"**1!WpF' r \ "THE FARMER IS THE FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION.'-WEBSTER. The Liancaster Farmer, A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER: DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY, DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND GENERAL MISCELLANY. EDITED BY PROF. S. S. RATHVON. VOLUME XII-1880. LANCASTER, PA.: JOHN A. HIESTAND, PUBLISHER. 1880. "THE FARMER IS THE FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION.'-WEBSTER. The Ziancaster Farmer, A MONTHLY NEWSPAPER DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE, PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY, DOMESTIC ECONOMY AND GENERAL MISCELLANY. EDITED BY PROF. S. S. RATHVON. VOLUME XIL-1880. L3.HSt LANCASTER, PA.: JOHN A. HlESTAND, PUBLISHER. i88o. CONTENTS OF VOLUME TWELVE. il A Word in Time, 1 A Card in The Interests of Quail, 8 Are Ants Civilized? 9 A Wasteful Interest Paid by Farmers, 14 Apple Dumplings Boiled, 14 A Superior Omelet, 14 About Roosters, 15 A New Insecticide, 17 About Graham Bread, IS, 36 American Cheese in Eng:laud, 25 Annual Meeting of the Fruit Growers, 26 A Good Farm Stock Food, 29 A New Nut, 29 Apple Jelly, 30 Almond Pastry, 30 About Rotten Manure, 45 Apples, 46 Apple Sauce, 46 Apple Pie, 46 Apple Dumplings, 46 Apple Custard, 47 Apple Fritters, 47 Agricultural Department, 50 Another Peach Tree Enemy, 50 A New Myriapod, 51 A Magnificent Gift, 51 A Good Egg, 51 Agricultural Items, 61 Abortion in Cows, 63 A Horse's Foot, 04 An Acre in Onions, 70 American Merino Sheep, 70 Agriculture in the Schools, 74 About Cut Worms, 77 Asparagus and Celery, 78 A Jersey Cow's Record, 79 A Household Pest, 86 A Successful Sheep Raiser, 96 A Reply from Secretary Edge, of the State Board of Agriculiure, 99 Animal Intelligence, 104 A Fierce Combat Between a Cat and a Rattlesnake, lOU A Great Waste, 109 A Mare that Nursed a Calf, 111 A Supplement to the Army Worm, 114 A Thistle, 116 A Curious Bird, 117 Agricultural Products — Eastern States of America, 120 Antiquity of Wheat, 121 A Mountain Fruit Farm, 121 Angora Goats, 122 Agriculture, 124 A Good Drink for the Lungs, 126 A Knowing Sheep, 127 A Beautiful Fungus Resembling White Coral, 139 Apologetic, 129 A Juvenile Column, 129 A Butterfly, 133 Answer to Andrew T. 6. Apple, 134 Answer to Dr. C. A. G., 134 Answer to Mr. G., Lititz, 134 Answer to S. P. E., Esq., 134 Answer to Mrs. P. E. G., 134 Answer to Mr. L. L. D., 134 Autumn Work in the Garden, 138 Autumn Seeding to Grass, 140 A Chapter on Rose Culture, 141 A Stuifed Beefsteak, 143 A Hint, 143 A New Horse Distemper in Boston, 143 Autumn Management, 144 Answer to J. H. P., 147 Answer to J. H., 147 Answer to H. G. D., 147 Apples, Apple Juice, Cider, Vinegar, 162 Absorbents for Stable Manures, 152 A Great Apple Jack Crop, 154 American Tobacco, 156 Amount of Seed, 156 Apple Culture, 157 A " Handy " Application for Pain 158 Apples in Jelly, 159^ A Big Liver, 161 Agricultural Chemistry, 163 Arabian Mode for Taming Horses, 166 A New Idea of Hedge Culture, 168 ^ Mexican Market, 170 A Great Orchard, 170 American and Italian Sumac, 170 Agriculture Advancing, 172 A Wet Cellar for Apples, 173 A Great Oak, 173 A Cheap Well, 174 About Tobacco, 183 A Wonderful Jersey Cow, 184 A Notable Pigeon Koost, 185 Apple Custard Pie, 190 An Equine Monster, 191 A Remedy Against Worms in Pigs, 191 Botany, 3 Bogus Havana Tobacco, 8 Baker's Gingerbread, 14 Brine for Corn Beef, 14 Banish Every Dairy Pauper, 15 Bone Dust, 29 Bloody Milk, 29 Boston Jumbles, 30 Bonner's Horses, 31, Brown Betty, 47 Bran for Cows, 47 "Bleeding Kansas," 49 Beef Like Game, 62 Baked Fish, 63 Baked Calf's head, 63 Beef Cakes, 63 Black Leg in Calves, 64 Breed Rather Than Purchase, 64 Beef and Mutton, 73 Breeding for Shape and Style, 80 Burned Bones for Hens, 80 Brown Windsor Soap, 95 Boiling Fish, 95 Baked Indian Pudding, 95 Breed for a Purpose, 96 Balky Horses, 96 Bats, 100 Black Walnut for England, 103 Boston Baked Beans, 104 Baked Halibut, Creole Style, 110 Brioche, 110 Be Careful with Carbolic Acid, 119 Beet Root Culture for Sugar, 130 Bone Dust as a Fertilizer, 124 Barbed Fences, 124 Butter Making, 125 Beef Rolls, 126 Breeds of Pigs, 127 Bees do not Attack Sound Fruit, 135 Blacking Stoves, 143 Barley Pudding, 143 Blight of Fruit Trees, 1.52 Beef Stew, 158 Beefsteak Omelette, 158 Boiling Vegetables, 159 Big Horses, 159 Bartels Made from Pulp, 164 Bare Pastures in Autumn, 168 Beautifying Bedrooms, 174 Butter Making in Denmark and Swe- den, 185 Business Habits for Farmers, 187 Barbers' Shampoo Mixture, 190 Blonde or Flaxen Hair Dye, 190 Bouquet de Millefleurs, 191 Bouquet de Rondeletia, 191 Bran for Cows, 191 Coal Ashes and Tobacco, 3 Cuzco Corn from Peru, 13 Cornmeal Muffins, 14 Currant Pudding, Plain, 14 Cattle on the Plains, 15 Candlemas, 18 Coming Events for 1880, 19 Can we Plant too Many Fruit Trees, 21 Comparative Value of Food, 26 Custard Pie, 30 Calf's Liver Broiled, 30 Catarrh in Sheep, 31 Country Road Making, 40 Chicken Entozooty, 47 Chemistry of Soils, 53 Cheese Fritters, 63 Cerealia Californica, 65 Crabs and Their Habits, 7-3 Colic in Horses, 79 Cows, 79 Chicken Cholera, 80 Cedar Bird, S3 Curing Fruit by Cold, 94 Cocoanuts for Hanging Baskets, 94 125, 126 137 Chilblain Liniment, 95 Cure for Soft Corns, 95 Cure for Earache. 95 Children's Pudding, 95 Chloride of Lime as a Disinfectant, 95 Chrysochus Auratus, 98 cultivation of Tobacco in Cuba, 108 Cultivating the Raspberry, 109 consumption Cured, 109 Cattle on tlie Range, 111 CooijS, 111 Charcoal for Fowls. Ill care of Early Broods, 112 Caterpillars, 117 Crop Reports, 118 Changing Seed, 134 Cultivating Peach Orchards, 125, 141 Cisterns for Farm Buildings, Cold Tea, 126 Cultivating Basket Willow, Cultivation of Celery, 137 Col. Scott's Model Barn, 138 California Fruit Crop, 141 Coffee Custard, 143 Cork Soled Boots, 143 Carolina Corn Worm, 145 Cultivation of Tea, 157 Carotte au Pot, 158 Cinnamon Cookies, 158 Chonfleur au Gratin, 1.58 Celery Salad, 158 Carottes a la Flamaude, 158 Cattle at the Fair, 159 Cincinnati's Consumption of Beer, 169 Changing the Crop, 173 Cold Slaw, 174 Cream, 174 Chow-Chow, 175 Cure for the Epizooty, 176 Complimentary, 177 Codling Moth, The 178 Cat Lice, 181 Cold Weather, 185 Champagne, 186 Cooking Potatoes, 190 Camphor Ice, 190 Cheap Bay Rum, 191 "Dairy Farming," 1 Delicate Cake, 14 Don't Give Preventives, 16 Domestic Progress, 19 Don't Crowd the Fruit Trees, 29 Destruction of Weevil, 31 Dried Fruit, 49 Death of Jacob Stauffer, 49 Dung Heap Liquor, .52 Destroyers of Carpets, 61 Don't Pare away the Frog, 96 Durable Fence Posts, 101 Do not Neglect your Wells, 102, 142 Destroying Weeds, 108 Durability of Timber, 113 Dogs and Sheep, 127 Do Bees Injure Fruit, 1.31 Dusting Caps, 142 Drying Apples, 174 Do we Eat too Much, 186 Draughts of Cold Air in the Stable, 191 Does it Pay to Winter Turkeys, 192 Egg Eating by Pullets, 15 Extra Good Sausage, 46 Entomological Notes, 61 Egg Soup, 63 Ephrata Publications, 6.5, 67 Excellent Glycerine Ointment, 75 Elizabeth Stock Farm Jerseys, 84 Essay on General Farming, 102 Experience with Canada Thistle, 108 Economic Entomology in the Common Schools, 117 Experience with the Imported Cabbage Worm, 117 Enriching Orchards, 157, 173 Egg-Plant Baked, 158 Eel Pot-Pie, 174 Essay on Wheat Culture, 182 English and American Wheat, 185 English and American Implements, 189 Enriching Orchards, 189 Epizooty, 191 Ewes for Breeding Early Lambs, 191 Eggs for Hatching, 192 Figs, 7 Farm Food, 13 Fruit in Cellars, 14 Fish Pie, 14 Florida Manufacturers, 18 Farm Life vs. Town Life, 23 Fulton Farmers' Club, 28, 60, 77, 171 Forest Leaves for Stable and Yard, 29 Fattening Sheep, 31 Feeding Poultry, 4S Fencing and Fences, 54, 70, 167 Flowers and Perfumes, 58 Flowers and Insects, 60 French Rarebit, 62 Feeding Bran, 63 Farmer and Gardener, 71 Farmers Who Are Not Farmers, 73 Farmers' Returns to Census Takers, 74 Flowers and Shrubbery, 78 Fattened Poultry, 80 Facts and Opinions, 87 Fruit and Grain Prospects in Berks, 9S Farm and Garden Notes, 108, 164 Fish Fritters, 109 For Rats, 110 Feeding Horses — Sore Shoulders, lU First tear of Heifers, 110 Fowls in Orchards, 111 Flour Manufacture, 119 Fish Pudding, 126 Free Martin, 127 Facts About Shoeing Horses, 127 Forgetfulness of Benefits, 1.J4 Farm Life, 142 Food for Fat People, 142 Fig Pudding, 143 Feather Pillows, 143 Frigadel or Veal Loaf, 158 For Pickled Butter, 158 Fried Mush, 158 French Mode of Cooking Beans, 15S Feed Calves Liberally, 160 Farm Notes, 160 Fattening Poultry for Market, 162 •French Reports on Diseases of Vinet and Remedies, 165 Fall Turning Up of Garden Soil, 17( Fall Plowing, 172 Fall Transplanting, 173 Fattening Hogs, 176 For the Farmer, 186 Frying Oysters, 190 For Stewing Oysters, 190 French Rolls, 190 French Lip Salve, 190 Fair Tests for Draught Horses, 191 Glue and Glueing, 7 Glue for Polished Steel, 14 Graham Bread Again, 35 Ground Hog Philosophy, 35 Garberia, 50 Grafting Wax, 78 Garden Herbs, 94 Gooseberry Fool, 110 Gooseberry Trifle, 110 Ginger Beer, 126 Gravy for Potatoes, 126 Guinea Fowls, 128 Green Worm with Horns, 133 Goldfinches ve. Grapes, 1.35 Growing Flowers in the Shade, 14 Good Kye Bread, 143 Governor Hoyt's Speech at the Open ing of the State Fair, 149 Grading Sheep, 159 Grasses for Decoration, 167 Grafting in the Winter, 174 Green Manuring, . 183 Girls, go Marketing, 190 Golden Brown Hair Dye, 190 " Happy New Tear," 1 Height of Storms, 10 Horse Shoeing Again, 16 Had to Give a Pig Medicine, 15 Hickory Nut Macaroons, 30 How to Get Rid of the Pests, 31 Hints for March Work, 40 How to Cook Cod Fish, 46 How to Cook Poultry, 46 How to Water Horses, 47 Hair Worms, 51 Have Tou a Strawberry Bed, 54 Have Clean Beds, 62 How to Dissolve Bones, 78 ^^ How we Ought to House Our Fowls, 1 INDEX. III. Ill ii;i; Kich 154 17S 190 193 14 74 m ! Haying, 93 ^ Hints on Household Matters, 94 i Honey Soap, 95 ' Hamburg Bitters, 95 j Hew to Feed Shelled Corn, 9ii I How the Army Worm was Clrcum- I vented in Hartford^tlounty, 99 How to Destroy Army Worms, 99 How the Oceans were Made, 104 Home Bread and Imported Jerseys, 105 Handling Sheep, 106 How to Cure Toothaehe, 109 How to Cook Beans, 110 How Mueh wlH'Keep a Horse, How to Make Tea go Further, Hoji Yeast, I'JT Hard Yeast, 1^7 Hydrophobia or Kahies, I'S How to Cook Green Corn, 142 How to Find Buyers, 142 How to Get a Large Yield of Milk, 144 Health of Horses, 144 Harness Sores on Horses, 144 Hints for Oetober Work, i49 How a Famous Cheese is Made, Harvesting Broom Corn 15(5 Hen Manure, 157 How to Harvest Apples, 157 Hectic Fever in the Cows, 159 How the Woodman's Axe is Decimat- ing the Michigan Pineries, IflO Harvesting and Storing Turnips, llJ9 Horned Fungus Eaters, 17S Honey Bees and Grapes, How to Carve a Turkey, Hot Cakes, 190 How to Test Cows, 191 Horseback Riding, 191 Hen Lice and Kerosene, Indian Meal Pancakes Indian Turnips, (iti Information for all who Breathe, Insects, 78 Insects and How to Fight JThem, Improved Method, 93,100 Isn't it Hard on Trees, 94 Intermittent Fever Mixture, 95 Indian Meal Pudding, 109, 174 Iron for Fruit Trees," 141, 15S International Potato Society, 187 Imitation Bay Rum, 191 July Rains, 115 Jealousy of Birds, 187 Jockev Club Bouquet, 191 Keep Pure Bred Fowls, 48 Keeping old Sheep, 64 Kentucky Mules, 64 Keep the Good Calves, 79 Keeping Cider Sweet, 142 Kansas Fair and Travels to the Rocky Mountains, 147 Keeping Celery, 157 Keep Sheep, lt;0 Kindness to Cows, Lancaster County Horticultural 42, 58. 75, 91 171, 187 Linn.T?an Society, 13, 28, 44, 77, 92 107, 12;^, 140, 155, 172, 188 Lemon Cake, 14 Lemon Pie, 14, 30 Look After your Hen Houses, Literary and Personal, lH, 32, 80, 9(i, 112, 128, 144, 100, Letter from North Carolina, Lice on Cattle, 31 Local Agricultural Fair, 34 Long Legged Centipede, 50 Land Wearing Out, 84 Lightning and Trees, 102 Lemon Ginger Cakes, 109, 174 Lobster Murphy, 110 Lobster Soup, 110 Lemon Sauce, 12tJ Lime as a Fertilizer, 13U Lemon Syrup, 14S Light upon Light, 153 Liquid Manure, 1.5(5 Large Roots, 1.57 Lunch for the Team, 160 Leoline at the Late Fair, 161 Learn the value of Money, 174 Lice on Stock, 175 Meeting of Board of Agriculture, 2 Measuring the Height of a Tree, 30 Mince Meat, 30 More about Sorghum Sugar, 41 Milk— What is it? 46 Milk for Fowls, 48 Milk Rolls, 63 Mixed Farming, 78, 108 Mixed Pickles, 79 Merinos Improved, 79 Milk as a Poultry Food, 80 MUk and Lime Water, 109 175 Agricultural and Society, 10, 37, 107, 132, 139, 154, 15 48, 64, 192 24, 85 Marlborough Pudding, 109, 174 Milk Fever, 111 Mixed Milk, 126 Make the Lunch Attractive, 126 Management of Cream, HH Meat Bread, 158 Minced Mutton ;with Poached Eggs, 1.59 .Milking Three Times a Day, 159 Manuring Fruit Trees, 165 Mice anil Rats Gnawing Trees, 170 Mulching Newly Set Trees, 173 Meal and Grain for Breeding Stock, 175 New Process of Butter and Cheese Making, 38 Notes for the Farmer, 45 Nitrate of Soda, 45 Neatne.s at the Barn, 73 New Fruit, 98 New Mexico, 118 Normal Length of Life, 121 National Bee-Keepers' Convention, 145 New Early Peaches, 148 New Mexican Items, 161 New York Tobacco Market, 166 Night Air, 174 Our Tobacco Crop, 5 Obituary, 34 Our Revised Fruit List, 39 Ox-Tail Soup, 47 Our Home Crops, 86 Offensive Smell in the Feet, 95 Orange Bitters, 95 Our Domestic Progress, 97 Our Local Fair, 97 Observations and Exceptions. 101 Odds and Ends, 109 Oyster Pie, 109 Omelet and Sardines, 110 Old Time Agricultural Implements, 124 Old Hens, 128 Our County Fair, 129 Our Big Wheat Crop, 140 Our late Fair, 145 Oats with Wheat, 157 Over-big Horses a Mistake, 160 Orchard Products, 169, 189 Own a Home, 174 Our Holiday Greetings, 177 Our Contributors, 177 Our Game Food, 187 Our Agricultural Progress, 189 Norman Stallions for Illinois, 191 Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society, 1 '36, 51 Poultry Exhibition, 2 Prof. Blount's White Prolific Corn, 3 Plum Pudding at Sea, 7 Poultry Association, 11, 28, 43, 59, 76,91, 139, 155, 171, 18S Pierre Lorillard's Farm, 13 Pennsylvania Sponge Cake, 14 Plain Talk About Stock, 15 Pumpkin Pie, 15, 143 Pedigree of Homers, 16 Preserving Food I'or Stock, 31 Popular Breeds for Pork and Lard, 34 Plant Apple Trees, 29 Polishing Furniture, 29 Pound Cake, 30 Potato Pie, 30 Pearl Barley Pudding- 30 Pistachio Diplomatic Pudding, 30 Plain Pastry, 30 Poultry Interest of America, 31 Pickings from the Poultry Yard, 31 Peas in Plenty, 45 Peach Culture, 45 Pan-Dowdy or Apple Slump, 47 Pure Bred or Common Fowls, 47 Practical Hints for April, 53 Pleuro-Pneumonia, 55 Potted Beef, 63 Poudrette, 72 Plants and Plant Food, 78 Piccalilli, 78 Patent Yeast, 79 Pure Milk, 79 Put Bells on Your Sheep, 79 Premium List, 88, 89, 90, 91 Powell's Cough Ralsam, -95 Precaution Against Nightmare, 95 Pudding Without Milk or Eggs, 95 Precautions to be Observed in Entering a Sick Room, 95 Protection Against Moths, 98 Pests Along the Sound, 100 Pleuro-Pneumonia in this State, 102 Preserving Timber, 108 Percheron Horses, 110 Poultry Notes, 111 Pennsylvania Peaches, 125 Protection Against Mosquitos, 126, 142 Pickled Mutton Hams, 126 Potato Yeast, 127 Parliament Gingerbread, 127 Poultry Raisint; in France, 128 Personal Acknowledgement, 129 Potato Weevil, 1,34 Petroleum for Rustic Work, 142 Potato Croquet, 143 Pot-au-feu, 143 Parthenia PuiMing, 113 Pomology, 151 Planting, 1.57 Painted Ladies, 159 Pot-pie Crust, 1-59 Preparing and Seeding Ground for Meadows, 166 Pruning Dwarf Trees, 167 Present (iarden Hints, 167 Panned Oysters, 175 Pigs for Next Year, 175 Poultry Exhibilion, 177 Propagating (ierman Carp, 186 Primeval Forest Trees, 182 Protecting Plants and Shrutjs, 189 Productinn of Basket Willow in Berks, 190 Perelierons for Small Farms, 191 Quarantine New Stock, 16 Queries and Answers, 66 Quince .Marmalade, 1.58 Recent Advances in Archaeology, 4 Relief for Croup, 14 Rice Pudding Boiled, 30 Roup with Pigeons, 31 Rearing and Value of Ducks, .33 Reclaiming Swampy Land,' 41 Resources of the South, .5(1 Robert Bonner's Large Sale of Fine Blooded Stock, " 64 Report of the Present Crops, 67 Ravages of the Army Worm in New Jersey, 93 Root Pruning, 93 Raspberry and Currant Sponge, 110 Remedies for Gapes in Fowls, 112 Raising Wheat, 140 Raising Wheat in Kansas, 141 Rag Carpets, 142 Rice Cakes, 143 Raising Calves, 143 Raising New Peaches, 1.57 Removing Small Stones, 173 Receipt for Curine Meat, 175 Rice Bread, for Breakfastor Tea, 190 Shrinkage in Killing Hogs, 2 Seasonable Hints, 13 Suet Pudding, 14 Semi-Annuai Convention of the Mil- lers' Association, 26 Spring Cultivation of Strawberries, 29 Should we Abolished Oxen, 43 Sugar in America — Its Introduction, 45 Some Corn in Illinois, 45 Strange Taste in the Butter, 46 Selling Eggs by Weight, 47 Sugar— A Great Problem Solved, .55 Selecting Seed Potatoes, 62 Scrambled Eggs with Dried Beef, 63 Stewed Chicken, 62 Stewed Beef, 62 Savory Eggs, 63 Scrambled Eggs with Cheese, 63 Scalloped Fish, 63 Scotch Oat Meal Cakes, (',3 Stellar Inllueuce, 69 Sugar and its Production, 69 System on the Farm, 78 Sowing Orchard (irass, 78 Simple Method of Removing Grease Spots from Silk, 79 Sweet Apples, 81 Swallows, 81 Something New for Tobacco Growers, 82" Still Harping on the Moon, 85 Sugar vs. Corn, 86 Something a Farmer Should Know, 93 Salt the Garden, 94 Sheep Raising — The Best Way of Do- ing So, 95 Seasonable Items of Importance to the Farmer, 96 Sheep Sheering, 96 Swallows as Farmers' Friends, 97 Scientific, 97 Swine Industry, 105 Stone Boats', 108 Small Fruits, 108 Summer Drinks, 109 Soap, 109 Schislih, 109 Southern Mode of Cooking Rice, 110 Scotch Potato Scones, 110 Stock for Soup, 110 Spike Fences, 124 Salt and Ashes, 134 Salt for Plum Trees, 125 Sawdust for Bedding, 127 Saddle Moth, 132 Sowing Grain, 140 Salt on Wheat, 140 Scrajie the Feet, 142 Sour Milk Cheese (Smear Case), 143 Scours In Calves, 144 Strawberry Culture— Fall Planting, 1.50 ^' Severely Dry Times, 1.53 Sorghum as a Forage Crop, 186 .Sowing Wheat, 1.56 Small Compost Heaps, 1.56 .Simple .Method of Sharpening Razors, 1.58 Scalloped Oysters, 1.59 Shorthorn Cattle, 160 Savini; Seed, 164 Sensilile \'iewR of Farming, 165 Small Potatoes, lliO Storing Potatoes, 174 Spirits of Ammonia, 174 Sausages, 174 Saddle Horses, 175 Swine, 176 Some Items in Farm Economy, 189 ° Swamp .Muck as a Fertilizer, 189 Seed Corn, 189 Success in Wheat Growing, 189 Scabby Potatoes, 189 Setting the Table, 190 Sauer Kraut, 190 Slaughtering Swine," 190 Sheep in Winter, 191 The Coming State Fair, 2 The Lung Plague, 5 Traits of Animals, 6 The New Era in Farming, 6 The Profit of Farming, 9 The Science of Agriculture, 9 The Poultry Exhibition, U The Judges' Award of Premiums, 12 The Best Tim^to Plant Trees, 13 The Baby Plant, 14 Timely Hints About Furnaces, 14 Tender Poultry, 16 The Economy of a Garden, 24 The Making and Preservation of Manure, 25 The Menhaden Fishery, 25 Treatment of Frozen Plants, 30 To Preserve Shingles, .30 Tar for Warts, 30 Teething in the Horse— Wolf Teeth 30 The War on Insects, 31 " Too Scientific," 33 The Weather, 34 The Chinch Bug, 35,61 The State Fair, 36 Tobacco Culture, .37 The Chatham Creamery, .39 The Manufacture of Beet Sugar, 41 Transplanting of Trees, 42 Think About the Garden Now, 45 To Cure Hams or Beef, 46 To Boil a Ham, 46 Testing a .Milch Cow, 47 The Position of Windows in Horse Stables, 47 The Question of Fruit Culture, .56 The Linn;ean's Tribute, 60 The Grain Blockade, 61 The Best Location for Fruit Trees, 62 The Best Fruit to Plant, 62 To Spice a Round of Corned Beef, 6^1 The Vilhiger's Pig— How to Keep It, 6:i The State and County Fairs, 65 The Brown Thrush, 65 The Coming Fair, 79 The Origin of the Potato, 71 The Wages of Farm Labor, 72 The Beekeepers' Association, 76, 133 Tobacco Plants — Depredations by Bugs 77 To Prevent Powder Post, 78 To Remove Grease from Cloth or Silk, 79 To Remove Grease from Silk or Velvet, 79 Tomato Catsup, 79 The Fattening Process, 80 The Premium List, 81 Tobacco Pests, 82, 130, 145, 163, 180 The Plow, 85 The Hygiene of the Eyes, 85 The Fruit Trade, 87 The Army Worm in Lancaster County, 93 The Tobacco Worm, 93 The Sewage Waste of the Family, 94 To Clean Waste Pipe, 94 To Clean Varuished Paint, 95 To Relieve Vomiting During Pregnancy 95 To Relieve Hard Corns, 95 To Remove Warts, 95 IV. INDEX. Tincture of Musk, 95 To Keep Oil Cloths Looking Well, 95 To Cleau Soiled Kibbons and Silks, 95 To Remove Stains from Kid Gloves, 95 To Allay Temporary Irritation or Weakness in the Eye, 95 To Cure Habitual Drunkenness, 95 Treatment of an Attack of Apoplexy, 95 The Elm-leaf Beetle, 98 The Wiley Plow, 103 The Coming Industry, 103 The Snail and Shell, 10:> The Lumber Trade. 100 Thinning Fruit, lOS, 125 Tomatoes, 109 The Home, 109 To Preserve Carpets, 109 To Keep Bread Moist, 109 To Tell Good E^gs, 109 To Clean Paint, 109 To Cure Foot Kot in Sheep, 111 The Care of Sheep, 111 The Horse's Punishment, 111 The Lancaster Farmer and its Editor, 113 The "Goldsmith," 115 The Sugar Beet Question, 115 The "Worm Snake," 116 The Heliothus Armigera, 116 The Gortyna Nitela, 117 The Deadly Houej Bee, 117, 138 The Deadly Fluke Worm, 117, 139 The Carp and its Culture, US The Destruction of Game Food, 119 The Pennsylvania Census, 120 The English Sparrow, 120 The Early Richmond Cherry, 125 The Tomato, 135 Things That Pay, 125 To Prevent Sneezing, 126 To Drive Ants Away, 126 To .Meud Broken Crockery, 126 The Messina Quail, 127 To Break up a Broody Hen, 128 Trifles , 129 The Bi-Centennial of Pennsylvania, 131 The Flee-Beetle, 133 Tobacco Culture — Reasons for Top Plowing, 135 The Crops—The Outlook Over the Country, 136 The Principles of Pruning 167 137 136, The Largest Tree in the World, Thorough Preparation for Wheat, 140 The Apple Crop this Year, 141 Tree Pruning, 141 The Useful Sunflower, 141 To Cook Turnips, 143 To Bleach, 143 To Make Good Stock, 143 The Long-Stinged Ichneumon, 146 The Wheat cr5p for 1880, 1881, 150 The Wheat Crop, 153 The Willows at St. Helena, 153 Tobacco, 1.53 The Peach, 1.57 The White Willow as a Hedge, 157 The Original Seekel Pear Tree, 158 The New way of Preserving, 158 To Keep Apples in Winter, 158 The Ideal Sandwich, 1.58 The Yorkshire Swine, 160 Trade at Home, 161 he Silk Worm, 169 The Crop and Cornfodder, 173 To Keep Fresh Meat Sweet, 174 To Tell Good Eggs, 174 To Broil Tomamatoes, 174 To Pickle Red Cabbage, 175 To Fry Oysters, 175 Training a Heifer to Milk, 176 Thanks, 177 The Catalpa, 181 Tobacco Stems vs. Fruit Trees, 181 To Test Eggs, 181 The Proper Care of Live Stock and Poultry in Cold Weather, 184 The Demand for one Wheat, 184 The Wheat Crop of 1880, 1S9 To Bake Fish, 190 To Cure Hams, 190 To Cure Beef and Pork, 191 To Keep Meat Fresh, 191 Unlucky Fruit Growers, 14 Use Onions, 94 Use of Guano for Grape Phylloxera, 117 Uses for Old Cans, 126 Uncle Sam's Crops, 138 Use for CofTee Grounds, 142 Under Tribute, 145 Uses of Manure, 172 Useful Hints, 174 Ventilation of Bedrooms, 30 Ventilating Stables, 30 Ventilation of Sleeping Rooms, 43 Veal Pie, 63 Value of Butter Package, 73 Veal Curvy, 110 Vegetable Curry, 126 Veal Cheese, 143 Winter Walks About the Premises, 13 Why Belgian Farming Pays, 13 Wearing Flannel, 14 White Mountain Cake, 14 Western National Fair, 17 What Fertilizers Shall we Use, 23, 37 Wonders of Broom Corn, 29 j What to Put in the Garden, 46 ! What Every House Needs, 62 What Shall We Raise? 71 Watering in a Dry Time, 78 Worcestershire Sauce, 78 | Washing of Hillsides, 93 i Wash for Inflamed Eyesj 95 Water Beetle, 98 What a Western Man Knows About It, 93 Water Filter, 109 Wash for Fruit Trees, 125, 141 Washing Fluid, 126 Water and Food for Horses, 137 Winter Calves, 143 Watering Plants in Pots, 151 Woodcock, 1.58 Winter Care of Stock, 159 Warmed-over Biscuit, 174 Wolf Teeth in Horses, 176 Weeds, 189 When to Transplant, 189 Wash to Cleanse the Hair and Scalp, 190 Yeast Dumplings, 14 Yellow Root, HI Teast from Grape Leaves, 126, 143 Yeast from Peas, 126 Young Chickens and Insects, 192 ONE DOLLAR FEE ANNUH. SINGLE COFZES 10 CENTS. Dr. S. S. RATHVON. Editor. LANCASTER, PA.. JANUARY, 18«0 JCHi: A. HIESTAND. Fublisher. Kniorrti n( tlir PoHt OHiri- »t l.itnraNlpr rn CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. EDITORIAL, "niippy New Year," ... - - 1 I'ennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society, - - - 1 A Worrl in Tiini', - - - - - - 1 "Dairy Farming," - ..... i Coal Ashes and Tobacco, - - - . 2 Poultry Exhibition, - - .... 2 Meetintr of Hoard of Ag^ricultiire, - . 2 The ComiuiT Stale Fair, - .... a CONTRIBUTIONS. 8hrinlan Society, - IS AdilitioiiB to the T.iliriiry — Historioal Section Papers Bead — Anoual Reports of OillcerB — Elec. tloii of OHieeii.. AGRICULTURE. Seasonable Hints, . - - - 1:! Winter Walks About the Pr.niises, - - - 13 Farm Food, -..--.. 13 Pierre Lorillard's Farm, ----- 13 Cuzco Corn I'rom Peru, - - . - .13 Why Belgian Farming Pays, - - - - IS HORTICULTURE. The Best Time to Plant Trees, - . - - l.S The Baby Plant, -..-.. 14 Unlucky Fruit-Growers, - - - - 14 DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Timely Hints About Furnaces, - Wearing Flannel, - . - Glue for Polislicd Steel, A Wasteful Interest Paid hy Farmers, - Fruit in Cellars, - - - - HOUSEHOLD RECIPES. Lemon Cake, Baker's Gingerbread, -...-- 14 Brine for Corn Beef, Suet Pudding, .... Indian Meal Pancakes, .^|i|j|e Duinplinirs, Boiled, - Ciirnnieal Miillins, . Yeast Uumplings, ... Currant Pudding, I'hiin, - Delicate Cake, . . . - Fish Pie, Relief for Croup, . Dried Peach Pudding, White Mountain Cake, Lemon Pic, .... Pennsylvania Sponge Cake, A Superior Ointlett, Pum[)kin Pie, . . - - LIVE STOCK. Horseshoeing .\gain, • Banish Every Dairy Pauper, - Plain Talk About Stock, Cattle on the Plains, Had to Give a Pig Medicine, POULTRY. Look After Your Hen Houses, About Roosters, Egg-Eating by Pullets, . Quarantine New Slock, Tender Poultry, - - - Pedigree of Homers, - Don't Cilve Preventives, - Literary and Personal, THE ME Ail) mm 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 1.5 15 1.5 1.5 15 1.5 15 15 15 16 Hi Ki 10 10 \ OFFICtL, No, 9 North Oueen Street LANCASTER, PA.. THE WEEKLY EXAMINER AND EXPRESS, Piil»lish(Hl Evory >VcdiM*s(laj Morning, T»:in old, well-ostabliRhed ucwsj'Hiier, bthI ryinrniuB jtint the news detiirnhU- to make it an intercsiiiiK mid vuluable Family Newsiuj'cr. The poslftgo to Bubi'nberB residlug ontHidc of Ijam'aBter ooiinty is prild by the i^nblitiher. Soud ft»r a (j^cciineu coi y. Two Dollars per Annum. SOLICITOR OF PATENTS, LANCASTER, fA., 235 EAST ORANGE ST. All iiiaft.iH api-ortuiRinp to UNlTKIt STATKS or CANA- DIAN PATENTS, TUAUK MAUKS, imd COl'YlilCiUTS. prumi.tly attciidfil to. His cxpiTii'iice, siu-cems n d faithful atfentioii to tlie intt'reBlB of thopc-who ejigiigp hie services arc fully acknowledged :iud ajutieciuted. PreliiniiKiry rx:iTiihi;»tioiiM ii-.jidi- tor him by ii rfilinblP Af- niKtniii ;it \\'uhhiiit{toii. wiihoiit extra clirtrge for drawing ui dcfcrit'tioii. fT'J-l-t, SEND FOR Ou Coycord Oralicviiie*., Tral:,*l)laated Evergreens. Tulii., Pojilur. Lniclen Miillc. etc. Tre- SeedlinRH and Tre< •» for timber iiI»iitati<>llK hv rhc lOO.UOd. J. J»:\KI.\K< .^I'RSF.KT. THE DAILY EXAMINER AND EXPRESS. Published Kvery Day in the Year, The daily is iiulilipbed ev«ry ev*niiig diiriBg iho week' and on Suuduy niorntup. It i« delivered in tnoCity ;iurt to Nurroundiug T". wnn MCi.'<'.'»»ihle by railroad nnd duly etaijp linrt*, fer tlie nftcrooon wt*flk-t aro flllod with l>if* lutONt fityleip of prc<. ninteriHl, etc.. Atid wf' jie ]irfparrd to do all kinds uf Book and fob Frintin at nn low pAtea Hnd ^bort uoticw* hr any Pf)t«ViliRhnienC i the 9mtr. SALE BILLS A SI'E( I.VLTY. 3-2-79 WINONA. COl TMBIANA CO., OHIO. JOHN A. HIESTAND. Proprietor, No. 9 Nort 1 Queen St.. LANCA.SXKR, PA. 11. THE LANCASTER FARMER. PEKNKYLVAXIA RAII.ROAO Trains lkavk tho Depot iu ihis city, Leuve WE TWARI>, Lancaster. Pacific Exprees* -J-Att n. iq. Way PitsHengert 5:M0a. m. Niagara Kxi'ifss 10:Ur> a. m. Hanover Accommodation.. Hi:Ui p. ni. Mail train via Mt. Jo.v | 11:05 a. m. No. 2 via <*olumbia | 11:07 a. m. Sunday Mail I lU:5na. m. Past Line*. j 2:10 p. m Frederick .Vccommodation. I 2:15 p. m. Hurrieburg Accom I o:J5 ji, m. C^olumbia Accommodation., T:2fl p. m. Harrisburg Express 7:2np. m. PittBbnig Express 8:50 p. m. Cincinnati Expre-ss' 11:30 p.m. ■AH f'illow.1 : EASTWARD. Atlantic Hxpres^s' Philadelpbju E.xpreast Fast Line* HaiTisburg Express ColHrobia Accommodation,. Pacific Express* Sunday Mail , Johnstown Express Day Express' Harrisburg Accom Arrive Harrisbiir^. 4:05 a. m. 7:50 a. m. 11:20 a. m. Col. 10:40 H. m. la:4u p. m. 12:55 p, m. 12:40 p. m. B:'25p. m. Col. 2:45 p. m. 7:40 p. m. Col, 8:20 p. m. S:40 p. lu. 10:10 p. m. 12:45 a. m. Tjiiiicaater. PUUatleliihia 12:25 a. m. .?:00 a. m. 4:10 a. m. T:00 a. lu. 5:211 ». m. T:40 a. m. 7:35 a. m. 10:110 a. m. 0.10 p. ni. 12:0 p. m. 1:25 p. in. ;-i:40 p. m. 2:00 ).. IU. 5:00 ]i. u>. 'MUT' p. m. 5:30 p. m. 5:20 p. m. 7:20 p. ni. 0:25 p. m. 9:30 p. ni. The Hanover Accommodation, west, connects at Lancaster with Niagara Express, west, at 9:85 a. ui., and will run through to Hanover. The Frederick Accommodation, west, counoctsat Lancas- ter with Fast Line, went, at 2:10 }>. m.. and ruu.s to Frederick. The Pacific Express, east, on Sunday, when flagged, will stop at Middletown, Elizabethtown, Mount Joy and Landis- TiUe. *The only trains whicli run daily. tlluus daily, except Monday. norbeckHiley; PRACTICAL ^ Carriage Builders cox & CO'S 0L» STA«ft. Corner of Oub and Vine Streets, LANCASTER, PA. THE LATEST I.MPKOVEI) SIDE-BAR BUGGIES, PH^^TONS, Carriages, Etc. EDW. J. ZAH\4, DEALUIt IN AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES, SOLID SILVER & SILVER PLATED WARE, CLOCKS. JEWELRYITABLE CUTLERY. Sole .4geut foi- the Arundel Tinted SPECTACLES. Ufpairing strictly attfuded to. North Queen-st. and Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa. 79-1-12 ATI.OWEVr POS.SIBI.E PKK'KS. Fnlly pliaranteed. No. 106 EAST KING STREET, 79-l-li!] Opposite LKopnrd Hotel. ESTABLISHED 1832. l4^tl#w^^ tf ' P¥^^A tfOrji i 00 A HTVIIJ iliJOUlilill Prices to Suit tlie Times- KEPAIKING promptly attended to. All work guaranteed. T9-2- s. i. oox:. G. SENTEtl & SONS, Manufacturers and dealers in all kinds of rough and finished The betit Sawed SHI.\<;j.ES in the counlry. Also Hanb, Doors, Blindg, Monlding.i, &c, PATENT 0. G. WEATHERBOARDING aud PATKN'T BLIND.S. wbicU are far nuxjerior to any otbf^r. Alsti best C'<»A1. conwtantly on hand. OFFICE AND YAllD : Northeast Corner of Prince and Walnnt-sts., LANCASTKB, FA. 79-1-12] PRACTICAL ESSAYS ON ENTOMOLOGY, Emln-acing tlit- history aud habita of NOXIOUS AND INNOXIOUS Manufacturer of Carriages, Buggies, Phaetons, etc. CHURCH ST., NEAR DUKE, LANCASTER, PA, Large Stock Of New and Second-hand Work on hand, Tery cheap. Carriages Mode to Order. Work Warranted lor one year. [79-1-12 INSECTS, and the best rciTi'^dies lor thpir expulsion or extermination. By S. S. RATHVON, Ph. D. LANCASTER, PA. ThiB work will be Highly IHuatrated, and will be pHt in presH (as soon after a sufficient number of BUbacribers can be obtained to cover the coBt) as the work can possibly be accompli shod. 79-2- $77 a month aud expenses guaranteed to Agents. Outfit free. SHAW tt 00., Augusta, Maine. Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees. Plant Trees raised in this county and suited to this climate. Write for prices to LOUIS C.LYTE. | Bird-in-Hand P. O., Lancaster co.. Pa. Nursery at Smoketowu, six miles east uf LancastiT 79-1-12 WIDMYER & RICKSECKER, UPHOLSTERERS, And Manufacturers of FURNITURE PD CHAIRS, WARKROOM.S: 102 East King St. , Oor. of Duke St . LANCASTER, PA. 79-1 -li] Special Inducemanls at the NEW FURNITURE STORE OF NA/. A. HEINITSH (over Bursk's Grocery .Store), Lancaster, Pa. A general assortment of fiir7utnreol all kinds constantly on hand. Don't forget the nninber. X5 1-2 :E:a,mt ZEizxs Sltr-oet, Nov-ly] (over Bnrsk's Grooer.v Store.) For Good and Cheap Work go to r. VOLLMER'S FURNITUKL WARE ROOMS, No 309 NORTH QUEEN ST.. (Opposite Northern Market), Also, all kinils of picture iraoies. nov-ly GREAT BARGAINS. A large assortment of all kinds of Carpets are still sold at b.'wer rates than ever :ir the CARPET HALL OF H. S. SHIRK, No. iO-> nest King St. ('all and examine our slock :iud saUBfy yourself that we can show the largest assortraeut of tbewe Brussels, threa plies aud iugralu at aii prices— at the iowast Philadelphia prices. Also on baud a large and complete assortment of Rag Caryoi. Satisfaction guaranteed bath as to price aud quality. You are invited to call and see my gootls. No trouble m showing thorn even if you do not want to purchase. Don't forget this notice. You eau save money here if you want to buy. Particular attention given to customer 9ork, AIho on baud a full assortment of Counterpanes, Oil Cloths and Blankets of every vnriety [nov-lyr. PHILIP SCHUM, SON Sc CO.. 38 and 40 West King Strett. We keep on lianil uf our own uianuiartnre, QUILTS, COVERLETS, COUNTERPANES, CARPETS, Bureau :ind Tidy Covers. Ladiea' Furnishing Goods, No- tions, etc. Parricular atteution paid to customer Rag Carpet, and Bcowering and dyeing of all kinds. PHILIP SCHUM, SON & CO. Nov-ly Lancaster, Pa. THE HOLMAN LIVER PAD ' Cures by absorption witbont mertiriue. Now is the time io apply these remedies. They will dn for you what nothing else on earth chu. Hundreds of citi- zens of Lancaster s-iy so. Get the gr-uuine at LANCASTER OFFICE AND SALESROOM, 22 East Orange Street. Nov-lyr C. R. KLINE, ■ 5\ttoi^ney-at-^AW, OFFICE : 15 NORTH DUKE STREET, LA.NC-A.STKR. FA.. NoT-ly The Lancaster Farmer. Dr. S. S. RATHVON, Editor. LANCASTER. PA., JANUARY, 1880. Vol. xn. Mo. 1. Editorial. "HAPPY NEW YEAR." We commence this, the twelfth volume of the Lani'astek Faumeh. iimler auspices that seem to foreshadow a iin)Si)eroiis future to our common country, and especially to (those wliose fortunes are cast amongst the ranks of its studry yeomanry, who (ind their compensations in its generous soil. Prosper- ity fosters new wants, liiglier aspirations, a wider range and a more expanihd henevo- lence, and tliis perliajis is "all right" and I)roiier, provided these inipul.ses are judgmat- ically guided and kept under rational control. We would sincerely tleplore a repetition of the trying ordeal througli which the toiling millions of our country liave been passing for more than half a decade of years, hut if we cainiot l)ring tlie e.xperiences of the past to guide our footsteps in the future our liistory may repeat itself J t as certainly as a comet returns. Now, tliat prosperity seem.s to be dawning upon our country witii •■Jicaling in its wings'' we would congratulate our friends and patrons on the auspicious issue. As a legitimate means to a worthy end, we may be indulged when we desire to become an un- selfi.sh participant in wliatever degree of success a bountiful Providence may vouch- safe to our fellow men, or as nnicli of it as they in the plentitude of tlicir feelings may bestow. We hope our function is one of 'disinter- ested usefulness, and in that capacity we desire to serve the community, hoping for a reciprocation of the sentiment by extending to us their generous aid. We w.ant the people, and especially the farmers, of our county and our State to regard the Lanca.ster Farmer as one of their locally "lixed institutions," entitled to their permanent support, materi- ally, morally and intellectually. Eleven years of uuremitfiug and almost unrequited labor in the ranks of agricultural journalism ought to entitle the spon.sers of The Farmer to a more than mere temporary consideration, and our ambition is to make it a realization of the wish and will of the farming public; for we feel that we can be mutually beneficial to each other. We have no desire to occupy the status of a lounging interloper, a fawning mendi- cant, or an importunate trmnp, but to be one of the people, working far tlie people and patronized 6// the people. "Wc aspire to be a worthy representative of the interests of the farming puljlic, and a literary exponent of the agricultural lore of our county, as well as the grand old commonwealth of wliich she has worthily been styled the -'garden spot," and so endowed by tlie God of nature. We are sensibly aware that we cannot be this, and our patrons sliould also be aware of it— with- out tlie earnest co-operation of the honest tillers of tlie soil, and we tlierefore confidently look to tliem for moral, mental and pecuni- ary support, and our chief ambition is to make our journal wortliy of such support. The number of those ■ who feel tliat tlie great county of Lancaster occupies too conspicuous a )iosition in the agricultural world to be without a local literarv representative, is increasing daily, not only in quantity, but also in qwdity, and we desire for this feeling wider and more lucrative sphere. Whether weal or woe betide, we have turned the prow of our bark "outward bound" for another annual voyage, and we ask our friends and patrons to 'i)ag its sails" with a generous breeze, and we trust that the result of our cruise— among other things— may culminate in "lumps of gold" tor them and us. Under any circumstances, however, may health, long life and prosperity be theirs, may 1880 be at least as fruitful' as 1879, may smiling peace <'ontinue on earth, and "good will toward men." We are "to the manor born," we breathe a common atmosphere, and we tread a common soil, and there is no reason why we sliould not participate in a common interest. With this exposition ofourattitude, allow us to wish one and all a thrice '■'■Ilapjnj .\«« Year.'' PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT GROWERS- SOCIETY. This association will hold its twenty-first annual meeting at IJetlilehem, Pa., com- mencing Wednesday, .lanuary -Jlst, 1880, at 3 o'clock, p. m., and continuing over the 22nd. A cordial invitation is extended to all inter- ested in horticulture, floriculture and kindred pursuits, and those who can make it conve- nient to attend, we doubt not, will not only be interested but also edified and instructed. The association is particularly desirous that tho.se having fine specimens of fruits, flowers or vegetables, should send them to the meet- ing for exhibition if they are debarred from attending themselves. The following pro- gramme of exercises will illustrate the general scope of the society's operations. We will give a synopsis of the proceedings in our February number, and also as many of the essays as we may be able to secure; in the mean time we would admonish all that they cannot "kill time" more appropiiately than by attending this meeting. Essays and Addresses. "Fruit culture in the Cumberland valley," by A. E. Longsdorf, of Mechanicsburg, Cum- berland county, Pa. "The dark side of fruit culture," by Casper Ililler, Conestoga, Lancaster county, Pa. "Plant life," by one of the members of the Society. "Can we plant too many fruit trees," by Cyrus T. Fox, Secretary of the Berks county Agricultural Society, Heading, Pa. "Science in the garden," by Prof. S. B. Heiges, York, York county. Pa. "The management of an orchard," by Dr. J. IL Funk, Boyertown, Berks county. Pa. "Some experience in strawberry culture," by F. F. Merceron, Catawissa, Columbia county, Pa. "Uses and abuses of pruning," by Jas. Calder, President State College, Centre Co., Pa. "Window Gardening," by Thos. Meehen, Editor Gardner's Monthly, Germantown, Pa. Other papers and addresses may be expected in addition to the following questions which have been suggested for consideration and di.scussion: 1st. Are birds really the fruit growers' friends? 2d. Should the tree agent be encouraged? 3rd. Can the bearing of apple trees be changed to the off year ? 4th. Can we introduce too many seedling fruits ? ')t\\. Pear blight and yellows in the peach. What new facts concerning their cause and prevention ? A WORD IN TIME. If the winter continues to be an open one, or as lonij as it continues .an open one, farmers, gardeners and fruit growers, and indeed, housekeepers in general, who have shrubbery, trees, vines and plants on their premi.ses would do well to give them freciuent "over- haulings" during tlie winter, in search of grubs, beetles, bugs, worms,|larva' and puiiie, inordertobe "forehanded" next spring. \o man can tell the prolific results accruing from the neglected follicles, cases or sacks, brace- lets of eggs, and egg-masses*in general left dangling from or as hanging to the branches of trees and shrubbery during a single winter — they amount to many million. Some of these are very conspicuous, others require to be looked for, even closely searched for, but conspicuous as they are they are still neglect- ed. Birds, if we had enough of them, might do as mucli of this work as is coasisteut with the ordinary balances of nature, but our birds are too few and too progressively fastidious in their tastes to be depended on. No doubt there are many who deem it too small a busi- ness to be hunting these minute objects in detail ; but, tobacco growers at least, when the time comes to cultivate their crops think it essential to the value of the same to devote their special attention to the tobacco worms and other enemies that infest them, however laborious or unpleasant it may be. That same vigilance should be extended to other crops, and especially when such labors may act as a prevention rather than a cure. Watch the female moths of tlie "canker worm, as they come up out of tlie ground, and prevent them from a.scending the aiiple trees to deposit their eggs. Cut off and destroy all the follicles of the "sack worm" which liave been left of last year. The.se you may find on many trees, but especially on the arbor vittv. Remove all clusters of webs from the trees and gather all the pupaj of the green "cab- bage worms wherever they may be. Sma.sh all potato beetles wherever you may find them hidden. By attending to these labors thor- oughly during fine days in winter you will save a great amount of labor next summer, and be otherwise rewarded. ^ "DAIRY FARMING," Being the theory, practice and methods of dairying, by .). B. Sheldon, assisted by leading authorities in various countries. Published by Cassell, Better, Galpin & Co., Loudon, Paris and New York, in monthly parts, 'at furty cents per part. This is a new and original 24 page quarto, in paper covers, embellished with beautiful illustrative plates, prepared specially for this work, besides numerous original wood en- gravings, explanatory of the various pro- cesses employed in dairying. We have pa- tronized ,somc of the best illustrated quarto publications of this or any other country, but none have sm'passed or equaled the (juality of the paper and letter-press in this. Every sheet is fit to receive the finest copperplate or steel impression. The simple title of ''Dairy FitcHiuiy," by no means expresses the quality and scope of the work, nor yet its coniiirehen- sive, practical and trustworthy character; it must be seen, and its pages carefully scanned, to form a proper estimate of its intrinsic value. Perhaps no industrial interest in our entire country has made greater or more healthy advances than that of dairying; and the wonderful and increasing demand forfre.sh milk, cream, butter and cheese has worked such a revolution in this department of our domestic productions that it would be im- possible to return to the ancient order of things, even if we desired to do so. The old prejudices aL'ainst "Book farming," and "Book dairying" are giving way to more liberal and progressive views on these sub- jects. The best, the most practical and the most economical ideas are now Ijeing embodied in serials and books, for the benefit of near and remote contemporaries, as well as pos- terity. All these considerations beget the necessity of such publications as the one under review as the proper representative of an industrial interest which promises to increase in the future far more rapidly than it has in the past, and also to enlist in its aid 'A greater amount of intelligence. THE LANCASTER FARMER. [ January, To systemize and popularize the develop- ments of dairy farming on a comprehensive basis, it requires an ably conducted literary exponent, such, for instance as the one under consideration, which we believe will fully realize the anticipations of its patrons. The following is a summary of some of the subjects which will be comprehensively and thorougly treated in dairy farming. 1. The breeds, breeding and selection of cows for dairy purposes, with their feeding and treatment through different parts of the year. 2. Milking, the rearing and breeding of calves, and the general treatment of stock, both young and old. 3. The various and most recently improved methods employed in the production of cheese, butter and other dairy products in the best dairying districts of England, in the leading countries on the continent of Europe, and in America and Canada. 4. The various purposes to which dairy products are devoted, the ways in which they are disposed of, and the commercial aspects of dairy farming in its diflereut branches. 5. The supplementary stock appertaining more or less specially to dairy farming. 6. The various cultivated crops found in the best dairying districts, including roots, artificial grasses, leguminous plants, cereals, &c., and also weeds and worthless grasses, &c. 7. Dairy homesteads, farm buildings, fences, shelter, the supply of water, &c. 8. The origin of soils, their formation and distribution, explaining the soils and climates that are best adapted to dairying, and the methods of increasing their adaptation. 0. Manures, natural and artificial, showing the necessary treatment in regard to different soils. 