BLM LIBRARY 88055407 isMi-rt 7-18 IDAHO BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT October 1997 Land Snail Survey of the Lower Salmon River Drainage, Idaho by TerrenceJ. Frest and Edward J. Johannes 1 I i *2&\(jff9S&~ \t>: %• -mW LAND SNAIL SURVEY OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER DRAINAGE, IDAHO Terrence J. Frest Edward J. Johannes °f'HS Mi \ -;; ■ ■ p ? err revised September 15, 1995 Deixis Consultants 2517 NE65th Street Seattle, WA 98115-7125 f I The universe is a more amazing puzzle than ever, as you glance along this bewildering series of animated forms— the hazy butterflies, the carved shells, the birds, beasts, fishes, insects, snakes, and the upheaving principle of life everywhere incipient, in the very rock aping organized forms. Not a form so grotesque, so savage, nor so beautiful but is an expression of some property inherent in man the observer— an occult relation between the very scorpions and man. I feel the centipede in me— cayman, carp, eagle, and fox. I am moved by strange sympathies; I say continually "I will be a naturalist." - Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1833 This wide ranging and plastic genus [Oreohelix] ....shows two centers of speciation. The most dramatic one is in the Salmon River Valley between Riggins and Whfte Bird. Ten taxa of specific and subspecific rank are known from this restricted area, while the next greatest center, the entire northern part of Utah, has eleven races of five species distributed over a much wider area. This section of the Salmon River Valley is one of the best collected areas for land snails in western North America This aggregation of taxa presents perhaps the most striking assemblage of monogeneric land snail local diversity in North America. -AlanSolem, 1974 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION — 1 SCOPE AND METHODS — - 2 PREVIOUS WORK — - 5 BACKGROUND 5 THE LOWER SALMON RIVER AREA 6 GEOLOGIC HISTORY - — — 7 BIOGEOGRAPHY 10 BACKGROUND - 11 LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL BIOGEOGRAPHY 13 LAND SNAIL OCCURRENCE AND ECOLOGY 17 OCCURRENCE 18 ECOLOGY 22 MOLLUSKS AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS -—29 SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN 30 CURRENT AND PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - 33 BACKGROUND 33 OVERVIEW 37 SPECIFIC PRACTICES 44 SPECIES DISCUSSIONS — ----- - —50 INTRODUCTION 50 FORMAT 55 SENSITIVE SPECIES 56 Allogona (Allogona) lombardii Smith, 1943 56 Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora solida Vanatta, 1924 58 Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi (Vanatta, 1924) 59 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana (Binney, 1878) 61 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi (Hemphill, 1897) 62 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris (Pilsbry, 1940) -63 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) SENSITIVE SPECIES (CONT.) Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3 65 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 5 66 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 6 67 Discus marmorensis Baker, 1932 68 Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897 70 Ogaridiscus subrupicola (Dall, 1877) 71 Oreohelix hammeri Fairbanks, 1 984 72 Oreohelix haydeni hesperia Pilsbry, 1939 73 Oreohelix haydeni perplexa Pilsbry, 1939 74 Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) 75 Oreohelix intersum (Hemphill, 1890) 77 Oreohelix n. sp. 8 78 Oreohelix n. sp. 12 79 Oreohelix n. sp. 13 80 Oreohelix n. sp. 14 — 81 Oreohelix n. sp. 15 82 Oreohelix n. sp. 19 83 Oreohelix n. sp. 20 84 Oreohelix n. sp. 21 86 Oreohelix n. sp. 22 ■ 87 Oreohelix n. sp. 23 88 Oreohelix n. sp. 24 89 Oreohelix n. sp. 25 91 Oreohelix n. sp. 29 92 Oreohelix n. sp. 32 93 Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 94 Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 .-95 Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932 97 Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975 98 Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense (Pilsbry, 1902) — 99 WATCH LIST 1 01 Oreohelix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890) 1 01 Poly gyrelia poly gyrelia (Bland & Cooper, 1861) 102 Radiodiscus (Radodiscus) abietum Baker, 1930 104 Zacoleus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 105 NONSENSITIVE SPECIES 1 06 Allogona(Allogona) ptychophora ptychophora (Brown, 1870) 107 Anguispira kochi occidentalis (Von Martens, 1882) 107 Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller, 1774) 107 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani mullani (Bland & Cooper, 1861 108 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani olneyae (Pilsbry, 1891) 108 Discus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) 109 Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry,1906 109 Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840) 109 Helicodiscus salmoneus Binney, 1886 — 110 IV I TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) NONSENSITIVE SPECIES (CONT.) Microphysula ingersolli ingersolli (Bland, 1874) 110 Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) 1 1 1 Punctum (Toltecia) pusillum (Lowe, 1831) 1 1 1 Pupilla hebes (Ancey, 1881) 1 1 1 Vallonia cyclophorella (Sterki, 1892) — 1 12 Vertigo concinnula Cockerell, 1897 112 Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1905 • 112 Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus (Say, 1816) 113 SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN STATUS 113 Catinella avara (Say, 1824) 113 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani hemphilli (Binney, 1886) 114 Deroceras sp. 114 Succinea stretchiana Bland, 1865 115 FRESHWATER TAXA -1 1 5 FRESHWATER SNAILS 115 Fisherola nuttalli (Haldeman, 1843) 115 Fluminicola fuscus (Haldeman, 1841) 117 Pristinicola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1907) 119 Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) montanensis (Baker, 1913) 120 Stagnicola (Stagnicola) idahoensis (Henderson, 1931) 121 Valvata n. sp. 1 122 FRESHWATER BIVALVES — 1 23 Anodonta californiensis Lea, 1852 123 Gonidea angulata (Lea, 1838) — 125 Margaritifera falcata (Gould, 1850) 126 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - -128 REFERENCES- 129 GLOSSARY 141 TABLES TABLE TITLE 1 ■ MOLLUSKS OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY 2 ■ STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY LAND MOLLUSKS 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS 4. SPECIES SITE LISTS 5. SITE OWNERSHIP PAGES T1-2 T3-4 T5-58 T59-61 T62 FIGURES FIGURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. TITLE MAP OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY LOWER SALMON RIVER OREOHELIXTYPE LOCALITIES OTHER LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL TYPE LOCALITIES RANGES OF ENDEMIC OREOHELIX SPECIES RANGES OF ENDEMIC POLYGYRID SPECIES LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL BIOGEOGRAPHY SPECIES/SITE RANKINGS LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL SITE DIVERSITY NUMBER OF SENSITIVE AND CANDIDATE LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL SPECIES STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS MOISTURE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS ALTITUDE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS COVER PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS PAGE F2 F4 F6 F8 F10 F12 F14 F16 F18 F20 F22 F24 F26 VI APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGES A. SITE DESCRIPTIONS A1-35 B. SITEMAPS B1-39 C. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS C1-62 VII I 1 J LAND SNAIL SURVEY OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER ■ DRAINAGE, IDAHO INTRODUCTION The land snail fauna of the Lower Salmon River area has been famous among mollusk specialists (malacologists) since the 1860s. While land snails, with at least 30,000 species world wide (Solem, 1974), are relatively widespread, diversity here is exceptional, and a wide variety of forms are present. To date, at least 60 species have been reported (Table 1), more than half of the total for the entire state of Idaho. This number is quite remarkable for a North American state; and made even more so because of the prevalent habitat. High land snail diversity is generally associated with tropical islands and equatorial climes; at the very least, moist forested areas generally have much higher species diversity than semiarid areas such as western Idaho. In assessing the importance of the Lower Salmon River terrestrial malacofauna, we can do no better than to quote one of the preeminent land snail specialists of the century, the late G. Alan Solem in Solem & Clarke, 1974): 'This wide ranging and plastic genus [Oreohelix] ....shows two centers of speciation. The most dramatic one is in the Salmon River Valley between Riggins and White Bird. Ten taxa of specific and subspecific rank are known from this restricted area, while the next greatest center, the entire northern part of Utah, has eleven races of five species distributed over a much wider area. ...This aggregation of taxa presents perhaps the most striking assemblage of monogeneric land snail local diversity in North America". Many of the taxa have unusual shell sculpture and are much sought after by collectors. Especially notable are such taxa as Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis, Oreohelix haydeni perplexa, and Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra. Apart from scientific and collectors' interests, these animals serve a vital function in the semiarid and forest ecosystems, being one of the primary groups responsible for recycling of dead plant matter and animal wastes. Moreover, a number of the taxa are very rare and local in distribution. Such considerations led to their proposed early inclusion on the first federal Endangered Species List. In the event, it was decided to survey for some of these taxa. The survey results (Solem & Clarke, 1 974) inspired placement of some seven Idaho taxa as listing candidates, a status maintained unchanged to the present (USFWS, 1994). Six of these taxa are Lower Salmon River endemics: Discus marmorensis Baker, 1932; Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866); Oreohelix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890); Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934; Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932; and Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975. Many of these taxa, and some others as well, are or were thought to be restricted largely or wholly to the Salmon River corridor. As much of the land here is public land owned and managed by the Bureau of Land Management, Nez Perce National Forest, or the State of Idaho, it was desirable to conduct a comprehensive survey of the Lower Salmon River corridor. This report is intended to be a comprehensive status survey of land snails on BLM holdings. This report is organized as follows. We first discuss this survey's scope and range. The history of previous efforts by malacologists in this area is reviewed. We then discuss the region's geologic history; land snail biogeography, occurrence, and ecology; the role of mollusks as biological indicators; and some background information on sensitive taxa and status recommendations. We then provide an overview of the survey area's land snail fauna, as resulting from this study. A large section discusses individual taxon ecology, range, sites, and status. Finally, a few comments are made on the area's freshwater mollusk fauna. Details of site description and location and species maps are provided in the Appendices (A-C). To facilitate location in this somewhat long document, figures, tables, and appendices are placed in separate sections at the end of the report. In general, this report parallels the larger document prepared for the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (Frest & Johannes, 1995a). Further information and more complete regional context can generally be found in that document. Accompanying this report is a smaller one specifically on the Lucile Caves AC EC mollusks. SCOPE AND METHODS As originally conceived, this survey was intended to concentrate on BLM property in the Lower Salmon River corridor from the Riggins area to the river's junction with the Snake in Hells Canyon. We extended the survey into the major Salmon River tributaries, including portions of the Little Salmon and Rapid rivers and all of the major creeks. Also covered is the mainstem Salmon River from French Creek (River of No Return) to Riggins (Figure 1). This was done for several reasons. First, we had already collected information on these areas as part of our own research, in the period from 1989-1993. Results of this work are incorporated in the report. Additionally, the BLM has substantial holdings in these areas. As well, some of the species, including certain of the candidate taxa, were known to range into these areas from past research, ours and others. Comprehensive assessment of their status was not possible without consideration of these sites, i.e. coverage of the taxa' s full range. For the same reason, our sites were not necessarily confined to BLM lands, but included suitable snail habitat regardless of ownership. Field work for this project was conducted between October 12 and October 24, 1993. Because of very low water conditions, jet boat usage on the Salmon River was restricted, and it was not possible to gain access to some portions of the area during the fall, 1993 field season. Accordingly, field work was continued into 1 994, with most concentrated between April 24 and April 28, 1993. Timing of previous collecting trips included August, 1989; June, 1990; October, 1990; and June, 1993 (for details, see Appendix A). We collected a total of 213 land snail sites, some several times (Appendix A, Figure 1). The area between Riggins and White Bird, with most suitable habitat and relatively easy access, was covered heavily; but we also visited suitable habitat in the remainder of the area. Sites were placed to include 1) all definitely beatable historic sites; 2) all major lithologies in this geologically complex area (for rationale, see below); 3) all available habitat types, in rough proportion to their current prevalence in the survey area. Most of our sites were at low to moderately high elevations, in part because of considerations of ownership and access; but also because most of the species concerned do not occur at very high elevations. Nevertheless, we did sample some high elevation sites to ensure the accuracy of past reports. Standard methods in malacology were use to conduct the survey (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a and references therein). As the survey emphasized larger land snails, and as litter processing requires substantial time and effort, most sites were hand collected. However, a representative sample (about 20) were litter sampled also. The general lack of litter at most semiarid sites discouraged extensive sampling with this method; and such samples here were often disappointing, in that they added little to total diversity. This combination of methods was effective in approaching full actual diversity in the earlier Black Hills survey (Frest & Johannes, 1993d). Live-collected material for later anatomic study was generally drowned in tepid water with a relaxant (a combination of menthol crystals and propylene phenoxytol) added. 24-36 hours was required for some taxa; and small snails and slugs were relaxed separately. Material from each site was fixed for 24-48 hours in dilute (4-5%) formalin and transferred to buffered 75% ethyl alcohol. In the lab, samples were cleaned and transferred to fresh alcohol. Samples were then picked, segregated by species, and identified as completely as possible without dissection. Finally, individual species' containers were filled with 75% ethyl alcohol with borax buffer and 10% glycerin for long-term storage. Solem (1 975) noted that new taxa had resulted from each major previous effort in this region and predicted that more would be found. We were nevertheless somewhat dismayed at the number of new forms represented in our collections. The prevalence of new taxa required considerable extra efforts at identification. We performed extensive dissections of many lots, using standard methods, i.e. removal of the shell and further fixation in Bouin's solution, followed by staining with hematoxylin and dissection under a binocular microscope in dilute Bouin's solution. Reproductive anatomy, both male and female, was most emphasized, as this has proved most useful in the past (e.g., Pilsbry ,1939; Solem, 1975). Solem's (1975) methodology and species criteria proved particularly useful for the genus Oreohelix. The methodology employed by Roth & Miller (1993) and Emberton (1988) was especially suited to Cryptomastix. We also developed an extensive protocol for evaluating shell characters, finding that juvenile features as well as adult yielded taxonomically useful information. Many of the features used had been suggested earlier by Pilsbry (1933, 1939) but not applied systematically. The anatomical data are extensive, and will not be included except incidentally here. We suspect that characters useful in field identification will prove more useful in this context. Moreover, we found that there was a strong correlation between shell features and soft anatomy, such that species identified by attention to either could be distinguished by each. This is similar to the results noted by Emberton (1988) for the eastern North American Triodopsinae. Careful attention to details of shell morphology and good material is required, however. We also found it very useful to review major museum collections for historic material. This was necessary to establish species morphology (here based particularly on the holotypes and not necessarily on literature discussion of the species' concept). We also made special efforts to collect topotypical material whenever possible. This was difficult in some cases, due to vague type localities and loss of historic sites. Museum material was also useful in determining past locations of taxa and the extent of environmental change in the region. Such material was one of the more important factors in determining species status. Most such museum work was done to further our own research interests and before initiation of this project. A little was done subsequently to round out species coverage. Institutions visited and timing of such visits is given below, as is the standard (Levinton et a/., 1985) collection acronym. The latter is used widely in the species discussions. The amount of museum material from this area is quite large. Essentially ever major natural history museum in the world can be expected to have some, as do some private collections, including our own. Only the largest collections, i.e. those with much material and original localities, are listed here. ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia (1991) CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (1 991 , 1 995) DMNH Delaware Museum of Natural History, Wilmington (1 991 ) MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge (1985, 1991) FMNH Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago (1985, 1991) SBMNH Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara (1 995) UCM University of Colorado Museum, Boulder (1 991 ) UMMZ University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor (1985, 1991) NMNH Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (1985, 1991) Aside from our own and museum collections ,we also made use of those of various private collectors, including that of Steve Welty, Dubois, Wyoming. We were assisted in the field at various times by a number of individuals (see ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS for details). PREVIOUS WORK BACKGROUND Over 150 species of land snails and slugs have to date been ascribed to or described from eastern Washington and Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana. Large numbers of these were described during the classical period of U.S. malacology, i.e. from about 1860-1940. Major workers during this period included Henry Hemphill, who was active in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon from about 1860-1890; Henry Pilsbry and his collaborators (Vanatta, Ferriss), describing western U.S. forms from about 1910-1948; H. B. Baker, especially active in the West in the 1 920s and 30s; and Junius Henderson, working also in the period 1920-1940. Most of the earlier discoveries are summarized in Pilsbry's famous monograph (1939-48), still unsurpassed as a summary of knowledge concerning western U.S. land forms. After a time of relative quiescence marked by the publication of many smaller works, the pace of discovery and description of new forms has once again accelerated. It is quite likely that the land snail and slug fauna will eventually more than double, to approximately 300 forms. The slug fauna of about a dozen species is about half as large as that west of the Cascades, but still extraordinary. Many of the land snail genera occur only in western North America west of the Rocky Mountains; the fauna is thus sharply distinct from that of the rest of the U.S. As detailed below, endemicity is remarkable in certain genera, notably in the shelled genera Oreohelix and Cryptomastix and the slug Hemphillia. A number of distinct endemic clusters occur in various places (see Frest & Johannes, 1 995a, Tables 11-28, for examples). Quite often, this endemicity is paralleled not only in mollusks, but in other animal and even plant groups as well. THE LOWER SALMON RIVER AREA As noted above, this was one of the earliest areas in the western U.S. to be collected for land snails; and one in which particular effort was made. As a result, the land snail fauna here is better known than in some other areas in the western states. Perhaps the first, and certainly one of the more extensive, efforts were those of Henry Hemphill, particularly in the 1 860s-1 890s. Hemphill was an itinerant stone mason and tinker, who traveled over much of the Pacific Northwest and California from 1860 to his death in 1914 (Anon., 1914). Hemphill collected large series, which he offered for sale in privately printed catalogues, with the result that his material may be found in institutions throughout the world. He frequently revisited sites. Certain difficulties arise using his material (Coan & Roth, 1987). Some lots may combine material from different sites. Moreover, his localities are sometimes imprecise, even by the standards of the time (as witness Pilsbry, 1940: "He was an outstanding collector, but weak on labeling his shells."; "Hemphill's vague localities are somewhat irritating."). Hemphill is known to have collected this area in the 1860s and again in the 1890s. He collected prodigiously, with some lots known to run into the hundreds. Hemphill specimens are distributed widely; but his personal collections, including unsold material and his own lots, came to rest at Stanford University, eventually being transferred to the CAS, where it remains. At about the same time, the pioneer naturalist J. G. Cooper is known to have collected in Idaho. E. H. Ashmun collected in this area in the early 1900s; much of his material is in the ANSP. H. B. Baker spent a considerable time working the region in the summer of 1930; this material is mostly in the ANSP. Allyn Smith visited this area in 1931 and again in 1941 (most material in CAS, with some in SBMNH). The noted private collector M. L. Walton made several trips to the Lower Salmon River area in the 1950s and in 1960; results of these trips are in the DMNH, with some material in the FMNH and ANSP also. In the 1960 field work, Walton was accompanied by Alan Solem. Solem and others did status survey work for the OES in this area in August, 1974, collecting over 100 sites. Much of the material from this survey is in the FMNH, with some also in the Canadian National Museum of Natural History. Walter Miller has collected this area more than once, in the 1960s and 1970s (material now in SBMNH). We have done extensive work in the region since 1989, culminating in field work in 1993-1994. As well, many private collectors have visited this region over the years. We are aware, for example, of several collecting trips by a total of six private collectors since 1990. Undoubtedly, there have been many more. As noted by Solem and Clarke (1974), professional malacologists have long known that many of the taxa here were rare and 6 local, and hence feared that too much publicity in regard to site locations (or even descriptions of new taxa) could lead to their extirpation by over-zealous collectors. Thus, since Pilsbry very few detailed site descriptions have appeared in print. One result of this was that each new collector had to rework much of the region. Thus, it can safely be assumed that taxa which are known from few sites are genuinely rare. We have made extensive use of public and private information resources; and nobody else has found additional sites for these taxa. The earliest formal descriptions of Lower Salmon River drainage land snails are those of Baird & Cooper (1861-1862), Newcomb (1866), Binney (1874), Binney (1879, 1885, 1886), and Hemphill (1890, 1897). Baker (1932) and Smith (1943) are important succeeding works. Early literature was comprehensively summarized in Henderson (1924) and Pilsbry (1939-1948), who also added a substantial number of new taxa. Later contributions include those of Webb (1968, 1970a, 1970b); Solem (1975); and Fairbanks (1984). The most significant papers are listed in the REFERENCES and see also the equivalent section in Frest & Johannes (1995a). GEOLOGIC HISTORY In explaining the extraordinary diversity of Lower Salmon River land snails, analysis of contemporary environments helps only partly. More probable causes are to be sought in the more distant past history of the area. For this reason, regional geologic history is touched on briefly here. For more complete overview and references to the geologic literature see Frest & Johannes (1995a). The Rocky Mountain geologic province, which includes western Idaho and in this state makes up its western boundary, made up a good part of the western edge of the North American continent from about 800 million years ago to about 100 million years ago. To the west of this area was the Pacific Ocean; to the east, a variety of interior seaways and the core continent, including the eastern and central U. S. The Rocky Mountains proper are the product of two major orogenic events, the first of which was initiated about 100 million years ago. The period of about 65-100 million years ago (YBP) was an era of intense geologic activity in western North America. Mountain building, vulcanism, and batholith emplacement occurred; and the last interior seaway dried up, linking the Rockies with the eastern part of the continent. Another series of mountain-building events took place in this area about 40 million YBP. Glaciation affected the region during the last 2.5 million years, with minor events (the Pinedale and Bull Lake) about 10,000 and 2,000 YBP respectively. The most severe ice age appears to have been the last major event of the Late Pleistocene, the 28,000-12,000 YBP Wisconsinan. Continental glaciation characterized the major Plio-Pleistocene episodes (perhaps 7), covering at least half of the region. Mountain glaciation was effective further south. The general effect of glaciation would have been lowland displacement of land snail populations during glacials and isolation and fragmentation of populations, particularly on high peaks, during interglacials. Considerable drainage derangement and realignment also takes place during periods of glaciation. As stream corridors a major migration routes for active dispersal of land mollusks, the combined effects of glaciation on this region's land snails fauna must have been profound. The rise of the Cascades and Olympics, perhaps beginning in the Oligocene but obvious during the Miocene (i.e., about 20 million YBP) and still ongoing, in essence made Washington and Oregon a permanent part of the continent. Vulcanism was initiated as early as the Eocene (perhaps 40 million YBP), and small islands or isolated land masses or island chains may have been present since the Cretaceous or even earlier. For about the last 100 million years, accretion of new blocks to the western edge of North America occurred sporadically. Major examples of such exotic blocks or accreted terrain were emplaced in the Blue Mountains and along the western border of Idaho, particularly in Hells Canyon and the Salmon River. Many of these may be part of the emplaced Wrangellian Terrain, a zone of activity stretching from Alaska to California and including the Lower Salmon River area. Similar emplacement occurred in the Olympics. Major emplacement of batholiths, as in Montana, occurred near the end of the Cretaceous, notably the Idaho and Kaniksu batholiths. Extensive volcanic sequences formed in Idaho during the Eocene. Aside from extensive mountain building, the Miocene also saw the initiation of flood basalts of the Columbia and Grande Ronde Groups in the interior of Washington and Oregon, many originating from the Blue Mountains. Such activity continued through the Pliocene. At about the end of the Miocene, downdrop of the Snake River Plain may have occurred. Major flood basalt activity, related to the progress of a diapire from northwestern Nevada and southeastern Oregon across southern Idaho, may have begun in the Miocene. As the diapire moved east and north across Idaho to its current position in Yellowstone National Park, it is accompanied by intense volcanic activity, producing younger and younger basalt flows. As with Montana, the northern portions of Washington and Oregon were affected by identically-timed Plio-Pleistocene glaciation, with effects being most pronounced in the western Cascades. The Wrangellian heritage of this area is strong and very significant in terms of land snail distribution and speciation. In the eastern U.S. perhaps as many as half of the taxa are calciphiles (Hubricht, 1985). The Rocky Mountain flanks and great basin include a number of limestone units yielding especially suitable edaphic conditions for land snails; but these are mostly absent in Idaho, except for the southeastern portion. However, large emplaced blocks of limestone, limy schists, and other units yielding a calcicole-enhancing, high-calcium regolith, are concentrated in this portion of western Idaho. Areas to the west are mostly basalt, with comparatively few exotic blocks. Even where these are present, the comparative youth of this terrain limits the number of possible species originations and migrations. Columbia and Grande Ronde Group basalts can yield good land snail terrain, and are much more suitable than certain igneous units, such as granites. Nevertheless, they are not generally as suitable as limestones. The Lower Salmon River area has a core of comparatively old terrain which includes significant carbonates, surrounded by younger basalts, thus with significant elements of both habitat suites. The only other comparable area, Hells Canyon, is actually part of the same system. Although incompletely explored, it is evident that high endemism, particularly in the genera Oreohelix and Cryptomastix, is present here also, with nearly complete large-snail turnover from north to south. There is some overlap: in the lowest portions of the Salmon River, Hells Canyon endemics are common (see below). Large-scale geologic processes also strongly influence local climate. In general, the Rocky Mountain area seems to have had episodes of mild and moist tropical climate through the Miocene. This area would have been primarily coastal in position, with large mountain ranges to the east. Moist, mesic forests (with a much greater arboreal diversity than at present, including a stronger deciduous element) would have been the dominant vegetational regime. Such coastal areas remained warm and moist through the Eocene; but the rise of the Cascades meant that the interior areas eventually became comparatively dry, a condition probably initiated in the Miocene but more pronounced from the Pliocene to the Recent, except for interruptions of a sort by glacial periods. During the Pliocene and Pleistocene glacial advances, extensive pluvial lakes formed in interior Washington, Oregon, Utah, and Nevada, with interglacials, vulcanism, and other geologic activity causing periodic shifts in location of lakes, and their eventual near extinction; but also profoundly rearranging drainages in the Interior Columbia Basin. These landscape-scale events had profound effects on the Interior Columbia Basin mollusk fauna. Relatively little is known of either freshwater or land forms for areas west of Idaho before the Eocene, as most of the area was marine. In the Rocky Mountain portions of the area was a rich freshwater fauna, which bears little relationship to more easterly faunas or to the modern malacofauna. Prevalent are large unionids, viviparids, pilids, and other families now either much reduced or extinct in the region (see LaRocque, 1960 and Taylor (1988a, b) for reviews). Viviparids extended as far west as the base of the Cascades during the Miocene (Taylor, 1985) The terrestrial fauna is more poorly understood. Certainly, some genera characteristic of the modern fauna were in place from the Cretaceous (notably Oreohelix). This exemplifies a common theme for continental mollusk faunas. For the most part, terrestrial faunas in North America seem to reflect a Gondwana distribution pattern, with most families present since the Paleozoic (Solem, 9 1979, 1981, 1984). For freshwater forms, this may be true of many families; but some later migration does take place (Taylor, 1985, 1988b). Reconnection of the Rocky Mountain area to eastern North America may be indicated by the finding of extralimital forms, suggestive of eastern affines and mixed mesophytic forests, in the Deep River Formation of Montana (Roth & Emberton, 1994). Earliest common records for the western portion of the Interior Columbia Basin stem from the Eocene. Freshwater mollusk faunas of that period seem to show some relationship with the modem ones, and very little with the earlier Rocky Mountain faunas, save the persistence of Viviparidae for a short while. Land mollusks are comparatively poorly known, except for certain areas, such as the John Day Formation (Eocene) of Oregon. Generally, it would appear that some of the genera present today may have extended into the Rocky Mountain region in the early Tertiary. Late cooling and drying (Eocene-Oligocene) may have segregated some of the genera, with certain taxa remaining in the Rocky Mountains while others migrated westward or eastward (Roth, 1986b). Unfortunately, there is essentially no Late Tertiary fossil record for the Lower Salmon River area. Indications from sites to the north and south are that the generalizations made above hold. The present fauna includes a wide variety of species adapted for semiarid environments and low-moderate elevations (see Figures 11-13). Geologic controls are evident from the high proportion of endemics (Figure 10a) and the narrow ranges of many taxa (Figures 4-5). As might be expected, a number of species have type localities here, including some present in other biogeographic regions. Considering just described forms, at least nine Oreohelix (Figure 2) and 5 other taxa (Figure 3) were first described from this rather circumscribed area. More detailed discussion of geologic and other influences on land snail distribution are deferred to the following sections. BIOGEOGRAPHY BACKGROUND Many of the most characteristic land and freshwater mollusk (bivalve and snail) taxa currently living in the West Coast states have very limited geographic ranges. Part of the current freshwater snail fauna, for example, may consist of relatively recent (perhaps 65 million years B. P.) 10 | 1 1 1 immigrants from Asia, or forms derived from Asian ancestors and not present elsewhere in the U.S. Most of North America is generally separated into two faunal realms, the Eastern and Western Divisions (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a, Figure 2). Faunas of these two areas are distinct even at the family level. For example, the Interior Columbia Basin (or ICB) families Helminthoglyptidae, Oreohelicidae, and Ammonitellidae do not range into the eastern Division. Even in such widespread families as the Polygyridae, western forms are generally distinct at the generic level (e.g., Vespericola and Cryptomastix vs. Mesodon and Triodopsis). Characteristic coastal forms are different from those of the Rocky Mountains (e.g., Monadenia vs. Oreohelix), and California coastal forms are very distinct from those of most of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. In both cases, these differences involve not rare taxa, but the dominant and characteristic genera in the biogeographic unit. Many such taxa are confined to a coastal belt that extends only from the Cascades to the Pacific, and is believed to be of comparably recent origin geologically. Within the Interior Columbia Basin, there are three distinct land snail provinces widely recognized by malacologists (Henderson, 1931b, Pilsbry, 1948, with modifications by Bequaert & Miller, 1973: Figure 2 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a), all in the Western North American Division. The Oregonian Province extends from coastal British Columbia just into extreme northern California. Notable are a number of species of the helminthoglyptid genus Monadenia and the polygyrid genus Vespericola. Also characteristic is the variety of slugs, notably in such genera as Hemphillia and Prophysaon. The Washingtonian Province extends east from the Cascades crest in southern British Columbia to the Idaho Panhandle and northwestern Montana, thence through much of eastern Washington and Oregon to the Cascades foothills north of Klamath Falls. In this province, Monadenia and Vespericola are present only at the western fringe, and Cryptomastix largely replaces Vespericola. Some genera, such as Polygyrella, Microphysula, Udosaryx, Zacoleus, and Magnipelta are provincial endemics. Oreohelix is present but sporadic, with only a few species in one or two lineages present. Some genera are common to the Oregonian and Washingtonian provinces but absent or rare elsewhere. Example include Prophysaon, Hemphillia, and Pristiloma. The large Rocky Mountain Province lies generally south of the Washingtonian, and includes southwestern Montana, southern Idaho, Wyoming, western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and eastern and northeastern California. It is generally characterized by absences, such as those of many typical eastern genera and genera common to the other western provinces, such as Monadenia, Cryptomastix, Pristiloma, Microphysula, Radiodiscus, Hemphillia, Udosaryx, and Magnipelta. Particularly notable is the great number of species and morphologies in the genus Oreohelix. According to this scheme, the Lower Salmon River area lies solidly in the Washingtonian Province. Provincial boundaries are fluid at best, and subject to modification by large-scale geologic events. Those discussed here apply best in the Late Tertiary-modern period, more specifically for 11 the last 30 million years or so. Even at present, characterization of certain areas is not straightforward. The Columbia Gorge, because of its unique position and history, manages to maintain a disparate mix of elements, none of which is greatly speciose but many of which are endemic. Notable are species of Monadenia, Vespericola, Cryptomastix, and Oreohelix, mostly xerophiles and commonly co-occurring. The eastern Cascades in Washington may be another such area, featuring easternmost occurrences of Oregonian Province species with westernmost occurrences of Washingtonian Province taxa, along with a few unique elements. Distribution of some especially important genera should be noted briefly. Oreohelix (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a, Figure 9) [or more generally, the North American endemic family Oreohelicidae] is particularly characteristic of the Rocky Mountain and Washingtonian provinces in the Interior Columbia Basin. Note that most occurrences of the genus are in the eastern half of the area. In general, the western occurrences are sporadic and belong to just a few taxa. Substantial endemism is present in the genus in the Hells Canyon area, lower Salmon River valley, southeastern Idaho, Wasatch Range in Utah, and in the northwestern portions of Montana. The genus appears to be absent from large parts of the most arid portions of the ICB but continues with high diversity occurrences into the Rocky Mountains proper. The polygyrid Cryptomastix (Frest & Johannes, 1995a, Figure 10) occurs mostly in the eastern portions of the Interior Columbia Basin; and also in the Oregonian Province. In this area, only 2 species are present, both quite different from the Washingtonian taxa. Areas of high endemicity are in Hells Canyon, the lower Salmon River valley, and the Clearwater River drainage. The genus does not occur in the far south areas of the ICB; nor in the Rocky Mountain Province areas. Diversity is low in the interior areas of both Washington and Oregon; and the genus appears to be absent from large areas in both states. The slug genus Hemphillia (Frest & Johannes, 1995a, Figure 11) is typical of both the Washingtonian and Oregonian provinces. Its distribution pattern is similar to that of Cryptomastix, but more exaggerated, with major lobes into the mountainous regions of both provinces. As with the shelled polygyrids, species are very different in the west Cascades and Olympics, versus Idaho and Montana, although here higher diversity is in the Oregonian Province, not the Washingtonian. Many genera are distributed more or less uniformly in the Interior Columbia Basin assessment area (excepting the drier portions of the interior and some other special cases discussed before); but these tend to be the more cosmopolitan genera. A significant number of taxa have the more sporadic distribution suggestive of relict status. Examples in the Interior Columbia Basin include Polygyrella and Megomphix: see SPECIES DISCUSSIONS section in Frest & Johannes, 1995a for details. 12 LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL BIOGEOGRAPHY The Lower Salmon River areas is a part of the Washingtonian Province. As such, il would be expected to have substantial numbers of species in such genera as Oreohelix and Cryptomastix; and for such genera as Hemphillia and Polygyrella to be present. Overall, the fauna is typical for a Washingtonian area, in terms of genera present (Tables 1, 2). Ecological considerations limit the occurrence of such genera as Polygyrella and Hemphillia (both tend to be notophiles or at least strong mesophiles). Still, both are present locally, though at few sites (Table 3). In most parts of North America, relatively cosmopolitan forms, i.e. those living in more than two mollusk provinces; particularly, those living in both Divisions, would be expected to make up a very large proportion of the total species diversity. Regional endemics, i.e., those present in more than one area in the host province (here, the Washingtonian) typically make up the next largest component. Finally, strict local endemics are usually a small but important part of any regional land snail fauna. The Lower Salmon River area is not typical; and it is useful to use a slightly modified scheme to analyze land snail biogeography here (Table 1; illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 10a). Only some 7% of the 61 species reported to make up the malacofauna (here including Cryptomastix mullani hemphilli, even though it may now be locally extinct) are truly cosmopolitan forms. Regional taxa (for this purpose defined to embrace species occurring in more than one Washingtonian province) make up a rather small 38% of the taxa. In total, strong endemics constitute a surprising 55% of the total diversity. As noted previously, some of these are shared with the adjacent Hells Canyon drainage (a relatively small 7%). This leaves nearly half of the malacofauna (44%) as strict endemics occurring only in the Lower Salmon River drainage. In such a situation, it is perhaps not surprising to find that ranges of individual taxa are often very limited. In this context it is most helpful to discuss Oreohelix and Cryptomastix, which two genera account for most of the endemic diversity (Table 1). None of the 24 taxa recognized here occur throughout. The most widely distributed form is perhaps Oreohelix jugalis (Appendix C32); but even this form is absent form significant portions of the region. Many taxa have distributions limited to stream corridors less than 10 mi. in length, and often narrower (Figure 4). Frequently, these ranges are non-overlapping. Ranges of the 10 taxa in Cryptomastix discriminated here are also rather narrow; but much less so typically than in Oreohelix (Figure 5). Ranges also are more likely to overlap. Within Oreohelix it is possible to distinguish several groupings, possibly deserving separate taxonomic status, on the basis of parallel anatomical and conchological features. Some of these do not occur locally and are characteristic of other areas, such as the Rocky Mountain or 13 Southwestern provinces. Lower Salmon River groupings and their distributions, both locally and regionally, are as follows: 1) Oreohelix jugalis group. Limited to the Washingtonian Province. Local members are Oreohelix jugalis and Oreohelix n. sp. 15. Other members are such taxa as Oreohelix junii (= type O. strigosa strigosa: see Frest & Johannes, 1995a) and Oreohelix n. sp. 26 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a. Species of this group occur in much of the area but appear to be absent from the lowermost Salmon River and Hells Canyon. The jugalis-type species are fairly broad in their habitat tolerances, tolerating the range from moderately xeric-moderately mesic situations. Many occur on basalts; but substrate preferences are broad generally. 2) Oreohelix haydeni group. Members of this distinctive assemblage occur scattered throughout the range of the genus, although absent from the western portion of the Washingtonian Province. Local members are Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Oreohelix haydeni perplexa, Oreohelix n. sp. 8, and Oreohelix n. sp. 24. The range of the group is quite narrow, essentially the Salmon River drainage from Riggins to the mouth of Wet Gulch. There are other related forms in southern Hells Canyon. These snails are typically xericoles. Over the whole range, this group is found on a variety of substrates; but most often limestone (as locally). 3) Oreohelix idahoensis group. This very distinctive species group is limited to the Lower Salmon River-Hells Canyon area. Included are Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis, Oreohelix waltoni, and Oreohelix n. sp. 20. Related forms are Oreohelix idahoensis baileyi and Oreohelix n. sp. 30 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a. This set of species occupies a similar, rather limited, area to the last, but extended formerly to the White Bird area (currently to the Box Canyon area). The group is also quite limited geographically in Hells Canyon. These taxa are generally xericoles, and apparently are mostly or always calciphiles also. 4) Oreohelix intersum group This set of taxa occurs only in the Lower Salmon River region. It is very restricted in distribution even here, essentially to a portion of the Rapid River- Little Salmon River drainage; individual taxa typically have ranges of a few miles. Member taxa are Oreohelix intersum; Oreohelix hammeri; Oreohelix n. sp. 12; Oreohelix n. sp. 13; Oreohelix n. sp. 14; and Oreohelix n. sp. 19. Several species are found only on limestone, but intersum itself has been noted from limestone, basalt, and schist regoliths. 5) Oreohelix vortex group. At the moment, this includes only Oreohelix vortex and Oreohelix n. sp. 32. The group occurs only from about Slate Creek to a point midway between the mouths of White Bird Creek and Rock Creek (Figure 4). Nothing closely comparable has yet been reported outside of the Lower Salmon River Valley. Nearly all Oreohelix vortex sites are on basalt. This taxon and Oreohelix n. sp. 32 prefer rather xeric settings, especially open basalt talus. 6) Oreohelix "strigosa" group. This species assemblage in the broad sense has been noted from most of the area of occurrence of the genus. It is probably too broad as presently 14 I conceived; in particular, the status of forms called strigosa depressa needs to be reassessed in detail. Here, we regard Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra, Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 , Oreohelix n. sp. 21, Oreohelix n. sp. 22, and Oreohelix n. sp. 23 as members. These snails are generally large types preferring mesic, often well-forested settings; but a significant number prefer more xeric settings. Substrate preference is rather catholic, although certain species can be limited to limestones or other calcareous lithologies. Distribution locally is fairly broad, with the exception of the major tributaries, perhaps because of the limited occurrence of situations favoring mesocoles. The smaller number of Cryptomastix species may be divided into perhaps three groups, also established on a combination of shell and soft part features (see SPECIES DISCUSSIONS for details): 1) the Bupiogona group is represented by a single species locally, Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi. This taxon is restricted in the Lower Salmon River survey area to the lower third of the river (Figure 4), and occurs also in part of Hells Canyon. Other species of this assemblage are found in Hells Canyon (Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) n. sp. 1 and Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) n. sp. 2 of Frest & Johannes , 1995a). These snails prefer basalt substrate in rather strongly xeric settings. They are fairly large species with depressed spires and no apertural teeth; but best characterized anatomically. 2) the mullani group involves such taxa as Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani mullani and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani olneyae, rather large forms with weakly developed apertural dentition. Other examples include Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani hemphilli (reported from this area) and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani blandi. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 6, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris, and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi likely also belong here; and are locally endemic. Most of these species are common in mesic settings, often forested, on a variety of substrates. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani mullani is the most widely distributed and eurytopic species in the genus. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 6 and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi are unusual in that they are most common in xeric-semixeric settings, although also found at more mesic sites at low elevations. 3) the magnidentata group comprises small forms with parietal or palatal teeth generally well developed. Aside from the nominate form, such species as Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) sanburni and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 1 and 2 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a are placed here. The group is widespread in Hells Canyon and the lower Salmon River area; and sporadic in the Clearwater drainage. Local members include Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3, and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 5. Two of these are strict local endemics; but Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3 is also found in the northern 15 part of Hells Canyon. These taxa can occur on a variety of substrates, but are most frequent on basalt, and some may be restricted to it. The magnidentata group is characteristically xericole. A prominent feature of land snail distribution is this region as a whole is the very different aspect to faunas collected only a few miles apart. Looking at the complete terrestrial malacofauna (for individual species maps see Appendix 3), five major groupings are evident. These are illustrated in Figure 6: 1) one fauna is characteristic of the region from a point midway between the mouths of White Bird and Rock Creeks to the river mouth. This same species association also occurs in part of hells Canyon, essentially the northern portion in WA and OR. Much of this area is typified by xeric habitat, especially basalt outcrops and taluses. Distinguishing taxa are Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi; Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 5; Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3; Oreohelixn. sp. 25; and Oreohelixn. sp. 29. 2) the second species association is as much characterized by the absence of species of assemblages 1) and 3) as positively; but the rather ubiquitous occurrence of Oreohelix vortex is very evident. Cryptomastix is limited largely to harfordiana and n. sp. 6. The area involved stretches from a point midway between the mouths of Rock Creek and White Bird Creek to the lower reaches of Slate Creek. As before, xeric habitats and basalt substrates are typical. 3) the next species association (3 on Figure 6) is confined largely to the Salmon River corridor proper, from the mouth of Slate Creek to Riggins. In this region occur taxa of the idahoensis species group, as well as very local members of several others: idahoensis idahoensis; waltonr, Oreohelixn. sp. 20, n. sp. 21, n. sp. 23; and n. sp. 24. Among Cryptomastix species, harfordiana and n. sp. 5 are typical. Sites occur on a wide range of substrates, including metasedimentary lithologies, limestone, basalt, schist, and mixed boulder piles. Many localities are either xeric or semixeric in nature, and occur with a sage scrub plant community. 4) the penultimate species assemblage is typical of a very limited area along the lower Little Salmon River corridor (Figure 6). It is in this region that the various species of the intersum group are found. Cryptomastix occurrences are particularly sporadic; and none of the species are strict endemics. Substrate is variable, with limestone and basalt most evident; but schist and other lithologies may also be involved. Once again, most sites are in sage scrub and rather open and dry. 5) the last species assemblage is a feature of the River of No Return in the area from Riggins upstream to the mouth of French Creek (Figure 6). Characteristic taxa are Oreohelix n. sp. 15 and Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi. Most of the other long-known endemic Lower Salmon River taxa are not found here; even Oreohelix jugalis is very rare. Substrate ranges from schist to granite; most sites are rather dry Ponderosa pine forest, i.e. most taxa are slight xerophiles-weak mesophiles. 16 These species assemblages account for about 80% of the collected sites. The remainder are often those found at higher elevations and/or along major tributaries, such as Slate Creek or John Day Creek. Land snail communities at these sites are often every bit as distinctive (as witness, for example, those occurring on the large limestone exotic terrain block in the middle reaches of Slate Creek); but the small number of sites has rendered it inconvenient to formally define these as yet. Perhaps the most distinctive are those along middle Slate Creek, with Hemphillia camelus, Zacoleus idahoensis, Discus marmorensis, Allogona lombardii, Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 , and Oreohelix n. sp. 22; and the related sites along John Day Creek, with Discus marmorensis, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris, and Oreohelix haydeni hesperia. Interestingly, both groups involve high-diversity communities restricted to middle elevation moist, shaded, mesic mature forest sites with limestone substrate. LAND SNAIL OCCURRENCE AND ECOLOGY OCCURRENCE Land snails can be found at any elevation and in all situations from coastal lowlands to arid deserts, if the area is relatively undisturbed. As a generality, land snails are most diverse in tropical regions and on certain Pacific islands (Solem, 1 974, 1 984); but temperate diversity on a site basis may be equal to that in more equatorial climes. Solem (1974), Solem, Climo, & Roscoe (1981), Solem & Climo (1985), and Emberton (1995) record sites from temperate New Zealand and Madagascar with land snail diversity exceeding 50 species. Some sites in eastern North America have more than 30 species (Emberton, 1995; Hubricht, unpub.), and Midwestern sites with 20 or more species are not unusual. On a world-wide basis, forested locales are generally most diverse, and the average overall is probably close to 20 (Solem, 1984). In the western U.S., sites with this diversity are less common, although quite possible in coastal sites, e.g. in the Olympics [Branson's (1977, 1980) and Branson & Branson's (1984) sites are much less diverse because efforts were largely limited to hand collecting]. In our experience, litter and hand sampling of coastal fir forests in Washington, Oregon, and northern California, as well as mixed spruce, fir, or pine forests in northern Washington, northern Idaho, and western Montana, generally yields 10- 15 species of shelled snails and slugs in relatively intact sites. Other things being equal, diversity 17 declines at high latitudes; and these faunas typically consist mostly of small and widespread forms. Areas that are permanently frozen generally lack land snails. In this area, small land snails seem unusually rare, even in forest settings; and litter samples were relatively low in diversity also. As noted previously, large land snail diversity of the survey area as a whole is great; but that noted at any one site is comparatively low. At the other end of the spectrum, truly arid regions (< 6" of precipitation yearly) also often have low diversity land snail faunas or large regions with no land mollusks. On the other hand, relictual areas in such regions may have surprising diversity (often low abundance), and certain land snail families are specialized for arid regions. In North America, two examples are the Mexican- southwestern Urocoptidae and Holospiridae. Semiarid areas (>6 but <12" annual precipitation) generally have land snail faunas, sometimes showing substantial diversity. Often, only one or two species will be found at a site, but regional endemics can be common. Hells Canyon (ID-OR-WA), the lower Salmon River valley (ID), and the Utah Wasatch Range are world-famous for their diverse semiarid land snail faunas. In the latter, site abundance is often quite high, even though per site diversity may be low. Quite often, families or smaller groupings will show physiological specialization for particular environments, e.g. for arid and semiarid areas. Factors influencing distribution and physiological modifications for land snails of such regions have been discussed by Schmidt-Nielsen et al. (1971). One example is the western U.S. endemic genus Oreohelix. Physiological adaptations for aestivation in this genus have been investigated by Rees & Hand (1990, 1991, 1993) and Rees et al. (1991). One obvious adaptation by Oreohelix is the practice of hatching eggs internally, instead of the typical pattern of laying them in favorable locations. Dessication of eggs and juveniles is perhaps the most common cause of land snail death world wide (Solem, 1984), and the problem is acute in arid areas. Hatching the eggs internally provides some insulation; additionally, adults seem to be able to delay release of juvenile if conditions warrant. Despite environment-tuned moisture tolerances, land snails and slugs prefer moist environments, with some taxa being restricted to and many preferring the more typically moist portions of the particular environment in which they occur. Thus, distinct xerophile, mesophile, and notophile species groups may characterize certain portions of any large geographic area. Sometimes, moisture preferences seem to characterize groupings even at the generic level. Vespericola, for example, is generally a strong notophile, as is the slug genus Hemphillia. Holospira seem to be a definite xerophile. The more speciose or more widespread genera often have species specialized for particular moisture regimes. Examples in the Interior Columbia Basin include the characteristic large genus Oreohelix and the widespread small genus Vertigo. In this area, the range of environments utilized by Oreohelix is quite broad, with particular species or species groups, as noted above, xeriphiles, mesophiles, or nearly notophiles. There are direct 18 parallels in all three regimes in Cryptomastix also, as noted above and in the SPECIES DISCUSSIONS. Just as land snail diversity (and often abundance) decreases in area with low effective moisture (be these cold xeric conditions such as tundra or warm xeric such as desert), diversity (and often abundance) generally decreases with increasing altitude. High-altitude faunas often consist mostly of small taxa, many of which are not endemics; and site diversity often is 5 or less in the ICB. A few apparent true hypsiphile large taxa do occur in the Interior Columbia Basin. Examples include Oreohelix alpina, Oreohelix elrodi, and Discus brunsoni. True Oreohelix subrudis also seems to prefer such settings. True hypsiphiles may be lacking locally, although Oreohelix n. subsp. 