than a mere partnership or being
mated. If the parties are not helps " meet" for each
other — that is, such helps as they need in effecting
their moral and spiritual regeneration from the sins
and evils that beset the human I'amily in its life
journeys in this world, we fear the bringing of the
sexes "together from remote distances and obscure
places, tiii-ough the medium of a newspaper which
so emphatically " means business" as this, will not
elevate it much above the plane upon which it has
been groveling tiiese many years.

If the advertisements, otlier than those relating to
personal cards, may be taken as a criterion, we
should say that the literary and philosophical helps
to a true marriage which they contain, are of a very
fanciful, if not a doubtful character. " The Magic
Wand " — " Songs of Love " — " Letter Writing Made
Easy" — " Magician's tiuide " — "Mysteries and Mis-
eries"— " The Sports' own Songster" — "The Little
Flirt"— "Tit-bits of Fun lor Jolly .Mortals"— "Tricks
and Diversions with Cards" — "The Hand-book of
Manners" — " How to Mix Drinks " — The Lover's own
Library" — "Love-making Secrets" — " Bashfulness
Cured"— "How to get" Rich "—" The Veil Re-
moved," and such like compose the list, with nearly
a column to " .Miss Maud B. E. Wallace," the Gipsy
Clairvoyant, who professes to be the seventh daughter
of the seventh son of the Great Hindoo Fortune Teller,
Peri Maoi. As the family — after the traveling
preacher had retired — thought they should know his
sectarian Ktahm by the kind of liymn-book he carried
inhis saddle-liags — and on "rumaging" it found a
bottle," declared him a "Hard-shell Baptist," so
may we infer that the Mntritiioinal Bazar is merely a
"commercial" affair — this, and nothing more.

The Feed Cvtteh, advertised in this number of
The Fakmkh, by Messrs. Dillcr it Groff, is an arti-
cle which we can conscientiously commend to the
critical examination of our readers, as a maeliine
which has no superior in the market. We have care-
fully examined its mechanical points, and tested its
power as a cutter, not of fodder, but of pine boards,
and the ease with which it cuts them leaves no room
to doubt its efficiency in cutting any kind of fodder
for food. The manner of operating the upper feed
roll in this macliinc is an iniiiiii-fant improvement,
permitting the rr)]l to rise three inclies, and uniformly
its whole length, a point not gained in any other feed
cutter we have seen. Another excellent point is its
adaptability to any desired length of cut, one-fourth,
three-fourths, or one and a fourth inches, without the
removal of any of the gear wheels and the substitu-
tion of others, as is generally done in varying the cut
of other uuichines. The Silver it Deming Manufac-
turing Company are noted for the perfection of mate-
rial and workmanship iu their farm nuichinery, and
they fully vindicated their reputation in the production
of this Feed-Cutter. .Messrs. Diller it Groff still push
the " Champion " Reapers and Mowers, on the prin-
cipal that when you once get a good thing it is best to
stick to it unt il you are sure of something better. They
still claim that the "Champion" has no successful
competitor.

The Pennsylvania Sono Collection, devoted
to school and home enjoyment, by Jno. P. MeCaskey,
Principal of the .Male High School of Lancaster city.
Pa. This is a paper-bound volume of 112 pages, and
uniform in size with Tlie PcnunijUiauia School Journal.
It contains 110 of the choicest songs and hymns in the

song and hymn literature of this and other countries,
with the printed music to each, arranged in from two
to four parts. It is interspersed, from beginning to
end, with interesting historical and literary annota-
tions, chiefly relating to the history, the science, and
the moral and social influence of music. We recog-
nize in it a host of good things, both old and new,
and the compiler and publisiier exhibits rare good
sense in retaining and reviving those good old "songs
of fiftyyears ago," so welcome to those who are verg-
ing on their "three score years and ten " — beginning
with iSifeel Home and ending with AiiM Lang Sync. It
also contains many things new and rare, executed in
the highest style of modern musical science, thus adapt-
ing it to the wants and the tastes of the present day.
It is a perfect home companion, and ought to be in
every household and daily used there. Such a use
would assuage many of the asperities .and discontents
that are incidental to human experience.

"The Odd-Fellow's Improved Manual; con-
taining the History, Defense, Principles and Govern-
ment of the Order ; the Instructions of each Degree,
and Duties of every Station and Office in Odd-Fellow-
ship ; with Directions and Forms for laying Corner-
.stones, dedicating Cemeteries, Halls, itc; Marshal-
ing Processions, &e. Also, Odes, with music, for
various occasions, and the most needed business
forms. Embellished with a portrait of Grand Secre-
tary Jas. L. Ridgely, G. L. V . S., and numerous ele-
gant engravings of the Emblems, itc. By Rev. A.
B. Grosh, p. G. and P. C. P. of the R.W. Grand
Lodge and Grand Enccampment of Pennsylvania.'' —
Clark it Maynard, o Barclay street, New York.

We thankfully acknowk^dge the receipt of a copy
of this most excellent work ; and we do not hesitate
to say that any member of the Order who desires to
become an Odd-Fellow in spirit and in truth, cannot
possibly afford to be without a copy of this book, or
its criuivaleut. It is a 12nio. beautifully bound, fairly
impressed, and on superior paper, containing 403
pages. Furthermore, it contains an excellent por-
trait of the distinguished author, a fact which he and
his publisher, perhaps, had too much modesty to
mention.

The American .Journal of Microscopy and
Popular Science is the title of a new journal which,
though specially devoted to the microscope and its
revelations, also takes in a great many outside sub-
jects of deep interest. It is very fully illustrated
with new engravings, and the information which it
contains is reliable, practical and interesting. It will
be an efficient means of diffusing among the people at
large a taste for natural science. It therefore op-
poses itself to the lower and more debasing classes of
literature — dime novels and story papers — and tends
to elevate and improve instead of to enervate and
debase. Every one interested in botany, entomology,
or natural history of any kind, would do well to get
a specimen number, whether they own a microscope
or not. The subscription is only fifty cents a year,
and specimen copies will be sent free to any address
by the Handicraft Publication Company, 37 Park
Row, New York.

Superior Cider : We are indebted to our friend
and correspondent, Wni. I. Pyle, of West Chester,
for sample bottles of very choice cider one year old,
of his own curing. Good judges pronounced it the
best they have ever tested. Mr. Pyle says his mode
of curing is very simple, and the material he uses is
"as wholesome as bread and butter." He claims
that it will sharpen appetite, cure dyspepsia, and
keep for ages. Mr. P. gets 7.5 cents per gallon for it
in barrels of 40 gallons.

W. Atlee Burpee, the well-known Philadelphia
breeder and importer of high-class fowls and pigeons,
appears in this issue of The Farmer as one of its
regular and most valued contributors. He is thor-
oughly master of the details of the jioultry yard and
pigeon loft, and those of our readers who are inter-
ested in this specialty may look for much interesting,
valuable, and always reliable information, in the con-
tributions from his pen. He has disposed of his J^au-
ciers' Gazette to the I'oultrij Argus.

The Indianapolis Mechanical Journal is an
interesting mechanical journal, published at thecapi-
tol of Indiana, by J. H. Kerrich. It has reached its
ninth number; and sent to subscribers for Sl.OOayear,
or SO cents in clubs of ten. Each number contains
sixteen pages somewhat larger than the Farmer. It
is steadfastly devoted to the development of the in-
dustrial interests of the West and deserves a liberal
support .

The Amateur Trapper and Trap-.Maker's
Guide is a complete and carefully prepared treatise
on the art of trapping, snaring and netting. It con-
tains plain directions for constructing the most ap-
proved traps, snares, nets and dead-falls, the details
being so plainly Illustrated with engravings that any
amateur cannot fail of success. Published by Dick it
Fitzgerald, New York.

Vick's Floral Guide, as many of our readers
know, is abeautiful quarterly journal, adorned with
elegant and useful illustrations. The first number
for 1876 is just out. Price 35 cents a year. Address
James Vick, Rochester, N. Y.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, &c.,
For the month ending November 12th, 1875."

Churns; W. P. Mangum, Croppers Depot, Ky.
Apparatus for gathering and elevating hay; A. J.

Park, Virginia, Mo.
Horse-powers; N .' Potter, Troy , Pa.
Harrows; J. W. Price, Bryan, Ohio.
Automatic Gates; L. E. Thorson, Clinton, Wis.
Farm Fences; J. E. Winters, Fincastle, Ohio.
Grain Binders; C. E. Donnelan, Indianapolis, Ind.
Churns; E. Husher, Scott Dale, Pa.
Stock Cars; J. R. MePherson, Jersey City, N. J.
Corn Planters; E. Morgan, Dublin, Ind.
Stock Cars; A. N. Stevenson, Newark, N. J.
Cultivators; H. Winfleld, Pantego, N. C.
Husking Pins; Geo. Armstrong, Elmira, 111.
Devices for preventing horses from jumping; G. D.

Chisholm, East Flamborough, Canada.
Grain-Driers; A. Nash, Logansport, Ind.
Milk Coolers; L. C. Palmer, Charlotte, Vt.
Hoeing Machines; H. N. Prout, Westfleld, Mass.
Poultry Coops; J. Shephard, Bristol, Conn,
tirain Binders; J. H. Whitney, St. Louis, Mo.
Churns; J. C. Baker, Corry, Pa.
Combined Cultivators and Harrows; I. P. Pickering,

Table Grove, 111.
Churns; F. H. Boggs, Montgomery twp., Woodford

county. 111.
Garden Implements; J. Christy, Clyde, Ohio.
Plows; W. H. Daniels, Montpelier, Ohio.
Winker-straps for Bridle-blinds; E. Easton, Jackson-
ville, 111.
Seed-Planters; A. M. Kaneuse, Sun Prairie, Wis.
Bee Hives; D. Latchaw, Barkeyville, Pa.
Harvesters; R. H. MeCormick, Chicago, 111.
Methods of testing milk; A. Mencei, Clifton, N. Y.
Bee Hives; J. P. Peeler, Booneville, Miss.
Cultivators; J. A. Thompson, Reddington, N. J.
Teeth for Threshing Machines; J. W. Waterman,

Oregon, Wis.
Harrows; J. C. Williams, Olin, Iowa.
Reversible Plows; M. R. Hubbell, Walcott, Vt.
Harvesters; C. Denton, Peoria, 111.
Mechanisms for Unloading Hay; W. H. Haynes,' j-

North Sudbury, Mass. ■ • ^

Earth Scrapers; D. Irwin, Byron Centre, Mich. ;

Draft Equalizers; J. Buckner, Salem, Nebraska.
Corn Planters; O. C. Gilmore, Janesville, Wis.
Churns; A. D. Gross, Tilton, Ky.
Corn Planters; A. Hodgson, Humboldt, Kansas.
Harvesters; A. Rea, Lancaster, Pa.
Butter-Workers; P. Rooney, Fairfield, Vt.
Hay-Tedders; E. M. Steckel, Kutztown, Pa.
Well Augers; W. E. Coman, Oak Park, III.
Pumps for Deep Wells; J. H. Duck, Elgin, 111.
Rotary Churns; W. R. Lampton, Knightsville, Ind.
Farm Gates; N. H. Long, Muneie, Ind.
Harvester Rakes; M. Ray, Valley Grove, W. Va.
Churns; I. E. Smith, York, Pa.

Sulky Cultivators; J. Spain, North Lewisburg, Ohio.
Horse Rakes; H. C. Velie, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Barbed Fence Wires; F. Armstrong, Bridgeport, Ct.
Horse Hay Rakes; G. Barclay, Oshawa, Canada.
Horse Hay Rakes; G. Barclay, Oshawa, Canada.
Harvesters; A. Palmer, Rochester, N. Y.
Sulky Plows; F. S. Woodworth, Rockford, 111.
Harvesters; J. E. Buxton, Owatonna, Minn.
Corn Huskers; W. A. Dick, Cleves, Ohio.
Corn Planters; A. Fox, Rock Falls, III.
Gang Plows; D. Kendig, Napa Citv, Cal.
Wheel Hay Rakes; C. LaDow, Bailston, N. Y.
Harvesters; C. Lidren, Lafayette, Ind.
Grain Separators; H. Mielke, Watertown, Wis.
Harvester Droppers; J. C. Ratliff, Richmond, Ind.
Potato Droppers; G. H. Zane, Shoemakertown, Pa.
Mowing Machines; D. Wolf, Avon, Pa.
Seed Drills; S. Brown, Lebanon, Mo.
Seed Planters; W. C. Champion, Stanton, Tenn.
Churns; W. P. Jones, Clio, Iowa.
Combined Planters and Cultivators; C. F. Keller,

Healdsburg, Cal.
Harrows; L. H. McGinnis, Woodstock, Va.
Fruit Driers; J. P. Nessle, Newark, N. J.
Husking Gloves; H. L. Hall, Chicago, III.
Nests for Fowls; S. S. Jackson, Bloomfleld, N. J.
Coulters: G. C. Lyon, Clarinda, Iowa.
Harvester Gearings; John F. Seiberling, Akron, O.
Mowing Machines; Walter A. Wood, Hoosick Falls,

N. Y.
Harvester Rakes; J. Barnes, Rockford, III.
Ditching Machine; M. E. Burtless, Seneca Falls, N.Y.
Churnsi^ E. A. Fishy, Norwalk, Ohio.
Hay Rakers and Loaders; Jno G. Krouse, Onslaugh,

Iowa.
Farm Fences; J. P. Monnett, Bucyrus, Ohio.
Corn Planters; T. L. Rittenhouse, Washington, D.C.
(irain Binders; F. P. Rooback, Springfield, Mo.
Harvester Reels; J. F. Seiberling, Akron, Ohio.
Weed Turners; J. B. Thornton, Fostoria, Ohio.
Seed Droppers; J. T. Wright, Columbus, Tenn.

"Prepared expresely for The Lancaster Farmer by
Louis Bagger & Co., Solicitors of Patents, Washington, D.
C, from wUom complete copies of the Patents and Drawings
may be obtained.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

III.

Interest Paid on Deposits.

Pi

It

i

H
0

i

<

Cor.N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveyatcer ant Real Estate A^eiit,

OfFICE IN LAW m*ILl>XN(J,

N. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT STS.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Ileal JCntnte of all <lescdi>ti'»n bought, «oM ami cx-
■changed on c4HuiuisHioii.

Loans yff/otintitl. Mortgages Iwiight and boUI.

J^rop'Ttirs taken in charge, and rents, iutereMt, etc.,
<X)Uected.

I*artira1nr atffntion given to niatterB ai>i>ertaining to
Beiil EHtate Law, antl Convfyuneing.

JfffftM, MitrUjnyrH. Jiriefs, Milts and all other legal
inptrunieut8 correctly drawn ami handsomely and ueatly
engrossed.

Maps of Properties, T^t^ts, Fanne, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely exoeutod. f7-l-12ni

PATENTS

OBTAINED BEST AND CHEAPESIIBY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OP PATENTS.

T^asliingtoxi, D. C.

MOMii H) l-UAi> AT ALL TIMES,

at Liberal Rates, at approved seeurllj.

SPECIAL AND LIBKKAL IKKMS made with parties
havlUK charge of Trust and Estate Funds.

rwOovemment and titate Bonds, (iold. silver, and
Coupons, bought and sold. 7-l-l'jm

1875. PRE-CENTENNIAL 1875.

Rathvoii ft PislieF,

PRACTICAL

T®B(j@ir§ acid QlotfiierSe

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

*«" Address aU letters to P. O. Box m.

Something for Everybody.

ClIAUITV : t'liaril V iri llic perl'i't't virtue, wliicli alone
Is equlviil<'iit to all the otln-rs.

Wit ; or all wil's iiMt.Ihe main one

I.s lo li\e well with who lias iionc.

Onset UITV : Ilall'lhe piTplexiliesol nieii are traee-
able tooliseurily iirihoui:hl, hiiliiiir ami brei'ilinf,', un-
der olisetu'ity oi' lansiiaije.

FitMCNDsim- : A day lor toil, an hour I'or sporl,
IJut lor a friend is lile loo sliorl.

N'oiiil.iTV : The hiu'hest title eoiiimiinllnir a man
to his fellows is atlaiimient lo the icrealesi iriHidness.
To he nohle is to he ifood, lo be piod is lo he nohlo.

Sim:i:< n : The inusie that can deepest reach
And cure an ill, is cordial speech ;
.Mask thy wisdom wilh ilelit;lil.
Toy with the how, yet hit the white.

Thii: (.i.diiv eonsisis in doing what deserves to he
done; in writimr what dcHcrvcs to ho read ; and in
so liviiiiT as to make the world happier and better for
(Hir livini; in i( .

DirKKEiKNT Lots: Man hath a fleece about him
which enables him Uibcar llie huflctinj^s of Ihestorni;
hut woman, when youii:; and lovely, aial [aior, is a
shorn himh lor which the winil has not heen temper-
ed.

LovK-wisii : Tlioii i;azesl on thi' stars,

Ah, woulil I wei-e the skies.
That 1 iniirlil ijazeoiilhce
With all my thousand eyes I

Fiu:ki>(i.m is not a condition of enjoyment, but It is
a condition of lalxir, aiai for this purpose it should bo
won, and fr»r this preserved ; it does not \'n'v ns fnim
duties, much rather it imposes duties upon us.

MoiU'.it.vTioN : It is \w\ apostasy to st(i[) at a i^inid
attained hceause associates, that had helped !(► attain
it, atlvanc-c towards the risks in which the i^ood may
be lost .

P.VKENTs. — ColoridL^e says; ■■ The imaire of my
father, my reverend, kinii. atai learned falher, is a
relii^ion to me." .lean Paul liichtt;r e.vpresscd a pity
forlhem:in lo whom his own mother had not roii-
dcred all mothci-s sacred.

TntK C'lTIZKXS. — (iood subjects promote the pul)-
lic irood at all timi's, and it is imly in evil times that
patriots are wanted — such times as are usually
brouRht on hy rash, or profligate and wicked men,
who assume the name.

SiMpr.KToNs. — There are of madmen, as there are
of tame, all humored not alike. Some apish and fan-
tastic; andaltlionirh 'twoidd irrleve a .sinil to seetiod's
image so blemished and defaced, yet do they act such
antic and such petty lunacies, that spite of sorrow,
they will make yon smile.

Lf)Vi;.— Thirc is no argnment of more antiquity
and elegance than is the matter of lovo; for it seems
to he as old as the world, and t^) hear date from the
Ilrst time that man and woman was; therefore in this,
as in the finest metal, the frcshi'st wits have in all
agt's shown their best workmanship.

To-I)\v. — Enjoy the in'cseni, whatever it may be,
aial be not solicitous for the future; for if yon take
your fool from the jn'escnt standing and thrust it for-
wanl to to-morrow's event, you are in a restless con-
dition; it is like refusing to ipiench your present thirst
by tearing ytm want to drink the next tiay. If to-
morrow yon should want, your sorrow will come
time enough, though you do not hasten it; let your
trouble t.irry till its (nvn <lay day crimes. Knjoy the
blessings of this day, if (lod semis them, and the evils
of it bear patiently and sweetly; lor this day is ours.
We are dead to yesterday, and not yet horn to
to-morrow.

I A KKIKND coniplained to his neighbor one day of

I the heavy amount of his bill for meat. " I am deter-

I mined to have no more butcher's meat in my house

I this year at any rate." ** Not this year," said his
neiglihor; "why, thevear is hut jtist begun." *'Triie,"
rituriad the otlwr, '• but I mean lo pay ready money

: for it in future, and then it will be my meat, and

; not the butcher's."

I Willows' weeds are not green, neither arc widows,

I as a general tiling.

! T.tii.oic measuring fateustomer — "Would you hold

' the end, sir, while I go round '.''

It is diltieult lo loll how mueh a lish will weigh by
looking at the scales.
Amono the many drawbacks in this world Is the

, new fashion of pinning skirts.

I " I s.vv," said a fellow to a fop with conspicuous
bow legs, "don't you have to have your pantaloons

! cut with a scroll saw i"

Ax indolent man once deelaring that he could not
find bread for his family, an industrious neighbor re-

I plied: " Nor I. I have to work for It."

CANVASSERS WANTED

TO TAKE SUBSCSIEEES FOB

The Lancaster Farmer,

Farmers' Sons and other Young Men,
during their leisure hours,

CAN MAKE GOOD WAGES.

We want a thurongh canvass made of every diMtrlct,and will
I'ay good eanviiHHerH lilHTally. Addr<*Ms

FEABSOL k GEIST. Publishers,

7-H.lf I.Wt'.tNTKK, P.*.

LUMBER FOR FARMERS.

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

\V<« have n largo H(<H*k of Lunil»er, nnd ono of Ibe most
extensive Hash nnd Door KactorlcK In the Statp, nnd we ftrr
prepared to fnrntsh IIoiino uml Itnrii IttllH eoniplete.

All kindH of Manufartureil t-'encing. Kc, making a si»eai-
alty of su)ip1yiiig the ngricnltnral community. W'i< will
make prices deljveie'l to any Uailroad Station. All our
material K-|inra»lo(Ml us represented. All munufactured
work kiln-drieii and warruuteil not to shrink. All im|uineA
cheerfully answered.

One of the tinn can t»e seen at the Franklin Houne, North
Queen Slr*'et, Lancaster, I*a., on Monday of each week.

KENDIG,BRICKER& LAUMAN,

7-1 I'inij Middtetown Dauphin co.. Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

LANCASTER, jeENN'A.
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

All matters appertaining to TNITED STATES or CANA
DIAN PATKXTS. TUADK M.\IIKS, and (OPVKIGHTa.
promptly attended lo. His ex].»'rlence. snccens uiid Titthful
attenlii»n to the interests of thitsc who engagu his servicen
are fully acknowledged and api>recialed.

Preliminary exaniinatiniis nia«le for him by * reliable Am-
eislanl at Washington, witlioui .virt ehurgi- ftir drawing
mt description. l"-4-lf

\r \M'l UTl KKK

WtHiamJiporl and l^tK k iinvn,

Bfll MillB— ROUND ISLAND * PORTAOK, PA.

-1] Retiil Lumbar md CmI Yard. (12m

NORTH WATER STREET, ABOVE P. R. E.. UHCASTEE.Pi.

IV.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

FARMERS, G£T TH£ BEST.

FEED CUTTER,

MANTIFACTVRED FOR

DKALKhS IN

HARDWARE & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,

No. 7 EAST KING ST., LANCASTER, PA.,

Has beeu deraonstrated bv competitive tests to be THE
BEST FEED CUTTER IN THE MARKET. The feed-roll
ie operated by a uew and novel device which completely
ovcrconaee the objection to the uneven action of other cut-
ters, wLile the length of cut can be varied to meet the wants
of the opfcrntor witiiout the removal of any gear-wheels.
The material ii-\d workmanship are of the very best class,
and guaranteed to jfiveeatisfaction to the purchaser. Farm-
ers are in\ited to call and see for themselves.

((

THE CHAMPION."

The Champion Reaper and Mower, which we have sold
with such entire eatisfuctiou to our customers for the last
six yearH, still maintains the lead of all competitors —
33,761 having been manufactured for the harvest of 1ST5
— and we have already completed our arrangements to sup-
ply the increased demand for next season. The Farmer
who buys the Champion is always satisfied that he has the
full worth of his money,

DILLEU L GEOFF,

No, 7 East King St., Lancaster, Pa.

T-ll-r,m

FOPt s.a.i:.e: che:a.i>.

A FEW PAIK.S OF

Pf tmlim Wkiig Lggl

(ux.sritPAssEn.)

O^Order soon. Seud lor <;ircular. AddreBs,

EDW. P. CLOUD,
C'lif'toii Poultry Yarils, Kciiiiell Sfiiiare, Pa.

7-11 -am

THE SCIENTIFIC FARMER

Aims to unite science with practice upon
the Farm.

Tie only iournal in the world poDlislieii wim Oils avowed oliject.

"It is the ablest scientilic agricultural publication we
have ever seen, and covers the entire held."~Laiu-aHtei-
City Expr&is.

$i.oo Per Year. On trial three months, 25c.

CLARK "W. BRYAN & CO.,
■^-■^-Sm Sprinu-fjeld. .nass.

DOMESTIC

SEWING
MACHINES.

liberal terms ofExehnnge
for Sccoiiil-liiiiKl Machines
of every desrrlpllon.

"DOMESTIC" PAPER FASHIONS

'J-lu.Ii-itlT'.T M,„:U.-. S-n 1 .l ,• s. l„i < ' lI,,!,,.,,,

address DOMESTIC SEWHO UACirilTE CO..

Bar Aut.sm Wanted. -4ja NEW YOKK.
T-ll-3teom

EVERGREEN BONE DUST,

MANUFACTURED BY

M. B. ESHLEMAN, at LEAMAN PLACE,

Is guriateed Furs Saw Sooe, and lotliiBE eI:o.
Special paius takeu in preparing it for feeding hens.

Ko. I, for feeding;, - • $S.50 per bnndred.
No. 2, for land, ... l.r.'i "

Thia includeB bags and delivering on board cars.
7-9-«m

AV. ^TLEE BURPEE,

PHILADELPHIA, I>A.,

IlNXPORTER., KREKUER J^NTD SHIPPER OE

IMPROVED LIVE STOCK.

HIGH CLASS LAND AND WATER FOWLS— Each variety bred on a separate farm. LEGHORNS— Brown, "ttTiite.
Black and Domiui<iue of my celebrated strains a specialty. Also, an unsurpassed and large collection of WATER FOWLS
AND TURKEYS. Asiatics. Hamburgs, Dorkings, P. Rocks. Am. Dominiques, Hoiidans and Bantams. My fowls are all
HIGH CLASS, and bred with great care. My breeding pens contain extra fine imported and prize birds.

CHESTER WHITE SWINE A SPECIALTY.

Stock of all ages bred from the best Premium Stock, and warranted strictly pure and choice, for saie at moderate
prices. Also imported Berkshires, Jersey Cattle, Southdown and Cotswold Sheep. DOGS— Setter, Shepherd, Beagle
Hound, Skye and Black-aud-tan Terriers, Only a limited stock of esch, consisting of the tinest imported specimens, with
full pedigrees. Lop-Eared and Himalayan Rabbits. English Ferrets.

FANCY PIGEONS, ALL VARIETIES,

Tlie Pigeon Loft : Ho w to Fnmisli and MauaEO It.

Our new illustrated book on pifjeons. Plain, concise, original and
invaluable. It gives nuiny new facts not to be found
elsewhere, and is worth dollars to any breed-
er. Price, only oik: postjiaid.

t^~Elegaut illustrated catalogues of stock, giving descriptions and illustrations
of fowls and pigeons, postpaid, 10 cents.

Circulars free. Address,

W. ATLEE BURPEE, Philadelphia, Pa.

Powell's Patent Wheel Harrowl Gram Coverer.

This Harrow, for Pulverization, Covering Seed, Comparative Ease of Draft, Simplicity,

Durability, and General Practicibilitv, is unsurpassed by any other Harrow or Pulverizer in use.

IT IS ADAPTED TO EVERY KIND OF SOIL

stony, Rooty, Clayey, Loamy or Sandy, being sui>plied with Cast linu or Steel Teeth. It neyer catches upon stone

or roots, nor turns up the sod on newly plowed sward land, owing to the peculiar construction of the

Teeth. It does the work of four plows on old potato laud by properly adjusting it.

THE !S4>WER attached to this Harrow (not shown in the aboye cut) is udojjted to the sowing (.)f all kinds of seeds and

fertilizers, and operates on the broadcast principle, sowing from f^ur quarts to four bushels per acre. The Mechanism

is simple, and can be managed by any boy competent to driye a pair ol horses.

MANUFACTURED BY THE NATIONAL WHEEL HARROW COMPANY.

Jj. C. DODGE. Oentritl A(/et>f, littrliiigoii. T't-

FARMERS, CALL AND SEE THE GREAT HARROW.

Being assured that this, the only Wheel Harrow in the world with awheel draft, which

works vertically, independent of the main axle, is one of the most important agricultural implements of the day, the pub-
lishers of The Farmer have made arrangements with the manufacturer to bring it to the attention of the farmers of
Pennsylvania by placing one of the Harrows and Seed Sowers combined on exhibition at the oflBce of The Lancaster
Farmer, where those interested in this great improvement are invited to call. This will be the first one seen in the State.
It was awarded the GRAND MEDAL OF PROGUESS by the New England Agricultural Society, at Boston, 1873, and at
Providence, in 1874; also the First Premium by the American Institute, 1873, and First at all State and County Fairs
wherever e:chibited. 7-9-2t

R. Y. FAIRS£RVIC£ & CO.,

513 Fourth St., East Newark, N. J.,

OFFERS FOR BALE

aXX CORO SX>OOX. COTTOZr.

"white," "black,"' and "colors."

60 cents pound, postage paid. We guarantee one pound
equal to five dozen 200 yard Spools.

TREES! TREES!!

The I^ar^f^Nl ^-^ncl lYIoMt Toiiiplete Stock ot
Fruit and Oriinnienlal TreoH in the V. S.

Descriptive hikI Illiistrate«l Priced €ata-
log^nes Hcnt nN follows: No. —Fruits, lOc. No. 2
— Ornamental Ti ecu, new ed. with colored plate, 25c. No.
3— Greenhouse Plants, lOc. No. 4— Wholesale, Free.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Xount Hope Xut-Deries, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS.

To iubiiorib<«rfi out of )
tht' county. f

$1.28.

s. ba:

Editor,

LANCASTER. DECEMBER 15, 1875.

PEAESOL & GEIST, Publishers.

MEETING OF THE STATE GRANGE.

Before tliisuunihiT of The Faiijikk rcaclns
all of our reaiU'rs, this aiipust orguiiization
will have convencil in Lancaster city, and we
bespe;ik for it thv cunlial welcome of our citi-
zens. Fifteen lunidred represcntativis from
subordinate (rrnnge.': in Pennsylvania, a.s well
as many from beyond our borders, are expect-
ed tomeet in council on Tuesday tlu' 14tli inst.,
and continue in session during the week.

The rapid rise and progress of this onler in
our country is one of tlie most extraordinary
features of the nineteenth century. Whatever
ulterior ends it may liave in view, it is cer-
tainly one of the tireatcst social powers in the
land, and must " make its mark."

In oiu' address to our readers at the com-
mencement of the i)resent volume of The
Farmer, we made use of the following lan-
guage: " AVhilst we are by no means tlie
friend or advocate of selfish, sinister, and one-
sided combinations, having for tlieir single ob-
ject the ijecuniary interest of a single class or
clan, yet we would recommend a frei-r and
more social union among those who are so
eminently the pillars of the nation as Ameri-
can farmers are," and the movements and
main objects of the Grangers appear to be in
harmony with that sentiment. Any organi-
zation that has iov its object the elevation and
frateniiziition of any class of the human family,
must be regarded as a legitimate instrument
in working out tlie destinies of the liuman race.

The morbid sentiment of secrotj must ulti-
mately succumb to the light of a higher state
of intelligence among men, when things will
be judged without prejudice, and for what they
intrinsically are. " When we look atiroud into
the world, we cannot fail to see that a dilier-
ent order of things is rapidly develoi>ing in the
present from that which gave its specilic char-
acter to the past. The wheels of time are mov-
ing forward and never can be turned back-
ward." l"he world has many specialties, and
if we but make the necessary concessions, and
have a projier regard to the riglitsof our neigh-
bors, there need be no jostling, and amjile room
will he found for all. With tliese sentiments
we tender the welcome of Thk Farmer to
the/ariwr« of our connuon country.

CENTENNIAL APPOINTMENT.

Hon. Fnr.D. Watts, Commissioner of .\gricul-
ture at Washington, has apjiointed Jonssox
Miller, Presiilent of the Lanca.ster County .\g-
ricullural and (lorticullnral Society, to colh^ct
and arrange s|>e(iinens of grains, or cereals, for
exhibition in the Museum of the .Agricultural
l^epartment of the Centennial Exhiliition. He
desires us to request those who have seeds of
new varieties of cereals, oranythingin that line
they njay wish to exhibit, to cunmiuiiicate with
him, or havetlieirarticles(in (piantiticsof about
one quart each,) at thenext meeting of the Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society, in Lancaster,
on Monday, the 3d of January.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMB£R.

FOXJI? ILLUSTRATIONS.
EDITORIAL ARTICLES: " I'Aca;.

To our Patrons auil the People, - - 177
Pcculiiirilies ot fNpicU'rs, .... 177
Ourfullivatea Vc<:etablC8. No. 3.— The Pea, 178
InfiMnialion Wanted, .... 179
Natural History lor the Youns;. Ttluslrnteil, 179
Tlie Slinej — Tlie .vomip ciiUeil L:iinltB — Hlrtls ef
TaradiBe aud tiieir AUieH — The Cuckoo aud
the Hedge-Sparrow.

The Water Question, .... 179

Won.ipeelvcrs, -.--.. 180
Tlie Facts of Natural History. No. 6.— A

Uo^' .Story, .-.-.. 180

Veiietahle Ivory, 181

Is the Bee a Nuisance? .... 181

Sonu'thinu: to set us Tliinkiiig, - - 181

Queries and Answers, - - - - 181

Wlien 1 mean to Marry — Poem, - . 182

Indian Summer, ..... 182

A Cohirado Cattle Range, ... 184

The Snows of Last Year, .... 18.5

Ho--ChohTa— Coal for lIo£rs, . . 18-5

Tlie .Mad Iteh— A new Cattle Disease, - 18.5

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:

Incubation. J. W. Stauffer, - - 182

Decrease in Streams and Wells. L. S.

Rf.ist, 183

Skirmishes. H.M.Engle, - - 184
Winter Care of Pigeons. W. Atlee

BtKPEE, 184

Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables

During Winter. Walter Eloek, 184

Our National Centennial, - - - T86

DetailH of the Arraliffeniente for the Great In-
ternational Exhibition of 1ST6 — Bureau of
Afj;riculture— Itates aud luformatiou for Ex-
hibitors.

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

tH. Umi,„ Fame,

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOM ESTIC ECONOMY
AND MISCELLANY.

PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

Mude u proniliu-nt fratun*, with »*j icittl n-ffrenci^ to (he
wiiUlH of the Fiiriiipr, ihe Uardciier and Frmt-Orowcr.

Founded under the auspices of the I^incastcr Coumy
Agricultural an<l Horticultural Society.

Edited by Prof. S. S. RATHYOIT.

Our Paris Letter,

187

Our Local Organization, . . - . 187

Pruceedlugs of tbe LuucaBter Agricultural and
Horticultural Society.

Domestic Economy,. 1H9

To make Cbickcti Croquf^tteB — Buckwhont Cakee
— Horse KadiHh Culture — ThiuKS Worth
KnowiitK — Hiutfl \u SeaBon— Prartical Hrevi-
tie8— IJniit your WautB— A Good, Durntile
WhilewyBh— A Timely Hint — C'eutenuinl Na-
tional Cook Book— How to Wash Woolen
Clothing.

