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WKN Che at RA he ri, AAS thy uh a? scans NS : * ey i Wiens wink vat ne RSS hy sie We ay iy RAR ve MLE AY , Pe ae cae as ne Pain + ae ch Ni hi io A uA ee % ut a veRMA AN i ataviy ty Yai dr myc a, ah Oi od nae Beg iti * What, i Lb 3 7 Sea “ae i) Ay way) bis ah if ( aaa { oe i ane KG pe ts rh) ahha ALY K yn rie WY me) i aa 4 haba CHC ETD Ct Th Rb Dah Bt) ‘ « Batis RTL) ith ay v4 Tad eye ti & ERAN SAA 4 Nak it rans it aes a Ney KY ‘ vie RHA Ay Set f ma ah it soa ie ba pa E DD 1 tim a yon Rs aay AY: i i) " , ie aN ae tite Urata analy 009) A y nt LM Nia wa oe va Ny ie sia ow eae ey en Wad 4< Nei ‘ij iy \ mn ie we eA ) ris - Avawas “ ait ‘ ot Mules uae : moat r aw AION se Det he i Kara this it Wy Nt ieee ae a oh A ahoa ns bx abe " oe SGN awe on Rak tetpate Dk ree ee asa hed is a mi i ae oe ak ie HRD: oo Hee naa — . iO 9 vii ae 4 AC 4 iV i Wit 4 se Ha ARNG BNR six a sh N a TRA hi 4 Re cee Vio ty a) Petes o> Pad at Nab ye, Ye kv i Hii ae ae Pitevisecaee Ses Berea HAS = a = ine ( Aner yA aR “G men, nied Baan ei yi ee ey WHE EON ‘a :: i « Y i I ‘ant ) Hn i viet yi Hi on istic’ Wish ee nM _ ih di a3 a =e ven ea ae ah int ae a + oh Lost ty 13, a Division of Mollusks Sectional Library AN NAN FY ws LER o Mie “} rt) yi oN | \ apie pe ir, bitin _ HARRIMAN ALASKA EXPEDITION iy witH COOPERATION OF WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Niieion of Mothneiee . , 1 7S anth? Sv OP Dera es ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES I, II. Land and Fresh Water Mollusks............... MANE NOY) 2 RVG OLS cea cnin deed esnceonsvoch swage snavesevooascsuees : TEXT FIGURES 1-118, Land and Fresh Water Mollusks.................. FACING PAGES Careinciecis 154, 156 (ix) LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF ALASKA AND ADJOINING REGIONS NOTE Tue following memoir has been prepared to bring together and modernize the data existing in the literature, and to combine it with the new material obtained by the Harriman Expedition and such as was accessible elsewhere from the same region. In order to accomplish this, and because of the uniformity of boreal faunas all round the northern hemisphere, it has been necessary to examine the entire boreal fauna of North America, Greenland, and the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia. The material examined has been that collected by the Harri- man Expedition; that obtained by the writer during explora- tions in Alaska from 1865 to 1885, and now in the National Museum; collections from various collaborators of the Museum, members of the Navy, the Revenue Marine, and the Geological Survey of the United States; and certain material borrowed for examination from various sources. On the whole, though the collection is not remarkably large, it is probably the largest and most complete, for the region, ever brought together. The text figures have been generously lent by the Smith- sonian Institution. I am indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker, Dr. J. F. Whiteaves of the Dominion Geological Survey, Dr. H. A. Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and numerous other correspondents, for advice and assistance; and to the au- thorities of the U. S. Geological Survey, the Dominion Geolog- ical Survey, the Smithsonian Institution, and the U. S. National Museum, for facilities for study and access to collections, for all of which I am deeply grateful. Wo. H. DALL. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, D. C., Sept. 17, 1904. LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS OF ALASKA AND ADJOINING REGIONS BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL GENERAL DISCUSSION AND RESULTS TuE first object of this work is to sum up the known mollus- can fauna of the land and fresh waters of Alaska. This has involved an examination, not only of the species obtained within the political boundaries of Alaska, but also those of the adjacent region to the west, east, and south. The result is that, for North America north of latitude 49° North, the work includes a sum- mary of our present knowledge of the mollusks, deduced in part from the literature and in larger part from material actually examined. To this is added a briefer examination of the mollusk fauna of the adjacent parts of eastern Siberia which has to some extent modified that of Alaska. As a whole the work may be regarded as forming a synoptic manual of the boreal land and fresh water mollusks of the western hemisphere. I. SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER SPECIES IN ALASKA AND ADJACENT REGIONS. It was thought best to tabulate the species of rivers and lakes according to the drainage systems in which they are found. Of course these systems are not geologically ancient, and it is even probable that some existing species of the Mississippi system were trapped by the changes of level which, according to Gen. G. K. Warren, U.S.A., secured, for the Red River of (t) 2 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS the North, part of the channels which earlier discharged into the Gulf of Mexico by way of the Mississippi. It is probable, for the region under review, that the entire molluscan population was exterminated or driven south during the Glacial epoch, and that we now have to do with immigrants from the south whose distribution has taken place since that time. In the following tables all doubtful species are omitted, so that the fauna tabulated, if not complete, is at least well estab- lished so far as it goes. The following areas are represented in the successive columns of the table: Asia. — This column indicates those species known also to inhabit the eastern portion of Siberia, Kamchatka, and the Chukchi Peninsula, together with the Commander Islands, which are obviously populated from the Asiatic shores. Yukon. — This system includes the entire drainage basin of the Yukon and the tundra north of it, as well as the area drained by the Kuskokwim River, or all of Alaska north, northwest, and westward of the Alaskan Range, as well as the area behind the Coast Ranges and between them and the northward exten- sion of the Rocky Mountains, drained by the Yukon and its tributaries. Alaska. — This system includes all of the Aleutian Islands, the area on the Alaska Peninsula and continent between the Coast Ranges and the Alaskan Range and the Pacific north of latitude 54°. This system and the following one are really continuous, the Alaskan being really only the north- westward extension of that here designated as the Pacific system. Pacific. — This includes the coast drainage of British Colum- bia, the basins of the Fraser and Columbia rivers, the coastal part of the State of Washington, and the northern part of Idaho and Montana west of the Selkirk Range and its more southern equivalents in the Rocky Mountain region. Mackenzie. — This vast system includes the basin drained by the Mackenzie River and its tributaries, covering northwest Alberta, northeastern British Columbia, the northwestern two thirds of Athabaska, and the Mackenzie district. GENERAL DISCUSSION 3 Hudson Bay. — This system, the largest of all, comprises the entire area draining into Hudson Bay, including Keewatin, the southeastern corner of the Mackenzie district, eastern Atha- baska, the whole of Saskatchewan, the southeastern two thirds of Alberta, Assiniboia and Manitoba, the drainage area of the Red River of the North in the Dakotas and northeastern Minne- sota, all of Ontario, Quebec, and Ungava north and west of the ‘Height of Land.’ Canada.— This system comprises the drainage of the St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes south and east from the Height of Land, including the island of Anticosti. Labrador. — This comprises the area draining into Ungava Bay and the Atlantic north of the Straits of Belle Isle and the Height of Land, being the Labrador coast and the northeastern part of the Ungava district of the Dominion of Canada. A few species are noted from Greenland; when peculiar to Greenland, or found in Greenland and also on the continent, the species have been entered in the Labrador column but dis- tinguished by an asterisk. The vast territories included in these drainage systems are, it is true, only partially and imperfectly explored for mollusks. Yet certain portions of them are tolerably well known, and the uniformity imposed on the fauna by its high northern position and unvaried conditions leads to the belief that while much is yet to be known in tracing out the details of distribution, little is to be expected in the way of absolutely new species, even from this immense territory still to be explored. It would be rash to conclude that nothing new remains to be found; but it certainly behooves us to be moderate in our expectations. It is probable that new additions will be made from among the ranks of the smaller species, such as Corneocyclas (or Pt- sidium), Vertigo, and the more minute Helicide. Perhaps a considerable number of the more southern forms which are known to approach the boundary will eventually be found to pass beyond it; and other additions to the list will result from the more careful discrimination of similar or closely allied species. 4 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS TABLE I. DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER SHELLS NORTH OF LATITUDE 49°, ACCORDING TO THE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS NOW EXISTING. Name of Species. Asia Yukon Alaska. Pacific Mackenzie, Hudson Bay Canada. Labrador | fe} fe} ° ° Lymnza stagnalis ............. isaupeneneaue eae fr) dayminzea Petersii...sccess.ceceas SpECAACOgE oe fo) Lymneza atkensis............. opcognd sagaodgd: Lymnza megasoma ...... SWapade Scoacéancaone Lymnza emarginata ............sece00 Snd00 fo) Lymneea binneyi ........ . Lymneza preblei .............. Gonsuucsoneadon Lymnea columella ........ Saooansodoa neeneee Lymnea randolphi .............. “sec Ssodonoss Lymnea kirtlandiana ..............0008 puoodc Leymunseatruncatula yo s...ccascnsesceoecevee al Ce) ) fc) fo) Icynanizes ramillis/ 24.7.5: cvsaeenceacceouene fe) fo) fo) ooo } oooo0o°0 fo} ° f°} ° Juyminzea i Gesidiosas,. :...se»o*7I)D0a0a0a0a0n0a0nuuS09DaauaSamuUS9 | Ai abo faa | . a ee ee (ee aaa Name of Species, a “4 3 8 a} 8 z 5 a ties itn |e Oe al eo ac = a q Bhysaiampallaces . 3 22/s45'eso0s.0secceccess fo) fo) Physa hordacea ..........se00 snogoceagsosacd fo) Aplexa hypnorum .......<..c.s0scc Sondondor fo) fo) o fe) Ancylus rivularis ......... BODE CUTE SE CLOEEBBOE fo) fe) Ancylus parallelus................00- Medeleeae o fe) Ancylus fragilis ........... Socnoouscoboenmuoace fo) Ancylus kootaniensis ..........sscccoccesesess fe) Goniobasis plicifera ..... edbooudbasoce secnadone fe) Amnicola limosa ..... psldstenselseileeieccremasceee fe) fe) Amnicola pallida........... saciogcanuacsnassocs fe) ° Mynnieolaemaginata %./5..:..0voceoscoers fe) ie) Amnicola cincinnatiensis ...............00.. fe) fe) Lyogyrus granum ............sec008 Fadaseess fo) fe) Pomatiopsis lapidaria ........... Sddontotaccos te) ° Fluminicola nuttalliana.............cccecssss fe) Fluminicola virens .............. Sppaosdsadcc c fe) Walwata \teiearanata, co.22 ces siccesecevee anes ie) oO ie) Malvata SIGCELA is, cos.ass cock snes snerdaseavses fe) MaIWALAHIE WISH OMe. Jacccsacsbieccceceecweuas seek o se) te) ie) Walvatavar., helicoidéa.z. <<... e.seccccdeceses fo) fe) ie) Mat MCPD OMA, ei. 2a- se vcosccevsecentoee fe) fe) Maly atatwarenst...u.vesse 2 odalesneakcoucwonea’ fe) Campeloma decisunns, 5.2. .scc0c..csccccsesees fe) te) Damipsilis: ventricoss: ..2u...ccesecevesaceaes | ie} ce) Lampsilis luteolus......5:..cssecceccevosse Prophysaon andersoni.................s0see0 Prophysaon var. pallidum .................. fo) Prophysaon var. pacificum................+. Prophysaon humile Axiolimax: ‘columbianus:....scccaceses sees fo) Byvamidulay Solitaria ccscecs--s-secsssecces-ces pyramidulalstriatellaesaecasscccacecssrocnes Ryreamidulacronkhiteis.. 1. .sccsescccceoecesse fe) Byramidulavasteniscush,y...cce-eseseecs > Oreohelix strigosa . Sere ese orcreeneee Peeeereees Oreohelix var. cooperi...............-.+6+ 3600 FUelicodiscusi lineatUs.<.-ss.seccseercecersscese Punctum pygmzum Punctum clappi UMCEUMNCOMSPeCEINE: sn racwsscesersessecses fo) fo) Sphyradium edentulum.................0c000. fe) fo) Succinea OreGOneNsiS...........secececererecee Succinea retusa eeeee oe seeeee Succmesd pron andicaie.ceccsssecrsrseesseenses SUCCINEA PLOSVEMOM cre. caesscandneesosceass: Succineal varalaskanaee nesses ise sen esc oO eee seeee Pee eee eee mere eeeseeseeeeeee 2) ooo Peer mee em ere cesses sneseeeseee GENERAL DISCUSSION DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN Asia. Alaska Pacific. Canadian eeees occ cesccccccccesccces fe) eooo0o0o0o0o0d°o 0° lowe) CoN vO oo0oo0o°0o Peer eee re esses eeeeeneseseee (co) (oy Cojo} {o} (ef! fe} (2) ° Co eeee teers sees ase erereeses ooo eee reese eter noses eseroeeees fe) Peer ee ene senses esenseeeesee ooo Peete eee eee eee eseeesasetee ° Peewee reese eesoeeseeresnee ° oo ERN ASIA. LAND SHELLS Greenland. ° ° oo N. Lat. SUMMARY OF THE MOLLUSK FAUNA OF NORTHEAST- The land shell fauna of the northeast extremity of Asia has little individuality, but represents a mingling of the depauper- ated extremes of the faunas of northeast China, and of Europe, with that series of species which is sometimes called the circum- polar or circumboreal fauna. IO LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Much of the apparent poverty of the fauna may be due to insufficient collecting, but even when the most generous allow- ance for this factor is made, it still remains certain that the molluscan population is far less in variety than might reasonably be expected. The Palearctic fauna of Europe appears to extend clear across northern Asia, losing a large proportion of its species on the way, until (if the circumboreal species be excluded) only about thirty species reach the headwaters of the Lena and the barrier of the Stanovoi Range. ? formis (magni- Vancouver Island! Sitka, Alaska; Unalaska! Bering fied). Island, Bering Sea! Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka ! Pooten, Konyam and St. Lawrence Bays, eastern Siberia. Variety fabricée Moller. Greenland! Ungava! Labrador. Variety alaskensis Pilsbry. Yukon drainage, Lake Fic. 29. £u- Lindeman to Point Romanof and St. Michael, conulus trocht- Alaska; Dyea valley, Southeastern Alaska! ee (a. J@- This familiar little shell has had various vicissitudes land) #(Green- i, nomenclature. The name fulva Miller, by which it is best known, was based, according to Beck, who was custodian of Miiller’s types, upon Helix b¢dentata Gmelin, while a shell which Miiller supposed to be the young, but did not figure or fully describe, was supposed by some of the early naturalists to be our species. Another unfigured species, Helzx trochulus Miiller, was thought by Dillwyn to be identical with our fadva, but the measure- ments forbid the identification, and Pfeiffer came to the conclusion that H. trochulus is identical with the young tip of Buléminus ob- scurus. Fabricius supposed our shell to be identical with He//x 42 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS hammonis Strom (1765), but Strém’s figure is widely umbilicated and so rude as to be practically unidentifiable. The first specific name which unmistakably applies to our shell, and to it alone, is the ¢vochzformis of Montagu, which it seems advisable to adopt. Under the name fw/va several distinct though very closely allied forms have been generally included. Reinhardt, Bourguignat and lastly Pilsbry have thrown additional light on this subject, and a num- ber of species or marked varieties are now recognized. The Hedlzx chersina of Say is a southern form, while the H. egena of Say is generally admitted to be a synonym of the ¢rochzformzs. The Huconulus fabricit of Greenland seems to be merely a case of an offshoot which by isolation has been enabled to assume distinctive characters, which have hardly reached a greater than varietal rank. Genus Zonitoides Lehmann. Zonitoides nitidus Miiller. Felix nitida MULLER, Hist. Verm., I, p. 32, 1774. Helix lucida DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll. de France, p. 103, 1805 ; not of the Tableau, 18or. Flyalina nitida TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 250, pl. Iv, fig. 24, 1866. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 31, figs. 35, 36, 1869. Zonitoides nitidus PILSBRY, Class. Cat., p. 27, 1898. FRange.— Holarctic. Europe, northern United States, British America, Alaska, Japan. Red River drift, Manitoba; Peace River, Athabaska; Fort Resolu- tion, Great Slave Lake; Seattle, Wash. ! Klukwan, Alaska (Krause). This species has been found so widely spread that it cannot reason- ably longer be regarded as merely a European emigrant. Zonitoides arboreus Say. Flelix arboreus Say, Nicholson’s Encyl., ist Am. edition, pl. Iv, fig. 4, 1817. flelix arborea GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 182, fig. 110, 1841. — MorsE, Am. Nat., I, p. $42, fig. 30, 1867. Hyalina arborea MorsSE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 14, fig. 28, pl. vI, fig. 29, 1864.— BinNnEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 33, figs. 38- 40, 1869. Flelix brewert NEWCOMB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 111, p. 118, 1864. Range.— North America generally and Japan. Labrador; Ontario; English River! Keewatin and Moose Factory ; Carberry and Lake of the Woods, Manitoba; Laggan and Red Deer, in Alberta; Great Slave Lake! Oregon, at Weston! Vancouver Island at Victoria! Departure Bay! Nanaimo! Comox! Union Bay! etc. ; in Alaska at Unalaska! Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka! Japan (Hirase). FAMILY ZONITIDZ& 43 Zonitoides randolphi Pilsbry. Zonitoides randolphi PiLsBry, Nautilus, x11, p. 87, 1898.— RANDOLPH, of. cit., p. 110, 1899. Range.— Lake Lindeman, headwaters of the Yukon, British America. I have not seen this species, which is less than 5 mm. in diameter. It has not been figured. Zonitoides minusculus Binney. Helix minuscula BINNEY, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, p. 435, pl. xxl, fig. 4, 1840.— Morse, Am. Nat., I, p. 543, fig. 35, 1867. Pseudohyalina minuscula Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 16, fig. 34, pl. vil, fig. 35, 1864. Range.— North America generally. Red River of the North, Manitoba; Victoria and Departure Bay! Vancouver Island; Berg Bay, Muir Inlet! Alaska; Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagins! Rooluk Island! near Unalga, Aleutians, Alaska. Zonitoides milium Morse. Helix milium Morse, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 28, 1859; Am. Nat., I, p. 543, fig. 36, 1867. Striatura milium Morse, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, p. 18, figs. 41, 42, pl. vil, fig. 43, 1864. Range.—Eastern United States and Canada. Mani- toba (rare, Hanham). ats The report of this species from Vancouver Island _ 16-30 Zon- was probably based on the following form. Z. mznus- area i r we from below culus has also been wrongly identified as Z. mzlium. (magnified). Zonitoides pugetensis Dall. Patulastra ? (Punctum?) pugetensts DALL, Nautilus, vi, No. II, p. 130, Mar., 1895. Zonitoides pugetensis PILSBRY, Nautilus, 1x, p. 18, 1895. Zonttoides (Pseudohyalina) pugetensis DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, p. 500, pl. xxvii, figs. 10, 12, 1902. Range. — Puget Sound region, Oregon, California. Seattle, Wash. ! Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. Genus Gastrodonta Albers. *Gastrodonta gularis Say? Helix gularis J. DE C. SOWERBY, in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., III, p. 315, 1836 (nude name). Range.— Wake Superior, Winnipeg, and Saskatchewan River (Sowerby). 44 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS This name is doubtless one given by Sowerby to some unknown shell, as it is as certain as almost anything can be, that Helix gulards Say was never collected in the region referred to. Genus Pristiloma Ancey. Pristiloma lansingi Bland. Zonites lansing? BLAND, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI, p. 74, figs. 1, 2, 1875. Microphysa lansingt BINNEY, Man, Am. Land Sh., p. go, figs. 55, 56, 1885. Pristiloma lansingi PitsBry, Class. Cat., p. 29, 1898. Range.— Oregon, Washington, British Columbia. Astoria, Oregon! Seattle, Wash. ! common at Victoria! and Nan- aimo! Vancouver Island. Pristiloma stearnsii Bland. Zonites stearnstt BLAND, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x1, p. 76, fig. 3, 1875, (Astoria, Oregon). Microphysa stearnsit BINNEY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x1, No. 8, p. 147, pl. Il, figs. N, 0, 1883; x1II, No. 2, p. 44, 1886. Pristiloma stearnst BINNEY, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xx11, No. 4, p. 176, 1892. Range.— Columbia River to Dyea, Alaska. Astoria and Portland, Oregon! Olympia, Wash.! Comox! Union Bay! and Salt Spring Island, British Columbia; Killisnoo, Por- tage Bay, Anuk, Dyea valley, Klehini and Klukwan, Southeastern Alaska. Pristiloma taylori Pilsbry. Pristiloma taylort Pitspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 185, pl. Ix, figs. 6, 7, 8 (Nanaimo). Range. — Oregon, Washington and British Columbia at Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. *Pristiloma pilsbryi Vanatta. Pristiloma pilsbryi VANATTA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 120, fig. I (3 views). Range. — Portland, Oregon. *Pristiloma idahoénse Pilsbry. Pristiloma idahoénse PILsBry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1902, p. 593, (Weiser Canyon). Range.— Idaho, in Washington and Boise counties at Weiser Canyon and Big Payette Lake. This and the preceding species will probably be found within our area when it is thoroughly explored. FAMILY LIMACIDZ 45 Pristiloma? arctica Lehnert. Hyalina arctica LEHNERT, Science Record, I, p. 172, June 16, 1884. ? Conulus arcticus DALL, in Pilsbry, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 187. ? Pristiloma arctica PiusBry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1899, p. 186, pl. Ix, figs: 3, 4). 5. Range. — Yakutat Bay, Alaska, to Point Barrow. Point Barrow, Lat. 71° 25’ N.! Unalaska! Coal Harbor, Unga Island, Shumagins! Orca, Prince William Sound! and Yakutat Bay, Alaska ! This may prove to be a depressed Huconulus when the animal is anatomically examined. The species was formerly confused with P. stearnszz. It occurs in the moss of the tundra near Point Barrow, where at most it can have but three months of activity out of the whole year. Family LIMACID. Genus Agriolimax Morch. Fic. 31. Agrtolimax agrestis L. Agriolimax agrestis Linné. Limax agrestis LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 652, 1758.— ForBES and HAn- LEY, Brit. Moll., tv, p. 13, pl. DDD, fig. 3, 1853. Range. — Both coasts of America, introduced from Europe. Victoria, B. C.! Manitoba; Ungava! Agriolimax hyperboreus Westerlund. Limax hyperboreus \WESTERLUND, Land och Sétv. Moll. Sibiriens, p. 21, 1876. — Binney, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 473, fig. 416, 1885; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x11, No. 2, p. 42, 1886; x1x, No. 4, p. 205, fig., pl. vim, fig. F, 1890. Limax (Agriolimax) hyperboreus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., for 1886, p. 202, Oct., 1886. Range.— The Arctic and boreal regions of both hemispheres. Bering Id.! Kamchatka! Chukchi Peninsula! Alaska at Norton Sound! Nushagak! Unalaska! Coal Harbor, Shumagins! St. Paul Island, Bering Sea! Kadiak Island! Sitka! and Cape Fox! In Van- couver Island at Comox; Seattle, Wash.; Alberta at Laggan, altitude 5,200 feet; Manitoba; Ungava, Labrador! This little black slug is the prevalent and almost the only animal of its kind in the higher latitudes of North America. It has been referred 40 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS to A. campestris as a variety by some authors, but it is at least the only form of campestris known in the north and seems distinct enough to be recognized as a species. Agriolimax berendti Strebel. Limax berendtt SYREBEL and PFEFFER, Mex. 1. u. siissw. Conch., Iv, p. 22, pl. IX, ‘figs. 10, 12 ;°pl. xv; fig. 3, 1880. Limax hemphilli BINNEY, 34 Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 205, pl. vu, fig. E; pl. 1, fig. 13, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1890; Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxu, No. 4, Pp. 166, pl. a1, fig. 11892. fange.— Guatemala to British Columbia. Genus Amalia Moquin Tandon. * Amalia hewstoni Cooper. Limax (Amatlia) hewstont Coorer, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1872, p. 145, pl. 111, figs. BI-B5. Amalia hewstont Pitspry, Class. Cat., p. 29, 1898. Range.— San Diego to Seattle. San Francisco, Calif. ! This form may perhaps be an evolution from imported specimens of the European A. gagates. It probably extends into British Columbia. Family ARIONIDA. Genus Prophysaon W. G. Binney. Prophysaon andersoni Cooper. Arion ? andersont COOPER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1872, p. 148, pl. Ill, figs. FI-F5. — PILSBRY, of. cz¢. for 1898, p. 245, pl. x, figs. 18-22; pl. x1, figs. 28, 29; pl. x11, figs. 59-62; pl. xvi, figs. 92-93, 1808. Not P. andersoni. — BINNEY, in 2d Suppl. Terr. Moll., p. 42. Prophysaon andersont BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 208, pl. 11, fig. I, pl. vil, fig. C.ipl 1ffigs) pl. rx, hes. 1). jy, S90; Prophysaon andersoni vars. marmoratum and suffusum COCKERELL, The Con- chologist, II, pp. 72, 118. Prophysaon hemphilli BLAND and BINNEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, p. 295, pl. x111, excluding fig. 5. Prophysaon pacificum et P. flavum COCKERELL, Nautilus, II, p. 111, Feb., 1890. — PILSBRY, of. cit., p. 246, 1898. Prophysaon andersoni var. pallidum COCKERELL, Nautilus, v, p. 31, July, 1891. Range.— San Francisco north to Alaska and eastward to Idaho. ‘Variety pallidum Cockerell, Vancouver Island! British Columbia ; Cape Fox, Alaska! Type (axdersonz ) Victoria and Nanaimo, British Columbia. Var. pactficum Cockerell, Victoria, B. C.! I have followed Dr. Pilsbry’s arrangement of the varying forms of this remarkable self-amputating slug. FAMILY ARIONIDZ 47 * Prophysaon foliolatum Gould. Arion foliolatus GOULD, Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 2a, 2d, 1852: Puget Sound. Phenacarion foliolatus COCKERELL, Nautilus, 111, p. 127, Mar., 1890. Phenacarion hemphilli W. G. BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 208, pl. vill, fig. C, IX, fig. H; 4th Suppl., p. 183; not Prophysaon hemphilli Bland and Binney. Prophysaon foliolatum (GOULD) Pitspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 248, pl. x, figs. 15, 16, 17; pl. XI, fig. 32; pl. x11, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58; pl. xiv, fig. 70; pl. xv, fig. 80; pl. xvi, figs. go, 98. Range. — Puget Sound region. Prophysaon humile Cockerell. Prophysaon humile COCKERELL, Nautilus, 11, p. 112, Feb., 1890.— W. G. BINNEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 211, pl. vil, figs. E, G, L, M, 1890. Pitspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 251, pl. xvi, fig. 97. Prophysaon fasciatum COCKERELL, in Binney, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 209, pl. vil, fig. A, 1890.—PILSBRY, of. ctt., p. 251, pl. x, figs. 23-27 ; pl. x1, fig. 34; pl. x11, figs. 37-40; pl. xv1, figs. 91, 94-06. Prophysaon fasciatum var, obscurum COCKERELL, The Conchologist, 11, p. 119, Mar. 1893. Range. — Northern Idaho to Puget Sound and northward to Alaska. P. humite Loring, Alaska! Seattle ! P. fasctatum Old Mission, Idaho; Chehalis and Seattle, Wash. * Prophysaon ceruleum Cockerell. Prophysaon caeruleum COCKERELL, Nautilus, 11, p. 112, Feb., 1890.— BIN- NEY, 3d Suppl. Terr. Moll., v, p. 209, pl. vu, figs. 1, J, May, 1890.— PiILsBRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 253, pl. Ix, figs. 7-11; pl. x1, fig. 30; pl. x11, figs. 51-53; pl. xvi, fig. 86, Nov., 1898. P. ceruleum var. dubtum COCKERELL, @oc. cit., 1890. Range. — Portland, Oregon; Seattle and Olympia, Wash. Genus Ariolimax Morch. Ariolimax columbianus Gould. Limax columbianus GOULD, Terr. Moll., 11, p. 43, pl. LXxvI, fig. 1, 1851; Molt: U. S. Expl. Exp-,’p. 3, fig. 1, @; 0, 1852. Ariolimax columbianus MORcH, Mal. BI., v1, p. 110, 1859. — BINNEY, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 48, pl. vi, figs. 11-13, 1865 ; Land and Fw. Shells N. Am., I, p. 279, fig. 499, 1869 ; Man. Am. Landsh., p. 98, figs. 58- 61, 1885. — Pitspry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1896, p. 342; 1898, p. 235, pl. xv, fig. 81; pl. xIv, fig. 66; pl. xv, figs. 73, 74, 1898. Range.— Santa Barbara, northward to Sitka, Victoria, and Nanaimo. Malcolm Island and Broughton Strait, British Columbia ; SE. Alaska (to Cross Sound?) Klawak, Prince of Wales Archipelago! Sitka, Alaska ! and probably north to Cross Sound and Icy Strait, or even Lituya Bay. > 48 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS This is the common slug of British Columbia and Alaska, found in damp places in the wooded region. It varies from dark maculate to yellowish olive, and when full grown may reach a length of eight or nine inches, when fully extended. It is very fond of the leaves of the Alaskan skunk cabbage, a taste shared by bears and the Alaskan deer. It produces a profuse and most tenacious slime. When the Indians wish to catch the ruby-throat humming bird they gather two or three of these slugs and whip them with small bare twigs. Under this treatment slime is given off in large quantity and adheres to the twigs, which are afterward placed among the flowers visited by the hummers. If they alight on one of the twigs they cannot escape from the ad- hesiveness of this singular birdlime. It is said one of the ancient chiefs had a cape entirely covered with the resplendent plumage of the male ruby-throat, and which was regarded as incredibly valuable. The black spotted form seems to have been named maculatus, by Cockerell, and the yellow mutation stramzneus, by Hemphill, but they occur in- discriminately in Alaska and are probably only individual color-muta- tions. * Ariolimax steindachneri Babor. Ariolimax steindachnert BABOR, Ann. K.K. Naturh. Hof-Museum, Wien, xv, p. 85, Igoo. Range. — Puget Sound. I am unable to state whether this is distinct or one of the mutations of A. columbianus. Genus Hemphillia Bland and Binney. Fic. 32. Hemphillia glandulosa Binney. * Hemphillia glandulosa B. and B. Hemphillia glandulosa BLAND and BINNEY, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., x, p. 209; pl. Ix, figs. 1, 3, 5, 15, 16, 17, 1872. — PILSBRY and VANATTA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 233, pl. 1x, figs. 1, 2; pl. xu, figs. 49, 50. Range. — Astoria, Oregon, and Puget Sound region. *Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry and Vanatta. Hemphillia camelus PitsBry and VanatTTA, Nautilus, x1, p. 44, Aug., 1897; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1898, p. 234, pl. 1x, figs. 3, 4; pl. x1, figs. 41, 42; pl. xvI, fig. 85. FAMILY ENDODONTIDZ 49 Range.— Northern Idaho, at Old Mission. Like other species of northern Idaho this probably extends across the parallel into British America. Family ENDODONTIDZ. Genus Pyramidula Fitzinger. Subgenus Patula Held. Pyramidula solitaria Say. Helix solitaria SAy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 157, 1821. — BIN- NEY, Terr. Moll.’ U. .S:, 1, p.254, pl. vil; figs. 6—10:; 11, p. 208, pl. XXIV, 1851. Patula solitaria (SAY) BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 254, figs. 263, 267, 268, 1885. Helix limitaris DAWSON, Rep. Brit. N. Am. Boundary Survey, Geology, pp. 347-350, 1875. Pyramidula solitaria limitaris PrLsBry, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 31, 1898. Patula solitaria var. occidentalis VON MARTENS, fide Pilsbry, 1. c., p. 31, 1898. PRange.— Arkansas north to Ohio, west to eastern Oregon, and northward in Alberta. Var. Jimitaris, Waterton Lake, Rocky Mts. in Alberta; northern Idaho. Var. occ¢dentalis, Dalles of the Columbia near Fort Vancouver ; Ceeur d’Alene Mts., Idaho. Fics. 33-35. Pyramidula alternata Say. *Pyramidula alternata Say. Flelix alternata Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., 1st Am. ed., 11, pl. 1, fig. 2, 1817. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 73, figs. 122-129, 1869. Anguispira alternata MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. N. Hist., 1, p. 11, fig. 15, pl. iv, fig. 16, 1864. Flelix dubia SHEPARD, Trans. Lit. Sci. Soc. Quebec, 1, p. 194, 1829. Range.— Eastern North America as far north as Nova Scotia, Lower Canada, and the international boundary. Lake of the Woods! (Kennicott) ; Canso, Nova Scotia (de Bin- ney). Binney (of. czt., pp. 74, 76) gives the northeastern range of this species as Labrador, but Canso, where his specimens were obtained, is 50 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS in Nova Scotia, not Labrador. I have no authentic record of this species north of Lake of the Woods. Subgenus Gonyodiscus Fitzinger. Pyramidula striatella Anthony. FHlelix striatella ANTHONY, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 278, pl. m1, fig. 2, 1840. — GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 178, fig. 112, 1841. Fatula striatella BINNEY, Man. Am. Land Shells, p. 69, figs. 28, 29, 1885. Pyramidula (Gonyodiscus) striatella PILSBRY, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 32, 1898. fRange.