10. Drainage. Explaining the effects of drainage on various soils, and the systems adopted for securing the best results. Subscriptions will be received for a part or the entire work, and sample copies sent on receipt of price. Cassell, Fetter & Galpin, London, Paris, and 596 Broadway, New York. COAL ASHES AND TOBACCO. Preferring to submit the queries of our Mai'ticville subscriber to a practical farmer for a practical solution, rather than our own theoretical views, we are enabled to present the following as his answer to said qxieries: Dr. S. S. Ratiivon. — "Your postal card to hand, lily experience in the use of coal ashes on land is very limited. When left in a heap exposed to the elements to decom)Jose, they may be used to advantage on potato ground at the rate of 150 bushels to the acre, thoroughly worked in the soil, or 1-5 that amount when put in the row. Whether it is the plant food they contain, or the mechan- ical action on the soil, I am not prepared to say. I have never tried them on any of the cereal crops or tobacco, but would advise sub- criber of Marticville to use part of his two cords in that way, also some on meadow or grass land, and report the result to The FAR3IEU. Being generally considered refuse, all the advantage derived from their use will be clear gain. I would not depend much upon gi-ound bone for tobacco, unless some other active fertilizing matter, such as good barnyard manure was added. It is too slow to decom- pose or change to prepared plant food for immediate effect. Applied a year previous to putting in the crop might be attended with better results. "—Jf. D. K., Creswell, Pa. Experienced poultry exhibitors said that they never saw an exhibition of the kind so liberally patronized, from first to last, as the one held in Locher's building on this occa- sion. Possibly all may not have been entirely satisfied witli the result, especially those who may have entertained personal aspirations, but that is a contingency that can never be avoided, from the very nature of the case. Messrs. W. T. Rogers, of Doylestown, Pa., and .John E. Diehl, of Beverly, N. J., two acknowledged experts in the business, were the judges, having been selected by a congress of poultrymen, and, therefore, it is presumed that their judgment was fully reliable and reasonably satisfactory to the exhibitors. In another place in this number of The Farsier we have inserted lists of entries and the awards of premiums as a permanent record that may be referred to with becoming pride by the members of the association and their friends. The event inaugurates a new era in the domestic enterprise of Lancaster county, and impressively illustrates that "some things can be done as well as others." Of course, whatever defects may have become apparent in this initiatory occasion, may be remedied in future efforts of the kind. As it is, the society has covered itself all over with glory." POULTRY EXHIBITION. The first fair of the Lancaster County Poultry Association closed at 10 o'clock, on Wednesday evening,the7thinst., and in every respect was an entire success as it deserved to be — indeed, if such energy, perseverance and tact, as the managers of it manifested from begining to end, had not met with its proper reward, no reproacli would have at- tached to the yociety. MEETING OF BOARD OF TURE. AGRICUL- The annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture will commence at Ilarrisburg on .January 28, at 2 o'clock, p. m. The programme issued by the Secretary con- tains the following subjects for essays and discussion : Wheat — the best variety from the miller's standpoint; the most economical farm fence; how can a farmer most economically maintain or increase the fertility of his farm V Is stock raising profitable in Pennsylvania ? Farm fences and ways over the farm from a legal standpoint; the adornment of farm liouses; are investments in land for renting profitable? What is the most profitable crop to succeed corn ? Why is the apple not as extensively grown in Pennsylvania as in some other States ? In addition there will be discus- sions upon any subject tha t may be introduced by members of the Board. The meeting will be held in tlie office of the Board, and an in- vitation is extended to all persons interested. THE COMING STATE FAIR. It can be definitely announced that the next State fair will be lield iu the Permanent Ex- hibition Building. This course was decided upon at a conference held at the Permanent Exhibition Building on Friday last. Those present were Dr. Egle, D. W. Seller and Elbridge McConkey, of Harrisburg; W. S. Bissell, of Pittsburg; W. McDowell, of Union county — all representing the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, and Dr. J. A. Paxson, representing the Permanent Exhibi- tion Company by authority of the Board of Directors. The fair will commence on Sep- tember 6 and continue for two full weeks. A sum vailing from $30,000 to $35,000 will be offered in cash premiums. This will be the largest sum ever appropriated for this purpose by the Society. Contributions. For The Lancaster Farmer. ing. Years ago the popular opinion was that fat hogs lost about twenty pounds per hun- dred of live weight, and you hear the same opinion expressed very often even now. That the loss in dressing may have been thus large a generation or more ago I have not the least doubt but the "march of improvement" has| also affected the offal of the porkers. Having platform scales quite handy we^ determined this season to find out the per- centage of waste and give it in the table J below : SHRINKAGE IN KILLING HOGS. The I'aising and killing of hogs is so general that few families miss having at least one or two up to half a dozen or more, especially families living in the country, and as regular as "butchering day" comes, just so regular is the desire to weigh the hogs, and it is gener- ally done. But of the many persons who weigh their hogs, few have the means of determining the loss per hundred of live weight in the dress- r GO s-S* a" a 1=1 tn r" c- K (n ■ c* -^ 1 .3.5.5 308 47 13.2 13 2 3.50 303 47 13.4 14 :? 3.i0 279 51 15.6 14 4 i79 323 57 15.0 11 5 363 310 53 14.6 11 6 328 278 .50 15.2 11 av. 351 300 51 14.5 a 407 3.54 .53 13.0 b 394 331 fi3 15.9 c 387 380 57 14.7 (1 i;30 56fi 64 10.2 27 e 574 .540 .34 6.0 I 22 It is a little unfortunate that in preparing the above table I can give the Essex breed only, or their grades. The live weight, or the dressed weight could have been given in numberless cases, but no data was at hand on which to determine the shrinkage. Pigs Nos. 1 to 3 were regular grade Essex from a white sow of good quality ; the first showed most Essex blood, being entirely bla k and difticult to distinguish from a pure bred; the second was black and white; Nos. 4 to 6 had also a dash of Essex blood, and as in the case of the others the one with the most black, No. 5, showed the least shrinkage. The average shrinkage of the whole six was only 14A pounds per hundred of live weight. a and h are those with the least and the greatest, and c the average shrinkage of a lot of ten hogs slaughtered, as given in American Agriculturist, by Mr. Joseph Harris, a noted breeder of pure Essex stock, and I have no doubt the whole ten were pure stock, but it is not stated so. The average of these ten is very close to the average of the six grades in the table so that we may infer that in this particular breed the average shrinkage is somewhere in the neighborhood of 14^ per cent, when the hogs are fat. At d \Ve have a well matured hog, twenty- seven months, being plenty long enough to feed any pig, and probably a longer time than is profitable to the feeder. The hog lost only ten and one-fifth pounds to every hundred of] live weight, and is certainly less than can be [ expected, except in some special case, as in this, where the object is less the making of money than that of making a prize pig to show | at some agricultural fair. But if we think the above something won- ] derful as to the small amount of shrinkage, ' what have we to say to e that weighed 574 I pounds alive, and slaughtered 540 pounds, the shrinkage being only 34 pounds, all told, or less than six pounds per hundred of livej weight. As far as I am concerned it wouldj require an affidavit before a "squire,'! strengthed by a certificate from some reliable minister, to keep me from doubting the man'^ statement We may now inquire as to what really conj stitutes offal. Shall we designate as offa only that which is never used under any com^ mon circumstances by any one ? We knor^ that the heart, liver and lungs are generally cut up into pudding meat, and so this would not be offal, though in our weighing this wa3 not included; then we have further the stomach and the intestines which are made use of as casings for sausage and pudding meats; some also use the blood for bloodi puddings. If all these are weighed it wil] make a considerable reduction in the shrink^ age, but not down to six per cent. ^In an experiment made by two EnglishmenJ 1880.] THE LANCASTER FARMER. Messrs. Lawes and Gill)ert, in fattening pig.s, the average weight of the "offal parts" in fifty-nine, modei-ately fat, was as follows, per hundred pounds of live wciirlit : Stomach, intestines, bladder and their con- tents, 7 lbs. '.H oz. ; liearl, lungs, liver and sweet-bread, 2"lbs. 14 o/. ; caul and intestinal fats, 1 lb. iU 07,. ; blood, :i lbs. 10 oz. ; other parts and evaporation, 1 lb. l'2i oz. This makes a total of about 17.4 pounds, and as the pigs were only nioderately fat we would probably have to alnite the weight a lil'th, or, even a fourth in those tliat were lish it ? — Cnsifrr lliUer. BOTANY.* \Ve unquestionably live in an age of pro- gress and improvement in the arts and sciences, and wo are striving to effect a cor- responding imiirovement in all that relates to agriculture. We are inquiring how to in- crease the products of the soil, and especially our cereals. We meet on this occasion, however, more particularly to discuss questions relating to the improvement and increase in the quantity and quality of our fruit; an occupation that yields its pleasures, and at the same time its compensations, not only to ourselves, but also to the communities in which we live. It will be generally admitted that the work in which we are engaged is a praiseworthy one, an object of pursuit in which more of our rising generation ougnt to be engaged. The ques- ti(jn arises, how to induce our boys and girls to take an interest in tlie production of fruit, and in general what may be termed the "■Staff of Life." I am of the opinion that the study of liotany in our public sch(X)ls would go very far in familiarizing our children with plant- life, and engender an interest in horticulture and fioriculture at least. I would exalt botany to a conspicuous position in the ciincuban of the school, even if I were compelled to have a little less astronomy, geography and geology. A knowledge of the length of the River Nile, or the Amazon; the height of the Himalayas, or the Andes ; the depth of the Polar Sea, or the German Ocean ; the distance from the earth to the sun or moon ; the nature of Saturn's rings, or the composition of Venus, are all well enough in their way, and useful as elements of knowledge, but it is a poor compliment to knowledge to know all these things and yet be totally ignorant of the name, the habits and the development of the commonest plant beneath your feet. The first step to get the young folks interested in liotany is to give them practical lessons on dowers, plants, shrubs and trees. A small garden should be attached to every play- ground wherever it may be, and the.se .should also occupy the campu.'i of every school. If the scholars were to engage understandingly in the cultivation of flowers, plants and shrubbery, a majority of them, no doubt, would become more or less interested in these pleasant labors, which would ultimately re- sult in a love for the occupation, and beget, as it were, a "second nature," for "T'is education that forms the common miud, Just as the twig is bent tlie tree's inclined." One of our greatest florists in the United States was professionally a druggist. He commenced the cultivation of a few flowers as a first essay in floriculture, and from that small- beginning he pressed onward and upward until he attained the highest floral fame. A German professor on the continent of Europe commenced the cultivation of a few flowers as a recreation and apleasuie, and from that little beginning he continueii on step by step increasing his knowledge of plant-life and agricultural products until he became famous. He made a special studj' of how to improve poor and unproductive land.s. He offered to start an agricultural school with a special understanding that its canqms should consist of 200 acres of what was considered "wornout" land. He went to work on it, and made it a fertile plantation, and that too from fertilizing material which he found on the place. He did not rely upon buying fer- tilizers in order to enrich his soil. We are not only not advancing in botany, but on the contrary we .seem to be going backward in the knowledge of plants and the nature and culti- •Re*d before the PennaylT*ia Fruit Orower*' Socist;, tt Betblohem, Pa. vation of onr American forests. The reason we are behind our German and English cousins on the other side of the Atlantic is that we have all imbibed too much of the .spirit of "Young America'' — merely pecuni- ary interests — or in plain English, making money has almost absorbed our entire thoughts and puiposes. The first question asked is, "does it pay V" So I apprehend it will be in regard to botany. Tlie question will be asked "■does it paij ' not so much will it pay lurenfter, but will it pay here and noic — we want the golden eggs without waiting on them — ^just iiour. As oni! of the evidences that we are going backward — at least not forward — in botany, I may mention that 1 know of a German work on botany, published in Germany in 17:!1; it is well preserved, has 1200 pages and ;5000 illustrations of the plants of Europe. It is indexed in nine dill'erent languages, and is a botanical and medical work combined. I saw another work on the same subject, and of the same size, in the librai^ of Abraham Cassel, of Montgomery county, also indMced in difl'erent languagesj which treats of vege- tables, plants and fruit and forest trees, published in 1741. I may also mention Philip Miller's "Gardener's Dictionary," published in Eondon in 1732. It is a folio of about 1,000 pages, without an index, but the subjects are arranged alphabetically, and when compared with modern works of the same character it is difiicult to determine the amount and char- acter of the progress we have made in 148 years, if any. Such valuable books were never, to my knowledge, published in Ameri- ca. If some of those old books were translat- ed into the English Language, or the most valuable extracts from them published in volumes of smaller size, or were condensed into common handbooks with the English names attached to all the plants, shrubbery and forest trees, it would be a benefit to the agricultural community. Although the Latin names in botany, as a general thing, are distasteful to those who have received only a common school educa- tion, and are not easily kept in memory, yet I would not entirely discard them. They might be so pareuthecised in italics that the composition could be read without pronoun- cing them, and still the sense be preserved; because, however, objectionable they may be they still perform an important use where there is a different common name in different localities for the same object. Ko doubt these technical names have kept many young folks from taking up botany as a study. I have a variety of trees and shrubbery in my enclosures, and veiy few would comprehend such classical names as Conifer, Quercus, ropuhm or lietnta, but the familiar names of Pines, Oaks, Poplars or Birches, they would readily luiderstand. These difliculties would, however, in time be overcome if the study of plants, shrubbery and fruit and forest trees was introduced into our common, or public schools. It would introduce a new era in our system of education, in the engagements of domestic life, and at the same time result in a pecuniary benefit to the community and the country. It would be the advent, as it were, of a new creative power, and scripturally assist the earth tn "bringing forth its increase." It doubtless would also have a tendency to keep our rising generation from leaving their country homes and hankering after the uncertain and im.satisfying bland- ishments of city life, those homes where they spent their earliest, their healthiest and their happiest days, and where, instead of being mere dependents, they could continue to be local producers of the needed stufl" to feed a hungry world. To benefit himself and supply his city cousins with the "staff of life," would "in all probability secure the country- man the enjoyment of better health, and a green old age," make December as pleasant as May. " It might also eftect beneficially the young folks who have been raised in cities and towns; it might induce them to remove to and settle in the country, where cheap lands could THE LANCASTER FARMER. [January be purchased, and become cultivators of the soil, to become producers instead of mere consumers, to raise vegetables, plants, fruit, trees and shrubbery, as well as wheat, corn and other products to feed those in the towns. It would employ and remove the floating pop- ulation of the towns into the rural districts, break up selfish trades-combinations, and restore peace and prosperity over the whole country. It would cause two blades of grass to grow where but. one, or none, is growing now, and strengthen the bulwarks of the nation. These views may seem Utopian, but a time will surely come in the experimental history of our country when their realization will be a necessity. Men have need to see and appre- ciate the handiwork of their Creator, that unseen power which animates them, that invisible operation which invites their visible co-openition, and is ultimated in the useful and beautiful products of the soil. These are far superior to anything that can be produced by science or art. Indeed the}' constitute the essei»tial material basis upon which alone science and art can be manifested. All that is useful and beautiful in science and art, is but the type, of which nature is the antetype ; when a man is indifferent to, or scorns, neglects, or contemns the bounteous produc- tions of nature he becomes a moral suicide, if not a willful malefactor. Amateur botany is extending itself; we see it in the green- house, the conservatory, tUie garden, in the yard, on the lawns and in the windows of mansions to an immensely greater extent than it was noticed only ten years ago, and every where its influence is refining; but we need to have its elementary principles taught in oiu- public and private schools, as a centre from whence its rays may diverge until they reach and vivify the very circumference of social humanity. — L. S. R. RECENT ADVANCES IN ARCHAEOL- OGY.* Aj-chaeology has been generally defined as the acience of antiquities. The subject has, however, grown beyond its title, and archae- ology must now be regarded as a generic term, including a number of sciences — some natural and others artificial, but each of them sutlicieutly comprehensive to demand the labor of a life time from him who desires to become familiar with all its various details. With all this division and subdivision, the whole subject is, however, pervaded by one general idea, and archaeology, therefore, de- serves to be called a science, in the liighest sense of the term. Among all the sciences there is not one which has of late years progressed so rapidly. Its relations to ethnology and anthropology have been fixed; the order of the subordinate sciences has been established ; and under each one of these, discoveries have been made of which the world had never dreamed. It seems hardly credible that not ten years ago the President of the Board of one of our colleges should have remarked, in answer to a query concerning the duties of a professor of history and archaeology : "The duties of a professor of archaeology involve at most a little instruction in flrecian and Roman antiquities. It is a meaningless term, expressive of history in one of its aspects. It is used to round a sentence and nothing more." It seems'strange that anyone should under- value the importance of archaeologic study. Apart from the fact that it furnishes a great part of the materials of history, it "is a constant pleasure to those who understand its signs and symbols. There would bo few Inducements for an American to visit the old world if it were not for the remains of that ancient civilization to which we can trace link by link the origin of all that is graceful, ornamental and beautiful in our architecture, .sculpture and the arts of design. The archaeologic .sciences may conveniently "Read before the Lancaster Linnsean Society by Re?. J. H. DBbbe, D. D., December 2T, 1879. be regarded as consisting of three widely contrasted departments ; 1. Prehistoric arch- aeology ; 2. Historic archaeology ; 3. The minor archaeologic sciences. Unfortunately, so far as I know, these separate branches are nowhere treated in a single volume, so that it is difficult for a beginner to obtain that com- prehensive view of the whole field which is necessary for the intelligent study of any one of its departments. It is said, by some writers, that archaeology naturally begins with that branch of geology which is'known as paleontology, and wliich is properly the natural histoi'y of the primeval world. This, however, is not strictly speaking correct. Paleontology is not .so much a part of archaeology as a condition for its intelligent stud\'. It is also very desirable to havi; some knowledge of comparative anatomy, and the principle of the correlation of forms, but as archaeology is principally concerned with the beginnings of art, it is not necessary to give our attention to any period earlier tlian those in whicli we first find evidences of human skill. There has been much difference of opinion as to the time when man ajipeared on the stage. It is however, generally con- ceded that he has existed in Jiuri)i)e during all the past tertiary periods ; and though the facts of prehistoric archaeology Ijy no means indicate so extreme an antiquity for the human race as was at first supposed, it is also true that they cannot be made to agree with the chronology ofPetavius and Arch- bishop Usher. If, however, there is some difference of opinion among archaeologists concerning the antiquity of man, it must be acknowledged that they have labored with reasonalile una- nimity in combating the arguments of the philosophers who hold that man was manifold in his creation. Ihey have shown that mankind consists of a single species, which wherever its migrations can be traced, can be derived from a single locality — they have shown us that, in its earliest developments, humanity was the same all over the world — that in the old world and the new, primitive man was in possession of weapons, imple- ments and ornaments, which were at least closely similar, if not precisely identical. In short, all these researches go to sustain the truth, asserted long ago in the sacred Scrip- tures, that "God has made of one blood all the nations of men. " A few years ago archaeologists were in- clined to hold that the course of civilization had everywhere been precisely the same; that there had been everywhere the same succes- sion of epochs, or ages, to be distinguished by the kind of weapons and implements employed ; and these ages, it was popularly believed, were separated by a hard and fast line, so that the one never encroached on the territory of the other. Thus, for instance, it was supposed that the rough-stone, or Palaeolithic period, always jireceded tlie polished stone, or Neo- lithic; and that men everywhere used bronze implements for many centuries before they discovered the use of iron. Recent investi- gations have rendered it evident that these statements must be received with consider- able limitations. In this country it has been found that rough and polished stone imple- ments were employed contemporaneously, and that where a difference in age must be recognized, it is found that the polished implement is older than the "palaeolith" — thus indicating that the aboriginal inhabi- tants of America were more skillful and cultured thousands of years ago than at a more recent period. So too, in Europe, it is found that in some places rude methods of producing iron were employed before the people had learned the art of making weapons of bronze. It is proliable that archaeologists will continue to distinguish between the age of stone and the age of metal, and that the various subdivisions will be noted as a mat- ter of convenience; but it has come to be recognized that no such distinctions can be of universal application. In every department of archaeology earnest students are at work, and have recently made gigantic progress. It is not necessary that we should consider at length the recent discoveries of extensive palafittes in Switzer- land and Lombardy, which have added tens of thousands of specimens to the great col- lections of prehistoric art, and especially to those which illustrate the bronze period. Having enjoyed an opportunity of examining tlie extensive museum of the Royal Society of Antiquaries at Edinburgh, and the immense collection of Dr. Ferdinand Keller, "the father of prehistoric archaeology," at Zurich. I venture to say that the artistic skill mani- fested by these mysterious races was far in advance of anything which I had ever antici- pated. Engravings give us but an imperfect idea of ihe beauty of many prehistoric weapons and ornaments. There are -specimens of bangles and orooches, representing forms of animal and vegetable life, which would have been no discredit to the earliest artists of Greece and Rome. In the various departments of historic archaeology progress is constant and rapid. Dr. Schlieman astonishes us with a series of discoveries, each one more wonderful than the preceding, which will require years of study before they can be assigned their proper place in the domain of knowledge. George Smith, just before his death, announced thiat he had discovered the ruins of CarchemLsh, the ancient capital of the Hittites, and prophe- sied that they would prove even more inter- esting than those of Nineveh and Babylon. There they remain awaiting investigation, and soon, no doubt, another page will be added to the history of our race. In palaeography the recent advances have been especially wondeiful. One by one the enig- matic inscriptions of the orient have yielded to the patient toil of European scholars. lu canse(iuence of the labors of such men as Champollion, and at a later period, Rawlinson, Oppert, Lassen, Spiegel and others; the history of the East has been entirely rewritten. The Cypriote inscriptions, which were re- garded as an unfathomable mystery, were read by George Smith, with a degree of facility which is, in a certain sense, more incomprehensible than the inscriptions them- selves. Recently especial attention has been given to the inscriptions of Central America, and they are beginning to tell their secrets. In the proceedings of the Ethnographic Society of France, which I have the lionor to present to the Society, there is an article by the great Assyriologist, Dr. Oppert, in which he expresses his delight that the key to the hieratic characters of Yucatan has at last been discovered ' by Count Leon de Rosny. Tlien follows a discourse by Count de Rosny, giving an account of the process by which he discovered the phonetic meaning of a number of these hieroglyphics. These articles are very interesting, but we cannot enter into particulars. It is. not too much to say that the most diiiicult part of the work is accom- ■ plished, and that we may soon expect new light to be thrown on the prehistoric races of America. When John L. Stephens nuised on the ruins of Uxmal and Copau he exclaimed, "O, that some Champollion would arise to re- veal the mysteries of these ancient cities, where all is doubly night." The Champollion is on | his way, and future generations will no doubt ' study the history of nations of which we do not even know the name. There is nothing hidden which shall not be revealed. History is approaching its final consummation, but before it is reached its accounts must be made up — the most remote recesses must be investigated. It must be seen that human history is not the blind working of unconscious forces ; that nothing has occurred in vain; , but that all things have conduced to the ]< development of a "prehistoric" plan that will "• at last stand revealed in all its symmetry and beauty. Considered from this point of view, every" discovery, however apparently insig- nificant, acquires a new meaning and throws light on the greatest of mysteries— the devel- opment of the Providence of Almighty God; 1880.J THE LANCASTER FARMER. Selections. THE LUNG PLAGUE. Pleuro-Pneumonia Contagiosa, Tliroii^li the I'iivoi- of Secretary Thomas .1. Ed-^e, of the State Boanl of Agriculture, we have lieeii favored willi advanced proof slieets of ail able and exliuutstive article on the "I>un.i; Plague, or I'leuro-pneiimonia," wliicli will aiipear in the forthcoming annual volume issued by tlie State Agricultural Society. It is of general interest to stockmen and farmers, and we avail ourselves of the o|i|)ortunity of quoting from it liberally, as this fatal disease lias to a limited extent secured a foothold anionic the herds of lliis county, uiid threatens lo prove most destructive unless our cattle owners are prepared to sound tlie note of warning at tlie (irst njipearance of the disease and tlius keep il witliin bounds (u- exterminate it entirely. What the Disease has Cost. The immense loss which must result from the infection of the large herds of tlie West and Soutliwi si has been pointed out. It has been shown that Kuglaiid, with only six million animals, has lost more than SoOO.OOU,- 000 by this disease since its introduction from Holland, and that in the samt' ratio the intro- duction of the disea.se among twenty-eight million cattle wonld cause a loss of .'|2,()U0,- 000,0011 in an equal time. That in our own State the loss would be in a short time seri- ously imjiair an important interest, and would prove eminently more fatal in the West, where all interests are more or less intimately con- nected with that of stock raising, and where all interests thrive or languish in synipathy with it. Massachusetts, by prompt and vigorous action, eradicatcil the disease from iier borders, and last year ex[ieiided less than lifty dollars for this purpose. It is true that the struggle cost her nearly ftiS.dllO, but herstoek- owners well knew that an immnnily from the disease was cheaply imrcliased at this price. The disease had insidiously crept from dairy to dairy, from farm to farm, and from stack- yard to another, until four of the leading dairv counties of the eastern portion of the State were infected. In these counties the entrance of the di.sease inio a herd was con- sidered as tantamount to a loss of from twenty to lifty jier cent., and soiiietimes ex- ceeded even the latter rale. Dairies were broken up, the business abandoned, and, in many cases, the surviving animals sold and scattered, thus forming centers of further contagion. Spread of the Disease. Agents of the British Government, accom- panied by competent veterinary surgeons, who were familiar willi the disease during its lavages in England, starting from Canada, fonnd it in all tlie Atlantic States, from Alassachusetts to Carolina, and, reporting its presence to the home tiovernmeut, a (piaran- tine was ordered on all American cattle. They failed to recognize tlie fact that the «ittle thus imported did not come from infected districts, and that they did not come in contact with infected cattle; but, tinding mpjKised cases of contagious lung plague (pleuro-pnenmonia) in the cargo of the Onta- rio, at once issued the edict which practically stopped the importation of live American cattle, at least for a time. The farmers of our State were aroused to tlie imminent danger resulting from the per- manent location ofthedisease in this country. Several States, formutual help and protection, had joined in an endi^avor to stay the pest, and the assistance of our State was asked. Our past losses were estimated at from S.500,- 000 to S7.')0.n(K>, and good judges places the amount even liigher, and it was impossible to estimate the loss, if nothing wa.s done to prevent its further siire.ad. The result was that all the facts in the case were laid before the Joint Committee of Agri- culture of both Houses of the State Legisla- ture. A draft of an act was offered, and after being amended, jiassed both branches and became a law on May 1, 1879. The fol- lowing is the text of this law ; An Act To prevent the spread of rontngious or infectious pleuro-pneumoniu amomj the rattle in this State. ? 1. /{( it enacted, ot." Or, as another satii'ical rbycmster of the same period has it : "The hi;,'h-8lioc lords of Crotuwell's making Were not lor dainties — roasliuf;, baking ; The chiefest food they found most good In Was rusty bacon and bag pviddinj; , Plum broth was popish, and mince-pie — Ob, that was flat Idolatry !" The ship's cook when at sea has evidently exhausted all the resotirces of his art in the preparation of the great Christmas disli. lie always does his part well, and for the sake of those who are eating their Christma.s dinner ainid.st all the discomforts of an ocean iiassage in winter, let us trust that the toothsome concoction may find its way in safety from the galley to the table. GLUE AND GLUING. A Practical Paper of Interest to Professional and Amateur Joiners. There are few persons who cannot tell a piece of glue when they see it, but how much depends upon it in the practice of the cabinet- maker's and joiner's trades is only known to those whu are fully initiated into the mys- teries of modern construction. There is no department in the cabinet fac- tory or joiner's workshop that is so little understood or more slighted than the gluing department — not slighted with the deliberate intention of doing bad work, but from a habitual carelessness in the proper prepara- tion and application of this abused and, at times, useful cement. The following are some of the requisites and tests of good glue : Glue is adhesive and to a certain extent elastic. It should present a clear appearance when held between the eye and the light; color is of minor importance, so that it is neither spotted nor streaked. When broken it should present a whitish edge where it is com)iresscd in the break; it should not be too brittle, neither should it be too tough, but should break clean. Another lest is to allow it to absorb all the water it will, then dry in a cool place. If the piece returns to the size it was in the first instance it is good. In the preparation or, as the trade term it, "making the glue" (I am not alluding to the manufacture of glue, but the making as un- derstood by the cabinet makers,) wliat is re- ipiired is to preserve its elasticity and adhe- siveness in the fidlest extent, to destroy either of which is to render the glue worth- less, and its worthlessness will be in exact proportion to the destruction of either of these properties. If a cabinet maker be asked why he puts water into his glue, in nine cases'out of ten his answer will be, "It is too thick, and will not spread as it should unless you thin it with water." All glue as received from the fac- tory requires the addition of water before it will melt properly, and every addition of water (while the glue is fresh made) will, up to a certain point, increase the adhesiveness and elasticity ; and it is the duty of every man who uses glue to find out just where that point lies, as it is possible to melt glue and have it so thick that after it is dry or set it will be so brittle as not to adhere to the wood. Some glues will bear more water than others, but all will bear more water than usually falls to their sliare, and that too, with a great increase in the quality of the work. For glue to be properly effective it requires to penetrate the pores of the wood, and the more a body of glue penetrates the wood the more substantial the joint will remain. I have always found that glues that take the longest to dry are to be preferred to those that dry quick, the slow-drying glues being always "the strongest, other things being equal. I have made glue in many different ways, but as yet have not found a" way that gives so 8 THE LANCASTER FARMER. [ January, good results for general use as the waj' I was taught wlien I first went to be apprentice. The method was as follows : Break the glue up small, put into an iron keetle, cover the glue with water and allow it to soak twelve hours; after soaking boil until done, which will be when some is raised upon a stick and allowed to fall back into the keetle it falls without rattling. After the glue is boiled surticieiitly jiour into an air tight box; leave the cover off until cold, then cover iip tight. As glue is required, cut out a portion and melt in the usual way. E.xpose no more of the made glue to the atmosphere for any length of time than is necessary, as the atmos- phere is very destructive to made glues. We used to make a quantity sultieient to last about a week. Never heat made glue in a pot that is subjected to the direct heat of the fire or a lamp. All such methods of heating glue cannot be condemnc^d in terms too severe. Do not use thick glue for joints or veneer- ing. In all cases work it well into the wood in a similar manner to what painters do with paint. Glue both surfaces of your work, excepting in the case of veneering. Never glue upon hot wood or use hot cauls to veneer with, as the hot wood will absorb all the water in the glue too suddenly, and leave only one very little residue with no nature in it whatever. The following extract is made from Mr. L. D. Gould's "Carpenters' and Builders' Assistant and Wood-Workers' Guide," published in 1874. Under the article "Adhesion of Glue, " he says : "Mr. Bevan glued together by the ends two cylinders of dry a.sh wood, one-fifth of an inch in diameter and about 8 inches long. After they had been glued together twenty-four hours they required a force of 1,260 pounds to separate them, and, as the area of the cylinders was 1.75 inches, it follows that the force of 715 pounds would be required to seimrate 1 square inch. In remarking further, Mr. Bevan tried the lateral cohesion of some dry Scotch fire- wood. The force required to separate the wood was 562 pounds to the square inch; con- sequently, if two pieces of tliis wood had T)een well-glued together the wood would have yielded in its substance liefore the glue. For, in a subsequent experiment, made on solid glue, flie cohesive force was found to be 4,000 pounds per square inch, from which it may be inferred that thea]iplication of this substance as a cement is susceptible to improvement." I quite agree with Mr. Bevan about it being susceptible to improvement. Pattern-makers in foundries usually under- stand and use their glue to better advantage than cabinet-makers. Pattern-makers re- quire their glue joints to stand the efiects of the damp .sand, and not to draw out at the joints and leave a mark in the sand, or fall to l)ieccs. They use the same kind of glue as cabinet-makers, but the general run of the cabinet-maker's joints will hardly bear a damp alm>3splierc, much less being placed in damp sand. Oil or otlier like ingredients are not re- quired in thegluc toeftectthe end, but simply water. What a mine of wealth for the dairy- man if milk was afiectcd by water the same as glue is ! There would be no danger of our receiving our milk too tliick if water made it stronger. Why, then, sliould cabiuet-makers be so blind to their best interests and pcrsi.st in using their glue thick. The only way I can account for it is that they have' become liabitually carele.ss. A short time since I required a board five- sixteenths thick for an experinieut I was trying with some cement. At the time I required it I was unable to obtain a ))iece wide enough, so I glued two pieces together. At the time of doing it I had grave apprehen- sions about it standing the severe ordeal 1 wLshed to subject it to. That piece of board (wliite wood) was covered on one side with stucco and the other side was covered with a composition; the stucco and composition were alternately .saturated with water, frozen thawed out, and tlien dried before a hot stove' The board was subjected to this process for two weeks, during which time it required to be frequently handled. There were no battens or any cross pieces whatever used, merely the board itself, with the joint square and glued with very thin glue. It went through all that was required, and to-day the joint is as solid as when it was first glued. In conclusion, let me earnestly request every man who uses glue and who has read my remarks, to give water a fair trial and of the results I have no fear whatever. BOGUS HAVANA TOBACCO. The consumers of high jiriced Havana cigars will be interested in the following ex- posure of the kind of stuff of whicli some of them are made. Some time ago a revenue oHicer accompanied by a reporter of the U. S. Tobacrn Journal, ascended the rickety stairs of the dilapidated building at No. 5 (Jold street, New York. This street is one of the dark narrow down-town thoroughfares, lined with half tumbledown and begrimed build- ings, in which the scum of the mercantile community^ takes up its abode and throws out nets for victims. Arriving at the second floor, the revenue officer and the reporter halted and listened before a door apparently leading to an apartment. Inside there was a noise resembling that produced by the shaking and rustling of tobacco leaves. A strong smell of Valerian root and deer-tongue leaves permeated the building. The officer suddenly caught the knob of the door and tried to ojien it. It was locked and the noise inside cea.sed at once. After several unsuccessful efforts, the officer threatened to sliatter the door, when, finally, it was unlocked by a seedy and hungry looking individual, whose face and hands seemed to have been steeped in a brown liquid. Without paying any attention to the seemingly frightened inilividual. a thorough examination of the place was made. The justification for this proceeding rested it the fact that information had been given to tlie revenue oflicer that an Illicit tobacco factory was situated in the building in question. This proved to have been fallacious, as noth- was found that went to show the correctness of the report. But, however, a discovery was made which will eventually bring to light the band of couniverswho palm off California tobacco for Havana to unsuspecting cigar manufacturers. A large niunber of cases filled the apart- ment. Here and there were huge piles of leaf tobacco, all dripping wet, and from which flowed little .streams of a nasty brown hue and penetrating smell. A ]ionderous vat in the rear was filled with the same liquid. Around the place on shelves and screens was strewn a mass of the tobacco to dry. A large tobacco press was also there. Numerous empty Havana bales, with and wiihonl the cloth bearing the trademarks of renowned importers, were hanging about the room. So were little heaps of bast with which the carots of Havana tobacco arr always tied together. In a corner were several full bales, which upon examination, revealed tobacco pressed in carots exactly similar to the genu- ine Havana. The tobacco, which had only been recently packed into that shape, was still damp and the corots were tied with the bast in a somewhat bungling manner. The huge piles of tobacco showed, beyond any doubt, that it was of California origin, dark, heavy and mostly short, though some large leaves resembling Pennsylvania were found. The cases were common seed leaf cases. Some of them still contained leaf, but perfectly dry and of lighter color than that in the wet con- dition in the i>iles. From certain facts it could be inferred that one G. Reis-sman, who does a leaf business and other certain kinds of business at 228 Pearl street, is the .seller of this tobacco to various parties, who are repacking this .stuff in Havana shape and sdl it for the genuine article. The real value of this tobacco is but four or five cents a pound. But as in an artificially colorec} and flavored state it re- sembles Havana, the swindling repackers pay from 20 to 80 cents per pound for it, and dispose of it at from 90 cents to SI. 10. This, last figure has actually been paid by a Toledo cigar manufacturer, who, though, in time dis- covered the fiaud and returned the tobacco. The individual in charge of the establish- ment at 5 Gold street preserved utter silence during the examination of the place, notwith- standing several attempts to olitain some clue as to the owner of the tobacco. The landlord of the building also refuses to divulge the name of the lessee of the second floor, but other steps will be taken which very soon will break up this and other establishments of the kind and bring the guilty parties to light. A CARD IN THE INTEREST OF QWAIL. ; Tlie winter, though an unusually severe I one for quail, has not been of a character to I exterminate them. A large number (thou- i sands) were caught and housed before the ! snow-falls, and those not caught were gener- j ally lo ke4 after and fed by the farmers. Reports from a number of sources show that about three-fourths of the birds not housed have l)een saved, the remainder falling victims ! chiefly to hawks. Sportsmen very generally ! have taken the interest of quail in hand, and I few of them but have birds enough to turn [ out to more than replenish what have fallen before their aim through the hunting season. It is to these, and to farmers that have housed quail, that we wish to say a few words, as to the manner of turning them out to secure the best results. The best methods are simple and not new, yet failure to apply them is apt to defeat the end desired — the maximum in- crease of the stock. When the spring is fairly ojien, say in April, they should be loosed in liairs, one pair, or not more than two pairs, in a place, at the same time. Tills is to avoid "packing," or the habit these birds are liable to, when several of them are together and not mating aud breeding, either from uneven distribution of the sexes, or from the cocks quarreling. The best place is where there is bog meadow and brush, either or both, or the best available cover. It is very- important to place some food where they are turned out, else they will surely "run" or migrate several miles. If these directions are observed, each pair will turn out two broods of about a dozen each, if the season be ordinarily favorable. A full or unevenly mated bevy, for the reasons given, would be liable not to multiply. As hawks are the greatest enemy of the quail, and have no recognized utility, their destruction will be a strong protective measure. But tlii.s Is easier said than done, as many a hawk hunter has found out. They sometimes can be got within gunshot if on horseback, but as a rule they are .slirewder than the crow, who cannot separate the rider from the hor.se. A certain plan, and one not generally known, is to note where the hawk settles toward evening. It will be either in some isolated tree or a wood. Let him be until dark. Then, with a coal-oil torch, he can readily be discovei'ed, and shot. Farmers, we regret to say, through the depredations of irresponsible hunters, have come to look upon all sportsmen with enmity, whereas the farmer and the sportsmen are natural allies. The latter will join with the farmer against any depredator, any shooting out of the regular season and against any unlawful methods of destruction. He will join with him in any plan to increase and "protect birds. When localities through mis- fortune become depleted of quail, it is sports- men or their association that import new stock and put up their giuis until the locali- ties recover. Hence, we say that farmers should discriminate. It may not seem ea.sy to do this, Init it can be approached to. Let them join together and prosecute all that shoot (and there are enough of them) before the lawful season opens. The penalty is now SIO for each bird so shot or had in possession. Let them exact that a sportsman shall ask 1880.] THE LANCASTER FARMER. permission before he shoots. All reputable sportsmen would prefer this course, and a farmer can readily satisfy liim.self as to an applicant's rcspoctability. The past stiason has shown that not all the regular shooting, nor all Ihcir regular and unseasonable destruction, can so reduce as to prejudice a well-stocked locality. And all exiicrience has .sliown that certain forms of severe winters arc the great exterminators. So, if a few pairs of birds for each farm are lioused in advance of winter, the problem of the continuance of the (juail stock is solved; and a few pairs nfcpiails will almost invaria- bly increase and multiply more than a few bevies, because of the "packini;" or keeping together tendency of bevies, which is simply nature's law to inevent too rapid increase. If the suggestions we make are fairly applied, the stock of this fine game bird can be kept up to any desired point; the farmer can get whatever benefit they are to him as insect destroyers during the insect season, and the hunter can get his sport through the hunting season. — Eaglon Express. ARE ANTS CIVILIZED ? The October ninnber of the Quartirli/ Jour- nal rif isdence contains an article on '"Our Six-footed Rivals," the ants, which may well cause us to believe that we are not the only rational and civilized beings on this globe. Let us suppose that v^'e were suddenly in- formed, on good authority, that there existed a race of beings who lived in domed habita- tions, aggregated together so as form vast and populous cities, that they exercised jurisdic- tion over the adjoining territory, laid out i-egular roads, executed tunnels underneath the beds of rivers, stationed guards at the entrance of their towns, carefully removed any offensive matter, maintained a rural police, organized extensive buuting expedi- tions, at times even waged war upon neigh- boring communities, took prisoners and re- duced them to a state of slavery ; that they not merely stored up provisions with due care but that they kept cattle and even cultivated the soil and gathered in the harvest. We sliould unciuestionably regard these creatures as human beings wiio had made no small progress in civilization, and should ascribe their actions to reason. Among the hi/menoptera the lead is un- doubtedly taken by the ants, which, like man, have a brain much more highly developed than that of the neighboring infciior groups. Perhaps the most elevated of the fohnicide family is the agricultural ant of western Texas. This species is, save man, the only creature which does not depend for its suste- nance on the products of tlie chase or the spontaneous fruits of the earth. A colon}' of * these ants will clear a tract of ground, some four feet in width, around their city, and re- move all plants, stone and rubbisli. A species of minute grain, resembling rice, is sown therein and the field is carefully tended, kept free from weeds, and guarded against ma- rauding insects. When mature, the crop is« reaped and the seeds dried and carried into the nest. If this is done near a large city the latter regard it as an intrusion, and a fierce warfare results, which ends in the total de- struction of one or the other side. The queens arc treated with great attention and installed in royal apartments. The ant government is communi.stic. In a formicary there is no trace of priviite proper- ty ; the territory, the buildings, the stores, the booty, exist e(iually for the benefit of all. The family among them .scarcely exists. Rarely is the union of the male and female extended beyond the actual intercourse, all provision for the future young devolving ni)on the latter alone, the former being speedily killed, as he is no longer of any use. The females are the larger, stronger, and more long lived. The wor'Kers and fighters are sexless ; to them belong the government of the ant-hill, and they provide for its enlarge- ment, well being, and defense. Ants are sometimes very stupid in regard to small things, Init in many instances they display remarkable sagacity. Mr. Belt, in his "Naturalist in Nicaragua," tells of a column of ants who were crossing a watercourse by a small branch not thicker than a goose quill. Xliey widened this naiural l)ridge to three times its width by a number of ants clinging to it and to eacii other on each side, over which the column passed four deep, thus effecting a great saving of time. Again, the cfilon Icdionis, when attacking the hill of another species, digs mines and passes the pellets of earth from ant to ant until placed at a sulVu'ient distance outside to prevent its rolling back into tlu' hole. Their errors and stuiiidily are not more conspicuou.s, however, than among the human beings. Tlu'se tiny creatures have a language by which they can imi)art to each other informa- tion of a very definite character, and not merely general signals, such as those of alarm. It has been founcl that ants fetched by a mes- senger seem, when they arrive at the .spot, to have some knowledge of the task whicli is awaiting them. Their principal organs of speech are doubtless the antenna^ ; with these, when seeking to comminiicate intelli- gence, they touch eaeh other in a variety of ways. There is a possibility that they may ^Jiave a language of odors, for the various scents given off by them are easilv percepti- ble. Under the infiucnces of anger it becomes very intense. In battles how, save by scent, can they distinguish friend from foe V After a lapse of .several months a former companion will be received kindly into the nest, but a stranger is killed. More wonderful than their intelligence is their organization. If separate they would be helpless and probably soon become extinct. Mr. Helt observed a marching column of crilons in the primeval forests of Nicaragua. A dense body of ants, four yards wide, moved rapidly in one direction, examining every cranny and fallen leaf. At intervals larger and lighter colored individuals would often stop nnd run a little Ijackward, apparently giving orders. On the flanks and in advance of tlie main body, smaller columns would push out, which " pursued the cockroaches, grasshoppers and spiders in the neighborhood. A gra.ssliopper seeking to escape would often leap into the midst of the ants. After a few ineffectual jumps, with ants clinging to its body, it would soon be torn to pieces. Spiders and bugs which climbed to the tops of trees were folU)wed and shared a like fate. In Nicaragua the vegetarian ants eat up trees and carry otf the leaves to use as a manure, in which grows a minute species of fungus, on which they feed. They evince a mutual sympathy and helpfulness, which can be traced in man alone. Mr. IJelt placed a little stone on one to secure it. The next ant that ai>proachcd ran back in an agitated manner and communicated the intelligence to others. They rushed to the rescue ; .some bit at the stone, and tried to move it, others seized the prisoner by the legs and pulled. They perse- vered until they got the captive free. In Australia they have been known to bury their dead with some degree of formality. The Texan ant removes any offensive matter l)laced near its city and carries it away. Ants who refuse to work are put to death. Prisoners are In-onght in by a fellow-citizen, handed over in a very rough manner to the guards, who carry off the offenders into the underground passages. The slave-making propeiisity and the reliance upon slaves occur in several species, but not to the same degree. The jiolyergus rufcsrcns is absolutely depen- dent on its slaves, and would rather die than work. Eormica mwjuineu, on the other hand, has much fewer slaves, being it.self capable of working as well as fighting. No less varia- tion may be traced in the habits of the cattle- keeping ants. Of the honey-secreting apliuhs and coiTi that serve them as milch kine, some have large herds, whilst others have none at all, and if they encounter an njiliia straight- way kill and eat it. These apliides arc ex- tremely destructive to fruits and trees, as they live by sucking the sap. The ants watch them with wonderful care, and defend them from all enemies. Instances of .sjigacity and design might be easily multiplied. Careful observation has shown that the ants arc evoluting as fast as their short terms of life will permit them. They are becoming more wise and more civilized yearly. Each century marks an advanc(\ Who knows but that perhaps in the dim future they may a.sBert rights which human beings shall be bound to respect?