from tfle^J6rar^ of Charles Valentine Riley Sntomo(o^ist 1843-1895 f^resented to The Chicago Natural History Museum fits widow ^mide (Sonjednan 'f^ife Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from BHL-SIL-FEDLINK https://archive.org/details/langrhopalocera1884_1 i^i^o^aloceva fEwrop®. THE BUTTERFLIES OF EUROPE. M()0{)a[locrra fSttrov^c DESCEIPTA ET DELINEATA. THE BUTTERFLIES OF EUROPE DESCRIBED AND FIGURED. BY HENRY C. LANG, M.H., F.L.S., Ac., MEMBEK OF THE BNIOSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. ILLUSTRATED WITH MORE THAN EIGHT HUNDRED COLOURED FIGURES, DRAWN, MOSTLY FROM NATURE, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE AUTHOR. VOLUME I. — TEXT. LONDON: L. EEEVE & 00., 5, HENKIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1884. Q L SS'f TO MY WIFE, AND TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER HENRY LANG. M.B., LOND., ^■HThis SSlork is PREFACE. I LEAVE this work in the hands of British entomologists, with the following observations : — I. — That its object is to give as much information as possible in the smallest possible space. I have endeavoured to attain this by giving accurately drawn and coloured figures of every species, accompanied by descriptions, condensed as far as is consistent with usefulness. For the same reason the general remarks on the larger divisions of families and genera are no longer than is absolutely necessary to convey the requisite amount of information. It is not intended to be an exhaustive treatise, including anatomical or physiological details ; but is purely zoological in its aim. II. — Its primary object is to deal with the Ehopalocera of Europe. All descriptions, therefore, of non-European species are to be taken as entirely supplementary, and not as aiming at anything like completeness. These additional notices of non-European Palaearctic species have not been by any means easy to prepare, on account of the impossibility, in many cases, of examining actual specimens. The original descriptions being scattered through various works in various languages, to collect them has been a matter involving the expenditure of considerable time, and has delayed the completion of the work longer than was at first expected. To prevent further delay I am obliged to omit from the text the description of some species recently discovered in the hitherto unworked regions of Central Asia ; but at the end of the book will be found a list of the Ehopalocera ot the Palasarctic region, including, I believe, all the species known up to the present date, though it must be remembered that new ones are being constantly added. III. — Of a still more supplementary nature must be regarded the very short notices, or even mere mention, of Nearctic species. They are to be taken solely in the light of notes, designed to draw the reader’s attention to the great similarity between the butterflies of the northern and temperate regions of the Old and New Worlds, and thus to assist him in widening his field of observation. These additions are not noticed in the index of names, so that their interference with the general plan of the work will be avoided. VI PREFACE. IV. — Concerning the tigures, I can only say that every effort has been made to secure accuracy in representing the various species. The process of chromo-lithography was chosen as being most likely to attain this end ; and Mr. Knight, the artist, whose name appears on each plate, has drawn the figures under my direction, in most cases from Nature, only two or three having been copied from authentic figures. The majority of the European butterflies have not before been figured in any English work ; and one or two are, I believe, represented here altogether for the first time. Only two species — one, Lyccena Panope, a very rare Russian species, and the second a newly-discovered member of the family Hesperidse — are unavoidably omitted. V. — The figures of larvae and pupae are mostly taken from Hfibner, some few from Millim’e, it being impossible to obtain living specimens from which to draw them. These plates are merely intended to include typical examples of the different genera ; and in most cases those species are given which do not occur in Britain, and with which British collectors are least likely to be already familiar. VI. — In conclusion, I have great pleasure in alluding to the kind consideration and courtesy I have everywhere received from all those who have in any way assisted me in the production of this volume. To the following, especially, I wish to record my thanks : — The President and Council of the Entomological Society of London, for the unusual facilities given ine in the unrestricted use of the Society’s library ; the official staff of the Zoological Department of the British Museum in charge of the entomological collections, especially Messrs. A. G. Butler, F.L.S., and W. F. Kirby, for their kind assistance and interest ; Messrs. F. Ducane Godman, F.R.S., and 0. Salvin, F.R.S., for their kindness in so readily allowing me to make use of their magnificent collection, and for the loan of specimens whenever I required them for figures or descriptions. Lastly, I thank all those gentlemen who have helped me with their valuable advice or suggestions, and I know that they will believe me when I say that I have done my best to follow them whenever practicable. Though I may not have always been successful in carrying out the wishes of correspondents, and though there are in this book many things which I, the author, would gladly see l)etter accomplished, yet I know that those who read it will be the first to recognise the difficulty of the undertaking ; and so, I may venture to hope, will look more at the useful side of the book than at its failings. MaIDKNUKAIJ, JjKI'.KSJIIUK, Aui/mt, 1884. H. C. L. COIS'TENTS. ♦ VOLUMK I. — TEXT. PAGE Inteoduction .......... 1 Papilionid.® . . . . . . . . . . 5 PieriDjE ........... 26 Lyc.ENiD.E ........... 74 Beycinid® ........... 149 Libytheid-e .......... 151 Apatusid/E .......... 153 Nymphalid/e .......... 159 Danaid.i: ........... 225 Satyeidas ........... 228 Hespekid.e .......... 334 Addenda . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Bibliogbaphical List . . . . . . . . .375 A Systematic List of the Ehopaloceea of the European Fauna 381 Index of Genera and Families ....... 387 Index of Species, Varieties, and Synonyms .... 389 VOLUME II.— PLATES. Contents of Plates ......... v Alphabetical Index to Plates . . . . , . . xi Plates • I— LXXXII “IN HIS, TAM PARVIS, QUAM INEXTRICABILIS PERFECTIO.” Plin. Nat. Hist., xi., 2. INTRODUCTION. The object of the following pages is to form a treatise on those species of Eliopalocera that are found in Europe, as generally understood; that is, with the Ural Mountains and River, the Caspian Sea, and the chain of the Caucasus as its boundaries towards the East, the Black Sea and Mediterranean on the South, and on the other sides its ocean boundaries as usually received ; and though the region thus presented to us may be zoologically somewhat artificial, yet I think it is more convenient for our present purpose to use the term “European” as applying to the species belonging to the region thus restricted, rather than in the more extended sense in which it is now frequently used by zoologists. Without discussing the merits of any of the various theories respecting geographical distribution, or of the zoological regions recently proposed by writers of eminence, I will say that I consider it imperative to take notice of the entire geographical range of each species, and to endeavour to become acquainted, as far as possible, with forms allied to those under consideration, especially those inhabiting the same latitude. To carry out this object I have determined to make the well- known ‘ Catalog der Lepidopteren des Europaischen Eaunengebiets ’ of Dr. Staudinger the basis of arrangement and nomenclature, only departing from this where it seems necessary, and then chiefly taking advantage of such improvements as have been suggested by B 2 INTRODUCTION. a perusal of Mr. W. F. Kirby’s more receut ‘ Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ Tbougli it is my intention only to figure and describe the Butterflies of Europe, yet in following Staudinger I shall, for the sake of completeness, add to the description of each family group a short notice of the extra-European species included by him in his work, most of these being closely allied to our European forms. The region or territory of the European Fauna as under- stood by him extends over a very large area of the Northern Hemisphere, comprising the whole of Europe and of North Asia as far as the liiver Amour, Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, with a considerable portion of North Africa bordering on the Mediter- ranean, and in the Polar Eegions, Labrador, and Greenland. This zoological area corresponds very nearly to the “ Palse- arctic Eegion” of Mr. Wallace, omitting his fourth or Oriental subregion, and with the addition of that part which belongs to Polar America. It is difficult to say whether either of these theoretical divisions has any advantage over the other ; in fact, I believe that the only satisfactory way of solving this question with regard to our present subject would be to unite the Paltearctic and Nearctic regions proposed by Wallace, in his ‘ Geographical Distribution of Animals,’ in one great Eegion, and so to include the greater portion of the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere of the world, for it cannot be denied that there is a great analogy between the species belongiug to North America and those of Europe and Northern Asia. The limits of the present work would not, however, permit me to treat of such an extensive region as the one suggested, even INTRODUCTION. 3 if I were able to do so in a satisfactory manner. I hope, however, that the plan proposed with regard to Staudinger’s non-European species, and occasional references to allied North American forms, will help to increase the interest of the subject. Whenever possible these notices will be made from the examination of actual specimens ; but where this is not possible I shall, of course, be indebted to the works of other observers, and generally to the original figures or descriptions, to which due reference will be made. With regard to synonyms, only those will be given that are likely to be useful. The references to authors will be placed after the name of every species at the head of the description, and will include the principal works in which the insect is described. A short tabular notice of these will appear at the end of the volume, but in the meantime it will be found that the abbre- viations used will be such as are now commonly understood by entomologists. In giving the name of a species the reference to the author following the specific name will be understood to refer to that name only, and not necessarily to the generic name : example, Zegris Eupheme, Esper. The reference made to Esper concerns the specific name alone, the species thus named being the Papilio Eupheme of that author. The references to works treating of the genera will be given in their proper places. There are more than three hundred species of Ehopalocera, or Butterflies, occurring in Europe, all of which are distributed, somewhat unevenly, among ten families. It is usual to divide these ten families into three groups, characterized by the manner in which the caterpillar changes into the chrysalis. This arrangement seems to me both convenient and natural, and will be followed in the present volume ; it is shown in the following table : — 4 IXTBODUCTinX. Group I.— SUCCINCTI, Boisd. CliiTsalis attached hy the tail and hy a silken hand round the middle which supports it in an uprigdit position. This group contains four families. 1. PAPiLiONinm. 3. LYcasNiDJS. 2. PiERina?. 4. Erycinid^. Group II.— SUSPENSE Boisd. C'hrysalis suspended hy the tail alone. Five families are included in this group. 5. Libytheid.e. 7. Nymphalid^. G. ApATURinm. 8. UANAiniE. 0. SATYRinm. Group III. — INVOLUTI, Boisd. Chrysalis enclosed in a slight cocoon. Contains one family. 10. Hesperid^e. It would have heen perhaps more correct to have placed Group I. hetweeii the others, and to have inverted the order of the families, thus hriugiug into closer relation the natural affinities of the groups. But as this is not of primary importance I have preferred to keep to the arrangement used by Staudinger. Fam. 1.— PAPILIONID^. Larva cyliiiclrical, not spiny, furnished with two retractile tentacles on the second segment. Imago with the abdominal or inner margin of the wings concave. Anterior legs fully developed. AntemiEe distinctly clubbed. Four genera of European butterflies belong to this family — Papilio, Thais, Doeitis, and Paenassius. Genus 1. — PAPILIO, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 744 (1767). Clubs of antenme curved upwards. Head large ; eyes pro- minent ; palpi very short, scarcely reaching beyond the eyes. Abdomen moderately thick and long. Wings tolerably thick, with prominent nervures, the inferior pair generally provided with a long tail as an elongation of the hind margin. This is a very numerously represented genus, species of it being found almost in every part of the globe. Its head-quarters, however, are the inter-tropical regions of both hemispheres. Only four species occur in Europe, and of these one is confined to certain islands of the Mediterranean, and has not been recorded as inhabiting any other region of the world. 1. P. Podalirius, Mus. Ulr. p. 208 (1764); Hiib. Eur. Schmet. I. f. 388, 389 ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. 245 (1836). Expands 2*50 to 3’25 in. Wings pale yellow. Eore wings with hind margins black ; three or four black streaks running from the costa nearly to the inner margin, the costal end being 6 PAPILIONID^. broader. Hind wings with black streaks ; hind margin black, tail long and narrow, slightly everted at the tip ; four lunules of blue scales on the border ; an orange and blue eye at the anal angle. Head, thorax, and abdomen black. Anteiinge black, with recurved clubs. PL I., 1. Times of Appearance. — April to September. Habitat. — North-central and South-central Europe, France, North Italy to Spain, South Russia, North Africa, Western Asia, and the Altai. It does not now occur in G-reat Britain, though there is little doubt that it was a British insect up to the beginning of the present century. It frequents woods, open plains, and road-sides, and may even be seen flying in the streets of towns. The Larva of Podalirius is yellowish green covered with red dots, with yellowish lines on the back and sides, and with oblique streaks. In shape it is thick in the middle, and tapering towards the extremities. Feeds on almond, sloe, plum, apple, pear, and oak. Times of appearance, June and September. PI. V., 1. The Pupa is light straw-colour, the wing-cases being browner. VARIETY. Feisthamelii, H.-S. 414, 416. Has the ground colour of the wings lighter than the type ; the markings being darker, and the border on the costa of the fore wings and the hind margins and anal angles of the hind wings, being strongly ochreous in the male and slightly so in the female, contrast more or less with the ground colour of the wings. PI. I., 2. Habitat. — Spain and North Africa. Aberrant form of the second brood. Zanclceus, 7i., has the abdomen white in the female, and more rarely in the male. Habitat, the South of Europe. 2. P. Alexanor, Esp. 110, 1 (1799); Hub. Eur. Schmet. i. 787, 788. Expands 2-18 to 2-75 in. Wings yellow, much more decidedly so than in Podalirius. Base of fore wings and hind margin black ; three or four black stiuaks run from the costa, but only one is continued to the inner margin. Hind wings with the hind margin PAPILIO. 7 black powdered with blue ; a black baud passes across the whig, having the appearance of being prolonged from the long baud of the fore wing. A conspicuous elongated black spot closes the discoidal cell. A very small eye of red, blue, and black appears at the anal angle. Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, on the dorsal aspect black. Anteume black, with straight clubs which are tipped with yellow. PI. I., 3. Times of Appearance. — May till the end of June. Habitat. — The South of France, Switzerland, Tyrol, and North Italy, Greece, Western Asia, and Persia. This is essentially an Alpine species and very local, inhabiting mountain gorges. Larva bright green, each segment marked anteriorly with a black band interrupted with yellow spots. The V-shaped process on the second segment reddish. Feeds on Seseli montanum and various alpine umbelliferous plants. Time of appearance, July. PI. V., 2. 3. P. Machaon, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 750; Esp. i. 1 ; Hiib. 390, 391. Expands 2-50 to 3-43 in. Wings yellow. Eore wings black at the base, dusted with yellow, the hind margin with a broad black band, powdered with yehow, with marginal yellow lunules ; nervures of wing black and distinct. Hind wings with the hind margin black, powdered with blue, and a marginal row of yellow lunules ; this black margin has a well-defined edge internally ; discoidal mark not so conspicuous as in the last species. The eye at the anal angle is round or ovoid and well defined, being blue and duU red from above downwards. The tail straight and shorter than in the preceding species, but well formed. The body is yellow, with a black dorsal band. Antennae black, with the clubs curved. PI. I., 4. Times of Appearance. — From May to end of August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe (except the Polar Eegions), Syria, Egypt, and North Africa. It occurs also throughout Northern and Eastern Asia, India, and China. It frequents woods, fields, gardens, and road-sides ; in fact, it is a generally-distributed species in the lowlands, but does not ascend to any great elevation in mountainous districts. As a British insect it is extremely local. 8 PAPILIONIIKE. being entirely confined to the fen districts of Cambridgeshire, Huntingdon and Norfolk. So "widely distributed an insect as P. Machaon may naturally be expected to present many local forms. The largest specimens are those from Japan ; India and China seem to furnish lighter- coloured specimens than the European districts, the dark markings being less strongly expressed in these. A smaller and darker form called Splujnis by Hilbner is taken in Sicily and North Africa. Laeva bright green, with deep black rings which are spotted wfith red; V-shaped process reddish. Feeds on fennel (AnstJmm fenicuhim) and wild carrot (Daucus Ckirota), and other Umhelliferce. Appears from June to September. PI. V., 3. Pupa bright green shaded with buff, or buff' shaded wdtli brown. 4. P, Hospiton, Gene, Mem. Acc. Tor. 1839 ; H.-S. 249, 250. Expands 2’50 to 3 in. The wings shorter and propor- tionately broader than in Machaon, which species the fore wings resemble in their markings, except that the band of the hind margin gets gradually broader as it approaches the inner margin ; the nervures and spots are very strongly marked and the base very dark. Hind wings with the marginal band very broad and reaching to the discoidal mark (which is not nearly so conspicuous as in 1\ Machaon), its internal edge not clearly defined. The blue- scales concentrated so as to form six or seven bright blue spots. The tails are very short. Body, head, and anteimse of the same colour as those of P. Machaon. PI. II., 1. Times or Appearance. — May and June. Habitat. — Corsica and Sardinia, frequenting mountainous districts. Larva. — I take my description and figure of the larva from the original paper by M. Gene, the first describer of the insect, entitled “Be quibusdam insectis Sardiniie novis ant minus cognitis.” He describes it as bright green, furnished with yellow tentacles, and covered with short prickles, each segment having short interrupted black and longitudinal lines and four red spots. It feeds on Ferula connnunis in June and the beginning of July. Perhaps an extract from his paper in the author’s own words may THAIS. 9 be acceptable: — “ Differt a Pap. MacJiaone ; 1°, Larva spinosa aliterque picta ; 2° fasciis discoidalibns in siiperiori alarum pagina angustioribus ; 3° angiili anali macula tantum semilmiari picto. Marem Cisto Monspelliensi insideutem reperi iii viciniis di Fortoli die 20 m. maii. Foeminam legi in Barhagia Ollolai prope Gavoi ineunte junio.” PI. V., 4. Obs. — The Corsican specimens seem to be larger than those from Sardinia. Mine, which are from Corsica, are quite as large as P. Machaon, though in most figures the species appears much smaller. Genus II. — THAIS, Fab.; Lat. ; Boisd. Medium-sized butterflies having the head and eyes of mode- rate size, palpi straight, passing beyond the head. Clubs of antemiEe curved. Wings not semi-transparent. All the known species have black spots on the costa of fore wings ; the hind wings are more or less dentated and decorated along their hind margin with red and black dots. The prevailing colour of the wings is yellow, more or less intense. The Larvae are cylindrical, rather short, and armed with spines, which are set at the extremity of tubercular elevations. A small y-like process posterior to the head. They feed on various species of Aristolochia. The species of this beautiful genus are not numerous, and all belong to the Mediterranean division of our Fauna, being peculiar to the South of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. The design of the wings is so unlike that of any other tribe of Lepidoptera, especially as regards the dentate pattern of the hind margins, that it is not difficult to recognise a Thais at the first glance. 1. T. Cerisyi, B. ; Htib. Eur. Schmet. i. 890-1. Expands 2 to 2-25 in. Wings yellowish white, black at the base. Fore wings with a row of black streaks running from the costa ; hind margin black, with a row of black spots placed parallel to it. Hind wings tailed as in Papilio ; a row of black V-shaped c 10 PAPILIONID.E. marks along the hind margin ; internal to this a row of bright red spots, inside these near the base one or two oblong black spots ; a bright red spot snrronnded with black on the costa. Under side : — The anterior wings have the markings similar to those above, but the ground colour is whiter. Hind wings white, pure and lustrous ; a light green border inside the black spots of the hind margin ; base with large oblong black and light green spots, a green costal spot internal to the red one. Body black, with a lateral orange band. The female has the ground colour of the wings deeper and more inclining to ochreous ; the black bands of the hind margin of the fore wings are larger and deeper, and on the hind wings the black marks form a border with small blue spots below the red ones. Head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen black in both sexes, each segment of the abdomen having a reddish yellow spot on either side. PI. II., 2. Times of Appearance. — January, February, and June. Habitat. — Turkey and Greece, including some of the Greek Islands. It seems to be scarce and local in Europe. Larva. — Greyish black, with yellow spots on the back and sides. Feeds on Aristolochia in August. VARIETIES. a. Caucasica, Led. Wien. Ent. Mon. vii. 165. Hind margin of hind wings not tailed as in the type. The ground colour of both sexes more inclining to ochre. PI. II., 3. Habitat. — The Caucasus. h. Deyrollei, Oberth. Petites Nouvelles Entom. i. 2. Hind margin of hind wings with three projections, instead of one as in the type. Both sexes have the ground colour nearly white, but the female is very strongly suffused with dusky blackish grey. PI. IP, 4. Habitat. — Asia Minor, probably not European. The following information on the life-history of this species and its varieties is translated from Staudinger, Hor. Ent. Soc. Boss. xiv. 216 : — “ Tlie caterpillar {Thais Gerisiji) is only figured by Frejer (in THAIS. 11 every case from a prepared specimen lie received tlirougli Kiiider- man from the coasts of the Sea of Marmora), who says ‘ the caterpillar varies extraordinarily,’ hut only describes the specimen figured, which is very dazzling yellow, striped with black, and has red prickles. The only prepared specimen of a real Cerisiji which I possess bears a single clear black dorsal stripe, laterally only detached black marks. “ The caterpillars of the var. Beyrollei vary very much. I saw between five or six hundred specimens without any black longi- tudinal stripes; many were bright greenish yellow or reddish, with sharp black short lines and dots. On the dorsal aspect of every segment are four of these, two in front of the prickles and two behind, the posterior being most widely separated ; two short unbroken lines are placed laterally between the segments ; the stigmata are black, with a black longitudinal streak in front. The wart-prickles {tvarzendonien) are smaller than the red prickles of the larva of Cerisiji or Gaucasica, and always yellowish green, even in the quite dark and almost black form Two cater- pillars of the var. Gaucasica which I have before me are dark, with reddish prickles, and two quite black stripes on the dorsal aspect in front of the prickles. We found the caterpillars of T. Deyrullei in crowds on the Aristolocliia hastata from the middle of May. They grow but slowly, and take from six to eight weeks from the egg to the chrysalis. Before changing the otherwise sluggish caterpillar crawls about restlessly during one or two days, often disturbing, in the breeding-cage, the suspended caterpillars, which, like all other Thais larvae, spin themselves fast with a thread round the head and by the tail.” 2. T. Polyxena, Schiff. S. V. 162 (1776); Hub. 392-3.— Hypsijnjle, F. Gen. 265 (1777); H.-S. 557-8. — Rumina alba, Esp. 105, 1, 2. — Aristolochice, Schu. (1787). — Cassandra, Mann. Stett. E. Z. (1844), 348. Expands 2 to 2*75 in. Wings ochre-yellow. Fore wings with the hind margin black, the black border being divided throughout its length with yellow. Five black transverse bands reaching from the costa and not passing the median nervure ; beneath this two 12 PAPILIONW.E. black marks, the external one generally joining the third costal band. The fifth costal band counting from within frequently has a red sj^ot. Hind wings black at the base, the discoidal cell containing a trifid black mark. Internal to the marginal border is a black band on which are seven carmine spots, and beneath each of these a patch of blue scales. The hind margin of all the wings much dentated, and having highly dentate black and yellow borders; marginal fringes light yellow. Under side: — The markings of the upper surface are repeated, but the fore wings have three or four of the costal spots marked with red. The ground colour of the hind wings is white, and each marginal indentation is filled up by an orange crescent. PI. III., 1. Time of Appearance. — April. Habitat. — South-Eastern Germany, the South of France and Italy (part of), South-Eastern Europe, Bithynia and Armenia (Staudinger). It frequents marshy ground and is of short duration. Larva yellow, with a black dorsal band ; six rows of spines bordered with black and with a lateral series of black points forming a triangle. The Pupa is not unlike that of Cussandra in form, but is greyish brown in colour. The Larva is found about August feeding on Aristolodiia (Timins). VARIETIES. a. Cassandra, Hub. 910, 3. Ground colour lighter than in the type ; the black markings are darker and more diffused. PI. HI., 2. It will be seen that I follow Staudinger in considering Cassandra to be a local variety of rolijxena. Boisduval, however, considered it distinct, and the Eev. Douglas C. Timins, in a mono- graphic paper on the genus Thais, read before the Entomological Society of Loudon, points out that Cassandra differs from Polyxena in the larva and pupa states ; he considers them to be specifically distinct. I quote from his monograph:* — “The Larva feeds on several species of Jristolochia : it varies much in colour, but is generally pale reddish, spotted with black. The pupa-state lasts ‘ Procecdiugs of tlic Eutoiiiologicul Society of London,’ 1807, page ci. THAIS. 13 from November till March. The pupa is reddish brown, the wing- cases yellowish. I have found this species at Cannes and Hyeres. This species usually appears on the wing in March, about the 15th, and after a fortnight few good specimens are to be seen. The time of appearance, however, varies much ; in forward seasons it appears in February, but in 1864 and 1865 it was not on the wing until April.” h. Ochracea, Stauch, differs from the type in having the ground colour dark ochre-yellow. This form occurs in the South of Europe and Asia Minor. 3. T. Rumina, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480; Hub. 633-4. Expands 1'50 to 2-25 in. The wings are of a deeper and brighter yellow than in the foregoing species ; the general arrange- ment of the black markings is much the same. The hind margin of the fore wings is straighter, and near the apex is a transparent spot. There are four or five red spots on the costal bands. Hind wings with a marginal row of red spots, and a red spot at the base. PI. III., 3. Time of Appeakance. — May and June. Habitat. — Waste places in Spain, Portugal, and in North Africa, This species occurs on the Piock of Gibraltar. Larva grey, with a reddish tint, the ventral surface paler, with parallel black streaks placed longitudinally on the anterior part of each segment. In addition to this its body is provided with six rows of short red fleshy points, armed at their extremity with small black bristles. The Chrysalis is of a dark ash-colour.* Feeds on Aristolochia. PL V., 5. VARIETIES. a. Canteneri, Stand. Cat. p. 2. This form differs from the type in having the ground colour very dark ochre ; it is also somewhat larger, and seems to be common in Spain and North Africa. * Boisd., ‘ Species general des Lepidopteres,’ 1886, p. 388. 14 PAPILIONID.'E. h. Medesicaste, Illig. Mag. ii. 181 ; Hilb. i. 632. Has the wings of a much paler colour than the typical form ; in some it is nearly white. This is rather smaller, and is the French form, being found at Cannes, Hyeres, and other places in the South of France in May. Mr. Timins, who is acquainted with the larva of Medesicaste, describes it as specilically distinct from Pamina. But it seems to me that the difference is chiefly one of coloration. PI. III., 4. c. Honoratii, Boisd. Icon. p. 18, flg. 3, 4; Linn. Syst. 251, 2. This beautiful variety has the red spots enlarged and expanded so as to cover the greater part of the wings ; the ground colour is pale straw-yellow, and the spots light rose-colour. This variety is very rare and local, being only found in Digne, in South-Eastern France. It is very scarce in collections. PI. III., 5. Genus 3. — DORITIS, Boisd. Thais, Lat. Clubs of antennsB curved. Palpi shorter than in Thais. Body hairy. Wings rounded, with black costal spots, semitransparent. Hind wings rounded, with an even unindentated margin. Abdomen of female not furnished with a horny pouch. This genus is intermediate between Thais and Parnassius, but seems to be nearer the latter, and perhaps nearer still to the Australian genus Eunjciis. 1. D. Apollinus, Hbst. T. 250, 5-8 (1798); H.-S. 253-6.— Thia, Hub. 635-6, 686-7. Expands 2 to 2-25 in. Fore wings semitransparent, of grey tint, with small transverse black striic ; two large black spots in the discoidal cell reaching to the costa close to the hind margin, and parallel to it is a row of elongated black spots. Hind wings yellow, with the base black ; discoidal cell prominent ; hind margin bordered throughout its whole length with neutral grey, and inside this a row of about six eye-like spots orange-blue and black from within out. Antennae grey, with black clubs. Under side smooth and shining, apparently scaleless, excepting as regards the black PARNASSIUS. 15 spots, and with the orange marks of the hind wings appearing as red ones, the whole design of the upper sides showing through. The female, which seems to be much rarer in collections than the male, has a transverse red mark between the discoidal cell and the marginal border on the fore wings ; the hind wings being finely marked with red points, and having the marginal row of eyes more strongly marked than in the male. PI. III., 7. Times of Appearance. — February and March. Habitat. — Asia Minor and Syria. As a European insect very rare and local, being found in some of the Glreek Islands. “Montagues de la Calabre,” Boiscl. Larva. — I copy Mr. W. F. Kirby’s description (from Kinder- mann), in his valuable little ‘ Manual of European Butterflies ’ : — “ Cylindrical, clothed with short hairs, black with two rows of red spots on each side, between which, on the middle segment, are a row of six red spots.” The following particulars are gathered from a communication by Staudinger in the Hor. Ent. Soc. Boss, xiv. 216 : — The larva is found at the beginning of May on Aristo- lochia Hastata ; it changes to a pupa in June, under moss and stones. The imago is found in sunny weather in January, but February and March are its usual times. Obs.