— Kansas northward to Great Slave Lake and from New England to the Sierra Nevada, and south to Arizona. Woods of the Winnipeg basin, Turtle Mt., Lake of the Woods! English River! Manitoba; Moose Factory! James Bay; Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution! in Alberta at Laggan, Red Deer, Olds, and McLeod, west to the Selkirk Range. It is difficult to distinguish immature specimens of this species from P. cronkhitet Newc., but when full grown perfect specimens are com- pared it is seen that s¢vzatel/a is a smaller shell with a proportionately larger umbilicus, it is of a richer brown color, more regularly and elegantly ribbed and more polished or glistening on the surface. The animal of s¢rzated/a shows no red maculations through the translucent shell when living, such as are seen in P. ruderata. Pyramidula cronkhitei Newcomb. Flelix cronkhitet NEwCOMB, Proc. Cal, Acad. Sci., 11, p. 180, 1865. Patula cronkhitet Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., Il, p. 263, 1866. — BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 70, fig. 30, 1885. Pyramidula striatella cronkhitet PILSBRY, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 32, 1898. Patula pauper BINNEY (ex parte), Man. Am. Landsh., p. 187, 1885. Range. — Nevada and California in the wooded mountain region to 6,000 feet; Klamath Lake and valley, Oregon, and northward. British Columbia at Nanaimo; Lake Lindeman, Yukon Territory ; in Alaska at Sitka! Chilkat Inlet! and valley; Chilkoot Inlet! and valley! shores of Yakutat Bay! English Bay (Merriam)! and St. Paul, Kadiak Island! Popof and Unga Islands! Shumagins; Chika Rocks! and Akutan Island! Akutan Pass; Unalaska (Dall, Elliott, Kincaid, Turner) ! Mr. Binney observes that this species is larger, of a lighter color, is more coarsely (and I may add more irregularly) striated than P. striatella. It also has when full grown a larger shell and relatively smaller and deeper umbilicus. I am obliged to confess that I am not able to distinguish shells long dead from those of P. raderata, which FAMILY ENDODONTIDZ ne! replaces this species on Bering Island and in Kamchatka. But when the animals are living P. rwderata shows through the translucent shell deep red or red-brown radiating maculations, which are situated on the mantle. After the shells have been dead some time this macula- tion disappears. Now the living P. cronkhztez do not show any such color-markings. The presence of the latter led Morelet to name an immature ruderata, Helix floccata. The shell figured by von Martens in the Conchologische Mittheilungen under the name of /loccata does not agree with Morelet’s original diagnosis, and was not found by me during much energetic collecting at his locality, Petropavlovsk, Kam- chatka, in 1865. If, as stated by von Martens, it really comes from the original lot collected by Morelet it is evident that his diagnosis (which calls for a shell with an angular periphery like young raderata) was founded on a mixture, of which young ruderata probably formed apart. But I am inclined to believe that von Martens was misled in regarding the shell he figured to be a native of Kamchatka. Pyramidula pauper Gould was described from the same locality as Morelet’s floccata, and is undoubtedly the same as the shell I have called ruderata, following Morelet, Middendorff and others. But the P. cronkhitet from Unalaska and other places in Alaska which has been called Pauper by Dr. Cooper and others, is our American shell. Mr. Binney thought it different from P. cronkhitez, but after much study and consideration I cannot confirm this opinion. Subgenus Planogyra Morse. *Pyramidula asteriscus Morse. Helix asteriscus MORSE, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v1, p. 128, 1857; Am. Nat., 1, p. 546, fig. 43, 1867. Planogyra asteriscus MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 24, figs. Bike pl ih ness “ple Vill, fig: 533 .1S04: Patula asteriscus BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 186, figs. 185, 186, 1885. Pyramidula (Planogyra) asteriscus Pitspry, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 33, 1898. Range.— Maine; Provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada; Van- couver Island? Tacoma, Wash. ? This species has been reported from British Columbia and Wash- ington, but it seems the identification is somewhat doubtful, and the shells were probably Punctum clappi Pilsbry. Genus Oreohelix Pilsbry. Oreohelix strigosa Gould. Helix strigosa GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 166, 1846 : Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 36, fig. 41, 1852.— BINNEY, L. and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I; Pp: -72;, Loeg: 52 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Helix coopert BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1858, p. 118; Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 78, figs. 132-137, 1869. Flelix haydent Gass, Am, Journ. Conch., v, p. 24, pl. vil, fig. 1, 1869. Anguispira brunert ANCEY, La Nature, 111, p. 468, Sept., 1881. Oreohelix strigosa PILSBRY, Nautilus, xvi, No. 11, p. 131, footnote, 1904. Fange.— Type at Spokane, Wash., also in the Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico to and somewhat beyond the 4gth parallel westward from the Lake of the Woods. Var. cooferz, Lake of the Woods, and westward to the Rockies near the 49th parallel. Var. stantont Dall (1905). Thirty-three miles southeast of Medi- cine Hat, Assiniboia, near top of Cypress Hills, altitude 4,700 feet ; latitude about 49° 30’, west longitude 110° 10’. The variety staztonz is dwarfed, measuring in maximum diameter 10.0, minimum 8.5, and height 8.0 mm., with about five whorls, a peripheral brown band with a narrower one above and sometimes others on the base, the remainder ashy, rudely incrementally striate, with rounded periphery and deep narrow (1 mm.) umbilicus. It is very similar to some varieties of the European HZ. vzrgata Da Costa. Eight specimens were collected by Dr. T. W. Stanton in 1903. A large number of names, varietal and other, have been given to the mutations of this species, which barely enters the region covered by this memoir, at its southern border near the Rocky Mountains. The group is viviparous, and the young attain a large size before extrusion. Genus Helicodiscus Morse. Helicodiscus lineatus Say. Helix lineata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 18, 1819.—GouLD, Inv. Mass., p. 179, fig. 103, 1841.—MorsE, Am. Nat., I, p. 546, fig. 44, 1867. Planorbis parallelus Say, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 164, 1821. FHelicodiscus lineatus MORSE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 25, figs. 61, 62, pl. m1, fig. 3; pl. vl, fig. 63, 1864.— BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., Pp. 75, figs. 34-37 A, 1885. Range. — New Mexico to Manitoba, New England to California. Reported as rare in Manitoba by Hanham. Ms, Fic. 36. Helicodiscus lineatus, shell and animal (magnified). FAMILY ENDODONTIDA& 53 Genus Punctum Morse. Punctum pygmeum Draparnaud. Helix pygm@a DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll., p 114, pl. vu, figs. 8, 9, 10, 1805. Helix minutissima LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 17; Proc., 0, p. 82, 1841. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., Iv, p. 100, pl. Lxxvil, figs. 6, 7, 1859. — MorsE, Am. Nat., 1, p. 546, fig. 46, 1867. Punctum minutissimum MOoxseE, Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, p. 27, figs. 69, 70, pl. vill, fig. 71, 1864. Microphysa pygm@a BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 71, figs. 31-33, 1885. Punctum pygmaeum Pitspry, Class. Cat. Am. Landsh, p. 33, 1898. Range.— United States generally ; Quebec; Manitoba ; Victoria, Vancouver Island. Europe. *Punctum randolphi Dall. Pyramidula? randolphi Dau, Nautilus, v1, p. 130, Mar., 1895. Punctum vandolphi PrtsBry, Nautilus, 1x, p. 18, June, 1895. — DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxIv, p. 500, pl. xxvil, figs. 7, 8, 9, 1902. Range.— Seattle, Wash. Probably exists throughout the Puget Sound region and adjacent British Columbia. Punctum clappi Pilsbry. Punctum clappi Prcspry, Nautilus, x1, p. 133, Apr., 1898 ; Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 33, 1898. Range. — Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Island. Salem, Wash.; Tacoma, Wash.; Seattle, Wash.; Nanaimo and Comox, Vancouver Island. This is probably the shell which has been reported as P. asteriscus Morse, from Vancouver Island and Tacoma. It has not been figured. Punctum conspectum Bland. Helix conspecta BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 163, fig. 7, 1865. Zonites conspectus BINNEY, Terr. Moll., v, p. 121, 1873 ; Man. Am. Landsh., p. 86, fig. 51, 1885. Punctum conspectum PiLspry, Nautilus, x1, p. 133, Apr., 1898 ; Class. Cat. Am. Landsh., p. 32, 1898. Range.— West America from middle California northward, and east to the west slope of the Rocky Mountains. Kamchatka. California! Oregon; Washington; Puget Sound region generally ; Victoria, British Columbia! Departure Bay, Vancouver Island! Sitka! Chilkoot Inlet and valley; Chilkat Inlet and valley; Coal Harbor! Unga Island, Shumagins; Unalaska! Alaska. Petropav- lovsk ! Kamchatka (Dall). 54 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS The most common of the minute species in Alaska; often found in numbers under bits of cast-off leather and chips near the tops of beaches. The Kamchatkan specimens are beyond suspicion. Genus Sphyradium Charpentier. Sphyradium edentulum Draparnaud. Pupa edentula DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll., p. 59, pl. 111, figs. 28, 29, 1805. Pupa simplex GOuLD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, p. 403, pl. 111, fig. 21, 1840; Inv. Mass., p. Igo, fig. 121, 1841. Vertigo simplex Stimpson, Shells of N. Engl., p. 53, 1854.— Morse, Am. Nat., I, p. 670, figs. 67, 68, 1868. —BINNEYy, Man. Am. Landsh., p. IgI, fig. 195, 1885. Pupa alticola INGERSOLL, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Survey of the Terr., No. 2, p. 128, 1875 ; ed. II, p. 391, fig., 1876. — BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., p. 174, fig. 166, 1885. Pupa columella ‘‘ BENSON,’’ var. gredlert CLESSIN, from Alaska, is probably S. edentulum. Range.— Northern Europe, Asia and America. Canada; heights of 8,000 to 9,000 feet in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado! Un- gava Bay, Labrador! Laggan, Alberta; Vancouver Island at Comox, Nanaimo and ; Victoria ; Kukak Bay, Peninsula of Alaska ! 0 Popof Island! Shumagin Islands ; Rooluk Island near Unalga Pass, Aleutians! Port Clarence, Alaska! Petropavlovsk! Kam- chatka (Dall). This species has a wide distribution and considerable synonymy. Fic.37. Sphyradium eden- tulum (magnified). UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES. The following Helictde are incerte sedis. Flelix rudis J. de C. Sowerby in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., Ill, app., p. 315, 1836. Nude name. ‘¢ Lake Superior, Winnipeg and Saskatchewan River.” flelix attenuata J. de C. Sowerby, of. czt., p. 315, 1836. Nude name. ‘¢ Lake Superior, Winnipeg, and Saskatchewan River.” Felix belcheri Pfeiffer, P. Z. S. London, for 1845, p. 128; Mon. Helic. Viv., 1, p. 104; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Mon. edzx, pl. 190, fig. 1328. This species, supposed to have been collected by Capt. Belcher, during his voyage to the Northwest Coast of America, has not been recognized from that quarter since; and probably, like many other FAMILY SUCCINEIDZ& 55 species brought home by Belcher from time to time, had got wrongly labelled. Family SUCCINEIDA. Genus Succinea Draparnaud. Succinea DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Moll., pp. 32, 55, 1801 ; Hist. des Moll. Terr., pp. 24, 29, 58, 1805. Aelix putris Linné and 5S. oblonga Drap.; Blainville, Man., I, p. 455, 1825. < Amphibulina LaMARCK, Ann. du Museum, VI, p. 304, 1805; Ist sp. A. cuculata Lam. = patula Brug. Froriep, Lam. Syst. Conch., p. 19, 1807. < Amphibulimus MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., II, p. 90, 1810. Lucena OKEN, Lehrb. d. Naturg., Ill, pp. x, 311, 312, 1815; Swccinea putris (L.) Draparnaud.— HARTMANN, in Sturm, Fauna Deutschl., v1, pp. 27, 40, 54, 1821, LZ. pulchella Hartmann, sole ex. Not of Hart- mann Neue Alpina, I, p. 208. —M6rcu, Vidensk. Medd., p. 296,1864. Amphibulina HARTMANN, in Sturm, Fauna Deutschl., vi, pp. 42, 55, 1821; ist sp. Helix putris L. Amphibina HARTMANN, Neue Alpina, I, p. 208, 1821. — M6rcu, Syn. Moll. Dan., p. 33, 1864; Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob., p. 295, 1864; Ist sp. S. Dfeiffert Rossm. < Cochlohydra FERuUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., pp. XXxII, 26, 1821. Succinia GRAY, in Turton, Man., 2nd ed., p. I10, 1840. Tapada STUDER, Syst. Verz., p. 11, 1820. Succin@a DESHAYES, Encyc. Méth., 1, p. 18, 1830, passim. > Helisiga LESSON, Voy. Coquille, p. 316, 1829, H. sanctehelene Lesson, H. and A. ApDAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 130, 1855. > Helisigna Mrs. Gray, Fig. Moll. An., Iv, pp. 55, 113, 1859. Neritostoma MOrcu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob., for 1863, p. 294, 1864, Ist sp. S. putris L. Tapada ALBERS, Heliceen, p. 55, 1850.— PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., Iv, pp. 803, 808, 1859. > Brachyspira PFEIFFER, Mon. Hel. Viv., Iv, pp. 803, 804, 1859. Not of Ehrenberg, 1858. < Truella PeasE, P. Z. S., 1871, pp. 459, 472; type Z. elongata Pease. iNeritostoma WWESTERLUND, Fauna d. Pal. Reg., II, v, pp. I, 2, 1885; S. putris L. Oxyloma WESTERLUND, of. czt., pp. 1, 7, 1885 ; S. dunkeri (Zelebor). Amphibina WESTERLUND, of. cit., pp. 1, 8, Ist sp. S. elegans Risso. Lucena WESTERLUND, of. cit., pp. 1, 14, Ist sp. S. ob/onga Draparnaud. This genus has been divided into sections on the basis of the den- ticulation of the jaw, as follows : Jaw without denticulations. Oxyloma (hungarica). Jaw with a single median denticle. Amphzbina ( pfetfferz). Jaw with a minute median denticle. Lucena (oblonga). Jaw with three denticles Verztostoma. = Succineas.s. According to this scheme S. avara is an Amphibina, S. tottentana a typical Szcczzea, while S. ovalzs (Say) Morse has seven denticles and is unprovided for. The differences among the few species which 56 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS have been examined are so great that it is probably better to await a more thorough knowledge of all the species, in the light of which we can judge better whether this character has any systematic value or not. Our American species resemble one another so closely that it seems hardly likely that there are any fundamental differences between them. Succinea oregonensis Lea. Succinea oregonensts LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., p. 32, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Ix, p. 5, 1844. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., 11, p. 77, pl. LXvIl, fig. 2, 1851.— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 235, pl. (11) XVII, fig. 18, 1866. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 270, fig. 485, 18609. Range. — California (to 6,500 feet alt .), Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Victoria, B. C.! Wallawalla, Wash. ! This species on the Pacific Coast takes the place in the fauna occupied in the East by S. avara Say, which it much resembles. The S. ‘ oregonensis’ reported from Winnipeg by Hanham was probably a variety of avara. The surface has a silky unpolished appearance, from the very fine close wrinkles with which it is covered, and which are characteristic. Succinea retusa Lea. Succinea retusa LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, p. 117, pl. x1x, fig. 86, 1837. —W. G. BInNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am.,1, p. 256, fig. 454, 1869. Succinea ovalis GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 194, fig. 125, 1841, not of Say, 1817. Succinea haydeni var. minor W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 256, 1869. Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II, p. 236, 1866. Succinea decampi TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 237, pl. xvii, fig. 23, 1869. — BINNEY, /. ¢., p. 257. fRange.— Northern United States, from Kentucky Fic. 38. Suc- northward to Canada and British America. cinea retusa Lea. In Manitoba at Carberry, Lake of the Woods and Pembina Mountain; in Alberta at Laggan and Red Deer. Ungava, Labrador! James Bay at Moose Factory! Lower Sas- katchewan near Lake Winnipeg! Norway House; York Factory; Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake! Yukon River near old Fort Yukon, Alaska! Stewart River, Yukon district! Dall River, north of the Yukon! Duncan Bay, Discovery Passage, British Columbia. A widespread and abundant species identified by comparison of the typical specimens or cotypes furnished by the author to the National Museum. FAMILY SUCCINEID 57 Succinea hawkinsi Baird. Succinea hawkinst BARD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 68, 1863.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 268, fig. 481, 1869. fange. — British Columbia and eastward to Manitoba. Lake Osoyoos, B. C.; Sitka, Alaska! Carberry, Manitoba! not common. A large species with a produced oblique aperture and acute spire. Quite close to S. szl/émanz Bland. Succinea avara Say. Succinea avara SAy, Rep. Long’s Exped., 1, p. 260, pl. xv, fig. 6, 1824. Succinea vermeta SAY, New Harmony Diss., 11, No.15, 1829. — Tryon, Am. Journ, Conch., 11, p. 233, pl. (11) xvi, fig. 10, 1866. Succinea wardiana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 0, p. 31, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Ix, p. 3, 1844. Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 11, p. 233, pl. (11) xvIl, fig. 12, 1866. Succinea avara BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 262, fig. 468, 1869. Fic. 39. Suc- Range. — North America east of the Rocky Moun- ¢#e@ avara tains from Texas to N. Lat. 62°.! Sone Lac des Mille Lacs to Lake of the Woods; lower Saskatchewan near Lake Winnipeg! Two Creeks, Manitoba; Laggan, Red Deer, Olds, and McLeod, Alberta; Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River in N. Lat. 62° ! Succinea gronlandica Beck. Succinea grinlandica BECK, Index, p. 99, 1837; nude name. —MOLLER, Ind. Moll. Gronl., p. 4, 1842.—MO6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 31, pl. mI, fig. 10, 1868. —BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 265, fig. 474, 1869.— PossELT, Consp. Faune Gronl., p. 263, 1898. Range.—Iceland and Greenland. This species is rather close to retusa Lea but seems sufficiently dis- tinct to be retained. Succinea grosvenori Lea. Succinea grosvenort LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1864, p. 109 ; Journ, Acad.’ Nat. Sci. Phila., n..s.,/ vi, p: 179, pl: XxIv, fig. 108, 1866.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 260, fig. 462, 1869. Range. — North America, east of the Rocky Mts. from Louisiana to British America but not far east of es a nS the Mississippi. c7wmead Zrosvenore x = Teens g Wood Mt., Manitoba; Egg Lake and Red Deer, in Alberta; upper Mackenzie River at Fort Simpson ! 1 Succinea verrilli Bland (1865, Binney, L. and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 264, fig. 472) is probably either the young or a dwarf form of this species. It is from Anticosti Id. 58 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS The distribution indicated by the literature is rather odd for a shell ranging so far south, but there is no way of clearing up the doubt at present. Succinea rusticana Gould. Succinea rusticana GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist., 11, p. 187, 1846; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 28, fig. 29, 1852.— Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 236, pl. (11) xvil, fig. 19, 1866.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 269, fig. 483, 1869. Range. — Tulare valley, Calif., northward to British Columbia ; the variety a/askana to Alaska. Comox, Vancouver Island, B. C.! Sumas Prairie, Fraser River valley, B. C.! Variety alaskana Dall,nov. Flats near St. Michael, Alaska! Point Romanof! Unalaska! St. Paul, Kadiak Id.! The Alaskan form is polished, of an olive greenish tinge, with rather inconspicuous lines of growth; with 3 tumid whorls, the general form of rusticana as figured by Binney, but shorter and more tumid; length 10, max. diam. 8, length of aperture 6.5 mm. This may prove, with more material, to be a distinct species. Succinea nuttalliana Lea. Succinea nuttalliana Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 11, p. 32, 1841. — BINNEY, Terr. Moll., 1, p. 81, pl. Lxvit, a, fig. 4, 1851.—W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 269, fig. 484, 1869. Range. — Oregon, California, Washington and British Columbia. Victoria, Vancouver Island, B. C. This species was also reported by Randolph from the Lewes River, Yukon Territory, but in this case the shell was probably the quite similar S. retusa Lea. Succinea obliqua Say. Succinea obligua Say, Rep. Long’s Exp., I, p. 260, pl. xv, fig. 7, 1824. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 265, fig. 475, 1869. ? Succinea ovalis SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 15, 1817. Not S. ovals Gould. Succinea campestris GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 195, fig. 126, 1841. — DE Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Moll., p. 53, pl. Iv, fig. 54, 1843. Succinea greert TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., II, p. 232, pl. (11) xvil, fig. 8, 1866. Range.—From Louisiana to Hudson Bay and Fic. 41. Suc- eastward to New England and Gaspé, but not west cinea obligua. of the Mississippi Valley. FAMILY LYMNAID/& 59 Lac des Mille Lacs to Lake of the Woods! Halifax, N. S.; Duf- ferin, Manitoba; Lake Winnipeg! Moose Factory, James Bay; Peace River, Athabaska! Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution! Balena Bay, Newfoundland ! If the identification with Say’s unfigured ova/zs were beyond dispute, the latter name is prior and would have to be adopted. Succinea chrysis Westerlund. Succinea chrysis WESTERLUND, Nachrbl. d. D. Mal. Ges., 1883, p. 51; Vega Expd. Vetensk. Iakttag., Iv, p. 198, pl. 111, fig. 10, 1885. Succinea annexa \VWESTERLUND, Vega Expd., p. 199, pl. 11, fig. 11, 1885. Succinea chrysis var. auretia VON MARTENS, Conch. Mitth., m1, p. 184, pl. XXXIII, figs. 21-22, 1885. Succinea lineata WW. G. BINNEY, Man. Am. Landsh., app., p. 473, fig. 515, 1885, not S. Zineata W. G. B., 1857. Range. — Boreal America from Greenland to Bering Strait, and on the opposite shore of the Strait. Greenland (Posselt); Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River; water- shed of the Yukon, near Dawson, Yukon Territory! 30 miles below the Tanana River mouth on the Yukon, Alaska! the Koyukuk River, north of the Yukon! Nulato! Andreafski! and the Yukon delta! Point Romanof! shores of Norton Sound at Egg Island! Besboro Island! Cape Denbigh! Norton Bay ! Golofnin Bay! Port Clarence ! Konyam Bay on the Asiatic shore of Bering Strait; St. Michael! St. Mathew! St. Paul! and St. George! Islands, Bering Sea; north end of Nunivak Island! the Aleutian chain! Unalaska! Kadiak Island! Sitka! At Chilkat Inlet, Alaska, Krause obtained the variety azrelza von Martens. This is the commonest and largest land shell of the boreal American region, passing through many mutations, but easily recognizable in all of them; often with a rich coloration varying from olive brown to orange and usually lineated with more opaque lighter axial streaks. I do not regard it as identical with the S. /éxeata of W. G. Binney, though the species have some characters in common. Family LYMNAIDA. Genus Lymnza Lamarck. Limnea cochlea LINNE, Fauna Svecica, ed. I, pp. 374, 376, 1746 (not binomial). Vesica (ex parte) ANoNyMOUS, Mus. Calon., p. 58, 1797; Helix stagnalis (and amaru/a) Linné. fielix (sp.) LINNE, Gmelin, Bolten in Mus. Bolt., p. 109, 1798. 60 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Lymn@a LAMARCK, Prodr. Nouv. Clas. Coq., p. 75, 1799; Syst. des An. s. Vert., p. 91, 1801, Helix stagnalis Linné. Limneus DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, pp. 30, 47, 1801, no type cited ; Hist., pp. 25, 28, 48, 1805.—GossgE, Nat. Hist. Moll., p. 86, 1854.— Turron, Man., p. 127, 1831, type L. stagnalis L. > Galba SCHRANK, Fauna Boica, Il, pt. 2, pp. 262, 285, 1803; sole ex. Z. truncatula Miller. Lymnea Roissy, Hist. Nat. Moll., v, p. 345, 1805.— Lamarck, Encycl. Méth., pl. 459, 1816. —SCHUMACHER, Essai, p. 199, 1817.—LAMARCK, An. s.\ Vert.5, V1, 2,°p. 157, 1822. Lymne@us CUVIER, Regne An., I, p. 412, 1817. Lymnus MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., 11, p. 262, 1810, L. stagnalis L. Lymnea Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mér., Iv, p. 94, 1826; 1st sp. L. pereger (Miiller). Not Lymmnea Rafinesque, Pisces, 1815. > Radix MONTForT, Conch. Syst., 11, p. 266, 1810. Helix auricularia Linné, sole ex.—MO6rcu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjéb., p. 302, 1864. Limnea FLEMING, Hist. Brit. An., p. 273, 1828. Limnea DESMAREST, Rapp., Soc. Philom. Paris, 1812.— BLAINVILLE, Malac, I, p. 448, 1825.— Beck, Index, p. 110, 1838. — Moquin TANDON, Hist., Nat. Moll. France, 1, p. 458, 1855. Lymneus BRARD, Hist. des Coq. Terr. et Fluv. Paris, p. 133, pl. 5, 1815.— Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 167, 1821. > Lymnula RAFINESQUE, Journ. de Phys., LXXXVIII, p. 423, 1819 ; = Lym- nea of Authors, fide Rafinesque, 1. c. > Omphiscola RAFINESQUE, Of. cit., p. 423, 1819. No species cited, but the only Ohio shell corresponding even moderately to the diagnosis is Z. reflexa Say. > Gulnaria LEACH, Proofsheets, pp. 146, 148, 1819 ; fide Turton, Man., p. 117, 1831.—GRAy’s Turton, p. 232, 1840.—GRay, P. Z.S., 1847, p. 180; type Z. auricularia (Linné). Stagnicola LEACH, Proofsheets, pp. 141, 145, 1819.— JEFFREYS, Linn. Trans. XVI, II, p. 376, May 29, 1830, Z. palustris Miiller.—TurRTON, Man., pp. 121-124, Oct., 1831.—GrRay’s Turton, pp. 237-242, 1840.—GRay, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 180; no type cited.— LEeacu, Synops. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. IOI, 1852, ist sp. L. glaber(Miiller). Not Stagnicola Brehm, Aves, Dec., 1830. Auricularia FABRICIUS, Fortegnelse, p. 94, 1823 (nude name), not of Blain- ville, 1816. > Omphiscola BEcK, Index, p. 110, 1838, Z. glabra (Miiller).— H. and A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 255, 1855 ; not Omphiscola Raf., 1819. >Limnophysa FITZINGER, Syst. Verz., p. 112, 1833; type L. palustris (Miller). — Beck, Index, p. 110, 1838.—M6rcu, Vidensk. Medd., p. 298, 1864. > Leptolimnea SwAINSON, Malac., p. 338, 1840; ZL. elongata Sowerby, = L. glaber (Miiller).— MoOrcu, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjéb., p. 298, 1864. Adelina CANTRAINE, Mal. Méd., 1, p. 155, 1841; type A. e/egans Cantraine, not Adelina Chevrolat, Coleopt., 1833. Leachia JEFFREYS, Linn. Trans., XVI, II, p. 519, 1833, not of Risso, 1829, or Lesueur, 1821, ZL. stagnalis (Linné). > Bulimnea HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., part 3, p. 6, July, 1841 ; type Linea megasoma (Say) Haldeman. Not of H. and A. Adams. > Acella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., part 3, p. 6, July, 1841; type Limnea gracilis (Say) Haldeman. > Pleurolimnea MEEK, Checkl. N. Am. Fos. Eocene, pp. 9, 34, 1866 ; Rep. Inv. Foss. Upper Missouri, p. 533, 1876; type P. tenuicostata Meek and Hayden (Eocene). FAMILY LYMNA4IDZ 61 > Polyrhytis MEEK, Rep. Inv. Fos. Upper Missouri, p. 532, 1876; type Limnea kingt Meek (Pliocene). > Omphiscola MEEK, Rep. Inv. Fos. Upper Missouri, p. 533, 1876; type Limnea glabra (Miiller) ; not of Rafinesque. Omphalia ‘‘RaF.,’’ Meek, of. cit., p. 532, in syn.; evr. fro Omphiscola Rafinesque. ? Erinna H. and A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 644, 1858; type £. newcombt Adams. > Neritostoma H. and A. ADAms, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 253, 1855, Ist sp. L. auricularia (Linné). Not of Mérch, 1864. ? Velutinopsis SANDBERGER, Land u. siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 700, 1875, type Limnea velutina Desh. (Lower Pliocene). > Leptolimneus SANDBERGER, Land u. siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 787, 1875 ; sole ex. cited Z. g/ader (Miiller). Eulimneus SANDBERGER, Land u. siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, pp. 787, 844, 1875 ; sole ex. cited L. sfagnalis (L). > Fossaria \WESTERLUND, Fauna, Pal. Reg., v, p. 49, 1885 ; L. truncatula (Miiller) ; Acta Soc. Sci. Slav. Merid., cLI, p. 118, 1902. > Zanousia BourGuiGnaT, in Servain, Hist. Mal. du Lac Balaton, 1881.1 Type ZL. zrymanje Brusina; Westerlund, of. céz., p. 53, 1885, p. 118, 1902. > Lymnophysa (FITZINGER) Hazay, Mal. Blatt., 2d ser., m1, p. 163, 1881. > Limnus DyBowskI, Bull. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, XvIlI, p. 113, March, 1903, not of Agassiz, nom., 1847. > Omphalolimnus Dysowski, Nachrichtsbl. d. d. Mal. Ges., Sept.—Oct., 1903, XXXV, p. 143, 1903. Type Z. /agoriz Dybowski; Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.) XVII, p. 113, 1903. > Physastra TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Ann. Mus. Genov., xIx, p. 245, 1883. Type P. vestita T.-C., of. ctt., p. 246. New Guinea. > Zagrabica BRUSINA, Beitr. Pal. Oest.-Ung., 1884, Z. maticoides Brus. — WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., CLI., p. 119, 1902. Not Lizmnea Poli, Test. Utr. Sicil., 1, p. 31, 1791, Ul, p. 253, 1795 (not binomial). The genus Lymnea as now understood is due to Lamarck, though several authors, including Westerlund as late as 1885, have given credit for it to Bruguiere. This has probably arisen from a failure to observe the dates of the different livraisons which contained the plates of the Encyclopédie Méthodique. The plate containing the name Lymnea was not issued until 1816 (though often cited as 1791), and then it was under the supervision of Lamarck, Bruguiére having nothing to do with it. The name ZLymnea had already been used by Poli, in 1791, for the animal of various unrelated bivalves, but his ingenious quadrinominal system takes the work of Poli out of the category of those which can be cited in nomenclature, except historically. 1The multitude of group names used for mutations of Lymnea stagnalis and other species by Servain in his ‘ Lake Balaton’ paper, can hardly be regarded as having entered into systematic nomenclature, as they are groups of less value than species, and physiological rather than hereditary, according to Hazay. 62 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS The name Lymnea has been spelled in many different ways, the most correct being Lzmna@a, but there seems to be no good reason for changing the original form, especially as no derivation was given by Lamarck. The Helix stagnalis of Linné, being the only species mentioned, necessarily becomes the type. Four years after Lamarck, Schrank gave the name Gadlba to a species which was without doubt the Buccinum truncatulum of Miiller. It has been referred to B. Jalustre Miiller, but a scrutiny of the very careful description of both shell and animal reveals that it agrees with no local species of the group except a young ¢runcatula. A little later Montfort separated the ZL. aurtcularta group under the name of Aadix, and in 1819 Rafinesque, in a summary of the forms collected on the Ohio River, proposed Omphiscola for species which have the peristome reflected over the pillar and body with an umbilical chink between the reflection and the body of the shell. He cites no species, but of the Ohio species only Z. reflexa Say can be said to agree with the diagnosis. This character is however of minor impor- tance. Rafinesque’s name has been applied to several European species but without adequate grounds, since there is no species of the Fadix group known in any part of the Ohio system. The name Stagzzcola Leach was cited in synonymy by Jeffreys in 1830, in connection with Z. palustris (Miiller) , thus antedating Lzm- nophysa Fitzinger, 1833, based on the same type. Stagnicola was used by Brehm for a bird in December, 1830, but Jeffreys’ paper was issued May 29. Both these names have been loosely used in the lit- erature, but must be restricted to the typical and original forms. If the columnar species like Z. g/aber be separated in a section by them- selves, Leptolimnea Swainson appears to be the first available name. Frinna Adams is a Limneid modified for existence on rocks in rapid streams and waterfalls, the peristome being continued over the body and behind the broad excavated pillar, and the spire shortened, so that the animal may cling tightly to its situs. The descriptions of this form are rather misleading, the so-called ‘lamina’ being merely the pillar. The fossil Velutinopsts is more like Choanomphalus than Lymnea, judging by the figures. The description of Zaxousza reads as if it was founded upon an abnormal or monstrous specimen. The reversed physiform Lymxea of the South Sea Islands will be included under Physastra Tapparone-Canefri; a species from Hawaii which is dextral but may be otherwise similar, has recently been shown by Pilsbry to have a somewhat different radula from the ordinary Lym- nea of north Europe and America. FAMILY LYMNAIDA 63 Dybowski has recently applied the name Omphalolimnus to a species of Lymnea from the Crimea, which in outline resembles Z. stagnalis var. arenaria Colbeau, but which instead of having the axis pervious and the pillar gyrate, as in most species of this type, has the subumbilicate base and raised inner lip of the Radzx section, to which his Z. /agoriz probably belongs, although it has a more ele- vated spire than most of the species of this section, being in this re- spect intermediate between the latter and Lymuxea proper. The existence of fresh water shells in lakes or ponds where the water, through evaporation, is gradually becoming more alkaline, has been shown to be accompanied, in the lake-beds of the Great Basin of the western United States, by a tendency to solidification, thickening and corrugation or ribbing of the shells, regardless of their systematic relations. This goes on until the alkalinity becomes so great that mol- luscan life is no longer possible. We find in the fresh water Pliocene beds of Utah, Lymnea, Pompholyx, Carinifex, Physa and Planorbis exhibiting these changes as we ascend in the beds, until the latter be- come barren of life. To these modifications we probably owe such forms as Polyrhytis, Pleurolimnea, Vortictfex, etc. I have shown in another place’ how such factors may be supposed to act in the case of land shells exposed to alkaline dust on tropical islands such as the Galapagos. While such changes are the result of the direct action of the environment on the individual, and not hereditary or evolutionary, it is nevertheless convenient to recognize the results in the systematic arrangement of the species. Disregarding synonyms, which can be deduced from the preceding data, the general arrangement of the groups of the genus Lymnea would be about as follows : Subgenus Lymnza s. s. Section Zymneas.s. Shell thin, with an acute and slender spire and expanded last whorl; the axis twisted, forming a (usually per- vious) spiral coil without a true umbilicus; the callus on the body closely appressed; the outer lip flaring more or less, simple, sharp, normally without any varical thickening. Type Z. stagnalis (Linné). Holarctic. Section Buliémnea Haldeman. Shell large and solid, bulimiform, with an impervious axis, a twisted or subplicate pillar, the callus on the body and pillar closely appressed, and the outer lip not thickened or expanded. Type Lymn@a megasoma Say. Nearctic. 