Occasional Papers

CALIFORNIA

ii.

SAN FRANCISCO,
1890.

LAND BIRDS

Pacific District

BELDINQ

SAN FRANCISCO:

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
September, 1890.

' Committee of Publication:

H. W. HARKNESS, GEORGE HEWSTON.

T. S. BRANDEGEE, «• H. BEHR.

Editor: TOWNSHEND STITH BRANDEGEE.

652182

LAND BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

In the fall of 1883 the leading ornithologists of the
United States and Canada met at New York and organ-
ized the American Ornithologists' Union, appointed
committees for the revision of the classification and no-
menclature of North American birds, on their migration,
avian anatomy, the elegibility of the European house
sparrow in America, and on faunal areas.

The United States and British North America were
divided into thirteen districts, including the light-houses
of the coasts as one, with a superintendent for each dis-
trict.

The Pacific District comprises California, Oregon,
Washington and Nevada, in which I superintended the
collection of data concerning migration and distribution
of the birds for about two years, resigning early in 1886,
as I thought we had already accomplished about all we
were likely to in this line of inquiry, with the limited
number of observers. The report from the District of
British Columbia, Mr. John Fannin, Superintendent,
was, at the suggestion of Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chair-
man of the Committee on Migration, and by the courtesy
of Mr. Fannin, incorporated in our report.

Mr. Fannin informed me that his list of British
Columbia birds was made up partly from his own notes
and partly from those published by John K. Lord, and
says that having traveled the province pretty extensively,
he has ascertained that Mr. Lord made some mistakes
in limiting the range of some species, and in recording
the habits of others, and that the observations concern-
ing British Columbia must be taken as referring to the
whole province, and not for any particular district, un-
less otherwise stated.

"British Columbia," he writes, "is a country of

Z CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

migrants within itself, for while it is winter in one por-
tion, the flowers of summer are blooming in another. It
is also a country of great distances, and it is very won-
derful what a change in our bird fauna may be seen in
traveling a few miles. It is only nine miles from Bur-
rard Inlet to New Westminister, and yet of our summer
visitors, there are some four or five species which are
abundant at the latter place that are entirely unknown
at the former; and so it is all through the Province,
although the difference may not be so marked."

The notes of the light-house keepers on the coast of
British Columbia and Washington were kindly forwarded
by Dr. Merriam for the same purpose.

In 1885 the Division of Economic Ornithology was
established in connection with the U. S. Department of
Agriculture, at Washington, with Dr. Merriam as or-
nithologist and Dr. A. K. Fisher assistant ornithologist.
The work on migration and distribution was continued
here, and observations on the food habits of the birds
were added; and still later, observations on the food of
mammals became a part of the work. This report was
mostly type-written by that department, proof read by
Dr. Fisher, and the most of the data of 1886 and later
was incorporated by him. To do this, he gave very
valuable time and much intelligent labor without the
hope of reward, although he was, during this time,
superintendent of the extensive and important Atlantic
District. Finally, we are placed under still greater ob-
ligations to the Department of Agriculture by the return,
at my request, of the type-written copy.

This report aims, mainly, to show the arrivals and
departures of migrating species, as well as to give a cat-
alogue of all the species known to occur in the district.
The data on the food of the birds has been mostly elim-
inated from the report, being usually meagre and,

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 6

therefore, unsatisfactory. It will, however, be preserved
for future use. All persons are credited with the data
which they contributed to the report, which has been
simply a labor of love from beginning to end.

In California the spring migrating land birds almost
invariably come gradually and almost imperceptibly,
probably many arriving in the night or early morning;
and I have never seen, on the Pacific Coast, what might
properly be termed a "bird wave," except upon one oc-
casion, and that was in the spring of 1866, before I
began to keep a record of bird movements. Mr. F.
Stephens noticed a " bird wave " at Campo, San Diego
County, the last of April, 1877 (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
July, 1883, p. 188). Except these, I know of no other
occurrences of this kind on this Coast, of course ex-
cluding the occasional movements of large bodies of
geese and ducks. It is very difficult, therefore, to as-
certain the lines of flight, but we may conclude that
many summer residents of California and northward
bear well to the east in seeking their winter quarters in
the tropics, as at least a dozen species which breed in
California have not been observed much south of San
Diego at any time, among these being such conspicuous
species as Bullock's oriole and the Arkansas flycatcher,
which, in common with the other species, occur far
south on the mainland in Mexico in winter. Then
there are summer residents of Washington, British
Columbia and Alaska which have never been collected
in California, though they spend the winter in the
tropics. The high Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges
would seem to be an impassible barrier to the migrants,
and they undoubtedly have great influence in determin-
ing lines of flight — but not nearly as much as would
naturally be supposed, as a number of species which
winter in California migrate vertically and spend the
summer on the east slope.

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I have seen pelicans, geese, Lewis's woodpecker and
others crossing between eight and nine thousand feet
above sea level. Mountain quail cross on foot, some of
them making a journey of sixty or eighty miles, no
matter how deep the snow in spring, returning in fall,
sometimes over a foot or two of snow on the divide,
leaving their summer resorts where there is no snow, to
reach their well known winter home. A great many of
the summer visitants enter the San Joaquin Valley by
the Tehachapi Pass, altitude 4,000 feet. Col. N. A.
Goss, in the spring of 1884, noticed terns at Julian, San
Diego County, altitude 4,500 feet, "crossing from the
Gulf of California to the Pacific." Mr. Waiter J. Mor-
gan saw an immense migration of sand-hill cranes and
geese which lasted about two weeks, by day and night,
from Ensenada, Lower California, to Port San Felipe,
on the Gulf, in Oct. and Nov., 1884, much of the Penin-
sula between these localities being no less than 4,000
feet above sea level.

Probably a great many small birds take nearly the
same course in fall, cross near the head of the Gulf and
spend the winter in Mexico. Mr. F. Stephens, who
has collected a long time in San Bernardino Valley,
says the spring migrants enter that valley from the
southeast and return in an opposite direction in fall.
He thinks a great many cross the Gulf of California from
Mexico.

As the names of all correspondents are connected with
the information they furnished, it is not necessary to
name them elsewhere.

The authorities quoted, sparingly in most instances,
but in their own language, usually, or a part of it, are:

Dr. J. S. Newberry. Explorations and Surveys for a
Railroad Route from the Mississippi Valley to the Pacific
Ocean. Vol. 6, part 4, number 2, War Department.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 5

S. F. Baird, John Cassin and Geo. N. Lawrence.
Explorations and Surveys, etc. Vol. 9, War Dept.
(often quoted as Vol. 9, Pacific R. R. Repts.).

Dr. A. L. Heermann. Explorations, etc. Vol. 10,
No. 2, War Dept, (Vol. 10, Pacific R. R. Reports.).

Drs. G. Suckley and J. G. Cooper. Explorations, etc.
Vol. 12, Book 2, part. 3, War Dept. (reissued as Natural
History of Washington Territory), the extracts from
their respective notes being prefaced in this report with
Cooper, 1860; Suckley, 1860, this being the date of the
publication of their work.

Dr. J. G. Cooper. Geological Survey of California, J.
D. Whitney, State Geologist. Vol. 1, Land Birds,
edited by S. F. Baird from manuscript and notes of Dr.
J. G. Cooper. Herein cited as Cooper, 1870. [Auk,
vii, 214.— W. E. B.]

H. W. Henshaw. Wheeler's Topographical Surveys,
Appendix JJ., dated 1876, cited as Henshaw, 1876.
(Observations at Santa Barbara, Fort Tejon, Mount
Whitney, Walker's Basin and intervening country in
1875.)

H. W. Henshaw. Wheeler's Surveys, 1879, Appen-
dix 00., in this report quoted as Henshaw, 1879. (Mr.
Henshaw's observations were on the east slope from
Carson to the Columbia River, and included work in.
the summers of 1877 and 1878.)

0. B. Johnson. Birds of Willamette Valley. Amer-
ican Naturalist, 1880. Prof. Johnson also contributed
his observations at Seattle in 1884.

Capt. Charles E. Bendire, U. S. A. Notes on some
of the birds found in southeastern Oregon, particularly
in the vicinity of Camp Harney. Proc. Boston Society
of Nat. Hist., 1877. (Observations from November,
1874, to January, 1877.)

Robert Ridgway. United States Geological Survey

\
6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the Fortieth Parallel. Part 3. Ornithology. Prof.
Ridgway made observations at Sacramento from June
6th to July 4th, 1867, afterward crossing the Sierra to
Truckee Valley, Pyramid Lake, Carson and other local-
ities in western Nevada, where the remainder of 1867
was spent. Observations were continued in western
Nevada until July, 1868. Afterward the route from
Austin to Salt Lake was explored.

Dr. W. J. Hoffman. Annotated List of the Birds of Ne-
vada, Author's Edition, Vol. 6, U. S. Geological and
Geographical Survey. Dr. Hoffman followed the 115th
meridian from near northern Nevada, southward to
about 37° latitude, thence westward to Owen's Valley,
California, and from this point southeast to Fort Mojave,
and thence up the Colorado River beyond Nevada.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, North American Birds.
No doubt the most complete work on North American
birds ever published in America. It has also a merit
that is getting rarer of late, that of giving credit to
whom credit is due.

Bulletin of the Nuttall Club. A quarterly journal of
ornithology. The first volume was issued in 1876. It
afterward became the Auk.

The Auk, the organ of the American Ornithologists'
Union.

In addition to the forenamed authorities, a few items
have been culled from other publications. The Pro-
ceedings of the Phila. Acad., containing Dr. GambePs
papers, and the Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., containing some
of Dr. Cooper's articles, came into my possession too
late to benefit much by them.

There being no correspondents in Nevada, I have
drawn freely upon the valuable reports and papers of
Messrs. Bendire, Henshaw, Ridgway and Hoffman.

By Central California I refer to the part of the State

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 7

between the northern parts of Stanislaus and Tuolumne
counties and the northern part of Butte, southwestern
Pluraas and Sierra counties.

I have made observations at many localities in this
part of the State, in the tule swamps, river bottoms,
plains, foothills and coniferous forests of the Sierra Ne-
vada Mountains at all altitudes, kept a record of the
birds, but have not thought it necessary to burden my
notes with a long list of localities. The summer resi-
dents are the same in northern Tuolumne County as in
northern Butte, though a few species become more nu-
merous with increase of latitude, and there is a corre-
sponding decrease in altitude of the breeding range of
some of the mountain species. There is little difference
in the resident species of the northern Sacramento Val-
ley and the southern San Joaquin Valley, and I believe
the avifauna of Central California nearly represents that
of the State north of about the 35° of latitude, east of the
coast mountains and west of the Great Basin, though a
considerable portion of this tract has not been ornitho-
logically explored, the Sierra from near Tehachapi to
Alpine county having been quite neglected.

I am quite confident that few, if any, species have es-
caped my notice in Central California, except a few
which probably visit the high Sierra Nevada in winter,
from the north, when snow is so deep as to prevent ex-
ploration.

The Pacific District has an area, exclusive of British
Columbia, of 434,000 square miles. California alone is
more than twice as large as the six New England States,
has a great diversity of surface and climate, and is as
long as from Florida to Lake Erie — facts sufficient to
prohibit positive opinions until after a more thorough
exploration.

The nomenclature is that at present sanctioned by the

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

American Ornithologists' Union, which has changed
considerably since this paper was commenced. Mr.
Walter E. Bryant is entitled to credit for making the
necessary changes and otherwise preparing it for the
printer.

i. Colinus virginianus (Linn.) BOB-WHITE.

Mr. Ramon E. Wilson, of the California Sportsman's
Association kindly furnishes the following concerning
introduced game birds; date, October 12, 1885: "Our
efforts in that direction have resulted in failures, except
as I will state. Mr. Estee, some years ago, placed two
dozen bob-whites on his farm in Napa County. Every
precaution was taken to protect them from hunters, and
they were carefully looked after. They all soon disap-
peared, the theory being that they were destroyed by
vermin. I learn that last February some of the same
kind of birds were placed on the farms of Mr. Miller,
Mr. Samuel Rea and Mr. J. P. Sargent, along Carnedero
Creek, near Gilroy. It is said they have bred the past
season, and their numbers materially increased. The
experiments, however, from the length of time can
hardly be called u success.

Some years ago some Arizona quail were put out near
Folsom, but they all soon disappeared, and nothing has
been heard of them since. Some bob-whites were
placed on General Bidwell's place near Chico, but I un-
derstand they have disappeared also. Bob- whites roost
on the ground and are therefore unable to protect them-
selves from the vermin which is so plentiful everywhere
in California.

Some years ago a flock of English pheasants was put
out in the woods of Santa Cruz county, but nothing has
been seen nor heard of them since. Colonel Raymond
of San Mateo has a number of these birds, English and

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 9

Japanese, but he has had no success in raising them;
when let out they suddenly disappear and nothing
is seen or heard of them. Mr. Howard, near by, has
experimented with the same bird. A few weeks since
he informed me that his foreman told him he had seen
a flock of twenty-two birds. The birds mentioned are
the only ones experimented with. Certainly thus far
the experiments are not a success. In Oregon they have
met with great success, with both quail and pheasants."

Bendire (1877). This species may properly be in-
cluded in the avi-fauna of southern Oregon. It was
originally introduced at Boise City, Idaho, and now ex-
tends to the Oregon side of Snake River, and is multiply-
ing rapidly.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson (1880).— Intro-
duced and doing finely.

2. Oreortyx pictus (Dougl.) MOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE.
Newberry. They extend from the Columbia almost

uninterruptedly, but nowhere abundantly, through the
Siskiyou, Calapooya and Trinity mountains to Cali-
fornia.

0. B. Johnson. Very common throughout Western
Oregon, breeding extensively.

Cooper, 1860. Very rare in Washington Territory, a
few small coveys only being found about Vancouver as
I was informed by the officers of the garrison in 1853.

3. Oreortyx pictus plumiferus (Gould). PLUMED PAR-

TRIDGE.

San Diego County. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common in the
higher mountains.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Observed
January 23, the day of my arrival, and only once after-
ward; probably the snow drove them down the mountain.

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

V

lU'iishaw, 1876. We found it in the mountains near
Fort Tejon and in the Sierra in sufficient number of
localities to justify the belief that its distribution in
southern California is quite general.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
Resident; heard almost daily in the foothills.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
in the mountains; breeds.

Tehachapi. L. B. — Common resident.

Paraiso Springs, Monterey County. W. E. Bryant. —
April 1885.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. An egg of this species
taken by Dr. Canfield near Monterey.

Central California. L. B. — Very common throughout
the Sierra in summer and is increasing rather than
otherwise. Probably a few nests are destroyed by sheep,
and a few are deserted in consequence of sheep grazing
about them, but this quail does not desert her nest for
slight cause. Many cross from California to the east
slope to breed, and, having done so, in September they
begin to cross to the west slope where they winter at
varying heights according to season. Between Summit
and Donner Lake, as early as September 4, 1885, I met
several flocks coming up from the lake on their way
down the west slope. The most of the species had
passed west of Summit before October 1, although I
found a few as late as October 12, and a few winter on
the east slope, as the settlers of Sierra Valley told me this
was the case there, and Mr. Ridgway found a flock near
Pyramid Lake, December 27, 1867. One of his speci-
mens was taken at Carson City, March 10, 1868. They
frequently take shelter in the snow sheds of the Central
Pacific Railroad during early snow storms and sometimes
journey westward within them. At such times they often
appear stupid and appear to have lost the instinct of self-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

11

preservation but it may be that they become dazzled by
the snow if not quite snow-blind. Their nests are usually
in rock rose, also called " tar weed " (Chamcebatia, folio-
Ion(i), or in " bear bush," " snow bush " (Ceanothus cordu-
latus). One I saw was in a hollow stump, but, as usual,
was on the ground and was probably made when the
snow was several inches deep outside of the stump. The
eggs appear to be in most cases from eleven to thirteen.
The first broods are out from about June 20 to July 5,
according as the season is early or late.

Cisco. Dr. Cooper (in letter). Cisco, altitude 5,911
feet, April 28, on snow.

Igo. E. L. Ballou. — Common resident. March 27,
1884, the species was mated here. June 1, sitting.

Henshaw, 1879. It is only at rare intervals that it
appears to cross the mountains and appear along the
eastern slope. About Carson, at Eagle and Honey
Lakes, California, and at the Dalles on the Columbia,
their presence was detected and is to be accounted for
through the natural dispersion of the species. At several
localities near Camp Bidwell, Cal., the several covies are
the descendants brought from the Pacific Slope and let
loose to shift for themselves. They are nowhere in this
region very numerous.

Vancouver and adjacent islands. John Fannin —
Introduced from California.

[Perhaps those seen at the Dalles by Mr. Henshaw
belonged under 0. pictus. Those I found in Butte Co.,
lat. 40° 10', altitude about 5,000 feet, were identical with
those found farther south in the Sierra Nevada. I be-
lieve San Pedro Mountain, Lower California, is the most
southern known range of the genus Oreortyx. I am
positive that it does not inhabit Lower California south
of La Paz, and doubt if it ever did. San Pedro Mount-
ain, as it is termed by the people of northern Lower

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

California, is about 125 English miles south of the
boundary line, and on the charts of the U. S. Coast
Survey bears the name of Santa Catalina Mountain,
and also that of Calamajuet, which latter name I have
sometimes applied to San Pedro.]

4. Callipepla californica (Shaw). CALIFORNIA PAR-

TRIDGE.

This, the typical form of the California quail or par-
tridge, inhabits the coast of northwest California, Ore-
gon and Washington. It is darker above than the
interior and southern form of the " valley quail," as all
of these birds are universally termed in California.
Sportsmen know but two kinds of quails indigenous to
this coast, namely valley quails and mountain quails,
and these names are likely to be perpetuated.

5. Callipepla californica vallicola Ridgw. VALLEY

PARTRIDGE.

Abundant about San Diego, where, March 7, 1884, the
breeding note of the male was first heard; March 27th
scattering in pairs in canons. April 4, a pair exca-
vating for a nest under a small cactus. May 13, Mr. W.
J. Morgan saw a brood just hatched, the first of the
season as far as known; spring wet and cool. Tia Juana
Valley near San Diego, April 3, 1885, two broods of
young about a week old. Season unusually early.

Poway. F. C. Blaisdell. — An abundant resident; lir.-4
set of eggs taken April 27, 1884.

Vulcan Mountains, altitude about 5,000 feet. W. 0.
Emerson. — Large flocks all winter.

Aqua Caliente, San Diego Co., Cal. F. Stephens. —
March 18 to April 15, 1886. In small numbers in the
outer edge of the desert along foothills.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — An abundant resi-
dent. Santa Catalina Island; probably introduced.

BIRDS OK THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 13

Tehachapi and vicinity. L. B. — Abundant resident;
('. <)<imbvli not seen by me.

Henshaw, 1876-'79. Near Fort Tejon I saw the species
on several occasions at an altitude of 6,000 feet. Its
numbers in some sections of the State are simply enor-
mous. (Nowhere indigenous along the eastern slope.)

Dr. Cooper, 1870. The only point east of the Sierra
Nevada where I have seen this bird is along the upper
part of the Mojave river.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Abundant resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — From common to abund-
ant in suitable localities, in summer, up to 5,000 feet
altitude; chiefly about dwellings at this altitude. Rather
rare at Red Bluff where much of the country is used for
pasturing sheep; formerly very abundant in the Marys-
ville Buttes but now rare for the same reason. Not only
do sheep destroy nests by treading on them but they
prevent the growth of cover, and this very timid bird
deserts her nest where there is the least cause for doing
so.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — In General Bidwell's park and
orchard, June 6, 1884, first young; next brood on June 12;
June 15 coming out plentifully. On June 14 I counted
eight males within a radius of less than one hundred
yards and not a female among them, they still being on
the nests. I recently found a nest containing twenty-
two eggs, the bird sitting. I think this the largest num-
ber I have yet found in one nest. The valley quail will,
under some circumstances, breed twice but it is seldom
they raise two broods. April 1, 1885, first nest, nine
eggs; April 15, first young, probably two days old.
April 17, sharp frost, snow on the mountains.

Igo. E. L. Ballou. — July 1, 1884, first young, not
large enough to fly but large enough to hide.

14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Oakland, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Seen in breeding
season.

Calaveras County foothills, altitude 1,000 feet, June
7, 1885. Jas. Brice. — A flock of young about the size of a
chicken just from the egg; I think they could not fly;
the first I have seen on. my route this year.

Mr. Brice travelled daily from Murphy's to Milton in
the hills where this quail is more than abundant, and as
I had passed over it a few days before without seeing
any I requested him to report the first young, which he
did as above. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — First young seen May 5,
1884. They bred very abundantly until late in August.
The last set of fresh eggs were taken August 14, 1884.
I think it was unusually late for them to lay. I also
noticed some small quails about November 1.

6. Callipepla gambeli (Nuttall). GAMBEL'S PARTRIDGE.

Agua Caliente, San Diego Co. F. Stephens. — In the
Colorado desert, March 25 to 28, several seen, one shot.

March 18 to April 15, 1886. Not so common as C. c.
vallicola in the same locality. Are inclined to keep
further in the desert.

In San Bernardino County, along the line of the
Southern Pacific Railroad, L. californicus and L. gambeli
come together; here hybrids occur. (Henshaw, Auk.,
July, 1885, referring to specimens shot near San
Gorgonia Pass, by R. B. Herroii.

Cooper, 1885. Their range toward the north is not
known to be above 36°. At Fort Mojave they are numer-
ous and have all the calls of the coast species except the
alarm chirp like a robin's which I never heard them
utter. There is however a slight difference in their
notes, which is recognizable by strangers.

Heermann. I first discovered this beautiful species on

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. . 15

the Mojave Desert where the Mojave River empties into
a large salt lake, forming its terminus. At Fort Yuma
they were quite abundant, congregating in large coveys.
[I have found this bird very wild, and again very tame,
owing no doubt to its experience, or inexperience, with
mankind.]

7. Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus Ridgway. SOOTY
GROUSE.

Henshuw. In California it is found in both the coast
and Sierra ranges as far south as latitude 35° and prob-
ably even lower. It was present though not very com-
mon in the mountains near Fort Tejon and was rather
numerous in the region about Mount Whitney.

L. B. — Calaveras county, altitude about 3,500 feet
to summit of Sierras, not common, mostly in rugged
localities. I think but few of their nests are de-
stroyed by sheep and that they usually hatch before
the mountains are overrun by the large droves of
sheep which are annually driven from the valleys
to the mountains to spend the summer and spread
desolation and dust everywhere. The following will
give some idea of the time of hatching : Calaveras
Big Trees, June 25, 1881, female parent and six or
seven young, the latter about a week old; season early.
Big Trees, June 14, 1882, female adult and chicks.
Summit, 7,000 feet altitude, July 4, 1885, a brood
of young about two weeks old; a few old males still
hooting or grunting, but the most of them had aband-
oned the society of the hens and gone into the high
peaks. I found as early as August 5, young nearly two-
thirds grown.

I could not find any of these birds after about Octo-
ber 1st, when they were probably in the evergreen trees,
their usual winter quarters. I have never seen more

16 'CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

than seven young in a brood, though perhaps some
escaped my notice, as Captain Bendire says the full
complement of the Camp Harney bird is from eight to
ten.

Newberry. Found not uncommonly in the Sierra
Nevada in California and in the wooded districts lying
between the Sacramento Valley and the Columbia.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common resi-
dent, breeding extensively.

Cooper, 1860. Common in most of the forests of the
Territory.

Suckley, 1860. It is common on the east side of the
Cascades as far north as the 49th parallel.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — An abundant res-
ident.

Henshaw, 1879. The blue grouse, which is found in
the Sierra and Cascade ranges, at least along their east-
ern slopes and as high up as the Columbia River, is the
typical middle region form. The mountain forests,
especially those composed largely of firs and spruces,
abound with this fine game bird. Several broods of
young chicks were found about the middle of June.

Camp Harney. Bendire, 1877. — A common resident
throughout the mountains. We have two varieties,
fuliyinosus and richardsoni, the former being the most
abundant. In winter they seldom alight on the ground,
excepting to get water.

Ridgway. More or less common 011 all the ranges
clothed with a sufficient extent of pine forest. It was
found on the Sierra Nevada, near Carson, and on several
of the higher ranges of the Great Basin.

8. Dendragapus obscurus richardsonii (Sab.) RICHARD-
SON'S GROUSE.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Less abundant than var.
fuliginoeus.

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 17

9. Dendragapusfranklinii(DougL) FRANKLIN'S GROUSE.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — An abundant

resident east of the Cascades.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant in the Rocky and Bitter
Root Mountains, also found in the Cascades in the Ya-
kima passes.

10. Bonasa umbellus umbelloides (Dougl.) GRAY

RUFFED GROUSE.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare resident about here,
frequenting densest undergrowth along the mountain
streams, and seldom seen.

11. Bonasa umbellus sabini (Dougl.) OREGON RUFFED

GROUSE.

Wilbur. Oregon. W. E. Bryant,— Summer of 1883,
young and old shot.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Very common
along water-courses, where it breeds. Seattle, May 1st,
1884, nest and fresh eggs.

Cooper, 1860. Very abundant everywhere about the
borders of woods and clearings; it is common near the
forest east of the Cascade Mountains.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant in the timbered districts
throughout Washington and Oregon. In habits they
are identical with the same bird east. Owing to the
mildness of the season in the vicinity of Fort Steilacoom,
the males commence drumming as oarly as January,
and in February I have heard them drumming through
the whole night.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — An abundant res-
ident.

Henshaw, 1879. This form of the ruffed grouse oc-
curs abundantly along the eastern slope, although per-
haps not until Oregon is entered (from the south). Fort
2

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Klamath was the first point at which I obtained undeni-
able proof of its presence. The grouse of this region,
while referable as above, do not typically represent the
variety sabini, which reaches its maximum of develop-
ment, as indicated by depth of color and redness of tint,
only on the Pacific slope.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately common in
the John Day River Valley.

12. Lagopus rupestris (Gmel.) ROCK PTARMIGAN.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.

13. Lagopus leucurus Swains. WHITE-TAILED PTAR-

MIGAN.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident
east of the Cascades.

14. Pediocaetes phasianellus columbianus (Ord.) COL-

UMBIAN SHARP-TAILED GROUSE.

Newberry. — Found as far west and south as the valleys
of California. We first found it on a beautiful prairie
near Canoe Creek, about fifty miles northeast of Fort
Reading. Subsequently, after passing the mountain
chain which forms the upper canon of Pit River we came
into a level grass-covered plain. On this plain were so
many that they afforded us fine sport and an abundance
of excellent food. We found them again about the
Klamath Lakes and in the Des Chutes Basin quite down
to the Dalles.

Fort Klamath. Lieut. Wittich, 1879.

Henshaw, 1879. Appears to be entirely absent from
eastern California and western Nevada except in the
upper districts. About Camp Bidwell the " sharp tails "
are sufficiently numerous to afford excellent shooting.
Farther north in Oregon, and especially on the grassy

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 19

plateaus that border the Columbia River, and on the
rolling hills for a hundred miles south, it is extremely
abundant.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Only a moderately com-
mon resident, apparently irregularly distributed. In
the vicinity of Camp Harney they are mostly found in
the juniper groves during cold weather, and the birds
live almost exclusively on the berries of these trees.
The eggs usually number from eleven to fourteen.

Hoffman. Found in moderate numbers at Bull Run
Mountain.

Ridgway. This grouse, known universally among the
western people as the " prairie chicken," we found in
the upper Humboldt Valley near " Trout Creek," where
it was abundant.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Tolerably abun-
dant; only east of the Cascades.

[Perhaps Mr. Fannin's note refers to the northern
sharp-tail Pediocceteapha&ianellus, the habitat of which is
given in the recent check list of the A. 0. U. as follows:
British America, from the northern shore of Lake Supe-
rior and British Columbia to Hudson's Bay Territory and
Alaska.]

15. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonap.) SAGE GROUSE.

Cooper, 1860. Common on the high barren hills and
deserts east of the Cascades.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant on the sage plains of Ore-
gon near Snake River 011 both sides of the Blue Moun-
tains. They are also found along the line of the Col-
umbia River on the open plains and again on the sage
barrens of the Yakima and Simcoe valleys in Washing-
ton Territory about latitude 46°-47° north, in fact where-
ever " sage " (Artemisia) abounds this bird is found.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A common resident spe-

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

cies, particularly abundant in the upper Sylvies Valley
at an altitude of about 6,000 feet.

Hensha\v, 1879. Numerous as is this species in many
portions of the Rocky Mountain region it appears to be
even more abundant in the sterile tracts that lie just
east of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges.

Ridgway. Abundant in certain localities but by no-
means evenly distributed.

Hoffman. The only locality where this bird was found
at all common was near Belmont. Specimens were also-
shot at Hot Creek Canon.

L. B. — Common resident of Sierra Valley and occura
in Alpine county up to 8,500 feet but rare so high; also-
found in Mono county by Lieutenant McComb.

Newberry. On the shores of Wright and Rhett lakes,
we found them very abundant.

16. Columba fasciata Say. BAND-TAILED PIGEON.

I saw a flock in El Cajon, San Diego county, Decem-
ber 15, 1883, a- rare occurrence. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — I have seen this species,
here on three occasions. It was very abundant in the
Volcan Mountains in September and October when
choke cherries were ripe.

Henshaw, 1876. Not seen by us until in the fall. In
November I often saw them in flocks of from ten to one
hundred.

Cooper, 1870. North of San Francisco I have seen
them in flocks as early as July and at the Columbia
River they spend the summer in the valleys as well as.
throughout the mountains. They are there migratory,
leaving in October, but in California their wanderings
are guided chiefly by want of food. I have found them
building in the Coast Range as far south as Santa Cruz.

L. B. — It is rare in the mountains of Central California

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 21

in summer, but usually quite common in the foothills in
winter. I have shot them in July, in Calaveras County,
with their crops full of pine nuts.

Igo. E. L. Ballou. — A migrant and resident. On
March 26 and 27, 1884, a flock seen; also during our
heavy snow storms, five weeks previously, from which I
infer that the storms and pigeons had some connection.

Cape Foulweather. S. L. Wass. — Resident.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — An abundant
summer resident.

Cooper, 1860. Arrives at Columbia River in April.

Suckley, 1860. I saw but one flock containing five
individuals, east of the Cascade Mountains.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Tolerably com-
mon summer resident.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 19, 1885, large
flocks, the last seen.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — March 29, 1885,
first seen (ten birds); next seen March 30; April 21
common. Common in breeding season.

Admirality Head, Whidby Island, W. T. Lawrence
Wessel. — April 22, 1885, first seen.

Burrard Inlet, B. C. John Fannin. — April 5, 1885,
Ifirst seen (two males); next seen April 12; May 4 com-
mon. Common in breeding season.

17. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.) PASSENGER PIGEON.

Ridgway. Only a stray individual was met with by
us, and it cannot be considered as more than an occa-
sional straggler in the country west of the Rocky
Mountains.

Mr. Ridgway's specimen was shot at West Humboldt
Mountains, Nevada, September 10, 1867. — L. B.

22 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

*

18. Zenaidura macroura (Linn.) MOURNING DOVE.

San Diego. L. B. — Common in winter; abundant in
summer. Very common in the northern 100 miles of
Lower' California in May, and breeding. At San Diego,
spring of 1885, the first nest I found was on April 17;
incubation far advanced. They raise several broods in
a season, and I have seen eggs in Calaveras County in
the first part of September.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common in winter, abund-
ant in summer. The first eggs seen in 1884 were taken
April 14.

Santa Isabel. W. 0. Emerson. — Wintered here.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens.^— Breeds abundantly
in the valleys.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — March 25-28, not
common. March 18 to April 15, 1886. First seen
March 27; common after April 1. Summer resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Very numerous in southern Cali-
fornia.

Santa Cruz. Jos. Skirm. — First seen April 10, 1882;
April 6, 1883.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Abundant summer resident.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — Common summer res-
ident. April 23, first; next seen May 1, 1885.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. December 4, 1884, tolerably common;
never knew it to remain so late. First seen April 30,
1885.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — First seen April 20, 1876;.
April 30, 1884.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — First seen April 18, 18$4.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant summer resi-
dent in valleys and foothills. Seen at Red Bluff Febru-
ary 3, 1885, but rare; Chico, February 6-7, rather

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 23

common, and cooing. Common in flocks throughout
ordinary winters, if not every winter, as far north as
Yuba and Butte counties.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — February 27, 1885, one speci-
men.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer
resident. First seen April 29, 1884; rare until about
June 1st; abundant June 7. First seen March 30th,
2 specimens; common April 10, 1885.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — An abundant
summer resident.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— April 24, four;
common May 5, 1885.

Suckley, 1860. Very abundant throughout Oregon
and Washington Territories.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent. Burrard Inlet. First seen May 7; common May
20, 1885.

Carson. Henshaw, 1879. Extremely numerous, not
only here but all along the eastern slope far up into
Oregon and Washington territories.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — An abundant summer resi-
dent, arriving about May 1. They rear but a single
brood in a season, while in Arizona I found fresh eggs
as late as September 14.

Hoffman. Generally distributed over the whole State.

Dr. Cooper. Truckee, April 29, 1870.

Carson. Ridgway. Arrived April 23, 1868.

19. Melopelia leucoptera (Linn.) WHITE-WINGED DOVE.

F. Stephens (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, January, 1883).
At Yuma they were actually common, but none were
found to the westward of this point.

They are abundant in the Cape St. Lucas region and
probably inhabit the coast on the west side of the Gulf
of California from Cape St. Lucas to Fort Yuma. — L. B.

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

20. Columbigallina passerina (Linn.) GROUND DOVK.
Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Vol. 3, 522. Dr. Cooper

states that an individual of this species was killed by
Mr. Lorquin at San Francisco in May, 1870. Mr.
Lorquin also obtained several at San Gabriel, Los An-
geles County, several years previous.

21. Pseudogryphus calif ornianus (Shaw). CALIFORNIA

VULTURE.

San Diego. L. B. — Generally reported to be a resi-
dent of the mountains in this part of the State, but not
seen here or in any part of Lower California by me,
though Col. N. S. Goss informed me that one or more
pairs breed near Mr. Crosswaith's ranch about 60 miles
south of San Diego. I have not seen one of these birds
in the field in ten years. I was told at Tehachapi, in
the spring of 1889, that a few still breed between Te-
hachapi and Tejon Valley.

Poway . F . E . Blaisdell . — A rare species in this region ;
occasionally seen on Volcan Mountains from August 21
to November 28.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Very rare resident
of the valley and mountains.

Henshaw, 1876. Our opportunities for an acquaint-
ance with this vulture were limited to seeing two or
three individuals.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Tolerably common. I
have seen them in a flock in company with Cathartes
aura. It journeys along the coast.

Chico. Win. Proud. — Sometimes seen.

Cooper, 1870. I have not seen many of these birds
along the coast where most of my later collections were
made, and none on the islands or in the highest Sierra
Nevada.

Newberry, 1855. This vulture, though common in

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 25

California, is much more shy and difficult to shoot than
its associate, the turkey buzzard, and is never seen in
such numbers. We saw very few in the Klamath Basin
and none in Oregon.

Cooper, 1870. This confirms the observations of Dr.
Suckley and myself, as we saw none during a long resi-
dence and travels near the Columbia, except one which
I supposed to be this, seen at Fort Vancouver in January.
Like several other birds seen there by Townsend and
Nuttall, they seem to have retired more to the south
since 1834.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very rare summer
resident.

Nuttall, 1840. According to Douglass in the Zoologi-
cal Journal it is common in the wooded districts, mi-
grating in summer as far north as the forty-ninth
parallel.

[It is difficult to believe that this was ever really an
abundant species in California. It has certainly been
very rare in the center of the State north of latitude 38°
since the spring of 1856. Its present rarity may be ac-
counted for by quoting Dr. Cooper (Cal. Orii.): "It is
often killed by feeding on animals such as bears, when
poisoned by strychnine by the raiicheros; the poisoned
meat kills them readily. Therancheros have very little
fear of their depredations on young cattle, though it
has come within my knowledge for five or six to attack
a young calf, separate from its mother, and kill it; the
Californiaiis also say they are often known to kill lambs,
hares and rabbits."]

Heermann, 1854. This bird was observed occasionally
during our survey. Whilst hunting unsuccessfully in
the Tejon Valley we have often passed hours without
one of this species being in sight, but on bringing down
any large game, ere the body had grown cold these birds

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

might be seen rising above the horizon, slowly sweeping
towards us, intent upon their share of the prey. Nor,
in the absence of the hunter, will his game be exempt
from their ravenous appetite, though it might be care-
fully hidden and covered by shrubbery and heavy
branches. I have known these marauders to drag forth
from its concealment and devour a deer within an hour.
Gambel (Phila. Acad.) Particularly abundant in
winter, when they probably come from Oregon.

22. Cathartes aura (Linn.) TURKEY VULTURE.

San Diego. L. B. — Common resident; common in
northern and southern Lower California, and probably
in all parts of it. This bird, the caracara eagle and
other very useful carrion-eating birds are wisely protected
by law in Mexico, as should be the case with this in our
country, being harmless in all respects and very useful
as scavengers.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — February 9,
five observed.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Common res-
ident; breeds.

Central California. L. B. — Very common constant
resident below the pine forest; often seen in the high
Sierra in summer; no doubt a common species through-
out the State. One that I shot on a ranch at Gridley
appeared to be catching grasshoppers, but as it had re-
cently feasted on dead colt it was too offensive for thor-
ough inspection. There were many on this ranch, and
if they did not partake of the grasshoppers, or, rather,
of the true middle province locust, they were about the
only exception besides the turtle dove, as all the other
birds from the large red-tailed hawk and crow down to
the little plain titmouse fairly feasted on the destructive

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 27

insect; even the egg-sucking magpies and blue jays be-
came more than useful, and this continued throughout
the most of the summer.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common dur-
ing summer.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony.— March 22; 1885,.
first seen; next seen April 15; rare.

Cooper, 1860. Very abundant in all parts Of the
Territory I have visited. They arrived at Puget Sound
about the middle of May and flocks could be seen daily
about the carcasses of sheep.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Tolerably com-
mon.

Henshaw, 1879. Generally distributed. In some lo-
calities as near Honey Lake, California, very numerous.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately common dur-
ing the summer months and breeding in this vicinity.
They arrive here early in April and I saw one on the
27th of November after a fall of snow.

Hoffman. Arrives in the middle regions about th0
second or third week in March, after which time it was
was common. Was also observed in the Colorado Valley
from Fort Mojave northward.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — March 25, rathe?
common. Abundant March 18, 1886, and seen often
after up to the day of leaving (April 15)..

Ridgway. In the interior it was abundant through-
out the summer when it was found in nearly all locali-
ties, but during the winter months they seemed to have
retired to the southward, none having been seen in the
latitude of Carson earlier than the middle of March.

23. Elanus leucurus (Vieill.) WHITE-TAILED KITE.

Ventura County. B. W. Evermanii. — A rare resi-
dent. I obtained a full set of eggs April 12. (Auk,
vol. iii, 1886.)

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OB' SCIKNCKS.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Dr. Gambel, who secured
his specimens at the mission of St. John, near Monterey,
describes it as flying low and circling over the plains in
the manner of a marsh hawk.

Alameda County. W. E. Bryant. — This hawk bred
here formerly; it is still a very rare resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare accidental visitant.
Found only about the marsh, three miles west of
here on the bay. December 26, 1885, again April 13,
1886.

Cooper, 1870. I have seen them as far south as
Bolinas Bay and near Monterey, but always about streams
or marshes.

Heermann. The extensive marshes of Suisun, Napa
and Sacramento Valleys are the favorite resorts of these
birds, more especially during the winter season, as they
then find a plentiful supply of insects and mice, their
principal nourishment. I fell in with an isolated pair
in the mountains between Elizabeth Lake and William-
son's Pass.

L. B. — This hawk is still a common resident about the
extensive tule marshes in the center of the State. I have
seen what I believed were their old nests in willow trees
along the San Joaquin River. I noticed one of these
birds at Gridley, October 20, 1884, and another at Red
Bluff, February 4, 1885. It is a common resident in
the tules of Sutter County.

24. Circus hudsonius (Lhm.) MARSH HAWK.

Northwest Lower California. Col. N. S. Goss. — Near
the boundary line, March 23, 1884, nest and eggs.

Tolerably common about San Diego. — L. B.

Santa Ana River. F. E. Blaisdell. — December 9,
1884, to January 6, 1885, not common.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 21>

San Bernardino Valley. F. Stephens. — Tolerably
common resident.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
One was observed on each of the following days: March
18, April 3 and April 8, 1888.

Henshaw, 1876. Very numerous in California; resi-
dent in the southern part.

Cooper, 1870. One of the most abundant hawks
throughout the unwooded country and about every
marsh, even in the dense forest.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare, resident (?)

Central California. L. B. — Common resident in the
valleys; rare summer resident of the mountain mead-
ows.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Moderately com-
mon; breeding.

Fort Klamath. Lieut. Wittich. — Abundant.
Cooper, 1860. Abundant throughout the open dis-
tricts of the Territory, especially in winter, and it breeds
there.

British Columbia. John Famiin. — A common sum-
mer resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Very numerous in every suitable
locality.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately abundant and
a few resident.

Ridgway. No marsh of any extent was visited, either
in winter or in summer, where this hawk could not be
seen at almost any time during the day skimming over
the tules in search of its prey.

Newberry. Rather common in the Sacramento val-
ley, and abundant beyond all parallel on the plains of
Pit River.

;30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

25. Accipiter velox rufilatus Ridgw. WESTERN SHARP-
SHINNED HAWK.

San Diego. L. B. WTolerably common winter visitant.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Seen Febru-
.ary 22.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — From August
•21 to November 28, not common.

Cooper, 1870. They probably breed more generally
towards the southern and lower parts of the State than
that species ( A. cooperi), as I have seen a few of them
}(or perhaps A. mexicanus), in the warmer months.

Henshaw, 1876. A common resident throughout
.southern California.

L. B. — Common during summer months in the upper
^ierra. (Birds Central Cal., 1879). My later observa-
tions are greatly at variance with the statement of 1879.
^During the summer of 1885, nearly all of which I spent at
the Summit of the Central Pacific Railroad, altitude 7,000
feet, and upward, I saw but a single individual, a fine
adult male, shot July 4. About September 15, it became
common; still more so about October 1. It may be a
common summer resident in a very few localities in
.-central and southern California, especially in mountains
having the height of Mount Whitney where Mr. Hen-
..shaw probably saw it.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bry-
ant.— Tolerably common winter visitant.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson.— March 21, 1884, last
seen; first seen in fall, August 28.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer.— March 9, 1885, last seen.
1 Tolerably common winter visitant. In 1886, seen March
7 and April 12.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson, — Moderately com-
nesting ip. trees.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 31

Cooper, 1860. Not common, and observed only in the
colder months.

Suckley, 1860. Quite common near Fort Steilacoom
latter part of summer and early autumn; quite scarce
during breeding season.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. A single specimen only, at the
Columbia River in October.

Camp Harney. Bondire. — Rather rare at all seasons.

Ridgway. Was observed only in the upper Humboldt
where it was common in September.

26. Accipiter cooperi mexicanus (Swains.) WESTERN
COOPER'S HAWK.

L. B. — Tolerably common about Sail Diego in winter;
probably breeding in El Cajon; April 26, a single pair.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Seen February
28, March 17 and March 20, 1884.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — August 21 to
November 28, common. (1884).

Agua Caliente, San Diego Co., Cal. F. Stephens. —
One seen April 8, 1886.

San Bernardino Valley. F. Stephens. — Rare resident.

Henshaw, 1876. In summer it is not often seen in
the lower districts, but will then be found to have re-
tired to the mountains. In the fall there appears to be
a very decided migration from the north.

Cooper, 1860. A common species during the winter
months in all the wooded portions of the State.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Rare winter visitant.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common in
winter in the valleys and foothills; a few bread in the
pine forest of Calaveras county, altitude 4,500 feet and

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SC[ENCES.

upward, and I found a family along Feather River, July
25, 1885, where they had probably been reared.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Occasionally
seen.

Cooper, 1860. Very abundant in summer.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — An abundant
summer resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Appears to be more numerous in
this region than the sharp-shinned hawk.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare; seldom seen.

Hoffman. Not uncommon.

Ridgway. This daring depredator was more or less
common in all localities where small birds abounded,
but it was far from numerous anywhere.

27. Accipiter atricapillus striatulus Ridgw. WESTERN
GOSHAWK .

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Suckley. I obtained several specimens both at Fort
Dalles and Fort Steilacoom.

Cooper, 1860. It would seem to be the special fre-
quenter of dark woods, where other hawks are rarely
seen.

HenshawT, 1879. Seen at several points along the
Cascade Mountains in Oregon.

Bendire. A few pairs breed in the mountains north
of Camp Harney. Collected at Walla Walla.

Calaveras County. L. B. — Common summer resident:
a pair or two breeding in the grove every summer;
never positively identified in the foothills and valleys
where it must be very rare if it occurs at all. It is
occasionally found on the east slope of the Sierras in
summer, as at Webber Lake, Donner Lake and Lake
Tahoe. At the latter locality I saw about twenty at dif-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 33

ferent times in September, 1889. It is usually in the
densest forest.

28. Buteo borealis calurus (Cass.) WESTERN RED-
TAILED HAWK. (B. montanus in part of Cooper
and previous writers.)

San Diego, L. B. — Common resident.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. O. Emerson. — Seen on every
collecting trip; paired and breeding February 20; eggs
collected at Live Oak Spring March 20.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident.

Agua Caliente, San Diego county, Cal. F. Stephens.
One seen on March 20, and another April 10, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Of almost universal distribution in
the West.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — March 1, 1885, fresh
eggs.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Very common resident
throughout the agricultural districts; many breed in the
Sierra.