— Several entomologists have noticed the striking affinity that exists between the genera Doritis and Parnassius and some of the Heterocera. The present species, Apollinus, is perhaps the most moth-like of all the European Butterflies, reminding one, even in its imago state, of some of the dark-coloured Bomhycina. Genus 4. — PARNASSIUS, Lat. ; Boisd. Doritis, Fab. ; Ochs. Large or middle-sized Butterflies with semi-transparent whitish wings, generally with black spots in the discoidal cell reaching nearly to the costa, rounded and never dentated. Clubs of antennae straight. Female provided with a horny chitinous abdominal pouch. Palpi reaching beyond the eyes. The Larva is smooth and cylindrical, furnished with small tubercles, and with a y-shaped process posterior to the head. The Chrysalis is not only supported by a silken belt, but is 16 PAPILIONID.E. spun up by numerous filaments of silk forming a rudimentary kind of cocoon ; it is rounded and covered with a purple effioresence. Boisduval compared it to the pupa of the Heterocerous genus Catocala. There is no doubt that in its pupation the genus Parnassius resembles the Hesperidce, though the larval and imaginal states show that it is properly placed in the present family. The genus Parnassius contains about thirty known species, and is confined to the temperate and boreal portion of the Northern Hemisphere, all the species being found in mountainous or elevated regions. Central Asia may be considered the head quarters of the group, but three species occur in the mountainous parts of Europe, some inhabit the Caucasus, others the Himalayas, whilst several species are obtained in the mountainous regions towards the west of North America. There are but four species that can be con- sidered European. 1. P. Apollo, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 465; Hiib. 396-7, 730-1; Esp. 2, f. 1. Expands 2-50 to 3-18 in. Wings white. Fore wings semi- transparent at the tip and along the hind margin. There are two large black spots in the discoidal cell and two or three outside these, and a well-defined black spot is always present near the inner margin in both sexes. Parallel to the hind margin, but separated from the semitransparent border by a white band, is a wavy blackish band reaching from the costa to the inner margin. Hind wings with two dusky semitransparent wavy bands running parallel to the hind margin. Near the anal angle a chain of several black spots more or less coalescent, and occasionally marked with red. Two large red spots, one on the costa and one in the centre of the wing generally white in their centres and surrounded by a black ring. The bases of all the wings are dusky. Under side, shining and thinly scaled, marked as on the upper surface, but the hind wings have at the base and hind margins four large red spots surrounded with black, and one red spot, or several smaller ones, at the anal angle. The anteunte are black, ringed with white, and have black clubs. The head, thorax and abdomen are black PARNASSIUS. 17 above, the thorax being covered with white silky hair, and also the abdomen in the male ; in the female, however, this is black, every segment being marked by a yellowish white ring. The ventral surface and legs are yellowish. The female has a brownish horny abdominal pouch. PI. IV., 1. Times of Appearance. — June, July, and August. Habitat. — Hills and mountains throughout Europe (except Great Britain and the Polar Kegions), also the greater part of Eastern and Central Asia. In Europe it is common in Scandinavia and Switzerland, and is a familiar object to the summer tourist in the latter country. It occurs in France, Spain, and Eussia, also in Germany, and less commonly in other parts of Central Europe ; the Siberian specimens of the var. Sihiricus, Nordm., are very magnificent insects, expanding 3-50 to nearly 4 in., with red spots on the fore wings. Larva. — Velvety black, covered with reddish orange points and small blue elevations. There is a retractile y-shaped process placed posteriorly to the head. It feeds on Saxifrages and Crassu- lacece in May. PI. V., 6. Pupa smooth and covered with a purple bloom, spun up between leaves by threads of silk, as well as being attached by silken bands as in the other genera of Fapilionidce. This arrange- ment forms a sort of rudimentary cocoon. This species has been described as British, but no authentic record of its capture can be found, and recent entomological observations in the North of Scotland have not resulted in its addition to the British list. 2. P. Delius, Esp. 115, 5; Hilb. 649, 684; H.-S. 317.— Phoebus, Hilb. 567, 8. Expands 2'25 to 2-50 in., the average size being more uniform than that of P. Apollo. The wings are generally whiter and more thickly covered with scales than in that species ; the fore wings are larger and not so rounded, and frequently have red spots. The male has the fore wings somewhat similar to those of Apollo, but the spots are smaller, and those near the costa are often marked with red, whilst the spot near the inner margin, which is always present in the D 18 PAPILIONIDM. last species, is generally absent in P. Delius, male. The hind wings are white, without any trace of a wavy band. The red spots are smaller than in Apollo, and more often without than with white centres. The spots near the anal angle on the under side are very small and reduced to one or two, and at the most but slightly apparent on the upper surface. The dusky hind marginal patch of the hind wings is darker and more concentrated than in Apollo. Both sexes have four red basal spots on the under side of the hind wings. The female is much more dusky and more strongly marked than the male. It has the hind marginal spot on the fore wings well defined, and sometimes has the wavy dark band on the hind wings that is found in both sexes of Apollo. The abdominal pouch is small, and the abdomen is hairy. PL IV., 2. Times of Appeakance. — July to September. Habitat. — The Alps of Europe and Northern and Central Asia. This species is much more local and scarcer than D. Apollo ; it also inhabits more elevated regions. It may be found, for instance, in mountain gorges in the higher Alps of Switzerland, but not in the lower valleys, where P. Apollo is common. I have always taken it in very moist situations. Lakva.— I am very pleased to be able to take advantage of a notice by Zeller in the ‘ Stettiner Entomologische Zeitiing’ of the earlier stages of this insect, which have hitherto been undescribed by other observers. In the above-mentioned journal for 1875 he says that the Butterflies suck the flowers of Saxifraga aizoides ; they are to be seen near springs and damp places, where this plant is common. Pie considers that there is some foundation for the suggestion that the larva lives in water during some portion of its existence, as he found Butterflies that had but newly emerged and never flown settling on plants of the Saxifrage growing in the middle of water. On the 19th of July he found the larva on very wet soil feeding on Saxifraga aizoides, and resting exposed upon it. The pupa he found lying on the surface of the ground, whence he thought it had been disturbed l)y the feet of cattle. In captivity the larva underwent their transformation beneath a fresh sod in a corner of the box. The ])upa resembles that of P. Apollo in shape and colour. The larva when full grown resembles that of D. Apollo PAliNASSIUS. 19 ill size and shape ; in pattern and coloration it differs, as will be seen by the description. The ground colour is satiny black-; the spots are lemon-yellow; the head and prolegs are black and without lustre ; the legs are shining black. The spots are large and transversely elliptical, on every segment from the third back- wards there are one large and two small ones ; above these lemon- yellow spots every segment has two small pale, bluish ones ; close behind the second one is a shining dot. Obs. — In dealing with European specimens of this and the preceding species, the difficulty in diagnosis is not very great, especially when one lias a good series of each for comparison ; those from Siberia, however, run very closely into one another. I have Siberian specimens of P. Apollo which are spotted with red on the fore wings, a condition which seldom or never occurs in European specimens of that species ; the size, too, varies greatly, and is no guide whatever, excepting that P. Delius never reaches the dimensions of the larger specimens of Apollo, A knowledge of the habits of the insects, especially those of their earlier stages, will be of great assistance in separating the two species. 3. P. Nordmanni, Nord. Bull. Mosc. (1851), p. 453. — Clarius, H.-S. 257, 8 (1848). Expands 2*50 to 2'75 in. Wings white, semitransparent, but not so much so as in other species. The fore wings have two deep black spots in the discoidal cell. The hind margin is blackish, more transparent than the rest of the wing ; the dark band thus situated is broadest at the costa, and becomes narrower as it approaches the hind margin (it is not divided throughout its length by a wavy white band as in the allied Siberian P. Clarius, with which this species was at first confounded by Herrich- Schaffer). The hind wings are white, slightly dusky along the hind margin, and have two red spots surrounded by black rings. There are no red spots at the base or inner margin on the under side of the hind wings, nor any red spots near the anal angle. Time op Appeaeance. — July. Habitat. — The Caucasus. A rare species in collections ; the 20 PAPILIONID^E. only specimens I have seen are in the British Museum (Hewitson Collection). PI. IV., 3. Laeva unknown. 4. P, Mnemosyne, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 269 ; Hiib. 398. Expands 1-93 to 2-50 in. Wings white and semitransparent, the nervures black ; bases of all the wings blackish. The fore wings have two black spots in the discoidal cell, and the apices are darker and more transparent than the rest of the wing. The hind wings have a dusky lozenge-shaped spot in the centre immediately below the discoidal cell. The wings are entirely without red spots either above or beneath. The female has a very large and horny abdominal pouch, convex in shape and of a light yellow colour. The head, thorax, and abdomen are black, the latter strongly marked laterally with bright yellow. PI. IV., 4. Times of Appeakance. — June and July. Habitat. — High mountain gorges in Switzerland, the Pyrenees, Sweden, Hungary, Sicily, Eussia, and Western Asia. A local insect, occurring at considerable elevations, even as high as 8000 feet. Larva. — Smoky black, the spaces between the segments being darker ; on every segment are two reddish yellow spots. The legs are black. Feeds on Corydalis Halleri. Appears in April and May. PI. V., 7. The Pupa much resembles that of P. Apollo, spinning up between leaves. OTHER SPECIES OF PAPILIONIDM INCLUDED IN STAUDIN GEE’S CATALOGUE, &c. Genus PAPILJO. r. Vm/atas, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 430. — It is close to P. Podalirius, but wdiiter, and the tails of the hind wings are much longer. Inhabits Syria. r. Xutlnis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 751; Cr. 73 a; H.-S. 411, 413. — Expands 3 to 3-60 in, A large black and yellow butterfly. PA PILIO—L UED ORFIA . 21 not unlike P. Machaon in its markings, but with a very small eye at the anal angle of the hind wings. It occurs in Eastern Siberia, in the district known as Amoorland, or that portion which borders on the Eiver Amoor on the confines of China ; it also occurs in the latter country, as well as Japan and Thibet. P. Xutlmlus, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 4 (1864). — Bather smaller than the last, and of a yellower colour ; it also occurs in Eastern Siberia, and is considered by some to be a second brood of P. Xutlms. P. Maahii, Men. Bull. Acad. Pet. xvii. p. 212, n. 1 (1859); Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 3 (1864). — Expands 4-50 in. A large and splendid insect of Oriental aspect allied to P. Paris. The wings are black, the fore wings powdered with shining bluish green scales at the base, costa, and hind margins, the patch of green scales being thickest along the latter. Hind wings powdered with blue and green scales ; hind margins black, with a row of blue and violet crescents, one of these forming an indistinct eye at the anal angle. Habitat, Amoorland. P. Puuldei, Brem. Bull. Acad. Pet. iii. p. 462 (1861) ; Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 3 (1864). — Smaller than P. Maahii, expanding 3‘50in. Nearly similar to that species, but the green scales of more of a golden colour and less mixed with violet. There are two or three distinct brickdust-red spots beneath the hind marginal crescents of the hind wings, and an eye at the anal angle of the same colour, with a black centre. Considered by some to be the second brood of P. Maahii. Habitat, Amoorland. Genus LUEDOBFIA, Crtiger, Virch. Var. Hamb. iii. p. 128. L. Putziloi,* Ersch, Hor. Ent. Boss. viii. p. 315 (1872). — Expands 1-80 in. This is a highly interesting little species, constituting a genus, in which the characters of Paiyilio and Thais are curiously blended. In outline it very much resembles Thais Cerisyi, but the hind wings are not so dentated, so that the tail is distinct, though short, as in Papilio PLospiton. The wings are sulphur-yellow ; the fore wings have black bands arranged almost exactly as in Papilio Podalirius ; the hind wiugs have the black * This species does not occur in Standinger’s Catalogue, having been described since the pubiication of tliat work, It, however, belongs to his “European” Eegion. 22 PAPILIONIDM. basal patches and marginal rows of red and blue spots seen in Thais. The under side of the hind wings is white, with black stripes at the base and anterior margin ; parallel to the hind margin is a row of red spots, externally to these some black ones powdered with blue in the centres, and outside these a marginal row ot ochre crescents. The head, palpi, and antenna resemhle those of Tapilio. Habitat, Siberia. Genus HYTEIIMNESTTIA, Men. Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep. i. p. 7 (1855). — Ismene, Nick. Stett. Ent. Zeit. (1846) ; Staudinger, Cat. p. 2. Sed novien prceocc. H. Helios, Nick.- — Expands 1-50 to 1’75 in. The genus of which this species is the only representative combines the charac- ters of Tiiais with those of Parnassius. The wings a yellowish white, much the same colour as Tiiais Cerisyi, and not semitransparent. The fore wings have two black spots in the discoidal cell, as in Parnassius, and externally to this two more with large red centres ; along the hind margin from the costa to the anal angle runs a black band enclosing a row of spots of the same colour as the wings. Hind wings with a very narrow black border and black spots on the hind margin ; there are two small black spots which occupy exactly the same relative position as those on the hind wings of the Parnassii. Under side : — Fore wings same as above, but lighter ; the apices are greyish green, and the red spots are larger than on the upper surface. Hind wings white, chequered with greyish green, the mottling showing through, so as to be slightly visible above : the two black spots have orange centres, but are very minute. The female has a black spot on the upper surface of the fore wings placed near the centre of the inner margin : this sex is unprovided with an abdominal pouch as in Parnassius. Habitat, the region of the South-East of the Caspian Sea, Turkestan and Persia, in April and May. The Larva feeds on Zygopiiyllu’in Turcoinanum. Genus PAPNASSIUS, Latr. ]\ Apoiio, var. Siiiiricus, Nord., has been already alluded to. J’. Noviion, Fisch. Ent. Pioss. ii. p. 242 (1823) ; H.-S. Schmet. PAENASSIUS. 23 Eur. i. 316. — Expands 3 in. Very close to P. Apollo, but the hind wings have a red spot at the base, and the inner margins are more strongly black ; all the wings have a hind marginal border of square black and white spots. Time of appearance, July (Boisd.). Habitat, Siberia. P. Bremeri, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 5, T. 1, 3, 4. — Expands 2*50 in. Fore wings with only two black spots. Hind wings white, without any marginal spots ; inner margins very black ; there is a red spot at the base, and two light red spots placed as in P. Delius, small and square in the male, but larger in the female. Habitat, Siberia, chiefly in the Amoor district. P. Apollonius, Evers. Bull. Mosc. (1847), iii. 71 ; H.-S. 636, 7. — Expands 2*50 in. All the wings have a row of black spots running parallel to the hind margin. The fore wings have two black spots and three or four red ones ; the hind wings have a red spot at the base, besides the usual ones found in the allied species. This is undoubtedly the handsomest species of the genus : it is rare in collections on account of its exceedingly circumscribed habitat, which is limited to the district immediately south of the Altai. P. Delius var. Iiiterinedius, Men. Eu. i. p. 72. A small form of P. Delius from the Altai. — Expands 2-40 in. The male has a black spot in the centre of the hind margin of the fore wings and two conspicuous red ones near the costa. P. Conjhas, Fisch. Ent. Pmss. ii. p. 242. — Expands 2-40 to 2*50 in. Wings more thickly clothed with scales than in others of the genus, creamy white, rather thickly speckled with black scales. The fore wings have the hind marginal and costal spots dotted with crimson. There is no red basal spot on the upper surface of the hind wings, but there is a row of black spots running parallel to the hind margins. Habitat, South and East of Siberia. P. Actius, Evers. Bull. Mosc. (1843), p. 540; H.-S. i. 634. — Expands 2 in. Very much resembles P. Nomion above, but is much smaller. The hind wings have no red spot at the base, but there is a chain of black spots running parallel to the hind margin, and the two red eye-like spots have very broad black rings. Beneath, the hind wings have the red basal spot very 24 PAPILIONIIXE. indefinite, and are thickly clothed with hairs along the inner margin. P. Delphms, Evers. Bull. Mosc. (1843), p. 451; H.-S. i. 638. — Expands 2*25 in. Wings dnsky white ; fore wings with two black spots and three semitransparent black bands starting from the costa, the two outer ones reaching the hind margin. Hind Avings black at the base ; hind margins semitransparent, and running parallel to it a Avavy dark line ; the two spots are present, hut are yelloAvish red. Beneath, the hind wings have the base blackish, AAuthout any red spots. P. Tencdius, Evers. Bull. Mosc. (1857); H.-S. 628-631. — Expands 2-12 in. Whiter than Actius. The fore Avings have three black streaks in the discoidal cell, tAvo more external to this reaching from the costa ; beloAv the exterior one is a roAv of four black spots ; the apex is dusky. Hind Avings Avith tAvo very small red spots ; a roAv of black spots runs parallel to the hind margin. On the under side there is a very faint red spot at the inner margin of the hind Avings. (Described from the figure in H.-S.). Habitat, Eastern Siberia. P. Eversmanni, Men. En. i. p. 73. — Expands 2-56 in. The Avings are light chrome-yelloAv, lighter in the female. The fore AAongs have three black spots, and besides these tAvo blackish hands running from the costa to the hind margin. The hind wings are black at the inner margin, and have the usual red spots. The female has the bands of the fore Avings someAvhat broader. Both sexes have the red basal and hind marginal spots on the hind Avings beneath. The abdomen is strongly marked with lines of bright yelloAv on the ventral surface, and the female has a large abdominal pouch very much like that seen in P. Mnemosyne. Habitat, Eastern Siberia and the Amur. /'. Clarius, Evers. Bull. Mosc. (1843), iii. p. 539 ; H.-S. 628- 631. — Very like P. Nordmanni, and originally figured by Herrich- Schaffer as the same species ; it is, hoAvever, of a purer white, and the dark hind marginal apex of the fore Aving is divided by a wavy Avhite band throughout its entire length. The red spots of the hind Avings are more square in shape, and near the anal angle PAPILIO, ct-c. 25 there is a red spot. There are no hind marginal or basal red spots beneath. Habitat, the Altai. P. Stuhheiidorjii, Men. fen. Lehm. p. 57, pi. 6, 2; IT.-S. 640. — Greatly resembles P. Mnemosyne, but all the black discoidal spots are wanting, and the ventral surface of the abdomen is not marked with yellow. It bears a strong superficial resemblance to Aporia Cmtcegi. Habitat, the Altai and Eastern Siberia. NOETH AMEEICAN SPECIES ALLIED TO THOSE OF EUEOPE AND NOETHEEN ASIA. Papilio Turniis, Linn., is allied to P. Alexanor, but very much larger. It is found in Canada and the Western States. Papilio Ajax, Linn., is very close to P. Podalirius. It is found in the Valley of the Mississippi from Pennsylvania to Texas. It is figured, with its varieties, in Edwards’s ‘ Butterflies of North America.’ There are several varieties of P. Machaoii found in North America which have received distinct names ; of these P. Zolicaon, Boisd., occurs in California, and P. Aliasha, Scudd., in Aliaska. Parnassius Smintheus, Houbl., occurs in the Eocky Mountains, and does not seem to differ from the Siberian variety of P. Delius called Intermedius. Parnassius Clodius, Men., is a Californian species, and is closely allied to P. Nordmanni and P. Clarius. It was long con- founded with the latter, but is quite distinct, differing in the shape of the wings, and in having red basal spots beneath. Parnassius Eversmanni, Men., described above, inhabits Aliaska, and does not differ from the North Asiatic form. E 26 PIEIUD.E. Fam. 2.— PIERID^. Larva. — Smooth or downy, more or less tapering towards the extremities, not furnished anteriorly with a retractile fork. Pupa. — x^ngular, slightly compressed laterally, and tapering to a point, attached by the tail, and by a transverse median belt. Imago. — Head moderately small ; palpi distinct, longer than in the last family; antenn^e long and distinctly clubbed. Six perfect legs in both sexes. Wings more or less rounded, the hind wings neither concave nor dentated. The abdomen received into a groove formed by the hind wings. Among the European species the ground colour of the wings is white or yellow, but amongst the Exotic forms there is great variety of colour. Some species of the South-American genus Leptalis exhibit well-marked examples of mimicry, their resemblance to certain Heliconidce being very striking. There seems to be a tendency in the family towards gregarious habits. We meet with it sometimes in the larval state, as in the case of A-poria Cratcegi, where the caterpillar lives in company beneath a web spread over the hawthorn bushes. The Tropical genus Callidryas affords examples of this in the perfect state, many of the species occurring in swarms or flights of considerable numbers, especially on the sea-coasts ; hence probably for purposes of migration. Our British species of Pieris, P. Rapce, Napi and Brasskw, have been observed both on land and at sea in similar migratory swarms. Seven European genera are contained in this family — Apoeia, PiEEis, Euchloe, Zegkis, Leucophasia, Colias, and Gonepteryx. Genus 1. — APORIA, Hub. Pieris, Schrank. PoNTiA, Fab. Antennae long and tolerably thick. Wings semitransparent, uniform white. Fore wings without dusky tips, the nervures very distinct and black. Hind wings rounded, and white beneath. PIERIS. 27 Larva gregarious beneath a common web. Pupa smooth, and without angular projections. There is but one European species. 1. A. Crataegi, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 467 ; F. S. ii. 269 ; Hiib. 399, 400. Expands 1-75 to 2-50 in. All the wings are white, more or less diaphanous, more so in the female than the male, without marginal fringe. The nervures are very distinct, and generally have at their marginal ends triangular patches of blackish scales. Antennae black. Head, thorax and abdomen of the same colour, and slightly downy. Times of Appearance. — May and June. Habitat. — The whole of Europe (except the Polar Eegions) and Siberia. As a British Insect it seems to be confined to the Midland and Southern Counties of England, occurring locally, and absent from Scotland and Ireland. On the Continent — “ Commune dans toutes les prairies de TEurope” (Boisd.). PI. VI., 1. Larva covered with a white down, with the sides and ventral surface lead-coloured. The dorsal surface marked with two longitudinal yellowish bands. Feeds in company on the hawthorn, sloe, wild cherry, and other fruit trees. On the Continent it is sometimes very destructive to orchards. Pupa greenish white, with two lateral yellow lines, and numerous black points. The larva appears in the spring. PI. XV. Genus 2. — PIERIS, Schrank. Faun. Boic. (1801) ; Lat. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Insect. (1805). PoNTiA, Fab. (1807). Danai Candidi, Linn. Middle-sized or large Butterflies, with the antennse long, distinctly articulated, and terminated by a very distinct club. Abdomen moderately slender, and not passing beyond the inferior wings. All the European species have the ground colour of the wings white. The fore wings are pointed and tipped with black, and there is generally a black spot near the inner margin in the 28 PIERID/E. female. The black markings are always more developed in the female than in the male. The hind wings are decorated on the under side with green or yellow scales, variously disposed, hut having a tendency to follow the course of the nervures, or to form quadrate or triangular blotches between them. The Larvae are long and cylindrical, covered with down, slightly tapering at the extremities, marked with longitudinal stripes, and more or less granulated on the surface. They feed only on low herbaceous plants, and principally on those belonging to the order Ceucifeeze. The Chrysalides are angular, and terminated anteriorly by a single point. The genus Picris is very widely distributed, being found over the greater part of the globe, but chiefly in the Tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. The most remarkable species are found in Africa, the Islands of the Indian Archipelago, and Australia. Upwards of 160 species of Pieris are named in Mr. W. F. Kirby’s ‘ Synonymic Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera.’ Though the prevailing colour of the European species is white, many of the Tropical species are richly and brilliantly coloured. There are seven European species, and four of these occur in Britain. 1. P. Brassicse, Linn. (Pcqnlio B.) Faun. Suec. 269 ; Syst. Nat. 467 ; Esp. 3, 1 ; Hilb. 401, 3,- Man. i. 18. Expands 1-75 to 2-50 in. The wings are white, with the bases dusky. The fore wflngs are tipped with black in both sexes ; the female has, besides this, three black spots, two of them nearly circular, placed one above the other, nearly midway between the centre and the hind margin ; the third is triangular, with its apex towards the base of the wing, beneath the other two spots, and generally touching the lower one. Hind margin simple. The hind wings are rounded, with the margins simple ; white, with a black spot in the middle of the costal border in both sexes. On the under side the fore wings are white, with the tip ochre-yellow, and two l)lack si)ots. The hind wings ochre-yellow, dusted with black. Times of Appeaeance, — April till September. PIEEIS. 29 Habitat. — The whole of Europe, except the Arctic Eegion ; the greater part of Asia and North Africa. As a British insect it is generally distributed, and is one of the very commonest species ; it is, however, much commoner during some seasons than in others ; it sometimes occurs in vast numbers, forming migratory swarms, often accompanied by individuals of P. Rapce and Napi. PI. VI., 2. Larva yellowish green, with three longitudinal yellow stripes, separated by little black points or tubercles. The head is hluish, dusted with black. It feeds, generally in groups, on various kinds of Grucifene, in many places being very destructive to the cabbage and other garden vegetables ; it also feeds on Nasturtiums and Tropseolums. Larva appears in May or July. Chrysalis ashy white, speckled with black and yellow. PI. XV. 2. P. Krueperi, Stand. Wien. Ento. Mon. iv. 19. Expands 2 to 2-25 in. Wings white, very slightly shaded at the base. Fore wings black at the tips and for some distance along the hind margins, a triangular black spot on the costa near the tip ; below this, about midway between the costa and the hind margin, a distinct black spot, reniform in shape. Hind wings marked on the costa with a black spot, having the shape of a triangle with its base downwards. Under side : — Fore wings primrose, yellow at the base, also at the tip, and two-thirds of the distance along the hind margin ; a triangular dusky patch extending from the costa, and below this a reniform black spot, the same as on the upper surface. Hind wings yellow, more distinctly so at the base ; from the outer edge of the costa, extending downwards, is a dusky patch. Body covered with white down. Antennae and eyes black. Times of Appearance.- — In the spring months of March and April, and again at the end of June. Habitat. — Greece, Asia Minor, and Persia, frequenting mountains. It is a very local species, but does not seem so difficult to obtain now as formerly. PI. VI., 3. Neither the Larva nor Pupa have been described, so far as I am aware. 30 PIERIDM. VARIETY. Vernalis, Stand. Standinger describes under this name (Her. Soc. Ent. Ross. 1870, p. 34) a variety of the spring brood, in which the hind wings are green instead of yellow on the under side. 3. P. Rapse, Linn. (Papilio 11.) Syst. Nat. 468 ; F. S. 270 ; Esp. 3, 2 ; Hiib. 404, 5 ; St. Man. i. 19. Expands 1*50 to 1-75 in. Wings white. Fore wings dusky at the tip, but not so dark as in Brassiae ; two round black spots in the centre of the wing in the female, which is generally darker than the male. Hind wings rounded, white, with a small blue costal spot. Under side : — Anterior wings tipped with ochre, and with two black spots in both sexes. Hind wings pale ochre, more tinged with yellow than in Brassiae. Times of Appearance. — April to October. Habitat. — The whole of Europe and North Asia (excepting the Polar Regions), North Africa and Asia Minor. As a British insect it is universally distributed, being our commonest Butterfly. Occasionally it is very abundant, occurring in swarms. It appears to inhabit any kind of country, excepting the more elevated mountain regions. Gardens and fields are, however, its principal haunts. Recently this insect has been imported into North America, and it seems that in the species thus acclimatised the wings are often entirely suffused with bright yellow, so that it appears more like a yellow than a white butterfly. PI. VI., 4. Larva. — Green, covered with down, with one dorsal and two lateral yellow lines. Lives on Cruciferce, and, like the last, often destructive in gardens. Pupa. — Ashy, speckled with black, often tinged with reddish. PI. XV. 4. P. Ergane, Hiib. (Papilio E.) Eur. Sch. i. 904 ; Dup. i. 47, 1, 2. — Narccea, Fr. Beitr. Schmett. 43, 2. — Bajice, Variete A. Boisduval, 1, 5, 20. Very much resembles P. Puipce, of which species it used often PIERIS. 31 to be reckoned a variety. It is now, however, considered to be distinct by most authors. It is about the same size as P. Rapcc, or perhaps on an average a little smaller. The fore wings are rather more pointed. The dusky tip and black spots are more diffused but less black than in P. Rapiu. The costal spot of the hind wings is often absent, or represented by a fine crescentic line. Under side as in P. Rapce, but entirely loithout black markings. Time of Appeakance ? Habitat. — Dalmatia and the Balkan Mountains. Bythinia (Staudinger). PI. VI., 5. Lakva ? 5. P. Napi, Linn.; Syst. Nat. x. 468; F. S. 271; Esp. 3, 3; Hiib. 406, 7. Expands 1-50 to 1‘87 in. Wings white, with the bases dusky. The nervures are distinct and black. The fore wings have the tips, and sometimes the ends of the nervures, dusky. Male sometimes with, but often without, a small black spot midway between the centre and the hind margins. Female with two black spots, as in P. Rapce. Hind wings with a black spot on the costa. The female is usually larger than the male, and is always darker, having- blackish scales running along the course of the nervures. Under side : — Fore wings white, tipped with greenish yellow, with nervures conspicuous, and with two black spots, as in the allied species. Hind wings pale yellow, with dark scales placed thickly along the course of the nervures, giving the appearance of green veins. PI. VII., 1. Times of Appearance. — April to September. Habitat. — Europe, and Northern and Eastern Asia ; fre- quenting gardens, &c. As a British insect it appears to be generally distributed throughout England, Scotland and Ireland, and to be in most places a common insect. Larva. — Green, brighter on the sides than on the back ; the spiracles are marked with red and yellow. Feeds on various kinds of Cruciferce and Reseclacece from June to September. It hybernates as a pupa, which is greyish or greenish yellow, speckled with bkck. PI. XV. 32 PIERIDM. VAEIETIE S. Specimens of the second or autumnal brood often occur, in which the under side of the hind wings is paler, and has only short blackish veins, reaching about as far as the discoidal cell. This is the var. Napcm, Esp. 116, 5 ; Hld3. 664, 5 ; but is rather an aberrant form of one brood than a variety. Bryoniae, 0. 1, 2, 151. This is a form of the female in which the ground colour of all the wings is greyish yellow, and the nervures and spots dilated, producing a very dark appearance. It occurs in the Alps as a local variety ; and is not uncommon in Switzerland in mountain meadows, &c. PI. VII., 2. 