1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., for 1896, Pp. 406-426. 64 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Section Radix Montfort. Shell thin, usually with a short spire and ample last whorl; the axis twisted but not gyrate, the outer lip often expanded, the inner one more or less elevated and continuous across the body, forming a more or less conspicuous umbilicus ; the outer lip thin. Type Lymnea auricularta (Linné). Holarctic. The umbilicus in this group varies from a mere chink to a rather large orifice through which a bristle may be passed nearly to the apex of the shell. Section Cyclolimnea Dall,nov. Shell thin, involute, the last whorl as long as the shell, the outer lip thin, simple, not expanded, the inner lip appressed, the axis not plicate, but with a small umbilical chink. Type Lymnea tnvoluta Harvey. British. The mantle is said to be extended partly over the shell. Section Polyrhytts Meek. Shell like Radzx, but axially strongly ribbed. Type Z. kénmgi Meek. Pliocene, N. Am. Section Ace//a Haldeman. Shell thin, smooth, acute, extremely slender; the aperture expanded at the margin, the inner lip not appressed, a moderate chink behind it, the axis gyrate, pervious, not plicate; the outer lip simple, sharp. Type Z. gracilis Jay. Nearctic. Section Pleurolimnea Meek. Shell like Aced/a, but axially promi- nently ribbed. Type Z. temuzcostata Meek and Hayden. Eocene, N. Am. Section Galba Schrank. Shell turrited, the whorls gradually in- creasing, smooth; the last whorl not inflated; the aperture moderate ; the outer lip not expanded or thickened; the inner lip not appressed ; the pillar not twisted or plicate, the axis minutely umbilicate. Type L. truncatula (Miller). Holarctic. Subgenus Stagnicola Leach. Section Stagnicola s.s. Shell elongate, smooth, the whorls gradu- ally increasing, the last whorl moderate; the outer lip sharp, not ex- panded, with a varical thickening within, in the adult; the pillar dis- tinctly plicate, the inner lip appressed, the axis slightly or not at all perforate. Type LZ. palustris (Miiller). Holarctic. Section Leptolimnea Swainson. Shell like Stagnzcola but more cylindrical, with numerous whorls and a small aperture. Type Z. glaber (Miller). Palearctic. ? Section Physastra Tapparone-Canefri. Shell like Stagnzcola but with a coarse dehiscent periostracum and coiled sinistrally. Type P. vesttta T.-C. Polynesian. FAMILY LYMNAIDZ® 65 Genus Erinna Adams. Shell small, with a short spire, a large final whorl; the aperture with a continuous peristome which passes behind a broad somewhat excavated pillar; axis imperforate and the pillar not plicate. Type £. newcombt Adams. Hawaiian. Incerte sedis. Velutinopsts Sandberger. Shell almost planorboid, with few, rounded, rapidly increasing whorls ; the aperture simple, suborbicular, the peristome sharp, simple, not reflected; the pillar lip broad, not appressed ; the axis umbilicate. Type Z. velutina Deshayes. Plio- cene of the Crimea. Tanousta Bourguignat. Shell small ovate conic, closely and almost involutely coiled; the last whorl inflated, subcarinate behind, the aper- ture contracted. Type ZL. zrmanje Brusina. Pleistocene of Dalmatia. The group was named Sandria by Brusina in 1885, fide Westerlund. Zagrabica Brusina. Shell ventricose, with a short acute spire and few rounded whorls, rugose, umbilicate, the last whorl ample, with a rotund transverse aperture, and continuous peristome appressed on the columellar margin; the outer lip simple. The type is a Pleistocene fossil. A recent form from the Caspian has been referred to this group by Dybowski, under the name of Z. brusiniana. I have not seen specimens, but the description reads as if the shell might be a member of the Radzx group which has been modified by life in brackish water. Lymnza stagnalis Linné. flelix stagnalis LINNé, Syst. Nat., ed. X, Pp. 774, 1758; ed. xu, p. 1249, 1767. Lymnaea stagnalis LAMARCK, Prodr., P- 75, 1799. Lymnea jugularis Say, Art. Conchology, Nicholson’s Encyc., I (no pagina- tion), 1817 ; 3d ed. (p. 6), 1819.—HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 16, pl. rv, 184. Lymnea appressa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila, °10,) p} 168, 1816s == HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p: 18, pl-v,-1842. Limnea stagnalis W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am; 1%, Pp. 25, figs: 28-32, 1865. Range. — Europe, the Caucasus, western and northern Asia, the northern United States, Canada and British America. Lake Superior, Lake Winnipeg ! the Saskatchewan River ! Carberry, Manitoba ; Moose Factory, James Bay ! Knee Lake, Keewatin! Slave River, 25 miles below Peace River! Great Slave Lake at Fort Rae! and Fort Resolution! Fort Simpson! and Fort Smith! on the Mac- 66 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS kenzie River; Fort Anderson, Lat. 68° N.! and Lake Harrison, Lat. 70° N! Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island! and Dall River, Lat. 66° N.! of the Yukon drainage in Alaska. The following additional localities are cited from the literature: York Factory, Keewatin, and the Nel- son River ; Egg Lake, Alberta; Red Deer, McLeod, and Olds; Lake Isle Lacrosse and Vermilion Lake ; Lake Osoyoos, B. C. (but replaced west of the Cascades by ZL. sumassiz, according to J. K. Lord) ; Syniakwateen Lake, B. C.; lakes in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska (Wossnessenski) ; Stewart River, Yukon district (Canadian Geol. Survey). It seems unnecessary to cite the multitudinous varietal names bestowed on the mutations of this species in Europe. In a wide sense it is one of the most easily recognizable of fresh water shells, as it is one of the most conspicuous of circumboreal species. Fic. 42. Lymnea stagnalis. Lymnea petersi n. sp. Plate u, fig. 3. Shell extremely thin, of five or more tumid rapidly enlarging whorls ; spire acute, the suture deep; whorls rounded, the periphery nearer the preceding suture; shell of a blackish brown, polished, finely sharply spirally striate; periostracum brownish, darker at resting stages; aperture oval, a thin wash of callus on the body; pillar very thin, gyrate, the gyrations pervious; the outer lip not thickened. Height 16; max. diam. 8; height of aperture 8.5; width 5.2 mm. Range. — Koyukuk River, north of the Yukon in Alaska; W. J. Peters of the U. S. Geological Survey. This very delicate and pretty species appears to belong to the typical Lymnea in spite of its small size; it has much the aspect of a minute L. randolphi, but has more whorls in less than half the height, and is of quite a different color and without angularity to the whorls. Lymnea atkaénsis Dall. Plate 11, figs. 8, 10. Limnea atkaénsis DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, p. 343, 1884. Range. — Lake on the island of Atka, Aleutian chain, near Korovin Bay. Shell with about four ovate whorls rapidly increasing, of a dark olive sometimes purplish tint, very thin, malleated, microscopically reticulated, with obscure revolving ridges; the aperture ovate, not expanded, the margins thin, that on the pillar narrowly reflected ; FAMILY LYMNAIDZ 67 pillar gyrate, pervious, in the early whorls widely so, a condition concealed in the adult. This form grows in a region containing little lime, and the shells are extremely thin and often eroded into holes, which exhibit the peculiarities of the axis by which the species is relegated to the typical Lymnzas, though externally it has much the appearance of a small fradix. The species has been figured in the newer portion of the Conchylien Cabinet, but I have not the reference at hand. Adults measure : Height. Max. Diam. Height of Aperture. Width. Whorls. 26.5 16.5 16.5 10.5 4 24.0 13.0 14.0 9-2 3% 17.0 Fie 11.2 7.5 4% *Lymnea lepida Gould. Limnea lefida GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 211, 1847; Moll. Ros. Expl, Exp.) po i217, figs. 147, 1414, 1852. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 0, p. 29, fig. 33, 1865. u Range.—Lake Vancouver, Oregon (Wilkes) ; near Challis, Idaho (Merriam) ! A species existing near the boundary and doubtless —_ Fic. 43. Lym- to be found in southern British Columbia. nea lepida Gould. *Lymneza (Bulimnea) megasoma Say. Lymne@us megasomus Say, Rep. Long’s Exp., i, p. 263, pl. xv, fig. 10, 1824.— Kuster, Conch Cab., ed. 11, Limnea, p. 36, pl. vi, figs. 20, 21. * Limnea megasoma HALDEMAN, Mon. Emin p.13, ipl. Ill, figs. 1-3, 1841. — WHITFIELD, Bull. Am. Mus. Natdist. Nr Y-,, 5, Now 2pi29) pl. Va 1682. Limnea megastoma SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi, pl. i, fig. 12; 1872. Limnea megalosoma SANDBERGER, Conch. d, Urw., p. 581, 1873. Fange.—Northern New England, Canada and British America to Lat. 57° N. Lake Superior! Vermilion Lake, H. B. T.; to Etchimamish Lake, in Lat. 57° between the Nel- Fic. 44, Lymne@a son River and the Height of Land, Keewatin; megasoma Say. Bois Blanc Lake, Manitoba ! The British American localities are cited from the literature, and except the last I have been unable to verify them by an examination of authentic specimens. 68 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Lymnza (Radix) mighelsi Binney. Limnea decollata MIGHELS, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 49, 1841. — MIGHELS and ADAMs, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 336, pl. Iv, fig. 13 (four views), 1842. Limnea catascopium HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 52, 1842; not of Say. Limneus decollatus KUSTER, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, Mon. Limn., p. 45, pl. Vill, figs. 11-14, 1862. Limnea ampla MIGHELS, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 1v, p. 347, pl. xvI, figs. ta-1c, April, 1843; not of Hartmann, 1842.—BINNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 30, figs. 34-35, 1865. Limnea mighelsit, W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 00, p. 31, foot- note, 1865. Limnea angulata SOwERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi, Mon. Limmnea, pl. vu, fig. 47, Dec., 1872. Limnea emarginata Say, var. mighelst BINNEY, Nylander, Distr. of Lzmnea, etc., pls. I-Iv, Igol. fange.— Aroostook Co., Maine; Province of Quebec; northern Michigan? Aroostook Co., Maine! Brome Lake, Province of Quebec! Lake Namakan, north of Lake Superior, western Ontario; Lake of the Woods, Manitoba. The earliest name of this species is decollata, which was applied to a stunted variety living in acidulous water which destroyed the early whorls. This name, however, being quite inapplicable to the normal shell, would best be kept for the shells to which it was applied, and retained in a varietal sense. After an examination of Say’s types of LZ. emarginata I am quite confident, as species go in Lymnea, that it is distinct from the present form, which I have never seen from the Western region. This species, Z. mighelsi, is apparently a representative of Padzx, while the thickening of the outer lip internally in Fic. 45. Lym- ; ay nea mighelst, +. L. emarginata var. canadensis leads to the suspicion that it is related to Stagnicola. Owing to the manner in which various forms of emarginata have been summarily united with Z. mzghelsz by rep- utable students, I shall on the present occasion waive this doubt and proceed to its immediate consideration. It may, however, be pointed out that W. G. Binney seems to have been of the same opinion when, in 1865, he placed Z. emarginata in the same group as L. palustris. Lymnza (Stagnicola?) emarginata Say. Lymneus emarginatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 0, p. 170, 1821; Long’s Exp. Rep., I, p. 263, 1824 (Maine). ? Limneus emarginatus Say, Am. Conch., v1, pl. 55, fig. 1, 1834. Limneus ontartensts MUHLFELDT in Kiister, 1862, fide W. G. Binney, of. ca., p. 52, 1865. FAMILY LYMNZIDZ 69 Limnea emarginata HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn,, p. 10, pl. 1, figs. 4-5, 1841. ? Limnea serrata HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 12, pl. u, fig. 7, 1841 (path- ologic specimen, figure copied by Binney, of. céz., p. 52, fig. 78). Limnea scalaris WESTERLUND, Vega Exp. Vet. Iakt., Iv, p. 201, pl. Iv, fig. 13, 1885. Not ZL. sca/aris A. Braun, 1853, or Sowerby, 1872. Limnea canadensis SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi, Mon. Limnea, pl. vu, figs. 45, @—-0, 1872. Range. — Northern United States east of the Mississippi, Canada, and northwestward. Lakes in northern Maine (Say)! Lake Champlain and Ontario; Crooked Lake, Emmet Co., Michigan! English River, Keewatin, Hudson Bay! Port Clarence, Alaska (Vega Expd.). After considerable study I have been forced to the conclusion that several species were identified under this name by Say himself, as well as others. Say’s figure is wretched and does not represent the typical form from Maine, as at first described. The latter is apparently represented by specimens labelled by Say himself, still preserved in the Academy at Philadel- phia, and which must be regarded as typical. The Fi. 46. Lym- nea emarginata shell is small, with an acute spire ; one of the specimens Say has the suture deeply impressed, but not the others, which seem more normal. Westerlund’s figure fairly represents the species; Sowerby’s ZL. canadensis, judging from specimens com- pared with the types by Mr. E. A. Smith of the British Museum, is probably the same, though the shells are heavier and larger, with the lip thickened internally, and a marked umbilicus. I should not, in default of this comparison and if obliged to depend on Sowerby’s figures, have felt justified in uniting them. Lymneza (Radix) binneyi Tryon. Limnea binneyt TRYON, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 229, pl. xxi, fig. 3, 1865 (Hellgate River, Oregon). Limnea ampla Tryon, Mon. Freshw. Univ. Moll., part 11, p. 91, 1872, ex parte, not of Mighels. Range.— Northern United States west of Lake Huron and the adjacent British possessions. Lake Higgins, southern Michigan ! Lake Houghton, northern Mich- igan ! east of Fort Colville, Wash. ! Fort Vancouver, Columbia River! Sumas Prairie, B. C.! Vancouver Island; Clear Lake, Athabaska, N. Lat. 56° ! Lake Isle Lacrosse, Athabaska ! English River, Manitoba ! This species appears to be quite recognizable but has been frequently distributed under the name of Z. sumassz or amfla, with the latter of 70 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS which Tryon himself at one time confounded it. It has a short spire with appressed or moderately conspicuous suture, ovate form, tumid whorls, pale color, well marked umbilicus, and fine spiral striation. The largest specimen I have seen measured 27 mm. high and 18 mm. in maximum diameter; but the average adult is about 24 x 15mm. I have not seen any specimens angulated at the shoulder. Lymnza (binneyi var.?) preblei Dall, nov. Plate 1, figs. 1, 2. A shell which when young is almost identical with Z. dzzmeyz, and which may prove merely a giant growth of it, occurs in the Hudson Bay drainage. When full grown it has six whorls, with much the same contour as Bulimnea megasoma, the last whorl being much the largest, moderately expanded, and somewhat produced in front. The umbilicus is deep and partly hidden by the reflected pillar lip, which is continuous and more or less raised across the body. There is no fold onthe pillar. The surface, when in perfect condition, is minutely but sharply sagrinate by the intersection of axial and spiral striz, and is often malleate besides. The shell is nearly white or pale straw color. Adults measure : Whorls. Height. Max. Diam. Height of aperture. Diam. 6 37 23 22.5 13 mm. 5.5 38 26 26 19) =< Range.— English River, Manitoba (Kennicott) ! Knee Lake, Kee- watin (E. A. Preble) ! This form is remarkable for its size, its surface, and its deep umbil- icus. The resemblance of its profile to that of Z. megasoma is so marked that one wonders whether some of the records of the latter spe- cies from high northern localities may not have been based on specimens of this form. They are easily separated, however, if one pays attention to the other characters, and the present form probably never at- tains the solidity and rich coloration so characteristic of megasoma. Fic. 47. Lym- Lymnea (Radix?) columella Say. mea columella. — F »nea columella SAY, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 14) 1807: Lymneus columellus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 167, 1821. Limnea columella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 38, pl. x11, figs. 13-15, 1842. —BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 32 (ex parte), fig. 38, 1865. FAMILY LYMNAIDZ 71 Range.— Manitoba to New England, New Mexico, and Georgia. Lake Superior ! Lake Winnipeg (Rich) ! This attractive species is readily recognized by its Swcczzea-like form and fine spiral sculpture. The synonymy as given by Binney and others seems to need revision. I am not of the opinion that this form belongs properly in the Radzx group, as it has several features in common with Stagnicola, notwithstanding the form of the shell. An anatomi- cal examination will decide the question. Lymnza (Radix) randolphi F. C. Baker, Plate 1, figs. 3, 4. Lymnea randolphi BAKER, Nautilus, xvit1, No. 6, p. 63, Oct., 1904. Shell large, thin, angulate or subangulate at the shoulder ; constricted strongly at the suture, narrowly and deeply umbilicate, whorls about four, rapidly increasing in size but frequently decollate ; when entire the spire is less in length than the aperture but the proportion is vari- able ; in conformity with the sutural constriction the posterior angle of the aperture is usually somewhat narrow, the apertural margin con- tinuous over the body, with a narrow deep umbilicus over which the pillar lip may be reflected. The pillar is sometimes shghtly sinuous but not plicate, the surface may be smooth and polished, malleated, spirally threaded or minutely reticulated by axial and spiral lines. The periostracum is pale, but usually has a dark line at resting stages ; the outer lip is hardly expanded though often a little patulous in front ; it is never internally thickened. Measurements : Whorls. Height. Max. Diam. Height of aperture. Width. 3-5 31 19 18 11.0 mm. 4 41 23 24 Bese * 35 27 24 pre Range.— Lake near Cosmos River, north of the Kowak River, Alaska, about N. Lat. 68° (Lieutenant Stoney) ! Kowak River, Alaska (Stoney) ! Nushagak River, Alaska! Lake Marsh! and Lake Linde- man, Yukon Territory ! Lake La Hache, British Columbia! East of Fort Colville, Wash. ! This form is very recognizable, with its angular whorls and deeply constricted suture. A specimen from near Fort Colville, figured by Binney as a possible variety of Z. swmassz Baird (of. czt., p. 43, fig. 58), may prove a feebly angulated and unusually short spired specimen of this species. I have received it under the names amf/a, sumassz, etc., from several Pacific Coast correspondents, and a large number of mostly defective specimens were obtained by the expedition into northwestern 72 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Alaska commanded by Lieutenant Stoney, U. S. N. The true Z. sumasst Baird is apparently a Stagnicola, but the present species belongs to Aadzx. It is not in the least like ZL. mighelst (ampla Mighels) though often given that name. Lymnea (Acella?) kirtlandiana Lea. ? Limnea exilis LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, p. 114, pl. xx, fig. 82, 1837. Ohio. Limnea kirtlandiana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1, p. 33, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Ix, p. 12, 1842. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 67, 1865. Limnea lanceata GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., m1, p. 64, 1848. — AGassiz, Lake Superior, p. 244, pl. vil, figs. 8, 9, 1850. —TRyoNn, Mon. Limn., pt. 2, pp. 112-113, pl. xviu, figs. 10, 11, 1872. Range. — Ohio to Nebraska, and northward. Poland, Ohio! Iowa River, Iowa! Apple Creek, Nebraska! Pic Lake, north of Lake Superior, in western Ontario ! The original types of Lea’s Lizmnca exilis are in the National Museum, and after a careful examina- tion of them I am inclined to believe that they are somewhat abnormal dead specimens of this species rather than a mutation of ZL. reflexa, as supposed by Binney ; unless we extend Z. reflexa to cover the Fic. 48. Lym- : Ae. oo" whole group, which seems to me unwarranted. Z. nea kirtlandt- : i i g pe eee lanceata is an immature specimen of what was earlier called kirtlandiana by Lea. The figures of both these forms in Binney’s work are uncharacteristic, especially that of lanceata, which shows nothing of the ‘flatness of its whorls” re- ferred to by Gould in his remarks. These shells have all the characteristics of Acel/a except that they are less fragile, larger, and darker colored. They have the gyrate pillar of Lymnea and not the plicate columella of Stagnicola, which in other respects they recall. Until an exhaustive anatomical and experimental study of these animals is made, all group-references must be merely tentative. Lymnza (Galba) truncatula Miiller. Buccinum truncatulum MULLER, Verm. Terr. et Fluv., 1, p- 130, 1774 (Europe). Limneus minutus DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, p. 51, 1801 ; Hist., p. 53, pl. III, figs. 5-6, 1805 (France). Limnea ferruginea HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., pt. 3, third page of cover, Mar. 13, 1841; pt. 4, p. 49, pl. 13, figs. 19, 20, 1842 (Oregon). Range.— Europe, northern Asia and America. FAMILY LYMNAIDZ& 73 Bering Id., Commander Islands, Bering Sea! Kadiak Island, Alaska! ponds near Yakutat Bay, Alaska (Kincaid) ! Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River (Kennicott) ! near Brandon, Manitoba (Christy) ! Oregon (Nuttall) ; Hannah Bay (out of James Bay) near Moose Factory ! Specimens absolutely identical with those from Eu- rope have been collected from the indicated localities. It is quite likely that some of the specimens reported by collectors under the name of humzl¢s or desidiosa may have belonged to this species. The form called ferruginea by Haldeman seems to differ only by having the pillar lip more closely appressed, a character which any large series will show to be inconstant in individuals among them- selves as well as in the same individual in different stages. Fic. 49. Lym- nea truncatula Miiller. (Euro- pean specimen. ) Lymneza (Galba) humilis Say. Lymneus humilis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 378, 1822 (South Carolina). Limnea humilis (SAY) HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 41, pl. 13, fig. 1, 1842 (syn. exclus.). — BINNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 63, fig. 99, 1865. Range. —¥rom Georgia and Kansas northward. Lake Superior; Lake Winnipeg ; Brandon; and Pem- bina Mt., Manitoba. I have been unable to examine any authentic speci- mens from north of Lat. 49°, and the above localities are cited from the literature. Fic. 50. Lym- nea humilis Say. (Typical.) Lymnza (Galba) desidiosa Say. Lymneus desidiosus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 169, 1821 (Cayuga Lake, N. Y.). Limneus destdiosus Say, Am. Conch., vi, pl. 55, fig. 3, 1834. Limnea desidiosa HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 31, pl. x, 1842 (ex farte).—BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Il, p. 49, fig. 68, 1865. Fic. 51. Lym- Range.— Northern United States and northward. 7¢¢desidiosa Red Deer and McLeod, Alberta. Lower Saskatch- (247%ss@) Say. ewan near Lake Winnipeg; Brandon; Manitoba. Osoyoos Lake, British Columbia (J. K. Lord fide P. P. Carpenter). The above localities are cited from the literature. Lymnza (Galba) galbana Say. Lymneus galbanus Say, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 123, 1825 (New Jersey Pleistocene). 74 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Limnea galbana HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 51, pl. xt, figs. 22, 23, 1842. Limnea philadelphica Lea, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., , p. 32, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1x, p. 8, 1844.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Il, p. 50, fig. 71, 1865. (Philadelphia, Pa.) Limnea traski TRYON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1863, p. 149, pl. 1, fig. 13, 1863. —BinneEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., UN, p. 60, fig. 94, 1865.—TRYON, Mon. Limn., p. 119, pl. 17, fig. 3 (not p. 96, nor fig. 2), 1872. (Mountain Lake, near San Francisco, Calif.) Not Z. traskit Lea, 1864, nor L. proxima Lea, 1856. fange.— Pleistocene marls of Franklin, New Jer- sey ; of Anticosti Island! of Ottawa, Canada! and of the left bank of the Yukon River, Alaska, below old Fort Yukon! Recent, at the Grand Rapids of the = , Saskatchewan River, near Lake Winnipeg! Grind- ey hi stone Creek, Nebraska! Centre City, Pennsylvania ! Say var. phila~ Vancouver, Columbia River! and near Monterey, delphica Lea. California! Alaska (von Martens); Attawapiskat River, S. E. Keewatin! (McInnes). This small species has the spire acute and short, the last whorl! dis- proportionately swollen and usually shouldered. It appears to have flourished during the melting of the glacial ice, and to the muddy waters of the period its peculiarities may be due. The recent form seems less abnormal on the average. There are two species which have been called traskz¢—the pres- ent one, with which Tryon afterward mistakenly united Z. pJroxima Lea, a much larger species; and L. ¢traskzz Lea, later called ¢tryonz and tryoniana by Dr. Lea, which is a Stagnicola. Lymnza (Galba) holbolli (Beck) Mller. Fic. 53. Lym- Limnea (Limnophysa) holbolli BECK, Index, p. 111, 1838; 2@a holbolls. nude name. Greenland. Lymnea holbolli MOLLER, Index, Moll. Grénl., p. 5, 1842. Limnea holbolli M6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 36, pl. Iv, fig. 8, 1868. Range. — Godhaab, Greenland. This has the appearance of a large LZ. truncatula, but may be merely a depauperate variety of the next species. Lymnza (Galba) vahlii (Beck) Moller. Limnea (Limnophysa) vahiii Beck, Index, p. 111, 1838; nude name. Greenland. Limnea vahliti MOLLER, Index, Moll. Grénl., p. 4, 1842. Limnea (Limnophysa) vahlit M6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 34, pl. Iv, figs. 1-7, 1868. FAMILY LYMNEID® 75 Limnea (Limnophysa) senegalensis BECK, Index, p. 111, 1838 (nude name), fide MORCH, of. cét., p. 35, footnote. Limnea grinlandica (BECK, MS.) Jay, Cat. Coll., 1850, p. 269, No. 6298. — MO6rcu, of. cit., p. 33- Limnea milleri BECK, Naturf. Vers. Kiel, p. 123, No. 4, nude name.—GERST- FELDT, Land and Sussw. Conch. Sibiriens, p. 37, 1859. Lymnea pingelit (BECK) MOLLER, Index Moll. Grénl., p. 5, 1842. — MOrcH, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, v. 35, 1868, e¢ vars. nitida et solidula et malleata Morch, 7. ¢. Lymnea wormskioldi BECK, Naturf. Vers., Kiel, p. 123, No. 7, nude name. — M6rcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 35, pl. iv, fig. 6, 1868. Limnea vahilii var. leucostoma MOrcH, Prod. Moll. Grénl., p. 4, No. 11 8; also var. minor MORcH, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 34, 1868. Limnea vahlit var. elongata MOLLER (MS.), in Mérch, Am. Journ. Conch., IV, p. 40, pl. Iv, fig. 1, 1868. Limnea arctica LEA, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 160, pl. xxiv, fig. 75, 1866. Hudson Bay. Range. — Greenland to Alaska and south to Minnesota and British Columbia. Ft. Resolution! and Ft. Rae, Great Slave Lake! Moose River, at Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! Greenland (many localities) ! Ungava, Labrador! Weatoga, Canada! Minnesota (Lapham) ! Stewart and Fic. 54. Lymnea vahlit Miller. Fic. 55. Lymnea vahlit var. pingelit (Typical.) Moller. Dall Rivers, north of the Yukon, Alaska! St. Michaels, Norton Sound, Alaska! headwaters of the Yukon in Lakes Bennett, Marsh, and Lindeman! Loring, Southeastern Alaska, on Behm Canal! Shawnigan Lake, British Columbia! Headwaters of the Liard River in Lakes Finlayson and Frances! Hannah Bay near Moose Factory ! Making the usual allowances for variation, this is a fairly well dis- criminated species, which frequently has been identified as ZL. desédz- osa, palustris, etc. The largest are more fragile, smaller and paler than Z. palustrzs, and not especially similar to it. I have had the advantage of being able to consult a very large series of authentically named Greenland shells, received from Mérch and others, as well as the fine Arctic series in the National Museum. Most of the specimens are microscopically wrinkled on the surface, like Z. palustris, but this character is not absolutely constant. 76 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Lymnza (Stagnicola) palustris Miiller. Buccinum palustre MULLER, Verm. Terr., 11, p. 131, 1774. Limneus palustris DRAP., Hist., p. 52, pl. 1, figs. 40-42, 11, figs. 1-2, 1805. Stagnicola communis LEACH, in Jeffreys, Linn. Trans., XvI, II, p. 376, 1830.— ROSSMASSLER, Icon., I, p. 96, figs. 51, 52, 1835.— TuRTON, Man., p. 121, 1831.— Gray's Turton, p. 237, 1840.—LrEacu, Syn. Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 103, 1852. Limneus elodes Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 169, 1821; Am. Conch., Iv, pl. xxx1, fig. 3, 1832. Limnea elodes GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 221, figs. 146-7, 1841. Fic. 56,a-f. Lymnea palustris Miiller vars. Fic. 56, ¢. var. rowelli Lea from Pacific Coast. Limnea fragilis HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 20, pl. vi, pl. xv, fig. 1, 1842; not of Linné. Limnea nuttalliana LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1, p. 33, 1841.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 45, fig. 6, 1865. Limnea expansa HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 29, pl. Ix, figs. 6-8, 1842 (patho- logic mutation). Limnea haydeni LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 166, 1858.— BINNEY, op. cit., p. 44, fig. 59, 1865 (pathologic mutation). Limnea plebeta GOULD (nude name), in Adams, Am. Journ. Sei. 2e1s; pi 208. Limnea proxima Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vim, p. 80, 1856.— BINNEY, of. cét., p. 48, fig. 67, 1865. fange.— Circumboreal. Northern United States and Canada. Manitoba: Lake Winnipeg; Saskatchewan River! Lake of the Woods; Red River of the North! Pem- bina; Turtle Mt.; Carberry. York Factory! Kee- te eee watin. Ungava! Labrador. Alberta: Laggan; Egg nea palustris Lake; Red Deer; McLeod; Olds. English River, var. nuttalliana. Keewatin! Moose Factory, Keewatin; Slave River, 25 miles below Peace River! Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution! Fort Smith, Mackenzie River! Upper Mackenzie River! Great Bear Lake ; Anticosti Island; Cypress Hills ! Assiniboia. FAMILY LYMNID& 747 California ! Oregon! Seattle, Wash.! Sumas Lake, British Colum- bia; Vancouver Island! headwaters of the Yukon! Lake Marsh! Lake Lindeman! Old Fort Yukon, Alaska! Saccatalontan and Nu- lato! Lower Yukon, and in the Yukon delta! Dall River! north of the Yukon in Alaska. Point Romanof, Norton Sound, Alaska! Avacha Bay, Kamchatka ! etc. This well known species is almost universally distributed in the quiet waters of boreal America, and in the Pleistocene marls. The distinctions which have been relied on to separate ZL. haydeni Lea, and ZL. expansa Haldeman, are due to pathologic mutations. JZ. nuttalliana and proxima Lea, are trivial varieties. Lymneza (Stagnicola) reflexa Say. Lymneus reflexus SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 0, p. 167, 1821 ; Am. Conch., Iv, pl. xxx1, fig. 2, 1832 (Lakes Erie and Superior). Limneus elongatus SAy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 167, 1821; not of Draparnaud, 1805. Limneus umbrosus Say, Am. Conch., Iv, pl. 31, fig. 1, 1832 (new name for e/ongatus Say). Limnea exilis LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, p. 114, pl. XIx, fig. 82, 1837 (pathologic mutation). Range.