Newberry. It may be said to inhabit all portions of
our Pacific possessions.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common.

Cooper, 1860. An abundant and resident species in
every part of the territory I have visited.

Suckley. I noticed that the poultry yards were as
much harassed by this hawk as by the goshawk, neither
of which hesitated to seize poultry from the very doors
of dwelling houses. This may be accounted for by the
fact that on Puget Sound hawks, as a class, are more
3

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

numerous than in the Eastern States, and small birds to
support them are less so in proportion.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Henshaw. Numerous throughout all the heavily wood-
ed portions of the region.

Camp Harney. Capt. Bendire. — Moderately com-
mon resident and one of the earliest hawks to breed.

Ridgway. A very common species in all wooded
localities of the interior. Truckee and Carson Valleys,
especially abundant in winter.

Hoffman. A common species throughout the wooded
valleys in winter; ascending to the more elevated tim-
bered regions in summer.

Bideo cooperi Cass. Cooper's Henhawk. — Has been
placed in the hypothetical list of the A. 0. U., 1886, with
the remark that it is "probably the light phase of B.
harlani Aud." (See discussions in the Auk, Vol. I, p.
253, and II, p. 165, on relationship of B. harlani with
Cooper's henhawk.)

Cooper, 1870. The type specimen I shot near Mount-
ain View, Santa Clara Valley, California, November,
1855.

29. Buteo lineatus elegans (Cass.) RED-BELLIED HAWK.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — A single ex-
ample referable to this species.

Heermann. Abundant, and extending from northern
California to the edge of the Colorado desert.

Upper Sacramento Valley. L. B. — Apparently rare;
probably resident, though not seen by me later than
October 20. It is very common about Stockton in sum-
mer; nearly as common, in breeding season, as the red-
tailed hawk. I knew of a pair nesting within less than
two hundred yards of a residence where poultry was

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 35

plentiful and easily obtainable. They nested there
three consecutive seasons unmolested by the occupants
of the dwelling. I shot the female as she flew from the
nest, April 4, 1880. Her stomach contained several
small lizards, a tree-frog (Hyla), grubs and insects.
May 11, 1879, there were three young in the nest that
would weigh about a pound each. Mr. Charles Moore,
who climbed the large oak in which the nest was placed,
reported a lining of green but dried and broken leaves
in the nest, about three inches deep in the center. On
April 4, 1880, there were three nearly fresh eggs in the
nest, which this year had a lining of the lace-like lichen
(Ramalina retiformis), found on the oaks in the vicinity,
a sample of which was brought down from the nest by
Mr. George Ashley, who, with great difficulty, secured
the eggs. The largest egg measured 225x175; ground
color of all bluish-white, much blotched with reddish-
brown, the brown varying greatly in intensity. One
egg was smaller and paler than the others, and was
probably unfruitful. I saw one of these hawks at Stock-
ton, January 25, 1885, repairing an old nest. This,
too, was near a farm-house where poultry was abundant,
but I doubt if it often attacks poultry, though I have
known them to catch small birds.

Newberry. Common in those parts of California and
Oregon traversed by our party.

Ridgway. Seen only in the Sacramento valley, where
it was rather common among the trees along the river.

Cooper, 1870. Common in the southern part of the
State, especially near San Diego. I did not see any in
the Colorado valley.

El Cajon, San Diego County. L. B.— April 26, 1884,
a pair about a nest. I saw one in Santa Margarita canon
April 26, 1885, and I also saw two in San Rafael valley,
95 miles southeast of San Diego, May 12, 1885.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — November, 1885.

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

30. Buteo abbreviatus Caban. ZONE-TAILED HAWK.
Cooper, 1870. I shot the specimen above described,

the first found within the United States, on the 23d of
February, 1862, thirty miles north of San Diego, and
five from the coast.

31. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. SWAINSON'S HAWK.
Cooper, 1870. I found this species pretty common

near San Diego, March, 1862.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare in winter, breeding in El
Cajon, April 26. Shot in Lower California May 10,.
1885, 40 miles southeast of San Diego; appears to be rare;
south of San Diego.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Only three observed, and
these before April 1, 1885.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Breeds in the val-
leys; rare.

Henshaw, 1876. Pretty well distributed over the
southern part of California, and is in certain localities
very common. This was the case in the San Fernando
Valley in July.

Techachapi. L. B. — Common. Two shot in March,
1889.

Heermann. I first remarked this species at Grayson-
ville Ferry on the San Joaquin River, and continued to
meet it occasionally until we had crossed Kern River.

W. E. Bryant. Several specimens taken at Graysoii
in spring of 1881.

Stockton. L. B. — October 8, 1883, twelve seen 011
the ground in a single field catching insects. I have
seen the species in Butte county in June and September;
I suppose they breed there.

Fort Klamath. Lieut. Wittich.

Jacksonville, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — In breeding
season.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 37

Henshaw, 1879. Very numerous in summer in the
low, partially-wooded country near the mountains. I
noticed more of these hawks in northern California
than farther south, but this increase in numbers may
have been only apparent and due to their concentration
as fall approached.

Camp Harney. Capt. Bendire. — A common summer
resident, generally distributed.

Hoffman. Frequently seen throughout the valleys,
and appears to be more common during the autumn
than B. calurus. Has also been obtained in the Colo-
rado valley from Fort Mojave northward.

Ridgway. One of the most abundant of the large
hawks of the interior, but it seemed to be less common
in winter than in summer.

32. Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.) AMER-
ICAN ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK.

Cooper, 1870. This species is only a winter visitor in
California, as far as I know, and I have not seen them
south of Santa Clara valley, though I think some may
breed in the high mountains, as they are seen at the
Columbia River in July.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
A rare winter visitant; one specimen taken at Berkeley.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common winter
visitant; it may breed in the mountains, but I have no
evidence that it does so.

Cooper, 1860. In October I found a large number
near the seacoast; some remained all winter, and I
think a few build near the mouth of the Columbia,
where I saw young birds in July.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Henshaw, 1879. Common in fall in marshy locali-
ties.

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Camp Harney. Capt. Bendire. — An irregular winter
visitor; common at some seasons and entirely wanting
in others.

Ridgway. This common species was observed nearly
everywhere in the vicinity of the fertile valleys. It ap-
pears to be resident in western Nevada, for it was ex-
tremely abundant in July at the Truckee Meadows.

33. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.) FERRUGINOUS
ROUGH-LEG.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Suckley, 1860. An adult specimen taken in Decem-
ber, 1854, at Fort Dalles, Oregon.

Camp Harney. Bendire. Rather rare but more
common in the open country to the southward, particu-
larly so near Camp McDermitt where it breeds.

Ridgway. This magnificent hawk was much less fre-
quently seen than its relative, the common rough-leg.

L. B. — I have never seen this hawk in California in
summer, but it is rather common in the treeless lower
foothills of Central California in winter, spending much
of the time on the ground. It appears to be very rare
in the upper Sacramento Valley.

Cooper, 1870. I found it common in December at
Martinez.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Rare winter visitant.

Henshaw, 1876. It does not appear to be at all com-
mon in southern California, but becomes numerous in
fall.

Heermann. During the recent survey in the south-
ern part of the State I found it very abundant, having
seen on one occasion in the mountains about sixty miles
from San Diego, five or six of these birds at the same

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 39

moment. Large tracts in the southern portion of the State
being totally destitute of trees, this bird alights on the
ground, or, taking a position on some slightly elevated
tuft of grass or stone, will sit patiently for hours wait-
ing for its prey.

34. Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.) GOLDEN EAGLE.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — August 21 to
November 28, occasionally seen.

Temecula Canon. H. Willey. — December 2, 1881,
one specimen.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Quite common resident.

Santa Catalina Island. F. Stephens. — August, 1886,
four seen.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Breeds; two records of capture.

Upper Sierras of Central California. L. B. — Rather
rare summer resident; occasionally seen in the valleys
in winter; formerly less rare; not seen at or south of
San Diego by me.

Heermann. Rarely seen, save by the naturalist who
is on the alert.

Ridgway. At Carson we scarcely ever went among
the hills without seeing it soaring about, generally in
pairs. We first met with it in July, 1867, near the sum-
mit of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada; afterward
it was continually observed on all the higher ranges to
the eastward.

Henshaw, 1879. Occurring more or less numerously
among the mountains.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately abundant
throughout the mountainous portions during the greater
part of the year.

Hoffman. Not uncommon in the elevated mountain
regions. They were observed at Bull Run Mountains,
Mount Magruder and other similar localities.

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OB' SCIENCES.

35. Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linn.) BALD EAGLE.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant
resident.

Cooper, 1860. One of the most abundant of the Fal-
con tribe in Washington territory, particularly along
the Columbia River and smaller streams, as well as salt
water. This eagle is a constant resident.

Suckley, 1860. Exceedingly abundant in Oregon and
Washington Territories, and in certain localities, espec-
ially during the salmon season, may be found in great
numbers.

0. B. Johnson, 1880. Common along the Columbia
River nesting in high trees.

Henshaw, 1879. Present on nearly all the streams
and lakes that furnish fish; extremely abundant at
Klamath Lake.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — I obtained a single spec-
imen February 18, 1875. A pair breed on Silvies River
and are the only ones I have seen here.

Ridgway. Met with only in the neighborhood of Pyr-
amid Lake where it was rare.

Newberry, 1854. Not rare in. California along the
San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers; is very common
at the Cascades of the Columbia and at the falls of the
Willamette, and still more abundant about the chain of
lakes which cover so large a surface in the Klamath
Basin. We found it in the Cascade range about the
mountain lakes, and indeed in all places where fish, its
favorite food, is obtainable.

Heermann, 1854. We found this species in the Tulare
Valley on the borders of large lakes, and in one place
counted three nests within sight of each other.

Cooper, 1870. Very abundant where not extermi-
nated by the foolish ambition which inspires most gun-
ners to kill an eagle.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 41

Heiishaw, 1876. An abundant resident of California
particularly along the sea coast. It is also not uncom-
mon in the mountain districts. The islands of the
Santa Barbara Channel are the resort of many pairs
that remain during the year.

San Diego. T. C. Parker. — January, 1875, a speci-
men.

L. B. — It is decidedly rare in San Diego county and
has not been seen by me in any part of Lower California.
It was common in Central California in winter as late
as 1866, but is now rare.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — November 15, 1885.
During the last two years four of these eagles have come
into my possession; two of them were shot at Red Bluff
about the middle of April, and one was caught in a steel
trap at Bangor, Butte county. The fourth was killed in
Marysville Buttes and brought to me in flesh, October
20, 1885. I am credibly informed that seven of these
birds are seen almost daily in these mountains.

36. Falco mexicanus Schleg. PRAIRIE FALCON.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Not at all rare during the
migration of the water fowl. A few breed in this
vicinity.

Henshaw, 1879. A widely diffused species and com-
mon in certain localities of this region, as near Camp
Bidwell.

Ridgway. A rather common species throughout the
Great Basin. It was common during summer about the
cliffs of the Ruby Range where the families of young
accompanied by their parents flew among the precipit-
ous rocks where they had been bred.

Heermann. I obtained near Sacramento three speci-
mens arid saw a young unfledged one in San Francisco.
I also procured one on the Farallon Islands.

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Rare resident; eggs taken.

Central California. L. B. — Rare winter visitant;
probably breeds in Hope Valley, Alpine County, Califor-
nia, on the east slope. San Diego County, winter, rare;
mountains south of Campo, May, rare; first seen at
Summit, Central Pacific Railroad, September 2, 1885.

37. Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.) DUCK HAWK.

San Diego. L. B. — Winter, rare.

Cooper, 1870. I have found this species along the
whole southern coast of California, where it resides con-
stantly.

Henshaw, 1876. Appears to be rather common in
southern California, being perhaps most so on the coast.
It is numerous on the Santa Barbara Islands, also pres-
ent around Kern Lake.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Rare resident.

Central California. L. B. — Rare winter visitant, but
perhaps breeds on Butte Slough, Butte County, where I
have seen two or more in June.

Cooper, 1860. Of the western duck hawk I have seen
only two pairs, which, in March, 1854, frequented a
high wrooded cliff at Shoalwater Bay.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent.

Bendire. Only seen near Malheur Lake attracted by
the great number of water fowls of all kinds.

Ridgway. Observed only at Pyramid Lake and along
the lower portions of the Truckee River; at the former
locality only a single pair.

[I have taken the liberty of placing Dr. Cooper's notes
on the duck hawk under this species although they were
originally under the head of Falco nigriceps Cassin.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 43

Part of the notes included here may belong under the
next species but without specimens it is impossible to
determine.]

38. Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgw. PEALE'S FALCON.
Habitat: Oregon and northward.

39. Falco columbarius Linn. PIGEON HAWK.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Cooper, 1860. Seems to be rather uncommon in the
Territory. I shot one in June, 1853, and did not see
another until April, 1855, when they had just arrived at
the Strait of Juan de Fuca. It doubtless breeds in the
Territory.

Suckley, 1860. About the 1st of August this bird be-
comes very abundant in the vicinity of Fort Steilacoom,
Washington. During the summer and autumn of 1856
I obtained a number of specimens in different stages of
plumage.

Walla Walla. Brewster (Bull. N. 0. C., vii, 227.)—
Varieties suckleyi and richardsonii collected by Capt.
Bendire.

Newberry. We found it paired and nesting about the
Klamath Lakes, and it likewise occupies all the region
south of the Columbia in Oregon.

Henshaw, 1879. "Richardsonii" noted in several
localities in Oregon and northern California, and two
specimens in immature plumage were taken.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rather rare; nest contain-
ing young, May, 1876; the only nest I have seen.

Ridgway. Seen on but three or four occasions.

Central California. L. B. — Rare winter visitant in
valleys and foothills; probably very rare summer resi-
dent of the fir forests; one seen on Castle Peak near
Summit, July 1st, 1885.

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Henshaw, 1876. (Var. richardsonii). It is found in
southern California, and I think not uncommonly, though
I took but a single specimen (August 28, at Walkers
Basin).

Cooper, 1870. I shot a fine specimen at Fort Mojave,
in winter

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident of val-
ley and foothills.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, Cal. F. Stephens. —
One seen April 6 and another April 8, 1886.

San Diego. L. B. — Winter, rare.

40. Falco columbarius suckleyi Ridgw. BLACK MER-

LIN.

41. Falco richardsonii Ridgw. RICHARDSON'S MERLIN.
[The notes on the Pigeon Hawk were arranged prior

to the receipt of the A. 0. U. Check List, and at the time
I did not know how the different forms would be treated.
Having thus far recognized but one form in the few
specimens I have collected, I simply follow what I be-
lieve to be competent authority.]

42. Falco sparverius Linn. AMERICAN SPARROW HAWK.
San Diego and north Lower California; tolerably com-
mon resident. — L. B.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — March 9, first
noticed; Santa Isabel, April 3, in pairs.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident in the valley and foothills.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Several seen; probably
resident in small numbers.

Henshaw, 1876. In California, as throughout the
west generally, very numerous. Great numbers of these
birds near Santa Barbara in July.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 45

Cooper, 1870. Besides constantly in California, fre-
quenting chiefly the plains.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident of the
valleys and foothills; common about subalpine meadows
in the Sierra in summer.

Heermann. Abundant throughout the whole of Cali-
fornia.

Newberry. In the Sacramento Valley, in the interior
basin, and in the mountains and valleys of Oregon, we
found it everywhere quite as abundant as in the eastern
states.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Very common;
nesting in holes, usually of a woodpecker.

Cooper, 1860. Extremely common during summer
about prairies, even at the summit of the Cascade Range,
but I have never observed it in the forests or near the
sea shore. I noticed their arrival at Puget Sound early
in May.

Suckley, 1860. Exceedingly abundant on the Nis-
qually Plains, Puget Sound.

British Columbia. John Faimin. — Abundant sum-
mer resident, arriving at Burrard Inlet, April 13, 1855.
The species was again seen April 17, and by May 15 it
was common. It is common here in breeding season.

Henshaw, 1879. Very common throughout this whole
region.

Bendire. A very common summer resident, breeding
abundantly about Camp Harney.

Ridgway. Regarding the western range of this widely
distributed species, nothing more need be said than that
it occurs everywhere in suitable places.

Hoffman. Generally abundant in the more favorable
localities of upper Nevada.

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

43. Polyborus cheriway (Jacq.) AUDUBON'S CARACARA.
Heermann. I am happy to be able to add this inter-
esting species to the fauna of California, having seen it
on the Colorado River near Fort Yuma.

44. Pandion haliaetus carolinensis(GmeL) AMERICAN

OSPREY.

A few seen at San Diego in winter. — L. B.

Santa Catalina Island. F. Stephens. — August, 1886,
one seen.

Cooper, 1870. Found wherever there is clear water
containing fish. June 20 the young birds about Cata-
lina Island appeared to be fully fledged.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — A pair have nested here
several summers.

Bodega Bay. F. H. Holmes. — Shot here.

Newberry. Along the Sacramento River, far up on
Pit River, around the Klamath Lakes, in the Cascade
Mountains, on the Columbia and Willamette, we still
found the fish-hawk.

Heermann. Abundant, being met with throughout
the whole extent of California. In the fall it migrates
south.

0. B. Johnson. Common along the Columbia and
Willamette Rivers, nesting in trees.

Cooper, 1860. Common along the coast, arriving at
Puget Sound by the middle of April.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — Abundant sum-
mer resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Present on nearly all the lakes and
streams that furnish fish.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A rare summer visitor.

Ridgway. Seen only along the lower portion of the
Truckee River near Pyramid Lake where it was rather
common in May. It no doubt bred in that localitv.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 47

45. Strix pratincola (Bonap.) AMERICAN BARN OWL.
San Diego. L. B. — Seen once, but not seen in any

part of Lower California.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Cooper, 1870. Abundant throughout the southern
part of California, especially near the coast.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident of
the valley.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, Cal. March 18 to
April 15, 1886. Heard nearly every night; probably
a resident pair.

Henshaw, 1876. Appears to be common throughout
southern California and in some portions, as in the
swamps near Los Angeles, and again in the San Ber-
nardino Valley, I found it in great numbers.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common along the
coast, mostly nesting in holes in the cliffs.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Fresh eggs January 25,
1885, and young found in a nest February 8.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Rather common in the
valleys, especially in willows along the rivers.

Newberry. Apparently more abundant on the west-
ern coast than in the Atlantic States, and more common
in California than in Oregon. It also inhabits the
Klamath Basin.

Henshaw, 1879. At Camp Bidwell it seemed to be a
tolerably common species. That it occurs on the east
side of the Sierras I obtained ample proof during the
past season.

46. Asid wilsonianus (Less.) AMERICAN LONG-EARED

OWL.

San Diego and northern 100 miles of Lower Califor-
nia, tolerably common resident. — L. B.

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident of the
valley.

Los Angeles. Henshaw, 187G. — Seen several times.

Santa Paula, Ventura County. B. W. Evermann. —
February 16, 1881, laying already.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bry-
ant. — Rare resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Collected here.

Central California. L. B. — Apparently rare; seen
only on a few occasions in the valleys and once in the
foothills. I have several times seen three or four in the
high Sierra, perhaps migrants, but possibly summer
residents of these mountains.

Ridgway. Seldom if ever did we enter a willow copse
of any extent without starting one or more. This was
the case both near the Sacramento and in the interior,
and in summer as well as in winter.

Cooper, 1860. Obtained only once on the banks of
the Columbia near the Dalles, November, 1853.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous in the thickets of the
low lands, where it is resident throughout the year.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately abundant and
resident, frequenting the dense thickets along streams,
and here constructing their own nests.

Hoffman. Very common in every favorable locality.
Near Carlin and at various localities west and south of
that place.

Cooper, 1870. Wanders into the barren, treeless des-
erts east of the Sierra Nevada.

47. Asio accipitrinus (Pall.) SHORT-EARED Owr..

F. E. Blaisdell. — One shot at Temecula, November 13,
1883; 1 have not seen it at Poway.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 49

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare accidental vis-
itant to the valley.

Cooper, 1870. I have not seen them south of Santa
Clara Valley.

Vicinity of Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably com-
mon winter visitant.

Central California. L. B. — Common in winter in tule
marshes; was last seen at Stockton about April 1, 1878,
and reappeared on September 30, following.

Cooper, 1860. In fall and winter it appears in large
numbers on the low prairies of the coast. I have not
observed it during summer in the territory.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Henshaw, 1879. Common in the sedgy marshes about
Warner Lake, Oregon.

Bendire. Only a summer resident, confining itself to
the marshes near Malheur Lake. Two sets of eggs May
28, on the ground in a large swamp.

Heermann. I started from the bushes a specimen on
the desert extending between the Tejon Pass and the
Mojave River, on the borders of which I also met another.

Newberry. Found throughout California and Oregon ;
especially common in the Klamath Basin. Upper Pit
River, found in considerable numbers.

48. Syrnium occidentale Xantus. SPOTTED OWL.

Cooper, 1870. It was discovered by Mr. J. Xantus at
Fort Tejon, March 6, 1858, but only one specimen was
obtained.

L. B. — Common at Big Trees, Calaveras County, and

vicinity in summer, and perhaps in winter. It frequents

the densest parts of the fir forests. June 13, 1882, male

and female shot together in early evening; stomachs

4

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OB1 SCIENCES.

empty; ovaries small. Both appeared to be adults, and
were beginning or concluding moult.

49. Scotiaptex cinerea (Gmel.) GREAT GRAY OWL.
Newberry. We obtained proofs of its existence in the

Sacramento Valley, in the Cascade Mountains, in the
Des Chutes Basin, and on the Columbia.

Mr. Wm. Proud has a specimen, which he informed
me was brought to him in flesh soon after it had been
shot, in the hills near Chico. — L. B.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Occasionally
seen in heavily wooded districts.

Cooper, 1882. Common in the dense spruce forests
near the Columbia River and northward.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. A single specimen of
this owl was taken at Sitka by Bischoff; and on the 20th
of April Mr. Dall obtained a female that had been shot
near Mulato. He subsequently obtained several speci-
mens in that region.

50. Nyctala acadica (Gmel.) SAW-WHET OWL.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.
Vancouver. Cooper, 1860. Februarys, 1854, I found

one dead.

Suckley, 1860. A fine specimen found at the Dalles
of the Columbia in December, 1853.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — I have a single
example.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Only taken during very
cold weather in the winter. I think it a resident, and
that it breeds here.

Ridgway. But a single specimen was met with — at
Thousand Spring Valley, Nevada, September 24.

Dr. Gambel met with it in California (northward?).

Fort Tejon. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Female
specimen collected by J. Xantus.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 51

Cooper, 1870. I have seen in the German Academy
of Natural Sciences a specimen of Nyctale albifrons
brought from Nevada close to the boundary of California.

Lately N. albifrons has become known as the young
of N. acadica. At Lake Tahoe, September 21, 1889, a
young male was taken by myself. — L. B.

51. Megascops asio bendirei fBrewst.) CALIFORNIA

SCREECH OWL.

Cooper, 1870. Quite common in the wooded parts of
the State.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Occasionally seen.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valley and foothills.

Henshaw, 1876. A common resident of California.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Quite common.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident in the
valley; less common in the foothills; not seen or heard
in the fir forest.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Very common,
breeding in trees.

[Perhaps the Willamette birds are M. a. kennicottii.]

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.
[M. a. kennicottii ?~\

Suckley, 1860. A specimen in the mottled plumage
was obtained by me at Fort Vancouver. [M. a. ken-
nicottii ?]

52. Megascops asio kennicottii (Elliott). KENNICOTT'S

SCREECH OWL.

Beaverton, Washington County, Oregon. A. W.
Anthony (Auk, April, 1886.) — A not uncommon resi-
dent.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Brewster. (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 27). Speci-
mens from Fort Walla Walla, W. T., from John Day
River and Portland, Oregon; Sitka, Alaska; Idaho and
Montana.

53. Megascops flammeolus (Kaup.) FLAMMULATEI>

SCREECH OWL.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. A specimen collected at
Fort Cook by Captain John Feilner. This was a young
bird, evidently raised in that locality.

Big Trees, August 16, 1880. L. B. — One specimen ,,
which I sent to the Smithsonian Institution. It was shot
about 10 o'clock P. M. Its stomach contained frag-
ments of beetles. It had one or more companions. It
is probably not rare in the denser parts of the forests of
the Sierras in summer.

54. Bubo virginianus subarcticus (Hoy.) WESTERN

HORNED OWL.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.

Cooper, 1860. Common constant resident in all parts
of the territory.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Quite common.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident of the forests; rare summer resident of the
valleys; more common in the latter in winter.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Byrant. —
Tolerably common resident; several pairs breed near
Berkeley annually.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Accidental visitant.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Rare.

Fort Tejon. Henshaw, 1876.— August 8.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare resi-
dent.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — An individual
seen January 29, and again in February.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 53

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Tolerably common resi-
dent.

[Mr. B. W. Evermann, of Santa Paula, informed me
February 16, 1881, that the species was then breeding
there.]

Henshaw, 1879. Often heard in the mountains where
it is resident. Two individuals of the many seen were
obtained in the Cascade Mountains. They represent
the common interior type.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Several specimens taken
at different seasons are referable to var. arcticus, while
differing in coloration.

Brewster. (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, October, 1882.)—
At Fort Walla Walla, during the autumn of 1881, Cap-
tain Bendire secured no less than fourteen specimens of
which twelve are now before me. In a general way these
are referable as follows: Eight to saturatus; two to sub-
arcticus, and two to a form apparently about intermedi-
ate between these races.

Ridgway. Found by us in all wooded districts except-
ing the Sacramento valley. Near Pyramid Lake it was
abundant in December. It was also common near
Carson. Nest and three eggs (of subarcticus) , April 21.

55. Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgw. DUSKY HORNED

OWL.

56. Nyctea nyctea (Linn.) SNOWY OWL.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare winter resi-
dent.

Brewster. (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vol. vii.)— Walla
Walla; collected by Captain Bendire.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Occasionally
killed in winter by hunters.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare winter visitor.

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

57. Surnia ulula caparoch (Miill.) AMERICAN HAWK

OWL.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent.

58. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea (Bonap.) BURROW-

ING OWL.

Common in many parts of San Diego County. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valley.

Henshaw, 1876. Nowhere in the west does this owl
occur oftener, or in greater numbers, than in southern
California.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bry-
ant.— Rare resident; formerly common.

Cooper, 1870. Probably one of the most common
birds in California.

Central California. L. B. — Very common resident in
the valleys and lower foothills as it is, no doubt, in these
throughout the State.

Klamath Basin. Newberry. — Less frequent in the
Sacramento Valley.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant at the Dalles; not seen by
me west of the Cascade Mountains.

British Columbia. — John Fannin. — Rare summer res-
ident east of the Cascades.

Henshaw, 1879. (East slope). Numerous in all suit-
able localities throughout this region.

Camp Harn'ey. Bendire. — A common summer resi-
dent, arriving about the end of March.

Hoffman. Near Antelope Creek, about 60 miles north
of Battle Mountain, two individuals were seen.

Ridgway. It was most numerous on the dry plains

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 55

near Sacramento. Eastward of the Sierra Nevada we
found it only at wide intervals. It was rare about
Carson. A single pair was seen on the mesa be-
tween the Humboldt River and the west Humboldt
Mountains, and a few were noticed in Fairview Valley,
while in the neighborhood of Salt Lake City it was more
common.

Cooper, 1870. I found one living near the Colorado,
in a burrow which it had apparently just made.

59. Glaucidium gnoma calif ornicum (Scl.) CALIFORNIA
PIGMY OWL.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.

Cooper, 1860. Only once seen. On the 1st of No-
vember, 1854, I observed it among a flock of sparrows,
which did not seem at all frightened by its presence.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Quite common.

Newberry. I procured specimens on the Cascade
Mountains in Oregon.

Camp Hariiey. Bendire. — Moderately abundant in
winter, and some unquestionably breed.

Calaveras Big Trees. L. B. — July 4, 1882, juveniles
just out of the nest. It is quite common in the foothills of
Central California in winter, and is a rare summer resi-
dent of the fir forests. Mr. Charles A. Allen, of Nicasio,
informed me that he had taken twenty-five specimens
there in one season, if I remember correctly. Mr. Wil-
liam Proud shot one near Chico, February 7, 1885,
nearer sea level than I had previously seen it in the
interior of the State.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — May, 1881, I found a
nest with three eggs. Mr. Ready also found a nest at
Santa Cruz.

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

60. Micropallas whitneyi (Cooper). ELF OWL.
Cooper, 1870. No. 208, State Collection; shot at Fort

Mojave, Colorado Valley, April 26, 1861, is, as yet, a
unique specimen.

Captain Bendire secured several specimens near Tuc-
son. Mr. F. Stephens found it a very common bird
about Tucson and Camp Lowell (Brewster Bull. Nutt.
Orn. Clftb, vol. viii, 27), also stating that Mr. Stephens
found several nests in deserted woodpecker's holes in the
giant cactus.

61. Geococcyx californianus (Less.) ROAD-RUNNER.
Common at San Diego; first notes here, January 19,

1884.— L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common^ resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident of the
valley and foothills.

Henshaw, 1876. Abundant resident through South-
ern California.

Cooper, 1870. At Santa Barbara I observed a young
one nearly fledged in May.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Rare resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare; accidental visitant.

San Rafael. A. M. Ingersoll. — Very rare.

Central California. L. B. — Rare resident; seldom
found above fifteen hundred feet.

Murphys. John J. Snyder. — September, 1885, a spec-
imen.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Igo, Shasta County. E. L. Ballou. — Rare resident.

Hoffman. I found this bird only in the Colorado Val-
ley, in the vicinity of Fort Mojave, where it was not of
uncommon frequency.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 57

62. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis Ridgw. CALI-
FORNIA CUCKOO.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Once seen in 1875 and
once in 1876.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — June 6, 1885, once seen
and heard.

Oakland. W*E. Bryant. — One specimen taken here
by Charles N. Comstock.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Shot here August 3,
1884; seen June 13, 1885. Very rare.

Cooper, 1870. While stationed at Sacramento, in
1865, I found these birds quite common in the large
cottoiiwood trees about the city from about May 1 to
September 1. In the summer of 1862 Mr. Gruber ob-
tained two specimens, shot in Napa Valley.

Ridgway — At Sacramento City its well-known notes
were heard on more than one occasion in June, among
the oak groves in the outskirts of the city, while across
the Sierra Nevada, several individuals were seen in July
in the wooded valley of the Lower Truckee.

L. B. — Marysville, June, 1878, common in the willow
and poplar thickets. July 7, 1884, two juveniles just
out of nest.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— May 19, 1884, first;
June 6 next seen; tolerably common; breeds. First seen
May 1, 1885; common May 8.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — June 4, 1884, first seen; usually
very rare here.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Rare; two speci-
mens killed in this vicinity.

Bendire. Keeny's Ferry, Oregon side of Snake River,
August 2, 1876, a nest containing half grown young
birds.

Kamloops, B. C. John Fannm. — C. americanus found
nesting.

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

63. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) BELTED KINGFISHER.

San Diego. Resident, not numerous; never abun-
dant.—L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common along the coast.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Very rare summer
resident of the valley.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, Carl. F. Stephens.
Seen almost every day from April 3 to April 15, 1886
(day of leaving.)

Henshaw, 1876. Every small stream which is stocked
with fish is occupied by one or more of these birds.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common on
clear streams which contain fish. One observed catch-
ing trout, near Big Trees, January, 1879, snow two feet
deep. Summit, autumn, 1885, several seen, apparently
migrants, perhaps going from the east slope to Califor-
nia to winter.

Cooper, 1870. Common along the coast.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Constant resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant throughout the year along
every stream as well as the coast; probably does not re-
tire southward, except in those uncommon winters when
all the fresh water becomes frozen.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Of common occurrence on all the
fish-stocked streams.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A rare summer visitor.

Ridgway. Found in the vicinity of all streams and
lakes containing fish. In the lower valleys it was resi-
dent, but in the mountains it was found only in sum-
mer.

Hoffman. Common in favorable localities.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 59

64. Ceryle cabanisi (Tschudi.) TEXAN KINGFISHER.
Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Dr. Coues states that

they have been observed at several points on the Colo-
rado River, between Fort Mojave and Fort Yuma — the
only instances of their occurrence in the United States
other than on the Rio Grande.

65. Dryobates villosus harrisii (Aud.) HARRIS' WOOD-

PECKER.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson, — March 24 one
male; the only individual seen.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — August 21;
November 28 rather common.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Breeds in the pine
region of the mountains; rare winter visitant to the
foothills and valley.

Henshaw, 1876. More or less common summer resi-
dent of the mountains. Specimens from Fort Tejon
and near Mount Whitney.

Cooper, 1870. Resident as far south as Santa Bar-
bara. I found them more common in the higher coast
range near Santa Cruz.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — One taken.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident of the fir forests, apparently driven down
from the higher Sierra in winter, though I saw one at
Dormer Lake, November 16, 1884, and a few at Big Trees,
January, 1879, when there was but little snow. It is
rarely met in the valleys in winter. Its burrows are
sometimes within three feet of the ground; eggs, usually
four, though I have found seven, one apparently un-
fruitful.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common resi-
dent; breeding extensively.

Cooper, 1860. The most abundant species in the
Territory; a constant resident.

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Suckley, 1860. A winter resident of Fort Dalles and
Fort Steilacoom.

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous as a resident of the
pineries.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Sparingly distributed
through the forests of the Blue Mountains in summer;
in spring and fall they frequent the shrubbery along
•creeks in the valleys and a few winter in such localities.

Ridgway. Met with in all wooded localities through-
out the year, from the Sierra Nevada eastward.

Hoffman. Not uncommon in the timbered districts
over the greater portion of Nevada; none were seen in
the southern regions.

66. Dry obates pubescens (Linn.) DOWNY WOODPECKER.
Marysville, winter of 1877-78, a typical specimen;

same locality, December 21, 1884, typical female; on
the following day another typical female and one nearly
so. These latter were the first and only ones of either
the downy or Gairdner's woodpeckers shot here in 1884,
-and they were not selected. Mr. A. W. Anthony sent
me one he shot at Beaverton, Oregon, and that, too, was
nearly typical. The specimen of 1877-78 is No. 73,606
of the Smithsonian collection. — L. B.

67. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii (And.) GAIRDNEK'S

WOODPECKER.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare accidental visit-
ant to the valley.

Henshaw, 1876. Not so arboreal as the Harris's wood-
pecker. We do not find it among the high mountains
of California, save occasionally, but with the Nuttall's it
resorts to the low districts and frequents to a great ex-
tent the deciduous timber, especially the oaks. Santa
Barbara, July 6, juvenile.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 61

Cooper, 1870. Santa Clara Valley, May 24, 1864, nest
containing young.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Hare resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare visitant. December
22, 1885, one female, again seen on April 14 and May
31, 1885.

Central California. L. B. — Rare in the fir forests at
all times; more common in foothills and valleys; com-
mon in breeding season in willow thickets of the Sacra-
mento Valley at several points, perhaps generally so.

Newberry. Very common in northern California and
Oregon.

Willamette Valley. O.B.Johnson. — Abundant; nest-
ing in tops of dead willows.

Cooper, 1860. Always found among the oaks, maple
and alders.

Suckley, 1860. Extremely common on the lower
Columbia, especially among the willow trees.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Along the eastern slope as every-
where throughout the middle region, this is a rare
species and but a single individual was seen.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Only met in the John Day
River Valley, Oregon, and it appears to be rare there.

Ridgway. Unaccountably rare in all portions of the
country, even where its larger cousin, D. harrisii,
abounded; indeed it was seen at only two localities along
the entire route (specimens taken at upper Humboldt
Valley).

68. Dryobates scalaris bairdi (Scl.) BAIRD'S WOOD-
PECKER.

Heermann. Abounding in the woods about Fort
Yurna.

62 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

Cooper, 1870. Abundant in the Colorado Valley [Fort
Mojave?].

[I believe there are no records of its occurrence in
California west of the Sierra Nevada, nor of its occur-
rence in any part of Lower California, though it is likely
to be found in the northeastern part of the latter. By
the Sierra Nevada I wish to signify the mountain chain
which extends at least as far south as lat. 31° in Lower
California and which separates the Colorado Desert from
the coast region in California, includes the Cuayamaca,
Volcan, San Jacinto, San Bernardino Mountains, and
connects with or continues as the Cascade Mountains.
A striking feature of these mountains along the head of
the Gulf of California is that they are very rocky and
steep].

69. Dryobates nuttallii (Gamb.) NUTTALL'S WOOD-
PECKER.

Rather rare resident about San Diego.

Tehachapi. April, 1889, rather common. — L. B.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — August 21,
November 28, 1884, frequently noticed.

Santa Isabel. \V. 0. Emerson. — Seen from January
23, 1884, to April 3.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident of the
valleys and foothills; found nesting in the valley.

Henshaw, 1876. Ranges from the lower valleys up
into the mountains to a height of at least 6,000 feet,
where, near Fort Tejon, I found it fairly numerous
among the pines, this being the only locality where I
found it among the conifers.

Cooper, 1870. It frequents the oaks and smaller trees
almost exclusively, avoiding the coniferous forests. I
have not observed it west of the coast range except at
Santa Barbara, nor have I seen any around gardens or
orchards.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 63

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident of the
valleys and foothills. I have never seen it above 4,000
feet, and rarely above 3,000 feet, and then not in breed-
ing season. It is resident and tolerably common as far
north as Red Bluff.

70. Xenopicus albolarvatus (Cass.) WHITE-HEADED
WOODPECKER.

Volcaii Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — August 21,
1884; rare. [The most southern California record.]

San Bernardino. F. Stevens. — Breeds on the high
mountains.

Henshaw. Tolerably numerous in the pine woods of
the mountains near Fort Tejon, and also in the Mt.
Whitney region.

Central California. L. B. — Common in. the fir for-
ests of the Sierra from about 4,000 feet upward; most
numerous at about 5,000 feet. Rare in the tamaracks
(Pinus contorta) at Blood's, Summit, Sierra City and
Butte Creek House; a few seen at Sierra Valley, Dormer
Luke, Lake Tahoe, and other localities on the east slope.
Its burrows are often within two or three feet of the
ground. I have seen two nests in cuts for shakes or
shingles, made after the tree was sawed into sections,
and one inta small, short stub of dogwood (Cornus nut-
talli). May 25, 1879, first full set of eggs taken at Big
Trees; June 6, 1880, first set. At Blood's, 7,200 feet
altitude, I have taken them as late as July 17. The
eggs are usually four, although I have seen five. In
winter it is found sparingly in the upper edge of the
foothills at about 3,000 feet altitude. I found it rather
common about Big Trees in the mild January of 1879
until two feet of snow fell, after which none were seen.

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Mr. John Snyder, of Murphys, says he found the first
one there in the fall of 1885 on October 18th.

Newberry. We found this species only in the Cas-
cade Mountains of Oregon, where it is, apparently, not
common.

Cooper, 1870. Common at Dalles, Columbia River. I
have also found it as far north as Fort Colville, Wash-
ington, near lat. 49°.

Henshaw, 1879. Along the eastern slope it occurs
here and there as a resident.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Not common; only met
with in the pine forests of Blue Mountains; remains
here throughout the year.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent.

Ridgway. It was common near Carson throughout
the winter, keeping entirely among the pines, though
sometimes coming down to the lower edge of the woods.

71. Picoides arcticus (Swains.) ARCTIC THREE -TOED
WOODPECKER.

Blood's, on Big Trees and Carson road, rare summer
resident; a pair feeding young here June 20, 1881, in a
dead tree about eight feet from the ground. Summit,
rare summer resident. Butte County, lat 40° 10', or
thereabout, altitude 6,700 feet, two pairs July 1-3,
1884.— L. B.

Ridgway. The only specimen seen was the one ob-
tained at Carson, February 19, 1868.

Newberry. This woodpecker we found only in the
Cascade Mountains, within a hundred miles of the Co-
lumbia.

Henshaw, 1879. A rather common and constant resi-
dent of the pine woods from Carson northward into Ore-
gon.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 65

Near Soda Springs, Blue Mountains. Bendire. — I
have seen what I take to be this species on two occa-
sions. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., March 21, 1877.)

British Columbia. John Faimin. — Rare resident.

72. Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird. ALPINE THREE-

TOED WOODPECKER.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident ;
not common.

Alaska. Fort Yukon. Lucien M. Turner. — Numer-
ous.

Southern Alaska. E. W. Nelson.

73. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Baird. RED-NAPED

SAPSUCKER.

January 23, 1884, a male specimen taken 35 miles
east of San Diego, on the west slope of the mountains;
others probably seen. — L. B.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare
winter visitant.

Henshaw. This middle region form extends across
from the Rocky Mountains, and occurs in summer along
the eastern slope. Mr. Ridgway alludes to the fact that
in the region between the Rocky Mountains and the Cas-
cade Range specimens of this form give evidence, by the
admixture of red in the black auricular stripe, the black
pectoral collar, and in the white area surrounding it, of
the change soon to result in the variety ruber — however,
two males taken in the Warner Mountains, northern
California, are not distinguishable from Rocky Mount-
ain specimens.

British Columbia. John Faimin. — Common resident.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately common in the
Blue Mountains where it breeds; not a winter resident.

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hoffman. Rather common in suitable localities
throughout the northern regions. (Nevada).

Ridgway. Between the Sierra Nevada and Rocky
Mountains ; common in suitable localities. One was
obtained on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, near
Carson, April 4, 1868. Very rare throughout western
Nevada, but became abundant in the eastern portion of
the State.

Cooper, 1870. Fort Mojave, February 20, 1861, a
female specimen — the only one I saw.

Fort Yuma. Heermann. — Not rare.

74. Sphyrapicus ruber (Gmel.) RED-BREASTED SAP-
SUCKER.

Big Laguna, San Diego County. F. E Blaisdell. —
November 12, a specimen.

Henshaw, 1876. It breeds about as far south as Fort
Tejon, as I took a young bird in the mountains in
August, and saw several more. Later, in October, I took
a pair near Kernville.

Cooper, 1870. I have not seen any south of Santa
Clara, and there only in the mountains of the Coast
Range in early spring.

Contra Costa and Alameda counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Rare winter visitant.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common acci-
dental visitant. Two or three individuals seen every
winter. January 30, February 1 and March 10, 1886.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Tolerably common win-
ter visitant. October 9, 1884, first; March 1J following,
last seen.

Central California. L. B. — Common summer resi-
dent in the fir forest of the Sierra. Like nearly all the
Californian woodpeckers it is found lower down in win-
ter, then becoming rather common in the foothills, al-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 67

though rarely seen in the valleys. I have seen a con-
siderable number of its burrows in Calaveras, Tuolumne,
Alpine, Butte, and other counties. They are rarely
below 30 feet, and are often overlooked or found with
some difficulty, as they frequently are in bark-covered
trees. It was noticed at Sierra Valley and Donner Lake.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Not very com-
mon. I found a nest in a cottonwood stub about 30 feet
from the ground.

Cooper, 1860. I have only met with them three times,
in spring and fall.

Suckley, 1860. I have seen but one specimen.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Transient visi-
tant; not common.

Ridgway. Observed only in the Sierra Nevada, chiefly
on the western slope of that range.

Henshaw, 1879. I was able to obtain no evidence that
this variety summers along the eastern slope, and am
compelled to believe that it is only found here in the
character of a fall and winter visitor.

75. Sphyrapicus thyroideus(Cass.) WILLIAMSON'S SAP-
SUCKER.

Henshaw, 1876. Quite common in the heavy pine
and redwood forests near Mt. Whitney in September, and
they doubtless breed there.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common from
about 7,000 feet upward in summer often breeding in
living tamaracks and covered with their resinous juice.
In winter, down to about the lower edge of the sugar
pines (Pinus lambertiana), altitude about 2,500 feet,
but rare here and mostly female or young birds found
so low, while at Big Trees, January 6-13, 1879, I got
thirteen adult males. In breeding season they are most
numerous in the tamaracks in valleys as at Blood's, Her-

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mit Valley, Blue Lakes, etc. Their burrows vary from
five or six feet up to thirty or forty feet. The young
were still in the burrows at Blood's, July 21, 1880, but
in 1881 they were about a month earlier. The eggs, us
usual with woodpeckers, are glossy white. In Ornith-
ology of the Geological Survey of California the male
is called "Williamson's woodpecker," the female the
" round-headed woodpecker." Mr. Henshaw first dis-
covered that they were the same species.

Ridgway. Both on the Sierra Nevada and in the
Wasatch. It was a winter resident among the pines
near Carson.

Henshaw, 1879. Of rather frequent occurrence all
through the mountains.

Hoffman. Found throughout the elevated coniferous
regions.

Cooper, 1870. The first specimen that I met with was
a straggler in winter to the Colorado Valley.

76. Ceophlceus pileatus ( Linn. ) PILEATED WOOD-
PECKER.

Henshaw, 1876. Found in the Sierra as far south as
latitude 37°, where I saw two individuals in October.

L. B. — Not rare in the densest pine and fir forests of
Central California where it is probably resident, as I
saw two at Big Trees, January 16, 1879, when snow
was two feet deep. Eel River, Mendocino County, com-
mon.

Igo, Shasta County. E. L. Ballou. — Common resi-
dent .

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common in
heavy timbered districts.

Cooper, 1860. An abundant and constant resident in
the forests of the territory.

Suckle v, 1S(>(). Abundant in the vicinity of Fort
Steilaeooin in summer.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. G9

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant resi-
dent.

Henshaw, 1879. Not noted by our party at any point
along the eastern slope.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Seen but twice.

77. Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi Ridgw. CALIFOR-
NIAN WOODPECKER.