1 seems to prefer higher sites, as does Oreohelix hammeri. Locally there seems no decrease in the proportion of large taxa with increasing altitude; but it must be borne in mind that high-elevation sites were mostly outside the scope of this project. For other species, temperature preferences may be a more strongly determining factor limiting distribution. Most species in the Oreohelix haydeni group, for example, seem to prefer warm xeric settings. Certain taxa, such as Pristiloma arctica, Vertigo modesta, Vertigo alpestris, and Zoogenetes harpa, prefer cold environments. Such species as these become more common regionally to the north, where they may be widespread at low elevations, but are rare to the south, where they may be confined to mountain tops. An example among larger taxa is the Federal candidate species Discus shimeki (see, e.g. discussion in Bequaert & Miller, 1973, and Frest & Johannes, 1993d). The observed patterns for the region as a whole seems to hold true locally for those species or species groups common to both. Some of the more strongly endemic species groups here also seem to be stenotopic; in particular, to be restricted to more xeric locales. The Oreohelix idahoensis and Oreohelix intersum species groups provide examples; and Lower Salmon River haydeni group members are also generally xeric sage scrub inhabitants (Oreohelix haydeni hesperia may be a notable exception). Size analyses of iand snails indicate a strongly uneven distribution by height or volume. According to Burch & Pearce (1990), there are four main groupings: 1) minute (< 3 mm in longest (major) dimension); 2) small (3-10 mm major dimension); 3) medium (11-30 mm major dimension); and 4) (>30 mm major dimension). Emberton (1995) suggests a very similar arrangement. Quite useful locally is subdivision into three subgroupings: those < 2 mm (which often make up half the diversity of a typical land snail fauna); those 2-10 mm (which may be termed medium-sized); and those > 10 mm (large). Small species, though seldom noticed, are most ubiquitous, as their small size makes concealment from predators and retirement in adverse conditions most practical. Viable populations of small forms may occupy very small areas. At the highest elevations (tundra- like habitat), only small forms are found. Likely genera in the Interior Columbia Basin assessment 19 area include Pristiloma, Pupilla, Vertigo, Vallonia, Cochlicopa, Punctum, and Euconulus among small forms; and Discus, Zonitoides, Retinella, and Radio-discus among medium-sized. As we emphasized earlier, the Lower Salmon River area is unusual in this respect. Small and medium- sized taxa are uncommon generally and not particularly diverse. Moreover, small forms do not appear to increase in either abundance or diversity here, if low and medium elevation sites are compared. Generally, the larger genera are absent at high elevations; but such forms as Oreohelix alpina and Oreoehlix subrudis may be exceptions. Quite often some slugs (e.g., Udosarx, Deroceras) are present also. On the whole, the alpine land snail fauna is mostly rather widespread and eurytopic forms, many of which may be present at lower elevations as well (examples include Oreohelix subrudis, Cochlicopa lubrica; Discus whitneyi, Deroceras spp., Euconulus fulvus alaskensis, Punctum spp., and Zonitoides arboreus), or species which are present at lower elevations to the north (e.g., Zoogenetes harpa, Retinella wheatleyi). Only a few described taxa in the Interior Columbia Basin appear to be true alpine endemics (hypsiphiles). The best examples are the large Oreohelix alpina and small Pristiloma arcticum crateris. Forms which appear to be restricted to moderately high-high elevations are, however, quite common. Prominent examples in the assessment area include Oreohelix subrudis, Oreohelix idahoensis baileyi, Oreohelix hammer!, Oreohelix n. sp. 8, and Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 . At lower elevations, substantial numbers from all three size groupings may be present. Generally, the large polygyrid land snail genera Allogona, Vespericola, and Cryptomastix occur only at low-moderate elevations. Few small to medium-sized forms seem as restricted, although diversity is generally higher in all three groups at lower elevations (if pristine sites are compared). Note that the survey area also appears exceptional in this regard; however, the current lack of low elevation, mesic forested sites here may preclude accurate comparison. Still, overall there is some suggestion of altitudinal speciation in some genera, but most is likely due more to responses to differences in effective precipitation and temperature than to height per se. Despite the original, essentially ubiquitous distribution of terrestrial mollusks in the assessment area, the modern picture is somewhat different. Were one to, say, divide the whole area into 1 mi. grid squares and sample the corners, at least 80-90% or more of the samples would have no mollusks. Much of this is due to human modifications in the last 150 years; however, some is due to other factors. These include unfavorable substrate (e.g. granite); recent formation geologically (e.g. the eastern Snake River Plain); effects of Pleistocene glaciation (e.g. the northern Cascades); and effects of catastrophic geologic events (e.g. interior Washington, as a result of the Missoula Floods). Portions of interior WA and OR even before settlement had relatively few land snails due to the effects of the Pleistocene Bonneville and Missoula Floods. Some of these same areas and the eastern Snake River Plain, ID and upper Deschutes River 20 drainage, OR are volcanic terrain of relatively recent origin. The very patchy distribution of land snails in Yellowstone National Park is due to the same cause. Granitic terrain is generally unfavorable to mollusks; hence, they are rare in the Sawtooth Mountains and Idaho Batholith areas in ID, even though immediately adjacent regions in the same state are unusually diverse. A local example is the drop in diversity experienced as one progresses upstream in the Salmon River from Riggins. Entering the western portion of the River of No Return (Riggins to French Creek), there is a substantial drop in species diversity. Above French Creek, i.e. in the Idaho Batholith outcrop area, large land snails of any kind are rare. A similar phenomenon takes place as one proceeds upstream in the Little Salmon River drainage from the mouth. The area near Riggins, with more diverse substrate, has larger faunas with several endemics. As the granite portions of the drainage are encountered, large land snails diversity quickly drops to about two species, both cosmopolitan and eurytopic forms. Northwestern WA has a comparatively small fauna due to Pleistocene glaciation. As was detailed above, provincial boundaries are also due in part to geologic history. Since the Miocene, areas between the Rocky Mountains and the Cascades have become relatively dry, and may lack land snails except locally. Such gaps in distribution are evident when plots of the distribution of the principal genera are compared (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a, Figures 8-10). In the Lower Salmon River survey area, occurrences cover a wide variety of habitats and elevations. Surprisingly for such a relatively arid area, a very large proportion of our sites had land snails (Figure 8). The general species/site rankings (Figure 7) had the expected negative logarithmic distribution, except that the right tail is unusually long (there are many species restricted to a few sites). This pattern is similar to that observed in the Upper Sacramento drainage study (Frest & Johannes, 1995b), which involved another area with complex geology and drainage history and numerous narrow endemics. A third example is the Black Hills National Forest survey (Frest & Johannes, 1993d). To generalize, over half of the taxa are comparatively rare, that is, occur at 10 sites or less and are classified even locally as very rare (Figure 7; Figure 10B). The rare species include many of the strict endemics; but more unusual is the fact that also in this category are a substantial number of the cosmopolitan forms. The five most common taxa are all regional or more narrow endemics. Site diversity here is quite low also, with over half the sites having 3 or fewer species. Semiarid sites, which are most common by far, are especially low in diversity. The few sites with 8 or more species are mostly mature forest, mesic sites. This low site diversity is not necessarily typical either of semiarid regions studied elsewhere, or of areas with substantial relict faunas (Frest & Johannes, 1993e; 1995b, c; and Frest (1991) provide examples). Many sites in the Lower Salmon survey area have faunas with one or two large land snails and little else. These are commonly species of Oreohelix and Cryptomastix. Even though many such are Sensitive species 21 and include six federal listing candidates, the number of sites with several such taxa is not very great (Figure 9) , in contrast with the situation observed in other high diversity, relict-rich faunas (Frest, 1991; Frest & Johannes, 1995b, c). However, a large number of sites have 2-4 Sensitive taxa. These same sites often have rare or unusual floral elements as well, such as McFarlane's four-o'-clock. ECOLOGY Many areas favored by land snails share common features. Most significant are cover, effective moisture availability, and geologic history. Geologically distinctive regions (such as the Hells Canyon-lower Salmon River area of Idaho, eastern Oregon, and southeastern Washington: Frest & Johannes, 1995a, Figures 4, 7; and see discussion above) often have high diversity and many endemics. This is partly due to mollusks' substrate preferences. For example, a large proportion of the eastern U.S. land snail fauna is calciphilous, found only on limestone, dolomite, and similar lithologies and soils derived from them (note listings in Hubricht, 1985). In the Interior Columbia Basin, many species of Oreohelix are thought to be calciphiles (Pilsbry, 1939). Examples include Oreohelix idahoensis baileyi, Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis, Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Oreohelix n. sp. 14, Oreohelix n. sp. 16 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a, and Oreohelix n. sp. 20. Other land snails similarly limited include Discus marmorensis. In numerous other cases, highly endemic forms seem similarly limited (e.g., Oreohelix haydeni perplexa, Oreohelix elrodi, Oreohelix alpina, Oreohelix hammeri, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) magnidentata, Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris); but the limited geographic distribution of some of these sometimes makes interpretation of substrate preference equivocal. Almost as common is restriction to basalt and basalt-derived soils. Examples here include Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n, sp. 3, Monadenia fidelis minor, Vespericola Columbiana depressa, Oreohelix variabilis, and Oreohelix vortex (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a for taxa extralimital to the survey area). As with the limestone snails, small geographic range may obfuscate substrate preferences: Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris is a prime local example. A few rock types seem more or less inimical to these animals. Land snails are often very rare, for example, on granitic terrains, and many of the core Rocky Mountain ranges with predominantly basement (basic igneous lithologies) rocks have reduced or no land snail faunas. The effect on slugs is not as great; but also quite evident. Examples of such ranges are the Idaho 22 Sawtooths and the Tobacco Root Mountains of Montana. Even in these areas, certain more ubiquitous and broadly tolerant taxa are present. Quite often, the minute terrestrial species (e.g., species of Vertigo, Pupilla, and Euconulus) are least affected by substrate differences. However, some large forms are also quite catholic in substrate occurrence. Oreohelix jugalis, Oreohelix strigosa depressa, Oreohelix subrudis, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora are prominent examples. Quite often, rock type is of more significance than plant community per se. Soil pH is thus a good measure of land snail abundance and diversity in the Columbia Basin. Compared to eastern U.S. (Appalachian) faunas, western snails can tolerate moderately acid conditions; but faunas are more diverse (and, often, individuals are more abundant) on soils with slightly alkaline pH. Slugs do not require CaC03 for their [reduced or absent] shells, and hence would not seem likely to be as restricted; however, alkaline soils are also preferred by many shell-less forms also. In interpreting the influence of rock type, some caution should be exercised. While limestone, marble, and dolomite are obvious sources of CaC03, as are many other sedimentary rocks, some igneous lithologies, such as carbonatites and certain granite types, may be quite adequate. Similarly, some metamorphic lithologies can vary widely in CaC03 content, but are often eminently suitable for maintaining large faunas. Schists, serpentinites, and some metasedimentary terrains are common examples in the Columbia Basin. While having only a small percentage of calcareous matter per se, this readily becomes part of the soil, making them excellent regolith contributors from the point of view of mollusk diversity. Some schists in the Lower Salmon River area are unusually calcareous, and hence provide excellent mollusk substrate. The ability of some larger land snails to thrive on seemingly unsuitable soils is remarkable. Oreohelix n. sp. 27 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a, for example, is confined to an Ordovician quartzite and is seemingly absent from bordering limestones. Several prominent geologic units in the Columbia Basin have exceptional land snail faunas associated with them in at least part of their outcrop area. Most notable are the Carboniferous Madison Limestone (and equivalents: Lodgepole, Mission Canyon) and Amsden Formation; the Permian Phosphoria Formation; and the Miocene-Pliocene basalts of the Columbia River Group. In the Lower Salmon River area, the Triassic Martin Bridge Limestone is an excellent example. Edaphic conditions are likely primary controls for many western species as well. In general, diversity and abundance are highest in areas with persistent and considerable free moisture. Thus, moist forests, slope bases, north slopes, springs, and seeps, edges of floodplains, and rock taluses are areas of concentration. Shaded and well-vegetated locales are also typically areas with exceptional abundance and diversity. In semiarid regions, such as typify the Lower Salmon River region, these considerations are paramount. Large portions of such areas may lack land snails altogether, or have sparse faunas consisting of a few exceptionally xeric-tolerant forms (e.g., species of Vallonia, Pupilla, or Zonitoides). In such regions, mountainous and rocky areas, 23 with common springs or taluses, may be islands of abundance and/or endemicity for terrestrial mollusks. Many of the dryland forms are specialized for such habitats, and cannot tolerate humidities and moisture levels typical for forest snails. In some cases, particular lineages may be specialized for such environments. Examples include Oreohelix haydeni and related forms, Oreohelix variabilis and related forms, Allogona ptychophora solida, Cryptomastix populi, Cryptomastix hendersoni, and Cryptomastix harfordiana and related forms. Even though the Lower Salmon River survey area has exceptional numbers of xeric-adapted species, it remains true that areas with some water, e.g. talus bases , seeps, springs, and partly shaded taluses, have more diverse and more abundant snail faunas. These moist area provide critical refuges for more mesic taxa in this region in particular. As might be expected, most slugs occur in moist environments: Hemphillia and Magnipelta are essentially restricted to them, and are clearly notophiles. Prophysaon is best characterized as a mesophile-moderate notophile. Though essentially mesophilic, some slug taxa, such as Deroceras spp., are quite widespread. The biology and role of land snails and slugs in the varied Interior Columbia Basin ecosystems are closely similar to those of many arthropods (see Olson, 1992 for background). Land snails primarily consume decaying vegetation, dead leaves, and animal wastes. Slugs have similar food preferences, although some are more likely to be green vegetation and coprolite specialists. They thus perform a vital role in nutrient and detritus recycling, even in semiarid environments. Notable differences from insects are: 1) mollusk diversity is usually much less; and 2) insects are generally much more easily dispersed. Terrestrial mollusks can be considered analogous to flightless insects in several important respects. In general, land snails in this region (as elsewhere in North America) require relatively undisturbed vegetational cover appropriate to the habitat involved, which may range from closed canopy forest to sage scrub or open, rocky talus. Most are somewhat retiring, and avoid areas with strong insolation or exposure. Many cease activity and shelter during dry or exceptionally cold or hot periods. At some times in the year, land snails are most active from dusk to dawn. Genera such as Monadenia may be strongly eoan and/or crepuscular; others, such as Vespericola and many slugs, may be quite active in daylight. Locally Oreohelix and Cryptomastix may be quite active in daylight if moisture requirements are met. Species vary considerably in activity and in response to changed conditions. Allogona is very active and may emerge from aestivation even after very brief rains. Some of the more xeric taxa are much more cautious. Still, activity and visibility of all often increase markedly after rain storms. Many land snail taxa thrive in lowland to middle elevation moist (often riparian) forests and the areas around springs, bogs, or marshes. Generally stable rocky taluses or rockslides are another favorite habitat; these may be well-occupied regardless of cover, but the snails may be difficult to find except under special weather conditions. In this region, occurrences in basalt or limestone taluses are frequent. The semiarid climate that is prevalent means that many species will aestivate for a 24 I major part of the year. Locally, the times of greatest activity are in early spring and late fall. Coastal areas, because of their relatively high humidity, are another favored area of occurrence. Minor differences in insolation, cover, or availability of moisture, even on the same slope, may result in very different land snail communities (e.g., Roth & Eng, 1980). Thus, colonies can be very local. Because terrestrial mollusks are relatively small, viable colonies may occupy surprisingly small areas. While the size of long-term viable populations is still somewhat a matter of dispute, examples are known of survival with as few as 1 ,500 adults in a colony (Frest, 1 984). It is safe to say that only a few thousand individuals may be sufficient. For minute forms, colonies of only a few square feet seem to be viable in certain cases (Frest, 1991); however, somewhat larger buffer areas are evidently necessary to maintain such small sites in the long run. Even for larger species, colonies are not great in areal extent. The largest Oreohelix colony of which we are aware is about 1 mi. long and 1/4 mi. in width. One of the smaller we have observed is about 12" in width and less than 20' long; another is approximately 6' in length and 2' in width. In both of these cases, the snail genera involved (Vertigo and Oreohelix) typically are dominants and have large standing populations. Other genera, e.g. Monadenia (Roth & Eng, 1980 J and Magnipelta are typically rather scattered in occurrence. As many as 20 adult Oreohelix may occur per 1/4 m quadrat square in such species as Oreohelix strigosa cooperi, Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis, and Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra. In some areas, such species appear to literally cover the ground, and are much more abundant than all co-occurring insects. Interestingly, all of these are xerophiles. Other species, such as Oreohelix elrodi and Oreohelix amariradix, may occur at densities of less than 1 adult per 1 m square. Some other environments may be equally productive in terms of biomass. The calcareous fens studied by Frest (1990) had up to 4,000 mollusks per 1/4 m square. In semiarid areas, large-sized snail species colonies may consist of millions of individuals. At rich sites, dead snail shells may litter the ground, outweighing even total live plant biomass. In semiarid areas such as the Lower Salmon River region, land snail mass may be astoundingly large. Sites with shells littering the ground, far outnumbering and outmassing remains of any other animal group, are not uncommon. Some of the best examples are on the Lucile Caves ACEC. Land snails may appear rare much of the year; but a visit to a seemingly dry and lifeless basalt talus in spring or after a major rainstorm is very instructive, even if no or few shells are evident on the surface. Regardless of major habitat type, desiccation is the primary reason for land snail mortality even in undisturbed habitats (Solem, 1984). Snails and slugs in each major habitat type have evolved ways of dealing with the problem. Talus-dwellers are often cryptic for most of the year. Most snails shelter or aestivate even in dense forests in the typically dry period from June- September; many hibernate in winter. Snails and slugs frequently shelter under rocks, leaves, bark, litter, or logs. Some Monadenia and Prophysaon individuals shelter in moss on trees far 25 above the ground. Even snails more tolerant of xeric conditions need rocks or loose plant material of some size and volume for diurnal and seasonal shelter. Suitable winter or long-term retreats (hibemaculae) are uncommon at any given site, and may be occupied over many years and by large numbers of individuals. Thus ready availability of coarse woody debris is very important for forest mollusks, as it is for many other forest-dwellers (see Harmon et al., 1986 for a general review; Spies, Franklin, & Thomas, 1988 for Douglas fir forests). Most species seem to prefer to have relatively large debris pieces available, i.e. logs and major branches, although bark and smaller pieces should be present also. Large debris piles do not seem to constitute good mollusk shelter. Loose rock and talus and the root balls, radices, or bases of larger vascular plants serve the same function in arid or semiarid areas, with particular plants (generally larger individuals) often considerably favored. Genera such as Balsamorrhiza, Celtus, Physocarpus, Prunus, Sorbus, Rhus, Urtica, Laportea, and Artemisia are very significant as shelter plants in semiarid environments. Formerly, land snails were thought to occur only in vegetational communities in which deciduous trees or shrubs are an important element (Karlin, 1 961). It soon became apparent that land snails occurred just as often in coniferous forests (Kralka, 1986); and that semiarid plants were as suitable as mollusk food resources as were trees of the Eastern Deciduous Forest biome. Still, it remains true that land snail diversity, and sometime abundance, are greatest in plant communities with a significant non-coniferous component. Certain forms, such as some Vertigo and other pupillid species, some succineids, some Oreohelix species, some slugs, and many others may be most abundant in pure coniferous stands, if these are relatively mature or moist. Branson (1977) made the important observation that the usually high slug diversity and endemism of western U.S. forests may relate to their comparative acidity. In many cases, soil pH is a much better determinant of abundance and diversity than plant community structure per se. In the northwestern states, land snails have been found in the following forest plant associations, listed in no particular order: Picea sitchensis, Sequoia sempervirens, Tsuga heterophylla, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Abies amabilis, Abies magnifica, Abies lasciocarpa, Tsuga mertensiana, Pseudotsuga/hardwood, Pinus ponderosa, Abies concolor, Abies grandis, Pinus contorta, Juniperus occidentalis, and Quercus garryana, as well as the various more open plant communities with Celtus occidentalis, various Artemisia species, etc. High-diversity associations are perhaps more likely to occur in the vicinity of Populus, Betula, Acer, Salix, Physocarpus, Cornus, or Tsuga. Particularly appealing tree or shrub species are Acer macrophyllum, Acer circinatum, Acer glabrum, Alnus rubrus, Alnus rhombifolia, Alnus sinuata, Amelanchier alnifolia, the larger Artemisia species, Betula papyrifera, Betula pumila, Betula occidentalis, Celtus occidentalis, Corylus cornuta, Cornus nuttalli, Cornus stolonifera, Populus tremuloides, Populus trichocarpa, Prunus virginiana, Prunus emarginata, and many species of Salix. Arbutus 26 I or Rhododendron seem less suitable than most, perhaps because these genera have rather tough leaves; a similar effect has been noted in Australian sclerophyl forests. Gaultheria stands may also be less diverse, although at least one coastal species, Pristiloma pilsbryi, has been found primarily in dense salal. Undoubtedly, there are a number of such associations in the Interior Columbia Basin. One treatment of land snail/plant associations in western ecosystems is Frest & Johannes (1993d); the works of Boag and various collaborators should also be consulted. Slugs are a somewhat special case. The shell-less habitat has perhaps evolved independently at least 11 times on a world-wide basis (Solem, 1974). The lack of shells and special modifications of the slime enable slugs to shelter and move about more readily than most shelled forms. Specialized composition, and the ability to alter composition as required, enables slugs to use slime for protection from dessication, to enhance travel speeds, and to discourage predators. L. Deyrup-Olsen (University of Washington) has conducted many elegant studies of the ways in which slugs utilize and modify slime. The shell-less condition, as noted above, may be advantageous in dominantly coniferous forests, where usable calcium sources are usually scarce. Land snails and slugs are mostly herbivores; a few will also consume animal matter of various kinds, and fewer still (Ancotrema, Haplotrema) are carnivores, particularly of other snails. Most taxa commonly ingest soil, and very many, in particular slugs, commonly ingest fecal matter of all sorts. Most local taxa prefer dead vegetation or even fungi in small amounts. Terrestrial mollusks thus contribute substantially to nutrient recycling and breakdown of plant detritus and animal wastes. Some forms will digest wood, or chew it into fibers to form suitable locations for egg-laying. A few slugs are characteristically found in decaying logs and appear to be feeding on partly decayed wood. The small forms generally eat soil, fecal matter, partly decayed leaves, and the small plants and fungi upon them. Leaves from deciduous trees and shrubs (e.g., Salix, Alnus, Populus, Acer, and Cornus) axe particularly liked by some taxa. Some slugs and snails relish larger fungi. More often, green vegetation in the understory is preferred (examples include Heracleum, Rorippa, Rubrus, and even Urtica). Such shelled genera as Allogona and Vespericola, as well as many slugs, seem to commonly consume green vegetation; but all larger mollusks also eat fallen leaves, soil, and partly decayed matter in it. Some genera {e.g., Monadenia) prefer fallen leaves or inner bark layers. Juvenile and adult feeding preferences may differ (Roth & Eng, 1980; personal obs.). Terrestrial mollusks are thus primary higher and lower plant and animal waste recyclers in both forested and more open situations. In turn, snails and slugs are consumed avidly by many small mammals {e.g., shrews, voles, shrew moles), amphibians, and by a number of birds. Various insects, including certain beetle, fly, and wasp families, either prey upon snails directly or parasitize them with their eggs and larvae. Snail shells are used for shelter, domiciles, or egg-laying sites by a variety of insect and other arthropod taxa. Certain of the larger land snails were even utilized as food by Native Americans. 27 Life history of many taxa is strongly controlled by climate. Nearly all of the small species have one-year life spans and are semelparous. Breeding may take place in the spring, after snow melt, or somewhat later in the fall, especially September-October. Eggs hatch about one month after being laid, and some adults and many young survive the winter. Larger land snails are more variable. Intermediate-sized land snails, such as Discus, may commonly live for about 2 years. Some species of larger genera, such as Monadenia and Oreohelix, e.g., may live for at least 8-1 0 years; sexual maturity may be reached in these species in two to three years (Walton, 1970). It seems likely that Oreohelix species may vary as much in life history as do Ashmunella species. Xeric forms may be quite long-lived; while mesic forms may be essentially annual. Vespericola and Cryptomastix appear to have a much shorter life span, perhaps two years or less for most species. This point needs to be investigated further, particularly for the xeric Cryptomastix species, such as those that characterize the Lower Salmon River area. Life span may differ between talus dwellers and forest species in the same genus; this has not yet been carefully investigated, but xerophiles appear to have significantly longer life spans. The land snail genera Allogona, Ancotrema, Cryptomastix, Haplotrema, Oreohelix, Polygyrella, and Monadenia have been observed copulating most frequently in the period from April to June. Eggs and juveniles of the same genera have been seen most often from May to July. Under suitable conditions, egg laying may also take place in some forms in fall. Certain taxa, such as Prophysaon, are most likely to reproduce in the period from September to October. Mortality is heavy in the summer and winter. Certain slugs and shelled forms have similar life cycles; however, at least some genera are iteroparous, and some have life spans greater than one year. As in freshwater mollusks, adults of small forms may die after laying eggs. The larger forms breed and lay eggs in much the same seasons as do the small species; but some genera appear to breed in only one season (or once per year), generally in the spring. In these taxa, adults need not commonly die from reproductive stress. Brood sizes may vary considerably from taxon to taxon. Seasonality of activity, including reproduction, is most strongly pronounced in open- ground, xeric, or talus habitats, and is much less so in perennially-moist environments. While available moisture at certain times is vital, species and genera vary widely in their moisture tolerances. Some forms (e.g., Vespericola, Prophysaon, and Hemphillia) are found only or largely in perpetually very moist areas, often riparian forests or spring and seep borders and are termed notophiles. Others (e.g., certain Monadenia and Oreohelix species that are mesophiles) avoid extremely moist situations. Acid habitats such as bogs often have relatively low diversity faunas, with few large taxa. High diversity is frequently associated with calcareous habitats. The xerophile habit is quite common in the ICB. Land snail colonies are long-term, with some clearly in the same area since the end of the Pleistocene (i.e., for the last 10,000 years). One such was noted by Clarke & Hovingh (1993); 28 example are common in the semiarid portions of the Interior Columbia Basin, in situations where preservation of Holocene and late Pleistocene fossils are likely. Local examples may include the Lucile Caves ACEC Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis sites and the Oreohelix haydeni perplexa site in Twilegar Gulch. Certainly, most of the historic sites in the Lower Salmon River area can be recollected (if precisely known), unless human modification has extirpated them. Migration may be generally slow; the Oreohelix colony described by Clarke & Hovingh, for example, has failed to reoccupy portions of a talus last inundated by Lake Bonneville. In other situations, stream transport of at least 1.5 mi., due to one event, has been noted (Roth, pers. comm. 1993). Most typically, spread occurs the hard way, by crawling; and land snails may typically journey only as far as a 20' radius from their place of birth in a lifetime. Active dispersal in a semiarid area can be presumed to be even more slow than that typical for forests. Passive transport by stream or flooding or by animals, wind, etc. has been observed; but how typical and successful such events are in establishing long-term range changes needs more study. Here again, such events would seem inherently more unlikely to occur in semiarid or arid settings, such as the Lower Salmon River, simply because snails activity and exposure occurs less frequently here than in generally moist situations. Methods of transport and colony foundation have been reviewed by Davis (1 982) for freshwater forms and by Taylor (1 988b). MOLLUSKS AS BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS In many regards, mollusks are an especially practical group for use in assessing the general health of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem. They are present in some numbers in almost any environment. Certain species are eurytopic; however, many species are stenotopic and unusually sensitive to various kinds of disturbance or pollution. Most species respond quickly and obviously to disturbance. As almost all are relatively sessile and complete their life cycles in place, they are particularly convenient for site-specific assessments. Sampling procedures are relatively simple and can be readily quantified. As it happens, many of the Sensitive species dealt with here would be readily useful indicator species (e.g., the species of Cryptomastix and Oreohelix). Mollusk centers of diversity generally correlate well with those determined from other groups; examples are common from plants, fish, salamanders, and insects. Similarly, mollusk abundance tends to peak in particularly high diversity locales. 29 The presence of a number of local endemics makes mollusks of unusual biogeographic significance. As compared to insects, there are relatively few taxa, many are comparatively large, taxonomy and morphology are comparatively comprehensible and straightforward, and most can be easily identified. About half of the total taxa in old growth forests have already been described, and relatively comprehensive identification manuals are now, or shortly will be, available for them. The shell of most is durable, making them both obvious and also quite likely to be preserved as fossils or subfossils. They are one-part animals, and most can be identified from the shell alone. The extensive fossil record of some provides a long-term background history unavailable with most groups. An extensive literature attempts to relate fossils to past and present climates, drainages, and large-scale geologic and ecological processes. Freshwater mollusks are used extensively in the eastern and central parts of the U. S. as biological indicators and to monitor physical and chemical, as well as biotic changes of waters. Examples include Clarke (1979a, b). Bivalves have been used regularly to study uptake of various organic and inorganic pollutants, and are among the most sensitive organisms for such purposes; reviews include Fuller (1974), Imlay (1982) and McMahon (1990). SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN Many of the taxa dealt with are Species of Special Concern in the definition of Frest & Johannes (1993a, 1995a). Accordingly, background information from those works is incorporated, with some modification, here. In order to compile the species records listed below, the freshwater and land mollusk fauna of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah was reviewed. Starting points were Pilsbry (1939-48), Burch (1989), Taylor (1975), and references therein, including Henderson (1924, 1929, 1936a, and 1936b). The periodical literature published subsequent to 1936-48 was also reviewed, as were available consultant's reports and other "gray " material. We have collected freshwater and land mollusks in these states since 1986; where practical, such records were incorporated also. Information from private collectors and museums was also included, where such material was examined and verified by us. The present compilation is partially based on species lists in Frest & Johannes (1991b, 1993c, 1993f, 1995a, and 1995b). Tables 1-3 of Frest & Johannes (1995a) listed a total of 190 mollusk species or subspecies herein regarded as Species of Special Concern (SOSC). These were evenly divided 30 I between terrestrial and land forms: 95 are terrestrial (87 snails and 8 slugs) and at least 95 freshwater (88 snails and 7 clams). All are currently known or likely to have ranges partly or wholly within the Interior Columbia Basin assessment area, as defined previously. One hundred seventy- two were regarded as Sensitive Species (Species of Special Concern in the usage of USFWS, 1992a, 1992b; critically sensitive species in imminent danger of extinction if present trends continue). While many are either present or potential candidates for Federal listing, only 5 are presently listed as Endangered or Threatened species. A substantial portion of these taxa occur in the Lower Salmon River region (see Tables 3 and 19 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a: Table 2 herein). We currently regard a total of about 36 Lower Salmon River land snail taxa as Sensitive and recommend that these be treated similarly by USFS, BLM, and other federal and state agencies concerned with land management and wildlife. All of the taxa here defined as Sensitive should be regarded as priority species in USFWS usage (as above). Four are Watch List species. These are also Sensitive species (as well as SOSC) in our usage, and should also be regarded as sensitive by USFS, BLM, and other federal and state agencies concerned with land management and wildlife. However, these taxa are not regarded as in imminent danger of extinction, and are not considered potential candidates for Federal listing at this time. Seventeen species appear to be in no local or region-wide danger of extinction and hence do not require protection. Finally, 4 species are taxa of uncertain status also discussed individually under the section entitled SPECIES DISCUSSIONS. These are not considered further here, although additional research may demonstrate that they are valid taxa and in need of special consideration. The Species of Special Concern represent roughly 66% of the estimated actual diversity in the Lower Salmon River area. Five of the Sensitive species are listed as federal candidates (see Table 1 herein, USFWS, 1994). In general, land snail species are not on Idaho Threatened or Endangered lists although the Idaho Conservation Data Center does track the federal candidates. Malacologists have long been interested in the status of U.S. mollusks, particularly in the eastern and central U.S., and have held various symposia, etc. on them. The American Malacological Union holds regular symposia on mollusk conservation and has a standing Conservation Committee. Hence, some of the taxa discussed herein have been suggested for listing by malacologists previously (e.g. Smith, 1970; Solem & Clarke, 1974a; Solem, 1975; Clarke, 1976a; Frest & Johannes, 1991b, 1993c, 1993e, 1993f, 1995a; Frest & Roth, 1995; and sendings to various federal and state agencies by us, 1988-1994). Our lists and discussions differ from those made previously in that they: 1) are based on more recent information, including research and project collections by Deixis Consultants personnel (T. Frest, E. Johannes, J. Johannes) of many taxa from 1989-1994; 2) include some previously unknown or unconsidered species and subspecies; 3) exclude or recommend status 31 changes for some taxa now known to be either more broadly distributed than earlier thought or taxonomically suspect; and 4) are restricted to forms known or likely to occur within the assessment area. As in Frest & Johannes (1 993c, 1 995a) we have included undescribed taxa and specify known and suspected areas of endemism. Unlike some previous efforts, we have included taxa of uncertain status. The listing is conservative in that some taxa now regarded as either extinct or too poorly known for adequate range definition (i.e., occur in relatively unstudied areas; are too recently discovered to be fully evaluated; or occur in poorly studied microhabitats) are deliberately excluded. Further documentation of the species and subspecies listed in Tables 1-3 is provided below in the form of short, referenced discussions of each. Of the 61 mollusk species and subspecies listed on Tables 1-3, some are of especial concern. Important factors in assigning species to the critically Sensitive group were: extremely restricted current distribution or local endemism; occurrence solely or largely in particularly threatened habitat, such as old growth or late successional forest, iow-elevation springs in semi- arid or arid locales; taluses, or the like; sensitivity; very limited or circumscribed habitat; loss of a majority of historic sites and habitat; or declining populations. Generally, all of the above factors apply to the species in this group. Within this classification, species known or likely to occur on BLM or Forest Service lands were favored strongly for consideration. Similarly, species known or thought to be old growth or mature forest associates, mature sage scrub associates, or riparian associates were given special emphasis in making selections for inclusion here; most taxa qualify under two criteria. Current candidates were automatically considered to be priority species. In practice, our criteria closely mirror those used by Thomas et al. (1993, p. 261) for developing a "short list" from the much larger list of species that occur in old growth or late successional forests. These criteria are largely directly applicable to Interior Columbia Basin habitats and ecosystems in general and Lower Salmon River examples in particular. Most or all taxa considered here would qualify under a combination of two or more of the SAT short list's four criteria and nine factors. As can be seen from the SPECIES DISCUSSIONS, nearly all taxa were included for two or more of the reasons outlined above. The 36 high-priority taxa that meet these conditions are indicated in Table 2. It should be emphasized, however, that, due to lack of recent collections of at least one taxon, this listing is particularly conservative. It is likely that other taxa discussed herein are now, or soon will be, subject to similar problems. It is also highly likely that some taxa not discussed here should be included. This listing should thus be considered as somewhat tentative. As time and information growth demands, we hope to revise and reissue it. Sensitive species comprise the largest single group of Lower Salmon River land snails, with 36 members occurring within the survey area (Tables 1-3). Six of the Sensitive species are Federal listing candidates; but none are Federally listed at this time (Table 2). We recommend listing of all but a few of these species as either Threatened or Endangered on present evidence; 32 other species require further study. Most or all of these land snails are known or thought to be found on federal lands, particularly BLM holdings; others occur on state lands, private inholdings, or areas adjacent to public lands (Table 2). Of our 213 sites (Appendix A), at least 114, or some 54%, are definitely on BLM lands (Table 5). Additional sites are known to be on Nez Perce National Forest or State of Idaho public lands. Many of the remainder are along the US 95 corridor and hence may also be at least in part on public lands. Limits of the present corridor and ownership of the old alignments of this and one or two other public roads were unclear in these cases, and needs to be checked further. CURRENT AND PROPOSED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BACKGROUND There is a wealth of generally neutrally-compiled information to demonstrate that current land management practices of the major public land management agencies, in the Interior Columbia Basin as elsewhere in the West, are inadequate. In response to congressional inquiry, the General Accounting Office (GAO) recently attempted to assess the effectiveness of current management practices of the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management in protecting and sustaining wildlife on federal lands (GAO, 1991a). The Forest Management Act of 1 976 requires the Forest Service to maintain viable populations of each native vertebrate species [or, by some interpretations, all native species] on each management unit. It is possible that this law could be enforced in the future, and extended to include land held by other government agencies. The GAO concluded that "consideration provided to wildlife is below that provided to consumptive uses such as livestock grazing, logging, and mining" (GAO, op. cit, p. 18). For example, the General Mining Law of 1872 gives mining primacy over other uses of federal lands. Analyses of the effects of mining and of the Law have generally concluded both that abuses were occurring and that the Law needs revision (GAO, 1986, 1989a). Even National Wildlife Refuges, the only federal lands required by design to be managed primarily for the benefit of wildlife, are affected almost universally by secondary uses (GAO, 1989b). Such secondary and consumptive uses, at least as now practiced, are often directly inimical to species preservation. GAO (1991a) also noted the low levels of funding and staffing provided for wildlife programs. It concluded that, 33 in cases of conflict, consumptive uses were often favored despite acknowledged negative impacts on wildlife. Moreover, most planned wildlife actions were demonstrably not actually being implemented by the managing agencies. Another report (GAO, 1991b) noted the necessity for better wildlife protection, as current enforcement is selective. Even on paper, wildlife protection or enhancement actions almost always are directed at species perceived as "glamorous" or as favored by the public -particularly the Three F species (furred, feathered, or finned)- often at the expense of other taxa. Quite often, recovery or conservation efforts for Three F species are undertaken to the detriment of other forms. Most federal lands agency biologists specialize either in fish or in mammals; there are very few invertebrate specialists anywhere in the Forest Service, BLM, or even in USFWS. The typical lack of even roughly complete species inventories of federal lands has been commented upon previously (Frest & Johannes (1993c, 1995a). In general, there is little detailed knowledge about most invertebrate groups on public lands (Olson, 1992; Frest and Johannes, 1993c). A recent study (Stohlgren and Quinn, 1992) of the National Park system, for example, indicated that none had comprehensive biotic inventories, even of such relatively small and conspicuous groups as mollusks. Most western U.S. National Forests and BLM Districts have in the past few years completed Land and Resource Management Plans or equivalent documents; none that we have seen go much beyond Three F species; most do not mention any invertebrates. Recent proposals to conduct such inventories are a step in the right direction: but this step will require considerable time and resources to implement, and should not be pursued precipitously. The Forest Service's attempt to use an indicator species approach to monitor biodiversity on its holdings is a case in point. Planning regulations direct that several categories of species are to be represented among the taxa to be monitored. These are 1) endangered and threatened plant and animal species; 2) species with special habitat needs that may be influenced significantly by planned management actions; 3) species commonly hunted, fished, or trapped; and 4) non-game species of special interest. Predictably, category 2 has been emphasized to the point of near exclusion of the other categories. We are aware of no invertebrates so utilized on any unit; this despite the fact that invertebrate species [including mollusks] clearly qualify, minimally under categories 2 & 4, and often under 1) as well. Even with the Three-F bias, the GAO concluded that the monitoring approach appeared expensive and ineffective. Reasons cited were that 1) relationships between indicator species and the habitat characteristics they are supposed to predict are unknown; 2) observed changes may be natural and not require management action; 3) monitoring may be impractical due to personnel shortages during critical periods; and 4) selection of indicator species is "sometimes based on factors other than their biological or ecological representativeness, or their predictive value. Instead, some indicator species have been selected for socioeconomic or political reasons" (GAO, 1991c, p. 3). 34 1 On average, even relatively development-restrictive agencies such as the National Park Service have made little progress in documenting or mitigating threats to their public holdings (GAO, 1 987). In many of the National Forests, for example, it was impossible for outside examiners to determine the extent of resource deterioration in designated wilderness areas because basic information on conditions in many of them was lacking. However, site visits indicated that many wilderness areas showed signs of adverse impacts [even though these areas are legally mandated to be relatively free of disturbance, according to the Wilderness Act of 1 964], and that funding for wilderness management was inadequate (GAO, 1989c). Similar considerations apply to rangelands and grasslands. The GAO (1 988a) found that adequate recent inventory information was often lacking, and condition of much of the public rangeland is not reliably known; but that over 50% of the public rangelands remained in either poor or fair condition. Another recent report (GAO, 1991d) indicated that the Forest Service is not performing needed monitoring of its grazing allotments, and that range managers themselves consider about 25% of the allotments to be in a declining condition and/or overstocked. A similar study found that the BLM likewise was not monitoring at all the status of about 50% of the grazing allotments covered by EISs (GAO, 1992). In many cases, BLM efforts to prevent unauthorized grazing are inadequate (GAO, 1990a): during any given year, "many grazing areas are inspected infrequently or not at all". Outside evaluations of federal grazing practices are generally scathing, as witness Horning (1994). In the particularly vital riparian areas, both Forest Service and BLM efforts at restoration have recently been criticized (GAO, 1988b). This is particularly unfortunate, as another federal agency has recently concluded that riparian areas "are in the worst shape in history" (EPA, 1 990). Even though both agencies have policies that endorse restoration of riparian areas, only limited numbers of riparian areas have been restored. Successes represent only a small amount of riparian area; support from management for such efforts has been weak; and some field staff claim that "management has taken reprisals against staff who tried to implement riparian management programs in areas with politically powerful permittees"; and in any case, existing inventories of riparian areas are incomplete. We have commented previously (Frest & Johannes, 1993c, 1995a, and above) upon the general lack of consideration given to all but a few "glamorous" species in federal agency management plans. Until recently, many BLM districts simply lacked resource management plans, 13 years after the passage of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (GAO, 1990b). The rush to complete such plans has, in our opinion, resulted in inadequate documents in many respects, and no expansion in species coverage. Even with the best of intentions [and we need not concede that those exist here], management is typically focused on a single-species approach, in which the species to be benefited is generally the domestic cow and, at best, 35 unspecified "wildlife", with the unspoken presumption that these are large, huntable vertebrates. However, such species do not exist in isolation. One minor example will suffice. "At the Snake River Resource Area in Idaho, one project consisted of making improvements [sic] to a spring so that more water was collected and available for livestock and wildlife. According to the environmental assessment included in the project file, the improvement would also make water available to wildlife when livestock were removed from the allotment" (GAO, 1993a). Readers of the ICB report (Frest & Johannes, 1995a) will have noted that springs along the Snake River in Idaho harbor several federally listed taxa; and a variety of other sensitive species are known to inhabit such springs, including many narrow endemics. Most to all of the native fauna is extirpated from springs when they are "improved" in this way. The GAO chose to interpret this case as an example of not fully describing all resources benefiting from range improvements. We would take the opposite tack, and note that the BLM in Idaho seldom if ever knows what species are present in such habitats generally, let alone specifically; how rare; if listing issues are involved; or what the detriments to the native biota as a whole are [does not fully describe resources harmed", to use the proper jargon] from spring "improvements". It will not be surprising that "livestock grazing management was the primary objective of 71% of the range improvement projects completed in fiscal years 1990 and 1991" (GAO, 1991d, p. 7). After all, what else is there? This analysis merely skims the surface of the situation, and is perhaps overly generous. Studies by environmental groups tend to be more critical. We quote from one as an example (Losos era/., 1993): "Natural resource extraction activities are wholly or partly responsible for endangering 62 to 68 percent of all species that are formally listed as at risk of extinction in this country". "[These species] are at risk of extinction at least in part from hardrock mining, logging, livestock grazing, water development, and recreation". 'Water development projects - such as dams, flood control, water diversion, and dredging -- have the most extensive impacts, affecting 29 to 33 percent of all listed species". "Recreational activities - primarily off-road vehicle use and general recreation - damage 23 to 26 percent of federally listed species". "Livestock grazing harms 19 to 20 percent of endangered and threatened species. Logging affects between 14 and 17 percent. Hardrock mining alone damages 4 to 6 percent, and when all mining activities are considered, the figure increases to 14 to 21 percent". "Species whose ranges are on federal lands are generally harmed more by logging, livestock grazing, hardrock mining, and recreation -- 50 to 59 percent -- than those inhabiting non- federal lands - 46 to 55 percent". 36 Major changes in policy and management will be necessary to supplant and repair past actions. In the last few years, most of the Pacific Coast and Interior Columbia Basin states' National Forests and BLM Districts have completed Land and Resource Management Plans or their equivalents. So far, none of those we have seen have adequately addressed biodiversity concerns. Most, for example, go little beyond Three F species; none adequately address invertebrates; and most fail to even mention them. The controversy over the listing of the Northern Spotted Owl has brought such concerns considerable attention. The National Recovery Plan for the species (USFWS, 1992a, b) is one of the few to attempt to address ecosystem concerns, and could serve as a model for such efforts elsewhere. As the mandate for recovery was expanded to include other significant animal and plant species, it was also extended to other habitats, such as riparian zones, which support the bulk of western coniferous forest and arid to semi-arid land biodiversity. In making management recommendations for the Lower Salmon River mollusk SOSC, we will parallel some of the policies most likely to be implemented in federal lands within the range of the Northern Spotted Owl. Major references are Thomas et al. (1990, 1993) and Johnson et al. (1991). OVERVIEW In general, any modification of habitat that decreases available moisture or increases insolation is very strongly detrimental to land mollusks, and often id to freshwater species as well. Logging tends to increase insolation to the point that most species are extirpated. Burning of slash, physical disruption of habitat, and destruction of forage plants (often deciduous trees and shrubs and herbaceous forest understory) compounds the problem. Indirect effects, such as stream modification and destruction of springs, have removed much additional habitat, as has human settlement along the coast proper. Tree farms, like Midwest corn fields, are generally devoid of any native mollusks. Semi-arid lands with introduced grasses are in no way comparable to native sage communities in terms of biodiversity. Sometimes, only introduced species, like most commonly seen garden slugs on the West Coast, may thrive in such settings. In our study sites in western Washington, for example, relatively undisturbed sites had a mean diversity of 10- 12 species. Recently clear-cut areas generally had no shelled species. Most areas that had been clear-cut 20-60 years ago regained no more than 2 shelled species. Often, the only mollusks seen alive in recent clear-cuts were found in very limited colonies under protected settings, such 37 as missed trees or unburned debris piles. In our opinion, the long-term viability of such colonies is questionable, let alone their ability to serve as reservoirs to repopulate regrown forests. Generally, only one or two slug species were at all widespread in recent clearcuts or in reforested areas up to 40 years after cutting. Land and freshwater mollusks are also quite susceptible to the effects of forest spraying for pest and unwanted plant control. Grazing is also a major factor causing extirpation. Direct trampling is the major problem, but resulting vegetation changes and the usual reduction in plant biomass and effective cover are also significant. With as much as 90% of federal lands in the Interior Columbia Basin states allotted to livestock producers, this is an extremely severe problem. Certainly, this is one of if not the major impact on Lower Salmon River habitats. Most known sites for the genus Hemphillia and many other of the particularly unique Oregonian and Washingtonian endemics have been destroyed by logging of lowland old growth and mature forest; many species of special concern and Sensitive taxa seem to be specifically associated with such forests. Many species are now or were originally very limited in distribution. The Malone jumping slug, Hemphillia malonei, e.g., occurs only on the slopes of Mt. Hood. Many species of Oreohelix and Cryptomastix in the Interior Columbia Basin have strongly circumscribed ranges. The species dealt with here are especially strong cases in point. The genus Megomphix has similar problems; all known sites for hemphilli, e.g., were either in the Puget Sound region or in the more or less completely cut-over Willapa Hills, southwestern Washington. Both leutarius[m the ICB] and californicus [northern California] have very limited ranges. Very few sites for this genus have been found in recent years, and the whole family Megomphicidae is now quite rare; some southern California species have been previously suggested as Federal listing candidates. Management of Pacific Coast and Interior Columbia Basin state forests should reflect such considerations if survival of the native land mollusk fauna is to be assured. Similarly, many freshwater endemics are very restricted in occurrence, sometimes to single sites: examples are numerous in Fluminicola, Pyrgulopsis, and Lyogyrus, among others. While this makes them very vulnerable to extinction, another consequence is that protection may be a relatively simple and inexpensive process, if it is deemed a worthwhile goal. A recent study (Frest & Johannes, 1993d) of one western National Forest may be instructive: the more extensive work that is available for Eastern Deciduous Forest land snail communities may not be as directly relevant. The Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming, is dominated by Ponderosa pine and spruce forests. Much of the area with pine cover has been logged recently, and very little intact riparian vegetation remains. Grazing is common on logged terrain and in lowland areas. Large areas were mined long ago, and some operations continue. Forest fires are common and destructive. Survey of 189 sites by a combination of litter sampling and live collecting yielded some interesting results. Thirty-six species were found to remain in the Forest. A few were new taxa; these included uncommon local endemics and habitat- 38 restricted forms; but the bulk of the fauna was of forms widespread in North America. A number of species previously reported from the area were not found. Heavily logged and grazed sites had a very small land snail and slug fauna consisting of about six widespread forms. Areas that had been clear-cut did not appear to recover their snail fauna, even after many years; upland areas were particularly hard-hit. Mined localities were similarly affected. Fires occurring before fire suppression was attempted seem to have had only local effects on the land snail fauna; modern fires effectively sterilize large areas of snails. The native freshwater mollusk fauna of the Forest appears to have been almost entirely extirpated, even from spring habitats. Even relatively widespread species have been extirpated from most or all of the Black Hills. The richest areas for diversity were the few remaining relatively intact riparian areas and limestone canyons with spruce cover, in part because logging of spruce does not take place. Such sites commonly had diversities of fifteen or more species. Well over half of the total number of species were confined to a small area in the northwest part of the Forest and occurred at only a few sites. Because of extensive habitat loss, several species were suggested for federal listing, and protection of the few remaining sites for most was strongly recommended. A general observation resulting from this and other studies is that effects of single practices may be detrimental but bearable; but combinations are especially destructive. A common example in the Interior Columbia Basin forests is the logging, followed by grazing; sage brush removal is often followed by grass seeding and grazing in semi-arid lands. Logging in itself has a negative effect ; but common site preparation practices thereafter administer the coup de gras, if one was needed. Spring "improvement", by trenching, piping, etc., followed by grazing, is another particularly common procedure, very effective in eliminating nonlivestock species. Some general principles should be stated here first. Lumbering, especially clear-cuts, is essentially disastrous to the Species of Special Concern, as it is also in Douglas fir forests of the Pacific Northwest (Frest and Johannes, 1993c). Lumbering increases insolation; removes cover; increases ground temperature in summer; decreases effective ground temperature in winter (i.e., increases exposure); decreases available moisture and effective humidity; removes shelter, hibernation, and egg-laying sites; removes ground cover, including forage plants for many species; simplifies community structure; and decreases diversity. The removal of coarse woody debris and litter by logging (often followed by burning of slash) is particularly objectionable. Precise effects depend upon methodology, as will be detailed below; in general, clear-cuts are most disastrous; and some thinning may be necessary in forests in which natural fires have been suppressed. The best management technique is none at all, i.e. allowance of natural processes to continue, including fires. Barring this fire management techniques mimicking the natural process in each major plant communities much as possible (Agee, 1993) should be favored. In the fir forests of the Pacific Northwest, various rotations (of 50-200 years/cycle) have been 39 suggested. These may or may not be adequate for relatively mobile species such as birds and mammals; but we doubt their efficacy for relatively sessile forms such as snails, or for species with limited geographic distributions (Olson, 1992; Frest and Johannes, 1993c, 1995a). Talus disturbance is an especially significant problem in the Lower Salmon River area. The importance of stable rock talus to land snails, particularly in semiarid areas, cannot be overemphasized. Significant (sometimes the only) populations of land snails may occur in taluses of any lithology; locally, those of basalt, schist, and limestone are most prominent. Causes of disturbance include road building and grading, usage for fill or road metal, and mining for mineral commodities. Any substantial damage to a rock talus may render it wholly or partially unfit for snail occupation, and talus bases are most critical in this regard. Taluses may be occupied regardless of size; indeed, very large talus piles, or talus with very large liths, may be less suitable than smaller piles or taluses with less massive liths. In arid and semiarid areas, rock talus and boulder piles, which often have lower temperatures, more open space, and much greater available moisture than surrounding areas, provide a very significant refuge to a variety of animal taxa. Similarly, mining may have drastic effects. Areas directly mined are of course generally sterile of land snails. Regeneration of such areas would be expected to take place rather slowly under the best of circumstances for many species. Likewise, there is little evidence that the Species of Special Concern can survive severe or sustained grazing. Grazing tends to simplify the plant community, resulting in loss of forage species. It tends to increase insolation, shrink or remove cover, litter, hibernation, and shelter sites, decrease winter ground temperature, increase summer ground temperature, decrease effective available moisture and humidity, compact soil, and physically destroy land snail individuals and colonies. Severe forest fires increase insolation, destroy ground cover and litter, increase soil erosion rates, acidify the soil, drastically alter the plant community, remove shelter, hibernation, and egg-laying sites, and alter the forest floor microclimate and soil composition. In practice, the major human causes of habitat alteration have very similar effects. Land snails, as well as many other forest floor taxa, have relatively slow rates of migration. In the present, largely disturbed conditions typical of much of the Interior Columbia Basin, there remain relatively few population reservoirs for many species. Again, the Lower Salmon River species provide excellent examples, with narrow ranges being typical for most taxa (Figures 4-5) and most species being known from very few sites (Figures 7, 10B; Table 2). Surviving colonies are often geographically restricted and isolated, with large areas of unsuitable habitat intervening. Even comparatively mobile vertebrates have considerable difficulty maintaining populations in such a landscape (Stacey & Taper, 1992); there is virtually no chance for migration or gene exchange between populations for the effectively sessile or slow-moving terrestrial and aquatic mollusks which require active or self-dispersal (the majority of taxa, including almost all endemics and 40 1 sensitive species). Major disturbance of remaining sites for the very rare SOSC should not be countenanced, as recovery would be slow at best, and most likely would not take place at all at most localities. The best strategy for most of the SOSC is preservation of at least some of the now known sites essentially intact. In some instances, very carefully controlled thinning may be necessary to prevent severe forest fires; but such activities should be undertaken only with great care. Fortunately, land snails are generally most common in areas relatively marginal for large-scale lumbering operations. The tendency to concentrate in certain habitats, such as steep, rocky forested slopes, riparian woodlands, and around springs and seeps is notable for all of the SOSC. In most cases, viable land or freshwater mollusk colonies can be quite small. Discus shimeki and the Vertigo species may be present in large numbers in areas of only a few tens of square feet. Oreohelix colonies with lengths of a mile and widths of 1/4-1/2 mi. are known from several states. In the Hells Canyon and lower Salmon River regions, colonies are generally on the order of several hundred square feet in area. It would not seem unreasonable or unfeasible to carefully preserve undisturbed the relatively small number of parcels necessary to sustain these species. Because of the small size of many land snail colonies and their current sporadic distribution, certain other activities, mostly related to human stock and recreational use, should also be addressed. In certain instances, development is compatible with many uses; however, these cases are often due to fortuitous physiographic and other features not inherently associated with the activity. Examples will be discussed below. As most land snail species have been extirpated from most of the public lands in the Interior Columbia Basin, and as the SOSC are geographically limited and occur in any case only in relatively unimpacted areas, the potential for conflicts in usage is not that great. However, there is a real potential for difficulties in certain limited areas, particularly in those that have not yet been subjected to intensive management. Ironically, the most attractive features of some areas, e.g. relatively undisturbed forests, deep valleys, and absence of large-scale consumptive operations, to humans for recreational uses coincide with their attractiveness to other species as well. In general, intense recreational usage will extirpate snail colonies. As before, no disturbance is the best policy. When conflicts arise, mitigation may be a viable alternative. However, there is little precedent with land snails, or more particularly with the Species of Special Concern here. Such activities are likely quite possible, relatively inexpensive and uncomplicated, and perhaps worth attempting in particular cases; but only if a core number of original sites have been completely secured in order to guarantee viability of the species concerned. As the reader will have noted, mollusk diversity, whether of terrestrial or of aquatic forms, is concentrated in certain relatively small portions of the Interior Columbia Basin (Frest & Johannes, 1995a). Even if the fauna of a single endemic region is considered in isolation, as with the Lower Salmon River malacofauna herein, the same principle holds. In particular, many species 41 are confined to calcareous substrate (notably, such units as the Paleozoic Madison, Lodegpole, Mission Canyon, Amsden, and Phosphoria; or [locally] the Triassic Martin Bridge). Total outcrop areas of these units make up a small part of the total area of the Interior Columbia Basin. Even within the quite circumscribed outcrop area of these units, many species, particularly the Species of Special Concern, are limited to a small fraction of the total outcrop area. Certain drainages and narrowly circumscribed geographic areas are particularly significant to mollusk biodiversity, as outlined broadly under BIOGEOGRAPHY previously. Preeminent are portions of the Columbia Gorge, Hells Canyon, the lower Salmon River, the Clearwater, the Clark Fork, and the Bitterroot drainages. Conservation efforts for most of the significant taxa should be concentrated in this very small portion of the total Interior Columbia Basin area. In some instances, other sites are also very significant, such as a few localities with schist or limestone substrate in western and southeastern Idaho and in western Montana. Similarly, springs in the Upper Klamath Lake drainage, the Columbia Gorge, southeastern Idaho, and specific portions of the Oregon Interior Basins, western Wyoming, and the northern quarter of the Interior Columbia Basin. Specific sites are noted under the appropriate headings in the SPECIES DISCUSSIONS. As was made clear in the discussion of areas of endemism and of mollusk biogeography, it is not unusual for both terrestrial and aquatic mollusk SOSC to occur in the same narrow geographic areas- and often at the same sites. Conservation of specific limited habitats, such as taluses, cold springs and seeps, and riparian areas, will go far toward ensuring preservation of mollusk biodiversity on public lands. As well, many other rare species are present in sites with mollusk SOSC. Notable are many plant species (both vascular and nonvascular), insect taxa, and reptiles and amphibians. One example will be cited to indicate the value of a habitat conservation approach to preserving mollusk biodiversity. Recent survey of the remaining sites for the Federally Endangered Iowa Pleistocene Snail led to the discovery of sites for some 8 other mollusk taxa and at least 50 disjunct plant species, all representative of a glacial relict biota characteristic of the upper Midwest. At least 3 of the plants were themselves already listing candidates. It is suspected that many more rare plant and animal species occupy the same sites. Recovery plans for the biota as a whole envision protection of little more than 4,000 acres total, at a relatively minor cost (Frest, 1984, 1991), and the potential to delist most of the involved species. This is being implemented partly as a special USFWS unit, the Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge. Similar plans would be relatively easy to apply to most of the species discussed herein. Co-occurrence of rare plants and mollusks may be the case locally as well: note Macfarlane's four-o'-clock and Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis on the Lucile Caves ACEC and occurrence of the plant at Oreohelix vortex sites also. The practical possibilities for such plans can be evaluated by scrutiny of the Black Hills National Forest mollusk survey (Frest & Johannes, 1993d). As indicated above, preservation of very little of the Forest was recommended to maintain mollusk biodiversity, mostly some small 42 tracts concentrated in the northwest corner of the Forest. Even within the area specified as of particular importance, it was demonstrated that certain specific microhabitats were especially important to Black Hills land snails, particularly the SOSC. These included rocky taluses, springs, seeps, slope bases, and north- and east-facing slopes, particularly if well-forested and shaded (closed or partial canopy). As discussed before, such settings, particularly if accompanied by intact Pinus ponderosa or Picea glauca series communities with a diverse understory (including some or most of such taxa as Linnaea borealis, Aconitum sp., Viola spp., including canadensis, Pyrola spp. (all), Moneses uniflora, Adoxa moschatellina, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Betula spp., Salix spp., Cornus canadensis, Cornus stolonifera, Aralia spp., Circaea alpina, Rosa acicularis, and other taxa mentioned above), and some deciduous tree and shrub admixture (good examples are various species of Acer, Alnus, and Populus) are most likely to support diverse land snail faunas. Many of the localities particularly favored were scheduled for special preservation efforts for other reasons. The importance of riparian areas to mollusks, particularly of riparian forests, shaded slope bases, and springs, seeps, and permanent streams in more arid regions has also been mentioned repeatedly above. Forest management has long recognized the importance of riparian buffers. However, the common past practice, of relatively intact 100 ft. wide corridors, seems to be inadequate to protect both streams and riparian-related species; and riparian zones in both federal lands and elsewhere generally now seem to be in the worst condition ever recorded (EPA, 1990). We prefer the definition employed by Thomas et al. (1993), namely of Riparian Habitat Conservation Areas extending "from the edges of the active stream channel to the top of the inner gorge, or to the outer edges of the 1 00-year floodplain, or to the outer edges of riparian vegetation, or to a distance equal to the height of two site-potential trees, or 300 feet horizontal distance (600 feet, including both sides of the stream channel), whichever is greatest" (op. cit., p. 447). The Spotted Owl controversy has stimulated a thorough reexamination of forest management practices, and the recommendations and evaluations made in Thomas et al. (1 990, 1993) and in Johnson et al. (1991) should receive careful consideration here also, as forest communities in the ICB are closely analogous to those of the Pacific Northwest. Similarly, the Association of Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics has recently called for implementation of a policy of 100 yard buffer zones nationwide. 