— Northern United States and Canada. Prairie Lake, near Red River of the North; and Beaver Creek, Manitoba. This species barely crosses the boundary and may be one of those captured by the northward drainage when the headwaters of the Mississippi were inter- rupted and turned northward by the changes in the land levels of this region which have been elucidated by the late General G. K. Warren. Fic. 58. Lym- n@a reflexa Say. Lymnza (Stagnicola) catascopium Say. Lymnea catascopium Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., Am. ed., 11 (no pagination), pl. 2, fig 3, 1817 (Delaware River). Lymneus catascopium Say, Am. Conch., v1, pl. 55, HS. 2; 132. Lymnea cornea VALENCIENNES, in Humboldt and Bonpland, Rec. d’obs. de ZOO) NV IGUD. 255, 132: Limnea sumasst BAIRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 68. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 43, fig. 57 (not fig. 56), 1865 (British Columbia). Range.— L. catascopium: Northern United States to the Rocky Mountains, Canada and northward; var. swmassz: Idaho, Washing- ton and British Columbia. Ottawa, Canada! Ungava, Labrador! Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba! Hudson Bay drainage of Keewatin! Moose River at Moose Factory, 78 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Hudson Bay! Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake! Winisk, Kawino- gans, and Attawapiskat Rivers, S. E. Keewatin! (McInnes). Fic. 59. Lymnea catascopium Say, var. Fic. 60. Lymnea catascopium Say sumasst Bd. (British Columbia). (Delaware). Var. sumassi: Snake River, Idaho! Lake Washington, Seattle! Sumas Prairie, British Columbia. Quite variable and frequently confounded with Z. adeline, L. bult- motdes, L. solida, etc. The Pacific Coast form is quite close to the typical form of the species, but is thinner, less uniform, and some- times larger. Binney’s figure 57 is made from a specimen probably of a rather swollen variety of palustrés. *Lymneza (Stagnicola) adeline Tryon. Limnea adeline Tryon, Mon. Limn., p. 82 (108), pl. xvii, fig. 6, 1872 (San Francisco, Calif.). Range. — California to Vancouver Island, B. C. A small species, recalling Z. bulimozdes rather than catascopium, and perhaps identical with Lea’s original dulimozdes, as indicated by his types, but not with Z. techella Haldeman, which is very generally labelled dzdz- motdes. Fic. 61. Lym- Lymnea (Stagnicola?) perpolita n. sp. Plate nm, nea adeline. figs 6. 8 ORO: Shell small, translucent, dark amber color, with a darker line at resting stages; smooth, except for fine lines of growth, brilliantly polished; whorls four, tumid, rapidly increasing, separated by a pro- nounced suture; spire short, rather obtuse; aperture ovate, longer than the spire, with a very thin wash of callus on the spire, the pillar lip slightly reflected, with a small perforate umbilicus behind it ; pillar straight, with no twist or fold, outer lip thin, sharp. Length of shell 11; of aperture 7; breadth of shell 8.5; of aperture 4.5 mm. Range. — Nushagak, Bristol Bay, Alaska. This shell is so elegantly polished that it may be an Amphipefplea. It has the rich dark amber color of some Succineas. I have seen but FAMILY LYMNIDZ 79 one specimen, but some young shells from Sonoma Co., Calif., col- lected by Hemphill, may belong to it. The latter are proportionally stouter and are of a pale straw color. The polish of the surface and the straight pillar are alike in both, yet I hesitate to unite them. No other American species has an equally polished surface so far as I have observed. Lymnea (Stagnicola) bulimoides Lea. Limnea bulimoides LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 11, p. 33, 1841; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., IX, p. 9, 1844. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 44, pl. x11, figs. 9, 10, 1842. — BINNEY, of. ci¢., p. 61, fig. 96, 1865 (Oregon). Range.—Oregon, California, Texas, New Mexico, Dakota, the United States west of the Mississippi (and northward ?) Oregon ! (Nuttall) Columbia River near Fort Van- couver, Wash.! Moose Rive1 at Moose Factory, Hud- son Bay (Drexler) ? This species has been generally confounded with Z. techella Haldeman, which seems to be distinct, having a more stumpy form and larger umbilicus, recalling, as Binney observes, his Bzd7- mulus pilula. According to Lea’s types, very few of the localities cited for this species, away from the Pacific Coast, are reliable. I sus- pect the shell from Hudson Bay, collected by Drexler, is a young caza- scopium or caperata and not the true dalimozdes. Fic. 62. Lym- nea bulimoides Lea. (Typical. ) Lymneza (Stagnicola) caperata Say. Lymneus caperatus Say, New Harmony Disseminator, II, p. 230, 1829. Limnea caperata HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 34, pl. x1, figs. I-9, 1842. Limnea umbilicata ADAMS, Am. Journ, Sci., XXXIX, p. 374, 1840; Boston Journ. N. Hist., 111, p. 325, pl. 111, fig. 14, 1840. —GouLp, Inv. Mass., p. 218, fig. 149, 1841. fange.— Northern United States, west to the Rocky Mountains and northward. Manitoba ; at Pine Creek, Pembina, and Lake Win- nipeg. Alberta; at Red Deer and McLeod. The lower Saskatchewan near Lake Winnipeg. Hudson Fic. 63. Lym- Bay drainage at Moose Factory. I feel strong doubts nea caperata. as to the validity of this species, which may prove entirely heterogeneous. Lymnza (Stagnicola) anticostiana n.sp. Plate u, figs. 4, 5. Shell acute, slender, with a blunt reddish nucleus and seven well- rounded whorls; suture deep, the whorls slowly enlarging; the last 80 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS whorl subcompressed laterally ; aperture elongate-ovate, about 23 times its length being equal to the length of the shell; margin thickened, and continuous over the body, reflected over an umbilical chink behind the pillar but not quite closing it; pillar with a marked fold; surface with close-set fine axial elevated lines in harmony with the lines of growth, and crossed by microscopic revolving striz which sagrinate the surface ; there are also malleations, obscure sparse revolving ridges, etc., on in- dividual specimens. Length of shell 19; aperture 7.0; max. diam. 7.0, of aperture 4.5 mm. Range.— Pleistocene marl of Marl Lake, Anticosti Island (Sir William Logan and Dr. J. Schmitt). Recent? This interesting species resembles somewhat Z. des¢diosa, to which it has usually been referred, but it has two more whorls and a more slender and elevated spire, and in most specimens a more parallel-sided aperture. Jam unable to say whether it occurs in the recent state, but the numerous specimens I have seen are all fossils. Dr. Lea had labelled his specimens ‘ Z. acuta Lea,’ doubtless forgetting his own species of the same name, which is a very different shell. UNCERTAIN SPECIES. There are several nude names in the literature which cannot be iden- tified and yet may puzzle the student who is unaware that they have not been described. Of such are LZ. fossaria J. de C. Sowerby (1836), in Richardson’s Fauna Boreali Americana; Z. petztez Beck (1838), listed from Newfoundland in his *‘ Index’; and Z. opaczna Bell (1858), listed in the Annual Report of the Canadian Geological Survey. Genus Planorbis Miiller. Planorbis PETIVER, Gazophyl. Nat. et Artis Dec., p. 16, tab. Io, fig. 11, 1702 (not binomial). The species figured is He/ix flanorbis Linné, Fauna Suecica, p. 527, 1761.—GUETTARD, Mém. Acad. Roy. des. Sci. (1756), p. 151, 1762 (not binomial), first sp. Plan. brun., after Lister, Anim. Angl., p- 143, pl. 1, fig. 26 (= Helix corneus Linné).— GEOFFROY, Traite Som. des Cog. Fluv. Paris, pp. 81, 84, 1767 (not binomial), § 1, Helix cornea Linné ; Jézd., translation by Martini, Niirnberg, pp. 10, 75, 1767. Coretus ADANSON, Hist. Sénégal, p. 7, 1757 (not binomial), sp. figured re- sembles P. parvus Say. < Planorbis MULLER, Verm. Terr., II, p. 152, 1774, no type selected ; Prodr. Zool. Dan., pp. Xxx, 238, 1775.— BruGuiERE, Enc. Méth., I, p. XVI, 1789, nude name.— BOLTEN, Mus. Bolt., p. 51, 1798.— LAMARCK, Pro- drome, p. 76, 1799; Syst. des An. s. Vert., p. 93, 1801. —DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Coq. Terr. et Fluv., pp. 30, 42, 1801.— SCHUMACHER, Essai, p. 255, 1817; not of Perry, 1811. =Flanorbis MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., 11, p. 270, 1810, selects as type ?. corneus L. FAMILY LYMNAIDZ 81 Orbis SCHROTER, Journ. Steinr. u. Konch., 11, p. 10, 1776, an error of cita- tion for Planorbis Argenville. Vortex Anonymous in Mus. Calonn., p. 58, 1797, Helix cornea Linné. Not Vortex Oken, 1815. < Anisus STUDER, Syst. Verz., p. 23, 1820 (= Planorbis + Physa). > Anisus FITZINGER, Verz., p. 111, 1833; not of Dujardin, 1821. ? Cornu SCHUMACHER, Essai, p. 255, 1817, not of Born, 1778. > Spiralina HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., tab. 1840. (Nude name.) No type cited. Planorbarius DUMERIL, Zool. Anal., p- 164, 1806. Coretus GRAY (not Adanson), P. Z. S., 1847, p. 180, P corneus L. —Mnrs. Gray, Figs. Moll. An., rv, p. 119, 1850.— MoQuiIN TANDON, Moll. Terr. et Fluv., 1, p. 423, 1855.—Gray’s Turton’s Man., ed. u, Pp. 233; 1857. Spirodiscus STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 73, 1850.—MO6rcu, Vidensk. Meddels. Kjobn., 1864, p. 309. -- WESTERLUND, Acta Soc. Fauna Fen- nica, XIII, No. 7, p. 112, 1897; Acta Acad, Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902; S. corneus (Linné). Tropidiscus \WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., v, p. 65, 1885, not of Stein ; Acta. Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, cut, p. 120, 1902; Helix plan- orbts Linné. ? Caillaudia BourGuicnat, Hist. Mal. de I’ Abyssinié, p. 128, 1883 ; Ist sp. C. angulata Bourg., pl. viii, figs. 49-52, 0p. cit.— WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, cx1, p. 139, 1902 (a deformed or monstrous form of Planorbis). Subgenus Planorbis s.s. Type Planorbis corneus Miiller. (Synonymy of the group given under the generic name.) Section PLANOoRBINA Haldeman. Planorbina HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn.., Physad@, p. 14, 1842, no type cited. Menetus FISCHER, Man., p. 509, 1883; P. guadeloupensis Sowerby ; not Menetus Adams, 1855. Anisus GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 181; P. olivaceus Spix ; not Anzsus Studer, 1820. Subgenus Helisoma Swainson. ffelisoma SWAINSON, Malac., p. 337, 1840; P. bicarinatus Sowerby. Laphius H. and A. Apams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 262, 1855; P. andecolus Orbigny. ? Anisopsis SANDBERGER, Land u. Siissw. Conch. d. Vorwelt, p. 958, 1875; PB loryt Coq., and P. calculus Sandb., Jurassic. Section Prerosoma Dall, nov. Fielisoma (sp.) Auct., not of Swainson; P. ¢rivolvis Say. Section PLANORBELLA Haldeman. Planorbella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., Physade, p. 14, 1842; P. campanulatus Say. 82 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Adula H. Apams, P. Z.S., 1861, p. 145; P. multivolvis Case, not Adula H. and A. Adams, 1857. Anceus H. ADAms, P. Z. S., 1869, p. 275 ; not Amceus Fauvel, 1863. Subgenus Tropidiscus Stein. Tropidiscus STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 76, 1850; P. complanatus Stein (= marginatus Drap. + umbzlicatus Miiller). Trophidiscus H, and A. ApDams, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 263, 1855, in synonymy. Anisus FITZINGER, Verz, p. 111, 1833, ex farte, not of Studer, 1820, nor Dujardin, 1821. Gyrorbis MOQUIN TANDON, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de France, pp. 423, 428. 1885 (not of Fitzinger, 1833); P. carinatus Miller; Gray’s Turton, new ed., p. 237, 1857. Tropodiscus SURBECK, Moll. Faun. Vierwaldstattensis, Rev. Suisse de Zool., VI, p. 435, 1899. > Tropidiscus WESTERLUND, Act. Soc. Fauna Fennica, XIII, p. 113, 1897, Ist sp. P. umbilicatus Miller. > Diplodiscus WESTERLUND, of. cit., p. 115, 1897, Ist sp. P. vortex Linné. Section ParasPpirA Daly nov. = Onarehod cocare Reve Spirorbis SWAINSON, Malac., p. 337, 1840; P. rotundatus Poiret (+ P. s&s-3- vulgaris Swains.), not Spzrvorbis Daudin, Vermes, 1800. Gyrorbis MOrcuH, Vidensk. Meddel. Kjéb., for 1863, p. 313, 1864, not of Fitzinger, 1833. FPlanorbis (sp.) AGAssiz, in Charpentier, Fauna Helv., p. 21, 1837. Antsus (sp.) FITZINGER, Verz, p. 111, 1833; not of Studer, 1820. Subgenus Hippeutis Agassiz. Hiippeutis AGASSIZ, in Charpentier, Fauna Helv., p. 22, 1837; P. complanatus Drap. (= ?. fontanus Lightfoot), —— HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., table, 1840; Erd. u. Sussw. Gast., pp. 51, 87, 1844. — GRAY, in Turton’s Man., ed. 11, p. 243, 1857.— MOrcu, Vidensk. Meddel., 1863, p. 316, 1864. fiippeutes Mrs. Gray, Figs. Moll. An., Iv., p. 119, 1859. Section MENneETus H. and A. Adams. Menetus H. and A. ApAmMs, Gen. Rec. Moll., 11, p. 262, 1855; no type selected (not of Chenu, 1869, or Fischer, 1883).— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 125, 1865. Menetus Datu, Ann. Lyc. N. Hist. N. Y., 1x, p. 351, 1870; P. opercularis Gould. — CLessin, Conch. Cab., ed. 1, XvII, p. 33, 1886. — WESTER- LUND, Act. Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902, P. bozssyi Pot. et Mich. Fleterodiscus \VESTERLUND, of. cit., 1902, not of Sharp, 1886, Jmsecta. P. libanicus Westerlund. Section DREPANOTREMA Crosse and Fischer. Drepanotrema C. and F., Miss. Sci. Mexique, I, pp. 59, 75, pl. xxxmil, fig. 2, 1880; P. yzabalensis C. & F.; Fischer, Man., p. 509, 1883. FAMILY LYMNAZID 42 83 Section BATHYOMPHALUS Agassiz. Bathyomphalus AGASSIZ, in Charpentier, Fauna Helv., p. 20, 1837 ; P. contortus Drap. — HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers. Gast., table, 1840. — WESTERLUND Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 120, 1902. Polygyrus GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 181; 2. contortus Miiller ; not of Beck, 1837, nor Polygyra Say, 1818. Bathyomphalus GRAY, in Turton, Man., 2d ed., p. 244, 1857. Discotdina STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 82, 1850; 2. contortus Miiller. Subgenus Gyraulus Agassiz. Gyraulus AGASSIZ, in Charpentier, Fauna Helvetica, p. 21, 1837; Ist sp. P. hispidus Drap. (= albus Miller). — HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., table, 1840; Gast., V, pp. 89, 95, 1844.— Moquin TANpbon, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv., 11, p. 438, 1855. Planaria Brown, Ul. Conch. Gt. Brit., expl. pl. 51, figs. 48, 49d¢s, 1827 ; not Planaria Miller, 1776. Trochlea HALDEMAN, Am. Journ. Sci., XLII, p. 216, 1841. Giraulus MOQUIN TANDON, Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. de France, 1, p. 423, 1855. Nautilinin (pars) STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 80, 1850. Gyrulus GRAY, in Turton, Man., 2d ed., p. 234, 1857, zz syn. Gyraulus GRAY, op. cit., p. 234, 1857, P. albus Miiller.— WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabize, CLI, p. 121, 1902. Section ARMIGER Hartmann. Armiger HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers., table, 1840; Gast., v, p. 172, 1842 ; P. crista (L.).— WESTERLUND, Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., CLI, p. 121, 1902. Nautilina (sp.) STEIN, Schn. u. Muscheln Berlins, p. 81, 1850. Section Torquis Dall, nov. Type P. parvus Say. (lucerte sedis.) ? Section HeTERopiscus Westerlund. FHleterodiscus \WESTERLUND, Rad. Jugoslav. Akad. (Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid.), CLI, p. 120, Zodl. Rec., XL, 1903, Moll., p. 63. Type Planordbis hbanicus Westerlund. Not Heferodiscus Sharp, Insecta, 1886. ? = Planorbina HALDEMAN, 1842, q. v. The genus Planorézs is frequently ascribed to Guettard or Geoffroy, neither of whom accepted (in the papers where this name appears) the Linnean nomenclature. If we are to cite non-Linnean authors we must go back much further, for Petiver used the name in 1702 for a species which Linné afterward named Felix spzrorézs. Another non-Linnean name is Coretus of Adanson, which he applied to a minute species an eighth of an inch in greatest diameter. Gray in 1847, by some error cites Planorbis corneus as Adanson’s type, which 84 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS is, of course, absurd. The first author to introduce Planordzs to binomial literature was O. F. Miiller, but as he used it, it was applicable to all aquatic Pulmonates with filiform tentacles, thus including Physa. Cuvier in 1798 cited three species, of which P. corneus was the first and P. cornu-arietis the second. In 1799 Lamarck cited the second species, and repeated this citation in 1801. But P. cornu-ardetis, of which the soft parts and operculum were then unknown, does not agree with Lamarck’s diagnosis and cannot be accepted as a type of the genus Plaxorbis. Draparnaud names no types, and only in 1810 does Montfort establish definitely the type of the genus as P. corneus. Subsequent selection of other types by later authors is, of course, of no effect. Azésws Studer was an exact synonym of Planordbis Miil- ler, not Montfort, but Fitzinger, in 1833, made an effort to retain the name fora section of the true Planorbes. It is probable, however, that the name, which was intended to comprise two older genera already named, should be entirely eliminated from accepted nomenclature, as a gross violation of the rules. At any rate the name was used for a beetle by Dujardin in 1821, and no subsequent use of it is advisable for Mollusks. Little is known of the anatomical characteristics of the various species, but much similarity is noted among those for which data are available. As to the shells, a wide variation is observable in form and sculpture, though as usual the peripheral species grade toward each other in the several groups. The great majority of the species present the peculiarity of the whorls rising above the original apex, which becomes basal, the shell (apparently sinistral) thus becoming what has been called ultra-dextral. The most obvious characters of the latter may be contrasted as follows : Subgenus /Vanorbis s.s. Shell discoid, ultra-dextral, large, with a moderate number of gradually enlarging whorls rounded above and below ; the aperture slightly and gradually expanded, with its margin simple and sharp. Type P. corneus Miiller. Section Planorbina Haldemann. Shell like Planxordis s.s. but verti- cally compressed, with smaller and more numerous whorls and a very oblique aperture. Type P. olzvaceus Spix. Subgenus Hel¢soma Swainson. Shell of moderate size, few whorled, the whorls carinate above and below and rapidly enlarging; spire and base funicular, aperture suddenly expanded, with a thickened peritreme. Type P. d¢cartnatus (Say) Sowerby. There is no doubt that Sowerby’s and Say’s species are identical. I am unable to find distinctive characters in figures or diagnoses which FAMILY LYMNAIDZ 85 would differentiate Zaphzus Adams from Helésoma; and Anzsopsis Sandberger, from the Jura, is very similar, though the aperture is not preserved in the fossils and may have been simple. Section Pzerosoma Dall Shell large, high, with few transversely sculptured whorls; the early whorls carinate and flattened above, funicular below ; in the adult the flattened apex is usually depressed below the upper level of the ultimate whorl ; the aperture is suddenly expanded and thickened. Type P. ¢révolvis Say. Section Planorbella Haldeman. Like Hel/soma but smaller, with more numerous whorls, with the last whorl strongly constricted behind a campanulate aperture; a flattish or even slightly convex upper sur- face; the base funicular. Type P. campanulatus Say. The P. multivolvis Case differs from the type of Planorbella chiefly by its more numerous and closely coiled early whorls. In both a second year’s growth shows a varix due to the retention of the aper- ture of the preceding year. Two preoccupied names were applied to P. multivolvis by Adams, but a study of specimens leads to the con- clusion that its separation is unwarranted. : Subgenus Zrofzdiscus Stein. Shell depressed, the adult periphery angular or carinate, the aperture oblique, slightly expanded, simple. Type P. umbilicatus Miller (+ P. complanatus Stein). Section 7ropidiscus s.s. Shell moderately large and with compara- tively few rapidly increasing whorls of which the junior portions are not keeled. Type 2. wmbzlécatus Miiller. This subgenus was called ‘ Gyrorbés Agassiz,’ by Moquin Tan- don, but Agassiz never proposed any such genus or group, the name Gyrorbes having been applied to a subdivision of Valvata by Fitz- inger. Moquin Tandon’s error was copied by Gray, and later by Westerlund, who, still later, having become aware that Fitzinger’s name existed, proposed for the group already named by Stein, the name Drplodiscus ; which naturally becomes a synonym of 71 ropi- discus Stein. Nevertheless, since Westerlund arranged his really typical ‘ Gyrorécs’ under Tropidiscus, and grouped under his new name the species of which P. vortex is an example (though without mentioning any type) and gave a suitable diagnosis, it may not be stretching the rules of nomenclature too far to retain his name for the following section. Section Diplodiscus Westerlund (restricted). Shell small, with numerous slowly enlarging whorls keeled or angulate from the beginning. Type P. vortex Linné. 86 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Section Paraspira Dall, nov. Shell resembling Dzplodiscus, but with the whorls rounded throughout, and the aperture simple, hardly expanded. Type P. rotundatus Poiret. Subgenus AZzppeutis Agassiz. Shell small, lenticular, with a small number of rapidly increasing whorls, the last enveloping a large part of the preceding whorl; apex slightly depressed, base with a narrow umbilicus, aperture oblique, with a thin sharp margin. Type P. fontanus Lightfoot, European. Section Drepanotrema Crosse and Fischer. Shell resembling /7/- peutis, but less depressed, the whorls with a rounded periphery widest at the base, giving a domelike profile, umbilicus variable, from narrow to very wide. Type P. yzabalenszs C. and F. This group occurs in the Antilles, Mexico, Central and South America, where it represents the Palearctic Wzppeutzs. Section AZenetus H. and A. Adams. Like Azppeutis, but the last whorl not enveloping the preceding whorls to any marked extent. Type Planorbis opercularts Gould. Section Bathyomphalus Agassiz. Shell like Drepanotrema, but with numerous closely coiled whorls, a flattish summit with the periphery nearer to it than to the base, the umbilicus moderate, exposing less of the coil than the summit shows. Type P. contortus Drap. Subgenus Gyraulus Agassiz. Shell small, flattish, with few, rapidly increasing whorls, fully exposed above and below, with a nearly median periphery, spirally striate and hispid; aperture simple, sharp-edged, oblique. Type Planorbzs albus Miiller. Section Zorguzs Dall, zov. sect. Like Gyraulus s.s. but with more rounded, less rapidly increasing whorls, not hispid or spirally striate, the aperture expanded and slightly thickened in the adult. Type P., parvus Say. Section Armiger Hartmann. Shell small, with few, rapidly increas- ing, costate whorls, the costa projecting at the periphery ; the form in a general way like Gyraulus. A discussion of the species follows. *Planorbis (Planorbina) glabratus Say. Planorbis glabratus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, p. 280, 1818 (South Carolina). Planorbis lentus Say, Am. Conch., v1, pl. Iv, fig. 1, 1834 (New Orleans). This species is by no means always polished, and on a dull speci- men of it I believe the later P. /entus Say to have been founded, though the latter name has been widely misapplied to senile specimens FAMILY LYMNAIDZ& 87 of ¢rivolv¢s such as occur in the north and east, if not throughout the range of the latter. Planorbis (Helisoma) bicarinatus Say. Flanorbis bicarinatus Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., rst ed., vol. 11 (no pagina- tion),:.No; 2, pl) 1, fig. 4, 1817 (Lake Erie) ; not of Lamarck, 1822. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Il, p. 123, fig. 205, 1865. flelix engonata RACKETT, 1822 ; + Planorbis engonatus CONRAD, 18 34. ange. — The United States east of the Rocky Mountains ; east- ern Canada. Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg! Lake Manitoba; Moose Fac- tory, Hudson Bay! the lower Saskatchewan River at Grand Rapids ! Knee Lake, Keewatin! Portland, Oregon! Yaqui River, W. Mexico! This well defined species has probably been carried down stream from the sources of the Columbia River, in the same manner as some other east American spe- cies. It cannot be regarded as permanently estab- lished on the Pacific slope, as yet. It varies consider- ably in size, and for exceptionally developed specimens — from Benzie Co., Mich., Walker has proposed the varietal name major. Fic. 64. Plan- orbis btcartna- tus Say. Planorbis (Pierosoma) corpulentus Say. Planorbis corpulentus Say, Long’s Exp., 1, p. 262, pl. xv, fig. 9, 1824 (not of Binney ef al.) — BRYANT WALKER, Nautilus, x11, No. 12, April, 1900, pp. 133-138. Range. —Northern Ontario from Lake Simcoe to Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woods, Winnipeg River and Lake! to Vermilion Lake, Lat. 56° BO), 610 Athabaska. Knee Lake, Keewatin! Isle a Lacrosse Lake! and English River! Rat Portage; northern Michigan and Minnesota. se This well marked species was unknown to Binney, Fic. 65. Plan- and has been united mistakenly with ¢rzvolvs and Me ee ? wen others. It belongs to the colder northeastern portion 7 of the continent and its complete range is yet un- known. It has not been identified from the region west of the Rockies. Mr. Walker’s note on this species may be consulted with profit. Planorbis (Pierosoma) binneyi Tryon. Planorbis binneyt TRyon, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 197, 1867.— HALpDE- MAN, Mon. Limn., 19, pl. 11, figs. 7-9, 1844.—BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 103, fig. 175, 1865. 88 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Range.— West of the Rockies and east of the Cascade Mountains on the Pacific slope. Oregon (Nuttall); Lewis or Snake River, Oregon! Clear Lake, Calif.! In British Columbia in eastern Kootenai Lake, Lake Siniak- wateen, and Osoyoos Lake! As pointed out by Binney, this is quite distinguishable from any form of ¢rzvolvis ; it differs from the true corpulentus, with which it was long confounded, in its sparser and less regular axial sculpture, larger and less campanulate aperture, and in the greater distance of the carina from the axis. Its whorls increase more rapidly than in P. traskit Lea, or even P. ammon Gould,’ and its sculpture is markedly coarser and less regular than in either of the two last cited. It is not known north of British Columbia or east of the Rocky Mountains. Fics. 66, 67. Planorbis binney?, showing animal and shell. Planorbis (Pierosoma) trivolvis Say. Planorbis trivolvis Say, Nicholson’s Encyc., 1st ed., 11 (no pagination), pl. 11, fig. 2, 1817; Am. Conch., vI, pl. 54, fig. 2, 1834 (French Creek, Lake Erie). FPlanorbis macrostomus WHITEAVES, 1863 (abnormal) ; + P. Zentus Gould, and many other writers, but not of Say; + / tumens various California writers. Planorbis subcrenatus CARPENTER, P. Z.S., 1856, p. 220. Range. — The typical form belongs to the entire Atlantic drainage of North America and the Mississippi Valley and northward to the Etchimamish River. English River, Keewatin; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; Cypress Hills! Assiniboia; Prairie Lake, Red River of the North!; the Saskatchewan River, Laggan, Egg Lake, Red Deer, McLeod, and Olds, Alberta; Lake Isle Lacrosse, Athabaska; Great Slave Lake, at Fort Resolution! and the Mackenzie River at old Fort Simp- 1These two species, judged by their types, which are before me, are suffi- ciently distinct from any of those which have been confounded with them. In- deed the true P. traskti from Kern Lake, Calif., is one of the most remarkable species in our fauna. It was also found by me at Stockton, Calif., and seems to have been unknown, autoptically, to Binney. FAMILY LYMNIDZ 89 son! (N. Lat. 62°). We have it from Moose Factory! the Slave River 25 miles below Peace River! Lake Winnipeg! the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan River! and hundreds of more southern localities. The variety swdcrenatus Carpenter (Oregon, Nuttall) occurs in British Columbia west of the Cascades ; being, according to J. K. Lord, replaced east of them by P. dzzneyz. We have it from the Puget Sound drainage! Lake La Hoche! and Sumas Lake, B. C.! A distorted variety (disjectus Cooper) is reported from Lake Tahoe, Calif., at a height of 6,247 feet above the sea. The young shell was described from Pueblo Val- ley, Oregon, by Tryon in 1865, as P. oregonen- sts. In 1870 Cooper called the more common adult (but not senile) form P. occidentalis, and later confounded it with the Mexican ?. tumens Cpr., and gave it a range in California from Kern Lake, Tulare Co., north to Puget Sound, and, in the coast drainage, to San Francisco Bay. There is a doubt as to whether Planorbis hornit Fic. 68. Planor- bis trivolvts. a c Fic. 69. Planorbis trivolvis var. macrostomus Whiteaves. Tryon (1865), from ‘‘ Fort Simpson, British America,” came from Fort Simpson on the Mackenzie River,®or Fort Simpson, British Columbia; but the figure looks more like the Pacific variety, of which it is probably only a mutation. We have specimens from various places in California, and Wallawalla, Wash., labelled P. hormzz which are merely a depauperate form of swbcrenatus. On the other hand, from the Dall River, a northern affluent of the Yukon in Alaska, in N. Lat. 66°, we have the typical form of ¢rzvolvis 90 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS stretching westward with the Yukon drainage! I have never seen any specimens corresponding exactly to Tryon’s figure of P. hornzz, but the variations I have seen of P. subcrenatus often approach it so closely that I have little doubt of their identity. P. macrostomus seems, from an examination of the types, to be a form of ¢rzvolvis which has survived a year longer than usual, in a locality where it was not stinted in lime, resulting in a remarkably fine shell with richly colored aperture. Planorbis (Planorbella) campanulatus Say. Planorbis campanulatus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 166, Jan., 1821 (Cayuga Lake, N. Y.).— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 9, pl. 3; figs. 7-11, 1844. Planorbis bellus LEA, 1844 (immature shell) + P. complanatus Miller Christy, 1885. Range.— The type: New England to Tennessee, Florida and northward ; Anticosti Island! Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan; L. Winnipeg, Red River of the North, Nelson and English Rivers ; Moose Factory ! Great Slave Lake, N. Lat. 62°; Lake of the Woods! Variety rudentis: Knee Lake, Hayes River, Kee- watin, N. Lat. 55° (E. A. Preble) ! This well known species is confined to the Atlantic, Mackenzie, and Hudson Bay watersheds, and has not Fic. 70. Plan- 16-70. 42 been reported north of Great Slave Lake. So far orbis campanu- I latus Say. as the specimens examined go to show, it is rather re- markably uniform in its characters, the number of whorls remaining always about the same, though the actual size varies with the food supply and healthfulness of the environment. A form which may prove distinct, or a variety of this species, was collected by Mr. Preble at Knee Lake. The comparative measure- ments are: Whorls. Major Diam. Minor Diam. Axis. Type. 4°75 15.0 mm. Il mm. 6.5 mm. Variety. 5-25 ye 14 6.0 Very similar specimens Were obtained from Anticosti Island and from Marl Lake, Michigan, in which the coil is even more irregularly wound, a condition I take to be pathological. The most noticeable difference, after the axially shorter whorls and larger size, is in the umbilicus, which in the variety is, as it were, reamed out, exhibiting three and a half whorls ; while in the more compact type the umbilicus when examined with a lens shows only two and a half whorls, which FAMILY LYMNIDZ gi diminish in size much more rapidly than in the variety. The campan- ulate aperture is about the same size in both forms, but seems larger in the type because the rest of the shell is so much more tightly wound. The suture on the apical side seems deeper and wider than in the type. Nine specimens of the variety were obtained, and I sug- gest for it the name radentzs, from the similarity of the whorls to a coiled hawser. Planorbis (Menetus) exacuous Say. Planorbis exacuous Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., u, p. 168, Jan., 1821 (Lake Champlain) ; Long’s Exp. Rep., 1, p. 261, 1824. Planorbis exacutus GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 208, fig. 137, 1841. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 21, pl. Iv, figs. 1-3, 1844. Paludina hyalina LEA, 1839 (scalariform monstrosity). Range. — Northern United States, east of the Rockies; Canada, etc., south to New Mexico. Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg! Manitoba generally ; Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! Left bank of the Yukon below Fort Yukon, Alaska, in Pleistocene marl (A. J. Collier) ! Variety megas Dall, zov.: Birtle, Manitoba (R. M. Christy). This species has a number of varieties both in size and form. The typical shell is of a pale brownish horn color, with a somewhat glisten- ing surface, rather rudely striated by the incremental lines, and with faint, almost microscopic, revolving strie. The form is lenticular, coming to an acute angle at the periphery. In 1863 I found in the vicinity of Marquette, Michigan, an unusually depressed brownish variety in which the peripheral keel was delicately serrate. In the northwestern part of its range the tendency is for the species to become whitish and of a larger size than the average New York or New England specimens. This reaches its maximum in specimens col- lected in Manitoba by Mr. R. Miller Christy, for which I propose the varietal name megas. The comparative measurements are as follows : Whorls. Max. Diam. Min. Diam. Axis. Type. B38) 4-7 mm. 3-7 mm. 1.0 mm. Variety. 