6. P. Callidice, Esp. 115, 2, 3; Hiib. 408, 9, 551, 2. Expands 1-50 to 1*75 in. Wings white, dusky at the base. Male with small triangular black marks at the tip and along the hind margin of the fore wings ; in the centre, at the outer edge of the discoidal cell, a narrow oblong black spot. Hind wings white, without spots, but showing the pattern of the under side through. The female has the hind margin of the fore wings black, with large oval or lozenge-shaped white spots, and a large more or less quadrate black spot at the outer boundary of the discoidal cell. Hind wings white, with a slight yellowish tinge, and powdered with black scales ; the hind margin black, with spots similar to those on the upper wing. Under side ; — Fore wings much the same as on the upper surface, but the black spots have greenish scales upon them. Hind wings dark green, with pale yellow spaces between the nervures in the shape of arrow-heads. PI. VII., 3. Times of Appaerance. — July and August. Habitat. — This is truly a mountain species, inhabiting the Alps of Switzerland, Savoy, the Tyrol, and the Pyrenees. Menetries, in his Catalogue of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, gives Kamtschatka. It also occurs in the other mountainous districts of Northern Asia, extending as far as Cash- mere and the Himalayas. It is not at all uncommon in Switzerland on the higher passes ; I have taken it at an elevation of 8000 feet, in places where the snow is perpetual. viKias. 33 Larva. — Dark greyish bine spotted with black ; on each segment are four longitudinal stripes, marked with a light yellow sjjot. The spiracles are bluish white. The head is the same colour as the body, marked on each side with a yellow spot. The chrysalis, which passes the winter fastened to the rocks, is grey, finely powdered with black, and with a yellow line on the back (Boisduval, Species Gen. de Lepidopt. i. 542). The larva feeds on alpine Cruciferce. There are no European varieties of this species, but Herrich- Schaffer figures a variety called Cknjsidice, which occurs in Asia Minor and the North of Persia. It differs from the type in having the under side of the hind wing of a deeper green, and with the marginal patches square, instead of in the form of arrow-heads. 7. P. Daplidice, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 468 ; Hilb. 414-5, 777-8; Err. 533. Expands 1’50 to 1’80 in. Wings white, marked with black and grey above ; the hind wings having a chequered pattern of green beneath. The tip of the fore wings is black in both sexes, divided by four small white spots, each one sending an elongation into the marginal fringe ; at the extremity of the discoidal cell is a black spot, in which the discoidal nervure appears as a fine white line ; this black spot is narrow in the male, large and square in the female ; the latter has also a black spot of a round or lunar shape near the hind margin. The hind wings are white and unspotted in the male, showing the pattern of the under side through. In the female they have a black border formed of crescentic patches, with the convex edge inwards, and divided by black dashes. Under side : — Pattern of the fore wings the same as above, except that the border of the tip and hind margin is powdered with green scales, also the discoidal spot ; the base of the wing is tinged with greenish yellow, and there is a black spot near the inner margin in both sexes. Hind wings green, with a slight tinge of yellow, and finely powdered with black scales ; on this ground- work there is an arrangement of white spots, disposed as follows : — Two or three irregularly placed near the base of the wing ; outside those a row forming a band ; and again, external to these, a marginal row of five spots, oval or nearly quadrate. F 34 PIERID.E. Times of Appearance. — From April to August, being double- brooded. Habitat. — Common in the greater part of Europe, North Africa, Asia Minor, North and Central Asia as far as the Himalaj^as ; inhabiting open plains, fields, &c. It is one of the rarest of the British Butterflies, individuals of the second brood occasionally occurring on the south coast in August ; sometimes two or three captures are recorded in one season. PI. VII., 4. Larva. — Greyish blue, covered with small black granulations, with four longitudinal white stripes, and with a yellow spot on each segment. The legs and ventral surface are white. Chrysalis grey, speckled with black, and with reddish stripes. The larva feeds, like other species of the genus, on Cruciferce and Eesedaceie. VARIETY. Bellidice, 0. 1, 2, 154. Smaller than the type. The mar- ginal band of the fore wings less extensive, and powdered with white scales. Under side : — The fore wings without the inner- marginal spot in the male. Hind wings deeper green, not so much tinged with yellow ; the marginal spots are larger and narrower. This variety inhabits the same localities as the type, appea.nng in the spring. PI. VIII., 1. 8. P. Chloridice, Hub. 712-5; 0. iv. 154. — iJaplulice var. llussius, Esp. 90, 1, p. 177. Expands 1'25 to 1’75 in. Wings white. Fore wings with the hind margin slightly concave ; the marginal band consists of blackish dashes, to the number of about five, running from the margin inwards : inside these there is, in the female, a black border running downwards from the costa. The spot at the extremity of the discoidal neiwiire is white in the centre. The female has the usual black spot near the inner margin ; it is, however, fainter than in the preceding species. The hind wings are white and unspotted in the male, but with small marginal lilack spots in tlie female. Under side: — Fore wings similar in their arrangement to those of Callidice and DapUdicc, but the green colour of the hind margin is EUCllLOE. 35 of a most beautiful and delicate tint. The bind wings have the ground colour of the same tint of green, with white spots arranged much as in P. Dapliclicc, hut longer and narrower ; this latter character applies especially to the marginal spots, which, instead of being roundish or trapezoid, are decidedly oblong. PI. VII., 2. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — South-Eastern Europe and West Central Asia ; that is to say, the Steppes of South Russia, Turkey (Staudinger), Siberia and Persia. This insect, which clearly belongs to the Siberian sub-region, seems to be rather rare in collections. I have not met with any description of the larva or of its food-plant. Genus 3.— EUCHLOE, Hub. (1816). Anthocharis, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. 556. PiERis, Lat. Pontia, Fab. (1836). Rather small butterflies. Wings rounded, and either white in both sexes, or yellow tipped with orange in the male and with white in the female. The hind wings ornamented on the under side with a mottled pattern of green or yellow. The head and eyes are of moderate size. The antennae shorter than in the genus Plcris, with flattened ovoid clubs. The abdomen is slender, and of the same length as, or a little shorter than, the hind wings. The Larvae are small and downy, tapering towards the extremity, and, like those of Pieris, feed on Gruciferce. The Pupae are arched and boat-shaped, differing much in shape from those of Pieris, but attached in the same way. The species of this genus have very much the same habits as those of Pieris, to which genus Eucliloe is very close. This genus is tolerably well represented in Europe, and is confined to the North Temperate regions of both Hemispheres. All the inter- tropical species that used to be included in this genus are now placed in the genus Callosune, of which one species, C. Nouna, Luc., occurs in Algeria. 36 PIEliW.E. The European species, like our English E. Cardamines, appear during the earlier months of the year, but many of these are double-brooded. Antliocharis is the generic name of this group in Staudinger’s Catalogue, but Eiichloe seems to have a prior claim. 1. E. Belemia, Esp. Schmet. i. 21; Hilb. Eur. Schmet. i. 412-3. Expands from 1'50 to 1’75 in. Wings white, black spot at the base ; fore wings rather pointed at the tip, which is blackish, spotted with white. Costa with small black spots. At the extremity of the discoidal cell is a large black spot with a white lunule. Hind wings somewhat angular at the hind margin, white, without spots or markings, but generally showing the pattern of the under side more or less distinctly. Under side : — Fore wings with the tips green, marked with silvery or pearly white streaks, the discoidal spot black and the costa spotted as above. Hind wings deep bright green, with transverse l)ands of a pearly or silvery white, ri. VIII., 3. Times of Appeaeance. — At the end of winter or early spring. Habitat. — The South of Spain, and Portugal, Algeria, and Egypt. VAEIETY. a. Glauce, Stand. Cat. 3 ; Kirby, Cat. 506. — Anthocharis Glance, Boisd. Sp. Gen. 558. Black markings rather paler than in the type, and costa of fore wings not spotted. Under side : — Tips of fore wings yellowish brown instead of green, and markings white, without any silvery or pearly lustre. Hind wings brownish olive, streaked with white, the streaks being less distinct than in Belemia. This variety is found in the same localities and at the same time as the type. Boisduval considers it a distinct species, and describes the Laeva as pubescent, yellow, and very finely speckled with black, with three rosy red longitudinal bands. I am not inclined to separate Glauce from Belemia, not being able to obtain any description of tbe larval state of the latter, but follow Staudinger and others in considering it a variety. It is quite possible, however, tliat it is distinct, PI. VIII., 4. 37 EUGHLOE. 2. E. Delia, Cram. Pap. Ex. pi. 397 (1782) ; Esp. 92, 1. — Cramcri, Butler, Eut. Mouth. Mag. (1809), p. 271. Expands from 1‘25 to 1’75 iu. Wings white. Fore wings with a black tip spotted with white, a large quadrate black discoidal spot, and having the costa spotted with black. Hind wings white, and without spots, hut showing the pattern of the under side through the texture of the wings. Under side : — Fore wings with a white crescentic mark on the discoidal spot, the tip greenish yellow, marked with pearly or silvery touches. Hind wings dark green, mixed Avith yellow, and marked with a number of pearly or silvery spots, for the most part round in form. The female is rather larger than the male. PL VIII., 5. Time of Appeaeance. — From March to June. Habitat. — The South of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Occasionally near Paris (Boisd.). Lakva. — Yellow, with black spots and rose-coloured lateral and dorsal stripes. Feeds on Biscutella. Obs. — Mr. Butler has proposed the name Crameri for this species, as it is probable that Bella Avas the name given by Linnseus to E. Euphenoides of Staudinger or to the Algerian E. Eupheno. Papilio Bella of Esper is the Ausonla of Hiibner (var. Auson.ia of this Avork). To avoid confusion, and as it is very doubtful Avhat really was the Bella of Linnaeus, I have, as usual, preferred to folloAV Staudinger’s Catalogue. VAEIETIES. a. Ausonia, Hub. 582-3. Slightly larger than the type; the black markings are much paler. The costal black spots are either Avanting entirely or else very inconspicuous. Under side ; — The tips of the fore Avings and the hind Avings have the dark green colouring replaced by yelloAv ; the streaks and spots are larger and more irregularly arranged than in Bella, and are Avhite, Avithoiit any silvery lustre. It is found in the same localities as Bella, of the second brood of which I believe it to be a variety or dimorphic condition. It appears in June. PI. VIII., 6. h. Simplonia, Err. B. 73, 2 (1829). Very much resembles Ausonia, but is somewhat larger, and has the fore wings more 38 PIEIUDM. rounded, and tlie costa is shaded or spotted with black. The under side is ligditer than in Ausonia. This is a constant Alpine variety, occurring in Switzerland and the Pyrenees. PI. VIII., 7. 3. E. Tagis, Hiib. 565-6; Esp. 117, 5, 6. Expands from 1'25 to 1*34 in. ; that is, about the size of the smallest specimens of E. Belia. Wings white. Fore wings with black tips, spotted with white ; discoidal spot small and narrow. Hind wings white and without markings. Under side : — Tips of fore wings yellow. The discoidal spot very small and with a white lunar mark upon it. Hind wings greenish yellow, with spots arranged as in E. Belia and of a white colour, very rarely silvery. PI. VIII., 8. Time of Appearance. — March to May. Habitat. — Portugal and Andalusia, also in the South-East of France. Larva, according to Boisduval, pubescent, green, very finely speckled with black, and wdth a lateral white band, and above this a bright red stripe. It feeds on B>eris jminata in June and July. Pupa. — Pale flesh-coloured, shading off posteriorly into reddish violet. VARIETIES. a. Bellezina, B. Ind. p. 2. — Bellidice, H. G. 929-30. This is the French form of the species, and differs from the type in having more white spots on the under side of hind wings. h. Insularis, Stand. Cat. p. 4. — Tagis variete a., Boisd. Sp. Gen. 560. Differs from type in having the tips of the fore wings lighter. On the under side the hind wings are greener, with smaller and more numerous spots. Habitat. — Corsica and Sardinia. Obs. — These islands present many points of interest in their lepidopterous fauna that are peculiar to themselves, either in the form of local varieties, as in the present case, or of distinct species, as in that of Bapilio Ifospitoii, Satynis Ncomgris, Arggnnis JAiza, &c. EUCIILOE. 89 4. E. Cardamines, Liini. (Pap. C.), F. S. ‘271, u. 1030, S. Nat. 1, 2, t. 761, 11. 85; Hi'ib. Eiir. Sclimet. i. f. 419-25; Boiscl. Sp. Gen. i. p. 564. Expands from 1*50 to 2-00 in. Wings white, rounded. The male has the fore wings white, with a black tip and a black discoidal spot ; a large patch of brilliant orange reaches from the tip of the wing to considerably within the discoidal spot. Hind wings white and unspotted, but exhibiting traces of the pattern of the under side. Under side : — Fore wings white, yellowish at the base, and having the orange patch tipped with greenish grey and white. Hind wings white, marbled with irregular patches of yellow and black scales so mixed as to produce the effect of a beautiful green ; these patches follow more or less the course of the nervLires. Female similar to the male, but without the orange patch, and the tips of the wings are marked more strongly with black. PI. IX., 1. Times of Appeakance. — April, May, and June. Habitat. — The whole of Europe (excepting the Polar Eegions) and Northern and Western Asia. As a British insect it is generally common, sometimes abundant, being one of the lirst butterflies to appear in spring in lanes, meadows, woods, on railway-banks, &c., occurring throughout England, Scotland, and Ireland. Larva green, finely speckled with black, with a white lateral stripe less clearly defined at its dorsal than at its ventral edge. It feeds on various field Cmcifene, including Cardamlne pratensis, the pods generally forming its principal food. Pupa boat-shaped, at first green, but changing to greyish yellow, with clearer stripes. The eggs are laid in the summer, and the larva changes to a chrysalis in July, hybernating in this state. PI. XV. VARIETY. a. Turritis, Ochs. Schmet. Eur. iv. 156. This variety, which is found in Italy, differs from the type in having the orange patch in the male narrower and not reaching as far as the discoidal spot. Obs. — Mr. Kirby (‘European Butterflies and Moths,’ p. 6) gives this form the rank of a distinct species ; he informs me that. 40 PIElilD.E. as lie states in the above work, he has reason to believe that the wing-scales differ from those of the type. I regret that I am not able, at present, to give the result of my own observation on this subject, but hope shortly to be able to do so. 5. E. Gruneri, H.-S. Schmet. Eur. i. 551-4. Smaller than E. Cardamines, expanding from 1*25 to 1'37 in. Male. — Fore wings white, blackish at the base and slightly tinged with yellow near the costa ; tips of wings blackish ; a large orange patch covers the outer portion as in E. Cardamines, but at its inner edge there is a double black spot and just a faint trace of a black line. Hind wings white and without pattern, excepting so far as that of the under side shows through. Under side : — Fore wings as in Cardamines, but more strongly tinged with yellow. Hind wings almost exactly as in that species. Female. — Fore wings white, with a dark tip and a large blackish discoidal spot. Hind wings white. Under side as in the male, but without the orange patch on the fore wings. PI. IX., 2, Habitat. — Turkey and Greece, also certain parts of Asia Minor and the Caucasus. A rare species, belonging exclusively, as will be seen, to the Mediterranean sub-region. The female seems to be much rarer in collections than the males, and no doubt is actually scarcer, as in the allied forms, including our own British species. Larva and Pupa unknown. G. E. Damone, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. 564; H. G. 1010-1; H.-S. Eur. Schmet. i. 196-9. Expands from 1-50 to 1-70 in. Mede. — Wings bright yellow. Fore wings with the extreme tips dusky, and having the outer portion brilliant orange as far as the discoidal spot, which touches the inner edge of the orange blotch. There are in some specimens faint traces of a black line bounding the latter at its inner edge, but in most cases it is absent. Hind wings yellow and unspotted, but the pattern of the under side showing through gives a faint green mottling. Under side : — Fore wings yellow, with the orange blotch graduating into the ground colour at its inner edge ; discoidal 41 EUCHLOK. spot visible. Hiud wings almost exactly the same in pattern as those of E. Cardamines, but the ground colour is yellow, and the marbling more olive than green. Female. — Wings white, slightly tinged with yellow. Very much resembles the female of E. Carda- mines, but the ground colour of the hind wings on their under side is dull yellow, and the marblings are olive-green. PL IX. 3.* Times of Appearance. — March and April. Habitat. — Turkey and Asia Minor, inhabiting mountain districts. Larva and Pupa undescribed. This is another rare species, never very easy to obtain. 7. E. Euphenoides, Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit. (18G9), p. 92.— Etqdt.enOjEs.]}. i. 28; Hub.421,4G0; Boisd. Sp. Gen. 5G2. — C alien jdieuia, Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag. v. p. 271 (18G9). Expands from 1-25 to l‘G2 in. Wings yellow in the male, white in the female. The fore wings in the male have an orange blotch covering the outer part, broader at the costa than at the inner margin, bounded internally by a narrow but distinct black line ; the discoidal spot, being placed in the course of the black line, is scarcely visible ; the extreme tip of the wing is black and the base slightly so. Hind wings yellow and unspotted, but showing slightly the mottling of the under side. Under side : — Fore wings as above, but the discoidal spot is visible, and the orange blotch is not bounded internally by a black line. The hind wuugs are yellow, slightly mixed with white, and with three transverse irregular bands which coalesce and are of a dull green colour. Female. — Fore wings white, with a black and well-defined discoidal spot. The extreme tips orange, mixed with grey. Hind wings white and unspotted. Under side : — Fore wings white, with a black discoidal spot, yellow at the base and tips. Hind wings as in the male, but somewhat whiter in the ground colour. PI. IX., fig. 4. Times of Appearance. — April and May. Habitat. — The South of France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, in open places. * The right haiicl fig. of this species represents the female, hut is erroneously marked ^ instead of ? . G 42 PIEIilD/E. Larva. — Yellowish, spotted with black, with a lateral violet stripe, above which is a row of black spots placed close together, one on the anterior part of each segment being larger than the rest ; the spiracles black. Feeds on Bisciitella and other species of Crucifene. The Chrysalis is boat-shaped, but less arched than that of E. Cardamines, which otherwise it appears to resemble. It is of a grey colour. The insects hybernate in the pupa state. PI. XV. Obs. — This species and the closely allied E. Eujjheiio from N. Africa were long confounded ; the original Linnean name, Bella, probably included both forms, but as there is much doubt on this point, and as the name Bella has been in use to designate another species (that described under this name in the present work) ever since Cramer so used it in 1782, Dr. Staudinger, in 1869, named the present species Euphenoules, reserving the name Euplieno for the North African form, which commonly had the name of Douei. About the same time, but shortly afterwards, Mr. Butler proposed the name CaUeuphoiia ; but Staudinger’s name, having been given first, must be adopted, as it is in all the Continental lists. 8. E. Pyrothoe, Eversm. Nouv. Mem. IVIosc. ii. p. 352 (1830). — Zeipis Bijrothoe, Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 555. — Autliocliarls I'nrothoe, H.-S. Schmet. Eur. i. 622-3. Expands from 1-00 to 1-25 in. Wings white. Tips of fore wings rather pointed, and having a more or less oval orange patch, bordered with black ; at the costal edge of the patch is a white spot. There is a black discoidal spot, crescentic in shape. Hind wings white, showing the markings of the under side. Under side : — Fore wings as above, but the tips are greenish and the orange scarcely shows. Hind wings dark green, with well-defined white spots, few in number, some arranged along the margin and of an oblong form, others circular or ovoid and placed towards the centre of the wing. PI. XL, 1. Time of Appearance. — April (Eversmann). Habitat. — Mountains in the South-East of Bussia (Govern- ment of Orenbourg). Larva unknown. Z KG' HIS. 4B A very rare species, in fact about the most difficult to obtain of all the European butterflies. I describe it from the single specimen in my collection, and have seen only four others. G-enus 4. — ZEGRIS, Kamb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Er. (1836), 585 ; Cat. Lep. And. i. p. 49 ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 552. Eatiier small white-winged butterflies, with orange patches at the tips of the fore wings. Antenns proportionately shorter than in the last genus, and with larger clubs. Thorax and abdomen stouter than in Euchloe, and markedly covered with down. Larva stout, pubescent, and slightly tapering towards the extremities. Pupa short, terminating anteriorly in a blunt point, and posteriorly in an arched tail. Attached by the tail and by a transverse band, and enveloped in a slight silken web, somewhat as in Parnassms. Such are the principal characters by which Rambiir separated Papilio Eipheme of Esper from the preceding generic group. There are only two European forms, and these are closely allied : they were long regarded as variations of the same species ; even now a more extended knowledge of the earlier stages may compel us to reunite them. They were first separated by Meiietries in 1832. These insects are very local, being confined in Europe to those districts which border upon the Mediterranean and Black Seas. 1. Z. Eupheme, Esper, 113, 2, 3; H.-S. 194-5. — • Erotlioe'f Evers. Nouv. Mem. Mosc. (1832), p. 312. — Tschudka, H.-S. 451-2. Expands from 1*50 to 1-80 in. Wings generally pure white, but sometimes with a yellowish tinge. The fore wings have a black crescentic spot at the extremity of the discoidai cell, and at the tip a black patch dusted on its outer side with yellow, and having within it a bright orange blotch of an oval shape, and above this a white spot. Hind wings white, blackish at the base, and showing the pattern of the under side. Under side : — Fore wdngs 44 PIEIUDjE. white, with a black discoidal spot ; tips greenish yellow, rather inclining to orange about the centre, and having two small dark spots on a whitish ground on the costa. Hind wings green, mixed with yellow, with five or six white spots rather large and arranged along the margins of the wings, the result being a pattern some- what similar to the under-side hind wings of E. Euphenoides. Thorax and abdomen black above and covered with white down ; beneath they are light yellow, as well as the legs. The antennge are white above and black beneath, with white clubs. The female has the tips of the wings lighter, the orange blotch smaller, and the white spot above it larger. PI. X., 2. Times of Appearance. — April and May. Habitat. — Plains and waste places in the South-East of Kiissia, including the Crimea and other places in the district bordering on the Black Sea. Larva yellow, with a lateral white band and large black points arraEged in threes on the lateral portions of each segment (Eambiir). It feeds in fields on Sinapis incana. The Chrysalis is whitish, and not boat-shaped as in the last genus. The insect hybernates in this state. Obs. — Zcpris EuplicDie is usually considered a rare species, and is no doubt very local; but tliongh the continental dealers put rather a high price upon it, they seem generally to have a good stock of specimens, which would rather lead one to suppose that it is common where it occurs. 2. Z. Menestho, Men. Cat. Eais. p. 245 ; Boisd. Sp. G6n. 555. — Z. Eupdeiiic var. Meridioncdis, Ld. V. Zool. Bot. p. 30, 1852 ; Staiidinger, Cat. p. 4. Hitfers from Z. EupJicine in not having any white spot above the orange at the apex of the fore wings. The ground colour of the hind wings on their under side is white instead of yellow. I believe I am right in considering the specimens that answer to this description as belonging to Z. Moicstho of Meiietrics. I must express my conviction that they are possibly merely local varieties of the foregoing species. I have not seen any description of the larva or pupa. LEUCOVIIASIA. 45 Tins species appears at the same time as the last. It occurs ill Spain and also in i\.sia Minor. PL X., 3. Genus 5.— LEUCOPHASIA, Stev. 111. Brit. Eiit. Ilaust. i. 21. PiEEis, Lat. PONTIA, Ochs. Head moderately large, eyes large and prominent, palpi longer than the head and covered with strong hairs. Antenna} of moderate length, and furnished with a flattened oval cluh. Abdomen very slender, reaching beyond the posterior wings. Wings small, white, and rounded, with their discoidal cells very small. Larva slightly downy, and tapering at the extremities. Feeds on Legumuiosa-. Chrysalis angular, and not boat-shaped. This genus is very distinct from any of the other genera of European Fieridte, being particularly so in the length of the abdo- men and in the extremely contracted discoidal cells. Its position, zoologically, is between the neotropical genus Leptalis and the genus Fontia, which is distributed over the intertropical regions of the Old World. The genus Leiicophasia is confined exclusively to Europe and North Asia, as far as the Amur. There are but two species, and one of these, Leucopliasia Sinapis, is not an uncommon British insect. 1. L. Sinapis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 648; F. S. p. 271, n. 1038 (1761); Hiib. Eur. Schmet. i. 410-1; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 429. Expands from 1‘37 to 1’68 in. Wings white, fore wings with dusky coloured spots at the tips of a roundish shape, and darker in the male than in the female. Hind wings white. Under side : — Fore wings white, faintly marked with greenish yellow at the tips. Hind wings with dusky shading, and one white and several greenish spots. Head, thorax and abdomen black ; antennse black, with white flattened clubs. Times of Appearance. — April and August. 46 PIElUlLi^. Habitat.- — Woods tliroiigdioiit Europe (excepting the Polar Eegion), Western Asia and Siberia. In Britain it is generally dis- tributed, but local, and is known by the trivial name of the “ Wood White.” Where it occurs it frequents open places in woods, and has a slow and languid flight, being very easy to catch. PI. X., 4. Lakva green, with a darker stripe on the back where the dorsal vessel shows through ; beneath this on each side is a yellow stripe. Chrysalis yellowish green or grey, rusty red on the sides and on the wing-cases (Boisduval). PI. XVI. The larva is found in June and September, the insect being double-brooded. It feeds on Vida Cracca, Lotus, Latiujrus, and several other plants of the order Leguminosce. VARIETIES. a. Erysimi, Bork. Eur. Schmet. (1798). Has no dusky tips to the fore wings. h. Lathyri, Hub. 797 — 8. Has the hind wings greenish instead of white. Both these varieties are met with in this country. They are rather aberrations than varieties. c. Diniensis, Boisd. Gen. 6. This is a well-marked variety of the second brood, and is somewhat larger than the average size of the type. The dark markings are wholly wanting, the wings, both on the upper and under sides, being nearly pure white. It is found in the South of Europe, especially in the southern provinces of France. PI. X., 5. 2. L. Duponcheli, Stand. Cat. p. 5, 1871. — Lathyri, Dup. i. 43, 3, 4; H.-S. 407-8. Expands 1'50 in. It is of the same shape as Sinapis, but the bases of the wings are strongly tinged with greenish yellow ; the tips of the fore wings are marked with an oblong spot, which is darker than that which appears in the last species. The hind wings are greenish on the under side, with lighter spots, one or two of them being white. PI. X., 5. CO LI AS. 47 Times of Appearance. — May to August. Habitat. — The South of France, Italy, and Asia Minor. Larva not described. Obs. — The name Lathyri ought not to be given to this species, as that name was bestowed by Hilbner in 1827 on one of the varieties of L. Shiapis, mentioned above. Dr. Staudinger has given the present species the name of Duponclieli, after Duponchel, who first described it in 1882. Genus 6. — COLIAS, Fabr. Illus. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807) ; Lat. Enc. Meth. ix. 10 ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. i. p. 634. Butterflies of moderate size, with the margins of all the wings without angles or projections, the hind wings being always rounded. The prevailing colour of the wings is yellow of different shades, varying from greenish to the most brilliant orange. The hind margins are always more or less bordered with black, and have their fringes red. The hind wings have always on their under side a more or less conspicuous discoidal spot of a pearly colour, gene- rally surrounded by a reddish circle. The antemiie are short and rather thick, swelling into a club at the extremity, and always of a red colour. The head is of moderate size ; the eyes are naked and tolerably prominent ; the palpi close together and compressed. The thorax is rather short. The abdomen moderately stout, and not reaching to the anal angle of the hind wings. The sexes are always very distinct in appearance. The females are smaller than the males, and generally of a lighter colour ; they have the black borders of the wings wider, though less definite in outline, and decorated with a row of light yellow spots. The females of those species whose wings are normally of an orange colour are liable to a dimorphic condition, in which the wings have the ground tint nearly white ; the variety Helice of our British C. Edusa ofiers a well-known example of this fact. One meets with a purple reflection as a normal condition in some of the orange species, as in C. Helclreichi, Aurora, &c. ; in others it is only met with occasionally, as in the case of certain specimens of C. Jlcchi, Myrinidone, or of Edusa. 48 PIElilD.E. The Larvae are smooth and covered with a slight down, slightly tapering at the extremities. All the known European species are green, with lighter lateral stripes. Their food-plants are mostly various low-growing species of Legiminoscc. The Pupae are straight, and terminated by a point anteriorly. Obs. — This is one of the most interesting genera of Butterflies, not only on account of the extreme beauty of the species, but also of their habits and geographical distribution. The genus is spread over a very wide area, but is not found in the hotter parts of the earth, its place being apparently occupied in intertropical regions by the genera Callidryas and Tcrias, some species of the latter genus bearing a striking resemblance to those of the present. Many species of the genus Colias are confined to the northern regions ; some are found exclusively within the Arctic circle — a curious variety of Colias Hecla, having been taken in 187G by Capt. Feilden and Mr. Hart at the surprising latitudes of from 78° to 83° N. ! For an account of the insects collected by these Arctic explorers in 1876, I must refer my readers to Mr. M'Lachlan’s highly interesting report, which appeared in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society,’ No. 74, May 23rd, 1878.