General Miscellany,

Ifll

Imperfect Potato TestH— Protect Donioatic Ani-
mals from Cnld— Min)7ling the Manure of
Hor«e« and Cattle— UHhiR Haw Material to
the UtraoHt — Bran aud Cornmcjil for Cowk —
How to Feed Com-nliilkB Pioijorly — Nt-vadu's
Petrified Forest — Cu|>itul and I-alxir— .\ t'on-
venient Land MftaHUre — An Idwi for Team-
Bters — Stick to It— Cure and Use of Hen Ma-
nure— ('urioua Cj»U8e of Death iu Ho ""
Skeletons of Noted Aniuialti.

Literary and Business Notices, -
Books, and Periodicals.
The Progress of Invention,

New Patents Renting to the Farm, *c
Our Fence Corners, - - - -
Fact and Fancy, Wit and Homer.

- 102

192

ii, iii

The Lancaster Farmbb baa now completed lis ncventli
year — the luBt having been under the auspieea of the under-
signed au publishers. When we assumed the res|M)(isiblHty
of the publication one year ago, it was with a determination
to make such improvements during the year aa would place
the Farmers' Organ of this great agricultural county in the
very front rank of puhltcations of its class. That we hare
done BO, our rcjiders will Ijear cheerful tcitiimony. But our
work of improvement Is only fairly begun. We propose to
make the volume for theConteunisl year still more interesting
and valuable than its predecessor for Is".*). In Ihls, how-
ever-, we need th'' co-i)penitiou of every friend of the enter-
j>risc. To make it a success, every one who now reads Tlllt
FxRMEBshould send us at leaat oue new subticrlber iK'fore
tbe January number Is issued.

The contributions of our able editor, Prof. Rathvon, oq
subjects connec-ied with the science of farming, aud partic-
ularly that specialty of which he is so thoroughly a master—
eutomological science'— sonn* knowledge of which haa l»ecome
a necessity to the successful farmer, are alone worth much
more than the price of this publication.

Thk Farmer will be puhtiwht-d on the IMh of every
month, priuted on gootl |»ai»or with (Uear tyi>e, in con-
venient form for reading and biudijig, and mailed to autK
Bcriber> on the following

TERMSi

To Bubecribers residing wilhin the county-
One copy, one year, ----- $i.oo
Six copies, one year, • . - - . - 5.00

Ten Copies, one year. ....-- 7,50

To sutMicril>ere outside of I.AncaBter county, includlug
l>oatage pre-paid by the publisheni:

One copy, one year, - ... - $i.as

Five copies, one year, . - - - - - 5.00

All subscriptions will eomraonce with the January num-
l»er unless otherwise ordered.

All mmmunic-jtions intended for publication should be
addressed to the Kdllor, and, to secure Insertion, should be
in his hands by the first oi the month of j>iiblication.

All business letters, containiiig snlwcriptiong and adver-
tieemeDta. should be ad<lnsM»-4l t<> ihe publlsbrr*,

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

RATEM OF ADVCRTINIK«I. — Ten Cenia a
line for each Insertion. Twelve Unea to tbe inch.

II.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,

0<iice-304 Locust-st. House-27 S. Second-st.

Notes, Bonds,

Mortgages, Wills,

Deeds, Leases,

Building Contracts,

And «I1 manner of AGKEEMENTS neatly and eipeditioasly
drawn. Cases carefnlly and thoronghly tried before

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE,

ARBITRATORS. ROAD-VIEWtRS, AUDITORS.

Or in any Courts of liancaster County.
COUNSEL GIVEN TO

EXECUTORS, ADMINISTRATORS & AISSIGNEES

Or Trustees of any kind.
Collections, large or email, made upon a uniform table of
rates, in all parts of the United States.

Special facilities for Collections of Estates or Debts in
Europe.

Consultations and Correspondence conducted in either the
French, German or English languages.

J. F. FRUEAUFF,
7-l-12m] Columbia, Penna.

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

to
O

OQ
Co'

A

o

F. 0. STDRGIS,

620,522.4 594.
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTER, PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL, KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

EstiiatesFurnisliefl

And all information con-
cerning the business
cheerfully given.

R. Y. FAIRSERVICE &c CO.,

613 Fourth St., East Newark, N. J.,

OFFERS FOR SALE

W -A. S T DES .
SIX cosiD spoox. coTTonr,

"white," *' black," and "colobs."

60 cents pound, postage paid. We guarantee one pound
equal to five dozen 200 yard SpoolB,

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

OFFICE :

No, 15 EAST KING STREET,

7-l-12m LANCASTER, PA.

THOROUGHBRED STOCK

FOR SA1.E CHEAP.

Prize Ayrshire Calves, prize Jersey Calves, all from
deep milking and butter eows. .Vlso, prize bred Chester
wmte Pigs. Unsurpassed— no superior for exUWtlng
purposes. Address,

Kennett Hqnitre, t'bester Co., Pa.

CAIfASSlES W41T1Q

TO TAKE SUBSCRIBEES FOB

Tit© Licietst^p Wmm^ft

PRAYER AND POTATOES.*

An old lady sat in her old arm chair,
With wrinkled visage and disheveled hair,

And hunger-worn features ;
For days and for weeks her only fare,
As she sat there in her old arm chair,

Had been Potatoes.

But now they were gone; of bad or good
Not one was left for the old lady's food

Of those potatoes ;
And she sighed and said, " What shall I do?
Where shall I send, and to whom shall I go

For more Potatoes ? "

And she thought of the deacon over the way.
The deacon so ready to worship and pray,

Whose cellar was full of potatoes,
And she said: "I will send for the deacon to come
He'll not mind much to give me some

Of such a store of Potatoes."

But the deacon's religion didn't lie that way.
He was more accustomed to preach and to pray

Than to give of his hoarded potatoes ;
So, not hearing, of course, what the old lady said.
He rose to pray, with uncovered head,

But she only thought of Potatoes.

He prayed for patience, and wisdom and grace,
But when he prayed "Lord give her peace,"

She audibly said, " Give potatoes."
And at the end of each prayer which he said.
He heard, or thought he heard in its stead

The same request for Potatoes.

The deacon was troubled — he knew not for what;
'Twas very embarrassing to have her so act

About " carnal potatoes."
So, ending his prayer, he started for home,
But, as the door closed behind him, he heard a deep
groan,

" O, give to the hungry. Potatoes !"

And that groan followed him all the way home,
In the midst of the night it haunted his room —

" O, give to the hungry, potatoes !"
He could bear it no longer; arose and dressed.
From his well-filled cellar taking in haste

A bag of his best Potatoes.

Again he went to the widow's hut;
Her sleepless eyes she had not shut;
But there sat in that old arm chair,
With the same wan features, the same sad air
And entering in he poured on the iioor
A bushel or more of his goodly store
Of choice Potatoes.

The widow's heart leaped up for joy.
Her face was haggard and wan no more,
" Now," said the deacon, " shall we pray?"
"Yes," said the widow, "Now you may,"
And he kneeled down on the sanded floor,
Where he had poured his goodly store.
And such a prayer the deacon prayed
As never before his lips essayed;
No longer embarrassed, but free and full,
He poured out the voice of a liberal soul.
And the widow shouted aloud " Amen I"
But said no more of Potatoes.

And would you, who hear this simple tale,
Pray for the poor, and praying, prevail ?
Then preface your prayers with alms and good deeds;
Search out the poor, their wants and their needs.
Pray for peace, and grace, and spiritual food,
For wisdom and guidance, for all these are good;
But don't forget the Potatoes.

A Tough Stoky : Two old ploughman down east
were once telling their exploits in breaking up new
ground. "Up in Dixmount," said one, "twenty-
seven years ago this spring, I was ploughing in stump
ground with a team of nine pair of cattle for Sol.
Cunningham ; we were going along not making very
smooth work among rocks and stumps. Well, one
day the point of the plough struck against a sunk
stump four feet through, split it square across the
heart, and I was following the plough through, when
the thought passed through my mind that the pesky
stump might snap together and pinch my toes, so I
just grippled the plough handles firm, swung my feet
up out o' the way, and the stump sprung back and
catched the slack of my pantaloons. That brought
everything up standing. Well, I tightened my hold,
and Sim Swithin, he and Sol was drivin', they spoke
to the cattle, and we snaked that stump right out by
the roots, and it had awful long ones." "It must have
been strainin' on your suspenders," said the other.
" My wife made them," was the reply.

Of this suggestive poem — a fragment of a charity ser-
mon, preached in Dorchester, Mass., twelve or thirteen years
ago— John G. Whittier wrote : "It is more valuable than
some epics. I am not sure but is more to the Master's pur-
1 ose than any learned theologica[ poem which has been pub-
lished since it was written."

THOS. M. HARVEY.

WEST GROVE, CHESTER CO., PA.,

Breeder and Shipper of

GMRNSEYlSSJBDnER STOCK,

Yorkshire and Berkshire Figs.

Dark Brahma Chickens from the best imported
blood. Also Bronze Turkeys.

^ICKFOUD f

"automatic \
Knitter

S 9

M a

» 3

4

A Family Knitting Machine.

Now attracting universal attention by its astoriehing per-
formances and its great practical value for every-day family
use. It knits every i oeeible variety of plain or fancy work

■WITH ALMOST MAGICAL SPEED.

and gives perfect shape and finish to all garments. It will

knit a pair of socks in fifteen minutes! Every machine

iVARKA?iTI^U perfect, and to do Jiist what is represented,

A complete instruction book accompanies each machine.

No. 1 Family Machine. 1 cylinder, 72 needles, $30.

No. 3 *' -'2 " 72 & 100 " 40.

A sample ■machine will be sent to any part of the United
States or Canada, (where we have no agent) express charges
prepaid, on receipt of the price.

Agents wanted in every State, County, City and Town,
to whom very liberal discounts will be made. Address,
BICKFORD KNITTING MACHINE MFG. CO.,

7-n-tf] Sole Manufacturers, Brattleboro, Vt.

1875. PRE-CENTENNIAL. 1875.

Rathvon fe Pisliep,

PRACTICAL

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

Cor.N. QUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

PATENTS

OBTAINED BEST AND CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OF PATENTS,

T^ashington D. O.,

ty Address all letters to P. O. Box M4.

7-»-14m

nEALEBS IN ALL KINDS OF

FA1WII.Y and I,I!ME-BlTRIlt'INO COAL!

Orders received at

Office, NO. 15 East King street, and at the
7.1-12m] Yard, No. 618 NORTH PRINCE STREET.

The Lancaster Farmer

Prof. S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, PA., DECEMBER, 1875.

VoL VIL No. 12.

TO OUR PATRONS AND THE PEOPLE.

This number coiuplctes the Sevonth volumi'
of The IvANCAsiEK F.VTorKit, uiul the iicxl
mmiber will Iw issiii'd iiiidei- llieudveiu ol" our
Kalionnl CtnliniiUd — our f;'lorious " '7li" — ;i
uumnrical cabalii that has become classic iu the
aiuials of our country. ThroULjh srrvn louij
j'uarsof fortunate auiluulortunate vicissituiles.
our beloved country stru'.;f?led before she. ac-
coniiilished her Independence ; and wlien at
last she reached the goal she had so Ion,? and
ardently striven for, she found herself weak,
depleted, and materially cxhuisted ; but she
had secured, elaborated, and miintaiued the
elements of that future greatness which we
now see so ani.ily developed at the closiu;,'
period of her fn-st century, when she has be-
come a refuge for the oj)pr<'ssed among all
nations, and the admiration of the civili/.cd
■world. At the close of her war for national
independence, siie jxissi'ssed a population of
less than three Dtilliims, but to-day, if all were
told, it would bj fovuid little less taau JiJ'hj
millinnx, with a status, iu all that relates to
physical, moral, and intellectual culture, that
stamps lier as a progressive nation — a uninn
that every patriotic heart resolves " must and
sluill be jircservcd.'"

Keniotely aualagous to the unprecedented
lirogress of our country, may we be jiei'mitted,
iiy a law of similitude, to include The Far-
BIEK. After a struggle of seven long years,
wc have attained a status similar to tliat of
the American colonies one hundred years ago,
namely, "poor, but indeiieudeut." Although
our pecuniary income is still limited, we think
we liave developed elements of enterprise,
honorable distinction anil usefulness, that have
met a vcduntary recognition by the press and
the intelligent piu'tion of the people, both ''far
and near. " IIow far the analogue with the
progress of the nation ina.y be extended, is
left for time to develop ; but for what we have
attained, we desire to be grateful. It is true,
■we may have no excessive manifestations of
success" to record during the year now coming
to a close, still we have abundant reason to
be thankful for the many evidences of appre-
ciation that have been vouchsafed by our
patrons and our friends. To them The Far-
mer lias become an almost iudispensaljle
household friend, and our ambition is to make
it .such to every farmer and householder in the
land ; and we can attain that iiosition if we
receive a reasonable supi)ort from those most
interested in our success.

Shall our progress from this time forward
be in correspondence witii that of the nation?
That is a i>roblem that cannot be solved, ex-
cept Ijy the assistance of the sovereign peo-
ple, and especially the farming people. To
them we conunit the destinies of our ei(;htii
voi^tJME, and we are not 3'et able to believe
that our appeal to that august tribunal will
be in vain. All power, under our republican
form of government, both theoretically and
practically, is vested in the hands of tlu^ sov-
ereign people, and it is they who politically,
socially, and linancially, make or unmake
■whom and what they will. It is the people
who have been reared on American soil, <ir
■who have adopted that soil as their common
country, and whose ancestry is from almost
every clime, tliat have made our State and
nation what they are to-day, and what they
ever will be, we hope, in the unfathomable
realms of the future. Without derogating
anything from that Supreme Intelligence who
rules the universe, and whose permissions and
providences ramify and direct all that inter-
nally relates to the general and particular con-
cerns of that tmiverse ; still, in external mani-
festation, and in all that relates to social,
political and domestic polity, Vox ix>puli is

practically vox Del, and as a legitim.ito ex-
pression of tiiat voice —

"Here shall the /■"/•.;«.< the pmplc's ris;hts maintain,
Uiiawcd hy coiKiuest and unhrihed hy gain."

We have no selfish ambitio.i— no personal
ends to sul)serve. We theref)r(r freely I'om-
mit the future prospects of TjIE Faicmer to
the verdict of tlu' people ; and its intellectual
and material progress will be what they may
choose to make it. We havi- had heretofore
no sjiecial pr<'raiunis to oiler, no bigh-soimding
advantages to vamp ; n )thiug but the intrinsic
value of our journal— a value that we feel as-
sured will be ultimately appri!ciated by t!ie
people ; but un ler a ly circumstances, we
shall end >avor to b^ ci) itent with the detei--
miuatiousof the popular will. Our .jourind-
istic intercoar.se with the people for whose iu-
terest we have be^^i catering for the -past seven
years, has li.-en to us ()f a i)leasaut and satis-
factory character. When they have rejoiced
W(! have rejoiced with th "m ; and when tli 'y
had oc.-asiou to b'j s id, we have been in .sym-
pathy with them.

.\ltliough we have not been able to record
the highi'sl condition of prosp -rity, either for
comity, for State, or for country, yet on the
whole", the agricultural results of thi^ y(Mir just
ending have been anything but discouraging,
and with i)roi)er economy will afford a hand-
some margin of profit to a vast number of the
honest tillers of the soil.

And now, dear pe(jple— you for whose pecu-
niary interest, for whose moral and intellectual
elevation, we have been laboring through the
now fast-fading year— we ask a moment's
rational reHectiou unon the " situation," as
wi> have endeavored to portray it. Yon have
lierhapsbeeiidriven hither and thither through-
out the year, by business, by jilcasure. or by
dire necessities, and have not had much time
to think. Cut an annual period is rapidly
api)roa(;liing,wlien not to think upon somebody
or something, out of ourselves, may be a moral
crime. Can it be that " He who bowed the
heavens and came down" is entirely indiffer-
ent as to whether Ills creatures ever think
upon that glorious advent or not'? And think-
inij upon it, will it not suggest something that
oiight to be donef And in ifoiiif/, is it too
much to ask of you a material remembrancer
fm- The Faioikr, either in discharging past
obligations, or iu incurring future ones'? L'.iy
aside, or curtail expenses to the amount of
two cents a week, and subscribe for The
Farmer. Celebrate the huudredth ainiivca--
sary of American Independence by subscrib-
ing for the best local record of tiiat august
epoch in the history of the country. With
this valuable suggestion, dear patrons, we
heartily tender you the "c'myjiin«?)i.(s nf tlu;

»

PECULIARITIES OF SPIDERS.
(Aradiniflff.)

" Their homes, their liahits, and their lives."
Every animal lives by depredation. Nature
is ever devourhig itself, but the prey is not
always sought and merited by a patient indus-
try deserving respect. Xo being, however, is
so" much the plaything of fate as the spider.
Lik(^ every good workman, it has a twofold
value ; in its work and its i)ersou. An inliiiity
of insects — the murderous ' 'ar<('>i(.s or the Li-
hcllnla, an elegant and splendid assassin— have
only their bodies and their weapons, and spend
their lives joyously in killing. Others jtossess
secure and easily defended asylums, where they
have (•aiisc to fear tew dangers. The lield-
spider has neither the one nor theotheradvan-
tage. It is in the position of the respectable
operative, who, through his small and ill-guar-
anteed fortune, attracts or tempts cupidity or
insolence. The lizard from below, the s(iuir-

rel from abiive, hunt the feeble hunter. The
inert frog darts at it the vicious tongue, which
glues it and renders it immovable. It is the
felicity of the swallow, in her graceful circle,
to carry oil. without injuring, the spider aiul
his Web ; and all birds look upon it as a great
dainty or an excellent medicin". The night-
ingale, faithful, like all great singers, to a cer-
tain hygiene, prescribes for herscdf, as an occa-
sional purgative, a spider. Kv 'H if she be not
swallowed up hers If, if the instrument of her
trade is destroyed, the con.seipiences are the
same. Should the w<d) he und one, blow upon
blow, a somewhat jn-otracted fas' renders it
unable to .secrete a fr 'sli supply of thread, and
it 'soon perishes of hunger. It is constantly
confined to this vicious idrcle : To spin, it
r.!quir..\s f)od. To feed, it nuist spin. Its
thr !ad, for the spider as fir the I'.ircu', is that
of destiny. We ouc m ide, the experiment of
removing th.'ee tiuies in siic.;essiou a spider's
wei). Tlir.^e tim s, in six hours, it replaced
it, with ad'uirable patience, and w thont abat-
ing oae jot of lio'pe. TU' cxpM'i.nent was a
cruel one, and we now rei>roa,ch ourselves for
it. We meet with too many unfortunates whom
accidents of this kind have thrown out of
work, and who are thenceforth too exhausted
to resume their labor. One sees them, like
living skeletons, attempting fruitlessly a dif-
bn-eiit trade, in whicli they suc'ceed but poorly,
and mournfully envying the long legs of the
lield-spiders, which gain tlu'ir living liy inces-
sant traveling and vigilant hunting.

When people speak oftlie eager gluttony of
the spider, they forg<'t that it must either eat
a double (|uantity or soon perish; eat to recruit
its body, and eat to renew its thread. Three
circumstances contribute to wear it out: the
ardor of incessant work, its nervous suscep-
tibility—which is carried to an extreme— and
its twofold respiratory system. For it has not
only the passive respiration of the insect which
receives or submits to the air introduced
through its stigmata; it has also a kind of ac-
tive respiration, analog(nis to the play of the
lungs in higher animals. It takes the air and
masters it, and iiicessanlly renews it. If you
do but examine the movements, you feel that
it is .something more than an insect, the vital
glow traver.ses its frame in a rapid circulation;
the heart beats very dilTi'reutly from what it
does in the Ity or butterliy. i?ut its superi-
ority is its peril. The insect braves with im-
punity the strongest odors and mephitic mias-
mas. The spider cannot endure them. In-
stantly affected by them, it falls into convul-
sions, struggles, and expires. Chloroform,
who.se action the stag-lwetle lia-s endured for
fourteen days without succumbing, immedi-
ately—at the lirtit contact— hiis overpowered
the spider.

I mw. found a large sjiider feeding on a
gnat, and wished to experiment on him. I
jioured on it a single drop of chloroform. The
effect was terrible. Xolbing more [litiful could
be .seen in a case of human asphyxia. It tum-
bled over, raised itself, and then swooned; all
its supports failed it. and its limbs appeared
disjoiiiled. One thing was very [lalhetic — that
in this supreme 'moment the fecundity of its
bosom became apiiarent; in its agony, its
tubercles sent forth their little cloudy woof,
so that you might have believed it to be work-
ing even in death. I felt o|)pressed, and in the
hope that the fresh air would perhaiis revive
it, I placed it on my window sill ; but it wiis
no longer itself. I know not how the effect
was i>ro(niced, but it seemed to have melted
awaj', and iiolbing remained of it but its skel-
eton. The vanislied substance had left but its
shadow, which the wind bore away to a neigh-
boring lake. — hdis Mil-lit I' I.

Thire is no rule to which there is not an
exception, and, accordingly, we have found

178

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

in our experience an exception to the p;eneial
rale that spiders generally succumb to ''strong
odors." There are specfes that hang in their
festooned webs for days, and weeks, and
months, in old " water closets," the stench in
which is almost strong enough to " lloat an
iron wedge," and seemingly with perfect im-
punity, too. True, tliey may be driven to such
localities by dire necessity, as places most pro-
lific in furnisliing tliim their coveted fly-diet,
but there they are, from S))ring until late" in au-
tumn, " as fat as fools." Any water closet,
or privy, the cesspool of whicli furnishes the
element in which common flies are develoiied,
will be occupied by these spiders. Keverthe-
less, they never touch or apjiropriate anything
that is dead, decayed, or filthy, and they are
always neat, and clean, and dry in their "per-
sonal appearance." There seems to be an
unnecessary prejudice existing against spiders
by most of people. Spiders are most ravenous
feeders, and destroy more noxious and annoy-
ing insects, for their size and'weight, than any
other class of animals in the world; and by
a singular coincidence, wherever the kind
of insects they prefer " most do congiegate,"
there also the spiders will be. Some years ago,
when the oat-fields were infested by the Oat-
Aphis, in certain favorable localities, the spi-
ders, in countless numbers, sjiun their webs
between the fence rails, and causlit millions of
tlie winged individuals, and uyion these deli-
cate little morsels they fed and fattened. Ex-
cept the Jumping, or Hunting-spiders, they do
not go in quest of their prey, but they spread
their nets and wait until it "comes to them, and
sometimes they have to wait in a state of
semi-starvation lor a long time.

Spiders, properly speaking, are not insects.
nor are they classed with them, but form a
distinct clas"s of their own, between the In-
sects and the Ckustaceass (crabs, .shrimps
and lobsters.) Insects are hexapods (six-
footed), spiders are oc(opoc?s (eight-footed) and
crustaceans are dcmix/ds (ten-footed) ; if there
were no other differences, these would be
sufficient to at once distinguish them.

The spider's web is one of the most remark-
able fabrics i)roduced in the whole animal
world. 11 has hundreds of spinerets, and,
therefore, what we look upon as a single thread
or cord, is a compound cable, composed of
hundreds of liner cords. These spinerets are
located imder and near the end of the abdo-
men ; but in spinning insects, the thread, or
cord, issues from the mouth. The bodies of
insects are conspicuously composed of three
divisions — the liead, the thorax^ and the a6c7o-
men; but in spiders, there are only two — the
cephulalharax and \.\w(djdijrnen.

Kothing is more true than the opening re-
mark in this paper, namely, that "every ani-
mal lives by depredation." Notwithstanding
the s])ider preys upon other animals, he is
preyed upon in turn. And notwithstanding
he is fearless and relentless in enveloping and
appropriating his victims, yet when he is ap-
proached by his natural enemies, he seems to
become entirely helpless, and readily yields to
his fate. He is captured by certain .species of
wasps, who Ix'ar him away and stock their
cells with his body, nor lias he the power to
make his escape, although the aperture re-
mains open until the cell is filled. When the
cell is full, an egg is deposited therein, and
when hatched, the sjiiders, one after another,
become food for the young wasp. They are
not killed, but only jiaralyzed, and doomed to
a living tomb, until they are appropriated.
Cruel as spiders seem, they are capable of the
greatest affection or solicitude for their eggs
or their young. Some female spiders carry
these with them in a S(n-t of silken .sack, and
if this sack is i>url()incd, it is an easy matter
to capture the mother spider, for often she
becomes helpless (with grief?), and falls a
voluntary victim to maternal afl'cction, or
something that appears as such. *

OUR CULTIVATED VEGETABLES.

Save two cents a week and you can have
The LANCASTEuFARJiEiifor a whole year —
the great Centennial year at that ! Just think
of it— less than two cents a week— only eight
cents a month !

No. 3.— The Pea. (Pisum.)
The pea, like the bean, has been used for
food for an imknown period, and it is an in-
teresting fact that the bean and a small kind
of pea, allied to the present variety, have
been found in the lake habitations of Switzer-
land, which existed in the stone and bronze
ages. We have no account that the Greeks
and Rcimans numbered green peas among
their numerous dishes, although we are told
that in their mature state 4;he connnon people
made the grey pea their principal food. Ac-
cording to ISIartial, they were sold at the the-
atres and circuses at a low price to spectators,
who regaled and even gorged themselves with
fried peas ; and it is related by some Roman
writers that those who were candidates for
any public emjiloyment used to distribute grey
peas gratuitously to the people, in order to
obtain their suffrages. From which it ap-
jiears that votes were to be had at a much
cheaper rate than in the present day.

Pliny informs us that the Greeks, in the
month of November, sowed their peas, but
the Romans did not plant theirs until spring,
and then only in warm places lying well to
the sun ; for of all things, says this author,
the pea cannot endure cold.

Historical evidence would make it appear
that both the pea and the bean must not only
have been introduced, but extensively culti-
vated in some parts of Scotland, as well as in
England, at a very early period. It is on re-
cord tliat when the English forces were be-
sieging a castle in Lothian, in tlie year 1299,
their supply of provisions was exhausted, and
their oidy resource was in the peas and beans
of the surrounding fields. It was not until
after the Norman Conquest, and the estab-
lislmient of monastic communities, that we
read of green peas being used. In Fosbrook's
"British Monasticon," it is stated that at
Barking Nunnery the annual store of provi-
sion consisted, inter alia, of green peas for
Lent ; green peas against midsunmier ; and in
"Archceologia," vol. 13, in "Order and Gov-
ernment of a Nobleman's House," it is men-
tioned : "If any will have peas soon in the
year following, such peas are to be sown in
the waine of the moon at St. Andro's tide,
before Christmas." It appears from a song
called "London Lychpeny," written in the
reign of Henry VI., that pea cods or pods were
sold in the streets of London at that period.
" Tlu'n into London I dyde me hye,
Of all land it be.aryctli the pryee ;
Gode pesfode one began to cry."
At Windsor there is a street called Peacod,
mentioned by that name in old documents,
Perhapsa'more delicate variety was introduced
about the reign of Henry VIII., for in the
\n-\vy purse expenses of that king is the fol-
lowing entry : " Paid to a man in reward for
bringing pescods to the King's grace, iiijs.
viiid." Yet garden peas appear to have been
rare in the early part of Elizabeth's reign ; as
Fuller observes they were seldom seen, except
those which were brought from Holland, and
" these," says he, "were dainties for ladies,
they came so far and cost so dear ;" but in the
latter part of her reign gardening had made
considerable progress T and, taking into con-
sideration how little it had been previously
studied, her days produced the most comiilete
herbalist, who "studied and wrote on all plants
known at that jieriod. Gerard's woik is as
excellent as it is voluminous, being free from
those astrological alisurdities that disgrace
the herbals of Culpepper and others, who
wrote about the time of the Commonwealtli.

A mind like Gerard's would be above such
ridiculous superstition, and would know that
a knowledge of herbs would be sooner gained
by looking down to examine plants, than by
looking up to observe the stars or iilanets.
This author informs us that one variety of pea
is indigenous to this country. He says : "The
wild pea do grow in pastures and araljle fields
belonsing to the Bishops Hatfield, in Hert-
fordshire." He adds : " There bedivers sjorts
of peason, differing very notably in many re-

spects, some of the garden, and others of the
field, and yet both counted tame ; some with
tough skins or membranes in the cods, and
others have none at all ; whose cods are to be
eaten with the jieas when they are joung, as
those of young kidney beans ; others carrying
their fruit in the tops of the branches, are es-
teemed as Scottish peason, which are not
common. He also describes the wild and
everlasting iiea, which, perhaps, may be gome
variety of Lathynis, or Vetchling.

Tusser has the following jiassage in his "Five
Hundred Points of Good Husbandry." For
the month of January, he says :
" Dig garden, stroy mallow, now may ye at ease,
And set (as a daintie) tby roueival pease."

Roncival was an old word for liirge and
strong, derived from the gigantic bones of the
old heroes pretended to be shown at Ronces-
valles.

Hence the word became a common epithet
for anything large or strong, as Roncival peas,
the large sort now called manow-fat. (See
Timb's "Things not Generally Known.")

Green peas became a popular delicacy in
England soim after the restoration of Charles
II. and, strange enough, even for late ones,
so early as 1T()9, as it is a matter of history,
that on the 28th of October of that year, a
guinea a pottle — not quite half a dish — was
given at (Movent Garden market; and as much
as ten times that sum has been paid since in
the same market, for a quart of green peas
shelled.

There are many curious and superstitious
customs with resiiect to peas and beans, relat-
ed in " Brand's Popular Antiquities. " I will
just mention one or two. 1st, on Carling Sun-
day— the Sunday before Palm Sunday — at
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and many other placed
in the North of England, grey peas, after hav-
ing been steeped a night in water, are fried with
butter, given away, and eaten at a kind of en-
tertainment. They are called carlings, proba-
bly as we call the presents at fairs, fiiiriiigs.
From what the custom arose is uncei'tain, but
an old author states that it took its rise from
the disciples plucking the ears of corn and rub-
bing them in their hands. The eflicacy of ]iea-
cods in love affairs is also one of the pojudar
superstitions alluded to by Touchstone in " As
You Like it," Act II., scene 4, and it is said
still practiced in Suffolk and other parts of the
country. The kitchen maid, when she shells
green peas, never omits, if she finds one hav-
ing nine peas, to lay it on the lintel of the
kitchen door, and the first clown who enters
it is infallibly to be her husband, or at least
her sweetheart.

The pea goes through all the stages of its
vegetation in a very brief period. More than
one instance is on record of a crop being ob-
tained from seed matured the same season. In
Fleming's i>'ritis/t Farmers'' Mmjuzine, Novem-
ber, 182(5, it is stated that some Spanish dwarf
peas were sown in February, and the crop was
reaped the first week in July. Some of the
pods were left to mature their seed, which,
when sutKeiently ripe, were again committed
to tlie earth on the same piece of gi'ound, and
a second crop was reaped on the 27th of Sep-
tember.

The varieties and sub-varieties of the com-
mon pea are never-ending. These have ob-
tained their names, some from imaginary qual-
ities, some from the peculiar mode of culture,
others from the persons who first produced
them, and some from more fanciful distinc-
tions. The native country of the pea, like
most of our cultivated vegetables, is not knowni.
Valmont Boinare says the garden pea was
originally of France. Coles informs us, in his
" II istory of Plants, " that "the Fulham pease,
which came first out of France, are so called
because the grounds about Fulham, near Lon-
don, do bring them forward soonest." The
English name appears to be a corruption of
the Latin Pisuno. Tusser and Gerard both
wrote it peason. Dr. Holland, in Charles I. 's
reign, spells it pease, since abbreviated into
pea.

The Sea-pea, Pisum Mdritimns, now Lntlvj-
rus Maritimus, is a native of this coiuitry. It

187.5.J

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

179

grows on poblily beaches, very rare and local.
It (lil'fers t'niui the otlu-rt'scnicnt pi-as in bciiii;
IH'rennial, the root striking; lU'i'iily into tlie
ground among stones and sand liy tlie sea-
shore. Tliis pea is hard and indigi'sliblc, but
it is said to have savi'd many persons from
perishing liy tUniine in (lie year l.V).").

1 will conelndo this paper with an extract
from an artiele on the " Historical Xotes of
Cultivated I'lants," in the Jlurticulturdl tSuri-
eti/"s JiiunuU, Vol. IX.: "The pea has been
stated by several authors to be a native of
Italy, and Prof. Tariiioni admits this to be the
Ciise with the Held pea, (I'i.-onn (irrmsc); but
most botanists nisiston tliej;arden pea (Plsum
S(ttiruin,) being a distinct species of unknown
origin." In this conclusion, we camiot join;
all our cultivated pisi are surely referable to
one species, which is most probal)ly ntally in-
digenuous in the more eastern districts, where
it is now fomul apjiarently wild. — Jf. 6.
Girt.v.sjjofc, in Srhnce (rDSxij), Landnn^ 1875.

The pea (l'isii)ii sntinoa) now extensively
cultivated as a gardoi-esculent, was intro-
duced into America at tlic time of its lirst
settlement; ))robably lirst by the Spaniaids,
and subsequently by the Dutch and the Kng-
lish, and our botanists and ganlcners are
equally puzzled with those of Euiope, as to
where it originally came from. t'rom that
time to the present, many varieties, good, bad,
and indill'crent, have been added to our list,
many of which miglit b.' eliminated with some
advantage to the grower.

Without presuming to volunteerany instruc-
tions in the culture of a vegetable so long, so
widely and so favorably known as the Garden
jiea, we deem it sutbcient to say that the early
dwarf varieties require rich ground, whilst
other varieties will thrive best in alight loamy
soil, and they should be sown in ilrills. Out
of a very long list, we give the following six-
teen varieties, which we do not hesitate to say
might be curtailed by one-half, without any
disadvantage to the grower, namely, 1. I>an-
dretb's Extra Early; 2. Early Frame; 3. Hish-
op"s Dwarf Long Pod; 4. Dwarf Blue Impe-
rial; 5. Koyal Dwarf Marrowfat; (j. Large
"White Marrowfat; 7. Peruvian Black Eye
Marrowfat; 8. Dwarf Sugar; it. Tall Sugar; 1().
Tom Thumb; 11. C'hami)ion of England; 12.
Eugenie; 13. Advancer; l-l. McLeans' Little
Gem; 1."). McLean's Prolitic; and lt>. Aliiha.

Nos. 8 and it have edible pods, which may
b? cooked like "string beans." "The first
planting (including the early, second early,
and late at the mine time, to secure an un-
lirokeu succession) should be mad(! as soon as
the ground will work; and for continuous sup-
plies, sow at short intervals during the spring
and early part of summer. The i)ea does not
succeed under extreme heat." This succes-
sive planting is something that has not been
heretofore practiced in Lancaster county as it
should. The peas are generally all ruslied on
the market at nearly one time, and then we
do not .See them again for a whole year. "Sow-
ings of Landreth's J2xtra Early, made at the
close of summer, come in autunui, with the
freshness of an earl}- summer crop."