43 SPECIFIC PRACTICES in order to aid in the management of Lower Salmon River public lands, some specific comments will be made here in regard to some common management practices and activities. The same recommendations have been made previously in regard to the Interior Columbia Basin in general (Frest & Johannes, 1995a). The order is not systematic; but hopefully it covers some of the major possibilities. 1 ) Hiking trail construction and maintenance, as well as use of such trails, is quite capable of extirpating snail colonies. One instance of human trail use destroying a population of the Endangered Iowa Pleistocene snail has been documented (see Frest, 1984, 1991, and references therein). The disturbance-induced small size of colonies of, and limited distribution of, many of the SOSC must again be pointed out. Examples of snail colonies surviving trails across them can also be adduced; but conservative management should be the norm. Damage is particularly likely in arid or semi-arid settings, as human trails or points of particular interest for recreational, scenic, or archaeological purposes tend to be in areas particularly likely to have remaining mollusk colonies. Springs or other permanent water in such settings is also of extraordinary interest to humans as well as mollusks, and particularly likely to have developed trails. 2) Picnic area reconstruction. In general, snail colonies can survive low-use and low- impact picnic areas; but increasing usage will cause extirpation. Colonies are unlikely to survive in such areas proper; and areas bordering picnic facilities will be impacted. Any considerable usage will be damaging. 3) Snow plowing on existing roads is likely to have little or no impact, unless road salting (with either sodium or calcium chloride) is carried out extensively in conjunction with it. Salt is notoriously harmful to land snails and can impact freshwater forms as well. 4) Road construction is generally disastrous, at least temporarily, if snails (especially SOSC) are present. Again, in the great majority of the ICB, the native mollusk fauna is extirpated or much reduced, so that conflicts are unlikely. The overall effect on an existing colony is to extirpate in the roadway proper, and site preparation often extends the effects. If a sufficient population reservoir remains in the vicinity following construction, partial regeneration of the colony is quite possible; but colonies are already fragmented and much reduced in area and numbers; allowing continuing attrition is imprudent. Roads form essentially impassible barriers to terrestrial forms. Aside from direct construction effects, road building increases human traffic, including foot traffic; increases exposure and effective ground temperature; generally changes the local plant 44 community; leads to introduction of disturbance plants and non-native and noxious plant and animal species; and stimulates damaging side effects, such as spraying. 5) Timber harvest has been dealt with in part above. Even the effects of selective cutting are likely to be extirpation of sensitive species, such as the SOSC. Very limiting coppicing, as has been practiced in the United Kingdom, can be compatible with survival of many land snail species; but most proposals for western U.S. forests leave ludicrously small numbers of trees. In Washington, some "forests" managed in this manner have one or two standing trees per acre: the result is grotesque as well as ineffective. As practiced in the U.S., the effects of the heavy equipment standard to most logging operations are much more severe than old-style European coppicing. Selective cutting as done in the area some 60-90 years ago, i.e. without use of heavy mechanical equipment, seems to have left the terrestrial mollusk fauna largely intact, at least in some sites in the Olympics and Cascades. Least damage is done if riparian areas are left intact, as well as areas around permanent springs and seeps, no matter how small. Similarly, retention of a small fraction of the landscape intact, such as slope bases, especially on north-facing slopes, should leave a sufficient population reservoir to prevent extirpation and allow recolonization of the uplands. We believe that attempts to implement selective logging practices in the Douglas fir forests of the Interior Columbia Basin generally have been ineffective. Sloppy logging often results in fatal damage to the few trees left standing. Overstory removal increases insolation to a considerable extent, and often decreases effective moisture to the extent of exaggerating fires. We do not think that the SOSC would survive such a technique. As forests in these areas are already often somewhat more open and have comparatively thin soils and lesser amounts of debris, ground disturbance and site preparation may have even more severe effects than in Westside forests. In practice, the damage done to the understory is often severe; and the change in microclimate may be sufficiently severe as to eliminate snail colonies and drastically change the composition of the understory community. Again, the importance of coarse woody debris to forest floor animal and plant communities should also be reemphasized. Larger pieces are most suitable as refuges or hibernaculae, and mechanical techniques which result in the production of mulch, (ground-up or small-sized debris only) are disastrous to mollusks, and many other more or less sedentary or slow-dispersing organisms. Patch cuts might be acceptable if the allowed rotation time were sufficient to allow migration of surrounding populations. However, most proposed rotation periods are completely inadequate. Moreover, the size of uncut areas often is much less than necessary to sustain more than a fraction of the original community. There is a sizable literature on forest fragmentation. Even though much is focused on larger vertebrates and plants, it is clear that fairly sizable reserves are necessary to sustain 45 biodiversity. Very few studies have been conducted on relatively immobile animal taxa, such as many forest floor invertebrates, as yet. Precommercial thinning, if a prelude to further lumbering, has bad effects but not as severe as timber "harvesting", and is comparatively irrelevant. One analogy might be machine-gunning an area prior to saturation bombing or shelling. 6) Site preparation is likely to completely extirpate any snails remaining in the area affected. Surviving deadfall and large debris pieces are generally removed or fragmented, destroying remaining shelter or hibernaculae; litter is often dispersed or removed totally to bare mineral soil, and further drying-out of the forest floor ensues. Burning of slash removes much or all of any mollusk fauna remaining. Ground preparation activities such as furrowing are undoubtedly nearly as effective here as they are in Midwest corn fields in creating monospecific communities. Spraying to kill or inhibit so-called competing plants, such as Arctostaphylos or Sorbus, would have the double effect of direct poisoning and indirect removal of any remaining or developing cover for mollusks. Both freshwater and terrestrial forms are sensitive to the usual range of herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers employed, in particular organochlorides or acidifiers. We have no information as to the effects of use of Bacillus thuringensis or similar biocides on mollusks. 7) Spring development generally results in loss of all or many species. Effects include drying out of nearly all of the original spring area; disruption of soil, rock, and vegetational cover; encouragement of stock visits (see under grazing, above and below), with concomitant trampling effects and effects of "acidic" manure likely to accumulate in such settings. Unless some part of the source area is left intact and carefully protected, the effect of development is generally to completely extirpate the native freshwater mollusc fauna, as well as most of the diversity in other animal and plant groups. This is an extremely important issue in the Lower Salmon River area, as elsewhere in the Interior Columbia Basin. At least 3,500 springs have been "developed", often at public expense, in Idaho and Montana alone. Such development often fails in its primary function, that of making water more available to stock. Piping, etc. often disturbs the groundwater source or is so inexpertly done as to dry up the spring. Moreover, this activity tends to concentrate stock into an extremely limited area. Trampling and waste fouling effects are exaggerated, and compaction can also cause the spring source to fail more readily than with springs left in the natural state. In much of the arid and semi-arid portions of the Interior Columbia Basin, springs are not only vital sources of water to domestic animals and humans, but are the major locales for biodiversity. Spring development has thus tended to selectively extirpate the relatively few rich islands of plant and animal diversity in many of the more xeric lands in the Interior Columbia Basin. Perhaps the single most deleterious activity in arid and semi-arid ecosystems to both terrestrial 46 I and freshwater forms is development of springs. Reasons for this have been discussed above. We can do no better than to supply the following quote: "Range Improvements" - an Oxymoron "Range improvement projects are a major BLM management emphasis. These projects would be more accurately termed as livestock management facilities. One of the most common range improvement projects is to run water through a pipe from a natural spring to a watering trough. In Idaho and Montana alone, the BLM and livestock permittees have developed over 3,500 springs on public lands. Some BLM Districts have developed all known springs. Yet in desert ecosystems, natural springs are critical areas for maintaining biological diversity. The BLM often states that the purpose of these spring developments is to improve riparian area condition. Yet the BLM does not monitor the effectiveness of these projects for riparian improvements. Diverting spring water to a trough results in a dewatered wetland or spring riparian area, and a net loss of wetlands acreage. This effect is not only inconsistent with the Bureau's publicized goals for wetland/riparian improvement, but is inconsistent with the national policy of no net loss of wetlands." (PEER, 1994). 8) Spring fencing in general causes little damage perse, and there is no irreparable harm. The benefits from fencing to the area protected on the whole far outweigh any negative effects. In practice, however, fencing is often relatively ineffective as a protective measure. To function properly, it must be done with some care; and field crews often do not exercise such care. Moreover, maintenance of such fences is often done inadequately or haphazardly, in our experience. As a mitigation technique, fencing can be done in such a manner as to preserve at least part of the local biodiversity but still make water available for other uses. Spring sources and a few hundred feet of the upper run should be rigorously protected. For many species, this will provide enough habitat to maintain a viable population. 9) Fencing of riparian areas and allotments generally suffers from the same drawbacks as spring fencing. In practice, a certain amount of deliberate sabotage and illegal grazing also takes place for various reasons, and is seldom corrected. An effective program is low-tech and could work well, if sufficient funding, motivation, and personnel are available. 10) Prescribed burning, if carefully conducted, should produce no permanent bad effects. In practice, however, much such is unnecessary, except in already disturbed settings. Mollusks seem able to survive natural fires, but not exceptionally severe fires or those resulting from the past practice of fire suppression. Complete incineration of forest floor litter and of even coarse woody debris appears to be uniformly disastrous for all terrestrial mollusk species Practices mimicking the natural fire regime for each major plant community, as described, e.g. in Agee (1993) are strongly to be preferred. Fires in sage scrub or other arid or semi-arid plant 47 relatively intact forests with considerable duff alongside medium-large streams, particularly at the edge of flood plains (slope base). Most sites have high understory diversity, as well as high land snail diversity. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding. Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. Noted associates include Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Polygyrella polygyrella, Hemphillia camelus, Zacoleus idahoensis, Anguispira kochi occidentalis, Anguispira nimapuna, and several Cryptomastix species. A definite mesophile. Lower Salmon River occurrences (see below) have similar associates (Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Hemphillia camelus, Zacoleus idahoensis, Anguispira kochi occidentalis, and Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; plus Discus marmorensis, Oreohelix n. sp. 22, and (rarely) Oreohelix haydeni hesperia): see Tables 3-4 for details. The local ecology is likewise similar, except that all 3 sites are on limestone soils. Original distribution: Typical populations occurred along the Lochsa, Selway, and uppermost Clearwater River and their major tributaries, northern ID (Clearwater Mountains). The original distribution was probably essentially continuous in this area. This taxon has not previously been reported from the lower Salmon River area (Table 1). We found a few disjunct colonies (3) of uncertain status (possibly an undescribed form) along a small portion of the lower Salmon River drainage at moderate-high elevations (Slate Creek, John Day Creek: Table 4, Appendix C3). Pending further investigation, these are regarded as likely Allogona lombardii (see also discussion under Hemphillia camelus, below). Current distribution: A few isolated populations survive in densely forested areas along the lower Lochsa and Selway River and one major Selway tributary. We have recently recollected the type locality and other sites in the previously known and likely range. It is not likely that later work will greatly expand either the range or number of sites. Current status of some sites (e.g. Branson, Sisk, & McCoy, 1966) needs to be reevaluated. The three sites in Slate Creek and John Day Creek are rather unusually intact mature moderate-elevation forest, a habitat type now quite rare in the Lower Salmon River valley. Threats: Timber harvest and grazing have affected most of the original range. Highways (e.g., US 12) and parks, pullouts, and other such modifications are concentrated in its preferred habitat along much of the Lochsa and part of the Selway corridors. The species is not found in recently logged or heavily grazed areas. The Lower Salmon River valley sites are in a habitat type now largely displaced by logging and grazing. Occurrence on a sizable isolated limestone block presents special problems, e.g. recent quarrying has removed much suitable habitat; and all three colonies are subject to further such damage. Logging is extensive and ongoing throughout the surrounding area. Grazing is conducted on much of the area; and the species is absent from grazed portions of the area. This species is currently very rare locally (Table 2) and is absent from many seemingly suitable upland forest sites in the vicinity, e.g. most of our John Day Mountain sites, upper Grave Creek sites, etc. Criteria for inclusion: Regional (part of Washingtonian Province) endemic with rather specialized habitat requirements that has lost much of its original habitat; few known or likely sites; old growth and riparian associate. Much remaining is public land subject to logging, grazing, or other potentially imperiling human activities. Most known and former sites are on public land, including Clearwater National Forest, Nez Perce National Forest, and the Lochsa section of the Clearwater Wild and Scenic River. This species appears to be declining throughout its limited range. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Currently this species has no special status. Minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and state land and wildlife management agencies. There is sufficient recently-collected information, and recent survey work, 57 to indicate that Federal and State (ID) listing as Threatened is warranted, due to limited distribution, loss of habitat, and threats to remaining habitat. The species is very rare locally (Tables 2-4). References: Smith (1943); Pilsbry (1948); Webb (1968); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis 1989-94 collections. Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora solida Vanatta, 1924 dry land forestsnail APPENDIX C5 Type locality: Cottonwood Tree Canyon, along Snake River, 50 miles south of Lewiston, Nez Perce Co., ID; holotype ANSP 132476 (Vanatta, 1924). No location with exactly this name and description has been found; however, Cottonwood Creek in Hells Canyon, approximately 40 miles south of Lewiston, is the likely type locality. Description: See Vanatta (1924) and Pilsbry (1940) for descriptions and comparisons. Limited material, consisting of shells only, was available to Vanatta and Pilsbry. Recent collections demonstrate that this is likely a full species, with distinctive anatomy and body and mantle pigmentation as well as shell features. As compared to the nominate subspecies, solida has a lower spire; the shell is generally greenish in color; the apertural margin is thicker and white in color; and the body is consistently dark gray. Ptychophora ptychophora is higher; the shell is generally tan, yellow-brown, or light reddish brown in color; it has a thin, generally tan apertural margin; and the body is generally light yellow-tan or pale tan in color. Ecology: This moderately xerophilic taxon occurs most frequently in comparatively open and dry large basalt taluses, generally at lower elevations, along a limited portion of the northern Hells Canyon (Snake River) drainage, ID, WA, & OR, the Lewiston and Clarkston area, ID & WA, the lowermost Salmon River drainage, Idaho and Nez Perce cos., ID, plus the lowermost Clearwater River drainage, ID. Covering vegetation may include Celtus, Artemisia, Prunus, Balsamorrhiza, grasses, Seligeria, and some bryophytes. It is most frequent on N. -facing large taluses, often only at their base. While it is a xerophile as compared to the other Allogona species, it avoids the most dry sites, i.e. areas preferred by Oreohelix haydeni subspp. and Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Common land snail associates include several small Cryptomastix species (including magnidentata at one former site), Cryptomastix populi, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Oreohelix jugalis, and Oreohelix vortex. The species has been found occasionally on limestone or metasedimentary substrate. In the Lower Salmon area, essentially all sites are on basalts. Common associates, aside from the general ones just listed, here include Cryptomastix n. sp. 3 and n. sp. 6, as well as Oreohelix n. sp. 25 (see Table 3). Original distribution: Probably comparatively frequent in the areas underlain by the Grande Ronde and Columbia River basalts, Snake River, Salmon River, and lower Clearwater River. For Lower Salmon River Valley distribution, see Appendix C5; note that the species only occurs from about the mouth of Skookumchuck Creek to the mouth of the Salmon River. Most colonies occur at slope base along the major river corridors, not in major tributaries. This taxon is a Hells Canyon-Lower Salmon River endemic, found only in portions of both canyons (see distribution map). It is the most strongly xeric-adapted of the Allogona species, most of which are mesic forest snails, as the common name implies. 58 1 1 I i Current distribution: This taxon now occurs as isolated colonies in relatively undisturbed portions of the original distribution, i.e. roadless areas in the lower Salmon and Hells Canyon. Clearwater and Mission Creek sites appear to be extirpated. Much or all of the known and potential range has recently been surveyed in some detail (Frest & Johannes, 1995a). There are currently about 21 Lower Salmon River Valley sites (Table 3). Other collectors and malacologists have also explored this area, from the 1860s to the present {e.g., H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, M. Walton, and A. Solem). It is not likely that later work will greatly expand either the range or number of sites. Threats: Grazing occurs over much of the original habitat, and the species appears to be absent from heavily grazed areas. Roads are often located preferentially along the bases of large talus piles in the larger river corridors, e.g. US 95. Mining of basalt for road metal and for fill has extirpated colonies since 1 990, e.g. near White Bird and Lewiston, ID. Roadside spraying is a problem for some colonies in both WA and ID. The species' total population size and number are declining. The Hammer Creek colony has been largely destroyed recently by road work (access to Forest Service recreational areas). Heavy grazing has limited and impacted about half of the known sites; this pressure is increasing, particularly in the White Bird area, about half of the Lower Salmon River range. Criteria for inclusion: A Hells Canyon-Lower Salmon River endemic that has lost much of its rather specialized habitat. Remaining colonies are mostly on public lands, including BLM and Nez Perce National Forest properties. Very few sites known and substantial range expansion or finds are not likely. This species is declining throughout its limited range, and colony loss has been observed in recent years, particularly in the Hells Canyon part of the range. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: To date, this species has no special status; it should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and state land and wildlife management agencies. There is sufficient recently-collected information, and recent survey work, to recommend Federal and State (ID, WA) listing as Threatened, and OR listing as Endangered, due to loss of habitat, some historic sites, and increasing human populations and usage of some or all of remaining habitat. Locally, it is a rare taxon, confined too a limited number of sites in only a portion of the survey area (Table 2, Appendix C5). References: Vanatta (1924); Pilsbry (1940); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections 1 990- 94. Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi (Vanatta, 1 924) poplar oregonian APPENDIX C9 Type locality: "Cottonwood Tree Canyon, on Snake River 50 miles south of Lewiston, Nez Perce Co., ID" (Vanatta, 1924); holotype ANSP 132939a. This is the same site as the type locality of Allogona ptychophora solida (q.v.) and is also a site for the rare Oreohelix n. sp. 1 8 (Limestone Point mountainsnail; see Frest & Johannes , 1995a). We were unable to find a site with precisely this name and description on either current or old maps available to us. However, Cottonwood Creek in Hells Canyon, approximately 40 mi. south of Lewiston, is the likely type locality. Description: See Pilsbry (1940). The species was based originally on 2 dead specimens only. Live material indicates that the dark blue-black body and wine-red shell color are quite distinctive among described species of Cryptomastix, as are the apertural features noted by Pilsbry. Anatomy of specimens of this species, collected by W. B. Miller from near Clarkston, WA, was 59 described and illustrated by Webb (1970b, 1990) under the name Cryptomastix hendersoni. The unique features of the male anatomy were the basis for the new subgenus Bupiogona Webb, 1970. We have confirmed these features in recently collected Cryptomastix populi (compared with the type material at ANSP in 1991); by analogy with other triodopsinids (see, e.g., detailed studies of Emberton, 1988), they are unusual enough as to justify generic separation, as has been done recently in the related western genera Vespericola and Hochbergellus (Roth & Miller, 1992, 1993). Two other Snake River forms (Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) n. sp. 1 and n. sp. 2 of Frest & Johannes, 1995a) are similar in gross anatomy, but differ considerably and consistently in shell and soft part details. For anatomy of typical Cryptomastix (s.s.), see Pilsbry (1 940) and Webb (1970a). As noted above, it may be necessary to designate a new type species for Bupiogona, according to ICZN rules. However, this will not affect the status of this species, the logical choice for neogenotype. To resolve the situation it will be necessary to establish the nature of Webb's specimens and request a ruling under Articles 65B, 67I, and 70 (ICZN, 1985). Note that available courses of action do not affect the validity of either Cryptomastix hendersoni or Cryptomastix populi. Ecology: This taxon, a moderate xerophile, is found mostly in rather open and dry, large-scale basalt taluses, generally at lower elevations, along a limited portion of the northern Hells Canyon (Snake River) drainage, ID, WA, & OR, the Lewiston and Clarkston area, ID & WA, and the lowermost few miles of the lower Salmon River canyon, Nez Perce Co., ID. The rather limited talus vegetation may include Celtus, Artemisia, Prunus, Balsamorrhiza, grasses, Seligeria, and some bryophytes. Surrounding vegetation is generally sage scrub. This species usually occurs in steep, N. or E. -facing taluses, often only at their base. It is a xerophile as compared to the other Allogona species, but avoids the most dry sites, i.e. areas preferred by Oreohelix haydeni subspp. and Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Common land snail associates include Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) species, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Allogona ptychophora solida, and various species of Oreohelix. This taxon has been found occasionally in metasedimentary taluses as well. In the Lower Salmon River area, occurrences are rather typical. The substrate is basalt (generally talus); Cryptomastix species associated include n. sp. 3 and n. sp. 6; Oreohelix n. sp. 25 is frequently fund in the same sites, as well as the Allogona species mentioned above (see Table 3 for details). Original distribution: Probably once comparatively frequent in the areas underlain by the Grande Ronde and Columbia River basalts, Snake River, Salmon River, and lower Clearwater River. Most colonies occur at slope bases along the major river corridors, not in major tributaries. These generalizations apply well to the local occurrences; all are on Grande Ronde basalts. Current distribution: This taxon now occurs as isolated colonies in relatively undisturbed portions of the original distribution, i.e. roadless areas in the lower Salmon River canyon and northern Hells Canyon. It is replaced by related species in the central and southern parts of Hells Canyon. Clearwater sites appear to be extirpated. Much or all of the known and potential range has recently been surveyed in some detail (Frest & Johannes, 1995a). The current range is largely coincident with that of Allogona ptychophora solida, except that the latter does not appear to range down the Snake as far as Clarkston, WA. Several years ago, we believed this taxon to be much more widespread; but further collecting and elimination of certain sites within a few years of our first visits in the late 1 980s has made us much less sanguine about chances for the species' survival. All currently extant Lower Salmon River sites (10: Tables 3, 4) occur downstream from the m mouth of Rock Creek, in a very limited area (Appendix C9). Not all are in the main canyon. The K absence of this species from the upstream basalt outcrop area around White Bird, not to mention the less continuous outcrops between Riggins and White Bird, is interesting. 60 I f I i I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I Threats: Grazing is extensive in much of the original habitat, and the species appears to be absent from heavily grazed areas. The former colony at Lime Hill, near Rogersburg, WA, e.g., seems to be extirpated solely due to grazing. Roads are often located preferentially along the bases of large talus piles in the larger river corridors inhabited by the species, e.g. US 95; roadside spraying is a problem for some colonies. Mining of basalt for road metal and for fill has extirpated colonies since 1990, e.g. near White Bird and Lewiston, ID. Very large colonies along US 12 W. of Clarkston have been extirpated by road realignment and maintenance in the last few years. Criteria for inclusion: A Hells Canyon-Lower Salmon River endemic that has lost much of its rather specialized habitat. Remaining colonies are mostly on public lands, including BLM and Nez Perce National Forest properties. Very few sites are known or likely. This species is declining throughout its limited range, and colony loss has been observed in recent years. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Has none at present, but minimally should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service and BLM. There is sufficient recently-collected information, and recent survey work, to indicate that Federal and State (WA, OR, ID) listing as Threatened is warranted, due to loss of habitat and increasing human populations and usage of most or all of remaining habitat. In the survey area, there are only 10 sites, many of which are small in extent. We regard Cryptomastix populi as uncommon locally and in need of protection. References: Vanatta (1924); Pilsbry (1940); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990- 94. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana (Binney, 1879) Salmon oregonian APPENDIX C10 Type locality: Salmon River (Hemphill); Pilsbry (1940, p. 870) states "probably somewhere north of Lucile", Idaho Co., D (lower Salmon River drainage). Holotype ANSP 11116. In view of the known distribution, there are a number of places from which Hemphill could have secured his material, and a need for explicit designation of a precise type locality (Figure 2). Description: The tangled history of this name has been well reviewed by Pilsbry (1940), which work also has the best previous illustration and description of the shell. See also Frest & Johannes (1995a). Live-collected specimens are generally very sparsely hirsute. Turgeon et at. (1988) regarded this species as of uncertain affinities; dissection indicates it is Cryptomastix si Affinities are with Cryptomastix magnidentata and related species. Ecology: This species is most often found in rock taluses (limestone, schist; more rarely basalt or granite) at low elevations. Most are comparatively dry and open, with scattered Celtus, grasses, and Rhus clumps. On occasion, the species is found in open to more sheltered stream side boulder piles, often with Salix, Cornus stolonifera, Rubrus, and bryophyte cover in part. Common associates include several species of Oreohelix, including idahoensis idahoensis, jugalis, and waltoni, plus Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Helicodiscus salmoneus, Vitrina alaskana, and Vallonia cyclophorella. Cryptomastix harfordiana can occur in relatively strongly xeric sites, such as sage scrub; but it is usually rare in such settings; it is basically a moderate xerophile. 61 I I I Current distribution: Scattered sites within the original area of distribution (about 19: Tables 3- m 4). As many other malacologists and collectors, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and B M. Walton, have eXDlored this area it is unlikfilv that thfi rannfi nr numhftr nf sitos will hp Original distribution: Lower Salmon River valley between Riggins and Copperville, Idaho Co., ID; the whole range is in the survey area. This species was probably extremely abundant originally in its narrow area of occurrence, and is still often the dominant species of Cryptomastix locally, although quite rare at some sites. M. Walton, have explored this area, it is unlikely that the range or number of sites will be significantly expanded by future work. Threats: Grazing over whole of range; talus mining and removal; gold and gravel mining operations; road building (e.g. US 95 corridor, which traverses roughly 50% of total range); human habitation; roadside spraying. The species tends to occur at the base of major slopes, which are also primary road and human habitation and recreation sites. I 1 Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic (Table 1); loss of historic habitat; loss of colonies in ^ recent years (declining number of sites and individuals); continuing heavy grazing in whole range; A occurrence on public lands, including BLM and Nez Perce National Forest property; expanding recreational use of Salmon River corridor. The trends for the population as a whole (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). References: Pilsbry (1940); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-94. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi (Hemphill, 1897) River of No Return oregonian APPENDIX C11 Type locality: "Salmon River Mountains" (Hemphill); syntypes CAS 58821; ANSP 71479 [paratypes according to Baker (1964); possible syntypes according to Coan & Roth (1987)]; USNM 46905; 58754. As usual, Hemphill's locality citation is vague. The types likely came from the River of No Return area, east of Riggins and west of French Creek, ID (Figure 2). Ecology: Found mostly at lower elevations in forested areas (mostly partly open Pinus ponderosa forest), on moist, north-facing slopes. Occasionally common in extensive mossy, north-facing metasedimentary taluses. Most sites have rich understory floras, including grasses, bryophytes, forbs, and shrubs. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic I Recommended status: Currently has none. Should be considered a sensitive species by the — Forest Service and BLM. There is sufficient recently-collected information, and recent survey m work, to indicate that Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered should be considered: the species is a local endemic with a very limited distribution. Preferred habitat is limited in occurrence and especially subject to human utilization. The species occurs partly on public lands. i I 1 f 1 Description: See Pilsbry (1940) for complete description and illustrations. The dark body color; » dark mantle color; medium size; low subdiscoidal conch; relatively large umbilicus, barely or not at \ I all covered by the columellar reflection; columellar insertion on the right side of the umbilicus; and fine, dense pelage distinguish the form (actually a full species) from related taxa. See descriptions of Cryptomastix harfordiana, n. sp. 5, and n. sp. 6 for comparisons. 62 f I f I f I I 1 I I flooding. Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. There are relatively few associated taxa; most often, these are Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Oreohelix n. sp. 15 (Table 3). A mesophile species. Original distribution: Confined to a narrow area on the south side of the River of No Return between Riggins and the mouth of French Creek (Appendix C11). Occurrences aiong the main Salmon from Riggins to Lucile, ID ascribed to this subspecies in Frest & Johannes (1995a) (following Pilsbry (1940) are mostly Cryptomastix n. sp. 5, as defined herein. Specimens ascribed to White Bird and to Slate Creek (Henderson in Pilsbry, 1940), and found occasionally from near the mouth of John Day Creek downstream to site 158, are another taxon, Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 herein. Current distribution: A few isolated colonies in the area cfted above. This region was extensively surveyed in 1993-94. Many other collectors, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton, have explored this area. It is unlikely that the range or number of sites will be significantly expanded by future work. Threats: Gold mining and road building {e.g., French Creek Road) in narrow area occupied; talus removal; logging; major fires in 1994. This form is evidently declining; extinct colonies were noted in 1993-94, and habitat modification is extensive. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Very local endemic; decline in absolute numbers and number of sites; continued human activities in preferred habitat; habitat loss; association with relatively intact forest; occurrence on public lands (BLM, Payette and Nez Perce National Forests). The whole range is in a small part of the survey area. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a), even with the more extensive range then accepted. Recommended status: This taxon has none at present: it should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service and BLM. There is sufficient recently-collected information, and recent survey work, to indicate that Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is warranted. Many of the known sites have been negatively affected by grazing, logging, and other activities. The effects of the 1994 fires have not been evaluated but are predictably negative, especially in areas affected by other activities. References: Pilsbry (1940); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-1991, 1993- 1994. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris (Pilsbry, 1940) wide-lipped oregonian APPENDIX C12 Type locality: Lower two or three miles of John Day Creek, lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., ID; holotype ANSP 175777a. The precise locality is not certain; but this most likely refers to the vicinity of the Oreohelix haydeni hesperia type locality and the adjacent ravine to the north (Figure 2; see also Appendix A and B). Specimens in older collections, e.g. ANSP: Baker: early 1930s, indicate that this species once occurred lower in the John Day Creek drainage; but ft is now extinct in this highly modified area. 63 Description: See Pilsbry (1940). This is a comparatively small (to 12 mm width) subspecies of Cryptomastix with a very broad, white, nonrevolute apertural lip. The parietal tooth is very prominent; the basal and palatal lamellae are stronger than in typical mullani, though not so strong as in forms like Cryptomastix harfordiana. Live specimens vary between reddish and yellowish- red in color. Periostracal hairs are moderately sparse and short but persistent. The shell is typically depressed, rather low conic, with a somewhat convex base. The small size, color, periostracal hair, and apertural features distinguish the subspecies from mullani mullani. Original distribution: Probably confined to rich forest at moderate to high elevations along a portion of the lower Salmon River, Idaho Co., ID. Pilsbry (1940) ascribes specimens from a site along the South Fork Clearwater River 3-4 mi. below Harpster to this species; but examination of the specimens indicates they are better assigned to mullani mullani. We revisited and recollected this site in 1991. I i 1 I I Ecology: Found in moist and shady areas in relatively intact forest, generally on limestone substrate; occasionally in shaded and mossy limestone and schist talus, at moderate elevations, mostly near stream borders. Forest is Pinus ponderosa with strong forb and deciduous shrub understory, including Pyrola spp., Cornus canadensis, Linnaea borealis, Viola spp., and rich litter. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near ~ permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding. m Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. Associated land snails include Oreohelix n. sp. 22 (Slate Creek mountainsnail), Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Discus marmorensis, Anguispira kochi occidentalis, Allogona lombardii, Hemphillia camelus, Ogaridiscus subrupicola, and Pristiloma idahoensis. A mesophile, as are most Cryptomastix species. I I I 1 Current distribution: Found in 4 remnant colonies along a major creek tributary to the central lower Salmon River, Idaho Co., ID (John Day Creek); see Table 3 and Appendix 1 for details. The species is extinct at the type locality, and also at the reported site in sec. 35, T 26 N R 1 E, near Lucile. The species is absent from heavily grazed and clear-cut areas, such as lower John Day Creek. We surveyed the area of occurrence in 1990-94; and many other collectors, including H. m Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, And M. Walton, have explored this area. It is unlikely that the m range or number of sites will be significantly expanded by future work. ^ Threats: Road metal quarrying, past and present, along the lower and middle reaches of John Day 'E Creek; lumbering in most of known and potential habitat; road building along critical stream corridor; heavy grazing in much of lumbered habitat. • Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic (Table 1); loss of habitat; ongoing threats; occurrence on public lands, including BLM and Nez Perce National Forest parcels; loss of historic sites, including the type locality. The species is definitely declining. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes ft (1995a). ™ Recommended status: Has none at present: it should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service and BLM. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is justified on current information, due to loss of historic sites and degradation of most of known and likely habitat: see above. We found the species very rare in the survey area in terms of number of sites ad total m population; the whole range occupies a very small part of the survey area (Appendix C12). \ | References: Pilsbry (1940); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-91, 93-94. I 64 I i i Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3 disc oregonian APPENDIX C15 Type locality: None as yet; undescribed taxon. Description: This small Cryptomastix species has a nearly flat spire of 5 H rather closely spaced whorls. Maximum adult size is about 10 mm; but most adults average about 8 mm. The species lacks periostracal hair; is light yellow in color; and has a white, strongly tridentate aperture. The aperture is narrow, strongly inclined, strongly constricted immediately behind the lip, and has a prominent indentation in the area of the parietal tooth, causing the lip to appear L-shaped in side view. Most animals have the mantle lightly spotted with black, although 3 colonies in the vicinity of Lyons Bar consistently have darker mantles. The umbilicus elliptical and comparatively broad, ca. k the full shell diameter in width. The lip is rather narrow, non revolute; the columellar insertion is mostly to the right of the umbilicus, which has only a small proportion covered by it. The shell base is comparatively flat. This species can be distinguished from most related taxa by the color and flat, disc-like spire. Only the much-larger and quite distinct Cryptomastix sanburni has equally slowly expanding whorls. It is not represented in previous collections from the Lower Salmon River area. Ecology: A strong xerophile. This species prefers dry, exposed taluses, most frequently basalt. Cover is limited to grasses, uncommon Seligeria and mosses, scattered Rhus horribilis or Sorbus clumps and occasional Celtus and Prunus. Commonly co-occurring land snails are Cryptomastix populi, Allogona ptychophora solida, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and several Oreohelix species, most often jugalis or vortex. Original distribution: A regional endemic (Table 1), limited to a portion of the Lower Salmon River, Nez Perce and Idaho cos., ID, from approximately the mouth of Rock Creek to the confluence with the Snake River in Hells Canyon, thence downstream in the Snake (Nez Perce Co., ID; Wallowa Co., OR, and Asotin Co., WA) to a point a few miles west of Clarkston, WA. Current distribution: Found in very small numbers in a small number of colonies in the region cited above. In the lower Salmon River area we located 7 sites (Table 3, Appendix C15), confined to a limited area of the main Salmon River corridor; we have collected the N. part of Hells Canyon and the Snake River in WA in the period 1989-1994. The Snake River corridor near Clarkston has also been collected recently by T. Burke (Wenatchee National Forest) and W. B. Miller (Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History). It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. Threats: Essentially all of the Salmon River habitat is grazed, much heavily; as is much of the Hells Canyon area. As with other species in this region, highway corridors are located along some of the suitable habitat, e.g. US 12 in WA. Talus mining and roadside spraying are problems for some colonies, particularly in the WA portion of the range. Some sites west of Clarkston and south of Lewiston collected in the late 1980s have been extirpated by road modification in the last three years; the species is declining in numbers and areal extent. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Local (part of Hells Canyon-Lower Salmon River) endemic; specialized and limited habitat; small number of known and potential sites; loss of historic sites; occurrence on public lands, including Hells Canyon National Recreation Area. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: A newly recognized form with no status as yet. Should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service and BLM. There is sufficient recently-collected 65 information, and recent survey work, to indicate that Federal and State (ID, WA, OR) listing as Endangered is warranted, due to habitat loss and decrease in historic sites, ongoing threats. Lower Salmon River colonies are small in areal extent and the species is not common alive at any. We regard this species as very rare in the survey area (Table 2). References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-94. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 5 Lucile oregonian APPENDIX C16 Type locality: None as yet; undescribed taxon. Description: This medium-sized Cryptomastix species has a low spire of 4 h-5 whorls, moderately rapidly expanding. Maximum adult size is about 16 mm, larger than harfordiana and roughly the same as clapp'r, but most adults average about 14 mm. The species often lacks periostracal hair or has only traces (unlike clappi, which is distinctly and closely hirsute; or harfordiana, which generally lacks periostracal hair); color ranges from bluish gray to tan; and has a white, weakly tridentate aperture. The aperture is comparatively broad, weakly inclined, and has a whitish periphery, with the basal lamella and palatal tooth present but always weak. The parietal tooth is more distinct than that of clapp'r, but much less prominent than that of harfordiana. The umbilicus is similar in morphology to that of clappi. Most animals have the mantle lightly spotted with black. The lip is rather narrow, weakly revolute, broader than that of clappi; the columellar insertion is definitely above the umbilicus, which has a small proportion covered by it, similar to harfordiana and less open than that of clappi. The shell base is low convex. This species is present in older collections from the Lucile area. Pilsbry (1940, p. 869, text and fig. 504 b-d) described it and illustrated it as "form intermediate between clappi and harfordiana!' - an apt definition on shell morphology. With sizable quantities of live material of all three, the distinctness of this form becomes apparent. Comparisons with clappi and harfordiana have been made above; see also discussion of Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 below. Ecology: A moderate xerophile. This species prefers exposed taluses of varying lithology, including schist and limestone. Cover is often limited to grasses, uncommon Seligeria and mosses, scattered Rhus horribilis or Sorbus clumps and frequent Celtus and Prunus. Commonly co-occurring land snails are Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and several Oreohelix species, most often idahoensis idahoensis or jugalis. Original distribution: A strict local endemic (Table 1), limited to a portion of the Lower Salmon River, Idaho Co., ID, from approximately Riggins to the mouth of White Bird Creek (Appendix C16). Almost all sites are in or very near to the Lower Salmon River itself. Current distribution: This Cryptomastix is locally common (Table 2), being found at about 40 sites within its rather restricted total distribution (Table 3, Appendix C16), confined to a limited area of the main Salmon River corridor. Several of these sites may no longer represent living populations; and the taxon is rare live at most sites. It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. Threats: Essentially all of the Salmon River corridor is grazed, much heavily. As with other species in this region, highway corridors are located along some of the suitable habitat, in particular US 95. Talus mining and roadside spraying are problems for some colonies. Gold mining has impacted (and likely extirpated) some sites. Certain localities collected in the late 1980s have been 66 I I I 1 extirpated by road modification in the last three years. Grazing has much reduced some sites, leading to extinction or near extinction of sites in the Lucile and Twilegar Gulch areas within the last 5 years. The species is declining in numbers and areal extent. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic; specialized and limited habitat and distribution; loss of historic sites; occurrence on public lands, including BLM tracts. Recommended status: A newly recognized form with no status as yet. Should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service and BLM. There is sufficient recently-collected information, and recent survey work, to indicate that Federal and State (ID, WA, OR) listing as Threatened is warranted, due to habitat loss and decrease in historic sites, ongoing threats. We regard this species as common in the part of the survey area in which it occurs (Table 2): but the total range is small and unfortunately concentrated in that part of the Lower Salmon River corridor most susceptible to human modification. References: Deixis collections, 1989-94. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 6 White Bird oregonian APPENDIX C17 Type locality: None as yet; undescribed taxon. Description: This medium-sized Cryptomastix species has a low spire of 4 h-5 whorls, moderately rapidly expanding. Maximum adult size is about 16 mm, larger than Cryptomastix harfordiana and roughly the same as clappr, but most adults average about 1 4 mm. The species often lacks periostracal hair or has only traces (unlike clappi, which is distinctly and closely hirsute; or harfordiana, which generally lacks periostracal hair); color is generally bluish gray; and has a white, very weakly tridentate aperture, often with the palatal lamella absent. The aperture is comparatively narrow, weakly inclined, and has a whitish periphery, with the basal lamella and palatal tooth present but nearly vestigial. The parietal tooth morphology is much like that of clappi and much less prominent than that of harfordiana. The umbilicus is similar in morphology to that of clappr, but typically narrower. Most animals have the mantle almost uniformly black. The lip is rather narrow, not revolute, and broader than that of clappi; the columellar insertion is definitely above the umbilicus, which has a small proportion covered by it, similar to harfordiana and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 and less open than that of clappi. The shell base is low convex. This species is present in older collections from the Lucile and White Bird areas. Comparisons with clappi and harfordiana have been made above; see also discussion of Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 above. The species most closely resembles clappi; but the anatomy is very distinct, and it differs consistently in several shell features as well. Ecology: A strong-moderate xerophile. Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 prefers dry, exposed taluses, generally basalt. Cover is often limited to grasses, uncommon Seligeria and mosses, scattered Rhus horribilis or Sorbus clumps and uncommon Celtus and Prunus. Commonly co-occurring land snails are Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Allogona ptychophora solida, and several Oreohelix species, most often n. sp. 25 or jugalis. This taxon occurs at much drier sites than clappi; but does not do well in the very dry taluses inhabited by Cryptomastix n. sp. 3. Co- occurrence with Cryptomastix harfordiana has been noted at several sites (Table 3). 67 seem characterized by the latter morphology Specimens from Wet Gulch and vicinity seem characteristically small and high. We have not had enough opportunity to thoroughly examine the anatomy of all variants, in particular the Wet Gulch morph; and prefer to keep all known sites under this rubric pending further study. It is possible that a species complex is involved. The Wet Gulch form is nearly extinct. Ecology: Generally found on limestone outcrops and limestone talus in rather open Pinus ponderosa forest, at moderate-high elevations. The type locality (site 184 or 185) is a comparatively open and dry large-scale talus with grasses, Sorbus, Amelanchier, and Rhus. Common large land snail associates are Cryptomastix mullani latilabris and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. At forested sites, associates include other Cryptomastix spp., Anguipsira kochi occidentalis, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. At one site, Discus marmorensis was also found with this taxon. The forest sites are comparatively dry and open; in moist and riparian sites, this species is very rare or absent; a xerophile. This taxon occurs at a range of elevations, from nearly river side to mountain meadows. Original distribution: Probably at-one time widespread over several tributaries of the lower Salmon River (E. side only), in the vicinity of John Day Creek. Long-dead shells are still common at many sites in which live individuals were no longer present. Current distribution: Restricted to a few remnant colonies in the area of its original distribution, on private, BLM, and Nez Perce National Forest lands. We found it at a total of ten sites (Appendix C28), generally on the west side of John Day Mountain and mostly in the John Day Creek drainage. Many other malacologists have collected in this area, both private and professional, beginning in the 1860s. Threats: Logging, grazing, forest fires, and agricultural use of most of the original range. Areas heavily grazed and/or clearcut lack this species. Within the original range, literally millions of dead shells may be found in areas so treated, which now either lack the species entirely or have it restricted to fortuitous small rock outcrops. The species has probably lost more than 90% of its original range. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic (Table 1) found only in a small portion of the survey area; habitat loss, as detailed above and in Frest & Johannes (1995a); occurrence on public lands. The species can be common where it occurs; but in view of the very limited geographic range and limited number of surviving sites, should even locally be regarded as rare (Table 2). Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Currently this taxon has no special status; it should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered, due to habitat loss, population declines, and other factors outlined above, should also be considered. References: Pilsbry (1939); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-1994. Oreohelix haydeni perplexa Pilsbry, 1939 enigmatic mountainsnail APPENDIX C29 Type locality: Twilegar Gulch, sec. 35 T26 N R 1 E, Lucile quad., Idaho Co., ID, lower Salmon River drainage; holotype ANSP 174024a. For site map, see Figure 2 and Appendix B15. 74 Description: See Pilsbry (1939) for description and illustrations. The unique (for Oreohelix) shell ornament with crossed, equally-strong spiral ribs and lirae (cancellate pattern) make it one of the most unusual U.S. land snails, and hence easily subject to overcollecting. This species occurs near to colonies of Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis and Oreohelix n. sp. 20 [Sheep Gulch mountainsnail]; however, its anatomy and juvenile sculpture demonstrate that it is a member of the haydeni complex, as Pilsbry (1939) surmised. Ecology: Open, rather dry sage scrub with small-scale limestone talus (mostly W.