— Scicnti/ic Amcrim n . THE PROFIT OF FARMING. The Maine Funitcr thinks there is, or ought to he, more profit in farming tliaii people sup- pose. In a recent issue it says : "The ques- tion is repeatedly asked by those interested in farming, as well as by farmers themselves: 'Why cannot our fanners, who own the land they occupy, and in most cases have the same well stocked and well supplied with iinple- inents and machines, make fanning pay ?' And this is the question before the meeting — the readers of tiar Fanner being assembled in convention. Why not ? is asked again. Throughout Knglimd and .Scotland farmers pay from eleven dollars to thirty-live dol- lars an acre rental, yearly," for the land used for ordinary agricultural crops and agricultu- ral purpose ; yi'i tUey live like |)rinces, have ])lcnty of lei.sure, keep good teams, read the pai>ers, and make money. AVhy not make money here where there are no land rents, as such, to pay, and where fanners own the land in feesiini)ie ':* Throughout Holland, wet land is reclaimed for agricultural purposes at a cost per acre greater than our land is worth, and yet the work of reclaiming goes on, and it is trom these reclaimed lands that Holland de- rives its great wealth and prosperity. The cost of draining the Zuyder Zee, now under contemplation, is estimated at $l.">it per acre, and yet the land will pay for farming pur- poses after Ibis great expense is pn( uiioii il. Why will not farming pay in Maine, where farmers own the land, and can bring it to a high state of culture at a comparatively small cost ? It will. And yet it is well known that the Ameri- can farmer is rarely on a level with the Eng- lish or Scotch farmer, and this is as true of the farmers of the United States as of Maine. As a general rule the English or Scotch farmer does little on his farm, but keeps books and rides round his ground superintending operations. His chief business is tending market and selling his crops. This usually receives his personal attention. All the manual labor, or nearly all,, is done by hired hands. If an American farmer were to work in this way he would soon have a friendly call fiom the .Sheriff. There must he more jit the bottom than the Maine Farmer perceives. THE SCIENCE OF AGRICULTURE. The meeting held in \ew York recently for the purpose of reorganizing the Ameri- can Agricultural Association elected Hon. -John Merrynian, of Baltimore county, presi- dent. Mr. Merrynian was chosen unanimous- ly, at the suggestion of a gentleman who had previously nominated Hon. George 15. Loriiig, of Ma.ssachusetts. Jlr. Merrynian has long been known as one of the most enterprising and progressive farmers in Maryland, as well as an instructive writer on agricultural topics. In accepting the position be took occasion to call attention to the Smithficld and Hirming- liam (England) Fat Stock Exhibitions, which are held respectively in the first and .second weeks in De'cmber! The latter has, in addi- tion, a poultry and bird show, conducted under the auspices of the club, a feature which the president recommendeil .should be adopted by the association. He thought that an exhibition combining the.se features, to 1)6 held in New York, sav in the .second week in December, coulil be made the greatest show of the kind ever held. The as.sociation re- ferred the president's address to the executive committee of the board of directors. Letters iO THE LANCASTER FARMER. [January, comraeiKliiig the project were received from President Hayes, Geu. Grant, Mr. Jefferson Davis, Gov. Hendricks, Marshall P. Wilder and some fifteen hnndred others. The mem- bers of the a.ssociation present at the meeting represented twenty States— all of the New England, most of the AVestern and manv Southern States, including four west of the Mississippi. Among them were some of the largest grain and stock growers of the coun- try. One of the most important subjects under discussion was a i»roposition for the es- tablishment of a professonsliiii and sub-profes- sorship of vcrterinary science at the Maryland Agricultural College. The demand for veteri- nary surgeons is known to be constantly in- creasing in all i)arts of the country. It is proposed to apply to Congress for an appro- priation of .SlOOjOtiO to establish these profes- sorships, or raise that sum by appropriations from the various States, and to combine with them a course of clinical instruction, in the event of the establishment of an abattoir in New York. The board of directors consists of twenty-one members, exclusive of the president and vice president. Mr. A. M. Ful- ford, of Maryland, is a member of the board of directors, and Mr. Ezra Witmau is the vice president for Xew York. HEIGHT OF STORMS. Professor Loomi.s, in his investigations of the phenomena of storms, has ascertained that atmosplieric disturbances during storms do not generally extend more than about a mile above the sea-level as they pass over New England. From observation made at the .sea-level, as at Portland, simultaneously with observations at the summit of Mount Washington, it is found that during the pas- sage of storms the usual system of circulating winds does not in the majority of instances extend to a height of six thousand feet. The more violent the movement, however, the greater is the height attained by the disturb- ance. Another fact of interest is that the disturbance on the approach of a storm is felt at the surface sooner than at considerable elevations. Professor Loomis says that, "when, during the progress of an area of low pressure, the system of circulating winds reaches the summit of Mount Washington, the change of wind to the east quarter usually begins at the surface stations eleven hours sooner than it does on the summit of that mountain. " It thus appears that onl v in the lower portions of the atmosphere do the great storm movements occur, and that they are fii-st felt at er near th'e earth's surface. Our Local Organizations. LANCASTER COUNTY AGRICULTU- RAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The stated meeting; ol the Lancaster County Agri- cultural aud Hoiticultuial Society was held in their rooms, in City Hall, Monday afternoon, January 5. The society was called to order liy the President. The readini.'(if the minutes of the previous meetinif was on motion dispensed with. The following members were present : Calvin Cooper, President, Bird-in-Hand; Henry M Engle, Marietta; Casper Ililler, Conestosa- Joseph IT. Witmer, Paradise: Dr. S. S. liathvon, city: John- son Miller, Warwick; John H. Landis, Manor- F K. DiffcnderlTer, city; J. M.Johnston, city; M. D. Kendig, Creswell; Levi S.Keist, Manheim; Washini'- lon L. Hershey, West Ilemptield; W. \V. Griesl city; C. A. Gast, city; W. H. Brosius, Drumore- j! C. I.uiville, Salisbury; Peter Hershey, city; Ephraim S. Hoover, Manheim; .S. P. Eljy, city; A. M. Hostet- t_er, city; C. L. Hunsecker, Manlieim; Isaac L. Lan- dis, city: A. B. Grofi; West Earl. New Members. Edwin B. Brubaker, of Elizabeth twp., Henry Kurtz, of Safe Harbor, aud Daniel W. firaybill, of East Hempfleld, were nominated and elected' to membership. Reports of Committees. M. D. Kendig reported that quite a number of farm. IS in Manor lost hogs by cholera; some forty have been lost so far. The hogs won't cat, become emaciated, tender to the touch, dropping down when handled. No treatment so far practised has proved [ availing, except in one case, where part recovered. Shoats seem most aftected, although full grown hogs are also attacked. Johnson Miller said wheat looks well. The to- bacco is nearly all stripped and much of it scjd. Domestic animals are all doing well. H. M. Engle thought there was little variation from the reports of a month ago. Rainfall for November was 2t 14-16 inches, aud for December ."1 11-16 inches. The President's Annual Address. Once moie, gentleman, it becomes ray duty — under established precedents— to address you at this, the first meeting in the year, now just in its infancy, and which admonishes us, we should renew our t'rateful acknowledgements to the ruler of the universe for the blessings of the year through which we have passed, for the bountiful crops that are stored in our garners, for the peace and goodwill that pervades over our land and reminds us that it is to be a beneficent Providence to which we are in- debted, and to whom all the gratitude is due. The year just closed has been one long to be re- membered. The unprecedented drouth in the early part of the season was fraught with much anxiety on the part of the husbandman for the success of his crops and the remuneration for the labor and expense incurred in the preparation of the soil, all of which for a time seemed threatened with destruction by the burning rays of the midsummer's sun. The parched earth itself seemed to yearn Ibr the refresh- ing showers that came at long intervals until the season was more than half over. But what a spoiu taneous growth followed the delightful rains after harvest ! Vegetable matter sprang up, as it were, by magic. Every countenance beamed with grate- fulness, and vegetation itself, of every kind, appa- rently raised its leaves heavenward, as if to tender homage to the Great Ruler above. The great interest of the farmer at this late date is centred in his tobacco patch. All who had their plants started had little to do but cultivate well, and make room for the rapidly spreading leaves, while others who were not so successful took hold with renewed energy, nursed their sickly plants, and replanted for the fourth, fifth or probably more limes the vacancies made by the scorching atmos- phere and the depredations of insects, in the hope that they, too, might yet reap some reward for the extra pains taken to get their plants established. Doubtless many of them little dreamed of the rich reward that awaited their labors, and yet how many there are that abhor the use of it, but have become addicted to the detestable habit that they imagine indispensable for their comfort, aud continue to roll up a liatch of the noxious stuff, and with a coal of fire at one end, and themselves at the other, with distorted countenance, draw and puff (bellows like,) blowing the smoke in a neighbor's face, very much to his or her discomfort, without as much as asking by your leave, or, if not unpleasant, I will indulge in a cigar; thoroughly fumigating the apparel of every one who happens near with the obnoxious odors from a half smoked, and sometimes that which is much worse, an old stump relighted, or with tire extinguished. But, this is not the worst of it. How many do we see with a great chunk (half the size and thickness of a man's hand,) from the pockets to the mouth, and with a twist and pull manage, after considerable exertion, to detach a piece, and then, like ruminating animals, the process of mastication begins. With the discolored saliva leaking from the corners of the mouth, the great stream is spurted on the carpet floor or elsewhere, disfiguring and soiling the clothes aud furniture, when the tidy, overworked wife, mother, or sister, must get down upon her knees and scrub her finger ends sore, if she wishes to have her house presentable in anticipation of a visit from some dear friend, and indeed absolutely necessary for the comfort of herself and family. If I have digressed, and drawn too strong a picture, I beg to be excused for expressing mv cont 'inpt of what to me seems a very filthy, and, "indeed, a very expensive and unnecessary habit. But such is the weakness of human nature, that having aciiuired a habit from having seen a friend indulging therein, we are too apt to fall, without for a moment stop ping to weigh in the balance the cost of an unnatural appetite. Alight I say to the young man with his chew or cigar iu hand, halt ? observe aud consider before you soil or wound a mother's pride in her son just blooming into manhood. But to the other side : Having created a market, mau will o,-ow that which brinss the most (as it is called) of the "filthy lucre," liftle caring whether the article produced is a necessary commodity for the comlbrt or happiness of mankind, or a deadly poison to all animal life inhabiting the globe. The crop of tobacco grown the past season is, beyond doubt, the greatest this county has ever pro- duced. The prices being realized are among the best, if not the very highest, that have ever been paid for the article here. I trust the extravagant returns received from the growth of the weed will not lead you to neglect other less remunerative crops that are so essential for our comlbrt, and indeed absolutely necessary for our existence and the health of the whole human race. I have many forbodings, that the country of our choice may some day suflfer from too great a production of the plant, which, if it continues to increase, will soon be worth more than all other crops combined. The barrens of Virginia and North Carolina bear testi- mony that we, too, might suffer the penalties, and our now fertile become a barren and unproductive soil. I am well aware that many of you will take exceptions to the little hints thrown out, but trust you will pardon me for expressing my convictions of what might be the result of too great a percentage of your farm being devoted to the growth of a poisonous weed. The incorporation of our society during the past year should also remind us that the beginning of a new year is a good time to commence some new work. By the reorganization and the election to- day you assume a new position and standing in the business world ; you are recognized as a legal body, aud prepared to battle with the world, as it were, for a sphere of usefulness, and enjoy the praise and con- gratulalion of many friends in sympathy, though not members of the society. The good works that some of you have been doing in experimenting with various seeds and fertilizers, and so generously giv- ing the results of your care, labor and expense, is one of the most convincing proofs that the advance- ment of agriculture and horticulture is the prime object in view. These might be carried on on a larger scale and of greater diversity, a wider field might be opened, and we might acquire such infor- mation as would be sure to produce better paying crops. The press, in their unflagging zeal in gathering the reports of your deliberations, has done much to further the interests of the society. Having scattered to the four winds of the earth full reports of the proceedings, it has created an interest in many sym- pathetic minds, which will some day bring its re- ward, and assist in establishing an organization from a lew itinerent members second to none in the State. As a corporation, there is a new sea opened on which to float our ship. But not being experienced seamen, we should not sail out of sicht of land, lest we lose our reckonings and encounter storms, that older mariners might use to speed them on their way. Our late exhibition, though not financiallv a great success, will have its benefit, should you conclude to try it again on a larger scale. As has been said by a member, the experience of a little fall fair would be a great help should the society conclude to branch out upon a regular agricultural exhibition, as are held by some of our adjoining counties. Since passing the gulf ou which we floated our new ship, I see many small leaks that could be averted on the next trip, and also many cargoes that might be car- ried at a less cost. I cannot but advert here to the apathy of some of the members, who never came near us to see whether we sank or swam over the terrible sea of selfishness on which they cast our bark. Others, too, who had repeatedly asked, "Why don't you hold an exhibition?" when we did make an effort stood aloft, as it were, to look down at the modest display as beneath their recognition, and cast a smile of contempt upon it, because they could not gratify some selfish propensity by which they might individually reap some benefit. The in- sinuation was repeatedly thrown out that we would fail in getting up a creditable display, which had a tendency to deter mauy who otherwise would have assisted with their contributions and would have i filled the building from pit to dome, all of which, I can assure you, was exceedingly discouraging to tlie management. On the other hand, I wish to con- gratulate and extend ray sincere thanks to those who bravely stood by the helm, notwithstanding the adverse winds we eucount-'red, and assisted in pilot- ing our vessel over the stream that threatened to swallow us forever. With the experience of the past and the knowledge that this county can hold a successful exhibition, together with the proof already established that you will go through with it, there is little doubt in my mind that it would be safe to launch out into open waters, where the foul atmos- phere of selfishness could not taint nor pollute this new organization. Upon your assurance to the manufacturing interests of the country that you will hold, annually, exhibitions in the interests of agriculture and industry, I doubt not they will fill all the space you could provide witli the new and improved machinery of the day, aud themselves lend a lively interest to make it a success. But it is all important to begin early in the season, that any one contemplating making a display can prepare iu time. In soliciting exhibits I encountered this difliculty on every side at our late fair. One gentleman alone said he would have filled half an aisle in the market house if he had been notified iu time, and many others knew nothing of it until it was too late. The liberal use of printers' ink, judicious advertising, by conspicuous posters, and otherwise, that will attract attention, will do more to spread the news abroad than all the discussions you can contrive at the meetings of the society. One of the growing features in farm economy is the displacement of middle fences aud the adoption 1880. THE LANCASTER FARMER. il of the Boiliuir syetim, thereby saving a ixrcAt annual cxpenec, ol both labor and money, anil other un- neeeseary outlay, which with the reclaimea ground brought under eultivatiou will move than eompeii- 6Hte for the labor of feeding the etoik in the yard. Picture, if you will, the herd enclosed in a Held without shade or water, eagerly seeking eoine spot to shelter them from the nconhing rays of a .July or August sun, and then wonder why the fence is so often broken, and herd doing untold mischief to the corn and other crops in adjacent fields. I am in hopes that the dav is not far distant when we can dispense with all fences, except what are necessary to enclose the stock yard. Auother growing Interest is the encouragement of home attract! ink. It is now no unusual thing to see around the farmer's house a well kept lawn, handsomely fitted with a few specimens of selected shrubbery, and the beautifully arranged flower lieds, that would compare favorably with those of greater magnitude and kept up at a heavy expense, while the former in their simplicity and unltiue ilesign cannot but command the admiration of all. The refining influences connected therewith has a teudeucy to bring out the finer feelings of our natures, and kindly associations around the house, that are ever pleasant through our walks of life. Picture, if you will, the tidy mother, having finished the arduous routine of her day's labors, plucking here and there a few choice noisettes and tea roses with an occasional sprig of mignonette and helio- trope, and many others indispensable for her pur- pose. A» stie wanders to and fro about the home of her choice, having inhaled the delicious fragrance of the flowers she so teuderly nursed, she goes to the verandah, and in h r easy chair gracefully arranges her boquet, while the plaintive notes from her lips mingle In harmony with the soft, sweet music of her daughter at the organ or piano in the parlor. All Intermingle with the songs of the feathered tribe, as from the branches of the graceful birch, or willow, they sing their praises of gratitude for the beauties of nature. The farmer, too, with the improved machinery of some genius of wit and mechanical skill, finds time in his declining years to seek some shady dell by the brook, where the plaintive notes from his happy home inspires his soul to gratefully acknowledge that his bed has not been cast among thorns. In couclusion, I desire to express my sincere thanks to you all for the unilbrm courtesy you have extended me during the four years I have ijad the pleasure to preside as your chairman, and ask a continuance of the same for my successor. It now only remains for me to thank you heartily for your kind attention to my remarks, and tliat my warmest wishes are that your brightest anticipations may be realized In your dally avocations, not only In the several departments of Agricultural or horticul- tural life, but in the various other duties, which to a greater or less extent are incumbent on us all. President Cooper's address was applauded at the clpse. Questions for Discussion. E. S. Hoover discussed the question r "Who is the best farmer — he who makes most manure, or tie who buys most ? " Do we gain most by making or buying manure? That is the question. Can we get full price for the grain we feed our stock ? is a question that enters Into this discussion. If we can, wc save the expense of hauling our grain away. We also save the expense of hauling manure from abroad. Then, too, manure from stall-fed cattle Is superior to all other, telling heavily on the crops later on. More cattle are now fed than formerly. Tobacco land requires much manure, and provision must be made to that end. Tlien, again, manure cannot be had in suflieient quantities. It It pays some one else to make and sell manure, it pays the fanner who needs it to make II also. Good crops of tobacco are grown where rye has been turned down. The farmer can make manure cheaper than he can buy it. Generally, also, he can get full value for his grain by feeding it. He believed the best farmer was he who made the most manure. Casper Hlller thought Mr. Hoover's remarks were sound, but he believed after all the opposite course was best. He believed no animal should be kept on a farm but those alisolutely needed. A hundred acre farm can be profitably farmed with no animals but the horses to work it. All the grain and hay can be sold off a farm, and yet its fertility be fully kept up. All cannot do this, but some farmers can, while the work would be much less. Artificial fertilizers will do it, aided by ploughing under green crops. If we think this matter over we must come to this con- clusion. ,Ioseph F. WItmer believed as Mr. Hlller does, but would be afraid to try his plan. It has been stated there is in most soils enough plant food to last a thousand years, but the dilHculty is to make it avail- able. To keep and feed much stock involves much hard labor, ani to put the manure on the field is equally laborious, .^^rtllicial fertilizers can be put out much more easily. E. S. Hoover held manure would produce so much greater crops than artificial f«rtilizers as repaid the trouble of making it. Farms on which the latter Is used invariably produce larger crops. Those on which the former are u.sed do not hold out so well. W. II. Rrosius said the commercial fertilizer theo- ries are all very well, and produce largely on paper, liut we are constantly deceived in the (lualities of the articles we buy. If It pays the manufacturers to make it, it will alio pay us to make manure. The man who would keep up the fertility of his farm must make his manure. M. D. Kendig favored barnyard manure. The best tobacco Is from land which is manured with stable manure. If it Is best for this croii if will also be best for others. Kec|) few cattle In summer, and all you can feed in winter. .Tohnson Miller was surprised to hear that we can keep up our farms with commercial fertilizers. He agreed with Mr. Kendig. IT. M. Engle thought Mr. ITiller was not so far wrong after all. He didn't care how a farmer got manure, so tliat he had it to put on his land. Can we not put a productive farm in still better order by using aitificial fertilizers along with barnyard ma- nure ? I'lant food is what we need. Huge piles of manure are not enough. We must have wliat the plants need. Make all the manure you can, but don't decry commercial fertilizers before thoroughly testing them. We do not know enough about these manures to condemn them. J. C. LInvillc said sometimes manure costs more than it is worth. Money Is often lost in feeding cat- tle. If we can make our manure cheaper than we can buy it, then let us do it. He has lately, how- ever, had good results from artificial fertilizers, and begins to like them better. Farmers are much preju- diced on this point. Still he would not like to rely entirely on commercial fertilizers. Does it Pay to Raise Trees for Fencing ? M. D. Kendig did not think it does, unless on sonic farms that have bad places which cannot be proflta- l)ly cultivated. Along the roadsides it will pay us, biit average land Is too valuable to be put to this use. He gave liirures to show what could be realized by jilanting locusts on the farm along the roadside. On hilly land chestnut might be grown profitably. .liilin H. Landis said he desired to have the ques- tion whether It was not well to encourage the grow- ing of limber by legislative enactment take» up at some future day. S. P. Eby said growing trees has always been oue of his hobbies. Grow trees of all sorts, except the Ailaulhus. On many farms there are places fit only to Slav/ trees. Where there is woodland on a farm, dependence should not be put on that supply alone. Don't depend on the birds ; plant seeds yourself. Sow acorn and chestimts. We want trees for beauty, lor the feul and for protection. E. S. Hoover said the question had reference to this county alone. He wanted trees of all kinds planted. 'The tobacco fever is cutting down our forests ; the desire to have new ground on which to plant the weed is becoming a mania, and timber is now cut down which a dozen years ago the owners could not have been Induced to lay low. Levi S. Heist thought the timber question inex- haustible. How shalTwe protect our trees after they are plantcil ? One of his finest ornamental trees was cut down for a Cbristmas tree and carried off. Tlic further discussion of this question was defer- red until the next meeting. Several other questions set down for discussion at this mectiug were also de- ferred until next meeting. Representative to the State Board of Agricul- ture. The Secretary read a letter from Secretary Edge, of the State Board of Agriculture, about electing a new member to the State Board in place of H.M. En^-le, whose term Is about tran6|)irlng. 11. M. Engle was unanimously re-elected, and ex- pressed his thanks in an appropriate speech. New Businens. Tlic Secretary read a letter from a gentleman In Kansas on the comparative cost of raising and keep- ing cattle in that State and the East. A. .M. llostetter suggested tlie appointment of a committee to corrcsixjnd with tobacco dealers and tobacco growers in regard to fertilizers for tobacco lands, and how the impoverishment of the soil from the culture of the weed can best be prevented. Election of Officers. .Joseph F. WItmer was nominated for President : Henry M. Engle and Calvin Cooper were nominated as Vice Presidents; for Recording Secretary M. 0. Kendig was nominated; for Corresponding Secretary, John II. Landis was nominated; for Treasurer, .\I. D. Kendig was nominated; for Managers, E. S. Hoover, J. C. Linvillc, W. H. Brosius, Israel L. Lan- dis and Casper Hiller were nominated, all of whom were elected. On motion, the thanks of the Society were extend- ed to tlie retiring president. Henry M. Engle said the Fruit Growers' Associa- tiou had its origin in this county, and ought therefore not to be overlooked at Its next meeting at Bethle- hem on the third Wednesday of this month. Excur- sion tickets over the Heading road can be procured. Joseph F. WItmer, the newly elected president, then asstimcd the chair and addressed the Society, thanking the mcmt)ers for their partiality in select- ing him as their presiding ofllcer. Calvin Cooper sugirested that some salary should lie attached to I he ofllce of Recording Secretary, as his iluties are at times onerous. On motion, the matter was left to the Board of Managers, to report at the next nu'cfing. A motion was also carried to leave the preparation of questions for discussion to llic Board of Managers. The followlnL' question was sulimilled : By what means and in wliat way can the growing of forest trees be most encouraged and the timber lands of the State behest protected? Referred to Levi 8. Heist. Does the stock have any influence on the graft f Referred to J. Stautler. Why docs the second crop of clover produce more seed tlian the lirst? Referred to Calvin Cooper. On motion the Society adjourned. POULTRY ASSOCIATION. The annual meeting of the Lancaster County Poultry Association was held In City Hall, Monday morning, January .5tli, 18S0. The following members were present : Rev. I). C. Tobias, President, Litiz ; J. B. Liclily, Secretary ; city; T. F. Evans, Treasurer, Litiz ; H. H. Tshudy, Litiz : Charles Li|)pold, city; William Schoeiiberger, city ; .John .\. Stolier, Scliocneek ; (leorge A. (icyer, Spring Garden : .loscpli E. WItmer, Paradise ; Chas. E. Long, city ; J. B. Long, city ; Harry G. Hirsh, city; F. K. DIflcndcrtler, city ; C. A. Gast, city; Henry Wissler, ('olunibia ; J. M. .lolmston, city; T. B. .Martin, Litiz ; John F. Evans, Litiz; J. II. Miller, .Marietta ; J. H. Menaugh, Spring Garden ; J. II. Habeckcr, Spring (Jarden ; Ferdinand Schacf- fer, city: L. G. .Martin, Spring (iarden ; Martin Bowman, .Mount Joy ; Addison Kiowors, Mount Joy; -Morris Bacliman, Strasburg ; PMward Brack- bill, Strasburg : Samuel Engle, Marietta; J. W. Bruckhart, Salunga ; II. H. Myers, Spring (;ardcn. Tlie Treasurer and Executive Conimlttcc made verbal reports, showing the condition of the treasury to be In a healthy condition, and that the poultry exhibition had been so lllieially patronized there was no doulit that all the premiums offered would be paid and a handsome lialance left over. Mr. J. -A. Stober, from the I'onimlttee appointed for the purpose, reported tlic following ollicers of the society for the ensuini,' year : President — Rev. D. C. Tobias, Litiz. Vice Presidents— (ico. A. Geyer, Spring (iardeu, and W. J. Kafroth, West Earl. Corresponding .Secretary — Joliu F. Reed, city. Ueconling Secretary— .1. B. Lichty, city. Treasurer- T. F. Evans, Litiz. Executive Committee— H. H. Tshudy, Litiz ; J. A. Stober, Schoeneck ; Joseph R. Trisslcr, city ; J. B. Long, city ; S. N. Warfel, Strasburg. The report of the committee was received, and the olfieers proposed were elected by acclamation. A discussion ensued as to the propriety of having a sub-conimlltec of city members appointed to act in conjunctiim with the Executive Committee, and to perform their duties, as alternates during their absence. Wit hmU arriving at final action the mat- ter was postponed. The society adjourned to attend the poultry exhi- bition iu Locher's building. THE POULTRY EXHIBITION. The late sliow of iioultrv and pet .stock in Locher's bniUlini;, Laiiraster city, Pa, was a striking novtlty in tlic donieslic liistci y of tlie county of Lancaster. It was one of the most imposing and meritorious pageantries of the kind ever presented to the gaze of onr people. We do not propose to give the details of this lirst exhibition of the "Lancaster Coiinly Poultry Association," for they were amply ventilated by the daily press during the continuance of the show. 13ut as a standing record for the benelit of ftitiire exhibitions of the kind, and for the .satisfaction of our readers, below will be found the list ofnUries, the awards of the judges and a list ol the premiums paid to those who fairly won them. For the same reason we refrain from tiaming the birds placed on exhibition, nor yet the quality of the stock exhibited, because the examination of the lists aforesaid will lie a suftieieut reference to those who may desire to intike use of them in the future. It is suflieient to say that those whom the as.socia- tion delegated to discharge the various duties a.ssigued them worked with a nill, and seized old time by the forelock and made the occasion a deserved success. We may learn from this that sleepless vigilance and perse- vering eflbrt in the proper direction can 42 THE LANCASTER FARMER. [January, achieve a woiulerful work wlien they are intelligently and lovingly operated. It may "point a moral" that should be heeded by older organizations under similar circumstances, teaching them what to do and how to do it, and above all, to be aforetime and avoid procrastinations. The Entries. Sherman Dielil, Beverly, N. .T. ; 1 pair Silver Sea- britrlit Bantams; 1 pair Andalnsians. Haydn H. TBliudy, Litiz; I'lynioulli Hocks; Brown Lctcliorn; Colored IJorkinjjs; White Holland Turkevs. John E. Dielil, Beverly, N. J.; 1 pair B. Bed Malay . A. 8. Flowers, Mount Joy; 1 pair White Cochins; 1 pair Bnfl' Cochins. Jos. It. Trisslcr, Lan<',ister; Black Leffliorns; Brown Lccrhorns Andalnsians; American Seabrights. John M. Hagans, Straslmrir; 1 pair Kcd Jacobins pigeons; 1 pair Yellow Jacobins pigeons; 1 pair Black Jacobins pigeons; 1 pair Black Carrier pigeons. Jacob B. Long, Lancaster; Plymouth Bocks. Samuel (i. Engle, Marietta; 4 pair Black Coshins ; 1 coop Black Cochins, six specimens. J. A. Stobcr, Schoeneck; Bronze turkeys; Silver Spangled Hamburgs. John Cole, Clinton, N. J.; 1 cock and 1 hen, part Cochin; 1 cockerel and 1 pullet, part Cochin; 1 cock and 1 hen Butl'Co'hin. Rev. D. C. Tobias, LiMz; Malay Games. .\mos Ringwalt, Lancaster; 1 pair White Leghorns; 1 jiair Golden Spangled Haui'mrgs; 1 pair Silver Penciled Hamburgs. 8. N. Warlel, Strasburg; Light Brahmas. John C. Burrowes, Lancaster; Brown Leghorns. Jos. Windolph, .Marietta; 4 pair Light Brahmas. Geo. G. Keefer, Chambersburg; Plymouth Rocks. H. 8. Garber, Mount Joy; 3 pairs Partrid<>-e Cochins. " .M. L. Greider, Rapho; 1 pair W. F. B. Spanish; 3 pair Plymouth Rocks; 1 pair Brown Leghorns. John Grosh, Landis Valley; 1 pair Pekin ducks- 2 pair Plymouth Rocks. ' Peter C. Hiller, Conestoga; Plymouth Rocks. H. H. Myers, Spring Garden; 2 pair Partridge Cochins; 1 pair White Leghorns; 1 pair B. B. R. G. Bantams. Charles Lippold, Lancaster; 1 pair G. D. W. G. Bantams; 1 pairB. B.R.G. Bantams; 1 pair B. B. K. Games; 1 pair Blue Antwerps; 1 pair Silver Antwerps; 1 pair Red Checkered Antwerps; 1 pair White Trumpeters; 1 pair Black Trumpeters; 1 pair White AlViean owls; 1 pair Blue African Owls; 1 pair Blue Baldhead Tumblers, L. F.: 1 pair Inside Tum- blers, L. F.; 1 pair Red Tumblers, L. F.; 1 pair White Fantails: li German Canaries. Chas. E. Long, Lancaster: U pair Golden D. W. Game Bantams; 3 pair Black B. Red Game Bantams; 1 pair Silver D. VV. Game Bantams; 1 pair Golden .Seabright Bantams: 1 pair Black African Bantams; 1 pair Red Pyle (ianje Bantams:! breeding pen g'. D. W. Game Bantam^; I breeding pen Light Brah- mas; 1 pair Silver D, VV.CJame Bantam pullets- 1 Black Red Bantam, pullet; 1 Golden D. W. G. Ban- tam, (-ockerebl pair Black Leghorns;! pair W. Calcutta Fantails, in breeding pen; ! pair White Calcutta Fantails; 1 pair Black Fantails; 3 pair Yellow Fantails; 2 pair White African Owls; ! pair BbK-k Fantails; 1 pen, six White Calcutta Fantails. Clias. E. Long, Jr., Lancaster; ! pair Silver D. W. Game Bantams; 1 pair Golden Seabright Bantams. L. R. Rote, Lancaster; 1 coop breecling pen Ply- mouth Rocks. L. Rathvon, Lancaster; Light Brahmas. W. Sherman Edgerly, Lancaster; ! pair S. S. Hamburgs. George R. Erisman, Lancaster;! pair B. B. Red Games. J.B. Lichty, Lancaster; 1 coop Light Brahmas- Capon. Frank K. Howell, Lancaster; 1 pair Silver Dun Antwerps: 1 pair Light Blue Antwerps. Harry C. Miller, Strasburg; Colored Dorkings. J. A. Buch & Bro, Litiz; :i pair Plymouth Rocks- 1 pair G. Seabright Bantams; 2 pair B. Tartar Games: 1 pair White Georgians. Morris Bachman, Strasburg; Dark Brahmas. J. W. Bruckhart, Salunga; White Crested Black Polish. L.G. .Martin, Spring Garden; ! pair White Leg- horns. ° John E. Schum, Lancaster; 1 pair Blue Swallows- 1 iiair Black Swallows: 1 Yellow Winged Turhitts' 1 Yellow Jacobins:! pair Blue A. Owls: 1 pair White A. Owls. Harry G. Hirsh, Lancaster; 2 pair Blue Antwerps- 2 pan- Silver: 2 pair Red Checkers; 1 pair Silver Sea- brights: 1 pair Ducks; 1 pair Blue Pied Pouters- ! pair Blue .\ntwerps. Jno. L. .Metzger, Lancaster; ! pair Black Spanislr ! pair W. C. B. Polish; ! pair \V. C. B. Polish; ! pair W Inte Leghorns; 1 pair Creoles. Henry Neater, York: 3 pair White Leghorns- Brown Legliorns; Black B. Red Games; Golden Sea- bright Bantams. W. A. Myers, York; 3 pair Light Brahmas; 2 pair Dark Brahmas; 2 pair Partridge Cochins; 1 pair Black Cochins. T. Frank Evans, Litiz: 1 pair Black B. Red Games; 1 pair Black Cochins; 1 pairLangshans; 4 pair Black B. Red Games. Christian Greider, Rapho; 1 pair Moorheads; 1 pair M.agpies: 1 pair Black Trumpeters. T. D. Martin, Litiz; 1 pair Hong Kong geese; ! pair Muscovy ducks; ! pair B. B. R.' Games. C. G. Landis, Lancaster; ! pair White Pouters; ! pair Jacobins; ! pair Yellow Winged Turbitts. Jos. H. Habecker, Spring Garden; Partridge Cochins; Silver Spangled Hamburgs; Gold Laeed Seabright Bantam; Blue Pied Pouters; Yellow Nuns; Black Fantails Crested; Blue Antw-erps; Black Jaco- bin; White Jacobin; BLick Trumpeters; Booted Tumblers; Red Magpies; White Calcutta Fantails. Ferdinand SchaefTer, Lancaster; I pair G. S. Ham- burgs: 1 pair S. P. Hamburgs; 1 pair Black Barbs; 2 pair Blue Antwerps. Geo. C. Liller, Lancaster; ! pair Silver Spangled Polish: ! pair Black Hamburgs. I. H. Mayer, M. D., Willow Street; Light Brah- mas, ten specimens; 1 pair White Booted Bantams. J. H. Mei.augh, Spring Garden; 2 pair Partridge Cochins; ! pair S. D. G. Bantams: 1 pair Booted Tumblers. Chas. Eden, Lancaster: 1 pair Brazilian ducks; 1 pair G. S. Hamburgs. Wm. A. Schoenberger, Lancaster; ! pair G Polands; 1 pair W. C. B. Polish; 1 pair S. S. Ban- tams; ! pair G. S. Bantams; 1 pair Blue Antwerps- 1 pair White Fantails. John F. Reed, Lancaster; 2 pair Plymouth Rocks. E. C. Brinser, Middletown; 3 coops Plymouth Rocks. Mrs. Ellen H. Hager, Lancaster; ! Gray Parrot. Miss Winnie Breneman, Strasburg; I pair Pekin ducks. Jacob Leep, Lancaster; Dark Brahmas. George H. Smith, Smithville; Pekin Ducks. Wm . J. Cooper, Lancaster; 1 pair Plj mouth Rocks . George A. Geyer, Spring Garden; I pair Toulouse geese. Chas. Lippold, Lancaster; 1 pair Mottled Trump, eters; 1 pair White Fantails. Isaac L. Bauman, Lancaster; ! pair S. T. Ham- burgs; 1 pair Partridge Cochins. C. G. Landi6,Lancast.er:! pair Yellow Trumpeters Elam E. Snyder, Lancaster; 1 pair Irish Games. Chas. Lippold, Lancaster; ! pair White Carriers- 1 pair Black Fantails; 1 pair White English Fantails' Fred. Herman, Erie; ! pair B. B. Red Games- 1 pair White Leghorns. ' Wm. H. Amer, Lancaster; ! pair Brown Leghorn.s F. R. Diffenderfler, Lancaster;! pair Dark Brah- mas. Mrs. Colin Cameron, Brickerville; Embden o-eese J. A. Roberts, Malvern; Light Brahmas. W. J. Cooper, Lancaster; G. S. Bantams George A. Geyer, Spring Garden; White Leghorns- Partridge Cochin; Pekin ducks; Roman ducks- Tou- louse geese. William Henderson, Lancaster: Light Brahmas Jno. P. Weise, Lancaster; Plymouth Rock. THE JUDGES' AWARD OF PREMIUMS. Chicks and Fowls. S. N. Warfcl, Strasburg, Pa.: First and special premiums for Light Brahma chicks; score— cockerel 94; pullet, 9fi. Also, Association's special premium' for best pair Light Brahmas. Dr. Mayer, Willow Street, Pa. : Second and special premiums for Light Brahma chicks- score- cockerel, 9.5?,; pullet, S7^; special premium for heaviest fowl . Samuel G. Engle, Marietta, Pa. : First and special premiums for Black Cochin chicks; score— cockerel 97.'i; pullet, 9.". t. Frank Evans, Litiz, Pa..- First and special premium for Black Breasted Red Game fowls- second for Langsban chicks; and second for Black Cochin chicks; score on latter— cockerel, 9.i^i, pullet 93 .John Cole, Clinton, N. J.: First premium 'for Par- ridge Cochin fowls. Score— Cock, 90- hen 9l)i - First for Buff Cochin fowls, and special fo'r best pair of Cochins. ' W. A. Myer, York, Pa. : First premium for Dark Brahma fowls; second and special for Dark Brahma Clucks; second for Partridge Cochin fowls. Score- cock, 87;^; hen, gS':,'^. George A. Geyer, Spring Garden, Pa.: Special premium for Pea-comb Partridge Cochin fowls Q *''™', ?V,^!'l'"'' ^'^y- ^"^^ premium for Sliver Spangled Polish. Wm.A. Schoenberger, city: First premium for Golden Spangled Polish fowls; second for Silver Seabright Bantams. Wm. J Cooper, city : Special premium for best June hatched chicks (Plymouth Rocks, i wk".''" ''• ,^'etzler, city : Second premium for White-crested Black Polish chicks; second for Wbitc- crested White Polish chicks. J. W. Bruckhart, Salunga, Pa. : First and second special premium* for White-crested Black Polish chicKs. Joseph R. Trissler, city: First and second special premiums for Black Leghorn chicks; first and second specials for Brown Leghorn chicks; second and special for American Seabright chicks. Charles E. Long, city: First, second and special premiums for Black Breasted Red Game Bantams- first and second specials for Black Rose Comb Bantams; first and second specials for Red Pile Game Bantams; first and second specials for Golden Duck- wing Game Bantams; first and special lor Golden Seabright Bantams; second for Silver Duckwino- Game Bantams; second for Black Leghorn chicks" and Association's special premium of $10 for the best coop of si.