Common from Campo to Hansens in May, 1884; not
noted on the route to San Pedro Mountain via San Ra-
fael. Common in oaks in several parts of San Diego
County. Common resident throughout the interior of
San Diego County. — L. B.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — August 21 to
November 28, 18.84, abundant;

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Winter, com-
mon but not visible in snow storms when they took re-
fuge in their burrows in the oaks.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Tolerably
common to common resident.

Henshaw. 1876. The habitat of this woodpecker in
California, as in Arizona, seems to be determined by
the range of the oaks. Fort Tejon in August.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably
common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common winter
visitant.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Newberry. The range of this species extends to the
Columbia and perhaps above, to the westward of the
Cascade Range, though more common in California than
in Oregon.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Mr. Lord met with it
in abundance on his journey from Yreka to the bound-
ary line of British Columbia.

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

[It is not in Mr. Johnson's list of birds of Willamette
Valley; Drs. Cooper and Suckley did not see it in Wash-
ington Territory, and Mr. Henshaw did not find it on
the east slope where I believe it has never been col-
lected. It is resident in Central California below the
firs, occasionally wandering to a height of 5,000 feet in
the Sierra after breeding; tolerably common at ](••<!
Bluff in winter and probably outnumbers all the other
woodpeckers in California. Specimens shot at Gridley,
February 23, had eaten, principally, acorns, which the
same individuals had probably stored, in their custom-
ary manner, in a dead oak near my residence.]

78. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.) LEWIS'S WOOD-
PECKER.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — I saw but one here in 1883.
I observed the species at Temecula, November 14, 1883.
It was abundant in Volcan Mountains during Septem-
ber and October, 1884.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare resi-
dent.

[Mr. Henshaw did not find it in summer about Los
Angeles and Santa Barbara, as he says: " I did not see
the species until reaching Fort Tejon in August. It
was here and in other places, in the pineries, common
in certain localities."]

Tehachapi. L. B. — Very common in spring.

Cooper, 1870. Quite common near New Almaden,
but not elsewhere in the Coast Range southward during
summer.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — An abundant accidental
visitant. This species appeared September 16, 1884, in
great numbers, flying high from the north, coming in

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 71

straggling parties. They soon afterward settled down
in the valley and appeared to be at home. They were
abundant until about May 1 when they commenced to
leave, and by May 10 they were all gone. They were
continually storing up acorns in the dead oaks, after
the manner of the Calif ornian woodpecker, and were
not at all shy.

Ukiah, Mendocino County. George E. Aull. — Every
six or seven years we have an inundation of Lewis's
woodpeckers. Last autumn they fairly swarmed, and
though the most of them left at the beginning of winter,
yet there are still a few here (February 20, 1885).

Central California. L. B. — Very common in winter;
moderately common in certain localities in summer. I
have not found it breeding on the west slope above 3,000
feet, though a summer resident on the east slope at a
much greater elevation. Many of these no doubt cross
the Sierra and spend the winter in California; and per-
haps Mr. Henshaw's Fort Tejon birds were migrants.
At Summit, August 16, 1885, I noticed them crossing to
the southwest, and afterward on several occasions as
late as September 7th, all going in a southwesterly di-
rection.

Newberry. — I first saw it in Lassens Butte, in North-
ern California. Subsequently we noticed them in the
mountains all the way to the Columbia.

0. B. Johnson, 1880. Common along the Columbia
in winter, a few remaining to breed.

Cooper, 1860. — Abundant in summer in all the inte-
rior districts, never approaching the cooler coast where
few of the trees grow which it pefers to inhabit.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent east of the Cascades.

Henshaw, 1879. — Nowhere in its wide range more
abundant than at the base of the eastern slope, through

72 CALIFORNIA 'ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nevada, California and Oregon. Seen at the Dalles the
last of October.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A very common summer
resident, breeding abundantly; arrives here about May
1 , remains until the middle of October. Usual number
of eggs, seven.

Hoffman. — Not an uncommon species throughout the
wooded areas of the northern part of the State.

Ridgway. — Found, along the entire route from Sacra-
mento eastward, but only in certain widely separated
localities.

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams.— May 20, 1885, first
seen, about thirty; seen every day afterward; common
May 20-23; still present August 9; not very common
summer resident; young shot in July.

79. Melanerpes uropygialis (Baird). GILA WOOD-

PECKER.

Heermann. — Found in considerable numbers on the
Colorado.

Cooper, 1870. — At Fort Mojave I found this wood-
pecker abundant in winter. About March 25 they were
preparing their nests in burrows near the dead tree tops.

80. Colaptes auratus (Linn.) FLICKER.

Forrest Ball (Auk. October, 1885). San Bernardino,
January, 1885, a female specimen; identification ap-
proved by Mr. Robert Ridgway.

[A male with a black mustache would have been more
satisfactory evidence of the occurrence here of this
species. Colaptes auratus hybridus (Baird), has been
dropped from the A. O. U. list without explanation,
probably because it is still a puzzle unsolved. The many
specimens in various plumages collected on this coast
deserve at least a passing notice].

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 73

Contra Costa and Alameda counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Specimens of Colaptes hitherto referred to hybridus are
now taken almost as often as C. cafer; in fact, it is un-
usual to get really good examples of C. cafer in some
localities.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — Three seen all winter.

[Mr. C. A. Allen some years ago informed me that he
had taken a fine series at Nicasio. Dr. Cooper, 1870, re-
fers to an Oakland specimen as differing from auratus
only in having the head grayish like mexicanus and the
black cheek feathers tipped with red. I have never seen
a specimen on the Pacific Coast which had any black
in the mustache, nor have I been able to get anything
but the typical mexicanus in the mountains of Central
California and incline to the opinion that most of the
mixed individuals termed hybrids are but winter visit-
ants to California, and that the most remarkable of these
are adults in the most perfect plumage. I collected a
fine series at Marysville, winter of 1878, in freezing
weather.]

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Collected here (no date).

Ukiah. G. E. Aull. — Winter visitant.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A well marked specimen
shot by Lieutenant D. Cornman in the spring of 1875.

81. Colaptes cafer (Gmel.) HED-SHAFTED FLICKER.

San Diego. L. B. — Common. No " hybrids " noticed
in northern Lower California or about San Diego. It
probably does not meet clirysoides in northwestern Lower
California, but is likely to do so on the Colorado desert.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident. Volcan
Mountains, common August 21.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — First seen Feb-
ruary 25; March 1, common, and rapping on dead limbs
and calling.

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare;
foothills, less rare; common in the valleys where it
breeds. Agua Caliente, San Diego County, west end of
Colorado desert, several seen; probably resident in small
numbers.

Henshaw, 1876. Found in southern California with-
out reference to special locality, being common both in
the mountains and low districts.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common; after breed-
ing it frequents orchards and feeds on fruit. A clutch
of eggs is five or six, rarely seven.

Contra Costa and Alameda counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Very common resident
and generally distributed.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Abundant; nest-
ing commonly.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common resident;
slight increase in numbers March 1, 1884.

Cooper, 1860. Constant resident in Washington Ter-
ritory, at least west of the Cascades.

Suckley, 1860. Extremely common in the timbered
districts of Washington Territory.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant resi-
dent.

Henshaw, 1879. An abundant, widely distributed
species. The birds of the eastern slope appear to be
typical mexicanus and I have never seen a specimen
from this region showing intermediate characters.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Very common, arriving the
latter part of March.

Hoffman. Common.

Ridgway. Being the most abundant and generally
distributed of the woodpeckers, this species was found in
all wooded localities.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 75

82. Colaptes cafer saturatior Ridgw. NORTHWESTERN

FLICKER.

[I have been unable to find this form in the Upper
Sacramento Valley, but Mr. Charles H. Townsend col-
lected it at Red Bluff in winter and in the redwood
forests of Humboldt County, at the latter in winter
also, I believe.]

83. Colaptes chrysoides (Malh.) GILDED FLICKER.
Cooper, 1870. I found only two pairs of this species

at Fort Mojave after Feb. 20.

Heermann. In considerable numbers on the Colo-
rado.

84. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli californicus Ridgw. CALI-

FORNIA POOR-WILL.

Agua Calierite, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
Present on my arrival (March 15, 1886.) Heard nightly;
rather common.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — A summer resident; seems
to be confined to mountains, foothills and small canons,
not appearing in open valleys.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson.— April 20, 1884.

Henshaw, 1876. On the summits of the mountains
near Fort Tejon, remarkably numerous.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Very rare in this vicin-
ity. I have seen but five individuals since I came here.
Mr. A. M. Ingersoll found the eggs in 3883; they were
on the bare ground; color, pure white.

Cooper, 1870. I have neither heard nor seen any
west of the Coast Range nor in the Santa Clara Valley
in spring. They are, however, common in the hot in-
terior valleys and remain near San Francisco as late as
November. Dr. Kennerly obtained one in the Colorado
Valley February 23, 1854.

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Contra Costa and Alameda counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare summer resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common trans-
ient visitant. Last seen October 29, 1885.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — Common in summer; first
seen March 1, 1884; male shot.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Central California. L. B. — Very rare in summer;
more common in the foothills in spring and fall, and an
uncertain number winter in them. At North American
Hotel, 30 miles east of Stockton, January 22, 1879, I
flushed one several times but did not get it, and the land-
lord, Mr". Stroud, told me of a whippoorwill his labor-
ers found a week previous while clearing off some land
by the hotel — land that had a dense growth of chapparal
{ Adenostoma fasciculatum) on it. The bird, he said, was
torpid, and he took it up and looked at it. The bird I
Hushed was on a grass-covered hill side where the sun
was shining, and it flew as well as usual, though going
only a few yards at a time. I have seen a fe\v here at
other times in February and March, got a specimen
February 22, 1889, and shot one at Gridley, October
28, 1885, probably a recent arrival, as a pine needle was
sticking to its feathers. At Lake Tahoe, September 8,
1889, I saw two, and heard these, or others, several even-
ings in August and September. A fine specimen was
shot at Copperopolis, February 19, 18S(>, while ilying,
by Mr. Andrew Simpson, and mounted by Dr. Daven-
port of Stockton.

Newberry. This species is found in all parts of Cali-
fornia and Oregon. On the shores of Rhett Lake we
came upon its nest.

Henshaw. It arrives at Carson from the south in the
early days of May. It soon becomes generally and com-
monly distributed over nearly all the region embraced

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 77

in the present report, being scarcely less numerous
towards the north.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare summer visitor.

Ridgway. An inhabitant of open places exclusively,
the sage brush country being, so far as we observed, its
only habitat. It was often observed or heard in the
lower valleys, as well as in the mountain parks below an
altitude of 8,000 feet (Truckee, East Humboldt Mount-
ains, Uintahs.)

Hoffman. 1 met with the bird several times; the first
locality being in the valley west of Hot Spring Canon,
on the road to Belmont. They appeared rather fre-
quently in the vicinity of Green Mountain and north of
Mount Magruder.

85. Chordeiles virginianus henryi (Cass.) WESTERN

NlGHTHAWK.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Summer resident; March
21, 1884, first.

Poway. W. O. Emerson.— April 23, 1884, first.

[Probably a part, if not all of the above, were C.
texensis\ .

Heiishaw, 1876. Appears to be wanting in much of
southern California; we did not meet with the species
at all.

Cooper, 1870. This species shuns the coast borders
of the State. In Santa Clara Valley and the Coast
Ranges I have seen none.

L. B. — A very common summer resident in the
granite rocks at about 7,000 feet altitude in the Sierra,
as far south as Tuolumne and Alpine counties. It was
common at Butte Creek House, altitude 5,800 feet, July
1-3, 1884 — about as low as I have found the species
breeding. It was last seen at Summit, September 1 ,
1885; Lake Tahoe, September 11, 1889. It probably

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

winters in Lower California but I have not collected it
there; supposed I saw one in April near the Cape.

Chico. Win. Proud. — June 17, 1884, first seen; rare.

0. B. Johnson. Common in summer, breeding on
gravelly islands in the Willamette River.

Cooper, 1860. Very abundant in the interior of the
Territory, arriving at Puget Sound about June 1, re-
maining until September.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant at Fort Dalles and on the
prairies near Puget Sound. At Fort Steilacoom, ar-
rived June 1, 1854; June 3, 1856.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. An extremely abundant summer
visitant through California, Oregon, and Washington
Territory.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — An exceedingly common
summer resident, arriving about May 20 and leaving
early in October.

Ridgway. A common summer inhabitant of the
country traversed.

Hoffman. Found south of Eureka, on the northern
slopes of Prospect Hill.

[Like Dr. Cooper I think it shuns the coast, at least
south of San Francisco, and I have never seen it in the
San Joaquin or Sacramento valleys.]

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — June 1, 1885, one
bird, first; breeds.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — May 26, 1885, first;
May 28 next; June 15 common; breeds.

86. Chordeiles texensis Lawr. TEXAN NICHTHAWK.

San Diego to San Pedro Mountain, May 9-20, tolerably
common the entire route. Quite common on the mesa
about San Diego in summer. April 8, 1884, several, first
seen. — L. B.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 79

San Bernardino Valley. F. Stephens. — Rare sum-
mer resident.

Cooper, 1870. — On the 17th of April I saw the first of
this species at Fort Mojave. About the 25th of May
they were paired. I found them as far west as the Coast
Mountains.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, vol. iii, 521. Dr. Cooper
shot a single specimen of this species near San Buena-
ventura, April 18, 1873.

87. Cypseloides niger (Gmel.) BLACK SWIFT.

San Diego, May 21, 1881, a flock of twenty or more
new over the mesa near town. As it was sunset when
they passed, I supposed they were going to their nests
for the night. The next evening I stationed myself
where I had seen them, and got a specimen, as they flew
in the same direction they did the previous evening.
Big Trees, June 8, three seen; Weber Lake, August 1,
1889, one seen. Seen on a few other occasions in
mountains of Central California in late summer. — L. B.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson.— April 9, 1884.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Tolerably abund-
ant summer resident. Burrard's Inlet, May 26, 1885,
first; May 28, next seen; common June 15; breeds.

Ridgway. — Truckee Reservation, May 31, 1868, speci-
men. On the 23d of June following we found it abund-
ant in the valley of the Carson River. They were
evidently breeding in the locality.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — April 19, 1885, thirteen
birds.

88. Chaetura vauxii (Towns.) VAUX'S SWIFT.

San Diego, April 28, 1884, two specimens from a small
flock which was seen but a short time during a cool rain
storm.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cumpo, May 14; showery; a small number.

San Diego, April 16, 1885, first seen, three; April 29,
a flock; also about twenty-five in Santa Margarita canon,
sixty miles north of San Diego, April 26, 1885. A single
bird seen 125 miles southeast of San Diego May 16,
1885.— L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare transient vi-i-
tant to the valley.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway (vol. iii, p. 521). — Dr.
Cooper states that in the spring of 1873, this swift ap-
peared as early as April 22 near San Buenaventura.
The year before he first saw them near San Diego on the
26th.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — May 12, 1884, first seen and
shot.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — An irregularly common
summer resident. April 19, 1885, first seen; next seen
April 29.

Beaverton. A.W. Anthony. — 1884, seen several times
this season. April 30, 1885, six seen; next seen May 8;
common May 8; breeds.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Ridgway. At the Truckee Reservation, near Pyramid
Lake, in May and June, 1868, we saw nearly every even-
ing, but never until after sundown, quite a number of
small swifts which must have been this species, but
they always flew at so great a height that we found it
impossible to obtain a specimen.

Murphys. John J. Snyder. — September 4, 1885, a
specimen.

89. Micropus melanoleucus ( Baird). WJIITK-TIII;OATI:I>
SWIFT.

Cooper, 1870. About twelve miles north of San Diego,

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 81

rather numerous about some rocky bluffs close to the
sea shore, March 22. I saw none at Fort Mojave until
May. On the 7th of June, near the head of the Mojave
River, I found a few about some lofty granite cliffs.

San Diego, December 15, 1883, a few near the bay.
El Cajon, twelve miles east of San Diego, January 16,
1884, a hundred or more flying about a pond, several
shot; all very fat, proving that insect food was ample,
in winter, here, for their support. I heard of these after-
ward in January, but swollen unbridged streams and
very bad roads restricted my observations in February,
March and April to the immediate vicinity of San Diego,
and consequently I did not again look for them, and did
not again see the species at San Diego. — L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the foothills; rare winter visitant to
the valley and foothills. Agua Caliente, March 25-28,
1884, common in neighboring canons. In 1886, seen
from March 24 to April 15 (day of leaving).

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. — Dr. Cooper saw many
of this species in the canon of Santa Ana, May 20. He
also saw them near San Buenaventura, August 25, when
they came down the valley from the sandstone cliffs ten
miles distant. They afterwards hunted insects daily
near the coast, flying high during the calm morning, but
when there were sea breezes flying low and against it.
After a month they disappeared and none were seen un-
til December 14, when they were again seen until the
20th. None were seen during the rains or until Febru-
ary 26, when they reappeared. After April 5 they re-
tired to the mountains.

Port Harford. L. B.— March 29, 1881, two or three
dozen. Summit, Central Pacific Railroad, July 2, 1885
from four to six dozen, also seen in August. Breeds in
lava cliffs of Calaveras County.
6

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Haywards. W. O. Emerson. — January 25, 1885, ten
or more have been about town off and on for a week.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Rare summer
resident.

Ridgway. First noticed in the early part of July,
1868, on the Toyabe Mountains near Austin — a single
bird only. At the Ruby Mountains a little later in the
same month we found it extremely numerous about
the high limestone cliffs. At this place they literally
swarmed.

Hoffman. Rather common in the more elevated
regions, building in and about the fissures and projec-
tions of cliffs; was noticed again in the upper portion of
the Black Canon of the Colorado valley in September.

90. Trochilus alexandri Bourc. & Muls. BLACK-CHINNKD
HUMMINGBIRD.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare migrant; perhaps breeding;
if so overlooked.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident;
began to breed in April.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson. — April 21, 1884, young.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common; breeds in
the valleys.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, F. Stephens. —
Ten specimens seen from March 19 to April 13, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Not found by our party very com-
mon in any portion of California.

Cooper, 1870. Mojave River, June 3, breeding;
several nests near Santa Barbara in April and early in
May.

Central California. L. B. — Apparently rare or local,
in summer only, seen occasionally in the Sierra at vary-
ing heights, usually in August and September, common
in breeding season along the San Joaquin and Sacra-

BIRDS OF THF PACIFIC DISTRICT. 83

mento Rivers at certain localities. Winters entirely
south of California though I did not see it in the Cape
region.

Chico. Wm. Proud.— April 19, 1884, first; bulk ar-
rived April 21,

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Henshaw, 1879. By no means a common summer
resident along the eastern slope and seems to have there
a limited distribution ; specimens procured in June along
Honey Lake; present in July near Camp Bid well.

Hoffman. Found in the valleys of the northern in-
terior of Nevada.

Ridgway. The only hummer which was encountered
along every portion of the route, in the proper locali-
ties, it being equally common at Sacramento and among
the mountains of Utah. Truckee Valley, May and June
abundant.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock —April 4, 1885, first;
again April 5; common May 12; breeds.

91. Trochilus violajugulum Jeffries. VIOLET-THROATED

HUMMINGBIRD.

Known only from a single specimen from Santa Bar-
bara, Cal.

92. Trochilus costae (Bourc.) COSTA'S HUMMINGBIRD.

San Diego. N. S. Goss. — March 17, 1884, first male.

San Diego. L. B. — March 21, first female; weather
fine for several days on and previous to the 17th; mer-
cury about 70° from sunrise to sunset; Calandrinia
Menziesi, Ano.gallis arvensis and Nemophila aurita, about
in full flower. Winters wholly south of San Diego,
where it is a common summer resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

summer resident; breeds in the canons of the foothills,
Colorado Desert. F.Stephens. — March, 1886. Young
of the year. Rather common, and breeding at my ar-
rival (March 18). Resident as a species.

Henshaw, 1876. — None were detected by our parties.
[Mr. Henshaw was at Santa Barbara and vicinity the
most of the time from June 1 to July 13, during that
time visiting Los Angeles, and the fact that neither of
the naturalists of the party or parties met with costce
sufficiently indicates its rarity so far north. Mr. Ever-
mann, Auk, 1886, page 179, says " I have but one speci-
men obtained in Ventura County." He collected two-
years in that county.]

Cooper, 1870. At San Diego, in the backward spring
of 1862, I first saw them April 22, and have since found
them north to San Francisco, where, however, they are
rare. I did not observe any at Fort Mojave until March
5, and they were not numerous afterward.

93. Trochilus anna (Less.) ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD.

San Diego to San Pedro Mountain, May 9-20, 1885,
tolerably common on the entire route. San Diego, tol-
erably common summer resident; more common in
winter. — L. B.

San Diego. B. F. Goss. — March 8, 1884, juveniles,
two-thirds grown.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Mating February 4,
1885.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — March 11, a
bright warm morning, with a light layer of snow on the
ground, a hummingbird darted by me on its way down
the canon. From its size, color, dark throat and head,
it could be no other at this altitude (6,000 feet) than the
hardy little anna.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 85

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — I found a nest January
19, 1886, my earliest record.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident of
valley and foothills. Agua Caliente, common; proba-
bly resident in neighboring canons.

Henshaw, 1876. During the summer we saw none in
the low valleys, but found it reasonably numerous in the
mountains.

Santa Cruz. Josep'h Skirm. — Quite rare summer resi-
dent.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant resident.

A. M. Ingersoll. Mr. H. R. Taylor found eggs Feb-
ruary 14, 1885; incubation far advanced.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — February 21, 1884, first male.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common, es-
pecially in the foothills, where a few winter. Gridley,
December 1, 1885 (November mild), a pair daily during
November among the flowers in the garden.

94. Trochilus floresii (Gould). FLORESI'S HUMMING-

BIRD.

The second known specimen was recorded from San
Francisco, by W. E. Bryant, Forest and Stream, xxvi,
426.

95. Trochilus platycercus Swains. BROAD-TAILED HUM-

MINGBIRD.

Ridgway. We first encountered the broad-tailed hum-
mingbird on the Rocky Mountains, wrhere it was very
.abundant in July and August.

96. Trochilus rufus Gmel. RUFOUS HUMMINGBIRD.
San Diego, March 10, 1884, first males; both sexes

common a few days later. In 1885 not a Selasphorus

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

was seen from March 23 to May 9; migrating land birds
were much rarer than they were in the spring of 1884,
probably owing to scantier vegetation, fewer insects and
much less rainfall, the latter the principal cause of
rarity. Not seen by me in any part of Lower Calif or-
fornia though no doubt wintering abundantly there. —
L. B.

San Diego. Cooper, 1870. — First arrived February
5, 1862; several seen February 22:

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Only two individuals seen.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson. — Young April 21, 1884.

Haywards. W. O. Emerson.— April 6, 1885. The
first arrived in 1886 on February 16.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — (Including T. alleni)
from rare to tolerably common transient visitant in
valley and foothills. This species or T. alleni was seen
at Agua Caliente March 25-28. In 1886 was seen March

18, 19; April 7-13.

Henshaw, 1876. Quite common in summer and
breeds apparently as commonly in the valleys as in the
mountains.

Ventura County. B. W. Evermann (Auk, 1886.) —
This I consider the most abundant species of the hum-
mers found in the county. It is resident except for a
few weeks in midwinter.

Marys ville. W. F. Peacock. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. First arrival March 23; common, April

19, 1885.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common summer resident.

Chico. William Proud.— One March 17, 1885.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Common summer resi-
dent. First, April 1; common, April 15, 1885.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common summer resi-
dent. First arrival, female, February 6, 1885; male.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 87

February 11; nest of two eggs April 2. In 1886, first,
February 19; common, March 25. A nest of this species
containing three eggs was found May 20.

Central California. L. B. — Rare summer resident of
Tuolumne, Calaveras and Alpine counties a.bove 4,000
feet; common July 1-2 north end of Butte County;
rather common migrant through the entire region and
really abundant in August and September in the upper
Sierra. Last seen September 9, 1885, at Summit, hav-
ing all left during cool weather and first frost. Septem-
ber 21, one seen Summit 1886. I have collected a great
deal in the Sacramento Valley from Marysville and vicin-
ity northward, but have not seen it in either the Sacra-
mento or San Joaquin Valley in breeding time.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — March 21, 1884, first seen
and shot.

Willamette Valley, 0. B. Johnson. — Common sum-
mer resident, breeding.

Beayertoii. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent; March 28, 1884, first, not again seen for some
days; April 15 increasing rapidly, common, April 21.
May 1, first nest. In 1885, first arrived March 27;
common April 3; first female April 2.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant in western portions of
Oregon and Washington Territories and Vancouver
Island.

Cooper, 1860. Very abundant in Washington Terri-
tory reaching the Straits of Juan de Fuca as early as
March 17, 1884, when I saw them in considerable num-
ber. They all leave the Territory in September.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant
summer resident. Burrard Inlet, arrived April 5; com-
mon May 4, 1885.

Henshaw. Probably rather local as a summer resi-
dent of the eastern slope. It appeared to be rather
numerous at Camp Bidwell in summer.

SS CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare; very few seen.

Ridgway. In the rich valley of the Lower Truckee
the only species of hummingbird found in August at
which time great numbers were seen. Same locality in
May and June of the following season not one of this
species was found, its place being taken, apparently,
by T. alexandri. We next saw the rufous-backed hum-
mer in the West Humboldt Mountains. Eastward seen
only in Secret Valley the most eastward point to which
it is known to extend.

97. Trochilus alleni (Hensh.) ALLEN'S HUMMINGBIRD.

San Diego. Arrived about the same time as T. ruff*,
apparently rare, probably not always distinguished from
it in the field; male and female identified by specimens
shot by Mr. Carl H. Danielson and myself. — L. B.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Quite rare summer resi-
dent.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Rare April 15, 1885.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. : Bryant. — Tolerably
common summer resident.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — Common summer resi-
dent. Arrived February 15, 1885,

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— March 13, 1884, first.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — April 4, 1884, nest, and
young about a week old. I have also found it breeding
at Santa Cruz.

L. B. — Not yet detected in the central -part of Cali-
fornia; see Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, July, 1877, October,
1877, for description of this bird; also January, 1878.

Mr. Charles W. Gunn, (0. & 0. February, 1885,) who
collected at Colton, San Bernardino County, says of it:
" Not common; five specimens taken, found in com-
pany with T. rufus."

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 89

98. Trochilus calliope Gould. CALLIOPE HUMMING-
BIRD.

Volcan Mountains. N. S. Goss. — April 15, 1884, male
and female.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare;
breeds in the pine region.

Agua Caliente, San Diego, Cal. F. Stephens. — One
specimen, April 13, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. A single individual in the Tejon
Mountains, August 17; unaccountably rare in the
mountains of southern California.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare accidental visitant.

Central California. L. B. — Rare migrant through
valleys and foothills; breeds in the Sierra above 4,000
feet; rather rare at Big Trees in breeding season; com-
mon in north Butte County at this time; not seen in
Lower California.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Burrard Inlet
common summer resident. Arrived May 7; common
May 28, 1885.

Ridgway. Ruby and East Humboldt Mountains, at
an altitude of 7,500-10,000 feet, abundant in August and
September.

Henshaw, 1879. Its summer habitat appears in gen-
eral to be limited by the eastern slope- along which in
Nevada, California and Oregon it was found by our
parties to be very numerous.

99. Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.) KINGBIRD.

Ridgway. In the valley of the Truckee River two or
more pairs had their abode among the large cottonwood
trees near our camp, July 24, August 28.

Bendire. In the John Day River valley and sixty
miles to the east at the Malheur agency, very common.
I have not seen it at Camp Harney.

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams.— This bird was first
seen here May 20, 1885; six individuals noticed, and
afterward every day. It became common May 25.
Young seen in June and July; August 19, (date of re-
port), still present.

Suckley, 1860. I found it at Puget Sound where I
obtained several skins. Among the cotton wood trees
fringing the lakes of Nisqually Plains, August 5, 1853, I
obtained a nest containing nearly fledged young.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very rare summer
resident.

100. Tyrannus verticalis Say. ARKANSAS KINGBIRD.

Winters entirely south of California, though not de-
tected by me in the Cape region, nor does Xantus appear
to have found it there. I found a pair at San Quintin
Bay, May 8, 1881, and shot one of them. Very few ap-
pear to breed south of San Diego, as it was rare at Campo
and southward in May, 1884. San Diego, March 25,
first — a male specimen; April 1, both sexes common. —
L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Summer resident; first
eggs, May 27; last seen, August 20, 1884.

Santa Isabel. W. 0. Emerson. — April 3, 1884, many
pairs .

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 5, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident of the valley; rare summer resident of the foot-
hills. Agua Caliente, several seen. In 1886, first seen
March 26; quite common from April 1 to April 15.

[Bakersfield, March 27, 1889, and common between
Stockton and Bakersfield, March 26.]

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen April 13;
common May 1, 1885; common summer resident.

San Jose. A.L. Parkhurst. — Aprils, 1884, first — one
male; breeds; rare in 1885; arrived March 22.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 91

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— April 8, 1884, first; April 12,
1876, first.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare summer resident.
Last seen August 29, 1885. Arrived May 11, 1886.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll.— April 22, 1884, first.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — April 12, 1885, two
males and a female.

Stockton. L. B.— March 26, 1879, first; March 31,
common. Common in central California in summer,
below about 3,000 feet, as it no doubt is in all the prin-
cipal agricultural districts of California.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder. — First seen March 29, 1885;
soon became common.

Murphys. J. P. Snyder. — April 16, 1885; common
April 26; last seen August 31. Young male shot October
17, 1884. Common summer resident.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 16, first; male and female; bulk arrived
April 21, 1884. In 1885 arrived March 31; common
April 12.

Gridley. L. B. — April 3, 1890, eleven or twelve seen.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — April 12, 1884, first, a few passed
over; April 16 eleven birds came into the garden in the
evening; not seen next morning. In. 1885 arrived April
6, one bird.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — First seen May 30;
again June 1, 1885. Very rare.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common in
summer, breeding.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— April 26, 1885,
fifty specimens; common May 27, still present August 9.

Cooper, 1860. Arrives at Puget Sound in June to-
gether with the common species. They never approach
the coast.

Suckley, I860.— Fort Dalles about May 15, 1853.

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Yakima, W. T. Samuel Hubbard, Sr. — Common
summer resident. First seen May 15, 1885.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Very numerous summer resident.

Bendire. — Common summer resident; generally dis-
tributed; arrive at Camp Harney about May 1.

Ridgway. — Generally distributed throughout all fer-
tile districts of the west.

Hoffman. — Found breeding in June south of the Cen-
tral Pacific Railroad, in the valleys between Austin,
Hot Spring Canon and Belmont, in the cottonwood groves.

101. Tyrannus vociferans Swains. CASSIN'S KINGBIRD.

San Diego, common summer resident; from rare to
tolerably common in San Diego County near sea level
in December and January, 1883-84, but was not seen
from January 29 to March 7, during which time there
was great rainfall and much chilly weather. — L. B.

Cooper, 1870. — Resident as far north as Los Angeles
during winter.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Summer resident, less com-
mon in winter.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson. — January and April, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer visi-
tant to the valley.

Henshaw, 1876. Los Angeles, June; not seen else-
where.

[Mr. B. W. Evermann informed me in 1880, that he
had collected it at Santa Paula, Ventura County, and
that it was more common there than T. verticalis. Dr.
Cooper (Cal. Orn.) states that he found some of these
birds in Santa Clara Valley in May, 1864, which were
smaller and greener on the back than those from the
south. He also says they winter in small numbers at

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 93

Santa Cruz. My impression is that they are now sel-
dom found so far north at any time.]

102. Myiarchus cinerascens Lawr. ASH - THROATED
FLYCATCHER.

San Diego. — Common summer resident; April 9, 1884,
first; wind strong from south-southeast. April 19, com-
mon.— L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident;
May 31, first eggs; last seen August 18, 1884. In 1885
the first bird arrived April 9.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 22, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valley and foothills.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
April 6-15, 1886.

Henshaw. — Generally distributed over the southern
portion of the State, and common; avoiding the heavy
timber and mountains.

Tehachapi. L. B. — First seen April 5, 1889; com-
mon two days later.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 20, 1884, first,
two or three.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common summer resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare summer resident.
First seen April 30, male and female; next seen May
19, 1885. In 1886 the first arrived May 9; next seen
May 15.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— May 1, 1884, first; April 27,
1876, first.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — Rare summer resident.
First seen, April 25, 1885; arrived in -pairs.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stockton. L. B. — April 14, 1879, first; common April
22. A common summer resident in Central California
to about 3,000 feet altitude.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder. — Arrived April 12, seven
birds; again April 19, 1885.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 24, 1884, first male; common May 14. In
1885, the first arrival April 12; common April 13.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 9, 1885; common April 13.

Henshaw. Common on the foothills near Carson;
apparently rare farther north. A single individual was
seen at Honey Lake, California.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A rare summer visitor
frequenting the juniper groves and breeding in deserted
woodpeckers' holes.

Ridgway. A few were observed among the cotton -
woods of the Lower Truckee in July and August; also
not an infrequent summer resident in the canons of the
Ruby Mountains. Carson River, June 24, 1868, seem
to be breeding.

Cooper, 1870. I found one at Fort Mojave January
15, and think a few may habitually winter in the Colo-
rado Valley.

Jacksonville, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Breeding sea-
son of 1883. [Mr. Bryant's is the most northern west
slope record.]

103. Sayornis saya (Bonap.) SAY'S PHCEBE.

San Diego, either one or two pairs nesting in April,
1885. Never numerous in California; most common in
winter. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Winter visitant; last seen
March 8, 1884.

San Bernardino.- F. Stephens. — Tolerably common

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 95

winter visitant to the valley. Rare summer resident,
breeding in the same.

Santa Ana. F. E. Blaisdell.— December 10-14, 1884,
frequently seen.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Quite common in fall
and winter.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably
common resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Rather rare winter visit-
ant. September 17, 1884, first; February 24, 1855,
last.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident.

Henshaw. Abundant along the eastern slope, build-
ing about barns and outbuildings.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare and only found dur-
ing the migrations, usually about April 1.

Ridgway. Eastward of the Sierra Nevada, found in
all suitable places, but not abundant anywhere. Its
favorite haunts were the rocky shores of the lakes and
rivers, or the walls of the lower Canons in the mountains,
but wherever man has fixed his abode upon the dreary
waste this species was attracted to his vicinity.

104. Sayornis nigricans (Swains.) BLACK PHOBBE.

Campo, January and May, rare; San Diego, mode-
rately common resident; Murphys and Coif ax, winter
as well as summer, remaining through snow storms; Red
Bluff, February 3-5, 1885, rare, a common but never
numerous species, breeding occasionally at Big Trees
in outbuildings; rarely found so high on the west slope.
A single bird was seen at Summit, August 26, 1885,
coming from the northeast where it had probably spent
the summer; altitude of Summit 7,000 feet. A nest at
Dunbar's, Calaveras County, altitude 3,700 feet was com-

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

posed mostly of soap root fibres with the usual covering
of mud. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— Breed.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valley. Agua Caliente, common; prob-
ably resident. March 18 to April 15, 1886, two or three
daily.

Henshaw, 1876. Quite numerous in California in
the southern portion.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common resident.

Xicasio. C. A. Allen.— March 28, 1876, first.

Newberry. Common in Northern California; speci-
mens obtained in Umpqua Valley, Oregon.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — A single ex-
ample July, 1879.

Ridgway. Found only at Sacramento.

Henshaw, 1879. Appears not to be present in this
region. [East slope.]

Sierraville, Sierra Valley. June, 1885, a pair. — L. B.

Cooper, 1870. An abundant and resident species in
all the lower parts of California except the Colorado
valley where I saw none later than March 25, 1861, as
they had gone north.

105. Contopus borealis (Swains.) OLIVE-SIDED FLY-
CATCHER.

Not found in the Cape region, but winters entirely
south of California. Hansen's, 60 miles south of
Campo, May 10-12 (1884), at 6,000 feet altitude, com-
mon; Tia Juana, April 30, 1885, a single migrant shot;
a rare migrant through the low parts of California. —
L. B.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — One, April 7, 1886.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— April 23, 1884, first; Vol-
ran Mountains, August.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 97

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 21, 1884, first.

Henshaw, 1876. In southern California appears not
to be as numerous as in the middle region, pretty closely
confined to the mountains.

Cooper, 1870. Dr. Gambel found young at Monterey
in July; rather common in the Coast Range toward
Santa Cruz where they had nests in May.

L. B. — Common in the fir forest of the Sierra of Cen-
tral California on both slopes, in Calaveras and Butle
counties on the west, Alpine and Sierra on the east; ar-
riving rather late in spring and starting south from the
first to the middle of September. Its nests are usually
forty or fifty feet from the ground, rarely as low as twen-
ty, in cone bearing trees, and are mostly composed of
yellow lichen (Evernia vulpina) lined sparingly, in
several instances, with fine, wiry rootlets.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent. May 11, first; bulk arrived May 22, 1884.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. Common in
summer.

Cooper, 1860. Very common arriving early in May;
remains until late in September.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Occurs in summer all along the
eastern slope up to the Columbia River, and probably
still farther north. It does not appear to be as numer-
ous here as in the Rocky Mountains, or even in the
region west of the Sierra.

Camp Harney . Bendire. — A very rare summer visitor.

East Humboldt Mountains. Ridgway. — The first in-
dividual.

Hoffman. A common summer resident confined to
the more elevated coniferous regions, at least as far
south as Belmont.
7

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — May 5, 1885, first;
May 6 next seen; common May 10. Tolerably common;
breeds.

106. Contopus richardsonii (Swains.) WESTERN WOOD
PEWEE.

First seen at San Diego, April 28, 1884, one male.
In 1885, first seen April 20. I first saw it at Stockton
in 1880 on May 2. At Gridley, April 30, 1886; the first
male, Stockton, May 7, 1889.— L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Summer resident; first
seen April 29, 1884.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— May 1, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stevens. — Rare summer resi-
dent of the foothills. Agua Caliente, one April 7 and
two April 11, 1886.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Last seen September 12,
1885.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 28, 1884, first.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — Rare summer resident.
Arrived May 9, 1885.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common summer resident.

Marys ville. W. F. Peacock. — Tolerably common
summer resident. Arrived May 14, 1885; common
June 6.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. Arrived April 21; common April 24, 1885.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — May 17, 1884, first.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— May 11, 1884, first.

Beaverton. A. W.Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent. Common May 15, 1885.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Very common
in summer.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident,
not common. (Burrard Inlet. Arrived May 24, 1885.)

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 99

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams. — Summer resident.

Heiishaw, 1879. Common summer resident of the
mountains.

Camp Harney. Ben dire. — Moderately common sum-
mer visitor.

Hoffman. Common throughout the northern and
more timbered regions of Nevada but rather rare in the
southern interior.

Ridgway. Met with in every wooded locality and
was no less common at an altitude of 8,000 feet in the
Wahsatch Mountains than at Sacramento, but little above
sea level.

L. B. — It almost always places its nest on a dead hori-
zontal limb, at least this is according to my observations
and I have seen many nests which were saddled on
limbs, in a solitary instance, however, the nest was in
or on horizontal diverging twigs in a deciduous oak
where it was partly hidden by foliage; again, one was
nicely surrounded and to a great extent concealed
by having been built in a bunch of yellow lichen (Ever-
nia.) Stockton, September 15, 1883, is my latest record.

107. Empidonax difficilis Baird. WESTERN FLY-
CATCHER.

San Diego, April 12, 1884, first; several males; April
20 first female. In 1885 the first arrival was March 20.
I think a few remain in San Diego County ordinary
winters; I have seen one there in December. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— April 15, 1884, first. A
summer resident. In 1885, first arrival March 17.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valleys and mountains.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Seen from April 2 to
15, 1886; common the latter part of the time.

Henshaw, 1876. Not uncommon summer resident in

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

southern California. They spend the summer from sea
level up to 7,000 feet, but are most numerous in the
mountains.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Breeds.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. First seen April 7; common April 13,
1886.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Common summer resi-
dent. Arrived March 22, six specimens; next seen
March 24, 1885. (Three specimens September 18, 1886,
near San Jose. — W. 0. Emerson).

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common summer resident.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — Common summer resi-
dent. The first flycatchers to arrive, March 21, 1885;
common April 1.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— April 2, 1884, first; April 6,
1876, first.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll.— April 7, 1884, first.

Central California. L. B. — Breeds sparingly from
the valleys to near summits of Sierra. Gridley, April
30, 1886, one male shot.

108. Empidonax acadicus (Gmel.) ACADIAN FLY-
CATCHER.

\

Ridgway. The rarest of the Empidonaces , a few being
seen in the pine forests high up on the Wahsatch Mount-
ains and a still smaller number on the eastern slope of
the Sierra Nevada.

British Columbia. JohnFannin. — Common summer
resident.

Burrard Inlet. John Faniiin. — May 26, 1885, first;.
May 28 next; common June 6; breeds.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 101

109. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.) LITTLE FLY-
CATCHER.

Campo, May 7-9 rare. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— May 6, first.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare migrant in
valley and foothills.

Henshaw, 1876. Abundant in southern California,
especially so in the swampy thickets about Los Angeles.
Specimens at Los Angeles and Santa Barbara in June;
Fort Tejon and Tejon Mountains in August.

L. B. — Very common summer resident in willows of
Central California, most so along the valley rivers; eggs
taken at Blood's, altitude 7,200 feet;, breeds at many
localities in the Sierra, as at Summit; Butte Creek
House; Sierra Valley and at Hermit and Hope valleys
farther south; arrives at Stockton about May 1 (April
30, 1878, May 4, 1880, the latter a backward spring);
May 7, 1889, two shot; at this date several seen but all
were silent.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — May 22, first; com-
mon June 7; in the last week in July I found two nests
and eggs on large ferns.

O. B. Johnson, 1880. Quite common'in summer.

Walla Walla. Dr. Williams.— June 16, 1885, six miles
from the post (identification correct).

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Burrard Inlet, B. C. John Fannin.— May 26, 1885,
first; May 28 next; common June 6; breeds.

Henshaw. Numerous summer resident well .up into
Oregon.

Bendire. I saw a number May 8, 1876, on Rattle-
snake Creek.

Ridgway. The most abundant and generally dis-
tributed of the Empidonaces . Specimens at Sacramento,
Ruby Valley and other localities.

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hoffman. Specially abundant along the Humboldt
River and tributaries from the north.

Cooper, 1870. At Fort Mohave on the first of May I
found several of them inhabiting a very dark dense
thicket, being attracted by their note which sounded
like queat-queah. I afterward heard their peculiar notes
along the Mojave River, near Los Angeles, and in May,
1863, at Santa Barbara.

[Mr. Ridgway says the people of Parley's Park trans-
lated their notes as "pretty dear." This and Dr.
Cooper's " queet queah " represent its notes very well —
notes which differ much from those of the other small
flycatchers of the Pacific Coast. Although looking con-
siderable alike in the field, with specimens for compari-
son there is no difficulty in separating them, not even
the immature of E. hammondi and E.wrightii, the bill of E.
hammondi being much the smaller, that alone is suf-
ficient to distinguish them; E. hammondi has also a
shorter tarsus and is a smaller, frailer bird. Drs. Cooper
and Suckley reported E. pusillus as common and abund-
ant at Puget Sound and Fort Steilacoom, and this is the
only small fly catcher mentioned by them, but they prob-
ably also saw others which they confounded with E.
pusillus, which probably never " flits through the upper
branches of the tall spruces" nor are its notes " short
but sweet, particularly low, plaintive and soothing," as
stated by Dr. Suckley].

no. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus). HAMMOND'S
FLYCATCHER.

San Diego, April 26, 1884, first male; few seen here;
none southward, although it winters entirely south of
California. — L. B.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — One April 14, 1886.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— April 14, 1884, first (iden-
tification correct).

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 103

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 15, 1884.

Henshaw, 1876. I could find no evidence that it
breeds in southern California; after September common
in the mountains; remains till into October.

Central California. L. B. — By no means rare during
migrations. Instead of being a common summer resi-
dent of the pine forests of the Sierra as I stated in Proc.
Nat. Mus., 1879, I now think it a rare summer resident.
The only nest I have found was on June 6, 1880, at
Big Trees. This was 011 a horizontal limb of a living
pine, forty or fifty feet from the ground, and partly hidden
by foliage. It was very wide in proportion to its depth.
By shooting it down the eggs were destroyed. The
female was shot as she flew from the nest and was sent
to the Smithsonian Institution. A few remain in this
latitude as'late as September 15, arriving from the south
about May 1.

Henshaw, 1879. Said to occur along the eastern
slope but I did not meet with it.

Ridgway. Not met with anywhere as a summer resi-
dent but during its autumnal migrations was very com-
mon on the East Humboldt Mountains.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Mr. Dall found it breed-
ing in Alaska. Eggs unspotted, creamy white.

[The few notices of the species must not be taken as
proof of its rarity],

in. Empidonax wrightii Baird. WRIGHT'S FLY-
CATCHER.

It is very rare in north Lower California about the
middle of May, arriving at San Diego April 20, 1884;
at Stockton May 1, 1879, April 30, 1880; mostly going
south by September 1, but a few are at latitude 39° to
about the 15th. Their nests found by me in Central
California were in manzanita and other shrubs. It is a

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

common summer resident in the fir forests, a common
migrant through all parts of Central California, not
breeding below the firs. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Noticed on several occa-
sions.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare migrant through
the valley.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
One seen April 8, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. A few near Mt. Whitney in Sep-
tember.

Ridgway. As characteristic of the mountains as K.
pusilluH is of the lower valleys. Common in May in
the Lower Truckee Valley; first observed near Carson
on the 21st of April. It was equally common on both
sides of the Great Basin, the only districts where en-
tirely absent being those where the ranges were desti-
tute of water and vegetation.

Henshaw, 1879. Apparently rather uncommon as a
summer resident of the mountains. A nest found June
22 on an open bush contained four fresh eggs, yellowish
white, unspotted.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A single specimen taken
May 15, 1884.