* Besides Colias, three other genera of butterflies were found to be represented in these regions : “ Thirty-five specimens of gaily-coloured butterflies,” writes Mr. M‘Laciilan, “were procured, belonging to certainly five distinct species. It may safely be asserted that there are desert regions in the tropics that would not fnrnish an equal number.” The other genera found were Argynnis, Lyccena, and roiyommatus. It is now a generally received opinion, and one supported by actual geological discovery, that the climate of the Arctic regions was, immediately previous to the Glacial Epoch, not only milder than it is at present, but actually warm, and supported a luxuriant vegetation, traces of large trees, both deciduous and evergreen, having been proved to exist in these high latitudes.! Now it is believed by many zoologists that, during the Pliocene period, a ■'= “ Eeport ou the Insecta (including Arachnida), collected hy Gapt. Feilden and Ml'. Hart between the parallels of 78° and 83° N. latitude, during the recent Arctic Expedition.” By Eobert M'Lachlan, F.E.S., F.L.S., &c. I Wallace, on ‘ The Geographical Distribution of Animals,’ vol. i., pt. i., p. 70. London, 1870. COLIAS. 49 gradual cooling down took place, so as in time to reduce the climate of these regions from a state which may he compared to that of the warmer temperate areas of the present earth to a condition which culminated in the glacial period, and that during this age a special circumpolar fauna was established, some survivors of which still inhabit their former abode, having gradually regained their ground during post-glacial times. Perhaps the above remarks may not he considered out of place, whilst we have under consideration the genus Colias, of which thirteen species occur in Europe, and out of this number at least live are to be found within the Polar Circle. Two species of the genus are found in Britain, the “Clouded Yellows,” Colias Edusa and G. Hyale. They are both very uncertain in their appearance, occurring during some seasons in considerable numbers, after- having been scarce or altogether unnoticed for several years previously. The year 1877 will always he remembered by British entomologists on account of the vast numbers of Colias Edusa that appeared throughout the country. 1. C. Palaeno, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 272 (1761) ; Syst. Nat. i. 2, p. 764; Boisd. Sp. Gen. 2, p. 645. — Europouiene, Esp. 42, 1,2; Hub. 434-5. — Philomeiie, Hiib. 602-3, 740-1. Expands from 1-75 to 2-70 in. Wings of the male pale yellow, with a black border, dusted over, and sometimes finely veined, with pale yellow ; the fore wings have a small black discoidal spot, sometimes this is altogether wanting ; the hind wings have a very faint and hardly visible pale spot touching the discoidal cell. Under side : — Fore wings deeper yellow than above ; the black border of the upper side shows through, giving a darker shade to the hind margin ; discoidal spot small and nearly annular. Hind wings yellow greenish, at the base, with a small pearly discoidal spot. The head, antennae and other appendages, as well as the prothorax and legs, are red ; the meso- and meta-thoracic segments are black, as well as the abdomen, and are covered with white downy hairs. The margins of all the wings are fringed with rosy H 50 PIERIDM. red, except at the anterior part of the hind margins of the hind wings, where the fringe is pale yellow. The female has the wings pale greenish white, instead of yellow ; the black border is less sharply defined internally than in the male. PI. XI., 1. Times of Appeaeance. — July and August. Habitat. — Scandinavia, Eussia, Lapland, the Alps of Switzer- land, the Tyrol, and the Pyrenees. It is said also to occur on some of the Ehenish hills, and even to have been taken in Belgium, in the hilly districts of Namur and Luxembourg. It is essentially a mountain species, and may be seen very frequently in August on the passes of Switzerland. Besides these European localities it inhabits Northern Asia, and, like many other alpine species, may also be circumpolar, though in Kirby’s Catalogue there is a query as to its inhabiting Arctic America. Laeva green, dotted with black, and having stripes of yellow. The female of this species is, like most of those of the genus, dimorphic, but it departs from the general rule in having the normal form white, as described above. There is, however, a yellow form, which is found in the higher alps, and may possibly represent the original appearance of the insect ; this is the VAEIETY a. Werdandi, H.-S. Schmet. Eur. i. 41. It resembles the common form of the female, hut has the ground colour the same as the male, and bears traces of yellow spots upon the black border of the fore wings. PI. XL, 2. h. Lapponica, Stgr. This variety has the ground colour lighter than the type. The female has the black border of the fore wings traversed by five or six whitish lines running from within to the hind margin. It occurs in Lapland. 2. C. Pelidne, Boisd. Icon. 8, 1-3; Sp. Gen. i. 644; H.-S. Schmet. Eur. i. f. 35, 30, 43, 44. — Anthijah, Stand. Cat. p. 5. — Sed Aiithyide, Hilb. alia est species. Smaller than the preceding, having an expanse of from 1-50 to 1-75 in. The colour of the male is greenish yellow, and the COLIAS. 51 hind margins of all the wings have a very narrow black border veined with yellow ; the discoidal black spot is very small. The under side of the hind wings is bluish green, with a rose-coloured discoidal spot. The female is white, with the tips of the fore wings dusky; hind wings without any black border, and on the under side of a yellower green than in the male. Fringes of all the wings in both sexes rosy. Head, antennae, &c., as in the last species. PI. XI., 3. Habitat. — The Polar regions, chiefly of North America. I have specimens which are said to have been taken in Lapland, and have seen others from the same locality. I think, therefore, that it is circumpolar, and may properly be placed on the list of European Butterflies ; though in Staudinger’s Catalogue C. Aiitlujale has a * placed against it, as not occurring in Europe. It is perfectly distinct from C. Palceno, and is not an Arctic var. of C. Philoclice, Godt. 3. C. Nastes, B. Ic. 8, 4, 5 ; H.-S. 37, 38, 401-2. Expands from 1*50 to 1'75 in. The male has the wings dark yellowish green. The fore wings have a black discoidal spot, and some lightish spots along the hind margin. Hind wings somewhat lighter, with a very indistinct orange discoidal spot. Eringes, head and antenna, red. Under side : — Fore wings greenish white, dusky green at the tips ; the discoidal spot indistinct. Hind wings dark green, with a paler hind margin ; discoidal spot small and reddish, with a pearly white centre. The female is rather lighter, and with more distinct yellowish spots than the male. Occasionally this species is very dusky in appearance, and is sometimes shot with violet. PI. XI., 4. . Habitat. — The Polar regions. In Europe, the North of Lapland. It is chiefly met with in Labrador, and in the American Polar regions generally. 4. C. Werdandi, Zett. Ins. Lap. 908. — Colias Nastes var. Werdandi, Stgr. Cat. p. 5. Expands from 1-75 to 2 in. Wings of male greenish white; the hind wings deeply tinted with green towards the base. Fore 52 PIERID.E. wings with the nervures black and strongly defined ; hind margin with a black border, dentated along its basal edge ; the discoidal cell has at its outer extremity a black linear mark. Hind wings with a verj^ narrow black border, and hardly any trace of a discoidal spot. Female whiter than the male. Fore wings with a broad black border, on which are placed, parallel to the hind margin, five or six conspicuous white spots. Discoidal spot lozenge-shaped or oval, and white in the centre. The hind wings have the nervures defined as on the fore wings, a very narrow black border and light orange discoidal spot. Under side : — The fore wings are nearly white in both sexes, greenish yellow along the costa and hind margin ; discoidal spot small and narrow. Hind wings dark bluish green at the base, four or five lighter square spots parallel to the hind margin ; discoidal spot pearly white, and surrounded by a red ring. Fringes of all the wungs rose-coloured, as well as the antennae, head, prothorax and legs. Posterior thoracic segments and abdomen black, covered with fine white hairs. PI. XII., 1. Habitat. — Lapland and Sweden, frequenting mountains. Appears to be quite distinct from G. Nastes. 5. C. Phicomone, Esp. Schmet. i. 2, t. 5, 6; Hub. Eur. Schmet. i. 436, 437 ; H.-S. Schmet. Eur. i. 399, 400. Expands from 1-75 to 2-18 in. The male has the wings of a dusky greenish colour ; hind margins black, spotted with light greenish yellow ; fore wings yellowish towards their inner margins, and with a distinct black discoidal spot. Hind wings with a very pale orange discoidal spot. Under side: — Fore wings greenish white, yellow at the tip ; discoidal spot white in the centre. Hind wings greenish yellow, with large lighter yellow spots along the hind margin ; discoidal spot pearly, and surrounded by a red ring ; on the costa a red spot. The female has the wings nearly white, with the base very dusky, and the hind marginal spots very large, the hind wings showung hardly any traces of a black border. Fringes of all the wings, in both sexes, rosy red ; also the antenna!, ])rothorax,' and legs as in the allied species. 'ITmes of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — Mountain pastures in Europe and Siberia; in COLIAS. 53 Europe confined to the Pyrenees, the Tyrol, and Switzerland. In the latter country it is common, hut always occurs in considerably elevated places. I have usually seen it at an elevation of not less than 5000 feet. PI. XII., 2. Laeva green, with a white stripe on each side, on which are yellow spots dotted with black. It feeds on Legimiiiosie, chiefly of the genus Vida, in June and July. 6. C. Hyale, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 469 ; F. S. 272; 0. 1. 2, 181 ; H. S. 33, 34 ; Frr. 547.—Falceno, Esp. 4, 2 ; Hiib. 438-9. Expands on an average 1-75 in., sometimes reaching 2 in. Wings sulphur-yellow. Fore wings with a black discoidal spot, and a black hind-marginal band enclosing a row of conspicuous yellow spots, and ending rather abruptly, so as not to reach the inner margin ; as it approaches the latter it gradually becomes narrower, being widest at the costa. Hind wings yellow, blackish at the base ; faint traces of a black band are seen on the anterior part of the hind margin, and there is a large discoidal spot of a bright orange colour. The female exhibits the dimorphism so common in this genus, often having the wings nearly white, instead of yellow. Under side : — Fore wings yellow, darker at the apices ; a row of five or six black spots runs parallel to the hind margin ; the discoidal spot is black. Hind wings deeper yellow, with a large pearly discoidal spot surrounded by a dull red ring, and having a smaller spot similar in character placed above it. At the base of the wing is a dull red mark, which is not found in the preceding species. Parallel to the hind margin is a row of dull red crescentic spots, with their concave sides outwards, and a con- spicuous narrow reddish spot on the' costa. Head, prothorax, antennae, and legs dull red ; fringes of hind margins pink. PI. XII., 3. Times of Appeakance. — From July to the end of September; and again in the spring, after hybernation. Habitat. — The greater part of Europe, but not the northern regions ; the extra-tropical part of Asia and North Africa. On the Continent it is a very common insect, and may be seen throughout the summer in Germany, Switzerland, &c., frequenting clover 54 PIElilDM. fields. It occurs in England, but seems to be confined to the more southern parts of the island, and to prefer chalky districts ; it is very capricious in its appearance, and does not occur in Scotland or Ireland. Larva. — Cylindrical, dark green, sprinkled over with black dots ; there is a narrow yellow and white lateral stripe. Feeds on Leguminosce, principally TrifoUwn, the eggs being laid in the spring by hybernated females. The Pupa is green, with a brownish yellow lateral stripe. PI. XVI. VARIETY. a. Sareptensis, Stand. This variety resembles the male, but has the ground colour of the wings of a deeper yellow, and the hind marginal border is broader and darker, and more nearly approaches the anal angle of the fore wing. It occurs in South Piussia, and is probably a hybrid between the present species and the next, G. Erate. The closely allied species of this genus occasionally intermingle, the result being hybrid forms, as in the present case. 7. C. Erate, Esp. 119, 3.—Nertenc, Fr. 301, 1, 2; H.-S. 30, 32. Expands from 1-50 to 1*75 in. All the wings are pale yellow, but brighter than in the last species ; black at the base. Fore wings of the male with a tolerably broad hind marginal border, which is black powdered with grey, sometimes with light veins, broadest at the costa, and reaching quite to the inner margin ; its internal edge is less sharply defined than in the succeeding species, and more as in C. Hyale. There is a distinct black discoidal spot. Hind wings with a distinct black border, well marked, but not very wide. In the centre of the wing is a bright orange spot. The female has the wings of the same colour as the male, but the borders of all the wings have large yellow spots. Under side almost exactly as in C. llyale, but the discoidal spot of the fore wings is white in the centre, and the hind wings have a greener tint at the base than in the last species. Fringes of all the wings, head, antennai, pro- thorax and legs, rosy. PI. XII., 4. Time op Appearance. — August. COLIAS. 65 Habitat. — South Eussia, Siberia, and Northern India. It appears to be a very local species ; found in hilly districts. Lakva and Pupa unknown. VARIETIES. a. Pallida, Stgr. Cat. p. 5 (1871). This is the pale form of the female. It is generally rather larger than the type, has the wings nearly white, and square light spots on the hind margin of the hind wings. It very much resembles C. Edusa var. Helice, and C. Myrmidone var. alha ; but in these the discoidal spot of the fore wings has not a white centre beneath, and the black margin of the upper side is thicker towards the inner margin than in this variety. PI. XII., 5. h. Var. Helichta, Ld., is supposed by some to be a hybrid between C. Erate and Edusa. It occurs in Armenia and Persia, and perhaps South Eussia. 8. C. Hecla, Lefev. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1836, p. 383, pi. 9 ; B. 3-6; Kirby, Man. of Eiir. Butt. p. 17. — Bootliii, Boisduval, Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 7, n. 40; H.-S. 459-60. — Sed Boothii, Curtis, alia est species. Expands from 1-50 to 1*75 in. The male has the wings bright orange, rather dusky towards the base. Fore wings with a narrow but well-defined black hind-marginal border, generally divided by fine orange veins. The discoidal spot is long and narrow, and the costa, nearly throughout its whole length, is greenish yellow. Hind wings with a narrow black border, and a very bright reddish orange discoidal spot ; the inner margin is greenish yellow. The female has the fore wings bright orange, with the nervures black and very distinct ; the hind marginal border is black, and much broader than in the male, and is marked with seven or eight roundish and oblong yellow spots. The discoidal spot is large and black, and lozenge-shaped. The costa is yellow along its inner half. Hind wings yellow, with a dark greenish cast ; the black hind-marginal border marked with five or six large light yellow spots ; the discoidal spot large, and bright orange. The wings of both sexes are often shot with violet. Under side : — Fore 56 PIElilD.^. wings orange, dull green along the hind margin, shading off into bluish at the apex ; parallel to the hind margin is a row of small black spots ; the discoidal spot is light in its centre. Hind wings dark bluish green, darkest at the base, and becoming yellower towards the hind margin, which has a row of faint yellow oblong- spots ; discoidal spot silvery, very small, and surrounded by a red ring. Fringes of all the wings broad, and deep rose-coloured. Head, antenufe, and legs of the latter colour. Thorax and abdomen black, clothed with white hairs. PI. XIIL, 1. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — -The Polar regions of Europe and America. It seems to occur as far north as any Arctic expedition has yet penetrated. In Europe it is found not uncommonly in the north of Lapland.* Larva and Pupa unknown. VARIETY. a. Glacialis, M‘Lachlan, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 108. I have examined the specimens alluded to above, as having been taken in the high north by Capt. Eielden and Mr. Hart in 1876. They are now in the British Museum cabinet, and are of great interest. They differ from the type in being of a dull brownish yellow, instead of that brilliant colour that we meet with in the specimens from Lapland, and are altogether more dusky. They seem, however, to be merely varieties of G. Hecla, and are American, and not European. Obs. — C. Boothii of Curtis is wholly distinct from G. Hecla, Lefev., and only occurs in Arctic America. It is smaller, greener, and wants a distinct hind-marginal border. 9. C. Chrysotheme, Esp. 65, 3, 4; Hiib. 426-8; Boisd. Ic. 9, 3, 4; Er. 301, 3, 4. Expands from 1-50 to 1-75 in. The male has all the wings pale orange, brightest in the centre, but pale, and occasionally greenish towards the margins. The fore wings have rather a broad black border, nearly the same width at the anal angle as at This species was once tliouglit to iiiliaLit Iceland, but recent observers state that the fauna of that island is entirely wanting in butterllies. COLIAS. 57 the costa, this border is crossed by very distinct yellow veins ; the discoidal spot is black, with a reddish centre. The hind wings are dusky at the base, and light yellow along the inner margin ; along the hind margin is a narrow but distinct black border, divided by yellow lines ; the discoidal spot is orange. Female somewhat larger than the male. The black borders of all the wings broader, and without stripes, but enclosing a row of large spots of a greenish yellow colour. The hind wings are greener than in the male, the orange discoidal spot being very conspicuous. Under side : — Fore wings light orange at the base, greenish along the hind margins, parallel to which is a row of black spots ; discoidal spot silvery, surrounded with black. Hind wings greenish yellow, with a silvery discoidal spot, surrounded by a dull red ring, and having a smaller spot of a similar character placed above it ; at the base is a dull red mark, and another on the costa ; an indistinct row of spots of the same colour runs parallel to the hind margin. Fringes of wings, head, antennae and legs, red ; thorax and abdomen black above, light yellow beneath. PI. XIII., 2. Time of Appeaeance. — August. Habitat. — South-Eastern Europe, including Hungary, but not Greece ; also Asia Minor, Armenia and Siberia ; inhabiting meadows. Laeva unknown. Obs. — Stephens (111. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. ii.), in 1827, described a small variety of C. Ediisa under the name of Chryso- thcme, and several writers of that period followed him ; C. Chryso- theme has never been taken in England, nor indeed in Western Europe. Such errors as this often crept into the works of the very foremost entomologists in the early part of the century, and arose, no doubt, from the great difficulty of becoming acquainted with continental species. {Vide p. 63.) 10. C. Thisoa, Men. Cat. Baiso. p. 244 ; Boisd. Sp. Gen. 686 ; Stgr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 49. — Myrmidoue var., Ld. Ann. Soc. Belg. xiii. pp. 20, 21. Expands 1-75 to 2 in. The male has all the wings of a brilliant orange, much brighter and clearer than 0. Hecla. The fore wings I 58 PlElilDM. liave a broad black border, reaciiiiig from the costa to the hiud margin, and having nearly the same width thronghont its whole course, — this is distinctly veined with yellow along the nervures ; the black discoidal spot is very small, but not elongated as in the last species. The hind wings are greenish yellow at the base and inner margin ; the black border is narrow and indistinctly veined with yellow. The head, antennae and palpi are dull red. Under side : — Fore wings orange, with a white central discoidal spot ; the hind margin greenish yellow, with three black spots. Hind wings greenish yellow, with a pearly discoidal spot, and some reddish marks at the base and parallel to hind margins. The female, figured in this work from a specimen kindly lent me by Mr. E. D. Godman, is brilliant orange, with very broad black borders spotted with yellow, the hind wings being very dark. The specimens in Mr. Godman’s collection, though from Persia, almost exactly resemble Meiietries’ figure of a specimen taken in the Caucasus at an elevation of 8000 feet (‘ Enumeratio Corpor Animal. Musei. Petrop.’ i., 1855, pi. 6). M. Lederer describes and figures G. Tliisoa (‘ Annales de la Societc Entomologique de Belgique,’ xiii.). His figures greatly resemble G. Myrmulonc, of Avhich species he considers it merely a variety. The male, however, presents an anatomical difference that Lederer appears to have overlooked. I allude to the absence of an ovate space immediately beneath the costal nervure of the hind wings on their upper surface. This structure is found constantly in the males of G. Myrmulone, Ediisa, and other species. Its absence in the present species seems to place G. Thisoa much nearer to G. Heda or Ghnjsotheme than to any other species. Boisduval (Gen. et Ind. Meth.) includes G. Thisoa among those species which have a “ glandular sac” on the hind wings of the male, though at the time when that catalogue was written he had not seen a specimen, and probably had only Menetries’ representation of the female to which he could refer. PI. XIII., 3. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — The Caucasus and Trans-Caucasian Mountain regions ; Siberia and the Altai. Larva undescribed. COLIAS. 59 11. C. Myrmidone, Esp. G5, 1, 2; Hiib. 432-3; Dup. i. 14; H.-S. 393-4. Expands from 1-50 to 1-90 in. The male has all the wings of a very brilliant orange, with hind marginal black borders, which are rather narrow, especially on the hind wings ; these borders are finely dotted with yellow scales, very rarely those on the fore wings are, and have fine yellow veins running across them towards the apex of the wing. The fore wings have a black discoidal spot. The hind wings have their inner margins greenish yellow, and have likewise an orange discoidal spot, which is not very conspicuous, being very nearly of the same colour as the wings. The female is somewhat larger than the male ; the fore wings have a larger discoidal spot, and the hind-marginal border, which is wider and has a row of yellow spots, similar in colour to those in C. Clmjso- theme, female, but having the following arrangement : — Beginning at the costa there are five spots, always well defined ; the two nearest the costa very narrow, the other three rounder ; below this row and nearer to the anal angle are two or three more spots of the same colour, situated well within the black border, and not touching its edge. The hind wings have a more yellowish tint than those of the male, but have not the greenish cast that we see in C. Chrysotlieme, female ; the hind marginal band has a row of large square yellow spots, reaching quite to its inner edge, and sometimes obliterating it. Under side as in the allied species, but the discoidal spot of the fore wings has a light centre ; that of the hind wings is very large and pearly. Head, antennse, legs, &c., as in the other species. PI. XIII., 4. Times of Appearance. — May and August, the insect being double-brooded. Habitat. — South and Eastern Germany, Hungary, Turkey, Russia, Asia Minor, the southern part of Siberia, Turkestan, and Northern India ; frequenting meadows. It does not occur in the north or west of Europe. Larva green, with the dorsal vessel showing through as a darker stripe, laterally there is a light green streak ; the surface is covered with short black hairs growing from minute tubercular elevations. It is said to feed on Cistus, and thus departs from the 60 PIERWM. general rule of this genus, which is to select plants of the order Lcguminosa'. Times of Appeaeance. — March and October. VARIETY. a. ? . Alba, Staiidinger, Catal. p. 6. This is the white form of the female, and corresponds to the var. Helice of C. Edusa, from which it differs in the lighter colour of the hind wings, the narrowness of the black borders, and the arrangement of the spots on the fore wing ; it is also smaller than var. Helice. From C. Erate var. Pallida it is more difficult to distinguish it ; it differs, how'ever, in having the black border of the fore wing much wider where it touches the inner margin than it is in the latter. PI. XIIL, 5. Obs. I. — G. Mijrmidone is very close to C. Edusa, but at the same time is perfectly distinct from it. The description I have given above is made after examination of a considerable number of specimens, and I believe I have not mentioned any characters as distinctive that are not constant. The female often greatly resembles the female of Clmjsotheme, but the greenish colour of the hind wings in the latter, as well as the decided light mark in the centre of the discoidal spot on the under side of the fore wings, will assist in the distinction. Obs. II. — The male of C. Mijrmidone, as before mentioned, is provided with an ovate light-coloured patch immediately beneath the costal nervure of the hind wings, and close to the base. This is generally of a lighter colour than the surrounding portion of the wing, but varies, sometimes being even black. The males of other species have it in common with the present, such as G. Edusa, ylurora, Heldreichi, and Aurorina. Under a low power it will be seen to differ from the rest of the wing in having densely packed scales, not laid down smoothly and regularly like the ordinary wing-scales, but more elevated, and producing a granular appear- ance. Under a higher power these scales will be seen to be ovate in shape, with the margins entire, and without any notches or indentations. At the base is a small foot-stalk, as in the wing- scales. Boisdiival called this structure a “glandular saccule.” As COLIAS. 61 far as my observations go I am bound to say that I am unable to detect anything very special in the tissue of the part ; whether these slightly altered wing-scales can assist in any secretive or other function that is performed by glands, I cannot even con- jecture. In any case it is a constant feature, and may therefore be made use of for the separation of species. 12. C. Edusa, Fab. Mant. p. 23, n. 240 (1787); Ochs. Schmet. Europ. 1, 2, p. 173; Boisd. Sp. Eur. i. p. G38. — Electra, Lewin, Ins. Brit. i. 31 (1795). — Helena, H.-S. 206-7 (var.). — Hyale, Wein. Verz. p. 165, n. 3 (1776); Esper, Sell. i. 1 (1777) ; Hlib. Eur. Sch. i. 329. — Sed Hyale, Linn. S. N. (1767), alia est spec. Expands from 1-75 to 2-25 in. All the wings bright orange yellow, but without the red tint that is seen in C. Myrmidonc. The male has on the fore wings a broad black hind-marginal border, veined with orange ; the discoidal spot is conspicuous and black. Hind wings orange in the centre, but dusky, and covered with light hairs at the base, with a black hind-marginal border veined with orange ; discoidal spot orange. The female has a broad black border to all the wings, without orange veins, and spotted with yellow, much as in G. Mijrmidone, but is much more variable, hardly any two specimens being alike ; the spot, however, which appears in C. Myrmidone, as the third from the costa, is often wanting in this species. The yellow spots on the hind wings are smaller and less square ; the black border is wider. The under side has the usual discoidal black spot on the fore wings, bat this never has a light centre. The hind wings are yellow, with the pearly spot bordered with reddish brown, as in the allied species. Head, thorax, legs, antennae, &c., as in the last species. PI. XIV., 1. Times of Appeaeance. — May and June, and from August until November. Habitat. — The greater part of Europe, but not the northern portion. Western i\.sia, and North Africa ; frequenting plains, meadows, and downs. As a British insect it is taken in England 62 PIERIDM. and Scotland, but not in Ireland. In this country it is commoner than our other species of Colias, C. Hyale, but, like it, is very capricious and fitful in its appearance, sometimes being scarce or local for years together, and then, as in 1877, appearing in great numhers throughout the country. Laeva. — Cylindrical, dark green, with a lateral narrow whitish stripe; spiracles yellowish. “The head is covered with minute warts, and each wart emits a short hair ; the segmental divisions are indistinct and transversely wrinkled, the wrinkles dividing each segment into narrow sections, each section composed of a series of minute warts, and every wart emitting a short hair.” — Newman, ‘British Butterflies,’ p. 145. The Pupa is pale yellowish green, with a lateral yellow stripe on the abdominal segment ; the wing-cases are of a deeper colour. It is pointed anteriorly, and is attached in an upright position on the stem of the food-plant. PI. XVI. Times of Appeaeance. — June to the middle of July. Food-plants. — Various species of Trifolium, chiefly the common clover, on the leaves of which the eggs are laid in the spring. It is still an open question whether Colias Edusa is double- brooded in England, though the observations of Mr. Edward A. Fitch have gone far to prove that it is. For most valuable information on the subject of the life-history of this species, the reader is referred to a paper by the above-named gentleman in the ‘Entomologist,’ vol. xi.. No. 178, March, 1878. In it he has collected the numerous accounts of its capture and observations made upon it during the year 1877, when it was so abnormally almndaut. The paper is accompanied by a coloured plate, showing various aberrant forms of great interest. Colias Edusa certainly does hybernate as an imago ; I have twice taken worn females at the beginning of June. VAEIETIE s. a. ? . Helice, Hiibn. 440, 441 (1798); Pap. Edusa Alha, Haw. (1802). This is the white form of the female. The markings have the arrangement as in the ordinary orange form, but the ground colour of the wings is nearly white, the hind wings being more or less suffused with dull green, and having the discoidal COLLAR. (53 spot pale orange. Specimens sometimes occur wliicli are inter- mediate between the ordinary form and the present. It Lears some resemblance to (1) C. Pliicomone, female ; (2) C. Hyale, female, the light form ; (3) C. Erate var. pallida ; (4) C. 3Iyrmi- done var. alha. These, however, may be distinguished as follows : — The first has no black border to the hind wings ; in the second and third the black border of the fore wings does not touch the hind margin internally as completely as in Helice ; in the fourth the hind wings are much lighter, the spots on their black border are larger and squarer, and those on that of the fore wings more numerous and defined. The var. Helice is found most commonly in the South of Europe ; but some collectors, in 1877, record having taken it in the proportion of one to twenty in this country. PI. XIV., 2. h. Chrysotheme, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. 1, p. 11 (1827). c. Myrmidone, Westwood & Humphreys, Brit. Butt. p. 130 (1841). Small specimens of C. Edusa were confounded with C. Clmjsotlieme, which, however, is a perfectly distinct insect, as will be gathered from the description in the present work. The C. Myrmidone of Westwood and Humphreys is merely a strongly- coloured variety of C. Edusa. When the variable character of G. Edusa is considered, it is not at all surprising that it should have been confounded with species so closely allied, at a period when it was difficult to obtain a knowledge of the nature and habits of these. 13. C. Heldreichi, Stand. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1862, p. 257 ; Mill. Icon. vol. i. p. 335, 1865. — C. Aurorina var. b. Heldreichi, Stand. Cat. p. 6, 1871. Expands from 2’06 to 2-18 in. The male has the wings of a deep orange-colour, speckled over with black scales, and strongly shot with rich purple. All the wings have a black border, which is about as wide as that of G. Edtisa, and veined with orange. The fore wings have a black discoidal spot, and the hind wings a bright orange one. The female is somewhat larger than the male, of a 64 PIERIIXE. brilliant reddish orange, slightly shot with violet. All the wings have a black border, spotted with yellow, almost exactly as in C. Edusa. The fore wings are greenish on the costa, and have a black discoidal spot. The hind wings are greenish at the base and inner margin, and have an orange central spot. Under side : — In the male this is much the same as that of Edusa, but the colour is more of a greenish yellow, and the marginal spots and other markings are brown. In the female the fore wings are orange- yellow, with the costa and hind margin greenish ; discoidal spot with a pearly white centre. Hind wings greyish green, with a white discoidal spot. The head, thorax and abdomen are black above and clothed with light hairs, beneath they are greenish yellow; antennae reddish. Legs light pink. Fringes of all the wings light pink, mixed with yellow. PI. XIV. 3. Time of Appeakance. — July. Habitat. — The mountains of Northern Greece. Larva undescribed. Most authors consider this form to be a local variety of the Asiatic Golias Auroruia, H.