-s: on exhibition. [The contest for this premium was between Mr. Long's Golden Duckwing Bantams and S. N. Warfel's Light Brahmas. The score on the Bantams stood : Cockerel, 94 and five pullets, 94, 9!,ii,, 94i<, 9.5'4 and 94 respectively- total, .563',^. Mr. Warfel's coop scored : cockerel' 93 S', two hens, 9«',2 and 96, respectively; and three pullets 93%, 92^4 and 90',, respectively ; total, 563 The weight of Mr. Warfel's coop was : Cockerel 13 pounds 9 ounces; hen, 123^ pounds; hen, llw' pounds: pullet, 11 pounds; pullet, !0 pounds 15 ounces; pullet, 8 pounds; total, 6ii pounds, 8 ounces 1 Mr. Long's pair of Black Breasted Red Game Bantams, "Tom" and "Jenny," took the special $5 premium offered for the most perfect pair of birds in the exhibition, the united score of the two running up to 194' j. Sherman Diehl Beverly, N. J. : first and special premiums for Audalusian chicks. M. L. Greider, Mouut Joy, Pa. : Second and special premiums for Plymouth Rock chicks; second for Brown Leghorn chicks; second for White-faced Black Spanish chicks. I. G. Martin, .Spring Garden, Pa.: First and special premiums for White Leghorn chicks. Amos Ringwalt, city .- Second and special premi- ums for White Leghorn chicks. Ferd. Schaeffer, city: First premium for Golden Spangled Hamburg chicks; second and two specials for Silver Penciled Hamburg cliicks. Hon. J. A. Stober, Schoeneck, Pa.: First premium for Silver Spangled Hamburg chicks. Joseph H. Habecker, Spring Garden, Pa. : Second premium for Silver Spangled Hamburg chicks. J. A. Buch it Bro., Litiz, Pa.: First premium for Black Game chicks ; secoud for Black Game fowls. Rev. D. C. Tobias, Litiz ; First and special premi- ums for Malay Game chicks. John E. Diehl, Beverly, N. J. : Secoud and special premiums for Black Breasted Red .Malay Game chicks. George R. Erisman, city : Second premium for Black Breasted Red Game fowls. John Grosh, Landis Valley, Pa. : First and second special premiums for White Faced Black Spanish chicks. George G. Keefer, Chambersburg, Pa. : Fifst and special premiums for Plymouth Rock fowls. [This pair is said to have cost $100.] A. S. Flowers, Mount Joy, Pa. : Second and special premiums for White Cochin Chicks; second for Buff Cochin chicks. Jacob B. Long, city : Special premium for best display Plymouth Rock chicks. Charles Lippold, city : Second premium for Golden Duck Wing (Jame Bantams. Pigeons. Charles Lippold, city : First and special premiums for White Fantails; first for White Trumpeters; first for Black Trumpeters; first for Inside Tumblers; first for Bald-head Tumblers; first for Silver Antwerps- second for Red-checkered Antwerjjs; second for Blue- Antwerps; second for White Owls; second for Blue Owls; second for Red Tumblers; second for Black Carriers, and special for best collection. John E. Schum, city : First premium for Blue African Owls; first for Blue Swallows; first for Black Swallows; first for Yellow-winged Turbitts; second for Yellow Jacobins. C. G. Landis, city : First premium for Yellow- Trumpeters; first for White Pouters; second for Yellow-winged Turbitts; second for White Jacobins. Christian Greider, ,\It. Joy, Pa. : Second premium for Moorheads. Fei-d. .Schaeffer, city : First Premium for Black Barbs. Frank R. Howell, city : First and special premiums for Blue Antwerps. Chas. E. Long, city : First and second premiums for Yellow- Fantails; first and special for Bliick Fan- tails; first for White African Owls; second for White Fantails; and a sjiecial premium of ?5 for best coop of six in exhibition. John .M. Hagens, Strasburg, Pa. ; First premium for Yellow Jacobins; first for Red Jacobins; first for Black Cariiers; first for Black Jacobins. Joseph H. Habecker, Spring Garden, Pa. : First premium for Red Magpies; first for White Jacobins: first for Booted Tumblers; second for Blue Pied Pouters; second for Black Fantails; second for Black Jacobins; second for Black Trumpeters. Harry G. Hirsh, city: First inemium for Blue Pied Pouters; First for Red-eheckeicd Antwerps; second for Silver Antwerps, and special for Blue Antwerps. 1880.] THE LANCASTER FARMER. -13 Turkeys, Geese and Ducks. Hon. A. J.Stolier, 8cli(ienook, Pa. : Special premi- um for large bronze turkeys. Mrs. Colin Cameron, BriokervlUe, Pa. : First pre- mium for Embilcn geese; second for Hong Kong geese. T. D. Martin, Litiz, Pa ; First premium for Hong Kong geese; tirsl for .Muscovy ducks. Miss Winnie Brcnenum, SIrasburg, Pa.: First and special premiums for Pekin ducks. George A. ((ever Spring Garden, Pa. : First and special premiums for Koueu ducks; second for Pekin ducks. Miscellaneous. Charles Lippold, city : First and second premiums for German canaries. Mrs. Ellen H. Flager, city: First prcniiuiu for Talking Parrot. Pigeon Fly, The carrier pigeon race took place the 71 h, having been postponed from the 6lh on account of the in- clement weather. The jiri/.e was a silver cup offered by the association, and to be awarded to the owner of the bird lirst brought back to the Exhibition. There were eight entries, by the following named persons: Ferd. Schacll'er, \Vm. Schoeuberger, Thomas lluniphreyville, John E. Sebum, .T. .M. iiulh, Frank U. Howell, Harry (i. llirsli and Charles Lip- pold. The birds were taken to Mount Joy in the morning by Wm. Schoenhergcr, but at what hour they were let lly is not known. The tirst bird brought back to the exiiibition was Mr. Schaelfer's, at 1:25 p. m., and the cup was awarded to him. Mr. Schoenbergcr's bird was brought in second, about live minutes later. The other bin':* ar- rived at their cots, but were not returned to the ex- hibition. The winning bird is a Blue Antwerp hen, tivc months old, and was bred by Charles Lippold. Agriculture. LINNiEAN SOCIETY. The Linnaean Society held their stated meeting on Saturday, December a7th, 1879, in the comfortable rooms of the Y. M. C. A. Kcv. Dr. J. H. Dubbs was in the chair. The monthly dues were paid in and the minutes disposed of. The donations to the museum were only two jars — one containing three gold ash, among whicli the curious triple-tailed specimen owned by Master C. F. Long, son of Chas. E. Long, and after its death donated by him to the Linnasan ; one that was in an aquarium among others of Mr. George Hensel's collection. This mani- fested a phosphorescent oblong spot, in the dorsal region, near its head, when seen in a dark room, prior to its death. The other was from Mr. Kalh- von's aquarium. A bottle of miscellaneous insects collected during the summer. Additions to the Library. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, part II., April and October, 1876; Proceedings of the American and Oriental Section of the Ethnographic Society of France, per Dr. Dubbs ; Second Annual Report of the Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania, 1878; IT. S. Patent Office Gazette to December 33,1879; The Lancasteu F.MLMiiii for the month of December, 1879. Historical Section. Four envelopes containing fifty historical scraps, perS. S. Rathvon, Ph.D. Papers Read. A highly interesting paper was read, No. 533, by Rev. Dr. Dubbs, on Archisology. — (See page 4.) It was listened to with much interest. J. Staufler read an illustrated paper, No. 5.3-1, on gold tish in general, and the triple-tailed specimen in particular. Like specimens have been seen before. Annual Reports of Officers. The Recording Secretary read his annual report, and found the dues received to tally with the amounts in the Treasurer's report. Notwithstanding the finance is small, and many of the active members fail to attend the stated meetings, the Curator's full report shows lUrge and valuable additions to the museum and fixtures ; forty vQjumes added to the lilirary, besides pamphlets and serials ; twenty-three original papers read, and one thousand five hundred and thirty objects added to the collections. In short, much that deserves encouragement has been performed by the Society, weak as it is, in means and numbers. Those who come short in doing their duty, no doubt are aware of it. Election of Officers. It being the time for electing the officers for the ensuing year, on casting the ballot it resulted as follows : President, Rev. J. S. Stahr ; Vice Presi- dents, Rev. Dr. J. H. Dubbs, Prof. T. H. Baker ; Recording Secretary, Jacob Staufler ; Assistant Recording Secretary, W. P. Bolton ; Corresponding Secretary, M. L. Davis, M. D. ; Treasurer, S. S. Rathvon; Librarian, Mrs. L. A. Zell ; Curators, Cbas. A. Heinitsh, Phar., S. S. Rathvon, Ph. D., W. P. Bolton, Esq. ; Microscopist, Dr. .M. L. Davis. Seasonable Hints, Among the hints most seasonable on either the garden or the farm, few things are more serviceable than those relating III the sharpening of tools. Too often these things arc thought of until the articles are wanted, when niuib valuable lime is lost In put- ting in order what might as well have been done during the dull winter days. Even the smartest of us do not think enough of these things, and iinloed hardly know bow much we lose by having dull tools to work with. It has been tolerably acccurately computed that the same man can do as much In two days with a sharp scythe, as with one but compara- tively dull and with the same expenditure of force, could do in three. .\nd it is just the same in regard to all other tools or implcnients, whether operated by hand, steam or horse-power. The engineer, con- tinually oils the machinery, and a good saw or file is oil to h;inil implements. We know one who has a great deal of hand hoeing to do by hired labor, and he believes that the continued use of the flic on the hoes makes a diflercnce of nearly one-half in the labor. His calculation is that every ten-cent tile he buys save him ten dollars in his laborers' bills. Now is the time to look after spades, scythes, hoes, chisels, saws, etc. A good grindstone and a set of files are among the best of farm investments, especially at this season. It is always nice to be forehanded, to get things well ahead ; but the best of all forehandeduess is that which prepares in advance a full set of good and well-repaired tools to work with.- — Oertnnnfnwn Winter AValks About the Premises. As the storm-king may soon be expected to visit us to stay for some months, we are inclined to repeat the advice we have hitherto given at this period, when so many farmers in all sections are in the habit of neglecting matters that cost but little lime and money about their dwellings and out-buildings, but which impart in themselves great comfort and pro- tection to their families. Among them there is nothing that adds more, not merely to the comfort and convenience, but to the health of the family, than qood inalkv. We have known these in many instances to be utterly neglected. They are i-cganied as good eniiugh when the weather is dry, and when the weather is wet they cannot be made better. And thus year after year the members of the family :ire left to wade through mud to the cow stables, hog pens, wood or coal shed, to the pump or spring- house, to the place of drying the wash, and so on. Now, the little labor it would cost to make hard dry paths to all these points is not worth mentioning. About every place there are stones, old mortar, bricks, Ac, which could be laid down at an excava- tion of six inches and covered with coal ashes. This would last for a dozen years, and would always be dry in five minutes after a rain. Or, in lieu of this, lay down boai-d walks, which, if taken up in the spring after the weather is settled and carefully piled up, will last from eight to ten years. Try it. It will save in shoe leather and doctors' bills four times as much as the cost, leaving out of the question the great convenience and comfort en- joyed. Farm Food. Where we make one load of manure now we ought to make at least three, says an exchange; These are some of the multitude of ways : The liquid waste is as valuable for manure as the solid portions, and yet on seven-eighths of the farms it is nearly all lost. It can be saved by storing a supply of muck or common loam under the stable where the oxen and cows and horses are to stand, and putting a fresh coating upon the pile often enough to keep it from lis foul odors ; or is much better still — for few men can be trusted to manage a barn basement — make a shed or pit for the compost, and convey the liquids away from the stable by suitable drains, which should be provided in every decent barn. One hundred loads of saturated earth will be worth to any farmer one hundred and fifty dollars, putting it at the least. Put the absorbents where they will do the most good. One other thing, leaves of the forest are wasted when they should be saved. They make excellent bedding and most excellent manure, and a few days given to transporting them from the woods, where they are not wanted, to the bam, where they are, will pay. Pierre Lorillard's Farm. A committee of the Burlington Agricultural So- ciety recently visited the farm of Mr. Lorillard at .lobstown, New Jersey. We give the following from- their report : F'or the most profitably cultivated crop, the profits of which shall exceed JlOO per acre, they award the premium of 510 to D. E. Howatt, farmer for P. Lorillard, for 6?j' acres of carrots, yielding liy esti- mate (after pulling a few) 400 bushels per acre, making 2700 bushels, which, at forty cents per bushel, is 81,0S0; expense of seed, drilling, hoeing, cultivating, thinning and six per cent, interest on the land rated at 51.50 per acre, $213 ; leaving net profit on li^; acres, ?8(i8. The attention of the committee was called to a Held of thirty-live acres of good corn reiently cut and stackcil up, and the ground (a sandy loam) was then being seeded with wheat. Tlu-y estimated the crop at fifty bushels to the acre, making 17.5(1 bush- els, which, at fifty cents per liuslii-l, gives $.S75 ; the whole cost of ploughing, plantinc and cultlvaliug, i-ating the terms at?3.50 perday, laboring men ?1.18 per day, boys seventy-five cents, amounting in all lo $242, which, taken from the value of the crop, leaves a profit of $fi"3 on thirty-five acres, being an average of $18 per acre. Tlu-y thought the above crop worthy of notice, as showing that farming when properly managed will pay, even In these dull, hard times. Cuzco Corn from Peru. A consigiunent of 1 ,.100 [lounds of this corn, which is produced in the province of Cuzco, in Peru, atiout 41)0 miles inland frotn Lima, was recently received in San Francisco, and is described as follows: "The Cuzco corn is as large as a butter bean, has a thin white skin and is all flour or meal. II is as wonder- ful in quality as it is in size, resembling a well-baked cracker and being two or three times larger than our "large yellow" variety. When simply boiled, the grain breaks into the finest, largest and whitest hominy ever seen, and this without grinding or crushing. It is said by corn experts to be admira- bly adapted for the manufactdre •' '.ilsky, and also of starch, and very valuable In its green Hate for I'odder. It will also form, as green corn, a new vegetable for the table. The weight of Cuzco corn is forty-three to forty-four pounds to the bushel." The consignment is lo be sold for seed at one dollar per pound. Why Belgian Farming Pays. The fact that Flemish farming derives such abun- dant returns from a soil naturally [loor is due to the following reasons : The perfection of the work of cultivation, whether performed by the plow or spade; the perfection of shape given lo each field, whereby cultivation and drainage are facilitated ; the most careful husbanding of all the manures ; the great variety of crops grown, especially of industrial plants, which yield large returns and admit of large exportation to distant countries ; the abundance of lood for cattle ; the house feeding of cattle, by which cows give both more milk and more manure; and the system of minute weeding, or the most careful and thoroughly clean culture. The capital in use in farming operations in Flandres amounts to tl20 per acre. Horticulture. The Best Time to Plant Trees. There is nothing perhaps on which most of us are more prone to dogmatize than on the subject of tree- planting. If we plant in spring and the tree dies we are very likely to attribute the loss to the season, and decide never to plant in spring iigain. Or, if we plant in fall and have no succe.«8, then we arc quite as decided against fall-planting. There is no doubt but that fall-planting has risks from which the spring is free. Trees which have not been transplanted, but have grown well in the one place for twenty years, have been destroyed by the dry cold winds of winter. Not only evergreens, such as arborvita's, balsam Ifrs, hemlock spruce, and even Norway spruces, but deciduous trees, as cherries, tulip-trees, oaks, and many others wilt) the best established reputation for hardiness. And then small things besides the risks 'of those frosty winds to dry up the little sap in them, are usually so much drawn out as to be seriously injured. The one great argument in favor of fall planting is that where the trees escape all these risks it generally grows much stronger and more vigorous in spring than one planted at that time, as the bruised roots seem to heal, and the tree is ready to push out in the spring almost as well as many not transplanted. It saves a year. But, after all, spring with most people will ever be the favored time. The hoi dry summer may come and destroy, just as the cold dry winds of winter may, and thus in some measure equalize the risk, but yet it is at this season that planting will be the most popular. But there is one thing on which people need cau- tioning. A large number of persons start to plant as soon as the first bright sun shines through a snow cloud, and before the earth is dry enough to powder about the roots. No matter how fine over- head, the earth should not he wet or frosty at the lime of planting. As a general thing the best time to plant trees In the spring season is just before the buds push, or even after they have started. This implies an active condition of the root, and it generally occurs at a i4 THE LANCASTER FARMER. time when the earth is in the best condition for working: in about the roots. As evergreens fush later tlian deciduous trees their removal may be ex- tended lone into May. — Gerinnnlo'i'ii Telegraph. The Baby Plant. No curiosity exhibited in this city for years has attracted such fceneral attention as that wonderful plant at Shannahan's art gallery. Fully 3,000 people have visited the place to look upon this botanical wonder. It is said to be indigenous to Japan. Its technical term has not been ascertained, but it is known, and appropriately so, as the " Baby Plant." It is of the genus lily, sometimes attaining a height of four feet and blossoming semi-annually. The one of which we write is, however, not more than twelve inches in heitrht, with leaves about six inches long and two inches wide. The flower is star-shaped, having live petals of a handsome brown and yellow color. The calyx encircles and protects a tiny little figure that bears an exact resemblance to a nude baby, its little arms and legs outstretched, and the eyes distinctly marked. Hovering over this diminutive form is a small canopy, anirel-shaped, having extended arms and wings, aiid peering closely into the face of the infant. The family of plants of which the " baby " is a member, produced not only the specimen now on exhibition, but also give per- fect imitations, if such they can be designated, of different animals, insects and birds. Mrs. Mark Hopkins, of San Francisco, has one of the latter varieties, for which $:;no was paid. The plant grows to be about three feet in height when fully matured, and when in full bloom the one now in this city will look like a shipwrecked foundling hospital.— /'o)//o;i(; (Om/o«) Slumlard. Unlucky Fruit-Growers. It is very common to hear people say that it is no use for ihem to plant fruit trees. They have no luck with them. But in truth luck never did any- thing of any importance. We don't trust our farm or general garden crops to this person. Luck ; but we empluy good, careful hands and direct their work by long experience, and the teeming harvest field and luxuriant vegetable garden attest to their wisdom and industry. There" is no luck about it, but a careful measuring to the end to be accom- plished with the means at hand to gain it. When- ever the same means have been adopted with fruit trees good results have followed. In our own dis- trict there are " loads" of people who have wonder- ful success with certain things that they set their hearts on, and the growing of fruit is among these successes. But these men, we repeat, do not trust to luck. The trees are pruned as they ought to be and manured with what they need; precautious, are taken against injury to all from the curculio and borer, and thus industry and not luck meets with its due reward. Try it, as fruit raising and every other crop raising ought to be tried, and see how ea'sy it is to get good fruit and plenty of it, by going thus about it in the right viay.—Geriaantouin Teleqraph. t January, latter temperature is unsupportable outside of Rus- sia. The perfection of a house in wintej, where the means will allow it, is to have the halls heated by a furnace, while dining and drawing rooms have still their grate for coal or their fireplace for wood, and where ventilation has not been forgotten. Wearing Flannel. Put it on at once. Winter or summer, nothing better can be worn next the skin than a loose, red woolen flannel shirt; " loose," for it has room to move on the skin, thus causing a titillation which draws the blood to the surface and keeps it tin re ; and, when that is the case, no one can take cold ; " red," for white flannel fills up, mats together and becomes tight, stiff, heavy and impervious ; " woolen," the product of a sheep and not a gentle- man of color, not of cotton wool, because that merely absorbs the moisture from the surface while woolen flannel conveys it from the skin and deposits it in drops upon the outside of the shirt, from which the ordinary cotton shirt absorbs it, and, by its nearer exterior air, it is soon dried without injury to the body. Having these properties, red woolen flannel is worn by sailors even in the midsummer of the hottest countries. Wear a thinner material in summer. the cavities with sugar, apricot-jam and a clove ; join the halves and inclose them in suet paste, boil them in cloths for about three-quarters of an hour and serve them with melted butter, plain sauce. CoRNMEAL Muffins.— Three cups of cornmeal, one-half cup of sifted wheat flour, three eggs well beaten, two large spoonsful of butter and one tea- spoonful of soda dissolved in one pint of buttermilk and a little salt. Beat these well together, pour into rings and bake a nice brown in the oven. Yeast Dumplings.— Make a light dough of two pounds of flour, one and one-half ounces of German yeast, a pinch of salt and some milk ; let it rise in a warm place. In about an hour the dough will be ready to use ; mold them round as for buns, and boil fast for about fifteen minutes in a good deal of water ; serve with melted butter plain sauce. Glue for Polished Steel. The Turks glue diamonds and other jewels to their metal setting with the following mixture : Five or six bits of gum mastic, each of the size of a large pea, are dissolved in as much spirits of wine as will sulllcc to render it liquid. In another vessel as much isinglass as will make a two ounce phial of strong glue, previously softened in water, should be dissolved in braudy, adding two small bits of gum ammoniac, which must be rubbed until dissolved. These must be mixed by heat, and kept in a phial closely corked. When it is to be used, set the phial in boiling water. This cement perfectly resists moisture, and it is said to be able to unite etTectively two surfaces of polished steel. A Wasteful Interest Paid by Farmers. There is no disputing the fact thae any farm im- plement, be it wagon, plow, harrow, reaper, rake, or what not, if left exposed to rain and sun for ten years, will be practically good for nothing. We might say in five years, but if any choose to cavil at five we will say ten. This is ten per cent, per au- nma. At a cost of less than one per cent, these tools can be kept always housed, or under cover of some kind, even if but rough boards, that will shut out sun and rain. Because we do not see the silent, slow but steady waste, we are apt to forget that it is ever going on. It is unnecessary to suggest the " application " of this short sermon. Nine per cent, interest saved is not to be despised, even if better times are at hand. Domestic Economy. Timely Hints About Furnaces. In heating a house with furnace-heat, suys the New York Tiines, the great thing is to maintain an equal temperature in the rooms. Now, it is well known that, as the heated air rises and cold air de- scends, the upper regions are hot, while the lower are cold. In rooms where the furnace-air is stag- nant, an absolutely dillcrent stratum of air is found. It is better then to giv? ch-culation and movement to the air in every way. This cannot, of course, be done by taking cold air from a window, but by oc- casionally opcninn: doors which lead to the entries of the house. A door swung to and fro sometimes does this. It looks as if it were a very simple thing to do but few seem to know that, by liaving the heat to enter freely into lowest stories of the house during the winter nights ancl allowing the doors below to be wide open, the heat ascending will quickly warm the walls of the house and save a notable 'amount of fuel for the next cold day. There can be no doubt that although a furnace is one if the necessary evils of our present condition of American civilization that it is, nevertheless, deleterious to health and the most expensive method of warming which can be found. The great diflTerence between a direct fire and warmed air or indirect heat arises from the man- ner in which the objects, such as the walls of a house, are warmed. One of the most troublesome effects of furnace-heat is that it abstracts more moisture from the human body than docs a direct fire, and the consequence is that at high tempera- tures evaporation from the body apparently cools the inmate of a furnace-heated room. As to the use of artificial moisture in the room, its advantages are well known, but it is somethine can never be reeu- lated with accuracy, for, if in excess, such saturated atmosphere tends to become oppressive. Somewhere between 70°, and never higher than 74^, are about the limits of heating a room, though to many the Fruit in Cellars. Fruit in cellars is likely to sufl'er from heat rather that cold. In the slow operation of ripening, heat and carbonic acid are given off. Whenever the temperature approaches 40 degrees, the outer air, if colder, should be let in to reduce it. In the house cellar the accumulation of carbonic acid would be injurious to the health of the family, and it is highly important that this be removed by ventilation. In fruit cellars apart from the house, this is not neces- sary, as the presence of this gas, so injurious to animal, as it excludes the atmospheric air. Household Recipes. Lemon Cake.— One cup of sugar, four eggs three tablespoonfuls of sweet milk, three tablespoon- fuls of melted butter, three tablespoonfuls of baking powder and one cup of flour. Bakek's Ginoekhhead.— Three-quarters of a pound of flour, one quart of molasses, one-fourth of a pound of butter, one ounce of saleratus and one ounce of ginger. Brine FOR Corn Beef.— Five gallons of water one gallon of salt, one-half pound of saltpetre, one and one-half pounds of brown sugar. Boil this mix- ture fifteen minutes. When cold pour over the beef. Suet Pudding.— Make a rather thick batter of one pound of flour, one-half pound of chopped suet three eggs, one teaspoonful of baking powder, some grated nutmeg, sugar, salt and water ; boil in a cloth three hours; serve with sauce. Indian Meal Pancakes.— Beat four eggs, add a little milk and form into a paste with ten spoonsful of Indian meal ; and nearly a pint of milk and one teaspoonful of baking powder ; work smooth and fry, rolling them up with butter, sugar, nutmeg and lemon juice. Apple Dumplings, Boiled.— Use russet apples, pare and cut them in half, take out the core and fill Currant Pudding, Plain.— One pound of chopped suet, one pound of flour, three-quarters of a pound of currants, four eggs, a little cinnamon pow- dered, a pinch of salt, and one teaspoonful of bakino- powder; beat the eggs, add as much milk as will mix the whole together, tie in a cloth, boil about three hours and serve with melted butter plain in a boat. Delicate Cake.— Take half a pound of butter, one pound of sugar, one pound of flour, half a pint of sweet milk or water, four eggs. Beat the butter and sugar to a cream, then add the beaten eggs then the milk or water, then the flour ; mix thor- oughly and put the batter into your pan ; sia fine sugar over the top and bake immediately in a mod- erate oven. Fisn Pie.— Three pounds of fish, one onion, and water enough to boil them both together. When done, pick from the bones, mash the onion with it in the dish it is to be baked in, add pepper and salt scald one quart of milk, thicken it with one table- spoonful of flour dissolved in cold water, pour over the flsh, cover with pieces of butter and cover thick with cracker crumbs; bake until brown. Relief fob Croup.— Croup can be cured in one minute, and the remedy is simply alum and sugar The way to accomplish the deed is to take a knife or grater, and shave ofl" in small particles about a teaspoonful of alum; then mix it with twice its quantity of sugar, to make it palatable, and adminis- ter It as quick as possible. Almost instantaneous relief will follow. Dried Peach Pudding.— Take one pint of dried peaches and scald and stew until done, and have plenty of juice ; sweeten with one cup of sugar • make a batter of a small teacupful of buttermilk and one-half teaspoonful of soda, and salt to taste ■ thicken with flour very stiff, drop this in small lumps in the peaches, which must be boiling ; cook about twenty minutes, and serve with cream and sugar or sauce. White Mountain Cake.— Six eggs, six cups of flour, three cups of sugar, two cups of butter, one cup of milk, teaspoonful of soda, nutmeg. Beat the butter and sugar ; then add the yolks of the eggs, part of the flour and half of the milk, then the whites of the eggs beaten to a froth, then the rest of the milk with the soda dissolved in it, then flour and spice. Bake in deep pans in a moderate, but not cool, oven. Lemon Pies.— Beat four eggs very light, add to them, gradually, a quarter of a pound of fine sugar whisk these together for a few minutes, strewing lightly in one ounce of corn-starch flour ; then stir in by degrees three ounces of melted butter • beat the whole well together and stir in the juice and grated yellow rind of one large lemon. Line your pie dish with a good puff paste rolled thin, fill them two-thuds full of the mixture and bake for twenty minutes in a moderate oven. Pennsylvania Sponge Cake.- Seven eggs one pound of white sugar, three-quarter pounds of flour one gill of warm water; put the sugar in a vessel and pour the water over it ; stand it where it will get warm, not hot; break the eggs in a tin bucket and pour the heated sugar on it, beating with the egg beater as you pour it ; keep the bucket contain- ing the sugar and eggs over a vessel of hot water all the time you beat. Continue this for half an hour then stir in very lightly the flavoring and flour and bake immediately. This makes a large cake and very nice for dessert, with either custard or sauce. A Superior Omelett. — Beat six eggs very light the whites to a stiff froth, that will stand alone, the yolks to a smooth, thick batter; add to the yolks a small cupful of milk, then the pepper and salt to season jrotit or loss depends upon Itf A cow that yields only S,000 pounds at five or six years old should be got rid of as a pauper that lives on your charity and refuses to work. Only heifers with the first calf can be tolerated with so low a yield, and the prospect is not favorable even with the heifer. She should yield 4,000 pounds the first season to offer much encouragement to keei) her. A heifer whose udder does not reach back and well up had better be discarded at once. If the udder is round and hangs down in front of her legs like a four-quart pall she ii: not worth an experiment. It becomes necessary for dairymen to study all the sub- stantial points of a good eow, that they may avoid throwing away food upon an animal not designed to yield milk in paying quantity. Plain Talk About Stock. Our calves and yearlings are led on hay and grain alone, what hay they eat, and about one quart of corn and oatmeal to each calf per day. Our year- lings get from two to three quarts of clear cornmeal according to their size, which usually fattens them SHflicicnt for market in about three months. From experiments that \\c have made we know that a ])ortion (■)f turnips aiid tieets would be a great help and pay well in the wintering of stall-fed cattle or cows, especially the latter. Farmers who winter a variely of cattle like the above, usually calculate in this section to make their cows eat more or less coarse feed, and if thi're is any scrimping to be done it usually falls on the poor cows, whose exhausted vitality after a summer's milking, ill-fits them for the course pursued. Cows, in order to winter well, should go into winterqnarters in good condition, and when in this shape we have I'ounii by repeated trials that they will hold their own if milked to within si.v weeks oi" calving, on the following feed and treat- ment : Free access to salt and water at all times, with cornstalks in the morning ; at night one quart of cornmeal and a feed of oats straw, with an occa- sional feed of hay. About the first of March discontinue the straw and feed clover or timothy hay In its stead. You may inttrcase the ration of grain now if you wish, but not to too great an extent, lest you induce garget in tlic udder, to which cows are less subject when kept in uniibrm fiesh and not fed too high. Asa remedy use bone-meal or saltpetre, either of which is good, but the former best. We have found it best to commence milking all cows that show much ex- tension of the uddar, especially heifers, for some time before calviug, which as a preventive for the above disease is worth many pounds of cure. Cattle on the Plains. The season for marketing western cattle is now over, and ranchmen are all busy in preparing winter camjjs. The past year, notwithstanding the severe drought in Southwest Kansas, Southern Colorado and New Mexico, has been a fairly profitable one with these cattle men. If anything- the pereenjage of good or fat cattle has been greater this year than any previous one in the history of the trade. This, perhaps, was largely due to the infusion of new and pure blood into Westei-n herds the past few yea rs ; there being this fall a number of droves of really good, smooth, straight and blocky cattle in from Colorado. Prices, while not high, have ruled fully as good as in 187S, and in some instances better. As a whole ranchmen seem satisfied with their year's work, and the Western cattle interest was never in a more healthy condition than now. Had to Give a Pig Medicine. At a recent meeting of an English Farmers' Club Professor McBride spoke of the dillieulty of adminis- tering medicine to a pig. He said ; " To "dose a pig, which you are sure to choke if you attempt to make him drink while squealing, halter him as you would for execution and tie the rope end to a stake. He will pull back until the rope is tightly strained. When he has ceased his uproar and begins to rellect approach him, and between the back part of his jaws insert an old shoe from which you have cut the toe leather. This he will at once begin to suck and chew. Through it pour medieiue and he will swal- low any quantity you please." Poultry. Look After Your Hen Houses. Now is the time for farmers to look after their hen-houses and yards and put them in the most perfect order. The nest boxes should not only have tho nests removed, but they should be thoroughly whitewashed, as well as the entire house, after being cleaned out, fumigated, etc. No one can raise fowls and eggs profitably unless the hens have an inviting place to lay when the season arrives, and a yard to run in where there is, in season, plenty of grass to eat ; and when this is scarce, short grass should be cut and fed to them. Scraps of meat of all kinds, potato parings, corn-pudding, whole grains, and once a week or in two weeks they should have some parched or rather burned corn, in place of charcoal; sand, fresh water daily and pounded oyster shells must be regularly supplied. The best success cannot be expected in raising chickens un- less the proper way is adopted. The plan of raising chickens by "incubators" is an ohl one. We know of no person in this city or vicinity who uses them, although in some sections they are said to be employed successfully. The Delaware county Jlccord says that Col. F. M. Etting, a resident of Concord township, is erecting a number of poultry-houses and is making every pre- paration that may be necessary to insure success In breeding chickens by incubators, and intends at least to give tho experiment a thorough trial. But they have often been tried during the last fifty years and not found proStable. The French perhaps understand the fattening of chickens more thoroughly than any other people. Millions of idump fowls are sent by them to both the English and French markets. When the fowls are fattening they are fed almost entirely on crushed unWfX or barley, and sometimes a mixture of the two kneaded into a tough dough, to which a little butter or lard Is addeil. They give them to drink fresh or sour milk, slightly sweetened with sugar. Thus fed the fowls are said to acquire a delicate, white and well-llavored meat, and often arc ready for market In ten days. In shipping fowls to purchasers, or to present to friends, care must be taken to have the boxes hijjh enough ; also water-cups and feeding troughs, so that Ihey can help Ihenrselves as they may need. Cut straw, not too line, or hay, should be placed 111 the bottom to reat upon. We have sent fowls hun- dred of miles In this way, which were In perfect order when landed. They were a present to a friend. — fwrrniiaUon'n Telrgraph. About Roosters. In breeding for shape and style, I always look to the hen ; adumiiy hen may breed fair pullets, but It is a hundred to one against their throwing reachcy cocks; the hen has also most infinence on the color of the stags and the breast and body of the pullets. The cock has most influence on the color of the pul- let's hackle; Ihat is to say, a cock that was well striped of his chicken feathers will have a tendency to throw heavily striped pullets; do not Imagine that I advise breeding from a coekstr^ • '■ in hackle; when he has got his adult pluiifage, the brighter he is then the better, but if you want heavily marked pullets, be sure that your cock was striped as a chicken. I have proven this lots of times in black reds, piles and brown reds, but have never had a chance of trying it on duekwings. I first got the idea from noticing two yards of brown reds ; one yard had hens with copper-colored hackles, and the other the brass hackles. I noticed that in both yards the majority of cockerels were like the hens In their immature jfiumage, though they both turned out much alike in the end. I do not put any faith in the adult plumage; it is the ehicken plumage 1 want to see in a cock to breed pullets. When you have got your birds, let them run to- gether till the hens show signs of laving, and then take away the cock and feed him well — cayenne, meat, bread, all in turns — ami let him with the hens for half an hour every morning, you will then have very few clear eggs. One of my cocks is certainly an old one— I don't know quite how old, but not under four years — and, treated like this, there was not a clear egg from fair hens, while other people were complaining of their bad luck. I give no corn, but meal mixed with the stimulant. When the season for breeding is over he must be well phy- sicked and kept low for some time, or he will most likely die of apoplexy. If one is attacked, souse him into a pail of cold water for a minute, and then hold his head under a running tap of cold water, give him a dose of castor oil, and put him iu a cool place; this will seldom fail in elfecting a cure, if taken in time. — Fancierx' Journal. Egg-Eating by Pullets. A corresimndeut of the American roultry Yaril writes as follows : As a general thing this habit is introduced by the accidental breaking of an egg. It may be induced by throwing egg-shells from the kitchen into the poultry yard ; they should be broken into small pieces before giving them to fowls. Sometimes eggs crack by freezing in cold weather, and thus expose a portion of their con- tents. Eggs are very delicious morsels to hens. If one fowl acquires this habit all the others iu the same flock will soon learn it too, if confined where they see it going on ; and they always make a rush at whatever one of their fellows is eating.) The habit is one very hard to break ; killing the whole flock seems to be a desperate resort, but if the brood is not especially valuable, and the flock a small one, It is really the best possible method saving time and money in the end. The following method may be tried first, however : Let the fowls have free range iu summer, or draw them olf to a locality at some little distance from nests in winter, and let the nests be so covered as to be quite dark, and prevent the laying hens from seeing the eggs. Hens will not stay in a dark nook to .scratch and peck, although they prefer a rather dark place to lay in. Scatter wheal screenings and pounded chandler's scraps, or other attractive food among straw, or some such light stuff, to induce them to spend their time scratching for it. Their visits to the nests will then be oidy on the Icgillrnate business of laying. If fowls have an unrestricted range, the insects and other attractions of fields will answer the purpose of an artificial scratching-place in summer ; but in rough, wet weather, or in winter, the fowls must be employed in-doors to prevent forming bad habits, or to cure them if already formed. .\\\ the grain re- maining at the scratching-place at night very likely will be devoured by rats and mice. However, by ex- ercising a moderate degree of circulation one will 16 THE LANCASTER FARMER. [ January, 1880. contrive to throw doffn just enough in the morning to last till the middle of the afternoon, and the re- mainder of the dav'S allowance can be given before dark. Quarantine New Stock. The fancier has evils enough to contend with at home, without liaTiiig disease brought among his stock from outside. Vet there is haVdly one of us but has suffered in this way. There is only one remedj-, and that is to quarantine all new stock until satisfied that it is perfectly healthy. To preserve human health, the jrovernment has made wise pro- vision, and no vessel can land cargo or passengers from a foreign port until a health officer has made a suitable examination ; is satisfied that the general health of the community will not suffer, and gives a certificate to that effect. Until this bit of red tape is all right, that other bit — the custom house permit — is not issued. We will n.H carry our grievance into the halls of government, but, through the widely and wisely circulated pages of the Journal, ask brother fanciers to quarantine all stock from an- other yard, if that other yard be only a hundred rods distant, that no disease gain foothold among those in good health. It is also just to those who ship fowls or other stock. An incipient disease may be lurking among them which, aggravated by a journey, will assume a maliifnaiit form much sooner than it will appear among those which remain at home. The shipper, if apprised of the fact, can treat those remaining in time so save much trouble. It is but a small matter to attend to. Let every breeder of poultry or pigeons have a separate home and yard, away from other stock, and on the arrival of a new purchase, keep them in i; a week and watch them closely ; then, if they appear all right, allow themlto make themselve.sjat home.— jf)oinis,'in J''a)n'it)':i' Journal. Tender Poultry. 'The reason poultry killed at home, though youno- IS not tender as that bought at the market is thit the former is generally not killed until wanted and when v..:vn is stil! rigid with death, while that bought at the poulterer's has been killed at least hours, more often days. Poultry ought to be killed several days before being eaten, dressed at once and, with few a bits of charcoal in it, hung a eooi place. If poultry arc kept from food and drink at east twelve hours before killing the crop and intes- tines wdl he emptied, and any superfluity of secre- tions exhausted. The flesh will be juicy and the fat firm. If left three days without food or drink, hough HI good condition previously, the flesh will be d ry and tasteless and the fat soft. Never buy an undrawn fowl The grass from crop and intestines will taint the flesh, even though retained but a short time. — J'imeter's Journal. Pedigree of Homers. A late number of the Buauur, one of the most valuable English papers, contained the followiuff ■ We notice in the -Fanciers' Journal,' that a pedi- gree list has been opened for the register of cele- brated birds, at a charire of about Is. per bird The first column gives the bird's number, followed hv the name, sex, color, date of hatch, names o'f parents and particulars of same, and lastly the owner s name. It is somewhat remarkable how the flying fancy has srrown in America, and how, as in in everylhing else there taken up, it has gone ahead. Far beyond us in 'starting the idea,' the Americans have gone beyond us, and carry out the whole sys- tem in a much more complete and enthusiastic man- ner than do the EugUsh."