Butte Creek House. L. B.— Latitude 40° 10 ', July 1-2,
rare.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway (vol. iii, p. 520). Dr.
A Cooper found a few of this species wintering in a large
grove of balsam, poplars and willows, which retained
most of their old leaves till spring, near San Buena-
ventura. Those shot were remarkably gray, and were
supposed to have been blown down from the borders of
the desert by the violent northeast wind.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 105

112. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus (Scl.) VER-
MILION FLYCATCHER.

F. E. Blaisdell. I examined a specimen while at
Santa Ana December 10-14, 1884, which was killed
December 9. At that time it was said to be rather com-
mon along the Santa Ana River.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway (vol. iii, p. 520). Dr.
Cooper found two male birds of this species in a grove
near the mouth of the Santa Clara River six miles from
Santa Buenaventura in October, 1872.

Heermann, 1854. I had the good fortune to procure
at Fort Yuma a specimen of this flycatcher, which Dr.
Milhau informs me is there quite common in spring.

113. Otocoris alpestris leucolaema (Coues). PALLID
HORNED LARK.

114. Otocoris alpestris chrysolaema (Wagl.) MEXICAN
HORNED LARK.

This form of the horned lark is abundant from San
Diego to Sonoma County, and also occurs in San Joaquin
County. Young of the year able to fly were already
common April 20, 1884, in San Diego. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — February 24,
1884, large flocks feeding on the open flats with lark
finches; large numbers in Santa Isabel, January 23.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

115. Otocoris alpestris rubea Hensh. RUDDY HORNED

LARK.

This is the resident form of Otocoris of the Sacra-
mento Valley, and probably of the greater part, if not
all, of the San Joaquin Valley.

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I have shot good examples of it in winter and early
summer in San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Calaveras coun-
ties, and have shot specimens in Kern County that I
referred to it, though none of these Kern County speci-
mens were as richly colored as the best examples from
the Sacramento Valley. It is common as far north as
Red Bluff in winters of average mildness. There is
great individual variation in this as in the other forms
of Otocoris which occur in California. I have collected
specimens of rubea, strigata, chrysolcema and Mr. Dwight's
recently described merrilli at or near Stockton, and in
•Yuba, Butte and Sutter counties have collected rubea,
strigata and merrilli, and think specimens which might
be referred to chrysolcema can easily be obtained in the
three last named counties in summer and winter, but
believe that strigata and merrilli are but winter visitants
to the valleys of California. For valuable articles on
the perplexing varieties of the horned larks see Hen-
shaw, Auk, vol. i, 254, and Dwight, Auk., vol. vii, 138.

Leucolcvma has been collected as far south as Carson,
in winter, by Mr. Ridgway.

116. Otocoris alpestris strigata Hensh. STREAKED
HORNED LARK.

Gridley, October 9, 1884, first seen; a large flock. In
about a week it became common and remained all win-
ter; was still at Gridley March 8, when I left it, but I
could not find it here after March 23, 1890.

Mr. A. L. Parkhurst, of San Jose, collected it there
and sent me a specimen for identification — the most
southern point where it has been taken so far as 1 know,
but it probably goes much farther south in severe win-
ters. It was in large flocks at Red Bluff, February 'J,
1885. It is very common at and about Stockton in
winter.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 107

Summit, August 16, 1885; in cool weather for the time
of the year, a flock of thirty or forty arrived and re-
mained several days. They were mostly young birds in
very dark spotted plumage, very different from the
young Californian bird, which is much paler. Adults of
both sexes were shot and positively identified.

This is the form which Professor Ridgway referred
to typical alpestris in Birds of Central California, Pro-
ceedings Nat. Museum, 1879. I presume that Mr. An-
thony's bird belongs here, and Dr. Suckley's also, though
I know nothing of their specimens. — L. B.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Large flocks arrived
April 17, 1885; a few stayed until April 30, after which
I saw none.

Suckley, 1860. A very abundant summer resident on
the gravelly prairies near Fort Steilacoom.

117. Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.) AMERICAN MAGPIE.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — Abundant resi-
dent. I have never seen the yellow-billed magpie here
(1884).

Suckley, 1860. On Puget Sound not observed until
August, 1856, after which time during the fall they be-
came moderately abundant. I have never observed the
yellow-billed magpie in Oregon.

0. B. Johnson. Quite common in the vicinity of
Forest Grove; probably breeds.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich. — A common spe-
cies. May 12, 1878, nest with four young in a thorny
bush or low tree.

Sierra Valley. L. B. — June, 1885, several. Summit,
November 16, 1884, a single bird; same locality, Sep-
tember 30, 1875, one about a slaughter-house; probably
a straggler from the east slope. Alpine County, on the
east slope, several seen; said to be a resident up to 7,000

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

feet; probably never occurs in California west of the
Sierra.

Henshaw, 1879. In the settled portions of Nevada
and eastern California the magpie is a constant resident.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Not common during the
summer; more abundant throughout the winter.

Ridgway. In western Nevada from the Sierra east-
ward to the West Humboldt Mountains it was one of the
most abundant species. It was abundant in the rich
valleys of the Truckee and Carson rivers.

118. Pica nuttalli Aud. YELLOW-BILLED MAGPIE.

Cooper, 1870. This magpie is abundant in the val-
leys of California, especially near the middle of the
State. At Santa Barbara I found them numerous in
April and May, and saw their nests in oak trees, but the
young were nearly fledged by the 25th of April. They
breed abundantly about Monterey. Their food consists
of almost everything, animal and vegetable.

Henshaw, 1876. In the Sierra proper we did not
meet with these birds, but in various parts near the sea
coast they were very numerous.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — One bird seen in winter,
probably an escaped one.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident; rare
at Red Bluff in winter. It is becoming scarce about
Stockton and some other towns. Colonies breed in cer-
tain localities a long time if not molested. It rarely gets
above about 1,200 feet in the foothills of the Sierra and
probably does more good than harm, though it is likely
to be exterminated because of its fondness for the eggs
of domestic fowls.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — 1885, a single indi-
vidual.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

109

119. Cyanocitta stelleri (Gmel.) STELLER'S JAY.
Inhabits the Coast region from northwest California

to Sitka.

120. Cyanocitta stelleri frontalis Ridgw. BLUE-FRONTED

JAY.

Not found in mountains south of Campo. Tehachapi,
common. — L. B.

F. E. Blaisdell. Common in June in pine regions of
San Diego County.

Volcan Mountains. W.O.Emerson. — In firs and
cedars; winter.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Common
resident.

Henshaw, 1876. A common inhabitant of the mount-
ains, rarely being seen in summer below 5,000 feet.

Cooper, 1870. Inhabiting the Coast Range as far
south as Santa Cruz at least.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties . W. E . Bryant . —
Rare resident.

L. B. — Lower foothills of central California, and bor-
ders of the principal valleys, in winter, moderately com-
mon; a very common summer resident in the fir forests;
rare at Donner Lake and Summit, November 12, 1884;
wintering chiefly between two thousand and four thou-
sand feet altitude, usually nesting high in conifers, a
single nest seen as low as six feet in a small libocedra*.
At Blue Canon Mr. A. M. Ingersoll found eight nests
inside of the snow sheds, May, 1886.

Chico. Win. Proud. — Numerous all winter (1884-'85).
I had not seen them here before in eight years. The
last was seen June 5 in a canon a few miles east of Chico.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — Abundant resi-
dent; nesting in communities.

Cooper, 1860. Very common in all the forests of the
Territory both sides of the Cascades.

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. This form of Steller's jay has been
traced by the expedition from the Coast and Sierra
ranges of southern California into the Cascade mount-
ains of Oregon, and so on up to the Columbia River, at
which point, however, the form does not cease, but con-
tinues into Washington Territory.

Camp Harney. — Bendire. — A rare resident.

Ridgway. We found this jay only among the pines
on the Sierra Nevada.

121. Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). WOODHOUSE'S
JAY.

Ridgway. — At our camp on the western slope of the
Humboldt Mountains it was very abundant in September.
In Buena Vista Canon it was also common ; also rather
common on the eastern slope of the Ruby Range.

122. Aphelocoma californica (Vig.) CALIFORNIA JAY.

San Diego. L. B. — Common resident. Campo, Jan-
uary, common.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident; begins
to breed about the last of April.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident of the
valley and foothills. Agua Caliente, foothills, probably
resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Found on the mountains to a height
of about 5,000 feet; farther up than which it begins to
be rare.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common resident.

L. B. — Common in most of the agricultural districts
of California; rarely seen above 3,500 feet in the Sierra,
latitute 38°. Common at Red Bluff, February, 1885;

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. Ill

much more numerous in Butte County winter of 1884
and 1885 than usual, probably in part winter visitants in
search of food or a milder climate.

Wilbur, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Breeds.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — Common among
deciduous trees, breeding about habitations.

Nuttall. Near Fort Vancouver, early in October.

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous in the foothills to a con-
siderable distance north of Carson. A specimen was
taken at the Dalles, October 4. Mr. C. Roop of Port-
land, Oregon, informed me that this jay is abundant
near the mouth of the Columbia River, both in Oregon
and Washington Territory.

Ridgway. On the east slope it appeared to be quite
common, at least on the foothills near Carson, where in
1868 it made its first appearance toward the last of April.

L. B. — I occasionally see individuals on the east slope
in autumn, which appear to be migrants on their way
to California to spend the winter. A few have been
seen at Lake Tahoe and the Summit of the Central
Pacific Railroad late in September and early October.

123. Aphelocoma insularis Hensh. SANTA CRUZ
ISLAND JAY.

124. Perisoreus obscurus (Ridgw.) OREGON JAY.
Newberry. In California we found them at the upper

end of the Sacramento Valley, in latitude 40°. As we
progressed toward the Cascades it became more com-
mon.

John Feilner, Sm. Rept. 1864. This bird I first saw
in 1859 about Lassen's Butte. About Shasta Butte, on
the north and east side, May 15. I found them in large
numbers, up to twenty together, noiselessly and busily
engaged searching for insects on the ground.

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — Common in
heavy timber in winter.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common February 2,
when I arrived here. It appears to breed early, after
which it disappears. I took a nest March 31; the species
was last seen April 15.

Cooper, 1860. Mouth of the Columbia River, March
1854, a small scattered flock industriously seeking in-
sects and seed among the spruce trees much in the man-
ner of the titmice. I have seen a few at Puget Sound.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant
resident, widely distributed over the province. On the
Arctic slope I have seen these birds pure white.

Henshaw, 1879. Resident of the mountains from
northern California to the Columbia River; young in
nesting plumage 'taken near Camp Bidwell. Along the
upper Des Chutes River the " meat birds," as they are
suggestively termed, were very numerous.

125. Corvus corax sinuatus ( Wagl.) AMERICAN RAVEN .

San Diego. Common resident. — L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valley. Agua Caliente. A pair seen,
probably resident.

Cooper, 1870. Found in pairs everywhere in Califor-
nia and the adjacent regions. I obtained numbers at
Fort Mojave.

Tehachapi. L. B. — Very common here and vicinity,
April and March, 1889.

Henshaw, 1876. I saw ravens on Santa Cruz Island.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Rare.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

L. B. — Decidedly rare in Central California since I
began to collect and pay special attention to birds, about
1876. I know of but two or three pairs in this part of

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 113

the State since then, and these were seen only in winter.
A few have been seen going from Nevada to California
in fall.

Newberry. A constant feature in all parts of the
country traversed.

0. B. Johnson, 1880. . Not rare in the vicinity of
Forest Grove.

Cooper, 1860. On the barren arid plains east of the
Cascades they were very common, while the common
crow was rarely seen. At Vancouver, however, in win-
ter, I observed them amicably associating together.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. More or less common everywhere
save in the higher mountains.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A common resident.

Hoffman. Everywhere more or less abundant, and a
permanent resident. [Nevada.]

Ridgway. One of the most characteristic species of
the Great Basin over which it appears to be universally
distributed. We did not see it in the Sacramento Valley.

126. Corvus americanus Aud. AMERICAN CROW.

San Diego. Common resident; breeds in canons and
valleys a few miles from the coast, probably very rare
in Lower California arid only in the extreme north. —
L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common in favorable local-
ities; breeds here. Volcan Mountains, August 21 to
November 28, common.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Seen occasion-
ally in winter. There was a large rookery in a valley
at the base of the mountain.

San Bernardino. F.Stephens. — Common resident of
the valley.
8 '

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

Cooper, 1870. In the southern half of California the
crow is rarely seen on the sea beach but prefers the in-
land districts, occasionally, however, coming to tin;
shores of bays to feed. I never saw one in the Colo-
rado Valley nor near the summits of the Sierra Nevada.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Rare.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
None seen for several years; it formerly bred at Berke-
ley.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant resident in the
valleys; not seen in the Sierra in several years; no
record of seeing it there since 1878.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich. — Rarely seen in
this region.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common resi-
dent, breeding in communities.

Cooper, 1860. Near the coast it appears rarely, the
fish crow replacing it.

Suckley, 1860. Occasionally met with in Washington
Territory but it is not abundant, being replaced by the
succeeding [Corvus caurinua.]

Henshaw, 1879. In Oregon, especially east of the
mountains, crows are very numerous.

Camp Harney.

Ridgway. East of the Sierra Nevada so extremely
rare as to be met with on but two occasions. Speci-
mens at Truckee Meadows November 8 and Humboldt
Meadows October 31.

Hoffman. Along the cliffs a few miles southeast of
Bull Run Mountain, and again in a similar locality, at
the southern extremity of Snaky Valley, found in con-
siderable numbers. Specimens were seen in California
near I'art/wick, just across the line.

[I have never been able to detect any difference in
the notes of crows of California, Nebraska, or Central
Pennsylvania, and doubt if there is any].

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 115

127. Corvus caurinus Baird. NORTHWEST Cupw.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Very abundant

resident east and west of the Cascades; winters on the
coast; is smaller than C. americanud. In breeding season
it utters a note not unlike the coarse mewing of a
domestic cat.

128. Picicorvus columbianus (Wils.) CLARKE'S NUT-
CRACKER.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident
east of the Cascades.

Cooper, 1860. Quite abundant along the banks of the
Yakima River, whence it continued common northward.
Appeared at Vancouver during the severe cold winter of
January, 1854, in considerable numbers. I have never
seen it at any other season west of the Cascades.

0. B. Johnson, 1880. Common in the Cascade Mount-
ains down to the foothills in winter.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich. — They sometimes
come about the quarters, and kept about the kitchens.

Henshaw, 1879. A constant and abundant resident
of the pineries.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately common dur-
ing the winter and spring months; none during the rest
of the year; breeds very early in the season. On the
5th of May, 1875, I found young birds well able to
fly. " Both nests were in pine trees; one was on the
extremity of a branch about twenty-five feet from the
ground."

Ridgway. On the Sierra Nevada most abundant;
found to the eastward wherever extensive coniferous
woods occurred.

Hoffman. The only locality where seen during the
whole journey was on the northern slope of Mt. Nagle.

Central California. L. B. — Common in summer from

116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

about 0,000 feet upward; rare at Summit and Donner
Lake November 12-16; not at Big Trees January, 1879.
Abundant on the Summit (latitude 39° 15') in autumn
of 1885, invariably moving southward. This migration
began about August 15. Mr. Ridgway (Bull. Essex
lust.) found it abundant at Carson, thirty or forty miles
distant, in the winter of 1867-68. They frequently conic
about kitchens for the refuse, and mountaineers are
compelled to enclose carcasses of sheep in sacks in order
to prevent these birds from eating the meat.

Blood's. W. E. Bryant.— June 25, 1885, two caught
alive in a log storehouse, which they probably entered
for the meat hanging there.

Henshaw, 1876. During September met with in great
numbers.

Tahachapi. L. B. — Moderately common in the pines.

San Bernardino 'Mountains. F. Stevens. — Rare resi-
dent or winter visitant.

129. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus (Wied). PINON
JAY.

Cooper, 1870. I am told by Mr. Clarence King that
they frequent the junipers on mountains near Mariposa.

Summit. L. B. — November 14, 1884, one bird;
September 25, 1885, one specimen, which was alone.
September 29, about twenty following the divide south-
ward. September 30, two specimens. Lake Tahoe,
September, 1889; numerous sojourner.

Newberry. We first noticed this bird in the Des
Chutes Basin, latitude 44° 12', in September, every morn-
ing flocks of from twenty-five to thirty, etc.; fifty mik-s
farther north they were feeding on the berries of the
codtir (./!• it/jx'rti,s occidental is).

Henshaw, 1879. At certain points in the Des Chutes
Basin it was noticed in great numbers.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

117

John Fielner. Immediate vicinity of Shasta Butte,
May 15, seen in numbers. The first time I saw this
bird was at Fort Tejon. (Sm. Report, 1864.)

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Late in October, 1875,
about eighty; a flock flying southward.

Ridgway. On the 21st of April full grown young were
flying about in a cedar and pinon grove near Carson.
In this grove we found the abandoned nests, perhaps a
hundred or more. These nests were saddled upon the
horizontal branches, at a height of eight or ten feet
from the ground. Mr. Ridgway (Bull. Essex Inst.) says
they were abundant at Carson in winter.

Hoffman. Rather common throughout that belt of
coniferous trees represented by the pmon(Pinus edulis),
extending more particularly and uninterruptedly from
Eureka southward to below Hot Spring Canon. Again,
at the occurrence of the same belt at Mount Nagle and
Mount Magruder, the species was detected, but not so
frequently.

130. Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha Ridgw. WESTERN

BOBOLINK.

Ridgway. We found it common in August in the
wheat fields at the Overland Ranch in Ruby Valley,
Nevada, and we were informed at Salt Lake City that it
was a common species on the meadows of that section
of the country in May, and again in the latter part of
summer when the grain ripened.

131. Molothrus ater (Bodd.) COWBIRD.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident.

Ridgway. We found this species so rare in the coun-
try traversed that the list of specimens given below
comprises every individual seen during the whole time.

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Truckee Reservation, June 2, 1868, male adult. Valley
of the Humboldt, August 31, 1867, two juveniles.
Utah, June, 1869, two eggs.

Hoffman. Several specimens were seen at Camp In-
dependence, Cal., in August but nowhere else during
the expedition.

Cooper, 1870. They seemed to be migrating north-
ward through the Colorado Valley early in April, and
on the 19th of that month I found an egg in a nest of
the yellow-breasted chat, showing that some of them
are raised in the latitude of 35° as well as northward.

Heermann. I remarked a flock of these birds as far
south as Fort Tejon.

[Variety obscurus winters on the Gulf of California at
Guaymas, and perhaps breeds in the Colorado Valley or
still farther north.]

132. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.) DWARF COW-
BIRD.

I found it common in the extreme southern part of
Lower California, where Xantus also found it in 1859,
but have not seen it elsewhere in Lower California
and no cowbirds have ever been collected in California,
west of the Sierra Nevada, as far as I am aware. Nut-
tall, Edition 1840, p. 191, says the cow blackbird exists
in California. — L. B.

133. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonap.) YEL-
LOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD.

San Diego, irregular winter visitant. April 19, 1884,
a flock of about 1,000 in which were but three or four
in female plumage. — L. B.

Temecula. F. E. Blaisdell.— May 4, 1883, abundant.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Very rare winter
visitant; rare transient visitor in the valley.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 119

Agua Caliente. Several seen near the spring, prob-
ably winter visitants; several seen March 18 and 21,
1886.

Cooper, 1870. They build at Santa Barbara and north-
ward, avoiding the immediate coast.

Fresno. Gustav Eisen. — Rare here this winter (1884);
abundant in Tulare County.

Northern Sari Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys. L.
B. — Abundant summer resident, breeding in the ex-
tensive tule marshes. A few may be found about Stock-
ton during the very mildest winters. Last seen at
Gridley, October 6, 1884, one in female plumage.

Newberry. We found them with young at Pit River,
and immense flocks swarmed in the rushes bordering
the Klamath Lakes.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich. — Summer resi-
dent.

Henshaw, 1879. Abundant in all suitable localities,
along the eastern slope far towards the Columbia River.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A very common species
breeding abundantly amongst the tules in Malheur
Lake; none remain during the winter.

Ridgway. It was abundant in the vicinity of Sacra-
mento and along the southeastern margin of Salt Lake;
it was also plentiful at all intermediate points where
suitable localities existed. The species was partly mi-
gratory, only a few examples being seen during the
winter at Carson.

Hoffman. Common in all the marshy regions and
grassy meadows from Independence Valley southward
to Fort Mojave, excepting in the southern interior
valleys which appear too much isolated and restricted.

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

134. Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.) RED-WINGED BLACK-
BIRD.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. During the winter at Vancouver re-
maining in small flocks.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson. — February 16, 1884, a flock
of nine; February 12, cold; skating on Lake Union.

Seattle, February 17, snowstorm; snow 18 inches
deep.

Seattle, February 29, first peeping frogs heard.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson, 1880.— Very
abundant in summer; breeding.

Fort Klamath . Lieutenant Wittich . — Nesting in great
numbers.

Henshaw, 1879. An abundant summer resident along
the eastern slope; more or less winter about Carson.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A very abundant summer
visitor; some remain through the winter.

Hoffman. Common in nearly all the marshy dis-
tricts, in the northern and middle regions, being found
in company with the yellow-headed blackbirds.

Ridgway. Found in all the marshy places, being es-
pecially numerous in the vicinity of the great lakes of
the interior, and along the large rivers. Specimens at
Truckee Reservation, May 15 and May 31.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant in winter.
Gridley, October 1, 1884, first, a large flock in female
plumage. Stockton, October 6, 1881, first, a flock.
Stockton, October 1, 1883, first, a flock in female plum-
age only. San Diego, rare winter visitant; April 24,
1884, last. Southern Lower California, near Cape St.
Lucas, rare in winter.

Walla Walla. J. W.Williams. — Winters here.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 121

135. Agelaius gubernator (Wagl.) BICOLORED BLACK-
BIRD.

San Diego, common resident. — L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident of the valley.

Cooper, 1870. I found them in scattered pairs in May
throughout the Coast Range even to the summits, where
there are small marshes full of rushes in which they
build. According to my observations this species in-
habits chiefly the interior of the State, Santa Cruz be-
ing the only point on the coast where I have seen them.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common resident.

W. E. Bryant. Tolerably common summer resident
of Alameda and Contra Costa counties.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare summer resident.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant resident in the
valleys; common in winter to near the head of the
Sacramento Valley. The bird of Sierra Valley has the
notes of gubernator and the wing patch of phveniceus;
the notes of these nearly allied forms may be alike, but
my impression is that they differ.

Dr. Cooper (Cal. Orn., 1870), says he has been un-
able to detect any difference in their notes and habits.
He found a nest in the Coast Range which was formed
of grass and rushes, lined with finer grass, which agrees
nearly with several I have found, though Dr. Heermanii
says the nest is composed of mud and roots, lined with
fine grass.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich. — Nesting in
great numbers.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Very abundant,
with habits similar to pfueniceus.

Henshaw. This form is less abundant than phceni-
ceus, as well as less generally distributed along the east-
ern slope. It is noticeable in this connection that none

122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the specimens which are referable to this form, from
localities east of the mountains, represent it in its typi-
cal condition.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — An abundant species, but
less abundant than A. phteniceus. The eggs of these
two species present but little difference. As a general
thing the eggs of this form are not marked so much, and
a few are unspotted.

Ridgway. East of the Sierra Nevada, found only in
the western depression of the Great Basin (Western Ne-
vada), and was there very rare compared with A. phue-
niceus. Specimen, Carson, March 9, 1868. Nest and
eggs, Truckee Reservation, June 3.

Stockton. L. B.— April, 8, 1879, first nest and full
set of eggs; young able to fly May 20, 1878.

136. Agelaius tricolor (Nutt.) TRICOLORED BLACK-
BIRD.

San Diego. Common winter visitant and resident in
suitable localities. — L. B.

Bernardino River. F. E. Blaisdell. — A colony breed-
ing May 16, 1883; May 25 all had hatched, four birds in
each nest. The young seemed to be of about the same
age.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common; breeds in
the valley.

Cooper, 1870. — I found them the most abundant spe-
cies near San Diego and Los Angeles, and not rare at
Santa Barbara.

Tehachapi. L. B. — April 6 and 7, flocks going to
San Joaquin Valley from the Mojave Desert.

Henshaw, 1876. I found the species breeding in but
one locality, in Santa Clara Valley, June 21.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 123

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Rare winter
visitant.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Newberry. Common in California, in the Klamath
Basin and Oregon.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant summer resident;
rare as far north as Stockton in mildest winters; quite
common in January, 1885. An immense colony was
breeding here May 10, 1879, in the tules. The nests were
attached to the tules of this and last year's growth; were,
composed wholly of -grass without mud, differing in
this respect from nests found in northern California by
Dr. Heermaiin. The greatest number of eggs or young
birds in any one of about 100 nests examined was
three. Several held but one egg or one bird; several
young were dead and the colony was not thriving. Many
of the parents were going back and forth in small
parties, bringing grasshoppers for their young from a
pasture about three miles distant. The nests averaged
about one to each square yard.

137. Sturnella magna neglecta (Aud.) WESTERN
MEADOWLARK.

British Columbia. John Fannin. Abundant resi-
dent.

Cape Beale, B. C. Emanuel Cox. — Always here.

Cooper, 1860. Very abundant in all the prairies of
the Territory where it resides constantly, merely visit-
ing the warmer coast meadows in very cold weather but
not remaining there during summer.

Yakima Valley. Samuel Hubbard, Jr. — February 17,
1885, one; March 1, common; breeds.

Beavertoii. A. W. Anthony. — Tolerably common
February 2, more plentiful March 15, 1884. A great
many were frozen and drifted under in the snow storm
of December 14.

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Portland. M. F. Spencer.— February 19, 1884, first
song heard.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — Constant resi-
dent, less common in winter.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant resident below
the fir forests; rare in them, in summer only.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant resident.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Found in the fertile valleys and on
the plains.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident
of the valley; abundant winter visitant of the same;
Agua Caliente, several, probably wintering. Seen from
March 18 to April 15, 1888.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Seen but once.
Santa Isabel, common and singing at all times.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident; begins
to breed in March.

San Diego. L. B. — Abundant resident; nesting
March 15. One of the few really abundant species of
the agricultural districts of California and apparently
so of the most of those of the entire Pacific coast.

Henshaw, 1879. Very numerous throughout this
whole region.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A very abundant summer
visitor, breeding everywhere in low lands as well as in
the highest mountain meadows. About Camp Harney
they raise two or three broods in a season.

Ridgway. A generally distributed species; it is much
less common in the mountains, however, than in the
lower valleys. Carson, abundant in winter, in sage
brush and fields.

Hoffman. The grassy valleys are the usual resort,
although the adjacent prairies are also visited, especially

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 125

the northern portion of Nevada, where the undulating
country is more abundantly covered with Composite,
the southern region being either bare of vegetation or
presenting Artemisia, etc., in excess.

138. Icterus parisorum Bonap. SCOTT'S ORIOLE.
Appropriately named by Lower Californians, Oriole

of the Mountains, or its equivalent in their language;
found also down to near sea level.

I found several males about fifteen miles south of the
boundary line May 6, 1884, and still nearer the line May
9, 1885. Mr. F. Stephens informs he that he collected
seven specimens at Campo in 1882. I also noticed it
near Campo in May, and between Campo and Hansen's.
Mr. Stephens appears to be the only one who has taken
it north of the line, though I saw a pair fifteen miles
east of San Diego May 16, 1884.

Dr. Cooper says he saw a bird at Fort Mojave in April
which he supposed to be this; he could hardly be mis-
taken.

139. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgw. ARIZONA
HOODED ORIOLE.

Tia Juana, near boundary line. N. S. Goss. — March
21, 1884, three males.

San Diego. L. B.— March 30, 1884, first males.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. —March 22, 1884, males;
April 2, females; eggs May 22; last seen September 20.
First seen March 11, 1885, male; April 4 first female.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of foothills; breeding here. Agua
Caliente, seen March 29, 30, April 6, 14 and 15, 188t>.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — March 11, 1885, first male.

L. B. — San Diego to San Pedro Mountain via San
Rafael, tolerably common May 9-10, 1885; not above
about 2,500 feet.

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Santa Paula, Ventura County. B.W. Evermann. — A
common summer resident. I have traced it as far north
as Santa Barbara.

[Not found by Mr. Henshaw in 1876 at Los Angeles,
Santa Barbara, etc., or if so, not mentioned.]

Cooper, 1870. 1 found this species arriving at San
Diego about April 22, and they were not rare for a fort-
night afterwards, but then retired into the warmer in-
terior valleys, where I have seen them nearly as far
north as Los Angeles.

140. Icterus bullocki (Swains.) BULLOCK'S ORIOLE.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare summer resident. March
22, 1884, first males.

Poway. F. E. Biaisdell. — Summer resident; March
21, 1884, first males; eggs taken May 9; last seen August
19. First seen March 17, male; April 3, 1885, female.

Julian. N. S. Goss. — April 11, 1884, a male; April
17, a female.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident of the valley; rare summer resident of the foot-
hills. Agua Caliente, March 25-28, common and mi-
grating. Seen every day from March 18 to April 15,
1885.

Los Angeles. Henshaw. — June, 1876, very common.
Fort Tejon, August 27.

Bakersfield. L. B.— March 27, 1889, males. Teha-
chapi, April 6, 1889, first female.

Grayson. W. E. Bryant.— March 24, 1884.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — April 3, 1881, first;
April 17, 1882; April 16, 1883.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen April 10, two males; common April
15, 1885.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 3, 1884, first; two

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 127

or three males in song. December 5, a male (unusually
late). First seen in 1885, March 23, a few, singing.
Common summer resident.

Alameda arid Contra Costa Counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common summer resident. (H. R. Taylor, Alameda.
March 20, 1885, two males.)

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common summer
resident. First seen March 20, 1885. In 1886, first seen
March 22, one male; again March 25; common May 11.

Nicasio. C. A. Alien. — April 20, 1884, first; April
19, 1876.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll, — April 17, 1884, first.

Stockton. Dr. E. C. Davenport, April 2, 1884, first.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder. — First seen March 23; com-
mon April 5, 1885. Females usually arrive about a week
later than the males.

Stockton. L. B. — March 27, 1879, first — two males;
both sexes common March 31. Rarely seen in the fir
forests, very common in valleys and foothills in summer;
common on borders of Sierra Valley, June, 1885.

Murphy's. J. P. Snyder. — April 5, two; common
April 16, 1885. Last seen August 27; rare on the 12th.
First seen 1886, April 3.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen April 22, 1885.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— April 6, 1884, first
male; bulk arrived April 20. In 1885, first seen March
27; common April 4; common summer "resident.

Gridley. L. B. — April 3, 1890, four males together.

Chico. Wm. Proud.— April 5, 1884, first. In 1885,
first seen March 25. No doubt an old friend because of
his serenading us from the weeping willow at the end of
the house, where, for nine consecutive years, a brood
has been raised and some seasons two broods.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — Summer, com-
mon; breeding extensively.

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cooper, 1860. Does not arrive at Puget Sound until
the beginning of June, and is not very common there.

British Columbia. John Funnin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Henshaw, 1879. Very numerous about Carson and
to the northward along the base of the mountains to the
Columbia River.

Dalles. Suckley, 1860. — May 7, male specimen.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common during the sum-
mer months; arrives about May 10.

Ridgway. Common in all the wooded localities of the
western country.

Cooper, 1870. Fort Mojave, I saw none until April 1,
1861. Santa Cruz, April 3, 1866.

141. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.) BREWER'S
BLACKBIRD.

Cape region, winter, at La Paz and San Jose del
Cabo, a large flock in the streets and yards at the latter
locality, associating as at Guaymas with the dwarf cow-
bird; this flock scattered in pairs in the willows alonu
the river in May. San Rafael, May 17, tolerably com-
mon; also south of Campo toward Hansen's in suitable
localities. San Diego, common resident. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson. — April 7, nesting. Volcun
Mountains, three^raa.Jes came around the house in the
snow storm of Febadary 11, and a female was seen
March 20. /

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident of the valley; less common in winter in valley
and foothills.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Several seen March
21, 30, April 10 and 11, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Very abundant and constant resi-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 129

dent. Many were breeding in company with a large
colony of the A. tricolor before mentioned.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Very common.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common summer resident.
First, May 11, 1886.

Central California. L. B. — Very common in summer
excepting in the mountains and there usually found
about meadows of any considerable extent. Very abund-
ant in the valleys in winter, breeding plentifully
in towns as well as in the country, nesting early in trees
of different kinds, especially cultivated evergreens.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. Very abundant
in summer; breeding abundantly.

Cooper, 1860. They are found throughout the Terri-
tory. Vancouver, winter.

Suckley, 1860. Quite abundant at Fort Dalles; a win-
ter resident.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Extremely abundant throughout
this whole region as a summer visitant, while more or
less remain through the winter.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — An exceedingly abundant
summer resident, a few remaining during mild winters.
It breeds in various situations 011 the ground, in sage
bushes and in service-berry bushes.

Ridgway. Seldom seen there during summer; this
blackbird becomes one of the most abundant species in
the lower valleys during the winter season, when im-
mense flocks frequent the settlements.

Hoffman. Met with more particularly in the south-
western portion of Nevada, in the more elevated regions.
9

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

142. Coccothraustes vespertina (Coop.) EVENING GROS-
BEAK.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Breeds east of the
Cascades; accidental west, though sometimes found on
Vancouver's Island.

Dr. Cooper, 1860. Common resident of the forests.
January, 1854, a flock at Vancouver.

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams.— April 5-7, 1885, about
fifty; April 10, next and last seen. It is rare here; does
not breed. These passed on north with the thistle-bird
(S. tristis).

0. B. Johnson, 1880. Sometimes plentiful during the
spring migrations.

L. B. — Sierra City to Sierrraville, June 18, 1885, a
flock. Summit, Central Pacific Railroad, July 8, a large
flock. Blood's, Big Tree and Carson road, altitude 7,200
feet, rare but regular summer resident. Mr. Blood in-
formed me in the summer of 1879 that several females re-
appeared around his corral and dwelling on July 22 or
23 with young. I was there July 16 and saw four adult
males but no females. In July, 1880, after much search-
ing for the nest of the only pair I found here this sea-
son, I concluded that it was inaccessible in a large fir
tree. Dr. A. C. Davenport received in March eight
specimens in flesh collected near Murphys by Mr. Thomas
Goodwin, an old resident, to whom they were novelties.
I have seen it in summer at several localities in Cala-
veras and Alpine counties, but it is rare so far south.

Murphys. John J. Snyder. — October 8, 1885, first
evening grosbeak. They became common soon after.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — November 5, 1885,
eight or ten seen, and Mr. George Ready tells me he saw
a large flock on San Lorenzo River, November 1.

Sebastopol F. H. Holmes. — I shot two December 7,
1885.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 131

143. Pinicola enucleator (Linn.) PINE GROSBEAK.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Big Bend of Co-
lumbia River, rare.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — An occasional winter
visitor.

L. B. — Summit, Central Pacific Railroad, August 11,
1882, tolerably common; from June 23 to July 10, 1885,
an adult male and female feeding in alders; during this
time these only; but later, in August and September,
not rare, in fact rather common. Blood's, July 16, 1880,
shot an adult female which probably had a nest; speci-
men sent to Smithsonian Institution.

144. Carpodacus purpureus californicus Baird. CALI-

FORNIA PURPLE FINCH.

San Diego, January 19, 1884, shot a female; not met
here again, nor at Campo in January. Mr. Emerson
did not find it or C. cassini on the Volcan Mountains in
the severe winter of 1883-84. It is common in Central
California from 3,000 feet altitude up to about 5,000
feet in summer, and much lower in -winter, rarely visit-
ing the large interior valleys near sea level at that time.
L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare accidental visit-
ant to the foothills. Agua Caliente, seen a number of
times from March 18 to April 12, 1886.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Tolerably common
summer resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare. December 26, 1885,
three birds.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Rare sum-
mer resident.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — Breeds.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Abundant summer
resident; March 6, first; March 20, 1884, common;

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

April 1, bulk arrived; February 20, 1885, ten birds;
next seen February 23; common March 27. Very com-
mon; breeds.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson. — March 14, 1884.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant. A few remain all the year
in the Territory.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Henshaw, 1879. A single individual taken at the
Dalles in October, the first record at any point along
the eastern slope.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — April 29, 1885, first;
May 10, next; May 16, common. Very common in
breeding season.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common sum-
mer resident.

145. Carpodacus cassini Baird. CASSIN'S PURPLE
FINCH.

Calaveras, Alpine, Placer, Nevada, Sierra and Butte
counties, common in breeding season from 4,700 feet
altitude upward; not collected on the west slope in winter
nor reported from Mt. Whitney by Mr. Henshaw in
autumn, by Mr. Stephens in San Bernardino Mountains
at any time, nor by Mr. Emerson in the Volcan Mount-
ains, altitude 6,000 feet, in the severe winter of 1883-4.
Xantus found it at Fort Tejon. I found a flock of about
a hundred all in female plumage, though some were
males, in mountains near Tehachapi, March 29, 1889. —
L. B.

Ridgway. Near Carson, first observed March 21 ; they
continued to increase in abundance until about the mid-
dle of April; eastern slope of Ruby Mountains, quite
abundant on several occasions.

Henshaw, 1879. Abundant summer inhabitant in the

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 133

neighborhood of Carson, becoming rather less numerous
as northern California is reached, the species persistent
to the Columbia River.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately abundant sum-
mer visitor; breeds in the pine forests of the Blue
Mountains. It is probable that some remain through-
out mild winters.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — Common summer
resident.

146. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). HOUSE
FINCH.

San Diego. Abundant resident; young out of the
nest April 24; young common May 1. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Volcaii Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — January 28,
February 22 warm and sunny, celebrating the day with
song.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Abundant resident
of the valley. Common resident of the foothills. Agua
Caliente, abundant; probably resident. March 18 to
April 15, 1886, common resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Perhaps the most numerous of any
of the small birds.

Alamedaand Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Abundant resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer — Abundant resident; nest
and five fresh eggs April 11, 1885; incubation lasts
eleven days; young fly from 16 to 18 days after hatch-
ing. Abundant about March 21, 1886.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen February 22,
1885; next February 25; common March 1. Breeds
abundantly.

Ukiah. G. E. Aull. — Abundant summer resident.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

L. B. — No doubt abundant i n all the principal agricultur-
al districts of California; winters at Murphys, Colfax and
head of Sacramento Valley, not breeding in the Sierra
on the west slope much above 3,000 feet, but much higher
in summer on the east slope. In ascending the west slope
of the Sierra Nevada in Central California in summer,
the three species are found occupying separate belts, ('.
m. frontalis the lower, C. purpureus californicus inter-
mediate, and C. cassini the upper belt, but meeting
californicus on its lower range; the lower species be-
ing the smallest, the higher the largest.

Henshaw, 1879. Not observed much farther north
than Honey Lake, northern California. An abundant
species wherever found.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — April 8, 1876, a single
specimen.

Ridgway. Carson, May 13, 1868, first seen. Although
chiefly a bird of the lower valleys, sometimes found in
the lower canons of the mountains, Sacramento, Truckee
Valley, Pyramid Lake, West Humboldt Range, etc.

Hoffman. Rather common and generally distributed
over the northern half of the region under considera-
tion; Spring Mountain near the Old Spanish Trail.

147. Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). AMERICAN
CROSSBILL.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant in winter near the coast.

0. B. Johnson. Common in the mountains and
coming down to the valley in winter.

Summit, Central Pacific Railroad. L. B. — November
12, 16, 1884, three flocks; same locality, September
9, 1885, first, two flocks; the species tolerably common
afterward until I left, October 12. I think a few breed

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 135

in Calaveras County, as I have seen a very few in the
fir forests in breeding time.

Ridgway. None seen until towards the last of August
when they gradually became common in the Humboldt
Mountains. August 12 a male, leucopfera probably, seen
on the east slope of the Ruby Mountains.

Newberry. A constant feature of the pine forests of
Oregon and northern California.

Henshaw, 1879. Becomes numerous in the mount-
ains and on the foothills in fall.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common during the win-
ter months in large flocks.

148. Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains. GRAY -CROWNED
LEUCOSTICTE.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A winter visitor, associated
with L. littoralis from November 8, 1875, to March 22,
1876. Specimens at different times.

149. Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis (Baird). HEP-
BURN'S LEUCOSTICTE.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — I shot two here No-
vember 14. This is the first time I ever saw these birds
at sea level. Common summer resident in British Co-
lumbia east of the Cascades.

Camp Harney. Bendire (Birds Southeastern Ore-
gon).— I have observed these birds almost daily for two
winters, and examined about two hundred specimens.
It is probable that some breed on high peaks.

Virginia City. Ridgway. — A single flock of this spe-
cies was seen on the 5th of January. The flock com-
prised about fifty individuals.

150. Acanthis linaria (Linn.) REDPOLL.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Breed north; re-
main here late in fall, etc.

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Dr. Cooper, 1860. Washington Territory. — A small
flock appeared on the coast in winter. I obtained one
specimen. They fed on alder and thistle seeds.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Found in large flocks dur-
ing winter.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich (Bull. Nutt. Orii.
Club, iv).— May 9, 1878.

151. Spinus tristis (Linn.) AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.

San Diego. Rare, winter of 1883-84.

Tia Juana, N. W. Lower California, April 30, 1885,
large flock. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. —Common summer resident.
Seen February 17, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valley and foothills.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. First seen in 1886, on April 7.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common resi-
dent in valleys and foothills. Red Bluff, February 3,
1885.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — February 20, 1884, ten
seen; next seen February 23; common March 27; very
common in breeding season.

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams. —March 27, 1885,
males; April 5, males; May 26, one, the last.

Burrard Inlet. John Fanniii. — April 4, 1885, first
seen; next April 7; common April 10. Tolerably com-
mon summer resident of British Columbia.

Henshaw, 1879. Common summer resident at many
points. Found on the Columbia River in October.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 137

Camp Harney. Ben dire. — Seen on but a single occa-
sion, May 5, 1876.

Ridgway. Eastward of the Sierra Nevada extremely
rare. Truckee Valley, breeding; rare east slope Ruby
Mountains.

Smoky Valley. Hoffman. — Less than half a dozen
individuals.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — April 18, 1885, first;
common May 5; breeds. Very common.

152. Spinus psaltria (Say). ARKANSAS GOLDFINCH.

The species is rare in the northern 100 miles of Lower
California in May, most numerous in the mountains,
and this I think applies to San Diego County below about
4,000 feet altitude, where not rare in winter. — L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valley and foothills. Agua Caliente,
common March 25-28; March 18 to April 15, 1886, com-
mon resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Of the three species inhabiting
southern California this goldfinch appears to be the
most widely spread and perhaps the most numerous;
like the other two it inhabits the valleys.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant resident.

Alameda. A. M. Ingersoll. — January 7, 1885, com-
mon.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident of foot-
hills, less common in the valleys, rare in the pine forests
where perhaps it is only found when migrating. At
Summit, altitude 7,000 feet, August 27, 1885, I saw a
large flock in which were a dozen or more S. pinus, and
these I thought were crossing from the east to the west

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

slope; also noticed in small flocks in September. Red
Bluff, February 3.

Siskiyou County, Cal. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway.

153. Spinus lawrencei (Cass.) LAWRENCE'S GOLDFINCH.

San Diego, common resident; March 22, making nest
in a small orange tree. Colonel N. S. Goss noticed it
nesting here twelve days earlier. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident;
May 17, several nests in which the young were nearly
fledged.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — January 25
and 31, a small flock; April 5, common at Live Oak
Springs.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valley and foothills. Agua
Caliente, March 25-28; April 6, 12, 14 and 15, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Near Santa Barbara, the only place
where I met with this bird, it was a numerously repre-
sented species.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare summer resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Usually rare summer resi-
dent. Common in 1885.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— May 10, 1884, first.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. May 15, 1885, first seen; seen as late as
October 25.

Marysville. L. B. — January 9, 1878, rare, in freez-
ing weather.

Chico. Win. Proud. — May 22, 1884, nest and younjr.

Heermann. Very abundant throughout the northern
mining regions of California.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 139

Cooper, 1870. I found a few of the species at Fort
Mojave.

154. Spinus pinus (Wils.) PINE SISKIN.

British Columbia. John Faiinin.

Cooper, 1860. An abundant and constant resident
of Washington Territory.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson, 1884. — May 1, mating and
nesting

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams.— March 26, 1885,
first, six birds; next seen March 27, April 3.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — March 14, 1885, first;
March 15 common; last seen April 30.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson, 1880. Common
winter resident.

Central California. L. B. — Rare summer resident
of the high Sierra from Calaveras County north; rare
at Butte Creek House July 1-2. Common during mi-
grations in the pine region; common in winter in the
foothills, associating much with S. psaltria and per-
haps hybridizing with it occasionally. I have seen two
which I thought were crosses, one of them having been
shot at Murphy's and sent to the Smithsonian in 1878.
Seldom seen in the valleys in winter. A single spec-
imen shot at La Paz, in Lower California, in winter of
1882.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant winter visit-
ant. September 3, first; April 5, last.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common March 7, 1885;
rare winter visitant. A flock of six were seen January
9, 1886.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common
winter visitant.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common.

Kernville. Henshaw, 1876. Last of October present
in small flocks.

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare winter visitant
to mountain. Agua Caliente, flock seen April 12, 1886.

Ridgway. In summer abundant in all the pine
forests from the Sierra Nevada to the Uintah.

Henshaw, 1879. Occurs along the whole eastern
slope in fall and winter and passes the summer in the
coniferous belt in much of its extent.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common during the win-
ter months in the Blue Mountains.

Hoffman. Occur during the summer in all the pine
forests.