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE YOUNG.

The Sheep : The Young Called Lambs.
{OctH ttrii'ti.)

There are many kinds of sheep, but the do-
mestic kinds are supposed to Ik- all referable
to the same s])ecies. This animal, in an e(;on-
omical computation, is certainly next in im-
portance to the cow, if it does not stand before
the cow ; for all of the line and cond'ortable
winter fabrics used by t\w human family, are

INFORMATION WANTED.

On page 172, lirst column, and line 11 of the
above-named article, are we to read "/idinv
o;?or" or "fonnieodor." and if thelatterj what
does it meanV

Two Irishmen once met, and said one to the
other, "I thought it wasyon, and you thought
it w;is me, and faith, it's nather of us." In
like manner, neither of the above readings is
the correct one; it is simply a typographical
error. It .slicmld have been printed farmic
odor, the odor o{ J'orniir nrid, a sour liquid
which ants eject when irritated, and which
was formerly obtained by bruising the insects
and distilling them, mixed with water, a pecu-
liar volatile acid ])assing over. It is now, how-
ever, produced artiticially. According to the
analysis of Berzelius, fonnic oamI is a comi)ound
of two atoms of carbon, three of oxygen, and
one of hydrogen. By cracking an ant between
the teetli, the peculiar taste and odor, may be
obtained.

manufactured out of its fleece, and it also fur-
nishes a wholesome food. For some reason,
America does not jirodnce as liiu- wool as Eng-
land or Spain. Texas, N(^w Mexico and many
other jiartsof onrcotmtry, are, however, large-
ly engaged in sheep raising, and pursue the
Spanish p\nn. That is, they employ shei>!ierds
Who tend th ' shei'p, permitting them to roam
out, from the tolding jilaee, over the grazing
lands until noon, and then after permitting
them t ) t:ik(^ an liour of mid-day rest, drive
t!ie:u back again, fedi.ig on the w ly, and
folding them again during the night. In Egypt
and Syria they have a shee]) with a very large
tail, which sometimes weighs as much as 17
pounds, the fat of which is (u)nsidered as deli-
cate as butter. This tail is often fastene<l i>n
a small iilalform with wheels, to prevent in-
jury. The finest ([uality of wool is produced
by the Merino variety of sheep.

Birds of Paradise and Their Allies.
( Hnrfulistn' tn''J'H\ r*'{/'o vtri/ils .f-*.)

From the present "contributions" imposed
uiion the ornamental feathered tribes by en-
lightened Christian nations, to say nothing
about the civilized and uneivilizi'd heathen,
pagan, Jewish and Mohannnedan nations, they
nuist eventually absorb the supply, unless the
fashion changes, and gives th(! birds an oi)por-
tuuitv to recuperate. Genuine Birds of Para-
dise were worn as ornaments on ladies' head-
gear, to our knowledge, as much as forty years

ago at least, but not so extensively as subse-
quently, but ru»/', in order lo meet the demand,
sjnd-iinis birds are ingeniously mamifai-tured.
And not only these, but also Ilumming-liiids
and other allied, both gi'uuine and spurious,
species, are extensively used for that iiuri)ose;
and therefore the trade, in this kind of mer-
chandise is becoming innuense. The birds of
Paradi.se are from New Guinea and other East
Indian countries, where they occur in flocks
of twenty -live or thirty, and from the fact that
they Were generally Ijionght to market without
feet, which are large, clumsy and disjiropor-
tioned, a notion prevailed that they were foot-
less, lived in the air, and fed solely on "the
dews of heaven;" but this fancy is now en-
tirely exidoded.

Ths Cuckoo and the Hedge-Sparrow.

t'liciitriti l^ftttiiriiM t't Arr-'tifiti- Si'ifitttariil,

The real Cuckoo is a foreign bird, and is
very peculiar in its history. Its most eccen-
tric characteristic is its iiabit of laying its eggs
in the nests of other birds, leaving them to be
hatched, and the young provided for by said
birds. They do not always (choose the nest of
the same kind of l)ird, but the hedge-sparrow
of Kiigland is particularly subjetaed to their
sellish iiUrnsious; and the sparrows are some-
times very much di.stressed at the still more

sellish conduct of the young eu<^koo ; for, one
after another, the poor little helpless S|)arrows
are heartless'y tos.sed out of th. ir own nest,
and left to peris!i, wdiilst the young cuckoo
moi\opoliz\s thi^ tool brought i)y the parent
sparrows, and tin illy hec )mes the sole occu-
pant of the nest. And the parent sparrows
.seem to stupidly permit this, even when it is
done before their eyes ; a'uleonti^me to feed
the young cn('koo until U is fully lledged, and
Hies away to i>ractic(i the same sellish game
upon some other victim. Our illustration
re|)resents the young cuckoo adroitly heaving
the young sparrows "overboanl," in the very
face of, and against the expostulations of the
parent binl.

THE WATER QUESTION.

We print in this issue a communication from
L. It. S., instituting certain en(juirie.s in regaid
to the decrease in water streams and wells.
We will not attempt to answer all our contri-
butor's queries, but shall connnend them to
.some one who is more of a " water-king " than
We profess to be. As a meteorological re<-ord
his paper is interesting, notwithstanding we
think he is discussing appearances more tlian
realities. The (piestion of forest iulluence ui>-
on the humidity of climate is one that has en-
listed the oUservation, and also the .solicitmle,
of many men of science, in many cinnitries, and
perhaps no definite conclusion lias been arrived
at yet on either si<le of it. The question itself
is so recent that it must take a longer time,
and a wider range, before any jioint can be
satisfactorily established ; under any circanu-
stances, the experiments upon a small district
— a field or two for instance — cannot l>e ex-
pected to produce a satisfactory result. It is
very much like testing a single bill of jiotatoe.s,
corn, or beans, and then drawing a general con-
clusion from such an isolated and limited test.

Of course, water loeally i/^iywa/.s to increa.se
and decrease at certain times and se.a.sons, but
it must be remembered that water is not a
simple substance, but is a fluid compo.sed of
elements that are easily decomposed and ren-
dered invisible ; still these elements are some-
where in space, and need only the recombining
causes to bring them into view again. That
water is entirely destroyed, or annihilated, is
a presumption that would .also involve its ar-
bitrary re-creation, for according to our con-
tributor's own showing, there are alternate
periods of super-abundance and scarcity of it,
and these alleriiatious have been occurring,
l)eiliaiis, for thousands of yeare, and may con-
tiiuu' to do so as long as they are subjected to
the sime disturbing causes. As to water used
in ndxing lime, jilaster of Paris, or mortar, it
merely forms a new combination by which its
es'aporation is facilitated, and is by no means
destroyed or annihilated. As a general state-
ment, we may say that after " the waters un-
derthe firmament were dividcil from the waters
above the firmament," we do not think there
was a single drop more or less than there w;us
before. Xordo we think there is or has been a
drop more or less from that time to the pres-
ent, in its elementary iirinciples.

180

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

WOODPECKERS.

(Pici'ltr.)
-Not a sound was heard

But the woodpecker taiipingtbe hollow beech tree."
This family cominises biiils cliaracterized
by straight, rigid, and sharp bills, whicli are
specially adapted to cutting into bark or
•wood ; and by lona, acute tongues, anned
towards their tijis with barbs, and capable of
great extension. They have stout feet, clothed
before with broad plates, long wings, ten pri-
maries, and twelve tail feathers, the exterior
being small and concealed. Woodpeckers
feed upon the larvae of insects, which they

secure by intro-
ducing their
extensible
tongue under
the bark of
trees, or into
crevices, or in-
to holes which
they them-
selves have
m a d e, a n d
then transfix-
ing the larvie
w i t h the
barbed point ;
or the larvic
adhere to tlic
viscid glue
with which the
tongue is C(jv-
ered. They
are very com-
mon in both
hemispheres,
and about
twenty -five
species are found in North America."

These birds vary very much in size, from
six to twenty-one inches long, and they also
vary very much in the distribution of tlicir
colors, which are mainly black and white.
Some are characterized " by red heads, red
crests, or other red markings, and in a few the
white is replaced by golden yellow, as in the
common Flicker (Colaptcs auratm). They
belong to the order Scaitsods, or climbers,
and their feet are well adapted for that pur-
pose. In the species jirovided with four toes,
two of said toes stand forward, and two back-
ward. In those having only three toes, two
are forward and one l)aekward. They exca-
vate holes into the dead branches of trees, and
make their nests therein, laying from lour to
six eggs, which are generally of a pure wliite.
The influence exercised by the woodpecker
family upon the agricultural and sylvicultuial
interests of the C(jiintry can never be properly
estimated. It is true 'that some of them will
occasionally purloin fruit, especially "small
fruit," but it is alleged in their defence, that
when they appropriate a cherry or a berry, it
is because they are infested' by worms, and
that the bird is more in quest of the animal
than the vegetable food ; and in support of
that theory, we are able to .say that we have
known the flicker and the "i-ed-hoded wood-
pecker" (Mekirierjics crt/throcfjihalus) to visit
both the domestic and the wild cherry trees,
and carry off the fruit, late in the sea.son,
when nearly every berry must certainly have
been infested by a worm, perhaps the larvfvof
a cunulio. In any event, the berry season is
a short one, and therefore the great bulk of
the food consumed liy the wood| eckers is tlic
larva; of insects, and their peculiar instincts
unerringly teach them wlien and where to find
tliem. Every boy i.s conversant with tlie
habits of the common "Sapsucker" (Pints
villosvs), and its industry and skill in dislodg-
ing worms from the trunks of old apple trees,
albeit their early impressions may have been
that they were engaged in sucking sap instead
of dislodging worms and destroying them.

It will be noticed that all the biids belong-
ing to this family have the tail fiathcrs more
or less sharj) pointed; and it will also lie no-
ticed that in running up a tree or branch, the
tail is partially spread and pressed down ui)on
the surface over whicli they are passing, e3])e-
cially at the moment when they stop. There

cannot, therefore, be a doubt that this form of
the tail, and this use of it, is for some special
purpose, and that purpose to facilitate their
movements, and to give them purchasing
])ower. It acts as a sort of rudder in its pedes-
trian locomotion, just as a greater expansion
of it does, with birds in general, in steadying
their flight, especially when they are about to
alight.

Our illustration represents one of the crested
species, of which we have several, one at least
of which is found in Lancaster county,
and commonly called "Cock of the Wood, "or
"Black Wood Cock," (Hylotonws palmtus.)
This is an exceeding shy bird, and when fol-
lowed by a hunter it giies in quick succession
from one tree to another, generally alighting
on the highest limbs, always taking good care
to keep on " tother side" of the limb. We
recall a " wild goose chase " we had after one
of these birds about forty years ago, in which
we were decoyed hither and thither by the
wily creature until we had traversed about
seven miles. Finally, when the evening
shadows began to lengthen " we stole a
march " on him, and blowed him nearly to
atoms, to our great disappointment, for we
intended him as a fine " specimen " for our
" collection." A fine specimen of this bird is
ill the museum of the Linna'an Society, Lan-
caster, Pa. The shooting of this bird ought to
be strictly interdicted by law, (excejit a very
limited number for scientific purposes) as it
feeds entirely on larvre and remains here un-
til very late in autumn, if not all winter, (we
have seen it in Kentucky in -lanuary.) In-
deed, the whole family of woodpeckers ought
to be protected all the year round.

THE FACTS OF NATURAL HISTORY.

No. 6.— A Dog Story.

Dogs cannot laugh, except with their tails; and
then their laugh is a laugh of joy. I doubt the exist-
ence of a doggish sense of humor. But scorn and
contempt they undoul>tedly do feel — they show it to
other dogs, and I believe that they must feel it for
some men. At least I should not like to run the risk
of losing the respect of a dog of any character. I
should certainly see it in the contemptuous whisk of
his tail, and in the sidelong glances of his eye. The
most supreme exhibition of contempt that I ever saw
was from a dog of mine. He was a nohle beast, large
and beautiful. His sire was an English bloodhound,
his dam a St. Bernard mostitf. He was fawn colored,
brindled, and his ears were softer than the finest silk.
He was so big that be could stand on all fours and
take a roll with his mouth from the dining-table, and
that he could spring up, put his paws on my shoulder,
and look me in the face. And yet I had a little black
and tan terrier that would bully dear old Thor — for
so I named him — out of evcr3'thing ; everything, that
is, but bones, meatless bones ; for that is a subject
iipon which no dosr of any delicate sense of wliat is
due to himself will allow the least outside interfer-
ence. But Thor loved luck and would let the little
rascal do almost what he liked, and when his teasing
and impudence reached a point that was intolerable,
the grand old fellow, instead of taking bis tormentor
by the back of the neck and quietly drojiping him
somewhere out of the way, would meekly come and
jmt his great paw on my knee to lieg me to go out
and set matters straight. And yet for I'uek he would
light anything; and many was the row into which he
got by standing up for his quarrelsome little play-
fellow .

One day I took Thor with me on a new walk, in
the course of which we passed the gate of a farmer
who had two large pointer dogs, which were very
cross and quarrelsome, both with man and beast ;
even so much so that they attacked men that came to
the gate. As we approached the gate, there they
lay together outside of it upon the close green sward
that stretched info the road. At the sight of Thor
they pricked up their ears, rose to their feet and be-
gan to ^rovvl. Thor, trotting on ahead of me, turned
his head a moment, but kept on his trot. As we
drew near they crouelied together upon their bellies
and began to move thus toward the middle of the
road; and when we were opposite fheir gate, with
one yelping bark, they made a simultaneous rush
upon the stranger. Oh, Thor, Thor, did the spirit of
Shakespeare enter into thee, that without even turn-
ing thy head again,thouheavedstuptby leg likeCrah's
dog, and served those dogs as he served the gentle-
woman's farthingale, and then joggcdst on as if noth-
ing had happened, leaving them to sneak back to
their lair, with their tails between their legs, less in
fear than in astonishment, and thy delighted master
to cleave the sky with laughter? Verily,! think ftiere
be some human curs, who like to spring yelping upon

a man merely because he is a stranger, whom it
would be well if some big human mastiff would treat
somewhat after the same fashion. They deserve no
more respectful consideration. — Richard Grant White.

It is not quite certain that "dogs cannot
laugh except with their tails." No doubt
many persons have noticed facial grimaces
in dogs, that seemed to be equivalent to a
smile or laugh, from whatever feeling or emo-
tion they may have sprung, or for whatever
purpose. It is more certain, however, that
dogs do feel shame and guilt — so shamed and
guilty indeed, that they could not look their
masters and others in the face, and were glad
to slink in some obscure corner away from
view. They arc also keenly susceptible to
grudges, hates and revenge, and will remem-
ber ofl'enses, and teasing annoyances, a long
time. In short they are the most remarkable
compounds of fidelity, sagacity, affection and
lasciviousness, in addition to their other char-
acteristics, known to the animal kingdom. In
our youth we had two very peculiar experi-
ences with dogs, which illustrate some of the
characteristics adverted to in the foregoing.

On one occasion we approached a farm
house, where we had persistently teased a
young dog about six months previously. We,
on this occasion, had no thought of the dog,
nor did we see him, until after we felt him ;
for, assassin-like, as soon as he saw us, he made
a detour, out-flanked us, and approached us in
the rear, and gave us "such a bite." His
master was astonished, for such an attack was
not a habit of the animal, so far as had been
observed. The dog must have known us, and
remembered our former teasing, and thus re-
venged himself before we could avail om-self
of the protection of his keeper.

It was a mean attack, however, and the dog
himself seemed to be sensible of it, for he
closed his eyes, crouched himself, and fauly
whined with shame and guilt, under the repri-
mand of his owner. Another time we were
passing a house in the same street, and about
half a square from where we resided, in an in-
corjiorated borough, and found several boys
teasing a large dog tlirough crevices in a fence,
too small for the dog to pass through, and the
fence too high for him to leap over. Suddenly
the dog ran ofl' towards the lower end of the
enclosure, and leaped over into an alley, and
the boys sciimpered away as fast as their feet
could carry them. We passed slowly on, for
as we had no baud in the teasing, we thought
that was an end of the matter. Suddenly we
were seized by the arm and drawn into the
door of a house with a shriek, and the door
barely closed when the rampant dog, with fire
in his eyes, thundered againstit with the force
of an ordinary man. Previous to that time
we had passed that house every day and the
dog made no attempt to molest us, although
he was frequently sitting or lying on the door-
steps, or some other jilace in close proximity
to the house. From that time forth, however,
that dog never ceased in his attempts to attack
us, and even single us out, if there were fifty
others on the street; and many are the escapes
— " by the bare skin of the teeth" — which we
have made from his ferocious jaws. He was
a perfect incvhus to us, and in our dreams we
had many a " horrid fright " of him. With all
the sagacity usually attributed to dogs, here
was a clear case of mistaken identity. He
knew our previous character, for he had seen
us a hundred times, and had even permitted
our caresses, and we had given him many a
bone. Yet now he became a very devil incar-
nate, and all his pent up rage was vented on
us. He was eventually shot for tresspass, and
when we heard of it we were relieved from a
great weight of anxiety and fear, and life had
a dift'erent charm for us.

One more case, and we will have done with
dogs for the present. A farmer had a fero-
cious dog, whose bad reputation was known all
over the neighborhood. We were then about
twenty years of age. In a cornfield, remote
from tlie farmhouse, was agroup of wild cherry
trees which we visited for the purpose of shoot-
ing robins and other game birds, which resorted
there in large numbers in those days. The
farmer and his employees were in a ccmtigu-

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

^81

oils field s|>i'i';ulin<;m;iiiui'('. rimiicdialcly after
<li.scliiirgiii}; our l;iiu, ami .securiiiL; imr Kaiuc,
we heard a violent rusliainon<i Uie (toriistalks,
and on lurnini? roinid we saw the ilofi heariiif;
down upon ns, and webeeanie transfixed with
fear and frif^lit, for our gun was nnehar^^ed.
AVe stood lirni, because we liad not power to
move, and the doj; plowed uj) llie ground in a
sudden halt within ten feet of us, his eyes
gleaniiuL; willi fire. lie sternly reL;arded us,
and we (U'spairiuijly rei^arded him foi' fully a
minute, and then he dropped his head and tail
and fcrullly trotted away; immediately after
which his owner eame rusliiiifj; down upon us,
not less impetuous than tlu-ilog, his eyes dilat-
ed, his hair streamiiiK, and his face almost as
pale as a cor])se. lie wasRreatly relieved when
he found us unhurt, for he heard tho report of
the jjuu, saw the doj; start, and expected to
lind us, perhaps, in (h'adly conllict witli the
dog. We had read tales of dogs, and even
lions, being subdued by merely looking them
sternly in the face; but we did not think of
them, nor were we practicing that remedy
then. We were thoroughly friglitened, and in
that state of helpless (L'sp.iir, which we pre-
sume people must be in who expect the next
moment to be attacked, and perhaps torn to
pieces. But the dog evidently did not com-
prehend our situation, and therefore let us
" .severely alone. "

We have known a few dogs that would not
fraternize with anyotlier subjectof the animal
kingdom, either below or above them ; would
not even permit the most well-meant caresses,
and would snap at the very hand extended to
feed them. But the great body of them are
social, many of them faithful, and a few of
them useful. But they are in<Iiscrimiiiate,
and are as faithful to a cutthroat, a robber, or
a murderer, as they possibly could be to a
savant or a saint. Dogs are, however, in some
respects, like men. Some are endowed with
finer sensibilities or instincts than others, often
seeming to invade the domain of reason. Dur-
ing the siege of Paris, when dogs, cats, rats,
mice fell victims to the gastronomic demands
of a starving peoiile, the /act that they were
" stayed and liayed"' appeared to be recognized
)>y the dogs, and the dog-slayer was avoided
by them, and became as obnoxious as would a
man atlUcted with the leprosy or small pox
to human beings. They seemed also to have
the power of communicating their dangerous
situation to their fellow dogs, and whenever
they were compelled to pass thesliambles of a
butcher, they accelerated their speed with a
contemptible scowl, or growlingly passed over
to the otlier sidi^ of the street, it must have
been a "<lumb dog," that did not know every
doy-slayir in Paris.

VEGETABLE IVORY.

I The Panama Slur and Herald Rivos some informa-

tion concerninL; tagua or vcirctatjle ivory, sayina :
*' Tliis curious fruit of a palm tree, iii!li2:enous to flie
Istlimus ami to Colomliia in irencral, never excited tlie
commerciat niinii to the extent ttiat rul)t)er lias. In
18f;(J it was not consideriMi wortli the expense of i^x-
iwrtinc;. At (Juitn, in Keuailcir, it was common to see
imaffcs of the Viri.;in Mary and saints sculptured out
of the ivory-like sntistance of the taijua liy the people
of that city. In Europe it has been snidually and
inereasinii:ly useci as a sut>stitutc for animal ivory.
The price of the uuts about ten years ai;o, was only
al)out §30 a ton; to-day $7^> to $SU was paid at the
sliip's side, and, it has been stated that they briu:<
now as much as ?loO a ton ahro.ul. Tins veifetalde
ivory is the fruit of a species of palm, anil is only the
hardened albumen of the seed. One hundred tons,
at S75 per ton, was punluised in the harbor, the
other day, for the United 8lates and lCiii.;lanl. There
are two kinds of jialms that produce this sort of ivory.
The tree itself hjoks much liki' that which yields palm
oil on the coast of .M'rica, {Elals (/nlnfi nsnn, L.)
Unlike the eocoanut, the royal, and other palms, that
elevate on a trunk tlieir leaves some hunilred fei^t in
the air, the veijctable ivory palm has but a short
stumpy stalk, and produces" its (lowers and uuts in a
spathe or vavular envelope quite near to the trround.
So far as Panama is concerned, the supply is tjrousiht
in small schooners from tlie rivers of Darien, Choco
and Tumaco, and in fact from all the rivers of the
Atlantic and Paeilic coasts of Colombia. It is some-
thing' like the rvibber-tree in its habits, and follows
up the ravines in search of shady table-lands and
damp nooks and corners. How long the present

demand for this fruit of a palm that throws wild will
las!, it seems dilHeult to predict.

The ])rominent central liguri^ in the illtist ra-
tion of ■■I'.ilms and Kerns," on page KIT (\o-
veml)er innnber of Tun f.^uMKii) is a cleviir
representation of th(^ Itujui, or "Vegetable
Ivory I'alin ;" ami the demand for it is likely
to coutinue its long as the V;'grt;ible kingilom
liroduces it. The nut is limited in size, and
therefore no very large artiides can be mule
of it, but for butt'iii.t <ir other smtll articles,
there is, perhaps, nothingsuperior to it. They
command prices from three to six times great-
er than "rubber," and from six to eight tiiUi'S
greater than born. They are made in all tints
and colors from a iinre white to a Ji't black,
and retain their lustre and polished liiiish far
better than any of the substances named in
comparison with them, and also wear much
longer.

IS THE BEE A NUISANCE.

The " busy bee," who came so «u tileidy into fash-
ion a few years aico, is denitunecd as a sluii^ijanl, a
robber, a sensualist, a LCrecdy loafer — in fact a roue
of the wor.-it and most dan-serous sort. When be(^-
keeping, as a polite occupation, first eame in, all
the drones of society, we are told, were to mike their
fortunes, and many a distressed maiili'ii, whose al-
lowance was so scanty thitt the twf) ends would never
meet, saw herself possessed of the 1,'olden lleeccor the
philosoiiher's stone, and of th,at wealth of (iolconda,
which a corresponlent in India has recently related
as a traveler's [)layful tiction. By kecpin-^ bees rapid
fortunes were to be made ; the days of poverty and
grumbliii'j: Wi'W. to end, and every cyttai;e ijarden was
to become a souri^e of i)crcnnial opulenee. But a
crave dilliculty has arisen, and just as we were askerl
to believe that the apiarian i)roprielors were beginiuuir
to realize the truth of their prophecies. The bees, it
is said, have sudilculy chaui;ed their habits, and, in-
stead of eonliniu'^ themselves to the flowers, have
taken a fancy to the choicest fruits; to the shame of
their origin and their backers, they have turned I heir
wina'S from the broad meadows, and bitten the dainty
cheeksof the prize nectarines and peaches. Hitherto
they have been, or been esteemed at least, the most
domestic, regular, untrespassius; of living creatures.
It is depressing to have these lovely dreams, these
protitable anticipations disturljcd ; but we have been
writinii: of the promise, and the fulHllment is some-
thing verydill'erent. A gentleman who had a capital
garden and as])lendid prorniseof fruit, has written to
the papers to say that all his calculations of a superb
crop of peaches an! nectarines were rudely dashed to (
the tcround by the invasion of his neighbor's bees. A j
warm controversy ensued and at last a man who has '
kept bees tor upwards of forty years, atid who has i
from twenty to thirty stocks at a time, wrote to say
that XHitil the last three or four years he has never
known them to attack fruit; but that this year though
he had only four stocks their destructiveness had
been such that the love he once had for and the
])leasure he once toolv in them have passed away.
They attacked not over ripti or putrescent fruit, but
fruit by no means ripe enou'^h to gather, and they
liurrowed by bundrecls into the finest peaches. No
feeding at the hives, he added, which he did
atjundantly, would take them f^rom the fruit.
The bee, therefore, the respectable bee, that honest,
thrifty citizen who was supposed to have the finest,
sense of discrimination bciwcen meum anl teuni and
tolvcep his wings from (ncking and stealiiiir, has been
found in Hii<iraii,ti' delkin, and is, after all, oidy a
more intelligent and invincible wasp. It is a meian-
cdioly discovery, and sectns to cut the ground of
morals from under us. One writer suggests tliat the
bees have caught the contagion of the times in which
we live, and are aiming at little work, short hours and
very high wagt^s for doing nothinj^. But it is ail very
sad. The shining hour is now improved in most ilis-
astrous fashion, and the busy bee is a cormorant, an
idler and a greedy jUtm nr. They have been taught
bad tricks, and it is now gravely doubted if they will
ever return to their pristine simplicity. — Baltimore
(lazclle.

In the presumptive history, habits, and iwes
of the bee, like in many other things, thorotigh
ob.servation no doubt will demotistrate that
" truth lies between extremes." Weone titne
lived fiext to a grocery store vviiere sugtirs,
treacle, sweetm ats, fruits, &e., were cofi-
stautly exposed, atid per consetiuence there
were always present, during the diiy, a large
nmuber of bees, even in the most profuse
blooming season of the year, and when the
bulk wifidows (once a week) were cleaned out,
hundreds of deail bees and tlies were swept up.
This seemed to illustrate to us that the bees
had become demoralized, a condition which
probably had its antitype in a prior demorali-
zation of human .society, through which men

clandestint'ly sought out shorter, quicker, and
less laborious roads to fortune, timri the legi-
tinifite iiiid fiormal oius. lie this .is it may,
We havi' heard a great many coinplainlsagiiinst
bees, (luring the liist twoor three years, as be-
itig inveterate di'predators upon fruit. es|)oci-
ally grapes anil peaches. But we are not yet
pre|)areil to believe all that is .said to their
prejudice any more than we are i)rep;ired to
lielieve all that is said in their favor. Voii
iittefupt to make wifie or ciiler, especially out
of swetd grapesor apples, and the crushed fruit
will be covered with ln'cs. Is it surprising,
then, that they should lind out what is inside
of a grape, a peach, or an tipple, and thtit they
should iifterwtirds iitlempt to pmloin it, even
if the fruit is tiot brokeii '^ Iloriuts, yellow-
jackets ami wasps, are well ktiown to Inive cut
I th(! skifi of fruit iind to appropriati' the Juices
of the inner pull). Some beetles (Cetdni.ws)
do th(' same, but notie of these depredation.s,
we believe, iimount to ;i calamity; we therefore
feel disposed yet to indulge the bees a while

lotlglM".

-^

SOMETHING TO SET US THINKING.

Ninety years hence not a single man or woman,
now twenty yi'ars of age will be alive. .Ninety years !
.Mas ! how many lively actors at [iresent on the stage
of life will make their exit long ere ninetv yearsflhall
have rolled away ! .\n 1 could we lie sure of ninety
years, what are they f "A tale that is told;'* a
dream; an empty sinnid, that p.iss(^th on the wlugs
of the wind away and is forgotten. Years shorten as
man advances in age. Like the degrees in longitmle,
man's life declines as he travels lowarl the frozen
pole, tnitil it dwindles to a point and vanishes forever.
Is it possible that life is of so short duration ' Will
ninety years erase all the srolden names over the doors
in town and country, and sutistitute others in their
stead ? VVill all the new blooming beauties fade and
disappear, all the iiride and passion, the lovi', ho[X!
and Joy pass away in ninety years ati(i be forgotten?
" Ninety years," says death; "do you think I shall
wait ninety years? Behold, to-day anl to-morrow,
and every day, are mine. When ninety years arc past,
this generation will have mingled with the dust and
be remembered not !"

Nothing can compensate the sadness in-
duced by reflections upon the above, save a
well dertued faith in the soul's imm orttility,
and a rational prepttration for the change
whiidi time must inevitably bring to every
living being. This etitiri^ly disarms D.^ith of
all his ttu'rors, atid cotiverts hitii into a friend
instead of a foe to the hum in race. What tire
the vicissitudes of tira% cotnptued with the
bright ;ind hopeful realities of eteriiity. Un-
der atiy circumstance, w.'. are all merely wait-
ing upon the shores of "Jordaa," and he that
flrst ptisses over to the '' protnised laml " can-
not be deeni'd less fortimito than those
doomed to wait ;i while longer, merely because
he has " gone before." The " bio )niin? beau-
ties" of tim<', will reai)pear in eternity with ten-
fold lustre, the " pride tind passion " will hiive
no abiding i)lace there, but must find thiiir
" crossing " through the d.ii'k waters of the
"fatal Styx."

QUERIES AND ANSWERS.

Mr. ir., BromastvKn, Dim: co..Pa. — Your
beautiful little duck is km)wn among orni-
thologists ;is the Hur.iphihi alhe/tla, of LiN.V
and B.viuu. Its common names are "spirit
duck" ami " butter ball." It is tiiignitory in
its habits, but is freipi.Mitly found in Lancas-
ter comity in .spring ;uid ;iulunin. It is not
considered rare. It is in the museum of the
LiniiiBiui Society, T.,aiica.ster, Pa., Spin. 101.

Mr. S., Jitiuiiim, Lnne. co.. Pa. — Your
beautiful spider— if such a thing as licaulijcxn
attach to a sjiider — is the " ganhm spider" —
Ejifira I'oimi/lrainrt. On the whole, there
are, perhaps, no other .animals of their size,
that are more generally useful in the economy
of nature, tbtin the unjustly, or uunecessjirily,
despised sjiiders.

D. M., Bart, i^a.— We claim that The Lax-
c.\sTKU F.vrtMEii a.s a /oca' journal of the farm,
the garden and the household, is without ii peer;
but it is perhaps more highly appreciated out-
side of this great tigricultural county than it is
at home. Our people, however, are waking up
to their own interesLs, and The Faumek for
187U will win the race !

182

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

WHEN I MEAN TO MARRY.

Wlien do I inti'iid to marry ? Well,

'Tis idle to disimtewith fate :
But if you choose to he;ir nie tell,

Pray listen while 1 fix the date.

When daufrhters haste with eager feet,

A mother's daily toil to share;
Can make the inuUliiii:s which they eat,

And fix the stoekinys tliat they wear;

When maidens look upon a man,

As in himself wiiat they would marry,

And not as army soldiers scan
A sutler or a commissary;

When Kcntle ladies, who have got

The otter of a lover's liand,
Consent to share his earthly lot.

And do not mean his lot of land;

When younef mechanics are allowed
To find and wed the farmer girls;

Who don't expect to lie endowed
With rubies, diamonds and pearls;

When wives, in short, shal] freely give
Their hearts and hands to aid their epouses,

And live as they were wont to live.
Within their sires' one-story houses.

Then, madam — if I'm not too old —

Kejoieed to quit this lonely life —
I'll brush my beaver, cease to scold.

And look abeut me for a wife !

John O. Saxe.

"We presume the author of the above lines
knew exactl)' what he was writing alioiit, and
liis readers, if they will, may perceive their
sigiiiticanee. The first two lines of the fifth
stanza revi\e an alhision made to the same
subject, in our presence, on several past oeca-
sions.

" When young mechanics are allowed
To find and wed the farmer's girls."

We know nothing about the practical bear-
ings of this question, and have not thought
much on it. There are those, however, who
allege that in some conmuunties the practice
interdicting tlie marriage of mechanics, or,
indeed, any citizen of a town, or other occu-
pation, with tlie daughters of farmers, Is as
arbitrary as tlie class "castes" among the
Hindoos. If this ever has been so, which we
doubt, as a general ])roiiosition, tliere must
hiive Ijeen some reason for it, but neitlier in
theory nor in practice, is tliis the case at the

present day.

•

INDIAN SUMMER.

The question arises, " Wliat is Indian Summer?"
and proliably not one person in twenty thousand
knows. Almost every warm day in fall is spoken of
as being it, and incorrectly, too. The l>ev. John
Lyon has expressed himself upon the subject as fol-
low s : " The leaves generally liegin to fall in Octo-
ber, after the first frost, and eontiime to do so during
the month. Then veiy generally, when all the leaves
have fallen, there comes a cold rain and a bitter frost,
fermentation and decomposition, which adds warmth
to the eartli, causing that warm, misty atmosphere
which continues until nearly the end of November.
And it is during this warm spell in November that
tradition says, in this latitude, the Indians laid up
their corn for the winter." This cxplanaticm may or
may not be correct, yet it is deemed to be as good a
one as has yet been advanced.

The above cause for Indian Summer is per-
haps as correct as any tliat has yet been given
in so few words; from which "it will be per-
ceived that Indian Sunnner is a phenomenon
contingent upon a certain combination of
meteorological circumstances, and tliat wlien
this combination does not exist, a season may
pass witliout the occurrence of the phenome-
non at all. Up to this date (Dec. 10), we
have liad no well-defined Indian Summer this
season yet.

A smart boy, living on the Susquehanna,
was once asked his age. He rejilied that on
next "ice-going time" lie would be ten years
old. When he was born, tlie ice was moving
off the river. Accordiuij to his computation
of -time and events, if thi; river should not
happen to freeze, he would have no birthday
amiiversary. The tailure of the necessary
meteorological comliinatioii would dejirive him
of this, as it does us of an Indian Summer.

Ask your NEiGUBfiit to subscribe to The
Lancaster Farmer for the Centennial year.

For The Lancaster Farmeb.
INCUBATION.