— Fanciers' Journal. « — -» Don't Give Preventives Except in the form of ventilation, clean rpiarteis good food, pure water, and exercise. Too many times diseases exist only in the imagination of the owner. Wait until some symptoms make a disorder apparent ; then, if the bird is a valuable one, and there is the least uncertainty as to the cause and remedy, take the case to an homiepathie physician, state those symptoms carefully, remembering that it is the symptoms that indicate to him the remedy, and in all probability lie will give the remedy at once. — FuncUrx' .lour nut. Literary and Personal. Rules, regulations, itc, of , the first annual exhi- bition of the Franklin County Poultry and Pet Stock Association, held January i:!, 14, 15, IbSO, in Re- pository Hall, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. Dr. A. M. Dickie, Doylestown, Pa., Jud"ge; 40 pages, royal, 1'2 mo. containing premium list, constitution, by-laws, &c. Very liberal. How TO Study Phrexoloot— With hints on co- operation, observation and study ; containing also directions for the formation of jihrenological socie- ties, with constitution, by laws, beet books to study, &c., including the first principles or outlines of phrenology, by H. S. Drayton, A. M., editor J'hre- nological Journal, S. R. Wells & Co., publishers, 737 Broadway, N. Y., 40 pages, 16 mo., with 42 charac- teristic illustrations. "An Address of the representatives of the religious Society of Friends of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, to their fellow citizens, on the use of in- toxicating drinks, Philadelphia, to be had at Friends' book store, 304 Arch street : 16 pages octavo, replete with charitable warning and healthful advice ; but in this mad, impulsive age, will it be sufficiently heeded to arrest the reckless, downward stream of fallen humanity? Sixth Quarterlt Report of the "Pennsylvania Board of Agriculture," from September to Novem- ber, inclusive, 1879, 48 pages, royal octavo, with two full page colored illustrations »f diseased lungs of cattle infected with pleuro-pneumonia. Containing official list, and list of members, tabulated statistics of crops; stock, products, and especially reports on the lung plague: Reports of the veterinary surgeon ; abortion among dairy stock ; a synopsis of the laws of trespass, as they relate to agriculture, and the proceedings of the Board. Material and letter-press first quality. The Chester Valley Farmer .-" kfire-sMe jo\irna.\," This is a neat monthly folio of four pages, about one column less in length and breadth than the daily Examiner, to be published monthly at Coatesville, Chester county, by Joseph C. Kaurt'man, at 25 cents subscription per annum; 20 copies to one post office, S3.00. A very clean and sharp typographical im- pression, and on good paper, dented mainly to agricultural literature. No, 1. Vol. 1. for Decem- ber, 1879, has been laid on our table, and w-e are glad to say, is very prepossessing, both in general and in particular, and we welcome it to the great literary omnibus of our country, feeling that it always has the capacity of accomodating "one more passenger." We feel assured that Chester county possesses the mind and matter to secure the success of a good agricultural journal, and doubtless its yeomanry will put their shoulders to the wheel and sustain this clever and hopeful beginning. A New Health Almanac— We havejust received from the publishers the Illustrated Annual of Phre- nology and Health Almanac for 1880, 73 octavo pages, price 10 cents. This publication has become a necessity in many well-regulated families, and well it should, for it is tilled with reading- matter containing valuable information relating to Phre- nology, Physiognomy, Health, Hygiene, Diet, etc. The number before us, in addition to the usual astronomical note6,monthly calendars, etc., contains a Monthly Sanitarium, with special hints for each month in the year ; the Principles of Phrenology, with illustrations, showing the location of the organs, together with the definition of the mental faculties; Phrenology vs. Bumpology sets to right some erroneous opinions ; Phrenology in Scotland, as seen in .the Edinburgh museum"; Tree Ferns, illustrated ; The portraits' with sketch of Mrs. Lydia F. Fowler and Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes; How to Teach, illustrated; Fat and Lean People; Instruc- tion in Phrenology ; Natural Teachers ; Plurality of the Faculties, and a great amount of information in email paragraphs, with notices of recent publica- tions, and a full and complete catalogue of phren- ological works published by this house, and all sent by mail for only 10 cents. It is handsomely publish- ed, and will have a large cireulation. We will say to our readers, send 10 cents in stamps at once to the publishers, S. R. Wells & Co., 737 Broadway, New York. Butterflies and Moths in their connection with Agricultural and Horticulture. A paper pre- pared for the "Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society," January, 1879, by Herman Strecker, Reading, Penn- sylvania, published by the State, Lane & Hart printers and binders, Harrisburg, Pa. This is a royal octavo pamphlet of 22 pages, aud is prepared by the best practical authority on those specialties in the country, and backed by the most ample material resources. This work will be em- bodied in the forthcoming volume of the proceedings of the various societies relating to agriculture and kindred objects, of the State of Pennsylvania ; but we have been favored with an advance copy in pamphlet form, and we have read it with unabated interest from beginning to end, and reirard it as an able and useful synoptic view of the order of insects of which it treats. If, from this outline of the sub- ject, farmers and fruit growers could be induced to commence a systematic study of the insects it com- prehends— their histories and habits, their transfor- mations, their jieriodical appearances and disappear- ances, their forms under thi; different stages of their development, and the injuriesthey sustain from their depredations, the remedies for their extinction would naturally follow, for after all an entomologist can do, this experimental work comes directly wllhin the sphere of the farmers own daily occupations, aud im- mediately affects their own material interests, and therefore ought to elicit their special attention. The A.meriuan Entomologist— An illustrated magazine, devoted to Practical and Popular Ento- mology, edited by Charles V. Rilev, Washington, D. C, and A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J. Terms of subscription, $2.00 per annum, in advance ; pub- lished by Max Jaegerhuber, No. 323 Pearl street. New York; Vol. 1. No. 1. new series, for January, 1880. This is a double columned royal octavo of 24 pages, exclusive of embellished, tinted covers. After an interval of nine years this excellent journal has been revived, seemingly under auspices that promise a longer lease of a useful life, than was realized during its publication at St. Louis, Mo. It is so familiar to us— pictures, title-head, letter-press and all— that we rather regret it is not called Vol. III. of the same series as the former publication. Prof. Riley, who is a host within himself, will not only be assisted by Mr. Fuller iu his editorial labors, but also by a distinguished list of able entomological writers, scattered over a large portion of the Ameri- can IFnion, and presumably by scores of amateur querists, and smaller fry ; so that the journal cannot fail of success, and ought to find a welcome recep- tion wherever noxious insects abound. We commend it to the patrons and readers of The Farmer, be- cause we feel confident that from the experiences of the tifody-sir who have volunteered to contribute to its columns, sufficient will be developed to cover any case that may come under their observation. Single number 20 cents. Six copies, $10.00; ten copies, S15.00 per annum, in advance. Eighth Report of the State Entomologist, on the Noxious and Beneficial insects of the State of Illinois. Being the third annual report by Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D., Springfield, 1879, 213 pages octavo, in paper covers, with ten pages of in- dexing, botanical and general, and 47 illustrations. This work is gotten up in a creditable manner, both in quality and mechanical execution, and is almost exclusively devoted to the history, the habits, the development, and the classification of the Aphididae, or plant-louse families and species. It would be safe to say that every tree, shrub and plant has at least 0)16 species of plant-louse that preys upon it, at some season of the year . Many have more than one, and some species feed indiscriminately upon almost any kind of plant, to the sap of which they can possi- bly gain access. A distinguishing merit in this work, is the bringing together in one volume, classifying, and succinctly describing so large a number of insect pests, whose histories heretofore have been distribu- ted through many different publications. Therefore, whatever may be thought of it at home, students of practical entomology abroad will thank Professor Thomas for boldly "striking out" on this line of duty. The Aphids are so numerous, so destructive, and so peculiar in their habits, that it is absolutely necessary that more should be known about them in order to counteract their depleting and destroying propensities. They are so very fragile iu their struc- ture, that it is almost impossible to make a durable collection of them, and therefore the State or the National goverment ought to publish a separate treatise on them alone, and illustrate it with colored plates of all the known species, and this attempt of the State entomologist of Illinois is a step in the right direction. It is difficult to bring governments — and sometimes also people — to see the utility of these -things. But when the "dear people" are threatened with the destruction of the results of their toil, only they begin to cry for entomologica aid. 1 Phrenology. — The time is passed when people question the utility of Phrenology, and men are now applying its principles to an extent that is hardly appreciated, both in self-culture, and in their deal- ings with others. The ritrcnological Journal of New York is the only periodical devoted to the subject, and it includes with this all that relates to human nature and the improvement of men physically, mentally and mo- rally. In the prospectus for 1880, the publishers make liberal propositions to subscribers. The price has been reduced to two dollars a year, and to each subscriber is offered a phrenological bust. This bust is a model head, made nearly life size, of plaster of Paris, and so labeled as to show the exact location of all the phrenological organs. It is a handsome ornament, well adajited to the centre-table, mantle- piece, library or otflce. With the aid of this, and the illustrated key which accompanies it, together with the articles published in the Phrenological Journal on Practical Phreuology, each person may become quite familiar with the location of the different phrenological organs, and a good judge of human nature. The bust is sent by express, carefully pack- ed, to every subscriber who sends iu addition to the subscription price (two dollars) twenty-five cents extra for the boxing and packing; or. No. 2, a smaller size, will be sent by mail, post-paid, on the same terms, to those who have the bust, or prefer the new book premium, will be sent "How to Edu- cate the Feelings aud Affections," worth $1.50. .Our readers cannot do better than to subscribe at once i'ov Ihe I'hrciiological Journal; it will be found the best possible investment for the money. Those who desire a more explicit description, to- gether with prospectus of the journal, should send their address on a postal card, or accept the pub- lishers' ofl'er, and send 10 cents iu stamps for sample copy of the Journal to S. R. Wells tt Co., 737 Broad- way, New York. THE LANCASTER FARMER^ III MISCELLANEOUS. Prof. Tice's Almanac. The annual isBue of Prof. Tioc's " Wiather Fore- eattii and AmericaH Almnnucfor 1S80." is out, and we Iciirn lliat the Hist eilition of over 20,000 copies was callcil for witliiu i-iKlit days of its publication, and a second lartrcr one put to press. It is fuller and more spei'ifie in its wcatlier protrnostications for IbSO than formerly, and a variety of sulijects of Interest, such as plagues and tlie astronomical rela- tions thereto, heal and sunstroken, cyclojies, facts for foretelling tlie weather, etc., are discussed. Copy can be ol)lained Ijy inclosing -0 cents to Thompson, Tlce & Lillingston, .St. Louis, Mo. JfV nnntiat Cttlnhtgiie «/ Vegll8, of thcoriKinals. will lie siMit FREI'? to nil who npply. My old oUHtomers need not write lor it I ofi'er one of the largest col- leotions of vepetublo seed everHeut out by any need house in America, a larjfe vortiou of which were grown on luy six seed farms. Full ih'rt'i'fwn.s /nr ctdtii)ali(ni nn eaeh jMick- age .\11 seed warranted to be buth /resh and true to natne; BO far, that should it i>rovp otherwise, / wilt refdf the order gratiA. The original introducer of the nnbtiani Squash, Phinney'B Melon. Marblehead (Cabbages. Mexican Corn, and scores of other vegetables, I invite the jiatrouiige of all who a/re anxiojn io have their t'/ the veri/ be^t Mtrain. New Vegetables a specialty. J.VMES .1. H. (iKKOOliY, dec-fim] Marblehead. Mass. KHOItT H»nX» 4T I'l'BI.IC XA I.E.- COWS, BULLS, AND nKlFKRS. to be sold at putilic, tnctioD on M.IKOIt 1. 18S0, at Bird in-Hand by, thtt wnderslgBed. t^atalogues on application to A.M. R.\NCK. Jau-lm] Bird-iD.Uand. IMPORTANT TO FARMERS. I will furuisU *ggB for hatching from ray flnelv brert stock of Light BrahniHB, on cotidi ion th:it I will he ii. lowed to B«lect at the «g*^ of aix ni^utha OTi»-half of the nhicke raiBt*d. This is nn ^xopllejit opportunity fer farmers to Improve thei» stock, as Licjht Brahm;iH are tbe henvieat awtl largewt of all tae VHrieties of fowl*, ure the best of winter 4ayerR, HTiii ha -c no pqual for crocftinp iivich the common •lock. Karmerfi dcsiviug to avail themselvee of tbia offer oan addresB J B. UCHTY, LiuiCftstcr. Pa. jnn'-Bm' A GOOD PLAN. Anybody ctm learu to m;ik« moaey rapidly ojierating !n Stocks, by the "Two Unerriua Ituleafor Success"* in Messrs. Lawrcuce k Co.'s new circular. The conibiD;*tlon method, which this firm has maile ho successful, enables people with Urge or small means toreap all thebenefitsof largest capital and best skill. Thousands of orders, in variovis sums, are pooled into one vast amount and co-operated as a mighty whole, thus securiun to »^ach shareholder all the advantages of thelargestoperafor. Trnmeusc-i-rontflaredivided monthly. Any amount from $.1 to ^,0011, or moit\ call be used success- fully. N. Y. BaptXHi Weekly, SepteinbiT 'itith. 187S, says, *'By Che combiuation system j n wouUl mak«? $7i), or 5 per •ent ; $50 i)ay8 *3:i0, or T per cent.; 1100 makes $l.ilO0, or 10 per cent, on the slock, during the month, according to the market," Frank Lexlic'H litvAtrated Xewnpuper, Jiiu© 29th|: The combination method of operating stot-ka is the most successful ever adopted.*' A>ic York Indi'pendent September I2th: Tinr combination tiyxtem is founded upon correct business principles, and no person need be witliout an income while it is k^-pt working by Messrs. L'lwrence & Co.' lirof'lctt/n Journal, April '20th: "Our rditor made a net profit ol $101. 2r> from $a0 in one of Mesaip. Lavrcuce & Co.'s combinations.** New circular ^mailed free) explains everything. Stocks and bonds wanted. Gowmment bonds supplied, La'vreuce k Co Bankern, 57 Exchanj^e Place, N. Y. [79-'^-'.-'" ATTENTION ! FARMERS THE BEST AM) MOST ECONOMICAL OK rATTI.K FO<»l>S. ^t is worthy of your imm*'diate attenf Inn. Write to u-t /or Chart ijiinn^} value of the difh rent foods. GROVE & BRO., Sie Ka<-e Stt-ept, Plillal|>li-«i| NOT-2ni ^3 Printing Press f PrlnU cards Ubcls Ac. CSrlf-(ril.-r |M 1 ft Ivp-r •!»«■ For bufiineu or pleai.ure, yoim^; urold. IVi vcur own ttd- f&c^iOc8»fauu(a. Kelaey&Co. Merlden, Cor>« dec-It] FARMERS, Look to Your Inteests, IMPORT .\NT TO FARMERS, TRUCKERS AND GARDENERS. A NATURAL FERTILIZER! RICH IN DISSOL VED BONES. PHOSPHORIC ACID. POTASH. SILICIC ACID. &C. I permanently Knriches Kvery Variety of Soil. It Doubles the Yield of Grass. It Insures Good drops of Wheat, Corn, Potatoes Vegeta* bles and Frnlt. An excellent ohange for land after the continued use of Lime. In successful use here over loo yearH, and more than two thirds of the cropped land of Europe'improvud with Marl. It is not a stimulant, as patent manures are, bat Its eflects are lasting. FarmerSj why then pay from $30 to $40 per ton for Phos- phates, when you can buy a Nhtural Fertilizer at the low rate of $10 PER TON, that will yield yon a rich return and he a laeting beneflt to your soil. Its History, Analysis, Application to different Soils, Crops, Testimonials, and further information regarding its uses, will be given on application to D. P. BITNER General Ag-eut for LANCASTER COUNtY. Agencies nhere MARL in kept constantly on hand : B. k B. V. Walter, Christiana, Pouneylvania Railroad. Joseph C. Walker, Gap, '• " Henry H. Rohrer, t.eaman Place, ** " .1. B. Mt'whanser, Bird-in-Iland, •* •' Jacob Mnuck, Ilohrerstown, ** *' M. G, Shiudle, Muuntville, " " H. r. Bmner. Columbia, '* •' Miller h Musser, Upper Marietta, " •' Groff & Rull, Landisville, *• " B. G. Gruff, Kli/.abefhtown. " " (3as8cl ,^ Ktlng, Mount Joy, " •* Shultz a: llro., Washington Bor..Oolum'a h Port Deposit R. Samuel tiarnish, Peqnea Station, *■ " Kirk Brown, Haines Station, '* " W. G. Mellinger, West Widow, Quarryvllle Railroad. James A. Mi'ck, Refton Station, " " Acheson k. Swarr. Mechanics Grove, *' " H. W. Graybill, Petersburg. Reading k. Colombia Railroad. Hershey k Danner, Manhelm, *' •• Wm. Evans k Son, Litiz, " " P, S. Brubaker, Millway, •* " Sener k Bro.. Ephrata, " " Brubaker k Co.. Union, " " Diller k Sutton, New Holland, Waynesburg Railroad. D. P. BITNER, Lancaster, Pa. 7»-ia-Im. M. HABERBUSH, MANUFACTURER OF Plain and Fine Harness, s.Kuni.v.f*. COLLARS, "WHIPS. PLY NETS, &o., ALSO DUALKIt IS TRUNKS, TRAVELING BAGS, liUl'AI.O UilBii.s. Horse Covers, Lap-Rugs, Gloves, '^o retail : "^?SD;R U G G I s T^ ^ •NO 9. EAST KING S"1"R. 1 ^^L. AN CASTER, PA. H A f'll' i-^ C T.U RE R O FX3r LOQHER^^REMOWNEDpUGH 'And'65eb^teB'horsE ^CATTLE POWDER )»~SEND F0R-PU0TATI0t^S.*,3si^, dec-ly] GLOVES, SHIRTS, UNDERWEAR. Iw I— I SHIRTS MADE TO ORDER, AND WAKRANTKD TO HT. £. J. ERISMAN. 56 North Queen St., Lancaster. Pa. 7'.1-M'2] PHAKES W. FKY, Wholesale and Retnil Dealer in WftLi PftPER& WINDOW SH/IQE8, IlolliindN. plain SliHcle Clotli. FixtureB. FriugfH, THKSt-lB :iiirt :<11 goodn perttiiiiiug to ft Piipor rtfitl Shadu Store. No. 63 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. 79-1-12 1879 FALL AND WIMTER 1880 Clotljs, Cassinjeres, Coalings, Suiliijgs, Vesliijgs, and FURNISHING GOODS, Including the UHual fafihinuablo varietten of the HCaBon, PLAIN, STRIPED AND FIGURED. ALSO, ftEADY-M^E CLOTIJING, of " all sorts i-.nd rtizcs." ATTHRVERY BOTFOM PRICES. Bou't Forget tbe olUeflt aud lougest establisbed staod tn the Cilyof LANCASTER. RATHVON & FISHER, JJerchant Tailors, Drapers and Clolljiers, Corner N, Quetn and Oranr/e .SYj». " .\ jieiiiiy Havfd jH Kixi'Cnce eanifd.*' (tjC Tr\ (tjnnper day at lio ne. .Saiitplrn worttl $5 frea. iJ)J I U ^^UAddri'iis Stcbkom fc Co., Portland, Maine, juu-lyr* FARM ACCOUNTS I Kvcry FjirnnT should know how ty kcf-p thf^-ni. An Milirely new and complete nysteui Jnttt devised. Si iid postal for freo CiicuhiTH to the Br.vnnt A Htrnttou BiiNlnenii <"rtll<»S«». lus 8. Tenth Street, Philadt'phia. [7y-IO-:im AGENTS I READ THIS ! We will pay Afc«iilN a Nnlary of $IOO per iiioiilh aiKl exppnNOM, or allow a Tari^o roninils- Nlon, to fell our ni*w and wanderfnl invcnttlnnn. We mean what we Jtau. Sample Free AddresH KlIKRMAAi S: I'O.. .Ilaraball, Mich. Nov-6m. lY. THE LANCASTER FARMER! January, 1880. GRAY'S SPECIFIC MEDICINE. TRADE MARK.TIu'lireal Kii^IinIi TRADE MARK, KfiiK'd.v will I'tc'iiii't- ^ ly and radically cure iiiid every case of inrvoiiR Pobili y and &SF '^ ^ W'M k nf'SS, result or ^Sm ^' IiidL-crHtioii. exctHH ot ov( rwork of the liraiii uiui uervoUB syntem, is ^ I)t rfpftly hain»lc-i«6. acts ' Before Takin^^'"**' >"•'«*<=• ■•'" varieties of .sv/«cird iruitg. ■ WW PlantM fci'ovio fur trunNplantiuKv and Pruit for the market- t*^SLeNew C'atalosutf for what eorta Uji'lant. Sent free. Address JOHN 8. COLLINS, Moorestown. New Jersey. rv Also J£K!SK V IlEO FlG&st aU pure etock. 7g-10-6m ELASTIC TRUSS HasaPaddif fering from all others, u oup>shaped, I with SELF- ADJUST'NG BALL, in the center, adapta itself to all positions of the hody, , while the BALL in the I Cap PRESSES BACK THE INTESTINES JUST AS A PERSON WOULD WITH THE FINGER. With light pressure the Hernia is held securely day and night, and a rad- ical cure is certain. It is easy, durahlc and cheap. Sent by mail, postage paid. Circulars free. Address, Eggleston Truss Co., Manfirs. ^ C. H. EGGLESTON CO., Chicago.lil. 1»-7-lyl THE BEST PAPER! TRY IT!! BEA UTIFULLY I LLUSTR ATKD. 4n Enlaroco View of THE Pad. antli YKAK. The gcientifio American. The SciEMTiFic Amkuican in a large Firnt-CliiBR Weekly NewBpaper of Sixteen Pages, printed iu the moht beautiful style, pro/uaeli/ illustrated with .tfiUmlid *«^raw»(;j, repre- ieutmg the newest Inveiitiout? and the most recent Advances In the ArtB and Hcteuces; inchidiug New and Interesting FactH iu Agriculture, Horticulture, the Home, Health, Medical Progress, Social Science, Natural Hintory. Geology, Aetronomy. The mont valuable practical i)apers. by emi- nent writers in all departments of Science, will bo found iu the Scientific American. TermH, $.^.20 per year, $1.60 half year, which includes postage. Discount to Agents. Single copies, teu cents, Sold by a'l Newwdeah-rs. Remit by powlal order to MUNN & CO., Publishera, 37 I'ark Row, New York. T> A nnX'TWn^C ^" connection with the JTA^JLJUIJA Xi9* KrionlilUr Ainoricaii, MensrH. Mcnn a: i'o ;ir<- SolicltoT>< of American and Foreign Patents, li.iv.> li:id jr> yt-ius' experience, md now have the larjroHt estjibljshnieut in the world. Patents are obtuined on the best terruw. A apt-o al notice is made in the Ncinitlfic Ain<>rieaiB of all Inventions patented through this Agency, with the name and residence oi the Patantec. By the iiutnense circulation thuu given, public attention je di- reeled lo the nierit.s of the new i>ateiit, and sales or intro- duction ollen easily eflfectetl. Any jierson who has made a new di^coven," or invoution, can aHcertain./rrf ofclutr'je, whether a latent can probably bo obtained, by writing t() Munn k Co. We alsO send /rf*' our H.'ind-Bock abo\it the I'atent Laws, Putents, Caveats. Trade-Markfl, their costs, iiud how iirocuren Hie J>eill— ^i^o on ttie Oeuf Btid Oiimb— See AVir York Herald, Sept. 118. Clir,ilU>i Standard, ^ept. 27. eio. It I ^^^ diMplnceM all Ear-trunin«>tn. Size of un or* dlnary Wutrli. Soml fnrour KtiER |»iuii|>Ulrt. Aildress AHEBICAN OENTAPHONE CO.. 2S7 vine St., ('iDcinMU,OU<; fmm 20 to 50 t'lish.ls : Corn -HH.ilOONii-h.i.pi iuT-. So.Msiniire iiccmIihI. fji>i)(l i_lrrM;»ti', )iiii.- Wil. ; fin,. HclinoU, (?liurcli...., iitMi good society. Kailion.t j.oi l.iil. M»ra and fnll infoinn K. UILrltlOBIi^ Laud C'omm On tlie Kansas Pacific Railway. 3,000,000 Aores for Sale in the GOLDEN BELT. Siitog? I'.r a.i.-. 11 iMES. iii;ii li. 1 ruililu-s cxivl- 1..1. FREE. A.idi.-ss siuiier, Saliua, Kniisas. 79-9-3meom] (hYOA. ^^'EFK. $12 a day at horae easily made. Costly (pi ^Outfit free. Address True & Co., Augusta, Maine, juii-lyr" FREE GIFT ! Hon iitllii'ted with 4'oiiHiiikipt joii. ANttiiiia, Norp Throat, or Afa; iH elegjintly printed and iiluetrated. ]•« imges. izuio, lo.y. It ha« been tb.- meaiiH in the providence of God of ssiviPg many valuable lives Send name arid post ollico address, with six cents I'ostagefor mailing. The book is valuable to por8<>ns sutTeriiijr with any dii^ease of the Noso, Throat or laiii;;:s. Address, Ur. :W. B. W4»I.FE, f incin- A copy of my Med- ionl 4'm. KENDALL'S This rpEnarkwble medi . _ cine will cure Spavins,- r^j.lint. Curb. ( :illiMiH. .*£.'., ur .liiy enlargement, AND WILL KKMOVE Tin-: HCNCH WITHOUT BLISTERING or C^T^ A TJTT fWr t'lu^lng a sore. No remeuy ever l3£^JC3L V JLl^ di»^ciivered etpials it for certainty of action lu slopping the lameness and removing the bunch, Price $l.f)i). Rend for (■irciilar giving POSITIVE PROOF. ^TTfJ T t" 'LD BY DRUGGISTS or sent by the ia- X^ W X%J!-J veutor, R. .1. Kendall, M. D.. Enosburgh Falls, Vt. JobiiBton, Holloway tt Co., Agte., 60'J Arth St., Philadelphia. Ph., 79-^ . Dr. 8. S- RathvoL. who has so ably managed the editorial department in tlie past, will continue in the position of editor. His coutribxitions on subjects conuected with the science of farming, and particularly that specialty of which he is 80 thorouhly a master — entomological science— eorae knowledge of which has become a necessity to the success- ful farmer, are alone worth much more than the price of this publication. He is determined to make "The Farmer'* a necessity to all households. , A county that has so wide a reputation as Lancaster county for its agricultural products, should certainly be able to support au agricultural paper of its own, for the exchange of the opinions of farmers Interested iu this mat- oter. We ask the co-oporatiou of all farmers interested in this matter. Work among your friends. The "Farmer" is only one dollar per year. Show them your copy. Tiy and induce them to sttbscribe. It is not much for each sub- scriber to do but It will greatly assist us. All communications In regard to the editorial management should be addressed to Dr. S. S. Rathvon, Lancaster, Pa., and all b^uiuess letters in regard to subscriptions and ad- vertising should be addressed to the publisher. Rates of advertising can be had on application at the office. JOHN A. HIESTANJ). No. 9 North Queen Sf., Lancaster, I*a. 02TE DOLLAR PER ANNUM-SIITGLE COPIES 10 CENTS. EIESTAND, Pcblisher. £nl('r«Ml a1 tlw I'oHt <>lli<*o nt l^niicastor nn CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. EDITORIAL. A New Inse cticirtc, --.... 17 Western National Fair, 17 About Graham Bread, ----- 18 Candlemas, --------18 The day that Brings the Oroundbog Out. Florida Manufactures, ----- 18 The State Board of Agriculture, - - - 19 Coming Evente for 1880, - - - - 19 ESSAYS. Domestic Progress — C. L. ITimsecker, - - 19 Errors of Great Meu in Respect to Agriculture, Preserving Food for Stock — Jos. F. Witmer,- 21 Can we Plant too Many Fruit Trees-C T. ii^oj:, - 21 An Im ortaut Era iu Fruit Growing — The Granary of the World — The Cauuing Business — The Profit of Fruit Growing — Market Cannot be t>ver8tocked — What was Done in Berks — The Effect of Pre- mituQS — The Progress Made iu Fruit Growing — A Profitable Branch of busiuesa — The Uses to Which Fruit can be put. CONTRIBUTIONS. Farm-life vs. Town-life— £■., - - - - 23 What Fertilizer Shall we Use— ^. B. A., • 23 Letter from North Carolina — M. R., - - 24 SELECTIONS. The Economy of a Garden, - ... 24 Popular Breeds for Pork and Lard, - - 24 American Cheese in England, - - - - 35 The Making and Preservation of Manure, - lo The Menhaden Fishery. ----- 25 Comparative Value of Foods, - - - 26 STATE ORGANIZATIONS. Annual Meeting of the Fruit Growers, - - 26 Semi-Annual Convention of the Millers'Association 2G Evening Session. OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS. Lancaster County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, .--..--^7 Large Trees- Fruit Growing on City Lota— Domestic Progress — Discussions— Does the Stock have any Influence on the Graft— Ref«rred Questions. Poultry Association, ------ 28 Fulton Farmers' Club, 28 Linnsean Society, -------28 Additions to the Library— Paper* Bea«— Soientific Miscellany. AGRICULTURE. A Good Farm Stockfood, - - . . og Bone Dust, -.---...29 Forest Leaves for Stable and Yard, - . 29 Wonders of Broom Corn, - - - - - 29 HORTICULTURE. Spring Cultivation of Strawberries, - . 29 A New Nut, -.28 Don't Crowd the Fruit Trees, - . - 29 Plant Apple Trees, 26 DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Polishing Furniture, 29 Bloody Milk, 29 Measuring the Height of a Tree, - - - 30 Treatment of Frozen Plants, - - - - 30 To Preserve Shingles, ----- 30 Ventilation of Bed Rooms, - - - - 30 Tar for Warts, ---..- 30 HOUSEHOLD RECIPES. Mince Meat, 30 Custard Pic, 30 Lemon Pie, --.-----30 Apple Jellj, 30 Pound Cake, - . --.-.' SO Boston Jumbles, ----- . 30 Rice Pudding Boiled, 30 Almond Pastry, ------ 30 Call's Liver Broiled, --...- 30 Potato Pie, 30 Pearl Barley Pudding, 30 Pistachio Diplomatic Pudding, - - - 30 Hickory Nut Macaroons, - . . - . 30 Plain Pastry, 30 LIVE STOCK. Teething in the Horse— Wolf Teeth, - - 30 Ventilating Stables, 30 Fattening Sheep, ------ 31 Catarrh in Sheep, ..-..- 31 Bonner's Horses, .---.. 31 tNTOMOLOGICAL. The War on Insects, ----- 31 How to Gel rid of the Pests, - - - - 31 Lice on Cattle, ------ 31 Destruction of Weevil, - - - - - 31 POULTRY. Poultry Interest of America, - - - 31 Pickings From the Poultry Yard, - . - 31 Roup with Pigeons, ----- 31 Rearing and Value of Ducks, - - - - 32 Literary and Personal, 32 SOLICITOR OF PATENTS, LANCASTER, ir'A., 235 EAST ORANGE ST. All ujiitters appertainiuK to UNITKU STATES or CANA- DIAN PATENTS, TUADE MAKKS, uml COPYKIGUTS. promiJtly atteuded to. Hih expcrieuce, success and laithful atteutiou to the iiiteremta of thoBe who engage hig eervices are fully aokuowledgt-d and appreciated. Preliminary examinations made for bim by a reliable Ap- sietant at WaBliiugtou, without extra charge for drawing ur deecriptiun. [T9-l-t SEND FOR On Concord Grapevines, Transplanted Evergreens, Tnlip, Poplar, Linden Maple, etc. Tree Seedlings and Trees for timber plantations by the 100,0410. J. JENKINS' NCRSERT, THE S-2-T9 WIKONA, COLUMBIANA CO., OHie. Eliim ilD EXPffi OFFICE, No. 0 North Oueen Street, LANCASTER, PA.. THE OLDEST AND BEST. THE WEEKLY EXAMINER AND EXPRESS, Published Every Wednesday MorniDg, Isau old, well-established newspaper, and contains just the news desirable to make it an interesting and valuable Family Newspaper. The postage to subcribers residing outside of Lancaster county is paid by the pubUsher. Send for a specimen copy. Two Dollars per Annum. THE DAILY EXAMINER AND EXPRESS. Published Daily Except Sunday. The daily is imblisbed every evening duriDg the week. It is delivered in the City and to surrounding Towns ac- cessible by railroad and d.ily stage lines, for 10 cents » week. Mall Subscription, free of postage— One monib, SO cents; one year, 85.00. THE JOB ROOMS. The job rooms of Thi: Examisku and Expkesb are filled with the latest styles of presses, luaterlal. etc., and we are prepand to do all kiude of Book and lob PrintJa at as low rbtee and bhort notice as any eatabUahmeDC 1 i the State. SALE BILLS A SPECIALTY. With a !full BBBOHmeut ofne.; cats that we bare Just purchased, we are prepared to print the finest and most attractive sale bills in the state. JOHN A. HIESTAND, Proprietor, No. 9 XortU Queen St., L-A-NCASXEK, FA.. THE LANCASTER FARMER. PENKNYI.VANIA RAILROAD Trains leave the Depot in thia city, Leave WE TWAED. Pacific Express' Way Pasfeiigert Niagara Express Hanover Accommodation,. Mail train via Mt. Joy No. 2 via Columbia Sunday Mail Fast Line" Frederick Accommodation. Harrisburg Accom Columbia .\ccommoclatiou.. Harrisburg Express Pittsburg Express Cincinnati Express" Lancaster. 2:40 a. m. 5:00 a. m. 10:05 a. m. lUllOp. m. 11:0.') a. m. 11:07 a. m. 10:50 a. m. 2:10 p. m. 2:15 p. m. 5:45 p. m. 7:20 p. m. 7:25 p. m. 8:50 p. m. 11:30 p. m. EASTWARD. Laucaster. Atlantic Express" ] 1 2:25 a. m. Philadelphia Expreest. Past Line* Harrisburg Express Columbia Accommodation. Pacific Express* Bunday Mail Johnstowu Express Day Express" Harrisburg Accom. 4:10 a. m. 5:20 a. m. 7:35 a. m. 9.10 p. m. 1:25 p. m. 2:00 p. m. 3:0.^^ p. m. 5:20 p. m. fi:23 p. m. SCHEDITI.K. as follows : Arrive Harrisburg. 4:05 a. m. 7:50 a. m. 11:20 a. m. Col. 10:40 a. m. 12:40 p. m. 12:55 p. m. 12:40 p. m. 3:25 p. m. Col. 2:45 p. m. 7:40 p. m. Col. 8:20 p. m. 8:40 p. m. 10:10 p. m. 12:45 a. m. Philadelphia. 3:00 a. m. 7:00 a. m. 7:40 a. m. 10:00 a. m. 12:0 p. m. 3:40 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 5:30 p. m. 7:20 p. m. 9:30 p. m. The Hanover Accommodation, west, connects at Lancaster with Niagara Express, west, at 9:35 a. m., ami will run through to Hanover. The Frederick Accommodation, west, connects at Lancas- ter with Fast Line, west, at 2:10 p. m.. and runs to Frederick. The Pacific Express, east, on Suuday, when flagged, will stop at Middletown, Elizabethtowu, Mount .Joy and Laudia- ville. •The only trains which run daily. tRuns daily, except Jlonday. NORBECK fmW, PRACTICAL ^^ Carriage Builder ('(IX & (lO'S m STA I), Cornef of Duke and Vine Streets, LANCASTER, PA. THE LATEST IMPROVED SIDE-BAR BUGGIES, PHAETONS, Carriages, Etc. Prices to Suit the Times. REPAIRING promptly attended to. All work guaranteed. 79-2- ' S. IB. 003^, Manufacturer of Carriages, Buggies, Phaetons, etc, CHURCH ST„ NEAR DUKE, LANCASTER, PA. Large Stock of New aud Second-hand Work on hand, ▼ery cheap. Carriagea Made to Order. Work Warranted lor one year, [79-1-1 2 EDW. J. ZAHM, OGALUR iN AMERICAN AND FOREIGN WATCHES, SOLID SILVER & SILVER PLATED WARE, CLOCKS. JEWELRY ITABLE CUTLERY. Sole Agent for the Arundel Tinted spectacl.es. Repairing Btricllj' attended to. North Queen-st. and Centre Square, Lancaster, Pa. 79-1-12 AT l,OWEST POSSIBLE I'KIOES, Fully guaranteed. No. 106 EAST KING STREET, 79-1-12] O/Jp'fiff f.eopiifd Hottl. ESTABLISHED 1832. a. SENER & SONS. Manufacture! 8 and dealers in all kinds of rough and finished i.ui^s]e:fi. Also Sash, The beet Sawed SHI \«I,ES in the country. Doore, Blinds. MouidingB, &c. PATENT 0. G. WEATHERBOARDING aud PATENT BLINDS, which are far HUperior to any other. Also best CO.\I.* constantly on hand. OFFICE AND YAKD : Northeast Corner of Prince aud Walnnt-sts., LANCASTKR, PA. 79-1-12] PRACTICAL ESSAYS ON ENTOMOLOGY, Embracing the history aud habits of NOXIOUS AND INNOXIOUS INSECTS. and the best remedies for their expuleion or exterraiuatiou. By S. S. RATHVON, Ph. D. LANCASTER, PA. ThiB work will be Highly Illustrated, and will be put in press (as Roon after a sufficient number of subscribers can be obtained to cover the cost) us the work can possibly be accomplished. 79-2- Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees. Plant Trees raised in this county and suited to this climate. Write for prices to LOUIS C.LYTE Bird-in-Hand P. O., Lancaster co., Pa. Nursery at Sinoketown, six miles east of Lancaster. 79-1-12 WIDMYER & RICKSECKER, UPHOLSTERERS, And Manufacturers of FURNITURE PD CHAIRS. WAREROOM.S: 102 East King St., Oor. of Duke St. LANCASTER, PA. 79-1-12) Special Inducemenis at the NEW FURNITURE STORE W. A. HEINITSH, (over Burst's Grocery Store), Lancaster, Pa. A general assor'ment of furniture of all kinds constantlj on hand. Don't forget the number. IS X-2 X:a.st ZSxzis S(tx-eet, Nov-ly] (over Bursk's Giocery Store.) For Good and Cheap Work go to F. VOLLMER'S FURNrrURE WARE ROOMS, No 309 NORTH QUEEN ST., (Opposite Northern Market), Also, all kinds of picture frames. nov-ly GREAT BARGAINS. A large assortment of all kinds of Carpets are still sold at lower rates thiiu ever at the CARPET HALL OF H. S. SHIRK, No. 202 Went Kiiiff St. Call and txamine our stock and satisfy yourself that we can show the largest assortment of these Brussels, three plies and ingrain at all pi-ices — at the lowdst Philadelphia prices. Also on hand a large and oomplete assortment of Rag Carpet. Satisfaction guaranteed bath as to price aud quality. You are invited to call and see my goods. No trouble in showing them even if you do not want to purchase. Don't forget this notice. You can save motley here if yoa want to buy. Particular attention given to customer « ork. Also on hand a full assortment of Counterpanes, Oil Cloths and Blankets of every variety [nov-Iyr. $77 79-a-ia a month and expenses puarauteed to Agents. Outflt free. SHAW k CO., Augusta, Maine. PHILIP SCHUM, SON & CO., 38 and 40 "West King Street. We beep on hand of our own manufacture, QUILTS, COVERLETS, COUNTERPAIVES, CARPETS, Bureau aud Tidy Covers. Ladies' Furnishing Goods, No- tions, etc. Particular attention paid to customer Rag Carpet, and scowering and dyeineof all kinds. PHILIP SCHUM, SON & CO.. Nov-ly Lancaster, Pa. THE HOLMAN LIVER PAD Cures by absorption without medicine. Now is the time io apply these remedies. They will do for you what nothing else on earth can. Hundreds of citi- zens of Laucaster sny so. Get the genuine at LANCASTER OFFICE AND SALESROOM, 22 East Orange Street. Nov-lvr ^^^ C. R. KLINE, jAttoi^ney-at-IjAW, OFFICE: 16 NORTH DUKE STREET, LA-lSrCA-STKR, FA.. NoT-ly The Lancaster Farmer. Dr. S. S. EATHVON, Editor. LANCASTER, PA., FEBRUARY, 1880. Vol. SU. No. 2. Editorial. A NEW INSECTICIDE. I Dr. Ilcrinaii A. Hatrfii. I't'ol'i-ssor of Eiito- ' inology at Harvard iriiiversity, ('amhridf,'e, Massaclmsi'tts, iiroposes to elTcct the df- stniction of all "obnoxious insects" — in- cluding pliylloxera, jiolato beetles, cotton worms, grassliopiiers and greenhouse pests — by the apiilication of the ijkisI fmiytis, and lias written and published an octavo pamphlet of twelve pages on the subject, citing the observations and experiments of Dr Hail, of Prussia; Mr. Trouvelot, of Medford, Mas.sa- <;busetts ; Mr. Siewers, of Newport, Keu- lucy ; Profs. Kiley and Com.st .ck, of Wash- ington city : Mr. .lames il. Burns, of Shelter Island, New York ; Prof. Ilor.sford, of Cam- liridge, Massachusetts ; Dr. John L. Leconte, of Philadelphia, auil others. The following is .1 resume of the system, and from it our readers may get an idea of its lu-iueiples and their niodii.i iiperaudi : Firxt. The common house-tly is often killed by nftDKjus, .and in epizootics a large nmnlier of insects which live in the same locality are killed l)y the same fungus. Seriind. The fungus of the house-fly works as well as yeast for baking and brewing pur- l)Oses. Thii-tl. The application of yeast on insects produces in them a fungus w'hich becomes fatal to the insects. Fourth. In the experiments made by Mr. .J. H. JJurns, all [lotato beetles sprinkled with dilut(!d yeast died from the eighth to the twelfth day, and the fungus was found in the vessels of "the wings." The term fpiznulk means the same thing among insects, and other subjects of the ani- mal kingdom, that epiihmic does among liu- nian beings, namely : a generally prevailing infection, wliich is more or less fatal to those attacked by it. whether it is contagions or not. Some of the exi)eriments have been ve.ry successful, but others have been unsatis- factory or total failures. These are contingencies, however, that must be expected in the development of new principles and the applications of new ele- ments as remedies lor the destruction of insects. Even if we liave all the necessary materials to make a new kind of bread or cake, and know nothing .about their propor- tions, assimilations anil affinities, we shall probably fail a dozen times before we learn how to so combine them as to secure a suc- cessful result. The remedj' seems to be a very simple one, and is not so apt to prove injurious to those who apply it as ParU grers of the German localities in Pennsylvania have some- thhig to say about the "Groundhog." This year we forgot the "old joker" entirely until the very morning of the '2nd., and our con- temporaries seemed to have forgotten him too, for he was not "trotted out" until the issue of the Monday evening papers. The little Scotch'couplet in the above extract trom the Examiner emd Express may be literally true, for every year we have "twa winters," or parts of winters, beginning the year with a winter month, and ending it with the same. Of course, so far as the groundhog is person- ally concerned, the whole story is an allegory — a symbol or figure of speech; for stupid as he may be, he is still too cunning to venture out in'the open air on such a cold morning as wc had on the 2nd of February the present year. If he was even smart enough to ven- ture out he would not have done so, simply because he could not. He would have been too torpid to move one foot before another. It is, therefore, said very cautiously and wisely "i/'the groundhog, &c., &c." But, suppose he don't come out at all, what then V The answer would probably he that it would not make the slightest diflerence in the world whether he comes out or stays in, for the animus of the question rests on the sliadoio of the animal, and not on the animal itself, and the meteorological significance would be the same, whether the sun reflected the shadow of a dog, a goat or a guineapig. At any rate, "may his shadow never grow less." •^ FLORIDA MANUFACTURES. Of course, manufactures iu Florida are still only prospective, but peculiarly situated as the country is geographically, it must possess im- mense resources that only require time for their development. If we look at the map we will observe that Florida is a peninsula almost suiroiuided by water, and that it extends farther southward than some of the Bahama Islands, its extreme southern point being on a line with Matamoras iu Mexico, and that it must be capable of producing much of the tropical vegetation; and from its peculiar locality, oranges, pineapples and bananas, lemons, citrons and other tropical fruits and vegetation ought to and probably would abound if it had more of the live Yankee in its social and domestic composition. Florida is a very okl territory, possessing wholly or in part many buildings erected before it came into the American Union. But all these things have more intimate relation to agriculture and horticulture than to manufactures. Recently, however, it has been "opening up" to manu- factures, and possesses material elements and climate for the development of its re- sources superior to any other State in the Amerlrnn Uyxion. A time Is fast approaching when its vast material resources will be made available for manufacturing purposes. Some of these material resources together with their abundance and their uses will be found in the following extract from a contem- porary journal, for the benefit of those of our 1880.] THE LANCASTER FARMER. 19 readers who may be contemplating a change of local base: The Palmetto furnishes tlie material for l)a|)cr from banU-wite down lo the cheapest grade; also, for bmoins and brushes, stulliiif,' for mattresses, chau's, carriages, etc., which lias no ecjual, and will come into st^ueral use on account of its healthy (iiialities, and free- dom from vermin of every description. The Castor Hean, which has a prolilie growtli, will soon become an imiiortant arti- cle of cultivation. From it can be made llie (ini-st quality of tallow' or sterine, and soaps of varioii.s grades, which in price will more Mian compete with tliese arlii-les manufactured from otiier material. It will soon be manu- factured laigely. A party are aliout purclias- ing 2,0110 acres to be devoted exclusively to this interest. Fibre materials are growing wild in our forests in endless quantities, and will soon become a great resounu; to the Stale, as they are being looked after by the niauufactiu-ers of the Now England States at tliis lime. We have samples of bank-note and common grades of paper, sterine, soaj) and samples of libre, and tibre plants at our ollice, which' we will be happy to show to any one calling. Florida should snpi ly paper, sterine, soaps and tibre to an inn., use amount. Yankee enterprise will soon develoji them. Manufactures in connection witli agricul- tiu'e solves the problem of prosperity. Labor is the cornerstone. tiive work to your newcomer. Give dim the means of a living on his arrival, and then they will tlock to the State by tlie thou.sands. There is no State in the Union liaving more natural advantages. They will soon attract the attention of busi- ness men, and the fact will come in the near future. THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICUL- TURE, At the aimual meeting of the Board of Ag- riculture, held .January '2Sth, 1S8U, the follow- ing resolution was unanimously adopted : WiiERE.vs, The Secretary of the Common- wealth and State Treasurer have iiotitied the Secretary of this Board that certain parties have not complied with the provisions of the act to regulate the manufacture and sale of fertilizers, and Whereas, The proper enforcement of said act is of vital importance to the agricul- tural interests of the Stale. Therefore, Hesolvid, That the E.Kcculive Committee is hereby directed to furnish tlie Attorney Gen- eral with the names of the parties, a copy of the notices furnLshed by the Secretary of the Commonwealth and State Treasurer, and with information that said jiarties have not deposited in the oilice of this Board the anal- ysis required by law. At a subsequent meeting of the Executive Committee a resolution was adc^ited desiring that proper notice be given the Attorney General. At the same meeting the following was also unanimously adopted : licsoh-rd, That the prompt and etiicient measures taken by his E.xcellency, Gov. Iloyt, through his agent, the Secretary of this Board, in so promptly meeting and suppres- sing the alarming spread of the cattle |)lague as it appeared in several counties of tliis State, and with so small an outlay of the funds of the State as compared with the results in other States, deserves and hereby receives the warmest approval of the Board. In urging the passage of the resolution. Governor Iloyt, after requesting that his name be withdrawn from it, paid a high com- pliment to the manner in which Secretary Edge has enforced the law, stating that while the results have been much more evi- dent than in other .States, the expense was only one-tenth as great. A resolution was also adopted to appoint commissioners, (whose expenses will be jiaid from the funds of tlie Board,) to examine into and report uiiou the availability of the cleared pine lands of the State for settlement and cultivation. Oleomargarine vs. Butter. At the same meeting of the Board, Secre- tary Edge, cxliibitcd samples of oleomar- garine from I'hiladclpliia. Two samples in particular were the subject of sonic dispute, a noted I'hiladelphia dealer having a.ssertcd that no member of the Board could tell which was butter and which was "oleo." The lu'st sample was iilacied upon tlie table of a liist-class boarding housi^ in Ilarrisburg, and no one made any remarks or objected to its use as butter, but when at a subsequent meal "cow butter"of good quality was jilaced upon tlie table as "oleo" they were able to detect "a decided tallowy taste" in it ; and this, too, alter tlu^y hafl partaken freely of the genuine "tub Inittcr. " Alter a careful but cautious examination the Board decided that "If either was genuine butter it was number one. and tliat if either was oleomargarine, it was numlier two," showing (•oiiclusivcly that a sell was suspected. .Mlcr the adjournment of the Board, known samiiles of genuine liutter were procured and a test insllituted, showing conclusively that both samples were "oleo," and that no genu- ine butter had been sent. When heated in an iron spoon all the sam- ples of "Pliiladclphia butter" gave out a de- cided tallowy smell, which increa.sed with the heat, while genuine butter when so treated gave out its usual fragrant smell. Tlie universal opinion seemed to be that such samples would not interfere with the sale of firni-dass butter. COMING EVENTS FOR i88o. The present new year of 1880 will have .'iOO days, the extra day being lacked on February. Oil .Tanuary 11 there will be a total eclipse of the sun, visible in the western part of North America and the Pacific ocean. Washing- ton's birthday will come on Sunday, Febru- ary 22; Good Friday, March 2(5; EastiU" Monday, March 28; Decoration Day, May 30, will fall on Sunday; the Fourth of .July will also come on Sunday; Thanksgiving Day will be Thursday, November 25, and Christmas will fall due on Saturday. There will be a total eclipse of the moon .June 22, invisible here; an annular eclipse of the sun, .luly 7, visible in South America and Southern At- lantic Ocean; Decemlier 1, partial eclip.se of the sun, visible in Southern Atlantic Ocean; December Ki, total eclipse of the moon, invis- ible here; Simday, December 31, partial eclipse of the sun, partly visible here. Sun rises ecliiised. A^'enus will be morning star until July i:i; Mars after October 2."): Jupiter after March 15, until July Pi; Saturn after April 8 until July '.). Venus will be evening star after July 14; Mars, until October 25; Jupiter, until March 1.5, after July 12; Saturn, until April 8, after July '.). Essays. DOMESTIC PROGRESS.* Give tnc the plow .