San Jose. W. 0. Emerson. — A large flock, Septem-
ber 17, 1886.

155. Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.) SNOWFLAKE.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Resident east of

the Cascades.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Found sparingly during
the winter months.

156. Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.) LAPLAND LONGSPUH.
Camp Harney. Bendire. — Found sparingly during

the winter months.

Carson. Ridgway. — Frequently detected among the
large flocks of horned larks during the more severe parts
of winter.

157. Poocaetes gramineus confmis Baird. WESTERN
VESPER SPARROW.

San Diego. L. B. — Tolerably common in winter in
valleys back from the coast.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common in January and
February.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare transient visit-
ant to the valley.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 141

Newberry. Common in the Sacramento Valley.
[Winter?]

L. B. — Probably found in the lower portions of Cen-
tral California in winter only, and during its migra-
tions; even then rare. At North American Hotel, thirty
miles east of Stockton, I found a flock of forty or fifty
apparently wintering as they were there nearly all of
January, 1885. At Gridley I found a few November 10,
and again December 11, 1884; have seen a few in fall in
.the subalpine valleys of Calaveras, Alpine and Placer
counties, and found it breeding and common in Sierra
Valley, which, however, has east slope characteristics
and some of its species, including an abundance of sage
brush and sage hens. First seen at Summit during the
fall migration, September 9, 1885.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.— Septemper 27, 1884,
first; rare winter visitant.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common dur-
ing the summer.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent; April 5, 1884, May 1, abundant.

Washington Territory. Cooper. — Common in summer
on the prairies of the interior.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Transient visit-
ant.

Henshaw 1879. Numerous in the valleys; noticed no
farther north than southern Oregon.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Very common summer
resident, breeding abundantly.

Ridgway. Most frequently met with during summer
on the open grassy slopes of the higher canons in Sep-
tember, becomes exceedingly abundant along the foot-
hills of the higher ranges; appears to make a complete
southward migration none having been seen at Carson
until the first of April.

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cooper, 1870. I found this bird wintering in the
Colorado Valley in considerable numbers but it disap-
peared by April 1.

158. Poocaetes gramineus affinis Miller. OREGON VES-
PER SPARROW.

In the winter of 1883-4 I got a specimen in Cajon
Valley, San Diego County, out of a flock of larger grayer
birds and sent it to Mr. Ridgway, who said that it was
probably deserving of a name but he would want to see
more of that sort before naming it, and I let the matter
rest until the fall of 1888 when I sent several to Dr.
Fisher who was absent from his post about that time.
In the meantime Mr. Miller's bird was published. Dr.
Fisher told me afterward that he compared my speci-
mens with Mr. Miller's and found them identical, con-
sequently the preceding notes on P. g. confinis belong
in part here. I collected the one I sent to the Smith-
sonian in 1884; selected it from a flock of about a dozen,
because it was smaller and differed decidedly in color
from its companions.

The birds which I have shot in winter in Central
California are all, or nearly all, of the variety ajfinis. —
L. B., April, 1890.

159. Ammodramus sandwichensis (Gmel.) SANDWICH
SPARROW.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common sum-
mer resident.

Cape Beale, B. C. Emanuel Cox. — Very common all
the year around; the only birds that strike the light.
Specimens identified by Mr. Ridgway were typical
santhcichensis.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Seen sparingly
during the migration.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTKK 1.

143

Butte County, California. L. B. — Winter. Specimens
collected by me very near identical with an Alaskan
specimen kindly furnished by Mr. Heiishaw, having
bills of equal size, and equally as large in all respects.

160. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus (Bonap.)
WESTERN SAVANNA SPARROW.

The form which I consider typical alaudinux was rare
in mid- winter at San Diego, though it goes as far south
as La Paz and Cape St. Lucas in winter. In March it
became more common, and was so until April 20. April
23 last seen, all having gone north of San Diego to
breed. In winter it is abundant in many parts of Cali-
fornia, breeding on the east slope of the Sierra, in lati-
tude 39° and northward. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common in January and
February.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — March 9, first.
A specimen taken on the llth was much smaller and
grayer than that of the 9th. Some days after this date
it was in large flocks in Santa Isabel Valley.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare winter visitant.
Agua Caliente. Not Common.

Henshaw, 1876. Early in September it was high up
in the mountains near Mount Whitney, while in No-
vember it was exceedingly numerous about Oakland.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common
winter visitant.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Found breeding abund-
antly, June 10, at Sebastopol. (bryanti?)

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Summer resident, (bry-
anti?)

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous in all wet meadow lands,
and as much so in Oregon as farther south. A nest
taken near Washoe Lake, May 22, contained four fresh

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

(Jump Harney. Bendire. — Very common in the early
spring.

Ridgway. Abundant in every moist meadow and
grassy marsh, from March to November inclusive.

161. Ammodramus sandwichensis bryanti Ridgw.
BRYANT'S MARSH SPARROW.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common
resident. L. B. Probably some of the notes under A.
s. alaudinus belong here, and possibly some of those
under A. sandwichensis belong to A. s. alaudinus.

Mr. F. G. Holmes sent me a juvenile specimen which
was reared at Sebastopol, and which I think belongs to
A. s. bryanti.

162. Ammodramus beldingi Ridgw. BELDING'S MARSH

SPARROW.

San Quintin Bay, 150 miles south of San Diego,
May, 1881, very common and the only one of the genus
found by me. in May, 1881.

Todos Santos Islands. Dr. Streets (Bull. 7, Nat. Mus.)
one specimen. These islands are about sixty miles
southward from San Diego, near the Pacific Coast of
Lower California. — L. B.

San Diego Bay. L. B. — Very common resident.

Santa Barbara. Henshaw, 1876. June and July, 13
specimens, in worn plumage.

Port Harford. L. B.— May 20, 1884. A single nialo
which probably had a mate nesting. As in May,
1885, 1 could not find one of the species or genus here, I
suppose this to be the northern limit of its range, while
San Quintin Bay is the most southern point known.
It was mated at San Diego, March 25, 18S">, where,
April 4, I found a nest and two eggs, bird sitting four
or five days. The first young out of nest May 1st. No

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 145

song traced by me to this bird, but Mr. Holterhoff, who
for months has nearly every morning and evening
passed through the marshes between San Diego and
National City, says he has often heard them sing. This
appears to be the only Ammodramus which breeds in
San Diego County. The nest found April 4 was near
the beach just above high tide in a dense growth of
Salicornia, Atriplex and Frankenia. It was composed
of surf-worn eel grass mostly, lined with a few feathers.
The eggs are of a faint greenish, or bluish white ground
color, one being paler than the other and perhaps
unfertile, both heavily blotched with brown of nearly
uniform shade, confluent and hiding the ground color
at the large end. Measurement, 80x55 — 80x56. It
frequently runs on the sandy beach, not far from cover,
when pursuing insects, quite as rapidly as a sandpiper.

Mr. Henshaw's Santa Barbara specimens being in
worn and faded plumage, as the species usually is in
June and July, did not attract his attention as they
must otherwise have done.

The first specimens I collected were taken at San
Quintin Bay, where no other Ammodrami were present
to confuse me. One of these I labeled P. guttatus, with
an interrogation. Afterward, having given it much at-
tention about San Diego in the winter of 1883-4, I be-
came convinced that it was a distinct species.

163. Ammodramus rostratus Cass. LARGE-BILLED

SPARROW.

Common in winter in the Cape Region, at San Diego
and San Pedro during the same time, and prob-
ably formerly bred at the two latter localities. I
could not find the species about San Diego Bay
or False Bay in April and May, 1881, nor in April
and May of the years 1884 and 1885, in the lat-

10

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ter year having followed the coast nearly fifty miles
north of San Diego without finding it. I last saw
it at San Diego, March 10, 1884. Its nesting places
and nesting habits are still unknown, although Dr.
Cooper found them feeding their young at San Pedro in
July but never found a nest that he was certain be-
longed to this species (Cal. On., 1870).

I have noticed the species with more than ordinary
interest at Guaymas, La Paz, San Jose del Cabo, Todos
Santos Village, San Diego and San Pedro, and having
seen the type of guttatux, think rostratus a species of but
little individual variation, even including guttatus and
Dr. Streets' San Benito Island specimens. It is a spe-
cies that can hardly be traced to its origin.

164. Ammodramus bairdii (Aud.) BAIRD'S SPARROW.
Camp Harney. Bendire. — May 24, 1876, I took a nest

and eggs with the parent, which I identified as this
species.

165. Ammodramus savannarum perpallidus Ridgw.
WESTERN GRASSHOPPER SPARROW.

San Diego, April 19, a male, first; probably a few-
breed in El Cajon. — L. B.

Santa Barbara. Henshaw, 1876. — Directly on tin-
coast, breeding.

Ridgway. From June 6 to July 4, 1867. Abundant
in the fields about Sacramento City, as well as through-
out the interior.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Five male specimens in
spring.

Hoffman. Found to breed near Eureka, Nevada.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 147

166. Chondestes grammacus strigatus (Swains.) WEST-
ERN LARK SPARROW.

San Diego. Common resident. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Altitude 6,000
feet, February 24, large flocks feeding with shore larks
on open flats; seen off and on during my stay on the
Volcan; common all through Santa Isabel and Santa
Maria valleys.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident of
the valley.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common resident.

Alameda City. A. M. Ingersoll. — Several seen De-
cember 31.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Summer resident. First
seen March 22; next seen March 25; common April 20,
1886.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. March 4, 1885, first; March 15, common. I
think it does not winter here.

Ukiah. G. E. Aull. — Abundant resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common constant resi-
dent of the valleys and foothills, including Murphys and
Colfax, both about 2,500 feet altitude, and rather com-
mon at Red Bluff, February 3-5, 1885. Perhaps our
birds go south in winter and those from Oregon take
their places, but the species is here at all times.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Sparingly com-
mon during the summer.

Suckley, 1860. One specimen at Fort Dalles; not
seen west of the Cascades.

British Columbia. JohnFannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Henshaw, 1879. Lost sight of about 100 miles north
of Carson.

Bendire. In the immediate vicinity of CampHarney
few specimens; at Juniper Lake, 80 miles south, quite
a number breeding.

Ridgway. Exceedingly abundant in favorable local-
ities throughout the entire extent of the western region.
Specimens at Sacramento, Truckee and Salt Lake.

Hoffman. Common in favorable localities over
nearly the whole of Nevada.

Walla Walla. J. W. Williams.— June 2, 1885, two;
next seen June 10; both specimens shot;, not known if
it breeds.

167. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.) WHITE-CROWNED.
SPARROW.

San Diego, May 3, 1885, male, first; May 5, female,
ovaries very small; only about a dozen of the species
seen this spring, none at any other time, neither in
spring of 1881 nor 1884. None seen by the Goss Broth-
ers at Julian from March 17 to May 15, 1884. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — October 3, 1884, first; Oc-
tober 6 a flock [the first southern California fall record].

Henshaw, 1876. I found it in the high Sierra (Mt..
Whitney) in September in company with Z. intermedia)
forming, however, but a very small proportion, of the
vast flocks of those birds.

Blood's, Alpine County, altitude 7,200 feet. W. E.
Bryant. — Common, June 26, 1885, breeding.

L. B. — Common in summer in the subalpine mead-
ows from Alpine County to the northern part of Butte^
County; probably has a much more extensive breeding,
range in the Sierra than is here indicated; appears to-
winter entirely south of California; quite common in,
Amador and Sierra counties on the east slope in. breed-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 149

ing season. Summit Meadows, Dormer Pass, June 24,
1885, a pair beginning nest; July 7, nest and nearly
fresh eggs, both on the ground, but I have found nests
in willows. Blood's, July 9, 1880, still unmated; wil-
lows still destitute of leaves; a few snow banks in the
meadow, which, however, is in many places yellow with
buttercups (Ranunculus). Upon returning, August 10,
I could not find young birds, though in the preceding
year on July 16 they were large enough to tumble out
•of a nest as I approached it. This shows the difference
in seasons in these high mountains consequent upon
difference in snowfall. When the weather does become
favorable vegetation grows with an astonishing rapidity
in the long days of June and July, hardly waiting for
the snow to melt; in fact, sometimes bursting through
it, and about the middle of July, 1880, I was agreeably
surprised to find on the top of the mountain about two
miles north of Blood's, at a height of nearly 9,000 feet,
a patch of an acre <or two of the seemingly delicate Clay-
tonia carolinensis (var.?) in perfect flower standing in
compact snow three or four inches deep, a part of the
previous winter's product. Where the snow was so
•deep that it covered them they were also flowering, with
•a vacant cylindrical space about an inch in diameter
immediately around them and a thin, icy, bubble-like
•cover on the surface; in reality a miniature hot-house.

Heiishaw, 1879. As almost everywhere throughout
the west, this sparrow occurs along the east slope in
great numbers during the migrations. It is also numer-
ous in these mountains in summer.

Fort Klamath. Wittich, Nutt. Bull., iv, 165. Nu-
merous; specimens April 26, 1875, April 29, 1878.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

168. Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia Ridgw. INTER-
MEDIATE SPARROW.

At San Diego it is an abundant winter visitant; last
seen here April 23, 1884; was common to the 15th. —
L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common winter visitant;
not seen since the last of April.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — January 24,
1884, to February 14, in large flocks, 'when the snow
drove them down to the lower cafions and valleys.
Afterward a few were seen when the sun shone and it
was warm. It was observed at Poway as late asTApril 27.

Mt. Whitney. Henshaw, 1876. — Middle of Septem-
ber large flocks.

L. B. — This form has been very abundant in winter
wherever I have been in California, if below the snow
line. It probably breeds entirely north of California.
Probably some of the notes on Z. L gambeli really refer
to this form, which undoubtedly inhabits all of the low
parts of California in winter vastly outnumbering all the
other Zonotrichice. It was not separated from gambeli
until 1873.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Winter vis-
itant.

Henshaw, 1879. Flocks frequently fall into the path
of the collector in this region (east slope) during spring
and fall. Not found in the mountains as a summer
resident, and I believe it goes farther north to breed.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A moderately abundant
summer resident.

Ridgway. West Humboldt Mountains, September 7,
1867. Truckee, December 26. Head of Humboldt Val-
ley, September 16, 1868; abundant at Carson in willows
and brushwood in winter.

Hoffman. Met with several times in more southern

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 151

portions of Nevada, particularly in the elevated and fer-
tile valleys just notth of Mt. Magruder; again sparingly
east of Spring Mountain in September.

Hay wards. W 0. Emerson. — September 24, 1884,
first; common at once.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — A pair secured April 13,
1886. I do not think this species has ever been taken
here before.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— October 23, 1884, first;
common all winter.

L. B. — Summit; September 12, 1885, three specimens;
common at once; rare October 11. The first arrivals at
Summit appeared to be juveniles. Big Trees, September
25, 1880, first. Stockton, September 18, 1881, first; rare.
Stockton, September 20, 1883, several. Gridley, Sep-
tember 24, 1884, first; common September 25.

Walla Walla. D. T. Williams.— April 3, 1885, eight
specimens; not very common summer resident.

169. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli (Nutt.) GAMBEL'S
SPARROW.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 9, 1884, I saw three Z.
gambeli, the only ones I saw from April 1 to May 16;
was in the field every day.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — This species with
var. intermedia are abundant winter visitants to the
valley and foothills. Agua Caliente. Abundant March
25-28, 1884. Abundant winter resident. Common
March 18 to April 15, 1886.

Mt. Whitney. Henshaw, 1876. — September; only
two specimens.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common; stays the
whole year in the low brush along the beach; begins to
breed about April 25; eggs from three to four; raises
two, possibly three broods in a season.

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Alameda. A. M. Ingersoll. — July 2, 1884, I found
one nest with three fresh eggs; one just finished with-
out eggs, the latter within a few feet of one I found
March 29. This species must raise two or three broods
here in summer.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common resi-
dent.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Butteville, Or. W. E. Bryant. — In breeding season
of 1883.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — A very com-
mon summer resident and nesting familiarly about
gardens and thickets near dwellings.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer
resident. April 7, first; April 12, bulk arrived. May
12, first nest. First seen March 25, 5 birds; common
March 30, 1885.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant in all the prairie districts;
frequents the coast prairies where I have found its nest
and eggs.

Suckley, 1860. Very abundant at Fort Dalles and
Puget Sound, a constant summer resident at both places.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — " var. gambeli,"
summer resident east of the Cascades. Arrived at Bur-
rard Inlet April 22, 1885. Only a few noticed and
found breeding here for the first time.

L. B. — I have never found this form in central Cali-
fornia but once, and then only a few individuals at
Stockton in spring, migrating. At Port Harford, May
26, 1885, I found about a dozen near the beach. These
were mated and undoubtedly breeding. At this place
in May, 1884, I shot one which I was inclined to relVr
to intermedia, but I suppose the coast breeding birds on
the California and Oregon coasts may be considered as

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 153

the typical form, though I have seen but few specimens
from the coast. One of Mr. Anthony's Beaverton speci-
mens was nearly typical gambeli, and I supposed the
specimen represented the birds which breeds there. I
could not find it about San Diego.

170. Zonotrichia coronata (Pall.) GOLDEN-CROWNED
SPARROW.

San Diego. Rare winter visitant; last seen April 3,
1884; April 17, 1885. Probably goes but little south of
San Diego. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Rare winter visitant; not
noticed after the last of March.

Volcan Mountains. W. O.Emerson. — Common from
January 24, 1884, to February 14, when the snow ap-
peared to be too much for them. A few seen in Febru-
ary and March after the storm of February 14, especially
during warm days.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Very rare winter
visitant to the foothills.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst.— May 4, 1884, last,

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common winter visitant.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant winter visitant.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant winter visitant
below the snow line. Big Trees, September 25, 1880,
first; common at Murphys on the 29th. Gridley, Sep-
tember 24, 1884, first, six seen; common on the 25th.
Summit, September 25, 1885, first, rare; common Octo-
ber 2 (snow on September 24). It left Stockton after
April 27, 1880 — a late spring.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant winter visit-
ant; September 24, first; last seen May 2, bulk departed
about April 15, 1884.

Shasta County, Cal. Brewer. — June 14, 1877, nest

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and eggs. (Bull. N. O. C., Vol. 3,42.) [This is the
only reliable record of its breeding in California.]

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Sparingly com-
mon during summer.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — One specimen as late
as May 22, 1884, but mostly gone by May 1.

Cape Flattery Light. Alexander Sampson, keeper.
April 26, 1884, a few sparrows with black on the sides
of the head and a yellow stripe on top. May 6, quite
a flight of the same birds; ten killed by striking the
light. Wind, southeast, 38 miles an hour.

Suckley, 1860. Not rare in the vicinity of Fort Dalles
or Fort Steilacoom; in both places quite abundant in
summer.

Cooper, 1860. I saw them but once near Puget
Sound, on the 10th of May.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident. Burrard Inlet, September 13, arrived; Sep-
tember 29, here in numbers. I see it here only in fall.

Henshaw, 1879. Occurs along the eastern slope dur-
ing the fall migration. Its numbers are limited to the
comparatively few that find their way into the bands of
white-crowned and Ridgway's sparrows [intermedia'].

West Humboldt Mountains. Ridgway. — October 7,
one specimen; the only one seen.

171. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.) WHITE-THROATED
SPARROW.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. About forty miles from the Dalles,
one of two seen, shot. I presume that it is by no
means scarce.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 155

172. Spizella monticola ochracea Brewst. WESTERN
TREE SPARROW.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Fort Walla Walla. Winter of 1881-82. Bendire.-
(Bull. N. 0. C., vol. 7, 225.)

Henshaw, 1879. Seen upon the Columbia River in
October.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately abundant dur-
ing the winter months.

Hoffman. Common throughout the northern regions;
farther south more sparingly and only in the more ele-
vated and fertile areas.

Ridgway. During the winter common and very gen-
erally distributed through ,the valleys of the western
depression of the Great Basin. Truckee Meadows,
November 19.

173. Spizella socialis arizonae Coues. WESTERN CHIP-
PING SPARROW.

San Diego. Rare migrant; perhaps a few breed in the
vicinity; the first seen at San Diego, 1884, was on March
21, a pair. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— First, April 7, 1884.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— First, April 5, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valley. Agua Caliente, March,
1884. Common. Seen April 1 and 8, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Pretty well diffused in the southern
half of California; Santa Cruz Island, June.

Santa Catalina Island. F. Stephens. — August, 1886,
common.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst.— March 28, 1884, first.

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

(Snow on the mountains at this time). First seen March
11, 1885, two specimens; common March 23; singing
March 13; abundant summer resident.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Summer resident; tolerably common.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen April 6, 1885.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common summer resident.
First seen April 15, common April 21, 1885. In 1886
the first bird was seen April 4; common April 14.

Central California. L. B. — Moderately common sum-
mer resident in the valleys; very common in the mount-
ains. Murphys, April 11, 1887, first, spring of 1877,
early. Gridley, September 23, 1884, a large flock; Octo-
ber, 8, a small flock; October 20, a specimen. These are
my earliest and latest records. Summit, September 25,
1885, still common; September 28, last.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — April 14, first; common
April 17, 1885; abundant summer resident.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — April 10, first male ; bulk
arrived April 21, 1884. First seen March 17, common
March 29, 1885. Tolerably common summer resident.

Chico. William Proud. — April 12, 1885, a pair.

Beavertoii. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 17, 1884, first; rare until the 25th, about
which time the bulk arrived. First seen March 30, one
bird; common May 15, 1885.

Suckley, 1860. Common throughout the two terri-
tories (Oregon and Washington).

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Common summer inhabitant of the
eastern slope.

Hoffman. Generally distributed throughout the
wooded districts of the upper half of Nevada.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 157

Ridgway. In the interior in all the wooded districts,
nowhere more abundant than in the Ruby Mountains in
July and August.

Cooper, 1870. I found them wintering in the Colo-
rado Valley in large numbers but not near San Diego.

174. Spizella breweri Cass. BREWER'S SPARROW.

Only five or six seen at San Diego, spring of 1884,
when first collected by Col. N. S. Goss. March 8, 1884,
apparently rare near the Pacific Coast in California.
Found in summer only. — L. B.

Agua Caliente, Colorado Desert, San Diego County.
F. Stephens.— March 25-28, 1884, abundant. Several
seen April 10, 14 and 15, 1885.

Fort Tejoii. Henshaw, 1876. — August, rather nu-
merous.

Sacramento. Ridgway. — June 6, July 4, 1867, quite
common in the bushy fields.

Newberry. Common in the Sacramento Valley.

Henshaw, 1879. East slope; a characteristic inhabi-
tant of the sage brush.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common summer resident;
breeds abundantly amongst the sage brush covered plains.

Hoffman. Quite common in the northern and mid-
dle areas, more particularly in the vicinity of settlements.

Ridgway. Throughout the entire extent of the Great
Basin; everywhere one of the commonest birds of the
open wastes. It arrived at Carson April 9, 1868.

Cooper, 1870. At Fort Mojave I found small flocks
after March 20.

L. B. — Very common in Sierra Valley June, 1885, and
a few were found July 1 on Castle Peak, Nevada County,
up to 8, 000 feet, found there in sage brush as is usual in
the breeding season. But few were seen at Summit dur-
ing the fall migration of 1885, though abundant August

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

10-13, 1882. Dr. Newberry said it was common in
Sacramento Valley, but I seldom find it there, and only
when migrating. Mr. Chas. A. Allen has collected it in
Marin County, and Dr. Heermann at Tejon Valley and
other parts of California, but probably mostly in the
southeast part, as in Colorado Valley. The early ex-
plorers in their extensive marches seldom named the
locality where their specimens were obtained, a distance
of one hundred or even five hundred miles seeming,
apparently, but a trifle to them, and there have been
changes in the outlines of States and Territories since
their time.

175. Spizella atrigularis (Cab.) BLACK-CHINNED SPAR-
ROW.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — March 20, male specimen.
May 4, nest with four small birds; nest in a small bush
li feet from the ground. May 19th, nest in a small
solitary bush at the foot of a mountain; contents, five
small birds. Same date, a nest two feet from the
ground; eggs, four; the nest in a small bush. The
eggs were light blue color same as those of Chamcea fas-
data; one egg measured 17 mm. from end to end, and
40 mm. in circumference. The nests were composed
of very small twigs and shreds of sage bark. Depth
inside, one-half inch; inside diameter, two inches; out-
side, three inches. All three of the nests were of very
nearly the same size and of the same material.

Santa Ana Plains, Los Angeles County, December
10-14, 1884, rather common.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common;
breeds in the foothills.

Colton, April 28, 1884, a fine male shot by K. B. Her-
ron; April 29, male shot by Charles W. Gunii.

[Mr. Stephens was the first to find it in the coast
region of California, in 1883 or earlier.]

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

159

176. Junco hyemalis (Linn.) SLATE-COLORED JUNCO.
About thirty miles east of San Diego, January 24,

1884, a specimen taken and forwarded to the Smith-
sonian. It had another juiico for a companion. A
cold storm with snow occurred in these mountains the
following day and this and other snowbirds were prob-
ably driven here by storms as I saw none in going to
Campo January 22 and 23. On the 25th there was sleigh-
ing at Portland, Oregon, and a cold storm all along the
coast. A female was collected by Mr. Emerson, March,
1880, at Hay wards; and one by myself at Gridley. —
L. B.

177. Junco hyemalis oregonus (Towns.) OREGON
JUNCO.

San Diego, March 8, 1884, one bird; the only one
seen near here during the winter. Campo. Winter,
common. — L. B.

San Diego. F. E. Blaisdell.— November 22, 1885, a
few in town. I also saw a pair at Poway, October 31,
the first I have seen there in six years. The species
breeds in the Volcaii Mountains; in former winters, plen-
tiful at Poway.

Volcaii Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Large flocks
at all times.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Com-
mon; breeds from 7,000 to 10,000 feet altitude.

Henshaw, 1876. Mountains near Fort Tejoii, very
abundant in August.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1870. Coast Mountains south of Santa
Clara, many breeding in May. At San Diego I observed
them until April 1. I have not determined its resi-
dence along the coast farther south than Monterey.

160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common winter visitant.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant winter visit-
ant; the bulk left in the third week of March, 1885;
April 9, last seen.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — Common in April; May
1, last.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Abundant resident;
first nest and eggs April 20.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Abundant dur-
ing winter; a few remain to breed.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson. — April 14, 1884, nest, eggs
nearly hatched; April 28, nest, eggs fresh; May 1, nest
and five nearly fledged young.

Cooper, 1860. Common throughout Washington Ter-
ritory, especially in winter; breeds about Puget Sound.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant resi-
dent.

Henshaw, 1879. Appears to pass the summer from
about the latitude of Carson northward.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Winter resident, retiring
to the neighboring mountains in summer.

Ridgway. Very abundant in winter from the Pacific-
coast to the Wahsatch Mountains, but in summer has a
more restricted distribution, being then confined to the
coniferous forest region of the higher western ranges.

Summit. L. B. — November 13-16, a few; Big Trees,
January 6, 1879, rather common; very common in sum-
mer in fir forests of the Sierra; nests on the ground, in-
variably, the nest varying much in composition, some-
times of grasses entirely, often of soap root (Chlorogalum)
fibres almost entirely; rarely of shreds of bark of Libo-
cedrus sparcely lined; very common in foothills and
valleys of Central California in winter, as it unques-
tionably is in nearly all the State.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 161

Chico. Wm. Proud. — October 1, 1884, first, two;
abundant October 21.

Gridley, September 27, 1884, two; common October
1.— L. B.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — October 7, first (six);
common at once.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant winter resident.
First seen September 27, 1885; common October 20;
last seen April 20, 1886.

178. Amphispiza bilineata- (Cass.) BLACK-THROATED
SPARROW.

Probably never found in California west of the Sier-
ra.—L. B.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, Cal. F. Steph-
ens.— Seen almost every day from March 26, to April 15,
1886.

Cooper, 1870. In winter they descended to the hills
near the Colorado. They were never numerous.

Hoffman. Like A. belli nevadensis, this species occurs
throughout the sagebrush regions in the northern and
middle portions of Nevada, but in the southern regions
was found in the elevated deserts, between Spring
Mountain and the Colorado, containing an abundant
growth of Algarroba and Yucca baccata.

Kidgway. Throughout the sagebrush country, the
most desert tracts of which are its favorite abode.
Abundant on the Carson desert, a summer sojourner,
making its appearance in Truckee Valley, May 13, 1868.
Juvenile specimens July 25, 1867, in Truckee Meadow.

179. Amphispiza belli (Cass.) BELL'S SPARROW.
San Diego. L. B. — Common resident.
Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

11

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer resi-
dent of foothills.

Cooper, 1870. Numerous on San Nicolas Island,
eighty miles from the mainland. They remain all the
year at the same localities. At San Diego I found the
young hatched May 18; think they are often earlier.
Common in the chaparral of the Santa Clara Valley.

Henshaw. In the mountains near Fort Tejon it breeds
abundantly up to 5,000 or 6,000 feet.

Contra Costa County. W.E.Bryant. — Rare. Breeds.

Nicasio. [North of San Francisco Bay], C. A.
Allen.

Foothills of Calaveras County, rare resident. — L. B.

Heermann. In the fall of 1851 I first noticed this
species in the mountains bordering the Cosumnes River.
We found it in great numbers between Kern River and
the Tejon Pass and between the latter and Mojave River.

180. Amphispiza belli nevadensis (Ridgw.) SAGE
SPARROW.

Desert side of San Bernardino Mountains. F. Steph-
ens.

Henshaw, 1876. Kernville, a single specimen and
saw others.

Ridgway. Most numerous in the valleys of the west-
ern depression, few being seen in the Salt Lake Valley
where the A. bilineata was so abundant. In the neigh-
borhood of Carson it was by far the most abundant bird
of the open wastes and its abundance did not abate with
the approach of winter. They began singing toward
the last of February, and by the beginning of April
the first eggs were laid. On the 9th several nests were
found.

Henshaw, 1879. Breeds abundantly among the Arte-
misia; less abundant in northeastern California than
southward.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

163

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A not very abundant sum-
mer resident; none remain through the winter.

181. Peucaea ruficeps (Cass.) RUFOUS-CROWNED SPAR-
ROW.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— Noticed January 27, 1884;
April 16, I shot a female, which appeared to have a nest.
I have seen no more than eight' individuals here this
season.

Cooper, 1870. I have only met with this species on
Catalina Island in June, a few keeping about the low
bushes.

Oakland and vicinity. W.E.Bryant. — Rare. Breeds.

Alameda and vicinity. A. M. Ingersoll. — Rare.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — Common every season in their
favorite spots on the mountain sides.

Calaveras County. L. B. — December 13, 1878, alti-
tude 3,000 feet; rare. I occasionally see it lower down
in Calaveras County in winter.

Colfax. November 19, 1884, one specimen; several
seen. This should carry it to the head of Sacramento
Valley, only a few hundred feet above sea level, in suita-
ble localities.

Cosumnes River. Heermann. — But one specimen. In
the spring of 1852 in the mountains near the Calaveras
River I found it quite abundant.

182. Melospiza fasciata montana Hensh. MOUNTAIN

SONG SPARROW.

West Humboldt Mountains, Ruby Valley, Utah.
Ridgway.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — The race found here, a
resident, partly at least.

Henshaw, 1379. Several localities at the foot of the
eastern slope, although it is along here that the change
to heermanni is first indicated.

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hoffman. Rather common, more particularly so in
the eastern and southern parts of Nevada.

Stockton. L. B. — September 29, 1881, first, a fine
example; October 12, several. Gridley, September 30,
1884, appears to be a rather rare but regular winter visi-
tant in the Sacramento Valley as far south as Stockton,
coming in fall at about the same time that M. fasciata
guttata does. Specimens collected by me at Marysville
and Stockton in 1878 (and afterward, I believe), were
identified by Prof. Ridgway as variety fallax Baird,
which is now treated as variety montana Henshaw. I
suppose Prof. Ridgway in giving the habitat of montana
in his Manual of North American Birds, unintentionally
omitted California, but I do not know such to be the
fact. Perhaps the individuals found in California in
winter cross the Sierra Nevada to winter in the milder
climate of this State and in spring return to Nevada to
breed. Very few song sparrows breed in the mount-
ains of California.

183. Melospiza fasciata heermanni ( Baird) . HEERM ANN'S

SONG SpARRo^y.

An abundant resident in the tule marshes of the in-
terior of California; also found frequently in thickets
near water. Specimens I collected in January at Campo
were not typical heermanni, taking the Stockton bird for
such, but were nearer to it than to samuelis, taking
Walter E. Bryant's diminutive Oakland samuelis- as a
type for the latter. The local variation of the resident
song sparrows of California is decidedly perplexing.
Mr. Henshaw (1879), in an excellent article on the
Melospizce, says that it is upon a basis of size alone that
samuelis can be separated from heermanni, samuelis being
much the smaller. Charles H. Townsend found it breed-
ing on McCloud River.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 165

The type probably came from the southern part of
the San Joaquin Valley, not far from Fort Tejon. The
Bakersfield resident song sparrow is identical in size and
color with that of Stockton and northward, or very
nearly so.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident of
the valley; rare resident of the foothills. Agua Caliente,
San Diego County, east slope; common from March 18
to April 15, 1886.

West Humboldt Mountains, Truckee Reservation,
Carson . — Ridgway .

184. Melospiza fasciata samuelis (Baird). SAMUELS'S
SONG SPARROW.

San Quiiitin Bay, May, 1881, rare, not typical. San
Rafael, moderately common May, 1885. San Diego,
rare resident and quite like the above Lower California!!
birds, differing from my types of heermanni and samuelis.
Mr. Henshaw (1879) says it is samuelis alone that occurs
along and near the Californian coast. I believe the
type came from Petal uma. — L. B.

Volcan Mountains. Dr. Cooper. — Specimens obtained
here by Mr. Emerson approach heermanni, but I think
they will not do for it. They are identical with the
Hay wards birds.

Santa Cruz. Jos. Skirm. — Very common resident.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Breeds.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Common resident.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.

Olema and Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — Breeds.

Mouth of Eel River. C. H. Townsend. — A specimen
December, 1885; the only one of the kind seen.

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

185. Melospiza fasciata guttata (Nutt.) RUSTY SONG
SPARROW.

Henshaw, 1879. Variety guttata is characterized by a
darker more rufescent type of color; the streaks on the
dorsura are very indistinct, in some almost wanting.
The typical home of this variety is the Columbia River
region, coastwise, but long before reaching that point evi-
dence is afforded by specimens of intermediate character
of the changes to appear farther north. Variety rufina is
simply guttata with the tendencies of the latter carried
a step or two farther, with increase of latitude. The
rufous of guttata in extreme cases becomes a reddish
sepia brown; the size is somewhat larger, the bill rather
more slender. This is rufina as found about Sitka and
southward. Upon certain of the Alaskan Islands oc-
curs insignis.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. This species " Melospiza rufina " is a
constant resident in the wild western portions of the
Territory never ranging far from the thicket which con-
tains its nest, or the house where it has found food and
protection.

Suckley, 1860. Quite a common bird in the vicinity
of Puget Sound, where it is a resident throughout the
year.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Plentiful per-
manent resident.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — In December, 1875, I took
two specimens, perhaps the true guttata.

West Humboldt Mountains. Ridgway. — Specimen,
October 3.

Gridley. L. B.— September 23, 1885, first; Septem-
ber 30, common; these were what I consider interme-
diate specimens, resembling the song sparrow that-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 167

breeds at Bear Valley, near Emigrant Gap, and at Sierra
Valley. Gridley, October 14, much darker birds, toler-
ably common for the first time. All remain here in
winter. Mr. Parkhurst sent me a specimen of typical
guttata from San Jose collected in winter. I find it at
Stockton, Murphys and Colfax in winter.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably common winter
visitant.

186. Melospiza fasciata rufina (Bonap.) SOOTY SONG
SPARROW.

Coast region of British Columbia, north to Sitka.

187. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.) LINCOLN'S SPARROW.
San Diego, tolerably common migrant. April 26,

1884, last seen — a fine male. — L. B.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
Rather common winter resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. O. Emerson. — January 25,
one only.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Rare migrant.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Rare winter visitant, ?
October 15, 1884.

Central California. L. B. — Rare summer resident of
subalpine meadows; occasionally breeds in Calaveras
County at 4,700 feet altitude. It was common in the
"winter of 1877-78 at Marysville, a colder winter than the
average; presume some winter in suitable localities as
far north as this every winter. Gridley, September 24,
1884, first; several. Tehachapi, April 4, 1889, first
seen, many migrants.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Bendire. Noticed in considerable numbers on their

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

way north in the spring of 1876 on Rattlesnake Creek.
A few remain to breed.

Ridgway. During summer we found this species only
in the elevated parks of the higher mountain ranges,
but during its migrations it was very plentiful in the
lower valleys. It arrived at Carson April 29, 1868.

L. B.— Butte Creek House, Cal., latitude 40° 10',
altitude 5,600; nest and four nearly fresh eggs; nest of
grass, stems and dead leaves lined with fine grass, placed
on the ground on. a cow chip in a very damp meadow
near a creek. Two of the eggs were much paler than
the others; all were greenish white, blotched, spotted
and speckled with brown. Date of finding July 1st;
female shot as she flew from the nest.

Mr. .Brewster (Auk, 1889, page 90), refers one of the
specimens I collected in the Victoria Mountains, Lower
California, in February, 1883, to M. lincolni striata,
Brewst., which he describes in the Auk of April, 1889.

188. Melospiza lincolni striata Brewst. FORBUSH'S
SPARROW.

British Columbia.

189. Passer domesticus Linn. ENGLISH SPARROW.
Introduced about San Francisco Bay several years

ago and now very abundant.* Reported breeding at
Olema, spring of 1884 by Mr. Ingersoll; a few seen at
Santa Cruz October 25, 1884, recent arrivals; the first
seen by Mr. Skirm.

A few were brought from San Francisco to Stockton
in the fall of 1883, and turned loose in. the streets.
They are multiplying rapidly and are already scattering

* Phasianus torquatus Gmel., P. versicolor Vieill. and P.
Temm., have been introduced into Western Oregon from China and Japan,
and are thriving.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 169

through the farming country about Stockton. I first
noticed them at Sacramento, Marysville and Gridley in
the spring of 1888. They nest early and often in Cali-
fornia, beginning to breed early in March in the interior
of the State.— L. B.

190. Passerella iliaca (Merr.) Fox SPARROW.

[A male taken near San Diego, January 3, 1888, by
A. M. Ingersoll. See Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, ii, 90. —
W. E. B.]

191. Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis (Gmel.) TOWN-
SEND'S SPARROW.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Washington Territory. Cooper, 1860. Only a winter
resident. Most common in the interior, -but in very
cold weather seeks the coast.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Only a winter
visitor.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Tolerably common win-
ter visitant; first seen September 24, 1884.

Gridley. L. B.— September 25, 1884, first; Big Trees,
September 25, 1880; Summit, September 28, 1885, a
dozen. These are my only dates of arrival from the
north. I saw it up to March 15, 1884, at San Diego.
It is a rare winter visitant to the low parts of Califor-
nia, but then more common in the foothills.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common winter resident.
Last seen February 14, 1886.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common winter visitant.

Henshaw, 1876. Early in October the mountains in.
the vicinity of Mt. Whitney began to be thronged with
these birds.

170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare winter visitant
to valley and foothills.

Volcan Mountains. W. O. Emerson. — Very common
along the creek in the thick brush until February 11.
The snow then must have driven them down nearer the
coast. Only one was seen after February 11.

Poway, F. E. Blaisdell. — A specimen November 17.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare winter visitant; probably
goes but little south of San Diego.

192. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha (Baird). THICK-
BILLED SPARROW.

San Diego. Rare winter visitor; April 1, 1884, last. —
L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Tolerably common in
canons; several specimens in April.

Julian. N. S. Goss. — April 17, 1 think it was nesting.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Single birds
seen February 9 and March 29. Both were in snow.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Breeds at 8,000 feet
altitude; rare.

Fort Tejon. Henshaw, 1876. Numerous enough in
August.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.

L. B. — Very common summer resident in fir forests of
Calaveras and Alpine counties up to 7,000 feet or more;
common in breeding season in Butte and Plumas coun-
ties, and probably farther north; tolerably common in
the forest at Sierra Valley, Donner Lake and vicinity in
summer; not at Alta and Colfax November 17-21, nor
at Red Bluff in warm winter of 1884-85. I never see
it in the lower foothills of Calaveras County in winter,
though P. unalaschcensis is common there at that time.
I found the first or earliest nest at Big Trees, June 14,
1879, June 12, 1880; nests here in snow bush or bear
bush (Ceanothus cordulatus).

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 171

Ridgway. Met with only in the ravines of the Sierra
Nevada near Carson and Washoe. It was entirely ab-
sent during the winter, not arriving from the south until
about the 20th of April. It was particularly numerous
in the lower portion of the mountains.

Henshaw, 1879. Present along much of the eastern
slope and probably reaches quite to the Columbia River.
I think it never descends into the lower valleys, which
seem to be preferred by the allied form, P. schistacea.

193. Passerella iliaca schistacea (Baird). SLATE-COL-
ORED SPARROW.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Specimen taken April 19
(identification correct).

Murphys. L. B. — January 4, 1879, one specimen
(No. 77081, Smithsonian collection).

Ridgway. Carson. — First met during its northward
migration, which began late in February or early in
March; some few individuals having doubtless remained
during the winter. The following September it was ob-
served in the Upper Humboldt Valley.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A common summer visi-
tor; arrives about April 1. I have found some twenty
nests within half a mile of the post.

194. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (Baird). SPURRED
TOWHEE.

San Diego, common resident. — L. B.

Santa Catalina Island. F. Stephens. — August, 1886,
abundant.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Seen in'every
walk.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident of
valley, foothills and mountains. Agua Caliente, in
canons, probably resident.

172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Henshaw, 1876. Spread in great numbers over the
southern half of California. On Santa Cruz Island one
of the most numerous species.

Cooper, 1870. Santa Catalina and San Clemente
Islands.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident below
the pine forests; common summer resident in these to
7,000 or 8,000 feet altitude; partly migratory in upper
Sacramento Valley. Specimens obtained here in winter
inclining to oregonus; none typical of it.

Henshaw, 1879. The only form of the towhee met
with by us; extremely numerous along the eastern slope
as high as the Columbia River. I fully agree with Mr.
Bidgway that specimens found along the eastern slope
of the Sierra, are absolutely indistinguishable by external
characters from megalonyx.

WallaWalla. Brewster (Bull. N. 0. C., vol. vii, page
225). Nearly typical but showing slight approaches to
var oregonus.

195. Pipilo maculatus oregonus (Bell). OREGON TOW-
HEE.

British Columbia. John Faiinin. — Abundant resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. A constant resident of Washington
Territory but does not frequent the coast except in.
winter.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — A common con-
stant resident.

Beavertoii. A. W. Anthony. — Common resident.
(Identification correct.)

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 173

Wilbur, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Adult and young
specimens.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — (Perhaps in winter).

196. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns.) GREEN-TAILED TOWHEE.

Not seen by me at San Diego in winter nor in any
part of California except one I shot at Marysville, Febru-
ary 12, 1878. This appeared to be a healthy bird and
was shot while flying. I have not met with it in north-
ern Lower California in May. — L. B.

Cooper, 1870. I found a few of them in winter in the
Colorado Valley, and rather more at San Diego, but they
left both places in March.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare transient visit-
ant to the foothills.

Henshaw, 1876. Breeding in the mountains near
Fort Tejon; young taken August 1st. I did not find it
lower than 5,000 feet.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — May 11, 1884, one —
the first seen here. It was somewhat out of its bear-
ings.

L. B. — Sierra of Central California, tolerably common
summer resident as far north as 40° 10", or more;
usually nests here in " bear brush." The earliest record
April 17, 1878. Last seen at Summit, September 25,
1885. I found it common, breeding in the sagebrush
plains in Sierra Valley, as well as in the shrubbery in
the forests.

Fort Klamath. Lieutenant Wittich. — Summer.

Henshaw, 1879. Rather numerous in summer along
the eastern slope and reaches well into Oregon, if not
indeed to the Columbia River.

Ridgway. On all the higher ranges from the Sierra
Nevada to the Uintahs. Near Austin exceedingly abund-
ant and breeding in the early part of July. It arrived
at Carson April 25, 1868.

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Gamp Harney. Bendire — Moderately abundant dur-
ing the summer.

Hoffman. First observed in the upper portion of the
State, middle of May. In crossing the divide between
Hot Spring canon and Belmont, again seen.

197. Pipilo fuscus crissalis (Vig.) CALIFORNIAN
TOWHEE.

San Diego. B. F. Goss.— March 16, full set of fresh
eggs.

San Diego. L. B. — Common resident; shows slight
approach to albigula of the Cape region; probably
reaches to the Cape in modified form. Campo, winter;
Bakersfield; Tehachapi, abundant.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson. — Young out of nest April
14; Volcan Mountains, common.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common resident of
valley and foothills.

Cooper, 1870. One of the most abundant and char-
acteristic birds of California, residing constantly in all
the lower country west of the Sierra Nevada and up to
the summits of the Coast Mountains, 3,000 feet high.

Henshaw, 1876. Found by our parties in great abun-
dance from San Francisco southward. At Santa Bar-
bara in June young very numerous.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant resident.

Central California. L. B. — Abundant resident of
valleys and foothills, especially the latter. Winters at
Murphys, Colfax, Cherokee Flat and Red Bluff. In
summer noticed on Stony and Salt Creeks, Colusa County,
and on the east slope of the Coast Range in Mendocino
County.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

175

198. Pipilo aberti Baird. ABERT'S TOWHEE.
Cooper, 1870. Almost the exact counterpart, in. the

Colorado Valley, of crissalis. About April 1 I found
many of their nests generally built in thorny shrubs.

Colorado Desert. F. Stephens. — A male secured [the
most western record to my knowledge], March 22, 1886.

199. Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.) CARDINAL.

I noticed six of these birds about the garden of Dr.
O. Harvey at Gait, May 14, 1880. Mrs. Harvey in-
formed me that a neighbor, Mrs. Long, had introduced
them from Missouri. They seemed to be permanently
located in the deciduous oaks and shrubbery in and
near Dr. Harvey's garden. May 14, 1884, Miss Gene-
vie ve Harvey wrote: "We have not seen any cardinal
birds for over a year; some persons think they were
killed.

As I have since heard from them in the neighborhood
of Gait and Newhope, I suppose they are thriving in the
shelter of the thickets along the rivers. — L. B.

200. Habia melanocephala (Swains.) BLACK-HEADED
GROSBEAK.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare summer resident; first male
April 17; first female April 20, 1885.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — April 6, first male; April
23, first female; commenced laying the last of April.
First males, March 26, 1885.

Julian. N. S. Goss. — April 23, summer resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valley; rare summer resident of
the foothills.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, Cal. F. Stephens.
Every day from April 6 to 15, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. We met with it at several places in
southern California, where it is pretty well diffused.

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 19, first, four or
five in song.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Summer resident, tolerably common.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. —April 10, 1885 (9),
common April 21.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen April 9, 1885; common April 30; last,
August 26, 1885. In 1886, first seen April 23; common
April 30.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— April 24, 1884, first.

Olema. A. M. IngersolL— April 22, 1884, first.

Stockton. L. B. — April 27, 1879, males common;
April 27, 1880, first male; April 27, 1890, first male,
singing; common in the valleys, foothills and fir forests
of the Sierra; not found at Blood's, Hermit Valley or
Summit, altitude 7,000 feet and upward, at least not
so recorded, but common 1,000 feet lower; tolerably
common about Donner Lake and Sierraville in summer.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder. — First seen April 19, 1885;
common May 3.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— April 25, 1884, first
male; bulk arrived May 11. First seen April 17, 1885;
common May 1, 1885.

Murphys. J. P. Snyder. — First seen April 30, 1885;
common May 3. Last seen Sept. 17, 1884.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — April 24, warm and sunny;
one bird came in this morning. April 28, bulk arrived.
First, April 11, 1885.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen April 16,
1885; common April 30.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — Common sum-
mer resident; breeding numerously.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 177

Walla Walla. Dr. Williams.— First, April 27, 1885;
young, June 6.

Cooper, 1870. Extending its migration as far as
Puget Sound at least.

Henshaw, 1879. Carson, May 15, very numerous,
and appeared to be mating.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare summer visitor; be-
gins to breed about June 1.

Hoffman. Found in Independence Valley and at
Bull Run Mountain; was again noticed two miles south
of Mineral Hill, but nowhere north of it.

Ridgwray. Quite abundant in the fertile valleys and
lower canons along the entire route from Sacramento to
the Wahsatch and Uintahs.

201. Guiraca caerulea eurhyncha Coues. WESTERN BLUE
GROSBEAK.

Henshaw, 1876. Met with at several places in south-
ern California where it is well diffused. Specimens at
Los Angeles, Fort Tejon, Walker's Basin.

Stockton. John J. Snyder. — May 3, 1885, first; rare.

L. B.— Stockton, May 3, 1879, first males. May 6,
1878, first males; May 13, females. May 8, 1889, males
and females. May 3, 1880, first males. Same date,
many Gambol's geese going north and first western wood
pewree. The blue grosbeak was common in summer
about Stockton a few years ago. It did not appear to
remain as late as September.

Hoffman. Met with in the valley north of Mount
Magruder and on the western border of Deep Spring
Valley along the base of the Inyo range, California.

Ridgway. Met with only at Sacramento where it was
a very common bird in the bushy fields in the outskirts
of the city.
12

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — May 11, 1884, male and
female; May 21, bulk arrived.

Chico. William Proud. — June 11, 1884, first male;
rare this summer, usually common.

Newberry. {This pretty and musical little bird we
found only on Pit River.

L. B. — Campo to San Diego, May 15 to 16, 1884, tol-
erably common, mated.

San Diego, April 26, 1884, first males, three; April 22,
1885; first male; April 23, several males.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— Rare; April 24, 1884, first
males — two; April 15, 1885, first.

Temecula. F. E. Blaisdell. — May 4, 1883, common.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer resi-
dent of the valley.

Cooper, 1870. I noticed the first one at Fort Mojave
May 6, and afterwards saw many more. I have also
seen them at Los Angeles and Santa Barbara.

202. Passerina amoena (Say). LAZULI BUNTING.

San Diego. Rare summer resident; first male April
23; female, April 28. First seen April 16, 1885; males
common April 20, no females. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — April 23, first; first eggs
May 4, 1884. Last seen September 10. First, April 3,
1885; common April 15.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson.— April 18, 1884, first.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — April 2, 1885, seven
males; females arrived five days later. Common sum-
mer resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer resi-
dent of the valley.

Henshaw, 1876. Found in great abundance in the
sheltered valleys.

Santa Cruz. Cooper, 1870.— April 12, 1866.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 179

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Sari Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 23, first — five or
six males.

Stockton, Cal. J. J. Snyder.— April 19, 1885, first
seen; common May 3; summer resident.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties . W . E . Bryant . —
Tolerably common summer resident.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— May 7, 1884, first; April 27,
1876.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll.— April 28, 1884, first.

Central California. L. B. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident in the valleys and foothills; a few breeding
at Big Trees and Blood's, the latter 7,200 feet altitude.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — Common summer resi-
dent. May 8, 1884, first; bulk arrived May 11. First
seen April 12, 1885; common May 8.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen April 21,
1885; common May 1. Abundant summer resident.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — May 7, 1884, first; bulkarrived
May 16. First seen April 23, 1885; one male. Com-
mon summer resident.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Abundant during
summer; breeding plentifully.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— March 27, two
males; common April 20, 1885. Common summer resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. Arrives at Puget Sound about May 15,
and is abundant in open districts of the interior during
summer.

Suckley, 1860. The specimen I shot at the Dalles was
obtained from a flock of several hundred individuals
which had just arrived from the south in spring.

Henshaw, 1879. A common summer resident about

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Carson, but met with less frequently toward the north.
Found to breed up to an altitude of 7,000 feet.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A rare summer visitor; a
pair or so breed.

Hoffman. Found in nearly all the fertile regions,
along the mountain slopes and valleys. Several speci-
mens at Bull Run Mountain May 25; found later in the
season in the elevated valleys near Mt. Nagle, Mt. Ma-
gruder, and Spring Mountain.

Ridgway. A very common [species in" all the fertile
valleys, as well as in the lower canons of the mountains,

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — An abundant summer resi-
dent. First seen April 27, 1885; common May 2. In
1886, first seen May 9; common May 15.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — First seen
May 21, 1885; again May 23.

203. Calamospiza melanocorys Stejn. LARK BUNTING.

Near National City, six miles south of San Diego, May
6, 1884, thirty or forty males hovering and singing on the
mesa. — L. B.

El Cajon. N. S. Goss.— May 16, 1884.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— May 25, 1886.

Henshaw, 1875. Seen in Snake Valley, Nevada, by
Dr. Yarrow, where it had not been noted before.

San Diego. L. B. — April 1, 1885, three male speci-
mens from a flock of a dozen. April 16, 1885, flock in
male and female plumage; April 30, 1885, mostly mated.
Many persons about San Diego in the spring of 1884
noticed this, to them, strange bird, and as neither Drs..
Heermann nor Cooper mentions its occurrence here, it
may have recently extended its range to this part of
California. I also saw a flock at Campo, and between
Campo and San Diego, May, 1884.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 181

204. Piranga ludoviciana (Wils.) LOUISIANA TANAGER.

San Diego. L. B. — Very rare migrant immediately on
the coast. Very common between San'Diego and Campo,
May 15-16, 1884, the sexes being "about equal. Nearly
all passed by San Diego in their journey north prior to
May 9, 1885. None spend the winter in California,
being then south of this State.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— April 29, 1884, first, two
seen; May 22, a flock. Common in April and May,
1883. Common May 3, 1885.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 22. r

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer resi-
dent of the mountains; tolerably common migrant in
valley and foothills.

Henshaw, 1876. Near Santa Barbara in July, several,
feeding their young. Here and elsewhere in southern
California, rare.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.— May 1, 1885.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare migrant.

Chico. William Proud.— May 3, 1885.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common hVspring of 1883;
rare in 1885; last seen September 11, 1885.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Rare summer resident.

Stockton. L. B. — May 7, 1880, first male; first males
in 1885, May 3; May 5, 1889. Gait, Sacramento County,
May 13, 1880, common — mostly males. Gridley, July 8,
1889, a male, feeding on mulberries. Big Trees, May
25, 1880, both sexes common and mated. It is common
in the firs of the Sierra from latitude 38° 'northward,
where it generally nests well up in conifers, though I
have known it to nest twelve or fifteen feet from the
ground in dogwood (Cornus Nuttallii).

Gridley, July 28, 1885. I was surprised to find these
in the valley in July, where it is known only as a mi-

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

grant. Mr. John J. Snyder shot a fine, fat male adult
at Stockton July 19, 1885.

Murphys. John J. Snyder. — October 4, 1885, still to
be seen.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — May 14, 1885,
six specimens; common May 20; not uncommon sum-
mer resident.

Willamette. 0. B. Johnson. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. Arrives at Puget Sound about May 15;
common summer resident.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident. (Burrard Inlet, May 12, 1885.)

Henshaw, 1879, Summer visitor of the mountains
as high up at least as the Columbia River. A nest on
the extremity of a limb of cotton wood about 15 feet
from the ground.

Hoffman. Rather common in the timbered areas
along the water courses in June, though later it was
found in the wooded regions of the interior.

Ridgway. In May soon after their arrival from the
south these tanagers were very numerous in the rich
valley of the Truckee near Pyramid Lake. Very few
were seen later in the season, nearly all having departed
for the mountain woods. During July and August,
common, east slope of Ruby Mountains.

205. Piranga rubriceps Gray. GRAY'S TANAGER.
Colombia, South America. Accidental in California.

(Dos Pueblos, Santa Barbara county. Cf. Bryant, Auk,
1887, p. 78.)

206. Piranga rubra cooperiRidgw. COOPER'S TANAGER.
Cooper, 1870. This beautiful bird I found quite com-
mon at Fort Mojave after April 25, 1861.

BIRDS 'OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 183

207. Progne subis hesperia Brewst. WESTERN MARTIN.

A dozen or more of both sexes were temporarily so-
journing at San Diego April 28, during a cool rain-
storm. It does not appear to breed on the coast about
San Diego. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Twelve miles from the
coast. First seen May 1, 1884, a few only; common in
the spring of 1883.

Little Santa Maria Valley. W. 0. Emerson. — April
4, 1884, one only.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 4, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer resi-
dent in the mountains; rare migrant in the valley.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — First seen May 3, 1884,
two or three; they did not remain.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Rare summer
resident.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — First seen May 8, 1884;
breeds.

Stockton. L. B. — March 1, 1879, one bird; again
seen March 3; both sexes common March 12; peaches
partly in flower March 12; first male, March 5, 1886.
Common summer resident here and in many localities
in Central California below fir forest, where it is very
rare.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — March 17, first male;
bulk arrived by March 21, 1884.

Marysville. Frank Manning. — March 17, 1884, a
pair; no more seen for three days.

Chico. Win. Proud.— First seen May 22, 1884; four
birds at evening.

Cooper, 1860. I never saw this bird in Washington
Territory.

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Suckley, 1860. I obtained at Fort Steilacoom a spec-
imen of Progne.

Henshaw, 1879. Colonies encountered at numerous
localities among the pine woods of the mountains, where
they are quite local.

Rldgway. Rare east of the Sierra Nevada. In Car-
son it was not common, while in Virginia City but a
single' individual was seen June 18, 1868.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Arrived April 9, 1885.

Stockton. John J. Snyder. — March 6, 1885, four first
seen; next seen March 7 and 8, common March 21.

Murphys. Jacob P. Snyder. — April 25, 1885, two,
first seen; next seen April 29. These two lots are all I
have seen this year. They were quite numerous in cor-
responding periods of previous years. [Murphys, March
15, 1878.]

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen April 17,
1885; next seen April 30; rare; breeds.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— March 22, 1885, first
seen; next seen March 28; common March 29. Com-
mon; breeds.

Chico. Wm. Proud. — April 13, 1885, first seen; head-
ing direct for the old breeding place.

Sierra Valley. L. B. — June 18-21, common; breeding
several little martin houses recently erected for their
use; not known to do so elsewhere on the Pacific Coast.

208. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). CLIFF SWALLOW.
One of the most abundant species in California.
First seen at San Diego April 5, 1884, arriving in force;
very numerous. First seen March 25, 1885; common
April 10. They breed under eaves of buildings here
as they now usually do in towns of California, though
many still nest in cliffs in different parts of the State.
Stockton, March 8, one; March 10, 1879, already com-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 185

mon; apricots and peaches in flower; season about as
early as usual. Murphys, March 15, 1878; common. —
L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident.
First seen April 5, 1884; last seen, Sept. April 22,
1885, first.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — April 2, 1884,
about a dozen. Santa Maria. April 4, building in an
old adobe house. Poway. April 12, nesting.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 10.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Abundant summer
resident of valley and foothills up to April 2, 1884.
When I left for Tucson I saw no cliff swallows, barn
swallows or purple martins. They are later migrants
than the white-bellied and violet-green swallows which
had been going and coming for weeks.

Agua Caliente, San Diego, Cal. F. Stephens. — Seen
every day from April 8 to 14, 1886.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen March 28, 1881; March 17, 1882; April
1, 1883.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — April 5, 1884, arrived
in flocks. March 22, 1885, first; common April 1, (W.
0. Emerson; hundreds on telegraph wires Sept. 9,
1886.)

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Abundant summer resident.

Hay wards. W. O. Emerson. — April 6, 1885; first,
and common.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder.— March 29, 1885, first;
common April 26.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common summer resident.
Last seen August 5, 1885. In 1886, arrived April 3.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— First seen April 20, 1884.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen March 31,
1885; common April 7.

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— March 23, 1884, first;
bulk arrived April 8. March 18, 1885; common March
28.

Murphys. J. J. Snyder. — Two seen March 22; again
March 26. (March 16, 1885; common March 29.— J.
P. S.)

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — I think it came March
26 with T. thalassina, but not recognized until common.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Abundant in
summer; breeding chiefly under eaves.

Cooper, 1860. At Olympia a few flying about the
streets in July, rather scarce north of the Columbia
River.

Suckley, 1860. Fort Dalles. Moderately abundant;
makes its appearance in spring simultaneously with
Tachycineta bicolor and T. thalassina, but is not so nu-
merous.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident
east of Cascades.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — One of the most abundant
summer residents.

Hoffman. Usually abundant in the vicinity of rivers,
streams and even large springs.

Ridgway. Noticed along every portion of our route
across the Great Basin, especially in the vicinity of
rivers or lakes or at settlements whether large or small,

Cooper, 1870. In June I saw a flock of these birds
busily catching young grasshoppers on the dry hillside
where these insects were swarming.

Salt Spring Valley. (Calaveras County.) L. B. —
September 13, 1884, a few about the reservoir.

209. Chelidon erythrogaster (Bodd.) BARN SWALLOW.
National City. G. Holterhoff. — One seen March 26,
1884.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 187

Soledad. L. B. — Rare summer resident. Arrived
April 4, 1885.

San Diego. One seen March 26, 1884. A few only
seen afterward, especially after cool storms with snow in
the neighboring mountains. A few April 8, 1885.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Usually a common summer
resident; none this spring. (1884.)

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare migrant in. the
valley.

Henshaw, 1876. Far less numerous than the cliff
swallow, though on the coast at least it is not rare. Santa
Cruz Island, breeding.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent. March 26, 1881, first; March 14, 1882, first;
March 30, 1883, first.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Common summer resi-
dent. April 7, 1884, first; two seen. In 1885, first seen
March 22; common April 7.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
— Tolerably common summer resident.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — Common summer resi-
dent. Arrived March 28, 1885, and was common at
once.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common summer
resident. Arrived in 1886, on March 25; next seen
April 3; common May 11.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— March 31, 1884, first.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — Common summer resident.

Murphys. J. J. and J. P. Snyder — September 10,
1884, still common, arrived March 16; common March
29, 1885. Several seen March 24, 1886; again on the
26th. [Murphys, March 15, 1878.]

Stockton. Dr. Hudson. — March 19, 1870, arrived and
began to repair old nests.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder. — Rare in 1885. Arrived
March 17.

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stockton. L. B. — March 9, 1879, first; one only. The
weather became cool on this day and no more were seen
until the 20th. I saw two about a barn near Stockton,
March 13, 1885. It is at least common in Central Cali-
fornia up to about 3,000 feet, a few breeding about dwell-
ings above that height. It leaves Central California
from October 1st to loth.

Soquel (near Santa Cruz). W. 0. Emerson. — Septem-
ber 14, 1884, nest with young half fledged.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — Common summer resi-
dent. March 27, 1884, first; April 8, bulk arrived. In
1885, six birds arrived April 5; common April 11.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Common summer resi-
dent. Arrived March 22; common April 12, 1885.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — May 2, 1884, first,
and occasionally afterward. The only one seen in 1885
was on May 12.

Walla Walla. — Dr. Williams. — Breeds; arrived May
20; ten specimens; common May 30, 1885.

Cooper. Seems to be limited by the Columbia River,
as I have seen none at Puget Sound or more northern
places.

British Columbia. John Faiinin. — Abundant summer
resident.

Burrard Inlet. First seen March 10, one male; com-
mon April 2, 1885.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A few pairs breed about
the buildings of the Post. They arrive about the same
time (May 1), but remain much longer than the cliff
swallow which leaves about the middle of August.

Hoffman. I noticed these birds north of Battle Moun-
tain during the last days of May.

Ridgway. Although inhabiting the same localities a-
the cliff swallow, everywhere much less numerous. Sev-
eral nests were found in caverns on the eastern side of
Ruby Mountains. It arrived at Carson, April 8, 1868.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 189

Cape Flattery Light. Alexander Simpson, keeper. —
Arrived May 7, 1885.

Whidley Island, W. T. Lawrence Wessel. — Arrived
April 24, 1885.

210. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.) TREE SWALLOW.

San Diego. Of occasional occurrence in winter; not
at Campo and mountains sixty miles south in May, 1884.
Perhaps none breed as far south as San Diego where it
was abundant in February, but not seen after the first
of April.— L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
migrant in the valley. Agua Caliente, several seen, the
latter migrating. (?)

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. February 24, 1884, four birds, first. Weather
very warm for date. Arrived in 1885; February 20,
two birds; common March 13. W. 0. Emerson. Sep-
tember 9, 1886, hundreds of cliff and white bellied
swallows together on telegraph wires.)

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Arrived March 9; com-
mon March 15, 1885.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — Abundant summer
resident. February 20, 1884, both sexes; February 25
the bulk arrived. Arrived in 1855, January 16; com-
mon, January 28; January 21, 1886.

L. B. — Marysville, February 1; 1878, first; common
soon afterward; weather not unusual.

Chico. William Proud. — Six birds seen February 16,
1885.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — Rare summer resident;
April 8, 1885.

Stockton. L. B. — December 5 and 6, 1879, about a

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

hundred; also December 5, 1878, a large flock. January
18, 1855, I saw hundreds or thousands in a drive of
six miles in the country. The next day being densely
foggy, none were seen. It is a very common summer
resident of Central California, more especially in the
valleys and foothills, nesting about buildings as well
as in knot-holes of trees in the country. I saw a pair
carrying grass into a knot-hole at Stockton as early
as March 25, 1879.

Stockton. J. J. Snyder. — Arrived January 18, two
birds; common January 30, 1885.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer
resident. Arrived April 4, two birds; common April
15, 1885.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Abundant;
nesting in holes in trees.

Cooper, 1860. Common in the western portions of
the Territory.

Suckley, 1860. Obtained both at Fort Steilacoom and
Fort Dalles.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
more abundant east of the Cascades. (Burrard Inlet,
arrived March 13; common March 29, 1885.)

Henshaw, 1879. More or less abundant inhabitant
of the eastern slope; not met with farther north than
northern California. In the mountains near Camp
Bidwell it was numerous enough the last of July, at
which time the pairs all had young as was shown by
frequent visits to woodpeckers' holes in the aspens.

Ridgway. Among the cottonwoods of the lower
Truckee near Pyramid Lake in May, more abundant
than elsewhere, and every knot-hole or other cavity
among the trees seemed to have been taken possession
of by a pair. At Carson they were quite numerous and
built their nests under the eaves, behind the weather

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 191

boarding, or about the porches of dwellings or other
buildings. Three specimens, Carson, March 30, 1868.

Coupe ville, Island County, W. T. Lawrence Wessel.
April 24, 1885.

Nicasio, Marin County, Cal. C. A. Allen. — April 2,
1876.

211. Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.) VIOLET-GREEN
SWALLOW.

Not noticed immediately on the coast about San
Diego where trees are scarce. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Not seen this spring;
usually common in spring and summer.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 14, 1884.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — St. Patrick's
day, early in the morning, five clad in richest green,
flying about for three hours; snow two inches deep.
Also a flock March 20. April 1 they were about oak
trees looking for holes for summer homes.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Common
summer resident, nesting in knot-holes, etc., in trees.
It is a common migrant through the valley.

Agua Caliente, Colorado Desert. F. Stephens. —
Abundant; perhaps migrants. Abundant March 18,
1886, and seen most every day up to the time of leaving
the locality, April 15.

Henshaw, 1876. Along the coast, very numerous;
abundant in September in. the high meadows near the
base of Mount Whitney.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent, arriving March 28, 1881, March 21, 1882.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Rare summer
resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — One specimen taken
January 1, 1885; first arrival February 22; common
March 1.

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nicasio. Chas. A. Allen. — March 15, 1884, first.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer
resident. March 26, first; bulk arrived April 5, 1884.
In 1885, first arrived March 13, five birds; common
March 25.

Wilamette. 0. B. Johnson. — Abundant; nesting in
knot-holes and crevices about buildings; decidedly the
most familiar of the three species of swallows.

Coupeville, Island County, W. T. Lawrence Wessel.
April 2, 1885.

Suckley, 1860. Abundant throughout the interior of
Oregon and Washington Territory. I have observed it
arrive at Puget Sound about the 10th of May.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident. Burrard Inlet. First seen March 13; com-
mon March 29, 1885..

Henshaw, 1879. Extremely abundant summer visit-
ant in certain portions of eastern California and western
Nevada, as for instance at Pryamid Lake. Thousands
resort to the niches and holes in the faces of the rocks
for nesting sites. In the mountains where it is also
abundant it selects for this purpose the deserted holes
of woodpeckers, giving preference to those in oaks.

Bendire. Noticed on Bear Creek, Blue Mountains,
summer of 1876.

Ridgway. The beautiful violet -green swallow was
first seen at Pyramid Lake in May. They were very
abundant and frequented chiefly the cliffs of calcareous
tufa, where they were observed to enter the fissures of
the rock to their nests within. In July we saw it again
among the limestone walls of ther eastern canons of the
Ruby Mountains where it also nested in the crevices on
the face of the cliffs.

L. B. — My latest Californian record is Big Trees,
September 25, though Dr. Cooper saw a large flock at

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

193

Santa Cruz October 5. I have never found it breeding
in the valleys of the northern half of the State where it
is rare even as a migrant. Murphys, breeding in cliffs
with Micropus melanoleucus .

212. Stelgidopteryxserripennis(Aud.) ROUGH-WINGED
SWALLOW .

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Usually common in spring;
not seen spring of 1884.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Common summer res-
ident. First seen March 8; common March 20, 1885.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare migrant through
the valley.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Several seen March
18, 1886.

Southern California. Henshaw, 1876. — Occurs com-
monly, its distribution being regulated only by the pres-
ence or absence of suitable localities.

SaiitaCruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — Eggs taken here.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Summer res-
ident.

L. B. — I have seen a few individuals at each of two
localities in Calaveras County, and have not recognized
it elsewhere in California.

Ridgway. Sacramento, June 6 to July 4, 1867, com-
mon .

Newberry. Found in California, and as far north as
the Columbia River.

Cooper, 1860. Common about the sandy cliffs and
inlets of this coast. It arrives near the Columbia River
in May and remains until the middle of August.

Suckley, 1860. Rather abundant both in Oregon and
in Washington Territory.
13

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident. March 20, 1885, only a few seen this year.

Henshaw, 1879. Present along much of the eastern
slope.

Hoffman. I noticed these birds along the banks of
the Humboldt River, north of Battle Mountain, during
the last days of May.

Ridgway. Next to the cliff and white-bellied swal-
lows this was the most abundant species of the family.
Arrived at Carson April 15, 1868.

Cooper, 1870. I saw them at Fort Mojave on the 22d
of February, but I have seen them at San Diego No-
vember 9 and January 27, so that if they do not winter
in the State they do not go far beyond it.

Whidby Island, W. T. Lawrence Wessel. — April 2,
1885.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— May 25, three
birds; again May 26; still present August 9, 1885.

213. Clivicola riparia (Linn.) BANK SWALLOW.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare migrant through
the valley.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — I have collected the
eggs here.

Newberry. Not uncommon throughout California.
We occasionally saw this and the next species occupy-
ing their characteristic burrows. We sometimes prob-
ably confounded them as they are only to be distin-
guished by careful inspection.

Heermann. Abundant. (At Sacramento City?)

Contra Costa and Alameda counties (precise localities
not named). W. E. Bryant. — Rare summer resident.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— March 19, 1876.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

195

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident
east of Cascades; rare west of Cascades.

Henshaw, 1879. Present in Nevada and eastern Cali-
fornia, but apparently less numerous than the rough-
winged swallow.

Bendire. Breeds in large numbers on one of the
islands in Malheur Lake.

Ridgway. Distribution the same as that of the rough-
winged species but everywhere less abundant. Truckee
Reservation in May, a few individuals; Sacramento
City, common.

214. Ampelis garrulus Linn. BOHEMIAN WAXWING.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — East of Cascades

and northward. Accidental west, though sometimes
appearing here in flocks in winter.

Fort Walla Walla. Captain Bendire (Bull. N. 0. C., 7).

Camp Harney. Captain Bendire (Birds S. E. Or.)
Just noticed November 23, 1875. Quite a number were
secured between November and March 1.

Fort Mojave, latitude 35°. Cooper, 1870. January
10. The specimen obtained was a straggler.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson. — I obtained a
pair of these beautiful birds during a snow-storm in
January, 1876, at Forest Grove.

215. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) CEDAR WAXWING.
San Diego. Winter of 1883-84, common until April

25; feeding on berries of the pepper tree (Schinus molle)
L. B.

San Diego. Carl H. Danielson. — Several seen May
14, 1884. None seen this winter (1885).

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — May 18, a large flock, and
previously in winter.

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — A very irregular
winter visitant to the valley; at times common.

Los Angeles. N. S. Goss. — March 6.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Large flocks sometimes
come here, but stay only a short time.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Several seen February
15; very large flocks February 21; a large flock March 1.

Gridley. L. B. — December 11 a flock feeding on
wild grapes. I have seen flocks at Murphys in our cold-
est weather.

Chico. William Proud. — May 15, 1884, a small flock.

Beaverton. A. W.Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen May 22; common by June 7, 1884.

Willamette Valley. 0. B.Johnson. — Abundant sum-
mer resident.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Ridgway. Upper Humboldt Valley. — Common in
September.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — March 30, 1885, a
small flock; May 10, large flocks; the last seen.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — A flock of nine in March,
1885.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Accidental visitant.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — April 20, 1885, first
seen; common April 24. Common summer resident;
breeds.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — First seen May 24>
1885; next seen May 26; common June 2. Breeds.

216. Phainopepla nitens (Swains.) PHAINOPEPLA.

San Diego. L. B. — April 24, 1884, male and female
seen. I find the species in the foothills of San Joaquin
and Calaveras counties quite as common in winter as in
summer, though its presence depends much on the abund-

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

197

aiice or scarcity of mistletoe berries during the winter
months more than on the temperature.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident;
first male seen May 6, 1884, the first female May 11.
The latter and her mate had commenced a nest in a
small oak tree May 11. It does not remain long after
breeding; last seen August 2.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
'summer resident of the valley and foothills.

Colorado Desert. F. Stephens.— March 19-26, 1886.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — March 8, 1884, one
specimen. It does not breed here.

Chico. William Proud. — Two specimens; [informa-
tion verbal; date forgotten].

Fort Crook. Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. — April,
1860, found by Feilner but has not been met with near
the coast so far north.

Hoffman. It was observed in the valley at the north-
ern slope of Mt. Magruder, on the eastern timbered foot-
hills of the Myo Range, west of Columbus, and again at
Spring Mountain, near the old " Spanish Trail," though
only at rare intervals.

Cooper, 1870. On the Colorado I found them numer-
ous especially in winter, and they do not migrate much
south of latitude 35°. I also found them rather common
along the Mojave River in December.

217. Lanius borealis Vieill. NORTHERN SHRIKE.

British Columbia. John Fannin . — Resident, not com-
mon.

Dr. Cooper, 1860. The northern shrike is only a win-
ter resident in Washington Territory, appearing along
the coast in November and remaining until March.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Quite common
resident.

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Sheep Rock, Northern California. Lieutenant John
Feilner. — May 16, 1860, "might be said to be numer-
ous."

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — Winter.

Marysville. L. B. — Winter of 1878, six specimens.

Carson. R. Ridgway. — (Bull. Essex Inst. 1874.) Not
common.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare winter visitor.

218. Lanius ludovicianus gambeli Ridgw. CALIFORNIA
SHRIKE.

San Diego. L. B. — Common resident.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Resident; first nest April 6.
I usually obtain its eggs about March 12.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common, resident of
the valley.

Agua Caliente. Not common. Eight specimens seen
from March 24, to April 14, 1886. Resident?

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirrn. — Common.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — February 27, 1885, full
grown brood of young.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties . W. E . Bryant . —
Tolerably common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Central California. L.B. — Common resident; gener-
ally distributed below 2,500 feet; wintering at Murphy s,
Colfax, Red Bluff, and probably farther north. Rarely
seen above 2,500 feet on the west slope, in other words,
rarely found in the pine or fir forests, breeding however
in Sierra Valley and other parts of the east slope up to
5,000 feet or more, as do several species, Carpodacus
mexicanus frontalis, Icterus bullocki, and others, which
find summer homes much higher on the east than on the
west slope. Although common, never numerous.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

199

Henshaw. 1879. East slope, most numerous in sum-
mer, chiefly in the lower foothills.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A common summer visitor
and generally distributed. They arrive here about the
20th of March.

Hoffman. Over nearly the whole of the area from
Bull Run Mountain southward as far as Belmont, and
westward toward the Inyo Mountain range, California.

Ridgway. Scarcely a locality was visited where this
shrike was not found in greater or less plenty, both in
the Sacramento Valley and eastward of the Sierra Ne-
vada.

Cooper, 1870. Many about Fort Mojave in winter.

219. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.) RED-EYED VIREO.
Walla Walla. J. W. Williams. — June 4 and June 24,

1885, I took specimens; in all six specimens. It was
not very rare, and 1 could have taken as many more
had I been so disposed.

[Dr. Williams correctly identified these and several
other birds which he kindly sent to me.]

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

220. Vireo flavoviridis (C ass.) YELLOW-GREEN VIREO.
A female taken at Riverside, Cal., by W. W. Price,

Auk, V, 210.

221. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.) WARBLING VIREO.
San Diego. Rare summer resident. — L. B.
Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common summer resident;

April 2, already common; nest and eggs June 11, 1883.
First arrival, March 29, 1885; common, April 22.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — First arrival March 15,
1885. Common summer resident.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Live Oak Springs, San Diego County. W. 0. Emer-
son.— April 5.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common migrant in
foothills and mountains. Agua Caliente, one was shot,
probably migrating. A few seen March 19 to April 12,
1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Occurs commonly in California, in-
habiting the deciduous trees of the low districts, and ex-
tending upward at least 10,000 feet.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — First arrival March 28,
1885; common April 18.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common sum-
mer resident; first seen April 3; usually arrives about
March 22. (March 12, 1885. $ .)

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant summer resi-
dent. April 4, 1885; common April 15. In 1886 it
arrived March 28; common April 3.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — First arrival April 5,
1885; common April 12. Common summer resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First arrival April 21,
1885. Common summer resident.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — First seen April 24 — March
28, 1876.

. Stockton. L. B. — Several specimens of both sexes
March 25, 1879. Common summer resident in nearly
all altitudes.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony.— Common summer resi-
dent. First seen April 27; heard singing a few days
later; bulk arrived by May 12.

Puget Sound. Cooper. — Common after about May 15.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident
east of the Cascades.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 201

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Seen on but two occasions,
in June, 1876.

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous in the mountains near
Camp Bidwell.

Ridgway. The habits and notes of the western birds
of this species are in all respects like those of the east-
ern ones.

222. Vireo solitarius (Wils.) BLUE-HEADED VIREO.
Ridgway. Met with only during its autumnal migra-
tions, when it seemed to be not uncommon in the month
of September among the canon thickets of the western
slope of the Clover Mountains. A single specimen was
also shot 011 the eastern slope of the West Humboldt
Mountains in September of the preceding year (1867).

British Columbia. John Fanniri. — Summer resident;
not common.

223. Vireo solitarius cassinii (Xantus). CASSIN'S VIREO.
Tia Juana. N. S. Goss. — Fifteen miles south of San

Diego, March 20.

San Diego. L. B. — April 20, 1884, first seen, one
male; in breeding season not seen at San Diego.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — A specimen April 16, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Very rare migrant
in the valley. Tolerably common summer resident of
the foothills and mountains.

Agua Caliente. One seen April 7; three, April 12,
and one April 13, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Fort Tejon, a single individual in
August.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Two speci-
mens taken in March.

Central California. L. B. — Rather rare during mi-
grations in the valleys and foothills, though an uncer-

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tain number breed on the Sacramento and Feather
rivers. First seen at Stockton April 22, 1879, April
28, 1880. Dr. Cooper informs me that he saw it at
Emigrant Gap, on the Central Pacific Railroad, altitude
5,911 feet, April 29, 1870. It arrived at Nicasio April
5, 1876, according to Mr. C. A. Allen; at Beaverton,
Oregon, according to Mr. Anthony, on April 17, 1885,
and became common on the 30th of April, a few breeding
there. It is common in the densest fir forests of the
Sierras of Central California from about the first of May
until the middle of September, nesting frequently in
dogwood (Cornus Nuttallii). I have also found nests
in fir trees, on oaks, on Libocedrus, and in shrubs (Cean-
othus). I suppose Dr. Cooper refers to this form when
he says the solitary vireo is common in Washington
Territory, arriving from the south in May.

Suckley., 1860. Rather common near Fort Steilacoom.

Henshaw, 1879. The eastern slopes of the Sierra and
Cascades appear to furnish, in summer at least, nothing
but typical cassinii, while from the Calaveras Grove,
California, and other localities on the western side of
the mountains, we have both typical and intermediate
specimens, both styles breeding.

Ridgway. Noticed only in the canons of the west
Humboldt Mountains, where it is not uncommon in
September.

224. Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues). PLUMBEOUS

VIREO.

Ridgway. The first locality where we met with this
species in traveling eastward twas the eastern slope of
the Ruby Mountains where several other species char-
acteristic of the Rocky Mountain district were first
encountered, as Helminthophila virginicv, and Selasphorus
platycercus. It was rather common in July and August,

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 203

its usual abode being the cedar and nut-pine groves on
the lower slopes of the mountains, along with Dendroica
nigrescens and Helmintkophila virginiw, or in the brush-
wood of the ravines. Certain of its notes so closely re-
sembled those of the western house wren that they were
hard to distinguish.

Fort Tejon. Henshaw, 1876. A single specimen
August 1, in much worn plumage.

225. Vireo huttoni CASS. BUTTON'S VIREO.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare in winter; not seen south
of San Diego.

Cooper, 1870. At San Diego I shot a female on the
9th of March, containing an egg nearly ready to belaid.

Santa Catalina Island. F. Stephens. — August, 1886,
secured a female.

San Bernardino. F.Stephens. — Rare winter visitant
of the foothills, possibly very rare summer resident of
the same.

Henshaw, 1876. At Santa Barbara in June quite
common; breeding.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Quite rare.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — Eggs collected here;
also at Olema, April 15, at which time and place I found
nest and young.

Oakland and vicinity. *W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably
common in spring.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare, February 13 and
March 25, 1886.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Calaveras and Yuba counties. L. B. — Rare in win-
ter; Colfax, November 18, rare. At Chico, February
5, 1885, I saw Mr. William Proud shoot one which with
several others appeared to be wintering in General Bid-
well's garden.

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

226. Vireo belli! pusillus (Coues). LEAST VIREO.
Breeds rather commonly at Marysville and Stockton.

First seen at San Diego, April 19, 1884; a male shot.
First seen at San Diego, April 2, 1885; several. Rather
common summer resident in the willows near San
Diego.— L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— First seen April 28, 1884;
May 21, nest and four eggs. First seen April 6, 1885.
Last seen in 1884, October 5.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident of the valley; tolerably common summer resi-
dent of the foothills.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Two April 1; one
April 6; several April 14 and 15, 1886.

Henshaw. The most abundant of its tribe about Los
Angeles in June. It seems to be a counterpart of V.
bellii.

Cooper, 1870. Rather common along the upper part
•of Mojave River in June, 1861, and in the following
spring about April 20 they began to arrive at San Diego
in considerable numbers.

Ridgway. This vireo was the characteristic and most
abundant species at Sacramento City. Its notes are
somewhat different from those of V. bellii.

[I have heard both and could not detect any differ-
ence. Their nests are usually if not always a few feet
from the ground in dense thickets]. — L. B.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway, Appendix, vol. 3. "Dr.
Cooper found this species near San Buenaventura as
early as March 26, 1872, where it was quite common.
On the 23rd of April he found a nest."

227. Vireo vicinior Coues. GRAY VIREO.

F. Stephens. Very rare summer resident of the foot-
hills of San Bernardino County, also of Campo and

BIRDS OF THF PACIFIC DISTRICT..

205

Julian, San Diego County, first appearing at Campo
about March 24, 1876.

L. B. — Campo, 1884. A pair were seen here which I
thought had a nest in shrubbery or small trees, but I did
not find it. Mr. Stephens' Campo specimens were the
first that were collected in California. Its song resem-
bles that of Cassin's vireo but is weaker and inferior..
When I first heard it at Guaymas I thought it Cassin's.
vireo.

228. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) BLACK AND WHITE WAR-

BLER.

A male was found on south Farallon Island by Mr.
Emerson. Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, i, 48.

229. Helminthophila luciae (Cooper). LUCY'S WAR-
BLER.

Cooper, 1870. This beautiful little warbler arrived
from the south in the vicinity of FortMojave, on March
25, when my attention was first struck by its peculiar-
notes, resembling those of some Dendroicas, but fainter.

230. Helminthophila virginiae (Baird). VIRGINIA'S WAR-

BLER.

Ridgway. First observed among the cedar and pifion
groves on the eastern slope of the Ruby Mountains. It
was not met with west of this locality, but eastward it
occurred on all those ranges having a similar or equally
extensive growth. In the Ruby Mountains it was rather
common in July and August.

231. Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis Ridgw. CAL-
AVERAS WARBLER.

A specimen was collected at Fort Tejon by Xantus.
At Murphys, from April 11, 1877, to about May 1, it
was tolerably common, and it is not rare in the Sierra of"

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Central California in summer though far from numer-
ous. Two nests found at Big Trees were on hillsides in
excavations or depressions in the ground, well concealed;
four eggs in one nest, five in the other. It was last seen
at Summit, September 25, 1885, cold weather having
driven it south. — L. B.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County, Cal. F. Steph-
ens.— One seen on April 9 and 12, 1886.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent.

Ridgway. Although not observed in summer this
bird was more or less common in September in the
thickets along the streams in the lower portions of the
canons.

East Humboldt Mountains, August 5, 1868, juvenile
specimen.

232. Helminthophila celata (Say). ORANGE-CROWNED
WARBLER.

Ridgway. Male and female adult, Dearing's Creek,
Upper Humboldt Valley, September 11, 1868.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common during the migra-
tions; a few may remain to breed.

233. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgw. LUTES-
CENT WARBLER.

San Diego. L. B. — Tolerably common in winter.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
migrant in valleys and foothills.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — March 25-28, one
shot, others seen; migrants? One seen on April 1;
another April 2; every day of April 6-15, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Southern California; a common
species in summer; Santa Cruz Island, quite numerous,
breeding in June.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 207

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — A common summer
resident on the San Lorenzo River, where they nest in
wild blackberry bushes. At Olema they nest on the
ground.

A. M. Ingersoll. — Eggs collected by me at Santa Cruz
and Olema.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably common sum-
mer resident. March 7, 1885, four male specimens.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common resi-
dent.

Nicasio. Charles A. Allen. — First seen March 13.

Seattle, W. T. 0. B. Johnson. — May 1, nest and
fresh eggs.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — East of Cascades;
rare.

Alameda Springs. A. M. Ingersoll. — Thirteen sets
of eggs found here by myself alone.

Hay wards. W. O. Emerson. — March 21, 1885, one
male, first seen; rare; breeds.

Sebastopol. F.' H. Holmes. — March 9, 1885, first
seen; next seen March 12; March 25, common. Abun-
dant; breeds.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — First seen March 19,
1885; next seen March 31, April 10; common, breeds.

Summit. L. B. — Not seen after snow storm of Sep-
tember 25, 1885. At Big Trees, September 20, 1880, it
was still present. It is a rather common summer resi-
dent of the pine forests of Central California, and a few
winter in the Sacramento Valley as far north as Marys-
ville.

Henshaw, 1879. Moderately common in summer
when inhabiting the mountain slopes, but most numer-
ous during the fall migration.

Ridgway. The brightly colored specimens represent-
ing var. lutescens were prevalent in the western depres-

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

sion of the Great Basin, but were not observed eastward
of the upper portion of the valley of the Humboldt, nor
at any time during the summer.

234. Dendroica aestiva (Gmel.) YELLOW WARBLER.

San Diego. April 20, 1884, first male; April 26, first
female. April 5, 1885, first male. Tehachapi, April 5,
1889, first male. Gridley, September 23, one male; un-
usually late. Stockton, September 14, 1881, one male;
very rare in September. Common throughout Califor-
nia in summer. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— April 8, 1884, first.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst — First arrival, April 9,
1885.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. Common summer
resident.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson.— March 28, 1885, first;
common April 18, 1885; common summer resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Common about Los Angeles in
June.

Stockton. A. C. Davenport. — First seen April 19,
1884. (First arrival in 1885, April 8; common, April
18. _J. J. Snyder.)

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common summer resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer.— First, May 8, 1885; com-
mon, May 9. In 1886, first arrival April 3; common
summer resident.

Marys ville. W. F. Peacock. — First male April 20,
1884; bulk arrived April 21. First arrival April 3,
1885; Common April 12.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — May 10, 1885; common
May 13.

Chico. William Proud.— First seen April 20, 1884.

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — First May 5, 1885;
common May 22.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

209

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — A very com-
mon summer resident.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— First arrival
May 1, 1885; common May 20.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant in this Territory.

British Columbia. John Fannin. Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous as a summer resident;
in the shrubbery of the streams. It penetrates beyond
the Columbia and into Washington Territory.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A very common summer
resident. It commences nesting about June 1.

Ridgway. Was met with everywhere in all wooded
localities, with the exception of the higher forests. The
most abundant and generally distributed member of the
family.

Hoffman. A summer resident in most favorable lo-
calities. None were observed south of Belmont after
July 5.

235. Dendroica caerulescens (Gmel.) BLACK-THROATED
BLUE WARBLER.

Farallon Islands. Emerson. — Proc. Cal. Acad., ser.
2, i, 48.

236. Dendroica coronata (Linn.) MYRTLE WARBLER.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;

not common.

Cooper, 1860. I saw on Whidby's Island in April two
of the yellow-crowned warbler. I shot one. As these
are the only ones I met with, it must be rare in the
Territory.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — I have obtained
several birds in spring that I have referred to this
species.
14

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen.— April 17, 1876. March 15,
1884, first seen, a flock of six or eight.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare winter visitant.

Haywards. Cooper. — I shot a very perfect male April
10, 1875 (Proc. Cal. Acad. vi, 193).

Murphys, December, 1877, common; Marysville, Feb-
ruary, 1878, less common; Summit, October 1, 1885,
first specimen. In fall and winter it is not easily dis-
tinguished from Audubon's Warbler, and being much
less numerous than the latter is likely to be overlooked
in California. I shot a male in fine breeding plumage
at Stockton March 20, 1886. It had a companion, prob-
ably a female, migrating northward.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — First seen April 17,
1885; next seen April 20; last seen May 1. It is rare,
and does not breed here. D. coronata and D. auduboni
come together and generally leave together.

237. Dendroica auduboni (Towns.) AUDUBON'S WAR-
BLER.

San Diego. L. B. — Common winter visitant; rather
common until April 9; both sexes present April 12; last
seen April 18, a fine male adult.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common winter visitant;
arrived about October 1, 1883; have known it to arrive
as early as September 3.

Volcan Canon. W. 0. Emerson. — February 22.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare sum-
mer resident; abundant in the valley in winter. Agua
Caliente, March 25-28, several seen, probably wintering.
Seen March 19 to April 15, 1886.

L. B. — Tolerably common in Calaveras and Alpine
counties in breeding season; several nests found in coni-
fers about thirty feet from the ground, two of them were

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 211

on the ends of long horizontal limbs of Pinus contorta,
much exposed. It breeds here from 4,000 feet upward.
Common in valley and foothills in winter as far north
as Red Bluff.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Common winter visitant.