This word conies from the Latin "Incuba-
tio," (( hrddlirKj, or what we call "liatching. "
Artificial incubation has been jiractised from
a remote period by the Egy|)tiaiis and Chinese ;
the former, indeed, have carried tliis process
to such a liigli degree of perfect inn. as in many
instances to have entirely superseded the use
of the hen in hatcliiiig. It is etfected eitlier
by means of an oven, stove or steam, theprin-
cijiles of which will be found detailed in Ure's
Dkliimarn af Arts, iVc. This process lias re-
ceived considerable attention from the French
philosophers ; but jierhaps the best exemiilica-
tion of its results witnessed in P2nrope is given
by the Mxakiiliori, or egg-hatching machine,
exhibited both in London and the Unitid
States, ]irior to the invention of Mr. Boyle, of
London, England, a figure of which is' given
in Munn & Co. 's Science Kecord for 1875, on
page ;i7<j, and may b(^ examined. In Rees'
American Cyclopedia or Universal Dictionary,
Vol. XIX., twenty-five large octavo jiages are
devoted to the subject of incubation, and which,
old as the work is, contains a great amount of
valuable information in rmiqxirnlh-e anntduiy,
gleaned from the writings of Aristotle, Hip-
pocrates, Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Aldro-
vandus. Colter, Vestling, Harvey, Langly,
Schrader, Theodorus, Aides, Stenon, Keeil-
liam, Malpighi, Maitre Jan, Haller, Hunter,
JNIonroe, and numerous other respectable phy-
siologists, whom I have no inclination to quote
or follow in their explanation of the mem-
branes, vesicula umbilicalis, air-cells, external
liquid or liquid white, yelk-bag, chalaze, am-
nios, auricular canal and daily changes up to
the 20th or 480tli hour, when the shell is bro-
ken, &c., and the diverse specidations, how-
ever interesting, are too e-xtensive to follow.
I will therefore confine my quotations to those
records of a more recent date, and omit many
interesting experiments and observations,
which those who desire may find more at large
in the works referred to.

Boyle's machine is so constructed that when
once set to any degree of heat within the limits
of 40^ and ^OO*^ Fahrenheit, it will maintain
the same for any length of time without vari-
ation. It is adapted to the control of hot-
water pipes in hot houses, or any other place ;
to the opening and shutting of stove-dampers;
and, in fact, to any use which requires a sim-
ple \\\i and down motion in connection with
the heat.

It is intended to act perfectly untouched for
an indelinite time, and there will be no per-
ceptible variation in the heat.

The heat of an' incubator is 106*^'. The hen
does not raise the thermometer by the heat of
her body over 104'-, when she sits upon her
eggs. In those birds who do not sit constant-
ly but trust to the heal of the sun, the temper-
ature of the eggs is probably below l{l4^.
Twenty-one days is the allotted jieriod for in-
cubation by the hen. In warmer climates it
is said to be a day or two less. The period of
iiiculiation varies much in differt^it siiecies of
birds. The swan 42 days ; goose, 30 ; duck,
30 ; turkey, 30 ; peacock, 20 to 27 ; pheasant,
20 to 25 ; hen, 18 to 21 ; pigeon, 17 to 18. So
I might enumerate that of other birds.

The egg will always be found, if broken im-
der a thermometer, to be 104-, and the under
side of the egg will be found consideralily cooler
than the upper: and experience shows that at
lOG'^ constant heat, (the heat of the hen) the
eggs will die either before or on chipping the
shell, while at 108'-', constant heat they die at
once. These data are given from many ex-
periment.

It has been observed that nests made under
the hedges, or in any wild situation, produce
more and stronger chickens than those cared
for in baskets or boxes. Under the former cir-
cumstances, the underside of the egg must be
much colder than the ujiper side. "And this
agrees with the inventor's experience, who
finds that in eggs kept in a steady tempera-
ture, e(jual on all sides, the chickens usually
die on the lOtli or 20th day, and if any'strug-
gle out they are very feeble. In the incubator

it will be seen that this natural irregularity of
heat is carefully imitated. Heating the ew
from beneath— a plan often tried because of
its great facility— is directly subversive of the
natural conditions. The receiitacle for the eggs
in this incubatcn- imitates all the conditions
essential. The next ]ioiiit for consideration in
imitating nature, is the daily cooling of the
eggs for aliDut twenty minutes, ratlier more
tlian less, w hen the hen leavf s to feed. This
must by no means lie omitted, and we do not
think that eggs suffer from a great deal
of cooling (so that they get the fullproper heat
between times) ; but they soon die under half
measures, such as many hours at 100'^ or 90-'.

If the eggs be never cooled, most of them
will die between the fifteeth and twentieth
day, and all farmers' wives are] aware that a
" hard sitter," that is, a hen that sits contin-
uously, or is fed while sitting on her eggs, does
not succeed as well in producing a certain or
healthy brood, as do those who leave their
nest when being fed or in search of food.

We must also imitate the action on the egg
of damp ground, the air and moisture, by the
perspiration of the hen, otherwise the hatch-
ing will proceed withoul absorbing the yolk-
bag, or only partially, so that on moving about
it will again extrude the bag and cause the
chick to jierish. But too much moisture tends
to addle the eggs. A gentle, natural vapor is
preferable to daily sponging of the eggs.

It is well known that when the hen returns
to her nest she turns the eggs over every time,
and being an instinct in the mother, it is found
of use to imitate this changing in the position
of the eggs.

The hen seems to sit lightly upon her eggs
when the chick is ready to chip or break the
egg, and allows the little prisoners to extricate
themselves, as they are usually strong enough
for that purpose, and when not, they will
hardlj' be strong enough to survive when as-
sisted to make their escape from the shell, in
the inculiator mentioned, a chamber is pro-
vided in which the egg is placed when chipped,
or immediately before chipping, so that the
little chick can come out free of any hinder-
ing obstruction.

To imitate the soft feathers of the hen, who
covers the chickens for some weeks under her
breast and wings, it is e.'^.sential to the comfort
of the iirtificial brood, to have artificial moth-
ers, for which a kind of cistern is provided,
under which the chicks are placed as soon as
<lry. They being also jirovided with cotton
wool, or flannel, so arranged that the chickens
can creep under or nestle in it, and with the
warmth against their backs, they will be quiet
and contented. Tho fanner's wife gets the
young brood often, while others are hatchmg
iiy the same hen, and between flannel or cot-
ton in a basket under the stove nurses them
for a day or two.

Thus, in all things, by observing the in-
stincts of nature, the incubation can be suc-
cessfully aieomplished, and any number of
chickens raised from the leurenat cyyn (having
tht tread) to supply the demands of the market.

M. Bonnemain was the first person who
studied with due attention all the circum-
stances of artificial iiiculiation, and mounted
the process successfully iqion the commercial
scale. So far back as 1777 he communicated
to the Academy of Sciences an interesting fact,
which he had noticed, upon the raeclianisin em-
ployed by chicks to break their shells, and for
some time prior to the French revolution he
furnished the Parisian market with excellent
poultry at a jieriod of the year when the far-
mers had ceased to supjily it. It was jiroved
by him that "spring chickens " could be bad
all the yetir round. Why is it not followed
up ? II is process was founded ujion the jirin-
eiple of circulation of hot water by the intes-
tine motion of its particles, in a returning
series of connected pipes; a subject afterwards
ilhistratf d in the experimental researches of
C^junt Rumf6rd. This is now introduced in
many idaces to warm the apartments in build-
ings. jSI. Bonnemain sixty years ago per-
fectly understood hot water circulation, as well
as our stove doctors do at the present day.

1

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

183

I

Tlie appiinitiis of M. I5(iiineniain consislcd:
1. Of a lj>)ili'i- ami piiics for tin- circulatiiiii of
water; 2. Of a n'<,'ulaloi- calculalcd l<i iiiaiii-
laiiKiii i'(nial Ic 111 pciat lire; :i. Olaslovr apait-
nit'iit, licak'il coiistaiilly to tlie ilc^'ri'i' licsl
fitted for iiieiiliiitioii, which he ealled the
UiUrhliii/ pitch, lie also athiched to one side
a chicken room for cheiisliiii}; tlie chickens
diirins a few ilavs afier iiicidiatioii. A verti-
cal se<'lion, i;rouiid plan and idevation in part
to illustrate the older and perlniiis hetter plan
as used by M. Honneinain issiveii in and illus-
trated in "lire's Dictiouarv; subject, "Incu-
lcation Artificial,'' pa>?e 1042. My object is
more specially to call attention to the subject
and give a hint where a iniucextended descrip-
tion is given for the bem-lit of the eminirer.

We also learn that the ('opts of Kgypt p;iy a
license to the government to carry on this
business. They nse a building willi a niimhcr
of ovens, trailed i)ta<iiinil, which contain I. ">(),-
OIK) eggs as a charge. An ollicial report for
IS.'il, gives for Lower Kgypt lO.j of these es-
tablishments, using l'.l,Oi)i),0iM) eggs, of wiiicli
l:!, 000,000 prodiici' cliickens. This .saves tlie
valuable time of l,.")00,Oi)0 hens for three weeks
of inactivity, and several succeeding weeks of
care and scralcliing, enaliliiig them to devote
their undivided attention to the other duties
of maternity, egg-laying and cackling.

The eggs as collected are placed on mats
strewn with bran, and are brought nearer or
further from the heat by changing them in
the chamber for about six days. They are
then tested by a strong sunlight, for signs of
the formation of the chicken. They are tlieii
submitted for four days to the warmest posi-
tion, and again five days in a closed chamlier,
after which they are spread separattdy o\'er
tile surface of the mats, with frequent changes
and turnings for six or seven days, carefully
excluding outside air. The test for life is fre-
quently made, by putting the egs to the eye-
lid, as it will be found of greater coldness when
life is in the egg, than the temperature of the
eyelid.

It may be interesting to knowthat hot min-
eral water or springs have been employed. A
letter by M. D'Arcet contains the following
statement :

"In June, 1825, I obtained chickens and
pigeons at Vichy, by artilicial incubation,
eli'ected through the means of the thermal
waters of that idace. In 1S27, I went to the
baths of Chaudes-Aigncs, iirincipally for the
purpose of doing the same thing there. Find-
ing the proprietor a zealous man, I succeeded
in making a useful ai>plication of this source
of heat to the itroductioii of poultry. The ad-
vantage of this process may be couiiirehended
when it is known that the invalids who arrive
at Vichy, for instance, in the month of May,
fmd chickens only the size of quails ; whereas,
by this means they may be readily supplied
six months old," etc.

He goes into further detail, but I did not
promise an original essa^' or article — simiily to
give you hints upon the subject that may in-
duce iiKiuiry into a valuable fact, wholly, or
too much overlooked, especially when w(^ con-
sider the native enterprise of many in supply-
ing the inarkc't. Why not introduce the farm-
ing of poultry, as well as fruit'i' It strikes me
it would pay. All that is wanted is the ap-
paratus, knowledge and attention, to make it
a success. We have intelligence and enter-
prise, and the necessary information can be
had. And experience and close observation
will .soon enable the poulterer to master every
difticulty; and should he still be incliiu'd to
make capons, and go into fattening and per-
fecting this branch of business, a full compen-
sation would certainly follow for all his labor
and expense, and, take my word for it, egg-
hatching or chicken-farming will pay. — J.
Staiifftr, LancusKr Oily, Pa.

Oxr>Y ONE DOLLAR for all the variety of use-
ful information set forth in the table of con-
tents of tills volume I Where can any farmer
get its much in return for his money V Then
send us your dollar for another year.

For TiiK I.VNC'A^rKii Faumku.
DECREASE IN STREAMS AND WELLS

Is water found deeper beneath the surface
of \.\w. earth now, in digging wells, than it
formerly was, and if so, what are the causesV
1 am always anxious to Hnd out causes and
elVects. ()ne cause luctty generally assigned
all over the civilized world, is the wholesale
destruction of forest trees. Even if this is not
the ti'iie cause, it suggests a good piact ical
idea, because the replenishing of deiileti'd for-
ests will become an absolute necessity before
anotlu'r generation passes away, whether they
have any iiillueiice on water streams or not.

It has been oliserved that the Danube and
other foreign streams have been getting lower
for some years; hen;e the ITnited Kingdoms of
Europe have appointed a commission, consist-
ing of three distinguished men of science, to
ascertain the cause and report thereon. I have
often wondered whether the general body of
water does not diminish in (luantity, and I
have always been answered that it does not —
that it fitiinot decrease. My attention was
latidy calU^d to the subject again. In making
mortar for mason work, how many barr.ds or
hogshead are absorbi'd in the process, and how
many millions of hogsli 'ads are used in gener-
ating steam for engines.

And now, in what form can it reappear?
When the earth is very dry how much water
is absorbed ; admitting that the sun and the
atmosphere will evaporate a great portion, and
draw it back to the clouds again, is not the
water in mortar and steam entirely annihilat-
ed ? Is not the water diminishing on the sur-
face of the earth 't' It is no longer a matter
of doubt that water has receded from many
places within the memory oi man. In many
of the lak(!S, in a great [lart of the State of
New Jersey, and in the ground on which the
city of Washington stands, then; has been a
great diminution of water — indec^l the, last
named place was once nearly all under water.
In some of the Western States, and on Euro-
pean mountains that are hundreds of feet above
the level of the sea, are large boilies of oyster
shells — enough to burn hundreds of bushels of
lime. This illustrates at least that water has
changed from one locality to another, if it has
not decreased in quantity. Timber was also
discovered several hundred feet under moun-
tains in California, and the wreck of a ship
was found sixty miles from Stanton, C'al., in a
ravine, on dry laud, in a well preserved condi-
tion. The formation of coal in our own State
is another case in point. In Sclmvlkill county
the coal formation shows wood, vegetable im-
pressions, as fern leaves and many other fossil
forms, which proves that we have had great
changes on the earth's surface at dilierenl
times, perhaps many thousands of years apart.
But, again, what causes a decrease in our wells
and water streams V Our meteorological ob-
servations were more irregular for the last live
years than they had been previous to the period
named. In August and Seiitember last, we
had inori> rain than we often have in an en-
tire summer. In local rains we had enough
to swell some of the streams in Lancaster
county almost beyond comparison. Probably
more water ran down the Coi-aJico and Conea-
tii(/n in August and September than for years
liefore. Three years ago on the 10th of Au-
gust, we had a water-spout in our neighbor-
hood, which carried trees and saw-logs from
dry land two miles into theCouestoLra. An old
man (seventy-five years of age) said it washed
and ruined more cultivated tields in 1S70,
1S71 and 1S72 tli;ui it did in all his lifetime.
The water was for several years ponreil super-
abundantly overtheearth, and then again there
was a great deti('iency of rain in 1S74 and '75.
There were no rains of any con.sequence from
July, 1S74, to June, 1875, and no .letthd
rain for some two years )irevious to this sum-
mer. The winter of 1874 and 1875 was very
cold, the ground frozen for four months in
succession. The water streams and wells
were h)wer than they had lieen within the
memory of the oldest settlers of the county.
We had also the dryest weather that occurred
for many years— but was the destruction of

the forest timb;-r the cause of the great
drouth? There must have been .some other
cause, lis yet nnknown. Meleorological
changes may come and go from one extreme to
anollier. When once enough without rain to
cause a — to us, invisible — reaction, it may
gradually or suddenly turn to rain again to
excess. We have had alternate rain and sini-
shine from August last up to the ))ri'sent
time, and tlie earth has been Well .saturated
ever since. The snblerrauean reservoirs are
again replenished, the April springs are al-
ready starting. We lii:iy likely have an ojieii
winter, with plenty of rain. If so, and streams
and W(dls will continue ri'iilenislied, we shall
have water as in limes iiast.

I have a run passing through my farm. It
started formerly in a forest, when it failed oc-
casionally to run. It now has its starling
point and coiitinuan(!e in cultivated fields,
and becomes less dry than formerly. I know
a spring that was di.scovered seventy-live
years ago in quarrying stone. It rims out
from limestone rocks. About one hundred
and lifty feet from its source there wius heavy
timber land, wesl of it, on higher ground, the
water flowing south. This spring is also more
regular and stronger since it is surnanided by
cultivated lielils. The reason is, cultivated
ground w'ill absorb in )re water than timber
lands, and the water will run olT timber land
more readily than oil' cultivated land. But I
have asked the (inestion; does water diminish
or not? I believe that water in mortar is just
so much less than it was before it entered into
the mortar, and that water will decrease to a
certain ))eriod, when it will again increa.se,
through an agency or iiroc^ess as yet unknown.
I only ask for information ou this subject,
from simie person who may be thoroughtly
hiformed on it. The study of this subject may
be of \mn\: benefit to mankind than the study
of astronomy, for which tliousaii<ls of dollars
are annually exiieiided. Why not, then, stiulv
the phenomena of rain and water flows, W'hicli
are the foundation of all our agricultural suc-
cess?—I/. A', if., Wnncick twp., Dec. 2, 1875.

For Thk Lancasteb Fabheu.
SKIRMISHES.

I trust yon have not construed my not con-
Iribnliiig to your journal, for a time, a disap-
proval of it, or dissatisfaetion on my part, on
a(rcount of any matter that has appeared in its
columns. Far from it. Tlie only excuse 1 li.ave
to offer is the lethargy which ail of us are lia-
ble to sink into at times, and whii'h in too
many cases become chronic, thus deiiriving
the public of many a hint that would be of
value to some, and also of facts of no little
importance, which, in consequence, may lie
dorinant for a time. I believe no one has a
moral right to hide his talent by which his
fellow-man may be benetited, for he may some
day be called to aeeoimt lor it, an instance of
w liicli we hnd recorded in the good book.

Very few who write for public journals and
papers I'an help but lielieve that there are
others who know as much, or more, upon the
subject than the writer himself ; at the .same
time it is known that there are many who have
not had the advantages of the writer, and who
may be greatly benefited. Superiors often
profit by hints or facts given by inferiors. WHio
can claim originality nowadays? Are we not
all riding on waves caused by others? By con-
tinued agitation truth and error will eventu-
ally bctcoine separated, provided selfishness is
left in the background. We have no more
ri^dit to be sellish with our knowledge than with
anything else we may pos-sess. If the atntve
premises are tenable, they may be aiiplied to
other departments of life; but I wish to apply
them to the tiller of the soil.

There is, no doubt, a vast store of valuable
knowledge lying <lormaiit among the latter
cla.ss, wliicli,"if made i>ublic, wonld^ make an
aggregate of incalculable value. Xo brancli
of indnsti-y compares in magnitude with that
of tilling the soil, ami it is comparatively the
least s.v.stematized Why such is the caae it is
diflieult to explain, unless it has from time

184

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

immemoiable l)et'n looked upon as so simiile
aiul coarse that any one who is not competent
for other calhnas in hfe will do for a farmer ;
and the farmer himself has to a Rn at extent
accepted the position of senility. There have,
however, at all times been honorable excep-
tions and fortunately the number is rapidly
increasing. We may therefore hope that in
the near future thehusbandman will attain
a position where he can feel himself the peer
of him of any other calling. If the Patrons
of IIusbaM<lry will accomplish ^vhat they
l)romise, and wliat they claim to have already
achieved be correct, they deserve the hearty
congratulations of every agriculturist, horti-
cvdturist and pomologist in the land, whether
he belonos to the orcler or not.

The eontiicting views advanced by different
writers and speakers is no excuse for silence
on our part. AVe often differ widely upon
questions that long since should have been
Iiermanently settled, simply because we observe
thinas under various circumstances, and from
different standpoints. There is, liowever, one
broad basis upon which we cannot differ, i. e.,
tlie same causes under the same circumstances
wdll always produce the same effects. At the
same time widely different causes sometimes
jiroduce appartntly the same results, and vice
versa.

Our differences, therefore, is simply a want
of thorough knowledge of the subject we un-
dertake to handle. Warm controversies are
often carried on where both sides are in
error. The tilling of the soil is the most
ancient of all employments, and yet how small
a proportion of those engaged therein under-
stand the first principles thereof. There is too
much disposition to plod in the old beaten
path, with so little inclination to progress and
improve, and elevate our calling upon a higher
plane. Organization and co-operation for a
good purpose are the most effective means to
obtain desired ends, and where legitimately
conducted never fail to produce good results.
If every one engaged in tilling the soil would
carry with him his note book and pencil, ob-
serve closely, note down all items that he can
not fully comprehend, and bring them before
some society oi-ganized for progress, and there
compare notes, discuss unsettled questions,
give and receive facts pertaining to his busi-
ness, a fund of knowledge would soon accumu-
late that could not be computed by money
values.

One reason why more progress has not been
made in this branch of industry, is the dealing
too much in opinions instead of facts; it is the
latter only that can be applied to build up a
science. Let no one be discouraged if he cannot
report any great discovery; only do not over-
look facts, however small they may be, for the
common proverb, " Save the dimes and the
dollars will be cared for," will hold equally
good in this ease.

A gentleman who gathered a large fund of
knowledge in another branch, recently re-
marked, that he made observations twenty
years ago, Init neglected to make notes thereof,
and tha°t a standard work has more recently
been publislied, containing the very identical
facts which he had discovered years jirevious.
And his is not an isolated case ; it is simply one
of many similar ones. Should not such in-
stances stimulate every one not to be negli-
gent, where he may as well be useful; neither
should he afteiwards grumble if he allows
another to steal a march upon him, which is
quite a common thing nowadays.

Another important duty let us not forget,
i. e., subscribe for The Lancasteu Farmer
and urge your neighbor to do likewise; also to
write an article for it now and then. Nothing
proves more thoroughly the progress and in-
telligence of a farming community than the
unflinching patronage of their home organ;
not that they shall not patronize others, but
always home first, especially when it is as
worthy as our Lancaster Farjieu.— if. M.
£., Marietta, Pa., December 4th, 1875.

Tor Thk Lancaster Farmek.
WINTER CARE OF PIGEONS.
At this season, a few hints and general di
rections may be of service to thi' young fancier
in caring for his pets. In our latitude, tlie
winters are entirely too severe to allow much
success in breeding, especially from high-class
fancy pigeons. Common oidtrs, house pigeoris
and 'hardy cross breeds, such as the Antwerp
and dragons, may occasionally raise a few
squabs. But these, while maturing, will miss
the sunny spring days and warm weather.
All their food will be consumed to keep a
small spark of life within them, and they will
often grow up weakly. Again, coiild strong
and hearty young be raised, it would be at the
cost of stamina in ihe ))arents. They may
breed well enough in the winter, but then in
the spring — the UKJst successful time for rais-
ing stock— the hen will lie worn ont. So from
the above it will be seen that it is unadvisable
to attempt to breed during the winter. Let
the birds rest, now, and then in the spring you
may raise squabs— ttne and large— to your
heart's content. In order to prevent the
pigeons breeding, they should, if possible, be
separated— the cocks all in one loft and the
hens in another. If this is not possible, then
r< move all heating material, and the birds wall
seldom show any inclination to breed. Care
nuist be taken "to avoid all draughts, and on
cold nights the windows should be closed; on
the coldest days only being opened while the
sun shines in the area. Pigeons cannot bear
the cold well, but can stand any amount of
wannth— that is, natural heat. Artificial heat
is unnecessary and weakens them. Do not,
urider any circumstances, heat the loft; but
see that there are no cracks for the wind to
enter.

As to cleanliness, so much care is not re-
quired. The loffneed only be cleaned once or
twice during the entire winter. The water
need only be given fresh once a week. If it
freezes in the fountain, it should be melted
each morning by pouring in boiling hot water.
The bath should be filled occasionally on warm
days.

As to food, the supply must be constant and
unstinted. Either let there be food always in
the loft, or else feed as much as the birds will
eat twice a day, at daylight and aliout four in
the afternoon. Corn is the best food, as it is
the most heating. It must constitute the
staple article, and can be fed the yvhole win-
ter, although an occasional feed of wheat, for
a variety, is useful. A little hemp seed will
act very well as a tonic, but must not be given
too heavily. Stale bread, if it can be pro-
cured in sufficient quantity, has no superior
as a nutritious and highly relished article of
food.

In conclusion. let us urge upon young fan-
ciers, especially, (and there are many older ones
to whom the advice may not be useless,) that
common .so7i.se be abundantly enqiloyed in the
matter of ventilation, &c. Because we have
said that an excess of cold is very injurious to
the most delicate varieties, the reader is not
to infer that the birds are to be confined all
the time. On the contrary, we would insist
upon the importance of allowing them access
to the area or the open air, as the case maybe
whenever the weather will permit. Then,
when the sun sets, if the windows are tightly
closed, the birds will jirofit all the mora by the
greater comparative warmth at night.— IF.
Allee Burpee, Philadelphia, Dec, 1, 1875.

All utTR Surscrihers should renew their
subscriptions before cm' next issue.

celery and leeks covered all but their upper
leaves. After the soil about them gets hard
fi-ozen, a sprinkling of straw or corn-stalks is
put over them. They keep well all winter,
and are readily got when needed.

Esculent roots are generally stored in cel-
lars and caves; the different sp.ecies in differ-
ent tenqieratures ; that for beets, carrots and
potatoes should be aliove tlie freezing point
five or ten degrees, (.<ipeciaJhi polatoes. Dry
pulverized soif should be mixed among the
roots of beets and carrots to retard evapora-
tion from them. Turnips and fall radishes
should be kept in a temperature five or ten
degrees below the freezing point ; indeed, the
ruta baga is not injured if the temperature
gets down to zero at times, in a close shed or
outhouse, lined with straw; tuniips and rad-
ishes will keep well, and being covered on top
with straw, we have often presei'ved them
in heajis, and covered thick with soil in the
open fields, and in heaps, and built stacks of
straw and corn-stalks above them. Where
tliey arc used daily, they have to be stored
where they will readily be got at in all wea-
thers.

Tree fruits are generally stored in dry rooms;
a temperature slightly above the freezing
point will do for them. Yet many varieties
will do well in ten degrees below the freezing
point. A cold tenqierature for a while is not
so injurious to the long preservation of vege-
tables and fruit as are sudden transitions from
heat to cold and from cold to heat.

A dry and p'ure atmosphere is essential
for the long keeping of fruits and vegetables,
and a certain degree of darkness is also neces-
sary. When the doors and windows of cel-
lars, caves and fruit rooms are opened to ad-
mit fresh air, and allow the escape of foul air,
light also gets in ; but then it is necessaiy, as
it purifies the atmosphere. Ventilation should
be attended to at all favorable opportunities.
Opposite doors and windows carry off the foul
air more quickly by their draughts. They
should be opened on days of mild weather and
shut up close on nights. The deeper cellars
and caves are in the' ground, the warmer they
are. They need large ventilation, even in
cold weather. A thermometer shoidd be hung
in the middle of every cellar, cave, and fruit
room, then the temiierafure can always be
ascertained, to direct the amount of ventila-
tion needed.

Most of the readers will know all the alwve
statements ; but some may not know. Far-
mers send their children to school to leam
what they themselves have learned, and hired
illiterate helps go to night schools to learn
what others know. The Farmer is a school
for the fiirm and (junhn. Every article will
benefit "some readers, liy reminding them of
what they know, and instructing those who
do not know. Through it, we husliandmen
can keep up a friendly conversation about our
owni professions, with each other, that will
make us all better cultivators, grazere, breed-
ers, and better dairymen, poultrymen and bee
managers, all by our exchange of opinions and
practices. By that, our Cains and Abels will
be loving brother.i, rejoicing in each other's
successes! — Walter Elder, Landscape Gar-
dener, Philadelphia, Nor. 23, 1875.

Fur The Lancaster Farmer.

PRESERVATION OF FRUITS AND VE-
GETABLES DURING WINTER.

The culture a«d harvesting of our farm and
o-arden crops in the northern half of the na-
tion are mostly over, and now the safe preser-
vation of our late products recpiires our care-
ful consideration. After spending much labor,
skill and care to produce them, it would be a
sinful waste to let any portion of them be lost
for want of careful protection and storage.

Cabbages, celery and leeks arc generally dug
up and laid in trenches closely, the cabbages
covered with soil all but their heads, and the

A COLORADO CATTLE RANGE.

A traveling correspondent of the Omaha
JJeruld gives that paper an hi teresting account '
of the largest cattle range in that State. It
belongs to Mr. J. W. Iliff, and is 1.50 miles
long, and begins at .Tulcsburg on the east, and
exteiids to Greeley on the west. It includes
bottom and upland ranges, and has several
camps or ranches. The chief ranche is nearly
south of Sidney, and about 40 miles from
Jidesburg. At this ranche there are houses
and sheds, and some more than two sections
of land fenced in. All the cattle bought by
Mr. Iliff" are turned over to him and branded
at this place. Here are his private stockyards,
corrals, chutes, and all the necessary conveni-
ences for handling cattle. It is on the South
Platte rivei) and of course has fine watermg

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

185

thRilities, while from the bottom land adjacent
lilonty lit' hay may he cut for tlie use of the
liorscs t-niploycd in lidding. He cuts no hay
for his caUU'. Tluy live the entire year on
tlie rich nativi^ ^'ra.ss on his ran^e, and with
tlu'('.\cc)ilion of ascvero winter now and then,
tlic iK'rccntagc of loss is not very -ircat. Mr.
Hill is a thorough cattle man, and from his
long I'xpericnce has a iierfict khowl< dge of
the liusiness. lie has bought and now owns
some twenty thousand acres of his present
range, and will inuloubledly ]iurchase more
land as soon as it conies into mark<-t. lie
now owns •J(i,(MI() ln'ad of cattle, and will have
this iiuuilicr after his sales for the present year
arecom|ileled. Tin- numlier of calves branded
this year on his ranche will be from 4. .")((() to
r),(«Ki head, and his sales of three and four-
year-old steers and fat cows the ])reseid fall
will probably amount to about the same num-
ber, lie said he expected to realize the sum
of ■$:i'A per head on his sales this year. At
this rate 4,.")(ili head would bring him the snug
little sum of !jl4S..")llO. To lake care of this
innuense herd he employs from twelve to
thirtv-live men— very few usually in the win-
ter and the largest nuudier during the "round
ups" in the sjiring. At the present time, he
has twenty-four men emiiloyed, and he is cut-
ting out of his herd the four-year-old steers
and fat cows which he inliMids to ship. While
engaged at this work the same men are gather-
ing the cows with uidManded calves, which
they put put into corrals near by, and after
the calves are branded they are turned loose
with the herd again. His herd is rapidly be-
ing graded up liy the introduction of thorough-
bred' Short-horn bulls. In addition to the
cattle rai.sed on his ranche, he deals largely in
Texas and Indian cattle, and has now adver-
tised for -iU.tiOO head of Texas cattle to be de-
livered at his ranche in .July of next year. Mr.
lliff estimates the increase of cattle from his
home here— out.side of purchases and sales— to
be about 70 per cent, per year, and about
equally divided as to gender. His shipping
points are at Pine lUuft's and .Tule.sburg on the
I'uion Pacitic, and at Deer's Trail on the
Kans;us Paciiic.

iMr. llitl's policy is to keep his expenses as
low as ixxs-sible. having the keepingand safety of
hiscattleconstantly in view. Iviisl year the ex-
pense of herding, etc., amouuted to less than
$15,000, and will amounttoa still less sum this
year. But the lo.sses fidm theft and death .some
year.s are frightful. The winter of lS71-'2 was
very severe. There were deep snows over his
range that remained on the ground a long
time, and the storms were incessant. In the
mid.st of these .storms Mr. Iliff visited his
ranche and found his cattle liti'rally ilying liy
thou.sands. On the islands in the South Platte
river he found and drove off into the sand hills
on the south side, after great exertion, some
2,7lMJ head, and of this luunber less than half
have since been recovered. ThOir bleaching
bones now whiten the jilains in the vicinity,
wliere they were frozen and starved to deatli,
and tho.se that were recovered were found in
two different St;iles and four different territo-
ries in the Union. More than .'g-J4,00() were
expended in trying to lind them. >i'or was
this all. It was impossible to tell fm- a num-
ber of years how nuich the loss had been. His
books showed nearly live thousand head tuiac-
connted for. Jso trace of them beyond .skele-
tons could be found, and at last tliis niunher
was charged to [irolit and loss account, and
the books balanced for a newstart. This large
number woidd [irobably have averaged at least
$20 per head could they have heeti sold tlie fall
previoiLS, and at this rate they would have
amounted to ."rlOO,000. His capital invested
in the cattle business is estimated at $500,000,
and yet from its very nature he is liable to lose
half of it during the coming sea.son. Like
other business venture.s, if a man goes into it,
of couree he takes the chances.

An Arizona girl shot her lover, and then
nursed him tenderly tillhedied. Ilislast words
were, "1 forgive yoti Mai'j-; you did it witli an
ivory-handled pistol."

THE SNOWS OF LAST YEAR.

The following tables of the snows which
fell last winter wi^l he interesting as a matter
of record, and for comparison with the snow
fall of the present winti-r. The liist record was
ki-pt by a citizen of New Ox lord, .Vdams coun-
ty, in "this State, where thirty-two snows fell
iluring the winter, as follows :

No.

1.

2^
X
4.

S.
«.
T.

s.

!).
10.
11.
l-i.
13.
1-1.
15.
10.

Date. Dt>i>th.

Nov. 20 1 lucb.

•• 'Jl Bqxuill.

Dec. 1..

" 8..

" 10..

" 20..

" 22..
Juu. 2..

la.

18.

24.
27.
2».

;ii.

. . Vi inch.

..M "

.•?i "

..» "

■•« "

■ ■H "

■ ■X "
..1 "
..1 "
..2 "

..1 "

..0 "

No,
li.
18.
10.
20.
21.
22.
2.t.
24.
25.
28.
27.
28.
29.
SO.

:n.

32.

Date. Deptb.

Feb. 7 l^lncUes.

" 11 6 "

" 12 1 "

•' 14 « "

" 19 l}i "

" 20 8 "

** 27 Bqniill.

Mur. 1 G inubuH.

3 2

" B 1 "

10..
17.,
18.
!1.
24.

8quiill.
iucli.

AggroK.ite depth, 57>j' iueneH.

Th(> following record, showing the snow-fall
at Paiadisc, in this county, was kept by Milton
15. Kshlcman. It will be seen while the num-
ber of snows registered is i:onsiderably less,
the amount exceeds in deiith that which fell
at New O.xford by 2i inches :

Ni). Date. Depth.

1. Nov. 29, '74... sqilull.

2. Dec. 1 "

3. " 8 "

4. " 11 l^iiucheB.

5. " 20 5 "

C. Jan. 1, '75... 1 "

7 " 12 1 "

8. " IS 2 "

9. " '24 1 •'

10. '• 28 2 "

11. " 29 2 "

12. " 31 4

No. Date. Depth.

13. Feb. 11 6 iuches.

14. " 19 2 •'

IB. " 20 4 "

10. " 27 >^ "

17. Mar. 1 ,1 •'

18. " S hail all liny.

19. ** 5 3 llU'heB.

20. " 7 10 "

21. " 24 4

22. Apr. 13 3 •■

23. " 18 1 "

24. '■ 20 2 "

ApRre^iite depth, 00 inches.

The amount of snow which fell in Ea.stem
Pennsylvania seems to have (littered greatly.
One account we saw gave the aggregate! at 70
inches, while another record, kept at Carlisle,
Pa., foots up 118 inches.

HOG CHOLERA— COAL FOR HOGS.