3-75 7.8 6.0 20 The variety is of a slightly milky translucency; on the base the whorl is more or less impressed within the peripheral keel and the spiral striation is much more marked than in the typical form. Binney has united with this species Planoréis lens Lea, 1839 (not Brongniart, 1810) = P. lenticularis Lea, 1844 (not Schlotheim, 1818) = P. drongniartiana Lea, 1842; but an examination of Lea’s g2 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS cotypes, now in the National Museum, makes it evident that Dr. Gould was right in referring this form to P. dzlatatus Gould, 1841 (not Pfeiffer, 18411), or délatws Haldeman, 1844. To this latter form, in my opinion, should be united, as local races, P. buchanensis Lea, 1844, and P. alabamensis Pilsbry. The young of P. exacuous Say frequently approach dz/atatus, but the latter can usually be distin- guished by its axial height being greater, its columella more vertical, and the substance of the shell, especially in southern specimens, more thick and solid. The aperture of the adult dz/atatus is usually dis- tinctly thickened by a deposit of callus, but in exacwous I have never observed more than a very thin wash of shelly matter around the open- ing. I have spelled the name of this species as Say did in two sepa- rate works; as he gave no derivation it seems to me we have no right to correct his spelling on purely theoretical grounds. Planorbis (Menetus) opercularis Gould. Planorbis opercularis GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., , p. 212, 1847; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 113, Atlas, figs. 132, 132, a—0, 1852 (Sacra- mento River, Calif.). Planorbis planulatus COOPER, Rep. Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr., p. 378, 1859 ; Pacific R. R. Rep., XII, p. 378.— BinNEY, Land and Fw. Shells N. Am., pt. II, p. 126, fig. 209, 1865. Planorbis centervillensis Tryon, Mon. Fr. Univ. Moll. U.S., p. 57, Planorbis, pl. vil, figs. 7-9, 1872. Planorbis opercularis var. oregonensis VANATTA, Nautilus, IX, p. 53, Sept., 1895; not P. oregonensis Tryon, 1865. Planorbis callioglyptus VANATTA, Nautilus, 1x, p. 54, 1895. See Range.—San Francisco and northward, west of the Sierra Nevada. Type form: California! Oregon! Washington near Seattle ! Variety planulatus W. Cooper: Whidbey Island, =" Puget Sound! Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island! Fic. 71.Plan- Seattle, Wash.! Freeport, Wash.! Victoria, B. C.! aN SG Campbell’s Creek, B. C.! Pender Island, B. C.! Gould (typical). é Atka Island, Aleutians, Alaska, near Korovin Bay! Variety cenxtervillensis Tryon: Alameda, Calif.! Noyo River, Calif. ! San Leandro, Calif.! Oregon; Unalaska Island, Alaska ! Variety oregonenszs Vanatta: Salem and Portland, Oregon ! 1] learn through Prof. von Martens that Pfeiffer’s species was published in the double part v-vr, of the Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, either in the last part of 1841 or the early portion of 1842, so that Gould’s priority is certain. FAMILY LYMNZIDE£ 93 This species is the analogue of P. exacuwous Say on the Pacific Coast. The typical form from the Sacramento River and the vicinity of San Francisco Bay is quite lenticular, with the periphery marked by a (frequently marginated) keel. The shell itself is pale yellow or white under a rather strong periostracum, which is almost invariably more or less discolored by deposits of a brown or black color. The sculpture is like that —H of exacwous, the spiral sculpture being faint and Fic. 72. Plan- sometimes absent in southern specimens, and tending 9744 efercularss to be emphasized in northern ones. As a rule the coe seats margin of the aperture is not thickened except in young specimens which have been overtaken by drought or winter before maturity. The keel is generally, but not always, present in southern shells, but those from Oregon and northward show a tend- ency to form a shell either without a noticeable keel, or with the keel forming a margin to a plane upper surface, rather than a median carina. When compared with Cooper’s types in the National Museum Mr. Vanatta’s P. callioglyptus is seen to be identical. The variety ore- gonenstis retains the typical form but has stronger spiral sculpture. I regard P. centervillensis of Tryon as a P. planulatus with the keel obsolete. What appear to be intergradational forms are numerous in the large series of the National Museum; though it would seem incred- ible to any one possessing only the extremes that they can belong to the same species. Planorbis (Gyraulus) hirsutus Gould. ? Planorbis albus MULLER, Verm. Terr. et Fluv., 11, p. 164, 1774. Planorbis hirsutus GouLp, Am. Journ. Sci., XxxvuiI, p. 196, 1840; Inv. Mass., p. 206, pl. x1, fig. 135, 1841. Planorbis borealis (LOVEN) WESTERLUND, Mal. BI., xx1I, p. 77, 1875. Lange. — Washington, D. C.! northward, east of the Mississippi. Lake Superior! Lake of the Woods ! Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan River! Great Fic.73. Plai- Slave Lake! EBL Ba ike Var. dorealis Westerlund: Port Clarence, Alaska. Gould. 2. Northern Sweden. This species appears to be common only in New England, if one may trust reports, and it is remarkable how few records there are of it in the literature of American fresh water shells. The shell is variable in form; from having, in what I have re- garded as the type, well rounded nearly cylindrical whorls, it varies to a form more or less depressed and carinate and with an oblique aper- 94 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS ture, which, when it has lost its hispid periostracum, can hardly be distinguished from the shell which is usually called deflectus of Say. This latter form, which, when in perfect condition, is fully as hairy as the typical Azrsutus, is apparently identical with the shell which European writers catalogue under the name draparnaudz or draparnaldi of Sheppard. In its best state this has a peripheral fringe of longer hairs than those elsewhere on the surface, beneath which is usually, but not always, a faint peripheral keel like that of P. deflectus Say, which is distinguishable, so far as the shell is con- cerned, only by its less profuse and hairy periostracum. I should not be at all surprised if the two were eventually shown to be extremes of one specific form, especially as I have been unable to find specimens of typical deflectus which do not somewhere exhibit traces of spiral stri- ation like that of P. Azrsutus. ‘The identity of our American species with the so-called P. aléus Miiller, of Europe, I do not doubt, but whether the name a/ézs is the proper one to use for the latter is open to question, and on the present occasion I prefer to use a name about whose application no doubt can exist. The differences which have been reported to exist between the New England and the European shell are due to the comparison being made between discrepant varie- ties. If aseries including all varieties from many different localities in Europe, be compared with a similar American series, parallels for each variation will be found. Planorbis borealis (Loven MS.) Westerlund, after specimens fur- nished by Westerlund, is merely a somewhat delicately sculptured mutation of this species. Planorbis (Gyraulus) deflectus Say. Planorbis deflectus Say, Long’s Exp. Rep., 1, p. 261, pl. xv, fig. 8, 1824. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 25, pl. Iv, figs. 4-7, 1844 (N. W. Territory). Planorbis virens ADAMS, 1840; young shell. Planorbis obliguus DE Kay, 1843. Range.—In America the same as that of P. hir- Fic. 74. Plan- orbis deflectus Bese: Say, 2. Ottawa, Canada! Lake of the Woods! Great Slave Lake ! Dall River, Alaska, Lat. 66° N.! Popof Island, Shumagins, Alaska (Kincaid) ! Doubtfully distinct from the preceding species. It differs chiefly from the variety draparnaudi by the feebleness or absence of the hispidity of the periostracum. The deflection of the aperture and the consequent form of the mouth of the shell are inconstant characters, FAMILY LYMNZIDZ2= 95 although they have been called ‘ characteristic’ by the very authors whose evidence shows the inconstancy. Planorbis (Torquis) parvus Say. Planorbis parvus Say, Nicholson's Enc., tst ed., 11 (no pagination), pl. 1, fig. 5, 1817.— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 27, pl. Iv, figs. 19-23, 1844 (Delaware R.)— Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 133, figs. 222- 223 (not 224), 1865. Planorbis concavus ANTHONY, MS., various catalogues. FPlanorbis elevatus C. B. ADAMS, Bost. Journ. N. Hist., 111, p. 327, pl. m1, fig. 16, 1840; young shell (S. Boston). Planorbis billingst LEA, 1866, from types (Ottawa, Canada). Range.— In America, the whole of eastern North America from Florida to N. Lat. 67°, and the Yukon drainage system. Ottawa, Canada! northward and westward to Lake Winnipeg! the Saskatchewan River! Alberta at Laggan, Olds and McLeod; Mani- toba at Brandon and Birtle! Methy Lake; Moose Factory! Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River! Lake Bennett, Yukon Territory! Left bank of the Yukon below Fort Yukon, Alaska! The most striking characteristic of this widespread species is its ‘reamed out’ umbilicus. P. démophdlus Westerlund, its nearest European analogue, may be distinguished at once by its shallow and flattish umbilicus. It rarely shows any trace of spiral sculpture and, when clean, is brightly polished. In the last whorl of the adult the portion above the periphery is usually somewhat flattened or obliquely depressed. Planorbis (Torquis) vermicularis Gould. Flanorbis vermicularis GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., Ces 11, p. 252; 16475. Moll USS. Expl, Exp: pw t12, pl, figs. 131, a—d, 1852 (Oregon). Range.—Northern California! Oregon! and Van- couver Island, British Columbia! On comparison, the type of P. vermicularzs is seen to have vertically deeper whorls than a specimen of P. A parvus of the same number and diameter. The aper- Fic. 75. Plan- ture is more expanded, and much larger, as one %” ee vermicu- would expect from the greater lumen of the whorl. matey (mag: Specimens from middle and southern California have a different aspect and may prove on more careful study to belong to P. parvus. They certainly do not agree with the Oregon shell, which, however, I have seen from Noyo, California. 96 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Planorbis (Torquis) nathorsti Westerlund. Planorbis nathorsti WESTERLUND, Vega Expd., Iv, p. 168, 1887. — POSSELT, Consp. Fauna Gronl. Moll., p. 162, 1898. Aulatsivik, West Greenland (Sofia Expedition) ; Labrador (Storer). This species is said to approach P. arcticus, but has four and a half turns in a diameter of 3.5 mm., while the latter turns only three and a half times in 5.0mm. /. xathorsti has spiral as well as trans- verse striation. It has not been figured. Some specimens in the National Museum collected in Labrador ex- hibit about four turns in 3.5 mm. diameter, according to my calcula- tion, but so much personal equation enters into the estimation of the extent of the first whorl that I am inclined to think they belong to Westerlund’s species, in which case it is intermediate between parvus and arcticus, but without the excavated umbilicus of the former. Planorbis (Torquis) arcticus Moller. Planorbis arcticus (BECK, MS.) MO.LER, Index Moll. Grénl., p. 5, 1842.— Morcu, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 32, pl. Iv, fig. 9, 1868.—MORCH, in Rink’s Danish Greenland, p. 436, 1877. Range. — West Greenland! Fort Chimo, Ungava, Labrador! Species with larger whorls, the last more expanded near the aper- ture, and with the sides of the umbilicus not excavated as in P. parvas Say. Planorbis (Torquis) umbilicatellus Cockerell. Planorbis umbilicatus TAYLOR, Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 351, 1885 ; not of Miil- ler, 1774. Manitoba. Planorbis umbilicatellus COCKERELL, Conch. Exch., 1, p. 68, Nov., 1887.— Vanatta, Nautilus, 1x, No. 10, p. 117, 1896. Range.— From Mesilla, New Mexico! northward, through Col- orado, Montana, Iowa, Minnesota, to Manitoba. Rapid City, Birtle, Brandon! in Manitoba; McLeod, Red Deer, Olds, Laggan, in Alberta. Planorbis (Armiger) crista Linné. Nautilus crista LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 709, 1758. Turbo nautileus LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 1241, 1767. Planorbis imbricatus MULLER, Hist. Verm. Terr., 1, p. 165, 1774. Planorbis cristatus DRAPARNAUD, Hist., p. 44, pl. 1, figs. 1-3, 1805. Planorbis nautileus GRAY, Turton’s Man. Land and Fw. Shells, p. 236, pl. vill, fig. 94, 1857. Planorbis costatus DE TAR and BEECHER, leaflet of one page, Albany, Oct. 25, 1878. Planorbis crista WOODWARD, Brit. Nonmarine Moll., in Journ. Conch., X, Pp. 355, 1903. FAMILY LYMNZZID= 97 ange. — Europe, Algeria, in the Old World; in America at Cari- bou, Aroostook Co., Maine! Hamilton and Ottawa, Canada; Ann Arbor, Michigan! Red Deer in Alberta; Manitoba. This small and inconspicuous species will doubtless be found in many other localities when thorough search is made. Genus Segmentina Fleming. Segmentina FLEMING (1817, Edin. Encycl., ed. viz, vol. xm, jide Turton Manual, p. 116, 1831); Brit. An., p. 279, 1828. Type Nautilus lacustris (Lightfoot) Montagu. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn,,) IV, p- 14,. 1342.— STEIN, Schnecken u. Musch. Berlins, p. 78, 1850.— WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., v, p. 85, 1885. — WoopwarD, List. Bnt. Nonmarine Moll., p. 355, 1903. Llemithalamus LEACH (1819), Proofsheets, p. 137, fede Turton, Manual, p. 116, 1831.—FITZINGER, Syst. Verz., Pp. I10, 1833. — ROSSMASSLER, Icon., I, pt. 11, p. 15, 1835.—Z. nztidus (MULLER) LEAcH = P. /ineatus Jeffreys. Segmentaria SWAINSON, Malac., p. 337, 1840 ; Japsus pro Segmentina Fleming. fippeutis (sp.) AGAssiz in Charpentier, Fauna Helvetica, .p..22,, 1837) —— HARTMANN, Syst. Uebers, tab., 1840. Dentatus GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 181, not of Beck, 1837, 2. armatus Gray ; ? = P. armigerus Say + P. armiger Beck. : > Planorbula HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., Iv, p. 14, 1842, B armigerus Say. Discus HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., I, p. 4 of cover, July, 1840 (P. armigerus Say), not of Fitzinger, 1883. This genus was founded by Fleming on the Planordi's nitidus of Miller, of which Jacustrzs Lightfoot, is a synonym. I have not been able to verify the reference to the Edinburgh Encyclopedia. Leach’s name was circulated in proof sheets, but not actually published or cited by other authors until after Fleming’s description appeared. Beck called a group of Planorbes ‘Dentatz’ but applied no name to the group, and the transformation by Gray to‘ Denxtatus,’ as if it had been in- tended for a generic or subgeneric name, seems quite unwarranted. The genus may be divided into three groups as follows : Subgenus Segmentina s.s. Base flattened, coil close, margin of the aperture simple, sharp ; lamell ridgelike, several sets persistent in the adult. Type P. xztédus Miiller. Palearctic region. Subgenus Plaxorbula Haldeman. Whorls rounded, coil loose, mar- gin of the aperture simple, sharp, slightly expanded ; lamella denti- form, only one set persistent in the adult. Type, P. armigerus Say. Nearctic region. flaldemanina Dall, n. sect., whorls carinate above and below, margin of aperture thickened and reflected; lamella complex, dentiform and ridgelike, one series persistent in the adult. Type, Planorbis wheatleyi Lea. Coosa drainage of Alabama. 98 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS The lamellation of Segmentina is composed of irregular undulate ridges, radiating from the axis of the shell. In Planorbula there are four dentiform lamellz on the outer and two (one quite small) on the axial side of the throat, in a general way mostly turned in the direction of the coil, and the earlier series are absorbed as the animal grows. The position and shape of these lamellz are remarkably uniform in all the species. In Haldemanina the lamelle are more elongate and com- plex, requiring a diagram to define their relations, but on the whole more like Planorbula than Segmentina. (See Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 137, figs. 226-7, 1865.) Segmentina (Planorbula) armigera Say. Planorbis armigerus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 164, 1818.— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 30, pl. Iv, figs. 11-13, 1844.— GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 205, fig. 138, 1841. Type locality, Upper Missouri. Planorbis armiger Breck, Index, p. 123, 1838. Range. — New England and the Middle States, south to Georgia, westward to Nebraska, and northward to Great Slave Lake. Lake Winnipeg and the Saskatchewan River! Egg Lake, Saskat- chewan: Red Deer: Battle River; Great Playgreen Lake, Manitoba ; Fort Ellice and Fort Pelly; Ver- milion Lake; Moose Factory ; b a cS p) ND} James Bay! Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake! Fic. 76. Planor- Fic. 77. Teeth Shell biconcave, of five whorls, bula armigera Say. of P. wheatley? polished, with an olivaceous peri- a,nat.size; 5,teeth Lea, for com- Peo gtRe pisieort. ostracum; upper surface slightly concave in the center, the suture deep but not channelled, upper surface of the whorls with an obscure carination, the last part of the last whorl expanded and suddenly de- flected downward, base witha steeply funicular umbilicus, exhibiting in scalar fashion all the whorls, and bordered by an obtuse carina; _peri- phery of the whorls median, rounded ; lip simple, hardly thickened, con- tinued across the body by a thin callus; aperture at an angle of 45° to the vertical axis; surface sculptured by fine lines of growth and obso- lete microscopic, inconstant, spiral striation. Max. diam. 8.0; min. diam. 6.5; height 3.0 mm. This common species extends well to the north, but has not yet been reported from any part of the Pacific drainage, where it appears to be replaced by a very similar species, P. declivis Tate, which however has not yet been collected north of the Umpqua River, Oregon, specimens from that locality and from Nicaragua being in the National Museum. FAMILY PHYSID®= 99 Segmentina (Planorbula) christyin. sp. Plate 11, figs. 10, Ir. Shell resembling P. armigera in a general way but having six whorls, the upper surface nearly flat, the latter part of the last whorl in nearly the same plane as the preceding whorls, with no marked deflection; the whorls rounded, with no carina above or below; the surface sculptured with fine close silky incremental lines and fine sharp spiral strie, giving a minutely reticulate effect when magnified ; aper- ture-plane about 25° from the vertical; teeth very similar in form and position to those of P. armigera. Max. diam. 10.0; min. diam. 7.5 ; height 3.0 mm. High Bluff, Manitoba! (R. Miller Christy) ; Fort Smith, Mackenzie River! (E. A. Preble). After comparing these shells with a large series of P. armzgera and finding nothing intermediate, I conclude that this form is worthy of a name. I have examined seven specimens of P. christyz, and several hundred from forty different localities, north and south, of P. armz- gera. The present form is the largest, flattest, and most sharply sculptured of the group. Family PHYSIDZ. Genus Physa Draparnaud. < Physa DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, pp. 31, 52, 1801 ; Hist. des Moll. de France, pp. 25, 28, 54, 1805; first species Bulla fontinalis Linné. — Roissy, Moll., v, p. 343, 1805.— STUDER, Syst. Verz., p. 25, 1820.— LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., vI, pt. 2, p. 155, 1822. Not of Fitzinger, 1833, nor Wes- terlund, 1902. Enydra HUBNER, Zwei Briefe, 1810 (nomenclature non-Linnean ?). Physa SOWERBY, Genera, fasc. vil (Limnea ), 1822.— FLEMING, Brit. An. p. 276, 1828.— Leacu, Proofsheets, p. 150, fide Turton, Man., p. 127, 1831.— LEACH, Synops. Moll. Gt.’Brit., p. 109, 1852. Rivicola FITZINGER, Verz. Conch., p. 110, 1833. Type &. fontinals Linné. < Physa BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 75, 1865.— DALL, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., 1x, p. 355, 1870. Type P. fontinalis. Physella HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., 1, pp. 14, 38, 1842; type P. globosa Hald.— DALL, of. cit., p. 355, 1870. Physodon HALDEMAN, Mon, Limn., I, pp. 14, 39, 1842; type P. microstoma Hald. — DALL, of. cit., p. 356, 1870. ? Diastropha GRayY, in Turton, Man., ed. II, p. 16, 1840; sole ex. Physa contorta Michaud.— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., 111, 3d page of cover, 1841, text, pp. 14, 35, 1842. Moquin TANDON, Hist. Moll. Fr., 11, p. 459, 1855. 2 Z ? Diastropha ‘Guilding,’ Gray (Synops. Brit. Mus., 1840, fide Agassiz), P. Z.S., 1847, p. 180; Physa guildingi¢ Swainson. Costatella Dau, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y., Ix, p. 355, 1870. Type Physa costata Newcomb. > Costella MEEK, Inv. Fos. Upper Missouri, pp. 603-604, 1876 ; lapsus pro Costatella. >Macrophysa Tryon, Struct. Syst. Conch., 11, p. 103, 1884. Bulinus WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., p. 54, 1885 (not of Adanson, 1757) ; Acta Acad. Sci. Slav. Merid., Zagrabiz, CLI, p. 119, 1902. <_Bullinus OKEN, Lehrb. d. Naturg., sp. x, 302-3, 1815. J&B. fontinalis L., first species. This genus has suffered from its resemblance to the sinistral Lym- nzas and the physiform Planorboids, which have been and still are frequently confounded with the true Physas. Not until much more is known of the dentition and soft parts will it be practicable to eliminate from Physa all the unrelated species. The group containing /szdora, Physopsis, etc., is chiefly South European and African, but it is probable that some of the subtropical American species also belong to it. The subgenus Physella Haldeman, was proposed because the author believed it to be branchiate instead of pulmonate, but we now know that undoubted species of Lymn@a, having no access to the atmosphere, live in the deep waters of some of the Swiss lakes, per- haps gathering up globules of oxygen freed by aquatic plants; and unless some more definite observations show anatomical distinctions (such as were merely surmised by Haldeman) the group is hardly worth retention. Physodon Haldeman, so far as the shell is concerned, differs from Physa s.s. only by an almost imperceptible thickening below the obscure plait on the pillar, and, in default of other charac- ters, might well be dispensed with. The soft parts of Déastropha contorta (Mich.) have not been de- scribed, and there is some reason to think it may be an /szdora. Gray, who first introduced it in connection with the above mentioned species, subsequently listed it as a name (MS.?) given by Guilding, and men- tioned as type Physa guildingt Swainson, which is an AZ/exa. The groups into which the genus may confidently be divided are as follows : Section Physas.s. Shell sinistral, ovoid, polished, with a spire shorter than the length of the aperture, an obscure plait on the pillar, with the pillar merging gradually into the peristome, the outer lip sharp, often with a slight thickening internally, the inner lip closely appressed to the body and pillar, a very small or no umbilicus, the surface of the shell smooth or microscopically striated. Type Bulla fontinalis Linné. Holarctic and Temperate regions of both hemi- spheres, also Hawaii. FAMILY PHYSIDZ IOI ? Section Macrophysa Meek. Shell elongate, columnar, large, the last whorl and aperture small compared with that of the typical Physa, the surface axially striated. Type Physa columnaris Deshayes, Eocene of Paris Basin. Section Costatella Dall. Shell physiform, polished, sculptured with axial ribs. Type Physa costata Newcomb. The section Macrophysa has been affiliated to 7s¢dora by Sandberger and others, but as the species is only known in the fossil state some doubt must remain as to its relations. It has somewhat the form of Lsidora wahlbergé Krauss from South Africa, but the resemblance may be merely a parallelism and not an indication of relationship, as we find several species of /s¢dora absolutely indistinguishable from true Physa except by anatomical examination. The groups known as Amerza Adams, Glyptophysa Crosse, Plesio- physa Crosse and Fischer, Physopsts Krauss, Pulmobranchia Pelsen- ear, etc., are more or less intimately connected with /s¢dora Ehrenberg (Bulinus Adanson) and do not form part of the family Physzde. None of them occurs in the region to which this paper relates. Iam indebted to the discussion of American Physe by O. A. Crandall in the Nautilus, volume xv, for assistance in determining the species of Physa from the north. Physa heterostropha Say. Physa heterostropha Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., Am. ed. (no pagination), pl. I, fig. 6, 1817.— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 23, pl. 11, figs. 1-9, 1843. —BrnneEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., uy, p. 84, figs. 144-5, 1865. Physa plicata DE Kay, fragilis Mighels, data Tryon, primeana Tryon, and philippit Kister, are said to be synonymous by Crandall. Fange.—From the Potomac and Ohio Rivers northward, and westward to the Mississippi. Anticosti Island! Manitoba, Red River of the North, Lac des Mille Lacs to Lake of the Woods; Alberta, at Olds, McLeod and Red Deer. Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan! L. Winnipeg! English River! Albany River! near James Bay; Hudson Bay drainage in Keewatin at Moose Factory ! and Nelson River! Lake Isle Lacrosse! Peace River! and Great Slave Lake ! Readily recognizable by its form and the absence of microscopic spiral sculpture. The northern specimens, when dead, are of a beau- tiful opalescent white with a claret colored apex. Fic. 78. Physa heterostropha. Physa gyrina Say. Physa gyrina Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 171, 1821. — HALDE- MAN, Mon. Limn., p. 32, pl. 3, figs. 1-6, 1843 ; Council Bluffs, Iowa. 102 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Physa hildrethiana LEA, oleacea Tryon, and albofilata Ancey, are united by Crandall with this species. Physa fontinalis J. DEC. SOWERBY (in Richardson), not of Linné. Range.—The United States east of the Mississippi, Canada, and northward. Manitoba! Lower Saskatchewan near Lake Win- nipeg! York Factory, Keewatin; Great Slave Lake! Methy Lake to Great Bear Lake (Richardson). Variety oleacea Tryon, also variety Azldrethiana Fic. 76. Paya Lea : Great Slave Lake ; Port Clarence, Alaska(Bean). gyrinavar. hild- This is the prevalent species over the north country, rethiana Lea. extending to the Arctic Circle at Great Bear Lake, and westward to Bering Strait. It is to be noted however that Physa in this region is nowhere a common form like Lymnea or Planorbis, or even Aplexa. The varieties noted differ from one another and from the typical form chiefly in the character of slenderness. Physa ancillaria Say. Physa ancillaria Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 124, 1825. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 27, pl. 11, figs. I-10, 1843. — GouLp, Inv. Mass., p. 213, fig. 142, 1841. CRANDALL, Nautilus, xv, No. 4, p. 42, Igol. Physa vinosa GOULD, and P. crassa WALKER, are regarded as subspecies of P. ancillaria by Crandall, and Binney unites with it P. obesa De Kay. Range. — The United States northward from the Potomac and Ohio Rivers, and east of the Mississippi, to the Saskatchewan. Variety vinosa Gould, Lake Superior. Manitoba. Lake of the Woods; Lake Winnipeg; and the lower Saskatchewan River. The above localities are cited from the literature; I have seen no specimens from north of the United States, west of Ontario. Physa lordi Baird. Physa lordi BAtrD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1863, p. 68. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 76, figs. 125-127. Physa parkeri CURRIER, in Decamp, List of Shellbearing Moll. of Mich., Kent Sci. Inst. Misc. Pub., v, p. 15, pl. 1, fig; 3; 16S1; Range.— Washington and British Columbia, east of the Cascade Mountains, eastward to the northern peninsula of Michigan, and southward at high alti- tudes to New Mexico. Round Lake! Lake Houghton! and Lake Douglas! — yg. 80. Physa northern Michigan! Mingusville, Montana! Ft. Col- Jordi Baird. FAMILY PHYSIDZ 103 ville, Wash.! Lake Osoyoos, Lat. 49° and Kootenai Lake, British Columbia; San Rafael, Valencia Co., New Mexico; altitude 6,000 feet ! I find this remarkable species in the National collection labelled P. parkert Currier, There is a form very similar in miniature to this, which occurs in the Gila River, Arizona, and elsewhere in that region, but, while this may be a dwarf form of P. dordz, I do not feel suffi- ciently certain to include it in the range of the latter. The Michigan specimens however are typical, and finely developed, not in any way to be distinguished from those collected in Washington. Physa propinqua Tryon. Physa propingua Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., I, p. 223, pl. 23, fig. 5, 1865 ; Mon. Fw. Univ., Moll. U. S., pt. 3, p. 132, pl. vi, fig. 13, 1872. Range.— Jordan Creek, SW. Idaho, west to Puget Sound and south to Los Angeles, Calif. Puget Sound drainage! Sumas Prairie, Fraser River valley, British Columbia, and elsewhere in the lowlands of British Columbia, east of the Cascades. ; This form closely resembles P. heterostropha Say, and is the shell which has been listed by that name from the Pacific Coast, where ac- cording to Tryon and Crandall the true P. heterostropha does not occur. Whether it is a distinct species, or a special mutation of P. ampullacea Gould, or a western race of some other species, I do not feel able to determine, and so I accept Tryon’s assurance that it is a valid species. Physa ampullacea Gould. Physa bullata GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., v, p. 128, 1855 ; not of Potiez et Michaud, 1838. Physa ampullacea GOULD, in Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., WJ, p. 79, figs. 134, 135 (not 133), 1865. Range.— Oregon and Washington, northward to Norton Sound on the Pacific Coast. Oregon! Lake Oyosa, Washington! Vancouver Island, near Vic- toria; ponds near St. Michael, Norton Sound, Alaska, rare! A single specimen of what seems to be this species was found among other shells collected near St. Michael, Alaska, by E. W. Nelson. Physa (Aplexa?) hordacea Lea. Physa hordacea LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1864, p. 116; Journ. Acad. Nat.:Sci; Phila., (2),.vi, pp: 176,177, pl. “xxv, fig. 102, 1866,: Obs. Gen. Univ., XI, pp. 132-3, pl. xxIVv, fig. 102, 1866. 104 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Bulinus hordaceus Tryon, Mon. Fw. Univ. Moll. U. S., p. 170, pl. vm, fig. 19, 1872. Range. — Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Island. Fort Vancouver, Wash.! near Puget Sound, Wash. ! This is the small species, having much the appearance of an Af/exa, which has been cited on the authority of Dr. J. G. Cooper as Aplexa hypnorum from near Puget Sound. This error was afterward cor- rected by Cooper himself. No observations have been recorded in regard to the animal, and when these have been made it is entirely pos- sible that the creature may turn out to be an Ag/lexa. It is entirely distinct from A. hypuorum at any rate Genus Aplexa Fleming. Bulla (sp.) LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 727, 1758.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., v1 Pp. 3428, 1792. Flanorbis (sp.) O. T. MULLER, Hist. Verm., I, p. 169, 1774. Turbo (sp.) WALKER, Test. Min. var., p. 15, 1787. < Bulinus O. T. MULLER, in Der Naturforscher (Halle), xv, ‘P- 6, 1781 (after Adanson, Sénégal, p. 5, 1757, non binomial). <(Physa DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, pp. 31, 52, 1801 ; Hist. des Moll. de France, Pp. 55, 1805. Baines POIRET, Coq. Fluv. et Terr., p. 41, 1801 ; not of Scopoli. <_Bullinus OKEN, Lehrb. d. Naturg., pp. X, 302, 1815. Aplexa FLEMING, in Sowerby, Gen., fasc. v1I, 1822 ; Hist. Brit. An., p. 276, 1828. Type Bulla hypnorum Linné, 1758. Haldemania CLESSIN, 1880, not of Tryon, 1862. Subgenus Acroloxus Beck. Acroloxus BECK, Ind. Moll., p. 124, 1837, 1st sp. A. radiatus Guilding, 1828, not of Orbigny, 1825 ; also includes A. /acustris (L.) Miller ; Herrmann- sen, Ind. Gen. Mal., 1, p. 16, 1846, selects 4. /acustris as type. — W. G. BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., I, p. 147, 1865. Acroxus BOURGUIGNAT, J. de Conchyl., Iv, p. 169, 1853; a modification of Acroloxus Beck. Velletia GRAY, in Turton, Man., pp. 66, 230, 250, 1840; sole ex. A. Jacusiris Miiller.— HaLpEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 14, 1842.— Gray, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 181 ; A. lacustris. — BouRGuIGNAT, J. de Conchyl., Iv, p. 63, 1853; P. Z.S., 1853, p. 79, July, 1854. — FIscHER, Man., p. 504, 1883, Subgenus Ancylastrum Bourguignat. Ancylastrum BouRGUIGNAT, Journ. de Conchyl, Iv, pp. 63, 170, 1853 (Feb.), A. cumingianus Bourguignat (Tasmania) selected as type; P. Z. S., 1853, p. 91 (not p. 80), 1854.— HEDLEY, Proc. Mal. Soc., 1, p. 118, 1894. Not Ancylastrum Clessin, 1880, and Westerlund, 1902. Cumingia CLESSIN, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, pt. 299, Mon. Azcylus, p. 10, 1880; type A. cumingianus Bourg.