Chico. William Proud. — Winter visitant; last seen
April 25.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — First seen March 22;
rare until April 15; by April 21, the bulk had arrived.
Most of them had gone April 25, though a few remained
to breed.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson, 1880.— The most
abundant warbler during summer, and a few remaining
until far into, if not all winter.

Cooper, 1860. The most abundant species in the ter-
ritory; Straits of Juan De Fuca, March 17.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson. — March 16.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — First seen March 9,
1885, next seen March 10; common March 28.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — First seen April 17,
1885; next seen April 20; last seen May 10. Common
summer resident of British Columbia.

Henshaw, 1879. Common summer resident at high
elevations; most numerous during the migrations.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — An abundant species dur-
ing the spring migrations; arrives here about May 1.
None seen in the fall. A few remain to breed in the
Blue Mountains.

Hoffman. In May, June and July numbers of these
birds were noticed in the more fertile and timbered
tributaries of the Humboldt River, though none were
found south of Mt. Nagle.

Ridgway. Its migrations seem to be mainly if not en-
tirely vertical. Specimens at Truckee Valley, Decem-

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

her 7; Carson, April 4; West Humboldt Mountains,
October 8.

Gridley. L. B.— September 20, 1884, first; September
23, many. Stockton, September 18, 1878, first.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer.— October 2, 1885, first, one;
October 7, next seen; common October 18. Abundant;
does not breed. Last seen April 13, 1886.

Haywards. W. O. Emerson. — September 26, 1884,
common at once; last seen April 21; common. It does
not breed here.

Haywards. Dr. Cooper. — Winter visitant. Septem-
ber 20, 1875. Last seen April 17.

Santa Cruz. Dr. Cooper. — September 25, 1865. Last
seen April 15.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — October 1, 1885, a
flock.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — First seen September 28,
1884, and every day afterward; very common winter
visitant.

238. Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.) MAGNOLIA WAR-
BLER.

British Columbia. John Fannin. Common summer
resident.

239. Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.) BLACK-THROATEI>
GRAY WARBLER.

San Diego, April 20, 1884, first seen. Rare here, and
only during the migrations. First, May 3, 1885, male.
Tehachapi, April 5, 1889, first male. — L. B.

Julian. N. S. Goss. — May 4.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare summer resi-
dent of the mountains; tolerably common migrant in the
mountain valleys and foothills. Agua Caliente, one,.
April 8; two, April 12 and 13; three, April 14, 1886.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

213

Henshaw, 1876. Common in the mountains near Fort
Tejon in early August, and I think they find here, in
the pine region, their summer haunts.

Central California. L. B. — A rare migrant through
the valleys, less so in the foothills and mountains. A
few breeding in the pine region. It was first seen at
Stockton April 14, 1879; April 25, 1880. My latest fall
record in the central portion of California is October 8.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — May 10, 1885, first;
common May 24.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Moderately com-
mon during summer in favorable situations, seeming to
prefer dense undergrowth near a swamp. I took a nest
of this species June 17, 1879, in the top of a clump of
Spirea.

Fort Steilacoom. Suckley, 1860. Moderately abun-
dant; generally found on oak trees.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare summer resi-
dent. Arrived at Burrard Inlet May 10, 1885; common
May 20.

Bendire. Observed on several occasions near the sum-
mit of the Canon City Mountain during the early part
of summer.

Ridgway. On the eastern slope of the Ruby Mount-
ains it was abundant in July and August in the pinon
and cedar woods.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.— October 16, 1885.

240. Dendroica townsendi (NUTT.) TOWNSEND'S WAR-
BLER.

San Diego. Rare migrant; first seen April 20, 1884 —
a male. May 3, 1885, first. — L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare transient visit-
ant to the valleys and foothills.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 17, 1884.

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stockton. L. B. — April 14, 1879, first males ; tolerably
common and silent during the next thirty days. Stock-
ton, April 27, 1880, first males; common until May 13;
rarely seen in the pine forests of Central California. I
shot one, latitude 39°, altitude 6,000 feet, September,
1878, the only time I have seen it so high in the Sierra.
I have never seen it in California in winter.

Haywards. Cooper. — This morning (February 12,
1884), I saw the first D. townsendi ever noticed at Hay-
wards in winter, although I am told they winter in the
redwoods.

Santa Cruz. Mr. William A. Cooper. — My first speci-
men was taken November 3, 1878. On November 14, I
shot eight specimens, not having been out since. (Bull.
N. 0. C., April, 1879, p. 117.) W. 0. Emerson, Sep-
tember 12, 1886, a specimen shot on the summit be-
tween Los Gatos and Santa Cruz.

Campo. F. Stephens. — April 27, 1877, present in
small numbers.

L. B. — Tia Juana, near boundary line, April 30, 1885,
and May 2, three or four associated with as mamy D.
occidentalis, moving north by short flights. San Diego,
May 3, male and female shot from shade trees in the
city. Only a few seen; migrants.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — One specimen April 29,
1885.

Haywards. W. O. Emerson. — April 21, 1885, one
male; rare.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Rare winter visitant;
first seen October 22, 1884, last seen January 29, 1885.
I find it here only in winter generally in pine trees.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. — The species was first
met with by Mr. Townsend, October 28, 1835, on the
banks of the Columbia River. Mr. Ridgway met with it
in the East Humboldt Mountains where it was rather

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 215

common in September, inhabiting the thickest of aspens,
alders, etc.

CampHarney. Bendire. — Rare; a specimen obtained
May 11, 1875. I took a nest and three eggs which I be-
lieve belong to this species. They do not resemble any
other warbler's eggs in my collection. The nest was
placed in a narrow ravine amongst several small willow
shoots near the main stem about four feet from the
ground.

Henshaw, 1879. Met with but twice in September;
migrating.

241. Dendroica occidentalis (Towns.) HERMIT WAR-
BLER.

Tia Juana. L. B. — Three or four seen April 30, 1885,
and May 2.

Campo. F. Stephens.— (Bull. N. 0. C., July 1883.)
April 27, 1877, "coming from the south by twos and
threes and even a half dozen together."

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare migrant in the
valley, foothills and mountains.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 25, 1884.

Henshaw, 1876. A single individual taken near the
head of Tule River in October.

Cuyamaca Mountains, east of San Diego. Cooper. —
During the last week of April, 1872, quite common be-
tween 1,500 and 4,000 feet altitude.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Last seen August 27, 1885.

L. B. — Rare migrant through the valleys and foothills
of Central California. Rare summer resident of Cala-
veras, Alpine, Placer and Butte counties. Both sexes
shot at Gait, Sacramento County, May 13, 1880.

Suckley. I obtained two specimens in June, 1856, at
Fort Steilacoom.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — First seen April 20,
1885; next seen April 25; last seen May 6; rare.

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ridgway. On the 29th of August a single individual
was seen in the East Humboldt Mountains.

242. Seimrus noveboracensis notabilis (Grinn.) GRIN-
NELL'S WATER-THRUSH.

A. M. Ingersoll. — Sept 25, 1885, I took a female at
Santa Cruz and I have another female that was taken by
Mr. J. R. Chalker who was with me hunting a few days
before I shot mine. I presented the specimen to the
Smithsonian Institution.

[This is the first California record, though I found it
at La Paz and Todos Santos in winter.]

A. M. Ingersoll. — The water thrush sent by you for
identification is the western form Seiurus noveboracensis
notabilis, although rather smaller and yellower beneath
than any of our specimens, of which we have a very
meagre series. The white spots at tips of outer tail-
feathers appear to be a mere individual variation.

[Signed,] R. RIDGWAY.

November 23, 1885.

243. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (Aud.) MACGILLIVRAY'S
WARBLER.

Tia Juana River, near San Diego, April 20, 1884, a
male specimen, the first of the season and the last. —
L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— First seen April 4, 1884;
not seen after the middle of May. First seen March 29,
1885; tolerable common April 10, 1885.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Very rare migrant
in the foothills. Agua Caliente; two April 13, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Not detected by us from which I in-
fer its general rarity in the southern part of the State.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — First seen April 25 —
five or six; rare.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 217

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer.— Last seen April 29, 1885.
First seen May 31, 1886.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen April 27, 1885.
Again April 30.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. First, April 12, 1885.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — First seen April 8; April 20,
in 1876.

Oakland and vicinity. W.E. Bryant. — Rare summer
resident; a pair, of which I shot one, was breeding
June 10.

Central California. L. B. — Rather rare summer resi-
dent of the Sierra. Rarely seen and only during migra-
tions in the valley. It is moderately common when
migrating in the mountains; not seen after September
25, 1885, at Summit, at Big Trees, September 20, 1880.
A nest found at Big Trees June 16, 1879, was in a small
Libocedrus, about a foot from the ground, composed of
grass stalks, lined with shreds of bark of Libocedrus and
soap root fibers; eggs, five, nearly fresh; ground-color
white, spotted with brown and reddish brown. Another
nest was in Ceanothus cordulatus.

Chico. William Proud. — First seen April 27; both
sexes April 29; bulk arrived April 30, on which date I
saw the first dragon-fly.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Summer resi-
dent, nesting quite commonly.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent. First, May 18, 1885; common May 25.

Cooper, 1860. Very common about Puget Sound.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident. Arrived at Burrard Inlet, June 2, 1885; com-
mon June 16.

Henshaw, 1879. Fairly numerous in summer about
the eastern slope.

CampHarney. Bendire. — Common summer resident.

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Arrives here about May 1. Nest and four eggs taken
June 15.

Hoffman. General throughout the northern half of
the State where the country is favorable.

Ridgway. Found in all the fertile canons from the
Sierra Nevada to the Uintahs.

Mojave River. Cooper, 1870. — I noticed the first of
this species April 24.

244. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewst. WESTERN
YELLOW-THROAT.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare in winter in the few suita-
ble localities.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident of the
valley; common in summer. Agua Caliente, March
25-28, common; perhaps resident. Seen almost every
day from March 18 to April 15, 1886.

Henshaw, 1876. Apparently not very common,
though distributed pretty evenly over the southern por-
tion of the State.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — March 24; common
April 12, 1885.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common; breeds.

Central California. L. B. — Very common in tule
marshes; a few winter as far north as Marysville, in the
Sacramento Valley.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — First, March
21, 1885; next seen April 1; common April 5.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Very common
resident during summer.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— April 21, 1885,
two; April 30, common.

Cooper, 1860. Very common in the Territory during
summer. I observed its arrival about the first of April.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 219

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. By no means uncommon in western
Nevada, in situations similar to those frequented by the
species in the east.

Ridgway. In all bushy places contiguous to water
this little bird was invariably to be found. Arrived at
Truckee Meadows, May 10, 1868.

245. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawr.) LONG-TAILED
CHAT.

San Diego. L. B. — April 19, 1884, male, first seen;
tolerably common in mountain canons from San Diego
to Campo as late as May 15. The male was first seen
April 5, 1885, at San Diego.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valley.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— First, May 19, 1885.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — Summer resident.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — First seen April 29,
1884; several, in song.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Summer resident.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — First, April 14, 1855,
male.

Central California. L. B. — Common summer resident
of dense thickets below 3,000 feet altitude; usually, if
not always, near water; much oftener heard than seen.
Stockton, April 27, 1879, first males seen. April 27,
1889, several males seen and heard.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.— First, April 29, 1885.

Chico. Wm. Proud.— April 22, 1884, heard at 6
o'clock A.M. May 7, a specimen. April 21, 1885, first.

Wilbur, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Breeds.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — During summer.

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

Henshaw, 1879. Extreme northern California, quite
rare.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rare summer resident;
arrives about May 15.

Hoffman. It breeds in the upper portions of Nevada.

Ridgway. Equally common in California and the in-
terior. It arrived at Truckee Meadows May 10, 1868.
Specimen at West Humboldt Mountains September 7.

Cooper, 1870. Many arrived at Fort Mojave about
April 20, 1861, where on May 19 I found a nest arid
three eggs, besides one of the cowbird (Molothrus).

246. Sylvania pusilla ( Wils. ) WILSON'S WARBLE u.
Ridgway . Specimens taken in West Humboldt Mount-
ains September 20, 1867; East Humboldt Mountains,
August 29, and September 1, 1868.

247. Sylvania pusilla pileolata ( Pall. ) PILEOLATED
WARBLER.

San Diego. L. B. — April 14, 1884, first males; these
were common April 19.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Summer resident. First
seen March 6, 1884; very plentiful on the oaks when in
blossom. First seen March 20, 1885.

Julian. N. S. Goss — Breeding; seen at Los Angeles,
March 6, 1884.

San Bernardino Valley. F. Stephens. — Rare summer
resident. Agua Caliente. Several seen, perhaps
migrants. March 19, 1886, one; seen almost every day
from April 1 to 15.

Henshaw, 1876. Los Angeles. Middle of June, not
uncommon in the swampy thickets. About the middle
of August [at Fort Tejon ?], they became common, mov-
ing southward. The bulk of these are the true M.
pusillus.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 221

•

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Quite common summer
resident.

San Jose. First seen March 24, 1884; several.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — First seen March 22,
1885; about ten.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — First seen April 3, 1884;
common after April 7; breeds here and at Santa Cruz.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — First seen March 2;
common April 18, 1885.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Last pair seen May 18,
1885.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Rare summer
resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First arrival April 4,
1885; common April 12.

Nicasio. C. A. Allen. — First seen March 24, 1884.
April 13, 1876, first.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent. First seen May 10, 1884 ; the bulk arrived May 20 .
First seen May 8, 1885.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Only noticed
during spring migrations.

Suckley, 1860. Very abundant in the neighborhood
of Fort Steilacoom.

Cooper, 1860. Seen two or three times, only in spring
and fall.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident.
(Arrived at Burrard Inlet, April 3, 1885. Next seen May
11; common May 15).

Henshaw, 1879. As a summer resident of the eastern
slope appears to be rare.

Ridgway. Not seen at Sacramento, but in the valley
of the Truckee and in many suitable localities to the
eastward it was a rare summer resident, becoming ex-'
'ceedingly numerous in autumn.

222 'CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Summit. L. B. — September 25, 1885, last seen; a few
no doubt breed here and in Alpine County; very rare
summer resident of Calaveras County in the fir forest.
Common throughout Central California during migra-
tions. Not known to breed in the San Joaquin or Sac-
ramento valleys.

Mr. Henshaw's east slope bird may have been true
pusillus, as he so named it either intentionally or other-
wise.

248. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) AMERICAN REDSTART.
Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — June 20, 1881, 1 shot a

male. It was at rest on wild blackberry vines which ran
over a low growth of willows on a creek flat.

L. B. — I have no doubt that I saw a fine male in
Marysville Buttes, June 6, 1884. I was on a cliff look-
ing for the author of a strange song when it flew past
and below me exposing its distinguishing wing and tail
marks.

249. Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.) AMERICAN PIPIT.
San Diego. L. B. — Common until April 23, 1884,

when it disappeared. Stockton, April 27, 1879, still
here with Zonotrichia leucophrys gambeli, Z. L intermedia,
and other northern species; April 27, 1880, Junco hyem-
alis oregonus, Z. I. gambeli, Z. L intermedia and Z. cor-
onata here in considerable force ; weather warm.
May 2, 1880, a few Zonotrichice, etc., still remain, but
the most of them have gone northward to breed. Sep-
tember 18, 1878, first arrival from the north. Gridley,
September 24, 1884, first arrival from the north. Summit,
September, 1885, first seen on the tenth. This species
is very common in the agricultural districts of California
in winter.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.— September 27, 1884, first
arrival. Abundant in winter.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 223

Hay wards. W. O. Emerson. — September 26, 1884,
first arrival, three birds.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Abundant winter visitant.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — It was first
seen here April 17, 1885, large flocks; April 30 it was
last seen.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson, 1880. Common
during winter.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant on the prairies of the Terri-
tory in winter.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — East of the Cas-
cades; accidental west.

Bendire. — Very abundant on the flats bordering Mal-
heur Lake during the migrations and in large flocks.

Hoffman. In moderate numbers at Rose's Ranch,
north of Battle Mountain and in the vicinity of Tusca-
rora during the latter part of May.

Ridgway. Perhaps no bird of the interior is more
abundant in winter.

250. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. AMERICAN DIPPER.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare
resident. [Probably it never occurs in San Diego
County or Lower California, owing to the absence of
suitable streams.]

Dr. Cooper, 1870. — Coast Range Mountains of Santa
Clara County. [Coast range of Monterey County.]

Ukiah, Mendocino County. Geo. E. Aull. — Rare
resident.

Sierra of Central California. L. B. — Tolerably com-
mon resident in summer; probably not in winter, as I
could not find it at Big Trees from January 6th to the
13th, 1879, when the streams were mostly covered with
ice, which must have prevented it from getting its usual

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

aquatic food. Nulato, Alaska, common, breeds and is a
winter resident along the open streams: Lucien M. Tur-
ner, Signal Service Report, 1886. On the Upper Yukon,
resident; E. W. Nelson, Signal Service Reports, 1887.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — On all the dash-
ing streams in the valley.

British Columbia. — John Fannin. — An abundant resi-
dent.

Henshaw. Common upon many of the streams of the
eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas from Carson to the
Columbia River.

Sierra Valley. L. B. — June, 1885, rare.

Ridgway. Most frequently seen on the Sierra Nevada
and among the western ranges of the Rocky Mountain
system as the Wahsatch and Uintahs, being rarely ob-
served in the intermediate area of the Great Basin, al-
though it was encountered at intervals on the higher of
the intervening ranges. Truckee River, November 19, a
specimen.

Hoffman. I have met with it only on the western
slope of the Sierra Nevada, in a canon leading down to
King's River. The canons leading down to the eastern
slope of the mountains toward Independence were also
well watered, but no specimens were noted, although
they may occur.

251. Oroscoptes montanus (Towns.) SAGE THRASHER.
San Diego. L. B. — May, 1881, two specimens; appar-
ently rare in San Diego County and southward, although
Dr. Heermann " remarked it on several occasions in the
environs of San Diego and from thence to Fort Yumu "
(Vol. x, P. R. R. R.). Mr. Godfrey Holterhoff wrote
May 30, 1884, I have not yet seen it. It was common
last summer near National City, four miles from San
Diego.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 225

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
migrant in foothills.

Ventura County. Evermann. — Rare migrant; one
specimen March 11, 1881.

Burrard Inlet, British Columbia. John Fanniri. —
April 15, 1885, 1 saw one mountain mockingbird, an un-
usual occurrence here. The bird lit on a limb about ten
feet from me and remained about a minute.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Nuttall met with it
nearly as far north as Walla Walla.

Henshaw, 1879. It is nowhere more abundant than
on the sage covered hills and plains of western Nevada
just at the base of the mountains which shut off the west-
ward extension of the species.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common summer resident,
one of the earliest birds to arrive in spring. It nests
in various bushes, principally sage and serviceberry
bushes. I believe that two broods are raised in a season.
They leave here about the middle of September.

Ridgway. It is distributed entirely across Nevada,
arrives at Carson from the south about March 20. The
males begin to sing about March 24. It leaves the lati-
tude of Carson in October or November.

Sierra Valley, Sierra County, Cal. L. B. — Common
in sagebrush, June 1885. This locality can hardly be
considered on the east slope, although it has its main
characteristics and several of its species.

Hoffman. Of frequent occurrence throughout the
northern and middle sections of Nevada, usually in
greater numbers in the vicinity of streams. None were
seen south of Belmont though favorable localities were
found.

15

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

252. Mimus polyglottos (Linn.) MOCKINGBIRD.

San Diego. L. B. — Tolerably common resident; rare
above 1,500 feet altitude.

Santa Catalina Island. F. Stephens. — August, 1886,
common.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Not very common; con-
stant resident.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— One bird, May 13, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. —Common resident;
breeds in the valleys. Agua Caliente, several seen —
probably resident.

Santa Ana Plains, Los Angeles County. F. E. Blais-
dell.— December 10-14, common.

Henshaw, 1876. Along our route from Los Angeles
to Santa Barbara it was seen on a few occasions only.

Cooper, 1870. Salinas Valley near Monterey.

L. B. — It formerly nested in Marysville and in Marys-
ville Buttes, and perhaps still does so. I noticed one at
Gridley, July 22, 1885. In the foothills of San Joaquin
and Calaveras counties it is a rare resident. December
17, 1879, I saw four in Captain Meaders' garden at Cop-
peropolis, feeding on berries of California!! holly
(Heteromeles arbutifolia). I have seen a few at different
times here and about twenty miles northward when
shooting in winter; in fact, rarely hunt here two or three
days without seeing one or more in winter or summer.

Chico. William Proud. — February 10, 1884, one seen.
It remained several days.

253. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.) CATBIRD.
Farallon Islands, near San Francisco. Charles H.

Townsend (Auk, ii, 215). — September 14, 1884, one
specimen.

Fort Walla Walla, Washington Territory. J. W. Wil-
liams.— June 2, 1885, four birds; again seen June 10,
but not afterward; not seen here before.

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 227

British Columbia. John Fannin . — Rare summer resi-
dent.

254. Harporhynchus redivivus (Gamb.) CALIFORNIAN
THRASHER.

San Diego. B. F. Goss. — March 16, 1884, two nests
and full sets of eggs.

San Diego. L. B. — April 12, 1884, two broods of
young just out of nests; moderately common here.

Poway. F. E. Blcisdell. — Common resident.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of the valleys and foothills.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Rare winter visitant.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Rare accidental visitant.

Ukiah. — G. E. Aull. — Tolerably common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Very common in the foot-
hills, occasionally seen in the valley thickets.

Red Bluff. February 3-5, 1885, quite common and
no doubt constant resident, as the species is not migra-
tory to any extent. Mr. B. W. Evermanii informed me
February 16, 1881, that it was then nesting at Santa
Paula, Ventura County. It was mated, and probably
doing the same in the lower part of Calaveras County a
week later. The spring of 1881 was unusually early,
that of 1884 unusually backward.

255. Harporhynchus lecontei (Lawr.) LECONTE'S
THRASHER.

Gila River, Fort Yuma, Mojave River. Baird, Brewer
and Ridgway.

F. Stephens (Auk, October, 1884.) Extreme west-
ern end of the Colorado Desert at the foot of the San
Jacinto Peak, rare; nest and eggs taken.

Agua Caliente, San Diego County. F. Stephens. —
March 22, 1886, one; several seen between March 29 and
April 15.

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Godfrey Holterhoff, Jr. (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, January,
1883.) Flowing Wells, about seventy-five miles north
of Fort Yuma, nest and eggs in a Palo Verde tree.

Cooper, 1870. Rather common on the deserts along
the route between the Colorado Valley and the coast
slope of California. They were so very wild I could
obtain but two.

256. Harporhynchus crissalis (Henry). CRISSAL
THRASHER.

Cooper, 1870. Rather common at Fort Mojave.

257. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.) CACTUS
WREN.

San Diego. L. B. — Rather common resident; rarely
seen in winter. First heard January 19; began to be
very noisy February 8, in spring-like, sunny weather.
April 3, nest just finished; probably intergrades with
C. affinis of the Cape region.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Tolerably common resident.
Very common in Santa Ana Plains, Los Angeles County,
December 10 to 14.

San Bernardino. Common resident in deserts and
desert-like parts of the valleys where it breeds.

Agua Caliente. F.Stephens. — Not common resident;
set of eggs taken March 28.

Ventura County. Evermann. — A common summer
resident where cacti are abundant.

Kernville. Henshaw, 1876. — One or two individuals
shot.

Hoffman. Met with only in the sandy deserts about
30 miles northwest of Fort Mojave among the cactus and
Yucca.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 229

258. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say). ROCK WREN.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare resident.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Resident. Santa Ana
Plains, December 10-14, frequently seen and heard.

Henshaw, 1876. Island of Santa Cruz.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare resident; toler-
ably common transient visitant to the valley and foot-
hills.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Foothills, not com-
mon. One seen April 12, 1886.

Tehachapi. L. B. — Unusually common, apparently
constant resident.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties . W . E . Bryant . —
Rare resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Tolerably common resi-
dent.

Nicasio, Marin County. Charles A. Allen.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.

Central California. L. B. — Stockton, one in a brick-
yard in winter, a migrant; foothills near Copperopolis,
Murphys, Marysville Buttes, Oroville, Colfax, Summit
in summer up to altitude 8,500 feet. Resident, but never
numerous below altitude 2,500 feet. More common in
summer about Summit than any place where I have
seen it.

Farallon Islands. Messrs. W. 0. Emerson and A.M.
Ingersoll were on these islands in June, 1885, and found
a few old and young birds.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W.Anthony. — May 21, 1885,
-one shot; the only one seen.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. A common summer visitant through-
out this whole region.

Camp Harney . Bendire . — Common summer resident ;

230 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

one of the earliest birds in spring and one of the latest
in fall.

Ridgway. Found in suitable localities in all the
desert ranges. It arrived at Carson, March 20, 1868.

259. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus Ridgw. CANON
WREN.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare; always found, however, in
Mission Canon.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Seen several times in Feb-
ruary and March.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — A rare transient vis-
itant to the foothills.

Henshaw, 1876. In the neighborhood of Mt. Whit-
ney tolerably numerous. It was detected, too, at vari-
ous points in the Coast Range, so that its diffusion over
southern California may be said to be general.

Mt. Diablo. W. E. Bryant. — A pair seen.

L. B. — Foothills of Central California in suitable local-
ities north to Oroville and probably to near base of Mt.
Shasta; Murphys, Colfax and Oroville in winter; breeds
on the Stanislaus River, altitude 4,000 feet. Summit,
Central Pacific Railroad, October 4, 1885, a single speci-
men journeying westward from the east slope; nowhere
numerous.

Ridgway. We found it everywhere more rare than
the rock wren and apparently confined to the more
secluded portions of the mountains. An adult male
specimen, near Fort Churchill, on the Carson River, De-
cember 7, 1867.

Chico. William Proud — June 5, 1885, up under the
bluffs, quite a colony, and with them was Salpinctes
obsoletus. I was botanizing, had no gun and took no
specimens, but I am certain of the species. They were
very tame so that I was within ten feet of them. They

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 231

were running and creeping through every little crack
and fissure in the rocks.

Shasta County. Charles H. Townsend. — Often seen
in the lime rocks at Baird; young observed late in June.
But one was found on the lava rocks above the timber
line of Mt. Shasta.

260. Thryothorus bewickii spilurus (Vig.) VIGORS'S
WREN.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Several specimens taken.

Santa Ana Plains. F. E. Blaisdell. — December 10-14
tolerably common.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident of the valley and foothills; rare in winter.

Henshaw, 1876. Common resident during summer in
the southern half of California.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Common.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common winter resident;
rarely breeds. Last seen February 19, 1886.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident in suit-
able localities; breeding less commonly in the Sierra
Nevada than in the valleys.

Ukiah. G. E. Aull. — Rare resident.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — Usually com-
mon; rare this year (1885).

Puget Sound. Suckley, 1860. — Very abundant; a con-
stant resident throughout the year, and is not less abund-
ant in winter.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — Common summer
resident.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Rather rare in this vicin-
ity.

232 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ridgway. After leaving Sacramento we nowhere iden-
tified it with certainty.

Cooper, 1870. During the winter a few birds in the
vicinity of Fort Mojave, but left probably for the mount-
ains in April.

Newberry. Not uncommon in bushes and among
fallen logs between Fort Reading and the Columbia.

[Judging by one of Mr. Anthony's Beaverton speci-
mens the Oregon coast bird is much darker than the
CalifornianJ.

261. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii (Aud.) PARKMAN'S
WREN.

San Diego. L. B. — Common resident. El Cajon,
San Diego county, January 16, one specimen; Marys-
ville, December 23, one good specimen, and on the fol-
lowing 'day another; probably driven out of the river
bottom by flood of December 22 and 23, 1884.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Plentiful since the first of
March; several nests found. Volcan Mountains, from
August 28 to November 28; common.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — First, March 1, 1885;
common and singing, March 15.

Volcan Mountains. W. O. Emerson. — One speci-
men, January 24; also seen on the 28th. (Arrived at
Haywards March 6, 1885; common, March 18.)

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare transient visit-
ant and resident; very rare in the foothills. Agua
Caliente, March 25, one shot, April 12 and 13, 1886,
one each day.

Henshaw, 1876. The most numerous of its tribe.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common
summer resident. March 7, 1885, one male.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Common summer resident.
Arrived March 29, 1885; common April 1. In 1886,
arrived March 31; common April April 4.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 233

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First, April 13, 1885;
common April 19.

Nicasio. Charles A. Allen. — Arrived April 8 (1884?).
April 2, 1876.

Mountains of Central California. L. B. — Common
summer resident; less common in the valleys during the
same time.

A specimen sent me by Mr. Anthony from Beaver-
ton, Oregon, was barred heavily below; the dark bands
above were very distinct. The bird was much darker
than the California!! examples; however, the birds near
the coast, especially northward, are well known to be
darker than those of the interior, and this is the basis
of several varieties. March 30, 1885, first seen; next
seen April 1; common April 28. (Anthony.)

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — December 15, 1885, a
specimen. (I shot one at Marysville, December 23,
and another December 24, 1884. — L. B.)

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson, 1880. — Common
during the summer.

Puget Sound. Cooper, 1860. — Common. It arrives
about April 20.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Henshaw, 1879. Numerous as a summer resident all
along the eastern slope.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A very common summer
resident, abundant wherever there is any timber. It
commences nesting about June 1.

Ridgway. Equally abundant among the cottonwoods
of the river valleys and the aspen copses of the higher
canons; abundant in the high canons of the East Hum-
boldt and Wahsatch Mountains.

Hoffman. Widely distributed in Nevada; was found
breeding at Morey in June. None were found south of
Belmont after Julv 1.

234 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

262. Troglodytes hiemalis pacificus Baird. WESTERN
WINTER WREN.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — Common resident.

Cooper, 1860. Probably the most common species in
the Territory. Most commonly seen in winter.

0. B. Johnson, 1880. .Remains during the winter,
but leaves for other parts to breed.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common winter resi-
dent.

Nicasio. Charles A. Allen. — Common every winter.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare winter visitant.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — Two seen October 16;
again seen December 22; rare.

Big Trees. L. B. — January 6, 1879, two specimens.
It appears to be rare so far south in the Sierra in winter,
though it has been collected at Fort Tejon. Dunbar's,
Calaveras County, May 22, 1889, several just out of the
nest, all apparently of one family. South Grove, Stan-
islaus County, an adult seen in a pile of logs where it
probably had a nest June 1, 1889.

Ridgway. Pyramid Lake, December 25, 1867, one
specimen; rare.

Saticoy. Cooper. (Auk, 1887, p. 93.) Three or
more of this species remained in the willows all winter,
and I preserved one. This is about its most southern
range .

263. Cistothorus palustris paludicola Baird. TULE
WREN.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare in the few small tule patches
in winter. It is a very common resident of the tule
marshes of Central California.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident of the valley.

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 235

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — March 25-28 common
in the tules at the spring, where perhaps breeding.
March 23, 1886; rather common from April 1.

Newport Sloughs, Los Angeles County. F. E. Blais-
dell. — December 14 to January 6, 1885, abundant in the
tules.

Henshaw, 1876. Abundant in Southern California,
especially in fall.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. December 26, 1885. Rare.
Its rarity is probably due to the lack of tule swamps.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Rare.

British Colnmbia. John Faiinin. — Common summer
resident.

Camp Harney. Bendire. An abundant summer resi-
dent; a few winter here. In all marshy localities more
or less abundant.

Ridgway. Truckee and Humboldt Rivers. A speci-
men at Pyramid Lake, December 25, 1867.

Hoffman. The southernmost locality where this
species was found was in the valley immediately north
of Mt. Magruder.

264. Certhia familiaris occidentalis Ridgw. CALIFOR-
NIA CREEPER.

Henshaw, 1876. Breeds in the mountains of southern
California, where I took a young bird in the first plum-
age near Fort Tejon, August 2. It is not common, how-
ever, until late in the fall.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Rare.

L. B. — Big Trees, altitude 4,700 feet; rather common
in summer, breeding here and at Blood's, altitude 7,200
feet; less common at the latter locality. A nest found
at Big Trees, June 3, had very young birds in it; one
found June 9 had a full set of fresh eggs; other nests.

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

found here at different times were all (including the two
mentioned above) in cedar trees (Libocedrus) be-
tween the bark and trunk, at heights varying from three
to twenty-five feet. The species has been frequently
seen at different localities northward, but never found
numerous. At Big Trees from January 6-13, 1879,
it was quite as common as in summer. Also seen
at Summit, November 13-16, 1884. It rarely visits the
valleys near sea level.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant in the forests. It appears
to reside constantly in the Territory.

Suckley, 1860. I have obtained several specimens in
the vicinity of Fort Steilacoom.

Henshaw, 1879. A common summer inhabitant of
the coniferous belt along the eastern slope.

Ridgway. In winter it was more or less common
among the cottonwoods in the lower part of the valleys
of the Truckee and Carson rivers, but eastward it was
not again met with at any season except on the Wahsatch
and Uintah Mountains.

265. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.) SLENDER-
BILLED NUTHATCH.

Campo and Escondido in January; Santa Marguerita
Canon in April. — L. B.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Observed several times in
January.

Volcan Mountains. W. O. Emerson. — Seen in every
walk. Mated March 1, and seemed about to breed.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare
resident.

Henshaw, 1876. Found numerously in the pine re-
gion of both the Coast and Sierra ranges.

Cooper, 1870. I saw none even in the Coast Mount-
ains in summer near Santa Cruz.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

237

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Resident.

Central California. L. B. — Not rare; generally dis-
tributed in the valley in deciduous oaks and in the co-
niferous forest to the summit of the Sierra. The species
is present in all parts of this region in summer and
winter.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Common resident.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson, 1880.— Quite
common during the summer and not rare during the
winter.

Suckley, 1860. Quite abundant at Puget Sound.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident; accidental west of the Cascades.

East Slope. Henshaw, 1879. — A numerous and con-
stant resident among the conifers; not so common to-
wards the Columbia River as either of the other species.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Moderately abundant in
the Blue Mountains and resident throughout the year.

Ridgway. Observed in abundance only on the Sierra
Nevada, being comparatively rare on the Wahsatch and
Uintah Mountains while none were seen in the inter-
vening region.

266. Sitta canadensis Linn. RED-BREASTED NUT-
HATCH.

Henshaw, 1876. It appeared to be not uncommon
near Mt. Whitney in October.

Central California. L. B. — Resident of the Sierra;
not rare; a very rare winter visitant or straggler to the
San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Big Trees, Jan-
uary 6-15, 1879. Summit, Central Pacific Railroad,
November 13, 16. Butte Creek House, July 2, and vari-
ous localities in summer and winter. Breeds in the fir
forests only.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Collected here.

238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Willamette Valley. O. B. Johnson, 1880. Asso-
ciated with S. c. aculeata.

Cooper, 1860. Common in the Territory, preferring
the oaks and other deciduous trees, and never frequent-
ing the interior of the dense forests. I observed this
8. c. aculeata at 49° east of the Cascade Mountains as
late as October 15.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident; accidental west of the Cascades.

Henshaw, 1879. From the line of the railroad to the
Columbia River, and so on to the north, the red-bellied
nuthatch is really a common bird and in much of this
area it doubtless breeds. Towards the Columbia River
it was more numerous, and upon the Des Chutes its
numbers in certain localities were comparable with
those of the pigmy nuthatch.

Ridgway. An inhabitant in summer of the pine
woods exclusively, this species was met with at that sea-
son only in the thickest or more extensive coniferous
forests such as those on the Sierra Nevada, Wahsatch, and
Uintah ranges. In September we found it common in
the aspen groves along the streams in the upper Hum-
boldt Valley; later in the same month it was also com-
mon in the Clover Mountains at an altitude of 11,000
feet.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Not previously collected
here.

267. Sitta pygmaea Vig. PIGMY NUTHATCH.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Seen several times in Jan-
uary.

Julian. N. S. Goss. — From the middle of March to
the middle of May not seen.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare resi-
dent.

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 239

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — I saw about a dozen
here and one at Olema. It is quite rare.

Henshaw, 1876. By far the most abundant of the
three species seen in California. Common everywhere;
where the presence of pines affords them the hunting
grounds they most affect.

[Mr. Henshaw refers, I suppose, to Fort Tejon,Mt.
Whitney, Kernvilie, and other localities where he col-
lected in 1875].

Tehaohapi. L. B — March 30, 1889, a small flock in
pine forest.

Baird, Brewer and Ridgway. Dr. Gambel mentions
their almost extraordinary abundance in the winter
months in upper California. Around Monterey at times
the trees appeared almost alive with them.

L. B. — The type was collected at Monterey, south of
which Dr. Cooper says he has not seen the species. Dr.
Heermann does not appear to have met it during about
three years collecting in California. Dr. Newberry says:
" We saw it in most wooded places where water was near
and any considerable amount of animal life was visible,"
probably refering to the region east of the Sierra Nevada
and Cascades. I saw a few at Big Trees in July, 1878,
and have not been able to find the species in California
since then, except at Tehachapi in 1889, and four in-
dividuals during ten days collecting in Monterey County.
Dr. Cooper says: "It was met with only in the open
pine forests at Fort Colville, near the 49th degree.
* * This bird, like many other California species,
probably migrates only along the east side of the moun-
tains, shunning the damp spruce forests near the coast,"
all of which taken together tends to prove that it has
never been generally distributed west of the mountains.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident; accidental west of the Cascades.

Henshaw, 1879 (east slope). The most numerous of

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the family in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains,
as almost everywhere through the west.

Carson . Ridgway . — Abundant winter resident, breed-
ing on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A moderately abundant
summer resident in the Blue Mountains. A few remain
throughout the year.

268. Parus inornatus Gamb. PLAIN TITMOUSE.
San Diego County. L. B. — Rare resident.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — January 30.
Mated and singing March 2.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — From August
21 to November 28 rather common.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Rare winter visitant.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Last seen April 14, 1886.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Ukiah. G. E. Aull. — Common resident.

L. B. — Central California up to about 5,000 feet, com-
mon resident; Red Bluff, February 3, 1885, common.

Ridgway. Pine forests of the eastern slope, especially,
in their lower portions, a rather common species; com-
mon at Carson in winter.

Henshaw, 1879. Present in Nevada in the foothills
of the mountains and on the low ranges to the east of
the main chain. It was not met with in the Columbia
River region, nor even in northern California.

269. Parus inornatus griseus Ridgw. GRAY TITMOUSE.
New Mexico and Colorado to Arizona and Nevada.

270. Parus atricapillus occidentalis (Baird). OREGON
CHICKADEE.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant resi-
dent.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 241

Cooper, 1860. I observed its nest near Puget Sound.

Buckley, 1860. Quite abundant in the valley of the
Willamette, also at Fort Vancouver.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common resident.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson, 1880. — Common
throughout the year.

Wilbur, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Specimens in the
breeding season of 1883.

Camp Harney. Bendire — Common during winter re-
tiring to the mountains to breed.

271. Parus gambeli Ridgw. MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — February 15, several seen;
one shot.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — February 24,
and occasionally afterward; on March 1, singing and
looking for nesting sites.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell. — From August
21 to November 28, tolerably common.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Tolerably
common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident in coni-
fers, Big Trees, January 6-13, 1879. Summit, Central
Pacific Railroad, November 16; also at Donner Lake,
November 16.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Tolerably common resi-
dent.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant visit-
ant.

Henshaw, 1879. Breeds numerously among the pines;
extremely abundant among the oaks of the eastern slope
near the Columbia River.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common during the win-
ter in the willows and shrubbery. In summer they
breed on the higher mountains.
16

242 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ridgway. We found it in all pine forests as well as
the more extensive of the pinon and cedar woods on
the interior ranges.

272. Parus rufescens Towns. CHESTNUT-BACKED CHICK-

ADEE.

British Columbia. John Fanniii. — Abundant resi-
dent.

Cooper, 1860. The most abundant species in the
forests of this Territory. It appears to prefer the ever-
greens, where large parties of them may be found at all
seasons.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Less abundant
than P. occidentalis which they closely resemble in
habits.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common resident; nest
found April 28.

Wilbur, Oregon. W. E. Bryant. — Specimens in breed-
ing season of 1883.

[Perhaps the last three belong under P. r. neglectus.]

273. Parus rufescens neglectus Ridgw. CALIFORNIAN
CHICKADEE.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — Breeds here and at
Olema; have collected its eggs at both places.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — I have shot it here.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Rare resident.

Monterey and Santa Cruz counties. L. B. — Appears
to be decidedly rare.

274. Chamaea fasciata Gamb. WREN-TIT.

San Diego. B. F. Goss. — March 16, 1884, two nests
with fresh eggs, one containing four, the other five.

San Diego. L. B. — Common resident.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident; nests
found soon after the middle of March.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 243

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
resident of foothills.

Alameda arid Contra Costa counties. W. E . Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Shot here.

Red Bluff. L. B. — Common resident; also of Colfax
and Murphys. Alta, November 17, 1884, not rare,
though seldom found so high (3,600 feet). I suppose
the Alameda and Centra Costa County notes refer to
the typical bird, the others to variety henshaivi, al-
though specimens from Red Bluff, Oroville, Colfax,
Gridley, Marysville, Stockton, Calaveras County and San
Diego, are much darker than the type of henshawi, as I
remember it, having seen it in 1882. This came from
Walker's Basin, near Caliente, as Mr. Henshaw informs
me. I doubt if it is really abundant at any locality, but
is quite common in most parts of California, in shrub-
bery and thickets, where it finds shelter.

275. Chamaea fasciata henshawi Ridgw. PALLID WREN-
TIT.

Interior of California, including the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada.

276. Psaltriparus minimus (Towns.) BUSH-TIT.
British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resident.
Cooper, 1860. Quite abundant during summer at

Fort Steilacoom. They arrive towards the middle of
April.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — First seen March 11,
1885; March 12, tolerably common; breeds.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Plentiful during
the winter months among the evergreens; always in
small flocks. Many remain all summer to breed, but
they are more retired and less conspicuous. (1880).

244 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

277. Psaltriparus minimus californicus Ridgw. CALI-
FORNIAN BUSH-TIT.

Red Bluff. L. B. — Rather common February 3, 1885,
in pairs. Mr. B. W. Evermann, of Santa Paula, Ven-
tura County, informed me that birds of this species were
laying there February 16, 1881. I noticed that it was-
mated at the same time in the foothills of San Joaquin
County. It is common and pretty generally distributed
in most parts of California below the fir forests; rarely
seen in them, but I have seen it at 5,000 feet altitude.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Common resident.

Chico. William Proud. — April 16, 1884, nest finished.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Abundant summer resi-
dent.

Alamedaand Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Common resident.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — January 15, 1885, flocks
were breaking up in pairs; February 15, building.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common resident; nest
April 26, 1884.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare, owing to scarcity of trees
and shrubbery, but more common in the mountains on
the east and at Campo. I suppose the bird south of
Oregon, especially in the interior, to be var. californicus
Ridgw. The Red Bluff, Oroville and Colfax birds,
I collected in winter, are of this form, and probably so
at all times. Mr. Henshaw appears to have found an
abundance, as he got twenty-four specimens at Santa
Barbara, Fort Tejon and Walker's Basin, in 1875. It
was common at and about Tehachapi March and April,
1889.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common; breeds in
the valleys.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. Only seen
February 24 in a snow storm, associated with mountain
chickadee.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 245

278. Psaltriparus plumbeus Baird. LEAD-COLORED
BUSH-TIT.

Ridgway. We met with this species on several occa-
sions from the very base of the Sierra Nevada eastward
to the Wahsatch Mountains but the localities where it
occurred in abundance were few and remote from each
other while its habits are so erratic that it was seldom
met twice at one place.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A summer visitor, not
abundant. I shot several specimens of this species in
November, 1874. On June 6, 1876, I saw several near
the summit of Canon City Mountain, evidently breed-
ing.

279. Auriparus flaviceps (Sund.) VERDIN.

Cooper, 1870. I found numbers of this beautiful bird
at Fort Mojave during the whole winter. On the 10th
of March I found a pair building. On the 27th of
March I found the first nest containing eggs. There
were in all cases four. I noticed the nests of this bird
in the Algarrobias that grow in a few places on the
mountains west of the Colorado Valley and along Mojave
River as far west as Point of Rocks.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — Western extremity of
•Colorado Desert, one shot March 25-28; an old nest
seen. Probably this is the western limit of the species.
March, 1886, bird and eggs secured.

Heermann. I found their nests abundant at Fort
Yuma, though from the lateness of the season few of the
birds remain.

280. Regulus satrapa olivaceus Baird. WESTERN GOLD-

EN-CROWNED KINGLET.

Haywards. W. 0. Emerson. — October 16, 1884, rare.
Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Rare winter visitant; more
seen this winter (1884-85), than ever before.

246 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — January 31, 1885, rare.

Alameda. A. M. Ingersoll. — January, 1885, com-
mon.

Stockton and Murphys. J. J. Snyder. — Several speci-
mens this winter (1884-85).

Central California. L. B. — Rare, irregular winter
visitant; rare but regular summer resident in the fir for-
est of Calaveras County, and probably at many suitable
localities throughout the firs of California.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant winter visit-
ant; .last seen March 19, 1885.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony.— - Abundant
when I arrived, February 2, 1884, decreasing in num-
bers soon after this time; last seen March 19. The
species was last seen April 10, 1885; very rare this year.

Willamette Valley. 0. B. Johnson. — Common
throughout the winter in flocks.

Cooper, 1860. Abundant, especially during winter,
and some remain all summer as I have seen them feed-
ing their young in August at Puget Sound.

Ridgway. A very few individuals were noticed in the
canons of the West Humboldt Mountains.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — A few specimens Novem-
ber 7, 1875; not common.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — Spring migrant, 1885.
First seen Mareh 14; next seen March 20; common
March 29; breeds; common.