-facing) and outcrops; grasses, Artemisia spp., Amelanchier, rare Opuntia, and Physocarpus. Associated land snails include Cryptomastix harfordiana, Helicodiscus salmoneus, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. The known site is at moderate elevations and is bordered on all sides by other Oreohelix spp. colonies. This taxon appears to be a moderate-strong xerophile, and could be a calciphile also. Original distribution: A single extended colony in Twilegar Gulch. This colony is bordered on three sides by colonies of other Oreohelix species, notably Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis and Oreoehelix n. sp. 20 [Sheep Gulch mountainsnail]. Scattered colonies of these species and Oreohelix jugalis occur below and on the other side of the Salmon River from Twilegar Gulch. Current distribution: Small remnant colonies in protected areas within the limits of the original sites. Common dead shells indicate that at least 70% of the original site no longer has living individuals. Reduction in numbers and in area occupied has been observed during several visits, 1989-1994. Threats: Heavy grazing; fires, which have occurred in the immediate area in recent years; overcollecting. Criteria for inclusion: Extremely local strict endemic, still known from a single site despite extensive searches by us and several other malacologists since the 1930s; ongoing and past threats; observed decline in area occupied and live population size. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Surprisingly, this taxon has no special status at present. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered, due to extremely limited geographic range and declining numbers and condition of habitat, should be undertaken. It is very rare live now [1994] even at the only known site. References: Pilsbry (1939); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-1994. Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) costate mountainsnail APPENDIX C30 Type locality: Specimens received from the original collector (Henry Hemphill) bear labels reading "between Idaho City and the Coeurd'Alene mining district [about 200 mi.]", "Lucile", and "Salmon River Mountains". As Hemphill collected extensively in the area about Lucile, lower Salmon River, Idaho Co., ID, it is generally accepted that this region is the source of Hemphill's specimens. Holotype ANSP 10857a. Probable paratypes (certainly topotypes) from Hemphill's collection are widely scattered in major U.S. and foreign museum and private collections, including 75 our own. Solem (1975) accepted Lucile as the type locality, although a more explicit site should probably be designated. See Figure 2 and Appendices B and C for site locations. Description: See Pilsbry (1939) for description and illustrations and Solem (1975) for modern dissection. This form may not actually be closely related to true idahoensis baileyi, although in the same species group. The higher spire, larger number of whorls, high, widely spaced white ribs and brown (bandless) ground color, small umbilicus, and deflected aperture are distinctive feature. Rib spacing in Oreohelixn. sp. 18 [Limestone Point mountainsnail] is closer (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a for background on this species); transverse ribs are not as prominent; the spire is not as high; there is a distinct peripheral rib; there is little contrast in color between transverse ribs and interspaces; and the umbilicus is proportionately smaller. Oreohelix n. sp. 20 [Sheep Gulch mountainsnail] has a small, much more depressed spire, wide umbilicus, weak to absent peripheral keel, and fine, more closely spaced transverse ribs. The only other taxon with any close resemblance is the final known member of the species group, the Pittsburg Landing mountainsnail, Oreohelixn. sp. 30 (see Frest & Johannes, 1995a, for information on this species). This species has a somewhat similar shell shape; however, the umbilicus is larger; spiral striation is not well developed; the radial ribs, though prominent, are narrower and more narrowly spaced, more as in Oreohelix peripherics newcombi than in the other idahoensis-group taxa; and the two typical color bands of Oreohelix (absent in idahoensis) are well developed. The Hells Canyon taxon also lacks any kind of peripheral keel, rib, or angulation. Ecology: Restricted to low-middle elevation limestone and calcareous schist outcrops and talus, generally in sage scrub; typically in rather dry and open terrain with common Artemisia and grasses; less common Amelanchier, Celtus, Opuntia. Usually occurs in monospecific colonies (Table 3), occasionally with Cryptomastix harfordiana and "Catinella avara". Sites with this taxon are mostly W.-facing; the species is often locally abundant in the restricted area in which it occurs. A strongly xerophilic species and a calciphile. Original distribution: A small area a few miles long on both sides of the lower Salmon River, Idaho Co., ID, in the vicinity of Lucile (Appendix C30, essentially from the mouth of Race Creek to the mouth of China Creek. Current distribution: Restricted to a few colonies within the original area of distribution. We found the species at 20 sites, of which 4 are likely now extinct (Tables 3, 4). The area of known and likely occurrence has been visited many times by malacologists. Threats: Grazing; gold mining; talus and limestone quarrying; range fires. One large colony is now near extinction due to a combination of grazing and recent fires. Dead shells mark an area more than 20 times the present live occurrence. Building in Lucile has also impacted sites. In one area, sheep grazing has eliminated most of one colony, while remnants on the opposite side of the road (protected from grazing) have abundant snails. Similar effects from grazing and other causes can be observed at all remaining sites. Apparently extinct colonies occur north of Riggins. The species is declining; the best remaining sites by far are concentrated on the Lucile ACEC (see separate report on this area). This species, termed by Pilsbry "one of our prettiest land shells", is also a favorite of collectors. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic (Figure 1) with specialized habitat; declining populations and area of occurrence; current and past threats; occurrence on federal (BLM ACEC) lands. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). 76 Recommended status: We favor Federal State (ID) and listing as Threatened, if BLM Lucile ACEC sites can be thoroughly protected; otherwise Endangered. This species is currently a federal Category 2 candidate (USFWS, 1994). It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management agencies. Aside from this survey, many other malacologists and collectors have worked this area, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton. It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. References: Pilsbry (1939); Solem (1975);Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988- 1994. Oreohelix intersum (Hemphill, 1890) deep slide mountainsnail APPENDIX C31 Type locality: Stone piles at the foot of a steep bluff back some distance from the banks of the Little Salmon River, Pollock quad., Idaho Co., ID; Figure 2; lectotype SBMNH 33930; paralectotypes CAS 58867; 54557; 54558; 54561; USNM 363248; AMNH 61704; 61705. See Coan & Roth (1987) for discussion of accurate lectotype designation for this species, vs. Hanna & Smith (1939). Description: Pilsbry (1939); regarded as a full species by Berry (1932), Hanna & Smith (1939) and Solem (1975); see discussion in Solem (1975)). Dissection, both by Solem (1975) and us, indicates that this species is not particularly closely related to Oreohelix jugalis, as Pilsbry originally thought. Species with closely comparable anatomy have so far been noted by us only in the Little Salmon River-lower Salmon River area of ID and constitute a distinct species group. Ecology: Found primarily in rather dry and open basalt and (rarely) schist talus slides, all at lower elevations; grasses, scattered clumps of Rhus horribilis and Sorbus; Celtus, and Amelanchier and Opuntia are the usual plant associates. Colonies are generally surrounded by sage scrub (Artemisia, Balsamorrhiza). Despite the common name, rock taluses with this species need not be large or deep. This taxon often is the only large land snail present at a site. A moderately- strongly xerophilic taxon. This species is generally not common alive at any site. Wetter and forested sites nearby are inhabited by other members of this complex (see below). Original distribution: Lower few miles of Little Salmon River drainage, including larger tributaries, Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: Scattered sites within area of original distribution; perhaps 4 live colonies currently. See Appendix C31 for map; see also Table 3. Threats: Grazing; road construction, e.g. US 95 corridor; talus mining; irrigation system construction; roadside spraying for weed control. Each of the above has been observed to impact at least one colony in recent years. In heavily grazed areas, colonies are absent or limited to small areas protected by fortuitous circumstances. The species is declining, both in terms of absolute numbers and area occupied. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Occurrence on public lands (BLM); local endemic with rather specialized habitat; observed threats, declining numbers; habitat loss. This is a strict local endemic limited to a very small portion of the Little Salmon River drainage (Appendix C31). It should be noted that the upper portions of this drainage (beyond the survey area; but collected by us, 1989-1993) have a 77 granite-derived regolith and are unsuitable foe most land snail species. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: At present, this species has no special status. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management agencies Federal and State of ID listing as Endangered is recommended for the reasons stated above. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon, part of the Little Salmon, and Rapid River drainages for this and other land snail species were conducted by us (see Figure 1 for site distribution). Many other malacologists and collectors have worked this area, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton. It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. References: Pilsbry (1939); Hanna & Smith (1939); Solem (1975); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-1994. Oreohelix n. sp. 8 Squaw Creek mountainsnail APPENDIX C33 Type locality: None at present; undescribed taxon. Description: Medium-sized (to 14 mm) species with up to 5 whorls. Shell weakly biconvex; upper surface almost flat; color greenish-yellow. Strong peripheral keel with periostracal fringe; other less pronounced periostracal wreaths on low lirae developed on lower surface only; upper with about 7-9 fine, closely spaced lirae; lower with 4-6 rather widely spaced fringed lirae. Growth lines strong on both surfaces; sutures barely impressed. Color bands absent. Umbilicus deep, wide, about 40% of shell diameter. This species is a member of the haydeni complex. It does not closely resemble any other Salmon River taxon. Among known forms, it is closest in shell characters to two species. The quartzite mountainsnail (see Frest & Johannes , 1995a, for discussion) from SE ID is similar in color but that taxon has a larger shell, with flatter dorsal surface; fewer lirae, especially on the upper surface; and much less prominent periostracal fringes. Oreohelix barbata Pilsbry, 1905 has similar cuticular wreaths, but the bearded mountainsnail is brown, less broadly umbilicate, less depressed, and has a strongly oblique aperture. Internal anatomy of the Arizona-New Mexico Oreohelix barbata is similar in many respects to that of Radiocentrum species (Pilsbry, 1939), while that of this taxon is similar to members of the Oreohelix haydeni species group (which does not occur in Arizona or New Mexico). Ecology: Found in dry, open, small to large-scale basalt talus, generally west-facing, generally near the talus base only, at moderate elevations; a moderate-strong xerophile. Associated plants include common Sorbus and grasses, less common Balsamorhiza, Celtus, and Artemisia. A small bryophyte component is sometimes present also. Most often, this is the only large land snail found. At one site rare dead Cryptomastix mullani olneyae were also noted; in general, land snails are rare in the taluses in this drainage, for unknown reasons. E. -facing and lower, more moist taluses in the same drainage lacked this species. A moderately xerophile species. Original distribution: Probably confined to a portion of the Little Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: Confined to a few small colonies along Squaw Creek (Appendix C33). Most basalt taluses in the area lack the species or have only long-dead shells; the species is rare at 78 known sites, and evidently declining. Only one site has been demonstrated currently to have live individuals; and there are just 3 sites in total (Tables 3,4). Threats: Talus mining; road construction and maintenance (FS 517); grazing is heavy in the area despite the prevalence of moderately steep and poorly vegetated talus. Heavily disturbed and shallow taluses lacked live specimens, although long-dead shells indicated former occurrence in some areas. Criteria for inclusion: Very local endemic; habitat loss and continuing threats; occurrence on public lands (BLM and Nez Perce National Forest; see Appendices A and B for details). Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon and part of the Little Salmon and Rapid River drainages for this and other land snail species were conducted by us, and mother malacologists and collectors have worked this area, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. It is very unlikely that many additional sites will be found. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This species has no special status at present; it definitely should be considered sensitive by state and federal (e.g., BLM) land and wildlife managers. We suggest Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered, due to current rarity, habitat loss, and continuing threats. We rate the species as very rare (Table 2); and the known and potential ranges are very limited. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1993-1994. Oreohelixn. sp. 12 hackberry mountainsnail APPENDIX C34 Type locality: To be designated when species is described. Description: Shell large for genus, to 22 mm at 5 h whorls (maximum adult size). Spire low conical, with somewhat convex whorls, weak peripheral keel, and slightly impressed sutures. Keel continues to aperture; aperture thin, not deflected; strongly oblique, rounded except on parietal wall; parietal callus thin. Umbilicus moderately deep, elliptical, k-1/5 maximum shell diameter. Shell with large, low, slightly irregular transverse ribs, more or less evenly spaced. Ribs slightly stronger above shell periphery. Spiral striation absent. Color bands generally 2; thin; about equal above and below periphery; upper surface sometimes light brown; both surfaces occasionally with additional very thin color bands. A large member of the Oreohelix intersum group, characterized by a large, rather high spire; large umbilicus; and ribbing that is more distinct on the upper surface. Ecology: This strong xerophile lives on relatively open mixed alluvial and limestone talus slopes. All are dry and poorly vegetated (largely open), with grasses and Celtus the most common species. Colonies are almost monospecific, with occasional individuals of AHogona ptychophora ptychophora the only other large land snail. Original distribution: Probably confined to a portion of the lower Rapid River valley, Little Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., Idaho, E. side of the Seven Devils Mountains, and absent from high elevations and moist lowland situations. 79 Current distribution: Known live from perhaps 4 colonies in the lower Rapid River drainage (Appendix C34); all are in close proximity. One or more appear to be on Nez Perce National Forest lands. See Appendices A & B for site details. Threats: The whole known range is heavily grazed, and colonies appear to be confined to fortuitously protected areas. Dead shells indicate former much more widespread occurrence. Colonies are on or near horse/foot trails into Rapid River back country; the slope with surviving sites has been sapped, possibly to provide material for an adjacent Idaho Power fish hatchery. Criteria for inclusion: Very local strict endemic; impacts on all known sites. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. We regard this species as very rare. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: To date, this species has no special status. We believe that it should minimally be regarded as sensitive by state, federal (e.g., Forest Service), and other land and wildlife managers as appropriate. We suggest Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered, due to the limited area of occurrence, ongoing threats, reduced number and size of sites, and other threats discussed previously. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon and part of the Little Salmon and Rapid River drainages for this and other land snail species were conducted by us and by the many other malacologists and collectors who worked this area previously, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton. It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990-1994. Oreohelix n. sp. 13 Rapid River mountainsnail APPENDIX C35 Type locality: To be designated when the species is described. Description: Shell in mid range for genus; diameter at 5-5 h whorls (maximum adult size) about 16 mm. Spire low, sutures moderately impressed; surface with coarse, broad, rather widely-spaced, and somewhat irregular ribs, equal on both shell surfaces. Color bands generally thin, equal; secondary thin bands sometimes present on both surfaces; upper whorls light brown except for ribs. Umbilicus rather deep, abrupt, somewhat well-like, about ^-1/3 full shell diameter. Periphery distinctly angulate; angulation continues to aperture; aperture very strongly oblique. A medium-sized member of the Oreohelix intersum group, characterized by a rather low spire; large umbilicus; distinct coarse ribbing on both surfaces. The nearest relative is Oreohelix n. sp. 12 [hackberry mountainsnail]; aside from just-noted differences, the proportionately wider and less well-like umbilicus (lower whorls more evenly rounded) are distinctive. Ecology: This strong xerophile lives on relatively open mixed alluvial and limestone talus slopes. The 3 known sites (Appendix C35; see also Appendices A and B) are dry and poorly vegetated (largely open), with grasses and Celtus the most common species. Colonies are almost monospecific, with occasional individuals of Allogona ptychophora ptychophora the only other large land snail. Original distribution: Probably confined to a portion of the lower Rapid River valley, Little Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., Idaho, E. side of the Seven Devils Mountains, and absent from high elevations and moist lowland situations. 80 Current distribution: Known live from only 3 localities in a very limited portion of the lower Rapid River drainage. One or more appear to be on Nez Perce National Forest lands. Threats: The whole known range and surrounding area is heavily grazed, and colonies appear to be confined to fortuitously protected areas. Dead shells indicate former much more widespread occurrence. Colonies are on or near horse and foot trails into Rapid River back country; the slope with surviving sites has been sapped, possibly to provide material for the adjacent Idaho Power fish hatchery. Criteria for inclusion: Very local strict endemic; impacts to all known sites. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. This species is rare and very localized. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This species has no special status at present, ft should be regarded as sensitive by state, federal (e.g., Forest Service), or other land and wildlife Managers. We recommend Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered, due to the limited area of occurrence, known and predictable future impacts to al known sites, and other reasons cited above. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River and part of the Little Salmon River and Rapid River drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by us and by other malacologists and collectors, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and W. Walton, ft is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990-1994. Oreohelix n. sp. 14 limestone mountainsnail APPENDIX C36 Type locality: To be designated when species is described. Description: Shell small-medium sized; maximum diameter at adulthood (5 4 whorls) about 13 mm; comparatively thin except for slightly thickened aperture. Spire very low, almost discoidal; whorls slightly convex; sutures deeply impressed; pronounced peripheral keel. Transverse ribs pronounced, widely spaced, cord-like, more or less regular; equal on both shell surfaces. Lower surface more convex; almost with basal angulation; umbilicus elliptical, well-like even though shallow and broad, about 1/3 shell diameter. Color bands faint-absent; shell ranges from slightly brownish to off-white, with transverse ribs often slightly lighter in color than interspaces. Aperture oblique, almost trapezoidal, sometimes barely adnate. This very striking species is a small member of the Oreohelix intersum group. Distinctive features are the tow, almost discoidal shell; relatively prominent ribbing, strong peripheral keel, small size; and large umbilicus. Oreohelix hammeri, the only local snail with at all similar features, is much larger, has fewer, very large and tow radial ribs; and a proportionately much smaller umbilicus. Ecology: A strong xerophile living on relatively open limestone outcrops and talus slopes. Sites are dry and poorly vegetated (largely open), with grasses, Celtus, and Balsamorrhiza the most common species. Colonies typically have occasional individuals of Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Oreohelix n. sp. 13 (Rapid River mountainsnail), and Cryptomastix spp. I 81 Original distribution: Probably confined to a portion of the lower Rapid River valley Little Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., Idaho, E. side of the Seven Devils Mountains, and absent from high elevations and moist lowland situations. Current distribution: Known live from only 2 nearby colonies in the lower Rapid River drainage One or perhaps both appear to be on Nez Perce National Forest lands. Occurrence on adjacent BLM lands is possible. Threats: The whole known range is heavily grazed, and colonies appear to be confined to fortuitously protected areas. Dead shells indicate former, much more widespread occurrence Colonies are on or near horse/foot trails into Rapid River back country. Live individuals are rare at both sites, one of which is a rockpile only a few feet in width. Criteria for inclusion: Extremely local strict endemic; impacts on all known sites. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest& Johannes (1995a). H Recommended status: Currently, this species has no special status. Minimally, it should be r6if S6? a^e,nSrt,Ve by f6deral (efir- Forest Service) or other land and wildlife managers. Federal and btate (ID) listing as Endangered is needed, in our opinion, due to the very limited area of occurrence, ongomg threats to existing populations, and other factors discussed above Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River and part of the Little Salmon River and Rapid River dramages for this and other land snail species, as well as past explorations in the same areas by other mycologists and collectors such as H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem and W Walton, make it unlikely that many additional sites will be found. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-1994. Oreohelixn. sp. 15 speckled mountainsnail APPENDIX C37 Type locality: Will be designated when the species is formally described. Description: A medium-large species, reaching a maximum diameter of 23 mm at 4 ^5 whorls Spire depressed sutures slightly impressed; weak peripheral keel visible in side view but aperture well-rounded. Shell comparatively thin; aperture not thickened parietal callus very thin; aperture not jugate. Color bands weakly developed; subperipheral very thin; supraperipheral band wider- upper whorl wrth light pinkish brown background color and well-developed irregular small white spots and blotches, roughly paralleling growth lines; growth lines slightly raised into irregular thin but dist.nct transverse nbs; ribs generally streaked with white. Lower shell surface white- both SS?* u mo??e|y well-developed striae, slightly stronger on upper surface. Umbilicus shallow, well-rounded; small, diameter about 1/5 maximum shell width. A member of the jugalis species group, differing from its better-known Idaho congener in size, shell color; apertural morphology; and relative umbilicus size. ^Cn°^m«:JhiSu0re?^ * a, c°mparative mesophile, occurring in steep mixed schist/ or cong omerate/alluvial slopes and taluses. Sites are generally N,facing; may be perennially moist due to seeps or springs; and are mostly at comparatively tow elevations. Partly open Pinus Ponderosa forest, with common small deciduous trees and extensive moss and grass cover is a des,deratum for this species. It is absent from relatively dry sites, even when the canopy is 82 comparativety extensive. The most frequent large land snails found with this taxon are Cryptomastix mullani clappi and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Small land snails, such as Vitrina alaskana, Discus whitneyi, and Helicodiscus salmoneus, are frequent also. See Table 3 and Appendix A for site faunal lists and more details. Original distribution: This species likely once was widespread in a limited portion of the River of No Return valley, from Riggins to the French Creek Bridge, Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: Survives at a few scattered colonies within the limits of its original range, mostly on the S. side of the River of No Return, within the limited stretch indicated above as far as the Lake Creek Bridge (Appendix C37). The species is rare live at all 6 sites, and common finds of long-dead shells suggest a former, much more extensive population much reduced in recent years. Some known sites are on BLM and Payette National Forest sites. Additional sites on the N. side of the River of No Return (Nez Perce National Forest and BLM public lands) are possible. Threats: The French Creek Road has had major impact on all existing sites. Occasional long-dead shells can be found in the road berms for a distance of several miles beyond current live sites; but live colonies are very limited in area. Much of the area above the road has been heavily grazed, and snails generally survive only in the steepest and most unstable slope areas. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; impacts to known sites; reduction in range and size of populations; occurrence on public lands. We regard this species as rare even within its limited known area of occurrence. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by us, adding to previous such work by other malacologists and collectors, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and W. Walton. Older collections mostly do not include specimens of this species. It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. At present, this species has no special status; minimally, it should be regarded as sensitive by federal (e.g., Forest Service, BLM) or other land and wildlife managers. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is needed, in our opinion, due to the limited area of occurrence, ongoing threats to existing populations, and other factors discussed above. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-1994. Oreohelix n. sp. 19 Shingle Creek mountainsnail Appendix C38 Type locality: Will be designated when the species is formally described. Description: Shell small for genus; to 13 mm at 4 ^-5 whorls (adult size); spire low conical; moderately impressed sutures; whorls convex; moderately distinct peripheral keel (but not a rib or pronounced); transverse ribs coarse, irregular, equally strong on both shell surfaces. Radial striation moderately developed on both sides. Color bands narrow but distinct, equal; small additional bands common on lower surface only; upper surface light reddish brown except for transverse ribs, which are generally white. Umbilicus moderately deep, somewhat well-like, about H maximum shell width. Anatomically, this species is a member of the intersum species group. The shell features somewhat recall those of Oreohelix waltonr, but the juvenile sculpture differs considerably, as 83 ^^.^y:^.:^-.:.;.:.:^;:^.:^.^-.;.. does the anatomy. The color pattern, rib spacing, and spire height of the two also consistently differ. This small Oreohelix is probably most closely related to Oreohelix intersum; but is much smaller; has a lower spire; coarser and more widely spaced transverse ribs; transverse ribs equally strongly developed on the base; and a proportionately larger and deeper umbilicus despite the lower spire. Known colonies are quite consistent in morphology. Ecology: A comparative mesophile; found on rock (basalt) outcrops in shaded terrain at low elevations. Vegetation is rather moist Ponderosa pine forest with a well-developed understory, with grasses, bryophytes, and forbs diverse and common. Associated land snail species include Cryptomastix mullani mullani, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Discus whitneyi. Original distribution: Probably originally common in part of the Little Salmon River valley and major tributaries, Nez Perce National Forest, Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: Survives at 2 small colonies in Shingle Creek and on the tower Salmon River, Idaho Co., ID (Appendix C38; see also Appendices A and B for site details). One site is believed to be on Nez Perce National Forest and State of Idaho lands. Threats: Much of the surrounding area has been cleared and is heavily grazed by sheep. Low- elevation forest is now very rare in the Little Salmon and Lower Salmon drainages. Colonies have also been affected by road building (Rapid River Road), population trends, in terms of number of individuals and area occupied, are downward. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic, occurrence on public lands; past and ongoing threats. We regard the species as very rare even within its known range of occurrence. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This species has no special status at present. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is appropriate for the reasons just cited. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon and parts of the Little Salmon and Rapid River drainages for this and other land snail species are the result of work over many years by us and by other malacologists and collectors, such as H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and W. Walton. It is unlikely that many additional sites will be found. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990-1993. Oreohelix n. sp. 20 Sheep Gulch mountainsnail APPENDIX C39 Type locality: Has yet to be designated; taxon is undescribed. Description: Shell low turbinate; whorls convex except for moderate peripheral angulation, rather narrow; 5-5 h whorls in adult; last h commonly strongly deflected, sometimes almost disjunct; sutures deeply impressed. Aperture periphery sometimes reinforced, especially across parietal margin; aperture oval, strongly oblique. Maximum diameter about 11 mm. Shell moderately- strongly ribbed, equally above and below; ribs somewhat irregular, spacing about half that of Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Umbilicus well-like (periphery nearly angular), comparatively wide, about 1/4 maximum diameter. Shell unbanded; radial ribs whitish; interspaces brownish. Spiral striation weak as compared to Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. 84 ..■■—. .-,.,;..,,,. - Shell shape and size in this taxon are somewhat similar to Oreohelix waltorir, but ribbing in that species is much less prominent; there is a distinct pigment pattern not present here; and waltoni is more depressed and has a much wider umbilicus. Comparisons with Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis, the only other equally (or more) strongly-ribbed Lower Salmon River species have been made above; additionally shell shape and proportionate umbilical width are markedly different than in that species. Anatomically, this species is a member of the idahoensis species group. Shells of this taxon are present (rather rarely) in old collections under the name Oreohelix idahoensis baileyr, Sheep Gulch examples were illustrated by Pilsbry (1939). For comparisons with true baileyi, an apparent Hells Canyon endemic, see Frest & Johannes (1995). Ecology: A strong xerophile, found in comparatively open areas with scattered limestone outcrops and talus; more rarely on limy schists. Associated vegetation includes grasses and Artemisia, with rare Cettus, common Opuntia, scattered buckbean. A probable calciphile. Associated land snails include rare Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and small Cryptomastix spp. Quite often, this species occurs alone. A medium-elevation species. Original distribution: A small area (probably ca. 15 mi.2) near the lower Salmon River NE, E., & SE of Lucile. Colonies of this taxon generally occur at slightly higher elevations than nearby Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis and Oreohelix haydeni perplexa. An old site which we have not recollected occurs on Nez Perce National Forest lands. Current distribution: Found only in small areas of the original range well protected from grazing. There are 7 known populations, all of which appear to be quite small. Collection of live material for this species was difficult. The existing sites occupy a very small portion of the survey area (Appendix C39). Occurrence on State of Idaho lands, Nez Perce National Forest, and BLM lands is quite possible. Threats: The whole range of this taxon is currently heavily grazed, and the snails survive only in areas too rocky to be completely grazed out. Dead shells indicate a former, much wider distribution, but only in the limited area cited above. One colony, that at site 204, seems to have been extirpated since its discovery in 1990. This area also has scattered mines and prospects, and has been utilized for quarries and gravel pits also. Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic with very limited range; narrow habitat requirements; loss of preferred habitat and range; ongoing threats. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. We regard the species as rare even within its very limited geographic range. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This species has no status at present. Minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by appropriate federal, state, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered should be undertaken, due to limited range and habitat loss. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by us and others, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton, over many years. It is not likely that later work will greatly expand the range or result in location of substantial numbers of additional sites. References: Pilsbry (1939); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-1994. 85 Oreohelix n. sp. 21 Box Canyon mountainsnail APPENDIX C40 Type locality: To be designated when the species is described formally. Description: Shell small-medium in size (maximum at 4 h-5 whorls 18 mm; some populations much smaller); low, depressed spire; whorls moderately convex; upper whorl surface often slightly stepped; moderately strong peripheral keel; sutures weakly impressed. Spiral striation strongly and consistently developed; growth lines distinct, regular, slightly raised, and fine on upper surface; lower surface much smoother. Lower color band thin but consistently present; upper band diffuse, sometimes not discernible; upper whorl often light brown; narrow white band on periphery. Aperture strongly oblique; often slightly deflected in last 1/8 whorl; commonly jugate; thickened; slightly flared al around except for parietal wall. Umbilicus moderately deep, round, with broadly rounded border; diameter about 1/3-^ maximum shell diameter. This species somewhat resembles a miniature Oreohelix n. sp. 23 (Lucile mountainsnail). However, it differs from that species in its smaller size, lack of a basal brown patch, angulate periphery, and prominent spiral striation, easily visible to the unaided eye. It was present in old collections (dating to Henry Hemphill) in very small numbers, either unidentified or confounded with Oreohelix jugalis. Anatomy has not been completely worked out; but it appears to be related to the "strigosa" species group, rather than to the jugalis group. The closest Idaho relative would be Oreohelix n. sp. 23. Ecology: This species is found on metasedimentary outcrops and thin talus, generally at low elevations. A strong xerophile, it occurs in relatively open terrain, most often with grasses, Celtus, Opuntia, and local bryophytes and the common plant associates. Land snails which co-occur include Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix harfordiana, and Helicodiscus salmoneus; at one site, Vallonia cyclophorella, Pupilla hebes, Cochlicopa lubrica, and Oreohelix waltoni are close associates. All known sites closely hug the Lower Salmon River corridor. Original distribution: Probably relatively ubiquitous in the lower portions of a few ravines on the Salmon River, roughly from the mouth of Slate Creek to a point north of Riggins (Appendix C40) lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: A few very small colonies in two disjunct area: 1) the immediate vicinity of Box Canyon; and 2) on the east side of the river north of the mouth of Race Creek. At least one site is on BLM lands. We did not find this species on the W. side of the river, even near Box Canyon. The current disjunct occurrence pattern is likely a result of recent habitat change. This species is rare at all known sites, and difficult to find alive. Threats: Most of the range has been severely affected by talus removal and road building along the US 95 corridor. Much of the area above the highway itself has been heavily grazed. The snails occur only in the few areas which still have talus or are too rocky for most cattle to traverse frequently. Mining was formerly extensive in this area; and some prospects are still worked nearby. The best remaining site could easily be removed for road material or fill, as has happened recently in this area (see, e.g., entry for Oreohelix jugalis). Criteria for inclusion: Very local strict endemic (Table 1); occurrence on public lands; decline in habitat and numbers; ongoing threats. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Currently, this species has no special status. Minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by appropriate federal, state, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is needed, for the reasons cited 86 References: Deixis collections, 1988-1994; Frest & Johannes (1995a). Oreohelix n. sp. 22 Slate Creek mountainsnail APPENDIX C41 Type locality: Will be designated when the species is formally described (transverse ribs) often sliahtlv^JTr 1 V? * spaced raised, slightly irregular growth lines spaced, strong on both surfed ItlPrr T^' Spra' Stn'atl'°n ^""developed, evenly appearance. B^n varied d^e loped WJj'KE ft 5 °Z* She" ** beaded several irregularly spLdverV tWn bands on IT P P ? bandS thm' often not Present; pattern; these ^f^^e^tJ^ T"" S l°WW SUrfaCeS the most common often with purplish brownTnieSSn^ ° lnt° m°ttles, purplish brown; upper surface less than 1^*^112^*^ S^T Where bandS interSect Umbilicus narrow, oblique, deflect bord^ Aperture circular, slightry contact with earlier whorls ' 9 ^ ^^ th'Ckened' flared sli9nt|y wh^re not in group. The' bw dome-shapT earj whor Is STannf ? "P* * ^ "S^°Sa" SPecies narrowly-sized and -spaced I radiTL * ° J t ♦ f 9 '" C°ll,ng Parame^rs, and regular, group taxa. P nbS "* dlsUn«™ Matures not shared with other "sfr/gosa" sparingly in moist'limesl M^^J?i,3^^ duff layer. » occurs more including Physocarpus AcerComu^nLnT' F°2Stsuhave a stron9 deciduous component, such undersfory plants T^muTL^Z^^^ ^ "** and shrubs< « we» - Asarum. PersisTerS^rSi^a^^l^^' "'nnaea' W°/a' ^P^' ""d mountainsnail also appears to be a calctohS S 2? ? P6CleS B 3 mesoPhile- The Slate Creek "exotic terrain" f^JSZ^M^SS^Z^? ""* ^ °r h the *** of a sin9le and have their own Z^SS^ZS^T^ dra.nages to the N. and S. lack this species ^rger mollusks includ^ /KSSi ThS^llSZZf at moderate elevations only. Associated mullani subsp., Discus mS^SZklSLZ^S^i A'L°9°na * '°mbard'1 c^omastix from those portions of IZSSSk Kb22T' ** "****- ^ SP6C'eS * absen< ^CSb^^ ^ <*"**. the outcrop area Salmon River, Idaho Co JD * bl0Ck) " the middle Slate Creek drainage, lower ^^C^^lXtX Unr r T " the middle e'eVations - ^e adjoining BLM lands aTSXpptndS C41) Thi^ * "**"* ^^ ^ pr°bab,y on wen appendix C41). This taxon is rare at two sites and common at the 87 remaining two; we regard it as rare within its limited area of occurrence. Dead shells suggest an original (and fairly recent) continuous distribution now reduced to isolated colonies. Threats: Heavy grazing in lower part of the middle Slate Creek drainage, where now confined to less cow-friendly talus; limestone quarrying, which has continued episodically to the present, with one recent round just concluded in the last 2 years; road building (Forest Service campground and Slate Creek access road). Dead shells indicate nearly ubiquitous former occurrence in the middle Slate Creek area; but heavily impacted areas, regardless of cause, have long-dead shells only; and this applies to the majority of the former range. Criteria for inclusion: Very limited, strict local endemic; specialized habitat; occurrence on public lands; declining numbers and habitat; past and ongoing threats. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: At present, this species has no status; minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by appropriate federal (Nez Perce National Forest, BLM) and state land management and wildlife agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is recommended. A local endemic now much reduced in numbers and area occupied and with continuing, clear threats. Collectively, mollusk surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species by us and by many other malacologists and collectors, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and W. Walton, make it unlikely that later work will greatly expand either the range or number of sites. References: Deixis collections, 1990-1994; Frest & Johannes (1995a). Oreohelix n. sp. 23 Lucile mountainsnaii APPENDIX C42 Type locality: To be designated when species is formally described. Description: Shell large for genus, to 25 mm diameter at full adult size (5-5 H whorls); moderately thick; comparatively tall for the genus, conic. Growth lines thin, irregular, fine, slightly stronger on upper surface; striation patchy, sometimes prominent for short stretches, often absent; surface overall rather smooth for the genus. Whorls slightly angular except for last; last whorl well- rounded, slightly inflated; deflected slightly as aperture approached; aperture slightly flared, thickened, commonly jugate, very oblique. Umbilicus moderate-sized, somewhat deep; well- rounded border; diameter about 1/3 maximum shell width. Color bands well-developed, subequal; brown patch on lower surface at border of umbilicus; upper surface slightly brownish; typically extra bands seldom developed on either surface. This species is among the earty finds of Henry Hemphill, but has been overlooked in collections, largely because of lack of specific locality data but also due to confusion with Oreohelix jugalis (one of Binney's (1885) figures of "jugalis" is this species). It is more closely related anatomically to the "strigosa" species group than to the jugalis species group. K differs in shell features from the latter in that it is much taller; larger; more closely coiled, has an angular periphery; and has a brown pigment patch on the base. The only closely similar Idaho taxon is the Box Canyon mountainsnaii (q.v.); but that taxon differs in several obvious features (see discussion under Oreohelix n. sp. 21 above). The very broad umbilicus and tall spire are unusual features for "strigosa" species group taxa. 88 Ecology: This species occurs primarily near and in metasedimentary outcrops and small-scale talus, and occasionally in boulder piles above the high water mark. It is a relatively mesophilic taxon. Common plants are grasses, Rhus horribilis, Celtus, Sorbus, and Balsamorhiza Land snails noted at the same sites as this species include Cryptomastix harfordiana, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Helicodiscus salmoneus, and Oreohelix iugalis The Lucile mountainsnail once ranged onto the same alluvial slope as Oreohelix waftoniat the Lucile colony but . now _exl.nct at th» site. The species b not found on limestone substrate (common near Lucile) or ,n very dry areas, and hence does not occur, e.g., in areas occupied by Oreohelix nt^/S.H °,enS?°r °re°heliX haydeni perplexa vefV near Lucile. aKhough •» can occur in nearby boulder piles. Co-occurrence with other Oreohelix species is typical. Original distribution: Found on both sides of the lower Salmon River for several miles N and S i^Z^^Tl !h^ mouth; of Rr c:eek and John Da* creek' °n *»** ««£ lands, Idaho Co., ID. For details, see Appendices A and B; and map 42 in Appendix C. tSUHH iS£b!^n: ***** to a few colonies in less-impacted area within the original range I.TZ 3, llm P°Pulations (Appendix C41; Table 4). Sites on BLM lands remain viable See above for further information. This species is rare at most sites and we regard it as ram In general throughout its limited area of occurrence. SSiSL At lll^no COrr'd0r; ta'UuS and 9raVel mining" The Snail b absent from heavily oTnT. ? m'ning Cla,m wrthin aco'ony's boundaries was being worked in 1992- 1994. Dead shells from former colonies are common along US 95 near Lucile MHnq operations SaLn^ K rem°V6d ^ °f the boulde^obb.e9 areas along the banks of the tower SrLt!!!a5r.-nC,U8,u0^ Stn'Ct kxal endemic; occ^rence on public lands; definable and onqoina threats; decline ,n habrtat area and in numbers. Population trends (number of sTes number o^ mdividuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensrtive species in Frest & Johannes (1 995a) Recommended status: As yet, this species has no special status. Minimally it should be *5ff s^jssi ctsnes and M- waton- » is not iikeiy *- - «* s ~»raa References: Deixis collections, 1988-1994; Frest & Johannes (1995a). Oreohelix n. sp. 24 Wet Gulch mountainsnail APPENDIX C43 Type locality: To be designated when species is described. ?^£"; Sh6" Wlh '°W dePress«i spire, sometimes sublenticular; small (to 10 mm)- generally 5 H rather narrow whoris as adult; whoris with slightly convex sides; upper whori surfaces somewhat stepped; sutures deep.y impressed; periphery slightly angular S 2 d is nd bu 89 narrow nb. Growth lines faint; moderately prominent, low, somewhat irregular transverse ribs on both surfaces, equally prominent on lower; fine raised spiral ribs (generally 5-7 on both upper and lower surfaces; sp.ral striation even faint but consistent over whorl surfaces. Shell thin- aperture moderately oblique, not thickened, not flared, slightly deflected in final 1/16 whorl Color bands faint; peripheral bands sometimes absent; several faint bands sometimes present on either or bott whorl surfaces, whole shell often very light tan, with several narrow white bands and thin darker brown bands. Umbilicus about H shell diameter, deep, with well-rounded border- slightly* elliptical. ' M ' This species, because of its small size, convex whorls, tow spire, and large umbilicus somewhat resembles Oreohelix wattoni. However, that species has very different juvenile sculpture and anatomy; prominent radial ribs; and lacks transverse ribs. Waltoniis a member of the idahoensts species group; while anatomy indicates links between this species and the havdeni species group. /««»« Ecology: This moderate xerophile is found on a largely open, dry, and exposed schist ridge and talus. Vegetation is sparse; but includes Celtus and grasses. This is the only large land snail found Iwe although recently dead specimens of Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Cryptomastix harfordtana occur in the vicinity. Long-dead Oreohelix haydeni hesperia were also noted- but hese could be wash-down from farther up Wet Gulch, although these were the typical large flat form and not the smaller high Wet Gulch morph. 9 Original distribution: Only known from one site [31] as yet, near the mouth of Wet Gulch lower Sto^tST' ldah°- S6e APPSndb( C42 ^ APPendices A and B for additional Current distribution: Same as above. Lnt!a!^l!hiStarea hfS b6en heavity gra2ed' and live snails are confl'ned to a narrow area K?SS byHSte^ro<;ky ,erra,n and the locati°n °f a fence line (the species is not found live on siiStoSSs^Ow06 he): Th6,area.has been dama^d by fence line placement and is subject to landslides. Ownership is unclear; it may be within the US 95 right-of-way. tChritetria S' in^lus,ion: Extremely bcal strict Lower Salmon River endemic; past and ongoing threats reduced colony s.ze and numbers. Population trends (size and condi ion of site number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995aj ^TZT^ TtUSl ^T^ tWS SpeCi6S **» n° SPeCJal StatUS: minimal|y. » should be SSfp ™« sensrt've/Pf '^by appropriate federal (e.g., BLM) and state land management and 3ned ioTr ^ "? ^ (D) 'iSting " Endan^ » suggested, for the reasons otheM^nd ,n, i C0mprehens,ve recent s™*y* of the Lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail spec.es were conducted by us between 1990-1994. Many other collectors have oTherl^fo^ inCiUdmg ?--Hemphi"' K a Baker' A So,em' and M- barton w otrt f ndmg number of sLS SP6C,eS' " "* ** ** *" "** * *"**** eXpand either the range or References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1994. 90 Oreohelix n. sp. 25 Stites mountainsnail APPENDIX C44 Type locality: Designation is deferred to the time when the species is formally described. Description: Shell tow dome-shaped, with faintly angular periphery and moderately convex sides; medium-sized, with up to 6 whorls, diameter to 20 mm. Aperture obliquely rounded, moderately oblique, slightly thickened; minor flare in last 1/16 whorl; slightly deflected typically. Shell moderately thick; principal color bands faint, sometimes interrupted; both whorl surfaces with varying amounts of purple-brown suffusion, but stronger on upper surface. Growth lines and spiral striation rather faint and irregular, equal above ad below periphery. Umbilicus, small, well- rounded border, deep, about 1/5=1/6 maximum shell diameter, slightly elliptical. Anatomy of this species has been well described by Solem (1975) under the name Oreohelix strigosa strigosa. The Stites mountainsnail is characterized by a combination of size spire shape, and the general rufous tint noted by Solem (1975). Comparisons between this taxon and sometimes co-occurring Oreohelix vortex were discussed at length by Solem (1975), who established beyond doubt that both are separate species. Ecology: This species is a moderate to weak xerophile, found typically in somewhat dry open basalt taluses, often at tow elevations. Balsamorhiza, Celtus, grasses, and Sorbus are common associates; but other taxa, such as Salix, Populus, Sambucus, Rhus, Urtica, and various composites occur at some sites. The most frequent co-occurring land snail is Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; but small Cryptomastix spp. and Cryptomastix mullani mullani may be common in the same taluses also; Polygyrella polygyrelia and Oreohelix vortex were noted at one or more sites with this taxon. Original distribution: Probably once one of the more common land snail species in the lower portions of the drainage of the South Fork Clearwater River and N. of Lucile in the lower Salmon River valley, where these have basalt talus or substrate. This form has not been noted in the N portion of Hells Canyon, which also has extensive basalt outcroppings and rock piles nor in the tower Salmon River valley S. of Riggins (also basalt substrate). The species is confined in the Salmon River area to the stretch from near the mouth of Skookumchuck Creek to the vicinity of Eagle Creek (Appendix C44). Current distribution: Sporadically distributed within the original range. Many basalt taluses in the same general area have other species of Oreohelix, such as jugalis or vortex We have this species from a total of 28 sites (Appendix C44); it is relatively common locally within its rather limited range, and is not completely restricted to the main river corridor. Threats: Talus mining and road improvements (one such, near White Bird in 1994 has almost completely destroyed perhaps the largest known site, and long-term survival here is unlikely)- grazing; location of human habitations and roads. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; past and ongoing threats; occurrence on public lands including BLM, Nez Perce National Forest, and Nez Perce Tribe parcels. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Presently, this species has no special status; minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by appropriate federal (e.g., BLM) and state land management and wildlife agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Threatened is suggested, for the reasons outlined above. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage and adjacent parts of the lower Clearwater R. drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by 91 BsaoBnm^^^^^^^^HBHHKft^. us; and many other collectors (both professional and private) have worked this area, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton. It is not likely that later exploration will greatly expand either the range or number of sites. References: Solem (1975); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-1994. Oreohelix n. sp. 29 Hells Canyon mountainsnail APPENDIX C45 Type locality: Will be designated when the species is described. Description: Shell medium-sized for genus, to 20 mm; adult with 4 h-5 H whorls; low turbinate in shape, slowly expanding, with low, almost flat, initial whorls. Shell moderately thin; aperture definitely reinforced, slightly deflected, not strongly oblique; distinctly flared, and slightly reflected over umbilicus. Growth lines faint on adult whorls, low, widely spaced, irregular; lower surface almost smooth; spiral striation absent on mature whorls; surface dull or with slight sheen. Two principal color bands thin but almost always present; secondary bands uncommon; shell generally chalky off-white, except for faint brown suffusion above upper color band. Umbilicus small, deep, well-rounded border; elliptical; diameter about 1/5-1/6 total shell width. This medium-sized species somewhat resembles taxa from other parts of the range ascribed by Pilsbry (1939) to Oreohelix strigosa depressa. It differs from type material and other lots from CO in that it is higher; has fewer and more convex whorls; has a smaller umbilicus; and generally lacks spiral striation. Anatomically, it is a member of the "strigosa" species group. Ecology: A strong xerophile, found on several Ifthologies in sage scrub; but particularly common on limestone. Most colonies occur in small-scale, N.-facing talus or rock piles. Common associates include Artemisia, Balsamorrhiza, grasses, Celtus, Opuntia, and Rhus. More frequent large land snails found with this species include Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix populi, and additional small Cryptomastix species. This species generally occurs at lower elevations in major stream valleys. Original distribution: Probably quite common along the middle and northern parts of Hells Canyon, the Snake River Canyon to a point a few miles W. of Clarkston, WA; and along the lower few miles of the Grande Ronde River. In the southern portion of Hells Canyon, i.e. Seven Devils Mountains and S., this species is replaced by others. This taxon appears to have been utilized as a food resource by early aboriginal peoples in Hells Canyon. In the Lower Salmon River area, this species is very sporadic in its distribution. The probable complete range here is from the mouth of Skookumchuck Creek to the Snake River. Current distribution: Scattered sites within the original range, including Nez Perce National Forest (e.g., the vicinity of Pittsburg Landing), Wallowa-Whitman National Forest, Hells Canyon National Recreation Area, and Snake Wild and Scenic River: narrow portions of Idaho and Nez Perce cos., ID; Asotin and Whitman cos., WA; and Wallowa Co., OR. Locally, there are 4 live sites (Appendix C45), in 2 areas near the mouth of Rock Creek and in the vicinity of the mouth of China Creek. We regard the species as common herein (e.g., Table 2) largely because of its more frequent occurrence in the north portion of Hells Canyon; it is rare and sporadic, as far as presently known, in the Lower Salmon River area. There is a good possibility of additional sites in the lowermost 20 miles of the Salmon River. 92 Threats: Trail and road development in the Pittshnm i anw;„„ range; deve.opment on inholding s The Xte^^f ""'^ maintenance in the Clarkston area (eg colonies abnn u?!£ h T Mi r0ad bui,din9 and years); expansion of Clarkston WA tTuZon in P™ ,T bi-n ^^^ h the ■"* few absolute numbers and number of stes ^s no7S tl t , T13^5 m dedinin9 in terms of range or number of sites '"^ that bter "^ «* 9reatlV e^"d either the th^as^K^eM "^ "*""* ^ -i current Treated as a Sensiive "pi^l^ ™Ce °" P-* lands. ~^ at present. Minima.ry. | should be and wild.rfe offices. V* .2^ XfflSfflTS "■■"? S" man^ement reasons discussed previously. ( ' ' WA) ,,st,ng " Threatened, for the .^a^^^S^^^'^n., ,989-1994. Old specif o, this **' * " APPENK~ m~""' 2T.53Kh" bS deSl9"a,ed whe" *• *— h fcm-y described; , h current* known ^X^rr^ita^z r;d-shaped •>«* *— «** <* weak color bands The soeces is .ZZ1 . T f 2> "^ "Smarted upper surface; and open umbilicus; butl srSThas evtn v eSnT' S^f _«"*" ("")' «* a **" <** lacks beaded wreaths; and has a pS ZTZS ' *2* Pi9man' °n ,he "«*" *"*«»: defined is quite variable, there is no^the nZahnnt f' EVen ,h°ugh ° vorta"« «™nW interesting to note that cc-cccU L ,b rae Ian snlXv", "* *S,elV reSamblin3 ,his °"e " * We have no, ve, dissected this ^^JSSSSS^ST ""^ **■' h """"^ m a part of the talus Associates amnnnbS .« ,f f ' ' fl/7US' and So/fcas- * occurs low (MMr n. sp. 25, and C^ToSn s^.e * ™ **°" *>****»• **ophom, ^^^Z^^^^ «• in *■ northern portion of the lower from basalt terrain o siml rage phy^ar^hJ InH H mOUthuThis <*«*« «■ seemingry absent northern Hells Canyon, and Jo^eS tower Cl— ter R.er valley, ~ sS^ A a^ B for details) in the midd.e surveyed (Figure 1) and has been ffi reoeStd v to ml9"0? I 9WMMa' ^ been recentlV unlikely that future finds will sub^rtiatlSS^th^ SSSSS?-* SmCe ^ 186°S- " b Very colonies. y Increase the geographic range or number of viable 93 Threats: Heavy grazing in much of its range; talus mining in the lower Salmon River valley; road construction and maintenance. Talus along this creek has been quarried repeatedly for road metal, generally completely destroying or greatly diminishing snail colonies. This particular talus has been impacted by material removal and by road building, and the snail occurs only in certain areas of the remainder. Criteria for inclusion: Strict local endemic limited to a single site; past and ongoing threats. Recommended status: This taxon has no special status at present, although the very closely related Oreohelix vortex is a Federal C2 candidate (USFWS, 1994),. Minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by BLM, Forest Service, and other land management agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered is appropriate, in our opinion. It is very uncommon even in the limited portion of the single talus in which it occurs. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by us between 1989 and 1994. Many other collectors have worked this area for over 130 years, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton. It is very unlikely that substantial expansion of whether range or number of live sites will occur from future work. References: Deixis collections, 1989-1994. Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 striate mountainsnail APPENDIX C47 Type locality: "On lower Race Creek below forest, h mile from the mouth and 2 miles north of Riggins, Idaho" (Pilsbry, 1939); holotype ANSP 158421a. Pilsbry (1939) cites the original description as dating from 1933; but the cover of separates include the line "Published March 3, 1934". For type locality, see Figure 2 and Appendices A and B. Strictly speaking, the colony 4 mile from the mouth of Race Creek is now extirpated (in a well-used horse pasture); however, the "adjoining" colony below, collected by Walton, Solem and by us, is still extant, and might be considered to have been originally continuous with the Baker site, simply overlooked. Description: See Pilsbry (1934, 1939) for description of both shell and anatomy. This is a rather large taxon with a prominent peripheral keel and very obvious but fine striation on both surfaces, quite visible to the naked eye. The peripheral bands are typically developed. No other species in the "strigosa" species group has a strongly carinate adult shell with prominent spiral lines. This species superficially somewhat resembles the bicarinate mountainsnail {Oreohelix n. sp. 17); but the basal carina, fine ribs rather than incised lines, and haydeni species group anatomy are obvious differentiae. Note that we at present recognize two sets of colonies, one on Race Creek and its tributaries and the second near the mouth of Lake Creek. This latter group has not yet been investigated anatomically, and could be a conchologically convergent form. The Selway River sites also need to be reinvestigated; we were unable to get anatomical material of this species in a recent visit. Ecology: This snail is found mostly on forested outcrops {Pinus ponderosa forest), with lithologies ranging from greenish schist to limestone. Commonly, sites have a partly-completely closed canopy and diverse forb and deciduous understory. Reported colonies have substantial faunas, including Polygyrella polygyrella, Cryptomastix mullani mullani, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Anguispira nimapuna, and Hemphillia camelus. One site supposedly with this 94 SStaSi*" ** *** '°r A"°g0na hmbardii- ■*• -»— ' ™g. 'or .his species b °Z"1^T'Zl"ginf,'y 7°?? T ,he RaCe °rMk **»» Lower Selmen River nearby, presumably on S^LM^LT ^w TT 3 h°rS6 paStUre); but a colonv remains collectors have^visS ffis^^ ?.P ?* °n °ne Side by a fence We and Private but did not find ST22? ThK^ "^ ""T ^ and °thers in the vicin*v recently, there are 6 Lower &^ RhLr^in^^^ Pe™ "*™* forest lands. At present drainages (Append? £S" 9 ^ b0lh near the ^ ProPer and a^g tributary EKi^ £*"» L°Wer Sa,mon va»eys, -d .ocation and surviving in roSJ ^ areas off e^nq some reS f6"* 10 Sma,l'emnants. **" the snail mostly (number of s^tmS^ deSiCCati°n' P°PU'ati°n trends Sa^e£^^ subspecies ^ a strict toca. endemic, discounting the ^^^^S^S^T^ m ^ ab°Ve; °CCUrrenCe °n Pub,ic (National Treated as a sJ^££^^ M« area of kn-n occurrence. SKS3SS 1994). Hshou,d wildlife agencies. We reSftSl^. ^ f* °ther federal and s,ate land an^ comprehensive recen suTys of SSSLTsSSnB^-0' ^ "T " Endan9ered- As species were conducted by us and also rTnS i f dra,nage f°r tWs and other ,and s™' including H. Hemphill H B Baker A iSm ^T^"?^ b°th Professi°nal and amateur, greatry expand ^^Lg^nL^^ * ""** * h n0t "'^ that bter •"« «■ leL"^tioPlSb79£9^31939): '^ (1943)! USFWS ^"^ Frest & Johannes (1995a); Or.oH.to strigosa n, eujep. , ^ ^ Perce mountainsnajl Type locality: To be established when the species is formally described. *SX^ a™* to 30 mm; moderate^ thick; last half whor. X GrlX* XZe tow ^2 PS*"™/ teel occasional^ accentuated in striae moderately wideK /soaced clssf™ ™ ^T*8* re3ular- cr°wded; spiral striation strong, visible to raked^^rfacelo^ snmS $ £ "l^6 fine,y refculate Pattem no< y , surrace appears somewhat smooth. Aperture rounded, not reinforced 95 moderately oblique. Umbilicus moderate in size and depth, border well-rounded, circular, about 1/3 maximum shell diameter. Color bands generally present; subsidiary bands variable in size and position; shell ground color off-white, generally with varying amounts of purple-brown or purple- red suffusion or mottles or both, especially on top surface. This large-sized taxon appears from shell and anatomical features to be a member of the "strigosa" species group. Distinguishing features are the tow spire, fine growth lines, and prominent and consistent but very fine (difficult to see with the naked eye) spiral striae. Ecology: This mesophilic taxon is found exclusively in moderate-high elevation Pinus ponderosa forests, generally in areas with some rock exposure. It has been noted primarily on limestone; but occasionally on basalt as well. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding. Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. Common associates are Physocarpus, Prunus, soapberry, and bryophytes. Sometimes found with such taxa as Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Anguispira kochi occidentalis, Cryptomastix mullani mullani, and Radiodiscus abietum. This species is not as sensitive to disturbance as, e.g., Hemphillia camelus; but is absent from severely grazed or otherwise heavily disturbed areas. It does not seem to prefer talus situations, although sometimes found there. Original distribution: Probably very widespread in medium-high elevations in the Seven Devils Mountains area, Nez Perce and Payette National Forest; in undisturbed sites it is the most frequently encountered large land snail. It is now absent from the vast majority of its range, where long-dead shells often still attest to its former occurrence. Current distribution: Restricted to relatively undisturbed sites in Nez Perce National Forest; particularly those with limestone or other calcium-rich substrate. See Appendices A and B and Appendix C48 for some specifics; we found this taxon at 6 sites and regard it as generally uncommon. It is probably rare-very rare at lower elevations, i.e. most BLM tracts in this region. The Lower Salmon River sites are on major tributaries only, in two areas: 1) Papoose Creek drainage, Little Salmon River; and 2) Slate Creek drainage, Lower Salmon River (Appendix C48). This species was mostly overlooked by earlier collectors, because of access problems in high portions of the Hells Canyon-lower Salmon River area. Still, at least one historic tow site (along Squaw Creek) is known to have been extirpated. This locality was collected by H. B. Baker in the 1930s and is referred to by Pilsbry (1939); specimens are in the ANSP collections. Threats: Severe grazing; logging; severe forest fires; road building and maintenance. Criteria for inclusion: Local (part of the Washingtonian Province) endemic; habitat reduction and possible site loss throughout range. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are downward. It is not likely that later work will greatly expand either the range or number of sites. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This taxon has no special status at present; it should at least be considered a sensitive species by Forest Service and other federal and state land and wildlife agencies. We recommend consideration of federal and State (ID) listing of this taxon as Threatened. Extensive surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by many previous workers, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton, from the 1860s; not to mention our own more recent work. A few old records indicate widespread former occurrence in this area. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990-1994. 96 Oreohelix vortex Berry 1932 whorled mountainsnail Appendix C49 Type locality: "Salmon River, White Bird Idaho rn iHoh„- ^ . * paratypes Berry collection 4655; ho.otype oT Or^ohell M^^l *"* C°,,eCti°n ?283; Berry Collection 7284, paratypes BeZ XS) ^et™ZZ£ ,?^ 1932' a Synonym' of this site, see Solem (1975) BZvflwSh 5o^!£ «?2 ^J00-^ ^probable location was collected later by Walton Solern^M Jlfer iSSK » fn? * 3 Srte near White Bird- which likely type locality (Figure 2) ' (°Ur Srte 1°2; See APPendix B39). This is the closely resemble any other Sal^ Rivefc^rs^i^" "e^B dJSCOVery- does no* [Skookumchuck mountainsTam DfeHnct^ !£? ? ' exceP< P°ss,b|y Oreohelix n. sp. 32 periostracum-fringed lirae mprissed slrL £S ^Vf5 the rather close coiling, fine same period as Lny othe^a" undescnbed until much later Pilsbrv had limine * 2? •,' but' llke "*"*■ remained no^en n.dam); other such spedme^ns are a't^S ^ SP6C'eS * ANSP Under *»*"* (a «*P«oWA*^^ ^ regarded this taxon as a information, ft fe clear than SS t a ^full sd^L^ J^ W °f ,he three" ^ this add*°™' /^muflfer is a synonym, as pTsbry ^u mTse^Tsdern^i P^^ ^^ "*** t0 **■* while variable taxon. Certain populations .tSKftS «Ti L^. reco9niz^ herein, .orfex is a drainages, and some of those atong the Lo^e lilt 7™ Sk°°kumchu<* C^k and adjacent consistent morphology varying somewha°frltt?nf L^t "^ °f Ly°nS ^ ««*»■ to have that more detailed study JScesTtoS so SSL * " *£? "? * White Bi,d- " fe Possib'* Oreone/,n. sP. 32 an/retair * ^Z^JfcS?1- ^ * ™ take this ^ ^ with S^iiS^^ tair;- Srtes - **■* — d^ flnws, and Serf™ may be locallv common Th^' Sx6S' 5a/samo^. d/te/n/s/a. Celtus stream valleys. Genera^ %^^^1fc2!iK^ '°W l° medium eleva*>- in large snails are Allogona ptvchoDhom nZL^ 9 1 ' Common associates among larger land OryPt0mast, « s, fl^3^ JA J ^fva^ rwhn0rthem POrti°n " «" ^ Sa,mon from basaft terrah of Zto ^ge physiograph? and W, T** T ?**■ ^ SpedeS b absent northern Hells Canyon and northern jEcZl n ^ ? the tower Crater River valley lower part of the q£* Rond >Gnm£J?T *" ^"^ *S aPParent abse™* from the Salmon River is particlrly °nt^ing ' ^^ *"* a'°ng the ,OWermost 60 "*« of the oC^~ in the most undisturbed parts of its two of its larger creek tributaries ebe^een Slate cT^ ^"^ *'"" 3nd '°Wer Parts of B.rd Creek and Rock Creek (Appendix ^T^lnl^ T 8 P°'nt midWay between m*e has been visited repeatedfy ^ffi^^WST" ^""T* "' m and will substantially increase the qeoaraohic frZnl ™ 1 ! " B Very Un,,ke|y that Mure finds public fcnds (BLM). The ^ origS ^^^ ,£^ ^ <^' ***»*• on Threatened (Solem & Cterke 19741 PnLJtZ ^ L ,ES recommended Federal listing as are downward. ' 4)' PoPulat,on trends (number of sites, number of individuals) 97 iffiSfiiSaffiaSESSS Threats: Heavy grazing in much of its range; talus mining in the lower Salmon River valley, which has recently destroyed some old sites; highway construction and maintenance, including US 95 and smaller roads in the vicinity of White Bird. Sites affected by highway construction along old US 95 many years ago have still not recovered. One largely destroyed site was used as a quarry, and the colony persists only as small remnant patches. Talus mining is extensive in most of its range. While the species is quite characteristic of a part of the Lower Salmon River area, the total range is rather small (Appendix C49). We regard the species in general as uncommon even within its limited known geographic range. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; occurrence on pubic lands; past and ongoing threats. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1 995a). Recommended status: This taxon, although a Federal C2 candidate (USFWS, 1994), has no special status at present. Minimally, it should be considered a sensitive species by BLM, Forest Service, and other land management agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Threatened is appropriate, in our opinion. Considering that, in aggregate, comprehensive surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species were conducted by many malacologists over the past 130 years, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton; and more recently by Solem and Clarke and by us, it is very unlikely that substantial increase of either range or number of live sites will accrue from future work. References: Berry (1932); Pilsbry (1939); Solem (1975); USFWS (1994); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1989-1994. Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975 lava rock mountainsnail APPENDIX C50 Type locality: "Idaho, Idaho Co., more than 1.6 km up John Day Creek from the Salmon River, north of Lucile"; holotype FMNH 182000; paratypes FMNH 98141, 98151, 170711, 170741; NMC 72060; others in DMNH (unnumbered). For more precise location of the type locality, see Appendices A and B and Figure 2. Description: Solem (1975) provides excellent illustrations and descriptions of both shell and anatomy. This species was overlooked by earlier collectors, largely because of its rarity. Unusual features are the small, flattened shell, broad umbilicus; prominent ribs; and juvenile sculpture. It is a member of the Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis species group, as defined above. Some members of the Oreohelix internum species group (q.v.) superficially resemble this taxon (notably the Shingle Creek mountainsnail, Oreohelix n. sp. 19); but the coarse ribs and juvenile sculpture, together with lesser characters such as its shell color pattern (discussed by Frest & Johannes! 1995a), distinguish this species. The Wet Gulch mountainsnail {Oreohelix n. sp. 24) is superficially similar also; but this species is a member of the haydeni species group, with weaker radial ribs and equally prominent lirae, as well as a juvenile typical of its species group. Ecology: This species is a typical xerophile, found in rather dry, open areas in sage scrub vegetation. The common name suggests association with basalts; this is true of the type locality, but other sites are on mixed schist/alluvium. Most commonly associated plants are grasses! Artemisia, and Celtus; Sorbus, Prunus, and Physocarpus occur locally. This taxon is the dominant at most sites; but co-occurrence with Oreohelix jugalis and Oreohelix n. sp. 21 (Box Canyon mountainsnail) was noted at one site each. More frequent associates are Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Cryptomastix harfordiana. 98 Original distribution: The lava rock mountainsnail may once have been common in the central part of the lower Salmon River, i.e. between Riggins and White Bird, on suitable substrate. Current distribution: We found the lava rock mountainsnail at a total of 8 sites (Appendix C50). Unfortunately, at least 3 of these are now [1994] believed extirpated (Table 4). This species survives in perhaps 5 sites in the vicinity of Lucile and John Day Creek, less than half of the historic range. The type locality has been much affected by cattle grazing, and the species is currently very rare and found in only a limited part of the talus. The second colony mentioned by Solem (1975) may be extinct, as we have been unable to find live individuals there in the last 2 years (last seen live at this site in 1990). At least one locality is on BLM lands. Finds of recently dead material by us and by S. Welty (pers. comm., 1993) in 1990 and 1 991 along the White Bird Creek road indicated the possible presence of a colony in this area (alluded to also by Solem, 1975); however, this area was massively modified for grade improvement and for a home site in 1994, and there is no chance of survival at this site. We searched the relevant portion of the White Bird Creek valley in 1 993 and again in 1 994 anyway, unsuccessfully. Most sites (except the type locality) are along the main river corridor (Appendix C50). Threats: All known sites are impacted by grazing; the Lucile colony may have been extirpated by sheep grazing; the type locality has been heavily grazed by cattle. The other sites are similarly affected. Road construction and maintenance have considerably reduced the sites along US 95. Talus mining, especially for basalt gravel, has affected taluses in the immediate vicinity of al sites. Gold mining and prospecting impacts sites in schist lithologies. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are very clearly downward. Criteria for inclusion: Very local strict endemic; small number of sites; historic site loss and population decline in recent years; occurrence on public lands. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Currently, this species is a Federal C2 candidate (USFWS, 1994). It should minimally be considered a sensitive species by BLM, Forest Service, and other land management agencies. Comprehensive recent surveys of the lower Salmon River drainage for this and other land snail species, as conducted by us and by Solem and Clarke, as well as earlier efforts by numerous other workers, including H. Hemphill, H. B. Baker, A. Solem, and M. Walton, make it is very unlikely that later work will greatly expand either the range or number of sites for this species. Status surveys for Oreohelix species (specifically including this one) were first conducted in this area in 1973-1974 (Solem & Clarke, 1974); listing was recommended at that time (Solem & Clarke, 1974; Solem, 1975). We strongly recommend Federal and State (ID) listing as Endangered. References: Solem & Clarke (1974); Solem (1974, 1975); USFWS (1994); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990-1994. Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense (Pilsbry, 1902) thinlip tightcoil APPENDIX C53 Type locality: Stevens Ranch, Weiser Canyon (Weiser River), Adams Co., ID. Holotype ANSP 82353. 99 Description: The best summary description and illustration are in Pilsbry (1946); see also Baker (1931). As regards shell features, the close coiling and yellowish vitreous shell color distinguish this species from the related Pristiloma lansingi and Pristiloma arcticum. Ecology: A somewhat mesophilic species occurring generally in rather open-largely closed- canopy Ponderosa pine-Douglas fir forests, at rather low elevations, on a variety of substrates. In general, moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. tow on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding. Persistence of moisture for at least part of the year is a desideratum. Land snail associates include species of Cryptomastix (especially mullani mullani) and Allogona, Radiodiscus abietum, Microphysula ingersolli, and some more widespread forms (Baker, 1932). On occasion, this species has been found with such rare taxa as Megomphix lutarius, Polygyrella polygyrella, Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Pristiloma subrupicola, and Cryptomastix mullani latilabris. Original distribution: A Washingtonian Province taxon; but mostly in the eastern part of this province. Reported formerly from the following ID counties: Adams, Boise, Benewah, Boise, Clearwater, Idaho, Kootenai, and Shoshone. Included are sites currently in Payette, Nez Perce, Clearwater, and the Idaho Panhandle National Forests. Current distribution: Uncertain; we have not found this taxon at many of the old sites; nor has Brunson {pers. comm., 1993) at his western MT sites. T. Burke (pers. comm., 1994) has collected this species in eastern Washington. S. Welty (pers. comm., 1994) has also repeatedly tried unsuccessfully to recollect this species at some of the old sites, e.g. Rabbit Creek. The thinlip tightcoil has been noted during this survey at only one site, which is also the sole locality for Ogaridiscus subrupicola (Appendix C53). No live specimens were collected, in part due to fieldwork timing. Local associates also include Oreohelix haydeni hesperia and Cryptomastix mullani latilabris. Threats: Most of the former range has been logged and is now grazed. Other sites are part of the Coeur d'Alene-Kingston mining district. Some of this area has been severely affected by smetter emissions and mining wastes. Certainly, population trends (in number of sites and number of individuals) are downward. Locally, the preferred mesophilic habitat is rare, due to logging and settlement in the lower reaches of major Salmon River tributaries. Grazing and clearing have affected much former habitat. We have not found this species in some areas expected, e.g. the moist forests along the middle portion of Slate Creek or our upland Nez Perce National Forest sites. Criteria for inclusion: A regional endemic, reported from a small number of widely scattered sites; lack of recent collections; threats in areas of known past occurrence; occurrence on public lands. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This taxon has no special status at present. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Federal and State (ID) listing as Threatened may be appropriate for the reasons cited above. Locally, the species is evidently very rare and in need of protection. References: Pilsbry (1902, 1946); Baker (1932); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990. 100 WATCH LIST: SENSITIVE, BUT NOT CRITICALLY Under this heading are discussed taxa which are known or have been reported to occur in the Interior Columbia Basin; are known to have lost much of their range; and are regarded as sensitive species, i.e. especially associated with mature, relatively undisturbed forests; riparian areas; springs; and/or some combination of specialized or especially impacted habitat. However, these taxa may have had a comparatively broad range originally; or may be species which currently known or thought to be common outside the area of assessment elsewhere in the U.S. or in adjacent countries. These taxa are not regarded as in imminent danger of extinction without protection currently (although this may change rapidly, depending upon the management strategy adapted for public lands, and upon the effectiveness of its implementation). These taxa should be regarded as sensitive by land management and wildlife planners, and their status should be carefully and periodically reviewed. Complacency in regard to their status and needs is not suggested. Oreohelix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890) boulder pile mountainsnail APPENDIX C Type locality: "Salmon River Mountains, Idaho"; lectotype ANSP 62372a; for possible paralectotypes, see Coan & Roth (1987) and Frest & Johannes (1995a). Hemphill's lots often contained specimens of what we here term Oreohelix n. sp. 23. Description: The best previous description and illustrations are those of Pilsbry (1939); but see also Solem (1 975) for anatomy and Frest & Johannes (1 995a). Ecology: This species occurs at tow elevations in rock taluses (schist; basalt; metasediments; limestone) and boulder piles (mixed lithologies). This is a rather tolerant species, occupying the range from slightly mesophile to moderately-strongly xerophile. Sites are open, vary in exposure, and can be seasonally dry. Plant associates include Celtus, Rhus, Salix, Sorbus, and Cornus stolonifera, as well as grasses and a few bryophytes. Common associates include Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Allogona ptychophora solida, Cryptomastix hariordiana, and such Oreohelix species as Oreohelix vortex. The species is found occasionally with such species as Oreohelix waltoni and several of the new taxa described above. Original distribution: Limited to the area along the lower Salmon River from Riggins to about RM 20, mostly in Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: Still survives at a fair number of sites in the original range, including some on BLM lands. See Frest & Johannes(1995a) for a recent assessment. 101 Threats: Nearly all known sites are impacted by grazing; sheep, horses, and cattle have considerably reduced or even extirpated sites. Road construction and maintenance have considerably reduced sites along US 95, and probably extirpated the species from much of the corridor, judging by still-common dead shells. Talus mining, especially for basalt gravel and alluvium, has affected taluses in the immediate vicinity of all sites. Large sites near White Bird have been completely eliminated (in 1991 and 1994) from talus mining and road improvements. Road corridors are selectively located in preferred habitat of this species. Gold mining and prospecting impacts sites in schist lithologies. Boulder piles along the Salmon River are mostly disturbed by gold mining, and there is little indication that this species has reoccupied mining discard heaps and similar sites, even though some are quite old. Population trends (number of sites, number of individuals) are very clearly downward. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; occurrence on public lands; habitat decline; toss of historic sites. Treated as a Watch List species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: At present, this species is a C2 federal candidate (USFWS, 1994). With thorough survey, it has been noted as more common than originally expected, even though quite limited and though it has suffered considerable range and site toss (Frest & Johannes, 1995a). Assuming that sites for other, more rare species in the same corridor can be protected, it is possible that this species will be included on enough as to not warrant listing. The species should minimally be considered sensitive by the Forest Service, BLM, and other appropriate land management and wildlife agencies. If other species associated with jugalis are not protected then this taxon should be federally listed as Threatened. References: Hemphill (1890); Pilsbry (1939); Solem (1975); USFWS (1994); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-1994. Polygyrella polygyrella (Bland & Cooper, 1861) humped coin APPENDIX C52 Type locality: Eastern slope of the Coeur d'Alene Mountains, Sanders Co., MT (likely in Lolo National Forest currently). Location of hoiotype uncertain; Bland specimens in USNM. Description: For best descriptions and illustrations, see Pilsbry (1939); see also illustration in Burch&Pearce(1990). Ecology: Found generally in moist Douglas fir and spruce forests, often in association with rock outcrops. Substrate is quite variable, and can include basalt, schist, and limestone. Partly open forest with a rich understory, including diverse forbs, mosses, and deciduous shrubs, is common; the best colonies occur in forested taluses. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding. Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. Land snail associates include such forms as Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Allogona lombardir, mesophile-slight xerophile Oreohelix species; mesophile Cryptomastix species, including mullani mullani; Zacoleus idahoensis, and Hemphillia camelus. This species is a mesophile, but can tolerate moderately xerophilic conditions in rock taluses. This species often occurs with quite rare and endemic mesophile-weakly xerophile taxa, such as Anguispira nimapuna and Cryptomastix magnidentata. Local ecology is similar, with the species being found in moist, shaded and forested sites, with diverse land snail faunas. Here, the few known localities are on basalt substrate. Associates 102 include Oreohelix vortex, Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. Original distribution: in MT, generally in the Clark Fork River drainage, Bitterroot Range and Coeur d'Alene Mountains; in ID, in the Coeur d'Alene River drainage (Kootenai Co.); the Clearwater, Lochsa, and Selway drainages (Nez Perce, Idaho cos.); and also in the Blue Mountains (Walla Walla Co., WA; Umatilla Co., OR). Generally a Washingtonian Province species; but absent from the western portions of this province. Current distribution: T. Burke (pers. comm., 1994) has not found this species in NE WA; nor have we. Recent attempts to recollect the Blue Mountain localities were also unsuccessful. This species is known from very few MT sites (R. B. Brunson, pers. comm., 1993). Old sites were in Clearwater National Forest, Nez Perce National Forest, Nez Perce Tribe lands, Lolo National Forest, possibly Kaniksu National Forest; and the Panhandle National Forests. We have (1991, 1994) unsuccessfully tried the old sites in the vicinity of Coeur d' Alene, Cataldo, and Old Mission. The Mission Creek site is still viable, though threatened by quarry expansion (see discussion under Cryptomastix magnidentata in Frest & Johannes, 1995). For another old site, see Branson, Sisk, & McCoy (1966). In the Lower Salmon River survey area, we have noted the species at only 3 sites; one of these (102 ) was likely extirpated in 1994. All three sites are along White Bird Creek (Appendix C52). The species is uncommon at the 2 remaining sites. Similar habitat elsewhere in the area {e.g., along Rock Creek and its upper tributaries; along Papoose Creek or Squaw Creek) lack the taxon; and we have not found it as yet at higher elevation sites in Nez Perce National Forest. Threats: Logging and grazing over most of known and potential range; the species is restricted to rather moist sites, generally in exceptionally botanically diverse and intact forests. Logging of relatively intact moderate-elevation Douglas fir forest; grazing of much of the logged terrain; highway construction and other river right-of-way impacts; severe forest fires. This species was probably once very common and widespread. It has lost most of its habitat and most historic sites; but a fair number of other sites probably remain viable. We have found it only very locally abundant. Threats to local sites include road grading construction and expansion of White Bird (responsible for the demise of 1 site in 1994), logging, and brush clearing. One of the White Bird sites is the putative type locality for Oreohelix vortex {q.v.). Criteria for inclusion: This regional endemic species is definitely declining in terms of remaining habitat and population size. Some old sites are known to be extirpated. Most historic sites are on federal lands, including Nez Perce National Forest, Clearwater National Forest, the Idaho Panhandle National Forests, and Umatilla National Forest. Sites occur on Nez Perce Tribe and BLM lands as well. Because this taxon originally had a rather extensive range, and because we have not had the opportunity to recheck all old sites, we are not recommending listing at present. One should note, however, that the whole family or subfamily to which it belongs (Ammonitellinae) is rare and thought to have a relict distribution. Several members of this group are either federal listing candidates or have been suggested for listing, including members of all other ammonitellinid genera {Megomphix, Ammon'rtella, Polygyroidea, and Glyptostoma). Treated as a Watch List species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: We do not recommend federal or State (WA, OR, ID, MT) listing at this juncture; however, it should be regarded as a sensitive species by Forest Service, BLM, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Locally, it is very rare (Table 4) and in some danger of extirpation. References: Pilsbry (1939); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-1994. 103 Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum Baker, 1930 fir pinwheel APPENDIX C56 Type locality: Near the mouth of the East Fork of the Weiser River, on Stevens Ranch Adams Co., ID. Holotype ANSP 149979a; paratypes 149979. Description: See Baker (1930) and Pilsbry (1948) for description and illustrations. This medium- sized species is much larger and has a comparatively smaller umbilicus than the Southwestern Province Radiodiscus millicostatus. Anatomy of the two nominal subgenera is rather different and each is monotypic. Ecology: Generally found in rather moist, rocky forested terrain, at medium-high elevations Most often, the dominant vegetation is Pseudotsuga menziesii forest, with a rich understory including many forbs, deciduous shrubs, and bryophytes. The species has also been found in Thuja stands. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. The regolith is variable, ranging from basalt to schist to limestone. Common associates include Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix mullani subspp. and other Cryptomastix spp., larger mesophile Oreohelix spp., Polygyrella polygyrella, and slugs such as Hemphillia camelus and Zacoleus idahoensis. A mesophile species, apparently feeding on partly decayed leaves and organic debris in soil The Lower Salmon River occurrence seems more or less typical in ecology and associates (for latter see Table 3); Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 is present at the site. Original distribution: Old sites for this species included the Blue Mountains WA and OR- a string of western ID and D Panhandle counties (Bonner, Kootenai, Shoshone Clearwater Nez mSSt'S10, 3nd Adams)'' eXtreme NE WA (Ferry Co" T- Burke' Pers- comm' 1994); and part of NW MT (Lincoln, Sanders, Lake, Mineral, Ravalli, & Missoula cos.; Brunson & Russell 1967) River valleys involved included the upper Weiser, Little Salmon, Salmon, Hells Canyon, Coeur d'Alene St. Joe, Clearwater, Lochsa, Selway [all Snake tributaries), Flathead, Kootenai Clark Fork and Bitterroot. Sites on public lands include ones in Payette, Nez Perce, Clearwater and the Panhandle National Forests. Some notion of relative rarity can be gauged from this study we found this species at a single site. ' Current distribution: Known to survive at several sites in NE WA (T. Burke, pers comm 1 994)- we have unsuccessfully rechecked most of the old ID sites, finding it extirpated in all but one On the other hand, we have collected this species in several sites recently; mostly remnant moist forest patches at moderate elevations. Thus far, we have noted this species at only one Lower Salmon River drainage site at moderate elevation in the Papoose Creek drainage (site 180: Appendix C56; see also Appendices A and B). It is thus very rare locally, although other sites, particularly in Nez Perce National Forest, are possible. The species was absent at several seemingly suitable sites in this area, however. Threats: Logging of relatively intact moderate-elevation Douglas fir forest; grazing of much of the logged terrain; highway construction and other river right-of-way impacts; severe forest fires This species was probably once very common and widespread. It has lost most of its habitat and most nistonc sites; but a fair number of other sites probably remain viable. We have found it nowhere 104 abundant. The only local site has been largely logged; and this species was found only in a small rocky area not completely clear-cut. Criteria for inclusion: Regional (primarily eastern portion of the Washingtonian Province and a very limited area of the Rocky Mountain Province) endemic; mature forest species; occurrence on public lands; riparian associate. Treated as a Watch List species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Formal Federal or State (WA, OR, ID, MT) listing is probably unnecessary at this point. However, this species should be considered sensitive by Forest Service, BLM, and other appropriate federal and state land management and wildlife agencies. It is likely very rare on BLM lands in the area, and should probably be afforded protection. References: Baker (1930); Pilsbry (1948); Brunson & Russell (1967); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Debris collections, 1988-1994. Zacoleus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 sheathed slug APPENDIX C61 Type locality: Meadows, Washington Co., Idaho; holotype ANSP 87493a. Description: See Pilsbry (1903, 1948) for best description and illustrations; see also illustration in Burch & Pearce (1990). Ecology: This species is a moderate mesophile-notophile, which can sometimes be found also in somewhat more xeric sites. Most sites are in relatively intact and ftorally diverse forests, generally Douglas fir, spruce, or Ponderosa pine, with a rich understory including many forbs and bryophytes. It most often occurs at moderate-high elevations. At high elevation sites, forests may be more open, and nonvascular plants a more significant component of the flora. Moist valley, ravine, gorge, or talus sites are preferred, i.e. low on a slope and near permanent or persistent water, but not normally subject to regular or catastrophic flooding. Persistence of moisture is a desideratum. It has been noted with many other land snail and slug species, including Hemphillia camelus, Magnipelta mycophaga, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Allogona lombardii, Polygyrella polygyrella, various Cryptomastix species, including mullani mullani; Anguispira kochi occidentalis; and Anguispira nimapuna. The local occurrences are typical, with high-diversity land snail faunas (Table 3) in well- forested situations with a nearly closed canopy and persistent moisture. Limestone is the substrate here; but the taxon is not so restricted elsewhere in its range. Original distribution: Lower Salmon-Little Salmon River drainage, Clearwater (including Lochsa and Selway) River drainage, Coeur d'Alene (including St. Joe) River drainage, Washington, Adams, Idaho, Bonner, Kootenai, Shoshone, and Clearwater cos., ID; Clark Fork River drainage! Sanders Co., MT. Old sites are in the Idaho Panhandle National Forests, Clearwater National Forest, Nez Perce National Forest, Payette National Forest, and Lolo National Forest, as well as on BLM and other lands in this same region. Current distribution: Still occurs at scattered sites in the original distribution. Collected recently (1989-1994) at a few sites in the Lolo Pass area; Coeur d'Alene drainage; and Clearwater drainage. During this survey, the species was noted at 2 sites in the middle Slate Creek drainage (Appendix C61). We did not find it at our Little Salmon River sites, although it has been recorded from this drainage previously. 105 IIWHIMiail11— ll"M""",""Tl'IIB'Tr,i' Threats: Logging and grazing over most of known and potential range; the species is restricted to rather moist sites, generally in exceptionally botanically diverse and intact forests. Logging of relatively intact moderate-elevation Douglas fir forest; grazing of much of the logged terrain; highway construction and other river right-of-way impacts; severe forest fires. This species was probably once very common and widespread. It has lost most of its habitat and most historic sites; but a fair number of other sites probably remain viable. We have found it only very locally abundant. It is less sensitive than the more clearly notophiie slug genera, such as Prophysaon and Hemphillia. Threats to local sites are similar, and include road building and maintenance, limestone quarrying, and grazing. Much of the potential habitat area has been logged and is now grazed; the species is absent from such sites. Historic sites along the little Salmon River and lower John Day Creek appear to have been extirpated. We consider the taxon locally to be very rare and in need of protection. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; occurrence on public lands; loss of historic sites; loss of most habitat. Treated as a Watch List species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This slug has none at present. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other federal and state land management and wildlife agencies, e.g. in ID and MT. However, enough sites are likely to exist as to not require federal listing at this time. References: Pilsbry (1903, 1948); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990-1994. NONSENSITIVE SPECIES Discussed below are those land snail species encountered during this survey which are not regarded as Sensitive or Watch List species in the sense employed herein, i.e. rare or seriously declining, with some palpable danger of extinction throughout the Interior Columbia Basin. These taxa are generally widely distributed (often cosmopolitan or regional endemic [Washingtonian Province] and currently are in no serious danger of complete extinction. Local status of these taxa (within the survey area) may differ considerably. Accordingly, a discussion of each is included here, in much condensed format as compared to the foregoing. Local status is emphasized; for more comprehensive discussions of the geographic range of these taxa, and their distribution and ecology, consult the literature. 106 Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora ptychophora (Brown, 1870) dry land forestsnail APPENDIX C4 This taxon is still widely distributed in eastern WA, northern ID, eastern OR, and western MT. It is also the most commonly encountered larger land taxon in the Lower Salmon River Valley, with over 79 sites (Table 3; Appendix C4) scattered through the survey area. While a number of dead- only sites were noted (Table 4) and considerable site loss has occurred, here as elsewhere, this taxon is in no present danger of local extinction. Although this subspecies does prefer somewhat xeric habitats, the most xeric are inhabited by the subspecies solida (q.v.) and the species is common in dry-moderately wet forested sites as well. No substrate preference is obvious; and talus piles are especially good habitat, particularly if springs or seeps are nearby. A wide variety of plant taxa were noted at sites with this species; and it occurs through a broad elevation range. Considerable variation was noted in Lower Salmon populations in terms in shell morphology, body color, and anatomy; and it is quite possible that the nominate subspecies is actually a species complex; this point requires further investigation. Montana populations (which include the type locality) are seemingly not as variable. Anguispira kochi occidentalis (Von Martens, 1882) no common name: we suggest western globe APPENDIX C6 This taxon is widely distributed in the Rocky Mountain and Washingtonian provinces, with isolated Oregonian occurrences as well. Most typically, it is a mesic land snail particularly characteristic of moderate-high elevation coniferous and mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. No substrate preference is evident. The more xeric occurrences, e.g. in the Columbia Gorge, OR-WA have been termed Anguispira kochi eyerdami, a taxon which could be valid, based on present knowledge. Local sites are similar in ecology and few in number (5 only: see Table 4 and Appendix C6). Common associates generally are other mesic forest snails, such as Cryptomastix mullani mullani and mullani olneyae; Allogona lombardir, and such species as Oreohelix subrudis and Hemphillia camelus. In the Lower Salmon River area, occurrences are similar in associates and ecology; but may include local endemics such as Cryptomastix mullani latilabris, Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, or Oreohelix n. sp. 22. As might be expected, forest habitat with this species is currently quite limited in the Lower Salmon River area; and occurrences are at higher elevations or in relict, mature forest areas. This taxon is in no danger of extinction generally; but is rare locally, and could be extirpated in this region if care is not taken with existing sites. Most surviving sites are likely at moderate elevations on Forest Service lands. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller, 1774) glossy pillar APPENDIX C8 This small land snail is Holarctic in distribution. In many areas, it is a synanthromorph (e. g., western WA) and is found in a variety of habitats, covering a broad range of substrates and elevation. Locally, it has been noted from 12 sites (fairly frequently for a small species), mostly rather xeric or mesic. These localities are fairly scattered over the survey area along the main Salmon River 107 corndor (Appendix C8). ft is associated with a variety of large and small taxa (Table 3), making succinct faunal characterization difficult. The glossy pillar is also widely distributed in the Oregonian, Washingtonian, and Rocky Mountain provinces, as well as in eastern North America. There is no danger of regional extinction and little of local extirpation, and we regard the species as locally common. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani mullani (Bland & Cooper, 1 861 ) Coeur d'Alene oregonian APPENDIX C13 This regional endemic (Washingtonian and Rocky Mountain provinces) is still common in scattered sites within the historic range and is in no danger of extinction currently, despite the loss of some histonc sites and widespread environmental modifications through much of its known area of occurrence. It is not, however, particularly widespread in the survey area (4 sites [Table 3)) although locally common. We regard it as rare in the Lower Salmon River Valley, and most likely to be found at moist mature forest sites at moderate to high elevations. This mesophile taxon is often found associated with Oreohelix strigosa depressa and related forms; Anguispira kochi occidentalis; and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora As such sites are now rare in the survey area, we do not expect large numbers of additional sites on BLM lands, although populations on National Forest holdings are quite possible. Cryptomastix mullani olneyae (Pilsbry, 1891) no common name: we suggest Spokane oregonian APPENDIX C14 Like the foregoing taxon, this subspecies of mullani is a common and widespread regional endemic, characteristic of somewhat mesic-slightly xeric, often forested sites in the Washingtonian and Rocky Mountain provinces. It has been reported previously from the survey area. We found it at 22 sites scattered loosely over the whole survey area (Appendix C14V most colonies are on major tributaries, rather than very near to the mainstem Salmon River Land snail associates are much more varied locally than typical for sites with the subspecies and include numerous mes.c species of Oreohelix and Cryptomastix, plus such taxa as Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Anguispira kochi occidentalis (Table 3). As with localities e sewhere, the regolrth is varied, and the taxon has been reported from a wide range of elevations. a We regard this subspecies as locally common and in no present danger of extinction here or in most of its historic range (Table 2). 108 Discus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) forest disc APPENDIX C20 This species is recorded in the literature almost invariably as Discus cronkhitei (Newcomb, 1 865); the current species concept is due to Roth (1987). This taxon is Holarctic and widely distributed in the eastern U.S. (Hubricht, 1985). it is less frequent in the western U.S., but still widespread and in no danger of extirpation. Despite the common name, this species is found in a wide range of habitats, including swamp and floodplain edges and prairies, as well as forests. Generally, it is found in relatively moist places. We found it to be very rare in the Lower Salmon Valley (2 sites: Tables 2- 4). Both were at moderate elevations, in relatively moist situations, and some distance from the mainstem Salmon River (Appendix C20). We think it is very likely that many other sites exist at higher elevations in the study area, so that local extirpation is not likely to be a problem. However, three things should be noted about Lower Salmon River populations. The first is the species' apparent absence from the many spring-associated sites we collected at lower elevations. The second is the lack of D. whitneyiin litter samples from the area (see Table 3 and Appendix 1). Finally, live specimens from the Slate Creek drainage (site 1 76) appear to differ in shell morphology and body color from any other tots we have seen, and our ascription of material from this site to Discus whitneyi is only tentative. The local status of this species requires further investigation. Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry, 1906 no common name: we suggest western hive APPENDIX C21 The western hive is widely distributed and locally common in the Oregonian, Washingtonian, and Rocky Mountain provinces. Often overlooked in the literature, this taxon is readily distinguished by the fine but distinct radial ribbing on the upper half of the shell. Most literature references to Euconulus fulvus in the coastal Pacific states refer to this taxon; and the nominate subspecies is rare in the Rocky Mountain states, in our experience. This subspecies, like most Euconulus, occurs in moist leaf litter in forests, floodplain edges, and prairies and meadows at a wide range of elevations. We found it at only 5 sites (Tables 3-4) in the survey area, from which it had not been previously reported (Table 1). Sites are along main tributaries as well as the Salmon River proper (Appendix C21). More detailed litter sampling would probably turn up additional sites, particularly at higher elevations. We regard it as uncommon in the Lower Salmon River area, but as likely in no danger of local extinction. The subspecies' subpopulations appear healthy throughout most of its range. Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840) minute gem APPENDIX C22 While this small species is quite widespread geographically, and something of a synanthromorph, it is not particularly abundant or common in western U.S. sites (see, e.g., Branson, 1977, 1980; Branson & Branson, 1984). Locally, we found it rarely at a total of 8 sites (Tables 3,4). Locality distribution was sporadic through the central part of the survey area, with sites both along the mainstem Salmon River and major tributary streams (Appendix C22). The habitat ranges from 109 ,™™-m—"'mm-™~-~—™"™,"^m-^—'-^Mm!nMm . ..._ rather dry talus to moist forested situations; and this species was probably overlooked at some sites because of its small size. Hubricht (1985) regards it as a species of bare ground situations and did not find it in leaf litter. We have found it in such samples quite frequently, both in forest and prairie situations, both in the Midwest and western U.S. While in toto, it is ranked as very rare locally (Table 2), it is unlikely to be extirpated by human activities and should not be regarded as a Sensitive species. Helicodiscus salmoneus Binney, 1886 Salmon coil APPENDIX C23 This is the most widespread of the smaller land snail species in the Lower Salmon River Valley. As the name implies, the type locality is in the Lower Salmon River valley, and it has long been regarded as characteristic of this area. No very precise site has yet been designated (Figure 2); although there is a need to do so! We found it at 34 sftes (Table 3), rather impartially distributed through the survey area (Appendix C23), in terms of both elevation and stream size. This species seems to be more distinctly xerophile in its habitat preferences than are many of the eastern U.S. species. Most sites were in taluses or rock outcrops at low to moderate elevations; typically, localities were comparatively dry and open and in sage scrub. East of the Mississippi a number of Helicodiscus species occupy the Cumberland and Interior provinces; diversity of the Helicodiscidae is quite limited in the western U.S., with this species and Speleodiscoides spirellum the only native taxa. Helicodiscus salmoneus is widespread in the eastern part of the Washingtonian mollusk province; and this regional endemic is probably currently in no danger of extinction, regionally or locally. Microphysula ingersolli ingersolli (Bland, 1874) spruce snail APPENDIX C25 This small taxon is of scattered but relatively common occurrence in part of the western U.S., especially the Washingtonian Province. The genus as a whole is characteristic of the Western Division provinces. The subspecies is most often found in talus and rocky area, often forested but somewhat dry- the taxon is best characterized as a mesophile-slight xerophile. Its Oregonian Province counterpart, M. cookei, appears to be a forest mesophile. Perhaps because of the scarcity of such habitats in the Lower Salmon River area, the species is very rare locally (Table 2). We found it at only 3 sites, situated between Riggins and Slate Creek and off the Salmon River proper. We see little danger of complete extirpation of this taxon; but local extinction is a distinct possibility unless known or other sites are protected. 110 Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) western flatcoil APPENDIX C51 This is primarily a species of the Oregonian and Washingtonian provinces, only recently reported from northern California (Roth, 1987) and not previously known from this area. This small taxon is mostly a forest snail, especially common in moist lowland areas and frequently encountered in litter samples. Its preferred habitat is rare in the Lower Salmon River Valley; and the western flatcoil is thus predictably rare locally. We found it live at a single site (Appendix C51). This site is also the only local locality for Punctum pusillum {q.v., below). On a broad scale, much suitable habitat remains for this species even though the majority of forest in its range has been logged, and the species is not currently in danger of extinction. Local extirpation, however, is quite possible. We expect that sites remain on Nez Perce National Forest holdings, although our sites there so far have not had this species. Punctum (Toltecia) pusillum (Lowe, 1831) striate spot APPENDIX C54 This is the taxon that, until the recent work of Roth (1 986a), was known as Punctum conspectum (Bland, 1865). Roth presents strong reasons for regarding the West Coast specimens as examples of the European species. Most typically, this very small species is found in moist and shaded forest environments in the Pacific Northwest. It is most easily collected in numbers in litter samples. While the striate spot has lost most of its habitat, it is currently in no danger of extinction, in part because of its status as a regional endemic with a comparatively broad areal distribution. It nevertheless is very rare locally. We found the species live at a single site (41 : see Appendix A and B, Appendix C54 for details), associated with Planogyra clappi, Cryptomastix harfordiana, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (Table 3). The locality is unusually moist and mossy for a lowland Salmon River site; most such previously existing have been cleared or otherwise modified. Partly as a result of wholesale habitat change, we regard it as very rare locally and in real danger of extinction on BLM lands. Interestingly, we have not found it on higher elevation forested sites in Nez Perce National Forest as yet. Pupilla hebes (Ancey, 1881) crestless column APPENDIX C55 This small pupillid is a regional endemic, especially characteristic of the eastern part of the Washingtonian Province and portions of the Rocky Mountain Province. It is most typically found in somewhat open, dry, and rocky habitats, generally at lower elevations; but is absent from very dry sites. It sometimes occurs in mountain meadows. Little substrate preference is evident. Associates may include a variety of small and large taxa, such as Vallonia cyclophorella, Cochlicopa lubrica, Helicodiscus salmoneus, Vertigo spp. such as modesta, various Oreohelix spp., Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, etc. Local occurrences with Cryptomastix harfordiana and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 are frequent. Lower Salmon River occurrences are fairly typical, although the genus Vertigo is very rare locally. This taxon was noted at 9 sites in the area from the mouth of the Rapid River north to a point between the mouths of Rock Creek and White Bird Creek (Appendix C55). It is uncommon 111 ■-■'■-"■i-r.'-i-t'iirlitl-i in the region generally (Table 2), but is in no substantive danger of local extirpation. Sites are mostly on the Lower Salmon River proper; but sites at moderate elevations in major tributaries are known also. Vallonia cyclophorella (Sterki, 1892) silky vallonia APPENDIX C58 This very small taxon is typical of certain of the Western Division Provinces, in particular the Rocky Mountain and Washingtonian. The species can tolerate rather strongly xeric and open situations ™? S J ^eqUent,y;n ta,us- in rockV areas- on floodplain edges, and in grasslands, ft is associated wrth a range of small and large taxa (for associates here, see Table 3), including Pupilla nf^t'J Pl 'UbnCa' P/SCUS Whitneyi' A,logona SPP' and various Cryptomastix and Oreotospec.es It is particularly likely to be found along edges on boulders and rock faces and at tne base of rock taluses. This was one of the more common taxa encountered during our study The 14 sites are SSS d °/UA9h "*? i th,6 SUrV6y area" ^^"y bLrt not exclusively along the mainstem Salmon R,ver (Appendix C58). This species is in good condition generally throughout its range as it is here also, and in no need of special protection. Vertigo concinnula Cockerell, 1897 mitered vertigo APPENDIX C59 The mitered vertigo is a significant regional endemic, particular to portions of the Washingtonian in SSSTJ; ?lRockytMountain Prince. This species h associated wfth springs and' seeps noto IZ fsTlZ "2 S6em t0 ^ a,f°reSt SpedeS- M°St Verti9° sPecies are mes°Ph"es or notophiles, some, like this one, can tolerate comparatively dry and open habitats if sufficient moisture is availably Although there are a numbertfspnngs in L surve'y arsTwe did noTfS t™J^~cls 0CCUrrenC6S <*""** ^ h the ^ Creek draina9e are We have collected this species at a scattering of sites across its old range While most former^ favorable habitat has been lost, due to a combination of grazing, spring ™dTcatioTo diversion for agncultural and stock usage, and other human activities, it seems unlikely That thfe species ,s currently m any danger of extinction. Localfy, however, ft seems very rare; both known sites have been impacted by road construction and grazing; and local extirpation is quite possible Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1905 western glass-snail APPENDIX C60 This thin-shelled semislug is listed under the European Vitrina pellucida (Muller 1774) in tTmeZn R 988)- ThJS Ty be r6aSOnable; bUt We Prefer to "■*«* «*S3 usageTorthe verier, of tSSH' COSm°P0,rtan in rStem N°rth America' this taxon *~ been sported from a variety of habitats, rang.ng from muskeg and near-tundra situations to fairly xeric habitats No easy 112 characterization of associates is possible. Locally, most sites are quite open and xeric, with rock (especially basalt) talus being especially common; and vegetation ranging from nearly none to grasses and sage scrub. It also occurs locally on rather moist, north-facing slopes in partly open Ponderosa pine forests. The western glass-snail is usually seen in small numbers at particular sites. Its life history is unusual, with activity sometimes continuing into winter. We see most specimens in early spring. It is locally common; the 17 occurrences noted (Tables 3,4) are widely distributed through the survey area, with nearly all, however, at sites along the mainstem Salmon River (Appendix C60). This taxon is relatively secure throughout its range, as far as we are aware. Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1816) quick gloss APPENDIX C62 This cosmopolitan taxon is perhaps the most widely distributed land snail species in North America. It is considerably less frequent in the western U.S. than in the east; but has been recorded from all of the western states, generally at a number of sites (Hubricht, 1985, p. 32, 137). The quick gloss has been recorded from a variety of habitats. In the western states, it is something of a synanthromorph but also found in open woods, along floodplains, and in swampy areas or near springs Zonitoides arboreus seems to be very rare in the survey area. It was noted at a single site, a spring on a north-facing slope, east of Riggins (Appendix C62). This species is probably one of the most secure native land snail taxa in the United States, its rarity in this area was surprising, particularly its absence from litter samples. SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN STATUS We here deal with a few taxa whose taxonomic affinities and/or occurrence in the survey area could not be resolved during this survey. Typically, such taxa belong to poorly-studied families such as the Succineidae. Catinella avara (Say, 1824) suboval ambersnail APPENDIX C7 Snails ascribed to this very widespread taxon [e.g., see Hubricht (1985)] are known locally from about 8 sites (Table 4), mostly limited to the river stretch between Riggins and the mouth of Slate Creek (Appendix C7). At all of these sites, the species was rare; and at most it was represented by dead specimens only. This succineid elsewhere is typically found in low, wet situations, such as edges of marshes, swamps, and floodplains; these can range from quite open to heavily shaded. The local occurrences are in quite xeric taluses, on ether basalt or limestone regoliths, and 113 typically very open. We ascribe the material collected so far to this taxon with strong reservations; the shell characters are similar; but only one or two live specimens were collected. The ecology suggests that this is almost certainly another species. Unfortunately, western U.S. succineids are very poorly studied. This taxon is likely a local endemic. Most eastern U.S. succineids occur in similar habitats, i.e. are notophiles; but xeric forms are quite widespread in the western U.S., as in Hawaii. This taxon is very rare locally; and while listing status cannot be resolved on present information, it is obviously in some need of protection in the Lower Salmon River corridor. Common associates here are such species as Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis and Cryptomastix harfordiana. Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani hemphilli (Binney, 1886) no common name: we suggest Hemphill oregonian This subspecies was ascribed to the survey area by Pilsbry (1940). We were unable to collect this taxon locally, either at the reported site or elsewhere in the survey area. Examination of museum lots indicates that at least some sites have populations characterized by a nearly completely covered umbilicus, and it is quite likely that this subspecies is valid; however, other localities accepted by Pilsbry are essentially indistinguishable from mullani olneyae. We have inadequate material at hand from sites elsewhere in the reported range to resolve the status of this subspecies; but doubt its continued presence in the Lower Salmon region, except perhaps very rarely. Should a live site be discovered, the colony should be protected. Deroceras sp. no common name: fieldslug APPENDIX C18 Slugs belonging to this genus are in need of revision in the western U.S. Several species have been ascribed to the area; while we are able to eliminate most, the small number of live specimens collected during this survey has precluded definitive species-level identification. The 4 occurrences (Table 3) are clumped into two disjunct areas (Appendix C18), one on the Lower Salmon River itself near the mouth of Slate Creek (Horseshoe Bend area) and the other on a tributary of Rock Creek. The two areas have in common the presence of springs and unusually moist habitat at comparatively low elevations. Most western species of Deroceras are not in any imminent danger of extinction, with the possible exception of Deroceras monentolophus and D. hesperium (for the latter, see Frest & Johannes, 1993; for the former, Pilsbry, 1948). However, the genus is evidently very rare locally, in part due to lack of suitable habitat; and the status of the Lower Salmon River examples needs further study to resolve species identity and distribution. 114 Succinea stretchiana Bland, 1865 Sierra ambersnail APPENDIX C57 This moderate-sized western U.S. succineid was classified as Catinella in Turgeon et al. (1988); we prefer to retain Pilsbry's (1948) assignment for the time being. The is one of a group of poorly understood western succineids which are more or less characteristic of semi-xeric habitats. Pilsbry reports various sites from Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and California, with most localities in the latter. Reexamination and anatomical characterization of this taxon, and more particularly of non-California lots, is highly desirable. The unusual ranges suggests that more than one taxon is involved. We have not seen material definitely attributable to this species elsewhere in Idaho. It seems to be very rare in the Lower Salmon River area, and was not recorded here previously. We found ft at 2 sites only (Appendix C57), in the Slate Creek-John Day Creek portion of the mainstem river corridor. Both sites had dead specimens only. Both were strongly xeric locales, dry, open, and rocky, with sage scrub vegetation. We are unable to confirm live occurrence of this taxon presently. FRESHWATER TAXA Freshwater mollusks were beyond the scope of our contract. Nevertheless, we have collected these from time to time in the survey area recently; and this drainage has been a source of freshwater material for the same period of time as it has been for the better-known terrestrial mollusks. Moreover, there are several endemic or rare taxa present in the Lower Salmon River drainage. Certain of these taxa are current federal listing candidates, o should be considered for formal federal listing, and have been recommended for such listing previously. Hence, while we do not consider our results definitive or complete, some observations are made here on a number of species. We do not include specific sfte information or maps here except occasionally. For further information, see Frest & Johannes (1993, 1995a) or individual species references. FRESHWATER SNAILS Fisherola nuttalli (Haldeman, 1843) shortface lanx Type locality: "Lower Columbia River" near the old mouth of the Willamette River near Portland, Multnomah Co., OR (could have been from the Willamette River itself also: see Frest & Neitzel (in 115 press, a)); Holotype of Ancylus crassus=Fisherola nuttalli ANSP 124320; paratype of Ancylus crassus ANSP 350079 (both said to be from Spokane River, WA); other Nuttall specimens USNM 169958, from the Willamette River near Portland, OR. Description: The best description and illustrations are those of Frest & Neitzel (in press, a); see also Burch (1989). Ecology: Generally found in unpolluted swift-flowing, highly oxygenated cold water on stable boulder-gravel substrate, often in the vicinity of rapids, in small to large rivers. Macrophytes are generally rare to absent at sites with this species, as are epiphytic algae. This species sometimes occurs with Fluminicola columbiana. For details, see Frest & Neitzel (in press, a). Original distribution: Formerly widespread in the tower Columbia River, Snake River, and a few major tributaries, WA-OR-ID-MT-BC. For details, see Frest & Neitzel (in press, a). Most of the old sites are known to be extirpated, e.g. Frest & Johannes (1993f); Neitzel & Frest, 1989, 1993; Frest & Neitzel (in press, a). Current distribution: The tower Columbia River populations are largely extinct due to habitat modification caused by Bonneville Power Administration [BPA] dams and impoundments, although one occurrence is known near Bonneville Dam (from NMFS collections, 1990) and another near the mouth of the Columbia: still survives in the Hanford Reach, WA; the lower Deschutes River and the John Day River, OR; part of the Snake River (middle Snake, ID; Hells Canyon, OR-ID); the Salmon River, ID, and the Methow and Okanogan rivers, WA; see Neitzel & Frest (1989, 1992, 1993), Frest & Neitzel (in press, a), and Frest & Johannes (1991a, b; 1993c) for details. Many of these areas are on (or influenced by management practices on) federal lands, e.g. Hanford Site (DOE), Deschutes Wld and Scenic River, Hells Canyon National Recreation Area; Okanogan National Forest; Gffford Pinchot National Forest; Mt. Hood National Forest; and Bonneville Power Administration. This taxon locally is confined to the lower Salmon River . it does not occur in the Rapid River, Little Salmon River, or Salmon tributaries. In the Salmon, we have not found it beyond the western portion of the River of No Return. East of Riggins, it is very sporadic; but colonies are found in major rapids areas, such as Music Bar and Ruby Bar. The species is (or was) more generally distributed in gravel and cobble areas from above Riggins to the river mouth. It is absent from sites that have been dredged, subjected to hydraulic gold mining, or have bedrock substrate. Threats: Impoundment and damming of much of the original habitat; sedimentation; orchard runoff; nutrient enrichment due to agricultural practices; pulp mill effluents; metal smelting residues and discharges. In addition, gravel and gold mining are significant local threats. Criteria for inclusion: Riparian associate; current federal candidate; occurs on public lands. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: This species has no special status at present. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management and wildlife agencies. NPS (1994) seems barely aware of this taxon. Recommended as Federally Threatened; Threatened in WA; Threatened in OR; Endangered in MT; and Endangered in ID. Note extensive recent surveys specifically for this taxon. Currently (and inexplicably only) a Category 3 Federal candidate USFWS, 1994). Recommended for listing by Frest & Johannes (1991b, 1993c, 1995a). USFWS recently rejected a petition to upgrade the status of this species. References: Taylor (1982a); Neitzel & Frest (1989, 1990, 1992, 1993); USFWS (1991, 1994); Frest & Neitzel (in press, a); Frest & Johannes (1991a, b; 1993b, c, 1995a); Deixis collections, 1987-1994. 