-S., a notice of which will be found amongst the extra European species. Genus 7. — GONEPTERYX, Leach. Edinb. Eiicycl. ix. p. 128 (1815) ; Houbld. Gen. I)iur. Lep. p. 69 (1847). Anteos, Hub. Verz. bek Sclmiet. p. 09 (1816). PiHODOCERA, Hoisd. Auier. Lep. p. 70 (1833); Sp. Gen. 1836. All the wings with an angular projection ; without any dark border ; on each wing at the edge of the discoidal cell an orange spot, which has a slightly silvery centre beneath. AntennaB red, and curved downward. Body downy. Besides the European species there are three or four others very closely allied ; they inhabit various parts of Tropical and sub-Tropical America. The two European forms figured in this work are, by many entomologists, considered as varieties of one species. The species forming this genus were separated from Golias, GONEPTERYX. G5 Fab., by Dr. Leacli to form the genus Goneptcrijx, wliicb certainly has the preference over Boisduval’s Ilhodoccra, so generally adopted by continental entomologists, including Standinger. The Larvse have the same shape as those of Colias, but the Pupae differ in having the wing-cases very large and forming a conspicuous bulging mass. This form of pupa is seen in some of the allied exotic genera. 1. G, Rhamni, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 272 (1761); Syst. Nat. 1, 2, p. 765. Esp. Schmet. t. 1, t. 4, f. 4. Hiibn. I. f. 442-44. Boisd. Sp. Gen. 1, p. 602. Expands from 2’25 to 2’50 in. The male has all the wings with a sharply projecting angle and of a bright greenish yellow colour, with an orange discoidal spot on each wing. Under side yellower; the hind wings have the discoidal spot pearly in the centre. The female is somewhat larger than the male, and of a lighter colour, being whitish, but otherwise resembling it. Head and antennse dull red ; body black, covered with white silky hairs ; legs light yellow. PI. XIV., 4. Times of Appeakance. — From the end of July till October, and in the spring after hybernation ; thus the butterfly is on the wing during the greater part of the year. Habitat. — The greater paid of Europe, excepting the Polar Regions. As a British insect it is generally common, but is local in Ireland, and very rare in Scotland. Laeva cylindrical, or rather slightly thicker in the middle segments than at the extremities ; it is of a dull apple-green, covered with minute excrescences from each of which grows a minute white hair. A lateral white waved stripe runs through the whole length of the body. PI. XVI., 4. Pupa bright green, pointed at both ends, thicker in the dorsal thoracic region, the wing-cases forming a considerable round- shaped projection ; the cephalic and thoracic parts are shaded with purplish brown. Food-plants, Ehamnus frangula and R. catharticus. The eggs are laid by hybernated females in April ; the larva emerges early K ()() PIEKIDJ^j. ill May, and is full grown by the end of June, the imago appearing towards the end of July at the earliest. PI. XVI., 4. VARIETY. a. Farinosa, Z. Is. 1847, p. 5. This is larger than the type, and has the body and inner margin of the hind wings covered more thickly with down. Habitat. — The South and East of Europe and Western Asia. 2. G. Cleopatra, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 765. Esp. 48, 1. Hiibn. 445-6. Lt. lihumni, var. Cleopatra, Boisd. Gen. et Ind. Meth. p. 6. Expands from 2-12 to 2-50 in. Differs slightly in outline from the last species, the angular projections of the wings being less acute, and the wings themselves broader. The male has the ground colour of the wings of a slightly deeper yellow than in G. llliamni, and the fore wings have more than two-thirds of their area occupied by a blotch of brilliant orange, which does not apjiear on the under surface. The hind wings have an orange discoidal spot. The female greatly resembles that of G. Rhamii, differing only in shape and in having the hind wings tinged towards the base with rusty brown. PI. XIV., 5. Times of Appearance. — The spring and late summer or autumn. Habitat. — The South of Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Larva. — Similar in shape to that of G. llliamni, dull bluish green, rather darker on the dorsal aspect ; it has the lateral streak narrower than in G. Ehamni. PI. XVI., 5. Pupa shaped like that of the last species, but browner in colour. The larva appears in May and June on Ehanmiis alpmus ; the pupa in July. Some entomologists consider this a variety of the last, but it is difficult to see upon what grounds. OTHEE SPECIES OF PIFAIID.T^ INCLUDED BY STAUDINGEE Genus APOPJA, Hiib. A. P[ipj)ia, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 7 (1864). Cratccgoides, Luc. Ann. Soc. Fr. 1865. — Slightly smaller than A. Craiccgi. The hind wings are straighter and more oblong. The fore wings have the nervures shaded with black ; beneath, the apices are tinted with yellowish. The hind wings resemble those of Cratccgi above, but beneath they have the nervures very much extended, or shaded with black ; at the base is a patch of bright orange-yellow. Habitat, E. Siberia and China. Genus PIEPJS, Schrk. P. Melete, Men. En. p. 114, x. 1, 2. — About the size of Pieris Brassicce. The male has all the wings white, and is very like the female of Brassicce, having the apices dusky and two dusky spots on the fore wings ; these, however, are very pale. The female is tinged with yellow, especially in the hind wings ; the nervures are strongly shaded with black, the apices and black spots of the fore wings are very dark. The hind wings are white beneath in the male; yellow in the female, with a bright orange-yehow patch at the base. Habitat, Amoorland. P. Frigula, Scud. Proc. Bost. viii. — Has size and form of P. Napi, but the wings are much paler, without dark spots or apices ; the nervures are tolerably distinct, and are faintly marked with yellow on the under side of the hind wings. Habitat, Labrador. As Hr. Staudinger includes this insect in his Catalogue I mention it in this place. It seems to be a northern variety of the North American P. Ohracea, B. P. Cheiranthi, Hiib. 647, 8. — The size and shape of P. Brassicce, but the fore wings have a very large black tip extending half-way along the costa and two-thirds of the hind margin. The black spots in the female coalesce so as to form a large black patch extending from the centre of the wing to the inner margin. The hind wings are yellow, with the marginal spot larger than in 08 PIEIIW.E. Brassiccu. Habitat, tlie Canary Islands. It is probably a local form of P. Brassicce. Genus EUCHLOE, Hub. E. Falloui, Allard, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1867, p. 318. — M. Allard gures this species ; he describes it as being found in Algeria at the same time and in the same localities as Glance, which it very much resembles, but is smaller and more strongly marked. The under side of the hind wings is striped with green and white. I have not seen a specimen. E. Chaiionia, Yonzel, Ann. Soc. Fr., 1842, 197 (the male only described). — Expands 1-50 in. Wings rounded, of a uniform sulphur-yellow ; the fore wings with the apex and discoidal spot black ; hind wings without markings. Under side :• — ^Hind wings mottled with grey and yellow spots. Head and thorax black ; antenna3 and abdomen yellow. Times of appearance, February and March. Habitat, Algeria and Asia Minor. E. Levaillantii, Luc. Ann. Soc. Fr., 1847, pi. l. Chaiionia var. Stand. Cat. p. 4.™ Smaller than the last, expanding 1-25 in. The fore wings are pointed at the apices, and the dark markings are paler than in Chaiionia ; the antennse and abdomen greyish black. Time of appearance, the beginning of February. Habitat, Algeria. “It flies in dry sandy places where coarse grass grows ” (G. Allard). E. Euphciio, Linn. Syst. Nat. Doiici, Pier. Ann. Soc. Fr., 1832. Euphcno, var. Euuei, H.G. Bdia ? Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 761 (female). — The size and shape of E. Euphenoules. This insect has been already alluded to on p. 42. Both sexes almost exactly resemble E. Euphcnoidcs above, but beneath the hind wings have quite a different pattern. The markings are rusty red, instead of green, and disposed in three bands ; one short, one starting from the costa, the second crossing the wing from the costa to the inner margin, and the third a short one starting from the inner margin. There are no white markings as in the under side of E. Euphenoules. Habitat, Algeria. It has been said to occur in the South of Spain and the Balearic Islands, and this seems very probable. Not having met with any authentic records of its capture in Europe, I do not figure it in the present work. Times of appearance, January to March. ZEGlilS—GOLIAS. C9 Genus ZEGllIS, Kambur. Z. Fcttisti, Cbristop. Hor. Eut. Soc. Eoss. xii. pi. v. About the size and shape of Z. Eupheme, but the apices of the fore wings are more red than orange, and the hind wings have the under side greener. It is found in Siberia. Genus GALLO SUE E, Doubl. G. Nouna, Luc. Expl. Alg. Zool. hi. 50. — A small white species with black and red apices to the fore wings ; hind wings without mottling beneath. Habitat, Algeria. Genus LEUGOEHASLi, Steph. L. Sinapis v. Amurensis, Men. Schrk. p. 15. — This variety is larger than the type and has longer and narrower wings. It inhabits the south-east of Siberia and the Amur, probably also Japan. Genus IDMAIS, Boisd. I. Faiista, Olivier, Voyage en Syrie, pi. 33. — Expands, male, 1*50 in., the female slightly larger. All the wings are of a very delicate flesh-colour. The fore wings have a black discoidal spot and a row of black spots along the hind margin ; there is also a black streak running downwards from the costa. The hind wings have no markings, except a row of small black spots along the hind margin ; these are faint in the male, but more apparent in the female, in which all the markings and the ground colour are much darker than in the other sex. The head, thorax, and abdomen are black above, but, with the legs, white beneath. The antennge are slender and black. The species belongs to a genus that is principally African : it occurs in Syria, and on that account is included by Staudinger in his Catalogue. GalUdryas Pyranthe, L. — This species, belonging to the well- known tropical genus, is also included by Staudinger on account of its reputed occurrence in Syria. Genus GOLIAS, F. G. Melinos, Ev. Bull. Mosc., 1847, 4, 8, 624-7. — This species seems, from Herrich- Schaffer’s flgure, very greatly to resemble 70 PIERID.E. C. JFerdandi, but is somewliat larger. It is probably a southern form of that insect. Habitat, S.E. Siberia and the Amur. C. Sacjartia, Ld. Hor., 1869, t. iv. 1, 2. — Expands from 2 to 2-37 in. The male has all the wings of a bluish green colour and bordered with black. The fore wings are tinted with yellow towards the costa and have yellow spots on the black border, on which also the nervures show as yellow stripes. The discoidal spot is large and black ; the hind wings have a row of yellow spots internal to the black border, and an orange discoidal spot. The head, pro- thorax, and antennae are faintly red, as well as the marginal fringes ; they are sometimes, however, tinged entirely with green. The female is pale greenish white, and has very large spots of the same colour on the marginal borders ; the discoidal spot of the hind wings is bright orange. The under side is very much like that of PJiicomone, but paler. This species is undoubtedly the hand- somest of all the light-coloured Coliades, and is found in July and August in those regions which lie to the south and east of the Caspian Sea. C. Boothii, Curtis, ‘ Voyage in search of N.W. Passage’ (Loud. 1835). — Expands 1-50 in. The fore wings are orange-yellow, shading off along the costa and hind margin into light green ; the discoidal spot is small and roundish ; the marginal black band is very narrow. The hind wings are greenish, with an orange discoidal spot and a very narrow hiud-marginal black band. The fringes of all the wings are red. This species is found in Arctic America in the district known as Boothia Felix, between 70° and 75° N. lat. It is quite distinct from C. Heda, with which it has been confounded. The extremely narrow unveined black border and the greenish tint of the wings are never found in C. Heda, and the discoidal spot in the male of the latter species is never rounded. C. Aurorina, H.-S. 453. — Expands from 2-25 to 2-50 in. The male has all the wings of a dull reddish orange, with black border, like that of Edasa, with distinct orange veins. The hind wings are greenish in the inner margin and have a very large and bright orange discoidal spot. The female has the border spotted as in Edusa, and the ground colour of the wings is purer than in the male, owing to the absence of the minute black scales with which the wiugs of the latter are covered. Both sexes have puiqjle COLIAS—GONEPTEBYX. 71 reflections. Times of appearance, Jnl}^ and Angnst. Habitat, the Trans-Cancasiis and Armenia, frequenting mountains, at great elevations, as high as 1200 ft. Larva cylindrical in shape, rather pointed at the extremities ; in colonr it is reddish grey above and flesh-coloured beneath ; on each side of every segment is a yellow spot surrounded by black, and below this there are two longitudinal black stripes. It feeds on Astragalus Arggrothamims. Var. a. Lihanotica, Led. Wein. Mts., 1858, 140. —Somewhat larger than the type. The male is of a duller orange and has the black borders without orange veins, excepting one or two near the apices of the fore wings. The borders are speckled minutely with yellow scales. The female greatly resembles that of C. Heldreiclii. This variety inhabits the mountains of the chain of Lebanon and the Anti-Libanus. C. Aurora, Esper, 83, 3. Hub. 544. Hup. 1, 6, 45. — Expands 2’37 to 2*50 in. All the wings are very brilliant orange, with a purple reflection ; the nervures of all the wings are dusky and nearly black ; the hind margins of the male have a narrow black border, which is veined with yellow on the fore wings near the apex. The discoidal spot of the fore wings is long and narrow. The hind wings have a narrow unveined border and an internal row of scarcely perceptible light spots ; the discoidal spot is nearly of the ground colour ; the inner margin and costa are greenish, and immediately below the costal nervure is a conspicuous “glandular space” of a light ochre colour. The female has the border of all the wings spotted with yellow and unveined, and is somewhat larger than the male ; the white form of this sex seems to be frequent in this species as well as in Aurorina. Habitat, Siberia, principally the south-eastern portion and the Amur. Genus GONEPTERYX, Leach. G. Rhamni var. Aspasia, Men. Bull. Acad. Pet. xvii. — This variety is found in the Amur and Japan ; it has the wing narrower and more pointed than the type. Staudinger considers it a distinct species. G. Clcohuh, Hub. Zutr. Ex. Schmet. p. 455. Rhodocera Rhamni, var. B., Boisd. — This is most probably a variety of G. Cleopatra. 72 PIERIDjE. The male has the fore wings entirely suffused with orange. The angles of the wings are about equal to those of G. Cleopatra. The female of the latter and of the present form are similar. Habitat, the Canaries. NOETH AMEEICAN SPECIES OP PIERIDM ALLIED TO THOSE OP EUKOPE AND NOETH ASIA. ricris Olcracea, Harr. — Expands 1-7 in. A white species found throughout the United States. It is very close to P. Bapce, but is less strongly marked with black above and without any yellow beneath. rieris Virgineiisis, Edw. — Very close to the last, but darker, being powdered with greyish brown scales. Habitat, the Southern States. rieris Vcrnalis, Edw. — This species, figured in the ‘ Butterflies of North America,’ appears to be very close to our P. Callidice, but is smaller and lighter. Pieris Beckeri, Edw., and Pieris Protodice, Boisd., from the Southern States, Colorado, and California are very like the Bussian 1\ Chloridice, but somewhat larger. Zegris Olympia, Edw. Butt. N. Am. ii. t. 1-4. — About the size of Z. Euplieme. The upper surface of the wings is white ; the fore wings have a large grey patch at the apex partly replaced by white ; the costal margin is slightly speckled with black. The hind wings have a few black scales at the outer angle and a small wedge-shaped black spot on the costa. The under side is white, with the apices of the fore wings greenish. Hind wings caused by bands of yellow and green on a grey ground. Habitat, Texas (Edwards). Colias Philodice, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 100. — This is the commonest and most widely distributed North American Colias; it greatly approaches our C. P^dceno ; both sexes are yellow. The male has a narrow black border, veined with yellow. The female has the border spotted with yellow. The discoidal spot of the fore wings is distinct. This is the species that was erroneously described as British by the older entomologists under the name of C. Europome. (JULIAS. 73 Golias Sciidderi, Eclw. Butt. N. Am. p. 60.— This species seems to be identical with C. relidne, and is probably a southern form of that species, and rather larger, expanding from 1-80 to 2 in. Habitat, Colorado, Upper Arkansas Valley. Golias Interior, Scudd., found in Canada, appears to be likewise a form of the same insect. Golias Behrii, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. 1866. — This species is taken in California on the Yo Semite Mountains, at an elevation of 10,000 ft. It appears to me identical with G. Nastes. Golias Keivaijdin, Edw. Butt. N. Am. 49. — Expands from 1-60 to 1‘80 in. Very close to G. Ghrysotlieme. Habitat, New Orleans and Illinois. Golias Ghristina, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 1863. — Expands from 2-10 to 2-50 in. Not unlike G. Hecla, but greener, being- somewhat nearer to G. Boothii, of which it may possibly be a southern form. “ Taken at the portage of Slave River by Mrs. Ross in 1862.” Golias Eiirijtlieme, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Fr. 1852. — Expands from 2 to 2-50 in. Has very much the appearance of Edusa, but is without the glandular space found in the male of that species. Its colour is lighter than Edusa, and more like that of Ghrysotlieme, near to which is the true position of the species. Habitat, the fields about New York in the spring and autumn (Edwards). Golias Meadii, Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1871. — Intermediate between Edusa and Myrmidone, but smaller than either, expanding from 1-70 to 1-90 in. The border is not veined and the discoidal spot of the fore wings very small. Habitat, Colorado. The study of the Nearctic forms of the genus Golias is very interesting; most of the species are very close to those of the Palsearctic region, and many seem to be absolutely identical, though they have received different names. Figures of many of them will be found in Mr. Edwards’s magnificent work ‘ The Butterflies of North America.’ L 74 LYCLENW.E. Fam. 3. — LYC-^NIDy^^, Stephens. Chakactees. — Small-sized butterflies, with the anterior pair of legs perfectly formed in both sexes. Antenna straight, with the clubs elongated and not curved. Palpi fully developed. Hind margins of fore wings without angular projections ; inner margins of hind wings never concave, but forming a shallow groove to receive the abdomen. The larvffi are onisciform or woodlouse-shaped, being short and thick, the middle segments having a larger diameter than those near the extremity. The head is small and retractile. The pupae are short, thick and rather rounded, entirely without points or angular projections. They are attached by the tail and girt by a belt round the middle, as in the last two families. Next to Nyinplialtdo}, this is the most extensive of butterflies ; it contains more than 1200 species, and is found in every region of the earth. The “blues,” “coppers,” and “ hair-streaks,” which represent this family in our own country and in Europe generally, are remarkable for their extreme beauty, though small size ; the Oriental and Neotropical regions, however, are where the Lyccmiidcc chiefly abound, and are most magnificent in colouring and design ; some of those from South America, for instance, may be fairly said to constitute some of the most beautiful objects in Nature. Five genera are represented in Europe — Thecla, LiEosopis, Thestok, Polyommatus, and LvoiENA. The total number of species does not amount to more than seventy. Every description of country furnishes examples. Woods, downs, fields, roadsides, and marshes, all have their inhabitants belonging to this family ; some are peculiar to mountainous districts, and others are content with the cold sunshine of the Arctic Eegions. Their flight is generally fast and jerky, seldom continuous, and they most frequently settle on low-growing flowers ; some species, however, especially those of the genus Theda, are fond of flyiug about the Ijrancbes of ti'ces, often in groups ; their habit TTIECLA. 75 may be observed in our Theda Qiicmis, T. Betuke, T. W.-alhum, Lycecna Aryiolus, &c. By far the greater number of species exhibit on their under sides a pattern composed of small dark spots, often ocellated, a peculiarity which has gained for them the name of “Argus” butterflies both in this and other countries. The larvae of the genus Theda are mostly arboreal feeders, the leaves of various forest-trees forming the food-plants. Those of the remaining European genera feed upon various low-growing plants, the orders PapUionaceee and Leguminosce being the most frequently used ; the larvae of Pohjommatus seem partial to various species of Piumex, as will be seen hereafter. Some species of Lyccena feed on the pods of Legiminosce, as in the case of L. Bcetica and L. Tolas ; others on the flowers of various plants. Genus 1. — THECLA, Fabr. 111. Mag. vi. 286 (1807); Leach (1815) ; Boisd. (1833) ; Westwood (1852). CupiDO, Sect. C., Schrank. (1801). Fore wings nearly triangular in shape, without angular projections ; hind wings generally with a notch or tail-like prolongation near the anal angle. The colour of the upper surface of the wings is usually dark brown ; the under side lighter, with white streaks either formed by continuous lines or broken up into a chain of dots. The larvse are mostly of a green colour, with lateral and dorsal stripes of a brighter shade. 1. T. Betulse, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 482 ; Faun. Suec. 282 ; Esper. 19, 1 ; Htlb. 383-5. Expands 1‘25 to 1*50 in. The ground colour of the wings in both sexes is dark brown ; all the wings have the fringes whitish brown. The head, thorax, and abdomen are black above, but with the legs and palpi are white beneath ; the antennae are black, ringed with white. The male has a faintly black oblong discoidal spot on the fore wings, and external to it a light but inconspicuous patch ; the hind wings have the tail orange, and a small orange patch at the anal angle. The female differs from the male in having a 76 LYC.^NIDjE. large and briglit orange patch on the fore wings external to the discoidal spot, crossed by two or three black veins, and occupying nearly a fourth of the area of the wings. The under side is nearly the same in both sexes ; the ground colour is reddish brown, brightest in the female ; the fore wings have an elongated discoidal spot, and, external to this, reaching from the costa, a long tapering streak of a darker colour, coming to a point as it approaches the inner margin and bounded externally by a white line ; the hind wings have a patch of bright reddish brown running from the costa to the inner margin, bounded internally by an indistinct' white line and externally by a very distinct wavy line of the same colour ; the hind margins are reddish orange. Time of Appeaeanoe. — From the end of July to the middle of September. Habitat. — Central Europe, including Grermany, the Low Countries, Switzerland, and the Tyrol ; also France, Scandinavia, Britain, and South Russia. Besides being European, it occurs in Armenia and Central Asia as far as the Amur. Lakva, when full grown, is apple-greeii ; the segments are very dehnitely divided, and each segment has four longitudinal white stripes, two dorsal and two lateral, and, besides these, several oblique pale lines. The head is brown, and very much smaller than the segment immediately posterior to it. Pupa. — Pale brown and smooth, and (according to Newman’s observations in ‘British Butterflies,’ p. 115) not attached by silken threads*; in this manner resembling the pupa of T. Quercus, which also does not attach itself by the head and tail, and is by some authors placed with the present species in another genus — Zeph.ijms, Balm. “ The egg is a depressed sphere, and white.” — Newman. It is laid in September on the twigs of birch and blackthorn, the caterpillar emerging in the spring and being full-fed by June. 2. T. Spini, A¥ien. Verz. 186, n. 5; IL'ibii. i. f. 376, 377. — I'apilio Lyncciis, Es})er. i. 1, p. 356. Expands 1‘18 to 1-40 in. The wings are brown on the upper surface. The hind wings distinctly tailed. The male has one or 8ee also Westwood, Proc. Ent. 8oc., 1806, p. xxxiv. TUECLA. 77 two small orange spots near the anal angle of the hind wings. The female is larger and lighter in colour than the male, and has a large indistinct lighter patch on the fore wings, and a row of orange spots on the hind margin of the hind wings, extending from the anal angle. The under side is hrownish grey ; the fore wings have a distinct white line heginning on the costa at a point which is distant from the hind margin by a space equal to a fourth of the width of the wing. The hind wings have a white line running from about the middle of the costa to the inner margin, taking near the anal angle an upward and then downward direction, so as to give it somewhat of a W-shape. Along the hind margin is a row of orange spots, and near the anal angle and tilling up the whole distance between that point and the tail is a patch of light blue. Time of Appearance. — May and June. Habitat. — ^All Central and Southern Europe, but not Great Britain; Northern and Eastern Asia. It frequents open places in woods and roadsides. Larva. — Light green, with two yellowish streaks on the sides ; on each segment is a row of oblique lines of a darker green than the ground colour ; on the dorsal surface, which has a dark streak, are some pink dots. Time of Appearance. — June. Food -PLANTS. — Primus Spinosa and Gratcegus Oxyacantlia. 2. T. W-album, Enoch. Btr. ii. p. 85; Hiib. 380-1. Expands 0,93 to 1’25 in. Hind margin of hind Avings scalloped, and with a small slender tail. Wings dark blackish brown, the nervures showing a little darker. Fore Avings quite without any pattern. The hind Avings have an orange spot at the anal angle ; the tail is tipjied Avith Avhite. Under side : — The colour of all the wings is greyish hroAvn ; the fore Avings have a narroAv Avhite line, someAvhat wavy, reaching from the costa to the inner margin, and placed closer to the hind margin than to the base of the wing. The hind Avings have a Avhite W-shaped line beginning at the costa and ending at the inner margin ; along the 78 LYC.ENID.E. hind margin is a row of brilliant orange crescents, which are largest near the anal angle and decrease in size as they approach the costa. Time of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — Central Europe, including Britain; the South of Europe, excepting Spain and Portugal ; Siberia and the Amur. It frequents commons, wood clearings, and roadsides where there is plenty of bushy vegetation ; bramble-bushes seem to be chiefly affected by this species. As a British insect it is not generally common, but during some seasons it occurs in great abundance in certain localities. Its extraordinary appearance at Ripley, in Surrey, in 1827, recorded by Stephens, is an historical fact well known to every British lepidopterist. Larva onisciform, light green, with a yellowish brown dorsal stripe ; every segment has two oblique light yellow lines on each side ; the head is black and retractile. It feeds on the leaves of the common elm ( Ulnms campestris), from whence it may be beaten at the end of May and the beginning of June. The Pupa is attached to a twig by a belt of silk, and also by the tail. “ The eggs are laid on the twigs of the elm and wych elm in July and August, and are shaped something like an orange, but are more depressed at the crown ; they are of a whitish or putty colour, and remain firmly glued to the rind of the twigs throughout the winter. The full-fed caterpillar rests on the surface of the leaves.” — New- man, Brit. Butt. 108. 4. T. Ilicis, Esp. i. p. 353 ; Hiib. 378-9 ; 0. 1. 2, 105. — Linceus, Fab. Mant. 69, i. 3, 279. Expands 1*16 to 1-33 in. The male has all the wings dark brown, much less black than those of the last species ; at the anal angle of the hind wings is a very small orange spot ; the hind margin has a slight tail. The female is lighter brown than the male, and is shot with a greenish bronze much in the same way as Epineplide -Janira ; the fore wings have a large dull orange patch divided into four by the nerviires, which are dark brown. The under side is lighter brown than the upper surface ; all the wings TIIECLA. 79 have a chain of small white spots of a crescentic shape running parallel to the hind margins, but some distance internal to them ; these white spots are faint on the fore, and more strongly marked on the hind, wings ; between this row of white spots and the hind margin is a row of dull orange spots, only seen on the hind wings ; outside this is a narrow white line. Times of Appearance. — May, June, and September. Habitat. — South-Eastern and Central Europe (but not Great Britain), Scandinavia, Asia Minor, and Armenia. It frequents woods and bushy places. Larvae onisciform, of a pale green colour, with yellow streaks on the back and sides. The head is black and retractile ; legs black. It may be found in April and August on the leaves of the oak. VARIETIES. a. Cerri (female), Htib. 863-6. Has the orange patch on the fore wings larger than in the common form of the female. h. Esculi (recte JEseuli), Hiib. 559-60. Smaller than the type. Fore wings with the white chain of spots nearly or entirely wanting. Habitat. — South-Western Europe. This variety of the spe- cies replaces the typical form in Spain and the South of France. 5. T. Acaciae, Fab. Mant. 69; E. S. 299; Hilb. 743. Expands 0‘87 to 1 in. The wings are of a uniform brown in both sexes ; there is no orange blotch on the fore wing. The hind wings have a short tail, tipped with white ; between this and the anal angle there are one or two small hind-marginal orange spots. The under side has the wings of a lighter colour than above ; the fore wings have an indistinct row of whitish spots shaded on their inner sides ; the hind wings have a similar row, forming a white line which extends from the costa to the inner margin just above the anal angle ; the hind margin has a row of orange crescentic spots. Time of Appearance. — June. Habitat. — South of Europe ; principally South of France, Italy, Spain, and South Russia ; also Asia Minor. It frequents dry elevated meadows. 8U LYGyENIDA^. Laeva. — Undesci'ibed. Herricli-Scliiiffer* says that it feeds on sloe, but does not mention it further ; and I am unable to find any account of its habits or appearance in other works. 6. T. Pruni, Linn. Farm. Suec. p. 283 (1761); Esper Schmet. i. 1, p. 19, 3, 39, 1 ; Hub. Eur. Schmet. i. 386, 887. Expands 0'87 to 1‘12 in. Wings brownish black. The fore wings in the female and sometimes in the male exhibit faint traces of a brownish orange band running parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings have a short tail something like that of T. Spini, and parallel to the hind margin is a row of well-defined semilunar spots of an orange-brown colour, decreasing as they approach the costa. The colour of the under side is paler than that above. The fore wings have a blnish white interrupted line running from the costa to the inner margin. The hind wings have a similar line which does not assume a W-shape. The hind margin has an orange band bordered with bluish white, and having a row of black spots, one being placed in each inter-nenral space. Fringes black. Antennae black, ringed with white. Time of Appeakange. — June. Habitat. — Woods in Central Europe (including England), Northern and Central Italy, and Dalmatia. It also occurs in the Altai. Laeva. — Similar in shape to those of the allied species. “ Green, darker on the back ; two rows of long yellow spots on the back, and a row on each side above the legs ; six long oblique yellow stripes on each side” (Stainton, from Diiponchel). “The chrysalis is attached by a belt and by the anal extremity ; it is obese, blunt-headed, and hump-backed ; and has a niedio-dorsal series of five rather conspicuous warts or tubercles” (Newman, from Hulmer). The larva feeds on the leaves of Prunus Spinosa, on the twigs of which the eggs are laid in the summer and remain all the winter, the larva ap])earing in May. Europ. Scliinett. p. 18(J. THEGLA. 