— TRyON, Struct. Syst. Conch., II, p. 107, 1884. Not Cumingia Sowerby, P. Z. S., 1833, p. 34. Legrandia HANLEY, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania for 1871, p. 27, 1872. Type A. cumingianus Bourg. ? Subgenus Gundlachia Pfeiffer. Guna.:achia PFEIFFER, Zeitschr. fiir Mal. for 1849, p. 97, 1850; type G. ancyliformis Pfeiffer, Cuba ; cf Nordenskidld, Zool. Anz., XxvI, pp. 590- 593, July, 1903; and Dall, Nautilus, xvi1, Jan., 1904, pp. 97-8, 1904; also J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., vi, p. 26, 1875. Poeyia Bourcuienat, Spicil. Mal., xctv, Jan., 1862, Rev. de Zool., p. 13, 1862. Sole ex. Pf. gundlachioides Bourg., = Gundlachia test. Juv. fide Fischer. The genus Azcylus cannot be cited as of Geoffroy, first, because that author did not adopt the Linnean nomenclature, and secondly, because his only species was identified by him with Patella lacustris L., which is the type of Acroloxus, and, though Bourguignat and FAMILY PHYSID 109 others have tried to propagate the view that Geoffroy’s species was the A. fluviatilis, their arguments cannot be said to outweigh the positive statement of the original author. The first binomial author to use Ancylus was Miiller, who must be credited with the genus. The name Ancylastrum, published by Bourguignat (though probably suggested by Moquin Tandon) was doubtless intended to be the equivalent of Ancylus s. s., but the publishing author distinctly and repeatedly announced the type to be Axcylus cumingianus, which differs in many respects from typical Azcylws, and will therefore retain the name, which otherwise would have fallen into the synonymy of Azcylus s.s. Acroloxus Beck, typified by A. dacustrzs Miller, seems to be a well characterized subdivision. Beck’s first species was examined by Gray and determined to be a Vedlet¢a, which is an exact synonym of Acro- loxus. Protancylus was proposed by the Sarasin brothers in 1808, for a form resembling Azcylus, from Celebes, but in which the gill is fully developed. Typical Anzcylus seems to be an Old World form, but Acroloxus is represented in both hemispheres. The subdivisions of the typical sub- genus so far recognized are as follows : ? Brondelia Bourguignat, Rev. de Zool, p. 13, 1862; Spic. Mal., xcv, Jan., 1862, type B. drowetzana Bourg., Algeria. This form, which is said to be an air-breather, a fact needing con- firmation, is radiately ribbed and has a sinistral apex. More informa- tion about it is much needed, and it may prove to be an Acroloxus. Lanx Clessin, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, pt. 299, p. 10, 1880; type A. new- berryé Lea, Oregon and California. The type has a smooth or concentrically striated apex, subcentrally situated, obtuse; the shell is larger and more solid than the majority of the genus. A. patelloides Lea, placed by Clessin with the above, has a shell like A. xewderryz, but more delicate, depressed, and with a well marked radial system of coloration. The following groups are Nearctic or American; /errdssza is also South African. Levapex Walker, Nautilus, xvi, June, 1903, p. 15; type Azcylus fuscus C. B. Adams. Chiefly lacustrine, with a smooth nepionic shell. Ferrissta Walker, of. ctt., p. 15; type Axcylus rivularis Say. Chiefly fluviatile, with a radiately sculptured nepionic shell. The question as to whether Guzdlachia is a distinct genus or merely an exceptional second-season growth of Azcylus, has been discussed IIo LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS by me in the paper cited in the synonymy, since publishing which I find Dr. J. G. Cooper had also expressed the same opinion in 1875. Ancylus (Ferrissia) rivularis Say. Ancylus rivularis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, p. 124, 1817.— HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1844 (Delaware River). Ancyclus rivularis SAY, Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, 3d ed., Art. Conchology, vol. II, p. 14, 1819. Ancylus (Ferrissia) rivularis BRYANT WALKER, The Nautilus, xv, No. 2, p. 15, June, 1903 ; xvulI, No. 2, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. I-10, 13-15, June, 1904. Range. — Northern United States east of the Mississippi, New Mexico, Canada, Manitoba. Souris River, Manitoba, Dawson. Ancylus (Ferrissia) parallelus Haldeman. Ancylus parallelus HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., pt. 2, p. 3 of cover, 1841 (Ver- mont) ; pt. 7, p. 11, pl. 1, fig. 6, 1844.— Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 142, 1865. Range. — New England; Canada, Manitoba. Pine Creek; Rainy River; and Lake of the Woods, in Manitoba. Ancylus (Levapex) fragilis Tryon. Ancylus fragilis TRYON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1863, p. 149, pl. 1, fig. 15.— BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 01, p. 146, fig. 246 (Cali- fornia), 1865.—TRyON, Mon. Fw. Univ. Moll. U.S., p. 229, pl. 2, figs. 17, 18, 1872. 2? Ancylus caurinus COOPER, Rep. N. Hist. Wash., p. 378, 1859; Pacific R. R. Reps., XII, p. 378, 1859, nude name.—BINNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 144, fig. 243, 1865 ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Iv, p. 100, 1870. Black River, Puget Sound. Range.—California; Puget Sound drainage (caurinus), Vancouver Island near Victoria! (caurinus). Tryon unites these under his prior name. The Vancouver specimens are certainly iden- tical with Cooper’s shell. Fic. 82. Azcylus koo- tantensts Baird. Ancylus (Levapex) kootaniensis Baird. Ancylus kootaniensis BAIRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1863, p. 69.— BinnEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Il, p. 144, fig. 242, 1865. —TRYON, Mon. Fw. Univ. Moll. U. S., p. 227, pl. 11, figs. 11-12, 1872. Range. — Kootenai and Spokane Rivers, British Columbia. FAMILY SIPHONARIID op Gat Family SIPHONARIIDA. Genus Siphonaria Sowerby. Siphonaria SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, pt. xx1, Jan., 1824; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1835, p. 6.— DALL, Am. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 31, 1870. Muretia D’ORBIGNY, Voy. Am. Mérid., p. 682, 1846. Not JMJouretia Sow- erby, 1835. Trimusculus (SCHMIDT, MS.) MGLLER, Isis, 1832, p. 132. ? Lira GRAY, Phil. Mag. and Journ., Lxu11, p. 275, April, 1824. The type of Zzrza is Le Lir¢ Adanson, Sénégal, p. 32, pl. 2, fig. 2, 17573 stated by Gray to be a synonym of Sowerby’s genus, but it is probable that Adanson’s shell is not a Szphonaria. Subgenus Siphonaria s. s. Siphonaria DALL, Am. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 31, 1870. Shell solid, porcellanous, with subcentral apex and radial sculpture ; inner lateral teeth of the radula bifid, outer trifid. Habitat, tropical or warmer seas. Type, S. szpbho Sowerby. Subgenus Liriola Dall. Lirtola DALL, Am. Journ. Conch., vi, p. 32, 1870. Shell thin, horny, with apex eccentric; smooth or faintly radially striate. Habitat, cooler or temperate seas. Type S. thersttes Car- penter. Siphonaria (Liriola) thersites Carpenter. Siphonaria thersites CARPENTER, Ann. Mag. N. Hist. (3), XIv, p. 425, Dec., 1864. Neah Bay, Wash. Siphonaria (Liriola) thersites DALL, Am. Journ. Conch., vI, pp. 32, 33, pl. Iv, fig. 8, pl. v, figs. 2, 5, 1870. Range.— Strait of Fuca to the Aleutian Islands, on stones near low water mark. Neah Bay, Wash.! Victoria, British Columbia; Fort Simpson, British Columbia; in Alaska at Port Mulgrave! Port Etches! St. Paul, Kadiak! Chirikof Island! Semidi Islands! Simeonof Island and Popof Strait, Shumagin Islands! Chika Islands, Unalga Pass ! Captains Harbor, Unalaska! Constantine Harbor, Amchitka! Kiska Harbor, Kiska Island, Aleutians. This is one of the most common and characteristic mollusks of the northwest coast. It lives between tidemarks, often where it must be submerged twenty out of twenty-four hours of the day, but is some- times dredged in 20 fathoms, dead. IIz LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Family ONCHIDIIDZ. Genus Onchidium Buchanan, 1800. Type Oxchidium typhe Buchanan, Trans. Linn. Soc., v, p. 132, 1800. Subgenus Onchidella Gray, 1850. Type Onchidium nigricans Quoy, Fig. Moll. An., rv, p. 117, pl. 181, fig. 1, 1850 (selected as type by Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal., Suppl., 1852). Dorsal surface without arborescent processes, margin of the mantle with prominent spaced papilla, serving as conduits for mucous glands ; lower surface of the mantle with muciparous glands; dorsum with dorsal eyes; mouth agnathous. Warmer seas. Section ArcToncuis Dall, nov. Species small, like Oxchidella, but without muciparous glands on the lower side of the mantle, without dorsal eyes and with a jaw. Cool temperate and boreal coasts. Type Onchidella borealis Dall. I had long since proposed to retain for this group the name Oxchz- della, supposing that name to be practically a synonym of Oxchidium. This, however, is not now regarded as allowable, and Oxchidella must follow the fate of its type. I propose therefore the sectional name Arctonchis for the group of small boreal Oxchidella which includes at least O. dorealzs and O. celtica Forbes and Hanley. Onchidella (Arctonchis) borealis Dall. Onchidella boreatis Datu, Am. Journ. Conch., vil, p. 135, 1871. — W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1876, p. 84, pl. v1, figs. E, EE, Sept., 1876.— Binney, Terr. Airbr. Moll. U. S., Third supple., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x1x, No. 4, pl. vi, figs. D, E, 1890 (called carfenteri by error, in text pp. 214, 224); Fourth Supplement, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xx11, No. 4, p. 202, 1892. Onchidium boreale DALL, Semper, Arch. Phil. Bd. 3, heft vi, p. 282, pl. XXI, fig. 13. Range. — California to Bering Sea on the N. W. coast of America. California (Binney); Coos Bay, Oregon (Hemphill) ; Victoria, Vancouver Island! Lituya Bay! Port Mulgrave! Port Etches! Una- laska! and Port Méller on Bering Sea! in Alaska. Observations on this species have been published by the writer, Mr. W. G. Binney, Semper, and Henry Hemphill; and, as their articles are short and widely scattered in the literature, an abstract of the FAMILY ONCHIDIIDE® I13 whole, with additions, is now given so that the data in regard to this species may be obtained in one place. The animal lives between tides, where at high water it is covered by the sea, usually on stones or projecting rocks, either where it is cov- ered with Fucus or on the underside of stones which thus form a shelter. It seems to be gregarious in its habits, as many as fifty speci- mens having been taken from a single crevice in shaly rock. When in motion it moves quite rapidly for so small an animal, with two short stout tentacles tipped by keen black eyes protruding beyond the front edge of the mantle. The upper surface is dark slate color, with spots or streaks of light gray or whitish. It appears smooth, but as if hav- ing small round tubercles beneath the smooth skin, which when the animal is contracted in alcohol are much more conspicuous than in life. Around the edge of the mantle is a single row of larger and more prominent tubercles corresponding to an equal number of mucous glands. These, projecting, give the margin a serrate or fringed appearance. The animal, when in motion, is about twelve millimeters long, four and one half wide, and three millimeters high, oblong oval in form, a little wider behind than in front. When at rest in a contracted state it is nearly circular in form, a little longer than wide, the center of the dorsum elevated in a bluntly pointed manner, giving the creature much the aspect of a young Acme@a. The lower surface of the body is of a greenish white, and, when the animal is moving, the foot seems to undergo rapid undulation. The muzzle exhibits anterior ovate extensions separated by a sulcus in the median line, as in other species of the genus. Neither Oxchidella borealis nor O. celtica possesses the singular dorsal eyes characteristic of many tropical species. O. borealis differs from O. carpenteré Binney, and all the other species of the family now known (except O. celticum), in possessing a thin delicate smooth jaw, the presence of which has been demon- strated by both Binney and Semper. According to Joyeaux Laffluie O. celticum also possesses a jaw, though the surface of the dorsum is, if the figure given by Forbes and Hanley be accurate, much more prominently tuberculous than in O. borealis. O. carpenteri Bin- ney, a small species reported by Binney from California and Puget Sound, is according to that author agnathous, and therefore belongs to the typical section of the genus. The dentition of O. dorealzs has been worked out by Binney and confirmed by Semper. The radula is long and wide, the teeth arranged strongly ex chevron, with a formula of $1-4°51. The rhachidian II4 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS tooth is large, longer than wide, truncated above, expanded below its middle, and incurved at the basal margin. ‘The reflected portion is large, tricuspid, the cusps prominent. The laterals have a long, nar- row base of attachment, a small portion of its upper part thrown out- ward, the rest curving inward, giving an irregular arcuate form to the base as a whole; the anterior and posterior margins of this base are abruptly truncate. The reflected part is rather posterior and carries a large, wide, expanding, bluntly truncated cusp on the outer side, and on the inner a very small conical cusp. The successive teeth laterally from the middle of the radula at first increase, then gradually decrease in size, but retain essentially the same characters to the outer termina- tion of the row. From the typical Oxchidium (schrammi Bland and Binney, Guadeloupe, W. I.) the teeth differ by the wider rhachidian, with more nearly equal cusps, by the presence of two distinct cusps on the laterals, and by the curve of the lateral bases, which in O. schrammi have their posterior portions curved toward the center of the radula, while in O. doreal¢s the curve is in the opposite direction. In Oxchz- della flortdana Dall, an oculiferous agnathous species from Knight’s Key, Florida, the discrepancy of the rhachidian cusps and the curve of the lateral bases agree with O. schrammz, but there is a small accessory inner cusp to the laterals. Mr. Binney informs me that the liver in O. dorealzs is in fasciculi of long ceca, one on each side; there is also an accessory lateral pouch to the stomach, which also has a fasciculus of ceca, making three biliary ducts. According to Semper this species agrees in most respects with the fifth of the groups into which he divides Oxchidium. ‘There is a single row of large glands which open through equally spaced small tubercles on the mantle edge. The other glands, which in the other species (except O. ce/¢ica) empty on the under surface of the mantle, are absent in this form. The penis is short and thick, consisting of two well marked portions. In the posterior thinner part a short broad penial papilla is present, at the base of which the spermatic duct opens. The wall of this part is marked by extremely shallow grooves in which concretions are present, very like those found in the deep grooves of other species. The spermatic cord is short and feebly twisted. The penial retractor muscle is thin and attached proximally to the middle of the pericardial sac on the inner surface of the foot. The jaw and radula are as described by Binney. I should like here to record my dissent from the ingenious hypothesis FAMILY AURICULIDZ Il5 by which Semper associated the occurrence of dorsal eyes in Onchi- dium with the presence of the fish Perzopthalmus. There are both oculiferous and (dorsally) blind species of Oxchidium in the Gala- pagos, and an oculiferous species in Florida and Bermuda, and in neither of these regions is Pertopthalmus known. It is of course not only necessary that an hypothesis should account for the facts, but that it also should be true, but the latter half of the proposition is only too liable to be left unverified. Family AURICULIDA. Genus Carychium Miller. Carychium O,. F. MULuer, Hist. Verm., 11, p. 125, 1774; soleex. C. mint- mum Miller; Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. XxIx, 1776.— DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll. Terr., p. 57, 1805 (in synonymy). Fielix (sp.) GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vI, p. 3665, 1792. Bulimus (sp.) BRUGUIERE, Encyc. Méth., 1, p. 310. Turbo (sp.) MONTAGU, Test. Brit., p. 339. Auricula (sp.) DRAPARNAUD, Tableau des Moll., p. 54, 1SOr :. Hist, p. 57, pl. 111, figs. 18, 19, 1805. Odostomia (sp.) FLEMING, Edinb. Encycl., vu, p. 76, 1817. Auricella (BRARD MS.) JurinE, Helvet. Almanach, p- 34, 1817.— HARTMANN, in Steinmiiller, Neue Alpina, I, pp. 49, 205, 215, 1821; and Sturm, Fauna, vi, heft v, p. 36, 1821; Syst. Uebersetz., table, 1840.— Moguin Tanpon, Hist. Moll. Terr. Fr., 11, p. 413, 1855. Type C. mzinz- mum Miiller. Auriculina Moquin TANDON, Hist. Moll. Terr. Fr., 11, p. 646, 1855 ; not of Grateloup, 1838, nor Gray, 1847. Saraphia (sp.) Risso, Hist. Eur. Mér., tv, p. 84, 1826; S. tridentata Risso. < Carychium LEacu, Zool. Misc., I, p. 85, 1814. — FERUSSAC, Prodr., p. 100, 1819 ; Tabl. Syst., p. xxx11I, 1821.—BLAINVILLE, Dict. Sci. Nat., vit, p. 187.—MoquiIn TANDON, Hist. Moll. Terr. Fr., pp. 412, 413, 1855. Y Fic. 83. Carychium extguum Say. Animal and shell magnified. The species of this genus are so small that a special search almost is necessary to determine their presence or absence in a given locality. 116 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS So it is uncertain whether the range herein reported might not be con- siderably extended if thorough collecting had been done. Carychium exiguum Say. Pupa exigua Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 375, 1822.— GOULD, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 111, p. 398, pl. 11, fig. 20, 1841. Carychium exiguum PFEIFFER, Wiegman’s Archiv, I, p. 224, 1841.—BIN- NEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., U, p. 6, figs. 5-9, 1865. Range.— Temperate North America. At Brandon, Pine Creek, and Carberry, Manitoba; Salt Spring Island, and at Comox, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Carychium exile Lea. Carychium exile H. C. Lea, Am. Journ. Sci., Ist ser., XLII, p. 109, plat; fig. 5, 1841. — TROSCHEL, Arch. fiir Naturg., 11, p. 128, 1843. Not CG exile C. B. Adams, Contr. Conch., 11, p. 38, 1849 (Jamaica). Range.— Eastern United States. Manitoba, in drift of the Red River of the North. In the description of the animal of Carychium cited by Binney (under C. exiguum) and copied by Baker (Moll. Chicago Area, 1, p. 254) the writer has confused the anterior end of the wide muzzle with the foot, although, by the figure adjacent to this paragraph, the rela- tion of the parts is clearly shown. The foot of the animal is not ‘¢ divided into two segments,” but is entire, as required by the generic diagnosis. Family STREPOMATIDZ. Genus Pleurocera Rafinesque. * Pleurocera canaliculata Say. Melania canaliculata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., m1, p. 175, 1821. Py esa Say, op. cit., p. 176, 1821. —SOWERBY, in Richardson, Fauna Boreali Am., Ill, p. 316, 1836. Range. — Ohio, Tennessee and Alabama, Indiana and Illinois. This species is cited in J. de C. Sowerby’s very inaccurate list, as coming from ‘‘ Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan.” No subsequent collector has confirmed this statement, which is doubtless entirely erroneous. Genus Goniobasis Lea. Goniobasis plicifera Lea, var. silicula Gould. Melania plicifera Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v1, p. 93, pl. xxuII, fig. go, 1836. Oregon. Melania silicula GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 224, 1847 ; Wilkes’ Exped., Moll., p. 141, figs. 164, 164a, 1852. Nisqually, Oregon. FAMILY AMNICOLID®= 1 a 6 ange. — Northern California, Oregon and Washington. Vancouver Island (Forbes)? British Columbia in streams west of the Cascades (Lord). This species so much resembles the viviparous Melanza of the Ha- waiian Islands and the Orient, which has a fringed mantle edge, that for a long time it was doubted whether the little group of Pacific Coast species was not related to the oriental forms rather than to the Gontobasis of the eastern United States. An examination of the liv- ing animal by the writer a few years ago showed, however, that the Oregon species has a plain mantle edge and is oviparous, so that the resemblance referred to, though obvious, is probably merely the result of convergence, and expresses no intimate relationship. Tryon regarded Gould’s szécuda as a species ; others have thought it a variety of the older Alécéfera. Further studies are necessary to de- termine the question. Family AMNICOLIDZ. Genus Amnicola Gould and Haldeman. Amnicola limosa Say. Paludina limosa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 125, 1817, — NIcHOLSON’s Encyc., third American ed., p. 12, 1819. FPaludina porata Sav, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 174, 1821. Amntcola porata GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 229, fig. 157, 1841. Amnicola limosa HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., p. Io, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6, 1845. — Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 84, fig. 166, Dee ties ANCEY (MonstR.). CO Range. — Virginia to Wisconsin and Hudson Bay. Lake Superior to the Height of Land; Athabaska at Lake La Loche (Richardson), N. Lat. 56° 30’; Lake of the Woods; Manitoba; Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! Big Sioux River, Nebraska! Salt Lake basin, Utah Lake! Utah. This is the type of the genus, and it seems to reach @ the headwaters of the Atlantic and Hudson Bay drain- age but not to reach the drainage on the other side of Fic. 85. Am- the watershed alluded to. nicola pallida. Fic. 84. Am- nicola limosa. Amnicola pallida Haldeman. Amnicola pallida HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., pt. 111, cover p. 3, 1842, pt. VIII, p. 12, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1845. — BINNEy, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 83, fig. 165, 1865. Range.— New York northward to Canada and Manitoba. Lake Winnipeg, Brandon, and Pine Creek, Manitoba. 118 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS These northern localities are cited from the literature. I have seen no Manitoban specimens. Amnicola emarginata Kiister. Paludina obtusa LEA, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 11, p. 34, 1841, not of Troschel, 1837. Paludina emarginata KUSTER, Conch. Cab., ed. 1, Mon. Paludina, p. 50, pl. K, figs. 35°4).1952. Amnicola cincinnatiensis BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 85, fig. 169, 1865, not of Anthony ? Range.— Ohio and northward to Moose River, Hudson Bay. Red River of the North; Manitoba; lower Sas- katchewan, near Lake Winnipeg! Moose Factory ! N. Lat. 51° on Hudson Bay. More or less confusion has existed between the va- rious shells which have carried the specific name czx- cinnatiensts in this family.. The present species is Fic. 86. Am- the small shell with a flat planorboid apex which has ie eee usually been called Bythinella obtusa Lea. Baker, vata AUSter in his Mollusks of the Chicago Area, unites czxcin- (magnified). peace nae : ; : nattensts Binney with this species. It does not seem to me to resemble the odfusa of Lea, particularly. Amnicola cincinnatiensis Anthony. FPaludina cincinnatiensis ANTHONY, Boston Journ. Nat. History, 111, p. 279, pl. Ill, fig. 3, 1840. Amanicola ( Cincinnatia) cincinnatiensts BAKER, Moll.Chicago Area) Ii; p. 325, pl) Revi; fis. /T4, L902. Fange.—New York to Utah, Texas to Hudson Bay. Moose Factory, Hudson Bay! ee The identity of the Hudson Bay specimens is ap- ii hice parently indubitable. The species is asserted by Pils- bry to occur in Texas and at various points in the basin of Great Salt Lake, Utah. tensts. Genus Lyogyrus Gill. Lyogyrus granum Say? Paludina grana Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 378, 1822. Amunicola granum HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., vill, p. 17, 1845. — BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 11, p. 86, fig. 170, 1865. Range.— Virginia northward to the Great Lakes and Manitoba? Pennsylvania (Say). Pine Creek, Manitoba (Miller Christy). Dr. Pilsbry, in the Nautilus (xu, No. 4, p. 42, 1898), says that the Canadian and northwestern specimens are not of the same species as FAMILY AMNICOLIDZE 11g Say’s Pennsylvania type. The above range is taken from the litera- ture; not having seen Manitoba specimens I am unable to determine what species they represent, but it appears that there is asmall species in Manitoba resembling Z. granum. & Genus Fluminicola Stimpson. Fic. 88. Lyo- ete Lyrus granum,}. Fluminicola nuttalliana Lea. FPaludina nuttalliana Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v1, p. lor, pl. xxii, fig. 10g, 1839. Paludina seminalis Hinps, Zool. Sulphur Voy. Moll., p. 59, pl. xvi, fig. 22, 1844. ? Amnicola hindstt Barrp, P. Z. S., London, 1863, p. 67. Fic. 89. Fluminicola nuttalliana, 3. Fic. 90. Fluminicola hindsti Baird, }. Range. — California to British Columbia. Variety zzdszz in Koo- tenai River and Wigwam River, at the foot of the Rocky Mountains, at an elevation up to 4,626 feet. I have not seen any British Columbian specimens and accept the identity of /. hindsiz and nuttalliana on Mr. Binney’s authority. According to Dr. Pilsbry this species is common to the Columbia River drainage of British Columbia and the United States. Fluminicola virens Lea. Paludina virens LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 1, pl. XXII, fig.. 93, 1830: Paludina nuclea LEA, op. cit., p. 91, pl. Xx, fig. 103, 1839. Range. —Oregon, Willamette River, Washington, Fic.g1. Flum- ahs 5 and Vancouver Island. tnicola virens Ey: OR ire (magnified). In this instance the Vancouver habitat is cited from the literature. Genus Pomatiopsis Tryon. Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say. Cyclostoma lapidaria Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 13, 1817. Amnicola lapidaria HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., vu, p. 18, pl. 1, fig. 10, 1845. Pomatiopsis lapidaria TRYON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1862, Pp. 452 (name only). — Stimpson, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Mon. Hydrobiinz, pp. 29-36, figs. 22-26, 1865. I20 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Paludina lustrica Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 175, 1821. Pomatiopsis lustrica BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., Ill, p. 94, fig. 189, 1865, Cayuga Lake, N. Y. 63 Range. — Eastern North America from Georgia to Iowa and Hudson Bay. cee ie Moose Factory, N. Lat. 51°, on Hudson Bay. eee Debbie 45 There is some doubt as to whether Say’s dustrica daria Say. is the young of his /epzdarza or not. I have fol- lowed the general usage in uniting them. If they should prove dis- tinct it is, according to Mr. Binney, the P. Zustréca which occurs in the Northwest and on the watershed south of Hudson Bay. Family VALVATIDA. Genus Valvata Miiller. Valvata MULLER, Hist. Verm., 11, p. 198, 1774; sole ex. . cristata Miiller, Europe; Zool. Dan. Prodr., p. 239, 1776. DRAPARNAUD, Tableau, pp. 30, 42, 1801 ; Hist. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. France, pp. 26, 28, 41, 1805. — Roissy, Hist. Nat. Moll., v, p. 379, 1805. — LAMARCK, Hist. An. 's. Vert... Vi, 2; p: 171, 1622. Valvata + Valvearus DUMERIL, Zool. Anal., p. 164, 1806. (?) Cincinna HUBNER, Zwei Briefe, 1, 1810, fide Menke, in Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Mal. Suppl., p. 50, 1852. Gyrorbts FITZINGER, Verz, p. 117, 1833; type ?? cristata Miiller. > Valvata FiTzinGER, Verz, p. 117, 1833; type V. pzscinalis (Miiller). Planella SCHLUTER, Syst. Verz. Conchyliensammlung, p. 13, 1838; sole ex. Valvata cristata Miiller. Volvata BERGE, Conch. Buch, pp. 17, 20, 26, 1847 ; evr. typ.? Tropidina H. and A. ApAmMs, Gen. Rec. Moll., 1, pp. 343, 344, 1854, type V. tricarinata Lesueur, N. Am. Concinna ‘HUBNER,’ fide H. and A. Adams, of. ci?., p. 343, 1854. > Valvata SCHLUTER, of. cit., p. 13, 18543; V. piscinalis Fér. > Cincinna MORcH, Vidensk. Meddel. for 1863, p. 321, 1864. — WESTER- LUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., v1, pp. 131, 132, 1886. (Type Vy. puscinalis Miiller ?) > Tropidina Mércu (not Adams), Vidensk. Meddel. Kjob., for 1863, p. 320, 1864, V. minuta Drap., Ist sp. > Jelskia BourcuiGnat, Descr. Nouv. Gen. Alg., 1877, V. jedskiz Crosse, 1863, Russia, named for Prof. Jelski, of Kieff. > Jelskia WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., vi, p. 143, 1886; not of Tacza- novich, Arachnida, 1871. > Gyrorbis WESTERLUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., vi, p. 142, 1886. This genus has been subdivided, according to the form of the shell, into the following sections, which appear, however, to have very little value. Valvatas.s. (Gyrorbis Fitz.) Shell planorboid or depressed, without spiral keels. Type V. crzstata Miiller. Cincinna Mérch ( Valvata Fitz.). Shell turbinate, with a mod- FAMILY VALVATIDE£ I21I erate number of whorls slowly enlarging and without spiral keels. Type V. piscznalés (Miller). Lelskia Bourguignat ( Jelskza West., not Tacz.). Shell turbinate, with few rapidly enlarging whorls and no spiral keels. Type V. Jelskit Crosse. Tropidina H. and A. Adams. Shell depressed turbinate, with the upper surface of the spire more or less flattened and the whorls spi- rally keeled. Type V. trécar¢nata (Lesueur) Say. Since Miiller associated but one species with the genus when de- scribed, that species necessarily becomes the type. A failure to rec- ognize this, when subdividing the genus, is responsible for several of the synonyms. Ihave not been able to consult Hiibner’s Zwei Briefe, and cite him on the authority of Westerlund, but, judging by his paper on Codbresta of the same year, his nomenclature was not Linnean, although his artistic capacity seems to have been exceptional. Valvata tricarinata Say. Cyclostoma tricarinata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 13, 1817. Valvata tricarinata SAY, op. cit., WU, p. 173, 1821.—GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 225, fig. 156, three views, 1841.—HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., VIII, p. 3, pl. 1, figs. 1-4, 1845. Valvata carinata SOWERBY, Genera, part XLI, fig. 2, 1834. Valvata unicarinata DE Kay, Zool. N. Y., Moll., p. 118, pl. vi, fig. 129, 1843. Valvata tricarinata var. simplex GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 226, fig. 156 (right hand figure), 1841. Valvata humeralis M1LES, Geol. Surv. Michigan, p. 237, 1860, not of Say. Valvata tricarinata var. confusa BRYANT WALKER, Nautilus, xv, No. 11, p. 124, fig. 2, 1902. Range.— From New England and Virginia westward to the Mis- souri, and northward. Type: St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes! Manitoba, in Great Playgreen and Winnipeg Lakes! and Pine Creek; Red Deer, Alberta; Moose Factory, Keewatin; Saskatchewan River ! Great Slave Lake! Methy Lake in Lat. 57° N. Variety stmplex: English River, Keewatin! 7 Peace River, Athabaska! Great Slave Lake, at Fort . ae Resolution! upper Mackenzie River at Fort Simp- rsa ; vata tricarina- son! in N. Lat. 62°. ta, t. Full grown specimens of this species have three and a half whorls, a maximum diameter of 5, and an altitude of 3 mm. This applies to both varieties, though under exceptionally favorable circumstances it may be somewhat exceeded. The aper- ture is orbicular and almost vertical in plane. 122 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Valvata sincera Say. Valvata sincera SAY, Rep. Long’s Exp., 1, p. 264, pl. xv, fig. 11, 1824. Range. — Northwest Territory (Bigsby, jide Say) southeast Kee- watin in Attawapiskat and Kawinogans Rivers (McInnes) and the southwest point of Anticosti (McCann). This shell, according to Say’s original description and figure, is ‘* sub- globose-conic”” with ‘‘ nearly four whorls,” ‘finely and regularly wrinkled across,” with a large umbilicus ‘‘ exhibiting the volutions,’ and a diameter, at right angles to the axis, of slightly less than three millimeters, as engraved on the plate in Long’s Expedition. I have not seen any shell corresponding to these characters from the northern United States, but Dr. Whiteaves has kindly sent me for examination some shells from southern Keewatin and Anticosti which may prove to be Say’s s¢wcera. In the literature and in collections we find the ecarinate ¢r¢carinata (stmplex Gould) and all the non-carinated forms of the United States generally labelled ‘ s¢zcera Say,’ ‘ stmplex Gould,’ etc. Those specimens of ¢7¢carzénata which preserve the ‘ subglobose’ outline have an umbilicus smaller than the carinate shells instead of larger. The very flat and widely umbilicate form which is most gen- erally labelled szzcera, following Haldeman’s figures, is much more like the crzstata of Europe than it is like Say’s shell. The specimens which have been called szzcera in the literature of the region we are now interested in are, so far as I have been able to examine them, all of the next species. The only shells in the National Museum which at all resemble Say’s sincera are a series received from Aroostook County, Maine, collected by O. Nylander, which differ sufficiently to be called at least a very marked variety. Valvata (sincera var.?) nylanderi nov. Shell small, subglobose-conic, with four whorls of a pale greenish straw color; surface polished, with faint spiral striz, sculptured axially with thin, sharp, elevated, rather distant lamelle like those on Zoogenites harpa or Planogyra asteriscus Morse; these lamellx are closer and less elevated on the apical part of the shell; vertex, includ- ing most of the first two whorls, somewhat flattish or planorboid, after which the shell becomes subconic; the sutures deep; the base rounded, with a narrow but very deep umbilicus; plane of the aper- ture nearly vertical, the aperture orbicular, with simple sharp edges ; the operculum multispiral, of thesame color as the shell. Axial height 3.2 and 3.4; diameter 3.5 and 3.7; diameter of umbilicus .o5 and FAMILY VALVATIDZ 123 .07; of aperture 1.5 and 1.7 mm., in the broadest and narrowest speci- mens, respectively. Valvata lewisi Currier. Valvata striata Lewis, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1856, p. 260.