^ud the man wlioian hold it, A lig for yoiir lord and his soft silken hand ; Let the man wlio has atrenglli never sloop to abuse it, Give it baoU to tlie tdvor— tlie land, boys the land, There's no bank like the earth to deposit your labor, The more you deposit the more you shall have ; If there's more than you want you can {jive to your neiijhbor. And your name shall be dear to the true and Uie brave. ' The rise and progress of nations in agricul- ture, manufactures and commerce present the most astonishing results in our day and gen- eration. To trace the onward and upward progress of some favored sjiot on earth is ever a theme of great interest to the people of this and every other country whose inhabitants are capabk; of a due appreciation of the blessings which attend national indu.stry. *Read before the A^ncultural and Ilertidultural Societ}' by C. L. Hunsecker, Manb«5ini, Pa. The power and wealth, the coraforts and conveniences and enjoyments of a people, de- pend upon a great variety of cause.s — Geo- graphical situation, soil and climate ; the nature of the productions, the virtue, indus- try and skill of the inhabitants; freedom of industry, security of property, good system of laws, and judicious administration of the government ; genius and public .spirit in the citizens to project public imiirovements and promote inlercour.se with foreign nations. When we compare our country with the great nations of Europe and Asia, in wealth and iiower, in agriculture, commerce and manufactures, we are limited to a [leriod of only several hundred years ; but although that we are thus circum.scriljed within nar- row limits, measured in years, we have dis- tanced in the race of luogress, and excel to-day some of the oldest and proudest nations of the Old World in the excellence and inge- nuity (jfour mechanical inventions, and the abundance and superiority of our cereal crops. Americans produced the steamboat, the cotton gin, the telegraph, the reaper and mower, the cast steel plough and many other ingenious and valuable inventions. J.,ook at our internal improvements, our domestic and foreign trade ! what strides we have made in a hundred years ! Could the pilgrim fathers again start into mortal existence they would be paralyzed with wonder at the greatness of our name, the extent of our domain, and the magnificence of our agriculture, our manufac- tures and our commerce. In this as in every other country, agriculture is of paramount importance, inasmuch as it multiplies the fruits of the earth. The skillful handling of the farmer's acres is of vast im- portance to the government and people of a country. It is the producer of the materials for man- factures, aud furnishes a large proportion of the tonnage of commerce and the food of man. Three-fourths of the people and at least one- half of the fixed capital of the habitable globe are embarked in this great pursuit. In our country we see wide extended fields laden with the products of the husbandman, seeking a market on the .seaboard, and shipment to foreign countries, to feed the superabundant population of the Old World, whose crops have failed to supply sufhcient food for the people. The swallow travels, the bee builds and the beaver constructs his habitation as these creatures of instinct traveled and built hun- dreds of years ago ; but man, exercising his reasoning powers, has tran.sformed the best portion of the ea,ith's surface to admiuister to his wants. At the time Columbus made his way to America the common people of Europe were in a condition little better than slaves. Their condition, notwithstanding that it has Ijeeu much improved since, is still vastly inferior to the respectability and standing of the Ameri- can farmer. "Here prodigious aetions may as well be done By farmer's issue as by Prince's son." It is here deep in the valleys of our country that immense crops of wheat and corn are raised, and by the ingenuity and enterprise of commercial men transported to the remotest corners of the world for purposes of traffic and of gain. Very great changes have taken place within a period of a hundred years in the in- tercourse of nations, facilitated by the cou- struclion of canals, railroads, sailing vessels, steamshiiis, etc., so that our surplus of produce can lie carried great distances at low rates to lilaces of consumption, that formerly rotted on the ground for want of an opening to market. To illustrate the great advantages of our inter- nal improvements over the extensive territory of the United States, wheat, tluvmost valuable of our cereal products, will not licar transpor- tation over ordinary earth roads more than three hundred and" fifty miles ; on our rail- roads it will bear transportation three thou- sand five hundred miles. The tonnage 20 The LANCASTER PARMEf^. i Pebfoafy, moved in 1870 equalled 150,000,000 tons, now probably much greater, while in 1851 it did not exceed 5,000,000 tons. The wheat grown within live hundred miles of tide water is mostly consumed on the spot; the wheat for export comes from the west. The volume of wheat of to-day is more than tliree- fold greater than thirty years ago, but the increa.se of that of it grown beyond the Mis- sissippi is gieaterthan the entire crop of 1849, and live per cent, only was tiien produced west of the father of waters. How many states and clustering towns and monuments of fame and .scenes of gloriouS deeds have rewarded the industry of our people in the last lifty years. There is New York with a population of ;i million of human beings; what an amount of produce it takes daily to feed this population, including its dogs and cats and horses ! Hunger is a god to whom all men render homage; life is a ,strifc for bread. The de- mand for food is ccmstant and unremitting ; but the agricultural population is ever equal to the emergency; they dig and delve in mother earth, spread to the west, and in- crease the acreage of production to meet the demand of tlie great metropolis. To such an extent have the cities increased their popula- tion, that the rural districts needed greater facilities to move the produce from the pro- ducer to the consummer; hence the railroad and the steamer lend a helping hand to all interested. To the farmer to get his products to a distant market, but for the railroad and steamship, the western crops would not be raised, because the old modes of conveyance by wagon and sailing vessels could not have transported one-tenth of the quantity of the breadstuffs needed by England, France and other countries. The wonderful improvement in the means of travel and the transportation of goods in the last one hundred years is truly marvelous. When Gov. Dinwiddle sent Washington, in 1753, with a message to the French com- mandant at the fort on the Ohio, it took hi m going ahd returning, although he made it as quick as possible, more than one month. When California was opened to the first set- tlers from the Eastern States, they took pas- sage in whale ships and merchanlmen whose average passage was six mouths; steamers to the Isthmus brought the journey to one month, and now the railroad across the continent has diminished it to six or eight days. What a time and i)atience the overland emigrants uuist have endured with their immense ox teams, struggling along to reach the land of gold. It is a matter of history, although California in some years produces large amounts of produce, "and that Gen. Sutter cultivated heavy crops of wheat when .still under the Spanish flag and traded it oil with Alaska for iron, that tlie first gold hunter who came there from the East had to pay enormous prices for the necessaries of life ; and a New Vork paper in 1855 had the following, seven years after the gold fever had so completely ab.sorbed attention all over the world: "The ship Adelaide arrived at the port of New York, on tlie 14th of (October, 1855, from San Francisco, bringing a cargo of California wheat, barley, &e., which paid a profit to the shipper of nearly fifty per cent clear of ex- penses, the wheal selling at an average of about $2.00 per bushel. The same vessel returned to the same port from which the wheat was brought with 1,500 barrels of flour. Some would think that 19,000 miles was a long way to come to mill !" The projectjentertained by the Ptolomies, of cutting a ship canal across the Isthmus of Suez, was thought impossible by many until the present century. The distance is not great, but the fact is that tine ground consists almost wholly of movable parched .sand. But notwithstanding tliese almost insuperable difficulties the Suez canal lias been constructed at a cost of ninety-five millions of dollars, twenty-three millions more than the Eric canal of New York State. This valuable impvovement is highly bene- ficial to the commerce of the world, and is an ' indicati(m of the value of the pi'oposed ship | canal across the Istlimus of Darien. Our minister to China in 1872 reported the United States trade to tliat country at 37 per cent, of the vv'hole foreign trade of China. In that i year tea was brought from China to Boston ! via the Suez Canal at a cost of 4 cents per pound; via steamship to California and thence by railroad, at 7 cents per pound. Here is an exemplification of the great benefit to all branches of industry, and to all classes of jieople in shortening distances iind expenses in the transportation of goods. In 1822 flour sold in Western Peinisylvauia at one dollar and twenty-five cents per barrel, and wheat in Ohio at twenty cents a bushel. There were then no facilities to distant markets, canals were few and railroads unknown, the pack-saddle, the lumbering stage coach and Conestoga teams carried the mails, passengers and freight. Pittsburg was a small town, and even as late as 1848 before the construc- tiouofthe Pennsylvania railroad across the Allegheny Mountain, avoiding the inclined planes, it took eight days to make the trip from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and cost from 00 to 100 cents per hundred freight on mer- chandise going west. Before the construction of the Columbia railroad, or fifty years ago it cost seventy-five cents to carry a barrel oftlour from Lancaster to Philadelphia, now it is transported on the railway for less than one- third that amount. Errors of Great Men in Respect to Agriculture. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, in an elaborate address that contained much valuable infor- mation on agriculture, believed in the absurd notion that wheat taken from Egyptian mummies that had remained dormant for two thousand, years still had vitality enough to germinate. A year ago Gen. B. F. Butler de- livered an address at the international Dairy Fair in New York which dealt heavy blows at the shortcomings, as he represented it, of our farmers. His comparison between American and French agriculture in a statistical point of view, preponderated vastly in favor of France, but his statistics were not very freslr, as they extended back to 1800 and 1868, and he put the crop of wheat, oats barley and buckwheat of France at 657,000,000 bushels against our wheat, oats, barley and buckwheat 434,000,- 000. But never a word had this eloquent champion of French agriculture to say of our immense crop of over a billion of bushels of Indian corn we produce, nor a word about our great crops of hay, tobacco and cotton. Why, our annual crop of corn alone overpeers the cereal crops of France. The population in France has remained nearly stationary for many years, and in 1860 exceeded the population of the United States. The area of France exceeds the area of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana combined. Much of the soil in France is very Iiroductive, Paris is one of the finest cities in the world. But there are in France 7,000,000 landed proprietors, most of whom are too poor to ever taste of meat, and live mostly on coarse bread and vegetables. The land fit for tillage is cut up in parcels of a few acres, and occupied and cultivated liy the owners, who are mostly miserably poor, overloaded witli debt and strongly attached to routine prac- tices. Although the small proprietors are industrious and economical, they have not the means with which to buy improved ma- chinery. It is customary to associate wealth .and respectability with the possession of landed property, and we are apt to conclude that a country where tibout every second person you meet is the proprietor of land must be in a prosperous condition. But the very reverse is the fact. In some districts the plows in use are said to be the same as tliose described by Virgil; and Wendell I'hillips says in many parts of France and Italy the plow is unknown. It does not follow as a necessary sequence tliat because France exports large quantities of agricultural products, that her farming system is the best, or that her working people are in comforta- ble circumstanced. The reverse is the fact, and Ireland and India are not the only coun- tries in which the most abiect poverty and wretchedness on the part of the inhabitants are found combined with great fertility of soil and a large exportation of food. The small farm business which Butler so much extolled in France, can never succeed in a country that lias such tin abundance of good unoccupied land as the United States. Near large towns the small farm business liays well enough the milk dealer and truck raiser. In the interior the farms of a 10() acres or more pay best, because the success- ful fanner needs implements, horses, cattle and help to cultivate the land, which the occupier of a few acres cannot use on his lot, and he is therefore the slave of the spade and the hoe. In England the great evil prevails that the land is owned by the aristocracy and that the tenants are subjected to such hard bargains or heavy rents that they are mere slaves to the huidlords. But even in Great Britain things have changed, sometimes one way and at other times another. In the twelfth century the feudal system, during Ste- phen's reign, presented deplorable evils. "The nobles burnt all the towns. Thou mightest go a whole day's journey and not find a man sitting in a town, nor an acre of land tilled. Wretched men starved of hun- ger; to till the ground was to plough the sand of the sea." Again, during two hundred years from 1620 to 1820 the land was largely owned and occupied by the men called yeomen, and never before nor since were the fiirmers as a cltiss in England more respected. But to-day the farmer, the actual farmer in England and eveiywhere in the old world has a hard situation to combat with. In 1870 France produced 102,454,038 bushels of wheat, whilst the United States produced in 1870 425,000,000. Butler says we are too much given to mag- nify our greatness, as if it were not sufficient of itself. Indeed we have great reason to be proud of our agriculture in furnishing an abundance for home consumption and a large surplus annually for exportation. He further says everywhere all over America there is the same spectacle of large farms unproductive and unprofitable. Now this is true of the very large farms in the West, but not true of the 100 acre farms, for no where in the world do you find more retil prosperity tuncing the occupiers of the land than among the rural population of the United States wlio cultivate their own farms. In India, China, Japan, and generally in Europe, the population is dense, and the peo- ple, out of necessity are thrifty, industrious ami economical. But would he either in France or in the East have found anything like the same comforts and conveniences that prevail in the United States among the farmers. Certiiiiily not. It is a remarkable fact that nearly all the great ;ind valuable inventions of modern times in agriculture, and manufactures, have been brought into use finly after every artifice of the people had failed to ignore them. The absurd notion prevailed that tliey diminish labor and take away the means of working men making a liv- ing;'that times were better for till classes than ;it the present day, notwithstanding all the improvements made in agriculture, manufactures, commerce, mining, education and government, and there are still many who talk of the good old times, of the old-f^ashioncd ways of our immediate progen- itors. Respect for those to whom we owe our existence is praiseworthy in a nation, as well as in an individual. But would we wish to go back to the spinning wheel, Hax brake, the grass scythe, grain cradle, spade and harrow, the slow stage, &c., when we have the cotton and woolen mills, the reapers and mowers, the plow, harrow and cultivator, the locomotive and steamboat ? They throw in the back ground the good old times, the better way, as the son did the sire in the play: 1880.] THE LANCASTER FARMER. 21 To leac'li his sramlBon clicss llicn, His IiMSuie he'd employ, Until at Inst the old iiian Was beaten by the boy I History and exiitnii'iicc coiilli-ins Ihf liclicf Ihat we have not irited citizens foresaw years ajjo what makes a pros|)erons country, and bravely went to Work to build factories and coiistrtK't railroads. They ilid not fold their hands, or use llieni only to hold the jiloni;!! with, but took bold at ibe right end and ('reated mar- kets at home in the nianufacturinp: towns for llieir agrienll oral producls. Thus by enter- prise and industry the Eastern States liavc arrived at a hii,di degree of i>rnsperity; and trener.ally the wealth, an fodder fermeids it shrinks, and !>}' the lime the pits are opened it_ has lo.st about one-half of its bulk. One account says that the |iits were finished on the 14th of .Siiptem- ber. ls7-i. and the first pit was opened April l-'itli, IST:!. The fodder was found in perfect condition, except for an inch or two upon the snrfaci' and sides wliere it was blackened and decayed. The color was yellow', the odor agreeable, but the stalks had lost their sweet- ness and were somewhat ac'd. Tlie fodder was eaten with great n^lisb and only some jiorlionsof the harder stalks left. Tbcsecond jiit was opened .July .'Jd, 187)i and was in as *Ke.ia before the Agricultural uud Hgrticultur»l Society' by Joseph F, Witnier. good condition as the first. The third (lit was opened April -iUtli, IS74, 18 mouths after covering. It was in as good condition as the two, e.xcept that tlie discolored and decayed layer was thicker than in the others. This was attributed to the gravelly and porous character of the covering. The preservation of the fodder tieingdue solely to the exclusion of the air. In some instances the silos are luiilt above ground and the walks banked up with earth. They are, I believe, generally consilace in the liuman economy, and too much attention cannot be bestowed upon the subject. An Important Era in Fruit Growing. We have undoubtedly entered upon a most important era in the history of fruit growing in this contnry. In sections supposed to be utterly nnfavoVable to the production of crops of fruit, certain varieties of apples and other fruits are now grown with great success. During the year 1879, thousands of fruit trees were planted in Iowa, Minnesota, and the great' region of the Northwest, hardy varieties of fruit having been discovered which are proof to the most severe storms •Reed before the PcTmsylvanU Fruit Qrawen' SocUtj by Cyrus T. Fox, of Bending, P», 22 THE LANCASTER FARMER. [February, and extremes of temperature. The United States, with a great diversity of climate, and soils of the most fertile to be fonnd upon the face of the globe, presents but few regions in which fruit-growing i.s at present prosecuted to any considerable extent. Mucli greater interest is manifested in fruit culture in tlie countries of Europe, and the importations of foreign fruits lo this country amount annually to millions of dollars. "Fruit is too much of a luxury" is the cry to-day among the labor- ing classes who are unable to ]>ay the higli prices usually asked in the household markets of thediflerent cities of this coimtry. Pears at ten cents apiece, or the first arrivals of strawberries at tifty cents per box, while they may tempt the eye of the workingman, are too expensive to enter largely into his daily diet. Increa.se the production of fruit in this country, and with lower prices the consump- tion will increase to such an extent that the fruit-grower will realize a greater profit than he would upon a contracted base of opera- tions. Too many fruit trees cannot, there- fore, he planted. Let "fruit for the million" be the battle cry of the fruit growers of Penn- sylvania for tlie decade upon which we have just entered. The Granary of the World. The great valley of the Mississijjpi must become the granary of the world. The tide of emigration flowing armually into Kansas and other sections of the Union beyond the Mississippi will reclaim the western prairies, and the golden harvest of wheat produced upon the great wheat lands of this country, the plains ot Kansas and Nebraska, the valley of the Red River of the North, the fertile lands of Iowa and Minnesota, and other portions of our great and glorious country, will provide sufficientlv for the wants not only of the i)eop!e of the United States. Imt as well for the over-populated countries of Europe and other sections of the globe. With the great production of cereals through- out the western country, the cheap tvansiKir- tation of freight, and the discrimination in freight rates by the various carrying- lines against the East, it will be impossible for the agriculturists east of the Allecheny mountains to contend with their Western brethren in the cultivation of grain crops. Attention must therefore be directed by the farmers of the East to more remunerative products of the soil, and of all departments of agriculture and horticulture, nothing can be engaged in to greater advantage, with less liability of over- stocking the market, than fruit-o-rowing During the most prolitic fruit seasons that this country has ever experienced nobody has ever heard of the market being overstocked, except in a few rare cases in some of the cities when the more perishable varieties, as for instance peaches, have arrived late in the week and encountered a Saturday night glut. Decaying and imperfect fruit, delayed for lack of proper transportation facilities, have also arrived in bad condition and been sold at a sacrifice, but fruit in lirst-class condition has invariably found a remunerative market. Besideii, fruit-growing has become a regular business, so that those engaged therein know how to take advantage of the market in order to realize the liest prices and largest profits. Refrigerator houses, for the preservation of fruit for long period*, are constructed ui)on new plans, and the markets can be, supplied with certain varieties of fruit in all seasons of the year. The Canning Business has also assumed immense proportions and instead of the varieties of fruit which are canned being limited to a few kinds, the scope includes almost every variety now grown. Apples and pears in cans are lam-ely m demand for export, and (ind as read'y a market at home as canned peaches. Dry'int^ establishments upon improved jirinciples, also throw upon the market large quantities of fruit m a shape that they can be successfully handled and shipjied to almost every clime American fruit finds a ready sale in European countries, and of late years a growing trade has been developed. Immense cargoes of apples are consigned every fall to England, France and Germany, and this foreign busi- ness in fruit is destined to largely increase, particularly if an effort is made to supply the demand. As to The Profits of Fruit Growing, a few instances in Berks county, which have come under the writer's notice may be cited. Mr. Christopher Shearer, the heading fruit- grower of this county, who was formerly en- gaged in business in Reading as a car|)eiiter and master-builder, removed some years ago to Tuckerton, five miles north of Reading, where he established several fruit orchards on a farm of 100 acres. lie has met with great success, and annually realizes much larger profits than could be" obtained in any other department of agriculture. The pro- ducts of his fiirm amounted during the year 1870 to .'S12,000. Thomas M. Coleman, Esq., of the Philadelphia Ledger, recently visited this farm, and wrote an interesting article in regard to it. Henry Wagner, of Brecknock township, Berks county, turned his attention ten years ago to fruit-growing, and now has forty-five acres in cultivation in fruit trees— apples, pears, grapes, plums, cherries and peaches, the last mentioned being the principal crop. Following is given as the yield of a iieach orchard of sixteen acres on his premises. The orchard was planted in IKfJO, and in 1872 yielded some peaches. In 1873 about 160 baskets were sold. In 1874 the yield was 1,600 baskets of peaches which were sold in the city of Reading, eight miles from the orchai d , at an average pri£e of SI. 60 per basket. In 1875, .3,000 baskets were disposed of at an average price of 85 cents per basket; in 1876 (the best season,) 4,300 baskets were sold at an average of 75 cents per basket; in 1877 the crop was a failure, and the yield was only some 300 baskets. In 1878, 1,200 baskets were sold at fl to $1.20 per basket; in 1870, 1,100 baskets were .sold at an average price of 70 cents per basket, some remarkably Hue Late Crawford peaches having brought'.'iil.25 per basket. It will thus be seen that in six years — from 1874 to 1879, both years inclusive— the sum of $10,755 was reaUzed from sixteen acres of land, or .fl,792..50 per annum being at the rate of $112 per acre per annum for six con- secutive years. What other crops would have produced the same returns V Mr. AVagner could not have succeeded with grain crops upon his farm, as the soil is light, but at the same time peculiarly adapted for fruit grow- ing. He is of the opinion that the Market Cannot be Overstocked with fruit. On account of his success other farmers in his neighborhood have established fruit orchards, until they can be counted by the scor:', and hundreds of baskets are thrown upon the Reading market every season, and are sold at handsome profits to the growers. Although car-loads of peaches from Maryland and Delaware arrive in Readinsr durint; the season, the prices for the superior fruit niised within a few miles of the city areinaiiilaiiied, and are unaffected by the southern crop. What was Done in Berks. For the purpose of stimulating fruit-grow- ing in Berks county, the Berks Couiitv .-Vgri- cultural and Horticullural Society, a"t llieir annual meeting in Januiir\-, 1876 unaiiiiridusly ado|)ted resolutions offering $300 for the planting of choice fruit trees, divided as follows: S200 to the per.son planting the great(!st number, and $100 lo the person planting the next greatest number. At a subsequent meeting, in order to encourage the smaller class of friilt'growers, .$100 additional was offered, $60 of which was to be given to the person having the be.st regulated orchard of not less than fifty trees, and .'ii;40 to the person having the next best. The time al- lowed for persons to notify the Committee of their desire to compete was until November 1st, 1877. Due notice was given of the offer of premiums by advertisements in the differ- ent papers of the county, and a carefully jirepared list of the different fruits adapted to this locality was published for the information of fruit-growers, but the competitors were not obliged to adhere strictly to the list The following standard of value was adopted ■ The apple and pear were considered of like value and accepting either as the standard the Committee required the planting of two cherry trees, three trees of plum or quince or four peach trees, respectively, to equal the standard. The awards were reported at the annual meeting in January, 1879, as follows: Christoplier Shearer, the first premium of $200 liavine" av- ni, ,,, §■ Pl'^'led 2,1)00 peach, 1,049 apple, ,576 pear, 43l> plum anil 22ci cherry trees. Ilc-nry Wagner, tlie second premium of 8100 hi ini;- planted :1 li).5 peach, .525 apple, 28 pear, 25 j'jlu 10 riuince and () cherry treee. Dr. J. H. Funk, of Boyertown, was awarded the first premium of |60 for the best regulated orchard No award was made of the second premium for best regulated orchard, as those who might have been entitled to it failed to notify the Committee in time. The premiums were ordered by the Society to be paid immediately after the fall fair which was done on the 18th of October 1879' The Effect of Premiums. ' 'ihe effect of ofteriug these premiums was most marked, and since January, 1876, more fruit trees, it is estimated, were planted in the county than during the previous ten years In tlie vicinity of Reading is is believed that fully 50,000 fruit trees were planted. Instead of the market being affected, however by an overproduction of fruit, all the fruit tliat has been offered has fi)iind ready purchasers at profitable prices. Peaches .sold last season in Reading at 60 cents to $l.r,0 per basket. Ap- ples now retail in our markets at 20 cents per half peck, and pears at 25 cents per half peck The townships of Robeson and Brecknock Berks county, adjoin each other. The soil is of a sandy character, and unadapted to the cereal crops. A portion of the district is known as "The Forest" in consequence of its uncultivated state. Within the past four years, forty-four peach orchards have been established in Robeson township, by as many nidividuals, who have under cultivation a total of 22,090 trees. The orchards oontain from 100 to 1,400 trees each. In Brecknock township there are fourteen peach orchards with a total of 13,375 trees. The two town- .ships have thus a total of 35,465 peach trees The orchards are from six to ten miles froni Reading. The Progress Made in Fruit Growing. The committee by whom the fruit premi- ums of the Berks County Agricultural Society were awarded, consisted of IMessrs. Jacob G Zerr, Henry Eppihimer, George D. Stitzel' (:Jeorge K. Levan, John B. Holloway and Henry B. Rlioads. Mr. Eppihimer, the chairman of the committee, rendered efficient service, and was ably aided by his colleagues The cause of fruit-growing in Berks county has been greatly advanced throudi the efforts of lion. Charles Kes,sler, General Georee M Keira, Isaac Eekert, John S. Ricliards~'John Fehr and Daniel B. Lorah, all of whom are deceased, and Hon. George D. Stitzel Hon Frederick Lauer, Ezra High, William Yonno-" and other gentlemen still living amongst us' As to the iirogre.ssmade in fruit-growing in this county, we would refer to the remarks of Peter D. Wanner, Esq., of Reading, at the monthly meeting of the Berks Comity Agri- cultural Society held in Reading on -lanuary 3rd, 1880. In 1868, when a candidate for District Attorney, he made a thorough can- vass of the comity, and HEraiii in 1878 as a candidate tor Congress, "the improvement in the way of fruit-growing in ten years," he said, "was simply wonderful. I cain'e to places heretofore familiar, and was unable to recognize the surroundings. Fruit trees in yards and gardens, of all the most improved specimens, with beautiful .shade trees, vines and shrubbery, had a marvelous effect and my delight knew no bounds. This was not only the case in one section, but was a general ex- perience throughout the county. A Profitable Branch of Business. At the same meeting, Hon. Frederick 1880. J THE LANCASTER FARMER. 23 Lauer, of Reading, referred to fruit-f^rowiuf; as a iirnfitablc hranoh of business, and related the result of his visit as a dele<;ato to the incetins of the .\meriean Tomological Society in Soiitenibor, IST'.I, at Ivochcster, X. Y. In the course of his remarks he said : "Fruit liays belter than anyl iiing else, nor can the raising of fruit he overdone in this country. From less than one-quarter of an acre of my garden I annually sell pears and cherries to the amount of $IW. No dcpartuieut of the farm should receive greater attention." In the course of a subse(iiunl interview, Mr. T>auer stated to the writer, that foi' the pur- pose of protecting fruit-growers in this coun- try some stringent laws should be adopted, such as are in force, for instance, in parts of Eiu'oiie whicli he visited several years ago. A heavy line is imposed tor neglecting fruit trees and allowing injurious insects to spread. No tent cateriiillarsare seen on trees there as in this country. In Hohemia, a country with hills and valleys much like Berks county, there arc a great many jiruues grown, and the crop is an important one of export. In many sections of (Tcrmauy the public high- ways are lined with fruit trees. In Siiain it is tile custom of the traveler who partakes of fruit on his journey to plant the seed along the road.side, in order that it may grow and produce fruit and shade for others. The German, or English walnut is much used as a .shade tree in portions of Germany, where avenues miles in length shaded on both sides with trees of this in'olitabh^ variety of nut, may be found. The English walnut has been grown successfully in Berks county, and should be planted more generally for shade and jirolit. In connection with fruit-growing attention should be given to the cultivation of nut bearing trees. The Uses to Which Fruit Can be Put. There are so many uses to which fruit can be put, that the (piestion : "Can we plant too many fruit trees ?"' answers itself. So long as there is a demand for fruit, fruit- growing caiuiot be overdone, and it is not likely that the dem.and will ever cease, at least not with the present generation. As our country liecomes more populous, the con- sumption of fruit will increase. The time will come when the millions of dollars which annually flow out of this country for foreign fruits and wines will be kejit at home, for with the proper encouragement of fruit-grow- ing we slionld he alile to svipply our own wants, and have a large surplus of fruit for exjjort. The wine industry is destined to assume greater projiortions in this count. y, and the production of grapes and other fruits is yet in jts infancy. Commenting on the great deficiency in the French vintage of 1879, the London Slanddvd thinks that more attention should be paid by Euijland to Amer- ican and Australian wines. "It is far from unlikely,'' .says that journal, "that the time is coming when we shall be corai)elled to look for a large portion of (uir regular wine sui)ply outside the limits of those regions whence we have hitherto exclusively derived it, to the fertile soil of that new world which lies beyond the Atlantic." Vov the purpose of obtaining the views of one of our most experi- enced and successful fruit -Lrrowers. tin- writer addressed a note to (Christopher Shearer, of Berks county, reference to whose e.xtensive operations have already been made in this article, and received a reply of so much prac- tical value that it isherewiih submitted in the liojie that the information which it contains will prove profitable to the members of the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' .Society. Contributions. ForTlIK i.ANCASTEH FAKMER. FARM-LIFE vs TOWN-LIFE. How to keep our boys on the farm ? is a question of very great imiiortancc, and not as readily answered as asked. That in a coun- try like our own where three-fourtlis nearly of the population are engaged in agiicultural pursuits, a very large proportion of tlio young men are born and rercd in the rural districts, but the inviting temptation of the learned professions, manufactures and commercial operations, lures away from the field and stimulates the ambitious to seek the college, the marts of trade and the social habits of city life. Formerly, and even now in some of the old or Furopean countries, the farmer's life is a hard, sad, slavish pursuit, attended with very little of tlie comforts anresent time is greatly improved, and the farmer's sons hav(! here every inducement to respectability and standing in society with the professionals and the merchants. Farming here is no longer the isolated, menial task which burdened the tillers of the soil in the early settlements. This is owing in a great measure to the improved macliinery in agricultural labor. Farming is a surer bus- iness than manufactures or merchandising. It is safer than the professions in a pecuniary jioint of view. True, a very few in the i)ro- fessions, as well as in manufactures and com- merce amass wealth, but the number of fail- ures is legion, while the farming interest .accumulates slowly but surely, and there are comparatively few who don't succeed. A f^xrmer having several sons, healthy, athletic fellows, but one of them is considered a little stupid, and he stays on the farm; the others, more bright, seek other occupations. The farm is too dull for them, the labor too monotonous. They start off for the town, go into business, and when the lirothers are all old men the chances are that the gifted city traders are so poor that their less ambitious brother has to provide and take care of them in old age. This is no idle picture, but a reality, as we can can see every day. — II. — '^ For The Lancaster Farmer. WHfiLT FERTILIZER SHALL WE USE. Somewhat more than a year ago I wrote a few articles for The F.\rmer on "artificial fertilizers," trying to present the known and supposed facts and theories with regard to its action and the benefits resulting from its u.se. I have seen nothing brought forward since tliat time to change my views as then ex- pressed. To bring a full crop the soil must contain quite a number of certain ingredients and the lack of one of these is sufhcient to debar the earth from "bringing forth its fruit." There are however only three of these ingredients that are in danger of being exhausted by crop- ping, all the others are present in practically inexhaustible cpiantities. either from the large quantity stored in the soil, or from the small amount needed for plant-growtli. At the risk of being tedious by repetition, I give the three elements of plant-food that are in danger of being exhau.sted, with'such facts as I can glean : they are nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. .2V)7rof/c)i is the most costly of all the plant- foods that have to be supplied. It is found in immense (luantities in the atmosphere con- stituting about four-fifths of the bulk of the air. It is here not in an available state for plant-growtli, unless the pl.ants ab.sorb it by their leaves, as is advocated by some. To he used as a plant-food it must be combined with something else, such S 9s as- cr a • o Nitrogen, X 0 O Phosphoric acid. 0 X ^ Potash, 0 0 X Nitrogen and phosphoric acid, X X 0 Nitrogen and potash, X 0 X Phosphoric acid and potash. 0 X X All three. X X X The scheme looks very pretty, and doubt- lessly will work on tracts of level or genly rolling lands, but I think they will be worth- less in all places that may be termed billy. In the latter kinds of land you will often find the soil in the same field to be of three kinds, or of three degrees of fertility ; on the top of the hill medium to good; at the brow poor to medium; at the foot good to very good. To tc^st such soils is well nigh impossible. — A.B.K. ( To be continued. ) LETTER FROM NORTH CAROLINA. S.VLISBURY, X. C, January 20, ISSO. Editor L.vnc aster Farjiek.— Your.Ian- uary number forlSSO is to hand and contents noticed. In it we find much useful and need- ed information, always a welcome visitor in our household. Long and pro.sperous may it and its editor and publisher live, hoiiing that the people, especially those of your great ag- ricultural county, will sub.scrihe for it and contribute to its valuable columns and make it second to no paper in its line published on this continent at least. Every native born Lancaster countian, whether living there or elsewhere, ought to feel proud of their birth- place. Look at your fine stock of all kinds, your grains, grasses, fruits and well cultivat- ed lands, and say, who there cannot allbrd to aid in building up The Farmer, both in money and words. Hope all will put their shoulders to the wheel and roll it on and upward. If they will do so I have no doubt but that they and their children and chil- dren's children will be benefited by it. The farmers here, in 1879, made in quality and quanity fair crops of wheat, corn, oats, Irish and sweet potatoes, cotton and tobacco; less rainfall here this winter than for years past, and no snow so far; weather unusually fine; wheat and oats looks well; ground in good order for snow, and I would like to see snow fall and lay for si.\ or eight weeks, believing it would benefit both wheat and oats, and also keep fruit trees, grape and other vines from putting forth too early. Planting trees or vines, at whatever time planted, fall or spring, depends much upon climate, soil and manner in which they are managed; such is my experience, whether it is worth' any- thing to others or not. I have seen soot from chimneys and stovepipes applied to irrajie vines and rose bushes, around (he bodies on the ground, and prove beneficial. As regards fertilizers, I have seen none prove better than liarnyard manure and clover well put on and in. They will improve land, and it will hold out longer in pnxlucing tlian any other I have yet seen applied and experimf nted with, and not so expensive to make. This world, to me, means work, management and perseverance. .1 know farmers wlio baled and shipped hay, straw, cornfodder and shucks, leaving in some instances barely enough, if enough, on their farms to supply the need of their horses, cat- tle and sheep with roughage, made but little homemade manure of course, but tried patent manureB, believing them to be cheaper and better, but time proved it otherwise. No artificial manures of any kind, of whatever name called, would I allow to be put on my land gratuitously without any cash or expense to me whatever, unless it was- on an old worn out field, to raise a crop of grass or weeds to turn under in a green state and then stop ap- plying it, and go for barnyard manure and red clover. — M. B. Selections. THE ECONOMY OF A GARDEN. It is a common opinion among farmers that a garden for vegetables and small fruits is a costly luxury. It is a luxury which they would like to possess.bnt the cou.stant thought that they can make money faster by working in the field prevents them from giving more than a secondary attention to the garden. It is neglected as a matter of course, becomes infested with largo weeds, wliich are diflicult to clear out and the whole thing results as a failure. The owner is discouraged; he has found the garden a source of cost and diffi- culty, and he concludes that it is neces.sarily a very troublesome piece of ground to manage. There are two causes for this unfavorable result. t)ne is that the garden is left unfilled and unhoed in the press of other work until the weeds become so large that a ten-fold increase of labor is re(juired to work it. Had it been promptly taken in hand, and the weeds destroyed before they came up, quickly passing the hoe or steel rake over the surface, the labor would have been comparatively trifling and the growing crops would have been clean and vigorous in growth. The twenty-acre field of corn and jiotatoes should have given way to the half-acre of peas and leftuce, parsnips and siiinacb, cauliflower and asparagus, beets and onions, cabbages and cucumbers, tomatoes and squashes, melons and berries. The small half-acre would have been readily attended to; the twenty-acre field coidd liave taken the second chance. The other cause of failure is in haying out the garden so as to require much hand labor instead of doing nearly all with a hors(\ Tlie ground selected should be long and naiTow, so that when the long drills of vegetables are planted they are worked by running length- wise with the garden and thus obvigating fre- quent turning. A strip of ground in grass, ten or twelve feet wide at the ends, admits the easy turning of the horse. Or the kitchen garden may occupy a portion of an open field with limited room at the ends for that pur- pose. Having arranged the ground in this man- ner, plow deeply and repeatedly and manure highly and in advance. This, with modern annual apidications late in autumn or in winter, will keep the ground always in good condition. Sow seeds or set out plants in lines extending lengthwise about two and a half feet apart. Smaller kinds may be in doul)!e drills. With narrow cultivators and one-hor.se harrows a few inches less may answi'r; but a distance of thirty inches will not be a waste of ground for most vegetables, fur the rich soil, frequent and clean horse culture and greater room, will give the plants such luxuriant growth as they never could have in a more crowded sjiace and with occa- sional and feeble liand hoeing. Now, examine the expense of such a gar- den by a fair estimate. Begin with the small fruits and take raspberries as an example.. We may make the estimate for an acre, and then reduce it to a family supply. The plants may be secured by a little care in advance, and tlie small rooted ones be set out in autumn, each protected through winter with a forkful of manure; or they may be taken up if near at hand, when green and growing, early the next season — and in either case will attbrd crops of berries in a year or two. The cost of planting will be scarcely more than for an ecjual area of potatoes; and as this plantiug will not be repeated for several j'ears, it will be fair to offset any additional labor on the raspberries until well in bearing, against the annual work of plantiug the potatoes. The yearly culture by a horse will be quite as easy as to cultivate potatoes or corn. A moderate estimate of the raspberry crop is fifty bushels per acre — say one-third' tlie pota- to crop, and equal to the corn crop. Let us ask any farmer if a liushel of raspberries, distributed at the rate of two or three quarts a day on the table, would not be really worth, in money value, in providing for his family, more than a bushel of corii ? Again, take the strawberry croji. By horse culture, a bushel of straw Ijerries may be raised about as cheaply as a bushel of 4)otatoes. Would not the roots and the berries combined be worth more as daily food than nothing but a dish of potatoes to eat V The same reasoning will apply to many of the vegetables. The full supply of these, in connection with other food, would save the cost of many grocers' bills. But there is still another way in which these supplies would prove of positive finan- cial economy. A daily portion of fresh fruit, witli other food, contributes to Jiealtb, and often prevents formidable disease. We liave known a number of instances where the dis- eases of malarial regions have been entirely excluded from families by a regular provision of fresh fruit, while its absence in other families had resulted in long-continued sick- ness, lu one ca.se a family moving into a newly-settl d region took witli them enough dried fruit for daily use through the season. All the members continued in health. The next year, their supply being gone, several were taken down with interuiittent fevers. The loss of time in sickness is a serious mat- ter; the fatigue of waiting on the sick is undesirable; costly doctors' bills cut sharply into the farmer's revenue. lu conclusion, tlien, for the sake of saving expense, iireserving the health of the family, and providing a full share of the comforts and luxuries of the table, prepare aud plant a ganleii that may be cultivated with a horse as often as once a week the sea.son through, and let the small needed care be first and not the last thing on the list of farm operations. POPULAR BREEDS FOR PORK AND LARD. The hog the fanner derives his profits from is the one that converts his surplus corn into meat and makes the largest number of pounds for tlie bushel of corn consumed. It has been demonstrated over and over again that some 1880.] THE LANCASTER FARMER. 