The losses from hog cholera seems to be
appalling in many parts of the AVestern coun-
try, and may well ex(.'ite serious apprehensions
in distrii:ts not yet alVected. Indeed, I know
of no other subject which addresses itself so
directly and so immediately to those who feel
an interest in the welfare of those engaged in
agriculture as this. I am not advised that its
cause has been clearly ascertained, or 'a suc-
cessful remedy prescribed. Is it contagious or
epidemic V are questions, I believe, still open
to controversy. Surely it is not beyond hunuui
investigation, and what more important task
can the State Agricultural Society, the State
(Jrauge, orother a.ssticiationsof those who may
be interested in the subject, take upon itself,
than the employment ofthoroughly coiupetenl
)iersons to investigate the subject to its very
iiottoni and see if there be no way of ])revent-
ing its aiiproacli anil no remedy for it when it
has come. No doubt many intelligent fainiers
who have stock sulVering from this disease are
trying remedies, some of which, at least, we
hope may jirove successful. If they will favor
you with an account of their efforts and their
"results, especially when successful, they will
render an important service to the balance of
your readers.

The hog seems to crave carbon in a concen-
trated form, and hence we may concludi' it is
necessary to his well-being. He will cat char-
coal freely, which is tasteless, and is not nu
tritious. From the .same natural pronqiting
A\e see them eat wood when so decayed that
they can do so.

« For myself I have for many years been in
the habit of feeding my hogs with an aliuudance
of our conuiioii bituuiinoiiscoal, prefeniuglhe
poorest, or that which contains a lar^e amount
of sulphur and iron, and 1 think with the hap-
piest results. Let a farmer wlio has never
tried it, throw in a lump of coal as large as his
list, iind he will be surprised to see the hog
leave the corn and crunch the coal, as if it was
the most luscious morsel. Sulphur has long
been known as a valuable remedial agent for
hogs, and iron is a well known tonic, acting

specifically upon the blood, thickening and
.strengthening it. Here, then the hog, by eat-
ing the coal, gets other important elements
besides the carbon.

I have never known a hog well supi)lied with
this coal, to be sick or off Ins feed a for single
day, and although 1 cannot give figures showing
actual results of careful ex|ieriments to prove
it, I believe hogs thus supplied will eat more
.■^nd assimilate their food belter, will make
a|)precial)ly more pork, with a given amount
of corn, than those which are wllhout it. At
lea.st, I am well satii-lied with Uw way in
which my hogs thrive- grow and fatten — un-
der this treatment. Coal is chea|i, and others
if they have not may try it at little expense. —
Judge Colon, in Prairie Farmer.

THE MAD ITCH— A NEW CATTLE
DISEASE.

The Grand Rapids (Michigan) Daitocrut, of
a recent date, says great excitement jirevails
among the farmers in the vicinity of Law-
rence, Van Ihireii county, r)ver a lerrilile dis-
ease that has broken oiil among the horned
cattle, and threattns deslruction to numbers.
They seem to be in the utniosl pain, are con-
tinually raking their heads against all shaqj
objects near them, and will search and tear till
the skin ami th'sh is literally torn olT, leaving
the bone exposed. They keeii this up until
death ensues. It has taken the fanners wholly
by surprise, as no disea.se has ever U'cn known
among the cattle in this vicinity before. It
comes so suddenly and kills tlie animals so
quickly that time is hardly given to treat the
jioor brutes. Animals appari'iilly in jK-rfect
iiealth will all at once commeuci' this scratch-
ing and throwing upwards of their heads, as
if catching their breath, and will die within
10 hours. Farmers are using the utmost cau-
tion to keep it from spreading, as they fear it
is a contagions disease, by burning tar in
yards and .stables, and also daubing ii <m their
noses. In a single day one farmer living in
Lawrence lost two splendid cows, valued at
seventy dollar^ each. .Should the disease
s)iread, it will cause a general depression
among the farmers and grazei-s. as there are a
great many who devote considerable time to
the raising of cattle and dairying in this sec-
tion of Van Hunn county, and al.somaiiy poor
men who depend almo.st wholly on their cows
for support during the winter. Some pretend
to know the disea.seaiid call it the "mad itch,"
and declare that in other localities (out of
Michigan) it has carried otf numbers of cattle,
all remedies tailing to eounleract it.

The following from the (Jreencastle (Pa.)
&//0, indicates that this same disease is at-
tacking cattle simultaneously in widely-sepa-
rated districts, and it will be well for oiu" far-
mers to take measures to guard against its
sjiread: "A valuable cow belonging to Mr.
David I.,. Martin, of .Middlebiirg. was t.aken
sick and acted in such a curious manner as to
attract the attention of himself and neighbors.
On examination, it was discovered that the
one side of her lower Jaw w.isbared of liairfor
about two inches, caused by the raiud friction
from rubbing on the fence, and that her neck
was very niiich swollen. The cow acted as if
crazy, and continued rubbing her jaw on the
fence for several hours, when she suddenly
died. Mr. Martin at once proceeded to haul
her carciiss to the woods, and was followed by
his watch dog, who frequeiilly smelled of the
dead lH>dy, ami shortly alter i-etnrning homo
the dog was take n with the disea.se, acted in
the same manner as the cow, and died in a few
hours. Mr. Martin became alarmed and called
in a veterinary surgeon to examine the dead
bodies, who ]iroiiounced the disea.sc "mad
itch." which is fatal to all animals that con-
j tract it. It is very rare in tlii! United States,
and these are the first ca.ses that have ever oc-
cuiTed in this part of the country."

"Heavexs! wliatacow!" wiustheapproving
remark of a teetotal judge of Vermont, after
swallowing a ])otent ]iunch which had been
offered him as a glass of milk.

186

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

OUR NATIONAL CENTENNIAL.

Details of the Arrangements for the Great In-
ternational Exhibition of 1876.

The act of Coniress wliicli proviileil for "celebrat-
ing the one-hundredth amiiversarv of AiiuM'ican Inde-
pendence, by holdins: an International Exhibition of
Arts, Manufactures and Products of tlie Soil and
Mine," authorized the creation of the United States
Centennial Commission, and entrusted to it the man-
agement of tlie exliibitiou. This body is coni]>osedof
two commissioners from each State and Territory,
nominated by the respective Governors, and commis-
sioued by the President of the United States. The
enterprise, therefore, is distinctly a national one, and
not, as has sometimes been staled, the work of a pri-
vate coi-poration.

The exhibition will be opened on May 10th, 1870,
and remain open every day, except Sunday, until
November 10th. There will be a fixed price of .50
cents for admission to all the buildinss and a:rounils.

The Ccnteimial trrounds are situated on the west-
ern bank of the Schuylkill river, and within Fair-
mount Park, the largest public park in proximity to
a great city in the world, and one of the most beauti-
ful in the country. The Park contains 3160 acres,
4.50 of which have been enclosed for the Exhibition.
Besides this tract, there will be larije yards near by
for the exhibition of stock, and a farm of 42 acres has
already been suitably planted for the tests of plough,
mowers, reapers, and other agricultural macliincry.

The Exhiljition buildings are approached by eight
lines of street cars, which connect with all the other
lines in the city, and by the Pennsylvania and Head-
ing railroads, over the tracksof which trains will also
run from the Nortli Pennsylvania and Pliiladelphia,
"Wilmington and Baltimore railroads. TIius the exhi-
bition is in immediate connection with the entire rail-
road system of ttie country, and any one within 00
miles of Philadelphia can visit it at no greater ct>6t
than that of carriage hire at the Paris or Vienna Ex-
hibition.

The articles to be exhibited have been classified in
several departments, which, for the most part, will be
located in appropriate buildings, whose several areas
are as follows :

DEPARTMENT.

1. Mining and Metallurgy,

2. Mauufactures,

3. Education and Science,

4. Art,

5. Machinery,

6. .\griculture,

7. Horticultural,

:■}

BUILDINGS.

Main Building,

21.47

Art Gallery, 1.6

Mach'y Building, 14-

Agricu'l Building 10.
Hort'l Buildiug, 1.5

Total 48.47

This i)rovides nearly ten moi'e acres for exhibiting
space tlnin there were at Vienna, the largest Inter-
national Exhibition yet held. Yet the appUcationsof
exhibitors have been so numerous as to exhaust the
space, and many important classes of objects must be
provided for in special buildings.

An important special exhibition will be made by
the United States Government, and is being prepared
under the supervision of a board of officers represent-
ing the several Executive Dejjartmehts of the Gov-
ernment. A tine building of 4';; acres is provided
for the jiurpose, space in which will be occupied by
the War, Treasui-y, Navy, Interior, Post-office, and
Agricultural Departments, and the Smithsonian In-
stitute.

The Women's Centennial Executive Committee
have raised S'i(l,000 lor the erection of a paviliofi In
which to exhibit every kind of women's work. To
this collection, women of all nations are expected to
contribute.

The list of special buildings is constantly increas-
ing, and present indications are that their total num-
ber will he from 200 to 3.50. Most of the important
foreign nations — England, Germany, Austria, France,
Sweden, Egypt, Japan and others — are putting up one
or more structures each, lor exhibiting purposes, or
for the use of the commissioners, e.xhibitors and vis-
itors. OtKces and headquarters of this kind, usuallly
of considerable architectural beauty, are provided by
the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, .Mas-
sachusetts, New Hampshire, Missouri, Kansas, Vir-
ginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Iowa and Delaware;
and it is likely that others will follow the example.

A imniber of trades and industrial associations,
which require large amounts of space, will be provid-
ed for in special buildings. Among these are the
photographers, the carriage builders, the glass mak-
ers, the cracker bakers, the boot and shoe manufac-
turers, besides ipiite a number of individual exhibit-
ors. 'The great demands for space will proliably ren-
der this course necessary to a considerable extent,
especially for exhibitors who have been tardy in mak-
ing their applications. In the main exhibition build-
ing, lor examide, 383,300 stiuare feet of space has
been ajiplied for by the begiiming of October by
American exhibitors only ; whereas, the aggregate
space which it lias been possible to reserve for the
United States Department, is only ir>0,00() s(inare
feet, about one-third of which will be consumed by
passage ways.

The Machinery Building, like the others, is already
fully covered by applications. There are about 1,000

American exhibitors in this department, 1.50 English,
and 1.50 from other European countries — which is
about 25(1 more than entered the Vienna Machinery
Exhibition. Extra provision is being made for an-
nexes to accommodate the hydraulic machinery, the
steam hammers, forges, hoisting engines, boilers,
plumbers, carpenters, etc.

Power in the Machinery Hall will be chiefly supplied
by a pair of monster Corliss engines. Each cylinder
is 40 inches in diameter, with a stroke often feet ; the
fly-wheel is 31 feet in diameter, and weighs 55 tons ,
the horse-power is 1,400, and the number of boilers
is 20. This engine drives about a mile of shaftin'r.

For the Art Exhibition, the most eminent Ameri-
can artists are understood to be at work, and it iiuiy
be confidently stated that, especially in the depart-
ment of landscape painting, the United States will
present a finer display than the public has been led
to expect. Quite aside from the contributions of
American artists, applications from abroad call for
more than four times the exhibiting space afforded
by the great Memorial Hall. Provision for the sur-
plus will be maile in temporary fire-proof buildings,
though all exhil)itlng nations will be represented in
the central Art Gallery.

The Secretary of the Navy has arranged that a
United States war vessel sh.all call next spring, at
convenient European ports, to collect and transport
hither to the exhibition, the works of American artists
resident in Europe. Among the [wrts thus far desig-
nated are: Southampton, for England; Havre, for
France; Bremen, for Germany; and Leghorn, for
Italy; if desirable, others may be added.

Mr. Bell, the eminent Enalish sculptor, who de-
signed the groups for the plinth tor the great Albert
Memorial in Hyde Park, London, is reproducing in
terra cotta, at the celebrated wores in Lambeth, the
one which symbolizes -\menca. The figures in this
group are colo.ssal, covering a ground spaceof fifteen
feet square. It will probably be placed in the great
central gallery, opposite the principal entrance.

The Art Exhibition will include, in addition to the
works of cotemjiorary artists, representative poodue-
tious of the past century of American art — those, for
instance, of Stuart, Copley, Trumbull, West, Alston,
Sully, Neagle, Elliott, Kennett, Cole. These, as well
as the works offered by living artists, will be passed
upon by the Committee of Selection, who will visit
for the purpose New York, Boston, Chicago, and
other leading cities, in order to prevent the needless
transportation to Philadelphia of works of art not to
the standard of admission.

A large immber of orders and fraternities have sig-
nified tiieir intention to hold gatherings in Philadel-
phia during the period of the exhibition. Among
those who may now be enumerated, are the Grand
Lodge of Penna., Independent Order of Odd Fellows;
Grand Encampment Independent Order of Odd Fel-
lows; Grand Lodge U. S. Independent Order of Odd
Fellows; Grand Commandery Knights Templar;
Grand Army of the Kepublie; Presbyterian Synod;
Caledonian Club; Portland Mechanic Blues; Welsh
National Eistedfodd; Patriotic Sons of America; Cali-
fornia Zouaves of San Francisco; an International
Regatta; the Life Insurance Comp,anies; National
Board of Underwriters; State Agricultural Society;
2d Infantry, N. (!., of California; Philadelphia Con-
ference, Methodist Episcopal Cliurch ; Cincimiati
Society; American Dental Convention; Catholic Total
Abstinence Union of America; Independent Order of
B'nai Berith; National Alumni Association; Sales-
men's Association; 5th Maryland Regiment; Ameri-
can Poinolotrical Society; Malster's Association of the
United States; Army of the Cumberlanil; Humboldt
.Monument Association; Christopher Cohmibus .Mon-
ument Association; Board of Trade Convention; In-
ternational Typographical Congress; Rifle Associa-
tion of the United States; Centennial Legion; Phila-
delphia County .Medical Society; International Medi-
cal Conirress; Old Volunteer Fire Department of
Philadelphia.

Bureau of Agriculture. — Rules and Informa-
tion for Exhibitors.

Reception. — Objects for exhibition will be ad-
mitted to the Agricultural Building on and after the
fifth of January, 1S70.

Woods, grains, grasses, wool, flax, cotton, agri-
cultural machinery, and all objec'ts, cxcrpt fruits and
other perishable articles, and live stock, must be loca-
ted previous to April IDth, 1871).

FnuiTS. — Fruits will be admitted in their season.
Models in jilaster or wax may be substituted for tro-
pical fruits.

Veget.mh.es. — Vegetables and all other perishable
products will also be admitted in their scascm.

Dairy Products. — Dairy products will be ad-
mitted on Wednesday of eaeli week during the period
of the exhibition.

Macuineky. — Shafting and steam power will be
furnished to exhibitors desiring to display in motion
such machines as cotton gins, sugar presses, planta-
tion mills, threshers, faiming mills, etc.

Necessary power will Vic supplicil gratuitously only
for the purpose of exhibiting the machinery in ope-
ration. ,

BoiLEKS Doing Wokk. — Manufacturers of farm
and plantation boilers, who may wish to exhibit them

doing work, shcmld notify the Chief of the Bureau on
making application for space.

There will be lines of shafting extending length-
wise of the building. These will have a speed of 130
and one of 240 revolutions per minute.

Exhibitors must supply, at their own cost, the pul-
leys that they may require upon the main shafts, as
well as counter shafts, and all necessary appliances.

Pulleys for main shafts mustbe balanced, in halves,
of not more than three feet diameter, and secured so
as not to injure or weaken the shafting.

The mode of securing pulleys and counter-shafts
must be subject to approval of Chief of Bureau.

Exhibitors will be required to assume supervision
of all gear supplied by themselves, and furnish at-
tendants to operate their machinery.

Exhibitors of agricultural machinery are requested
to furnish the following information, and also a draw-
ing to a scale of '{ inch to the foot, of the plan and
distribution of the objects, and if power is required,
must state definitely the —

Actual horse-power required for each machine.

Cubic feet of steam used per hour at a pressure of
seventy pounds.

Diameter of steam, water, or gas pipes.

Diameter of discharge or drain pipes.

Diameter, width of faces, and number of revolu-
tions of driving pulleys.

Fire and light can only be used by special permis-
sion of the Chief of Bureau.

Field Trials. — Manufacturers designing to com-
pete in the field, will be at liberty to use the machine
or machines placed by them on exhibition in the
Agricultural Building, or may use a less costly one,
provided it is identical in constructiou and working
parts.

Exhibitor's Space. — The space srranted to an ex-
hibitor witliin the building is available floor space ex-
clusive of the intermediate passages between the ex-
hibits. It may be utilized in various ways, as follows :

By placing the products exhibited directly upon
the floor.

By constructing a low platform upon which they
may be placed.

By erecting counters on which they may be ar-
ranged. *

By erecting ornemental columns, pyramids, cones,
and partitions to obtain wall space.

By erecting show cases in which the exhibits may
be tastefully displayed.

Snow Cases. — There will be no charge for space,
but all platforms, counters, ornamental partitions,
show eases and appurtenances, must be erected at
the expense of the exhibitor. No particular form or
design is prescribed for the cases, counters, etc., but
they must not exceed the following heights, without
special permission from the Chief of Bureau :

Show Cases and Partitions. — Twelve feet above
the floor.

Counters. — Two feet six inches above the floor,
on the side next to the passage way.

Platforms. — One foot above the floor.

Drawings. — In order to insure the advantageous
and satisfactory location of products exhibited, appli-
cants for space desiring to erect show cases, counters,
or partitions, must furnish to this Bureau a scale
drawing, or tracing, showing clearly the elevation
and ground plan of the same, and especially indicat-
ing the sides of the cases intended to be open for in-
spection .

Kailings. — Machinery in motion mustbe enclosed
with railings of a uniform height of two feet six
inches. Exhibitors of other articles will have the
privilege of placing railings of approved design around
the space allotted to them. All such railings must
not exceed the height of two feet six inches above
the floor level, and may be attaclied to the case by
projecting brackets, or be supported by posts from
the floor. In every instance the floor space granted
includes the area embraced by the railing. 'The line
of the railing will be placed upon tlie line of the pas-
sage way, and no railing will be allowed to project
beyond the case or counter into the passage way.

Pendants from the lioo-''. — Exhibitors desiring
to display products pendent from the roof trusses,
must in every case obtain special permission to that
effect from the Chief of Bureau.

No exhibitor will be permitted to display products
in such a manner as to obstruct the light or vistas
through tlie avenues and aisles, or occasion inconve
iiicnce, injury, or disadvantageously affect the display
of other exhibitors.

Signs. — Signs will not be allowed to project beyond
the floor area of the space allotted, nor will signs
made of canvass or paper be permitted. The size of
all signs will be suljject to approval.

Special Installation.— The nave, avenues, aisles,
and public passage ways remain under the control of
the United States Centennial Commission ; and no
trophies, decorations, portals, fountains, or other spe-
cial exhibits will be permitted iu them, except by
special permission of the Director-General.

Location. — Each column within the building will
be lettered and numbered ; the numbers designating
the lines of coluniiis lengthwise, from south to north,
and the letters, the lines crosswise, from west to east.
Eacli exliibitor will have his location defined with
reference to the nearest column, and theotHcial direc-

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

-187

tory ortlicl)uiliiiiii;wi]l givn tlR-positiiiiisuicoriliiig to
this system.

C.VHiis.—Caifl.s supplied liy tlioCciiteimiiil Comniis-
siuii iiiiiy lie alHxcMl lo puiils, statiiiir tlie oxliil)itor's
luiiiH', lulilicss iiMil plnct' 111' iniimif'ucture, cliiss ololi-
jocts. calalogue ihiiiiIht, and price.

Kxliiliitiii>' liiisiiies^ eanls. eireulars, anil sani])les,
may he plaeeil « itliiii llieir .-^paee fi)rilislrilmtioii, but
visitors sliall not lie solieiteil to receive tlieiii.

I'KHMiT KoiiSi-AiK. — Wlieiillie allotiiieiit I'or space
is iletiuilely maile. eaeh exiiiliitor will be iiotitietl and
i'urnislied witli a permit iiirspaee.

I'.NTHV OK (lOiiiis. — All ixliilnlx mnst be eiilertd ill
fhi- oj/li'c of tht' Chirfof thf Jinmtti of AifricHUnrc^ and
lufoyi- iinpitcK-itiff or ai'fUHifiiiif the artichu^ the entry
t/ittst he I'fidorst'tt oil the per III if for npiiee.

I)i;i.lvi:uv OF (ioons. — .Ml produels arriviiii; at the
iliiors ol" the tmiidini;- by rail, wai^on, or otherwise,
will be received by the liurcauof'Traiispiirtatioii, and
delivered on the space craiited. Kaeli exhibitor will
then lie expected to unpack and arranii;e his i:-oods
wilbiiut delay, rrovisiun has been made lor (he re-
moval and safe storai^e iit"emi»ty boxes auil cases im-
mediately alter unpacking.

LivK Stock.— The Live Stock Exhibition will be
held during the months of September and October,
l>>7(i. Special rules and regulations will be issued
on the sntiject.

The Chief 111' the Bureau of .\griculture has charge
of the allolment of sjiaee to exhiliitors.

Tile right lo alter or amend thiisc rules is reserved.

OUR PARIS LETTER.

Farming on the Continent of Europe.
Oorresiioiideuce of Thk Lanc-vstkii F.mimkr.

Pakis, NovenibTr SO, 187.5.

THE SUBJECT OF SELECTION OF SEEDS.

and of wheat particularly, occupies much attention.
As a principle, it is said, we ought not to sow wheat
in tlie place where it has been produced. True, it is
an excellent practice to renew seed wheat, but is it
necessary to do so every year? Competent authori-
ties who practice wliat they tliink, rejily no. So long
as the yield of grain shows no falling oil', and the
grain disjilays no signs of degeneracy, easy at all
times to iierceivc, there does not ajipear to be any
iicees.sity for changimr the seed. Some farmers ailopt
the practice of selecting every year, a quantity of tlie
plumpest grains, sowing them apart in a kind of nur-
sery, and thus kecj) up a constant supply of sound
seed. Unfortunately these kind of sowings are gen-
erally too thick ; the axiom being forgotten, that the
richer the soil the thinner should be the sowing. A
soil may be rich atiil well prepared, but these condi-
tions will not ])roiluee gCK)d grain imless the seed be
in itself ''robust." The vigorous plant is that which
lias had during the stages of germination, the largest
supply of matters stored in the seed for its food. It
is not counted g<X)d farming to cultivate numerous
varieties of wheat, save where the farm is very ex-
tensive, and it be desired to have the crop mature at
some intervals, to allow of tlic better distribution of
harvest work. For rude climates and poor soils the
lieardcd vaiicty of wiieat with its line straw, is gener-
ally chosen ; the olher kinds would simply fail. For
milder climates and richer land, a variety of wheat
more productive, with stronger straw and a harder
grain, must be preferred. The crop will thus cscajie
the eliances of being laid aud the cars from shedding
the grain.

FARMING SOCIETIES IJJ FRANCE

I are commencing to adopt some excellent measures;
I many have already pun based some of the newest
ty|ies of airricultural machinery, in order to initiate
farmer> inio their um', while iniprcssicg Ibrni witli a
sense of Iheir iiniiortanee. From maeh nery, the plan
I spread to test seeds, and it has now become the turn
I to experiment with manures. Samples of these are
I obtained, and tried under i-oinmon conditions as to
soil and croiis. Tlius each farming society has its ex-
perimental Held. The results of a total series of
trials, with divers fertilizers, may be thus summa-
ri/ed; commercial manures alone ought not to be
relied upon to maintain the richness of a soil; they
oui.'bt only to be ciinsiilercil as the conipliinent of
farm yard manure, taking care to alternate tlie phos-
phate with nitrogenous and potash pri'ijarations.

.\I. Golfart was the first in France to adopt thcplan
of preserved green soiling In covered trenches, as fer-
mented

FOOll FOR LIVE STOCK DUIIING WINTER AND SFHINO.

F.vcry autumn he invites those who please to honor
him with a visit, to come and witness his process of
preservinir maize. Three machines, driven by steam,
cut the fodder into lengths of one inch; for every six
shovels of the green stuH', a workman adds one of cut
straw; the mixture is then thrown into the ojien
trench; live tons per hour is the ipiantity thus mani-
Jiulated, and lil'ty represent the produce of an acre.
The maize is cut lirst on coming into llower. Of
course, it can also lie stored in an unihopped state.
When the weather is wet at the time of putting into
the trenches, a more liberal supply of salt is distri-
buted over the mass, at the rate of seven pounds to

the ton, slrewinir a little in the bottom of the trench,
scaltcrim.' it 111! the sides— never in the middle — and
usinirit liberallyon (he w holcsurfaceof last layer. Too
much salt would injure the health of the ca(lle,(hat
ought never (o receive more (hali two ounces of salt
daily. Before covering with clay — never with sand —
a layer ordry leaves or straw may be iiilviintiii;eousIy
idaecil overthe maize. Any llssurcs thai may open,
close them by a stamp of the foot, and in a few days
the earth will have absorbed the fermenting gas. Du-
ring frosty weather, the food for the I liini: should

be extracted from the pit the previous evening-, and
vire nrmi ; forty ihiuiiiIs is a sullicient average feed
for a cow, with ten pounds of hay given at three
intervals, the lirst on cut Cling the shed in (he morning.

HORSE UREKDINC IN FRANCE

Is commencing to exhibit signs of jiractieal ameli-
oration. One of the chief obslaeles hitherlo, has
been inditl'erence as to the food. This has been al-
most a rule respecting horses of a liirht breed, (hat
were generally left lo lind out their living durinL'their
growth as best they could; precocity was no objeet ,
and at the end of four or live years they were certain
to sell for something. The matter wiis diU'erent re-
specting heavy draimht animals; in their ea.se, gen-
eriius fcciliuir during L'rii\vlb was rcjiiiid liy earlv de-
velopment and hanilsome prices. .\t present, the
fashion is generally to cross native races with F:nglish
blood; but French breeders forL^et, or desire not to
recall, that without liberal I'eedini:, (here can be no
good race of animals. Now, liberal feeding means
oats, and such is the food that is not forthciiming;
instead, straw and hay, with occasionally roots, are
given. What could a race, post, cab, or omnibus
horse do in the shape of work, if, instead of rations
of oats, their stomachs were sluUed with straw and
hay ?

There is a marked tendency for the

rUODfCTlON OF IMPROVED BREEDS OF SHEEP.

Each agriculturist apparently desires to have a " spe-
cies" of his own, but what he obtains is, of course,
only a variety. The production of wool is no longer
regarded as a paying speculation. France cannot
com]iete with Australia, South America, t'cc, hence
the aim is, the precocious prodiu'tion of meat and of
wo(d at the same time. Now, precocity is irtit the
privilege of any race; it is a mere ijuest'ion of feed-
ing. M. Pilat is celebrated in the north of France for
an excellent variety of sheep known as " Brebiercs,"
formed by the dishley and a cross merino breed,
which he maintains by careful selections and cross-
ings. The lamlis at tlieir birlh weii;h from II to 12
pounds, and, like their mother, are objects of studied
care in the matter of good feeding. When sixweeks
old the tails of the lambs are amputalcd; in .March,
castration takes ])laee. The weaning is cll'ected
gradually and naturally, and it is in the happy selec-
tion of lambs to be retained as rams, that M. Pilat ex-
cels. With the males, the pcrinancnt teeth ciimnience
to show between the twelfth and thirteenth mmitli.
The animal is adult at :iU months. For fattening, he
selects the animal having the chest broad and deep;
eye lively; head snuill; forehead broad; hind quar-
ter well developed; bones small; skin line and su|)-
ple. During the fattening, ab.solute tranquility, demi-
obscurity, and regularity of feeding are observed.
The lambs, which are in great request, are sold at
the rate of sixteen sous per pound, live weight. It
must be admitted that the jieriod for payimr fancy
prices for rams of celebrated Hocks is dying out.
Agriculturists have discovered how to develop pre-
cocious breeds, and never to attempt such unless
abundant and rich food be obtainable. To have a
prize animal, and not the means of feeding in keep-
ing, resembles much tHe possession of the white
elephant. In

.TUE RECENT ACRICULTCRAL SHOW AT LfXE.MDOURG,

held in honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the
governorsliii) of the King of Holland's brother, a few-
facts prominently stood out. The local breed of
horses, resembling those of Ilainant, well adapted
for draught work, but lacking a little in eueriry, were
much remarked. They sell, however, for i'r.l'J to
1.5(1(1; twenty years aijo one-third of that sum was
ctinsidered to be a remunerative price. Pigs, as every-
where else on the eoiiTinent, ai'e conlined to the large
and small F'nglish races; local breeds are rapidly dis-
appearing. A threshing machine to be worked by
two men — very common in (iermany, attracted much
attention; butturniuir machinery is not the work now-
a-days lor mankind; we si'ck the motive iiowcr in
steam, air, the wind, and horses. Small f.irmers in
France associate to purchase a threshing machine,
worked either by steam or horse powi-r. There was
a threshing machine, also, that implement makers,
it is hoped, studied. Instead of the two beating roll-
ers having, as usual, a circular base,oneof them was
a cylinder with an oval base.

THE QUALITY OF HEET IS POOR THIS SEASON,

as compared with IS74; the yield of rich Juice is nota-
bly less. On (he other hand, the ipnintity of riKits is
su[ierior. Sugar manufacturers, of course, complain,
but the preparation of sugar promises to undergo a
complete revolution by the use of tht: hydraulics In-
stead of the continuous press, for the extraction of
the juice. M. Viollette has set the question at rest,

respecting (he cIIccIb of partly strlppini.', during
growth, the leaves oM'the beet root for callle feeding.
That practice, he shows by analysis, not only destroys
the saccharine rich nets of the root , as well as the vield
per acre, but introduces into (he organihinof (he beet
other matters instead of sugar.

THE VINE DUG CONTINUES ITS RAVAGES,

wUhon( any apparent diminution. No powder has
been found of the hundreds essayed, (o act as a cure;
the best only prolong the life of "the vine, but do not
save it. The Faiuon process, that of lliKiding vine-
yards in autumn for six or eigld weeks. Is evemalled
in questiiui; but the failures, on examinalion, show
tha( vines so treated were already next to dead, or
the soil marshy; neither after the Inundation did (he
vines receive a manuring, which (hey ouglK. It is
useless llooding a vineyard, almost naturally in such
a slate: the soil reijuires (o bedrled alter the pliylox-
era are drovvned, for such (hey really are. Exix-rl-
ments are being eonducled with various varieties of
.\niirican stocks, taken in Diiawaie, Calilbrnia, A:e.,
and reputed capable of resisting the bug; the results
have yet to be recorded.

OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS.

Proceedings of the Lancaster County Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Society.

THE DECEMIIEU MEETING.

The rcLmlar monthly mectin'.' of the Society
was held in (irant Hail, on .Monday aflernoou, the
tith of December, at l'^ o'clock.

The following members were present: Johnson
Miller, president; Alex. Harris, secretary; John B.
F.rlj, Calvin Cooper, John .Miller, Henry '.M. Knglc,
John (irOBsman, Ephraim IJoover, Miltim B. Eshlc-
man, Amos Buekwalter, Mr. Ileishey, Jacob B. (iar-
ber, Martin S. Fry, Levi Powiialf, Levi S. Heist,
Frank (icorge, Simon P. Eby, John Iluber, S. i.
liathvon, .lobii M. Stehman, John Brailv, Henry Er'.),
Dr. P. W. Hicstand, Peter S. Heist, J. .Staull'er, Wal-
ter Kieller, and the reporters.

Johnson .Miller said there was not much to re-
port in regard to

THE CROPS AT THIS SEASON OF THE YEAR.

The winter wheat in Ids neighliorhood looks very
well. It is more thickly set this fall than last, and
is smaller. The farmers are now going into winter
quarters, aud should therefore protect their slock by
well-closed stables — ventilation, of course, being
considered.

Mr. Erb said that in his neighborhood the crops
were about the same as rejiorted by Mr. .Miller. As
regards the wheal stubble grass, it is a little
thin, bul what there is of it is goinl. The bee hives
are lighter this fall than heretofore, and if they are
not looked after they will lie a total I'ailun:. In some
of his hives he I'ound on examinationonty t wopoinids
of honey; in others there was iml enough ol" honcv in
the hives tfi feed the bees. The bees should cer-
tainly be looked after.

Mr. Miller urged the importance of

BETTER ATTENDANCE AT THE MEETINGS,

and thought it a question (hat should cn^'aire the at-
tention of every memberof the society. The inember-
ship is very large, but for all (his, only (ifteen or
twenty of them are regular atlendanls, and out of
this munbcr. five or six do all the talkiiii.'. This he
did not object to, but he thought a larger attendance
ought to lie had, aud that all should parlicipiUe in
the discussions. This would make the meetings
more interesling, and more information in rcirard to
our proceedings would be given lo thepubtii-. He
hoped that at the next meeting there would be a large
turnout, as there wouKl be an election lor ollicers for
the year 187(i.
The coinmillee appointed to procure

A SCITABI.E ROOM FOR HOLDING THE .MEETINGS,

reiwrted t bat ( hey had looked at several and had come
to the conclusion that the one in which (he meeting
was now being held would be the best as well as (he
cheapest, the rent of which .wouhl be #'i a meeting:
the other rooms that the committee looked at woum
cost S'- 5(1 per meeting.

Mr. Cooper (liouglit the room was too large, and
that a smaller one near the centre of the city might
be secured.

Mr. Harris agreed with Mr. C'oo|>er, and referred
the stwiety (o (he rooms of the Athetueuin, where the
society formerly met. P could be uot rent free, and
the only cost would be for the fuel lor lire, which
wouUI amount (o about ij^ J for the winter.

On motion, it was onlered that the next meeting
be held in the .Mheiaeum rooms.

A bottle of wine from mixed grapes and soiue ap-
ples were presented by .Mr. Erb.

Levi S. Keist presented a pear and some choice
apples.

John Brady presented some very flue apples.

The Secretary said he had ri-i'eived an essay, un-
accompanied by the writer's name or address, which
he thouirht merited some attention from theSwiety,
It was read as follows:

Farming, or Science on the Farm.

Who, in all this " broad, grceu eartli," has more

188

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

need for uiiderstanilinu facts connected witli tiis busi-
ness, trade, or profession than the farmer ? The very
life of his success (as a farmer) in producing luxuri-
ant and successive j'ields, is in the scieutitic Ivnow-
led<re lie possesses of what he is doing. It is t Jue that
this knowledge may be partially handed down by
practical acquirements, from father to son, for ages,
with considerable success, as in England, France and
Germany: but in the knowledge thus acquired, little
progress is attained, and that at a very slow rate.
America is, or ought to be, the agricultural country
of the world; and, since so vast an area is constantly
being opencil up to us, both South and West, it will
be our own fault if we do not become opulent through
our agricultural wealth alone. But to arrive at the
acme of perfection in this branch of industry, we
must understand the business we undertake, or the
productions of our handiwork will take but a second
place in the markets of the nations.