Cape Beale, British Columbia. Emanuel Cox. — First
seen April 23; common May 1.

281. Regulus calendula (Linn.) RUBY-CROWNED KING-
LET.

San Diego. L. B. — Rare winter visitant.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Rare; perhaps
breeds in the firs.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 247

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Tolerably common
summer resident in the high mountains and equally
common in the valley and foothills in winter. Agua
Caliente, March 25 and 28, several seen. Several seen
from March 18 to April 15, 1886.

Oakland, and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common
winter visitant; begins to sing in March.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Last seen April 11; began
to sing March 7. Last seen on March 25, 1886.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — An abundant winter
visitant; last seen April 15; the bulk departed about
March 18.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — First seen March 9,
two birds; again seen March 12; last seen April 15. It
was common during the migration.

Burrard Inlet. John Faiinin. — First seen March 14;
was common April 4. Common in breeding season.

Henshaw, 1879. A common summer inhabitant of
the pineries.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Undoubtedly breeds about
here. A number remain amongst the willows and alders
during the winter.

Ridgway. A common winter resident in all the lower
valleys, while in early spring it became abundant to
such an extent as to exceed all other birds in numbers.

L. B. — Common and generally distributed in the tim-
bered parts of the valleys and foothills of Central Cali-
fornia in winter; common in breeding season in the
upper Sierra from latitude 38° northward, and when a
heavy snow-fall makes a backward spring, a few breed
as low as the Calaveras Big Trees. The first migrants
appeared at Gridley, October 1, 1884.

248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

282. Polioptila cserulea obscura Ridgw. WESTERN GNAT-

CATCHER.

San Diego. L. B. — Tolerably common in winter;
nest and four fresh eggs at Campo, May 14, 1884; nest
and one egg, Stockton, May 7, 1879; two nests at Mur-
phys May 28, 1880, one containing four, the other five
eggs; all nearly fresh.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Breeds here, Santa Ana
Plains, December 10, 1884, -very plentiful; Santa Ana
River December 14 and later, not common.

Julian. N. S. Goss.— April 2, 1884.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Common summer
resident; common at Agua Caliente March 25 and 28,
1884. Almost every day from March 19 to April 15,
1886. P. melanura is probably the summer form at Agua
Caliente.

Henshaw, 1876. Fort Tejon, particularly numerous
July 27, August 8. Neither here nor elsewhere was the
closely allied " P. 'melanura" detected.

Contra Costa County. W. E. Bryant. — Tolerably
common summer resident.

Central California. L. B. — Rather rare summer resi-
dent up to 2,500 feet altitude. My earliest Stockton
record is March 12; my latest, November 22, when I
saw two birds and shot one in cold weather.

Cooper, 1870. I found them at Fort Mojave, March
20.

283. Polioptila plumbea Baird. PLUMBEOUS GNAT-
CATCHER.

Habitat. Southwestern border of the United States,
from southern Texas to lower Colorado Valley, and
thence south to Cape St. Lucas; northern Mexico (Ridg-
way's Manual).

I have no other authority for giving this a place here

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 249

than that above cited, but have no doubt that it occurs
in San Diego County east of the mountains, as it is very
common about La Paz and other parts of the Cape region
in winter, and, like other species, extends from Cape St.
Lucas to the Colorado Valley and Arizona on the east
side of Lower California. I have not seen the perfect
black crown in winter, though I shot one at La Paz,
January 12, with crown nearly black, and recorded it as
it was the only one I had seen in this plumage in winter.
The black-crowned Polioptila that breeds in the Cape
region utters the same scolding, cat-like squall that the
San Diego bird does, a squall I have never heard P.
ccBrulea utter. The boys at San Diego call P. californica
the cat bird.

284. Polioptila californica Brewst. BLACK-TAILED GNAT-
CATCHER.

San Diego. L. B. — Probably seen in December and
January, 1883-84, but I could not find it in February
and March, when there were frequent chilly rains, nor
did I succeed in getting a specimen until April 7, when
I shot a fine male. It was rare in the .spring of 1884,
though common in April and May, 1881. Col. N. S.
Goss, while at San Diego, informed me that he had two
specimens which he shot in December, 1882, at San
Diego, and that he saw the species at Los Angeles March
6, 1884. I suppose this is the species he referred to,
though he named P. plumbea or P. melanura. I have
no doubt many P. californica winter in Lower California,
though I did not get an undoubted specimen in the
southern part of the Peninsula. I think it breeds as
far south at least as Santa Rosalia Bay.

Dr. Cooper says of P. melanura (Cal. Orn): ' ' This was
also a rather common bird during the whole winter at
Fort Mojave, as well as at San Diego, and I obtained

250 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

one in October on Catalina Island, but did not find it
there or at Santa Barbara in summer."

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Rare. In 1876 a pair of
Polioptilas, the male having a black cap, had a nest in
forks of a dead scrub oak, four feet from the ground. It
contained five young birds. At Santa Ana Plains, De-
cember 14, I obtained one specimen.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — A very rare summer
resident of the foothills.

Ventura County. B. W. Evermann. — Not so com-
mon as P. ccerulea. Resident.

[One of Mr. Brewster's type specimens was collected
at Saticoy by Dr. J. G. Cooper; another was from San
Bernardino, and another was from Fort Yuma.]

285. Myadestes townsendii (Aud.) TOWNSEND'S SOLI-
TAIRE.

San Diego. L. B. — January 24, 1884, one specimen,
the only one seen by me so far south. It had been eat-
ing manzanita berries ( Arctostaphylos ) .

Colorado Desert. F.Stephens. — One seen on March
21, 24, and April. 2, 1886.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell.— February 23, 1884, a single
specimen shot during a storm, the first I have seen here.
I noticed the species at Temecula, November 12, 1883.

Ballena. W. 0. Emerson. — Volcan Mountains, Jan-
uary 23, 1884, the day of my arrival, I saw a single bird,
and two more a few days later.

Oakland. W.E. Bryant. — Rare winter visitant.

Central California. L. B. — West slope of the Sierra
in pine forests, rather common summer resident though
never numerous; begins to lay about June 1, nests
usually on the ground, more or less secreted.

Ridgway. Virginia Mountains near Pyramid Lake,
December 21, 1867.

BIRDS OP THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 251

Henshaw, 1879. Very abundant in the Des Chutes
Basin in September, where, too, it was reported by Dr.
Newberry in 1860. In fall and winter it appears to be
generally dispersed over much of the country adjoining
the eastern slope where in summer it appears to be al-
most entirely absent. In the summer of 1875, Mr. Hen-
shaw did not see the species about Fort Tejon.

Camp Harney. Beridire. — Rather common among the
juniper groves during spring and fall and in mild win-
ters throughout the whole season. None remain during
the breeding season.

Burrard Inlet. John Fannin. — May 20, 1885, only
two specimens seen. It does not breed here.

Summit. L. B. — From about September 15, 1885, to
October 10, very common in the junipers and moving
southward by short nights. In November, from the 13th
to 16th, 1884, several seen here.

286. Turdus ustulatus (Nutt.) RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH.

Common south of Campo, May 12, very common be-
tween Campo and San Diego May 16, and probably
breeding. The small thrushes of the Pacific Coast are
very difficult to separate without specimens in hand, and
even with them mistakes of identification are likely
to occur, though the present species is found in this dis-
trict only in summer, and in a considerable portion of
it the dwarf thrush only in winter. The songs of
these species differ greatly. I requested Mr. Blaisdell
to give careful attention to the arrival of this species in
San Diego County in 1885, and it will be seen that the
date given for 1885 is much later than in 1884, a cool
spring.

Poway, San Diego County. F. E. Blaisdell. — First
seen April 15, 1884. First seen May 1, 1885; last seen
May 4, 1885.

252 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

W. 0. Emerson. — Seen in the canon at the foot of
Volcan Mountain April 3; at Poway April 10, 1884.

Mr. Emerson did not get a specimen April 3, perhaps
not on the 10, 1884.— L. B.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — A tolerably common
summer resident of the valley.

Agua Caliente. F. Stephens. — One April 7, 1886.

Santa Barbara. Henshaw (1876). — Young fully fledged
by the last of June.

Santa Cruz. Joseph Skirm. — Commenced nesting
about May 15, 1884; three to four eggs, the latter the
most I have found in any one of about one hundred and
fifty nests.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — The first seen April
25, 1884; four individuals.

Nicasio. Charles A. Allen. — April 23, 1884, the first
seen.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — The first seen May 7, 1884.

Chico. William Proud. — First seen May 7, 1884;
five birds.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — A common summer
resident; breeds here.

San Diego. L. B. — May 3, 1885, first seen; five
birds in shade trees and gardens; May 5, both sexes
shot; mostly gone by the 9th.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — May 1, one bird, first
seen; May 2, 1885, two birds; common summer resi-
dent; breeds here.

Stockton. L. B.— First seen May 10, 1880.

Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — April 12, two, first
seen; common April 18, 1885; breeds. Last seen Sep-
tember 13, 1885.

Oakland. W. E. Bryant. — Common summer resi-
dent.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — April 23, one, first seen;

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 253

next seen April 25; common April 27; breeds here;
began to sing May 2, 1885. In 1886 the first seen was
on April 25; common April 30; began to sing April 28.

Chico. Win. Proud. — First seen May 1; common
May 6, 1885.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — First seen April 27,
1885; next seen April 29, common April 30; breeds
abundantly.

Walla Walla, W. T. J. W. Williams.— May 20 four
birds, first seen; next seen June 2; June 10 common;
tolerably common in breeding season; young seen
June 30.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common summer
resident.

Ridgway. Truckee Valley (not far from the eastern
base of the Sierra). One specimen seen June 2, 1868;
not again met with in Nevada. Dr. Cooper (Proceed-
ings Nat. Mus. 1879), says it was first seen at San Diego
April 25, 1862 — a backward spring like that of 1884;
Haywards, April 20, 1875; April 23, 1876.

287. Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.) OLIVE-BACKED
THRUSH.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — An abundant
summer resident.

East Humboldt Mountains. Ridgway. — Encountered
in considerable numbers during the season of their
southward migration.

Pine forests of Calaveras County. L. B. — Summer,
breeding, common in several localities, probably com-
mon in numerous localities in the coniferous forests of
the Sierra, in summer, from Tuolumne County north-
ward. (See Proc. Cal. Acad. Ser. 2, ii, 60.)

254 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

288. Turdus aonalaschkae Gmel. DWARF HERMIT
THRUSH.

San Diego. L. B. — Common winter visitant; April
12, 1884, two birds, the last seen.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common winter visitant;
not noticed after April 1; first seen the following fall,
October 24, 1884; remaining until April 8, 1885.

Volcan Mountains. W. 0. Emerson. — Rare to Feb-
ruary 22, 1884, when it apparently left the mountain in
consequence of severe weather.

Mount Whitney. Henshaw, 1876. — None 'were seen
previous to the very last of September. After this time
«very little willow thicket along the mountain streams
contained one or more. The migration was at its height
from the 5th to the 15th of October.

Oakland and vicinity. W. E. Bryant. — Common
winter visitant.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — Common to April 15; last
seen May 3.

Stockton. L. B. — April 25, 1879, last seen; season
backward.

Beaverton. A. W. Anthony. — Common summer resi-
dent; first nest seen June 7, 1884.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. Williams.— April 27, 1885;
•common May 15; young seen June 30.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Summer resident;
not common.

Henshaw, 1879. By the last of August it was numer-
ous along the foothills of the Cascade range of Oregon.

Ridgway. But one individual was met with, this one
being secured. [The specimen in question was obtained
on Trout Creek, a tributary of the Humboldt River.]

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer.— October 12, 1885, first seen;
next seen October 19, and already common; last seen
April 4, 1886. It is an abundant winter resident; does
not breed.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT.

255

Hay wards. Dr. Cooper (Proc. Nat. Mus., 1879).
Winter visitant; arrived October 12, 1875; left May 1.

Saticoy. Dr. Cooper (Proc. Nat. Mus., 1879). Arrive
November 5, 1872.
289. Turdus sequoiensis Belding. BTG TREE THRUSH.

Sierra Nevada Mountains, San Bernardino, Calaveras,
Placer counties (Coast Range, Monterey Co.?)

I think the specimen from San Bernardino Mountains
that I saw, collected by Mr. Price, identical with speci-
mens I got at Calaveras and Placer counties, but hardly
know what to think of the specimens Mr. Bryant got
near Monterey in the summer of 1889. They may be
like those Dr. Merrill got at Fort Klamath (See Auk,
1888, page 365), and there may be still another unde-
scribed, small, pallid thrush, that breeds in California.
More specimens and observations are much needed to
determine some of the difficult questions concerning
these birds.

[Upon a request from Mr. Belding I have measured
all the available small thrushes which are referable to T.
sequoiensis and present the dimensions here. — W. E. B.]

4

g

5

?

g

Locality.

Date.

d

OQ

""

a Cb

No.

Hex

^ t?

California.

1889.

P

0 0

9n=

o>

t^ ""

*> O

H

mm

mm

mm

mm

mm

326

*

May 26

94

68

9

28 5

22

Coll Cal Acad Type

788

$

San Bernardino Mts

July 2 ....

96

68

10.5

29

22

Coll. W. W. Price.

3603

$

Monterey Co

July3....

87

64

9.5

29

19

Coll. W. E. Bryant.

3604

f

Monterey Co

Julv 3 ..

83

fi7

9 5

28

20 5

Coll. W. E Bryant.

3605

$

Monterey Co

July 5 ...

81.5

63.5

10

29

Coll. W. E. Bryant.

360G

$

Monterey Co

July 5....

87

65

9.5

28

2(1

Coll. W. E. Bryant.

3G07

9

Monterey Co

JulyS....

81

62

10

28

20.5

Coll. W. E. Bryant.

327

9

Big Trees

May 23...

91

67

10 5

9H 5

99

Coll. Cal. Acad. Type.

374

o

Lake Tahoe

August 12

S8 5

66

10.5

07

Coll Cal. Acad.

787

9

San Bernardino Mts

July 2....

92.5

67

10.5

28

21

Coll. W. W. Price.

256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

290. Turdus aonalaschkae auduboni (Baird). AUDUBON'S
HERMIT THRUSH.

Julian, San Diego County. N. S. Goss. — March 17.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Upper
pine regions 9,000 feet altitude breeds.

Later, Mr. Stephens wrote: " I am not certain whether
the eggs I got in the San Bernardino Mountain are
auduboni or nanus, as I wounded the parent bird but did
not get her. On looking over ray skins I find three, one
of which is nanus, one is var. audaboni — both were taken
near Campo — the third is very nearly intermediate be-
tween nanus and auduboni."

Henshaw, 1879. During the summer of 1877 I heard
in several of the subalpine valleys of northeastern Cali-
fornia what were without doubt the Audubon's thrushes
but failed to secure specimens. Here they were evi-
dently not very numerous, but in the mountains back
of Camp Bidwell the succeeding season the same thrush
was heard and satisfactorily identified by shooting the
bird. They were here very abundant.

Santa Barbara. J. Amory Jeffries. — (Auk, 1888, page
222.) Came April 2, 1883.

L. B. — Perhaps all of the above notes refer to the bird
I described in these Proceedings, June 11, 1889, under
the name Turdus sequoiensis.

291. Merula migratoria propinqua Ridgw. WESTERN
ROBIN.

San Diego. L. B. — Common in the winter of 1883-84.
It disappeared March 22 but returned on the 29th and
remained two days while the mountains east of San Diego
were covered with snow. One was seen at Campo, May
14, just previous to a rainstorm. No robins were seen
during a four days' journey south of Campo, about half
of which was through pine-clad mountains, from May 9

BIRDS OF THE 1'Ai'IFM' DISTRICT.

to 13. Mr. T. E, Wadham collected it in Lower Califor-
nia about ninety miles southeast of San Diego, April 22.
His specimens showed no leaning towrard var. conjinis of
the Cape region.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Common winter visitant,
last seen March 30, 1884.

Poway. W. 0. Emerson. — Seen April 27, Volcaii
Mountains, a few noticed every day.

San Bernardino. F. Stephens. — Irregular winter vis-
itant to the valley, a rare summer resident in the mount-
ains; Agua Caliente, March 25-28, a few seen, perhaps
migrants. Common from March 18 to April 15, 1886.

Santa Barbara. Dr. William Finch. — Very abundant
upon my arrival here January 1, 1876. Rainfall of that
winter about thirty inches. Since then they have ap-
peared in numbers corresponding with the quantity of
rain each season. In the winter of 1877 but four and
one-half inches of rain fell and not a robin put in an
appearance. This winter. 1883-84, they came earlier,
in greater numbers than ever, and our dry season (dry
until January 25), is proving wet, wetter, wettest.

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Arrived in November;
March 22, large flocks.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — Began to sing March 5,
1886; last seen April 3.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W . E . Bryant . —
Some winters abundant, others rare.

Olema. A. M. Ingersoll. — Last seen May 24, 1884.

Gait, Sacramento County. Miss Genevieve Harvey. —
Robins were abundant here this winter.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — The bulk departed April
10; last seen April 22.

Chico. William Proud. — March 17 and 18 robins are
leaving us; last seen June 26, a solitary male bird who
17

258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

made things ring in the garden by his lively notes.
After staying two hours he headed for the mountain.

Igo, Shasta County. E. L. Ballou. — Singing at even-
ing since April 17.

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — A few were
here when I arrived, February 2; about February 25
they began to arrive from the south and by March 12
were all here. First nest seen April 24.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson. — May 1, nest and two eggs.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — An abundant res-
ident. The bulk winter on Vancouver Island. Prob-
ably a few go south but the numbers do not appear to be
much less in winter than in. summer.

Cape Beale, British Columbia. Emanuel Cox. — Al-
ways here.

Cape Flattery Light. Alexander Sampson, keeper. —
Occasionally some come from the main land, three-
fourths of a mile off, in January and in summer.

Admiralty Head, Whidby Island. S. L. Wass. —
First seen February 1, 1885, one bird.

Yakima, W. T. Samuel Hubbard, Jr. — One seen
February 15, 1885.

Walla Walla, W. T. Dr. J. W. Williams. ^First seen
March 20 (twenty birds), common April 1, 1885: com-
mon in breeding season; young seen May 20, 1885.

Beaverton, Oregon. A.W. Anthony. — One seen Jan-
uary 17, 1885; again January 21; common February 10;
common in breeding season.

Cape Foulweather. S. L. Wass. — First seen February
22; next seen February 28, 1885; not absent more than
two months, and some winters only during a cold wave.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Abundant resident.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — A winter visitant; a
few breed but the bulk depart in April.

L. B. — Red Bluff, February 3 and 5, a single flock.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 259

Oridley, October 1 and 3, snow on both sides of the
valley above about 3,000 feet; not seen again here tlii-
wiiiter (1884-85). Oroville, January and December,
rare. Colfax and Alta very rare in the middle of No-
vember. Summit and Doniier Lake, not seen from
November 13 to 17, although it was mild and scarcely any
snow had fallen. It is a common summer resident in
the fir forests of California from latitude 38° northward;
never breeding in orchards or about settlements in Cali-
fornia, I believe. At Blood's, altitude 7,200 feet, young
did not begin to leave their nests until July 14, 1880,
nearly a month later than on the following year, owing
to difference in the winter's snowfall and consequent
difference in the advent of summer.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock. — First seen November
2; next seen December 22; common March 1. The
abundance owing to the season.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer.— Rare this year (1885);
Abundant winter of 1883-84.

Alameda. H. R. Taylor. — Six seen February 16,
1885; common February 23.

Hay wards. W. O. Emerson. — First seen November
29; next seen December 22; last seen April 8, 1885; rare
this winter; singing in April.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — First seen November 1,
1884; common February 6, 1885: rare this winter. Vol-
can Mountains November 15, 1884, first seen; Novem-
ber 16, three large flocks.

Henshaw, 1879. Found throughout this whole region
as a summer visitant and is more or less abundant ac-
cording to special locality. The species begins to lay
in the neighborhood of Carson about the middle of
May. Robins were fairly numerous in Oregon along
the Columbia River during the last of October, and a
few doubtless winter even at this high latitude.

260 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OK SCIENCES.

Camp Harney. Beiidire. — An abundant summer resi-
dent, breeding in great numbers in this vicinity. A few
pass the mild winters here, frequenting at such times
the junipers, whose berries furnish them their prin-
cipal food. They are undoubtedly birds which have
been reared farther north.

Ridgway. In the vicinity of Carson it was extremely
abundant from the middle of March to the middle of
April. In August they were quite plentiful in the val-
ley of the Truckee below the " Big Bend."

Hoffman. Usually found in abundance along the
timbered, bottom-lands of the upper portion of the
State. During breeding season occur in the timbered
mountains, as at Bull Run where these birds were build-
ing during the latter part of May although the snow
had not all disappeared in the ravines about the foot-
hills.

292. Hesperocichla naevia (Gmel.) VARIED THRUSH.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Common resi-
dent (1884).

Walla Walla, W. T. J. W. Williams.— Seen in this
vicinity this summer (1885).

Beaverton, Or. A. W. Anthony. — Usually common
in winter. March 16, 1885.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Common winter visitant.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes. — Abundant winter vis-
ant.

Olema. A. W. Ingersoll. — April 4, 1884, last one
seen.

Berkeley. T. S. rainier. — December 31, one seen;
very rare (1884). Last seen March 27, 1885. April 3,
1886, abundant; usually a very rare winter visitor.

Sebastopol. F. H. Holmes.— March 19, 1885.

Santa Cruz. A. M. Ingersoll. — October 30, lssr>,
first seen.

I'.JRDS OF THE PACIFIC UISTRICT.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Rare whiter visitant.
Hay wards. W. 0. Emerson. — December 19, 1884,

one; rare.

«

San Jose. A. L. Parkhurst. — Only one or two this
winter (1884).

Ventura County. Evermann. — But one seen.

San Bernardino Mountains. F. Stephens. — Rare
winter visitant.

Volcan Mountains. F. E. Blaisdell.— November 15,
a pair; November 25, one seen.

Altaand Colfax, November 17-18(1884), rare. — L. B.

Alameda. H. R. Taylor.— March 3, 1885, four in
foothills; March 16, one.

Summit, Central Pacific Railroad, October 5, two
seen; common October 10, 1885. — L. B.

Soda Springs (ten miles south of Summit) L. B. —
October 1, 1877, three adult male specimens; usually
common in the foothills of Central California in winter,
also in the valleys in suitable localities; rare during the
milder winters, as in 1884-'85.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — First seen November 7,
1885; next seen November 11; common November 13;
usually rare.

Henshaw, 1879. From Mr. H. G. Parker I have in-
formation of the occurrence of this thrush near Reno in
western Nevada. Very large numbers made their ap-
pearance about February 1, and remained until into
March.

293. Saxicola cenanthe (Liim.) WHEATEAR.

British Columbia, John Fannin. — Very rare; breeds
east of the Cascades.

262 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

294. Sialia mexicana Swains. WESTERN BLUEBIRD.

Seattle. 0. B. Johnson. — First seen March 3, 1884.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Abundant sum-
mer resident. March 10, 1885, first seen; March 1:>,
next seen; common April 6; breeds.
• Henshaw, 1879. East slope from Carson to the Colum-
bia River — the common bluebird of the region.

Camp Harney. Bendire. — Common during their mi-
grations. None are known to remain and breed.

Ridgway. We lost sight of the species entirely after
we left the eastern watershed of the Sierra Nevada go-
ing eastward. Carson, February 21, 1868, two speci-
mens.

Fort Walla Walla. J. W. Williams.— April 4, two ar-
rived, the first of the season. It does not winter here.

San Diego. L. B. — Rather common resident breed-
ing in the timbered parts of the country. It is more
common near San Diego in winter than in summer.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — Seen in flocks to February
11, 1884, afterward in pairs.

Volcan Mountains. W.O..Emerson. — Seen every day,
pairing by March 1, 1884; the female then looking for
nesting places; at this time common.

Sail Bernardino. F. Stephens. — A tolerably common
visitant in winter to the valley, breeding in the mount-
ains. Agua Caliente, common March 25. Seen almost
every day from March 18 to April 15, 1886.

Berkeley. T. S. Palmer. — I know of only one in-
stance of its breeding here. Last seen March 18, ISSfl.

Alameda and Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant. —
Tolerably common resident.

Ukiah. George E. Aull. — Common resident.

Central California. L. B. — Common resident. Not
breeding much above 5,000 feet; tolerably common at
Red Bluff, February 3, 18Sf>.

BIRDS OF THE PACIFIC DISTRICT. 263

Beaverton, Oregon. A. W. Anthony. — Common sum-
mer resident; first seen February 29, 1884. March 15
abundant.

295. Sialia arctica (Swains.) MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD.

San Diego. L. B. — Common until March 15, 1884,
when it disappeared, but a large flock returned March
29 during a cold rain-storm and stayed two days. April
4 I shot an apparently healthy female, the last seen. It
breeds commonly about mountain meadows in Calaveras,
Alpine, Placer and Butte counties, and no doubt has a
much more extended breeding range on the Sierra, both
north and south. In Calaveras County it does not ap-
pear to breed below 7,000 feet, above the breeding
range of 8. mexicana, though I found a few pairs of
both species breeding at an altitude of 5,800 feet in
Butte County, an unusual occurrence.

Poway. F. E. Blaisdell. — It arrived November 10,
1884, was last seen February 11. This is the first I
have seen of the species here, during a residence of ten
years. I think I should have noticed them before if
they had been in the habit of visiting this locality.
January 3, 1885, a flock seen; the only ones seen this
winter.

Alamedaand Contra Costa counties. W. E. Bryant.
Tolerably common winter visitant.

Marysville. W. F. Peacock.— February 13, 1884, last
seen.

British Columbia. John Fannin. — Rare migrants;
found only east of Cascade Mountains.

Ridgway. This is the characteristic bluebird of the
interior, and it is most numerous where other species
are rarest. In June it was common at Virginia City
where it nested in the manner of the eastern species in
suitable places about buildings in the town. It was also

2G4 CALIKOKNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

common under similar circumstances at Austin, while
on the higher portions of the West Humboldt, Ruby
and East Humboldt mountains it was still more abun-
dnat.

Cam}) Ilarney. Bendire. — Breeds here but is not
common. In the vicinity of Canon City, Oregon, I
found it rather abundant.

Hoffman. Distributed over the northern and middle
portions of Nevada. None were observed south of Hot
Springs Canon, sixty miles northwest of Belmont.

APPENDIX.

Observations on the fall migrations of birds arc so
seldom made that it is thought best to publish the fol-
lowing notes which were not inserted in their proper
place.

Mr. Fannin wrote from Burrard Inlet, September 29,
1885: " Nearly all our summer residents are gone. A
few may remain about Frazer River, but this place is
about deserted."

Dr. Williams, at Walla Walla, said that Dendroica
wstiva, Geothlypis trichas occidentalis, Icteria virens longi-
cauda, Ckelidon erythrogaster, Habia melanocephala, Pas-
serina amvena, Tyrannus tyrannus, Tyrannus vertical/*.
.and other summer residents were absent from that local-
ity as early as August 25, 1884.

A nthtis pensilvanicus arrived there two days later.

I made continuous observations at the summit of the
Central Pacific Railroad from August 1, 1885, to October
12, of the same year. This is an excellent station for
•observing migrants. The least height of the summit is
.about 7,000 feet, the adjacent peaks being about two
thousand feet higher. About the middle of August a
general southward or westerly movement of the fall
migrants began, unaccompanied with any marked
change of temperature. Many Clarke's crows and Lewis's
woodpeckers began to migrate as early as August 16, the
former following the divide, the latter taking their usual
southwest course, which would lead them to the Califor-
nia valleys where they were undoubtedly going, neither
species being turned from its course by the highest
peaks.

This southward migration of Clarke's crow continued
into October and was a surprise to me, as I had pre-
viously supposed that this bird was a non-migrant.

266 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The sparrows, warblers and hummingbirds followed
the course of the divide, or nearly so, but a number of
species went directly toward the Sacramento Valley.
Among the latter were two species of blackbirds, a few
ravens and white geese. California jays, kingfishers
and several species of small birds, or rather individuals
of these, were noted and were thought to be 011 their way
down the west slope.

The first rain of the season fell on September fourth.
The third and the fourth were cooler and cloudy when
Say's chipmunk and the yellow-bellied marmot were
evidently preparing for the storm by carrying bedding
into their burrows. No marmots were seen after the
rain of the fourth, and hummingbirds were rarely seen
afterward. No tyrant flycatchers were seen after the
ninth.

On the tenth Anthus pensilvanicus and Otocori* <i.lj><t*-
tris strigata arrived from the north.

Zonotrichia leucophrys intermedia came two days later,
but Z. coronata did not arrive until the twenty-fifth,
when there was rain and snow.

Helminthophila celata lutescens, H. riifn-«i>'<ll« <jdtf<i /•</-
Us, Geothlypis macgillivrayi, Spizella breweri and Ptjii/u
chlorurus were seen on September twenty-fourth, but not
afterward. Zonotrichia leucophrys was last seen on the
twenty-eighth, when Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis was
first seen. By October tenth the migration was about
over, a migration characterized mostly by short flights;
made leisurely, often by single individuals acting inde-
pendently. No night migrations were detected.

At Murphys, altitude about 2,300 feet, Mr. J. J. Sny-
der noted the female Louisiana tanager as very common ;
the male very rare on August 24, 1885, and that Bullock's
oriole and the black-headed grosbeak were also very rare.
Cliff swallows were not seen after August 18.

APPENDIX. 267

Violet-green swallows were numerous at three locali-
ties between Murphys and Big Trees, September 26.

At Berkeley, Petrochelidon lunifrons was last seen by
Mr. Palmer on August 5, 1885. Piranga ludoviciana,
September 11; Habia melanocephala, August 26; Tyran-
nus verticalis, three days later; Contopus richardsonii
September 12. Turdus ustulatus one day later.

I was at Weber Lake in Henness Pass, altitude about
7,000 feet, from July 30, 1889, to August 7, and noticed
the following, which I thought were already on their
way to the Pacific Coast. The pelicans and gulls were
seen to cross the mountain, going in a southwesterly
direction. July 31, a large flock of juvenile Laru»
californicus was seen. August 3, a large flock of juvenile
Recurvirostra americana; a flock of juvenile1 Pkalarop"*
lobatus; a flock of old and young or juvenile Spatula
clypeata, and from fifty to one hundred Pelecanus
erythrorhynchus in a single flock. On the fifth, a flock
of about a dozen Himantopus mexicanus, and about the
same number of Sterna forsteri appeared. The young
of Gallinago delicata, which bred there, besides the
young of numerous species, were capable of migrating
by the first of August.

According to Ridgway's Manual Phasianus torquatus,
P. versicolor and P. scemmerringii have been introduced
into Oregon from China and Japan and are said to be
doing well, and Mr. Anthony informs me that a con-
siderable number of European species have quite re-
cently been introduced about Portland.

Since the first part of 1886, when I considered this
catalogue of the land birds of the district quite com-
plete, several accidental occurrences have been reported,
some of which were probably wrongly identified. Mr.
Evermann's list of the birds of Ventura County con-
tains several errors of identification, some of which

CAI.M-'OKMA ACADKMV OK SCIKN'CKS.

Dr. Cooper mentioned in The Auk, iv, 85, as errors or
probable errors, to whieh I will add Ammodramus /»•/-
il'tixji, Ih'H.ilroico </r<ic!n-, YVr/'.s (itricapillus occidental'/*,
and M<'loHf>/:ii ftixrinfn </nt/<it<t, erroneously said to l>c!
residents.

L. BELDING.
August 7, 1800.

ERRATA.

Page 1. Fourth paragraph should be inserted at foot of page 7.
Page 12. For " F. C. Blaisdell :> read " F. E. Blaisdell."
Page 36. For " Techachapi " read " Tehaehapi."
Page 50. For " Mulato " read "Nulato."
Page 216. For " Seinirus " road " Sciurns."

IN DEX.

Acantliis linaria 135

Accipiter atricapillus striatnlns 32

cooperi mexicanns 31

velox rufilatus 30

Agelaius gubernator 121

phceniceus 120

tricolor 122

Ammodramus bairdii 146

rostratus 145

sandwichensis ... 142

alaudinus 143

Bryanti 144

savanaarum perpallidus 146

Ampelis cedrorutn 196

garrulus 195

Amphispiza belli 161

nevadensis 1C2

bilineata Ifil

Autbus pensilvanicus 222

Aphelocoma californica 110

insularis Ill

woodhousei 1)0

Aquila chrysaetos 39

Archibuteo ferrugineus 38

lagopus sancti-johannis 37

Asio accipitrinus 48

wilsonianus 47

Auri parus flaviceps 245

Blackbird, bicolored 121

Brewer's J 28

red-winged 120

tricolored 122

yellow-headed 118

Bluebird, mountain 263

western 262

Bobolink, western 117

Bob-white 8

Bonasa umbellus sabini 17

umbelloides 17

Bubo virginianus saturatus 53

subarcticns 52

Bunting, lark 180

lazuli 178

Bush-tit 243

Californian 244

lead-colored 245

Buteo abbreviatus 3ff

borealis calurus 33

lineatus elegans :i4

swaineoni 36

Calamospiza melanocorys 180

Calcarius lappouicus 140

Callipepla californica 12

vallicola 12

gambeli 14

Campylorhynchus brunueicapillus. . .. 228

Caracara, Audubon's 46

Cardinal 175

Cardiualis cardinalis 175

Carpodacus cassini 132

mexicanus frontalis 133

purpureus californicus 131

Catbird 226'

Cathartes aura 26

Catherpea mexicanus conspersus 230'

Ceutrocercus urophasianus 19

Ceophloeus pileatus 08

Certhia familiaris occidentalis 235

Ceryle alcyon 58

cabanisi 59

Chsetura vautii 79

Chamsea fasciita 242

henshawi 243

Chat, long-tailed 219-

Cbelidou erythrogaster 186

Chickadee Califoriiiau 242

chestnut, backed 242

mountain 241

Oregon 240-

Chondestes grammacus stngatus 147

Chordeiles texeusis 78

•virginiauus henryi .. 77

Cinclus mexicanus 223

Circus budsonius 28

Cistothorus palustris paludicola 234

Clivicola riparia 194

Coccothraustes vespertina 130

Coccyzus americauus occidentalis 57

Colaptes auratus 72

cafer 73

saturatior 75-

chrysoides 75-

270

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Colinus virgiuianus 8

Columba fasciata 20

•Columbigallina passeriua 21

Contopus borealis 06

richardsonii '.'8

•Oorvus arnericanus 113

caurinus 115

corax slnuatus 112

•Cowbird 117

dwarf 118

Creeper, California 235

Crossbill, American 134

Crow, American 113

northwest 115

Cuckoo, California 57

•Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus 116

Cyanocitta, stelleri 109

frontalis ' 109

Cypseloides niger 79

Dendragapus f rankliuii 17

obscurus fuliginosus 15

richardsonii 16

Dendroica (estiva 208

auduboni 210

cserulescens 209

corouata 209

maculosa l'12

nigrescens 212

occidentalis 215

townsendi 213

Dipper, American 223

Dolichonyx oryzivorus albinucha 117

Dove, ground 24

mourning 22

white-winged 23

Dryobates nuttallii 62

pubescens 60

gairdnerii C>0

scalaris bairdi 61

villosus harrisii 59

•Eagle, bald 40

golden 39

Ectopistes migratorius 21

Elanus leucur us 27

Empidouaxacadicus 100

difflcilis 99

bammondi 102

pusillus 101

wrigbtii 103

Falco columbari us 43

suckleyi 44

i.iextcanus 41

peregrinus auatum 42

pealei 4:<

richanl.sonii 44

«t>orverius 44

Falcon, Peale's 43

prairie 41

FJncb, California purple 131

Cassin's purple 132

bouse 13:!

Flicker 72

gilded 7.'.

northwestern 75

red-shafted 73

Flycatcher, acadian 100

ash-throated 93

Hammond's 102

little 101

olive-sided '.»<;

vermilion 105

western — 99

Wright's 103

Galeoscoptes caroli nensis 226

Geococcyx calif ornianus 56

Geothlypis macgillivrayi 216

trichas occideutalis 218

Glaucidium gnoma californicum 55

Gnatcatcher, black-tailed 249

plumbeous 248

western 248

Goldfinch, American 136

Arkansas 137

Lawrence's. ... 138

Goshawk, western 32

Grosbeak, black-headed 175

evening 130

pine 131

western blue 177

Grouse, Columbian sharp-tailed 18

Franklin's 17

gray ruffed 17

Oregon ruffed 17

Richardson's 16

sage 19

sooty 15

Habia melanocephala 175

Haliseetus leucocephalua 40

Harporhynchus crissalis 228

lecontei 227

redivivus 227

Hawk, American rough-legged 37

American sparrow 44

duck 42

marsh 28

pigeon 43

red-bellied 34

Swainson's 36

western Cooper's 31

western red-tailed ... 33

western sharp-shinned 30

zone-tailed 36

INDEX.

271

Helmintbophila celata 200

lutescens 206

luci» 205

ruficapilla gutturalis 205

virginire 205

HesperocicUla n®via 260

Hummingbird, Allen's 88

Anna's 84

black-chinned 82

broad-tailed 85

calliope 89

Costa's 83

Floresi's 85

rufous 85

violet- throated 83

Icteria virens longicauda 219

Icterus bullocki 126

cucnllatus nelsoni 125

parisorum 125

Jay, blue-fronted 109

California 110

Oregon Ill

pinon 116

Santa Cruz Island Ill

Steller's 109

Woodhouse's 110

Junco hyemalis 159

oregonus 159

Oregon 159

slate-colored 159

Kingbird 89

Arkansas 90

Casein's 92

Kingfisher, belted ... 58

Texan 59

Kinglet, ruby-crowned 246

western golden-crowned 245

Kite, white-tailed 27

Lagopus leucurus 18

rupestris 18

Lanius borealis 197

ludovicianus gambeli 198

Lark , Mexican horned 105

pallid horned 105

ruddy horned 105

streaked horned 1 06

Leucosticte, gray-crowned 135

Hepburn's 135

tephrocotis 135

littoralis 135

Longspur, Lapland 140

Loxia curvirostra minor 134

Magpie, American 107

yellow-billed 108

Martin, western 183

Meadowlark, western 123

MegUOOptMiO bendirei 51

kennicottil 51

flammeolus 62

Melanerpes formicivorua bairdi 69

torquatus 70

uropyglalis 72

Melopelia leucoptera 23

Meloapiza fasciata guttata 160

heermanni 164

montaua 163

ruflna 167

samuelis 165

lincolni 167

striata 168

Merlin, black 44

Richardson's 44

Merula migratoria propinqua 250

Micropallas whitneyi 56

Mimus polyglottos 226

Mniotilta varia 205

Mockingbird 226

Molothrus ater 117

obscurus 118

Myadestes townsendii 050

Myiarchus cinerascens 93

Nighthawk, Texan 78

western .• 77

Nutcracker, Clarke's 115

Nuthatch, pigmy 238

red-breasted 237

slender-billed 236

Nyctala acadica 50

Nyctea nyctea 53

Oreortyx pictus 9

plumiferus 9

Oriole, Arizona hooded 125

Bullock's 126

Scott's 125

Oroscoptes montinus 224

Osprey, American 46

Otocoris alpestris chrysolsema 105

leucolsema 105

rubea 105

strigata 106

Owl, American barn 47

American hawk 54

American long-eared 47

burrowing 54

California pigmy 55

California screech 51

dusky horned 53

elf 56

flammulated screech 52

great gray 50

Kennicott's screech 51

saw whet 50

272

Owl, short-eared 48

snowy 53

spotted 40

•western horned 52

Pandiou haliaetns carolinensis 46

Partridge, California 12

Gambel's 14

mountain 9

plumed 9

valley 12

Parus atricapillus occidentalis 240

gambeli 241

inornatus 240

griseus 2 0

rufescens 242

neglectus 242

Passer domesticus 168

Passerella iliaca 169

uiegarhyucha 170

schistacea 171

unalaschcensis 169

Passerina amo3na 178

Pediorsetes phasianellns coluiubianus. 18

Perisoreus obscurus Ill

Petrochelidon luuifrons 184

Peucisa ruficeps 163

Phalfeuoptilus nuttalli califoruicus — 75

Phasianus soeuimerringii 168

torquatus 168

versicolor 168

Phoebe, black 95

Say's 94

Pica nuttalli 108

pica hudsonica 107

Picicorvus columbianus 115

Picoides americanus dorsalis 65

arcticus 64

Pigeon, band tailed 20

passenger 21

Pinicola enucleator 131

Pipilo aberti 175

chlorurus 173

fuscus crlssalis •. 174

maculatus megalonyx 171

oregonus 172

Pipit, American 222

Piranga ludoviciana 181

rubracooperl 182

rubriceps 182

Plectrophenax nivalis 140

Polioptila cferulea obsoura 248

californica 249

plumbea 248

Polyborus cheriwny 40

Poocretes gramineus attinis 142

roil finis 140

Poor-will, California 75

Progne subis hesperia ls:i

Psaltrlparus minimus 243

californicus 241

plumbeus 245

Pseudogryphue californiauus 24

Ptarmigan, rock 18

•white-tailed 18

Pyrocephalus rubiuens mexicauus lo.">

Raven, American 112

Redpoll IMS

Redstart, American 222

Regulus calendula 240

satrapa oli vaceus 24.">

Road-runner 5(!

Robin, western -J.")C.

Rough-leg, ferrugineous :w

Salpinctes obsoletus 220

Sapsucber, red-breasted <;<!

red-naped (J~>

Williamson's 67

Saxicola oenanthe '2fil

Sayornis nigricans 95

saya 94

Scolecophagus cyauocephalus 128

Scotiaptex cinerea 50

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis 216

Setophaga ruticilla 222

Shrike, California 198

northern 198

Sialia arctica 292

mexicana . 298

Siskin, pine 1S9

Sitta canadensis 237

carolineusis aculeata -•<<'•

pygmfea 2:J8

Snowflake 140

Solitaire, Towuseud's 250

Sparrow, Baird's U6

Belding's marsh 144

Bell's 161

black-chinned 158

black-throated 1C1

Brewer's 157

Bryant's marsh , 144

English 168

Forbush's Itis

fox Hi!)

Gambel's 151

golden-crowned !•><

Heermann's song 164

intermediate 1">0

large-billed 145

Lincoln's 1 f.7

mountain song It'.::

Oregon vesper 142

INDEX.

273

Sparrow, rufous crowned 163

rusty song . Ifili

sage 162

Samuels's song 1G5

Sandwich 142

slate-colored 171

sooty song 167

thick-billed 170

Townsond's 1C9

western chipping 155

western grasshopper 146

western lark 147

western savanna 143

western tree 155

western vesper. ... 140

white-crowned 148

white-throated 154

Speotyto cnnicularia hypogrea 54

Sphyrapicus rnber 66

thyroideus 67

varius nuchalis 65

Spinus lawrencei 138

piuus 139

psaltria 137

tristis 136

Spizella atrigularis 158

bre weri 157

monticola ochracea 155

socialis arizonae • 155

Stelgidopteryx serripennis 193

Strix pratincola 47

Sturnella magna neglecta 123

Surma ulula caparoch 54

Swallow, bank 194

barn 186

cliff 184

rough-winged 193

tree 189

violet-green 191

Swift, black 79

Vaux's 79

white-throated 80

Syl vania pusilla 220

pileolata...., 220

Syrnium occidentale 49

Tachycineta bicolor 189

thalassina 191

Tanager, Cooper's 182

Gray's 182

Louisiana 181

Thrasher, Californian 227

crissal '. 228

Leconte's 227

sage 224

Thmsh, Audubon's hermit 256

big tree 255

Thrush, dwarf hermit 254

olive-backed 263

russet-backed 261

varied 260

Thryothorus bewickii spilurus 231

Towhee, Abert'e 175

Californian 174

green-tailed 178

Oregon 172

spurred 171

Trochilus alexandri 82

alleni 88

anna 84

calliope 89

costse 83

floresii 85

platycercus 85

rufus 85

violajugulum 83

Troglodytes ae'don parkmanii 232

hiemalis pacificus 234

Turdus aonalaschkce 254

audoboni 256

sequoiensis 255

ustulatus 251

swainsonii 253

Tyranrjus tyrannus 89

verticalis 90

vociferans 92

Verdin 245

Vireo belli pusillus. .. 204

blue-headed 201

Oassin's 201

flavoviridis 199

gilvus 199

pray 204

huttoui 203

Button's 203

least 204

olivaceus 199

plumbeous 202

red-eyed 199

solitarius '. 201

cassinii • 201

plumbeus 202

vicinior 204

warbling 199

yellow-green 199

Vulture, California 24

turkey 26

Warbler, Audubon's 210

black and white 205

black throated blue 209

black-throated gray 212

Calaveras 205

hermit 215

274

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Warbler, Lucy's 205

lutcscent 206

macgillivraj's 216

magnolia 212

myrtle 209

orange crowned 206

pileolated 220

Townsend's 213

Virginia's 205

Wilson's 220

yellow 208

Water thrush, Grinnell's 216

Waxwing, Bohemian 195

cedar 195

Wheatear 261

Woodpecker, alpine, three-toed 65

arctic three-toed 64

Baird's 61

Calif ornian 69

downy 60

Gairdner's 60

Gila 72

Harris' 59

Woodpecker, Lewis's 70

nnttnll's «2

pilealed 68

white-headed «J

Wren, cactus £23

canon 230

Parkiuan's 232

rock 229

tule 234

Vigor's 231

western winter 2I?4

Wren-tit 242

pallid 243

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus UK

Xenopicus albolarvntus fi:i

Yellow-throat, western 218

Zenaidura macroura 22

Zonotrichia albicollis 154

coronata 1 <">:•

leucophrys 148

gambeli 151

intermedia 150

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