81 7. T. Quercus, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 283 (1761) ; Syst. Nat. 1, 2, p. 788 ; Esp. Sclimet. i. 1, t. 19, f. 2 (1777) ; Htib. Enr. Schmet. i. f. 368-70. Expands 1*16 to 1*59 in. Wings blackish brown. Hind wings with a short but well-defined tail. The male has all the wings suffused with dull violet, excepting along the margins. The female has the purple decoration confined to a triangular patch of very brilliant bluish violet, extending from the base of the fore wings along their inner margins. The under side is ashy grey ; fore wings with a whitish streak running parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings with a similar streak running across their centre ; near the anal angle are two orange spots, the external one having a black centre. PI. XYIII., 2. Times of Appeakance. — July and August. Habitat. — The whole of Central and South Europe, and the Trans-Caucasian Provinces, frequenting oak woods ; as a British insect, commoner in England than in Scotland or Ireland. Larva shaped much like others of the genus ; it is reddish brown, often with green tinge, and has two rows of oblique stripes of black colour on the dorsal surface ; it feeds on oak-leaves, the eggs being laid on the twigs of the tree in July. The Pupa is brown, without angles, and according to the most accurate observations does not attach itself by the tail or by a silken belt ; thus resembling the pupa of T. Betulce, with which species the present one is placed in the genus Zephijnis by many modern entomologists, as before mentioned. VARIETY. Bellus, Gerh. PI. 4, 2; Htib. 621. Has a yellow spot in the centre of the fore wings. Habitat. — Hungary and Austria. 8. T. Rubi, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 483; Esp. 21, 2; Hub. 364-8. Expands 1 to 1'75 in. All the wings are brown, with a reddish gloss. The hind margins of the hind wings are slightly M 82 LYC^NIDM. dentate, but without any tail. The under side is hrigdit green, the hind wings having a row of white spots. PI. XVIII., 3. Times of Appeaeance. — April, May, and August. Habitat. — Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. (The North- American T. Bumetorim, Boisd., seems to be a variety of this species.) In Great Britain it is somewhat local, but common where it occurs, and of wide distribution ; it frequents woods and heaths. Lakva. — Shaped as in the other species, of a green colour, with lateral yellowish white stripes and oblique yellow lines, and a whitish dorsal streak. The Pupa is dark brown, without angles, with a silken belt attaching it by the middle, and with an anal attachment. Mr. Joseph Greene mentions that he has found this pupa under moss on an old tree-trunk. The larva feeds on the flower-buds of the bramble and on various Papilionaceous plants. The eggs are laid early in June ; the larva is full grown by the beginning of July. Theda Ruhi is a double-brooded insect in the more southern parts of its area of distrihution ; it is, I believe, only single-brooded in the north, as in Scotland, Scandinavia, North-Western Asia, &c. Genus 2. — L.^OSOPIS, Piambur, Gat. Lep. Andal. i. p. 33 (1857). Aukotis, Balman ; Kirby, Man. Eur. B. p. 87. The eyes in this genus are not hairy, as in Theda. The hind margins of the hind wings are not scalloped near the anal angle, and the under side does not exhibit streaks of light colour, but has rows of black spots along the hind margins. This genus contains but one species, unless we include Lyccena Ledereri of Herrich-Schaffer, which has tailed hind wings. 1. L. Roboris, Esper. 103-5.; 0. I. 2, 95. — Evippus, Hiib. Vug. & Schmet. t. 56. Expands 1-25 to 1-40 in. The male has the fore wings of a dull purple, like that in the male of Theda Quercus ; the costae and L.EOSOPIS— TUBS TOE . 83 hind margins are dark brown, the latter very broadly so. The hind wings are dark brown, with their bases purple, and a row of hind- marginal purple spots. The female is brown, with three purple streaks at the base of the fore wings of a brighter colour than in the male ; the hind wings are brown, with a row of bine spots on the hind margin. The under side is brownish grey. The fore wings have a row of faint yellow and black hind-marginal spots. The hind wings have a hind-marginal row of lilac-blue spots, internal to this a faint orange interrupted band, and inside this again a row of black spots surmounted with white angular marks. The fringes are white. The clubs of the antennae black, tipped with yellow. The head, thorax, and abdomen black. PI. XYIII., 4. Times of Appearance. — May and June. Habitat. — Woods in the South of France and Andalusia ; also Botzen in the Tyrol (Kirby). It has not been found in any non-European localities. Larva. — “Dull brown, with a black dorsal streak bordered with obscure yellow markings” (V. G.) “On oak?” (Kirby, Man. Eur. Butterflies). Obs. — Dr. Staudinger includes this species in the genus Theda, but I have thought it best to separate it, as was done by Bambur and others. Its characters are certainly marked enough to entitle it to represent a separate genus. Genus 3. — THESTOR, Hiib. Verz. Bek. Schmet. (1816); Led. Wein. Ent. Mon. i. p. 26. Tomares, Eamb. (1858). Chrysophanus, Westwood (1852). Small butterflies, brown in colour, with reddish or orange markings above, but never with a metallic lustre. The under sides are spotted with black. The hind wings are rounded, with their margins entire, and without tails. The eyes are hairy ; the palpi short. The antennae have long and thickish clubs. This genus approaches very close to the next, but has characters sufficient to separate it. There are but four known species, and these have their habitats confined to the shores of the Mediterranean and Black HI L Y(!. KNII)A<]. Seas. Throe of those H])OcioH may be said to occur in Europe ; tlie fourth is exclusively North-African. 1. T. Ballus, Eah. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 80 (1787) ; Hub. Eur. Schmett. i. f. 3G0-G1 (1798). Expands 1 to 1-25 in. The male is brown. The hind wings have one or two indistinct orange spots at the anal angle. The female has the fore wings bright orange, with broad dark brown hind marginal and costal borders ; the hind wings are dark brown, with large orange hind-marginal blotches. The under sides of both sexes are similar. The fore wings are orange, with a coppery tinge, with the costa and apex brown ; they are covered with numerous black spots, which are disposed in three rows. The hind wings are green, with a bronzy lustre, and thinly covered with white spots ; hind margins reddish brown. Head and pro- thorax shiny green, the rest of the body black ; clubs of antennae long and black, their shafts ringed with white. PI. XVIII., 5. Time of xIppearance. — March. Habitat. — The South of France, Spain, and North Africa, on the shores of the Mediterranean. Larva.— “ Yellowish white, with a row-of reddish dorsal spots, bordered with brownish red, and bisected by a blue line ; oblique streaks and lateral line violet-red. Head brown ; first and second segments washed with reddish. On Lotus Hispidus ” (Kirby, from Gruenee.) 2. T. Nogelii (recte Nogelli), H.-S. 529-32; Frr. 574, 1, 2. Expands 1 to 1’12 in. The male has all the wings dark brown, nearly black ; the marginal fringes are white. The under side is grey. The fore wings have an orange discoidal spot ; along the hind margin is a row of orange spots, and internal to this a row of larger ones bordered with black. Hind wings grey, with three rows of orange spots, bordered with black. The female has thq wings dark brown ; the fore wings have a bright orange patch in the centre. The hind wings have an orange patch on the hind margin, near the anal angle. The under side resembles that of TIIESTOR. 85 the male, but the fore wings have the ground colour orange, the costa and hind margin being grey. PI. XVIII., 6. Times of Appearance. — April and May. Habitat. — The North-East of Turkey in Europe and Asia Minor, frequenting hills and mountains. Larva and Pupa. — Unknown. 3. T. Callimachus, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1848, hi. 208 ; Nord. Bull. Mosc. 1851, ii. 123-5. — Hafis, Roll. Ins. Pers. p. 10. — Epiplioma, B. Ann. S. Fr. 1848, p. xxix. ; H.-S. 438-41 (1850). Expands 1 to 1-25 in. The male has the fore wings orange, the tip and hind margin being black, and the costa grey ; there is a fine black line along the median nervure. The hind wings are brownish black, a large orange patch reaching from the anal angle along two-thirds of the hind margin. The female has the wings of a lighter orange, and the hind wings have the orange patches larger than the male. Under side : — Fore wings orange, hind margin and costa grey ; towards the centre, near the costa, is a group of black spots, and a row of black spots runs parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings grey, with an orange discoidal spot ; two rows of orange spots bordered with black run parallel to the hind margin. PI. XVIII., 7. Times of Appearance. — April and May. Habitat. — Mountains in South-East Russia, Armenia, and Persia. Larva. — The following notice of the Larva is translated from Milliere, Ann. Soc. Lin. Lyon. xxv. pp. 8 and 9 : — “ The shape is flat below, convex above, with the sixteen feet quite visible, although short. The head is small and brown ; the first segment is covered by a narrow scaly plate of a uniform brown colour, with a fine white border. The colour of the caterpillar is of a testaceous ochre, and on the dorsal region there is a fine brown vascular line continued from the fourth to the ninth segments. Accompanying the dorsal line, these segments present a double chevron of a dull red colour. Each segment is covered above with numerous hairs, very short and close. The sides and the ventral surface have the 86 LYCMNIDM. same colour as the feet. Above the lateral line are placed the stigmata, which are black and very small, not well seen without the aid of a glass. The larva lives on the pods of Astragiilus Phijsodes, L. ; it ijrobably has the same habits as that of L. Bcetica.” Genus 4. — POLYOMMATUS, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Insect. (1805) ; Boisd. Gen. Ind. Meth. (1840). Cheysophanus, Htibn. Verz. Bek. Schm. p. 72 (1816). Small butterflies with the hind wings generally denticulated on the hind margin, near the anal angle. The colour of the wings is usually brilliant orange-red, with a metallic coppery lustre ; sometimes it is dark brown, and occasionally the wings are shot with violet. The upper surface has generally rows of black spots, though in some species the males have the wings unspotted. Beneath, the colour is grey, varying from blue to warm brown in tint, always with numerous black spots which are without ocelli. The females are larger than the males, and usually more spotted with black. The eyes are not hairy, as in Thestor ; the antennge are long, with an elongated club. The Larvse have the shape of those of the Lijccenidce generally — being woodlouse-shaped, with small and retractile head. Their food-plants are usually, but not exclusively, different species of Rumex. The butterflies frequent meadows, woods, and marshes ; and some species are found only in mountainous districts. Though this genus is represented in almost every part of the world, the more temperate regions are where the species most abound ; hence it is that a large proportion of these are found in Europe. 1. P. Virgaurese, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 285 ; Esp. Schmett. 22, 2; Hub. 349-51; Err. 115. Expands 1-12 to 1*25 in. The male has all the wings of a brilliant golden copper, without spots, and with a narrow black hind-marginal border. The hind wings are dentated near the anal POLYOMMATUS. 87 angle, and have their inner margins brownish black. The female has the wings orange-brown, with a coppery lustre, and marked with numerous black spots. Under side : — Fore wings orange, with black spots. Hind wings light brown, with a row of white spots, forming an irregular band across the centre ; between this and the base are a few black spots ; along the hind margin is an orange band. PI. XIX., 1. Times of Appearance. — May and August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe (except Britain, the southern part of Spain and Portugal, and South Russia). It also inhabits Asia Minor and a considerable part of Siberia. Some authors describe it as having been formerly taken in Britain, but no authentic British specimens exist. It is generally found in woods and meadows. Larva downy, of a dull green colour; every segment is streaked laterally with dark green, and on the dorsal aspect there is a line of pale yellow. It feeds on Solidago Vinjaurea and various species of Ruiiiex in June and September. VARIETIES. a. Oranula, Err. Beitr. v. 455. A Boreal form of the insect occurring in Lapland ; it differs from the type in being smaller. h. Miegii, Vogel, 1857, n. Schm. Zeit. Ges. Isis, p. 201, t. vi. In this variety the male is spotted above, and the female is paler in colour than in the type. Habitat. — Spain and the Pyrenees ; Armenia. c. Zermattensis (female), Fallou, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1865, p. 101, pi. 2, 3. This variety of the female, which is found at Zermatt and other places in Switzerland, is very dark in appear- ance, the ground colour of the wings being dark brown, instead of orange, as in the type. 2. P. Ottomanus, Lefebrve, Guerin. Mag. 1830, p. 19 ; Boisd. Ic. 10, 4, 5; Dup. i. 9, 1, 2; H.-S. 236-9. — Legeri, Frr. Beitr. 133, i., iii. Expands 1 to 1-25 in. The male has all the wings of a most brilliant copper-colour. The fore wings have narrow discoidal spot, 88 LYC.ENIlJM. and two more between this and the base ; external to and midway between it and the hind margin are four or five small spots ; all the above-mentioned spots are very indistinct ; the hind margin narrowly black throughout its whole length. The hind wings are deeply emarginate near the anal angle, unspotted, but with a hind- marginal black border ; the inner margin is brown. The female has all the wings spotted with black ; the fore wings have a row of black spots parallel to the hind margin, and internal to this another row of eight, arranged irregularly ; in the discoidal cell are three spots. The hind wings are brownish, with a hind-marginal orange band ; there is one black discoidal spot, and two rows of black spots running parallel to each other and to the hind margin. Under side : — ^Fore wings orange, with black spots, surrounded by grey rings. Hind wings brownish grey, with black spots, surrounded by light rings ; hind margin bluish grey, with a row of bright red almost scarlet spots, forming a band ; in the female there is a row of large light spots internal to these. PI. XIX., 2. Times of Appearance. — March and June. Habitat. — Greece, Turkey, and Asia Minor. Larva. — Unknown. 3. P. Thetis, King. Synib. Phys. t. 40, 17, 18 ; H.-S. 643. — Ignitus, H.-S. 332. Expands 1-19 to 1-25 in. All the wings are very brilliant copper in the male. The fore wings are unspotted, and with the apices narrowly deep black. Hind wings with a short tail, and a hind-marginal row of black spots. The female has the tail on the hind wings much longer than the male, and all the wings have black spots above. Under side : — Fore wings yellowish grey, spotted with black ; liind wings ashy grey, with indistinct black spots, and a hind-marginal row of orange ones. PL XX., 2. Time of Appearance. — June. Habitat. — Greece and Asia Minor, frequenting mountainous places. Larva. — Unknown. POLYOMMATUS. 89 4. P. Ochimus, H.-S. 523-6 (1851). — Phaeton, Fit. 571, 2 (1852). — Kefersteinii, Gerli. pi. 9, 4 a — c. Expands 1*25 to 1‘30 in. The male has all the wings shining golden copper ; the hind margins have a narrow black border. The fore wings have an indistinct discoidal spot, and three others near the apex. The hind wings are without spots above ; they are emarginate near the anal angle. The female has two discoidal spots on the fore wing, and two rows running parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings have two discoidal spots, one oblong, the other small and round ; three rows of black spots run parallel to the hind margin. Under side : — Fore wings light orange, the costa and hind margin grey ; there are three discoidal spots, a double hind-marginal row, and another irregular row internal to this. Hind wings grey, with a double row of black spots along the hind margin, enclosing a faint orange band ; there are three basal spots, an oblong discoidal spot, and between the basal and discoidal spots three others ; besides these, there is another row midway between the discoidal cell and the hind margin. PI. XX., 3. Times of Appeaeance. ? Habitat. — Turkey, Asia Minor, Armenia, and Persia ; frequenting mountains. 5. P. Thersamon, Esp. 89, 6 ; Godt. ii. 22, 7, 8 ; Fit. 109, 3, 4. — Xanthe, Htib. 346 (female). Expands IHO to 1‘15 in. The male has the wings copper. The fore wings unspotted above, but showing the spots of the under side through the wing ; hind margin with a narrow black border. Hind wings blackish at the base, and with a hind- marginal row of black spots. All the wings are more or less strongly shot with violet. The female has the fore wings lighter, and marked with numerous black spots. Hind wings brownish copper, with a lighter hind-marginal band, and numerous black spots. The wings in the female are not shot with violet. Under side : — Fore wings reddish yellow, with black spots. Hind wings warm grey, with black spots, and a hind-marginal orange band. PI. XIX., 3. Time of Appeaeance. — July. N 90 LYC.ENID.E. Habitat, — South-Eastern Europe, North and Central Italy, Asia Minor, and Persia. Lakva. — Unknown. G. P. Dispar, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 40; Dup. i. 13, 3-6; Boisd. Ic, 10, 1-3, — Hippothoe, Lewin, Insects, pi 40; Donovan, Brit. Ins. pi. 117 ; Esp. 38, 1, 2 (Hippothoe, Linn, est noinen specie! sequentis). Expands 1-62 to 2 in. The male is brilliant copper-red; all the wings have a narrow black hind-marginal border. The fore wings have two spots in the discoidal cell, the outer one being elongated, and the inner one being merely a black dot ; about midway between the outer spot and the hind margin, and parallel to the latter, is an indistinct row of dark spots ; the hind wings possess a similar row, and also an elongated discoidal spot. The female is larger than the male ; the fore wings have a broader hind- marginal band, and parallel to this a row of seven large black spots ; there are three spots in the discoidal cell. The hind wings are copper, with three rows of black spots, generally clouded over with dusky brown, except along the hind margin, which has a broad copper band ; sometimes the hind wings are rather broadly veined with copper. The under side is similar in both sexes. The fore wings are bright orange-red, with a grey hind-marginal border. In the discoidal cell there are three black spots, surrounded by grey rings, and parallel to the hind margin is a row of spots similar to those just mentioned, and seven in number. The hind wings are pale grey, strongly tinged with light blue towards the base, and with a broad and very distinct hind-marginal orange border enclosing a double row of black spots ; at the base are two black spots, and one near the centre of the costa ; there are three spots, two small and round, and one elongated, in the discoidal cell, and then one midway between the latter and the inner margin ; beside these, there is an irregular row of ten large spots running parallel to the hind margin, and these, as well as all the other spots, are surrounded by light rings, PI. XIX., 4. Time of Appearance.^ — From the end of June to the end of August. POLYOMMATrS. 91 Habitat. ? This insect, known in England as “the large copper,” once inhabited the fen-districts of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, but it has not been seen for many years, the last capture having been made in 1848; we are therefore forced to conclude that it is extinct in England. As regards its further habitat, I cannot find any certain account of its ever having been taken anywhere but in Britain, though there have been rumours of its occurrence in the Pontine marshes, near Rome ; also in Egypt. All the continental specimens of Dispar I have seen belong to the variety Butilus, to be described presently, and are so distinct that there ought not to be any confusion between them and the true typical form once taken in England. Laeva. — Green in colour, with a darker dorsal stripe. Its food-plant was the great water dock (Piumex liydrolapathuvi), upon which the eggs were laid in August, the larva hybernating and becoming full-fed in the June following. VARIETY. Rutilus, Wernb. Btr. i. p. 394. — Hippothoe, Hub. 352-4; 0. I. 2, 83. This is smaller and less brightly coloured than Dispar, the spots on the under side are much smaller, and the colour of the under side is ashy grey, with very little tinge of blue. The most distinctive feature, however, is the narrowness of the orange band on the under side of the hind wings, near the hind margin. I have examined a great number of specimens of Rutilus, and also of Dispar, with the object of fixing upon some constant character by which they may be differentiated, and have never seen a specimen of Rutilus with the hind-marginal band so broad and so well defined as it always appears in Dispar. I am therefore inclined to look upon this character as diagnostic.* Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — This form of the species is distributed throughout France, Germany, and the South-East of Europe. It also inhabits Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Altai, inhabiting moist meadows. In France and Germany it is very local, but commoner in the more eastern parts of its range. * I am indebted to Mr. Howard Vaughan for first suggesting to me this method of distinction. 92 LYC.ENID.¥.. Laeva green, with a paler lateral stripe. It feeds on various species of Famex, and on Folygonum historta. 7. P. Hippothoe, Linn. Faun. Suec. ii. 274 (1761) ; Esp. 22, 3. — Eurijdice, Eott. Naturf. vi. 28 (1775). — Clmjseis, Hiib. 337-8 ; 0. I. 2, 79 ; Stainton, Man. Brit. Butt. & Moth, vol. i. ; Samouelle, Useful Compend. p. 249 (1819). Expands 1 to 1*40 in. Male brilliant copper-red. Fore wings with a black hind-marginal border, and with a narrow black dis- coidal spot. Hind wings with the hind margins and bases brown, shot with violet. There is a narrow band of copper running parallel to the hind margin. The fore wings are often shot with violet, as well as the hind pairs. Female brown ; fore wings lighter in the centre than at the hind margins or costa, and with several black spots ; hind wings brown, with a narrow hind-marginal border of orange spots. Under side : — Similar in both sexes. The fore wings are orange, shaded with grey on the costa and hind margin, with numerous black spots surrounded by light rings. Hind wings brownish grey, with a hind-marginal orange band, and numerous black spots. PI. XX., 4. Times of Appeaeance.— June to September. Habitat. — North and Central Europe, and Siberia. It probably occurred in Great Britain at one time, but, like the fore- going species, is now extinct here. Laeva. — “ Green, with a darker dorsal stripe, and two paler lateral lines” (Freyer). Feeds on Rwinex hydrolapatJiwn and Ft. acetosa in June. VAEIETIES. a. Confluens, Gerli. pi. 8, fig. 1 a — n. This is an aberrant form in which the spots on the under side are confluent. />. Eurybia, 0. I. 2, 81; Fr. 163-4. — Eiiridice, Hiib. 339-42. Usually smaller than the type. The male has the borders of the wings blacker and narrower ; there are no violet reflections. The female is darker than the type. Under side dark grey, with very small spots, and without the orange hand on the hind wings. Habitat. — The Alps of Europe, and the Altai. PI. XX., 5. POLYOMMATUS.. 93 t’. Stieberi, Gerh. pi. 35, 1 a. Much smaller than the type. The female fulvous. This is the boreal form of the insect, being found in Lapland and the northern part of Scandinavia. d. Candens, H.-S. 229-31; Fr. 571,3,4. Larger than the type. The male is a very brilliant copper-red, without violet reflections, and with an even black border, as in Euryhia, but wider. The female is fulvous. Habitat. — Turkey and Asia Minor. 8. P. Alciphron, Kott. Naturf. vi. p. 11 (1775). — ■ Hippono'e, Esp. 78, 6 (1782) ; 0. I. 2, IQ.—Hicrc, Fab. Mant. 80 (1787); Godt. ii. 23, 3, 4. — Lampetie, Htlb. 35G-7. Expands 1*16 to 1-25 in. The male has all the wings brownish violet, streaked with copper towards the bases, especially on the hind wings. The fore wings have two black discoidal spots ; between the outer one of these and the hind margin is a row of five or six black spots. The hind wings have an elongated discoidal spot. The female has the wings brown, without any violet colour ; they are spotted as in the male, and the hind wings have an orange band running parallel to the hind margin. Under side : — Grey, inclining to orange, especially on the fore wings, and more so in the male than in the female ; with numerous black spots, and on the hind wings an orange hind-marginal border. In this species, as well as in several others of the genus, the shape of the wings differs slightly in the two sexes ; the fore wings of the male have their hind margins nearly straight, whilst in the female they are more or less convex. PI. XXI., 1. Time of Appeaeance. — July. Habitat. — ■ Woods in the East of Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, Persia, and the Altai. It is found more sparingly in Central Europe and Kussia. Laeva. — “ Dull green, darker on the back and sides ; stigmata blackish ; head brownish (V. G.) ; on Paunex acetosa ” (Kirby). Times of Appeaeance. — April and May. 94 LYC.ENID.E. 9. P. Gordius, Sulz. Gescli. Ins. t. 18, f. 7, 8 (1776) ; Esp. i. 1, t. 30, f. 3 a, h (1778) ; Hiib. Eur. Sclimet. 1, f. 343-5 ; Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 665 (1823). — Alciphron, var. a, Gordius, Staudinger, Cat. p. 8. Expands 1.16 to 1*40 in. Very close to Alciphron, but tlie wings are copper in both sexes. The male has a tinge of violet, which is slight when compared with the deep violet colour of the last species. The female is light copper, without any violet tinge. Both sexes have well-marked black or dark violet spots on all the wings. The under side is very similar to that of P. Alciphron, but somewhat warmer in colour, and the black spots are larger. PL XXI., 2. Times of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. ■ — Valleys in Switzerland and the Tyrol, South- Western Europe, and Sicily. Larva and Pupa. — Unknown. 10. P. Dorilis, Hufn. Berk M. ii. 68 (1766). — Circe, Schiff. S. V. p. 181 (1766); Hub. 334-6. — Xanthe, F. Mant. 81 (1787).— P/ioms, Esp. 35, 1, 2. Expands 0‘90 to 1‘08 in. The male has all the wings very dark hrown, with black spots arranged as in the last species, except that the inner-marginal spot on the fore wings is wanting. All the wings have a marginal row of faint orange spots generally present. The female is larger than the male. The fore wings are copper-coloured, with black spots arranged as in the last species, except that there are two rows of spots running parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings, which, though slightly emarginate towards the anal angle in both sexes, are more so in the female, are dark brown, with a hind-marginal band of the colour of the fore wings, and enclosing a row of black spots. The under side is grey, tinged with yellow in the male, and with orange in the female ; all the wings are spotted with black, and have orange hind-marginal bands. PI. XXI., 3. Times of Appearance. — The greater part of the year, from early spring to late autumn. POLYOMMATUS. 95 Habitat. — Meadows, wood-sides, commons, &:c., througdiout Central and Southern Europe. (It is absent from Great Britain, Andalusia, and Sicily.) It also occurs in Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Altai. The Laeva, which is light green, with lighter spots and reddish brown short hairs or bristles, feeds on Rumex acetosa. There are three or four broods in the year. VARIETIES. a. Subalpina, Spr. Stett. E. Zeit. 1851, p. 339. The male is without any orange bands above, and the under side of both sexes is entirely without any red or orange tinge. Habitat. — Switzerland. h. Hypoxanthe, Kirby, Man. Eur. Butt. p. 91. Mr. Kirby describes under this name two specimens from the Polish Ukraine. They seem to differ from typical specimens of Dorilis in being somewhat larger and more strongly marked, and with a much more decided orange tinge beneath. Though these specimens do not appear to be specifically distinct from P. Dorilis, I think the name Hijpoxanthe may justly stand as that of a variety, and not merely as a synonym. 11. P. Phlaeas, Linn. F. S. 285; Esp. 22, 1; Hub. 362-3. Expands 1 to 1'25 in. Fore wings shining copper, with a hind-marginal band of dark brown ; there are two square black spots in the discoidal cell, and an irregular row parallel to the hind margin. The fore wings of the male are darker than those of the female, and the black spots are larger. Hind wings rather strongly emarginate near the anal angle, dark brown, with a faintly black linear discoidal spot ; parallel to the hind margin is a broad copper band, spotted with black, and above this there often appears the traces of a row of blue spots, generally four in number. Under side ; — Fore wings bright orange ; hind margins brownish grey ; the wings are spotted with black, as above. Hind wings brownish grey, with a few indistinct darker spots, and a faint reddish orange hind-marginal band. PI. XXI., 4. 96 LYC.ENW.E. Time of Appearance. — The butterfly is on the wing through- out the greater part of the year, there being several broods. Habitat. — The whole of Europe, the greater part of Asia, North America, the United States, and perhaps Canada. It inhabits fields, road-sides, heaths, &c., and is a common British butterfly. Larva. — “ The colour of the head dingy green, with a few dark brown markings ; of the body, opaque apple-green, the warts being white and the bristles sienna-brown ; in some specimens the green is interrupted by three stripes of a delicate purplish pink, one of them medio-dorsal, the others marginal ” (Newman). Pupa. — Dirty white, speckled with black or dark brown. The Larva feeds on various species of Rumex. VARIETIES. a. Schmidtii, Gerh. pi. 10, 3, 1, b. — Phkeas, var. Esp. 60, 5 ; Hiib. 636-7. In this form all those portions of the wing that are normally copper-coloured are brilliant shining white. It is found most commonly in the southern districts of the territory inhabited by F. Fhlceas, but it occasionally occurs in the more northern parts ; has been several times taken in Britain, but is very rare.* PI. XXII., 1. h. Eleus, F. Suppl. E. S. 430. — Turcicus, Gerh. pl. 5, 5. Larger and much darker than the type. The hind wings are more deeply emarginate near the anal angle, so as to exhibit short tails. This variety occurs in the South of Europe and Asia Minor in the summer and autumn, f 12. P. Helle, Wien. Verz. 181, n. 4 (1776); Hub. 331-3.— Aniph'idamas, Esp. 58, 4 (1779). — Hille, Fab. Mant. (1787). — Xantlie, Lang, Verz. Schmett. (1789). Expands 0-75 to 0-90 in. The fore wings are copper-coloured, the hind margin dark brown or black ; parallel to the hind margin there, is a row of evenly-placed black spots ; in the female there are * The specimen from which the figure was drawn was kindly lent to me by klr. J. T. Carrington ; it was taken in Perthshire. i I have seen a dark specimen from the New Forest, which is apparently identical with Elevs, Fab. ; it was taken last summer (1881) by Mr. Clark, of London Fields. LYC.ENA. 97 two such rows ; in addition to these there are two or three spots in the discoidal cell and one near the inner margin. The hind wings are dark brown, with a hind-marginal band of copper ; above this there are sometimes faint blue spots. All the wings in the male, but not in the female, are shot with brilliant bluish violet on their upper surface. Under side : — Fore wings bright orange, spotted with black. Hind wings brownish grey, spotted with black ; hind margins with an orange border, internal to which are two rows of black spots, and between these a row of white ones. Pi. XXI., 5. Times of Appeaeance.- — ^May to August. Habitat. — Northern and Central Europe (but not the North- West of Europe). It is found in moist meadows. In Switzerland it occurs in the mountains. It also inhabits Armenia, Siberia, and the Amur. Larva. — Yellowish green, with a darker green dorsal line, and lateral stripes. The head is yellow. It feeds on various species of Piumex, and on Polygonum historta. PI. XXVIII., 4. Genus 5. — LYC^^NA, Fabr. 111. Mag. vi. p. 285 (1807). PoLYOMMATUs, Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins. xiv. 116. CupiDO, Sect. B, Schrank, Faun. Boica. Argus, Boisd. Lee. Lep. Amer. Sept. 118 (1833). Small Butterflies, with the antennas slender, and with their clubs elongated ; the wings seldom or never emarginate, the pos- terior pair rounded, and in a few species furnished with a slender tail-like prolongation from the hind margin. In most of the species the upper surface of the wings is blue in the male, and more or less brown in the female ; yet we occasionally meet with species that are blue in both sexes, and with others that have both males and females of a brown colour. The under sides have always a ground colour of grey, some- times inclining to blue and sometimes to brown. In one or two species they are striped with darker colour, but in most cases they are spotted with black. The pattern of the under side when complete may be said to exhibit the following characters : — 1. On each wing is a black discoidal spot, generally elongated. 2. A 0 98 LYCJENID.E. central row of spots, sometimes irregular, sometimes quite even, and parallel to the hind margin. 