A farmer is both a manufacturer and a merchant,
in every sense of the word; but if he does not turnout
a good article, his merchandise will remain on his
hands, or be sold at such a price as will not ))ay him
for the production and exportation. Why does he
fail in this ? Why, simply because he thinks that
farming is not a science, whc^ it is as much so as
chemistry. How, then, shall we make every farmer
a scientilic man ? Why,

WE MUST BE TAUGHT TO LOOK FOB FACTS,

and to analyze them understandingly, and then
draw such unerring conclusions from them, as
docs the scientific man of any other profession, that
he may profit by them in his mamifactiire of the soil,
and in raising the produce therefrom.

Whilst the chief talent, intellect and energies of
most of the nations of the old world are exercised in
tlie invention and production of the implements and
munitions of warfare, Ijy which they may be enaljled
to defend themselves from the attacks of their neigli-'
bors, or obtain a conquest over them, it is tlie destiny
of our nation to prove that "peace may reign, and
the sword lie turned into the plough-share and reap-
er— depending on the justice of our cause and the
strong arms and stout hearts of our yeomen to re-
pulse all invaders of our tranquillity."

Thus positioned, it is our duty to profit by these
blessings and show ourselves grateful for them in
turning to account the wisdom given to us by the
Creator, and the bounteous proffers by nature to aid
us in the good work. To obtain good gold, silver,
steel or iron, the scientist and essayist employ their
utmost ingenuity in searching for first causes, and

SEPARATING THE TRUE METAL FKOM THE DKOSS ;

for by amalgamation they produce a superior metal to
that m.ade from the raw ore. Every plant, too, is a
dumb chemist, analyzing the earth and taking from it
what it needs for its nurture, color and growth. Will
not our farmers, then, aid these little genii, each of
which contains within it the germ of an Eldorado^ —
brought to his own threshold '! There is no reason why
farming and stock-raising should not be made as much
a scientific study as any other business, and it only
needs that those who undertake this healthy, inde-
pendent occupation, should be impressed with the ne-
cessity of such acquirements as will enable them to
produce any desired landscape of luxuriant growth,
as does the painter his copy — liy a knowledge and
selection of liis varied coloi-s and the perspective. To
enable the farmer to do this, it is but necessary that
he should know the chemical components of each
plant or vegetable ; to know on what it feeds most
voraciously, and wliat it rejects, so

THAT HE MAY GIVE IT THE SUSTENANCE IT NEEDS,

and keep from it that which tends to injure its growth
and make it sickly. Not to do this to our children
would insure for us the name of simpleton — if not a
worse one. To expect the earth to supply, without our
aid, a continuous crop of one cereal, is as wise as it
would be to set a second and third person down to the
same dish, from which the first has eaten all the pro-
visions, and expect them to retire full and satisfied. If
you would not cxjiect these customs to pay you, do not
expect remuneration from the earth, from which you
withhold the rci|uircd nutriment. Seek then to know
what your plant requires ; give that with a bounteous
hand , " put your hand to the plow and turn not
back," and your reward will be a golden garner.

There is yet one thing more that I would allude to,
which is the

BENEFICIAL EFFECTS FROM THE CHANGE OP SEED

in agricultural operations, and the interchange of
connection in stock raising. Growing the same crop
in one locality, from the same seed, year after year,
and raising cattle, Arc, from the same family, with-
out intermixlurc, often tends to deterioration." So far
as seed is concerned, it needs no further proof than
the fact that Canadian seed, when sown in our Mid-
dle or Western States, uniformly turns out heavier
and a greater per centage per acre from the change.
Mr. Engle said it would be well to follow the ad-
vice contained in the essay, as it contained many facts
and good hints. The society should deal more with
facts, and drop the use of o]iinions. He believed with
the writer that there should be as much science in
farming as in any other branch of business. Those
who belong to the society, do not seem to take hold

of it in this light. The masses of agriculturists seem
to ignore this point. They seem merely to be follow-
ing the footsteps of our fathers and forefathers, and
ai'c doing nothing to advance our cause in the least.
Mr. Hoover said that the essay contained a sug-
gestion which strnck him very forcibly, and that was
in regard to seed — such as wheat and corn. He be-
lieved that

A CHANGE OP SEEDS SHOULD BE MADE EVERT FEW
YEARS.

Seeds that grow on limestone land should be changed
every few years for those which grow on barren
or gravel land, and vice verxa. Such an exchange,
in ids experience, always proved satisfactory. By
continuing to sow one kind of seed all the time,
the crop through time will become inferior in quality.
In regard to live stock it is the same. The Chester
county stock is good, but run it awhile and it will be-
come inferior. We should cross and recross our
breeds. He believed in it, practiced it, and was bene-
fited. He thought that agriculture should become a
study, as the farmers know too little about their soils.
Hardly fifty of the farmers of this county know how
to treat their soils. They know very little about sci-
ence. The farmer should not be satisfied by merely
looking on and doing what others did. He should
read more, anil make his occupation a study. If the
doctor and lawyer would not read and study, so as to
be posted up, they would soon be out of the age en-
tirely. This is the same with the farmer. He Is the
person who can't know too much as regards his busi-
ness. He should be constantly booking himself up
on subjects relating to himself and work, and one of
the greatest helps in this case is

THE FARMER, THE ORGAN OF THE SOCIETY,

which is a source of great information. Every far"
mer should take it and make it a study.

Mr. .Miller agreed with all the gentlemen had
said. If farmers would read more, it would doubly
repay them. The most intelligent and prosperous
farmers in this county are those who make reading a
study. He urged the reading of The Lancaster
Farmer, as well as three or four other agricultural
papers. Nothing gives the progressive farmer more
pleasure than to read his paper in the evening after
his hard day's work is done.

The following essay was then read by Mr. Henry
M. Engle:

" Paying too Dear for the \Vhistle."

Almost every school boy understands the meaning
of this common proverb, and it being already a
centenarian, the father of the school boy should be
able to iirofit by the lesson. It is how ever, not
only amusing, but passingly strange that we are
so susceptible of being often persuaded against our
stronger and better convictions. Is it want of
firmness? We can hardly believe that such is the
case, as sufficient firmness is exhibited on some oc-
casions by every one. Have not many of us a weak-
ness of being influenced by something which we can-
not describe? Is it magnetism, psychology, persua-
sive or flowery language, or what ? But that there is
a something we do know, as the sequel will show.
From the early ages until the present there had al-
ways been exchangeable commodities, consequently
some wished to sell, while others were as ready to
purchase. Such transactions have always been con-
sidered proper, provided the exchanges were fairly
and legitimately made, and the custom holds good
until this day, and upon such custom we have no
criticism to offer. There is, however, another

TOO PREVALENT CUSTOM,

which is of both seller and buyer trying to get the
advantage of each other, and which is considered
sharp by those who are in the habit of dealing in
this way ; but has it not an evil tendency ? or, even
more, it has an evil effect, as it creates distrust and
loss of confidence between man and man, which
must to a great extent destroy their mutual and
social relations. Where the parties are well matched
the iiecuniary advantages or disadvantages are
generally pretty evenly balanced ; but the confi-
dence between them for integrity is naturally weak-
ened. Where the parties dealing are unequally match-
ed, the pecuniary advantage invariably accrues to the
sharper.

There are also many instances where men who are
generally shrewd and successful in their regular bus-
iness get outwitted the moment they step beyond
their accustomed routine, and in many cases they do
not deserve the sympathy of their neighbor. For in-
stance, a wealthy fanner who has his farm or farms
clear of encumbrance and may have money and stock
besides, but docs not keep himself posted on anything
outside of his business,

DOES NOT EVEN PATRONIZE HIS HOME PAPER

— an agent or peddler offers him something for
sale which he really needs ; the price is fixed, but
the seller will let him have it at 30 or 3.5 per
cent, below Iiis retail price. The buyer, not beiug
posted, in consequence of not reading the news of the
day, with advertisements and prices of almost every-
thing he may want, makes the purchase, but ,learns
afterward that his neighjior purchased the same kind
for half the price, or even less. The consequence

generally is an indiscriminate anatliema on all agents
and peddlers in the land, some of whom we admit
deserve it, but at the same time a few dollars would
have saved him both his money and his curses. Such
I would again say deserve no sympathy.

There is also a class who have an ambition to be ahead
of their neighbors, and buy indiscriminately for such
purpose, but meet with the same fate as tlie former .
A few instances will prove our position. There is
scarcely a season but there are agents traveling
through this and other counties, ofteriug tosell some-
thing new and superior in the line of fruits. Last
season parties from a distance sold Foster, and otiicr
peach trees, representing that they could not be had
in this county, selling them readily at .50 cents each ,
and some even higher, while at the same time scarce-
ly a nurseryman in this and neighboring counties, but
would have readily supplied them

FRESH PROM HIS GROUNDS AT HALF THAT PRICE.

Samples of grapes are carried about and vines sold
(we are told) at 81.50 each, while the same varieties
will be furnished by any home nurseryman at .50 cents
each. If planters would expend but a trifle toward
getting the necessary informatioa, they might avoid
paying too dear for many things that don't whistle. •
But perhaps it would be all the better in the end to
encourage such agents, as it might bring people soon-
er to think, than by urging them to subscribe for
their home papers. We do not envy either the seller
or the buyer in such cases. A word to the wise is
sufficient, and we all claim to be such in our own
way. Subscribe for the home journal.

Mr. Erb said that the essay contained a great
many good hints, but he was afraid it would never
reach the majority of the people, for the simple rea-
son that they do not get The Farmer or any other
paper. In his neighborhood they have been troubled
very much with tree peddlers, who always

CHARGE ABOUT THREE PRICES FOR THEIR TREES.

Those who do buy from these agents generally lose all
of the trees, which die before they bring forth fruit. He
could not understand why they did not buy their trees
from home nurserymen. Then they would get them
fresh from the ground, and if they should happen to
be planted a little carelessly, they would thrive and
grow anyway. The best plan to do with these travel-
ing agents is to shut down on them. They always
hold out great inducements. They have jars
of the finest fruit, which is purchased at our best
markets, and which they show to parties who are not
posted, saying that it is a sample of the fruit which
is borne by the trees they are selling. This he regarded
as a

GREAT IMPOSITION ON THE PUBLIC,

and thought that the matter should be published, so
as to expose the great rascality.

Mr. Esiileman was very much pleased with the
essay. He said that he was much annoyed by
traveling agents, and he was surprised to see how
many people would buy trees from them. To
some of them it was of no use to talk, for as soon as
they were humbugged they would turn around and
buy again from the next agent that would come along.

Mr. Cooper, in referring to the matter, said that
it looked very much as if the nurserymen had an ax
to grind. As regards the agents, he did not blame
them. Let them sell all the trees they can. In the
end it would help the nurscrym-n, instancing that
when the Ohio men overrun our county a few years
ago, selling thousands of dollars worth of trees, they
mostly all died, and the home nurserymen had a
good thing of it in fllling up the old holes.

Mr. Erk though* it was the iluty of this society to
remove this blindness, and not let the public be hum-
bugged in this manner.

if they would take THE LANCASTER FARMER,

said Mr. Cooper, and papers of its class, they could
avoid being liumbugged in this .way. In another
sense, be believed that if a person paid well to learu
a thing it would be best in the end.

Mr. Engle said that such was not always the case.
When a person gets bit once it does not always cure.
These agents are not always to blame. They show
you boxes of grapes, etc., in glass boxes, represent-
ing the fruits of the tree they offer to sell you. They
all look very nice, but you don't ask if they will thrive
and grow in this climate. In some eases they grow,
in others they do not. The agents also show fine
plates of apples and pears, and they are all right in
their place. The B.ildwin for the North is an excel-
lent apple, but it is not adapted to this climate. We
shouhl know what we plant, and whether it will
thriven in our climate, before we make the purchase.
We never ask these questions, and therefore the agents
are not to blame.

Mii. Eri! thought they were to blam^, for they
generally answered a great many more questions
than were asked.

the FARMERS AGAINST THE EXPRESS MONOPOLY.

A petition sent by Mr. Vick, to the publishers of
The Farmer, with a request to have it signed, was
presented to the Society and signed by the members
present. This petition, which is being largely signad
all over the county reads as follows :

"Tour petitioners, citizens of the United States,

1875.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

i89

respectfully represent tluit the ehani;e in tlie postal
law matle at tlie late sexskmofeniisresR, whereby the
rate. of poKtai;e on thinl-elass nnitter was iloulileil,
was not desired nor ealled for liy any elass of eiti-
zens, exeejit those en^raireil in express transportation,
and that tlu'y verily believe such eliance has been
made under the iiislii.'a1ioii and secret inlluenee of ex-
press eompani<'s lor their own jirolit, ami contrary to
the interests of the irreat body of the people.

'• Your petitioniTs \\ould further represent, that in
a country Hki' the I'nileil States, the postal ajeney
of goveriUMint furnishes the oidy means wbiTi'by the
remote and sparsely settled districts can lie furnishi'd
with small packajres of se<'ds, euttins;s, bulbs, roots,
cions and other matter which may be declared mail-
able liy law, and that the latcehaiiire in the law eon-
cerninir third rale mailer is an unneeessary and un-
called for burthen upon our homestead settlers and
other remote eommunilies, with no commensurate
advantai;e to the government; and we therefore ask
that the late rates upon third-class postal matter he
immeilialely restored; for which, as in duty hound,
we will ever pray."

The question proposed at a former meeting by
Ephraim Hoover,

•"WHAT IlEHDS OF CATTLE AHE THE MOST I>ROKI-
TAIII.E

to he raised by Lancaster county farmers ?" was now
open li>r discussion.

Mh. HoovKii said as he proposed the question, it
woulfl be wi'll ii" he would say a w»ird or twi>. He
had been in the habit ol raisinir cattle for a nnndjcr
of years, and after experiment ing for several years,
he found more irood qualities in the Durham than in
any other. From the Alderney we iret a lari;cr jier-
eentaire of rich cream and butter and nnlk than from
any other. The Devons wvvv also spoken of as beini;
next in this respect. But Mr. Hoover thought when
you take all into consideration, the Durhams would
surpass all other cattle that have been bred. They
mature at an early age, and stand first and above all
others. From a recent rciiort he learned that out of
a herd of grazing Durham cattle one of the bullocks
at the age of three years weighed l;>47 pounds' An-
other bullock of the same breed, herd and age,
weighed VAit pounds. The same report gave an ac-
count of the Devousof the same age and raised in the
same way, the best of which weighed 1200 iionnds.
The Alderneys were also referred to. Being of the
same age and raised in the same manner, they
weighed less than 10(10 pounds. Thus said the speak-
er, it will be seen that

THERE IS A DIFFERENTE OP SOME 200 OR iiOO
POUNDS IN FAVOR OF THE DURHAMS.

Another advantage gained in the Durhams is that
they lose less weight in shipping than an» other
kind. They can also be kept in better condition, and
fatten with less feed than any other cattle. They are
also noted for their milking qualities. There are two
kinds of Durhams. The one is noted for its milk-
ing qualities, the other for the bulk of beef they ac-
cumulate. You cannot fatten a good Durham milker.
By feeding her for that purpose you can reduce the
flow of milk, hut you cannot fallen the animal, lie
doubted very niueh if a good fresh milking Durliam
could be founil that M'as fat. For all purposes he
preferred by far the Duiham stock.

Mr. Grossman did not think it was profitable to
raise any kind of cattle in this part of the county,
where all the farming land was nice and clean. In
the lower end of the county, where the farmers have
niu(di wet land tluvt cannot be plowed, it is more pro-
titahle. The grass there feeds better than ours. As
regards the raising of cattle at any place, he

PREFEKKEI) THE ALDERNEY AS THE MOST PKOFIT-
AIILE.

The btdl calves shonld be .sold to the butcher as soon
as they arc old enough. The heifer calves he would
keep, and after they were weaned he would give
them slop with bran and shipsluff for awhile, and
and then bran to lick daily. He wouM also keep
them in good pasture. In the winler salt should
never be Ibrgotten. At this season of tlie year they
should be fed on tine hay and one or two quarts of
bran and eornmeal mixed together. If attended to
in this manner they will thrive, and at the age of two
years tlu'y will calve, ami a tier that they w ill pay well
for their feed in milk and butter. After the third or
fourth calf they generally bring a good price. We
can get beef cattle from the west cheaper than we
can raise them.

IN HEFERUINU TO THE MATTER OF THE OAIRV.

discussed at the last two meelini;s, Mr. Gross.man
said that in his part of the county — Warwick and
Manheim townships — it would not pay as well as
raising grain. We are too far away from the city to
sell the milk, and the makinsr of butter would not
pay as well as grain. In speaking of Mr. Kussell's
large dairy farm, referred to by Mr. McComsey at
the last meetiitg, he said that he iiad never seen it, al-
though he was within a few miles of it this fall. As
large as it is, he did not believe it could be worked as
well as our small farms. He had tried dairies several
years ago. He had twenty cows, summer aiul win-
ter. They did w ell lor a lew years, but he soon found
that his land was being exhausted. He bad sowed

corn to feed green when the pasture was short. The
clover kejit sliort all summer. He could not raise
good cnnjs liny more. If he put loo much in grass
he could not raise enough straw ami fodder to nuike
as mn(di manure as he tiught U> have. It is best not
to keep BO much slock during the summer. If we do,
cows are the most prolitaide. In winler keep as
much as <'an be fed well. If he would have fifty or
one hundred acresof land likelhat around Conewago,
abjoining his, he would keep no oilier kind i>f cattle
but cows, summer and winter, and they would pay
well and improve the farm.

Mr. KMii.E said it was a question that depended
altogether on the purpose for whiidi we raised cattle,
lu his estimation the

durhams are the best cattle for all purposes.
For dairy purposes the Jersey and Alderney cattle
are the best. To those who go into slock raising the
Durhams are the ones. For milk and butler quali-
ties the Alderney and Jerseys arc best. Thi' butter
man who gets from .50 ets. to $1 a pound for his "gilt
edge" butter, generally has a mixture of Alderney
and Jersey cattle. This kind of butter cannot be
made without Jersey Idood in the cattle. If he was
a dairyman, he woulil have a cross bctweeii the Jer-
sey and Durham. Any breed of cattle, if properly
seiected, will make good milkers, if the breeder uu-
dcrslands his business; the same is true in regard to
beef ealtle. He believes in cross-breeding.

(Jn the question being asked by Mr. I'owell, he
said that the Durham milker stands dry lor a very
short season. While dry she picks up llesli very rap-
idly. He had a cow that woulil give milk only half
the time. When she'wasdry she wimld become very
fat, and when she gave milk she was very poor. This
is the case Willi many other cows. In some, there is
no dilhTcnce to be noted in this respect.

Mr. Hoover agreed with what was said by Mr.
Englc. About four years ago he was in a stable
where nothing but thorougblircd Durhams were kept.
Some were very fat, while others were very thin and
skinny. The gentleman who o« ned the herd remark-
ed that the skinny ones put all in the bucket, and the
fat ones all on their backs. He referred to the former
as being a true specimen as to a real good milking
Durham.

miscellaneous husiness.
At this jjoint of the |)roceedings, the President
asked to be excused, as he wished to take the train
for his home in Warwick township. The reipicst was
granti'd, and Mr. Henry M. Engle was appointed in
his place.

Mr. Staupfer was called upon in regard to an
essay he was to prepare and read before the society.
He replied, and said he had prepared the essay,
and that it would appear iuTiuc La nc aster Farmer,
where all would have a chance to read it. [See page
182 of this issue.]

Levi Keist spoke of the failure of some of his
grafti'd fruit trees. The trees seem to dry up at the
stump and then die away.. He would like to know if
the cold winters or hot summers had anything to do
with it.

Mr. I'.Rit said the same thing occurred to him. In
his, the stump would turn black and then the tree
would die. The disease first eonimeneed Ijy the bark
around the stump breaking open. He thouirht it was'
on account of there being too much sap in the tree.
In trimming the trees, we should not cut away so
many young sprouts. Letthemstand to take up some
of the sap.

Mii. Enole said he lost anumberof his apple trees
by a blight similar to the jiear bliirht. If not arrested
iii time the tree will die. Sometimes when the tree
is allecl ed it will linger for several years before it dies.
Mr. EliB al.so noticed this in his trees, but he
thought it was caused by insects.

Mr. Stauffer gave a scientiflc explanation as to
the cause. He attributed many of the diseases of
fruit trees to inqiropcr grafting.

The I'ollowing penwuis were proposed and elected
members of the society : K. J. Erb, of I'cnii; Jelfer-
son (irosh, of Manheim; Jonas B. Xolt, of .Manheim:
Martin F'ry, of F^phrata; and Jacob M. Mayer, of
.Manheim.

Levi S. Keist asked a question as to the best time
for grafting — early or late spring?

Mr. Eli n thought grafting should be done before
the bud is too full.

Mr. CiiiiPEU thought the sap should be well uji
before grafting. In his expcrieiiee, grafting done in
this way had been attemled with the best results.

Dr. IIiestand and Jacok Stauffek agreed with
Mr. Cooper in these views— thi^ latter reinarkinirlhat
late grafting was generally acceiited by the authori-
ties as the best.

H. M. F^Niil.E inquired whethiT any one present
has been successful in grafting jieacli trees, but met
only one response — Mr. Erii remarking that he had
seen one variety of peach 6ue<essl"ully grafted ou
another.

The ."ocicty now resolved itself into social inter-
course aud'tcslingof fruits— certainly one of the most
pleasant parts of the proirrammc. Some very fine
varieties of apples and pears were tested, after which
Society adjourned to meet ou the first Monday in
January, at the Athenseum Uoonis, Centre Square.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

To Make Chicken Croquettes.

A lady asks us for a good receipt forinakingchlck-
cn croquettes, and to oblige her and perhaps many
others we reprint the following from the one furnish-
ed U8 a year or two ago by a correBpf>iident ri'siding
in (■erinantown, as the Vi'ry best we know, the pro-
duct bi'ini: good enoui^h for all the crowned heads of
Europe. It is true that If not so complicated or
gocMl u croquette Is desired, sweetbread, &c., could be
omitted :

Boil a sweetbread for three minutes, jiut it Into
cold water and after an hour take out and drain.
Boil a calf's brain for live minutes and set aside to
cool. Boil also half a pint of cream, with the sarao
measure of fresh bread crumbs, sifted clean of lumps
and crust .

Cut olf from the <liicken8 all the brown meat and
reserve for use cither to frieasee, to stew with giblets,
or when boiled and mixed with an cijual bulk of roast-
ed veal, to make into breakfast croquettes.

Boil the ebiikcns till lender, in just enough water
to cover llu-in. When the lirnlli is cold, skim offall
the grease, pour off the clear portion and boil it down
to half a pint. Kemove the skin, fat and tendons and
chop the white meat as finely as |Hissilile, with the
swcettiread and brain, first adding a tablespoonful of
chopped jiarsley, the s.'ratcd rind and the juice of a
large lemon, one heaping teaspoonful of salt, and a
half teaspoonful each of powdered mustard, maco
and irhilr pepper.

Cut fine two shalotes in' one small onion, fry with
four ounces of bulter, add a tables|Kionful oi' Hour
and stir till smofith ; transfer it quickly to a saucepan,
add the chopped meat, stir briskly, ami as soon as
hot add the yelks of four fresh-laid eggs, remove from
the fire, and when cool enougli to handle bruise in a
choiipiiig-bowl to a paste. Thi'ii spread on a dish
and put into the ice-box lo harden and stilfen.

After two or three hours mix thoroughly and niouUI
as follows : Sprinkle a moulding board with sifuni
cracker-dust, take a heaping lables|ioonful of the
meat paste and form the cniriuelte in the shaiie either
of a small sugar-loaf or a roll. When all are done,
dip them one by one into well-heaten eggs, roll In
finely-sifted bread-crumbs; after an hour dip and
roll iigain and set in the ice-box till wanted. Lastly
frv in enough hot lard tolloat I hem to a golden brown
color, turning carefully while cooking to keep them
shapely : serve on a napkin with sprays of parsley
and watercress.

Very acceptable croquettes arc made by using all
the meat of the fowl ; in that ease a single chicken
weighing six [lounds w ill be required ; but when the
white meat only is used they are much more delicate.

This receipt will make aiioul one and a-half dozen
croquettes, which will cost, with chiikens at 2.5 cents
a ixmnd, and dediieling the value of the briiwn meat,
about one dollar and a half per dozen. — GcniuuUown
Telcgra2)h.

Buckwheat Cakes.

A lady wriling to the (_'i>imh-y (lenllemim says her
experience teaches that not many understand ihs in-
expensive delicacy, for delicacy it is. The friend who
taught her to niake them, commenced her lesson
with—

" Xot any yeast-made pancakes for me. They are
good enoii'ih^ perhaps, but can't compare with a gold-
en-hued biitlermilk buckwheat pancake. .See, I takca
quart of bulterinilk willioul a drop of water in it.
Didn't I rinse down my cliuni? No, I scraped the butter
down with a spoon, to keep it rieii, you know. Now
I put in a teaspoonful of soda and one of salt; then I
dip five handftils of Hour, so bii;, and then stir till
mi-xed, and no longer. If you keep slirrinu' and add-
ing now a little Hour and then a little more milk, you
will find your dough siriuu'y and cakes tough. All
kinds of pastry tlial are rcipiircd to be lender and
delicate, must be manipulated as little as possible.
Don't think of setting the table du.siiig the operation
of frving. Have thai all done first, and merely get
a good start before you riii:: Hie bell. You need not
have a disagiecalile smell of liurnt fat aeconipanying
the operation unless you wish lo waste it . A largo
square of fat iKirk is best, I Ihiiik.with the rind oh;
skim it liglillv over the trriddle. though, ami when
tbrough, trim off the soiied-lookin;; part, and it will
do inaiiy limes. I never turn a cake over twice, and
1 (hm't 111 it g"t e<K)ked through before I turn It.
I'op the cakes un ler cover quickly. Sieamiiig them
a minute is the cap of iK-rfeetion, but see that the lid
does not bear on tliciii heavily."

Mrs. Pai l. in her " Cociking from Experience,"
thus tells us how to do it: Take three iiints of buck-
wheat meal, two heapinir tables|H>on5fiil of unbolted
flour, or one of white flour and one of Indian meal, a
teasiioonftilofsalt; stir these toiret her, adding gradu-
ally water slightly warm to make a still batter, lieat
for fifteen inimiies, Iheii add liulf a eiip of good
yeast, a lableslxionful of molasses, and a little more
water, beating well together; cover them, aiul set
them to rise in a warm place over night, if for break-
fast; in the morning:, if yim find them too thick, add
a little more water with a saltspoouful of soda dis-
solved in it.

190

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

Horse-radish Culture.

Toumay say, perhaps, that horse-radish, like many
commou plants, will grow anywhere, and so it will.
But to have it good it must be grown well. Some
years ago, when I was in the west of England, I had
charge of a very old and very productive garden, in
which was a large hed of horse-radish, situated in a
prominent position, an<l yet it contained no useful
piece longer than from four to six inches. The tirst
winter I was there, I had a bed made in the least
frequented part of the garden. I trenched the spot
Belccted for the bed about two feet deep, adding a
good dressing of dung, and allowed the bed to settle
down well before planting. I then trenched tlie old
bed fully two feet deep, and carefully picked out ev-
ery bit of the horseradish. There being plenty of
crowns we saved the best of them, and cut away every
bit of side root ; some of these crowns had pretty firm
bits attached to them of from two to six inches long.
They were allowed to remain, and the strongest were
selected for planting. After the crowns were gone,
we used scmie of the best of the roots, the longest and
straightest ; these had no crowns ; but horse-radish
cares little about being beheaded, and when the genial
influence of summer begins to act on it, it soon pushes
forth a new head. When our Treshly-made bed had
become pretty well settled down, we took an iron bar
and with it made deep holes in tlie bed about 15 inches
deep, leaving about as much between the rows, and
about one-halfthat distance from hole to hole. These
holes were made to remain open, at least, for a time,
and, in order that they might be a little wider at the
toil tlian at tlie bottom, the bar was made to play
ar(.)Und about once or twice before it was withdrawn.
This also firmed the sides. Into these holes we drop-
ped the sets of horseradish; enough of loose earth is
sure to sink dcnvu in the operation to keep the young
rootlets all right; and the open hole assists vegeta-
tion. It was said the new man had destroyed all the
good old bed in which one always found some radish;
and, moreover, the new bed was planted so deeply
that it was believed the plants and cuttings would
never see daylight. Before, however, the roast beef
graced the next Christmas dinner-table, there was in
this new bed [ilenty of good andeleanly-.;rown horse-
radish, more than a foot long and between two and
three inches in girth. As to lifting horse-radish, this
should never be done hap-hazard all over the bed, as
by doing so one. never knows where to pitch upon a
good root when such is wanted. In taking the rad-
ish from our new bed, we began at the end where we
had planted the strongest crowns. In autumn weha<i
a couple of yards along the bed dug up from side to
side ; all sticks tit for use were carefully put aside in-
to a convenient place among some mold in an open
shed. This portion of the bed was leveled down into
its former place and planted afresh, and thus we
went along the bed, lifting according to the demand,
and no more gnarled and twisted h.orseradish of two
or three inches long was to be found. — Londuti Oar-
den.

^

Things Worth Knowing.

Keep tea in a close chest or caunister.

Keep coffee by itself, as its odor affects other articles.

Keep bread and cake in a tin bo.x or stone jar.

Cranberries w ill keep all winter in a firkin of water
in a cellar.

September and October butter is the best for win-
ter use .

Oranges and lemons keep best wrapped in soft
paper, and if po.ssible laid in a drawer.

The United States standard gallon, measures 231
cubic inches.

A barrel contains 40 gallons, or 9,!i40 cubic inches.

A box 24xir> inches, '22 deep, contains one barrel.

A box Kixlliio inches, S deep, contains one bushel.

A box 8'.jXS'^, inches, .S deep, contains one peek.

A box 4x1 inches, 4',2 deep, contains a half peck.

The standard bushel of the United States contains
3150.43 cubic inches. Any box or measure, the con-
tents of which are c<iual tf) 2150 42 cubic inches, will
hold a bushel of grain. In measuring fruit, coal and
other substances, one-fifth must be added. In other
words, a peck measure five times even full makes one
bushel. The usual practice is to " heap " the mea-
sure. The " VVinchestci- hu^liel,*' as our standard is
called, islSi-i; inches in diameter, inside, and S inches
deep.

To find the contents of a cylindrical measure, mul-
tiply the square of the diameter by .78.5".98 and then
bv the depth. Example: 18i..,xlSi„=342.25; S42.25x
785,3it8=2HS.8ni; 2tiS.80:!x8=2,1.50 42-100.

Welsh firkins are so-called from the fact of their
being introduced by a Welsh settlement in the north-
ern part of New York State. A Welsh firkin coutains
about one hundred pounds, and a half-firkin oi tub,
fifty pounds on an average. A common returnable
contains from thirty to seventy pounds of butter, and
a common (Irkin ninety to one hundred pounds.

No. 1 mackerel should be not less than thirteen
inches in length, iVom the extremity of the head to
the foot of the tail, fat, free from rust, taint or drain-
age.

No. 2 mackerel should be not less than eleven
inches in length, fat, and I'ree from rust, &c.

No. 3 mackerel should be not less than ten inches
in length.

No. 3 large should not be less than thirteen inches
in length, and in quality are those that remain after
the selections of No. 1. .

No. 4 mackerel comprise all not in the above, and
should be free from taint or damage.

The above is the standard established by law in
Massachusetts, and is generally accepted by the trade
elsewhere.

Mackerel should be kept covered with brine and
not exposed to the air, as it becomes rancid or "rusty"
in a few days.

Mess mackerel — the finest fish with head and tail
removed.

Extra number ones are selected fish.

Large number tw(TS — fish over thirteen inches in
length, and not good enough in quality for number
ones.

Mackerel comes in barrels, half-barrels, quarter-
barrels, and kits, containing, full weight, respectively,
200, 100, 50 and 30 pounds.

Scaled herrings should be fat fish, free from scales,
and when smoked be of a bright golden color.

No. 1 herring are generally small anil poor fish.

The best way to cook codfish, strip itof its skin and
cut in pieces about the size. of one's hand; place it in
water and allow it to simmer on the stove until it
becomes tender. It should never be allowed to boil.
Boiling hardens and darkens the fish, and deprives it
of much of its flavor.

Pcn-k, full weight, should contain 200 pounds, but
the standard has been reduced to 190 pounds; pickled
beef bams in barrels 300 and 220 pounds, clear sides
in bulk, in boxes 500 pounds, and in hhds. from 800
to 1000 pounds.

Salt — Ashtou's, Marshsill's, and other Liverpool
brands — come in bags, 324 pounds; New York State
in barrels and bags, 240 and 2-80 pounds; eases table
salt contain 00 boxes, about to 2 pounds each. Salt
also comes in small packets, put up in sacks, three
sizes: 25, 10 pound packets; 40, 6 pounds; and 80, 3
pounds.

Oolong teas are very highly dried, of wiry, brittle
leaf, and valued according to degree of strength and
pungency, and freedom from dust.

Souchongs are the strongest black teas. The leaves
are large, thin and often broken. The infusion is
clear, golden and aromatic.

Congou teas have small, short, grayish black leaves.

Gunpowder is a heavy tea, of a dark green hue, and
the leaves rolled in hard balls.

Imperials are in larger grains than gunpowders,
and in color a silvery green.

Hysons have long, straight, fleshy, grayish green
leaves, rolled lengthwise on themselves, with sweet
aromatic flavor.

Twankays are known by the large, yellowish, badly
rolled leaves and strong odor. The Infusion is a deep
yellow, and of clear, sharp taste.

Hints in Season.

PoTATOKS make firstrate chicken feed. The poul-
try raisers out West use them largely in fattening
their surplus stock for the fall and early winter mar-
ket. They should, of course, be cooked and mixed
with corn meal when fed for fattening purposes. If
fed to young fowls or chicks designed for breeding,
or to laying hens, it is well to substitute wheat bran,
or shorts, or oat-meal, if it can be readily obtained
for a portion of the corn meal. Use salt and pepper
to taste as for table use; the fowls will relish such
feed and thrive, or fatten on it nicely.

To liEMOVE Mildew, soak the part of the chith
that is mildewed in two parts of chloride of lime to
four parts of water for four hours, or until the mil-
dew has entirely disappeared, then thoroughly rinse
it in clean water.

Silverware may be kept bright and clean by
coating the articles (warmed) with a solution of col-
lodion diluted witii alcohol.

Brass Ornaments should be first washed with a
strong lye made of rock alum, in the proportion of
one ounce of alum to a pint of water; when dry, rub
with leather and fine tripoli. This will give to brass
the brilliancy of gold.

To Clean Gold, powder some whiting, and make
it into a moist paste with some sal-volatile. Cover
over the gold ornaments and surface with a soft
brush; let it dry, and then brush it off with a moder-
ately hard brush.