— Bin- NEY (as var. of simcera), Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 111, p. 12, fig. 18, 1865 ; not of Philippi, 1836. Valvata sincera HALDEMAN (fro parte), Mon. Limn., vit, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, 8, 1845. Valvata lewist CURRIER, List Moll. Mich., Kent Sci. Inst. Misc. Pub., No. 1, p- 9, 1868 ; new name for V. striata Lewis, not Philippi. Range.— Northern United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and northward. New England! Minnesota ! Colorado! Lake Washington near Seat- tle ! San Bernardino Mountains, Calif. ! Utah ! Lake Superior ! Anticosti Island! Pine Creek, Manitoba! Laggan, Alberta, at 5,200 feet elevation; Assiniboia; Lake La Loche and QD Peace River, Athabaska; Great Slave Lake! Fort Simpson, upper Mackenzie River, N. Lat. 62°! Fic. 94. Vai- Frances Lake, head of the Liard River! Fort Chimo, vata lewis? Cur- Labrador ! Sturgeon Lake, Athabaska! Upper Colum- rier, }- bia Lake ! (Tyrrell). The name seems to have been originally proposed for a brown muta- tion of V. stzcera Haldeman (ox Say), but may well be extended to cover the whole species, which has no other available name. The shell when normally developed and adult has four whorls with a height of 3-6 and a diameter of 5.75 mm. It has a much wider umbilicus than var. simplex of tricarinata and is a larger shell, yet usually has a smaller protoconch. The sculpture is axial, fine and close, like the winding of thread on a spool. In the typical form this sculpture is coarser and more prominent than in the less common helzco¢dea. In both it is largely resident in the periostracum, the decorticated shell being nearly smooth. Valvata lewisi var. helicoidea nov. Pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. This form resembles Zewzsz¢ but is more depressed, almost flat above, and more or less flattened toward the suture ; the whorls are more slen- der and near the aperture usually rather suddenly expanded ; the sur- face is polished, the sculpture frequently obsolete, the umbilicus wide, and its bounding coil peripherally diverted during the growth of the last half whorl ; height 2.5; of the aperture 2.0; diameter of shell 5.o mm. Range.— With the type form, to some extent everywhere, but espe- cially toward the Northwest. Lake Bennett, Yukon Territory! near 124 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Old Fort Yukon, Alaska! thirty miles below Tanana on the Yukon River! Lake Lindeman; East Kootenai district, British Columbia. This form is very close to V. szbzrzca Middendorff, which however has a more depressed apex and uniform fine sharp sculpture. V. cristata is of the same type, but much smaller. Valvata mergella Westerlund. Valvata mergella WESTERLUND, Vega Exped. Vetens. Iakt., Iv, p. 209, pl. v, figs. 22, a—d, 1885. Range.— Port Clarence, near Bering Strait, Alaska (Vega) ; Popof Island, Shumagins, in small ponds (Kincaid) ; Stewart River, Yukon district (Canadian Geol. Survey). This is the largest species of its group, measuring 5 mm. high and 7 mm. wide, with four whorls. The aperture is markedly expanded, the sculpture very fine and rather sharp. The protoconch in the Shu- magin specimens is very minute. The expansion of the aperture tends to narrow the umbilicus, as it were at the last moment. Valvata virens Tryon. Valvata virens TRYON, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1863, p. 148, pl. 1, fig. 11.— Binney, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., II, p. 15, fig. 21, 1865. Range. — Clear Lake, California, to Vancouver Island, at Nanaimo. A well marked species of more than usually tro- choid form, recalling V. pzsc¢nalis of Europe, but Fic.95. Val- Jarge, more solid, and when in good condition of a pe- vata virens Try- : : ° ° Shuile cerculuen culiarly elegant green tint. The figures given in Fo ucuitied. ’ Tryon’s description are of immature specimens. Bin- ney figures an adult specimen but does not give the measurements. Family VIVIPARIDZ. Genus Campeloma Rafinesque. Fic. 96. Campeloma decisum; 6, operculum. FAMILY VIVIPARID 4& 125 Campeloma decisum Say. Linnea dectsa Say, Nicholson’s British Encyclopedia, 1st Am. ed., pl. m1, a ee SAY, 07. G., 3d ed... pl. 11, fig. 6, 1819. — HALDEMAN, Mon. Limn., Faludina, p. 4, pl. 1, 1840. eee decisa BINNEY, Land and Fw. Sh. N. Am., 1, p. 41, figs. 79-82. 1865. Range.— Eastern North America from the Rio Grande to Nova Scotia, west to Nebraska, north to the Saskatchewan. Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan (Richardson) ; Lake of the Woods, Manitoba, (rare, Hanham). It is not unlikely that the extension of the range of this species as far north as the Saskatchewan is unwarranted, so many of the data in Sowerby’s list, in Richardson, seem erroneous, but the presence of the species in the Lake of the Woods seems authentic. NAIADES. In discussing the Naiades, the arrangement proposed by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, in his recent Synopsis of the Naiades,! is adopted, which see for fuller synonymy. Genus Lampsilis Rafinesque. Lampsilis ventricosus Barnes. Unio ete oa BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., Ist ser., VI, p. 267, pl. x11, fig, DE Lapapails poe SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 526, Igoo. feange.— Entire Mississippi drainage, the St. Lawrence system, southern drainage into Hudson Bay. »Lake Winnipeg; Battle River, Manitoba, and north to Nelson River ! and its tributaries, in north latitude 57°. Lampsilis luteolus Lamarck. Unio luteola LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., VI, p. 79, 1819.—SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xv1, Mon. Unzo, pl. Lviul, figs. 293, a—d, 1867. Lampsilis luteolus SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 534, 1900. frange. — Entire Mississippi drainage and southwest to the Brazos River, Texas; entire Dominion of Canada east of the Rocky Moun- tains and north to the Red River of the North! Lake Winnipeg! Lower Saskatchewan! Battle River, Manitoba. Hill River, Keewatin! (var. supertorens?s Marsh). Great Slave Lake! Lake Athabaska! Moose Factory, James Bay! Manitoba Lake. ‘Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. xxu, pp. 501-1044, Ig00. Separate paper No. 1205, with pp. i-viii prefixed. 126 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Lampsilis borealis Gray. Unio borealis GRAY, Ottawa Naturalist, 1882, p. 53, plate with three figures. Lampsilis borealis (GRAY) SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 535, 1900. Range. — St. Lawrence drainage. Lake of the Woods! Ottawa, Ontario ! Lampsilis radiatus Gmelin. Mya radiata GMELIN, Syst. Nat., VI, p. 3220, 1792. Unio radiatus SPENGLER, Skr. Nat. Selsk, 11, p. 3, 1792 ; II, p. 62, 1793. — CONRAD, Mon., 1, p. 24, pl. x, fig. 2, 1836. Lampsilis radiatus SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 535, 1900. Range.—St. Lawrence and Atlantic drainage, south to North Carolina. Manitoba. Lake Winnipeg! Saskatchewan River! Nelson River drainage! Great Slave Lake (Kennicott) ! Lampsilis ligamentinus Lamarck. Unio crassus Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., Am. ed., 11, Art. Conchology, pl. 1, fig. 8, 1817. Not Unio crassus Retzius, 1788. Unio ligamentina LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., VI, p. 72, 1819. — KUSTER, Conch. Cab., Mon. Uxzo, p. 23, pl. 111, fig. 3, 1852. Lampsilis ligamentinus SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 539, 1900. Range. — Mississippi drainage, irregularly distributed in the St. Lawrence drainage. Roseau River and Millwood, Assiniboine River, Manitoba. Lampsilis rectus Lamarck. Unio recta LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., VI, p. 74, 1819.—KUSTER, Conch. Cab., Mon. Unio, p. 35, pl. vi, fig. 1, 1852. Lampstlis rectus SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 544, 1900. Range.— Entire drainage of the Mississippi and Alabama Rivers ; St. Lawrence system, Red River of the North, Roseau and Assiniboine Rivers in Manitoba ! Lampsilis ellipsiformis Conrad. Unio ellipsiformts CONRAD, Mon., VIII, p. 60, pl. XxxIv, fig. 1, 1836. Unio spatulatus LEA (1845), Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., x, p. 80, pl. vim, fig. 22, 1848. Lampsilis ellipstformis SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 557, 1900. Range.— Mississippi drainage north of Lat. 38°, St. Lawrence drainage, in part; Manitoba. Red River of the North! Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Lampsilis alatus Say. Unio alatus Say, Nicholson's Encycl., 1st Am. ed., Art. Conchology, 11, pl. Iv, fig. 2, 1817.—CONRAD, Mon., VII, p. 57, pl. XXxI, 1836. FAMILY UNIONIDZ& 127 Lampsilis (Proptera) alatus SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 567, 1900. fange.— Entire drainage of the St. Lawrence; of the Mississippi north of Arkansas; Alabama; Manitoba. Red River of the North! Lampsilis gracilis Barnes. Unio gracilis BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., Ist ser., VI, p. 274, 1823.—SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi, pl. XXxXIX, fig. 215, 1866. Lampsilis gracilis SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 573, 1900. fange.— Eastern Texas; Mississippi, and St. Lawrence drainage ; Manitoba. Red River of the North! Genus Strophitus Rafinesque. Strophitus rugosus Swainson. Anodon rugosus SWAINSON, Zool. Ill., 1st ser., 11, pl. xcvi, 1822. Alasmodonta edentula Say, New Harmony, Diss., 11, No. 22, p. 340, 1829. Anodonta edentula FERUSSAC, Mag. de Zool., Guerin, 1835, p. 25. Strophitus edentulus CONRAD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v1, p. 263, 1853. Anodonta undulata HILDRETH, Am. Journ. Sci., XIv, p. 290, 1828. Anodon areolatus SWAINSON, Zool. Ill., 2d ser., 1, pl. xv11I, 1829. Anodonta wardiana LEA (1836), Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 46, pl. xiv, fig. 42, 1838. ‘ Anodonta tetragona LEA (1845), of. cit., X, p. 82, pl. vit, fig. 25, 1845. Anodonta arkansasensis LEA, op. cit., XI, p. 293, pl. XXIX, fig. 56, 1852. Anodonta shefferiana LEA, op. cit., X, p. 288, pl. xxv, fig. 50, 1852. Anodonta showaltert LEA (1860), Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, p. 215, pl. xxx1Il, fig. 284, 1862. Alasmodon rhombica ANTHONY, Am. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 158, pl. 12, fig. 5, 1865. Anodonta salmonea CLESSIN, Conch. Cab., Mon. Anodonta, p. 91, pl. xxrv, figs. 1-2, 1873. Anodonta pavonia LEA. Range.—St. Lawrence system; the whole of the Mississippi drainage, Texas, Alabama, the Atlantic drainage; Manitoba. Red River of the North! Lake Winnipeg! Great Playgreen Lake! Saskatchewan River. Genus Anodonta Lamarck. Anodonta beringiana Middendorff. Anodonta cellensis var. beringiana Mivv., Sib Reise, 11, p. 284, pl. xxvii, figs. 4-7, pl. XxIx, figs. 1-4, 1851. Anodonta youconensts LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., x1, p. 81, 1867. Anodonta youkanensis LEA, Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. s., v1, p. 287, pl. XL, fig. 99, 1868. Fange.— Drainage into Bering Sea from Asia and America; also Cook Inlet drainage. Kenai Peninsula! Kuskokwim River near Redoubt Kolmakof! Yukon River below Anvik, in pools and quiet sloughs left by the 128 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS receding freshets! Avacha Bay, Kamchatka! Amur River! eastern Siberia and Mongolia. Anodonta kennerleyi Lea. Anodonta kennerleyt LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Iv, p. 306, 1860; Journal, v, p. 108, pl. xvi1l, fig. 256, 1862. Range.— Puget Sound! British Columbia. Anodonta oregonensis Lea. Anodonta oregonensis LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 80, pl. xx1, fig. 67, ee (Anodonta) oregonensis LEA, Synopsis, p. 30, 1837. Anodonta cognata GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., m1, p. 294, 1850; Rep. on Moll. U.S. Expl. Exp., p. 435, pl. XxxvilIl, figs. 546, a—d, 1852. Range.— Northern California, Oregon and British Columbia ; eastward to Great Salt Lake, Utah. Vancouver Island, B. C., abundant near Victoria, and at Nootka; Sumas Lake, Fraser River valley, B. C. Shushwap Lake; Nicola Lake and Okanogan Lake, B. C.; Kadiak Island, Alaska (Fisher). Anodonta nuttalliana Lea. Anodonta nuttalliana LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 77, pl. xx, fig. 62, 1838. Anodonta triangularis Trask, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Calif., 1, p. 29, Feb. 19, 1855. Anodon triangularis SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., XvilI, pl. XxIx, fig. 56 4, 1870. Range.— California in the Sacramento River, and northward to British Columbia, Nootka and Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island; Chilliwak Lake, Nicola Lake and Shushwap Lake, British Columbia. Anodonta wahlamatensis Lea. Anodonta wahlamatensis LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., vi, p. 78, pl. xx, fig. 64, 1838. Anodonta rotundovata TRASK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Calif., 1, p. 29, 1855. Anodon rostratus SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., xvil, pl. 1, fig. 4, 1872. Anodonta laosensis FISCHER, Bull. Soc. N. Hist., d’Autun, p. 219, 1891. Anodonta rotundata SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 629, in synonymy, 1900, not of Trask. Range. — Utah and westward, California to British Columbia in the Pacific. Nootka, Vancouver Island; Sumas Lake and Prairie, Fraser River valley, British Columbia. Anodonta marginata Say. Anodonta marginata Say, Nicholson’s Encyclop., 1st Am. ed., 11, Art. Con- chology, p. 19, pl. II, fig. 5, 1817. FAMILY UNIONID&® I29 Anodonta fragilis LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., vi, p. 85, 1819.—DELESSERT, Réc. Coq. Lam., pl. x11, figs. 2a, 26, 1841. Anodonta lacustris LEA, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 84, 1857. Anodonta flava, pallida, glandulosa and trisans ANTHONY, Am. Journ. Conch., I, pp. 161-3, pl. XIV-xvI, 1865. Anodonta subcarinata CURRIER, Am. Journ. Conch., 111, p. 113, pl. v1, fig. 5, 1867. Anodon exilis SowERBY, Conch. Icon., xvi, pl. xx, fig. 84, 1869. ange. — Drainage of the St. Lawrence River basin, including the lakes. Anticosti Island, in lake near Becsia River, six miles inland! Battle Creek, Manitoba ! Anodonta implicata Say. Anodonta implicata Say, New Harmony, Diss., 11, No. 225). 3401922) -—— CLEssIn, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, Anodonta, p. 78, pl. x1x, figs 35 1873, Anodonta newtonensis LEA, Trans. Am, Phil. Soc., VI, p. 79, pl. xxI, fig. 66, 1838. Anodonta housatonica LINSLEY, Am, Journ. Sci., 1845, p. 277. ftange.— Atlantic drainage from Virginia northward, St. Law- rence drainage, Saskatchewan basin. é Manitoba in Lake Winnipeg! and Souris River; lower Saskatche- wan River! Anodonta grandis Say. Anodonta grandis Say, New Harmony, Diss., 11, P- 341, 1829. —CLEssIN, Mon. Anod. in Conch. Cab., n. ed, p. 96, pl. xxx, figs. 1-2, 1873. Anodonta ovata LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., VI, p. 2, pl. 11, fig. 2, 1838. Anodonta salmonea LEA (pathologic), Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v1, p- 45, pl. XIV, fig. 41, 1838. Anodonta lewisit LEa, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Iv, °p.: 362, pl. LX, fig. 187, 1860. Anodonta footiana LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., VIII, p. 225, pl. xx, fig. 44, 1842. Anodonta marryattiana LEA, op. cit, p. 226, pl. xx, fig. 45, 1842. Anodonta gigantea Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. SOG. 1834): p. 1,) pl. 3, fig. I (pathologic ? ). Anodonta grandis Simpson, Synopsis Naiades, pp. 641-644, 1900 (with many synonyms). Range. — Entire Mississippi system and southwest to Texas ; up- per St. Lawrence drainage ; Manitoba. Red River of the North! Shoal Lake; Souris River! Fairford River! and Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba ! Variety footcana Lea: Souris River, Manitoba! Nipegon River, Lake Hannah. Variety e7gantea Lea: Manitoba. This variable and widely extended species is responsible for many synonyms cited by Mr. Simpson. It appears that the Manitoba and I30 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS perhaps the upper St. Lawrence localities may owe its presence to capture of part of the Mississippi drainage, owing to changes of level, elsewhere referred to. Anodonta kennicotti Lea. Anodonta kennicottd? Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, p. 56, 1861 ; Jour- nal, n..S., V, Pp: 294; pL) XXxiit, fis. 283; 1862. Anodonta simpsoniana LEA, of. cit., p. 56, 1861; p. 212, pl. xxxtl, fig. 281, 1862. Anodonta dallasiana Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi1, p. 190, 1863; Journal, vi, p. 29, pl. x1, fig. 28, 1866. Range.— Upper and middle St. Lawrence system. Mackenzie drainage to Great Slave Lake. Lake of the Woods; Manitoba Lake; Lake Winnipeg! Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan! Ekwan River, Keewatin; Fort Simp- son, Mackenzie River! Fort Erie and Fort Rae! Great Slave Lake; Buffalo Lake, Methy Portage, Saskatchewan. This is the most characteristic Naiad of the central Boreal region and reaches perhaps farther north (Lat. 63°) than any other species in American waters. Anodonta pepiniana Lea. Anodonta pepiniana LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v1, p. 96, pl. xvI, fig. 51, 1838. Range.— Upper and middle St. Lawrence drainage, Saskatche- wan basin. Lake Winnipeg! Manitoba. Attawapiskat River, eastern Keewatin. Genus Gonidea Conrad. Gonidea angulata Lea. Anodonta angulata LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., V1, p. 97, pl. XVI, fig. 52, 1838. Anodon feminalis GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., 111, p. 293, 1850 ; Moll. U. S. Expl. Exp., p. 436, pl. xxxvill, figs. 547, 2-0, 1852. Anodonta randalli TRasK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Calif., 1, p. 28, 1855. Anodon biangulata SowERBY, Conch. Icon., XVII, pl. xx11I, figs. 8, a—d, 1869. Range. — Central California, north to British Columbia and east- ward to Idaho. Columbia River near Fort Colville! This singular shell hardly more than crosses the boundary, so far as reported. According to Stearns and Hemphill this species buries itself obliquely in the rather hard bed of rapid streams, so that the flattened posterior portion lies horizontally even with the bottom, and offers no resistance tothe current. Whether the flattening and consequent angu- lation of the valves is a modification due to the burrowing habit and the influence of its environment, or not, cannot yet be positively stated. FAMILY UNIONIDZ® I3t Genus Anodontoides Simpson. Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea. Anodonta ferussaciana LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., v, Pp 455 pl. vin fe. 15, 1834. Anodonta buchanensis LEA, op. cit., p. 47, pl. XIV, fig. 43, 1838. Anodonta argentea LEA, op. cit., VII, p. 223, pl. xIx, fig. 41, 1842. Anodonta ferruginea LEA, op. cit., VIII, p. 225, pl. XIX, fig. 43, 1842. Anodonta plicata HALDEMAN, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., vit, p. 201, 1842. Anodonta denigrata Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., x, p. 285, pl. xxv, fig. 45, 1852. Anodonta oblita LEA, op. cit., p. 46, pl. xxvil, fig. 52, 1852. Anodonta subcylindracea LEA, op. cit., V1, p. 106, pl. xxiv, fig. 117, 1838. Anodonta modesta LEA, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., n. S., IV, p. 364, pl. LXIII, fig. 189, 1860. Range. — Mississippi drainage, St. Lawrence, Red River of the North, and Saskatchewan basins. Lake Winnipeg ! Lake of the Woods! Genus Symphynota Lea. Subgenus Lasmigona Rafinesque. Symphynota costata Rafinesque. Alasmidonta costata RAFINESQUE, Ann. Gen, Sci. Brux.5 Vi, Da 318, ply LXXXIT; figs. 15, 16, 1820. Alasmodonta rugosa BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., vi, p. 278, pls kis. ies 21, 1823. Range. — Mississippi and St. Lawrence basins. Manitoba in Roseau River! Subgenus Pterosygna Rafinesque. Symphynota complanata Barnes. Alasmodonta complanata BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., v1, p. 278, pl. x11, fig. 22, 1823. — BAKER, Moll. Chicago Area, 1, p. 60, pl. vin, figs. 1-2, pl. IX, figs. 1-4, 1898. Complanaria gigas SOWERBY, Conch. Manual, fig. 141, 1839 ; 2d ed., p. {15, Uo. i4b, 1642) Unio katherine Lea, Synopsis, p. 35, 1838; Trans. Am. Phil. S0C.,.. VI, Ds 143, 1839. Lake Superior. Range. — Mississippi drainage north of Arkansas on the west and Tennessee on the east; Upper St. Lawrence and its tributaries. The variety Aatherine northward from Lake Superior to the Mackenzie and Keewatin. Lake Winnipeg! Shell River and Lower Saskatchewan! Nelson River drainage; Assiniboine River; Red River of the North! Battle River, Manitoba. 132 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Genus Margaritana Schumacher. Margaritana margaritifera Linné. Typical form : Mya margaritifera LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 671, 1758, Conch. Cab., v1, pl. Ly fig. 5. Alasmodonta arcuata BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., VI, p. 277, pl. xl, fig. 20, 1823. Unio elongatus LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., VI, p. 70, 1819. Unio sinuata C. PFEIFFER, 1825; + U. rotssyz Michaud, 1831; + U. m#istis Morelet, 1845 ; + U. crassissimus (Klein) Lea, 1836. Unio (Alasmodonta) dahuricus MIDDENDORFF (1850), Sib. Reise, 1, p. 275, pl. xxvl, figs. 3-5, 1851. Unio complanatus MIDDENDORFF, Sib. Reise, I, p. 273, pl. xxvuJ, figs. 1-6, 1851. Unio mongolicus, MIDDENDORFF, Sib. Reise, 1, p. 277, pl. xxvul, figs. 7-8, 1851. Margaritana margaritifera SIMPSON, Synopsis, pp. 674-677 (ex parte), 1900. Margaritana margaritifera variety falcata Gould. Alasmodon falcata GouLD, Proc. Boston Soc. N. Hist., 11, p. 294, Nov., 1850; Wilkes’ Expl. Exp. Moll., p. 433, figs. 545, a—d, 1852. Unio falcatus SowERBy, Conch. Icon., xv1, Mon. Unzo, pl. Lxxv, fig. 390, 1868. Alasmodon yubaénsis TRASK, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., I, p. 30, 1855. Range of the type. — The whole of northern Europe and western Siberia. In northeastern Asia from the Upper Amur basin and south- ern Mongolia, Kamchatka, and Sakhalin Island. In America on Anti- costi Island; Quebec Province, eastern Canada; New England and New York. Also, isolated from the eastern area by a wide gap, in the Lower Saskatchewan near Lake Winnipeg. Range of the variety. — California, in the Sierra, Plumas Co., at 7,400 feet above the sea! Sacramento River; Yuba River; Oregon; Washington at Wallawalla; northwestern Montana in the headwaters of the Missouri! (only) above Fort Benton, but not reported lower down; Victoria and Nanaimo! Vancouver Island; Fraser River; Kakwous Lake (4,000 feet elevation) and streams in Lat. 50°, Brit- ish Columbia; Naha Bay, Alaska, abundant near sea level in small lake, Lat. 55°35 North! The most obvious distinction between the typical form and variety falcata lies in the purple nacre of the latter, which is often extremely rich and beautiful, though in old cabinet specimens usually much faded. The specimens above the falls in the headwaters of the Mis- souri may have been captured with streams by orographic changes, or transported in the glochidium stage attached to fishes; at any rate FAMILY UNIONID.& 133 they are of the Pacific type, and are not found below the site of Fort Benton, so far as yet reported. It is quite evident that much scientific interest attaches to a thorough knowledge of the distribution of this species, with its possible relation to geologic changes and the results of glaciation. It is to be hoped that any data bearing on this matter will be carefully preserved and put on record by travelers and others in these regions. Genus Unio Retzius. Unio complanatus Solander. Mya complanata SOLANDER (after Lister, t. 150, fig. 5), in Cat. Portland Mu- seum, p. 100, No. 2190, 1786. — DILLWyN, Descr. Cat. Rec. Sh., I, p. Bb, 16l7. Unio complanatus SIMPSON, Synopsis, pp. 720-5, 1900. Range. — Atlantic drainage from Georgia to the St. Lawrence system. Also in the Saskatchewan River. North shore of Lake Superior; Lake Nipissing, etc. Genus Quadrula Rafinesque. Quadrula plicata Say. Unio plicata Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., 1st Am. ed., Art. Conch., pl. 111, fig. Bae BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., VI, p. 118, 1823. Quadrula plicata SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 767, 1900. Unio hippopeus LEA, Proc, Am. Phil. Soc., Iv, p. 163, 1845 (variety). fange.— Mississippi drainage from Arkansas and Tennessee northward; Western Michigan, Red River of the North, Lake Win- nipeg and the Saskatchewan. The variety Azppopea occurs in Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Win- nipeg. Quadrula undulata Barnes. Unio undulata BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci., vi, p. 120, pl. 11, 1823. Unio costatus SAY, Am. Conch., vi, No. 41, 1834; not of Rafinesque. Quadrula undulata SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 769, 1900. Range. — Mississippi and St. Lawrence drainage generally, Texas and Alabama; Red River of the North; Lake Winnipeg; the Sas- katchewan River. Quadrula heros Say. Unio heros Say, New Harmony Diss., 11, No. 19, p. 291, 1829. CONRAD, Mon., XII, p. 107, pl. LIx, 1840. Unio multiplicatus LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Iv, p. 70, pl. Iv, fig. 2, 1831. Range. — Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Tombigbee River, Alabama. The Mississippi system generally ; Red River of the North, Manitoba. 134 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Quadrula lachrymosa Lea. Unio lachrymosus LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 11, p. 272, pl. vi, fig. 8, 1827. Unio asperrimus LEA, op. cit., IV, p. 71, pl. Vv, fig. 3, 1831. Unio quadrulus SAY, Am. Conch., vI, pl. Lim, 1834 ; not of Rafinesque. Quadrula lachrymosa SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 776, 1900. Range. — Entire Mississippi drainage; various localities in the St. Lawrence system; Red River of the North, Manitoba, abundant. Quadrula rubiginosa Lea. Unio rubiginosus LEA, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 111, p. 427, pl. vit, fig. 10, 1829. Unio flavus CONRAD, 1834. — Say, Am. Conch., v1, 1834. — CONRAD, Mon., XS p74, pL Mi he. 2557837, Unio trigonus SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., Mon. Unio, xvi, pl. Lxiv, fig. 322, 1868. Quadrula rubiginosa SIMPSON, Synopsis, p. 786, 1900. ftange.— Entire Mississippi drainage; eastern Texas; St. Law- rence drainage; Red River of the North! Manitoba; Nelson River! Keewatin ; Red and Roseau Rivers and Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Family SPHARIIDZA. This family is reviewed in Trans. Wagner Institute, vol. 111, part VI, pp. 1439-60, and a summary of the arrangement adopted is also given in Proceedings Biological Society of Washington, xvi, pp. 5-8, 1903. This arrangement in effect is that which is adopted on the present occasion. The specific synonymy is mainly due to the late Temple Prime, who kindly named the Alaskan specimens collected previous to his death. Some later arrivals have been examined by Dr. Sterki. I have seen no specimens or figures of the species from Port Clarence named by Westerlund, and they are introduced on his author- ity. It is probable that a considerable reduction will eventually be had in the number of nominal species, especially of Corneocyclas. Genus Spherium Scopoli. Subgenus Spherium s. s. Spherium simile Say. Cyclas similis Say, Nicholson's Encycl., tst Am. ed., pl. 1, fig. 9, 1817. Cyclas sulcata LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., v, p. 560, 1818. Spherium sulcatum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 33, fig. 25, 1865. Range.— United States, east of the Mississippi River; Canada; Manitoba. Lake Superior; Red River of the North; Lake Winnipeg; Pine FAMILY SPH2RIIDZ 135 Creek and Fort Pelly, Manitoba; Lower Saskatchewan River at Grand Rapids! Fic. 97. Spherium simile Say. This species is the Cyclas saratogea of Lamarck and has numerous other synonyms. It is the largest species of the group in North America, but, judging by the records, rather irregularly distributed. The Lamarckian locality is Lake George; Say’s specimens are from the vicinity of Philadelphia. Spherium striatinum Lamarck. Cyclas striatina LAMARCK, Anim. s. Vert., v, p. 560, 1818. Spherium striatinum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic, p. 37, fig. 29, 1865. Range. — North America generally, east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, from Alabama to the Upper Mackenzie. Hell Gate River (Columbia drainage), Montana ; Humboldt River, Nevada (Hepburn) ; in Manitoba at Lake Winnipeg; Great Playgreen Lake; York Factory, Keewatin ; Pasqua Lake, Assiniboia ! Saskatchewan River at Grand Rapids! Mackenzie River at old Fort Simpson ! So far as the records indicate, the place of this species is east of the Rockies, but in at least two places it has been transferred to the head-waters of streams flowing westward. Inthe East it is perhaps the most common of the Spierza, taking much such a place as S.. cormewm does in the European fauna. Fic. 98. Spha- rium striatinum. * Spherium aureum Prime. Cyclas aurea PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 159, 1851. Spherium aureum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic, p. 35, fig. 26, 1865. Range. — Lake Superior. It is probable that this species crosses the line into Canada, though not yet searched for in that region. Fic. 99. Spherium Spherium walker? STERKI, Nautilus, xiv, p. 142, April, 1901. aureum. Spherium walkeri Sterki. 136 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Range.— Frances Lake and Finlayson Lake, Yukon District, Liard River drainage (Dawson); Lake Michigan, 12 fathoms (Walker). Identified by Dr. Sterki, a species related to rhombotdeum and occt- dentale, but yet unfigured. Spherium solidulum Prime. Cyclas solidula PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 158, 1851. Spherium solidulum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 36, fig. 27, 1865. Range. — Eastern United States, from New Mexico and Louisiana to the Great Lakes, and Manitoba. In Manitoba, at Winnipeg, Brandon, and the Red River of the North; in Alberta, at Egg Lake. Spherium stamineum Conrad. Cyclas staminea CONRAD, Am. Journ. Sci., XXV, p. 342, pl. 3, fig. 5; 1834. Spherium stamineum Price, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 38, fig. 30, 1865. Range.— Eastern United States, northward to Fic. 100. Sphe- Manitoba. rium stamine- Manitoba (Hanham). pddeersr The type locality for this species is Alabama. In 1865 Mr. Prime united with it the Cyclas fuscata of Rafinesque (Ohio) and the C. bulbosa Anthony from Arkansas. Later collectors have found it widely distributed over the eastern portion of the continent. Spherium rhomboideum Say. Cyclas rhomboida Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 380, 1822. Cyclas elegans ADAMS, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 330, pl 111, figiors, 1840. Spherium rhomboideum Prime, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 39, fig. 31, 1865. 102 103 Fic. 101. Sphkerium rhomboitdeum Say. Fic. 102. Sphkerium dentatum Hald. Fic. 103. Spherium fabale Prime. Range. — New England to Michigan, and northwestward. Lake Superior; Manitoba at Pine Creek and in Lake Winnipeg. FAMILY SPHRIID/® 137 Left bank of the Yukon River, Alaska, 30 miles below the mouth of the Tanana! In duck’s crop at Pender Island, British Columbia. This attractive species is apparently sporadic or local in its habitats, but if intelligently sought for would probably be found more often. It is not yet positively known from British Columbia, but there is little reason to doubt it will be found there when the fauna is better known. So far it seems to be rather rare everywhere. *Spherium dentatum Haldeman. Figure 102. Cyclas dentata HALDEMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 100, 1841, Willamette River, Oregon. Spherium dentatum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 40, fig. 32, 1865. Range.— California and Oregon. Spokane Falls, Washington. Spherium fabale Prime. Figure 103. Cyclas fabalis PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 159, 1851. Sprerium fabalis PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 40, fig. 33, 1865. Range. — Eastern United States and northward, Battle River, Alberta. ; This species was originally described from specimens collected in Lake Superior by Louis Agassiz, but has since been recognized from Georgia, Virginia and Tennessee. It is remarkable for its compressed form and inconspicuous beaks. Spherium occidentale Prime. Cyclas ovalis Prime, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 276, 1852, not of Férussac, 1807. Spharium occidentale PRIME, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1860, p. 295 ; Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 41, fig. 34, 1865. Fange.