3. A double hind-marginal row of black spots, often enclosing an orange band. 4. One or more spots placed between the base of the wing and the discoidal spot. In a few species the bind-marginal spots of the bind wings are studded with metallic silvery points. Some species exhibit all these markings, as for instance, the “common blue” (L. Icarus), the “ chalk blue ” (L. Corydon), &c. In others the orange bands are wanting between the bind-marginal rows, as in L. Avion. In many there is no bind-marginal row, as in L. Anjiohis, Semiaryiis, &c. The basal spots are often wanting, as in L. Medon, Argiolus Minima, &c. The black spots are generally surrounded by light or white rings ; sometimes they are wholly wanting, and their places supplied by white spots or patches, as in L. Artaxerxes, Flieretcs, Ac. Variations very frequently occur. That most commonly noticed is where the normally brown female of a species shows nearly as much blue on the upper surface as the male. This is often seen in the female of L. Icarus, and is very marked in the variety Ccronus of L. Ado)iis. On the under sides the spots are very liable to enlargement or coalescence, or to be elongated into dashes or streaks, often producing a very remarkable appearance. Sometimes the normally present basal or discoidal spots are “ con- spicuous by their absence.” Almost every extensive series of blues in a collection of butterflies will show a variety of these differences. Locality also has a great influence on the species. Boreal and Alpine forms especially differing from their types, both in size, colour, and times of appearance. Hermaphrodism is occasionally seen in species of this genus, and when it occui'S is very marked, on account of the dissimilarity of the sexes. The size of the European species varies from rather more than an inch and a half in the largest to less than half an inch in the smallest. The genus Ijijamia is a very large one, containing more than 320 species, and, like the family LvciENiDm, is represented in every LYCAiNA. 1)9 zoological region of the world ; it is universally distributed tliroughout Europe, which contains forty-eight species at least. The Larvae have the onisciform shape common to the LYc^Ninai] ; they feed on a variety of low plants, generally preferring Leguminosce and Fapilionacece. 1. L. Boetica, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 789 ; Esp. 27, 3 a, b, 91, 3 ; Hiib. 373-5, Expands I'lO to 1'33 in. The male has all the wings violet- blue ; in the female they are brown and bine only towards the base. The fore wings have the hind margins narrowly brownish black. The hind wings have faint traces of a hind-marginal orange band, and near the anal angle are one or two black spots ; attached to the hind margin is a slender tail. Under side : — Brown- ish grey, with numerous white streaks, and white bands running parallel to the hind margin. At the anal angle of the hind wings are two light orange spots, and below these two black ones, spotted at their lower part with metallic silvery green. PI. XXII., 2. Times of Appearance. — August, September, and October. Habitat. — The South of Europe (excepting the Eastern portion). Central and South-West France. It is rare in Switzer- land, Germany, and Belgium ; and is very occasionally taken in England on the South Coast, the first recorded capture being at Brighton in 1859 ; since that time it has been taken several times in this country. It also occurs in Western Asia and Persia, and in the more temperate parts of Africa (North and South), being found plentifully at the Cape. Larva. — Green or olive, or sometimes reddish brown, with a dark dorsal stripe. The spiracles are yellow, and below there is a white lateral stripe ; above the spiracles on each segment is an oblique line, paler than the ground colour. Pupa. — Pieddish yellow, dotted with brown, and with black spiracles. PI. XXVIII., 5. The Larva feeds in the pods of the common pea, also on ColiUea arbor escens, and on various leguminous plants, devouring the seeds. The eggs are laid in the autumn on the twigs of the ICO LYC/ENW.E. plants, the newly-emerged Larva entering the young pods in the following summer ; when it is fully grown it undergoes its pupation on the stems or in the leaves. 2. L. Telicanus, Lang, Verz. p, 47 (1789); Hilb. 371-2, 553-4; Fit. 86. Expands I'O to 1-10 in. The hind wings have a short tail. The male has all the wings blue, with a tinge of violet. The fore wings are unspotted ; the hind wings have two small black spots near the anal angle. The female has all the wings brown, their bases being shot with brilliant lilac-blue ; the fore wings have two rows of rather large hut indistinct dark spots converging towards the inner margin. The under side somewhat resembles that of the last species, being light brown, with numerous white streaks and bands ; these, however, are very much more waved and indistinct than in L. Boctica. Along the hind margin of the hind wings, near to the anal angle, there are placed three black spots in rings of brilliant silvery green, surmounted by faint traces of orange. PL XXIL, 3. Times of Appeaeance. — July and August (in the North). Throughout the summer in the South. Habitat. — The South of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia ; in short, those countries that approach the shores of the Mediterranean. Its northern range is chiefly confined to Germany, in which country it is found sparingly in gardens and meadows. Larva. — Something like that of Bcetica, but has the ground colour reddish purple and the lateral streaks darker. It feeds on the flowers of the purple loose-strife {Ltjtliruiii salicaria). PI. XXIX., 1. Times of Appearance. — August and September. 3. L. Balcanica, Err. 421, 1, 2 (mens. Feb. 1844); — Bsittacus, H.-S. 220-3 (Fin. 1844). Expands 0*60 to 0-80 in. Hind wings with a short tail. Male violet-blue ; fore wings with three or four oblong rectangular dark spots ; hind wings with two small black spots near the anal LYCMNA. 101 angle. Female brown, shot with violet-blue at the base of the wings ; fore wings with two parallel rows of dark spots ; hind wings with faint dark markings, and some wdiitish lines or streaks along the hind margin. Under side : — White, slightly shaded with grey. Parallel to the hind margins of all the wings is a row of well-defined black spots, those on the hind wings near the anal angle being spotted with silver. Internal to this is a narrow dark band continued for the entire breadth of fore and hind wings. Inside this band the basal areas of the wings are more shaded with grey, and marked with numerous well-defined dark brown or black spots. PI. XXII., 4. Times of Appeaeance. — July and August. Habitat. — Turkey, Western Asia, and Persia. It is very closely allied to the African L. Theophrastus, F. 4. L. Argiades, Pall. Eeis. i. p. 472 (1771). — Tiresias, Rott. Naturf. vi. 23 (1775); Esp. 34, 1, 2. — Amuntas, S. V. (1776); Htib. 322-4. Expands 0'80 to 1-12. in. Hind wings with a short tail. The male has all the wings violet-blue, with a narrow brown hind- marginal border ; the fore wings are without spots ; the hind wings have two or three small brown spots along the hind margin, near the anal angle. The female is brown, slightly tinged with violet- blue at the bases ; the hind wings, besides having two or three black spots near the anal angle, show faint traces of an orange band. The fringes in both sexes are white. Under side: — Greyish white, tinged with blue at the base ; all the wings have a faint hind-marginal orange band. The fore wings have a narrow linear discoidal spot, and a row of seven black spots parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings have a row of black spots enclosed by the orange band, and an irregular row running across the central area of the wings, besides two placed near the base. PI. XXII., 5. Times of Appeaeance.- — From May to the end of August. Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe (except Britain and Spain), North-'Western Asia, the South of Siberia, and the Amin-. It frequents meadows, and is generally a common insect. There 102 LYCMNID^. are two or three broods in the year ; the individuals of the spring brood are smaller than those which appear later in the season, and to these the name Folysperchoii, Berg., is generally given. — Expands 0'70 to 0’80 in. Besides this seasonal variety, there is an aberration found at the same time and in the same localities as the typical form : this is the VARIETY. Coretas, Och. i„ 2, 60. Differs from the type in the absence of the orange spots on the under side. Larva. — Pale green, with a darker dorsal stripe, dark lateral streaks, and light brown and white spots. Times of Appearance. — June, and again in antnnin and early spring, after hybernation. It feeds on trefoil and other Leguniinosce. 5. L. Fischeri, Ev. Bull. Mosc. (1843) iii. 537 ; H.-S. 218-9 ; Err. 440, 2. Expands 0.90 to 1 in. Hind wings with very minute tails. All the wings are dark brown ; the fore wings have a small dark dis- coidal spot ; on the hind wings is a row of faint light spots placed parallel to the hind margin. The fringes of all the wings are white. Under side : — The ground colour is light grey. The fore wings have a double row of narrow black spots placed parallel to the hind margin ; internal to this is an irregular row of larger spots, that near the anal angle being the largest, and besides these there is a black discoidal spot surrounded like the others by a light ring. There are no basal spots. The hind wings have a double row of hind-marginal spots enclosing a faint orange band, the black spots near the anal angle being spotted with silvery green ; between this row and the narrow linear discoidal spot is an irregular row of black spots in light rings ; besides these, there are basal spots four in number. PI. XXIII., 6. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — The Steppes of South-Eastern Bnssia ; dry meadow^s in the Ural Mountains and the Altai. Like most other exclusively Ilussian species, rare and dilhcult to obtain. Larva. — Uiikuown. LYC/ENA. 103 6. L. Trochilus, Fit. 440; H.-S. 224-6. Expands 0’60 to 0‘80 in. All the wings are brown, without any tinge of bine. The fore wings are unspotted ; the hind wings have a hind-marginal row of black spots ; three or four of these that are nearest the anal angle are surrounded by conspicuous light spots of an orange colour, producing a short band. Under side Light grey. The fore wings have a double row of darker spots surrounded by light rings parallel to the hind margin ; dis- coidal spot black, with a light ring, and between this and the hind margin is a row of six similar spots. The hind wings have four small basal and one costal spot all black, with light rings. The central area of the wing is marked with grey and white spots, and beginning at the anal angle and extending for two-thirds of the hind margin is a bright orange band, enclosing four deep black round spots, surrounded by rings of shining greenish silver. The fringes of all the wings are white. PI. XXII., 7. Times of Appeakance. — July and August. Habitat. — Turkey, Greece, and Dalmatia ; also Asia Minor, Syria, and the North of Persia. It also occurs in South Africa. Larva. — Unknown. 7. L. ^gon, Schiff. S. V. (1776); Hilb. 313-5; 0. I. 2, 57; Fit. 175.' — Anjryrotoxus, Bgstr. Nom. ii. p. 77 (1779). Expands 0-90 to I'lO in. The male has all the wings deep blue, rather inclining to violet, with a narrow brownish black hind- marginal border. The hind wings have some faint brown spots along the hind margin. The fringes of all the wings are hroacUy white. The female is brown, with faint traces of an orange band along the hind margin of the fore wings ; the hind wings have a more distinct orange hind-marginal band, most conspicuous towards the anal angle, and enclosing four or five black spots. Under side : — Grey ; in the female with a tinge of brown ; the hind margins of all the wings with a double row of black spots, enclosing an orange band ; internal to these an irregular central row of black spots, surrounded by white rings. The fore wings 104 LYG/ENIDM. have a round discoidal spot similarly surrounded by Avhite, and no basal spots ; the bind wings have four spots between the central row and the base, two of tbem nearly touching the costa. The bases of all the wings are strongly tinged with blue in the male, more faintly so in the female. The outermost spots of lower bind- marginal row are minutely studded with metallic silvery blue. The anterior tibife are furnished with short spines. PI. XXIII., 1. Times of Appeaeance. — May to August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe (excepting the Eastern portion), Asia Minor, Armenia, Persia, and Eastern Siberia. In England it is generally distributed, but local, frequenting heaths, open places in woods, &c. In Scotland and Ireland it seems to be rare. Laeva. — “ Bright yellowish green, with the dorsal stripe blackish brown, edged with whitish from the beginning of the third to the end of the tenth segment The subdorsal stripe is visible from the beginning of the third to the end of the eleventh segment as a greenish yellow line running between two green ones, darker than the ground colour. At the bottom of the sides, along the lateral ridge, commencing on the third segment and continued round the anal extremity, is a whitish line. Between the dorsal and subdorsal stripes, on all the segments from the third to the tenth, both inclusive, are faintly paler oblique lines of yellow- green, viz., one on each segment sloping downwards and backwards. The warts on the twelfth segment are very often suddenly projected considerably, and then a circle of fine short hairs is visible on their extremities. The surface of the body is also clothed with similar hairs The chrysalis is about five lines long, smooth but without polish, the tip of the head slightly projecting, the thorax rounded, the body plump, curving on the back outwards and backwards towards the tip, which is hidden in the caterpillar- skin; the wing-cases are prominent, and long in proportion ; it is of a dull green tint, with a dark brown dorsal line of arrow-head marks.” — Buckler, Entom. Month. Mag., p. 241, March, 1869 (also quoted more fully by Xewman, Brit. Butt., p. 119). The Larva feeds on vetches, trefoil, and other Lq/iu/m/osrr. LYCMNA. 105 VAEIETY. Bella, H.-S. 227-8, i. 127. Has the wings of a lighter blue than the type ; the hind wings have a more conspicuous row of hind-marginal black spots. Habitat. — Turkey (?), Asia Minor, Armenia, and Persia. L. Argus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 483 ; Esp. 20, 3 ; Hiib. 316-8; Och. i. 2, 52; Err. 169. Expands 1 to I'lO in. The male is dark blue, nearly the same colour as L. JEgon, which it altogether greatly resembles ; the hind-marginal border, however, is narrower and more defined, the hind-marginal spots of the hind wings are more distinct, and the white marginal fringes are very narrow — not broad, as in AEgon. The female on the upper surface almost entirely resembles the female of L. JEgon, but the orange hind-marginal spots are rather more distinct. Under side : — Ground colour uniform brownish grey in both sexes ; the central row of spots on the fore wings is more even, the last spot but one from the inner margin being more in a line with the rest, and not, as it were, thrust inwards, as in L. ^gon ; the silvery spots on the hind margin are much more distinct than in JEgon. The anterior tibi® are not provided with spines. PI. XXIII., 2. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The greater part of Europe (not, however, in Great Britain) ; Asia Minor, and Armenia. It is a more local insect than the last, though it is found in the same kind of localities. Larva. — According to Guenee, dark green, with a red dorsal line, and an oblique reddish streak on each segment, bordered with whitish. Feeds on Genista, Melilotus, &c. PI. XXIX. VARIETIES. a. Argyronomon (female ah.), Berg. Nom. ii. p. 76. This is merely an aberration of the female in which the wings are suffused with blue. p 106 LYCJENIDM. h. ^gidion, Meissner, Natnr. Anz. Allg. Scliw. Ges. (1818). This is a Boreal and Alpine form, which differs from the type in being smaller, and having the wings deep violet in the male. Habitat. — Alpine valleys in Switzerland ; also Scandinavia and Lapland. c. Hypochiona, Rbr. Cat. S. Andal. p. 35. Larger than the type ; the ground colour of the under side is very light, being nearly white. Habitat. — Andalusia and Greece. (? Asia Minor, StcmcUnger). 9. L. Optilete, Enoch. Btr. i. p. 76, T. V. 5, 6 (1781); Esper. 79, 4, 5 (1782); Fab.^Mant. 74; Hiib. 310-2; Err. 451, 2, 3, 656. Expands 0-90 to 1-13 in. The male has all the wings of rich dark purplish blue, unspotted, with a narrow brown border along the entire length of the hind margins. The female is brown, generally dark blue or purple towards the base ; the hind wings have two or three orange spots towards the anal angle. Under side : — Brownish grey ; fore wings with a crescentic discoidal spot, a central row of six, and a double hind-margiiial row without any orange ; the basal spots are absent. Hind wings slightly blue at the base, with three basal spots, an elongated discoidal, and an irregular central row ; the hind margin has a double row of black spots, three or four pairs enclosing each a spot of bright orange, two or three of the external row nearest the anal angle having a spot of shiny blue or silver. PI. XXIII., 3. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Europe and Siberia, inhabiting peaty or boggy places and mountain-sides. Its range in Europe is limited to Germany, Scandinavia, Piussia, and the Alps of Switzerland. It does not occur in Western or North-Western Europe. Larva.— According to Freyer, pale green, with short reddish hairs, the spiracles marked with white, and the head dark brown or blackish. Its food-plant is Vaccinmm oxyococcus, on which it feeds in Septembei- and October, and again in the spring after hybernation. LYC/ENA. 107 VARIETY. a. Cyparissus, Hub. 654-7. This variety is smaller than the type, and paler in colour beneath. It is found only in Lapland. 10. L. Zephyrus, Friv. Imr. ii. (1835); H.-S. 208-11. Expands 0'90 to 1 in. The male has all the wings violet-blue; the hind margins have a narrow but distinct black border ; on the hind margin of the hind wings, near the anal angle, are one or two very small black spots. The fringes of all the wings are white. The female has all the wings brown, with traces of an orange band on the hind margin, most distinct near the anal angle. Under side : — The ground is of a greyish fawn-colour. All the wings have a well-marked double row of black spots parallel to the hind margin, enclosing a distinct orange band ; they have also a central row of black spots somewhat irregularly placed, and surrounded by light rings ; internal to this, on all the wings, is the discoidal spot; the fore wings have no basal spot, but on the hind wings there are four; and the base itself is slightly tinged with blue. PI. XXIII., 4. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Mountains in Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, and Armenia. Larva . — U nkno wn . VARIETY. a. Hesperica, Eambur, Faun. And. p. 270, pi. x. 1-4; H.-S. 4-15 (male), 349-50 (female). Differs from the type in the colour of the male, which is light greenish blue, instead of being nearly violet. It is found in Andalusia. PI. XXIII., 5. 11. L. Pylaon, Fisch. Nouv. Mem. Mosc. ii. 357; H.-S. 333-4, 339-42. Expands 0’90 to 1 in. The male has all the wings light purplish blue, with a narrow black hind-marginal border. Near the anal angle of the hind wings there are two or three black dots or spots sometimes marked with orange. The female is dark 108 LYC.ENIDM. brown, with liind-marginal orange spots, most distinct near the anal angles. Under side : — Light grey ; all the wings with a marginal row of large orange spots enclosed in a double row of black ones ; discoidal spots conspicuous ; fore wings with no basal spots, but with a central row of eyes ; hind wings with a central row of eyes and three basal spots. The fringes are white. PI. XXIII., 6. Time of Appeaeance. — May. Habitat. — The Steppes of South Russia. 12. L. Bavius, Evers. Nouv. Mem. Mosc. (1832) 349, t. 19, 3, 4; H.-S. 10, 11, 357-60. Expands 1-16 to 1‘36 in. The male has all the wings bluish purple, with hind-marginal black borders ; near the anal angle of the hind wings are three or four black spots surrounded by orange. The female is dark brown, with a hind-marginal row of orange spots on the hind wings. Under-side Fore wings with the spots much larger than the hind wings ; there is a hind-marginal row of black spots, and the central row is much curved ; the discoidal spot is well marked, and there are one or two basal spots. The hind wings have a hind-marginal row of orange spots enclosed by a double row of black ones ; central row wavy ; discoidal and four basal spots well marked. PI. XXIII., 7 (from H.-S.) Time of Appeaeance. ? Habitat. — South Russia, Asia Minor, and Syria ; a rare and not well-known species. Laeva. — Unknown. 13. L. Orion, Pallas, Reis. t. i. p. 471 (1771). — Tdepldi, Esp. 41, 2 {lll^).—Battus, Hub. 328-30, 801-2 (1793).— Jjatlms, Fab. Mant. 76 (1787). Expands 0-85 to 1‘12 in. The male has all the wings dark brown, covered with purple scales, excepting along a broad band parallel to the hind margins. Fore wings with a black discoidal spot. Hind wings with a hind-marginal row of black spots in light blue rings. Fringes of all the wings spotted with black LYC/ENA. 109 and white. The female resembles the male, but has no purple scales. Under side : — The ground colour is light grey, nearly white. The fore wings have a row of conspicuous black spots on the marginal fringe ; internal to this are two parallel rows of black spots, those composing the inner row being much larger than the external ones ; the spots of the central row are large and black, placed somewhat irregularly ; internal to this are a large discoidal and two basal spots. Hind wings with a ciliary row of black spots, as in the fore wings ; internal to this are two parallel rows of large black spots enclosing a light orange band ; the central row is conspicuous, and internal to it are a discoidal and six basal spots. PI. XXIV., 1. Times of Appearance. — May to the end of July. Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe (excepting Britain, and the South of Spain and Portugal), Asia Minor, Armenia, the South of Siberia, and the Amur. It frequents rocky or stony places. The Larva is bluish green, with a violet dorsal line ; it feeds on Sedum telephium, and perhaps other species of Sedwn. Time of Appearance. — July. 14. L. Baton, Berg. Nom. t. 60, 6-8, ii. p. 18 (1779). — Amphion, Esp. 53, 1 (1780).— Hylus, Fab. Mant. 75 (1787).— Hylas, S. V. p. 185; Htlb. 325-7 {sed Hylas hinn. Syst. Nat. X. alius erat Fapilio). Expands 0*75 to 0*85 in. The male has all the wings pale lilac-blue ; the marginal fringes are black, spotted with white ; both pairs have a discoidal spot, which is black and elongated. The hind wings have a row of black dots along the hind margin. The female is pale brown, having only the basal halves of the wings blue ; the hind margins show very faint traces of an orange band. Under side : — Pale grey, the bases being faintly blue ; the fore wings have a single hind-marginal row of black spots, the central row is wavy, and there is one basal spot internal to the discoidal ; the hind wings have a double hind-marginal row of black spots, enclosing a light orange band ; internal to this a central row, an elongated discoidal, and three basal spots. 110 LYC/ENIDM. Times of Appearance. — May to August. PL XXIY., 2. Habitat. — Central and South-Eastern Europe (not in Britain), and Western Asia, being found in dry sandy or chalky places. VARIETY. a. Panoptes, Hilb. 6, 670-3; Mill. Ic. pi. 85, 1. Bather smaller than the type, the wings being of a duller blue, and the ocellated spots of the under side smaller and closer. It is found in Spain and the South of France. Larva. — Milliere thus describes the larva of Panoptes : — “ It is green, inclining to olive ; the head is black and retractile. There is a broad dorsal stripe of pink, bordered on each side by a narrow stripe of light yellow. In a line with the stigmata is a brilliant white stripe, the stigmata themselves being whitish. The ventral surface is green, but duller than the back and sides ; the legs (pattes ccailleuses) are brown ; the claspers {pattes membran- euses) are green. It feeds on Thymus vulgaris. The egg is hatched when the thyme is in full flower, and its growth is rapid, the pupa being formed by the flrst week in June. The pupa is ovoid, short, and slightly tapering at the extremities ; its surface is smooth, clay-coloured, the wing-cases being tinged with green.” Milliere describes it as occurring at Hyeres, Cannes, and other places on the Mediterranean. 15. L. Panope, Eversmann, Bull. Mosc. 1851, ii. 619. I regret my inability to give a figure of this species, which is described by Eversmann as inhabiting the Steppes of the Lower Ural. It appears to be a great rarity. I have never seen a specimen, and am not aware that any figure exists. The following is the original Latin description, and a translation from Evers- mann’s paper in the Moscow Bulletin referred to above : — “ L. Alis supra fuscis, disco caeruleo, ciliis albo nigroque variis ; subtus fusco canis ; lunula discoidali nigra, serie flexuosa externa serieque submarginali duplici punctorum nigrorum ; pos- ticis praeterea punctis basalibus tribus.” “ The wings are blackish brown above, with the base and disc violet-blue, slightly silvery, merging insensibly into the black LYC^NA. Ill margin. Fringe black and white. Beneath, the wings are ashy grey, slightly brownish ; they have a hlack discoidal lunule, a waved central row of black spots, and a double submarginal row. The fore wings have no basal spots ; there are three or four basal spots on the hind wings ; these spots, except those in the sub- marginal bands, are large and surrounded by white circles. The female differs little from the male, only the wings are duller beneath, being smoky grey.” 16. L. Lysimon, Hiib. 534-5; H.-S. 28, 29. Expands 0‘67 to 0-87 in., being probably smaller than any other European butterfly. The male has all the wings brown, with bluish violet ; the fore wings have a small hlack discoidal lunule and a row of indistinct spots. The female is brown, slightly blue at the base. Under side : — Light grey ; fore wings with black discoidal and basal spots, a double hind-marginal and a central row. Hind wings similarly marked, but with three hasal spots ; and the bases of the wings slightly tinged with blue. Fringes of all the wings brown. PL XXIV, 3. Time of Appeakance. — July. Habitat. — The South of Europe, Western Asia, China, Africa, and a part of Australasia. Thus it is one of the most widely distributed of butterflies. In Europe it is confined to the South of France and Spain, principally the southern part of the latter, such as Andalusia and Granada, frequenting meadows. Larva . — U nkno wn . 17. L,. Rhymnus, Eversmann, Nouv. Mem. Mosc. 1832, 350, t. 19, 1, 2; H.-S. 22, 23. Expands 0*75 to 1 in. All the wings are brown, the bases greenish blue. Under side : — Hark brown ; all the wings with a faint hind-marginal orange band ; internal to this a row of white spots, and a waved central row of similar spots ; the fore wings have a white discoidal and are without hasal spots ; the hind wings have, besides the white discoidal, two or three white basal spots or streaks. PI. XXIV., 4 (from H.-S.) 112 LYGMNID^. Times op Appeaeance. — May and June. Habitat, — South Kussia and the Altai. A rare species, frequenting mountains. Lakva. — Unknown. 18. L. Psylorita, Frr. 469, 3, 4, v. p. 146; H.-S. 328-31. Expands 0'75 to 1 in. All the wings are pale brown, with an indistinct orange hind-marginal band, the discoidal spots absent. Under side : — Very light grey, nearly white, with marginal and central rows of small black spots, which with the discoidal and basal spots are very contracted and indistinct ; between the hind- marginal rows is a very faint yellowish orange band. PI. XXIV., 5 (from H.-S.) Time of Appeaeance. — June. Habitat. — Mountains in Candia. This remarkable insular species has as yet only been found in the above island, receiving its name from the Psiloriti Mountains (the ancient range of Mount Ida), on which it occurs at a considerable elevation. It seems to me possible that it is a local variety of some other form, perhaps of L. Astrarche. Laeva. — Unknown. 19. L. Pheretes, Hub. Text. p. 45 ; 0. I. 2, 25. — Atys, Hiib. 495-6, 548-9; Esp. 118, 4, 5 (Atys, Cramer, 1782 alius erat Fapilio). Expands 1’12 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male has the wings deep rich violet-blue, with a narrow black border ; discoidal spots absent. The female has all the wings uniformly brown in colour, without any markings. The under side is grey, slightly tinged with greenish blue at the base in both sexes. The fore wings have a central row of black spots, and an elongated discoidal surrounded with white. The hind wings have two rows of large white spots without ocelli. PI. XXIV., 6. Times of Appeaeance. — June and July. Habitat. — Mountain-pastures at a great elevation in Switzer- land and the Pyrenees. T.YC.ENA. 113 It also occurs in Norway, Sweden, and Lapland. It is local, but, where it occurs, al)undant. Besides being an European species, it is also found in South Siberia. PI. XXIV., (). Larva . — U nkno wn , 20. L. Orbitulus, Prun. Lep. Ped. p. 75 (1798); Esp. 112, 4 (1800) ; Hub. 840 ab. ; Err. 421, 3, 4. — MelecKjcr, Hub. 522-3. Expands 0-87 to 1 in. The fringes of all the wings are white. The male has the wings pale silvery grey, mixed with brown ; hind margins brown ; all the wings have a small black discoidal spot ; the hind 23air have a row of faint brown spots along the hind margin. The female is uniform brown, with a black discoidal spot on the fore wings. Under side pale grey ; fore wings with large black spots surrounded by white rings, arranged in a central row, discoidal and basal, and besides these a faint double hind marginal row. Hind wings with a triangular white discoidal spot, one ocellated basal, and a central row of four or five, some- times white and sometimes ocellated ; there are faint traces of a hind-marginal row and orange band. PI. XXIV., 7. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The higher Alps of Switzerland and the Tyrol ; abundant, but local. Larva and Pupa. — Unknown. VARIETIES. a. Pyrenaica, Boisd. Gen. p. 11 ; H.-S. 483-5. Larger than the type, and with white spots on the under side. Habitat. — Pyrenees. h. Aquilo, Boisd. Ic. 12, 7,8; H.-S. 24-5, 343-4; Dup. i. 47, 6, 1 .—FranUmii, Curtis, Hescr. App. Nar. p. 68. Smaller than the type. Both sexes greyish, lighter towards the hind margins ; discoidal spots surrounded by light rings. Habitat. — The Polar Eegions. This insect was taken by Capt. Feilden at lat. 81° 45'. I do not know whether it has ever Q 114 T.YCMNIDM been taken in Europe, though it is said to occur in the North of Lapland. Most of the specimens I have seen are from Labrador. As it also occurs in Siberia it is probably circum-polar ; I have therefore figured it on PI. XXIV., 8. c. Dardanus, Err. 419, 2, 3 ; H.-S. 240-3. A small and light- coloured variety found in Alpine regions of Asia Minor and Armenia, also in Andalusia (Sierra Nevada). 21. L. Astrarche, Bgstr. Nom. hi. p. 4, t. 49, 7, 8. — Medon, Esp. 32, t. 55, 7. — Aijestis, Hub. 303-5; Err. 235, 1. — Idas, Lewin, Ins. p. 82, t. 39, 1, 2 (1795). Expands 1 to 1'20 in. Alarginal fringes white. The wings are brown in both sexes, with a hind marginal band of bright orange spots. Fore wings with a black discoidal spot. The orange bands are broader and more conspicuous in the female than in the male; there is no tinge of blue at the base. Under side brownish grey, un tinged with blue. All the wings have the usual hind marginal row of spots and orange band, and one irregular central row of black spots ; basal spot absent from fore wings ; hind wings with three basal spots ; all these spots are conspicuously surrounded by white rings. PI. XXIV., 9. Times of Appearance. — April to October, there being a succession of broods in the year. The individuals of the spring brood are larger and lighter than those of the later ones. Habitat. — Dry sunny meadows and hill-sides throughout Europe (excepting the Polar Eegions) ; Northern and Western Asia, as far as the Himalayas, and in North Africa. As a British insect it is commonest in the South of England, where it is double- brooded. Larva. — Pale green, with a brownish purple medio-dorsal stripe and faint pale lateral stripes ; each segment has two small wart-like eminences with projecting white bristles. The ventral surface is pale green, with whitish bristles. The claspers are semi-transparent and pale yellow in colour; the legs are spotted with Idack. The larva when full grown is aliout half an incli in LYC.ENA. 115 length, and has the usual Lijaeiia shape. Its food-plant is the stork-bill {Eroclimn cicutariimi). The Pupa has the usual Lycceiut form, pale yellow in colour, with a green tinge, with a dorsal stripe of reddish purple. It is spun up among the dry leaves of Erodiuia and Artemisia. VARIETIES. a. Allous, Hub. 990, This variety has the wings entirely dark brown above in both sexes, without any trace of an orange baud. It is found as a varietal form of the summer brood in South, Central and Southern Europe and North Africa. h. Salmacis, Steph. This and the following form are insular varieties peculiar to the British Isles, Salmacis, which has only been found in the North of England, is intermediate between the type and the var. Artaxerxes. The male has no orange band on the fore wing, and the black spots on the under side of the wings are very small. The female has a white discoidal spot on the fore wings. It is single-brooded. c. Artaxerxes, Fab. E. S. 297 ; Lew. Ins. pi. 39, 8, 9 ; Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 47. The male is often without any orange hind- marginal bands above. In the female they are generally distinct. Both sexes have a white discoidal spot on the fore wings. Under side entirely without black spots, the white ones only remaining. PL XXIV., 10. Habitat. — Scotland, as far as Aberdeenshire. Larva. — Pale green, with a darker dorsal line, and pink lateral stripe. It feeds on ELelianthemum vulgare. Artaxerxes is single-brooded, appearing at the end of June; the larva in May, 22. L. Anteros, Frr. 265, 1 ; hi. p. 101 ; H.