It is Bad Policy to attempt to carry through the
winU-r a larger stock of poul'ry than can be comfort-
ably housed and otherwise well cared for.

Do NOT, as the weather becomes colder, neglect to
furnish poultry with abundant supplies of good, pure
water to drink. They will use nearly as much now
as during the summer.

Assaf(Etii)A is an excellent remedy for horses,
cattle, swine and poultry. Given both in the water
and feed, it pi-omotes health and prevents disease.
This excellent preventive sbouhl tie largely used
where hog cholera is epidemic, and should be freely
given to stock that is healthy, to keep them so.

QuioK Mortar: Equal parts of sand and filaster
paris moistened with water, make an excellent mor-

tar to stop cracks and holes in walls or ceilings. It
hardens rapidly, and must be handled quickly, or not
too much made at a time.

In case of poisoning, vomit the patient instantly
and freely with strong salt and water, giving abun-
dantly, afterwards, of milk and white of eggs.

Rake itp all the loose trash in the fields and
burn it. You thus destroy the germs of millions of
insect pests, and prevent them from preying on you
next season.

Keep plenty of dry dust for poultry to wallow
in, and they will never be troubled with vermin. Dust
scattered along the back, from horns to tail, will re-
move lice from cattle.

Now IS the time to take care of the tools and im-
plements which have Ijeen used during the summer.
Put them all in good order before storing away. Tools
cost money and must be well cared for.

At this season of the year, no family should fail
to subscribe for at least one agricultural paper, for
the instruction and entertainmen* of the children, if
for no other purpose. The information obtained in
this way is nearly always worth many times the cost.

In fall andwinter write for NurseryCatalogues,
and acquire all the information necessary before i)ur-
chasing trees, shrubbery and small fruits. Always
buy of reputable dealers in preference to unknown
traveling agents, whose representations are usually
altogether unreliable.

Practical Brevities.

Every one, young or old, should keepthehead cool,
the body warm, and the feet dry.

Good management, economy aud industry in youth ,
make old age comfortable.

Time is money. Treat yours as if you knew how
to make it valuable.

When you wish to have anything certainly done,
go. If not, send.

Memory is made stronger by exercising what you
have already.

To preserve beauty, preserve your health and spir-
its.

Be ashamed ofyourpride,notproudof your shame.

Cruelty to women or children is the crime of a mon-
ster.

Hours of recreation are not lost hours, by any means .

To keep out of trouble, keep out of debt.

Hope and time are the best solace for grief and
trouble.

Mental gifts often hide bodily defects.

Do good if you exjieet to receive good.

Ask thy purse how much to spend.

Limit Your Wants.

From the nature of things, the income of most of
the inhabitants of the earth must be limited, and, in-
deed, within very narrow bounds. The product of
labor, throughout the world, if equally divided, would
not make the share of each individual large. It is
impossible that every one should be what is called
rich. But it is by no means impossible to be inde-
liendendent. And what is the way to compass this
"glorious privilege," as Burns designates it ? The
method is very simple. It consists in but one rule.
Limit your wants. Make them few and inexpensive.
To do this would interfere but little with your real
enjoyment. It is mostly a matter of habit. Ton
require more, or you are satisfied with less, just as
you have accustomed yourself to the one or the other.
Limit your wants, estimate your cost, and never ex-
ceed it, taking pains to keep inside of your income.
Thus you will secure your lasting independence.
Young" men, think of this. A great deal of the hap-
piness of your lives depends upon it. After earning
your money, spend it as you choose, honestly; but be
sure ycm make it first.

A Good Durable Whitewash.

In answer to a correspondent who asks for a white-
wash that will stand exposure to the weather, we
give the following, which we know to be good : Take
half a bushel of freshly-burned lime, slake it with
boiling water; cover it during the process to keep in
the steam. Strain the liquid through afine sieve and
add to it seven pounds of salt previously well dis-
solved in warm water; three pounds of ground rice
boiled to a thin paste and stirred in lioiling hot: one-
half iiound of powdered Spanish whiting, one jiound
of clean glue, which has been previously dissolved by
soaking it well aud then hanging it over a slow fire
in a small kettle within a large one filled with water.
Add five gallons of hot water to the mixture, stir it
well, and let it stand a few days covered from dirt.
It must be put on quite hot. For this purpose it can
be kept in a kettle on a portable furnace. About a
pint of this mi.xture will cover a stiuare yard.

A Timely Hint.

The Lebanon Courier says it is calculated that

eggs, butter, &e., are going to bring very high prices

next year, on account of the large consumption of

them that will be produced by the Centennial. Far-

lS-5.]

THE LANCASTER FARMER

i91

mere and otliers ehoiilil propnro to prnfit by tin's iiro-
niiKiiifrdeniiiiKl. An cxtrn iimnlnToriu'ns sliould he
lii'pt, anil extra attiiilioii sluiulil lie }rivcii tlirni
tlinmirli till" winter. Tlie eowssliouUl also be warmly
honsed ;\nd lilierally fed.

In the matter ol' attendiner eows, wc tliiuk a mis-
take is made by the neirleet they often have to en-
dure. One eow well fed anil attended to, will make
more butter than three that reeeive siieh neirleet as
we frefiiu'iitly see euws suderinir under. A eow that
has to piek most of her feed from the eorn stalks
thrown on the nuiinire pile, and is left to shiverin the
eold and wet, or before the rude blasts of winter, is
not (xoini^ to produee any butter worth speakini; of.
Let <rood stock be obtained, and careful treatment be
given, and the result will be satisfactory.

Centennial National Cook Book.

The Women's Centennial Kxeeudve Cotnmittee in-
tend issuiui;- a luUioinil cook book. It is dcsiyned to
make the book purely .\nicricati and as far as possi-
ble, receipts common to all nations will be excluded.
It is believed that a vabnible book can thus be com-
piled. For the furtherance of this object they ask
the aid of the women of America. No receipt will
be too homely if eharaclerislic of the country. Dishes
peculiar to rich and ]K)orare desired. If economical,
and at the same time iiOod,so much the better, t-'oups,
fish, shell-tish, meats, frame, eakes, i)astnes, [nid-
dinirs, sauces, and venetalilesirivemdiniilcd resources.
Of bcveraires they hope to obtain a choice collection.
The executive committee are anxious to lie-in on this
book at once, therefore contributions are requested
without delay. Send them to .Mrs. E. U. Gillespie,
{)0:> Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.

GENERAL MISCELLANY.

How to Wash Woolen Clothing.

Prof, .\rlus, who has devoted himself to the dis-
covery of the reason why woolen cjothin;;- when wash-
ed with soap and water, will insist upon shriukinjr
and beeomiiifr thick, and aec|uirini,' that peculiar odor
and feeliiiii: that so annoys liousc-keejx'i-s, says these
evil effects are due to the decomposition ofsoa]>by
the acids jircsent in the perspiration and other waste
of the skin whieli the clothim,' absorbs. The fat of
the soap is then precipitated upon the wool. These
effects may be prevented liy steej)ins): the articles in a
warm solution of wasbiui;- soda for several hours,
then addimf some warm water and a few drops of
atumonia. The woolens are then to be washed out
and rimel iu luke-warm water.

Imperfect Potato Tests.

Mr. J. L. Perkins, of IlarrLson county, Iowa — who
thinks his locality has " the greatest soil in the world
for potatoes, when the season is justrif;ht,as this has
been in all respects "^sends a statement of the yield
of several varieties from one pound of seed of each.
The tubers were cut into sinirle eyes, and planted
three feet apart each way, in rich, loamy land, eon-
taininsr a lar^e proportion of deeayed vegetable nuit-
ter. No manure was used either before or after
lilantiug.
Variety. Yield, Us. | Variety. Yield, ll.s.

Eur ekh s,-,ll , E I rly Eclirse 315

Suowflake saij Geucrol Grant :1I2

Nor'eeucli T30 I*eerle88 305

Conrpti'U'B Surprise 728 Early Rose .'J(tO

Early Ohio 525 1 Excelsior -iHl

Berlin Seedling 4*i(> I Car] euter'e Seedling 2S()

Early Veirnout 41C|Strawberr-y 254

Late KoBe 415 1 Prince Allrert Wll

Brown's Seedling 413,(nim:ix 218

Early Favorite 4|lllnircl<cye 214

Morning Glory 3W 1 Whil e Peacbhlow 2IJ0

Brownell's Beauty 33a'.Ier'8ey Peachblow isl

Ice Cream 320,0 irni'tjell's Late Rose 1.50

Interesting as such experiments are to determine
the relative produetiveiress of a snrall ipiantity of
seed, they are of little |iractieal consci|Uciice to the
potato grower. In such cases, were the number of
hills of each kind stated, the value of the tests would
be inueli enlianeed. The Kureka, for instance which
gave .\Ir. Perkins tire largest yield, is a |K>tato with
too many eyes, and of it thei'e were no doubt nrore
hills planted tlranof .Snowllake, Browirell's l^eauty,
and other kinds with but few eyes. The iprantityof
seed irsed irr planting is really of little imjrortance to
the farmer, as a bushel or two nrore seed jht acre
does not conre into consideratioir when thereby the
crop is itrereased twenty or thirty brrsliels. What the
farmer wairts to know is, of what variety of potato —
quality and price beirrg irearly eriinil — he can raise
the lai'gest crop per acre, and orr this the knowledge
of how many potatoes carr be grown fronr oire pound
of seed throws but little light.

The New York Trifniiif says Mr. Perkins corrsiders
the Snowllake as the best potato he has ever grown.
With hinr it is a spleirdid cropper, very uuiforirr in
Bixe, perfectly smooth, peels without waste, cooks
through eveirly, is very white and lloui-y, and, iu
short, has no defect » hatever. Many eories|)oirderrts,
from different states, are forwarding similar reports
as to the value of this new variety.

Protect Domestic Animals from Cold.

Outhouses, kept in suflielent nuirrber and In good
repair, will as certainly pay as well-eultivaled fields.
Much sickness and death of live stuck may fre pre-
vented by Judicious feeding, shelter and liyirienieeirre.
M'liaf is so often ascribed to bad luck ought irr truth
to be ascribed to the slothfu] habits and ignorance of
fai'mers. Nature eoniniits the dorncstie animals to
mair as a part of his stock-irr-trade ; but the laws of
animal life and health are not suspetrded, and the
farmer wliosc iiroceilure violates these laws must pay
for his igniirarree or carelessness in money or its
ei|uivalent. IJnt doinestie aniurals arc srtbject to the
sairre diseases as nrair — pneumonia, tyi'hoid fever,
inllammation of the bowels, iV;c. These diseases are
prodrteed by sinritar or the sanre causes as iir man.
No nratter how borrrrtifrri irr r{uarrtity or good iir ipial-
ity the food for stock may be, if they have not srtlli-
cient pi'otectiorr or shelter fronr the sevcrv wiirler
w iirds ami i old raiirs, the loss, if not of life, will
necessarily be very considerable. If a nran will bitt
observe the cll'ccts of eold raiirs on hogs, cattle and
Imi-ses, he will certainly observe the necessity of
shielding 1 hem from it. It is impossible that the iror--
mal irrocesses of digestion and assimilation of food
eatr proceed regrrlarly when the arrimal is exposed to
all the sever-ities of the weather. No doubt this is
one reasoir why domestic breeds so rapidly degener-
ate when pirl tVom rrirder the care of nran. It is iro
uncomrrron thing to see fanners' stock horrses wretch-
edly orrt of repair — the svinds whistlirrg throngh them
aird the I'ains driving iirto them, making them damp,
iriereing cold. Thetr it is ofterr the ease that hogs
have rro slrellei' other than they cair tind themselves.
The ipralilies ofairinrals thusexposed inir.sl iirevitably
degerrerate, so that loss is sustained, although it may
escape the observation of the stupid farmer, who sui>-
poses that mart alone rreeds proteetioir fronr the weath-
er. Fi-onr this orre cause nrairy a farmer loses Iruu-
dreds of dollars every year.

Mingling the Manure of Horses and Cattle.

The aeeumulations of the hoi'se stables, and also
of the stables of eows and other neat cattle, should
always be mingled together in the yar-d or compost
heap. Ilerrcc stables should opeir into yards over
which the litter from the horses and eows should be
regularly sprcrrd evei-y day. By this nreans alotre
will a good resrrlt be obtained. The respective merits
of boxes and foldyards for fattetring cattle in a great
measui'e deperrd rrporr the qirality of dtrng they turn
out. The box is eeoirourieal irr tlie matter of straw,
and will be esteenred for this ivasoii in sidiur'bair dis-
tricts. It is also favorable for the niarrufactui-e of
good marrure, as being irnder cover, the liquor is
wetted by the droppings of the animals only. The
Iryre, savs The Agi'k-t/lfHfid (iazcttc, is still more
eeoironrical of straw, but is not favor-able to the manu-
facture of good manure, owiirg to the aniiuals being
tied up. Litter fronr byres ought to be thr-owir out
iirto courts and trodden down with yorrrrg stock.
Foldyards reqrrire much litter, as they are always
nrore or less opeir, and are I'ur this reason jrrelerrcd
irr rural districts, where the valrte of straw is not yet
felt. Excellent manure may be nranufaetured in
small troughed folds, with a eoirsiderable propor-
tion of shedditrg. Cattle will do well in airy of these
forms of accommodation, but if tied uii iir byres it
will be humane, as well as protitahle, to have them
brushed arrd curry eombed daily. It must be remem-
l)ei-od that animals thus confined cannot lick or rub
themselves, and that they ar-e deprived of the cooling
elfeets of air and rain. 'The skin rrnder theseeircum-
stanees becomes irritable, and especially where, as is
often the ease in byirs, dirt adheres to the animal,
brushing and cleansing the skin and attention to the
state of the feet eaunot be too strongly enforced.

Using Raw Material to the Utmost.

One of the greatest discoveries ever ehronieled, is
that of petroleurrr. Its imiMrrtanee is even yet but
half comiireherrded. Natui-e's economy, in all of her
prodrretions, is in no instance more strikingly illus-
trated than the varied merchant a hie commodities that
are wroirght from crude oils that are so hounlifully
deposited in some sections of our country: and the
great waste that attended its treatment would do for
an excellent text for a telling sermon on the startling
igirorance of man and its rapid disappearance under
the incisive ap|ilieation of his inlelleet. Ul>on the
first discovery ol'the oil in the Pennsxlvania districts,
ol'eourse iinmcnsc quantities were lost while yet in a
crude state, owing to the inadequate means and eon-
trivances for preserving it; then irr treating the pro-
duet the residue in the stills of the reliner was re-
garded as fit only for luel. This was. however, soon
found to bean error, and the tar was taken from the
oil retinery, submitted to anotlier treatment, and
paratine oil is the result; again a residum was found,
aird this iu its turn is now pressed and relined, ami
enters largely into tlie manufacture of candles; sub-
initterl to a still further treatiueut, the wax becomes
a transparent and tasteless mass, in which condition
it is converted into chewing gum. .\fter undergoing
all these various treatments, there still remains a
hard crisp cinder, which still contains sullicicnt live

matter to render it combustible and fully equal to the
best coal in its heating qualities, and this, nofwlth-
staiidiiig the fact that In itslalter treatment the mass
is submitted to a white heat, which we would natu-
rally suppose would so thoroughly ilisintegrate the
matter and render auy residue unfit for any puriiose,
much less a fuel.

Bran and Cornmeal for Cows.

The I'nietiail Fartmr says It Is well settled in tlio
opinion of all oirr best dairymen that bran great ly
jiroiiiotes the milk secret ions in cows, and II is led al-
most universally. About equally nilxeil with corn-
meal is the usual proportion. This mixture seems to
|iiomote both quantity and quality of milk. From
several sources we hear that buckwheat bran Is a
great producer of milk, and II is being used consider-
ably among our Chester county dairymen in alM>ut
the same pro|nirti(m as the other. Thomas Gawthrop,
near West drove, Chester county, also, by repeated
trials with his own cows, has fully sat Islled himself
that they do as well with corn and cob meal and
bran, as with pure corn and meal and bran.

The amount of nutriment In eorn cob Is bo very
small that the result will have to be explained on the
suptiositinii I if I he ground cob acting to promote diges-
tiorr by distending the stomach. The presence of
bulky material being necessary to distension and
fill up the stomach of ruminating animals, before di-
gestiorr can be accomplished, is frequently lost sight
of. Ilungar-ian grass is also found for milch cows to
be rather superior to the onlinary run of hay. The
last year or two Hungarian grass has loomed up won-
derfully in the estimation of our dairy farmers, and a
very large sco[ie of land was soweil with it this sea-
son. It matures for cutting in about sixty days, ami
luoduees two to four tons per acre — the latter of
course on good soil. Three iiecke to the acre is the
usual allowance of seed.

How to Feed Corn Stalks Properly.

The rearing and feeding of animals air receiving, as
they should, from farmers and herdsmen in all parts
of the country, greater attention every year; and es-
peeially is this true of dairymen, whose only hope of
gain rests in their success in olilaining paying yields
from their cows. Corn stalks enter largely into the
fall feed of daii-y cows, and how to feed them is the
important question. The conimon practice is to feed
them in the bundle, as but few farmers feel able or
w illing to use a cutting iiiaebirre. This fivding in a
bundle, without any preparation, I am fully satislied,
is very wasteful, as not only are the butts left, but
f jequently nearly the whole stal k . The Ires' invest inent
a farmer can make in this ease is to buy a good fodder
cutter. A eorres|ionilent says :

" I have learniil by ex|H'rience that a little brine
sprinkled \i\xm stalks oirce every day, just before
feeding, is of material advantage iu many re8|K'ets.
The weak brine will cause the cows to consume
nearly all, even when fed whole; the How of milk
increases, the eorrdiliouot Ihecows iiiipmve, andthey
show greater eoiitcntmcnt. Esiiceially is the last
remark true on cold, windy and rainy days. I find
it much better,as a general rule, when it can be done,
to feeil salt on the fuod, inslead of leeding it alone.
In no case should more that one day be [KTinitted to
pass without it. (lows should have ru-eess to plenty
of water. The brine fool will cause them to drink
more, and thus increase the How of milk. Let my
brothers try it, andthey will hcreaflerplace a greater
value upon eorn stalks."

Nevada's Petrified Forest.

The Winncmueea (Nevada) 7oi/iM(if, describes a
wonderful natural curiosity in the form of a petriHed
forest. Wiimemueca is a [Kist village of alrout :!(I0
population, in llumbolt coun'y, Nevada, on the Hum-
bolt river and the Central PaeiKe railroad, Wi miles
last of San Francisco. .Mr. David Kiileouf,of that
irlace, Iras been inve.>^ti!;atiuT this wonderful forest,
and has seeured a siiecimeii for the Cen:ennial Expo-
sition. He says stumps tran.-formed into solid riK-k,
stand in an upright iio.-.ition with tlieirroois imbedded
iir the soil, as when growing, measuring from fifteen
to tweirlv-six feet in circumtercnce; the ground in
the vicinity is sirewii with Hie trunks and limbs,
which retain their natural sliaiM' and size. .Mr. Hide-
out determined to .secure a section of one of these
trees for the Centennial cxhibirion, and with
two other men s|ienl Iwclvi' days in ciiiting it from
the stump. This was aeeomplished by drilling all
round the tree and separating it with wedges. The
specimeir is three feet high and eighteen feet in eir-
eumierciiee, and its cstimaled weight is three tons.
It stands on the stump from which it was severed,
ready to be hraded on a wacbn. Mr. liideout does
not feel able to incur the expense of bringing it by
team to the railroad, Ihougli he had once made ar-
rangements to do so. lie is anxious to call the atten-
tion of the Centennial Coininissioiierb to the matter,
and see if thev will not furnish the means to gel It
to the railroad. The country in which it is situated
is an inviting Held for geologists.

92

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December, 1875.

Capital and Labor.

The special committee chartred by the British Asso-
ciation Committee on combinations of capital and
labor, have submitted their report. They reprehend
the practice of limiting: apprentices, an unwise re-
striction, \yhose evil effects we are feeling even now
in the United .States, and have arrived at the conclu-
sion that combinations have no power permanently
to raise wages or to prevent them from falliua; when
the conditions of trade require a fall, and, though it
is admitted that they may be of benetit in accelerating
the action oi economic laws, they are finally dismissed
as sources of dangerous irritation. Artificial restric-
tions of labor or capital, under any circumstances
limiting production, are branded as wrong and inju-
rious. The system of paying by piecework is en-
dorsed as the best and i'airest; a policy of concilia-
tion the only rational policy, is urged in cases of dis-
agreement, and the highest importance is attached
to a thorougli education of the workingmen in the
sound ])rinciples of political economy. The conclu-
sion tinally readied is, that the conditions and price
of success will lie found in a proper sense of the neces-
sity and utility of continuous labor, an earnest desire
for e.Kcellence of workmauship,'and a keen and lively
interest in the promotion of the national prosperity.
In other words, the interests of labor and capital are
identical.

^

A Convenient Land Measure.

To aid farmers in arriving at accuracy in estimat-
ing the amount of land in ditl'erent fields under culti-
vation, the following table is given :

5 yards wide by 'MS long contain one acre.

10 yards wide by 4S-1 long contain one acre.

20 yards wide by 243 long contain one acre.

40 yards wide by 131 long contain one acre.

80 yards wide by (lO'i long contain one acre.

70 yards wide by K)''i long contain one acre.

60 feet wide liy 72(i long contain one acre.

110 feet wide by 390 long contains one aere.

130 feet wide by oOo long contain one acre.

230 feet wide by l'.*8 long contain one acre.

340 feet wide by 181' j long contain one .acre.

440 feet wide by 99 long contains one acre.

An Idea for Teamsters.

A great deal of labor and hard tugging may be
saved if every wagon or truck is provided with 100
feet of stout rope and a single pulley. A snatch-
block is the best, arranged with a strong hook, and
the usual construction for slipping the tight of the
rope under the strap to the sheave, instead of waiting
to reeve the line through one end. If a wagon gets
stuck in heavy mud or in the snow, the driver has
only to fasten liis block to the tongue, reeve tlie rope
through it, and attach one end to a tree or post, and
let his team pull on the other. Their work is of course
just halved, or rather they bring twice as much
power to bear in dragging the wagon clear. There
are plenty of other applications of this simple device,
which will readily suggett themselves. With a cou-
ple of skids lor an inclined plane, heavy logs could
be easily drawn on a sleigh by the unhitched team .
Another case where it is likely to be useful is when
loaded sleiglis attempt to cross a wooden bridge. Al-
though the horses draw the load very easily over the
snow, they are often unable to start it over the gen-
erally denuded wooden llooring of the bridge, and
hence would be materially aided by the tackle hitched
on as we ha\e described. — Hcieittijic Aiuericau.

Stick to It.

Learn a trade, or get into business and go at it
with a determination that defies failures, and you will
succeed. Don't leave it because hard blows are to be
struck, or disagreeable work to be performed. Those
who have worked their way up to wealth and useful-
ness do not belong to the shiftless and unstable class,
and if you do not work while a young man, as an old
man you will be nothing. Woi-k with a will, and
conquer your prejudices against labor, and manfully
bear the heat and burden of the day. It may be hard
the first week, but after that I assure you that it will
become a pleasure, and you will feel enough better
satisfied with yourself to pay lor all the trials of the
beginning. Let perseverance and industry be your
motto, and with a steady application to business you
need have mi fe;ir for the fuiure. Don't be ashamed
of your plain clothes, provided you have earned them.
They are far more beautiful in the estimation of all
honest men and women f han the costly gewgaws
sported by some i)Cople at the expense of the confid-
ing tailor. The people who respect you only when
well clad, will be the first to run from you in the
hour of adversity.

twenty-five bushels of muck, that had been dug
eighteen months; spread it on the barn floor, and
thoroughly mixed it with the manure. A single hand-
ful of this compost was put in the hill, and the corn
dropped upon it. I had a splendid field of corn. I
planted one row without the compost. That row
could be distinguished all. through the season, being
about two weeks behind the rest of the field, and
finally it never did catch up. I believe if farmersthat
keep from twenty to thirty hens would save all the
droppings and compost it in the way above, or in some
better way, instead of buying fertilizers, as many at
the present day do, it would be very much more to
their advantage.

Curious Cause of Death in Horses.

Two singular causes of the death of valuable
horses have recently been brought to light thi-ough
post mortem examinations. A man named Goo Iwin,
of Stanley, England, lost a valuable mare, which ap-
peared to suffer great agony. A post mortem exam-
ination showed the presence in the stomach of a stone
weighing ten or twelve pounds, which was supposed
to be an accumulation of stone dust introduced to the
stomach with the food. The case of Lexington, the
noted Kentucky race horse, is still more curious. A
surgical examination showed that part of the skull
luider the left eye, where the ailment of the animal
seemed to be, was filed with at least a quart of mas-
ticated food, which had been forced into the cavity
through an opening in the upper jaw, caused by the
loss of a tooth.

Care and Use of Hen Manure.

A writer in the New England Farmer thus gives
us his experience in the management and use of hen
manure : I would say that in 1808, 1 took lour bushels
of dry hen manure, turned it on the barn floor, took
a common Uail and threshed it to powder; then took

Skeletons of Noted Animals.
The Prairie Farmer states that A. J. Alexander
has couscnteJ to deposit the skeleton of the renowned
" Lexington" with the Smithsonian Institute at Wash-
ington, b. C, Professor Baird having written express-
ing his desire to have the skeleton, and promising to
have it handsomely mounted and placed in a con-
spicuous position in the museum. The skeleton of
"American Girl" is to grace the museum of Cornell
University.

LITERARY AND BUSINESS NOTICES.

"Ocean Beach" — " The New Seaside fininiiier
Resort." — This is the titleof a neat, clean, and hand-
some little folio of four pages, which has been placed
upon our table. It is full of interesting literary and
local matter, the larger portion of which specifically
relates to the place of its paternity, and, according to
which, it must beoneof the most lovely seaside places
on the whole Atlantic coast. It contains an outline
railroad map of New Jersey, and parts of New York,
Pennsylvania and Delaware, and also a -town plot,
laid off in avenues and streets, which run at right
angles, with town lots located and numbered from 1
up to 3943. The special water privileges of the town
are Shark Hiver, the Atlantic Ocean, and SilverLake
in the heart of it. We notice by a list of proprietors
that 31 belong to Trenton; 10 to Newrak; 8 to Ocean
Beach; and 'A to Freehold, N. J.; 13 to Lancaster,
and 19 to Philadelphia, Pa.; and 8 scattering. It also
contains the Act of Incorporation creating the town,
a directory, and proposals for a large number of con-
templated improvements; besides a descriptive history
of the town and its surroundings, including a synop*
tic statement of its numerous points of interest;
enough to make a poor editor's " mouih water."
Although we are likely never to own a foot of it, yet
we still may say, Lonr] live Ocean Beach.

Holding fast to its old name, which it has
carried successfully through the long period of Wuiv'!/-
I'var years, the American AgvicuUurist swings out its
banner for the " Centennial Year," with tlie vigor of
the prime of life, and with well founded promises of
s'ill greater achievements in its appropriate sphere —
that of a plain, practical, highly instructive and trust-
worthy family journal. Its name, adopted at the
start fer a special field of work, has become almost a
nnsnomer, because it is now equally useful to city,
village and country. The closing number of volume
34, now before us,' like its usual issues, is full ol good
things, varied in contents, which are prepared with
much labor, thought and care, and illustrated with
over sixty well executed and well printed original
sketches and engravings. This journal is 'a marvel
of cheapness, beauty and utility, costing only ?1.B0 a
year, postage included, for its more than 500 double
pages of useful information, and 500 to 000, or more,
of fine en.rravings. Every family should have it.
Orange Judd Company, publishers, 345 Broadway,
New York City.

" Repokt of the Commissioners of Agkicul-
TUKE of the operations of the Department for the
year 1875," Washington, D. C.

This is a handsomely printed octavo pamphlet of 30
pages. From this we learn that there were issued
from the department during the year 18T5, 3,331, i5(i
packages of seeds, in quarts, pints, half-pints and
small "papers, including vegetables, flowers, herbs,
trees, wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, corn, peas,
clover, grass, sugar-beet, mangel-wurtzel, rice, sor-
ghum, tobacco, osage orange, opium-poppy, jnillet,
broom-corn, rape, cotton, jute, hemp, flax andrande.
All this is well so far as it goes ; but how many of the

peoide give these seeds a fair trial, and then report to
the Department ?

OuK Wasted Resources, by Dr. Hargreaves, is
the most important contribution yet made to the liter-
ature of temperance in the light of political economy.
While it deals mainly with statistical facts and fig-
ures, they are so carefully collated, and presented in
such a readable manner, that we do not tire in their
perusal. Several years were spent in their prepara-
tion. The aim of the author has been to present such
facts and figures as are reliable, in order that every
one could judge intelligently, as he does not desire to
be deceived nor to deceive. The figures given are
ofUcial, or, if not, reasons are given why they are
presented. National Temperance Publication House,
58 Keade street, N. Y.

The New York Observer: This best of family
newspapers is as fresh and interesting now in its fifty-
third year, as ever before ; and, indeed, we think it
more so. Its letters alone are worth more than the
subscription price of the paper. It repudiates all
offers of premiums, pictures, &c., and sends to its
patrons a sjdendid family newspaper, of the largest
dimensions, containing all the desirable news, religi-
ous and secular, and an endless variety of reading for
young and old, all of which is pure and good. Every
family should have it. For specimen coiiies, address
S. I. Prime As Co,. New York.

THE PROGRESS OF INVENTION.

Official List of Patents,

Relating to the Farm, the Dairy, Apiary, &c..
For the muuth eudiug December loih, 1875.*

Harvesters; J. .M. Chritfon, Marengo, Iowa.

Seed Planters; J. W. Simpson, Dry Ridge, Ky.

Corn Stalk Cutters; S. Bean, Clinton Valley, Ohio.

Mowing Machines; D. H. Gage, Dover, N. H.

Corn Planters; B. Kfng, Jonesburg, Mo.

Corn Markers; T. B. Kirkwood, Bentonville, Ind.

Milk Coolers; W. R. Scofield, Ellery, N. Y.

Seed Distrilrators; A. H. Simms, Nixburg, Ala.

Feed Cutters; R. J. Wylie, Marissa, 111.

Grain Binders; J. Garrard, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Grain Binders; J. F. Gordon, Rochester, N. Y.

Harvesters; C. W. Levalley, St. Paul, Minn.

Grain Drills; E. Morgan, Dublin, Ind.

Corn Planters; A. M. Southard, Eldora, Iowa.

Plow Attachments; G. M. Todd, Waterloo, Iowa.

Harrow Teeth; H. M. Williams, Coldwater, Mich.

Horse Hay Rakes; W. Aldrich, Dayton, Ohio.

Grain Bindm-s; S. S. Jackman, Jauesville, Wis.

Checkrow Planters; Jos. Klar, Shelbyville, 111.

Wire Fences; James M. McClellen, Philadelphia, Pa.

Barbed Wire Fences; Abrani V. Wooley, Cornton,Ill.

Potato Droppers; Geo. H. Zane, Shoemakertown, Pa.

Corn Planters; John Boyer, Wagram, Ohio.

Hay Forks; Moses M. Cherry, New Plymouth, Ohio.

Corn Planters; Wilson Gardner, Piketon, Ohio.

Mowing Machines; A. G. Gray, St. John, Canada.

Potato Diggers; D. J. Roush, Syracuse, Ohio.

Rotary Gang Plows; John K. Underwood, South
Centre, Minn.

Fertilizer Distributers; Wm. H.Cook, Meriden, Mass.

Hay-Kicking Apparatus; John K. Ilill, Bloomfield,0.

Feeding .Mechanism for Graiu Drills; A.J.Martin,
Springfield, Ohio.

Egg Preserving Compounds; E. A. Snyder, Philad'a.

Lifting Device for Seeders and Cultivators; W. A.
Van Bunt, Horicou, Wis.

Pilot Wheel Corn Planters; James Campbell, Harri-
son, Oliio.

Wheel Harrows; Thomas A. Cole, Trafalgar, Ind.

Mowing Machines; Jacob Ashcraft, Frazeysburg, 0.

Anti-Sueking Bits for Calves, &c.; John H. Bailey,
Toledo, Iowa.

Combined Cultivators and Harrows; George Croll,
Tou:ogany, Ohio.

Colters; Freeman Culver, West Oneonto, N. Y.

Sheep Scratch Boxes; Ira B. Dillon, Visalia, Cal.

Knife Heads for Harvesters; Geo. W. Harrison, Lan-
sing, .Mich.

Plows; Wm. H. McCune, Pittsburg, Pa.

Corn Planters; John G. Mole, Sarpy Centre, Neb.

Seed Planters; Wm. Nevins, Titusville, Pa.

Horse Hay Rakes ; WUliam U. Ryer, Margaret-
ville, N."Y.

Horse Uay Forks; Orvin Taber, Santa Clara, Cal.

Machines for Binding Grain; Argyle W. Tucker,
Waxahachio, Texas.

Seed Planters and Drills; W. C. Walker, Glasgow, Ky.

Fence Wire Stretcher; Nath'l Burnham, Amboy, 111.

Harrows; Wm. Frank, Mound Station, 111.

Plows; Irvin Freeman,, Corpus Christi, Texas.

Tire Tighteners; Wm. O. Joluisou, Alma, Mich.

Graiu Distributers for Seed Drills; C. T. Johnson,
jr., Oswego, N. Y.

Rotary Churns; .Morgan Payne, Cardington, Ohio.

Horse Hay Rakes; D. P. Sharp, Ithaca, N. Y.

Check Rowers; John Thompson, Aledo, 111.

Potato Diggers ; O. F. Warren, Know lesville, N. Y.

Harvesters; Wm. N. Whitely, Springfield, Ohio.

•Prepared expressly for The Lancaster Farmer by
Louis Bagger & Co., Solioitora of P.iteiil8, Wnsliiiigtun, D.
U., from wuoin complete copies of the Pateuta aud Drawuiga
mjiy be obtained.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

vir.

i fLBWIi^-'VEGETABLE g

^^L#r-

r M

MM^^^^^^

is the most beautiful work of the kind hi the world. It coii-
talDB Dearly 150 jiaReH, hundrfdn of flue illuHtratioup, and
/otir Chrovio J'lates of Flowem, beautifuJl.v drnwu and col-
ored from nature. Price, 35 ceuts in I'aper covers ; 65 oente
bound in elegitut cloth.

Vick's Floral Gruide. Quarterly, 25 cents a year.

AddresB, JAMKS VKK. Kochcster. N. Y.

250
PAPERS

—AND —

MAGAZINES

SEITT

AT LOW CrifB RATKS

To sinjrle subst'ribors at any
post-oflice. Send at onre for
FKEE oircular before ordering
yourimprrs for \S7(^.

HARTWICK SEM.. OTSEGO CO.. NEW YORK.