25 pigs fatten readily, while others can only be made fit for the i>ork barrel with great ditli- culty and expense. In order to lay on fat (jiiickly, the pii; must b(! a jjood eater and have plenty of substantial food. I'lach farmer with stock on luuul will soon learn from a "lad or sorry experience if he has a breed capable of being economically prepared for the slaughter-house or not, and each farmer can consei|neully profit by the result of the next two months. If the present lot prove to be of the kind that cat voraciously without giving paying returns in meat and lard, the owner will be wise only if he change the grade, at least, if not tlie breed of his new stock. No one of the domestic animals is so easily moulded as the hog. Much may be done by the swine-grower in perpetuating desirable qualities by simply observiTig individual ex- cellence, whatever the breed may be. In every litter one or more pigs can be selected that Will prove very much better tlian the others, with the same care and keeping. The breed known as the Poland-China possesses all the constituents of hardiness with won- derful powers of a.ssimilation. These hogs may be bred in any size desired, and can be fatted readily for market at any age ; they are also proliiic and are looked upon by many feeders of the west as among the very best of "pork-making machines. " The Berkshires, which have become so numerous and which are constantly im- proving, combine many good qualities favor- able to their popularity. Crossed with Po- lan.",7,7W) while the catch of cod, •2I.".,000. (JOO, was valued at S4,82.').r)4(l, and of mack- erel, 4',»,0UO,l per hundred bar- rels, if tlour is not inspected ; if it is inspected, wc will require to accompany our settlement an Inspec- tor's certiticate stating the number of barrels and brand and the grade passed. The resolution elicited considerable discussion, and, on motion, was laid on the table. The next resolution was as follows : liesolved, That it is the desire of the association that the Senators and members from Pennsylvania in Congress be requested to support and urge the pas- sage of the joint resolution now pending admitting foreign mill machinery intended for exhibition at the coming international exposition at Cincinnati, in June next, free of duty, and that every member of the association be requested to write to his represen- tative in Congress, calling attention to the impor- tance of immediate action thereon. Adopted. It was moved that a commission of live be ap- pointed to look after the interests of Pennsylvania millers at the international exhibition, and that the president and secretary be members of the commis- sion. Agreed to. A motion was made that an assessment of $2.00 each be made to carry on the association, and be paid at once, and the motion was agreed to. A recess of ten minutes was taken to receive the assessment. On re-convening the following resolution was offered : Resolved, That the convention recommend to the various railroad companies of Pennsylvania that they give to receivers of flour facilities for inspection o"f same while in their depots, and that the secretary be instructed to inform each company of this action. Not agreed to. It was moved that the meetings of the convention be held hereafter annually instead of semi-annually, and that the time be the first Tuesday of October of each year. Agreed to. .Mr. Schock moved, and it was agreed to, that a member of the executive committee Ijc appointed to represent the association in the national association. President appointed W. L. Small, of Vork. The motion that the MiUing H'ocfrf, of Bufl'alo, be the olticial organ of the association was laid on the table. The following resolution was adopted : Resolved, That the committee on transportation request of the railroad companies the privilege of flouring wheat in transit with a reasonable charge for demurrage and switching. It was moved and adopted that the next meeting of the association be held in Wilkesbarre, in October next. Messrs. D. M. Bacr, of Huntingdon, and W. P. Duncan,of Phillpsburs:, were unanimously elected first and second vice presidents respectively. The standing committees for theensuing yearwere then announced. The thanks of the convention were tendered to Mr. Hunter for the use of his parlors, to Mr. Hofl'er for the invitation to visit his mill, and to the news- paper reporters present. On motion, the convention then adjourned. LANCASTER COUNTY AGRICULTU- RAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The society met on .Monday afternoon, Februarv 2, at the usual hour, and was called to order by the President, Joseph F. Witmer. The following members and visitors were present : .Toseph F. Witmer, Paradise; Henry .M. F.ngle, Marietta; M. D. Kcndig, Manor; Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand; Simon P. Eby, city; John H. Landis, Manor; Casper Hiller, Conestoga; Johnson Miller, Warwick; C. L. Hunsecker, Manheini; ex-Shcrill Adam Bare, city; J. M. Johnston, city: Dr. C. A. Greene, city; C. A. Oast, city; F. H. DiA'cnderlfer, city; Dr. Williaoi Compton, city; W. W. Grlest, city; Henry Kurtz, Mt. Joy; Peter 8. Heist, Lltlz; Albert P. Mcllvalne, Paradise; Ephraim .S. Hoover, Manheim; William McComsey, city; Israel L. Lan- dis, city; Dr. S. S. Itathvon, city; Mr. Wolf, Mill, way; D. W. Oraybill, East HeinpHeld; Levi 8. Relet, Manheim. (Jn motion, the reading of the minutes was dls- [lensed with. Dr: Compton, of Lancaster, was nominated and elected to membership. Dr. C. A. Cireene was also elected . On motion the usual crop reports were dispensed with for the present meeting. Large Trees. Simon P. Eby gave the following dimensions of trees— the oak and walnut were recently cut down, the chestnut is still standing : •On the farm of A. Carpenter, In Warwick' town- ship, a chestnut tree, tlie circumference at foot of trunk, 'Si feet; clrcumferfiiec of trunk three feet up, 19 feet; cireumfcreiiee around oui at extremities of branches, 90 yards. Grain and grass grow under the tree up to trunk as well as In other parts of the field. Two white oak trees, cut cm same farm, respec- tively aged 2.">1 years and 24! years. A walnut tree aged 180 years on Israel G. Erb'g farm, Penn township. A chestnut tree with a circumference at foot of trunk of yn feet; circumference of trunk 7 feet above ground, 19 feet 4 inches; circumference around ex- tremities of branches, .59 yards. Fruit Growing on City Lots. Casper Hillcr read the following : Fruit growing In city yards and gardens has, owing to the frequent failure of fruit In the open country, become interesting and profitable. The su]ieriorily in city grown fruit in dry, unfavorable seasons, like t he lasf , could be seen at the fair of the Lancaster County Agricultural and Horticultural Society. And iliis superiority is not only to be found in a few specially favored gardens, but applies generally, as the fine fruit raised by John K. P.eed, Samuel Benelict, William Weidle, Harry Shultz, Benjamin Miller, Samuel W. Taylor, Daniel Smcych, .John Shaum, and many others who arc located In various parts of the town, abundantly proves. Pears and grapes appear to be the kinds of fruit best adapted to city gardens. With a little atten- tion, these could be raised in suflicient quantities to supply the home demand for fine table fruit. The causes of this superiority of city over country fruit are probably three-fold. The principal one, I presume, is in the condition of the soil. This does not become heated by the sun, like in the open country; is shaded by buildings and fences, which do not drink up the moisture in the ground, but help to retain it. The roots dij) under the buildings, fences, under pavements, and often reach into drains, where plant food in unlimited quantities abounds. The second cause is wind protection. This causes a more even temperature. The buildings break the force of the wind, and this prevents that sudden and excessive evaporation from leaf and soil that is so injurious lo fruit growth. In the open country, where there Is no rain in July and August, the soil becomes dry to the depth of .several feet, the fruit stops growing, be- comes stunted or ripens prematurely, and then is of little value. The soil in town lots from the two given causes, is not so easily affected, and hence the better ripening of the fruit. The third cause of flne fruit in town is also to some extent due to less insect depredations, the cultivators having those pests more under their control. Grapes do best in close yards, where strong winds arc completely cut ofl" by the surrounding buildings. In these, with a little extra care, the finer grapes, such asJCatawba, lona, Allan's Hybrid, and perhaps even Black Hamburg, could be suc- cessfully rijiened. The vines to do best should be trained on upright trellises, built a few inches ofl" south or cast side of the wall. In some of the most delicate varieties It may, jierhaps, be necessary lo use " coping," as the English call It. This is made of glass, two or three feet wide, and juts out from the wall like a porch roof. Another form of coping may also be used over upright trellises, away from buildings. The vines In both forms must be trained horizontally, and the fruit should be near the glass. This coping, in these wind-proiccted enclosures, acts almost as well as elaborate glass structures in the open ground. H. M. Kngle thonu'lit the essay excellent. There was little doubt the fruit grown in towns was better than that grown In the open country. Trees in cities have many advantages, •annot country fruit trees also have some of these advantages? Shade and mulching will do much. It Is high time that screens should be jireparcd by country growers. S. P. Eliy said the tcmiiorature in cities was always several degrees higher than In the open country, which is another advantage, but still he thought the country was the place to grow the best fruit. Dr. Greene believed the first requirement of grow- sng flne fruit was the necessary constituents in the soil. Moisture is another condition. Too much 28 THE LANCASTER FARMER. [ February, water is not good. He alluded to a substance lately found in Scliuylkill county which draws the mois- ture from the atmosphere and retains it around the roo'.s liver which it is |)laced. It has all the consti- tuents of ordinary liarnyard manure, with the addi- tion of gypsum. Alum shale is what it is called. lie related an experiment which proved prolific of frood results. He also directed attention to the ucccesity of destroying insects on fruit trees. Domestic Progress. C. L. Ilunseckcr read a very lengthy essay on the above subject. Prices, transjxirtation and [progress in travel and in a thousand other directions were al- luded to. Many statistics of many kinds were given, all of which were very interesting, but which would require too ntuch of our space to reproduce in detail. It was listened to with close attention, and afi'ordt'd many hints of which those pres nt will no doubt avail themselves. Theeontrast between tlic methods of to-day and those of one or two hundred years ago was as forcible as it was truthful. On motion, a vole of thanks was extended to Mctsrs. Hiller and Hunsecker, for their productions. Discussions. Levi S. Reist, to whom the question of planting forest trees had been referred, not being present, on motion, the question was continued until next meeting. Does the Stock have any Influence on the Graft ? Calvin Cooper s:iid the question has two .sides. Certain stocks influence the size of trees; in some cases even the fruit is a little changed. It has, and it has not. The question is not ddiuite enough to be answered definitely. The stock rarely aiJ'ects the fruit. H. .M. Engle thought we had not the time to-day to discuss this matter. He referred to a Massachu- setts report where there is an exhaustive discussion of the subject. It has been shown incontesfably that stocks do affect the grafts somewhat. He believed when grafts were put on old or bearing trees, the tree affects the graft. Casper Uiller has had much experience in graft- ing, but with all his knowledge he was not prepared to discuss this question. He related some iiersoual experiences going to show the stock has a consider- nble influence on the graft. H. M. Engle thought there is a difl'erence in the sap of trees: where the sap in the tree preponder- ates too largely over that in the graft it maybe sufficient to work an influence. Ephraim S. Hoover grafted a harvest pear on a wild stock ; the fruit was like that of the graft in appearance, but the flavor seemed to be a mixture of the two kinds. Dr. Greene said that as salt can be forced into a graft through the roots of the parent stock, if you force into the tree certain elements, you will also tind them in the graft. Calvin Cooper differed from some of the other siiciikers. He believes the leaves impart more of the flavor than the stock. You can put twenty kinds of apples on one stock, and they will all be different. If the stock had any influence, would they not all be alike.' He believed the moving cause was tiie foliage. H. M. Engle believed .Mr. Cooper's theory was eorreet as a rule, but there are certainly exceptions to it. John H. Landis said he had written to the Secre- taries of all the various Slate Agricultural Societies for copies and had the pleasure of presenting those of North Carolina and Virginia. A vote of thanks was extended to Mr. Landis for his efforts to procure the society these books. .Joseph F. Witmcr, to whcm was referred the question, " Is there sullicicnt evidence that ensilage is a successful method of preserving food for stock ?" read a very lengthy essay, giving the results of the few experiments on this question that have hitherto been made in tills county. IL' knew nothing of the matter himself. The o|>iuion of some members of the society was, that for the present this method of feeding stock would not find much favor among our farmers. The President said that if we mean to hold an ex- liibition next fall, it was time to announce the fact, BO that we can make thi^ necessary preparations. Calvin Cooper also thought this matter should not be put off longer than next meeting. M. D. Kendig made a motion thai at the next meeting this matter be taken up. il. .M. Engle amended it by iustruetiiig the Board of .Managers to look about for a place to hold au exhibition so that they may report at the next meeting. Agreed to. Referred Questions. Root crops, are they profitable f was referred to H. M. Engle for discussion at the next meeting. The rain fall, as reported by II. M. Engle, was 2 1.5-16 inches for the month of January. The society on motion then adjourned. POULTRY ASSOCIATION. A stated meeting of the Lancaster County Poultry Association, was held in the Agricultural .Society's Room, City Hall, Monday morning, F' bruary 2nd . The following members were present : J. B. Lichty, Secretary, city ; tieorgc A. Geyer, Spring Garden ; Frank R . Difl'enderffer, city ; Charles E. Long, city ; John F. Kced, city ; Win. A. Schoen- berger, city; J. M. Johnston, city; Henry Wisler, Columbia ; H. H. Tshudy, Litiz ; C. A. Gast, city ; Frank Griest, city; S. F. En^le, Marietta; Henry Greider, .Mount .Toy; John Bruckhart, Salunga; T. F. Evans, Lititz; Johnson Miller, Warwick; .Jacob. B. Long, city; Joseph F. Witmer, . Paradise; Charles Lippold, city. President Tobias being absent, Vice President Geyer was called to the chair. Kccording Secretary Lichty presented his annual report which was read, received and entered on the minutes. The report shows that the society, which was organized January U, 1879, had held regular monthly meetings since that date, and two adjourned meetings, making 14 meetings in all; the aggregate of attendance at these meetings was 2.5:i; four- teen questions relating to the poultry interests were discussed; l:i7 members were elected of whom 93 paid their dues; receipts from all sources during the present year, ^'^18.4:5. Treasurer Evans presented his annual report which was read. That part of it referring to the late poultry exhibition shows the receipts from all sources to have been $•'517.49, and the balance in the hands of the treasurer $1.5.5.4(1. Messrs. H. H. Tshudy, Jacob B. Long and John F. Keed were appointed a committee to audit the accounts of the secretary and treasurer. The report of the executive committee of the late exhibition was read. It contains a detailed state- ment of the number and kind of fowls exhibited, the amount of premiums paid and other information. The following propositions for membership were made and the nominees elected : John Grosh, Landis Valley; Dr. J. C. Brobst, Litiz; H. S. Garher, .Mount .Joy; Wm. I). Snyder, city; John H. Baumgardner, city; Liuna3us Rathvon, city; Frank Griest, city; Jeremiah Kohrer, city. The secretary read a eommunicatiou from Rev. D. C. Tobias, returning thanks for th« honor done him in his re-election a.» president of the society but re- spectfully declining the same. The declination was accepted and the following nominations for preiident were made ; S. S. Spencer, city; S. N. Warfel, Strasburg; B. J. McGrann, Man- heim township; Chas. E. Long, city. Under the rules these nominations lie over until next meeting. Mr. Lippold made inquiry as to the donation pre- miums oflered at the late exhibition; some of them have not yet been received by the exhibitors to whom they were awarded. The secretary replied that he had notified all those who had oflered premiums to forward them to those to whom they were awarded. He will again notify those who have not responded. On motion an order was drawn on the treasurer for 75 cents in favor of -Master Garber on payment for a pigeon belonging to him that escaped from its coop. The especial thanks of the society were tendered to Secretary Lichty, the members of the executive committee, and several members outside the com- mittee, for their disinterested efforts to make the exhibition a success. Tlie following questions were proposed for discus- sion at next meeting. "How e;u-ly in the season should we set hens ?" "Did the larger fowls receive enough premiums, compared with the awards to the smaller varieties, at the lute rxliibition." FULTON FARMERS' CLUB. The Fulton Farmers' Club met at the residence of J. R. Blackburn on January ii, and the meeting was called to order by the President, all the families of the members being re|jresent.ed except one. Visitors, Joseph Lincoln, Thomas P. King, Levi B. Kirk, Edwin Stubbs, Mr. Speiiee, .John Evans, Ed. Brogan, La'nion Blackburn. F. ToUinger exhibited one ear of corn, containing 1,6S0 grains, raised by a neighbor, Amoa Smith ; J. R.Blackburn, a very fine pumpkin, weighing 33Vi pounds, rais3d on the .Meadow Island. 1. How many members will raise tobacco next year? Answer: Only one. '■i. What kind of treatment should young orchards receive ! Answer : Work well while young, and manure, but not so heavily as to force too rapid a growth. Hogs cultivate an orchard better than ploughing. Wash the young trees with lime mixed with strong soap-suds. Keep the bark smooth. The club was now invited to dinner, and therefore adjourned until afternoon. The gentlemen, as is their custom, took a walk to view the farm, stock, etc., of Jthe host, -\fter re- turning to the house, an article, entitled "Churn- ing," by Prof. J. B. Arnold, was read by the host, showing how every step requires care and skill, •r the product will be injured. Also, that more in- jury is done by failing in churning than by any other one thing. Jersey, with large globules, will churn as easily at 5SO as native cows at (1(1°, or ihe Holstein at fi2°. Not one in one hundred stops when he has churned enough, which is wlien the granules are hard enough to be handled without sticking together when washing, either in or out of the churn. One of the members had difficulty in getting the butter separated from the milk. 3. Can any one give an instance when Jersey marl did good? Answer: Some of the (pembeis knew instances, and one had tried it without any good result. I 4. Did any one use Powell's prepared chemical ? Answer : An instance was related where enough to make a ton had been bought. A recitation by Carrie Blaekbnrn, entitled "O Sunny May, O Blue-Eyed May;" also, a communi- cation from "The Old Woman," explaining how she and the old man have been annoyed with people talking about unnice folks, showing how some people will talk and slander their neighbors, and how some people borrow what every one ought to have. She, on one occasion, loaned her wash-tub and had to do her washing in a barrel. The old woman thinks she is hard to arouse, but judging from what has hap- pened in the times that are passed, when the cat peeped around the corner of the himse and then left without a farewell, we should say her disposition was not of the best. Has the cutting away of the timber had any effect upon the rainfall of the country ? Great ditferenee of opinion was exjjressed upon this question, and dates were given going to show that although many claim last season to have been the dryest, there have been other years when a longer time elapsed between the rainfalls than last, and streams that no one now living had ever seen dry, had been entirely so wheu there was an abun- dance of timber in the vicinity. Yet in Egypt they have rain where trees have been planted, and in Gi^riuany the rainfall is regulated in a measure by planting trees. One argued that countries where there were no trees were more subject to drouth and floods. One member gave 1792 as the date when there were 128 days without one drop of rain, and that two hundred years ago there were between SO and 90 days without any rain. Question for discussion next time : Rtsob'e<}, That women take more interest in agri- cultural aflairs than men. The club were appointed to bring literary exer- cises for the next time, to meet at Lindley King's, 7th of February. LINN.EAN SOCIETY. The Liniuvan society held their stated meeting, Saturday, January 31, 18^0, President J. S. Stahr in the chair. The preliminary buriness being attended to, the donations to the museum were examined and found to consist of six bottles of specimens in alco- hol. One was a common house mouse, infested with a scurvy, disease involving the tissues of the head, this being at least one of a-half dozen similar cases found during the last few years past in this city, and had been submitted to Dr. M. L. Davis, of MiilcrsTille, for .xamination. This mouse was given by E. J. Zuhni, of this city. Two Batrachiau speci- mens of the salamander family, the Soto/>t/iaii/ius tnimiutas, p r Prof. Stahr. The Kotoplilhaluius tiiiUepunctatux, per J. Staulfer; bottle larvae of the lomoih. Two goldfish; a small, rather peculiar sun fish; a package. No. 40, of prepared corundum from Chester county, per Mr. Rathvon; a fine sjieei- men of brown oxide ol iron (Hematite,) jier Mr. C. .M. Ilesb, of Quanyville; a large sized stone Indian implement of the stone age, found in the grounds of the Wiiodward Hill eemelcry, this city, jjcr Mr, Wm. Dcverter, a kindof wedge or pick-axe; a number of very large chestnuts, grown by .Mr. David ilerr, from specimens I'eceived from France. These are on an average three times as large as our native elicst- nuts. Additions to the Library. Proeeeilings of the American Pliiiosoj)hieal society of Philadelphia, vol. XVIII., .\o. 104, July and De- cember, 1879. Pamphlets, one on buttei-fiies and moths, per Mr. H. Strecker, Heading, Pa. Reports upon the condition of crop.s, Deeemlier 1st, 1879. U. S. Patent Ottiec (hizeltc u[i to January 27tli. 1^80. Specimen papers of the NciriiHflc AiiiirU;m and con- tents of supplement, as also a small band-hook. The Laxiastkk Faiiubk for January, 18 0, besides books, catalogues and circulars. Historical section, 4 envelopes coutaining i>2 scraps of historical interest, per S. S. R. Papers Read. Dr. M. L. Davis simply read from a slip notes and observations on the diseased mouse. An the matter was of interest the docior was urged to write them out at full length and dejiosit the copy among the archives of the society. The disease is known as the Porrif/o fnnvosa, well known as asjiecies of fungus, analogous to the fungus, called yeast plant. Mice, in snutling around breweries or larders, may come is«0.] tHE LANCASTER FARMER. 29 111 contact with the sponiles and hecomc inoculalpd, iiul they limy Impart it tn cats, tii> cuts, (lni;s and rliildreu are occasionally sulijecl to tliif fungufl frrowth. Dr. RathTon rend a paper entitled, "Zoolotjical Notes," No. .WO; descriptive oftlje saliimanders and their relationfi, and some personal observations of his own at "Hunter's Luke," in I,ycomiuit county, Pa., in 1S47. Scientific Miscellany. Kev. J. S. stahr. Rev. Dr. J. H. Dubhs, M. L. Davis, \l . D., Wilmcr Bolton and J. .StaufFer diacus- »ed tuiiKoids and their prollhc firowth. Dr. KathTon rel'errcd to a late author, who proposes to destroy noxious insects by iiioruhitimj them with a kind of I'ung:us, such US is known to kill Hies, ffrasshoppers, ,S:c., inducing fatal epizootic disease anion^^ tliem. A word of caution might be seasonalile on this suli- jecl. Mrs. /ell presented a flower for a name. It evidently belonjxs to tlic natural order Acanthaeece, and no doubt one of the 1;17 species of lusticea, now divided into dilTereiit genera. A Good Farm Stockfood. Corufodder, as we lerin it, is a very s^ood food for larin stock, when cut at the proper time and well prepared for the barn. I do not think this fodiler lias been appreciated at its true value, though there has been much thouirht and writina; on the subject. Wheu 1 was a boy 1 never saw an acre of corn treated iu the same manner that every farmer prac- tices now in Vermont, as far us I know. It was not uncommon in my younsj days in New Hampshire for farmers to let the bulk of their corn- fodder stand until it was thoroughly ripened or killed by snccessive frosts. The top stalks were re- meved about September — first of the month in average years. When the corn commnnced to hard- en these stalks were tiound iu small bundles and stocked on the adjacent ^rass land, and when cured were very nice fodder. But the bulk of the fodder still remained, and by exposure and ripenina; was ruined. When the coru was harvested cattle would eat it, and so they will dry corn-cobs, where not one per cent, of nourishment can be found. One man says he plants a small kind of corn, that the fodder may also be of a fine quality. I think I can suggest an improvement on his plan. I have a kind of eight-rowed corn which is as large as any of the kind I 'have seen. I get over a hundred bushels of ears per acre with ordinary cul- ture. But the stalks are small, not growing much if any more than si.v I'eet high. A year or two since I hail very good luck in curing them iu our way and fed them to my oxen aud cows, and I could easily carry in my arms at once every stalk they left. My usual way of preparing this fodder is as fol- lows : Cut the corn at tlie ground when about half- glazed or hardened; while the stalks are yet green bind about seven or eisrht hills in a bundle, and put from three to five bundles in a shock; set them firmly on the ground and put a band arouud the top of the shock. After a short rain or two will not injure them. When sulliciently cured husk them in the field, or cart to the barn and husk there. Vou will be pleased with the corn, which will be well ripened and ready for the crib. I usually cut my oats when the straw is about half-turued, and it I have good luck in curing it makes very palatable food. "After threshing, I take of straw aud corufodder and with alternate layers mow them in some convenient place, and feed out in November and December. There will be but little waste, and corufodder must be very dry if this mow- does not mould, as it probably will in most eases. But the cattle do not mind the mould, and eat this prepared fodder readily and do as well as on good hay. Farmer can feed from a mow of corufodder as above, and from a mow of hay alternately if they prefer. — Gcnnantowii Tdctirajih. Bone Dust. Bone dust, like barn yard manure, does not imme- diately yield up its nitrogen or phosphate acid to plants. The bone phosphate of lime is iusolutile in water containing carbolic acid. The gelatine of the bones would soon decompose iu a moist, porous, warm soil, provided it was not protected by the oil and hard matter of the bones. Steaming removes the oil, and reducing the bones to as fine a condition as possible is another means of increasing their availaliility. Another good method is to mix the bone dust with barn yard manure and let both fer- ment together, and I am inclined to think this is the simplest and most economical method of rendering bones available. The bone dust causes the heap of manure to ferment more rapidly, and the fermenta- tion of the manure softens the bones. Both the manure aud hones are improved and rendered richer and more available by the process. One ton of good bone dust contains about as much nitrogen as 8'a tons of fresh stable mauu-e. But one ton of manure contains more potash tUap five tone of tionc dust. Forest Leaves for Stable and Yards. We don't think that tarmers set as much value upon forest leaves as thev should do. They possess many good (|ualilies. They have a pleasant smell, absorb the moisture, and through the winter are converteil into excellent manure. They can be most conveniently gathereil after the first snow, or at least before the winter blasts have scattered them. They then lay compid ly, and being moist can be handled with great lacility. A cart with a few standards stuck iu the sidcswill hold a considerable quantity ; anil the best thing to gather them or load thcin with is a wooden hand-rake ; a wooden four- tined straw-fork is al.>,o \cry handy when the leaves are moist. They can be gathered, too, when other labor about the i'arm is slack. There are leaves, also, about the garden yard, and orchards, that should be gathered and useil. They are good for covering vines, calibage, and half-hardy shrubbery after being laid down. They do not admit mucli moisture and are an excellent protection against frost . Wonders of Broom Corn. Broom corn is likely at no distant day to revolu- tionize the breadstulf supply of the world. A pro- cess has Ijeeu discovered by which the finest and most nutritious flour can be made from the seed to the extent of one half its weight, and leave the other half a valuable food for making beef aud milk. The average yield per acre is three hundred bushels, and in many instances five hundred bushels, or thirty thousand pounds have been secured. Nor does it exhaust the soil as Indian corn, from the fact that it feeds from the deeper soil, and assim- ilates its food Trom a cruder stale. It belongs to the same genus as the sorghum sac- charatuin, or sweet cane, commonly known as sor- ghum, which as an article of food is growing rapidly iu public esteem, and from the seed of which a most nutritious fiour can be made. — Wc^tem Grocer. Horticulture. Spring Cultivation of Strawberries. Mr. E. P. Koe, the horticulturist, in his Scritynei- series on small fruits, writes as follows of a mooted question in the culture of strawberries : I hare now reached a point at which I differ from most horticul- tural writers. As a rule it is advised that there be no spring cultivation of bearing plants. It has been said that merely pushing the winter mulch aside sufficiently to let the new growth come through is all that is needful. I admit that the results" are often satisfactory under this method, especially if there has been deep, thorough culture iu the fall, and if the mulch between and around the plants is very abundant. At the same time I have so often seen unsatisfactory results that I take a decided stand in favor of spring cultivation, if done properly and sufliciently early. I think my reasons will commend themselves to practical men. Etcu where the soil has been left mellow by fall cultivation, the beating rains and the weight of melting snows pack the earth. All loamy laud settles and tends to grow hard after the frost leaves it. While the mulch cheeks this tendency, it can not wholly pre- vent it. As a matter of fact, the spaces between the rows are seldom thoroughly loosened late iu the fall. The mulch too often is scattered over a com- paratively hard surface, which by the folio /ping June has become so solid as to sutfcr disastrously from drought in the blossoming aud bearing season. 1 have seen well mulched fields with their plants faltering and wilting, unable to mature the crop be- cause the ground had become so hard that an ordi- nary shower could make but little impression. Moreover, even if kept moist by the mulch, land long shielded from sun and air tend to become sour, heavy and devoid of that life which gives vitality and vigor to the plant. The winter mulch need not be laboriously raked from the garden bed or field and then carted back again. Begin on one side of a plot and rake toward the other until three or four rows and speecs between them are bare; then fork the spaces or run the cultivator— often the subs.Ml plow — deeply through them, and then immediatelv, before the moist, newly-made surface dries, rake the winter mulch back into its place as a summer mulch. Then take another strip and treat it iu like manner until the generous impulse of spring air and sunshine has been given to the soil of the entire plantation. A New Nut. There is a new /ml which has just come " to the surface." It is of Chinese origin, and so far as we know has not yet made i's appearance in the United States. It is called the " Water Nut,'' which grows and matures in still, clear water of from one to two feet in depth. It is technically called Trnpahicornis (Ling Kok of the Cantonese). The best situation for \i is where the water is subject to a gentle over- flow by the tides, " but it grows well iu ponds be- yond the reach of tides." 'fhig, of course, makes it more popular, and so does its earlinees, as It is ready for consumption as early as May, ami Is in the mar- ket up to August. "They are eaten by all classes of Chinese, and are also relished by Kuropeans. They are sometimes eaten raw, but generally in a cooked state. They are simply lioiled, and black skiu is taken off either before or after boiling, like potatoes. On Kurojiean tables they are served up w ith sauce." Indeed ! Now w hat do we want more but for some enterprising speculators he re to take It in hand and make a fine penny out of it f The capi- tal w ill be very small. The cost of importation will be little, the principal expense being a few thousand pamphlets, with well-executed " cuts," representing the water nut In Its various stages of maturity, its appearance before and after cooking, before aud after the black skin is removed, and when It Is placed on the Yankee table with the aforesaid sauce. Don't Crowd the Fruit Trees. . In setting out fruit trees, it Is not uncommon to see insiinielcnt allowance made for tliclr future growth; hence, wheu the years have passed and the little saplings have attained their full size, their spreading branches almost, if not quite interlace, excluding needed sunlight atid air from the lower branches and bringing the roots into too near ueigh- borhood. It has been observed that the lower branches of trees planted in this way produce Infe- rior fruit, while the UJiper branches — reccivlug abundance of sun and air — give fruit of good quality; also that the outer rows of these tree^ have finer fruit than the inner rows. These facts teach a lesson likewise in pruning. Branches should not be al lowed to grow so thickly as to exclude a fair share of light and air from any part of the tree. The distance apart the trees should be set must be de- termined Ijy the climate aud by the kind of tree; the size of eveu the same variety of tree varies more or less with the climate. Less complaint would be hearil about non-fruiting years if a generous bell of sunlighi was allowed between the rows of the trees, and the soil annually supplied sutlicient food for material to restore that used iu the productiou of large crops of fruit. Plant Apple Trees. While we recommend farmers to plant apple trees, we do not wish to be understood as underratlDg all other kinds of hardy fruits, for all kinds of hardy fruits shoulil be found on every farm. But, then, the ajjple is the king of fruits. Its season is the whole year — late keepers bciug on hand, if proper care has been takeu of them, when the early vaiie- ties again ripen. It can safely shi|iped all over the Union, and to Europe even, as it now is by the million barrels almost annually. It forms, or should form, a part of one's daily food. It Is healthful, keeping the bowels iu projicr condition, acting upon the liver and warding off bilious diseases. It makes nice preserves, jellies, pies, dumplings and other de- sirable dishes. The tree is long-lived, giving fruit for fifty years or more. No farm, no home, is com- plete without a large orchani of well-selected varie- ties of apple trees. Every farmer who has not a good orchard should select the ground for one, plow and harrow it, lay it off for the trees, ilig the holes and plant the trees in early spring. Domestic Economy. Polishing Furniture. To clean furniture, and especially the surface of a finely polished piano, we will give our lady friends a recipe better than any in the books. Take a wash- bowl full of tepid water, and a little fine toilet soap, and a tablespoonful of sweet oil. Dip a piece of old fiannel in this, and apply it to the wood, rubbing vigorously for. awhile; then exchange this for a piece of old, soft, fine cotton (not linen, as that leaves its fibres of lint), and rub with this awhile, finishing with a fresh piece of the same cotton until the liquid application Is thoroughly removed. All these successive applications to be made to one par- ticular spot of the wood no larger than can be worked with a single stroke of the arm, and that to be finished before a fresh place is treated. When the whole piano has been done over in this way (It should take two hours at least to do it well), it will look as good as new, and far better than if rellnished by an ordinary workman. This is the best possible application for that purple cloud that comes over a polished wood surface in damp weather. Of course a judicious lady w ill be very sparing of the liquid, although she has a wash-bowl half full of it, and will not use enough to drip on the carpet, or to penetrate to the interior of the piano. — Krchange. Bloody Milk. In reply to a corresiKindenl « ho inquires for the cause and remedy for bloody milk, the Atnerican Agriculturitt says : "The milk may be found mixed with blood, without any distinct attack of gaiget. Garget consists of Inflamation and congestion of the udder, or part of it, aud is accompanied by constitu- so THE LANCASTER FARMER. [ February, tional disturbance, generally fever. But the milk may be tinged with blood from other causes. Vio- lent jerking of the udder, by racing about, a blow, cold in the organ, or other similar accidents, may cause it, and with some heavy milkers, which are subject to it occasionally the cause seems to be over- excitement of the secretory apparatus of the udder. Generally a cooling purgative, or a saline diuretic (such, for instance, as eight ounces of salts, or four drams of saltpetre, or both together,) with rest and frequent careful and gentle milking, will effect a cure when the latter is the cause. For garget simi- lar but more active treatment is needed. Measuring the Height of a Tree. When a tree stands so that the length of its shadow can be measured, its height can be readily ascertained as follows : Set a stick upright— let It be perpendicular by the plumb-line. jMeasure the length of the shadow of the stick. As the length of its "shadow is to the height of the stick, so is the' length of the shadow of the tree to its height. For Instance, if the stick is four feet above the ground, and its shadow is six feet in length, and the shadow of the tree is ninety feet, its height will be sixty feet (6:4:: 90:00.) In other words, multiply the length of the shadow of the tree by the heisrht of the stick, and divide by the length of the shadow of the stick. Treatment of Frozen Plants. In times of severe cold, the more tender plants in the window will sometimes be chilled and frozen. Such plants should not be put near the stove, to be thawed out; but kept where the temperature is a trifle above the freezing point that the thawing may be gradual, and In the dark that no deleterious chemical changes may take place. If severely touched with frost, it is best to remove the frozen parts, that new stems may be forced out from the buds below. Water freely, and finally bring them to the ordinary temperature for house plants — li5 to 70 degrees. — American Agriculturut. To Preserve Shingles. Petroleum applied to shingles adds greatly to their durability. The best way is to dip the shingles in the oil, taking a handful at a time, and leaving them in a tub a few minutes. Saw an oil barrel across the middle, and it will make two good tubs, one for holding the oil, and the other for the shingles to drain in. If well seasoned, they will take the oil more readily than otherwise. A barrel of oil will give a good soaking to seven thousand or eight thousand shingles. Ventilation of Bed Rooms. Each inhalation of pure air is returned loaded with poison; a hundred and fifty grains of it is added to the atmosphere of a bedroom every hour, or twelve hundred grains during the night. Unless that poison-laden atmosphere is diluted or removed by a constant current of air passing through the room, the blood soon becomes impure, then circulates sluggishly, accumulating. and pressing on the brain, causing frightful dreams. — J7a:. Tar for Warts. A farmer writing to an exchange, says : "I had a mare some years ago that had a large wart on her side, where the harness rubbed and kept it sore. In summer the flics made it worse. To prevent this I put on a good daub of tar, and in a few weeks the wart was killed and disappeared. I have frequently tried it since on cattle and horses, and seldom had an occasion to use a second application. The remedy is simple and effectual." Household Recjpes. Mince Me.\t.— Beef's heart, beef's tongue, the hock or the neck or the round may be used. Boil the meat until it is thoroughly done and mince it fine. For every pound of me.it allow a pound of raisins, stoned and chopped, half a pound of dried currants, washed dried and picked over; quarter of a pound citron, half a pound of suet, a heapiog table- spoonful of salt, two heaping cups of brown sugar, the grated rind and juice of two lemons, one cup of molasses, three of boiled cider, two heaping table - spoonfuls of mixed spice, and twice as much chop- ped apples, by measure as of chopped meat. Fruit syrup may be used instead of cider, and butter in- stead of suet. Mix all the ingredients, save the apples, and when the pies are to be baked, mince the apples and add them. The flavoring may be changed to suit the taste. Custard Pie. — Beat the yolks of four eggs very light, then the whites, then both together. Spill a level teacupful of sugar into the eggs and beat all well. Add gradually a quart of the richest milk, if it is half cream all the better, and stir thoroughly together, add a level teaspoonful or more of any flavoring essence. If spice is used it should be beaten into the egg before the milk or sugar is added to them. Put the deep pie plates (covered jwith paste before the eggs are beaten) into the oven and with a cup or ladle fill them carefully to the rims. Bake till the custard is firm. Cover if necessary with a pasteboard or thick paper if the oven is too hot. This is from Mrs. Whitney's " Just How." Lemon Pie. — Two lemons, six eggs, two teacup- fuls of sugar, two tablespoonfuls of flour, one tea- cupful boiling water, rich pastry for lining pans. These materials will make two pies. Grate off the yellow rind of the lemons for flavoring, throw away the thick white skin, cut up the remainder of the lemon very fine, being careful not to loose the juice. Add to this the sugar, the yolks of six eggs well beaten, then the flour, and lastly the boiling water. Pound the mixture into the lined pie pans and bake. Prepare an icing with the whites of six eggs and when the pies are a light brown spread it smoothly over them ; return again to the oven and bake a light brown. Apple Jelly. — A beautiful and delicious jelly may be made of any sour red apples such as Spitz- enbergs, Baldwins or Northern Spys. Wash, quar- ter and core without paring and cook until the whole mass has a red tinge and is soft. Pour into a colander, drain off the juice and run it through a jelly-bar. Boil again one-half hour. Measure and to every three cups of juice allow two cups of sugar and boil again fifteen minutes. If highly-flavored jelly is liked, lemon or vanilla may be added before it is turned into the cups. Most jelly recipes give an equal measure of sugar and fruit juice, but in making jelly of winter apples I have found two of sugar to three of fruit give a good firm jelly that will cut smoothly with a knife. Pound Cake. — One pound of butter, one pound of loaf sugar, one pound of eggs, one pound and a quarter of flour. Put the butter into a clean pan, about milk-warm, and stir it round until it becomes cream; then add the sugar, which must be pounded very flne, and stir them together for a few minutes. Break the eggs in and beat them all together for five minutes; then gradually add the flour and six drops of essence of lemon; stir them lightly together, put in a buttered mould and bake in a cool oven. This cake is good, but plain. If a richer one is desired, put in one pound of currants, half a nutmeg, grated, and a quarter of a pound of candied lemon, cut into thin slices. Boston Jumbles. — Four ounces of butter, the same quantity of sugar and of sifted flour. Cream the butter and sugar, add the yolk of one egg beaten white, and flour, rosewater to taste; drop on tins covered with paper and buttered; bake in a quick oven about eight minutes; ice them when cold. Dust with flour before iceiug, rub off all that will not stick. The flour makes the iceing adhere to the cakes. Rice Pudding Boiled. — Boil a large cupful of rice in water for five minutes, drain off the water and put the rice on again in milk; let it boil until soft, stirring occasionally to prevent it from burn- ing; when done put into a basin with a part of butter, the zest of a lemon, a little nutmeg, half a glass of brandy; sweeten to taste; add five eggs; boil for three-quarters of an hour in a basin; serve with marrow pudding sauce. Almond Pastrv. — Pound three ounces of al- monds, one-quarter pound of butter, two ounces of loaf sugar, with a little rose water till it becomes a thick paste. Spread it on a buttered tin, bake in a slow oven. When cold divide into eight pieces, put a spoonful of preserves on each piece and cover with whipped cream. Calf's Liver Broiled. — Cut the liver into thin slices, wash it and let it stand in salt and water for half an hour, to draw out all the blood. Season with salt and salt and pepper, and broil, basting fre- quently with butter. Either fried or broiled liver is more delicate if, after it is cut into slices for cooking, it is parboiled in salt and water. Potato Pie. — Boil and sift two pounds Irish or sweet potatoes, grate a lemon and squeeze the juice into them while hot. Kub a pound of butter and one pound of sugar to a cream, to this add the well beaten yolks of six eggs, the potatoes, half a nut- meg grated, a quart of rich milk, and lastly the whites of the eggs beaten to a stirt' froth. Bake with an undercrust only. Pearl Barley Pudding. — Wash half a pint of pearl barley, put it into a stewpan with three pints of milk, a quarter of a pound of sugar and a little nutmeg at the corner of the stove; when properly swelled, take it out, flavor to taste, add four eggs and boil in a basin for one hour, serve with black cherry arrowroot sauce. Pistachio Diplomatic Pudding. — Chop very fine a quarter of a pound of blanched pistachios ; mix with half a pint of clear jelly ; mask a plain mould with all this, and fill up with a custard, as for diplomatic pudding, mixed with a quarter of a pound of finely chopped almonds and flavored with a glass of noyeau ; cold German sauce. Hickory Nut Macaroons. — Make frosting as for cake ; stir in enough ponnded hickory-nut meat, with mixed ground spice to taste, to make conve- nient to handle. Flour the hands and form the mixture into little balls. Place on buttered tins, allowing room to spread, and bake in quick oven. Plain Pastry. — With one pound of flour sift four times two teaspoonfuls baking powder, then add a teaspoonful of salt and rub into the flour six ounces of butter with very cold water; make this into a paste, roll thin. This pie crust is good for dyspep- tics and those who do not care for rich pastries. Live Stock. Teething in the Horse— Wolf Teeth. In connecting the teeth with diseased eyes we are not following the foolish prejudice which attributes all troubles of sight to the wolf teeth. These teeth are harmless enough; yet the popular prejudice has a foundation which it would be well for horsemen not to ignore. Most diseases of the eyes occur at that period of life when the milk teeth are being most rapidly shed and the permanent teeth are com- ' ing up. To suppose that a horse suffers nothing in cutting his teeth is a great mistake, as is shown by the frequently slow and painful mastication of some young animals by the occasioned dropping of food in a half-chewed condition, and by the heat, redness and swelling of the palate and gums. That red, swollen and tender state of the roof of the mouth behind the front teeth, familiarly known as "Lam- pas" is but an indication of this teething trouble, and in not a few instances it renders the animal feverish, weak and by virtue of the general conges- tion of the head, strongly predisposed to inflamma- tion of the eyes. The wolf teeth are in the mouth during the greater part of this period of teething, and are usually shed toward its completion; so that once it is hinted that these are the cause of the trouble with the eyes, the owner, looking into the mouth seems to find ample confirmation of the statement. The wolf teeth are, however, the most harmless in the mouth, having long ago reached their full development, and are but slightly inserted in their sockets, while the great and dangerous irri- tation attends on the cutting of the large grinding teeth, and, in the male, of the tushes. The presence of the wolf teeth in the mouth at this time is an acci- dent, and not an injury. The temporary recovery often following their removal would have taken place all the same had they been left in the mouth, and a later attack is just as likely as if they were present. The excitement- attendant on teething is natural; what we should guard against is its excess. Any costiveness of the bowels should be corrected by the feeding, or, if necessary, by one ounce of Glau- ber's salts daily. Teeth pressing painfully beneath tense, resistant, painful gums indicate the need of the lancet; teeth entangled on the crowns of their successors should be removed: all excessive swelling, redness and tenderness of the gums demand lancing; and, finally, all unnecessary excitement or exhaus- tion should be a.