116 Fluminicola fuscus (Haldeman, 1841) Columbia pebblesnail Type locality: Type not located with certainty; type locality "Oregon"; claimed (Baker 1 964) holotype and paratypes (ANSP 27772, 27774) may not be (see Hershler & Frest (in 'press)- lectotype and paralectotypes of Amnicola hindsi Baird, 1863, type locality "River Kootanie" [sic. Kootenay River, British Columbia], BMNH 1 863.2.4.1 7A, 1863.2.4.17, to be designated by Hershler & Frest (in press); lectotype of Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill in Pilsbry, 1899 ANSP 27767; type locality Columbia River, probably at Wallula, Wala Walla Co., WA. Coan (1985) and Coan& Roth (1987) ascribe the species to Keep (1887) as Fluminicola nuttalliana columbiana Keep, 1887, unlike essentially all other authors. They may be technically correct (ICZN, 1985, Articles 10-12, 50), for even though the name is first mentioned in Hemphill (1881) it was there unaccompanied by a description, definition, or indication; and a short description is supplied in Keep (1887). However, the situation for this and other Hemphill and Carpenter species described under similar circumstances may not be so straightforward. Contra Coan & Roth (1987, p. 327), there is no compelling reason to believe that Fluminicola nuttalliana columbiana Keep, 1887 is the same as Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill in Pilsbry, 1899 [more properly, Fluminicola columbiana Pilsbry, 1899, according to ICZN (1985) rules, if it is assumed that the description in Pilsbry (1899) was written by Pilsbry and not derived from communications with Hemphill; in the latter case, the traditional usage would be correct] even if both were derived from Hemphill lots. According to Coan & Roth (1987 p 322) Hemphil'l lumped together under a single locality specimens from numerous stations". If this is so the only way to be even reasonably certain that the specimens in Keep's collection were the same taxon as other Hemphill specimens ascribed by Hemphill to the same taxon, let alone from the same locality would be by direct comparison. Moreover, the types for the 1887 names would have to be drawn rom the material in Keep's possession, e.g. "if, on the other hand, a name was made available by Pilsbry, ex Hemphill MS", or the like, then the converse is the case: supposed Hemphill syntypes have no standing: the type material is only that which Pilsbry (or some other author) consulted" (Coan & Roth, 1987, p. 324). We agree that this follows from Coan & Roth's assumptions; but in this case, much of the type material accepted by Coan & Roth (1987) is incongruent with their choice of author and date for the involved taxa. As far as we can determine no Keep types for these taxa were originally designated; nor are Keep type lots, from which valid subsequent designations could be made, known to exist (Coan, 1985); this is not surprising as Keep was not ataxonomist. It is also quite possible that the description used by Keep (1887) derives from Hemphill; in which case the only real addition by Keep is publication. Under such circumstances, the name would be validated; but as Hemphill in Keep, 1887 Further the descriptions in Keep (1887) are very brief, so much so as to be only dubiously adequate Again Keep s intent should be borne in mind; it was not to provide a scientifically credible description If the descriptions are inadequate, as sometimes stated by Coan (1985), then the Keep names should at best be considered nomina dubia, or at worst unrecognizable. It is also questionable that Keep can be considered "alone responsible both for the name and for satisfying the criteria of availability other than publication" (ICZN, 1985, p. 91 [Article 50 (a) ). Keep himself ascribes the names to other authors; and the sources of these names which include Hemphill (1881), Hemphill labels, Carpenter labels, and a Carpenter ms. [and may well also have included personal correspondence], are known. The same consideration also applies to Pilsbry (1899) in regard to Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill in Pilsbry, 1899. If it may equally be doubted that the ascribed authors, rather than the authors responsible for publication in these cases satisfy the requirements for availability, this does not particularly enhance the case for ascription to the publication authors, but rather that for considering the names dubious unavailable at that point, or unrecognizable. 117 Keep was essentially a popularizer, not a taxonomist, as his whole published corpus makes dear (Coan, 1985). It is evident that he did not intend to formally describe as new Fluminicola columbiana or any of the other taxa in Keep (1 887) whose names are ascribed to him by Coan (1985). The work involved is very obviously intended as a popular-level treatment of already-named taxa. Keep himself ascribed these taxa to other authors; and later workers, almost without exception, did so likewise [note, e.g. that Burch, 1982 assigned Fluminicola columbiana to Hemphill, not Keep as asserted by Coan (1985); this is consistent with Burch & Tottenham, 1980 and Burch, 1989]. We think that, in the meaning of Article 50, ft is clear that responsibility for the Keep (1887) names themselves, other than publication, is due to other authors; hence the species are properly ascribed to these authors, not to Keep. Under these circumstances, it is perhaps better either to 1) retain traditional usage and consider the Keep name for each as a nomen nudum, nomen dubium or species inquirenda; or alternatively 2) to ascribe the names to the original authors as " in Keep, 1887'. If conservation of the " in Keep, 1887' name is desirable, then consideration of either 1) designation of a neotype from material labeled as type material by the species author [not Keep] or reasonably believed to be such; or 2) restriction of the 1887 name to the [missing or nonexistent] Keep types, e.g. as done by Paul (1971) for missing S. A. Miller cystoid holotypes may be preferable. In short, we argue that the names in question originate with Hemphill or Carpenter; Keep's specimens came from Hemphill or Carpenter; Keep was not a taxonomist; Keep (1 887) is not a taxonomic work but a popular work listing what Keep evidently thought were described species; and Keep himself ascribed the species to Hemphill or Carpenter. The first published descriptions of these taxa, which occur in Keep (1887), are so brief as to make it difficult to recognize the species involved, and their authorship is not clear. If the descriptions are inadequate, then Keep's use of the names at best creates a nomen dubium, and traditional usage is correct. The critical question, if the descriptions are accepted as adequate, is their source. If they derive from Hemphill or Carpenter (e.g., letters or mss., such as the one later published as Hemphill (1890)), then publication is the only contribution of Keep to the names; and they should therefore be credited to Hemphill or Carpenter in the format " in Keep, 1887" under the provisions of Article 50 (ICZN, 1985). We regard the descriptions in Keep (1887) as inadequate and clearly not intended to describe new taxa but merely to differentiate them from other described taxa; and would prefer not to recognize the names as validated in the 1887 publication. Much of the justification for the few former usages of Keep names, e.g. Palmer (1958); Ponder (1985); and Coan (1985), in our view derives from usage of the earlier version of the Code (ICZN, 1964), in which the wording of Article 50 is somewhat different. Description: See Hershler & Frest (in press) for shell and anatomy. This species until very recently was confused with several other taxa, and most commonly is cfted as Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill in Pilsbry, 1899. Fluminicola nuttalliana columbiana Keep, 1891, Fluminicola columbiana (Pilsbry, 1899), and Fluminicola hindsi (Baird, 1863) have been demonstrated to be synonyms (Hershler & Frest, in press). Cited as Fluminicola columbiana Hemphill in Pilsbry, 1899 in Frest & Johannes (1993c). At least one other species of Fluminicola occurs in the Lower Salmon River (Hershler & Frest, in press). In most cases, the rather flat-sided final whorl, channeled suture, and simple columella of fuscus are sufficient differentiae; but anatomical characters are useful also. Ecology: Restricted to small-large rivers, in swift current on stable gravel to boulder substrate in cold, unpolluted, highly oxygenated water, generally in areas with few aquatic macrophytes or epiphytic algae. A lithophile and perilithon grazer; and also an amniphile. Sometimes co-occurs with Fisherola nuttalli. For detailed discussion, see Frest & Neitzel (in press, b). Local ecology is the same; and this species commonly occurs with Fisherola nuttalli in the mainstem Salmon River. Original distribution: Lower Columbia River and a few of its major tributaries in WA, OR, ID, and BC (and probably MT as well). For details, see Frest & Neitzel (in press, b). The record in Branson, Sisk, & McCoy (1966) is erroneous. 118 This species probably originally occurred continuously in the mainstem Lower Salmon River from about Ruby Bar to its mouth. Fluminicola in the upstream portions of the Salmon system and in the Little Salmon River are best ascribed to other taxa. Current distribution: Possibly extinct in the lower Columbia River, WA-OR, and definitely extinct in most of the middle and upper Columbia River, WA, MT, and British Columbia; and in the Payette River, ID; still survives in the Okanogan and Methow rivers, WA; the Hanford Reach, WA; and a limited portion of the Snake River and possibly a few of its tributaries (Frest & Neitzel, in press, b). Many of the remaining sites are on, or influenced by management practices on, federal lands, e.g. Hanford Site (DOE), Hells Canyon National Recreation Area; Okanogan National Forest; Gifford Pinchot National Forest; Mt. Hood National Forest; and Bonneville Power Administration. Lower Columbia River rocky and free-flowing lotic habitat largely has been eliminated by BPA dams and impoundments; siltation in this area has also been affected by agricultural practices and by clear- cutting on adjacent National Forests. The Columbia pebblesnail is sporadic in its current occurrence in the Lower Salmon River, being confined mostly to undisturbed cobble and boulder bars. Threats: Impoundment and damming of much of the original habitat; sedimentation; orchard runoff; nutrient enrichment due to agricultural practices; pulp mill effluents; metal smelting residues and discharges. Locally, gravel and gold mining are serious problems. Criteria for inclusion: Current federal candidate; occurrence on public lands; riparian associate. Recommended status: Currently a Federal Category 2 candidate (USFWS, 1994). At present has no special or protected status; minimally, this species should be considered sensitive by Forest Service, BLM, and other appropriate land management and wildlife personnel. It should be considered Endangered Federally and in WA, OR, and ID (Frest & Neitzel, in press). No recommendation is possible for MT at this time. Note extensive recent surveys specifically for this taxon. Recommended for listing by Frest & Johannes (1991b, 1993a, 1995a). USFWS recently rejected a petition to upgrade the status of this species. References: Pilsbry (1899); Taylor (1982b); Neitzel & Frest (1989, 1990, 1992, 1993); USFWS (1991, 1994); Frest & Johannes (1991b, 1993c, 1995a); Frest & Neitzel (in press, b). Pristinicola hemphilli (Pilsbry, 1907) pristine springsnail Type locality: Uncertain, and probably extinct in any case; Kentucky Ferry [sic], Snake River, WA; for information on the likely location of this Hemphill site, see Henderson (1929, 1936b) and Hershler et al. (1 994). Lectotype ANSP 31 1 76; paralectotypes ANSP 368405. Description: See Hershler et al. (1994) for detailed anatomy and shell description and illustrations. The small, elongate, Bythinella-Wke conch is unique in western North America. As presently construed, the taxon embraces a wide range of shell morphology. Wrth further study, Pristinicola may prove to be a species group, rather than a monospecific genus. This lithoglyphinid does not appear to be closely related to typical western North American taxa, such as Fluminicola (s.l.). Ecology: Occurs mostly in very small springs and seeps; sometimes in larger springs, spring runs, or strongly spring-influenced small streams. A crenophile taxon, generally a perilithon grazer and lithophile. Substrate is usually coarse; Rorippa, Mimulus, and bryophytes are the commonly 119 associated plants. Most sites are in semiarid areas, in low-medium elevation sage scrub- but Cascades sites are in fairly dense Douglas fir forests at low-medium elevations. Often this is the only common freshwater mollusk at a site; the most frequent associates are Pisidium insigne and Fossana spp. At some sites, this taxon occurs with Lyogyrus spp., Juga spp., or Fluminicola spp Srtes are generally very shallow; very cold, clear; have slow-moderate flow; and are relatively undisturbed. Local occurrences are typical. Most known sites, here and elsewhere, have a basalt regohth. Original distribution: Scattered sites in part of the Columbia Basin, including a few larqe tributanes; and S. in the Willamette and possibly coastal OR. Absent from northern WA- interior OR except for the Blue Mountains and Deschutes River drainage; and from all except western ID (not in the Snake system above the Weiser area). The easternmost presently known occurrences are in the Lower Salmon system. ?oU0ro8n! distribution: See Hershler et al. (1994) for detailed site descriptions known through 1993. Surviving srtes are often on public lands, including BLM (Baker District); Hells Canyon Natonal Scen.c Area; the Grand Coulee area (Bureau of Reclamation); Gifford Pinchot National Horest; state and federal fish hatcheries in the Columbia Gorge, etc. Here, there are only a few widely scattered sites, in such areas as the John Day Rock and Papoose Creek drainages. Threats: The small semiarid springs and seeps preferred by this species are very readily subject to modification and destruction from a variety of causes. Recently extinct sites of which we are aware were extirpated by road building and maintenance (WA 14; I-84), grazing (Baker District BLM), dam construction and maintenance (Hells Canyon Dam, John Day Dam); and diversion and capping for campground, hatchery, stock, and domestic water supply (Columbia Gorge area) in the range as a whole, grazing is probably the biggest single problem. In some areas, nutrient- enriched groundwater is a problem also, e.g. Grant Co., WA. Grazing and diversion are the major impacts in the Lower Salmon River area. P SISSV* i"C'!'sion: Local endemic; occurrence on public lands; loss of historic sites and habitat loss and threats to the remaining localities. Treated as a Watch List species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). wh^.Mh^ StatUS=None * Present; there are about 50 sites presently known, some of which could be secure. The spec.es should be regarded as sensrtive by the BLM, Forest Service and other appropriate land management and wildlife agencies. With further study, there is some possibility that this taxon will be divided into several species, each of which would then possibly ZZ ? in ??T'tAt Pret6nt' this taxon should not be listed in WA or °R; but as there are few sites in ID, state listing as Threatened may be appropriate. Sri^m (1929' 1936b): Hersh,er etaL (1994); Frest & Johannes (1995a): Deixis Stagnicola (Hinkleyia) montanensis (Baker, 1913) mountain marshsnail Type locality: Hayes Creek, Brtterroot Mountains, near Ward, MT; types in UMMZ (76196); see Taylor, Walter, & Burch (1 963) for discussion of both types and type locality. 120 Description: The best description is Taylor, Walter, & Burch (1963); see this and Burch (1989) for illustrations. See also Baker (1913). Ecology: Found mostly in small, perennial, very cold streams and spring outflows; unlike many Stagnicola, never found in seasonal ponds, stagnant or muddy water bodies, or (unlike many Lymnaea) in larger clear-water bodies, such as large perennial rivers and lakes. Substrate varies from mud to cobbles; aquatic macrophytes are generally rather uncommon or absent; Rorippa and bryophytes are most common. Most site with this species have flow, but minor volume and shallow depth. Elevation varies; but moderate to higher-elevation sites are either more common or more likely to have survived to the present. Original distribution: Eastern Columbia Basin and western Great Plains; about 21 sites in NV, ID, MT, WY, and UT, with most sites in SE ID and adjacent parts of WY and UT; see Taylor, Walter, & Burch (1963) for map and discussion; see also Taylor (1977, unpub.). No sites have been noted previously in the Lower Salmon River drainage; but presence of localities to the north, south, and west (as well as east) suggest that the species should occur here. Current distribution: Survives at some of the original sites; some of the ID and UT sites are now extirpated. As we are currently surveying SE ID for springsnails (1991-1994), along with R. Hershler etal. (1993-1994), significant range extension or discovery of sizable numbers of new sites for individual taxa are not to be expected from future work in this area. Some portions of the range, i.e. in WY and MT, need much additional survey work. Survey of springs in the Lower Salmon River drainage might also be productive. Threats: The small drainages and spring outflows preferred by this species are particularly vulnerable to grazing. Small semiarid springs and seeps preferred by this species are very readily subject to modification and destruction from a variety of causes. Among these are road building and maintenance; dam construction and maintenance; location of housing and industrial buildings; and diversion and capping for campground, hatchery, stock, and domestic water supply. In the range as a whole, grazing is probably the biggest single problem. In some areas, nutrient-enriched groundwater is a problem also. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; loss of historic sites and range; very specialized habitat. Treated as a Watch List species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: No formal status at present, although the species should be regarded as sensitive by the BLM, Forest Service, and other appropriate land management and wildlife agencies. Further exploration in its limited habitat may show that this species is in need of Federal ESA or equivalent State (ID, MT, WY, NV, UT) protection. References: Taylor, Walter, & Burch (1963); Taylor (1977, unpub.); Burch (1989); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1988-1994. Stagnicola (Stagnicola) idahoensis (Henderson, 1931) shortspire pondsnail Type locality: Little Salmon River, 16 mi. N. of New Meadows [i.e., near Pinehurst, Adams/Idaho cos., ID]; holotype UCM 17486a; paratypes 17486, 174896b. See Wu & Brandauer (1982) for UCM types. 121 fiasjai^^aaiiala Description: See Henderson (1931a) and Burch (1989). The only western species at all like this one in morphology is the lower Columbia River (WA, OR) Stagnicola apicina[?=Stagnicola solida Lea, according to Taylor, 1977, unpub.]. This species has a shorter spire; and the brown shell color and dark body are also distinctive field characters. Taylor (1977, unpub.) and Taylor & Bright (1987) regard only snails from a portion of the Little Salmon Riveras idahoensis, while treating those from the tower Little Salmon and from the Salmon itself as so//da. We regard the lower Columbia apicina as distinct, following Burch (1 989), and Salmon River occurrences of this species complex are disjunct and perhaps better regarded as idahoensis. Ecology: This taxon is one of a small group of species with atypical habitat as compared to more widespread fymnaeids. It is a stenothermal amniphile, found in larger, relatively swift, cold, oligotrophic streams with coarse (gravel to boulder) but stable substrate. This species appears to be largely a periiithon grazer and Ifthophile (also atypical for the family). Other species with similar habits (and also with limited geographic ranges) are Stagnicola apicina (q.v.) and Stagnicola hinkleyi(q.v.). We have not found this taxon in the more typical stagnicolid habitats of backwaters, ditches, ponds, small streams, or streams with slow flow and other lotic characters. Common associates are Gonidea angulata, Fisherola nuttalli [Salmon River only], and Fluminicola fuscus [Salmon River only]. The taxon avoids areas with sand, mud, or bedrock substrate. Generally, macrophytes or epiphytic algae are rare or absent at sites with this species. Original distribution: Lower portions of Little Salmon River, Idaho and Adams cos., and lower Salmon River from about French Creek Bridge to White Bird, Idaho Co., ID. Current distribution: Still survives in parts of the original range. We did not find this species in the lowermost Salmon River, the Salmon River east of the River of No Return, uppermost half of the Little Salmon River, or in Hells Canyon. Sites with this species are on BLM and Payette and Nez Perce National Forest lands. Threats: Disturbance of the substrate for hydraulic gold mining, dredging for gravel, and changes brought about by bridge and highway construction (e.g. in the vicinity of Riggins and of White Bird) are the primary problems. Jet boating may also be a problem. Criteria for inclusion: Local endemic; continuing and ongoing threats; toss of much of range to human activities. Treated as a Sensitive species in Frest & Johannes (1995a). Recommended status: Currently has none. It should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Sufficient survey work has been done in recent years [e.g., Neitzel & Frest, 1989, 1993) to indicate that this species should be Federal and State (ID) Threatened. References: Henderson (1931a); Taylor (1977, unpub.); Taylor & Bright (1987); Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1990, 1991, 1994. Valvata n. sp. 1 Salmon valvata Type locality: None as yet; will be designated when the species is formally described. Description: This small species has a low, glossy shell, with a depressed spire, somewhat as in Valvata perdepressa. It is smaller than Valvata humeralis, more depressed; the snout and 122 tentacles are gray; and the mantle is black. The only taxon at all similar is an undescribed species known from a single NV site. Ecology: A crenocole species, found in relatively unimpacted to pristine large seeps to medium- sized cold springs. Commonly, the substrate is mud, with minor amounts of sand, gravel, or larger particles; bedrock may be either basalt or limestone. Few other mollusks, other than Pristinicola hemphilli and Pisidium insigne, co-occur. Springs with this taxon have been noted at low-medium elevations; the only commonly occurring macrophyte is Rorippa. This species has been found mostly in soft sediment, which suggests detritivore habits like those of other species in this genus. Original distribution: Lower Salmon River drainage, Idaho Co., ID. We have looked for this species in the Snake River canyon elsewhere in ID (Hells Canyon), OR, and WA to the mouth; and also in the upper part of the Salmon River system, ID, without success. Current distribution: Found at a few sites in the tower Salmon River drainage. Notable are the drainages of Papoose Creek and of Rock Creek. We have collected mollusks in this area since 1988, and heavily since 1990; many other collectors have done likewise since the 1860s. Future large range extensions or finds of sizable numbers of new sites are very unlikely. Known sites are on Nez Perce National Forest, BLM, and private lands. Most springs we have collected in the area lack this taxon. Threats: There are very few remaining relatively undisturbed tow to medium elevation springs in the lower Salmon River drainage. Most springs are subject to heavy gazing; many others have been capped or diverted for stock water supply. Others have been damaged or destroyed by road construction and maintenance. Others have been diverted or capped for domestic water supply campgrounds, etc. Criteria for inclusion: Very local endemic; heavy human impact on all of range; continuing and ongoing threats. Recommended status: This newly discovered taxon currently has no special status. It minimally should be considered a sensitive species by the Forest Service, BLM, and other land management and wildlife agencies. Should be Federal and State (ID) Endangered. References: Frest & Johannes (1995a); Deixis collections, 1994. FRESHWATER BIVALVES Anodonta californiensis Lea, 1852 California floater Type locality: '"Rio Colorado," actually a former distributary of the river, approximately New River Imperial County, California. " (Taylor, 1981, p. 142). Description: For best description and illustrations, see Burch (1973, 1975b). This form does not closely resemble other described western anodontids, except for Anodonta wahlametensis [see Frest & Johannes, 1995a, for discussion.]. That species has a much more conspicuous wing and 123 abundance' This spl^s SSr^S 7^^ " ^ "" Records in the Lower Salmon River are likely. "sUo™^ secies « probably eradicated over much of in searches fro'm 1 Tsi 199 S Wl s rv ves SSTTJ ^ Wi"ameBe "* '°Wer Co,Umbia River some possible ^^^2^5^^ £■£■*, 9^^, ?°" °A (1"1>: upper Sacramento River Also survives in thl ™ S' 9°' APParentlV extinct in the Roosevelt Lake, Feny Co WAtee« SJ™ t a?^??^' Chelan Co" WA- Parts °< This species was S3y ^^imp7dSri*,e BPA in^lL^ ^ Uke' Feny C°' WA' ^^PhyseHacolumliana.^Tn^WS^Lt^ ™r*>undments; see comments (in press a, b; see also Netoel & Resf g^ontt^ ?3T "' ^^ by ReSt & NeitZel this species. It s clearly declininc Mr n. mhf™ ^ had ''Ve °r r6Cently dead ^ecimens of species appears to S^^™^1^^!," ^^ th!~ *s range. The and is very limited in distribution In A2 The mSJ \nT V" Clar1t*n~,~~+.\s\ //_ • . _ , ... ' Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani hemphilli (Binnev. iHflfi^ Cryptomastix (C.) mullani latilabris (Pilsbry, 1940) Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani mullani (Bland & Cooper. 18611 Cn/DtOmastir /r.rvnfnma*t;„\ — ,/;__: -, ,,-.., . . _~ .' '- Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani olneyae (Pilsbry. 189H Cri/O trim as fir /rnmMmo^(,\,i _ TZ „ ' Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 51 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 61 Deroceras sp. P/sctys marmorensis Baker, 1932 P/scus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) 2 Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry. 1906 Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840) Helicodiscus salmoneus Binney, 1886 Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897 Microphysula ingersolli (Bland, 1874) Ogaridiscus subrupicola (Pall, 1877) Oreohelix hammer! Fairbanks, 1984 Oreohelix haydeni hesperia Pilsbry. 1939 Oreohelix haydeni perplexa Pilsbry, 1939 Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) Oreohelix intersum (Hemphill, 1890) Oreohelix iugalis (Hemphill, 1890) Oreohelix n. sp. 8 Oreohelix n. sp. 12 Oreohelix n. sp. 13 Oreohelix n. sp. 14 Oreohelix n. sp. 15 Oreohelix n. sp. 19 Oreohelix n. sp. 203 Oreohelix n. sp. 21 Oreohelix n. sp. 22 Oreohelix n. sp. 234 Oreohelix n. sp. 24 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N T N N N U N N T N N N N N T N T T? T? R VR VR UC e? VR VR VR VR UC VR VR VR VR VR R VR UC R VR VR VR VR R VR R R R VR T3 TABLE 2. STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY LAND MOLLUSKS. (cont.) Oreohelix n. sp. 25 Oreohelix n. sp. 29 Oreohelix n. sp. 32 Oreohelix strigosa poniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 N Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932 Oreohelix waltoni Solem. 1975 Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) Polygyrella polygyrella (Bland & Cooper, 1861) Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense (Pilsbry, 1902) Punctum pusillum (Lowe, 1831)6 N N N N Pup///a ftebes (Ancey, 1881 Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum Baker, 1930 Succinea stretchiana Bland, 1865 Vallonia cyclophorella (Sterki, 1892) Vert/go concinnula Cockerell, 1897 Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1905 \Zacoleus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 \Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus (Say, 1816) N N T N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 2 £rlr„«f,d with C^omasf/x (Ctyptomastix) /iarib«/rana (Binney, 1878) formerly identified as D/scus cronkhitei (Newcomb, 1865) j formerly confused with Oreohelix idahoensis baileyi Bartsch 1916 formerly confused with Oreohelix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890) formerly confused with Oreohelix strigosa strigosa (Gould 1846) formerly identified as Punctum conspectum (Bland, 1865) ABBREVIATIONS: N = C = S = T = E = A = C = UC = R = VR = e = no current special status current federal candidate sensitive species; see Frest & Johannes (1995a) federal listing as Threatened federal listing as Endangered abundant common uncommon rare very rare possibly extinct VR R LC UC VR VR VR VR VR LC VR VRJ VR VR VR T4 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS. %ttfflw&%&%$i "■< > A^yltSx "i ■'■■■■■■ ■ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 Allogona (Allogona) lombardii - - - - - - - - - . - _ Allogona (A.) ptychophora ptychophora - - - - - - - - - - - o Allogona (A.) ptychophora solida - - - - - - - - . . . _ Anguispira kochi occidentalis - - - - - - - - - . - - Catinella avara - - - - - - - - - . - - Cochlicopa lubrica - - - - - - - - - . - . Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi - - - - - - - - . . . _ Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana - - - + X 0 + X 0 + X 0 - - - . . _ Cryptomastix (C.) mullani clappi - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Cryptomastix (C.) mullani latilabris - - - - - - - - - . . . Cryptomastix (C.) mullani mullani - - - - - - - - . _ . _ Cryptomastix (C.) mullani olneyae - - - - - - - - - . - xo Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 3 - - - - - - - - - . . . Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 5 + X o + X o + x o - - - + X o X o + x o + X o + X o _ Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 6 - - - - - - - - - . - _ Deroceras sp. - - - - - - - - . . - _ Discus marmorensis - - - - - - - - . . _ _ Discus whitneyi - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Euconulus fulvus alaskensis - - - - - - - - - - _ _ Hawaiia minuscula - - - - - - - - - - - _ Helicodiscus salmoneus + [x] - + X o W X o [*l r*i - . - _ Hemphiliia camelus - - - - - - - „ Microphysula ingersolli - - - - - - - . . _ _ _ Ogaridiscus subrupicola - - - - - - - - . . . „ Oreohelix hammeri - - - - - - - - . . _ _ Oreohelix haydeni hesperia - - - - - - - - - . . m Oreohelix haydeni perplexa - - - - - - - . . _ . _ Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis o* - - - - - - . . „ _ _ Oreohelix inters urn - - - - - - - - - - - - *= colony may be extinct T5 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) — ^^M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 Oreohelix jugatis - - - - - - - - - . . + X o Oreohelix n. sp. 8 - - - - - - - - - - - _ Oreohelix n. sp. 12 - - - - - - - - - - - . Oreohelix n. sp. 13 - - - - - - - - - . - _ Oreohelix n. sp. 14 - - - - - - - - - - . - Oreohelix n. sp. 15 - - - - - - - - - . . . Oreohelix n. sp. 19 - - - - - - - - . . » „ Oreohelix n. sp. 20 - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 21 - - - + x o - - + X o - X o _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 22 - - - - - - - - - . . . Oreohelix n. sp. 23 - - - - - + x o - + X o - + X o + x o _ Oreohelix n. sp. 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 25 - - - - - - - - - . _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 29 - - - - - - - - - - - _ Oreohelix n. sp. 32 - - - - - - - - - - - . Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra - - - - - - - - - - - , Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 - - - - - - - - - - - _ Oreohelix vortex - - - - - - - - - . . _ Oreohelix waltoni - - - - - - - - - - . _ Planogyra clappi - - - - - - - - - _ _ Polygyrella polygyrella - - - - - - - - - - , „ Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense - - - - - - - - - - . - Punctum pusillum - - - - - - - - - - - . Pupilla hebes - - - - - - - - - - . „ Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum - - - - - - - - - . . „ Succinea stretchiana - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Vallonia cyclophorella - fxl - X - - - - - . . _ Vertigo concinnula - - - - - - ■ I ■ ■ - - T6 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) + = x = o = [ ]= live collection recently dead long-dead not collected T7 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1111P' 'l&flPlIll! >C' J :f^P!i 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 Allogona (Allogona) lombardii - - - - - - - - - - - - Allogona (A.) ptychophora ptychophora - + x o + X o - + X o + X 0 - + X 0 + X X - + x o Allogona (A.) ptychophora solida - - + X o - - - - - - - - - Anguispira kochi occidentalis - - - - - - - - - - - - Catinella avara - - - - - - - - - - - - Cochlicopa lubrica - X o - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani clappi - - - - + X o + X o X o + X o + X X o - + X o Cryptomastix (C.) mullani latilabris - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani mullani - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani olneyae - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 5 - - + X o - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 6 - + X o - - - - - - - - - - Deroceras sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - Discus marmorensis - - - - - - - - - - - - Discus whitneyi - - - - - - - - - - - - Euconulus fulvus alaskensis - - - - + - - - - - - - Hawaiia - o* - - - - - - - - - - Helicodisuun suiuMtieus - 0* - - - + - - - - - - Hemphillia camelus - - - - - - - - - - - - Microphysula ingersolli - - - - - - - - - - - - Ogaridiscus subrupicola - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix hammeri - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix haydeni hesperia - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix haydeni perplexa - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix intersum - - - + X - - - - - - - - colony may be extinct T8 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 Oreohelix jugalis - + + X o - o* - - - + X o . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 8 - - - - - - - . - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 12 - - - - - - . . . _ _ u Oreohelix n. sp. 13 - - - - - - - - - - . _ Oreohelix n. sp. 14 - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 15 - - - - + X o + X o - + X - _ _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 19 - - - - - - - . - . _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 20 - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 21 - - - - - - - - - _ _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 22 - - - - - - - . - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 23 - - - - - - - - . . _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 24 - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 25 - - - - - - - - - - - . Oreohelix n. sp. 29 - - - - - - - - - . - m Oreohelix n. sp. 32 - - - - - - - . . . _ m Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra - - - - - - - + X o - _ _ „ Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 - - - - - - - . - . _ _ Oreohelix vortex - + x o + X o - - - - . - _ _ _ Oreohelix waltoni - - - - - - - - . . _ _ Planogyra clappi - - - - - - - . - _ m _ Polygyrella polygyrella - - - - - - - . . . m _ Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense - - - - - - - . . _ _ „ Punctum pusillum - - - - - - - - - _ „ m Pupilla hebes - X o - - - - - - - _ _ _ Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum - - - - - - - . - _ _ . Succinea stretchiana - - - - - - . - _ » _ '. Vallonia cyclophorella - X o - - - - - - _ _ .. m Vertigo concinnula - - - - - - - - - - ■ colony may now be extirpated T9 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1 3 ■iM»>M*l#W<« . Oreohelix jugalis - - - o* - . Oreohelix n. sp. 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 14 - - - - - - - - - - - . Oreohelix n. sp. 15 - - - - - - - - - - . - Oreohelix n. sp. 19 - - - - - - - • - . - _ Oreohelix n. sp. 20 - - - - - - - - - - - . Oreohelix n. sp. 21 - - - - - - - - + x o - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 22 - - - - - - - - - • - . Oreohelix n. sp. 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 24 - - - - - - - - - - . . Oreohelix n. sp. 25 + x o f + 1 + X 0 + X + x o + x o - - - - - . Oreohelix n. sp. 29 - - - - - - - - - - - . Oreohelix n. sp. 32 - - - - - - - - - . - _ Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra - - - - - - - - - • - . Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 - - - - - - - - - - . . Oreohelix vortex - - - - - - - + x o - fo*l [o*l [o*l Oreohelix waltoni - - - - - - - - - - Planogyra clappi - - - - - - - - - . - - Poly gyre Ha poly gyre Ha - - - - - - - - - . . _ Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense - - - - - - - . - - _ „ Punctum pusillum - - - - - - - . - . - _ Pupil la hebes - - - - - - - - - . . . Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum - - - - - - - - . . . _ Succinea stretchiana - - - - - - - - . . . m Vallonia cyclophorella + - - + - - - . - . _ _ Vertigo concinnula - - - - - - - - - - - - *= formerly + x o; population now extinct T45 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) + = live collection x = recently dead o = long-dead [ ] = not collected T46 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) Oreohelix haydeni hesperia Oreohelix haydeni perplex* Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis Oreohelix intersum T47 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1 69 1 70 1 71 1 72 1 73 1 74 1 75 1 76 1 77 1 78 1 79 1 80 Oreohelix jugalis - - - - - - - . _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 8 - - - - - - - . _ . _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 12 - - - - - - - . _ _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 13 - - - - - - - - . • _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 14 - - - - - - - . _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 15 - - - - - - - . _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 19 - - - - - - - . _ „ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 20 - - - - - • - . _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 21 - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 22 - - - - - - + x o x o + X o + X o « _ Oreohelix n. sp. 23 - - - - - - - . - . _ „ Oreohelix n. sp. 24 - - - - - - - - . . „ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 25 - - - - - - - . _ _ _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 29 - - - - - - - - . _ _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 32 - - - - - . - . . _ m . Oreohelix striqosa goniogyra - - - - - - - . _ _ m Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 - - - - - - . + X + _ + X o + X o Oreohelix vortex [0*1 - - + X o - - - - . . _ Oreohelix waltoni - - - - - - - - - _ . — Planogyra clappi - - - - - - - - . . — Polygyrella polygyrella - - - - - - - . _ _ _ . Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense - - - - - - - - . . . m Punctum pusillum - - - - - - . . _ . — Pupilla hebes - - - - - - - . . _ .. . Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum - - - - - - . . . _ _ X Succinea stretchiana - - - - - - . - _ m _ Vallonia cyclophorella - - + x o - - - - . . „ _ ™ Vertigo concinnula - - - - - - - - - - *= population now extinct T48 mm wM «» gift mm *m m ** *m TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1 69 1 70 1 71 1 72 1 73 1 74 1 75 1 76 1 77 1 78 1 79 1 80 Vitrina alaskana Zacoleus idahoensis - - - X - - + . m _ _ Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus + = live collection x = recently dead o = long-dead [ ] = not collected T49 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) T50 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) ^^^a^^M 1 81 1 82 1 83 1 84 1 85 1 86 1 87 1 88 1 89 1 90 1 91 1 92 Oreohelix iugalis - - - - - X o - - - + x o - - Oreohelix n. sp. 8 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 12 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 14 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 15 - - - - - - - - - - - + X o Oreohelix n. sp. 19 . - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 20 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 21 - - - - - - + X o xo - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 23 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 25 - - - - - - - - - - + X o - Oreohelix n. sp. 29 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix n. sp. 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix striqosa qonioqyra + x o + x o + X o - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix striqosa n. subsp. 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix vortex - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix waltoni - - - - - + X o + X o - - - - - Planoqyra clappi - - - - - - - - - - - - Polvovrella polyqyrella - - - - - - - - - - - - Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense - - - - X 0 - - - - - - - Punctum pusillum - - - - - - - - - - - - Pupilla hebes - - - - - - + o - - - - - Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum - - - - - - - - - - - - Succinea stretchiana - - - - - - - - - - - - Vallonia cvclophorella - - - - - - + o - - - - - Vertiqo concinnula - - - - - - - - - - - - T51 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) + = live collection x = recently dead o = long-dead T52 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 9 8 1 99 200 201 202 203 204 Alloqona (Alloqona) lombardii - - - - - - - - - •• - - Allogona (A.) ptychophora ptychophora + x o - - - + x o [O*] - - - - - - Alloqona (A.) ptychophora solida - - - - - - - - - - - - Anquispira kochi occidentalis - - - - - - - - - - - - Catinella avara - - - - - - - - - - - - Cochlicopa lubrica - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (Bupioqona) populi - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani clappi fo*] + X - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani latilabris - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani mullani - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) mullani olneyae - - - - + X o - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 5 - - + x o - - - - - - - - - Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - Deroceras sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - Discus marmorensis - - - - - - - - - - - - Discus whitneyi - - - - - - - - - - - - Euconulus fulvus alaskensis - - - - - - - - - - - - Hawaiia minuscula - - - - - - - - - - - - Helicodiscus salmon eus + o - - - - - - - - - - - Hemphillia camelus - - - - - - - - - - - - Microphysula ingersolli - - - - - - - - - - - - Oqaridiscus subrupicola - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix hammeri - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix haydeni hesperia - - - - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix haydeni perplexa - - + x o - - - - - - - - - Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis - - - - - - - - - + x o - - Oreohelix intersum - - - - - - - - - - - - T53 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) 1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 200 201 202 203 204 Oreohelix juqalis - - - - - - - _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 8 - - - - - - - . . _ _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 12 - - - - - - - - . . .. _ Oreohelix n. sp. 13 - - - - - - + X o + X o + X 0 _ _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 14 - - - - - - - . . _ _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 15 + x o + ? - - - - - . - _ _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 19 - - - - + x o + x o . a .. _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 20 - - - - - - - - - + X o + X o [o*l Oreohelix n. sp. 21 - - - - - - - - - «. _ Oreohelix n. sp. 22 - - - - - - - . _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 23 - - - - - - - . . _ _ m Oreohelix n. sp. 24 - - - - - - - - - . _ _ Oreohelix n. sp. 25 - - - - - - - - , a. . . Oreohelix n. sp. 29 - - - - - - - . _ _ _ . Oreohelix n. sp. 32 - - - - - - - - . _ _ m Oreohelix striqosa goniogyra - + - - - - . . _ _ . Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 - - - - - - - - . m . . Oreohelix vortex - - - + x o - - - - - _ _ . Oreohelix waltoni - - - - - - - - _ _ _ ^~ Planogyra clappi - - - - - - - . _ _ . Polygyrella polygyrella - - - - - - - . _ _ . Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense - - - - - - - . „ _ . Punctum pusillum - - - - - - - . .. _ _ Pupilla hebes - - - - - - - - . _ _ . Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum - - - - - - - - . . _ _ Succinea stretchiana - - - - - - - - . ~ _ _ Vallonia cyclophorella - - - - - - - . - m _ m I Vertigo concinnula - - - - - - - " - - - - *= colony now extinct T54 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) : ■ :.:.''■' • ' ''■■.■■■.■■:■■■:■.■'.■■■.■.■■■,■:■■/' 1 9 3 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 200 201 202 203 204 Vitrina alaskana - - - - - - - - - . - _ Zacoleus idahoensis - - - - - - - - - - - - Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus X 0 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 ? 0 + = live collection x = recently dead o = long-dead T55 TABLE 3. SITE FAUNAL LISTS, (cont.) Allogona (Allogona) lombardii Allogona (A.) ptychophora ptychophora Allogona (A.) ptychophora solida Anguispira kochi occidentalis Catinella avara Cochlicopa lubrica Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana Cryptomastix (C.) mullani clappi 205 206 Cryptomastix (C.) mullani latilabris Cryptomastix (C.) mullani mullani Cryptomastix (C.) mullani olneyae Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 3 Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 5 Cryptomastix (C.) n. sp. 6 Deroceras sp. Discus marmorensis Discus whitneyi 207 2 08 Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Hawaiia minuscula Helicodiscus salmon eus Hemphillia camelus Microphysula ingersolli Ogaridiscus subrupicola Oreohelix hammeri Oreohelix haydeni hesperia Oreohelix haydeni perplexa Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis Oreohelix intersum 209 2 1 0 + X + X 21 1 + X o X o 79 21 1 2 1 0 1 9 1 3 22 40 23 34 Hi 1 0 20 T56 Z91 z - - - X + - - - - - B\nuupuoo oGjtJe/\ VI - - - - - - - - - B\\aioqdo\oAo b\uo\\b/\ z - - - - - - - - - euBiL/oiajfs eauioons V - - - - - - - - - tunfaiqe (sniuopoipsy) snosjpoipey 6 - - - - - - - - - saqaq Bindn^ V - - - - - - - - - uinfflsnd uuniouricj I - - - - - - - - - esuaoqsp! 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E2 ds u xi/eyoejo ZZ ds u xijeqoejo \Z ds u xijeqoejo 02 ds u xneqoejo 6 1 ds -u Xjiaqoejo SI ds u xjieqoejo VI 'ds U XU91J09JO £ I ds u xjieifoejo Zl ds u xjieqoejo 8 'dS U XU9L/09JO (0681- 'n^duief-i) s//&6n/ xijgqogjo (0681 'inqduuen) Lunsjgjuj xaeyoejo (9981 'quJO0M9N) sisu9oqepi sisuBoqBpi xy/et/oevo 6661 'Ajqsiid BX9\di9d luaptey xi/eyoejo 6C61 'Ajqsiid BU9ds9q tugpAeq xi/aqogjo fr861 's>|UBqj!B-j ueiuweq xu9Lj09Jo (ZZ81 '||bq) spoidnjqns snos/pueSo (VlQl 'PUBIS) HIOsjbBui BinsAydojoifl Z681 'eneuBA S Ajqsiy snj9uiB0 ennqdiUBH 9881 'Aeumg shbuolu/bs snosipooijai-i (0fr81 'Aeuuig) Binosnuiai bubmbh 9061 '^-iqsijd S/SU9XSBIB snAinj sn/nuoon^ (fr981 'qiuooMef\j) lAeunifM snosfQ (»uoo) siSH 31IS S3l03dS fr 3iav± TABLE 4. SPECIES SITE LISTS, (cont.) ^^^^^^^^^^11^^^^ PP! Oreohelix n. sp. 24 Oreohelix n. sp. 25 Oreohelix n. sp. 29 Oreohelix n. sp. 32 Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932 Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975 Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) Polygyrella polygyrella (Bland & Cooper, 1861) Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense (Pilsbry, 1902) Punctum pusillum (Lowe, 1831) Pupilla hebes (Ancey, 1881) Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum Baker, 1 930 Succinea stretchiana Bland, 1865 Vallonia cyclophorella (Sterki, 1892) Vertigo concinnula Cockerell, 1897 Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1905 Zacoleus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus (Say, 1816) 78 79 80 81 145 146 147 162 191 83 87 98 99 102 103 107 108 125 141 148 149 150 151 157 158 159 160 161 86 88 89 90 150 20 94 181 182 183 194 56 152 176 177 179 180 14 15 69 70 140 143 164 98 102 103 106 109 118 119 166 167 168 169 172 196 120 121 30 34 40 99 135 136 186 187 41 99 102 103 185 41 14 27 42 46 56 74 141 143 187 180 34 42 2 4 14 67 74 87 92 141 147 150 157 160 171 187 126 210 1 4 7 185 8 11 14 16 22 25 42 46 86 140 148 157 158 172 175 193 *Bold face numbers indicate long-dead specimens only (colony often recently extirpated) T61 TABLE 5. SITE OWNERSHIP. BLM (total 114) 12 3 4 5 6 22 23 24 25 39 40 41 42 66 67 68 69 80 81 83 84 106 107 108 129 130 131 141 142 143 154 157 158 212 213 7 8 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 26 27 29 30 31 32 33 36 37 38 48 49 50 52 54 55 60 61 62 65 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 85 86 88 89 90 92 93 97 105 109 111 118 121 123 124 128 132 133 134 135 136 138 140 144 145 146 147 148 149 153 159 160 161 187 188 207 208 Nez Perce (total 18) National Forest 21 56 57 58 114 115 116 152 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 200 201 State of Idaho (total 3*) 63 197 206 Other* 9 12 18 28 34 35 43 44 45 46 47 51 53 59 64 82 87 91 94 95 96 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 110 112 113 117 119 120 122 125 126 127 137 139 150 151 155 156 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 184 185 186 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 198 199 202 203 204 205 209 210 211 * note that many of these sites are wholly or in part in the US95 corridor and hence also publicly owned. In many cases, the extent of the highway right-of way was unclear. One or more sites may be owned by Payette National Forest. T62 FIGURES PAGE FIGURE TITLE 1 ■ MAP OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY F2 2. LOWER SALMON RIVER OREOHEUXTYPE LOCALITIES F4 3- OTHER LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL TYPE LOCALITIES F6 4- RANGES OF ENDEMIC OREOHELIXSPEC\ES F8 5 • RANGES OF ENDEMIC POLYGYRID SPECIES F1 0 6. LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL BIOGEOGRAPHY F1 2 7- SPECIES/SITE RANKINGS F14 8. LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAIL SITE DIVERSITY F16 9- NUMBER OF SENSITIVE AND CANDIDATE LOWER SALMON RIVER F1 8 LAND SNAIL SPECIES 1 0 . STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS F20 1 1 . MOISTURE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND F22 SNAILS 1 2 . ALTITUDE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND F24 SNAILS 1 3 . COVER PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS F26 FIGURE 1. MAP OF THE LOWER SALMON RIVER VALLEY. Map of survey area in the Lower Salmon River Valley, in portions of Idaho, Lewis, and Nez Perce Cos., Idaho. Some pertinent BLM holdings are shown as dotted areas. Collecting sites indicated by numbers and black dots, type locality of Oreohelix hammeri by star. See Appendix A for site descriptions and Appendix B for more detailed site maps. Inset shows location of survey area in respect to state boundaries. Scale of Figures 1-6 is the same, but only indicated on Figure 1. F1 FIGURE 2. LOWER SALMON RIVER OREOHELIX TYPE LOCALITIES. Map of survey area in the Lower Salmon River Valley, showing locations of type localities for described species of the important land snail genus Oreohelix. Many of these sites are on BLM public lands. Tentatively chosen type localities for many of the new Oreohelix taxa discussed herein will also be on BLM public lands. Note concentration of sites in the Riggins-White Bird corridor. For detailed discussion of locations, see text; see also Figure 1 and Appendices A-C. F3 !s £' 13 E53 ■J80 , «" I / ^v^ttf N A- ^ ■,,M rR *■ n=d EP tf •^ OR 0 KM ■= SCALE S io Ml = 0 2 4 6 7 JM imnoCo f Efe3 *s*Y rQ-W,«M-1Q6,t •s?^ ID "ST N "S / >M.»».J i.T»-n,j S::*S4: ::::::::-:-::>.Si^-:-:::-f:¥:-::;:¥:-S::>¥.-> ...■...■ ..:..■.■■.■ ■ ■ . ■ ■ ■■■ .■..■.■..■.■ ■-..■. . . ■.■ ■ ,■ ■ ,■.■.■.■:■:■:■■•:■:■:■: 0 1 2 NUMBER OF CANDIDATE TAXA F18 FIGURE 11. MOISTURE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. Abbreviated taxonomy on left side of figure: for full taxonomy, see Tables 1-2. Taxa are listed in alphabetical order. Moisture preferences are approximate. For convenience, they are grouped into three categories (xerophile, mesophile, notophile) which are used extensively in the text. Species with comparatively narrow geographic ranges (strict and regional endemics) shown i n dark trellis pattern; species with more cosmopolitan geographic ranges shown in black. Note that endemics can cover most of range; but that most are concentrated in the xerophile third of the figure, while cosmopolitan taxa are more scattered. Note also relatively small number of local notophiles. F21 FIGURE 10. STATUS OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. A. ENDEMIC STATUS H Cosmopolitan ■ Regional □ Hells Canyon-Lower Salmon River Q Lower Salmon River only B. LOCAL STATUS HAbundant ■ Common □ Uncommon BRare ■ Very Rare B Extinct? F20 FIGURE 12. ALTITUDE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. Abbreviated taxonomy on left side of figure: for full taxonomy, see Tables 1-2. Taxa are listed in alphabetical order. Altitude preferences are approximate. Species with comparatively narrow geographic ranges (strict and regional endemics) shown in dark trellis pattern; species with more cosmopolitan geographic ranges shown in black. Note that endemics can cover most of range; but that most are concentrated in the right two-thirds of the figure (representing low to moderate elevations), while cosmopolitan taxa are more scattered. Note also relatively small number of local hypsiphiles. This may in part be an artifact of survey scope; but not entirely. F23 FIGURE 11. MOISTURE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. IZacoteus idahoensis Zonrtoides fZonitoides) arboreus F22 FIGURE 13. COVER PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. Abbreviated taxonomy on left side of figure: for full taxonomy, see Tables 1-2. Taxa are listed in alphabetical order. Altitude preferences are approximate. Species with comparatively narrow geographic ranges (strict and regional endemics) shown in dark trellis pattern; species with more cosmopolitan geographic ranges shown in black. Note that endemics can cover most of range; but that most are concentrated in the right two-thirds of the figure (representing low to moderate cover; comparatively high to moderate insolation), while cosmopolitan taxa are more scattered or prefer more cover. Note also relatively small number of local taxa preferring nearly complete cover. This may in part be an artifact of survey scope and habitat availability (there are relatively few sites with nearly complete cover); but not entirely. F25 FIGURE 12. ALTITUDE PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. F24 FIGURE 13. COVER PREFERENCES OF LOWER SALMON RIVER LAND SNAILS. Oreohelix intersum Oreohelix juqalis Oreohelix n, sp. B Oreohelix n. Oreohelix n. so, 13 Oreohelix n. sp. 14 Oreohelix n. sp. 15 Oreohelix n. sp. 19 Oreohelix n. sp. 20 Oreohelix n. sp. 21 Oreohelix n. sp. 22 Oreohelix n. sp. 23 Oreohelix n. sp. 24 Oreohelix n. sp. 25 Oreohelix n. sp. 29 Oreohelix n. sp. 32 Oreohelix sirigosa aoniogyra Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 Oreohelix vortex Oreohelix waltoni Planogyra olappi) Porygyrella polygyrella Pristiloma (Prislinopsis) idahoense Punctum (Tottecia) pusillum Pupilla hebes Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum Succinea stretchiana Vallonia cvdophorella Vertigo concinnula Vitrina alaskana Zacoteus idahoensis I Zonrloides (Zoniloides) arboreus F26 APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGES A. SITES A1-29 B. SITEMAPS B1-39 C SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS C1-62 APPENDIX A. SITES. Legal coordinates for all localities are taken from the most current USGS 7.5' series topographic map. Road names and numbers were confirmed using the Nez Perce National Forest 1990 1:126,720 map and DeLorme Mapping's Idaho Atlas and Gazetteer. Number in parentheses following locality name refers to locality number in Deixis MolluscDB™ database. Number in brackets at the end of each entry refers to site map page number (see Appendix B). Collector name abbreviations are as follows: MF- Margaret Frest, Seattle, Washington TF- Terrence Frest, Deixis Consultants, Seattle, Washington GH- George Holm, Vancouver, British Columbia EJ- Edward Johannes, Deixis Consultants, Seattle, Washington RM- Robert McClure, Riggins, Idaho SN- Steve Nelson, Seattle, Washington SW- Steve Welty, Dubois, Wyoming 1. Riggins Bridge 1 (1296). W^ NW^ SWH sec. 2, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W. -facing cliff base on E. side of US95, from the Riggins bridge NE about 0.2 mile, E. side of the Salmon River, ca. RM 83.9-84.0, BLM lands. Elev. 1760. Dry cliffs (metamorphic rock) with sporadic small talus piles; mostly grassy; scattered Celtus. Small Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 (full ontogeny and all conditions); few dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Snails very sporadic. Hand collected. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B27] 2. Riggins Bridge 2 (1297). SE^ SEk SW^ SW-« NWk sec. 2, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Small talus piles below road to gully, S. of seeps from unnamed gully, E. of US95 ca. 0.3 mile NE of Riggins Bridge, E. side of the Salmon River at RM 83.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1760'. Metamorphic rocks (low-grade schist); mostly grasses, scattered Celtus. Uncommon small Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 (all conditions); Helicodiscus salmoneus (not retained); Vallonia cyclophorella. Hand collected. Photographed. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B27] 3. Riggins Bridge 3 (1298). SE^ NWk NWH NWk SW^ sec. 2, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Between Salmon River (E. side) and pulloff from US95 (W. side), 0.2 mile NE of Riggins Bridge at RM 83.9, just above high water mark, BLM lands. Elev. 1720. Boulder piles (mixed lithologies) in sandy matrix; rather dry; mostly grasses, scattered Celtus, Rhus diversiloba, Clematis. Snails very rare; small low Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 (all conditions). 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B27] 4. Riggins Bridge 4 (1300). NW^ SE^ & SWk NE^ NE^ NW^ NWk sec. 2, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing steep slope and short cliffs 0.7-0.8 mile NE of Riggins Bridge, E. of (above) US95 at about road mile 199.0, E. of Salmon River at RM 83.3-83.4; has traces of old pioneer road and remnants of old US95 grade, BLM lands. Elev. 1700'. Depth 2-12". Dry, short cliffs and talus, exposed bedrock (schist); mixed vegetation (grasses, Celtus, Artemisia, and Opuntia). Snails rather sparse and in all conditions; Oreohelix n. sp. 21; Cryptomastix harfordiana. Hand collected. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 5. South of Lightning Creek 2 (1301). W^ NEv4 NE^ SWk SW^ sec. 35, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing steep talus 0.4 mile S. of the mouth of Lightning Creek, E. side of US95 at road mile 198.3, E. of Salmon River at RM 83.1, BLM lands. Elev. 1720'. A1 Half of the site behind fence. Large schist boulders and large-scale talus; very common Celtus Rhus diversiloba, grasses; scattered Opuntia. Moderately common Cryptomastix harfordiana (all conditions); Helicodiscus salmoneus not retained. Hand collected. Photographed. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 6. South of Lightning Creek 1 (1302). Efc NEk SE^ NW^ SW^s sec. 35, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus 0.25 mile S. of mouth of Lightning Creek, E. of US95 at road mile 198.5, considerably above roadway, E. side of Salmon River at RM 82.9-83.0, BLM lands. Elev. 1800-1880'. Dry steep schist talus consisting of small flat slabs; Celtus, grasses, common Artemisia, Opuntia. Oreohelix n. sp. 23; Cryptomastix harfordiana. Hand collected. 10/19/1989 TF, EJ. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 23; Cryptomastix harfordiana. Hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! [B26] 7. Mouth of Cherry Creek (1303). SE^ NEk NWk NEk NW^ sec. 35, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad Idaho Co. W. and N.-facing cliffy area on S. side of Cherry Creek at mouth, E. of US95at road mile 199.1, E. side of Salmon River at RM 82.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1720-1740'. Steep, exposed schist bedrock, considerable soil with moss and Seligeria cover; minor Rhus diversiloba, Celtus, grasses. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 21 (most dead); rare live, abundant dead Cryptomastix n. sp. 5; Helicodiscus salmoneus not retained; Vitrina alaskana; Vallonia cyclophorella. Hand collected. Photographed. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 8. Opposite Traps Creek (1305). NW^ NEk NE^ & NE^ NEk SEvs SEk NEk sec. 27, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing slope 0.2-0.3 mile NW of mouth of Chair Creek, opposite Traps Creek, NE of US95, NE side of Salmon River at RM 81.3-81.4, BLM lands. Elev. 1740-1760'. Slope with large boulders and exposed schist bedrock, small scattered talus piles; Rhus diversiloba, common Celtus, Opuntia, grasses. Moderately common Oreohelix n. sp. 23 and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 (full ontogeny); Helicodiscus salmoneus and Vitrina alaskana not retained. Hand collected. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 9. North of Fiddle Creek (1306). SE^ NE^ SW^ SWk WJH sec. 23, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing cliff, S. of US95 at road mile 201.1-201.2, N. of Fiddle Creek, S. side of Salmon River at RM 80.0-80.1. Elev. 1680. Cliff with schist boulders and minor talus piles at base; common mosses and Seligeria. Rare recent and long-dead Oreohelix n. sp. 21; moderately common live Cryptomastix (weak teeth, narrow lip). Hand collected. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 10. Boulder piles at Salmon River RM 79.5-79.7 (lower) (1307). W^ NE^ SE^ NEk NW^ & Wis SWk NWk NWk NE^ sec. 23, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Boulder piles at base of N.-facing road cut (partly cut into old terrace) immediately SE of US95 at road mile 201.8-202.0, N. of mine site, SE of Salmon River at RM 79.5-79.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1680'. Boulders piles (mixed lithologies) along highway derived from old terrace deposit; almost no vegetation (some grasses). Snails uncommon; Oreohelix n. sp. 23 and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 in all conditions. Hand collected. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 11. Steep slope at Salmon River RM 79.5-79.7 (upper) (1308). SEk NEk SE^ NE^ NWk & SE^ SWH NW^ NW^ NEV* sec. 23, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing steep slope above and SE of US95 at road mile 201.8-202.0, N. of mine site, SE of Salmon River at RM 79.5-79.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1720. Steep slope above highway cut with exposed schist bedrock and small talus piles; common Rhus diversiloba; grasses; Sorbus; some Celtus. Common Oreohelix n. sp. 23 with full ontogeny and all conditions present; Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 rather rare (all conditions); Vitrina alaskana. Hand collected. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 12. North of White Bird Creek 1 (1309). SE1^ NWk SWk NEk NWk sec. 22, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. Two small ravines to NE of Lyons Bar access road above (N. of) White Bird Creek, E. of Salmon River at RM 53.4. Elev. 1560. Two deep ravines (basalt bedrock) with small basalt talus piles at their mouths; S. and W.-facing; dry, open, with scattered Celtus. Moderately common Oreohelix jugalis in all conditions; very rare A2 Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; long-dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 13. Opposite and south of Hammer Creek (1310). SE^ SEk SWk SW^ SWk sec. 15, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus piles on nose of ridge overlooking Salmon River (E. of) opposite and S. of mouth of Hammer Creek, along (E. side) Lyons Bar access road, approximately RM 53.1, BLM lands. Elev. 1470'. Basalt talus piles with grasses and Celtus, Ailanthus. No mollusks found. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 14. Opposite Hammer Creek (1311). NV\fa SWH NEk SWk SW^s sec. 15, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus piles just S. of unnamed gully, below old pioneer road, along (E. of) Lyons Bar access road, E. side of Salmon River at RM 52.9, opposite mouth of Hammer Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 1480'. Basalt talus piles; mossy, abundant Celtus; soil mixed into talus. Oreohelix jugalis, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix n. sp. 6, and other snails hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, GH! Rare Oreohelix jugalis and vortex; common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rare Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 (all conditions); Cochlicopa lubrica; Vitrina alaskana; Vallonia cyclophorella. Snails hand collected. Litter sample collected. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 15. Opposite and north of Hammer Creek (1312). SW^ SEk SE^ NW^ & NWk NE^ NEk SWk NW^sec. 15, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus piles along (E. of) Lyons Bar access road, E. side of Salmon River opposite and N. of mouth of Hammer Creek, at RM 52.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1450. Shallow small basalt talus piles; common Rhus diversiloba, uncommon Celtus, grasses. Common Oreohelix jugalis; rare Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Oreohelix vortex, Allogona ptychophora solida, and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected in all conditions. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 16. Southwest flank of Schoolmarm Peak (1313). SWk NW^ NW^ NE^ NW^ sec. 22, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing cliff base on SE side of Little Salmon River; bluff 0.2 mile S. of USGS gauging station and Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614); on SW flank of Schoolmarm Peak, BLM lands. Elev. 1840'. Area much modified by bulldozing; several junked cars. Schist slope with very small talus piles at base. Mostly grasses and scattered Opuntia; open and quite dry. Oreohelix intersum rare. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B27] 17. East of Shorts Bar (1314). SWk & SEk NW^ SE^ NWk sec. 13, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. High N.-facing slope on S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return) at RM 88.8-89.0, E. of Shorts Bar, above Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), ca. road mile 3.0- 3.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1800-1840'. High schist talus; well-vegetated; common mosses, Seligeria; rarer Celtus, Ailanthus, Cystopteris, Draba, Rhus diversiloba. Cryptomastix mullani clappi; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Oreohelix jugalis dead only; rare Oreohelix n. sp. 15 (dead only). Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Oreohelix n. sp. 15 rare (all dead); Cryptomastix mullani clappi moderately common (full ontogeny); Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B29] 18. Opposite mouths of Dugout and Little Berg Creek (1315). SEk SWk SE^ NEH sec. 13, T24N R1E to NEk NEH NW^ SW*s sec. 18, T24N R2E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Base of N.-facing cliffs opposite mouths of Dugout and Little Berg Creek, S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return) at RM 89.4-89.8, S. of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), ca. road mile 3.6-4.0. Elev. 1800-1820'. Bottom of degraded schist cliffs with considerable soils; mostly open; grasses and scattered Celtus. Rare speckled Oreohelix n. sp. 18; common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 10/20/1989 TF, EJ! Very rare live Oreohelix n. sp. 18 (speckled); live Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Cryptomastix mullani clappi. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B29] 19. East of the mouth of Cat Creek (1316). NW^ SWk NEk NW^ SE^ sec. 20, T24N R2E, Riggins Hot Springs 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing slope on S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return) at RM 91.7, S. of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), ca. 0.3 mile SE of A3 mouth of Cat Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 1840'. Very open sandy slope with scattered talus; dry, open; scattered grasses, Celtus. Heavily grazed; common dead Cryptomastix mullani clappi, very rare live, in extremely limited areas. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B30] 20. East of the south end of Lake Creek Bridge (1317). NW^ NE^s SE^ SW^i SEk sec. 21, T24N R2E, Riggins Hot Springs 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Cliff base on S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return) at about RM 92.9-92.95, E. of Lake Creek Bridge on S. side of road up Lake Creek, 0.05-0.1 mile off Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), BLM lands. Elev. 1800'. Cliff and small talus piles (friable schist); abundant bryophytes; scattered Pinus ponderosa; shrubs; Draba. Oreohelix goniogyra, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Oreohelix n. sp. 15, and Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Common Oreohelix goniogyra (full ontogeny); Oreohelix n. sp. 15; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rarer Cryptomastix mullani clappi; collected at cliff base and within a few feet up slope; limited colony, ca. 100 long. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B30] 21. West of the north end of Lake Creek Bridge (1318). SWk NEk NEk SWH SEk sec. 21, T24N R2E, Riggins Hot Springs 1964 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing steep slope 0.1 mile W. of Lake Creek Bridge on N. side of FS9900 off Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), N. side of Salmon River (River of No Return) at RM 92.9, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 1840-1880'. Steep dry open slope with hornblende schist outcrop and limited talus; grasses, common Celtus, and Artemisia. Oreohelix jugalis, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Scattered Oreohelix jugalis; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Cryptomastix mullani clappi. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B30] 22. East of the south end of Manning Bridge (1319). NEk SEH SEk SW^ sec. 20, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing cliff and talus on S. side of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), just E. of Manning Bridge on S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 1920'. Granite cliff and thin talus; comparatively moist; Sambucus, Celtus, Pinus ponderosa, Abies, and bryophytes. Snails very rare; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (live adults); Vitrina alaskana (not collected); Cryptomastix mullani clappi dead only. Hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B10] 23. East of Elkhorn Creek (1320). SE^ NW^ SWk NE^ SEH sec. 21, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing shallow slope on S. side of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), 0.4 mile E. of Elkhorn Creek, S. of Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 1920-1960'. Shallow open sandy slope; Pinus ponderosa forest with grasses and Symphoricarpus; scattered granite blocks; rather dry; impacted by forest fire. No snails seen. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B10] 24. Southwest and opposite Flock Canyon (1321). SWk SW^ NE^ NEk SE^ sec. 21, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing steep slope on S. side of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614), E. side of unnamed creek mouth, ca. 0.6 mile E. of mouth of Elkhorn Creek, 0.5 mile SW and opposite Flock Canyon, S. of Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 2000'. Rather steep schist slope; scattered thin talus; sandy soils; Pinus ponderosa; Abies; Symphoricarpus; Ailanthus; grasses. Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B10] 25. East and opposite Flock Canyon (1322). NE^ NWk & NWk NEk SEk SW^ SE^ sec. 15, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing shallow slope on S. side of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614) at road mile 16.6, opposite but between Gasper Creek and Flock Canyon, S. of Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 1940-2000'. Moderate grassy slope with rather scattered schist talus piles with scattered boulders in open, dry Pinus ponderosa forest. Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Vitrina alaskana, and Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B10] 26. West of French Creek (1323). SE^ NE^ SE^ S\N% & S^ NWk & S^ NEk SW^ SEk N\N^ sec. 13, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing steep boulder talus on A4 S. side of Salmon River Road (Idaho Co. 1614) at road mile 18.2, opposite but between Robbin Creek and Smith Canyon, about 0.5 mi. from the mouth of French Creek, S. of Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 1920-2080'. Large, open, moss covered, steep granite boulder talus. Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (rare, not collected); common Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B1 1 ] 27. Slope east of Lucile (1324). Projected from NW corner; SEk NW^r to SEk SEk SWk SE^ NW^ sec. 2, T24N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Grassy W.-facing slope above (E. of) US95 across from Lucile and S. of Sheep Gulch just N. of Lucile Caves ACEC, E. of the Salmon River at RM 77.0-77.1, BLM lands. Elev. 1720-1800'. Scattered schist boulders and mixed cobbles, small talus piles; moderately steep grassy slope with scattered Celtus, common Opuntia, rare Rhus diversiloba; sandy soil. Common but sporadic Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (full ontogeny); rare succineid. Colony about 0.2 mile long; extends at least 80' above road. Land snails hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 28. Opposite Lucile Post Office (1325). NEk SE^ NWk SW^ NWk sec. 2, T24N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Boulders across from Lucile Post Office on E. side of Cow Creek Road (Idaho Co. 242) in Lucile, E. of Salmon River at RM 76.9. Elev. 1680'. Boulder pile and outcrops (mixed lithologies, mostly limestone) along gravel road; grasses; blackberries; much modified. Abundant Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (full ontogeny); possible Solem site; much modified by town encroachment. Snails hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 29. Wet Gulch South 2 (1326). SE^ NW^ NE^ NEk SW^ sec. 26, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Talus opposite Butcher Bar and E. of US95 just beyond S. end of old US95 segment, ca. 0.3 mile S. of mouth of Wet Gulch, E. side of Salmon River at RM 74.6. Elev. 1640'. Just S. of BLM lands. Schist talus at base of small gully; Celtus, grasses. Oreohelix n. sp. 23 (full ontogeny); very small colony. Hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B15] 30. Wet Gulch South 1 (1327). Center NW^ SE^ NWk sec. 26, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing slope 0.15 mile S. of mouth of Wet Gulch, about 0.1 mile along old US95 segment, E. of present US95 grade, E. of Salmon River at RM 74.35, BLM lands. Elev. 1880'. Very steep, open, and dry schist slope; common bedrock, rare small talus piles; scattered Celtus, common Opuntia and grasses. Very rare Oreohelix waltoni and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 dead only. Hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B15] 31. Mouth of Wet Gulch (1328). SE^ SE^ SE^ NW^ NW^ sec. 26, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing slope on S. side of mouth of Wet Gulch E. of US95, ca. 20' outside of N.-S. fence, E. side of Salmon River at RM 74.2. BLM lands. Elev. 1720'. Celtus and Artemisia, Balsamorhiza, grasses, on schist talus; rather open and dry small bench. Common Oreohelix n. sp. 24 in very small area (ca. 10' x 10"). Hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B15] 32. Wet Gulch North 1 (1329). NW^ NWk NE^ to NE^ NWk SE^ NW1^ NW^ sec. 26, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope and terrace 0.10-0.25 mile NW of mouth of Wet Gulch, E. of US95, E. side of Salmon River at RM 73.85-74.10, BLM lands. Elev. 1720-1780'. Schist talus and bedrock on S. end; boulder terrace to the N. Oreohelix jugalis abundant on bedrock at S. end of site; less common above and on terrace; rare Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and succineid also found. Hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF EJi [B15] 33. Wet Gulch North 2 (1330). NEk SEk NWk to NE^ NEk NEk SW^ SW^ sec. 23, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing steep slope on S. side of unnamed gulch, 0.3 mile N. of Wet Gulch, E. of US95, E. side of Salmon River at RM 73.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1640-1680'. Steep slope with mix of soil, schist talus (very minor) and boulder talus (very minor); snails in talus and high on slope; range open to grassy; common Rosa; mosses at slope base. Very rare Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and 1 recent dead Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B15] A5 34. Lucile Bridge 2 (1331). Projected from NW corner; NWk SW^ SW^ to SW^ SE^ SW^ NWk sec. 2, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing slope just S. of W. end of Lucile Bridge to 0.1 mile S., colony begins ca. 20' above road off (S. of) Cow Creek Road (Idaho Co. 242), NW side of Salmon River at RM 76.9-77.0. Elev. 1640-1680'. Alluvial slope over schist bedrock; grasses, Celtus, Rhus diversiloba, and Ailanthus. Rare live and recent dead Oreohelix waltoni and Cryptomastix harfordiana hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Uncommon recent dead and common long-dead Oreohelix waltoni; uncommon live and abundant dead Cryptomastix harfordiana. Hand collected. 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Rare live Cryptomastix harfordiana; Oreohelix waltoni long-dead only, now rare; sheep pasture. Snails hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 35. Lucile Bridge 1 (1332). Projected from NW corner; SWk NW^ SWk SW^ NW^ sec. 2, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing boulder pile just S. of W. end of Lucile Bridge (for 0.1 mile, below road off (S. of) Cow Creek Road (Idaho Co. 242), NW side of Salmon River at RM 76.9-77.0. Elev. 1580'. Boulder pile (mixed lithologies); steep; mostly open; common Rhus diversiloba, Rosa, some grasses; scattered Celtus. Oreohelix n. sp. 23 and Cryptomastix harfordiana hand collected. 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Moderately common Oreohelix n. sp. 23; rare Cryptomastix harfordiana, and Helicodiscus salmoneus. Hand collected. 10/15/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 36. South and opposite Upper Sherwin Bar (1333). NE^ SEk sec. 14, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing schist cliff base, grading into talus to SW, opposite the S. end of Sherwin Bar, E. of US95 at road mile 209.0-209.2, E. side of Salmon River at about RM 71.9-72.0. Elev. 1620-1640'. BLM lands. Very dry and open steep schist slope, scattered talus, some fluvial terrace cobbles; grasses, Celtus, Balsamorhiza, common Opuntia. Oreohelix jugalis rare live and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 dead only. Hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! Oreohelix jugalis dead only. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B14] 37. Gulch opposite Upper Sherwin Bar (1334). SW^ NEk SWk SW^ NW^ sec. 13, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N. side of gulch opposite of Upper Sherwin Bar on E. side of US95 at road mile 209.3, E. side of Salmon River at RM 71.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1620- 1640'. Schist talus with common river boulders in gulch (NE side); comparatively dry, open; grasses, rare Celtus. Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 uncommon live; Oreohelix jugalis rare; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora common dead with rare live (not retained). Hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B14] 38. North and opposite Upper Sherwin Bar (1335). SEk & NEk NEk SWk NW^ sec. 13, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing schist cliff and talus opposite of Upper Sherwin Bar E. of US95 at road mile 209.5-209.7, E. side of Salmon River at RM 71.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1660'. Schist bedrock cliff and scattered small talus piles; rather dry and open; Celtus, grasses, Opuntia, Artemisia, Balsamorhiza. Moderately common Oreohelix jugalis locally (full ontogeny, mostly bandless); rare Cryptomastix. n. sp. 5; long-dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B14] 39. Box Canyon North 1 (1336). NE^ NE^ SWk SWk NEk sec. 2, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing cliff N. of US95 at approximately road mile 212.0, N. side of Salmon River at RM 68.8, N. end of Box Canyon, BLM lands. Elev. 1600'. High, nearly S.- facing schist cliff with very rare small talus piles; mostly scattered grasses and Opuntia; very dry and exposed. Mostly cliff; modified extensively by road building; very rare Oreohelix waltoni live in 12' x 4' talus; very rare live and recent to long-dead Cryptomastix harfordiana; long-dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B14] 40. Box Canyon North 2 (1337). NWk SEH NEk SE^ NW^ sec. 2, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing gully, and upper slope on N. side of Salmon River and US95, road mile 212.2, near S. end of Blackhawk Bar, N. of Box Canyon at RM 68.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1680'. Open and somewhat dry cliff, gully, and moderate slope; local bedrock exposure (schist) and small-scale talus; locally common Seligeria, some moss; Balsamorhiza; Celtus patches. Oreohelix n. sp. 21 and rare Oreohelix waltoni, very local (full ontogeny for A6 both); dead Oreohelix jugalis; rare Cryptomastix harfordiana. All hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B14] 41. North of Blackhawk Bar 1 (1338). SW^ SEk SW^ SEk SEk sec. 35, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing cliff and gullies at road mile 213.3, N. of Blackhawk Bar, S. side of US95 and Salmon River at RM 67.0, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1680'. Schist cliff and scattered loose rock (schist), perennially moist, mossy in some areas (abundant moss, less abundant Seligeria); common Celtus; Viola; grasses; sandy soil at base. Rare live Box Canyon Oreohelix n. sp. 21; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; abundant Cryptomastix harfordiana; Oreohelix jugalis (very rare), and Deroceras. Hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B35] 42. North of Blackhawk Bar 2 (1339). NWk & NE^ NEk NW^ NE^ sec. 2, T26N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing cliff with small reentrants, S. side of US95 between road mile 213.1-213.2, N. of Blackhawk Bar, S. side of Salmon River at RM 67.1-67.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1640'. Cliff with small steep gullies; mostly exposed bedrock (schist) and sandy soil; fairly open; somewhat moist, with locally common mosses, grasses, Celtus. Uncommon Oreohelix jugalis (mostly bandless); rare slugs; dead succineid; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; dead Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B35] 43. John Day Creek 4 (1340). SEH NWk SE^ SEk SE^ sec. 18, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing limestone talus above 2 springs, ca. 2.7 miles up John Day Road (Idaho Co. 460) from US95, N. side of road. Elev. 2440. Limestone talus ca. 400 in length; mosses; Sambucus; grasses; little soil in talus; above 2 cold springs. Common Oreohelix haydeni hesperia (full ontogeny); uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rare live Cryptomastix mullani latilabris. Discus marmorensis. Hand collected. 10/17/1993 TF EJ! [B8] 44. John Day Creek 5 (1341). SE^ NWk SE^s SEk SE^ sec. 18, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Small spring originating at base of talus ca. 2.65 miles up John Day Road (Idaho Co. 460) from US95, N. side of road. Elev. 2440'. Depth 1-3". Small cold spring and spring run with limestone cobbles, scattered Rorippa; ca. 10" in width; Celtus and Sambucus leaves. Common Pristinicola hemphilli at source; badly grazed, so snails restricted to spring source. No land snails found. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B8] 45. John Day Creek 6 (1342). SE^ NWk SEh SEh SE^ sec. 18, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Small spring originating at base of talus ca. 2.7 miles up John Day Road (Idaho Co. 460) from US95, N. side of road Elev. 2440'. Depth 1-3". Small cold spring and spring run with limestone cobbles, scattered Rorippa; ca. 12" in width; Celtus and deciduous leaves. Common Pristinicola hemphilli at spring source hand collected off rocks and leaves; area badly grazed. No land snails found. 10/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B8] 46. John Day Creek 7 (1343). NEk SE^ SEk SEk SE^ sec. 18, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Talus on N. side of John Day Road (Idaho Co. 460), ca. 2.8 miles up from US95 and 0.1 mile E. of two cold springs (across small gully just E. of mouth). Elev. 2440'. Roughly 0.3 road mile NE of the type locality for Oreohelix haydeni hesperia. Thin and narrow limestone talus overshadowed by Celtus; grassy at base; bryophytes common in some areas; talus length <200'. Uncommon Discus marmorensis (half albino); rare live Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and dead Cryptomastix mullani latilabris (not retained); uncommon Oreohelix haydeni hesperia. Hand collected. 1 0/1 7/1 993 TF, EJ! [B8] 47. John Day Creek 8 (1344). SW^ SWk NE^ NWk SE^ sec. 20, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing large talus in prominent reentrant on N. side of John Day Creek and John Day Road (Idaho Co. 460), ca. 0.75 mile SE of Trevino ranch house and opposite cabin. Elev. 2880-2920'. Large forested schist boulder talus; Pinus ponderosa, Rosa, abundant mosses, Cornus stolonifera; open in places; length ca. 750. Common Discus marmorensis and Cryptomastix mullani latilabris; very rare Oreohelix haydeni hesperia A7 (mostly dead); uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rare slugs. All hand collected. 10/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B8] 48. John Day Creek 9 (1345). NEk SEk SE^ sec. 20, SW^ SW^ SW^ sec. 21 and NWk NWH sec. 28, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Long SW-facing partly wooded slope above John Day Creek, beginning ca. 1 .6 miles SE from Trevino ranch house and ending ca. 0.6 mile SE above John Day Road (Idaho Co. 460), BLM lands. Elev. 3280- 3440'. Open, partly wooded, moderately steep to steep slope and small cliffs, very rare rock piles; dolomitic limestone; Pinus ponderosa (scattered); grasses; Balsamorhiza. Area partly burned; moderately grazed. Oreohelix haydeni hesperia (small form?) common long-dead and quite rare live, surviving only in small groups in protected areas; uncommon long-dead Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; rare live Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B8] 49. Mouth of Long Gulch (1346). NW^ & NE^ NE^ SEk SW^ sec. 1, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Mouth of Long Gulch on both sides (E. and W.-facing slopes), E. side of Salmon River, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1640'. Steep slopes and thin schist talus, exposed bedrock; spring at base on W. side; mostly dry open; grasses, Balsamorhiza, Artemisia and Celtus. Oreohelix jugalis (full ontogeny) moderately common in a limited area (mostly in small gullies on both sides of Long Gulch, especially under Artemisia); rare live Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (common dead). Hand collected. Area heavily pastured. 10/16/1993 TF, EJ! [B14] 50. Opposite Squaw Bar (1347). NEk NEk sec. 14 to W^ SWk NWk NW^ sec. 13, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. High, steep W.-facing slope, above (NE of) US95; E. side of Salmon River at ca. RM 78.9-79.1, opposite Squaw Bar, BLM lands. Elev. 1800-2000'. Steep slope; mostly grasses, scattered schist cobbles. No land snails seen, area heavily grazed. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 51. Crawford Creek 1 (1348). NE^ SW^ SE^ SEk SE^ sec. 11 to SEH SW^ SE^ SW^ SWk sec. 12, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N. and S. -facing slopes along Crawford Creek above (E. of) access road, beginning ca. 0.3 road mile E. of US95. Elev. 1960-2360'. Steep slopes and stream bed; range from dry and open (grasses, Celtus, Opuntia, Balsamorhiza) to moist mossy cliff faces and shrubby slope (still mostly grasses); very common Rhus diversiloba. Very scattered Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (live); long- dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis; heavy grazing damage. Snails hand collected. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 52. Lucile Caves ACEC-Crawford Creek 2 (1349). SEk SWh NWk, SWH SEk NW^, NWk SW^, & NWk NE^ SW^ of SW^ sec. 12, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NW and SW-facing slopes along tributary gully on N. side of Crawford Creek, beginning ca. 0.4 road mile E. of US95 along access road, BLM lands (Lucile Caves ACEC). Elev. 2200-2600'. Relatively dry and open grassy steep slopes in tributary gully; grasses, Opuntia, Balsamorhiza, Celtus, common Rhus diversiloba; scattered schist boulders and small rock piles. Heavily grazed area. Scattered colonies of Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis, especially on SW side; locally common where protected from grazing (very steep areas); Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 53. Crawford Creek 3 (1350). Center NEk SW^ SE^ of SEk sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Small S. -facing talus on N. side of Crawford Creek ca. 0.25 road mile E. of US95, between two major gullies on N. side of Crawford Creek. Elev. 2020'. Small (ca. 15' length) limestone talus on N.-side of small gully; very open; grasses, Clematis, Celtus. Uncommon Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis hand collected. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 54. Lucile Caves ACEC-Crawford Creek 4 (1351). SWk NW^ SE^, NEk NW^ SEk, SEk SW^ NEk, SW^ SE^ NEk, NW^ SE^ NE^ of SE^ sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. E. and W.-facing slopes in a large gully on N. side of Crawford Creek, beginning ca. 0.25 A8 road mile NE of US95 (E. of Salmon River), partly on BLM lands (Lucile Caves ACEC). Elev. 2000-2400'. Dry open slope along dry gully; schist boulder talus at base; grasses; Opuntia; Celtus; common Rhus diversiloba. Rare live Cryptomastix n. sp. 5, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; scattered Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (some live, but most dead); hand collected. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 55. Artemisia slope on south end of Lucile Caves ACEC (1352). NW^ NW^, NEk NWk, SEk NWH SWK, NWH NWk SWH, NEk SWk of SEk sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Extensive steep SW-facing slope above grassy bench, S. part of BLM Lucile Caves ACEC, E. of US95 and Salmon River; length ca. 0.3 mile; width ca. 0.2 mile. Elev. 2000-2400'. Steep slope with limestone bedrock, scattered talus and boulders; grassy soil with Celtus, common large Artemisia, Opuntia, Balsamorhiza; rather dry and open. Very abundant dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis; relatively common scattered live. Hand collected. Area formerly grazed; some grazing continuing. 10/18/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 56. Squaw Creek 1 (1353). NWk NE^ NEk NW^ of SEk sec. 14, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing slope on both sides of Squaw Creek Road (FS487) 0.1 road mile W. of junction with Indian Springs Road (FS9901), E. side of Squaw Creek, ca. 1.25 road miles into Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 3800-3820'. Limestone talus slope; Pinus ponderosa with common deciduous shrubs. Common live to long-dead Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1; uncommon Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Anguispira kochi occidentalis. Hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B12] 57. Squaw Creek 2 (1354). SW^ SE^ SWH NWk NE^ sec. 13, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus 0.5 road mile inside Nez Perce National Forest boundary, N. side of Squaw Creek Road (FS487), 0.9 road mile E. of Indian Springs Road (FS9901), N. side of Squaw Creek. Elev. 3440'. Unstable very dry basalt talus above road; mostly open, with grasses, rare Celtus and Balsamorhiza. Single long-dead specimen of Oreohelix n. sp. 8; hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B12] 58. Squaw Creek 3 (1355). SW^ SEk SE^ NE^ NE^ sec. 13, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus above and below Squaw Creek Road (FS487) just W. of (inside) Nez Perce National Forest boundary, 1.3 road miles E. of Indian Springs Road (FS9901), N. side of Squaw Creek. Elev. 3260'. Very dry unstable basalt talus slope with grasses, few Celtus. Long-dead specimens of new Oreohelix n. sp. 8; 1 live Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; recent dead Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. Hand collected 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B12] 59. South side of the mouth of Twilegar Gulch (1356). NEk NEk SWk NWi« SW^ sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing schist outcrops with considerable soil on S. side of mouth of Twilegar Gulch, E. of US95 and Salmon River opposite mouth of China Creek. Elev. 1720'. Schist outcrops at mouth of gully; mossy locally; abundant grasses, common Celtus. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 20; very few live; Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 live, recent and long-dead; Helicodiscus live and dead. Hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF EJ" [B15] 60. 8.6 miles up Twilegar Gulch Road (1357). NW^ SW^ SW^ SE^ SE^ sec. 31, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing small cliffs (above road) and talus (below road) 8.4-8.6 road miles up Twilegar Gulch Road, above Wet Gulch, BLM lands. Elev. 5640'. Short cliff and talus; Pinus ponderosa forest below; cleared and burned above. Oreohelix haydenia hesperia, Anguispira kochi occidentalis, Allogona lombardii, and Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. Hand collected. 10/1/1990 TF, GH! Common Oreohelix haydeni hesperia (full ontogeny); Anguispira kochi occidentalis; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Allogona lombardii. Hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B9] 61. 8.0 miles up Twilegar Gulch Road (1358). SE^ NEk SE^ SWk SWk sec. 31, T26N R2E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Slope 8.0 road miles along Twilegar Gulch Road., above Wet Gulch; collected above road. BLM lands. Elev. 5360'. Low-moderate slope and thin A9 limestone talus; cleared Pinus ponderosa forest. Snails live mostly along road; dead in clear cut; Oreohelix haydeni hesperia hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B16] 62. 7.6 miles up Twilegar Gulch Road (1359). SE^ SWk SWk NW^ SW^ sec. 31, T26N R2E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing shallow limestone slope 7.6 road miles up Twilegar Gulch Road, BLM lands. Elev. 5120'. Cut-over limestone slope; Pinus ponderosa forest. Dead Oreohelix haydeni hesperia only; hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B16] 63. 7.0 miles up Twilegar Gulch Road (1360). NW^ NW^ SWk NEH SEk sec. 36, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing shallow slope on a low hill 7.0 road miles up Twilegar Gulch Road on N. side, Idaho State lands. Elev. 4820-4860'. Low hill in an open Pinus ponderosa forest (mostly cut-over); limestone substrate. Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, dead only (not collected). Snails essentially extinct in cut-over area. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B16] 64. 2.3 miles up Twilegar Gulch Road (1361). SE^ NE^ SWk NE^ sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. E. -facing slope on knob 2.3 road miles up Twilegar Gulch Road on N. side, directly above Twilegar Gulch. Elev. 2600-2640'. Limestone outcrops, dry slope on an Artemisia covered knob. Oreohelix n. sp. 20 found in all conditions (mostly dead). Dead only at top of knob; live only where protected by small cliffs or talus; heavily grazed. Hand collected. 10/19/1993 TF, EJ! [B15] 65. North side of Skookumchuck Creek (1362). SWk SEk SW4 SEk sec. 3, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing slope near the mouth of Skookumchuck Creek (N. side), 0.35 mile up Dairy Mountain Road (FS2025) from US95, E. of the Salmon River, BLM lands. Elev. 1580'. Dry, exposed grassy slope; replanted, probably Artemisia scrub originally; alluvial substrate. No snails found. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B33] 66. North of mouth of Skookumchuck Creek (1363). NWk NWk NE^ SWH SE^ sec. 3, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. Small gully on E. side of Dairy Mountain Road (FS2025), about 0.1 road mile from US95, N. of mouth of Skookumchuck Creek, E. of the Salmon River at RM 58.1, BLM lands. Elev. 1560-1600'. Small gully collected on N. side; partly forested, with Celtus, Astragalus, Rosa; basalt bedrock with thin soil. Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, rather rare. Hand collected. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B33] 67. Opposite mouth of Deer Creek (1364). NEk NWH NW^ NEk sec. 3, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W. -facing talus on E. side of side road to US95, E. side of Salmon River at RM 57.4, opposite mouth of Deer Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 1520-1560'. Loose open basalt talus; dry, shallow; mostly grasses, scattered Celtus and Artemisia. Oreohelix jugalis , Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Cryptomastix hand collected. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B32] 68. Opposite and south of mouth of Sotin Creek (1365). NEH NEk NWk SE^ sec. 34, T28N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus opposite and S. of mouth of Sotin Creek on E. side of side road to US95, E. side of Salmon River RM 56.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1560'. Basalt boulder talus (dry); very little vegetation. Recent dead Cryptomastix n. sp. 5, not collected. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B32] 69. Mouth of Robbers Gulch (1366). SV\A* NE^ SE^ SE^ sec. 14, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. Both sides of mouth of Robbers Gulch above bridge crossing of old US95 route (N. side), N. of Salmon River at Horseshoe Bend, RM 62.9, BLM lands. Elev. 1760-1800'. Small disturbed basalt taluses, Rhus diversiloba common; some Celtus, grasses; generally very dry, open. Oreohelix vortex, sparse Cryptomastix n. sp. 5; rare dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; area partly quarried; snails under talus in protected areas. Hand collected. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B33] 70. West of Robbers Gulch (1367). N^ SWk SE^ SEk sec. 14, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus 0.1 mile W. of Robbers Gulch, N. side of old US95 route, N. of Salmon River at Horseshoe Bend, RM 62.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1800'. Open dry talus basalt A10 talus base in less disturbed areas in small quarry around a large Populus; understory of grasses, small Salix, little bit of Rhus diversiloba. Sparse Oreohelix vortex and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B33] 71. Opposite Slate Creek Emergency Airport (1368). NWh NW^ NEk NEk NW^ sec. 23, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope opposite Slate Creek Emergency Airport from US95 (along N. side of old US95 route), N. of Salmon River at Horseshoe Bend, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1620'. Dry, open, grassy slope; alluvial substrate No snails. 10/20/1993 TF, EJ! [B33] 72. Lucile Caves ACEC-second site south of Sheep Gulch (1369). SEk SEk NE^s SWk to SEk NW^ SWk SE^ sec. 2, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Shallow-moderately steep W.-facing slope in Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands), ca. 0.3 mi. S. of Lucile turnoff above US95 (E. side). Elev. 1800-2600'. Moderately steep-shallow weathered schist slope with scattered limestone cobbles and boulders; mostly dry and open; grasses, scattered Celtus, Artemisa, Balsamorhiza, Opuntia. Very sparse live and dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis hand collected; rather heavily grazed. Live material very local. 10/21/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 73. Lucile Caves ACEC-south of Lucile Caves (1370). NE^< NE^ SE^ NW^ to NE^ NE^ NEk SW^ to SW^ SEi* SWk NEk to NW^ NEH SWk NEk sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Large W.-facing slope partly in Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands), ca. 0.7-1.1 mi S of Lucile turnoff and E. of US95, and S. of Lucile Caves. Elev. 1800-2600'. Steep-moderately steep slope, open, dry, and grassy, in weathered limestone; scattered outcrops and blocks. Very sparse Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis live; common long-dead; moderately qrazed Hand collected. 10/21/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 74. Lucile Caves ACEC-north site along roadbed (1371). NWk NE^ SEk NEk NWk sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing schist slope near N. end of old roadbed of US95, ca. 0.6 mi. S. of Lucile turnoff, Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands), near old mine prospect. Elev. 1720-1800'. Dry and open slope, with weathered schist outcrops- common grasses, Celtus; locally shaded, with Rubrus, Salix, etc. Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis hand collected. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! Local but common Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis hand collected. Litter sampled. 10/21/1993 TF, EJ! [B17] 75. Lucile Caves ACEC-second site from north on old roadbed (1372). SW^ NEH SE^ NE1^ NEk sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing springy area below Lucile Caves and ca. 0.65 mi. S. of Lucile turnoff, Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands) ca 0 1 mi S of N. end of old US95 roadbed. Elev. 1720-1760'. Shaded, moist slope with spring runs travertine deposition; Salix, Populus, Physocarpus, Cornus stolonifera, Sambucus Uncommon Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 live; Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis long-dead (not retained); Allogona ptychophora ptychophora dead only. Hand collected. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ [B17] 76. Lucile Caves ACEC-near Lucile Caves (1373). Center SWk SWk NWH NE^ sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Steep W.-facing travertine-covered area in vicinity of Lucile Caves and below largest spring source, ca. 0.2 mi. E. of US95 and 0 7 mi S of Lucile turnoff, BLM lands (Lucile Caves ACEC). Elev. 1960-2020'. Very steep travertine- covered; open, mostly very moist; grasses, scattered bryophytes, local shrubs Uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora live; rare long-dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis Hand collected. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B17] 77. Lucile Caves ACEC-cave 1.25 miles south of Lucile (1374). SE^ NE^ SWk SE^ NWk sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Small cave opening to E. of US95 Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands), ca. 1.25 mi. S. of Lucile turnoff. Elev. 1680'. Small cave '(former mine prospect?) in short limestone cliff; bare rock, grasses, scattered limestone cobbles and A11 boulders, very limited talus. Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis extremely local, common where found. Hand collected. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B17] 78. Pine Bar Campground 1 (1375). SWk SWH NE1^ SE^ SE^ sec. 33, T30N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing basalt talus just E. of Pine Bar Campground (at end of access road) above Pine Bar Rapids, N. side of Salmon River, RM 42.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1360'. Basalt talus; mostly dry and open; Celtus, Sambucus, Opuntia, grasses. Oreohelix n. sp. 25; Cryptomastix n. sp. 6; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (full ontogeny for all); hand collections. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B4] 79. Pine Bar Campground 2 (1376). SE^ NWH NE^ SW^ SE^ sec. 33, T30N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing basalt talus on N. side of Pine Bar Campground (N. of upper access road), 0.25 mile E. of mouth of Cottonwood Gulch, N. of the Salmon River, down river from Pine Bar Rapids, RM 42.4, BLM lands. Elev. 1400'. Low, dry, and open basalt talus; snails at base; Celtus, grasses. Uncommon-locally abundant Oreohelix n. sp. 25; Allogona ptychophora solida; Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B4] 80. West of the mouth of Cottonwood Gulch (1377). NW^ NEk NE^ SWk SW^ sec. 33, T30N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing basalt cliffs and talus 0.3 mile W. of mouth of Cottonwood Gulch, N. of access road, N. of the Salmon River down river of Pine Bar Rapids, RM 41.9, BLM lands. Elev. 1360'. Steep talus in small piles at back of short basalt cliff; some rare Celtus; grasses; quite dry and open. Rare Oreohelix n. sp. 25; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B4] 81. Southeast of the mouth of Gill Gulch (1378). NW^ NE^ NWk NEH SE^ sec. 32, T30N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing small, deep and moist gully 0.5 mile SE of mouth of Gill Gulch and on N. side of access road, N. side of Salmon River at RM 41.4, BLM lands. Elev. 1440-1480'. Deep gully; basalt talus ranging from very dry-moist and mossy; Celtus; Echinopsis; grasses. Collected on both sides; rare live Oreohelix n. sp. 25; rare live Cryptomastix n. sp. 6; Allogona ptychophora solida. All hand collected. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B4] 82. Murdicks Spring (1379). NW* NEh NW*s SE^ NEh sec. 31, T30N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Murdicks Spring at the mouth of Pine Tree Gulch, N. of access road, N. side of Salmon River at RM 40.2. Elev. 1360'. Destroyed dry spring. Basalt talus (S.-facing) above spring covered by dead Rubrus. Spring heavily modified; Rubrus probably herbicided and partially removed. No mollusks (land or freshwater) found. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B4] 83. Bug Slope (1380). SWk NEk SW^ & SW^ NV\fa SEH SW^ sec. 25, T30N R1E, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Bug Slope (E.-facing ) ca. 0.4 road mile from Rocky Canyon junction N. side of access road, N. side of Salmon River at RM 38.6, BLM lands. Elev. 1200-1240'. Steep, very dry extensive basalt talus; some mosses; Celtus; Ailanthus; grasses; rare small Rhus diversiloba. Allogona ptychophora solida, Cryptomastix n. sp. 3, and abundant dead-uncommon live Oreohelix n. sp. 25. Hand collected. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B23] 84. Mouth of Maple Canyon (1381). SE^ NW^ NW^ SWk NWh sec. 26, T30N R1E, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing talus on W. side of the mouth of Maple Canyon just S. of access road, S. side of Salmon Rivern at RM 36.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1340'. Basalt talus; moist; mossy; abundant grasses; Echinopsis. Rare Allogona ptychophora solida. Hand collected. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B22] 85. Mouth of Andrews Canyon (1382). Nh NEk SWk SEk NWk sec. 26, T30N R1E, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N. and S.-facing taluses at mouth of Andrews Canyon just S. of access road, S. side of Salmon River at RM 36.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1320'. Steep basalt talus on both sides of mouth of canyon; very mossy to W., dry to E. No live snails; very rare dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (not retained). Hand collection. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B22] A12 86. Talus northeast of Andrews Canyon (1383). NEk NE^ SW^ NE^ sec. 26, T30N R1E, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NW-facing small scattered talus along the S. side of access road, 0.4 road mile NE of the mouth of Andrews Canyon, on S. side of Salmon River at RM 36.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1320'. Shallow scanty basalt talus; mossy in places; Celtus; grasses. Very rare large Oreohelix n. sp. 29; Allogona ptychophora solida; Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 and dead only n. sp. 3. Hand collected. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B22] 87. South of Weis Rock Shelter (1384). SE^ NEH SEk SWk NW^ sec. 8, T30N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. High cliff and E. -facing talus just S. of Weis Rock Shelter, W. of Grave Creek and Grave Creek Road, 0.6 road mile up Grave Creek from its junction with Rock Creek. Elev. 1900'. Moist basalt talus (seeps were trickling down nearby cliff) with abundant mosses, Urtica and Echinopsis under locust. Abundant Cryptomastix (1 species, including rare dead-only populi); uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 25; Allogona ptychophora solida. Hand collected. 10/23/1993 TF, EJ! [B3] 88. 1.3 miles Northeast of China Creek (1385). SEk SWk SW^ SE^s SWk sec. 28, T31N R3W, Rattlesnake Ridge 1963 quad., Nez Perce Co. SE-facing shallow slope below Eagle Creek access road (E. side), 1.3 road miles NE of mouth of China Creek, W. side of Salmon River at RM 12.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1040'. Small basalt rock piles beneath road; Celtus; open and exposed; sandy soil. Allogona ptychophora solida, Oreohelix n. sp. 29, and Cryptomastix populi. Hand collected. 10/24/1993 TF, EJ! [B25] 89. 0.5 mile Northeast of China Creek (1386). SWk NEk SW^ NEk SE^ sec. 32, T31N R3W, Rattlesnake Ridge 1963 quad., Nez Perce Co. Shallow slope below Eagle Creek access road (E. side), 0.5 road mile NE of mouth of China Creek, just above high water mark, W. side of Salmon River at RM 11.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1040'. Basalt talus just above high water mark; Celtus; grasses; driftwood; Rhus diversiloba; open and dry. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 29; rare Allogona ptychophora solida; dead Cryptomastix populi. Hand collected. 10/24/1993 TF, EJ! [B25] 90. 0.2 mile Northeast of China Creek (1387). W^ NWk NEk NWk NE^ sec. 5, T30N R3W, Rattlesnake Ridge 1963 quad., Nez Perce Co. E.-facing shallow slope below Eagle Creek access road (E. side), 0.2 road mile NE of mouth of China Creek, just above high water mark, W. side of Salmon River at RM 11.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1040'. Small basalt rock piles; open and exposed; Celtus in vicinity; sandy soil. Cryptomastix populi, Allogona ptychophora solida, and rare Oreohelix sp. 29 hand collected. 10/24/1993 TF, EJ! [B25] 91. South of Chair Creek (1304). SE^ SE^ SW^ NWk & NW^ NW^ NEk SW^ sec. 26, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing talus above (NE of) US95 from the mouth of Chair Creek SE to 0.2 mile, NE side of Salmon River at RM 81.7-81.9. Elev. 1800-1820'. Large-scale schist bedrock and boulders; scattered talus piles; Rhus diversiloba, common Celtus, grasses. Land snails hand collected. 10/4/1990 TF, GH! Common large Oreohelix n. sp. 23; rarer Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B26] 92. Opposite Smith Canyon (1389). SWH NWh SEh SE^ NEH sec. 14, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing slope opposite mouth of Smith Canyon, ca. 0.9 mile W. of French Creek, S. side of Salmon River Road (FS1614), S. of the Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 1960'. Shallow, rather dry Pinus ponderosa forest; Slope with poor understory, strongly coniferous litter; granite-derived sandy soil. No snails seen. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B11] 93. French Creek 1 (1390). NW^ SWk NWk NW^ NEk sec. 25, T24N R3E, Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope to the E. of French Creek Road (FS246), ca. 1.85 miles S. of junction with Salmon River Road, S. of the Salmon River (River of No Return), BLM lands. Elev. 2640'. Pinus ponderosa forest with scattered granite boulders; thin litter; rich bryophyte flora and moderate understory. Long dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora seen, not collected. No snails seen in litter. 10/14/1993 TF, EJ! [B11] A13 ^BBHUaBOH 94. Race Creek 1 (1391). Center NW^ SW^ NE^ sec. 10, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing schist talus, S. side of Race Creek just W. of mouth and 0.25 mile W., E. of horse pasture. Elev. 1800-2000'. Greenish schist talus; steep, grassy, some moss, some exposed bedrock; moist; above high water mark of creek. Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra (type locality fide Solem), moderately common; most submature. Solem collected closer to road; Baker to the W., in area now heavily pastured (snails now extinct there). Snails hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B27] 95. North of Race Creek (1392). SE^ SEH & NEk SE^s NWk & SW^ NWk NE^ NEk sec. 10, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing slope just N. of the mouth of Race Creek canyon and above (W. of) US95 for about 0.25 mile NE, W. of the Salmon River at RM 84.5-84.7. Elev. 1900-1960'. Limestone and alluvial rather shallow slope; dry, open, heavily modified; recent fire; Artemisia scrub. Recent to long-dead Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; uncommon large Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B27] 96. Race Creek 2 (1393). SWH & NW^ SW^ SE^ SW^ sec. 3, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N. side of Race Creek Road (Idaho Co. 241); first major gully from mouth collected on E. side. Elev. 1880-2040'. Steep, open, dry gully with limestone outcrops on E. side and schist on opposite side. Artemisia scrub throughout. Small Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis colony; snails mostly around limestone outcrops; schist on opposite side of gully. Hand collected. 10/19/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B27] 97. Northwest-facing slope at Salmon River RM 79.6-79.8 (1394). SWk & NEk NWk NW^ sec. 23, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N. to NW-facing slope above present gold mine and 1/8 mile to NE above US95 (SE of), opposite RM 79.6-79.8, E. of Salmon River, BLM lands. Elev. 1760-1800'. Grassy, rocky, rather open steep slope with a weak talus. Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 and Oreohelix n. sp. 23 hand collected. 8/10/89 TF, MF, EJ! Common large Oreohelix n. sp. 23; rarer Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Both hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B26] 98. White Bird Canyon opposite Baker Gulch (1395). SW^ SE^, SE^ NEk NW*s NEH sec. 22, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing talus on NW side of White Bird Creek, SW of the mouth of Baker Gulch. Elev. 1600-1640'. Partly grassy, mostly dry, open, Artemisia scrub hillside with basalt taluses. Basalt talus partly damaged by old road and by grazing. Common Oreohelix n. sp. 25, less common Oreohelix vortex, Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. All hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, EJ! [B39] 99. Base of Banner Ridge in White Bird Canyon (1396). NE^ NW^ & NW^ NEk SE^ SE1^ NWksec. 22, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing slope at the base of Banner Ridge in White Bird Canyon just S. of White Bird Road, ca. 0.28 mile E. of mouth of White Bird Creek, and 0.2 road miles from Lyons Bar turnoff. Elev. 1480-1500'. Wooded slope with exposed basalt bedrock; small talus piles; moist, small seeps; Salix, Cornus stolonifera, some common forbs, and Urtica. Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and rare dead Oreohelix waltoni. Hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Abundant Oreohelix n. sp. 25, common Polygyrella, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, rare dead Oreohelix waltoni. Hand collected. 10/21/1989 TF, EJ! Site almost totally destroyed by road widening. A few surviving Oreohelix n. sp. 25 and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora locally; no Oreohelix waltoni seen. 10/12/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 100. Talus North of Copperville (1397). NWk NEk SE^, W^ SE^ & SEk NE^ NEk NEk sec. 21, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing prominent talus above Hammer Creek Road, on N. edge of Copperville, W. of the Salmon River at about RM 53.2; collected N. for ca. 800'. Elev. 1560-1600'. Base of very steep and large open basalt talus; abundant lichens, moss, some Seligeria; Celtus at base. Cryptomastix n. sp. 5, Allogona ptychophora A14 I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I solida and Oreohelix jugalis in limited area on E. side of talus at base. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B39] 101. South of Hammer Creek Recreation Area (1398). SWk NE^ SE^ SEk SE^> sec. 16, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. Gully and E.-facing talus just above Hammer Creek Road, ca. 0.25 road mile S. of turnoff to Hammer Creek Recreation Area, W. of the Salmon River at RM 53.0. Elev. 1600-1640'. Gully and steep, unstable, open basalt talus; seepy at base with common nettles. Road cuts into talus; basalt talus over alluvial/fluvial terrace. Allogona ptychophora solida and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 hand collected. 10/21/1989 TF, EJ! [B39] 102. Opposite White Bird Elementary School (1399). SW^ SW^ SE^ NWk sec. 14, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing talus and outcrops directly opposite White Bird Elementary School. Elev. 1600-1640'. Basalt talus and outcrops; range from open to tree-covered (deciduous); common nettles. Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Oreohelix vortex, Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Polygyrella polygyrella. Hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW. Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Oreohelix vortex, and Polygyrella hand collected. 10/21/1989 TF, EJ! Abundant Oreohelix n. sp. 25; common Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rare Oreohelix vortex; some Polygyrella polygyrella. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Oreohelix n. sp. 25 abundant; common Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; uncommon Oreohelix vortex; some Polygyrella polygyrella. Hand collected. 6/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 103. North of White Bird Elementary School (1400). NEk SEk SWk & SW^ NW SEk SEk NW^ sec. 14, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. Steep bluff and talus, ca. 400' NNW of White Bird Elementary School and W. of old US95. Elev. 1600'. Shallow mossy (somewhat trashy) basalt talus at base of steep bluff; partly forested, moist; common Urtica, deciduous trees, raspberries. Presumed Oreohelix vortex site of Berry; claimed type locality. Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Oreohelix vortex; rarer Oreohelix n. sp. 25, and Polygyrella polygyrella. Hand collected. 6/17/1993 TF, EJ! Common Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Oreohelix vortex; rarer Oreohelix n. sp. 25, and Polygyrella polygyrella. Hand collected. 10/13/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 104. North of White Bird Creek 2 (1401). NEH SWk & SW^ SE^ NEk NWk NWH sec. 22, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing steep talus slope E. of Lyons Bar access road, ca. 0.4 mile N. of mouth of White Bird Creek, E. side of Salmon River. Elev. 1480-1520'. Steep basalt talus slope; Artemisia scrub with rare Celtus; talus mostly open. Common Oreohelix jugalis and Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, GH! [B39] 105. Below Giants Nose (1402). SE^ NE^ & NWk SE^ SE^ NWk SWk sec. 15, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus E. of Lyons Bar access road at base of Giants Nose, E. side of Salmon River at RM 52.7. Elev. 1440'. Dry, open, partly steep basalt talus; grassy; surrounding vegetation Artemisia scrub. Common Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, GH! [B39] 106. Soards Gulch (1403). SWk NW^ & NWk SW^ NW^ SW^ NEk sec. 10, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. Taluses (N.- and S. -facing) to the E. of Lyons Bar access road on both sides of Soards Gulch, above (E. of) Salmon River at RM 51.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1480-1500'. Metamorphic-granodiorite talus; thin, low, dry, open; grasses, Artemisia scrub above; scattered Celtus, common Rhus diversiloba locally. Abundant Oreohelix vortex, small Cryptomastix harfordiana; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and some Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B38] 107. Owens Gulch (1404). NE^ SE^ & SEH NE1^ SEk NE^ SWH sec. 3, T28N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus to the E. of Lyons Bar access road on N. side of Owens Gulch, E. of Salmon River at RM 50.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1480'. Schistose phyllite, A15 110. Squaw Creek 9 (1407). Center W^ NWk NE^ SE^ NEk sec. 21, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing talus 0.2 mile up Seven Devils Road (FS517) from junction with US95 on N. side; above irrigation channel, W. of Little Salmon River. Elev. 1860'. Very dry, open basalt talus and alluvium; talus in minor gullies; Artemisia scrub with scattered grasses; very local mosses and Seligeria. Oreohelix intersum hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! Rare Oreohelix intersum (medium-sized form). Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B28] 112. Opposite and north of Captain John Creek (1409). NW^ NE^ SW^ NW^ NE^ sec. 28, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus N. of US95 at road mile 192.4, base of steep slope and above irrigation channel near pump house, opposite and N. of Captain John Creek, W. of Little Salmon River at RM 2.1. Elev. 1880'. Large-scale basalt talus; grassy; mostly open; occasional Rhus diversiloba. Oreohelix intersum (medium-sized) uncommon. Collected by hand. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B28] 113. Rapid River 1 (1292). NE^ NW^ SW^ NE^ NEk sec. 12, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing hillside on N. side of Rapid River at lower trail gate, near (SW of) Rapid River Hatchery (Idaho Power), Rapid River Wild and Scenic River. Elev. 2220'. Rocky, steep grassy slope. Most liths limestone, cobble-sized. Scattered Celtus, most cover grass. Slope rather dry and exposed. Large Oreohelix n. sp. 12. Snails locally common. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! Oreohelix n. sp. 12; most 2/3 grown; rare just-hatched juveniles. Snails locally common. 10/11/1993 TF, EJ! [B5] 1 I 1 shallow talus; part washout from gulch, part glacial-accentuated talus; open, dry; grasses, scattered Celtus, Rhus diversiloba; Artemisia scrub above. Common Cryptomastix harfordiana, Oreohelix n. sp. 25, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B38] 1 108. Lyons Bar South (1405). EH NEk NWk NW* NEk sec. 3, T28N R1E & E^ SE^ SW^ SWk SEk sec. 34, T29N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing shallow talus, ca. 0.2 mile S. of S. end, Lyons Bar, above (E. of) Lyons Bar access road, E. of Salmon River at RM 49.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1440-1480'. Shallow metasedimentary talus; dry, open; some grasses, Rhus diversiloba, Celtus. Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Cryptomastix harfordiana, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, GH! [B38] I 109. Lyons Bar North (1406). W^ SE^ NW^ SEVi NEk to W^ NE^ NW^ NEk S£^ sec. 34, T29N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus E. of Lyons Bar access road m from Lyons Bar, N. almost to Shut-in Canyon (0.3 miles), E. of Salmon River, RM 49.0-49.3, M BLM lands. Elev. 1480-1520'. Red phyllite outcrops and talus; varies from open to forested; dry to N., moist to S.; Celtus, shrubs. Common odd bandless Oreohelix vortex?; Oreohelix jugalis; Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Common odd bandless Oreohelix vortex?; Oreohelix jugalis; Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, GH! [B38] 1 I 1 1 111. Opposite mouth of Captain John Creek (1408). SE^ SWk SEH SW^ NW^ sec. 28, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. E. -facing talus W. of US95, ca. road mile 192.9 — and opposite mouth of Captain John Creek, W. of Little Salmon River at RM 2.6. Elev. 1940'. Edge (outside) of BLM lands. Moderate-scale basalt talus at base of series of small gullies; mostly open talus but common moss and Seligeria, Rhus diversiloba, lichens. Oreohelix intersum hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! Uncommon typical (medium-sized) Oreohelix intersum. Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B28] I I I I I 114. Rapid River 2 (1293). SE^ NW^ NEH SW^ NE^ sec. 12, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate _ 1979 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing hillside on N. side of Rapid River ca. 0.25 miles SW of lower W trail gate, above and below lower trail (not shown on USGS map) near its western terminus * and below upper trail (113), Nez Perce National Forest (Rapid River Wild and Scenic River). Elev. 2220'. Rocky, steep grassy slope at base of rock cliff. Most liths limestone, cobble- ■ I sized. Scattered Celtus, Astragalus, Artemisia; but most cover grass. Slope rather dry and exposed. Two Oreohelix n. sp. 12 and n. sp. 14, Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! Snails in scattered colonies in most favorable locations. Collected from base of floodplain to cliff base. Two Oreohelix n. sp. (12 & 14), both in intersum group. Larger with fine ribs, large umbilicus. Smaller almost flat, with produced keel, basal angulation, coarse ribs. Also odd Cryptomastix, Euconulus fulvus subsp., Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Most submature; some fresh hatched juveniles. 10/11/1993 TF, EJ! [B5] 115. Rapid River 3 (1294). SWk NEH NEk NEk SW^ sec. 12, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. E. -facing slope above F. S. trail on W. side of Rapid River, ca. 0.1 mile N. of Thorn Gulch, Nez Perce National Forest (Rapid River Wild and Scenic River). Elev. 2220'. Open, rather dry, steep grassy slope with scattered Celtus and Artemisia. Scattered talus patches. Most liths limestone, cobble-sized. Quite dry except very locally. Snails rare; 2 Oreohelix present, one small, keeled (n. sp. 14); second n. sp. 12 (looks more like classic intersum). Hand collected. 10/11/1993 TF, EJ! [B5] 116. Rapid River 4 (1295). SWH SE^ NE^ SWk sec. 12, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. N. and S. sides of unnamed gulch ca. 0.1 mile S. of Thorn Gulch, W. side of Rapid River above F. S. trail, Nez Perce National Forest (Rapid River Wild and Scenic River). Elev. 2280'. Range from mossy, partly forested talus slopes to dry, grassy, rocky open hillside. Lithology metasedimentary. Snails scattered, locally common. Oreohelix n. sp. 1 2 mostly in drier areas; Cryptomastix (odd morph.) mostly in wetter areas, associated with rare (and dead) Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Most snails subadult; a few fresh juveniles. 10/11/1993 TF, EJ! [B5] 117. South bridge of US95 at Horseshoe Bend (1414). Center NW^ NEk NW?« SEk sec. 23, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing boulder pile beneath S. bridge of US95 (road mile 216.5) at Horseshoe Bend on N. side of the Salmon River at RM 64.3. Elev. 1560'. Boulder pile (fluvial, mixed lithologies) over basalt bedrock; open, dry; some grasses; above high water mark. Uncommon Oreohelix jugalis; common dead only on outcrop to SW. Hand collected. 10/28/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B33] 118. Opposite Cooper Bar (1410). \Nh SEk SEk NW^ SW^ sec. 26, T28N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W. to N. -facing shallow talus on S. side of mouth of small gully on E. side of US95, opposite Cooper Bar, E. of Salmon River, RM 55.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1520- 1560'. Basalt talus slope at mouth of small gully, very little vegetation; some moss; open and comparatively dry. Common small Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 and Oreohelix vortex in talus. Hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B32] 119. North of McKinzie Creek (1411). NW* NW^ SWk NE^ NW^ sec. 24, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing basalt talus on old US95, ca. 0.2 mile N. of mouth of McKinzie Creek, NE of the Salmon River at Horseshoe Bend, RM 63.3-63.4. Elev. 1560'. Rather thin basalt talus; mostly dry, open; grasses. Moderately common Oreohelix vortex; partly disturbed by road building and road closure (bulldozing). Land snails hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B33] 120. McKinzie Creek 1 (1412). NWk SW^ SV\fa NW^ NEk sec. 24, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing talus ca. 0.2 mile up McKinzie Creek Road, on N. side of creek, N. of the Horseshoe Bend of the Salmon River. Elev. 1720-1760'. Low, open basalt talus; common Celtus; some Rhus diversiloba; generally dry. Moderately common Oreohelix vortex; rarer Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B33] 121. South of McKinzie Creek (1413). W^ SE^ SWk SEH NW^ sec. 24, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus above (SE of) old US95, ca. 0.3 mile S. of McKinzie Creek and 0.1 mile N. of the mouth of Slippy Creek, SE side of the Salmon River at Horseshoe Bend, RM 63.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1620'. Dry, open basalt talus with almost A17 no vegetation. Limited talus; most bladed smooth. Uncommon Oreohelix vortex and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 in remaining talus. Hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B33] 122. Opposite Russell Bar 1 (1415). SEk SEk SWk SW^ NW^ sec. 23, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing slope ca. 0.5 mile W. of US95 bridge on S. side of Horseshoe Bend Road, opposite E. end of Russell Bar, S. side of Salmon River, RM 61 .8. Elev. 1640-1680'. Moist partly wooded slope on W. side of gully. No land snails found. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B33] 123. Opposite Russell Bar 2 (1416). SE^ NE^ SWk & NWk SW^ SE^ SWk NEk sec. 22, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing slope ca. 1.2 miles W. of US95 bridge on S. side of Horseshoe Bend Road, opposite center of Russell Bar, S. side of Salmon River at RM 61.4-61.