— Northern United States, Vermont to Washington and northward. Hell Gate River (Columbia drainage), Montana! Lower Saskatchewan River, near Lake Winnipeg; Spokane Falls, Wash. *Spherium nobile Gould. Fic. 104. Cyclas nobilis GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., v, p. 229, * ge e@rtum 1855; San Pedro, Cal. occidentale. Spherium nobile PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 41, fig. 35, 1865. Range. — California, Washington, Idaho. Blackfoot River, Idaho! Seattle, Wash. This is not figured by Gould in Expedition Shells, as stated by Prime. It closely resembles S. dextatum Hald., but is less inflated, while the young are smooth. 138 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Spherium patella Gould. Cyclas patella GOULD, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., II, p. 292, 1850 Me S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 426, pl. xxxvi, figs. 527, a-b, 1852. Spharium cP Prime, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 42, fig. 36, 1865. Fic.105. Fange. — Northern California to British Columbia. Spher- Healdsburg, Calif.! Wallawalla, Vancouver and Seattle, Pie is i Wash.; Nanaimo, and in duck’s crop at Pender Island! British Columbia. Spherium emarginatum Prime. Cyclas emarginata PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 156, 1851. Spherium emarginatum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 43, fig. 38, 1865. Range. — Lake Superior; Saskatchewan River at Grand Rapids, near Lake Winnipeg ! 107 Fic. 106. Spherium emarginatum Prime. Fic. 107. Sphertum flavum Prime. * Spherium flavum Prime. Cyclas flava PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 155, 1851. Spherium flavum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 43, fig. 39, 1865. Range. — Lake Superior; Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. Spherium tumidum Baird. Spharium tumidum BAIRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, p. 69. — PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 44, 1865. Range. — Sumas Prairie, Fraser River valley, British Columbia. This species appears not to have been figured or subsequently recog- nized by collectors. Spherium spokani Baird. Spherium spokant BAIRD, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, for 1863, p. 69. — PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 44, 1865. Range. — Spokane and Kootenai Rivers, eastern British Columbia. Unfigured, and not recognized by later collectors. Spherium (Musculium) raymondi Cooper. Spherium raymondi J. G. CooPER, Proc. Acad. Sci. Calif., 2d series, 111, p. 74, pl. 1, figs. 1-8, 1890. FAMILY SPH/RIID 139 Primella raymondi COOPER, op. cit., p. 82. Spherium coopertanum PRIME, Cat. Corbic., Am. Journ. Conch., v, p. 152, 1869, nude name. Range.— Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, Calif., to 8,700 feet ; Seattle, Spokane Falls, and Chehalis River, Wash. ; Idaho; Vancouver Island, British Columbia (Roper). Spherium (Musculium) partumeium Say. Cyclas partumeia Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 11, p. 380, 1822. Spherium partumetum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 45, fig. 42, 1865. Lange. — United States from Nebraska eastward, south to the Gulf of Mexico and north to Manitoba. Spherium (Musculium) jayanum Prime. Cyclas jayensis PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 157, 1851. Spherium jayanum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 46, fig. 43, 1865. Range.— Northern United States from Iowa eastward, Canada, and northward. Fic. 108. Spheriumjayanum Prime. Lake Superior; Fort Ellice, Manitoba; in Alberta at McLeod, Olds, Crow Lodge Creek, and Little Bow River. Spherium (Musculium) tenue Prime. Figure 109. Cyclas tenuzs PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 161, 1851. Andros- coggin River, Maine. Spherium tenue PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 47, fig. 44, 1865. Range.— Maine, Canada, British America and northern Alaska. Souris River, Manitoba; Saskatchewan River at Grand Rapids; Upper Mackenzie River at old Fort Simpson! left bank of the Yukon, thirty miles below the Tanana River mouth, Alaska ! Spherium (Musculium) transversum Say. Figure rio. Cyclas transversa SAY, New Harm. Disseminator, 11, p. 356, 1829. Spharium transversum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 48, fig. 45, 1865. Range.—United States east of the Rocky Mountains and northward to Canada and Manitoba. 140 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Stomach of sturgeon, Great Playgreen Lake, Keewatin, N. Lat. 54°. 109 Fic. 109. Spherium tenue. Fic. 110. Spherium transversum Say, with foot and siphons extended. Fic. 111. Spherium lenticula. Spherium (Musculium) truncatum Linsley. Cyclas truncata LINSLEY, Am, Journ. Sci., vi, p. 234, fig. 3, 1848. Spherium truncatum PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 51, fig. 50, 1865. Range. — Eastern United States from Colorado to Maine, south to the Ohio River and northward to Athabaska. Methy Lake, Athabaska (Richardson). This species is quite similar to the European Cyclas calyculata, type of the subgenus, and was mistaken for it by C. B. Adams in 1841. Spherium (Musculium) lenticula Gould. Spherium lenticula (GoutD, MS.) Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., for 1860, p. 36 (syn. exclus.). Spherium lenticula (GOULD) PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 51, fig. 51, (syn. exclus.), 1865. PRange.— Carson and Klamath Rivers, California; Nanaimo, Van- couver Island, British Columbia. This species, named in MS. by Dr. Gould and described by Prime, is not the same as the Lacéna lenticula Gould, described from Patagonia in the Mollusca of the Exploring Expedition. The latter, by an en- graver’s error, was called on the plate (but not in the text) Cyc/as len- ticula, and this seems to have misled Mr. Prime, who may not have had access to the text of this rare volume. * Spherium stagnicola J. de C. Sowerby. Cyclas stagnicola SowERBY, in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., III, p. 316, 1836, Methy Lake, Athabaska. *Spherium medium J. de C. Sowerby. Cyclas media SOWERBY, of. cit., Methy Lake, Athabaska. The two names above cited from Sowerby are not described in Richardson’s work and I am unable to find any other reference to them in the literature. I presume they are undescribed. FAMILY SPHERIIDZE I41 * Spherium primeanum Clessin. Pediat primeanum CLESSIN, Malak. Blatt., xxv, p. 122, pl. v, figs. 1, 2-0, 1878. Range. — Portland, Oregon; Seattle, Wash. This species, which has a remarkable resemblance to a Bornia, judging by the figure, is not otherwise known to me, but, if the local- ities given are correct, may also extend to British Columbia. Accord- ing to Roper it closely resembles S. rhomboideum Say. Genus Corneocyclas Férussac. (+ Prsidium C. Pfeiffer.) Corneocyclas (Phymesoda) virginica Gmelin. Tellina virginica GMELIN, Syst. Nat., vI, p. 3236, 1792; based on Lister, Conch., pl. cLIx, fig. 15, from Virginia. Cyclas dubia Say, Nicholson’s Encycl., rst Am. ed., pl. 1, fig. 10, 1817. Phymesoda dubia (SAY) RAFINESQUE, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys., v, p. 319, 1820. Pisidium virginicum BOURGUIGNAT, Amen. Mal., 1, p. 53, 1853. — PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 61, figs. 61, 62, 1865. : Range.— United States, east of the- Rocky Moun- tains, northward to British America and Alaska. Lake of the Woods ; Manitoba; Yukon River, Alaska, thirty miles below the Tanana River mouth! also at Nulato! and the Mission! Lake Superior, near St. Ignace Id., in 8 to 13 fathoms (S. I. Smith). BiG, ti2. Corneocyclas virginica. Corneocyclas (Phymesoda?) idahoénsis Roper. Pisidium idahoénse Rover, Nautilus, tv, p. 85, Dec., 1896. Range. — Old Mission, northern Idaho (Hemphill) ; Seattle, Wash. Stewart River, Yukon District, Dawson (fide Sterki). Corneocyclas (Phymesoda) scutellata Sterki. Pisidium scutellatum STERKI, Nautilus, x, p. 66, Oct., 1890. Range.— Lake Michigan to Montana; Lake Patten, Wash., Pine Lake, Mich.; Orchard Lake, Minn.; Sheldon, Montana ; Frances Lake, Liard River, Yukon District (fide Sterki), collected by Daw- son in 1887. Corneocyclas equilateralis Prime. Pisidium cquilaterale PRIME, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vi, p. : 366, pl. x11, figs. 23-25, 1852; Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 63, ; figs. 65-66, 1865. ee ° . ° zsz~azum Range. — Maine to Michigan, northward and westward 44 ;7ate- to Alaska. vale Prime. 142 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Kotzebue Sound, Alaska ! in marl associated with mammoth bones, at Elephant Point. Bering Island, Bering Sea! The specimens above referred to were identified for me by Mr. Prime. Corneocyclas (Cymatocyclas) compressa Prime. Pisidium compressum PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 164, 1851; Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 64, figs. 67-68, 1865. Range. — Maine to California ; Canada, the Yukon. Lake Superior, near Ignace Id., in 4-6 fathoms ; White Pine, Nevada; Sierra Nevada to 9,000 feet near Summit, Calif.; Ventura Co., Calif. ; Vancouver Island, British Colum- bia (Raymond) ; Green Lake, Seattle, Wash. ; Stewart River, Yukon District (ide Sterki). Corneocyclas variabilis Prime. Fic. 114. Corneocyclas variabilis Prime. Pisidium variabile PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 163, 1851 ; Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 66, figs. 69, 70, 1865. Range. — Eastern United States, north of Virginia ; Colorado, and northward; Seattle, Wash. Pine Creek, Manitoba ; Stewart River, Yukon District (ide Sterki). Corneocyclas abdita Haldeman. Pisidium abditum HALDEMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1, p. 53, 1841.— PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 68, figs. 72, 73, 1865. Range.— North America, from Honduras northward to Alaska. Marl Lake, Anticosti! Lake Superior in 4 to 13 fathoms near Ignace Island; Manitoba; Assiniboia at Qu’Appelle! Alberta, at Laggan, Red Deer, Olds, McLeod, Battle River, up to 5,200 feet elevation; east slope of the Sierra Nevada up to 7,100 feet; in Colorado up to 9,300 feet; west slope of the Sierra below 5,300 feet in Califor- nia; Seattle, Wash.; in Alaska at Seldovia, Cook Inlet! Coal Harbor! Unga Island, Shumagins, in small pools on the tundra; Akun Island! Aleutians; the Yukon River, 30 miles below the mouth of the Tanana! and Bering Island, Bering Sea! This is the most common and widespread species, out of the varieties of which many nominal species have been made. Fic. 115. Corneocy- clas abdita Hald. FAMILY SPHERIIDE 143 * Corneocyclas abyssorum Stimpson. Pisidium (sp.) SMITH and VERRILL, Am. Journ. Sci:, 1,-p; 440; Dec;, 1871. Pisidium abyssomus (StM.) Hoy, Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., 1, p. 100, 1872 (err. typ.). Pisidium abditum var. abyssorum Stimpson, S. I. Smith in Rep. U. S. Fish Com. for 1872-3, p. 704, 1874. Pisidium abyssorum STERKI, Nautilus, x1, p. 124, March, 1898. Range. — Deep water of the Great Lakes, and of the lake region of northern Michigan and Minnesota. Lake Michigan; Lake Superior to a depth of 159 fathoms (food of Coregonus); Pine Lake, Mich.; Green Lake, Wisconsin. This is another of the extra-limital species which search will probably reveal in Lake Winnipeg and other northern lakes. Corneocyclas ventricosa Prime. Pisidium ventricosum PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ee 68, 1851; Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 72, figs. 79, 80, Fierene. Corneocyclas ventricosa. Range. — Massachusetts, Canada, and northward to Great Slave Lake. Corneocyclas rotundata Prime. Pisidium rotundatum PRIME, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Iv, p. 164, 1851; Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 72, figs. 81, 82, 1865. Range.— Lake Superior region; Manitoba; St. Paul = pig. 117. Island, Bering Sea! Corneocy- On yi clas ro- Corneocyclas steenbuchii Moller. tundata. Cyclas steenbuchit MOLLER, Index Moll. Grénl., p. 20, 1842. Pisidium steenbuchit M6RcH, Am. Journ. Conch., Iv, p. 37, 1868; zdzd., Rink’s Greenland, App., p. 440, 1877. FRange.— Greenland, on the west coast! Iceland! Ungava, Lab- rador. This species appears to be unfigured, but there are specimens in the Jeffreys collection from Iceland as well as Greenland. It appears to belong to the section Cyclocalyx. Corneocyclas occidentalis Newcomb. Pisidium occidentale NEwcomB, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 1, p. 94, 1863. — PRIME, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 73, 1865. Range.—California to British Columbia. East slope of Sierra Nevada, in California, to°9,700 feet. Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia; Spokane Falls, Wash. 144 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS This unfigured species has been regarded by Roper as only a muta- tion of C. addita Haldeman. Corneocyclas ultramontana Prime. Pisidium ultramontanum Prime, Mon. Am. Corbic., p. 75, fig. 85, 1865. Range. — Canoe Creek, California; Seattle, Wash. ; Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, and Pender Island! British Fig. 118. Columbia Corneocyclas ultramonta- Corneocyclas arctica Westerlund. a Line Pisidium arcticum WESTERLUND, Vega Exp. Vetens. Iakt., Iv, p. 217, 1885. Range. — Port Clarence, Alaska. Corneocyclas nivalis Westerlund. Pisidium nivale \WESTERLUND, of. cét., p. 218, 1885. Range. — Port Clarence, Alaska. Corneocyclas glacialis Westerlund. Pisidium glaciale \WESTERLUND, of. cit., p. 218, 1885. Range. — Port Clarence, Alaska. * Corneocyclas sibirica Clessin. Pisidium sibiricum CLESSIN, K. Svenska Vet. Ak. Forh., p. 70, fig. 23, 1877 ; Mon. Pistdium, Conch. Cab., ed. 11, pl. vil,figs. 15-17, 1877.—WESTER- LUND, Fauna Pal. Reg., VII, p. 23, 1890. Range. — Western Siberia, on the Yenisei River to 60° 50’ N. Lat., ? Port Clarence, Alaska. * Corneocyclas borealis Clessin. Pisidium boreale CLESSIN, in Westerlund, Fauna Pal. Reg., vil, p. 32, 1890. Range. — Western Siberia at Lusino. ? Port Clarence, Alaska. The preceding five species are ascribed to Port Clarence on the authority of the literature solely. I have not seen specimens of any of them. I suspect that the C. szé¢réca and borealis reappear in the form of new species, among the three nominal species preceding them. Corneocyclas pulchella Jenyns. Cyclas pulchella JENYNS, Trans. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, 1832, p. 306, pl. x, figs., 1812; not of Deshayes, 1835, nor Gassies, 1849. —SOWERBY, in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., II, p. 316, 1836. Range. — Middle and Northern Europe to 69° N. Lat. Arctic America? Methy Lake, Athabaska (Richardson). FAMILY SPH/ERIID® 145 * Corneocyclas randolphi Roper. Pisidium randolphi RorER, Nautilus, 1x, p. 99, Dec., 1895. Lange. — Seattle, Washington. This species is finely striated, very much like C. addzta in general form, but of a peculiar and unique greenish-yellow color. It may very likely extend into British Columbia. Corneocyclas (Tropidocyclas) henslowana Sheppard. Tellina henslowana SHEPPARD, Trans. Linn. Soc., xIv, p. 150, 1825. Cyclas appendiculata (LEAcH MS.) Turton, Man., ed. 1, p. 15) pl. Vv, fig. 6, 1831. —SOWERBY, in Richardson, Fauna Bor. Am., Ill, p. 316, 1836. Pisidium henslowianum JENYNS, Mon. Cyclas, p. 20, pl. xx1, figs. 6, 7, 1832. Range. — Europe north of the Alps; Canada; British America. Hamilton Bay, Lake Ontario; Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg (Richardson). The record from Richardson was naturally thought to be a misiden- tification, but the recent discovery in Lake Ontario of undoubted speci- mens of this species, leads to the belief that Sowerby, who certainly should have known a common British species, may after all have been correct. In closing the list of Spheriide I may be allowed to observe that so large a part of it is derived from the literature, and not from the present examination of specimens, that I do not feel the confidence in the validity of all the species, or the correctness of all the identifica- tions that I might have felt under other circumstances. Until the very numerous species which have been named among American Pisidia of late years, shall have been adequately illustrated and some knowledge gained of the range of variation in these minute forms, a healthy skep- ticism in regard to our population of this genus will doubtless continue to prevail among collectors of fresh water shells, BIBLIOGRAPHY Baird, W. 1863 Descriptions of some New Species collected at Vancouver Island and in British Columbia by J. K. Lord, Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1863, pp: 66-71. Baker, F. ©. 1904 New American Lymnezas, u. Nautilus, xvu, No. 6, Oct., 1904, pp. 62-3. Bell, Robert. 1859 On the Natural History of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the distribu- tion of the Mollusca of Eastern Canada. Canadian Naturalist, rv, No. 3, June, 1859, pp. 197-200; and No. 4, Aug., 1859, pp. 241-242. Binney, W. G. 1861 Catalogue of Land and Freshwater Univalve Mollusks collected in British America by Messrs. Ross, Kennicott and Drexler, and deposited in the Smithsonian collection. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, for 1861, October, p. 330 (Extras p. 59). 1876 On the lingual dentition, jaw and genitalia of Carelia, Onchidella, and other Pulmonata. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, for 1876, pp- 183-192, pl. v1; also: Notes on Am. Land Shells, 1, pt. 1, 1876. 1885 Manual of American Land Shells. Bulletin U.S. National Museum, No. 28. Washington, 1885, pp. 18-27. Boettger, Oscar. 1880 Schnecken der Hudson Bai. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutschen Malak. Ges., XII, p. 32, 1880. Carpenter, Philip P. 1857 Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. Extract from the Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1856, London, Taylor and Francis, 1857, 8°, pp. 159-368, pls. vi-1x. Also printed separately with four preliminary leaves, London, 1857; cf pp. 197-198. 1864 Supplementary Report on the present state of our knowledge with re- gard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North America. London, Taylor and Francis, 1864. Extract from the Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1863, 8°, pp. 517-686; cf. pp. 604-607. Also issued separately, and reprinted by the Smith- sonian Institution, in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 252) Dec:;,1872, 8°; pp. 3-172. Christy, Robert Miller. 1885 Notes on the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Manitoba. Journal of Conchology (Leeds), tv, July, 1885, pp. 339-349- Cockerell, T. D. A. 1887 Letter to the editor. Conchologist’s Exchange, 11, p. 68, Nov., 1887. 147 148 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Cockerell, T. D. A., continued. 1891 The Slugs of British Columbia. The Nautilus, v, No. 3, July, 1891, pp. 30-32. Cooper, William. 1834 List of Shells collected by Mr. Schoolcraft in the Western and North- western Territory. Schoolcraft’s Narrative of an Exp. to Itaska Lake, App., pp- 153-156, 1834. Dall, W. H. 1885 Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands, No. 11. Report on the Mollusca of the Commander Islands, Bering Sea, collected by Leonhard Stejneger in 1882 and 1883. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1884, vu, pp. 340-349, 1885. 1885 New or specially interesting Shells of the Point Barrow Expedition. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1884, vu, pp. 523-526, 1885. 1885 Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1885, 4°. Natural History, part vi. Report on the Mollusks, pp. 177-184, with plate. 1886 Report on the Mollusks collected by L. M. Turner at Ungava Bay, North Labrador, and from the adjacent Arctic seas. Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum for 1886, rx, pp. 202-208. 1886 Contributions to the Natural History of the Commander Islands, No. vi. Report on Bering Island Mollusca collected by Mr. Nicholas Greb- nitzki. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1886, rx, pp. 209-219. 1899 The Mollusk-Fauna of the Pribiloff Islands. Extract from The Fur- seals and Fur-seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1899. 4°, Part 111, pp. 539-545, and map. 1905 On the relations of the Land and Freshwater Mollusk Fauna of Alaska and Eastern Siberia. Popular Science Monthly, vol. Lxv1, No. 4, Feb., 1905, pp- 362-366. Dawson, George Mercer. 1875 Land and Fresh Water Mollusca, collected during the summers of 1873- 1874, in the vicinity of the Forty-ninth Parallel, Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. British North American Boundary Commission, Report on the Geology and Resources of the region in the vicinity of Forty-ninth Parallel (etc), 1875, App. E., pp. 347-350. (? Dawson, J. W.) 1857 Description of some of the Fresh water Gastropods inhabiting the lakes and rivers of Canada. Canadian Naturalist, 1, No. 3, 1857, pp. 195-215. D’Urban, W. S. M. 1859-60 Observations on the Natural History of the valley of the Riviere Rouge and surrounding townships in the Counties of Argenteuil and Ottawa. Canadian Naturalist, 1v, No. 4, Aug., 1859, pp. 252-256; v, No. 2, Apr., 1860, pp. 81-99. Dybowski, W. 1901 Studien ueber die Mollusken des Amur-gebietes. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutschen Malak. Ges., xxxIII, pp. 129-144, Oct. 1901. BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 Dybowski, W., continued. 1903 Zur Kenntnis der Ostsibirischen Landschnecken. Nachrichtsbl. d. Deutschen Malak. Ges., xxxv, pp. 7-10, Feb. 1903. 1903 Beitrag zur Kenntniss du Mollusken-Fauna Kamtschatka’s. Annal. Mus. Zool. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, vu, 1903, pp. 40-55, with 8 figures in the text. Fabricius, Otho. 1780 Fauna Groenlandica. Lipsix, J. G. Rothe, 1780, 8°, pp. xvi, 452, 1 pl. Fulton, Hugh. 1905 On New Species of Helicarion, Ariophanta, Eulota (etc). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. v1, vol. xv, Jan., 1905, pp. 91-93. Gebler, Friedrich August von. 1829 Sur le Musée de Barnaoul en Sibérie. Bull. Soc. Nat. de Moscow, I, PP- 51-59, 173-188, 1829. Gerstfeldt, G. 1859 Ueber Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken Siberiens und des Amur-ge- bietes. Mémoires des savants étrangers, 1x, pp. 507-548, pl. 1x, June, 1859. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg. Graeser, Louis, see Mousson, Albert. Hanham, A. W. 1899 A list of the Land and Fresh Water Shells of Manitoba. The Nautilus, xu, No. 1, May, 1899, pp. 1-6. Heron, Gilbert Clifford. 1880 Onthe Land and Fresh-water Shells of the Ottawa. Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 1, 1880, pp. 36-40, pl. 1, figs. 3-8. Krause, Aurel. 1883 Einige Landschnecken von der Tschuktschenhalbinsel und aus den Sudéstlichen Alaska. Sitzungs-bericht der Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1883, No. 3, pp. 31-37. Krynicki, Johann. 1837 Bull. Soc. des Nat. de Moscou, x, p. 57, 1837. Latchford, F. R. 1882 Notes on the Ottawa Unionide. Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, m1, 1882, pp. 48-57, and plate. 1886 Observations of the Terrestrial Mollusca of Ottawa and Vicinity. Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 11, No. 2, pp. 1-21, 1886. 1890 Report of the Conchological Branch. Ottawa Naturalist, 1890. Extra copies pp. 1-7. 1895 Casselman Shells. Ottawa Naturalist, rx, No. 7, Oct., 1895, p. 156. 1896 Notes on Recent Canadian Mollusca. Ottawa Naturalist, x, No. 1, April, 1896, pp. 14-16. Latchford, F, R., and Fletcher, J. 1894 Report of the Conchological Branch. Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 1893. Ottawa Naturalist, vim, No. 6, Sept., 1894, pp. 97-98. Latchford, F. R., and Poirier, P. 1884 Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1883). Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 11, No. 1, 1884, pp. 130-134. I50 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Latchford, F. R., and Poirier, P., continued. 1884 Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1884). Transactions Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 11, No. 2, 1884, pp. 263-266. 1887 Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1885). Transactions Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 11, No. 3, 1887, pp. 350-351. Lea, Isaac. 1861-62 Descriptions of two New Species of Anodonta from Arctic America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, x111, p. 56. March, 1861; also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, v, pp. 212-214, pls. xxxIn XxXxII, 1862. 1867-68 Descriptions of five New Species of Unionide and one Paludina of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, x1x, p. 81, 1867 ; also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, v1, p. 287, pl. rx, 1868. Lehnert, E. 1884 Alaska Plants and Shells. Science Record (Boston, Mass.), 11, No. 8, pp- 171-172, June 16,1884. Lord, John Keast. 1866 The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia. London, Richard Bentley, 1866, 2 v.,8°. Cf Volume 11, Appendix, pp. 356-370, Maack, R. 1853 Notizen ueber einiger Land- und Siissw.-Mollusken, etc., mit Zusatz von Dr. A. Th. von Middendorff. Bull. Phys. Math. Akad. Imp. des Sci., St. Petersburg, x1, p. 372, 1853 ; Mélanges Biol., 1, pp. 8-18, and 19-22, 1853. Martens, Carl Eduard von. 1855 Ueber der Verbreitung der Europaeischen Land- und Siisswasser-Gaster- opoden. Inaugural dissertation, Tiibingen, 1855, pp. 144, 8°. 1872 Conchylien aus Alaschka. Malakozoologische Blatter, x1x, pp. 78-80. 1872. 1882 [Shells of the Krause Expedition.] Sitzungsbericht der Ges. Naturf Freunde zu Berlin, 1882, No. 9, pp. 138-143. 1885 Binnen Mollusken aus Mittel- und Ost-Asien. Conchol. Mittheil., m1, heft v, pp. 179-185, 1885. Mayer, Charles. 1869 [Mollusca of the Plant beds] Heer, Flora fossilis Alaskana; Kong. Svensk. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., n.ser., vim, pp. 40-41, pl. x, figs. 7-13, 1869. Middendorff, A. Th. von. 1851 Sibirische Reise. Siisswasser und Land Mollusken, 11, Th. 1, pp. 273- 308, 389-433, 1851. 1851 Beschreibung einen neuen Molluskenarten, nebst einem Blicke auf den geographischen Charakter den Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken Nord Asiens. Bull. Phys. Math. Akad. Imp. des Sci. St. Petersburg, 1x, pp. 108-112, 1851. Mélanges Biol., 1, pp. 160-164, 1851. See also Maack, R. Moller, H. P. C. 1842 Index Molluscorum Groenlandie. Hafnie, C. A. Reitzel, 1842, 8°, pp- 26. BIBLIOGRAPHY I51 Morch, 0. A. L. 1868 On the Land and Fresh Water Mollusca of Greenland. Amer. Jour. Conch., Iv, pp. 25-40, pls. 111, Iv, 1868. 1857. Prodromus Fauna Molluscorum Groénlandiz. Rink’s Greenland, App., pp- 75-100, 1857. A second edition, revised and augmented, in the Arctic Manual, London, 1875, pp. 124-135. 1877. The Greenland Fauna, tv, Mollusca. Rink’s Danish Greenland, Lon- don, 1877, Appendix, pp. 435-442. Morelet, Arthur. 1858 Coquilles Terrestres du Kamtchatka. Journal de Conchyliologie, vir Juillet, 1858, pp. 7-9. Mousson, Albert. 1887 Coquilles Terrestres et Fluviatiles recueillies par M. Louis Graeser dans le bassin de ’ Amour (etc.). Journal de Conchyl., xxxv, pp. 10-32, Jan., 1887. Notre.— This paper was only discovered after the completion of the present memoir. Nearly all the species mentioned in it are from the upper waters of the Amur River, or from Vladivostok. Succinea insu- laris Mousson, from an island at the mouth of the Amur, is the only addition to the species properly belonging to the Primorski province, treated of in my discussion of the species of the Northeast coast of Siberia, but several are added to the list of Mongolian elements of the fauna of the Amur drainage. Nylander, Olof 0. 1899 A list of Shells from Northeastern Maine. The Nautilus, x11, No. 8, Dec., 1899, pp. 102-106. 1901 Distribution of Limnuea emarginata Say, and the variety Mighelsit Binney, in Fish River, Aroostook Co., Maine. 8°, pp. 1-4, pl. I-IV, Caribou, Maine, the author, Igor. Pilsbry, H. A. 1888 Lyogyrus, Gill, and other American Shells. Conchologist’s Exchange, Il, p. 113, 1888. 1898 Descriptions of new species and varieties of American Zonitide and Endodontide. The Nautilus, x11, No. 8, Dec., 1898, pp. 85-87. 1899 New and little known species of Pristiloma. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, for 1899, pp. 185-187, pl. rx. 1899 Remarks on the American species of Conulus. The Nautilus, x11, No. 10, Feb., 1899, pp. 113-117. 1899 Notes on a few Northwest American Land Snails. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, for 1899, pp. 314-315. Poirier, Pascal. 1883 Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1882). Transactions Ot- tawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 1, No. 4, 1883, p. 74. Posselt, Henrik J. 1898 Conspectus Fauna Grénlandice. Meddelelser om Groénland, xx1m1, pp. xx, 298, 2 pl. andi map. 8°. Kjébenhavn, Bianco Luno, 1898; cf pp. 257-268. 152 LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSKS Provancher, Léon. 1890 Les Mollusques de la Province de Quebec. Le Naturaliste Canadien, xx, No. 9, Mar., 1890, pp. 184-187, and No. 10, April, pp. 203-205. Rackett, Thomas. 1822 Descriptions of some Shells found in Canada. Transactions Linnean Soc., XIII, pp. 42-43, 1822. Randolph, P. B. 1899 Collecting Shells inthe Klondike country. The Nautilus, x11, No. 10, Feb., 1899, pp. 109-112. Reinhart, J. 1883 Die von den Herren Gebriider Krause auf ihrer Reise gesammelten Pupa-, Hyalina-,und Vallonia-arten. Sitzungsbericht der Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1883, No. 3, pp. 37-43. Schrenck, Leopold von. 1867 Reisen und Forschungen im Amurlande in den jahren 1854-1856. 11, (3): Mollusken des Amurlandes und des Nordjapanisches Meeres. St. Petersburg, K. Akad. der Wissenchaften, 1867, 4°, pp. 259-976. Sheppard, Mrs., of Woodfield 1829 On the Recent Shells which characterize Quebec and its environs. Trans. Literary and Scientific Society of Quebec for 1829, 1, pp. 188-198. Shimek, B. 1893 List of the Shells collected on the Lower Saskatchewan in 1892 by C. C. Nutting. Bulletin University of Iowa, Nat Hist., 11, 1893, pp. 291-292. Cf. also Ottawa Naturalist, x, p. 15, 1896. Siemaschko, Julian Marc von. 1849 Bemerkungen ueber einige Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken Russ- lands. Bull. Phys. Math. Akad. Imp. des Sci. de St. Pétersbourg, vir, 1848, pp. 225-240, 1849. Small, H. B., and Symes P. B. 1882 Report of the Conchological Branch (for 1881). Transactions Ottawa Field Naturalist’s Club, 1, No. 3, 1882, pp. 57-59. Sowerby, James de Carle. 1836 Mollusca. Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, 111, p. 315, London, 1836. Taylor, George W. 1889 The Land Shells of Vancouver Island. Ottawa Naturalist, 11, No. 3, pp- 84-94, 1889. 1891 Land Shells of Vancouver Island. The Nautilus, v, No. 8, Dec., 1891, Ppp- 91-92. 1893 Land and Freshwater Shells in the Rocky Mountains. The Nautilus, vit, No. 8, Dec., 1893, p. 85. 1895 The Land and Freshwater Shells of Alberta. Ottawa Naturalist, rx, No. 9, Dec., 1895, pp. 173-178. 1897 Planorbis nautileus in America. The Nautilus, x, No. 12, pp. 139-140, April, 1897. Taylor, John W. 1885 Description of a New Species of Planorbis from Manitoba. Journal of Conchology, 1v (Leeds), 1885, p. 351. BIBLIOGRAPHY E53 Tryon, George W. 1865 Descriptions of New Species of North American Limnzide. Amer. Journ. Conch., 1, p. 231, 1865. Vanatta, E. G. 1896 The Geographic Distribution of Planorbis umbilicatellus. The Nautilus, 1x, No. 10, Feb., 1896, p. 117. Westerlund, Carl Agardh. 1883 Von der Vega Exp. in Asien gesammelten Binnen Mollusken. Nach- richtsbl. d. Deutschen Malak. Ges., xv, pp. 48-59, April, 1883. 1885 Land och Sétvatter Mollusker, insamlade under Vega-expeditionen. Vega Exped. Vetenskapliga Iakttagelser, rv, pp. 141-220, 1885. Whiteaves, J. F. 1863 On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Lower Canada. Canadian Naturalist, Feb., 1863, pp. 50-65. April, pp. 98-107. Extra copies pp. I-31, 1863. 1880 List of Freshwater Mollusca from Manitoba and the valley of the Nelson River. Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Progress for 1878-79, Montreal, 1880. Report of Explorations of the Churchill and Nelson Rivers, by Robert Bell. Appendix, m1, pp. 61-62, c. 1881 Mollusca. Geological Survey of Canada. Report of Progress for 1879- 80, Montreal, 1881. Report on Hudson’s Bay, by Robert Bell. Ap- pendix, Iv, pp. 75-76, c. ; 1887 On some Marine Invertebrata dredged, or otherwise collected, by Dr. G. M. Dawson, in 1885, on the coast of British Columbia, with a sup- plementary list of afew Land and Fresh Water Shells (etc.) from the same region. Transactions Royal Society of Canada for 1886, rv, section rv, 1887, pp. 111-137, with 4 text-figures. 1895 Notes on Recent Canadian Unionide. Canadian Record of Science, vi, No. 5, Jan., 1895, pp. 250-263. 1895 Additional notes on Recent Canadian Unionide. Canadian Record of Science, v1, No. 5, Jan., 1895, pp. 365-366. 1895 Recent Mollusca from the headwaters of the Ottawa. Ottawa Natural- ist, rx, April, 1895, p. 22. r90r Notes on some Land and Freshwater Mollusca from Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay, Ungava. Ottawa Naturalist, x1v, No. 12, Mar., IQOI, pp. 221-223. 1902 Notes on some Fresh Water and Land Shells from Keewatin, Northern Ontario and British Columbia. Ottawa Naturalist, xvr, 1902, pp. 91-92. 1905 Notes on some Freshwater Shells from the Yukon Territory. Nauti- lus, xx, No. 1, pp. 1-3, May, 190s. 1905 Lists of a few species of Land and Freshwater Shells from the immedi- ate vicinity of James Bay, Hudson Bay. Nautilus, x1x, No. 1, p- 4, May, 1905. PLATE. I. (The figures are natural size.) Fic. 1. Lymnea preblei Dall. The reflected margin of the aperture below the umbilicus is somewhat broken. See p. 70. 2. A younger specimen of the same species from behind. 3. Lymnea randolphi F. C. Baker; p. 71. 4. The same species, another specimen, from behind; p. 71. (154) PLATE