\oided. Nati07ial Live Stock Jouriialy Chicatjo. Ventilating Stables. Many stables require no ventilation, as the cracks about the doors and windows, and the openings in the side walls, always admit all abundant supply of fresh air. But when the wainscoting, doors, and windows are as tight as in a well flnished dwelling- house, some provision must be made for the escape of foul air and the inflow of pure air. So long as the foul air does not escape from an apartment, pure air cannot enter. In some stables flues about a foot square extend from the ceiling to the roof. But foul air will not escape through such flues unless pure and colder air can find an entrance near the floor of the stable. Pure air will enter such holes so gradually that no draft will be produced. Then as the colder air enters, the foul air will escape through the flues. In order to ventilate any apartment by opening windows, the upper sash should be lowered, and the lower sash should be raised. By this ar- rangement the cool air will flow into the room be- neath the sash. Let it be borne in mind that one cannot All his sleeping apartment or stable with pure air so long as the space is occupied by foul air. Horses like to thrust their noses out of the stable, through a small window, so as to breathe the pure air. Horses will endure very cold weather without injury, provided the apartment is kept dry and full of pure air. It is vastly more injurious to a horse to breathe over and over again the foul and warm air of a close stable, than to inhale very cold air when the mercury indicates zero. Foul air will always rise into the story above the stable, provided there are openings or Hues through which it may escape into the atmosphere. A great many owners of flne and beautiful horses damage the health of their animals for want of proper ventilation. When the coat and skin of a horse are dry, there is no danger that the animal will take cold by inhaling very cold air. But when he is warm and sweaty, the groom cannot be too careful of horses until the hair and skin is quite dry.— ,S'. E. T. 1880. THE LANCASTER FARMER. 31 Fattening Sheep. An Ohio sheep raiser, wiitini; to the Rural New Yorker, says : " Sheep [liekeil out lor tlie butcher should be feii ije>it'>''"i''ly and roiruhirly, and upon this point too niueli stress eannot be laid. Care should be taken, liowever, to give tlie sheep only just enough lor one meal at eaeli feedinj; time. If they are given superabundance of hay they soon learn to lie particular in selecting tlie best part only ; and if there is not enougli of this at one feeding time, they will wait half hungry for the next. My own experience agrees with tlial of most successful sheep owners, that I'attening cattle should be fed three times a day, tliougli some of my neighbors think twice often enough. It is also very important that the sheep should not be allowed to sulfer from want of water ; neither shcnild they lack a .supply of salt; for although salt is not so necessary to them in the winter as in summer, still they will thrive lietter If it is fed to them at least once a week at all seasons." Catarrh in Sheep. Sheep run at tlie nose sometimes because of cold, but often it is chronic eatarrli, and is not easily cured. If tliey are made to inhale the steam from hot vinegar or a decoction of bojis, they will thiow out a great deal of mucus which will be loosened by inhalation. The steam may be made by dropping a live coal into a vessel containing the liquid, or by in- serting a hot irim. After the mucus has been dis- charged, smear the nostrils with pine tar. Scotch snutf dropped in the nostrils will cause the sheep to throw out the mucus, bnt this remedy is not so etfective as the steaming. A hood may be put on the head of the sheep to prevent the steam from escaping, and the head of the animal must be held directly over the vessel. Sheep affected with catarrh should not be exposed to cold storms or cold winds, as either will increase the malady. Bonner's Horses. The folowilng is the price which Bonner paid lor some of his horses : Uarus, S'i6,0(HI; Dexter, $:i3,000; Goldsmith Maid, ?:i.5,000;(;rafton, 815,000; Socrates, ?26,000; Tattler, Sl7,000; tien. Knox, $10,000; Poca- hontas, 5-15,000; .Jay Gould, g;!."),000; Startle, S-'0,0()0; Lady Thorn, ?3(l,0U0; Lucy, 825,000; Rosalind, ilO,- 000;" total, §:ilO,000. There is §34u,000 worth of horses, besides some forty more of choice and high- priced ones which he has in his pastures and studs. He has a sort of mania for iiigh-priced horses, which can be of little value to bim, except to gratify his ambition to own more good horses than any other living man. Entomological. The War on Insects. Out-worm» — Where cut-worms are troublesome in the Held, a very old and at the sam^^ time very good remedy is to entrap them in holes made near the plants, or hills, if iu the corntield. An old rake handle tapered at the end so as to make a smooth hole five or six inches deep, or more, will answer very well for this purpose. In the morning the worms that have taken refuge in these boles may be crushed by thrusting the rake handle into them again, and the "trap" is set for the next nigbt. It is always well in planting to make provision for the loss of a stalk or two by cut-worms or other causes, as it is easier to thin out than to replant. Muij-bectlcs — These are the perfect insects of the white grub, so destructive to lawns and sometimes to meadows. A French plan for destroying, or rather catching, the cockcbafer, a very similar insect, is to place in the centre of the orchard after sunset an old barrel, the inside of which has been previously tarred. At the Ijottom of the barrel is placed a lighted lamp, and the insects circling around to get at the liglit strike their wings and legs against the tarred sides of the barrel, and either get fast or are rendered so helpless that they fall to the bottom. Ten gallons of beetles have been captured in this way in a single night. .S/Kr/s— English gardeners place handfuls of bran at intervals of eight or ten feet along the border of garden walks. The slugs are attracted to the bran, and in the morning each little heap is found covered with them. The ground is then gone over again, this time the operator providing himself with a dustpan and small broom and an empty bucket, and it is an easy matter to sweep up the little heaps and empty them, slugs and all, into the bucket. In this way many hundred have beentaken in a single walk, and if a little salt and water be placed on the bot- tom of the bucket the slugs coming in contact with it, are almost instantly destroyed. Anis — When these insects are troublesome in the garden fill small bottles two-thirds with water, and then add sweet oil to within an inch of the top; plunge these into the ground near the nests or hills, to within half an incli of the rim, and the insects coming for a sip will get into the oil and perish, as it fills the breathing pores. The writer once entrap- ped in a pantry myriads of red ants in a shallow tin cover, smeared with lard, the vessel having aeel dentally been left in their track. Another means of entrapping them, suggested to me by Professor (i lover, many years ago, is to sprinkle sugar into a dampcncil sponge near their haunts to attract the insects. When they have swarmed through t'.ie sponge it is squeezed in hot water, and the trap is reset until the majority of the insects are kllleil. Aphix — A remedy for plant lice upon the terminal shoots of rose bushes (or similar hardy plants,) said to work like a charm, is as follows : Take four ounces of quassia chips and boil lor ten minutes in a gallon of soft water. Takeout the chips and add four ounces of soft soap, wbieli should be dissolved in it as it cools. Stir well before using, and apply with a nmderate sized paint brush, brushing up- ward. Ten minutes after syringe the trees with clean water to wash olT the dead insects and the preparation, which otherwise would disfigure the rose trees. .S'c«/e— A French composition for destroying scale insects, plant lice, etc., on Iruit and oilier trees, is as follows : Boil two gallons of barley iu water, then remove the grain (which may be fed to the eliiekens) and add to the liquid (piicklime until it approaches the consistency of paint. When cold add two poun crowing more rapidly than ever before, is apparcn. on every side. With the Improvement that is now taking place in business circles in every part of the country, the interest iu fine stock including poultry, will also secure a firmer hold. The good prices of the past will be fully maiutained in the future, and really ex- tra choice specimens will yet find purchasers at the. figures obtained in England, where the "gold cup" prize Black lied game cockerel, at the Crystal Pal- ace exhibition in 1S77, sold for tlOO 10s., nearly ?.-iOO. Within two months, $100 has been offered in New England for single birds of last season's breed- ing- ^_^ Pickings From the Poultry Yard. In no case breed from sickly or weak constltutlon- ed fowls, as your chicks will be worthless and also bring disease. Fowls with canker or roup will communicate the disease to all the rest of the flock if allowed to use the same drinking vessel. Rucks and geese should always be scalded, and steamed by covering up with a blanket for a short time, before picking; in other respects handle as tur- keys and chickens. Cayenne pepper, ginger or mustard for fowls Is quite beneficial . When added to their food it will stimulate egg-production, increase their vigor and make them feel well generally. Young and quick-fed animals have more water and fat in their llesb, while oMer and well-fed ani- mals have llesb of a fiimer touch and a richer flavor, and are richer in nitrogen. The former may be more delicate, the latter will be more nutritious. Cabbage Is best given poultry whole, hung up by the stalk. At first it may not be touched, but when one fowl begins to peek at it, tlic rest will be tempted to keep on until little remains. Bciug suspended it does not waste or become polluted, and it will remain in good condition to be eaten at will. Moderately fat animals are the most profitable. Every ex<'essive fat animal has been feS:c. E. P. Roe's new descriptive catalogue and price list of strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries, black- berries, currants and grapes for the spring of ISHO. Address E. P. Roe, Cornwall-on-the-Hudson, New York. Those old and familiar journals, the Gardener's Monthly and the Maryland Farmer for February, IS'^O, havejalso been laid on our table. They are marching along, fully up to the spirit of the timei, in all that relates to their callings. The Amerkan Bee Journal. — The February number for 1880 of this excellent publication is on our table, and is freighted with a valuabe cargo of bee and honey intelligence from "stem to stern," which needs no eulogy from us. Thos. G. Newman & Sons, 97'J and 974 West Madison street, Chicago, 111. ?1..50 a year, 48 pp., 8 vo. Circular of Apiarian Supplies. — Francis Dunham, De Pere, Brown county. Wis., inventor and author of Dunham's Foundatiou Machine. This is an 8vo. pamphlet of eight pages, addressed to the bee-keepers of the United States, and relates to all kinds of supplies necessary to advancing bee culture. The American Rural Home. — A beautifully printed and illustrated double-folio at $1.00 a year, devoted to the farm, garden, household and stock, including, also, healthy general literature. Its clubbing list possesses peculiar attractions. Pub- lished by Rural Home Company, Rochester, New York. Destruction of Obnoxiou.s Insects. — Phyl- loxera, potato beetles, cotton worm, Colorado grasshopper and green-house pests, by application of the yeast fungux. By Dr. H. A. Hagen, Professor of Entomology at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., 12 pages royal octavo, in paper covers. See editorial on page 1 of this number of The Faruer. Fanciers' Journal. — A serai-monthly quarto of 28 pages devoted to the interests of plain and fancy poultry — "Not for itself, but for all." Springfield, Mass., January 1, 1880. This handsome and very ably conducted journal reached us too late to notice in our January number. This is No. I of vol. 7 "enlarged and improved." Kansas and Colorado Illustrated News- paper.— Kansas City, Mo., and Denver, Col., Janu- ary, 1880. An eight page folio, illustrated with many landscape views of those new and progrestive States. This number is largely occupied by a de- tailed recital of what the Great West proposes to do next summer in the matter of getting up a great national fair, at Bismark Grove, Kansas. Vol.1. No. 11. .5 cents a single number, from which we infer that it is only published at irregular or occa- sional periods. Borpee's Farm Annual- — Garden, farm and flower seeds, and blooded stock, for 18S0. W. Atlee Burpee & Co., office and warehouse '211 Church street, Philadelphia, 44 pages octavo with 120 illus- trations of vegetables, flowers, fruits, stock, poultry, implements, &c., interspersed with interesting and useful descriptive matter. A hand-book of agricul- tural, horticultural, floricultural and domestic sup- plies, and instructions in their cultivation and use. Copyrighted. Send for pamphlet, and labor intelli- gently. National Live Stock Journal.— The February number of this most excellent and reliable royal quarto has been duly received, and is freighted with such a cargo of live stock literature as is found in no other similar journal in the Union, if in the entire civilized world. But, alas, the January number for 1880 we have not yet seen. Perhaps it passed us .and is eastward bound — gone and going yet, with a view of circumnavigating the world. We are con- soling ourself with the thought that it probably will stop here when it "swings around the circle," if it does'nttake a notion to "repeat." PsTCHE — Organ of the Cnmbridijc Entomological Club. — Edited by George Dimmock, B. P. Mann, A. J. Cook and C. C. Eaton. Publishod by George Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Yearly subscriptions, ?1.00; monthly numbers, 15 cents. Jani)ary, 1880 — being the first number of volume 3 — has beeu received, and its improvement on previous issues is very appreciable. This is a royal octavo of 12 pages on clear, white calendered paper, and beautiful imprint. True, as its object implies, its patronage, it may be naturally supposed, will be limited to entomologists — but not necessarily so— and if it were, the name of that class of specialists in the United States and Canada is becoming "legion." At this time there are recorded in the registry of the " Cambridge Entomological Blub" tiifht hundred and thirty-Jive names, all of whom make entomology either a specialty or a collateral study. But otlicrs will also be interested iu the publication of J'syche, if for no other reason, at least for its interesting and useful bibliographical record. Although the Chib that publishes it, and of which it is the otlicial organ, bears a local name, yet the papei's aim is to represent the interests of scientific entoraology throughout the civilized world, and especially wherever the English language can be read and understood. This journal, reflecting a phase of entomological literature that is in con- flict with no other similar interest, should receive the undivided support of entomologists throughout our wide extended country. The Laws of Life and Journal of Health. — Managing editor Fanny B. Johnson, assistant editors Harriet N . Austin, James C. and James H. Jackson, Kat}' -J.J ackson, and a large corps of valuable con- tributors. The January and February numbers for ISHO have reached our table, and are filled with the usual quantity and quality of siinitary literature which has so long distinguished its columns, and which is so little heeded by the masses of suflfering humanity. Thie Is a royal octavo of 32 p.ages in fine, tinted paper covers, and is pulilishcd by Austin, Jackson A Co., Dansville, N. T., at ?1..50 per j'ear, single copies 15 cents. 'The very appearance of this journal suggests "Health and joy and peace," and the fact that it has reached its 23rd volume evincee that it is appreciated and liberally sustained. If it is not, then it ought to be, and anything short of that cannot be charged to its talented conductors. Bulletin No. 3, " United States Entomological Commission, Department of the Interior, containing "The Cotton Worm," summary of its natural his- tory, with an account of its enemies, and the best means of controling it ; being a report of progress of ihe work of the commission. By Prof. Chae. V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D., Washington, D. C, January 28, 1880; 144 pages 8vo., with a full page colored plate, illustrating the eggs, larva, pupa and imago at their various periods of development ; and nearly a hundred excellent wood cuts, illustrating the trans- formations of the cotton worm, (Aletia argillacea) and allied species, its enemies, and the various im- plements and remedies invented for its capture and destruction. We are under obligations to Professor Riley, the chief the commission, for an early copy of this work, containing, as it does, a large amount of much-needed information to cotton growers, who, however, can only be benefited to the extent that they read, observe intelligently, and make a practi- cal application of the principles involved. The Lecturer. — A bi-mouthly journal — and sup- plement to the above — devoted to the publication of speeches and lectures on the laws of life and health, lelivered by the medical faculty of "Our home hy- gienic institute," 18 pp., royal 8 vo., published by the foregoing at the same place, gratuitous to sub- scribers. Vol. 1 No. 1. The Practical American. — An independent monthly, especially devoted to manufacturing and building : sent post-paid to any part of the world for one dollar and a half per annum. P. H. Vander- wede, M. D., editor and proprietor. A royal quarto of twenty-four three-columned pages, handsomely illustrated. It is printed in clear, sharp type, on buff-tinted, calendered paper, and its literary con- tents embraces a larger and more varied field of topics than those usually included under " manu- facturing and building" — scientific, mechanical, philosophical and domestic. This is a new candi- date for public patronage, the number before us being the second of Vol. I., for February, 18sO, con- taining eighteen separate papers on a variety of different subjects of a practical and useful character. If eleven years of editorial experience on a similar paper, typographical execution, and ably-written literary production are of any value in the "make up" of a journal, then the Practical American ought, and, no doubt, viU succeed, and fill a useful "vacancy." 34 Park Row, New York. Science Advocate. — Issued quarterly by the Natural Science Society of Ateo, New Jersey, Henry Green editor. Vol.1. No. 1, January, 1880, .i. four column demi-folio of four pages, at 15 cents per annum, with reduced club rates. Its motto — "The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth his handiwork," appears, upon its very first page, to indicate that it regards science as the "handmaid of religion," and not antagonistic toil, as so many of the would-be scientists do. An article on the 2nd page entitled Science and t/ie'Bible, occu- pies the most rational ground on that important subject that has come under our observation for a long time. It discountenances scientific anogance, and inculcates scientific humility, through which humanity is able to apprehend that any conflict seemingly existing between science and the Bible is only apparent, and results from an erroneous inter- pretation of both nature and the Bible. The sub- scription is so exceedingly low — hardly the price of a good cigar — that it ought to meet with a favorable reception everywhere, and especially among the present generation of younsr farmers whose tastes are turning in that direction, and who yet feel dis- couraged at the volumiuousness of scientifle litera- ture, and its technicalities. The leading articles on mineralogy and botany are plain and practical, and constitute such scientific aliment as an ordinarily intelligent mind can appropriate and digest, and only appearing quarterly there will be ample time to assimilate its contents. THE LANCASTER FARMER^ III MISCELLANEOUS. Seeds and Plants. We would call the attention of those of our readers who contemplate purchaBinp seeds or plants during: the coniingf season, to the advertisement of Peter Ilenilerson & Co., New York, now appearing In our columns. Peter Henderson, the senior mem- ber of the firm, Is known far and wide as a horti- cultural writer and authority. His books, "Oar- ^ening lor Profit," "Practical Floriculture," and "Gardeuinfr lor Pleasure," are now in the hands of thousands. The f;reen-house estahlishtnent of this firm covers three acres in jjrccn-houses and employs upwards of fifty hands. Millions of plants are shipped hy mail or express annually to every State and Territory. Their seed warehouse is the most extensive in the city of New York, and every order received is certain to he filled with goods of the best quality, and as they are producers as ■well as dealers, "everything for the garden" will be sold at low rates. Feb-3m Xy annual Catalogue nf TtgHahle and Flouoer SePd for IS80, rich in engravini^s, from photograplis, of the origiuals. will be sent FREE to all who npply. My old customers need not writeforit I offeroueof the largest col- lections of vegetable seed ever sent out by any seed house in America, a luree portion of which were grown on luy six seed farms. Full direcfions for cullivathn 071 each pack- - L.ANCAST-ER, PA, LOCH ERISJ ENOWN E D QOU G H And celebSjed hors£ m CATTLE POWDER , JT" SEND FQR puOTAT-IONS:'Ss,:SCj dec-Iy] GLOVES, SHIRTS, UNDERWEAR. SHIRTS MADFtO order, AND WAUliANTEI) TO 1- IT, E. J. ERISMAX, 56 North Queen St,, Lancaster, Pa, 79-1-12] ' PHAUES W. I'KY. Wholesale and Retail Dealer in WftLL PftPER^ WittOaW SHftOES, llollaiKlM. plain Slin.le <'lolli. Fixtures, Fringes, TuBst-Ie aud aW goods pertaiuing to m I'iiper and Shade Store. No, 63 North Queen St„ Lancaster, Pa, 79-1-12 1879 FALL AND WINTER 1880 Clotljs, Cassinjeres, Coatings, Suitiijgs, Veslirigs, and FURNISHING GOODS, Including the usnal faHhionable varieties of the season, PLAIN, STRIPED AND FIGURED. ALSO, READY-Mi^DE CLOTtjING, of "all sorts and sizes." AT THE VERY BOTTOM PRICES. Don't Forget the oldest and longest established staud In the C'it.v of LANCASTER, RATHVON & FISHER, RJerchant Tailors, Drapers and Clolljiers, Corner K. Qur*^n and Oraiif/e St8» " A jienuy saved is sixpeaco earned.*' &tC TH (tOH'^*^^ day at home. Saoiples worth l~'> troe. ipj I U ipZUAddresfl SxiNHON k Co., Portland, Maine. juQ-lyr' FARM ACCOUNTS ! Everj' Farmer should know how to keep rheni. An ontirely new and complete system just devised. Send postal for free Circulars to the Kr.vniit A KIralton BuMlneNH I'oUocro, los; s. Tenth Street. Pbilndeli.hia. [TO IO-3m AGENTS! READ THIS! Wf will |my Af;;:eiilH h Salary of $IO0 per iiiontli rikI exppnseN, or allow a large commls- sflon, to eetl our new and wanderful inventtxuns. Wc mean xchat we sav. Sample Free. Address SHKRMAN A CO., Marabali, Mich. Nov-6m. IV. THE LANCASTER FARMERS [February, 1880. GRAY'S SPECIFIC MEDICINE. TRADE MARK.Tho<;real English TRADE ^fl^K. IC4*iuecl> will prompt- , ly liiid radically cure \uiiy and every case^ of ' nervous DebiU'y and \Ve:.kne83, r«Hult or ludiscretioij, excess of overwork of the brain aud uervouB system, is pt-rffctly harntlesB, acts ^ ^ __ Before Takuur'**^*" '""«'?• ""'^'^"s been AfVp«"Tflkiii(r *^ * Oext(Mi8ively used for over ■O-Ll'Ol XdJUUg. thirty years with threat succesf". Full paiticiilars iu our pamphlet, whicli we desireto seud free liy mail to every oue. The Bpecinc mfdicine JA sold by all druggists at^l per pack- age, or six packaRes for $5. or will he seut free by mail ou receipt of the money by addressing TIJEGKAY MEDICINE COMPAXY. No. 10 Mecliauics' Block, Detroit. Michigan, la^SoId in Lancaster by H. B. Cochran. 137 and 139 N. Queen St., aud by drujjgisis everywhere. [79-3-12 Iftn APPCe PIANTED WITH BERRIES, ■ WW IMiiiis livtiwa 1 r traii^pUintiiie, ami i*Kii»is Kr '5 BUM at hoyal Agri- culiuraltxhlbiMon, Lon- don, 1ST9. It re<|UireM no mllJt- room. It riil«i-« nil or.ner vemHutloii. It rtqiilrfu \'-'- l"'>"r. It IH more thofouuhly m:»«lo. It l» cheaper, and gives hi;ttcr BatlBfnctlon than any othpr wjy 01 6Ctt.:nK imlk. THK BITIER MAHK BT THIS sTj r>.M IS UN- EXCELLKD IN ITS KEKPING QUALrriKS. VEKJUONT FaKM MACIIISE CO., BcliowB Falls Vt. Febtan. A GREAT SUCCESS! lo.ooo.soidM liEAH- LK^ 'S noii i:"i>uUir work, the Tk'/^Ers'JjFGEN. GRANT is iiri>iii.iiiiu.cd Ijv (tie (ifutTiiI f iiitininto fri4'iirici'4J wnrk-tn-iu*^ tlif splemlnl «nc- cewN of Ageutf. tf^A .MII.UO.V people wnnt lIKAnr£V*S book to-K>S AT 1*1 Itl.lC SA KE.— t'uW S, BULl S. .\Nn HKH-'KKS. to be sohl at publit auction ou MARCU 4, 18^0, at Biid-in-Hand byi the uudersigned. Catalogues on application to A. M. RANCK. jan-lm] Bird-in.Hand. deo-lt] }°?|3 Printing Press For bailneuorpleuure, young or old. Do yonrowo »d- T*rtUlng md priatliig. CftUloK°e of presMi, trpe, cmrdt, ;4c^ for S tbuBp*. K«L»er Ji Co. MeHaen, Oov u Sawing off a Log, Easy and Past A HOME ORGAN FOR FARMERS. Ourlntest improved sawing machine cuts off a 2- foot lo^ in 2 minutes, A $IOO PRESENT vill be given to two men who can saw as much in the old way, as one man can with this machine. Circulars sent free. U. S. MAMTTACTUREVOCO., 149 Clark 8t., Chioagro, III. A. n. Frank, Buffalo, N. Y., owns and controls Eastern and Middle States. C'Al'TSON. — Anv sawing machine having a seat for the operator, or treadles for his feet, is hh infringement on our patents, and'we are prosecuting all infringers. So BKWATtK WHO YOU BUT OF. jaU-"m .WELL-AU6ER, Oursisguarantoedto be the cheapest and best in the Iworld. Also nothing CR.n beat our SAWING MA- f'HlNK. It saws off a --foot lo^ in 2 minutes. Pictorial books free. W, liXJLKa, Chicago, HI. dec-6m] NOTICE. A VALUABLE WORK. A TREATISE — ON THE— HORSE AND HIS DISEASES, By DR. B. J. KENDALL, of Enosburgh Falls, Veimont. It is nicely illustrated with thirty-five engravings, and is full of useful horse knowledge. Every horBe owner should lave a copy of it, SEND 25 CENTS FOR A COPY. jun-tf mm r-AH D- I On the Kansas Pacific Railway. 3,000,000 Acres for Sale in the I GOLDEN BELT. I S3 10 |I7 10 ST b.T rs creiiit. Wbeat KOiiS 20 to 50 biishfls ; Corn I 40tn|00I>ii-ti.j>.- No Manure ntK'iS*^!. OoLidc'lini;iti', pill I- w:i(. i fine echodls, churcln.-3, and good -soriftv. Railio,id and mai kel fiicilitiea excel- lent. Mans anil full iiifornuUiun FREE. Addr.-^a S. tilLinOREf LaudCummis^iotier,>'-';^liua, Kansas. 79-9-3meon)] (h'7QA WEEK, $12 a day at home easily made. Costly iP / Zoutfit free. Address True & Co., Augusta, Maine, jun-lyr" Feb-3m. KENDALL'S This remarkable medi cine will^cure Spavlne,- Si'lint. Curb, ClallouB. S:c., or aiiy enlargemeul, AND WILL REMOVE THE BUNCH WITHOUT BLISTERING or C*'^3 A ^TTT^ causing a sore. No remedy ever i^JrjAm V ^.(^ discovered equals it for certainty of action in stopping the lameness and removing the bunch. Price fl.Od. Send for circular giving PCSITIVE PROOF. /NTTTJ X* SOLD BY DROGGI8TS or sent bv the in- \J U XmiXi ventor, B. J. Kendall, M. D.. Enosburgh Falls, Vt. Johnston, Holloway tt Co., Agts., 602 Areh St., Philadelphia, Pa. T9-8-W. A MONTHLY JOURNAL, Devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture, Do- mestic Economy and Miscellany. Founded Under the Auspices of the Lancaa^ ter County Agricultural and Horti- cultural Society. EDITED BY DR. S. S. RATHVON. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION : ONE DOLip PER ANNUHJ, POSTAGE PREPAID BY THE PROPBIETOR. All subscriptions will commence with the January number,unless otherwise ordered. Dr. S. S. Rathvon, who has so ably managed the editorial department in the past, ■will continue in the position of editor. His contributions ou subjects connected with the science of farming, aud particularly that specialty of which he is so thorouhly a master — entomological scieuce— some knowledge of which has become a necessity to the success- ful farmer, are alone worth much more than the price of this publication. He is determined to make "The Farmer' a necessity to all households. A county that has so wide a reputatlou as Lancaster county for its agricultiiral products, should certainly be able to support au agricultural paper of its own, for the exchange of the opinions of farmei'S Interested in this mat- oter. We ask the co-oporation of all farmers interested in this matter. Work among your friends. The ''Farmer" is only oue dollar per year. Show them your copy. Try and induce them to subscribe. It is not much for each sub- scriber to do but it will greatly assist us. All communications In regard tothe editorial management should be addressed to Dr. S. S. Rathvon, Lancaster, Pa., and all business letters in regard to subscriptions and ad- vertising should be addressed to the publisher. Rates of advertising can be had on application at the office. JOHN A. HIESTAND. No. g North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa. ONE DOLLAR PER ANNUM-SINGLE COPIES 10 CENTS. FOUNDER OF CIVILIZATION'.'- WE&STeR Dr.^. S. EATHVON, Editor. LANCASTER, PA.; MARCH, 1880. JOHN A. HIESTAND, Fublisher. Entered at llie Post Ollico at I.ialat(<'r. CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER. EDITORIAL. "Too Scientific," 33 Local Agricultural Fair, - - - - - 34 Obituary, ------- -34 The Weatlicr, - - 34 Graham Bread Agaiu, ----- 35 The Chiuch Bug, 35 Ground Hog Philosophy, - - - - 35 Pennsylvania Fruit Growers, - - - - 30 The Slate Fair, 3li CONTRIBUTIONS. About Graham Bread— fi^. J/. £"., . . - 36 What Fertilizer Shall we Use— .1. B. K., - 37 SELECTIONS. Tobacco Culture, 37 How our Growers Raise the Weed — Tobacco Prom ttie Seea Bed to the Warehouse— A Practical Essay — How to Raise Tobacco — Tlie Flaut Bed — How to Grow 8troug Plauts — Preparation of Ground — Setting out ttie Plants — Wiien to Top — Enemies to be Guarded Against — Topping — Wtien to Cut It — Hanging it iu the Barn — Stripping — I'acblug — General Remarks. New Process of Butter aud Cheese Making, - 38 The Chatham Creamery, ----- 39 Our Revised Fruit List, 39 Standard Pears— Dwarf Pears— Apples— Peaclies — Grapes — Cuerries — Raspberries — ^Strawberries — CarrantB — Gooseberries — Blacl£ berries. Hints for March Work, 40 Tne Fruit Garden. Country Road Making, .... - 40 More About Sorghum Sugar, - - - - 41 The Manufacture of Beet Sugar, - - - 41 Result of the £xt>eriuent — How the Sugar is ot- tained. Reclaiming Swampy Land, - . - - 41 Transplanting of Trees, ----- 4;i Should we Abolish Oxen, ----- 42 OUR LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS. Lancaster County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, -----.-42 Crop KeportB — ReBOhitious of Respect — Apple Cul- ture-Referred Questions— Clover Seed— Tne Next Fair — Fruit on Exhibition — Mlscellaneoas Busi- ness— Question for Diecussiou. Poultiy .Association, ------ 43 Reports of Committees — Election of New Members —Election ot Ofiicei s— How Early in t'je Season Shall we set our Hens— Question for Discussion. Linnsean Society, ----- . 44 AGRICULTURE. Sugar in America — Its Introduction, - - - 45 About Rotten Manure, - . - - - 45 Some Corn in Illinois, ---... 45 Notes for the Farmer, - .... 45 Nitrate of Soda, --.-...45 HORTICULTURE. Peas In Plenty, 45 Peach Culture, 45 Think About the Garden Now, ... 45 What to put in the Garden, - - - - 40 Apples, ---.----4() DOMESTIC 'ECONOMY. Ventilation of Sleeping Rooms, - - - - 46 How to Cook Codfish, 46 Milk— What is It, 46 Strange Taste in the Butter, - - - - 46 To Cure Hams or Beef, ----- 46 How to Cook Poultry, 46 Extra Good Sausage, ------ 46 To Boil a Ham, -...-. 46 HOUSEHOLD RECIPES. Apple Sauce, ------- 46 Apple Pie, 46 Baked Apples, 46 Apple Dumplings, ------ 46 Apple Custard, .-----. 47 Apple Fritters, - 47 Brown Betty, ------- 47 Ox-tail Soup, -------47 Pan-dowdy or Apple Slump, - - . - 47 LIVE STOCK. Testing a Milch Cow, ----- 47 How to Water Horses, ----- 47 The Position of Windows in Horse Stables, - 47 Bran for Cows, ------- 47 POULTRY. Pure Bred or Common Fowls, - - . 47 Chickeu Eutozooty, ------ 47 Selling Eggs by Weight, 47 Keep Pure Bred Fowls, 4S Feeding Poultry, ------ 48 Milk for Fowls, - - 48 Literary and Personal. ----- 48 in your Fertilize) s by using "POWELL'S PREPARED CHEMICALS." Why pay to $45 for your fertilizers wheu $13 tu $15 will buy you "POWELL'S CHEMICALS" For Ono ton Corn, Oat*«, I*o(r1o or Ti»baoco Fertilizer, cqnal to the beMt higli-i^riced PhosiitiAte iu the miirket. Seud for "PowoII'h ISook ol" l>'orina- laN,** with directions for mixing, nearly 5ilU uamea oi reli- able PeuDBjlvuuia farmerB uBiiig them the paet Heasou, teatixDOuials, etc. EDWABD J. EVANS h Co., Mar-3m] Geueral Afienta, York, Pa. S£ND FOR On Concord Grapevines, Trannplanted Evergreens, Tulip, Poplar, Linden Maple, etc. Tree Seedlings and Trees for timber plantations by the 100,000, 1. JEKKIMS' NCRSERT, THE S-S-Y9 WINONA, COLUMBIANA CO., OHIO. EXillll ilD IXPffi OFFICE, No. 0 North Oueen Stfeet, LANCASTER, PA.. THE OLDEST AND BEST. THE WEEKLY EXAMINER AND EXPRESS, Published ETC17 Wednesday Morning, IB an old, well-establiebed newspaper, aud contains just tli* news desn-able to make it an interesting and valuabU Family Newapiper. The poBtage to suboribers residing ontpideuf Lancaster county is paid by tlte publisher. Seud for a specimen copy. SXrBSC2eiX"3:l01T : Two Dollars per Annum. THE DAILY EXAMINER AND EXPRESS. Published Daily Except Sunday. The dally is iiulilished evtry evening during the week. It is dolivored ii» tne City aud to surrouuding T' wns ao- oessible by railroad and d«ily stage lineB, for 10 cent* x\ week. Mail SubHcription, free of postage— Ooe moDtb, 50 cents; one year, SI^-OO. THE JOB KOOMS. The job rooniB of The Examiner and Extkess ar* filled with the latent Btyles of prepsew. material, etc., and wo are prepared to do all kinds of Buok and Job Priutia at i>R low ruCee and bhort uotiLC as auy catabliebiueuC 1 the State. SALE BILLS A SPECLiLTY. W.th a 'full Bi-BOrtment of ne.7 cute that we have jnst purchased, we are prepared to print the finest and moat attractive sale bills iu the State. JOHN A. HIESTAND. Proprietor, No. 9 NortU Queen St., L.A.NCASXKR.. -PA.. THE LANCASTER FARMER. ■OENXNYI.VANIA D X^ Trains leave the Dep WE TWARD. .AII.ROAD ot iu this city. Leave Lancaster. 2:40 a. ra. 6:00 a. m. 10:05 a. m. 10:10 p. ni. 11:05 a. m. 11:07 a. m. 10:50 a. m. 2:10 p. m. 2:15 p.m. 5:45 p. m. 7:20 p. m. 7:25 p. m. 8:50 p. m. 11:30 p.m. Laucaster. 12:25 a. m. 4:10 a. in. .i:20 a. m. 7:35 a. m. 9.10 p. m. 1:25 p. m. 2:00 p. m. 3:0.T p. m. 5:20 p. m . 6:25 p. m. KOHEDVLE as follows : Arrive Harrisburg. 4:05 a. m. 11:20 a. m. Hanover Accommodatiou,. Mail train via Jit. Joy No. 2 \na Columbia Sunday Mail Fast Line* Frederick .\ccommodation. Col. 10:40 a. m. 12:40 p. m. 12:55 p. m. 12:40 p. m. 3:25 p. m. Col. 2:45 p. m 7:40 p. m. Columbia Accommodation.. Harrisbtirg Kxpress Pittsburg KxpresB Cincinnati Express* EASTWARD. Col. 8:20 p. m. 8:40 p. m. 10:10 p. m. 12:45 a. m. Philadelphia. 3:00 a. m. Philadelphia Expresst Fast Line* 7:00 a. m. 7:40 a. m. Harrisburg Express ColHmbia Accommodation.. Pacific Express* Sunday Mail Johnstown Express 10:00 a. m. 12:0 p. m. 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p. m. .S:bO p. m. 7:20 p. ra. Harrisburg .\ccom 9:30 p. m. The Hauover Accommodation, west, connects at Lancaster with Niagara Express, west, at 9:35 a. m., and will rim through tr8 in all kiuds of rough and finished The best Sawed SHIVi^TESiu the counti'y. Also Sash, Doors, Blinds, Mouldings, &c. PATENT 0. G. WEATHERBOARDING aud PATENT BLINDS, which are far unperior to any other. AIbo beet COAL constantly ou hand. OFFICE AND YARD : Northeast Corner of Prince aud Walnnt-sts,, LANCASTER. PA.. 79-1-12] PRACTICAL ESSAYS ON ENTOMOLOGY, Embracing the history and habits of NOXIOUS AND INNOXIOUS INSECTS, and the best remedies for their expulsion or extermination. By S. S. RATHVON, Ph. D. LANCASTER, PA. This work will be Highly Illustrated, aud will be put In press (as soon after n euiticieat number of aubscribers can be obtained to cover the cost) as the work can possibly be accomplished. 79-2- $77 a month and eipenaes guaranteed to Agents. Outfit free. 8UAW k CO., AugiuU, llaiae. Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees. plant Trees raised iu this couuty aud suited to this climate. Write for prices to LOUIS C.LYTE Bird-in-Hand P. O., Lancaster co., Pa. Nursery at Suioketown, six miles east of Laucaster. 79-1-12 WIDMYER & RICKSECKER, UPHOLSTERERS, And Manufacturers of FURNITURE PD CHAIRS, WAREROOMS: 102 East King St., Cor. of Duke ^t. ■LANCASTER, PA. 79-1-12) Special Inducements at the NEW FURNITURE STORE W. A. HEINITSH, JSTo. XS X-2 EI. IS.XVr<3^ S'X'Xt.XIXS'X', (over Bursk'e Grocery Store), Lancaster, Pa. A general assor'meut of furniture of all kinds constantly on hand, l^on't foi-get the number. X5 X-a £:ctst Z^ixxs Stx-eet, Nov-ly] (over Buri-k's Giocery Sioie.) For Good and Cheap Work go to r. VOLLMER'S FURNITURE WARE ROOMS. No 309 NORTH QUEEN ST.. (Opposite Northern Market), Also, all kinds of picture frames. nov-ly GREAT BARGAINS. A. large assortment of all kinds of Carpets are e till sold at lower rates than ever at the CARPET HALL OF H. S. SHIRK, No. 202 West King St» Call and examine our stock and satisfy yourself that w« cnu show the largest assortment of these Brussels, three plies and iugralu at all prices — at the lowest Philadelphia prices. Also oa hand a large and oomplete assortment of Bag Carpet. Satisfaction guaranteed bath as to price and quality. You are invited to call aud see my goods. No trouble la showing them even i( you do not want to purchaee. Don't forget this noljce. You can save motley here if you want to buy. Particular attention given to customer vork Also on hand a full a»8ortmeut of Couuterpanes, 011 Cluths and KlaiikelBof every variety fnov-lyr. PHILIP SCHUM, SON & CO., 38 and 40 "We.st King Street. We lieep ou liaud of our own manufacture, QUILTS, COVERLETS, COUXTERPANES, CARPETS, Bureau and Tidy Covers. Ladies' Furnisliing Goods, No- tions, etc. Particular attention paid to customer Rag Carpet, and Bcoweriug and dyeing of all kiuds. PHILIP SCHUM, SON & CO.. Nnv-ly Lanc:i8*er, Pa. THE HOLMAN LIVER PAD Cures by absorption withont medicine. Now is the time io apply these remedies. They will do for you what nothing else on earth can. Hundreds of citi- zens of Lancaster s-'j so. Get the genuine at LANCASTER OFFICE AND SALESROOM, 22 East Orange Street. Nov-lyr C. R. KLINE, 5AtT0I^NEY-AT-|:iAW, OFFICE : 15 NORTH DUKE STREET, LA.NC.A.STKR. PA.. NoT-ir / The Lancaster Farmer. Dr. S. S. RATEVON, Editor. LANCASTER, PA., MARCH, ^880. Vol. ZU. No. 3. Editorial. "TOO SCIENTIFIC." Perhaps no object is more frequently and more persistently urged ajjainsl Ijooks, lec- tures and essays on natural history than that which is embraced in the title of this paper, namely : that they are "too scientilic" to be understood by the unlearned, or those who have only received a common school ed- ucation, and hence there is entertained a decided, and sometimes a bigoted aversion to them. Now this may not be the fault of scientists themselves, as a class, but may be owing to a defective system of common school education, or to the prejudice of the students. Doubtless there may be instances in which scientilic names are introduced or multiplied, in order to make the scientists appear learned, or to mystify and darken the subject instead of shedding light upon it, but it is doubtful if honest men, who are entitled to the name of scientists, ever resort to such means based upon such motives. It is presumed that those who speak or write on any subject desire to be understood, and if they employ scientific names in natural histoiy it is possible that they have no choice if they name the animals about which they are writing at .all; for, many thousands of species have never received a common name, and probably never will. For instance, a contemporary recently published an article on an analysis of the water supply of a western city, in which he stated that water drinkers .are in the habit of swallowing, perhaps, millions of such monsters as the fol- lowing : NiUschia curuula, Cyniatopleiira soles, Cyniatopleura elHplka, Slansoneis inmctata, Plenrosigna speticerii and Jihizolenia eriensis. Now it is not at all likely that these little an- imals will ever receive specific common names, because they are not visible to the naked eye, and hardly one man in a hundred thousand will ever get a sight of them, for they are only brought to view through a pow- erful microscope. Still they may be of sufli- cient general interest to the public to become the subject of essays, lectures, pamphlets and books, and if so, they must be called by their proper names. It is true that in many in- stances scientific names may be enclosed in parenthesis and skipped by the general reader without interrupting the general thread of the discourse, but to omit them entirely would mutilate the subject. Because common names are often very loc.il in their signifi- cance, and often relate to very different ani- mals in one locality from what they do in another. The subjects of the insect world, for instance, are specifically so numerous that one common appellation often includes a large and indefinite number of species. So much so, indeed, that it is rarely we can safely use the definite article the in alluding to them. Of what specific value arc such common names as "Pinchbui^," "Dung- beetle," "H.ammerbug," "Woodborer," "Plantlouse," "Grasshopper," "Butterfly " "Moth," "Bumblebee," "Blowfly," or even "Potato-beetle," "Curculio" and "Phylloxe- ra—the last two being popularized scientific terms— since some of these names may cover hundreds, or even thousands of distinct species. Even in such classes as quadrupeds and birds the systematic common names are becoming almost as complicated as their scientific names, comparatively limited .as their num- bers are. Again, take the class which includes the marine .and fresh w.ater shells, hundreds of which, to a common observer, look .alike and yet .are specifically diflerent, and contem- plate the difficulty of giving them all common names. Those who object to scientific names are also sometimes unsparing in their criti- cisms of scientific men because they do not give them an unfailing remedy for the extinc- tion of each particular species of noxious in- sects. Tills may to a great extent be the truth of the matter, but farmers, gardeners, fruit growers arid florists seem to forget that the discovery and application of remedies for the arrest or extinction of noxious insects is an experimental work, a work too that comes directly within the sphere of their own daily occupations and pr.actical ob.servations, and immediately atfeots their own material inter- ests, and therefore ought to elicit their special attention. Their opportunities, as a general thing, are for superior to those of most ento- mologists in making the necessary observa- tions upon insect life and h.abit. If they were as observant .as their own interests would seem to require, they might become co- workers with entomologists, and be not only mutually beneficial to e.ach other, but also to the whole community of earth's cultivators. The functions of the entomologist arc two- fold—scientific and practical— or they may be three-fold, when he adds the discovery and apijlication of remedies for the destruc- tion of insects, to his already formidable la- bors. The purely scientific entomologist will find his hands full for a lifetime, in dissections, analysis of structures, determinations of gen- era and species, nomenclature, and classifica- tion, including a multitude of contingencies relating thereto. The practical entomologist will be as inces- santly and laboriously occupied in observing and recording the histories and habits of in- sects, .as well as their noxious, neutral and innoxious qualities and economies— their pe- riods of "ingress, egress and regress"— their transformations and transitions — as well as their food, (whether animal or vegetable) their local domiciliations, their forms, sizes, .and colors, in their various stages of develop- ment and m