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1640-1680'. Moderate slope, mostly grassy; on basalt; rather moist. Area heavily grazed. No snails despite moisture. Hand collection attempted. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B33] 124. Opposite Russell Bar 3 (1417). SEk NWk NE^ SEk NW^ sec. 22, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing slope ca. 1.6 miles W. from US95 bridge on S. side of Horseshoe Bend Road, opposite W. end of Russell Bar, S. side of Salmon River RM 61.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1520'. Rocky (basalt) slope and short cliff; very moist and mossy. Road construction impact. No snails. Hand collection attempted. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B33] 125. Grave Creek 1 (1418). NE^ SEk SWk SEk NE1^ sec. 30, T31N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing talus at first (upper most) crossing of Grave Creek by Grave Creek Road, W. of road and N. side of creek. Elev. 3080-3120'. Basalt talus; rather dry except basally; scattered Celtus and forbs locally. Uncommon Cryptomastix populi; one Oreohelix n. sp. 25? (immature); Allogona ptychophora solida. Hand collected. 4/24/1994 TF, EJ! [B3] 126. Grave Creek 2 (1419). NEk NEk SW^ NE^ SWk sec. 29, T31N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Unnamed spring N. of Grave Creek, N. side of Grave Creek Road, just over 0.3 road mile W. of Hanley Gulch, N. of Grave Creek. Elev. 2920'. Depth 0-2". Spring not indicated on USGS map. Common Rorippa, mosses in spring runs; several coalescing spring runs with basalt cobbles; grassy and seepy, with Equisetum stands; at sources, Angelica and Celtus. Allogona ptychophora solida, Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, and Vertigo concinnula hand collected. 10/23/1990 TF! Common Allogona ptychophora solida; common Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; 1 Deroceras sp. Physella and sphaeriids in spring. 4/24/1994 TF, EJ! [B3] 127. Hammer Creek Recreation Area. (1471). Center NW^ NWk SWk sec. 15, T28N R1E, White Bird 1982 quad., Idaho Co. Boulder piles and small talus to W. of Hammer Creek Recreation Area (BLM) access road, ca. 0.2 mi. N. of junction with Hammer Creek Road and 0.1 mi. W. of boat launch, W. of Salmon River at RM 52.7. Elev. 1480'. Boulder piles and small-scale talus of mixed lithologies; local bryophytes, Prunus, Populus, Salix, grasses; locally well-shaded. Uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Oreohelix jugalis; very rare Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. Hand collected. Partly destroyed by R.A. modification; some taluses above-high-water-mark talus. 10/22/1993 TF, EJ! [B39] 128. Time Zone Rapids South (1421). Evj SW^ NWk SWk SWi« sec. 2, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope on E. side of Salmon River S. of Time Zone Rapids at RM 84.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1720-1740'. Scattered garnet and hornblende schist talus with rare Cystopteris fragilis, some Celtus, rare Lupinus, and mosses. Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 rare scattered in individual taluses. Heavily pastured; probably very dry. Hand collected 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B27] 129. Time Zone Rapids North (1422). SE^ SW^ SW^ NW^ SWH sec. 2, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope, E. side of Salmon River N. of Time Zone Rapids just E. of Riggins Bridge (US95), RM 84.1, BLM lands. Elev. 1720-1800'. Scattered garnet and hornblende schist taluses, rather shallow with Celtus, Cystopteris fragilis, Lupinus. Live A18 I I Cryptomastix n. sp. 5, two long dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B27] 130. Opposite Lightning Creek South (1423). NW^ SW^ NWk SW^ sec. 35, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing talus at mouth and S. of prominent gully on W. side of Salmon River at about RM 83.0, opposite and south of Lightning Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 1760'. Shallow schist (with quartz and tourmaline) talus with abundant Rhus diversiloba, some Celtus, grasses. Pinus ponderosa forest above and below with scattered boulders. Probably very dry in summer. Site grazed. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 21 and Cryptomastix harfordiana. Hand collection. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B26] 131. Opposite Lightning Creek North (1424). W^ NEk NWk NWk SW^ sec. 35, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing talus below S. major gully almost directly opposite Lightning Creek on W. side of Salmon River at RM 82.9, BLM lands. Elev. 1760'. Dry schist talus, rather shallow, with abundant Rhus diversiloba; open Pinus ponderosa forest. Rare Oreohelix n. sp. 21 and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; common Cryptomastix harfordiana. Hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ, RM! [B26] 132. Opposite Chair Creek (1425). SE^ NWk & SWk SW^ NE^ NW^ SW* sec. 26, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing taluses on W. side of Salmon River at Chair Creek Rapids, RM 81.8-81.9, opposite Chair Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 1760-1800'. Thin schist talus; fairly mossy; common Rhus diversiloba, moderately common Celtus, Cystopteris; fairly open. Oreohelix n. sp. 23, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Cryptomastix harfordiana hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B26] 133. Fiddle Creek Rapids (1426). Eh SE^ NWk NW^ SE^ sec. 22, T25N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing talus slope on W. side of Salmon River between Ladder Creek and Clarks Creek at Fiddle Creek Rapids, RM 80.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1680'. Large schist boulder talus with Rhus diversiloba, Celtus, Cystopteris, and rare Seligeria; probably rather dry. Uncommon Allogona ptychophora solida; Cryptomastix n. sp. 5; Helicodiscus salmoneus. Hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B26] 134. Opposite Lucile ACEC (1427). NW^, NEk & SEk of SE^ NWk SW^ sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing limestone slope on W. side of Salmon River opposite BLM ACEC, RM 78.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1640-1680'. Blue limestone boulders piles at and above high water level with Celtus, Artemisia, mosses, grasses; small limestone basal talus and scattered small rock piles with Artemisia. Oreohelix jugalis on lower slope above high-water mark, Oreohelix n. sp. 20 found higher up. Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 in talus to mid- height (rare). Hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ, RM! [B17] 135. Upper Butcher Bar (1428). W^ SWk NWk NW^ NW^ sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing hillside on W. side of Salmon River at Upper Butcher Bar, RM 75.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1680'. Dry exposed hillside, mixed phyllite and limestone with schist to the N.; Artemisia, rare Opuntia; grasses. Uncommon Oreohelix waltoni in small rock piles; Oreohelix jugalis uncommon on lower slope. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ, RM! [B15] 136. North of Butcher Bar (1429). NWk NEk NWk SW^ & SEk SWk SWk NWk NW^ sec. 26, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing slope on W. side of Salmon River, N. of Butcher Bar, opposite Wet Gulch, RM 74.1-74.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1680'. Rocky slope (schistose metasedimentary lithology) with small talus piles; Artemisia, Balsamorhiza, Opuntia, Seligeria, and Cystopteris on N. side. Oreohelix waltoni found higher up the hill in small draw; Oreohelix jugalis, Cryptomastix harfordiana, and rare Helicodiscus salmoneus throughout the site. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ, RM! [B15] 137. Opposite John Day Creek (1430). SWk SE^ NE^ SEk SWk sec. 14, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing slope on W. side of Salmon River at RM 72.5, opposite John Day Creek.. Elev. 1640-1680'. Slope with pegmatite bedrock; fair amount of Artemisia A19 with Seligeria, Opuntia, sparse grasses; dry, very open. Common Oreohelix jugalis, rare Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. Hand collected. Heavily grazed. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ, RM! [B14] 138. Below Upper Sherwin Bar (1431). SWk SWk NW^ NEk NW^ sec. 13, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing slope and cliffs on W. side of Salmon River at RM 71.3, ca. 0.25 mile below (S. of) Upper Sherwin Bar. BLM lands. Elev. 1600-1680'. Pegmatite outcrops and thin talus; rather dry; talus with Celtus, Opuntia; some Seligeria. Live-dead Oreohelix jugalis and long-dead Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B14] 139. Opposite Blackhawk Bar (1432). NE^ NE^ NWk SWk NWk sec. 2, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing slope on W. side of Salmon River, opposite Blackhawk Bar, RM 68.3. Elev. 1560'. Metasedimentary shallow talus, mostly large; Seligeria, Cheilanthes, and Cystopteris. Abundant Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (small); some Cryptomastix n. sp. 6; 1 specimen of Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B14] 140. Opposite Slate Creek Rest Area (1433). Eh NW^ SW^ NV\fa SE^ sec. 26, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. E. -facing talus slope on W. side of Salmon River, opposite Slate Creek rest area, RM 65.4, BLM lands. Elev. 1560'. Rather dry and steep basalt talus with Artemisia. Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 and Oreohelix vortex. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B35] 141. Above mouth of Sotin Creek (1434). SEk NE^ SWH SW^ HEh sec. 34, T28N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing slope on W. side of Salmon River above mouth of Sotin Creek, RM 56.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1480'. Steep basalt talus with common Celtus; dry, mostly large cobbles, composite, unstable locally. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 25; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Cryptomastix n. sp. 6; Helicodiscus salmoneus; Pupilla hebes; Vallonia; Cochlicopa lubrica generally beneath Celtus in small stable taluses only. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B32] 142. Northwest of Bracket Gulch (1526). NEk SWk NW\ NW^ sec. 27, T28N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing slope, ca. 0.6 mile NW of Bracket Gulch, and above Pittsburg Landing Road (FS493), W. side of Salmon River above mouth of Sotin Creek, ca. RM 54.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1440-1460'. Grassy open slope; dry, scattered Rubus, Celtus, Prunus, grasses; alluvial substrate. Dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora only; not collected. Impacted by road building. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B32] 143. South of Woodruff Gulch (1435). W±t SW^ SWk NW^ NE^ sec. 23, T29N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus slope S. of Woodruff Gulch on E. side of Salmon River, RM 46.7, BLM lands. Elev. 1460-1480'. Basalt (red) talus slope; thin, dry; Rosa, Rubrus, Rhus diversiloba, Opuntia, and Artemisia. Oreohelix vortex and Cryptomastix harfordiana abundant; Pupilla hebes; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; Helicodiscus salmoneus. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B37] 144. North of Woodruff Gulch (1436). NEk NW^ SWk NWk NE^ sec. 23, T29N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope and cliffs N. of Woodruff Gulch on E. side of Salmon River, RM 46.6, BLM lands. Elev. 1440'. Exposed red basalt knobs and thin talus; dry, open, grassy, moist at base; Rhus diversiloba, Celtus, and Artemisia. Oreohelix jugalis and Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 uncommon; rare Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ, RM! [B37] 145. South and opposite mouth of Sheep Creek (1437). SWk NW^ S\NH SEk SWk sec. 11, T29N R1E, White Bird 1962 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing taluses opposite of and 0.25 mile S. of mouth of Sheep Gulch on SW side of Salmon River, RM 45.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1480'. Red rhyolitic basalt taluses about 80 above river with Rhus diversiloba; diverse bryophyte flora; Sorbus; Artemisia. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 25; common Cryptomastix n. sp. 6 and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B37] A20 146. North of the mouth of Hells Gate Creek (1438). NE^ NWH SE^ SW*« NV\fa sec. 11, T29N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. E.- and NE-facing talus slope below (N. of) mouth of Hells Gate Creek on W. side of Salmon River, RM 43.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1640'. Metamorphic basalt talus, common Rhus diversiloba; Artemisia; Seligeria; Cystopteris; dry, exposed. Oreohelix jugalis, Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Cryptomastix n. sp. 6, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and abundant Helicodiscus salmoneus. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B4] 147. Below and east of Devils Garden (1439). SE^ NW^ NE^ SE^ NW^ sec. 31, T30N R1E, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N. -facing talus slope on S. side of Salmon River below and E. of Devils Garden, RM 39.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1340'. Moist basalt talus with Rhus diversiloba; Celtus; Prunus; bryophytes; probably dry in summer. Allogona ptychophora solida, Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Cryptomastix n. sp. 3, 6, and olneyae. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B23] 148. North of the mouth of Second Creek (1440). NW^ SEk NWk SEk NEk sec. 22, T30N R1W, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. E. -facing talus slope N. (downstream) of the mouth of Second Creek on W. side of Salmon River at RM 35.3, BLM lands. Elev. 1280'. Dry large cobble-boulder taluses with Rhus diversiloba, some mosses, Seligeria, large Artemisia. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 25, common Allogona ptychophora solida; uncommon Cryptomastix olneyae and n. sp. 6. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B22] 149. Below Packers Creek (1441). NV\fa NW^ NV\fa NW^ NE^ sec. 10, T30N R1W, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. W. -facing talus slope on E. side of Salmon River at RM 32.8, ca. 0.5 mile downstream from mouth of Packer Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 1280'. Steep basalt talus slope; common Celtus, scattered Balsamorhiza, Rhus diversiloba, Sorbus; rather dry and open, but some Seligeria, mosses, Cystopteris. Common Cryptomastix populi; rare Oreohelix n. sp. 25; rare Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 4/27/1994 TF, EJ! [B21] 150. Skookumchuck Creek 2 (1442). NWk NWH NE^ SWk SWh sec. 6, T27N R2E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus on N. side of Skookumchuck Creek, N. side of Dairy Mountain Road (FS2025), ca. 0.3 mile SE of Dairy Mountain Road turnoff (junction with Delmadge Ridge Road). Elev. 2040'. Comparatively dry basalt talus, but abundant Rhus diversiloba and scattered Celtus, Prunus, grasses, other shrubs. Abundant Oreohelix n. sp. 25; common Cryptomastix n. sp. 5; uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 32; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 4/24/1994 TF, EJ! [B34] 151. Skookumchuck Creek 3 (1443). S^ SW^ SEk NEk NW^ sec. 5, T27N R2E, McKinzie Creek 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus on N. side of Skookumchuck Creek, N. side of Delmadge Ridge Road (FS2025), 1.0-1.3 miles from Dairy Mountain Road turnoff (junction with Dairy Mountain Road) just before stiff sharp turn in road. Elev. 2400'. Very steep basalt talus with Celtus locally. Common Oreohelix n. sp. 25; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; common Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. Hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B18] 152. Squaw Creek 4 (1444). SEk NE^ SW^ SEk NE^ sec. 14, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing talus N. of Squaw Creek Road (FS487) 0.1 mile E. of junction with Indian Springs Road (FS9901), N. of Squaw Creek, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 3800'. Forested (Pinus ponderosa, second growth). Limestone substrate. Uncommon large Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1; rare Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix mullani mullani. Hand collection. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B12] 153. Squaw Creek 5 (1445). Center NWk sec. 18, T24N R1E, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing talus slope above Squaw Creek Road (FS487), ca. 2.0 miles E. of intersection with Indian Springs Road (FS9901), N. of Squaw Creek, BLM lands. Elev. 3080'. Steep unstable basalt talus; rather open, dry; some grasses, Sorbus, rare Celtus. No land snails seen. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B12] A21 154. Squaw Creek 6 (1446). NW^ NWk SW*« NWk NE^ sec. 18, T24N R1E, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing talus slope above Squaw Creek Road (FS487), ca. 2.0 miles E. of intersection with Indian Springs (FS9901), N. of Squaw Creek, partly or entirely on BLM lands. Elev. 3040'. Steep unstable basalt talus; rather open, dry; some grasses, Sorbus, rare Celtus. No land snails seen. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B12] 155. Squaw Creek 7 (1447). SWk SE^ SW^ SE^ SEk sec. 7, T24N R1E, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing shallow slope on N. side of Squaw Creek Road (FS487), ca. 2.8 miles from junction with Indian Springs Road (FS9901), N. of Squaw Creek. Elev. 2880'. Open dry grassy slope with scattered small basalt talus piles; abundant grasses, some Celtus. No land snails seen. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B12] 156. Squaw Creek 8 (1448). SW^ NW^ SWH SEk SWk sec. 8, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Shallow S. -facing slope 0.8 mile W. up Squaw Creek Road (FS487) from Seven Devils Road (FS517) turnoff, N. side, N. of Squaw Creek. Elev. 2760'. Open shallow dry grassy slope with small basalt taluses in scattered piles; abundant grasses, rare Celtus, some Rhus diversiloba. Oreohelix n. sp. 8 very rare live, rare dead; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. Hand collected. 4/26/1994 TF, EJ! [B28] 157. Below mouth of Telcher Creek (1449). NEk SEk SWk NWk NWH sec. 4, T30N R1W, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing talus slope below mouth of Telcher Creek on NE side of Salmon River at RM 31.1, BLM lands. Elev. 1200-1240'. Metasedimentary (nephrite) shallow taluses, fairly exposed; common Prunus, Celtus, Rhus diversiloba, and Rosa. Cryptomastix populi, Allogona ptychophora solida, and Oreohelix n. sp. 25. Hand collected. 4/28/1994 TF, EJ! [B21] 158. Below and opposite mouth of Telcher Creek (1450). NW^ SWk SW^ NEk NE1^ sec. 4, T30N R1W, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing talus slope below and opposite mouth of Telcher Creek on W. side of unnamed gully, S. side of Salmon River at RM 30.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1240-1280'. Nephrite talus with large cobble-boulders. Largely exposed and open, but common Celtus and bryophytes, ninebark, Prunus locally. Common Cryptomastix populi; very rare Oreohelix n. sp. 25 (not collected); common Allogona ptychophora solida; Helicodiscus salmoneus; rare Euconulus fulvus alaskensis; Cryptomastix n. sp. 6. Hand collected. 4/28/1994 TF, EJ! [B21] 159. Below mouth of Mahoney Creek (1527). NW^ SEk SWh SE^ NW^ sec. 1, T30N R2W, Boles 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NE-facing talus on S. side of Salmon River, ca. 0.3 mile above and opposite White House Bar and 0.2 mile below mouth of Mahoney Creek, RM 28.2, BLM lands. Elev. 1320-1360'. Phyllite-nephrite, large cobble-boulder talus; collected in moist mossy, shaded over with Prunus, ninebark, Celtus, diverse bryophytes. Common Allogona ptychophora solida; uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 25; common Helicodiscus salmoneus; Cryptomastix populi; rare Cryptomastix n. sp. 3. Hand collected. 4/28/1994 TF, EJ! [B2] 160. Bank of unnamed creek below White House Bar (1528). SE^ NWi« SW^ NEk NE^ sec. 2, T30N R2W, Boles 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Bank of unnamed creek (W. side) just above mouth of canyon, below (W. of) White House Bar, N. side of Salmon River at RM 27.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1240'. Moist permanent creek with Cornus stolonifera; bryophytes; common Celtus; small metasedimentary talus piles. Abundant Cryptomastix populi; common 3- toothed flat Cryptomastix n. sp. 3; uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 25; uncommon Allogona ptychophora solida. Hand collected. 4/28/1994 TF, EJ! [B2] 161. Slope above Snow Hole Rapids (1529). N^ NEk NWk SE^ SEk sec. 20, T31N R2W, Westlake 1979 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing slope at mouth of unnamed gully above Snow Hole Rapids, N. side of Salmon River at RM 23.4-23.5, BLM lands. Elev. 1240'. Dry open basalt talus surrounded by granite bedrock; uncommon Rhus diversiloba; Celtus. Common Cryptomastix populi, 3-toothed Cryptomastix n. sp. 3; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rare Oreohelix n. sp. 25. Hand collected. 4/28/1994 TF, EJ! [B36] A22 162. Below mouth of Maloney Creek (1530). Projected SW corner; NW^ & SW^ SEk & NWk SEk SW^ sec. 7, T31N R2W, Hoover Point 1967 quad., Lewis Co. S.-facing slope on N. side of Salmon River below (W. of) mouth of Maloney Creek at RM 19.9. Elev. 1200'. Open, heavily grazed granite (hornblende, quartz, feldspar) boulder slope; Artemisia and grasses! Uncommon live Oreohelix; dead Cryptomastix only; long-dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (not retained). Hand collected. 4/28/1994 TF, EJ! [B7] 163. White Bird Bridge North 1 (1531). E^ NW^ NE^ SWk SW^ sec. 22, T28N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. Large W.-facing talus slope to E. of White Bird Road on E. side of Salmon River, ca. 0.25 mile N. of White Bird Bridge at RM 54.2. Elev. 1680-1720'. Large- scale basalt talus slope; dry, open: scattered Celtus, grasses at base; cobble-boulder sized rocks. Moderately common large typical Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 10/21/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Half of the talus has been mined for road material. Shovel present on the site No Oreohelix jugalis collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Oreohelix jugalis colony now extinct. Talus completely removed by mining for road material. 10/30/1990 TF, EJ! [B32] 164. Skookumchuck Creek 1 (1532). SEk SE^ NW^ SE^ SE^ sec. 1, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus to E. of prominent unnamed gully on N side of Dairy Mountain Road (FS2025), ca. 3.0 road miles E. from US95 on Dairy Mountain Road (ca. 2.5 miles from mouth of Skookumchuck Creek) Elev. 2000'. Moderate-sized basalt talus; rather open and dry, but common Rhus diversiloba, grasses, scattered Celtus; Sambucus at base. Abundant Oreohelix vortex. Hand collected. 9/30/1990 TF, GH! [B34] 165. North of Blackhawk Bar 3 (1533). Center SE^ SE^ SE^ sec. 35, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing cliff and prominent small and steep gully to SE of US95, ca. 9.0 miles N. of Riggins, S. side of the Salmon River at RM 66.9. Elev. 1600-1680'. Mossy schist cliffs and small-scale talus; abundant mosses, some Prunus, Celtus, Cystopteris, grasses. Common small Cryptomastix harfordiana; rarer Allogona ptychophora (not collected); dead Oreohelix n. sp. 21. Hand collected. 10/4/1990 TF, GH! [B35] 166. Slate Creek 8 (1534). N^ SEk SWk NW^ NE^ sec. 31, T27N R2E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus ca. 2.0 miles E. of US95 on Slate Creek Road (FS354) (N of road), N. of Slate Creek. Elev. 1760-1800'. Very dry open, badly pastured shallow red basalt talus; scattered grasses; locally common Celtus. Dead Oreohelix vortex (lonq-dead) not collected. Extinct colony. 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] 167. Slate Creek 9 (1535). NE^ SE^ SWk NE^ NW^ sec. 31, T27N R2E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing red basalt talus on N. side of Slate Creek Road (FS354) ca 1 7 miles E. of US95, N. of Slate Creek. Elev. 1720. Very dry pastured thin red basalt talus very shallow; common grasses, Balsamorhiza, Artemesia clumps. Very badly pastured- extinct Oreohelix vortex colony (specimens not retained). 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] ' 168. Slate Creek 10 (1536). SEk SW^ NE^ NWk NWk sec. 31, T27N R2E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing reddish basalt talus N. of Slate Creek Road (FS354) ca 1 5 miles i?T US95' N' °f Slate Creek' EleV- 1680-1720'- Pastured shallow, open and dry grassy reddish basalt talus slope, with common grasses, Artemesia, scattered Celtus, Balsamorhiza Very badly pastured; extinct Oreohelix vortex colony with long-dead shells only not retained 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] 169. Slate Creek 11 (1537). SE^ SW^ NE^ & NWk NEk SEk NWk NEk sec. 36, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing shallow talus above (N. of) Slate Creek Road (FS354), ca. 1.1 miles E. of US95, N. of Slate Creek. Elev. 1640-1680'. Shallow vescicular basalt (with greenish agate) talus slope; some soil in talus; common Celtus, grasses, some other forbs. Shallow dry talus; extinct Oreohelix vortex colony (shells not retained) 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] A23 170. Slate Creek 12 (1538). SW^ NW*«f NE^ SW^ & NWk NWk SE^ S\NH SW^ sec. 25, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing slope ca. 0.2-0.3 mile E. off current US95 on old US95 cutoff on N. side, W. of Slate Creek Road (FS354) junction, N. of Slate Creek. Elev. 1640'. Mostly vegetated (grasses, Celtus) shallow-moderately steep dry and open grassy slope with scattered basalt alluvial cobbles. Perhaps too dry and modified by road building. No land snails seen. 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] 171. Slate Creek 1 (1539). N^ SEk NE^ NEk NW^ sec. 36, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing slope ca. 0.7 mile E. off current US95 on Slate Creek Road (FS354) on N. side of road, N. of Slate Creek. Elev. 1600-1640'. Steep vesicular (green agate) basalt talus with admixed soil; common Celtus; some Sorbus; grasses; locally shaded. Common Oreohelix vortex locally; rarer Helicodiscus salmoneus; uncommon Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. Hand collected. 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] 172. Slate Creek 2 (1540). NE^ SE^ SWk NE^ NWk sec. 31, T27N R2E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. Talus below Slate Creek Road (FS354), ca. 1.3 road miles E. of US95. Elev. 1680'. Cobble-sized reddish basalt talus with admixed soil; rather open and dry, with little cover other than grasses at top; abundant vegetation at base (edge of floodplain); common Rhus diversiloba, Celtus, forbs. Common Oreohelix vortex, Helicodiscus salmoneus and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora uncommon. Hand collected. 6/2/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B35] 173. Opposite Taylor Bar (1541). SWk SW^ SWk SWk SWH sec. 11, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W. -facing talus on S. side of unnamed gully opposite of Taylor Bar at the S. end of Campbell Flat, E. side of US95, E. of Salmon River, ca. RM 59.6. Elev. 1560. Low, small-scale basalt talus, mostly open and grassy. Cryptomastix harfordiana hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B33] 174. North end of Campbell Flat (1542). NEk SWk SW^ SEH NE^ sec. 10, T27N R1E, Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing talus across from N. end of Campbell Flat on E. side of US95, E. of Salmon River at RM 58.9. Elev. 1540'. Moderately low basalt talus, rather open and dry except at base (grasses, mosses). Oreohelix jugalis, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and a few Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B33] 175. Slate Creek 4 (1543). Nw SW^ & N^ SEk NEk SW^ SE^ sec. 33, T27N R2E, McKinzie Creek 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus above (N. of) Slate Creek Road (FS354), ca. 4.0 mile E. of US95. Elev. 2000'. Rather open schist talus; varies from boulder-cobbles, very open to partly shaded; Celtus, Artemisia, Prunus, Sorbus. Abundant Discus marmorensis; common Oreohelix n. sp. 22; less common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/4/1990 TF, GH! Oreohelix n. sp. 22, Discus marmorensis, Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora hand collected. 6/17 1993 TF, EJ! [B19] 176. Slate Creek 3 (1544). N*s NWk SWk NW^ SW^ sec. 35, T27N R2E, McKinzie Creek 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing slope below (S. of) Slate Creek Road (FS354) to flood plain of Slate Creek, ca. 5.7 miles from (E. of) US95, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 2280'. Wooded steep schist and limestone slope (Pinus ponderosa forest), deep soil, moist. Uncommon Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1, Oreohelix n. sp. 22; Allogona lombardii and ptychophora ptychophora; rare Discus marmorensis; Anguispira kochi occidentalis; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Rare Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1, Oreohelix n. sp. 22; Allogona lombardii; uncommon Discus marmorensis; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/4/1990 TF, EJ! [B19] 177. Slate Creek 5 (1545). N^ NW^ & N^ NE^ SWw SWk NB« sec. 35, T27N R2E, McKinzie Creek 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.- and SE-facing slope N. of Slate Creek Road (FS354), ca. 6.2-6.7 miles from US95, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 2440'. Very steep and moist wooded limestone slope in Pinus ponderosa forest; abundant forbs, mosses; deciduous understory. Common Oreohelix n. sp. 22; Allogona lombardii rare; Oreohelix strigosa n. A24 subsp. 1; very rare Hemphillia sp.; uncommon Discus marmorensis; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and large Anguispira kochi occidentalis. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Abundant Oreohelix n. sp. 22; rare Allogona lombardii; Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1; very rare Hemphillia sp.; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; uncommon Discus marmorensis; common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; abundant large Anguispira kochi occidentalis. Hand collected. Site threatened by limestone quarry (Suzie Q). 10/4/1990 TF, GH! [B19] 178. Slate Creek 6 (1546). SWk SWw NEk NW^ NEk sec. 31, T27N R3E, McKinzie Creek 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing steep slope above (N. of) Slate Creek Road (FS354), ca. 8.7 miles E. from US95 and 0.3 mile W. of North Fork Campground, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 2800'. Steep, wooded limestone knob, N. of Slate Creek Road; Pinus ponderosa forest with Linnaea, Cornus canadensis, other forbs. Oreohelix n. sp. 22; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; Discus marmorensis; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Common Oreohelix n. sp. 22; rare Discus marmorensis; Cryptomastix sp., Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, and Anguispira kochi occidentalis hand collected. 10/4/1990 TF, GH! Oreohelix n. sp. 22, Discus marmorensis; Cryptomastix mullani olneyae, Anguispira kochi occidentalis, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora hand collected. 6/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B20] 179. Papoose Creek 1 (1547). NW^ NWk NWk NWk sec. 25, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Dominantly S. -facing low limestone knob at mouth of gully and base of Papoose Saddle, 5.8 miles NW of US95 on Seven Devils Road (FS517) or about 3.2 miles from Squaw Creek Road junction (FS487), on NW side of road, above Papoose Creek, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 4200-4240'. Cut-over low limestone knob in Pinus ponderosa forest; mossy, moist understory with abundant forbs, including Viola. Thin litter (cut over) and rocky soil; common large Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; rare Cryptomastix mullani olneyae. Hand collected. 4/25/1994 TF, EJ! [B13] 180. Papoose Creek 3 (1549). \Nh NWk SWH sec. 27, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Seven Devils Road (FS517), ca. road mile 9.5-10.0 E. from US95, on N. side of road and McClinery Ridge, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 5880-5960'. Moist Pinus ponderosa forest (common bryophytes); but very open; logging debris, Rubrus common. Large Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 rare; very rare Radiodiscus abietum; mostly logged and open. Hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! [B13] 181. Kessler Creek 1 (1550). NWk SE^ SWk sec. 36, T25N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Predominantly on S.-facing slope (partly on N. -facing slope) 2.3 miles up Kessler Creek Road (FS410), off Race Creek Road, on limestone knob on both sides of Kessler Creek and road, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 4000-4200'. Pinus ponderosa forest (partly logged), on limestone knob surrounded by basalt (E.) and schist (W.) on both sides of road and flanking Kessler Creek floodplain. Abundant large Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra or related species, on limestone only, mostly in unlogged area. Hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF GH' [B12] 182. Southwest Grave Creek Saddle 1 (1551). E^ SE^ NE^ SWk NE^ sec. 2, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Predominantly S.-facing open area on Grave Creek Road (FS2052), ca. 2.5 miles W. of origin, near crossing of Grave Creek Trail, SW ca. 0.5 mile from Grave Creek Saddle, high above Grave Creek on N. side, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 4680'. Schist outcrops; open Pinus ponderosa forest. Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra only live near road (abundant) and outcrops. Millions of dead shells in adjacent logged areas; none live there. Hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! [B12] 183. Southwest Grave Creek Saddle 2 (1552). SW^ NEk NW^ SW^ NEh sec. 2, T24N R1W, Kessler Creek 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Mostly SW-facing schist outcrops along Grave Creek Road (FS2052), W. of Grave Creek Trail, ca. 0.7 mi. SW of Grave Creek Saddle, ca. 2.8 miles from Kessler Creek Road, high above Grave Creek on N. side, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. 4720'. Schist outcrops, formerly moist Pinus ponderosa forest (now logged). A25 Common Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra along road on outcrops; dead shells only in logged and burned areas. Hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! [B12] 184. John Day Creek 1 (1553). NWk & NE^ NWk SEk SEk sec. 18, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. NW-S. -facing talus 2.7 miles up John Day Creek Road E. from US95; prominent limestone outcrop to N. of road Elev. 2560-2680'. Type locality for Oreohelix haydeni hesperia. Large, mostly open limestone talus (cobble-sized) and outcrops just E. of gully; common grasses, Celtus; soil common in talus. Very common live and dead shells of Oreohelix haydeni hesperia. Hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Oreohelix haydeni hesperia and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora hand collected. 5/31/1990. [B8] 185. John Day Creek 2 (1554). NE^ NEk SWk SE^ SEk sec. 18, T26N R2E, John Day Mtn. 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SE-facing gully about 2.6 miles up John Day Creek Road from US95, on N. side of road and creek. Elev. 2560-2680'. Type locality of Cryptomastix mullani latilabris. Limestone cobble-gravel talus in gully; mostly Celtus scrub; dry, leaf-covered. Uncommon live Cryptomastix mullani latilabris, common Oreohelix haydeni hesperia, Pristiloma, etc. Hand and litter sampled. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Cryptomastix mullani latilabris and Oreohelix haydeni hesperia hand collected. 10/1/1990 TF! Oreohelix haydeni hesperia and Cryptomastix mullani latilabris hand collected. 10/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B8] 186. John Day Creek 3 (1555). Center NW^ SEk SW^ sec. 18, T26N R2E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing talus 1.95 miles up John Day Creek Road from US95, on N. side of road, ca. 0.1 mile from cluster of houses. Elev. 2240-2280'. Type locality of Oreohelix waltoni. Low basalt talus, badly pastured below, with common Celtus, grasses; mostly open and dry, cut by cow paths. No Oreohelix waltoni found in lower talus. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Oreohelix jugalis rare in base; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora uncommon; heavily pastured; no Oreohelix waltoni obvious. Hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Lower talus examined, no Oreohelix waltoni. 10/3/1990 TF! Oreohelix jugalis rare in base to upper talus; Allogona ptychophora ptychophora uncommon; rare live (juveniles only, not retained) and dead Oreohelix waltoni in upper talus; Cryptomastix mullani latilabris. Hand collected. 10/17/1993 TF, EJ! [B14] 187. Box Canyon (1556). SE^ SE^ SWH SE^ NEk sec. 2, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing small seep in gully in Box Canyon, N. of US95 at road mile 211.7, N. side of Salmon River, RM 69.05, BLM lands. Elev. 1800-1840'. Shallow seepy area with common Celtus below, dry and open above, surrounded by cliffs NW and SW; metasedimentary rocks, schist. Common Oreohelix waltoni, Oreohelix n. sp. 21 locally in small area; common Pupilla hebes, Vallonia cylophorella, etc. in litter; uncommon Cryptomastix harfordiana; most of the talus removed by road construction. Hand and litter sampled. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B14] 188. Box Canyon South (1557). NWk SW^ NE^ SWk SWk sec. 1, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. SW-facing very steep cliff opposite RM 69.4, NE side of Salmon River near geological marker, NE of US95, BLM lands. Elev. 1600'. Small very steep gully in metasedimentary cliff face, very open and dry, very limited talus; grasses only. Very rare Oreohelix n. sp. 21 and Cryptomastix n. sp. 5; most talus removed by road building. Hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! [B14] 189. South of Long Gulch (1558). Eh SE^ NW^ & E^ NEk SWk NWk NE^ sec. 12, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope on old US95 cutoff ca. 0.4 mile S. of Long Gulch and 0.2 mile N. of present US95; approximately RM 69.9. Elev. 1640'. Alluvium over granite; sandy, mostly grasses; some Celtus, Artemisia, Balsamorhiza; thin, dry soil. No land snails seen. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B14] 190. Opposite John Day Bar (1559). Center N\N% NWk NEk sec. 23, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. W.-facing slope to E. of US95 and ca. 0.2 mile S. of mouth of John Day Creek, opposite John Day Bar on E. side of Salmon River at RM 72.8. Elev. 1600-1680'. A26 Celtus stand in alluvium, shaded and moist. Common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora; uncommon Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! [B14] 191. South of Rice Creek Bridge (1560). E^ NWH NW^ NW^ SW*« sec. 25, T30N R1W, Moughmer Point 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Level area ca. 0.1 mile S. of Rice Creek Bridge on E. side of Rice Creek Road, E. of Salmon River, RM 37.6. Elev. 1320'. Bridge also called Boles Bridge. Nearly level grassy area and shallow basalt talus below (W. of) road; mostly grasses, scattered basalt boulders. Common Oreohelix n. sp. 25, Cryptomastix n. sp. 3, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 9/29/1990 TF, GH! [B23] 192. Berg Bar South (1561). NWk NW* SWk SEk sec. 18, T24N R2E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing steep hillside on S. end of Berg Bar and W. of shallow knob, S. side of French Creek Road (Idaho Co. 1614), S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return), RM 90.1. Elev. 1800-1840. Grassy slope developed on schist talus. Moderately common Oreohelix n. sp. 15; uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (not collected) and Cryptomastix mullani clappi. Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Rare Oreohelix n. sp. 15, rare live Cryptomastix mullani clappi, and Allogona ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! [B29] 193. Opposite mouth of Berg Creek (1562). SE^ SW^ SE^ sec. 18, T24N R2E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing spring slope to E. of campground and bar, S. side of French Creek Road (Idaho Co. 1614) at road mile 4.1-4.3, on E. side of low knob, S. side of Salmon River (River of No Return), RM 90.3-90.5. Elev. 1800-1840'. Partly consolidated schist talus; very moist with weakly distinct springs; grasses, deciduous trees, good understory; local landslides. Oreohelix n. sp. 15 uncommon live; dead only Cryptomastix mullani clappi (not retained). Hand collected. No aquatic mollusks found in the springs. 8/11/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Oreohelix n. sp. 15; Cryptomastix mullani clappi, dead (not retained); uncommon Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (not retained). Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B29] 194. Lake Creek 1 (1563). SW^ NEH SEk NW^ NEk sec. 28, T24N R2E, Riggins Hot Springs 1964 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing slope approximately 0.4 mile S. of Lake Creek Bridge to S. up Lake Creek. Elev. 2000'. Partly wooded slope with large granite and metasedimentary boulders. Single Oreohelix n. sp. 15; Allogona ptychophora rare; 1 odd small Oreohelix sp.; rare Cryptomastix mullani clappi. Hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! [B30] 195. Twilegar Gulch (1564). N^ NE^ SEk SEk NWH sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Ca. 0.6 mile up Twilegar Gulch Road E. from US95, in main gully for Twilegar Gulch. Elev. 1960-2040'. Oreohelix haydeni perplexa type locality. Exposed limestone outcrops and small talus piles in Artemisia scrub, Twilegar Gulch below prominent limestone ledges and exposures. Oreohelix haydeni perplexa live only in small area on S. side of main gulch and surrounding Artemisia scrub; dead over much of SE^ sec. 35. Abundant dead, rare live Oreohelix haydeni perplexa; Cryptomastix n. sp. 5. Hand collected. 8/10/1989 TF, EJ, SW! Oreohelix haydeni perplexa and live Cryptomastix n. sp. 5 hand collected. 6/1/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Oreohelix haydeni perplexa rarely live, most dead; one sclariform. Hand collected. 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B15] 196. West side of White Bird Creek bridge (1420). N4 NW^ NW^ SWk NEk sec. 22, T28N R1E, White Bird 1982 quad., Idaho Co. S. -facing talus slope and exposures above White Bird Creek just W. of bridge and above Lyons Bar access road. Elev. 520'. Basalt exposures and small talus piles; mostly grasses with scattered Celtus; mostly open and dry. Uncommon Oreohelix vortex; grazing impact. Hand collected. 10/5/1990 TF, GH! [B39] 197. Shingle Creek 1 (2158). Center SEH NE^ SE^ SEk sec. 1, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing basalt outcrops and forest on S. side of Shingle Creek, ca. 0.2 mi. NW of mouth and 0.1 mi. from old DeVaney Place (now owned by State of Idaho). Elev. 2280'. Basalt cliff, rare talus, and forested outcrops; fairly well-shaded but disturbed forest with common deciduous understory plants. Collected along ca. 300' of road. Common small Oreohelix n. sp. 19, abundant Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; common Allogona A27 ptychophora ptychophora. Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! Abundant Cryptomastix mullani olneyae; common Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! [B5] 198. East-facing slope at mouth of Rapid River (2159). SEH NE^ SE^ NV\N SE^ sec. 32, T24N R1E, Pollock 1979 quad., Idaho Co. Steep S. and E.-facing slope above junction (NW) of Rapid River Road (FS2114) and US95 near mouth of Rapid River. Elev. 2000-2040'. Sandy, exposed slope with basalt outcrop, alluvium; mostly grasses, with scattered Celtus; mostly dry and open, but seepy in spring. Common local Oreohelix n. sp. 19; rare dead Allogona ptychophora ptychophora (not retained). Site has been grazed. Hand collected. 5/31/1990 TF, EJ, SN! [B24] 199. Talus along US95 at road mile 193.2 (2160). SE^ SE^ NW^ SV\fa SWk sec. 28, T24N R1E, Riggins 1964 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing talus on S. side of unnamed gulch N. of Alum Gulch, W. of US95 at road mile 193.2; opposite Little Salmon River at RM 3.0. Elev. 1920'. Basalt cobble-boulder talus with Rhus diversiloba, Sorbus; grasses at base and sides; rare Seligeria, bryophytes. Uncommon large Oreohelix n. sp. 13; heavily grazed; most talus mined for road fill. Snails hand collected. 10/20/1989 TF, EJ! [B28] 200. Rapid River 6 (2161). SEH SW^ NW^ NE^ NE^ sec. 12, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. E.-facing gully on trail switchback, ca. 0.1 mi. W. from gate in back of Rapid River Fish Hatchery (upstream), Nez Perce National Forest (Rapid River Wild and Scenic River). Elev. 2240-2280'. Open, dry, grassy; scattered Celt us and wood debris; mostly weathered bluish schist, limestone pebbles and cobbles. Very common large Oreohelix n. sp. 13; site formerly grazed. Snails hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! [B5] 201. Rapid River 7 (2162). SEk SW^ SEk NW^ NE^ sec. 12, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. Shallow S. -facing shallow gully ca. 0.2 mi. W. of gate in back of Rapid River Hatchery (upstream) and ca. 120' above Rapid River, Nez Perce National Forest (Rapid River Wild and Scenic River). Elev. 2320'. Grassy gully with common Celtus and large wood and metal debris; scattered schist with common limestone cobbles; rather open and dry. Grazed; locally abundant large Oreohelix n. sp. 13. Hand collected. 10/2/1990 TF, GH! [B5] 202. Sheep Gulch-lowermost 1.0 mile (2163). Projected from SE corner; N^ NEk SWk to NWk NE^ SEk NEH SE^ sec. 2, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. N.-facing steep limestone slope on S. side of Sheep Gulch, ca. 0.7-1.0 mi. E. from US95. Elev. 2120-2200'. Steep limestone slope and slope base; mostly open, dry, with grasses; weathered blue schist below; limestone outcrops above. Rare live and dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis in 0.7- 0.9 mi. from US95; Oreohelix n. sp. 20 in next 0.1 mi. All hand collected. 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B17] 203. Lower site of unnamed gulch between Sheep and Twiligar Gulch (2164). NWk SWk SWk NWH SE^ sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Small N.-S. gully on N. side of unnamed gulch between Sheep and Twiligar Gulch, ca. 1.2 rd. mi. from US95, before 1st road crossing of gulch. Elev. 2080-2100'. Small-scale limestone outcrops and very minor talus, mostly E.-facing; grasses, Artemesia, scattered Celtus, Opuntia; open and dry. Uncommon Oreohelix n. sp. 20; live only in rocky areas; long-dead shells for considerable area but this now heavily grazed. Snails hand collected. 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B15] 204. Upper site of unnamed gulch between Sheep and Twilegar Gulch (2165). SW^ NEk & NW^ SE?« SE1^ sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Head of S. branch of unnamed gulch between Sheep and Twiligar Gulch, starting at 2nd road crossing of gulch (highest), ca. 2.0 rd. mi. from US95. Elev. 2360-2580'. Steep slope with mixed deeply weathered schist and limestone bedrock exposure; very open and dry; mostly grasses, small Artemesia. Oreohelix n. sp. 20 long dead only; not collected; large area walked in detail without in finding live specimens; heavily grazed. 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B15] A28 205. Upper Twilegar Gulch-lower road crossing (2166). SE^ SWk NWk NEk NEk sec. 35, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. First (lower) road crossing of upper Twilegar Gulch' ca. 2.5 mi. off US95. Elev. 2680'. Mostly W.-facing, shallow gullies with limestone cobbles' boulders; some alluvium; mostly open, dry, grasses. No mollusks; heavily qrazed 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B15] 206. Upper Twilegar Gulch-upper road crossing (2167). NW^ NW^ SW^ NW^ NW^ sec. 36, T26N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Upper Twilegar Gulch at upper road crossing ca 3.4 mi. off US95, State of Idaho lands. Elev. 3000'. Mostly W.-facing limestone slope and minor talus; open, grassy, dry; some Celtus, Artemesia. Rare Oreohelix n sp 20- qrazed Hand collected. 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B15] 207. Lucile Caves ACEC-North of mouth of Crawford Creek (2168). NE^ SE^ SWk to NWk SEk SE^ SWk SE^ sec. 11, T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Just E. of US95 and 0.1 mi. NW of Crawford Creek, beginning near cliff base and extending 0.2 mi E Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands). Elev. 1680-1800'. Limestone cliff base (W.-facing), partly shaded and wooded, to shallow, rather open and dry limestone outcrop with Sorbus; Artemesia, and grasses. Common but very local Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. Hand collected 10/1/1990 TF, GH! [B17] 208. Lucile Caves ACEC-1.4 miles south of Lucile (2169). Eh SEk NWk NEk SWk sec. 11, "T25N R1E, Lucile 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Short limestone cliff E. of US95 and 1 4 mi S of Lucile turnoff, Lucile Caves ACEC (BLM lands). Elev. 1720-1760'. Short limestone cliff with minor talus; mostly bedrock, dry, grassy, open; some Sorbus, Rubus, Rhus diversiloba Common long-dead and recently dead Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis. 8/10/1989 TF, MF, EJ! [B17] 209. Talus at mouth of Allison Creek (2170). S^ SW^ SE4 SW^ NWk sec. 13, T24N R2E Riggins Hot Springs 1964 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing, dry, open granite talus on N side of Allison Creek and FS221, ca. 0.2 mi. NW of Allison Creek Campground Elev 1940-2000' Dry, open granite outcrops and talus with grasses, uncommon Celtus and Opuntia Rare Oreohelix jugahs hand collected. 10/3/1990 TF, GH! [B31] 210. Hanely Gulch 1 (2171). NWk SW^ NEk SW^ SE^ sec. 29, T31N R1E, Fenn 1963 quad., Idaho Co. Unnamed springs and seeps on N. side of the mouth of Hanley Gulch NE side of Grave Creek Road. Elev. 2840'. Depth 0-2". Small cold springs and seeps, varies from open to Ronppa covered with scattered Mimulus. Spring not indicated on USGS map Allogona ptychophora ptychophora and Vertigo concinnula hand collected off veqetation in seeps. 9/29/1990 TF, GH! Rare Allogona ptychophora solida, Allogona ptychophora ptychophora, Cryptomastix mullani mullani, and Deroceras sp. on vegetation in seeps Physella in seeps and springs. All hand collected. 4/24/1994 TF, EJ! [B3] 211. Springs northeast of French Creek (1472). Center SWk NEk NEk sec. 13 T24N R3E Kelly Mountain 1964 quad., Idaho Co. Unnamed springs northeast of the town of French ?!!!?' ?i S'de °f the Salmon River (River of No Return) and French Creek Road (Idaho 1614). Elev. 1960-1980'. Two small cold springs and associated seeps; N.-facing partly wooded, grasses and bryophytes locally; mostly muddy substrate. Springs not shown on USGS map. Cryptomastix mullani clappi hand collected. 8/10/1989 TF, EJ! [B11] 212. South of White Bird Bridge 1 (1481). NWk, NEk, SEk SEk NE^ NW^ sec 27 T28N R1E Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. S.-facing Artemisia slope and red basalt talus in small ravine on N. side of road to White Bird, ca. 0.5 mile S. of White Bird Bridge W of US95, S^ side of Salmon River at RM 54.9, BLM lands. Elev. 1560'. Dry Artemisia scrub- red pumicy basalt. Dry and heavily grazed. No land snails found. 10/22/1993 TF, EJ! [B32] 213. South of White Bird Bridge 2 (1482). NWk SW^ SEk NE^ NW^ sec. 27, T28N R1E Slate Creek 1981 quad., Idaho Co. Small basalt promontory and flanking ravines below (S. A29 ;H side of) road to White Bird, ca. 0.4 mile S. of White Bird Bridge, W. of US95, S. side of Salmon River at RM 54.8, BLM lands. Elev. 1520'. Rocky (basalt) open ridge and steep ravines, mostly S. -facing; Artemisia scrub, some Celtus, Rhus in ravines. Rare live and long- dead Oreohelix jugalis. Hand collected. 10/22/1993 TF, EJ! [B32] Southeastern slope of Mount Sampson (2157). NE^ sec. 22, T23N R1W, Heavens Gate 1979 quad., Idaho Co. Loose rock of a knife-edge rock outcrop on the southeastern slope of Mount Sampson, Seven Devils Mountains, Nez Perce National Forest. Elev. ca. 5500'. Carinate form in broken limestone outcrop. Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus ponderosa, Balsamorhiza, Physocarpus capitatus, Mertensia platyphylla, glacier lily. Oreohelix hammeri type locality. Most found on east slope. Found with estivation membrane, without and crawling mostly under rocks (not deep). 7/1982 William P. Hammer! [B6] A30 APPENDIX B. SITE MAPS. Maps of localities visited during this survey. Base map derived from appropriate USGS 7.5' topographic series and at same scale (1:24,000). For overall view, compare with with Figure 1. Black dots (or star in the case of Oreohelix hammeri, not collected but occurring in the area) indicate site locations: for details see Appendix A. For species maps, see Appendix C. For site listing by taxon, see Table 4. QUADRANGLE SITES MA Boles 159 160 B2 Fenn 87 125 126 210 B3 Fenn 78-82 146 B4 Heavens Gate 113-116 197 200 201 B5 Heavens Gate O. hammeri type locality (unnumber ed) B6 Hoover Point 162 B7 John Day Mtn. 43-48 184 185 B8 John Day Mtn. 60 B9 Kelly Mountain 22-25 B10 Kelly Mountain 26 92 93 211 B11 Kessler Creek 56 57 152-155 181-183 B12 Kelssler Creek 179 180 B13 Lucile 36-40 49 137-139 186-190 B14 Lucile 29-33 59 64 135 136 195 203-206 B15 Lucile 61-63 B16 Lucile 27 28 34 35 50-55 72-77 134 202 207 208 B17 McKinzie 151 B18 McKinzie 175-177 B19 McKinzie 178 B20 Moughmer Point 149 157 158 B21 Moughmer Point 84-86 148 B22 Moughmer Point 83 147 191 B23 Pollock 198 B24 Rattlesnake Point 88-90 B25 Riggins 4-11 91 97 130-133 B26 Riggins 1-3 16 94-96 128 129 B27 Riggins 110-112 156 199 B28 Riggins 17 18 192 193 B29 Riggins Hot Springs 19-21 194 B30 Riggins Hot Springs 209 B31 Slate Creek 67 68 118 141 142 163 212 213 B32 Slate Creek 65-71 117 119-124 173 174 B33 Slate Creek 1 50 1 64 B34 Slate Creek 41 42 140 165-172 B35 Westlake 161 B36 White Bird 143-145 B37 White Bird 106-109 B38 White Bird 12-15 98-105 127 196 B39 B1 B2 BOLES QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 159, 160 B3 FENN QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 87, 125, 126, 210 B4 FENN QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 146 B5 HEAVENS GATE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 113, 114, 115, 116, 197, 200, 201 B6 HEAVENS GATE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID TYPE AND ONLY LOCALITY FOR OREOHELIX HAMMERI B7 HOOVER POINT QUADRANGLE, LEWIS CO., ID SITE 162 B8 JOHN DAY MTN. QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 184, 185 B9 JOHN DAY MTN. QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITE 60 B10 KELLY MOUNTAIN QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 22, 23, 24, 25 B11 KELLY MOUNTAIN QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 26, 92, 93, 211 B12 KESSLER CREEK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 56, 57, 58, 152, 153, 154, 155, 181, 182, 183 B13 KESSLER CREEK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 179, 180 B14 LUCILE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 137, 138, 139, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190 B15 LUCILE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 59, 64, 135, 136, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206 B16 LUCILE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 61, 62, 63 ' B17 LUCILE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 27, 28, 34, 35, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 134, 202, 207, 208 B18 MC KINZIE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITE 151 B19 MC KINZIE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 175, 176, 177 B20 MC KINZIE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITE 178 ■ B21 MOUGHMER POINT QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 149, 157, 158 B22 MOUGHMER POINT QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 84, 85, 86, 148 B23 MOUGHMER POINT QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO ID SITES 83, 147, 191 B24 POLLOCK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITE 198 B25 RATTLESNAKE RIDGE QUADRANGLE, NEZ PERCE CO., ID SITES 88, 89, 90 B26 RIGGINS QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 91, 97, 130, 131, 132, 133 B27 RIGGINS QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 1, 2, 3, 16, 94, 95, 96, 128, 129 RIGGINS QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 110, 111, 112, 156, 199 B29 RIGGINS QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 17, 18, 192, 193 B30 RIGGINS HOT SPRINGS QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO ID SITES 19, 20, 21, 194 B31 RIGGINS HOT SPRINGS QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO ID SITE 209 B32 SLATE CREEK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 67, 68, 118, 141, 142, 163, 212, 213 .. . B33 SLATE CREEK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 173, 174 B34 SLATE CREEK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 150, 164 B35 SLATE CREEK QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 41, 42, 140, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 B36 WESTLAKE QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITE 161 B37 WHITE BIRD QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 143, 144, 145 B38 WHITE BIRD QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 106, 107, 108, 109 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 t I I I B39 WHITE BIRD QUADRANGLE, IDAHO CO., ID SITES 12, 13, 14, 15, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 127, 196 I I 1 I I I I e i i i i f! I 1 I I I I APPENDIX C. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS. Maps of distribution of each terrestrial mollusk species collected during this survey. Base map should be compared with Figure 1 (same scale). Black dots (or star in the case of Oreohelix hammeri, not collected but occurring in the area) indicate site locations: for details see Appendix A. Dots may represent more than one closely-spaced site. For site maps, see Appendix B. For site listing by taxon, see Table 4. SPECIES MAP Allogona (Allogona) lombardii Smith, 1943 C3 Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora ptychophora (Brown, 1870) C4 Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora solida Vanatta, 1924... C5 Angulspira kochi occidentalis (Von Martens, 1882) C6 Catinella avara (Say, 1824) C7 Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller, 1774) C8 Cryptomastix (Bupiogona) populi (Vanatta, 1924) C9 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) harfordiana (Binney, 1878) C10 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani clappi (Hemphill, 1897) C11 Cryptomastix (C.) mullani latilabris (Pilsbry, 1940) C12 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani mullani (Bland & Cooper, 1861).. C13 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani olneyae (Pilsbry, 1891) C14 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3 C15 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 5 C16 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 6 C17 Deroceras sp C18 Discus marmorensis Baker, 1932 C19 Discus whitneyi (Newcomb, 1864) C20 Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry, 1906 C21 Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840) C22 Helicodiscus salmoneus Binney, 1886 C23 Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897 C24 Microphysula ingersolli (Bland, 1874) C25 Ogaridiscus subrupicola (Dall, 1877) C26 Oreohelix hammeri Fairbanks, 1984 C27 Oreohelix haydeni hesperia Pilsbry, 1939 C28 Oreohelix haydeni perplexa Pilsbry, 1939 C29 Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) C30 Oreohelix intersum (Hemphill, 1890) C31 Oreohelix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890) C32 Oreohelix n. sp. 8 C33 Oreohelix n. sp. 12 C34 Oreohelix n. sp. 13 C35 Oreohelix n. sp. 14 C36 Oreohelix n. sp. 15 C37 Oreohelix n. sp. 19 C38 Oreohelix n. sp. 20 C39 Oreohelix n. sp. 21 C40 Oreohelix n. sp. 22 C41 C1 1 I APPENDIX C. SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS, (cont.) ft SPECIES MAP f Oreohelix n. sp. 23... C42 Oreohelix n. sp. 24 C43 'j| Oreohelix n. sp. 25 C44 ■ Oreohelix n. sp. 29 C45 Oreohelix n. sp. 32 C46 9 Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 C47 ■ Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 C48 Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932 C49 m Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975 C50 M Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) C51 Polygyrella polygyrella (Bland & Cooper, 1861) C52 Pristiloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense (Pilsbry, 1902) C53 m Punctum (Toltecia) pusillum (Lowe, 1831) C54 ™ Pupilla hebes (Ancey, 1881) C55 Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum Baker, 1930 C56 Succinea stretchiana Bland, 1865 „ C57 Vallonia cyclophorella (Sterki, 1892) C58 Vertigo concinnula Cockerell, 1897 C59 Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1905 C60 Zacoleus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 C61 Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus (Say, 1816) C62 I I I 1 C2 I I I I f I Allogona (Allogona) lombardll Smith, 1943 C3 Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora ptychophora (Brown, 1870) C4 I I I I I I I I i I f 1 I I I I I t t Allogona (Allogona) ptychophora sollda Vanatta, 1924 C5 Anguispira kochi occidentalis (Von Martens, 1882) C6 I I t I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I I Catinella avara (Say, 1824) / ""^"v >r ^v >>— * ■■._...*■ N < /~^" >^-~ _^>~-*\^\, J s ^/ \ / ~[ s I \ v~0. 1/- -^r^L \ *"S\J Si C7 Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller, 1774) I I t C8 Cryptomastlx (Buplogona) popull (Vanatta, 1924) 1 C9 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastlx) harfordlana (BInney, 1878) I 1 C1 0 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani c/app/ (Hemphill, 1897) C11 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullani latilabris (Pilsbry, 1940) C12 I Cryptoma.tl* fCWtom««x; — »««•»' <«•"' & c°°per" 1861) C13 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) mullanl olneyae (Pllsbry, 1891) I I C14 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 3 C1 5 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 5 C16 Cryptomastix (Cryptomastix) n. sp. 6 C17 Deroceras sp. C18 Discus marmorensis Baker, 1932 C19 Discus whltneyl (Newcomb, 1864) C20 Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pllsbry, 1906 C21 Hawaiia minuscula (Binney, 1840) C22 Helicodiscus salmoneus Binney, 1886 C23 Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897 C24 Mlcrophysula Ingersolll (Bland, 1874) C25 Ogaridiscus subrupicola (Dall, 1877) C26 Oreohelix hammeri Fairbanks, 1984 C27 Oreohelix haydeni hesperia Pilsbry, 1939 C28 Oreohelix haydeni perplexa Pilsbry, 1939 C29 Oreohelix idahoensis idahoensis (Newcomb, 1866) C30 Oreohelix intersum (Hemphill, 1890) C31 Oreohelix jugalis (Hemphill, 1890) C32 Oreohelixn. sp. 8 C33 Oreohelixn. sp. 12 C34 Oreohelix n. sp. 13 C35 Oreo helix n. sp. 14 C36 Oreohelix n. sp. 15 C37 Oreohelix n. sp. 19 C38 Oreohelix n. sp. 20 C39 Oreohelix n. sp. 21 C40 Oreohelix n. sp. 22 C41 Oreohelix n. sp. 23 C42 Oreohelix n. sp. 24 C43 Oreohelix n. sp. 25 C44 Oreohelix n. sp. 29 C45 Oreohelix n. sp. 32 C46 Oreohelix strigosa goniogyra Pilsbry, 1934 C47 Oreohelix strigosa n. subsp. 1 C48 Oreohelix vortex Berry, 1932 C49 Oreohelix waltoni Solem, 1975 C50 Planogyra clappi (Pilsbry, 1898) C51 Polygyrella polygyrella (Bland & Cooper, 1861) — I f ^V \— ' / ^^s. 1 "* A s^C^ ^-^ J \ V. J***^ \ K *" x y^ a / r \ N O. \s- \ / \ r^ / 4~/H \ »~A y /j C52 Prist iloma (Pristinopsis) idahoense (Pilsbry, 1902) C53 Punctum pusillum (Lowe, 1831) C54 Pupilla hebes (Ancey, 1881) C55 Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum Baker, 1930 /' ""v^ ( / i x ^r \. ___/"""* ■■*-...'" > c s*C^ ^^\^ J ^~ • •*...-» r^- — ** N J K """ X S S / r C v-O. \s- s / \ '' \ r^ 4-rS \ *...s\y C56 Succinea stretchiana Bland, 1865 C57 Vallonia cyclophorella (Sterki, 1892; /' ^^ ( / ^*r X,. S~~" '••— -...^* N k. ^^r" J N. ^S V ^ — ■ — *. ^.--, r^ — "-^ N J 7 f \ / J^r-X \ "^'\7 C58 Vertigo concinnula Cockerell, 1897 I I V i) 0~X / \ v. ^^^^^^ ^^ ^""'^ / ^^^^ ""•^ — • <^~V V J f A ^^ S^~" '••■* ^ ^\ ^ "*" V*^ j m **■ ^^ A ' ' ^* 1 4-r* \ "'Syy M s j ^r — *- ^^^. m ' V*~" — ' ^ r •/ ^* C59 Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1905 C60 Zacoleus idahoensis Pilsbry, 1903 C61 Zonitoides (Zonitoides) arboreus (Say, 1816) C62 I C3 iH I r- t © ® ■P O M 0) > « a w w 2 *"§ Q H W (S t li c 0 G C 0 U W 0 E 0 V yi QL 84.2 .L352 no. 97-18 88055407 Land snail survey of the lower Salmon River BLDG 50, ST-150A DENVER FEDERAL CENTER P.O. BOX 25047 DENVER, COLORADO 80225 " 1 I 1 ! Bureau of Land Management I Idaho State Office 1 1387 S. Vinnell Way Boise, Idaho 83709 I BLM/ID/PT-98/002+1150