WIIEKKAN THE AIT OF ASSKMBLT ap-
proved April V,ith, 1ST5, P. L. ISTS, pnge 40, eutitled
an act to rtpeal an act to permit the voters of Ibis Com-
monwealth to vote every three years on the question of
granting licenses to sell intoi^icjitiug liquors, and to restraiu
and regulate the sale of the same, &c ,

Provides, That the Court of Quarler Sessions of the prop-
er county shall fix by rule or stnndiiig order, a time at
which oppliciition for license shall be beiird, at which time
all persons applying or mukiug objections to apjiications
for license maiy be heaid by evidence, j et it ion, remoiiBt ranee
&c. It is, therefore, no ;, December 9, 1675. ordered by said
Court, that until otherwise directed by the Court, all ap-
plications for Tavern, Restjiuriiut and Liquor Store license,
shall be heard on SATURDAYS of the January and April
terms of said Court euch year, except contested cases, which
Bhall be heard at such time as the Court on either of the
above days shall fix lor their hearing. And the Court for the
present adopt the form of petition now in use, and order and
direct that before any petition for Tiiverii or RoNtnii-
rant License is presenled to the Court, the ap-
plicnnt, and at least four of the persons signing bis or
her petition, shall be sworu or affirmed to the tiuth of the
facts stated in such petition ; and where the application is
made by a firm, such oath or affirmation shall be made
by a member of the firm, and at least four of the
signers to their petition ; and all remoustrances before pre-
sentation to the Court shall be sworn to by at least five of
the signers thereto.

By the Court,

Attest— B. F. W. rUBAN.

Deputy Clerk of Quarter Sessions.

And the Court order the above to be pubUshed, by one in-
sertion, in all the papers of the city aLd county.

I have founded my buaiuesp on the belief that the public
are anxious to get their seed directly from the grower, and I
therefore offer free to every man and woman in the tjuiied
States who cultivates a farm, tills a vegetable garden, or
plants a flower garden, my large Illustrated Catalogue of
Vegetable and Flower Seeds for 1876; it contains, in addi-
tion to the choicest kinds produced in Europe, oiic hundred
and fifty varieties of vegetable seed grown on mi/fmtrserd
farmxif. Customers of last season need not write for it. As
the original introducer of the Hubbard, Marblehead and
Butman Squashes, Phinney's Melon, the Marblehead Cab-
bages, and a score of othra" new vegetables, I soiicit your
patronage . All seed sold under three warrants. A hundred
thousand catalogues will be issued and sent out the first of
January.
7-11-5] JAMES J. H. GREGORY. Marblehead, Mass.

JOHN M. COWELL,

Conveyaicer anj Real Estate Apt.

OFFICE IN LAW Bl'lLLiING,

tf. W. COR. DUKE AND GRANT 575.,

LANCASTER, PA.

Rent Est*lt^ of all descriptiou bought, sold aud ex-
changed oD comniisBion.

J.fHtnm Nigotiati-d. Mortgagee bought and sold.

J*roftt^tie8 taken in charge, and rents, interest, etc.,
collected.

Particular attention given to matters appertaining to
Real Estate Law, and Conveyancing.

XVerfA, Mortffngfg, Jiiiffg. wiltn and all other legal
instruments correctly drawn aud handsomely and neatly
engrossed.

Mapg of Properties, Lots, Farms, &c., and Draughting in
general accurately and handsomely executed. [7-l-l*2m

PUBLIC SALE BILLS
FOR REAL EST.\TEliK PERSONAL PROEERTY,
Printed expeditiously and'cheap at the office of

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

Wedding Anniversaries.

A contributor to the Clilcaeo Fvening Journal,
says: May I, as an ol<l-tinie patron, aslt a place in
your paper for a few lines on wctidiiij; anniversaries?
Tile marriage anniversary eelebratious are given as
follows:

First, anniversary — Iron.

Fifl h anniversary — Wooden.

Tentli anniversary — Tin.

Flfleentli anniversary — Crystal.

Twenlielli anniversary — Ciiina.

Twenty-Jiftii anniversary — Silver.

Tliirtieth anniversary — Cotton.

Thirty-fiftli anniversary — Linen.

Fortietli anniversary — Woolen.

Forlj'-flftli anniversary — .'*illi.

Fiftietli anniversary — (iold.

Seventy-lillli anniversary — Diamond.

In this connection, says the Journal, our corre-
spondent will not object to our giving the following
'■ fresh list of wedding anniversaries," which we find
in the New York f'uniintrfial Aflrertiner :

A fresh list of weddings is called for, so how are
these for hynienial i

Sugar wedding — A marriage with an attendant
suite.

Wooden Wedding — Marying a lumberman.

Tin wedding — One tliat "pans out " well.

Crystal wedding — Marrying one addicted to the
glass.

Silver wedding — Marrying a gray-beard.

Golden wedding — When the groom is a minor and
the bride a little vain.

Diamond wedding — When the " washings^" are
large.

And here are some others:

Sugar wedding — Marrying a " candid man."

Wooden wedding^Marrying a " perfect stick."

Tin wedding — One amid the pansies.

Crystal wedding — The Glasgow ceremony.

Silver wedding — An end of " spooning."

Golden wedding — One of the species we like.

Diamond wedding — Jem's marriage.

WISDOM.
'* All tlies are very wise.
No one ever knows.
As he sits in a doze,
How much a fly knows
That alights on his nose,
'Till he levels his blows.
When away the tly goes."

A RATIONAL QI ERY.

Mrs. Meetington wants to know why it is that sea
captains do not make a record of the weight of their
anchors, -once for all, instead of weighing them every
time they leave Port.

A VALUABLE DISCOVERT.

Smithers has discovered a shoe belonging to the
foot of the Allegheny mountain. He found it in Tom
Thumb's waistcoat pocket.

Ode to Autumn.

The grasshopper creaks in the leary gloom, And
the bumble bee bumbleth the live-long day. But
where have they gone with the bran new broom ? And
what has been done to the buzz saw's play?

Oh, its little he thinks of the cold mince pie, And
its little he reeks of the raw ice cream, For the dying
year with its tremulous sigh Shall waken the linger-
ing loon from his dream.

0, list ! for the cricket now far and near, Shril-
fully singeth his roundelay; And the negligent noodle
his noisy cheer, And where the doodlebug eats the
hay.

Oh, the buzz saw so busily buzzes the stick, .\nd
bumbling the bumble bee bumbleth his tune ; While
the crickets crickingly down at the creek. And the
Doodle calls noisily out, " It is noon I "

The dog fennel sighs, " She is here ! she is here ! "
And the smart-weed saysdream'ly, " Give us a rest ! "
The hop vine speaks tenderly, "(Jive us a tieer," And
the jimson-wced hollers, " Oil, pull down your vest."
— Burlington Ilau-kcye.

Young folks grow most when in love. It increases
their sighs wonderfully.

It makes a great ditference whether glasses are
used over or under the nose.

Anvbody can build a castle in the air, but it takes
more teau a genius to live in one.

A Yankee editor, in his tinancial article, eays :
"Money is close, but not close enough to reach."

First Irate Friend : " I'd hate to be In your
shoes." Second ditto : " You couldn't get in them."

The fool seeketh to pick a fly from a mule's hind
leg — the wise man letteth the job out to the lowest
bidder.

In New York, if a young man cheats at croquet,
the young ladies caress the flange of his ear with a
mallet.

GREAT PUBLIC SALE

OF IMPORTED

TO BE HKLD AT

t^cts.

SARGENT'S LIVERY STABLE,

CITY OF BLOOMINGTON, ILL,

"WEDNESDAY,

— ON —

JANUARY

19, 1876.

The flubecriber will ncll at tbe timo and placp above raen-
tioDcd 14 ArHl-cluini horHcn iinportcU fruui Hc4iiliiii(l Inst
AuRUBt, mid jnouounwd by competent JikIki-b to b« tho
fluent lot of bofBeti ever imported iuto tbe United HtateB,
conelting of two two.year-oliB, four three-y'^«r-<>ldB, weigh-
ing from l.TiUOto 1,7(>(* ItiB., three fo»r-ycar-oldB, weighing
from l,H(iu to 2,1011 Il.n., four flve.yeur-o!d«, weighing from
1,800 to 2,(K»0 IliB., one Bjx-year-old. Tbe aule will include
one EngliHh Drutt Horse und two firBt-cluBB bwlf bloods,
weighing over 1, 7iH) ItiH. I'art of them have been nhown at
the WcBtern KoirB of iHTr*, and hitvc been very BUccesBful tn
tbe prize ring, although competing ugaiuBt u lurgr number
of imported liorBes. Amongst the lot are the Beeond-prize
horseB lit tbe McLean County Fair, held at Itloumington —
twenty-five horBes competing — alno mcoud j)rize at St. Loula
Fair, Bixteen horses competing ; flrBt prize In tbree-year-old
ring, eight horses competing; beddee niuuy other prizes
this fall too numerous to mention.

This is rhe largest and finest lot of horneB over offered at
public Bale iu the West, aud are well wortii the attention of
horseman.

SALii. WILL BE POSITIVE, to commence at eleven
o'clock sburp.

Terms— one-half cash. A credit of 18 months will be
given for the bahmce, with approved note at 10 per cent, in-
terest, 6 per. cent off for full payment. Catalogues and
pedigrees ou application.

The horses hau be seen any time before the sale at
T. G. DUNCANS,

7-12-2t* McLeiin, McLean (bounty, IU.

^^

dsscRf

Will }■(■

ilr.i /■/•<■«•

tn all aT>pli-
.nts. This is
of the Inrv'^t
ind mnstooniprt'heii-
'(! ('atnlr)^!!''^ pub-
d; contains nbnni 2-''0
pftjres, over WQ fine eiigrav-
gs, 2 elepnnt colored plates,
gives full dc-scripiions.
prieoR. and directions for plant-
over 1200 varieties of Vepeinble
Flower Seeds, Heddlng Plants.
Koses. Ae.,ttnd is invalimhlc to rurmtT,
ardener and Florisl.s, Address,

D. M. FERRY & CO.,

ScedBinrn and Florists. DETHOfT. Mich.

id

''THE FARMER'S FRIEND."

The great Grange paper.

The tarmers' own jo»irnal.

600 farmers' write for it.

60 farmers' wives write for it.

Circulates in 36 States.

(Mrculiites in 6 Territories.

Circulates in Canada.

64 columns every week.

16 pages of reading.

Kept on file in l,2tH) Granges.

Read weekly by over 100,000 people.

Only oflicial organ of five State Granges.

Market reports trom the great cities.

practical experience by practical farmers.

Crop reports printed weekly.

No mi<ldlemen ngents.

$1.50 a year ; or 1.25 in clube of 8 or over.

Postage always prepaid by publishers.

12^^ cents a mouth to the close of any year.

Tn clubs of 8 or over, 10>(, cents a month.

Neatly iirlnted ; **big type ;" good paper.

National Grange officers write for it.

Grange news from every St.ite.

Farmers are delighted with it, and say,

*' .lUBt what we have wanted."

Sample copy three cents, sent directly from the Grangtt

Steam Printing House of five S ateM.

Address, THOM.\S & DKMMINO,

7-12-*^ MECHANicRnrno, Pa.

NONPAREIL

FARn AM> Kt:»:i> iiii.i,.v

lii.iK-. lime. .iM.I .-riri' .Mill..

10 ^izes f'.r Jl;tlicl ur I'nwer.

f'nninil fVpiirh Burr btoiia
Floiniiii; nrid r.irn Mill".
IlluBtM Piinirhlit fK". Addrosa,

L. i. MILLKR.
\»\ E. Fruiit Si., ( inciiiuati, O.

W. H. B.^RKS & CO.. AglB. Cbicago.
aKMPI.E, BIUGE k CO., .^gt■^, SI. Ix>ul«.

H

ORSE-BILLS.

i'LAIN (lit IS K.\NCY COLORS,
Priuted iu the Best btyle at the olllce of

THE FARMER.

VIII.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

[December,

FARMERS, G£T THE BEST,

Til siLviE I mwim

FEED CUTTER,

MANUFACTURED FOK

DEALERS IN

HARDWARE & AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,

No. 7 EAST KINQ ST., LANCASTER, PA.,

Hae been demonetrated bv competitive tests to be THE
BEST FEED CUTTEK IN THE MARKET. The feed-roU
is operated by a new and novel device which comijletely
overcomes the objection to the uueveu action of other cut-
ters, while the length of cut can be varied to meet the wants
of the operator without the removal of any gear-wheels.
The material and workmanship are of the very best class,
and guaranteed to give satisfaction to the purchaser. Farm-
ers are invited to call and see for themselves.

ti

THE CHAMPION."

The Champion Reaper and Mower, which we have sold
with euch entire satiafacrion to our customers for the last
six years, still maintains the lead of all competitors —
33,T61 having been manufactured for the harvest of 1ST5
— and we have already completed our arrangements to sup-
ply the increased demand for next season. The Farmer
who buys the Champion is always satisfied that he has the
fuU worth of his money.

DILLEU 8, GHOFF,

No, 7 East King St., Lancaster, Pa.

7-n-6m

A FEW PAIRS OF

(lIXSUBPASSEn.)

j^'Order soou. Seud foi- Circular. Address,

EDW. P. CLOUD,
Clifton Poultry Tards, Kcnnett Square, Pa.

7-ll-2m

THE SCIENTIFIC FARMER

Aims to unite science -vvith practice upon
the Farm.

Tie only journal in tlie world pnDlislieil witli iMs avowed o!)jeci.

*' It is the ablest scieutilic agricultural publication we j
bare ever seen, and covers the entire field.'' — Lancaster [
{Pa.) Express.

$i.oo Per Year. On trial three months, 25c.
CLARK "W. BRYAN & CO.,

7-7-6m Springfield. MnNS.

DOMESTIC

SEWING
MACHINES.

liberal terms ofExrhan^
for S?coii(l-h.".nd Marblnes
ofcvery description.

"DOMESTIC" PAPER FASHIONS

T>M'n..st "■.' r-. ,., ,1... s ■, ' •. . .(■....■•■,■. ,'n_:i;.-

fiddrcss I3:;2;t:: i:i".":::3 MAC':r.:E cc.

tsar A0ESI8 "\v A.MED, -^jx NKW york.

7-ll-3teom

EVERGREEN BONE DUST,

MANDFACTnRED BY

M. B. ESHLEMAN, at LEAMAN PLACE,

Is ^arintoed Pure Saw Bone, aad nothing else.
Special pains lakeu in preparing it for feeding hens.

No. I, for reeding.
No. 3. for lantl.

^W, ^TLETi: BURPEE,

I»HII-ADEi:-I»HI.flL, IP A.,

im:porte;r, brkkidkr j^wt) shipper of

IMPROVED LIVE STOCK.

HIGH CLASS LAND AND WATER FOWLS— EicH variety bred ou a separate farm. LKSHORNS— Brown, WUite.
Black and Dominique of my celebrated strains a specialty. Also, an unsurpassed and large collection of W.\TER FOWLS
AND TURKEYS. Asiatics, Hamburgs, Dorkings, P, Rocks, Am. Dotuiaiques, Hoildans and Bintams. My fowls are all
HIGH CLASS, and bred with great cire. My breeding peas contain extra fine imported and prize birds.

SL.'iO per hnndred.
- 1.75

7-9-6m

This includes bags and delivering on board care.

GHEST£R WHir£ SWINE A SPEOIA.LTY.

Sto3k of all ages bred from the beat Premium Stock, and warranted strictly pure and choice, for Bile at moderate
prices. Also imported Berkshires. Jersey Cattle, Southdown aud Cotswold Sheep. DOQ-S —Setter, Siepherd, Beagle
Hound. Skye and Bl;ick-and-tan Terriers. Only a limited stock of e;ch, consisting of the fiaest imported specimens, with
full pedigrees. Lop-Eared and Himalayan Rabbits. Euglish Ferrets.

FANCY PIGEONS, ALL VARIETIES.

Tie Pipon Lofl: How to Farnisli M Manap It.

Our new illustrated book on pigeons. Plain, concise, original and
invalual)le. It gives many new facts not to be found
elsewhere, and is worth dollars to any breed-
er. Price, only .50c. postpaid.

r^*Elegant illustrated catalogues of stock, giving descriptions and illustrations
of fowls and pigeons, postpaid, 10 cents.

CiRCTJLABS FREE.

W. ATLEE BURPEE, Philadelphia, Pa.

J. STAUFFER,

|||tlt!$l It fllllfl.

LANCASTER, J^ENN'A.
235 EAST ORANGE ST.

All matters appertaininR to UNITED STATES or CANA-
DIAN PATENTS, TRADE MARKS, and COPYRIGHTS.

promptly attended to. His experience, success and faithful
attention to the interests of those who engage Mb eervJces
are fully acknowledged and appreciated.

Preliminary examinations made for him by a reliable As-
sistant at Washiugtou, without extra charge for drawing
ov deeciiption. [7-4-tf

MANUFACTURER OF

WitHamsport and T^ofk Haven,

BUI Mills— ROUND ISLAND & PORTAGE, PA.
7-1] Retail Lumber and Coal Yard, ' (12ni

SORTH WATER STREET, ABOYE P. R. R.. LANCASTER, PA.

TREES! TREES!!

The IjarerrsJ .ind Most coiiiplcto Stock ol
Fruit and Ornamental Tree** in the U. S.

I>e»trri|>tive and Illustrated Priced Cata-
lojjues sent as follows: No. 1 — Fruits, lOc. No. 3
— Ornamental Tices. new ed. with colored plate, 35c. No.
3— Greenhouse Plants, lOc. No. 4— ^Miolesale, Free.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,

Mount Hope ynrseries, ROrHESTER, X. Y.

NO MIDDLE-MEN.

We have a large stock of Lumber, and one of the most
exteusive Siish and Door Factories in the State, and we are
prepared to furnish House and Barn Bills complete.

All kinds of Manufactured Fencing, &c., making a speci-
alty of supplying the agricultural community. We will
make prices deUvered to any Railroad Station. All our
material guaranteed as represented. All manufactured
work kiln-dried and warranted not to shrink. All inquiries
cheerfully answered.

One of the firm can be seen at the Frankhn House, North
Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa., on Monday of each week.

KENDIG, BRICKER & LAUMAN,

7-4-12m] Middletown Dauphin co., Pa

MeEggl Mi m Segoslis.

H

0
<

n

MONJiY TU LOAN AT ALL TIMES,
at Liberal Rates, at approved security.

SPECIAL AND LIBERAL TERMSi made with parties
Uavlno- charge of Trust and Estate Funds.

rE?"Governmfnt and State Bonds, Gold, Silver, and
Coupons, bought and sold. T-l-l2m

_ "V'^ior' (To subscribers in
d I tJctl ^ the county.

CENTS.

(StfV*!^

.^.-/T

To nibaciiberB out of
the county.

} $1.2B.

Prot S. S. EATHVON, Editor.

LANCASTER, JANUARY 15, 1876.

PEAESOL & QEIST, PuWishers.

THE FARMERS HOME ORGAN.

f !li ymiUM {irnier

T'

A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER,

DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE, HORTI-
CULTURE, DOMESTIC ECONOMY
AND MISCELLANY.

PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY

Made a prominent feature, ^vith special reference to the
wants of the Farmer, the Gardener and Fruit -Grower.

Founded under the auspices of the Lancaster County

Agricultural and Horticultural Society.

Edited ty Prof. S. S. EATHVON.

The r<ANCA9TEB Farmer has now completed its seventh
year — the last having been under the au8[iiee9 of the under-
signed as pubUehers. When we assumed the reapousibUity
of the publication one year ago, it was with a detf rminatiou
to make such improvements during the year as would place
the Farmers' Organ of this tjrejit agricultural county iu the
very front rank of publications of its cIsihs. Tbat we have
done so, our leaders will bear cheerful testimony. But our
work of improvement is only fairly begun. AVe projiose to
make the volu ne for the Coutenuial year still more intereating
and valuable than its predecessor for 1375. In this, how-
ever, we need the co-operation of every friend of the enter-
prise. To m:ike it a success, every one who now reads The
Farmer should send us at least ou&new eubscriber before
the January number is issued.

The contributions of our able editor, Prof. Rathvon, on

subjects connected wth the science of fanning, and partic-
ularly that specialty of which he is so thoroughly a master —
entomological science — some knowledge of which has become
a necessity to the successful farmer, are alone worth much
more than the price of this publication.

The Farmer will be published on the 15th of every
month, jtriuted on good pajier with clear type, in con-
venient form for reading and binding, and mailed to 8Ub-
Bcribers on the following

TERMS:

To subscribers residing within the county-
One copy, one year, - - - _ _ $i.oo
Six copies, one year, - ..... j.oo

Ten Copies, one year, -.--_. 7,50

To subscribers outside of Lancaster county, including
postage pre-paid by the publishers:

One copy, one year, - . - _ _ $1.35

Five copies, one year, ... . . _ 5.00

AH sjibscriptions will commence with the January num-
ber unless otherwise ordered.

All conimuuicatious intended for publication should be
addressed to the Editor, and, to Hccure insertion, should be
in his hands by the first of the month of publication.

All business letters, containing subscriptions and adver-
tiaementa, ahould be addrcHsed to the publishers.

PEARSOL & GEIST,

Express Buildings, 22 South Queen Street,
LANCASTER, PA.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

EDITORIAL ARTICLES : pag

Our Ci-nteiuiial Greeting, - - - -

The May-Fly, --.-..
Our Cultivated Vegetables. No.4-A8paragu.5,
Queries and Answers, - - - - -

Paris Grecu, -------

Seleetion and Change of Seeds, - - -
The Facts of Natural History. No. 7— The
Sloth, or Ai, ------

Death of the Apple Tree Borer, - - -
The Pilgrim's Progress, - - • -
The Fruit Growers' Society, - - - .
Time for Reading, . . . - -

ORIGINAL COMMUNICATIONS:

A Plea for the Chicken-Hawk. J. C.

LiXVILLE, ------ 7

The Dairy. II. M. Engle, - - . 7
Dress Orchard Trees. Old Cultivator, - 8
Abortion of Cows. Conestoga, - - 8

Is a Change of Seed Necessary. J. B.

Garber, -------8

Ladies Parlor or Window Flowers. Wal-
ter Elder, ------ 8

Why Don't My Chickens Lay.' F. K.

DiFFEN'DEUFFER, ----- 9

All Hail! Centennial Year, 1876. Wal-
ter Elder, ------ 9

Lookout for Canada Thistle. L.S.Reist, 9

The Centennial Exhibition, - - - - 10

The Progrt-sa of the Great Work— .\ BirdB-Eyo
View of the BuiidiiigH and Grouuds— Detuils of
the Live Stock Depurtuieut.

Our Paris Letter,

- 11
12

Our Local Organizations, . - . -

Pruceediugs of the I^ucaster Agricultural and
Horticultural Society.

The Grangers in Lancaster, - - - - H

HiNlory mid Objects of the Order of Patrons of
llusbaudry.

Domestic Economy, -----

14

New Process for PreB6r\ing Meat — Fruit and
Vegetables by Weight — Keep tlie Feet Warm —
Keeping Meals Waiting — A New Industry — Ked
Pejiper and Vegetables.

RATF.S OF AnVERTI8IXO.— Ten rents n

Hue for eucb insertion. Twelve lines to the inch.

Household Recipes, ------ 1.5

General Miscellany, 1-')

Bermuda Grass Growing in Favor — Educating
Horses — Salt for Domestic Animals — Winter
Yard for Sheep— Htock-Keei»ing on Small
Farms— Yard for Kga— The Cheese Produc-
tion— Lice on Poultry — DoMinique Fowls — Agri-
cultural Ijfe iu Missouri.

Literary and Business Notices, - - - 16
The Progress of Invention, - - - 16

New Patents Itulatiug to the Farm, &c.
Our Fence Corners, ----- ii, iii
Fact and Fancy, Wit and Hunior.

^

THE L4ISASTES EXPRESS,

(■nATT.-r AND 'WTIEKLT,)

Tlje Leadiijg Local Family and Business Newspaper, and Ih*
OQly IndependeijtRepublicai) Journal li) the County.

THE

WEEKLY

1843

•1

FOUNDED

IIV IIIE

PRESENT PROPRIETORS,

>

THE
A I J^ Y ,
1856

Toe Weekly Express has bo«n before the cltizenn of
Lancaster county for a iJeriod of thirty-three years, and Thb
Dailt Express for over nineteen years, During this long
period, aud without change of management, The KxfBEftS
has fairly earned a large share of patronage aud firmly
estahlisbed itself iu the public coufldeuoef ae uunipright and
iudei*eudeut journal, never besitatlDg to defend the right
and denounce the wrong, uo matter where found to exist.
It has always been a joiirual of progress, and the outspoken
friend of education, temperance, sound morals and religion.
As iu the past, so it will continue in the future.

TERMS OF THE EXPRESS.

The \Veekly Express, one year, ... $).oo

The Daily Express, one year, .... 5.00

The Express and The Farmer: To any jierson residing
within the limits of Lancaster county we will mail-
The Weekly and the Lancaster Farmer, one year, Sa.jo

REAL ESTATE ADVERTISING.

The extended circulation of The Express makes It the
best mediimi for advertising R«al Kstatc and Persouiil
Property in the county, a fact which cau l>e attested by hi
many farmers and others who have availed themselves of
the use of its columns, aud to which we invite the attention
of all having property to disj^se of.

PRINTING SALE BILLS.

The Kxi'BE.ss printing office is one of the bejft furnished
establishments for turning out »J1 kinds ot pnnting to b«
found in the interior of the State. We are prepared to
print any job from the small visiting card to the largest sale
or horse bill, poster, or broadside, plain or in colors, am
quickly as it can Itc done at any other fHtiibliHhment, and on
as reasonable terms. We make the piluting of Saic-bilU
for Farmers a specialty, and guarantee natLsfactiou to our
customers.

OUR STEAM POWER PRESSES

include the various patterns ad-ipted to priming books,
pamphlets, posters, sal<'-Lills, hand-bills, miUuni' receipts,
catalogues of live .^ock. and any kind of work don© iu a
flrst-chiss printing otbee; in short anything that may be
called for by the farmer, merchant, banker, mechanic or
business man, and we guarantee to do the work as satisfao
toi-j- as il can l>e done m Philadelphia or elwwhere.

With one of the most complete Job Offices in the State,
and unsurpassed eonveuiences for expeditiously turning out
work by the best workmen, under the personal supe vwiou
of the proprietors, who are both practical priuters, all per-
sons in need of Printing will find it to their Interest to glTe
us a trial.

PEARSOL L GEIST,

BOOK, NEWSPAPER AND JOB PRINTERS,

Express Buildings, 22, South Queen-st,
Li Aire; ASTER, FA.

<'nnvBiuieni Wanted for The Fahmep, with whom
Ut>eral arrsngementa will be made.

11.

THE LANCASTER FARMER.

This is a beautiful Quarterlv Journal, finely illustrated,
aud containing an elegant colored Froutisiiece with the
first number. Price only 25 cents lor the year. The first
number for 1876 just issued. SJP" Vick's Flower and
Vegetable Garden, 35 cents ; with cloth covers, 65 cents.
Address, JAMES VICK, Rochester, N. Y.

REMOVED FROM S. WATER ST.

CO'

•J
OQ

to

Co"

/§

o

m

F. 0. STURGIS,

620, 622, 4 5M.
POPLAR ST.,

LANCASTER. PA.

MILLWORK

OF ALL KINDS

Manufactured in a su-
perior manner.

EslmatesFnrnislieil

And all information con-
cerning the business
cheerfully given.

CO

o
m

\

R. Y. FAIRSERVICE & CO.,

613 Fourth St., East Newark, N. J.,

OFFERS FOR SALE

"v^ .^ s a? £3

"white," "black," and "colors."

60 cents pound, postage paid. We guarante-e one pound
equal to five dozen 200 yard Spools.

1875. PRE-CENTENNIAL. 1875.

Rathvon & fkh,

PRACTICAL

CHEAP, FASHIONABLE AND DURABLE

mm III fit

ESXA.BI-ISH1MCENT,

Cor.N. aUEEN and ORANGE STS.,

LANCASTER, PENN'A.

GEORGE D. SPRECHER,

DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF

OFFICE :

No. 15 EAST KING STREET,

8-l-12m LANCASTER, PA.

THOROUGHBRED STOCK

FOR SALE CHEAP.

Prize Ayrshire Calves. Prize Jersey Calves, all Irom
deep milking and butter cows. Also, prize bred Chester
WMte Pigs. tJnsurpassea— no superior tor exhibiting
purposes. Address,

Kennett Square, I'liester Co., Pa.

A youth from the country, stepping into a counting
room, observed an ordinary roller rule on the book-
keeper's desk. He took it up and inquirina: its use,
was answered: "It is a rule for counting-houses."
Too well bred as he construed politeness, to ask un-
necessary questions, he turned it over and up and
down repeatedly, and at last in a paroxysm of baffled
curiosity, inquired : " How in the name of wonder do
you count houses with this?"

" My native city has treated me badly," said a
drunken vagabond, " but I love her still." "Proba-
bly," replied a gentleman, "her still is all that you
do love."

" That house is closed," said an obliging neighbor
to a man w'ho was knocking to get in. "Don't you
suppose I know it?" was the ungracious reply,
" That's why I'm knocking."

A MAN who was not as sober as he should have
been, put the saddle on his horse the wrong way.
Others attempted to correct the error. He interfered
indignantly, saying, "How do you know which way
I am going."

A Tax Payer's Plea.
This return was once sent in to the London Com-
missioner on Income Taxes.

"I, A B., declare

I've no money to spare;

But 1 little house,

And 1 " maid,

Aud 3 " boys.

And 3 " trade,

Ajid 3 " land,

And 3 " money 3 command.

Far 3 " is my little all

2 supply with comfort my little squall ;

And 3 little to pay any taxes at all."

Some Conundrums.

What's "the best thing out?" An aching tooth.

How did Queen Elizabeth take her pills? In
cider.

What holds all the snuff in the world ? No one
nose.

When is music like Oysters? When there is a
quart eat.

What animal comes down from the clouds? Rain,
dear.

What relation is the door to the door-mat ? A step
farther.

What is it that a ix)or man has and a rich man
wants? Nothing.

When is a cross baby like a big banker ? When he
is a Wroth-child.

How was Moses put in the ark of the bulrushes ?
He was pitched in.

Why is a lazy young dog like an inclined plane ?
Because it's a slow-pup.

What poet was always in debt ? Cowper. Why ?
Because he "oh'd for a lodge."

When will there be only 2.5 letters in the alphabet ?
When U and I are made one.

Why do white sheep eat more than black sheep?
Because there are more of them.

Why was the year 1776 the proper time for the
American Colonies to declare their independence?
Because the addition of the integers shows that they
had then reached their majority — 1-7-7-6 — 31.

The almost unmarked grave of Edgar Allen Poe,
author of " The Kaven," was opened in Baltimore a
few days ago, to lay the foundation for the monu-
ment about to be erected by his admirers. At a depth
of five feet the coffin was fbund,ingood preservation
after lying there nearly twenty-six years. The lid
was removed and the skeleton was seen, almost in
perfect condition, and lying with the longbonyhands
reposing one upon the other, as they had been ar-
ranged in death. The skull bore marks of greater de-
cay, the teeth from the upper jaw having become dis-
lodged, but those in the lower were all in place, and
some little hair was still clinging near the forehead.
Beyond what has been described nothing was to be
seen. A correspondent has sent The Times a small
piece of the coffin, almost crumbling in decay.

A smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.
Neither do interrupted prosperity and success qualify
man for usefulness or happiness. The storms of ad-
versity, like the storms of the ocean, rouse the facul-
ties and excite the invention, prudence, skill and forti-
tude in the voyager.

My first is in Oscar, but not in Charles.

My second is in Lilly, but not in Minnie.

My third is in Minnie, but not in .Jane.

My fourth is in Eva, but not in Dellie. ,

My fifth is in Elly, but not in Sam.

My sixth is in rain, hut not in pain.

My whole is my first name. 0. L. R.

EVERGREEN BONE DUST,

MANUFACTURED BY

M. B. ESHLEMAN, at LEAMAN PLACE,

Is guaranteed Pure Eaw Bone, and notMng else.

Special pains taken in preparing it for feeding hens.

STo. I. for feeding, - • ij$1..50 per hnndredt

No. 2. for land.

- 1.75

T-9-6m

This includes bags and delivering on board cars.

<air Vs'iW be
Killed /'rce
^tu all appU-
:'an ts. This is
of the largest
, '^uiidmojitconiprelicn-
sive Cntalosues pub-
lished: contains about "JSO
^es, over OUO fine cntirav-
ngs, 2 elegant colored plates,
''and gives full descriptions,
COS, and directions for plant-
j over 12U0 varieties of Vegetable
and Flower Seeds, Bedding Plants,
rtvoses.&c.and is invaluable to Fanner,
''(iardener and Florists. Address,

D. M. FERRY & CO., '
Seedemen and Florista, DETROIT, Mich.

7-12-4t

PATENTS

OBTAINED BEST MB CHEAPEST BY

LOUIS BAGGER & CO.,

SOLICITORS OF PATENTS,

^^ash.ixigtozx, D .C.

tS'" Address all letters to P. O. Box 444.

A FIRST CLASS

DEVOTED TO

POULTRY AND PET STOCK

IN ALL THEIR BRANCHES.

Edited by the Eminent and Experienced Breeder and
Fancier, W. H. TODD, of Vermilliou, Ohio.

The Nation is a wide-awake, original, practical and high-
ly valuable journal. No one who keeps pets or poultry can

AFFORD TO DO WITHOUT IT.

Only 60 Cents a Year, Postpaid.

It clubs with poultry and other journals at very low rates.

For instance, the Poultry World and Nation, are furnished
postpaid for $1.40. Fanciers' Journal (weekly) and Nation,
$2.50. American Agriculturist aud Nation, $1.60, etc.

Our circulation is very large. A splendid advertising me-
dium. Prospectus free. Samples, (» cents.

Address POULTRY NATION CO.,

7-6-tf Birraingliam, Erie Co., Ohio.

The lufseiymia's

IN the APPENDIX which we shall issue 1st of February
next, containing all changes, corrections, &c., we pro-
pose to insert advertising, same as in Directory proper.
This will go to every subscriber free, and as it will contain
all the corrections aud changes up to day of publication, it
wiU be ciirefully studied by all, aud be as good an advertis-
ing medium as the Directory proper. We will insert adver-
tising matter in the APPENDIX at the foUowiug low rates.

Full page $25. OO I One-thidpag lO.OO

Half " 14.00 I One-foutli B.OO

One-sixtli pag 5.50

ADDRESS,

D. W. SCOTT & CO.,

Printers and Publishers,

(J.\I.EXA, IL,I.N.

SITIsr:EE,fc3 &c S!FE,ECI3:Eia,

DEALERS IN ALL KINDS OF

FAMILY and tlME-BUBNING COAL!

Orders received at

Office, No. 15 East King street, and at the
7.1-12m] Yard, No. 618 NORTH PEINCE STREET.

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