-S. 16, 17. Expands 0’60 to 1 in. Fringe white, narrowly spotted with brown. The male has all the wings light greyish blue, brown along the hind margins ; the fore wings generally have a black discoidal 116 LYC.ENIDM. spot, tliongii often this is absent, or is very narrow ; the hind wings have a hind-marginal row of black spots, and show faint traces of an orange l)and. The female is brown, the hind wings having a hind-marginal orange band and a row of black spots. The under side is light brown, and the spots and bands are arranged very much the same as in L. Astrarclie, but the fore wings have a small black basal spot. PL XXV., 1. Times of Appearance. — May to -July. Habitat. — Greece, Turkey, Asia Aliiior, and Syria. Larva . — U nkno wn . 23. L. Eros, 0. i. 2, 42 ; Hup. i. 12, 5, 6 ; B. Ic. 14, 4 - 6 ; H.-S. 212-3. — TitJioims, Hiib. 555-6. Expands 1 to 1‘12 in. in the typical form. Fringe of all the wings white. The male has all the wings shining light blue above, without discoidal spots, with a well-defined dark brown hind-marginal border, and on the hind margin a row of dark spots. The female is brown ; all the wings with a light orange hind- marginal hand and black spots ; fore wings with a black discoidal spot. Under side pale grey in the male, brownish grey in the female, with the usual orange bands and rows of ocellated spots ; fore wings with two basal spots : the bases are tinged with pale blue. Id. XXV., 2. Times op Appearance. — -June, July, and August. Habitat. — Mountain pastures in Switzerland, the Pyrenees, and the Altai. Not very common. Larva. — Not described. VARIETY. ((. Eroides, I'riv. Imm. 1835 ; H.-S. 12, 13. — Anteros, Err. 386, 3, 4. — Everos, Hup. — Boisduvalil, H.-S. 7-9. Much larger than the type, expanding 1-37 in. The wings in the male are of a much deeper and more brilliant blue, and the markings on the under side, especially the orange bands, are much more defined. PI. XXV., 3. Habitat. — The ])lains of North-East Germany, South liussia, and Asia Minor. JAWEXA. 117 24. L. Icarus, Rott. Naturf. vi. p. 21 (1775); Esper, 32, 4; Fit. 651,2, 3.— S.V. p.l84; Hub. 392-4; 0. i. 2, 38. — Thetis, Bsp. 32, 2 5 . Expands 0-75 to 1’14 in. Fringes of all the wings white, without spots. The male has all the wings deep lilac-blue, with a narrow black border ; there is no discoidal spot on the fore wings. The female is brown, with an orange hind-marginal border on all the wings, the hind wings having a row of black spots ; the bases of all the wings are blue, which colour sometimes suffuses the entire wings. Under side pale grey in the male ; pale brown in the female. There are the usual spots and orange bands, the fore wings having two basal spots ; the hind wings have an elongated white spot towards the middle of the hind margin. The base of all the wings is strongly tinged with blue in both sexes. PI. XXV., 4. Times of Appeaeance. — All through the fine season, from April to October, there being several broods. Habitat. — Europe, Northern and Western Asia and North Africa, frequenting meadows, roadsides, pastures, &c. In Great Britain it is the commonest of the genus, and in many places one of our commonest butterflies (generally known as the “ Common Blue”). Laeva. — Shaped like those of its congeners, green or olive, with the head black ; there is a dorsal stripe of a darker shade than the ground colour, a lateral stripe of lightish green, and on each segment three lateral stripes inclined obliquely from before backwards. The larva feeds on various low-growing Legaminosce, especially on Ononis spinosa. Pupa. — Dull green, tinged with brown on the wing-cases. VAEIETY. a. Icarinus, Scriba, Journ. Ent. p. 216 (1795). — Thersites, Boisd. ; Alexis, var. H.-S. 46. — Alexius, Err. 676, 1, 2. This variety differs from the type in having no basal spot on the under side of the hind wings. It is common on many parts of the Continent, especially in Switzerland. Occasionally it occurs in Britain. PI. XXV., 5. 118 LYCMNIlJJi. 25. L. Eumedon, Esp. 52, 2 (1780); Hub. 301-2; 0. i. 2, 48; Fit. 235, 2, 3. — Chiron, Eott. Naturf. vi. p. 27 (1775), sed Chiron, L., alius erat papilio. Expands 1 to 1*16 in. The male lias all the wings very dark brown, the fore wings with a black discoidal spot. The female is somewhat lighter in colour, and has a row of faint orange spots on the hind margin of the hind wings. The fringes of all the wings white. Under side : — -Brownish grey ; the fore wings have a row of faint orange spots along the hind margin, and internal to this a straight row of round black spots in white rings. The discoidal spot is oval and black, with a white ring : there are no basal spots. The hind wings have the same arrangement of spots as the fore wing, and in addition to these there is one basal spot, black and surrounded by a white ring. The base of the wing is dusted with shining greenish blue, and from the discoidal spot to the orange hind-marginal band there runs a rather broad white line. PI. XXV., 6. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — South-Eastern and Central Europe (not Britain), the southern parts of Scandinavia, mountains in Asia Minor and the Altai. It frequents moist pastures, generally at rather a considerable elevation. Larva. — Unknown. 26. L. Idas, Banibur, Eaiin. And. p. 266, pi. 10, 5-7. Expands 0-87 to 1 in. All the wings are brown, with a white marginal fringe ; the fore wings have a black discoidal spot. In the female there is a faint trace of an orange hind-marginal band on the hind wings. The under side much resembles that ol Astrarche, but the orange hind-marginal spots are very pale and small, those of the fore wings being almost obscured by white ; the central row of the fore wings is very irregular, the two spots nearest the costa being considerably internal to the rest. The shape of the wings is much longer and narrower than in slstrarche. PI. XXVI., 1. Time of Appearance. — June. LYCMNA. 119 Habitat. ^ — ^Mountains in Andalusia. Larva. — U nknown . 27. L. Amanda (-dus), Sclin. N. Mao-, iv., p. 248 (1792); Hiib. 283-5, 752-4. — Icarius, Esper, 99, 4; 0. i. 2, 37; B. Ic. 12, 1-3. Expands 1 to 1’25 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male has the wings blue and somewhat glossy ; the fore wings have a broad indistinctly defined black border and a small oblong black discoidal spot ; the hind wings have a narrow but defined black border. The nervnres of all the wings become rather broad and black as they enter the hind-marginal border. The female is dark brown ; fore wings with a very indistinct discoidal spot ; hind wings with three or four orange spots towards the anal angle. Under side: — Pale grey; brownish in the female. Fore wings without basal spots ; discoidal and central row black, with white rings ; hind margin with faint traces of an orange band. Hind wings bluish at the base, with three basal spots ; discoidal and central row as in the fore wings ; the hind margins have a well- defined double row of black spots enclosing a pale orange band, PI. XXVI., 2. Times of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. — Mountain meadows in Eastern and Central Europe (exce2it Britain), the South of Scandinavia, Greece, Asia Minor, the Altai and the Amur. Larva . — U nknown . 28. L Escheri, Hiib. 799, 800 (1819) ; Dup. i. 11, S-6.—Agesfor, Godt. Enc. Meth. p. 690. Expands 1 to 1-30 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male has the wings blue, tinged with lilac, much resembling L. Icarus in colour, but rather brighter; all the wings have a very narrow black hind-marginal border. The female is brown, slightly tinged with blue at the base ; the fore wings have a black discoidal s^Dot and an orange hind-marginal band indistinctly defined on its inner edge. The hind wings have a sharply hind-marginal band. Under side very much as in L. Icarus, var. Icariuus (there being no 120 LYCMNIDM. basal spots). The gronncl colour is, however, lighter, and the black spots are very large and defined. PI. XXVI., 3. Times of Appeaeance. — May to July. Habitat. — Mountains in the South of Europe, including Spain and Portugal, the South of France, Switzerland, North Italy, and the Balkans. A local species always found in rather elevated positions, as on the Simplon and other Swiss Passes. Laeva. — Unknown. 29. L. Bellargus, Kott. Naturf. vi. p. 25 (1775); Esp. 32, 3, 55. —Adonis, S. V., p. 184 (1776); Hub. 290-300; Err. 487; 0. i. 2, 33. Expands IHG to 1‘50 in. Fringes of all the wings black and white. All the wings in the male are brilliant glossy blue, the hind margins have an exceedingly narrow black border, and on the hind wings there is generally a hiiid-marginal row of black dots. The female is brown, generally streaked with blue at the bases ; the fore wings have a black discoidal spot, and a rather faintly defined orange hind-marginal band ; the hind wings have the orange band distinct, and enclosing a row of black spots. Under side grey ; brownish in the female. The spots arranged very much as in Icarus, but those on the fore wings are rather larger. The discoidal spot on the hind wings is generally white, and rarely with a black centre ; there is a triangular white blotch placed between the central row and the hind margin, about mid- way between the costa and the anal angle. The bases are slightly tinged with blue. PI. XXVI., 4. Times of Appeaeance. — From May to middle of September, being double-brooded. Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe, North Africa and Western Asia. Its preference for chalky or limestone districts is well known to British entomologists. Laeva. — Green, with a lateral yellow stripe, and a double dorsal row of fulvous spots (Freyer). It feeds on various Lefiuiiihiosu’, such as IjOtiis, Hiitpocrejns, Vida, &c. Obs. — I regret to have to use Ilottenburg’s name of Bellarpus for this species, instead of tliat of Adonis, by which it has been LYC.i^'.SA. known in this country for so many years.* Yet as this alteration in nomenclature has been adopted not only by Staudinger, hut by entomologists generally, and applies equally to other species, there is nothing left but submission. VAKIETIES. a. Cinnus, Hilb. 830-1. An aberration, figured by Hiibner, in which the spots on the under side of the hind wings are not ocellated. b. Ceronus, Esp. 90, 2 (1784) ; Hiib. 297. — ? Thetis, Eott. Naturf. vi. 24. A very beautiful variety of the female, in which the ground colour, instead of being brown, is blue, as in the male. Hiibner considered as belonging to the male Ceronus those specimens of that sex which have a row of black dots on the hind wings. Ceronus seems to occur throughout Europe, but most commonly in the south. PL XXVI., 5. 30. L. Corydon, Poda. Mus. Grsec. p. 77 (1761); Esp. 33-4, 79, 1; Hiib. 286-8; 0. i. 2, 28; Err. 223.— T/p%s, Esp. 51, 4. Expands 1*25 to 1‘50 in. Fringes of all the wings black and white. The male has the wings pale silvery blue. Fore wings with a broad black hind-marginal border ; that of the hind wings narrower, but accompanied by a row of black dots. The female is brown, with a black discoidal spot on the fore wings ; all the wings with the usual hind-marginal orange band, which is pale in colour. Under side : — I am unable to see any difference between this species and the last as regards the arrangement of the spots. The male, however, is much lighter than the male of Bellargus in the ground colour, and the spots are smaller, and more apt to be replaced by white ones. I know of no character in the design or colouring of the wings by which the female of this species may, with any certainty, be distinguished from that of the last. PL XXVI., 6. * The reader will, perhai^s, be reminded of Crabbe’s allusion to “ Adonis blue,” in the poem of the ‘ Borough,’ published in 1810. It 122 LYC.ENID.-E. Times of Appearance.— May to September. Habitat. — South and Central Europe, including Britain, and Western Asia. It is generally found in open places and on hill- sides, where the soil is chalk or limestone. Larva dull green, with dorsal lines and oblique lateral stripes of a bright yellow colour. The head is dark brown or black. It feeds on Papilionacece in May and June. The Pupa is pale greenish brown, and is shaped like those of the genus generally. VARIETIES. a. Syngrapha, female, Keff. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1851, 308; ab. foem., maris colore, B. Gen., p. 12. This is a variety of the female in which the wings are more or less entirely suffused with blue, as in the male. It thus corresponds to the variety Cerouus of the last species. PI. XXVI., 7. Habitat. — The Pyrenees. h. Appenina, L. Is., 1847, p. 148. Habitat. — Italy. c. Hispana, H.-S. 500-1. — Arrayonensis, Gerh. Habitat. — Northern and Central Spain. Both these forms are local mountain varieties, and differ principally in being much paler than the type, between which and the following they form transitions. d. Albicans, H.-S. 494-5; Mill. i. 159, pi. 4, 2. In this remarkaljle variety the wings of the male are entirely dull white, without any trace of blue. PI. XXVI., 8. Habitat. — Andalusia. 31. L. Hylas, Esp. 45, 3 (1177).— Dorylas, Hub. 289-91 (1793). Fringes of all the wings white. Male bright blue, with a narrow brown hind-marginal border; along the hind margin of the hind wings is a row of not very distinct brown spots. The female, aliove, very closely resenil)les that of L. JcariiH, but the wings are darker l)rown, the orange Itand on the fore wings less distinct, and the white marginal fringe broader. Beneath, the wings somewhat LYCMNA. 123 resemble those of L. Icarus var. Icarinus (the fore wings having no basal sj^ot). It differs, however, in having the orange bands paler and less distinct, in the greater size of the black spots on the fore wings, and in having the discoidal spot of the hind wings white, without any, or with a very minute, black central dot. PL XXX., 1. Times of Appearance. — May to August. Habitat. — Hill-sides and grassy places in Southern and Central Europe ; also mountains in Asia Minor. Some believe it to be a British species, occurring in the South of England, and its non-occurrence in England is queried by Staudinger accordingly. Considering, however, its close resemblance to L. Icartis var. Icarinus, it seems to me very likely that specimens of that insect have been confounded with it. Larva. — Dark green, with a dorsal line still darker in colour, and lateral yellow streaks ; the head is black. There are two broods in the year, the larva appearing in May and August, and feeding on the flowers of Melilotus officinalis. VARIETY. a. Nivescens, Kef. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1851, 309. Differs from the type in having the wings dull white. This variety, as will be seen, is analogous to the white variety of Gonjclon; and like it is a Spanish form, inhabiting hilly limestone districts in Andalusia and Catalonia. PL XXX., 2. 32. L. Meleager, Esper. 45, 2 (1777); Fab. Maiit. 71. — Daplmis, S. v. p. 182 ; Htib. 280-2 ; 0. i. 2, 26. Expands 1’16 to 1‘35 in. Hind margin of hind wings dentated, most markedly so in the female. Fringes of all the wings white. The male is blue, rather lighter than Bellargus ; the costa of the fore wings is white along its extreme edge, and all the wings have a narrow black border internal to the hind-marginal fringe. The female bright violet-blue ; the nervures black ; the fore wflngs are marked with a broad band of brown on the costa ; all the wings have a black discoidal spot surrounded by a whitish ring, and a broad well-defined hind-marginal band dark brown in colour, and marked with lighter brown spots : internal to these bands are 124 LYC.ENIBM. some bluish white luimles. The under side much resembles that of Tj. Corydoii, but there are no black spots on the fore wings, and the hind-marginal orange bands are very faint. PI. XXX., 3. Times of Appeakance. — May to July. Habitat. — Southern and Eastern Germany, Switzerland, the South of France, Italy, the South-east of Europe, and Western Asia. It is a local species, frequenting flowery meadows, open places in woods, &c. Larva. — Unknown. VARIETY. a. Stevenii, Tr. x. 1, 66 ; Err. 427, 2 ; H.-S. 244-5. The male has a distinct black margin, and the female is brown, without any l)hie colour, and rather smaller than the typical form. This variety appears in mountainous distilcts : it is found in the Tyrol, Switzer- land, South Iliissia, and Greece. 33. L. Admetus, Esp. 82, 2, 3; Hiib. 307-9; 0. i. 2, 50; II. -S. 488-9. Expands 1-08 to 1-58 in. The fringes of the fore wings are brown ; those of the hind wings lighter. The fore wings of this and the following species are thickly clothed with brown hair-like scales towards the base of the wings along the course of the nerviires. The wings in both sexes are uniformly dark brown ; the female sometimes shows traces of an orange hind-marginal band. Underside: — Pale brownish grey; fore wings with an elongated discoidal spot, a central row of black spots in white rings, and a double hiiid-marginal row of brown spots ; there are no basal spots. Hind wings with markings similar to those of the fore wings, and in addition two black basal spots in white rings; in the female there is a slight tingci of orange between the limd-marginal rows. PI. XXX., 4. Time of Appearance. — lime. Habitat. — South -EasteiTi Eui'ojie and Asia Minor. A very local s})ecies. Larva. — Unknown. LYC^NA. 125 VARIETY. a. Ripartii, Frr. B. 133, 3, iii. p. 128. — Biippertii, B. Sc. 16, 4-6; Blip. i. 10, 1, 2. Slightly smaller than the typical form, and with a white basal streak on the under side of the hind wiDgs. It very much resembles the female of the next species, but can be distinguished by the presence of a faint hind-marginal double row of spots, and by the greater distinctness of the liasal streak. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The southern slopes of the Alps ; mountains in Bulgaria, Greece, and Asia Minor. 34. L. Dolus, Hiib. 793-6; Frr. B. 97, 3, 4 ; B. Ic. 15, 6-8; Blip. i. 10, 3, 4, p. 63. — Ijefehvrei, Godt. Enc. Aleth. ix. p. 695. Expands I’O to 1'25 in. The fringes of all the wings greyish white. The male has the wings very pale greenish blue, nearly white towards the hind margins, but decidedly blue at the base ; all the wings have a very narrow dark brown border. The fore wings are clothed with dark brown scales, as in the last species. The female is dark brown, much resembling the var. Ripartii of the last species, but the basal streak beneath is less distinct. PI. XXX., 5. Times of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. — The South of France and Piedmont. Larva. — “ Green, with slightly oblique yellowish dorsal streaks, separated by more conspicuous green lines ; violet at the sides, and bounded by a yellowish line” (Be Villiers and Guenee). Feeds on Onohrychis sativa in May. VARIETY. a. Menaclas, Frr. 223, 2, 3, iii. p. 64 (1837). — Epidoliis, B. Gen. p. 13 (1840) ; H.-S. 18, 19. Biffers from the typical form in having the wings of the male dull white, being only tinged with blue at the base ; the brown scales of the fore wings are very conspicuous. The hind wings, beneath, have a white basal streak, faint in the male, but conspicuous in the female. 126 LYC.ENIDM. Time of Appeakance. — July. Habitat. — Turkey and Asia Minor. Obs. — Some entomologists are of opinion that the forms Admetus, Bipartii, Dolus, Menaclas, and the Asiatic Hopferi, are all local races or varieties of the same species. It must be admitted that the definition of a true species is a very great difficulty at the present time, when zoologists are so divided in their opinions on this subject. In the case of the group of insects now under notice I have strictly followed Staudinger’s division of the different forms. 36. L. Damon, S. v. p. 182 (1776); Hiib. 275-7; 0. i. 2, 19.— Biton, Esp. 33, 5, 62, 4. Expands I’O to 1'50 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male has the wings pale blue, somewhat brighter than in Corydon. The fore wings have a rather broad dark brown hind-marginal band, somewhat indistinctly defined on its inner side ; the hind wings have a similar band, but narrower and more defined ; the nervures of all the wings liecome broad and dark as they ajiproach the hind margin. The wings have not the thick patch of brown scales seen in the two preceding species. The female is uniformly brown. Under side brownish grey, greenish blue at the base. Fore wings with an elongated discoidal spot, and a central row of black spots in white rings. Hind wings with two small black spots in white rings near the costa, and four similar ones forming a central row ; a very sharply defined white streak runs straight across the wing, nearly from the base to the hind margin. PI. XXX., 6. Times of Appearance. — -June to August. Habitat. — West Central and Southern Germany, Switzerland, the Soutl] of France, Nortli Italy, Dalmatia, and the East of Eussia. In Western Asia it assumes various varietal forms, which will be found enumerated under the extra-European Lyccmidce. It is a somewhat local species, but common where it occurs, frequenting open sunny places, generally on a chalky soil, in saiiitfoin fields. Larva. — Green, with a darker dorsal stripe, and two pale LYCiENA. 127 lateral ones. Feeds on saintfoin, Oiiohrychis sativa, in May and June. PI. XXIX., lig. 3. VAEIETY. a. Damone, Ev. Bull. M. 1841, i. 18; Fit. 380, 2. Bather larger than the type. The male is deeper blue, and with a narrower hind-marginal border. Both sexes have the white streak on the under side much narrower. Habitat. — The Ural Mountains. 37. L. Donzelii, B. Ic. 15, 1-3; Fit. 145, 2, 3; H.-S., 351-2. Expands 0‘81 to 1-25 in. Fringes white and grey. The male has all the wings greenish blue, with broad hind-marginal band of brown, indistinctly defined internally ; the fore wings have a black elongated discoidal spot. The female is brown, with a black discoidal spot on the fore wings. Under side brownish grey. Fore wings with a rather large discoidal and a central row of smaller spots black, surrounded by white rings. Hind wings bluish at the base, with a white streak, which is more triangular in shape than that seen in L. Damon ; besides the usual central row and discoidal spot there is a faint orange hind-marginal band enclosing a row of black spots. Times op Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The Southern Alps, the Pyrenees, Scandinavia, Finland, South-East Bussia, and the Altai ; at a high elevation in the Alps and the South of France, but on the plains in its Boreal localities. PI. XXX., 7. Larva. — Unknown. 38. L. Argiolus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 483 ; Faun. Suec. 284 ; 0. i. 2, 17 ; Fit. 445, 3, 4. — Acis, Fab. Mant. 73 ; Hiib. 272-4. — Cleohis, Esper, 40, 3. Expands 0*80 to 1‘40 in. Fringes of the fore wings black and white ; those of the hind wings white. Wings of the male clear, light blue ; fore wings with a very narrow black hind-marginal border. The female has the outer half of the costa and all the hind 128 LYCMNID.^. margin of the fore wings broadly brownish black ; the bind wings are similarly brownish black on the costa ; sometimes the hind margin is also dark brown, and always has a row of black dots. Under side bluish grey ; fore wings with an elongated black discoidal spot, and a row of black spots running parallel to the hind margin ; hind wings blue at the base, with an irregular central row, an elongated discoidal and two basal spots. The spots in this species are all black, without white rings. PI. XXXI., 1. Times of Appeakance. — April to August, being double- brooded. Habitat. — The whole of Europe and North Asia (except the Polar region). Western Asia, and North Africa. Laeva. — Hark greenish grey, with a dark green dorsal line. Feeds on the flowers of Ilex, Hedera and Rhamiius in June, and again in the autumn. 39. L. Sebrus, B. Ic., PI. 71, 1-3, p. 72; Tr. x. 1, 65; Err. 451, 1. Expands 0’75 to 1 in. Fringes white. The male is violet- blue, with a very narrow and defined black border. The female is dark brown, generally with traces of blue at the base. Under side bluish grey. Discoidal spots slender and crescentic. Fore wings without basal spots, and with central row evenly arranged and parallel to the hind margin. The hind wings have two basal spots, and an irregularly arranged central row. None of the spots are ocellated. PI. XXXI., 2. Times of Appeaeance. — May to July. Habitat. — Mountains in Austria, Piedmont, the Valais, and the South of France ; the Balcans ; mountains in Asia Minor and Armenia, frequenting dry places at a considerable elevation. Laeva.- — -Unknown. 40. L. Minima, Fuessl. Verz. p. 31 (1775); Esp. 34, 3. Expands 0-75 to 1 in. Fringes of all the wings white. Wings dark brown in both sexes. The male slightly tinged with light blue at the bases. Under side pale grey. Fore wings with a LYCMXA. Yl\) straight central row of black spots and an elongated discoidal spot. Hind wings tinged with bine at the base, with an irregular central row and two basal spots ; all the spots are snrronnded by light rings. Times of Appeakance. — May to August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe except the Polar Eegioiis and the Southern parts of Spain and Portugal. Northern and Western Asia, and the Amur. In Britain it occurs in dry chalky places. Lakva. — Green, with an orange dorsal stripe edged with pale yellow, a lateral yellowish line and an oblique streak. It feeds on several kinds of vetches, as Anthyllis vuliieraria, Coronilla varia, Astragalus, &c., in June and August. VARIETY Lorquinii, H.-S. 442-4. This form is larger than the type, and has the wings of the male blue except on the hind margins. The female is dark brown, larger and blacker than Alsus. It is found in Andalusia and the South of France, and is very probably a distinct species. PI. XXXI., 4. 41. L. Semiargus, Kott. Nat. vi. p. 20 (1775); Hbst. xi. p. 177. —Ads, Schiff. S. V. p. 182 (1776) ; 0. i. 2, 14 ; Err. 451, 4. — Argiolus, Esp. 21, 1, 2; Fab. Mant. 73; Hub. 269-71. Expands 1-0 to 1-25 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male is dull violet-blue, with a dark brown ill-defined hind marginal border. Female uniform brown ; fore wings with a narrow discoidal spot. Under side : — Light brown. Fore wings with a curved central row and an elongated discoidal spot. Hind wings tinged with blue, with a somewhat irregular central row, a very narrow discoidal and one basal spot. The rings surrounding the spots are less white than in the last species. PI. XXXI., 5. Times of Appearance. — May to July. Habitat. — The whole of Europe, Northern and Western Asia, and the Amur. In Britain, rare and local, frequenting rough pastures in the South-Western and Midland Counties of England, and sometimes taken in Wales. Larva. — Undescribed ! s 180 Lrc.-EXIIXE. VARIETIES. a. Beilis, 398, 1, 2; H.-S. — 232-4. Larger than the type, and with traces of a marginal row of red spots on the hind wings beneath. Habitat. — The South-East of Europe. ’ h. Parnassia, Stgr. Hor., 1870, p. 55. A smaller form of the last, found in the mountains of Northern Greece. c. Helena, Stgr. Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1862, 265; Mill. Ic. pi. 39, 1, 3. In this variety or sub-species the female has a marginal orange band on the upper surface of the hind wings. Both sexes have an orange marginal l)and beneath on all the wings, that on the fore wings being faintly marked. Habitat. — The mountains of Southern Greece. Obs.- — Dr. Frey has named the small specimens occurring in the higher Alps of Switzerland, var. Montana. It does not differ from the type excepting in its smaller size. 42. L. Caelestina, Eversm. Bull. AIosc. 1843, iii. 535; H.-S. 335-8; Err. 445, 1, 2. Expands 1-0 to 1-20 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male is bright blue, with a slight purplish tinge ; all the wings have a narrow dark brown hind marginal border. Female uniform dark brown. Under side :■ — Slaty grey. Fore wings with an elongated discoidal and a central row of black spots small and uniform in size. Hind wings with a central row similar to those of the fore wings ; discoidal spot wanting ; there is a conspicuous patch of shiny blue scales at the base, without any tinge of green. PI. XXXI., 6. Time of Appearance.- — June. Habitat. — The South-East of Eiissia (principally Sarepta.) Larva. — Unknown. 43. L. Cyllarus, Pott. Nat. vi. ]). 20 (1775) ; Esp. 33, 1, 2; 0. i. 2 ; Err. 271 ; Mill. Ic. pi. 108, 2. — Dama'tas, Htib. 206-8. Expands 1-0 to 1'30 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male is blue, brighter than the last species. The female is brown. LYC.ENA . 131 slightly blue at the base. The under side somewhat resembles that of the last, but differs in the following particulars : — The black spots on the fore wings are much larger than those on the hind wings ; instead of being equal in size, the blue tinge at the base is strongly mixed with green, has an almost metallic brilliance, and extends over quite two-thirds of the wing area, often passing beyond the central row of spots. PL XXXI., 7. Times of Appearance. — May to the end of August. Habitat. — The greater part of Europe, though not in Britain, the Low Countries, or the Polar Ptegions, and probably not in Anda- lusia. It occurs throughout the greater part of Northern and Western Asia and the Amur. It generally frequents flowery meadows and open places in woods. Larva. — Greenish yellow, with a bright reddish brown dorsal stripe and lateral oblique stripes of the same colour ; lateral stripe greenish. It feeds on several species of Leuuminosce, in June and July. Pupa brown, the sides being lighter and the wing-cases darker. PL XXIX., 4. 44. L. Melanops, Boisd. Ind. p. 13 ; Err. B. 97, 1, 2 ; Mill. Ic. 108, 1. — Sa'porUe, H.-G. 922-8 ; Marchandi, Gerh. 15, 1. Expands 0-75 to 1-0 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male has all the wings blue, with a tinge of purple, and with a narrow black hind marginal border. The female is dark brown, slightly tinged with blue at the base of the fore wings. The under side has the spots almost exactly as in L. Cijllanis, but the ground colour of the wings is darker grey, and the hind wings are only slightly dark blue at the base ; there is also a trace of a hind marginal band of black spots in addition to the central row. Times of Appearance. — April and May. PL XXXIII., 1. Habitat. — The South of France, Spain and Portugal, and North Africa, along the shores of the Mediterranean. Larva, as figured by Milliere, green, with a blackish dorsal stripe and oblique hues, and with two whitish lateral lines. It feeds on trefoil in May and June. Pupa light brown, darker on the wing-cases. PL XXIX., 5. 132 LYCyENIDM. VARIETY. a. Marchandii, Htib. i. 996-7. Differs from the type in the spots on the under side of the hind wings not being ocellated. 45. L. lolas, Ochs. Schmett. Enc. iv. 144 ; Boisd. Ic. t. 11, f. 1-3; Err. 91.—Iolam, Htib. 879-82. Expands 1-25 to 1-70 in., being the largest European species. Fringes of all the wings white. Both sexes have the wings violet- blue. The male has a narrow black hind marginal border, the hind wings having very faint dots along the hind marginal edge. The female has a very broad dark brown border extending along the costte and hind margins of all the wings, and the hind wings have a row of rather large black-lined marginal spots ; the nervures of all the wings are strongly marked in this sex. Under side : — Pale fawn-coloured grey ; all the wings have a narrow crescentic discoidal spot, and a central row of black eyes in light rings, that on the fore wings being parallel with the hind margin, that on the hind wing somewhat waved. There is a faintly marked hind marginal light band enclosing dark spots, more strongly marked in the female ; the base of the hind wings is slightly blue, and there are two basal spots. PI. XXXIL, 2. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — North-Eastern Germany, Hungary, the Balkan, the South of France, Catalonia, rarely in Switzerland. It also occurs in Asia Minor. Larva. — Olive-green, with a black dorsal and a broad pale green lateral stripe. It feeds on the pods of Colutea arhorescens. 46. L. Alcon, Fab. Mant. 72; Hrdi. 263-5; Boisd. Ic. 13, 1-3. — Areas, Esp. 34, 4. — Evplieiiins, Godt. i. 11. Expands 1'25 to 1'35 in. Fringes of all the wings white. The male is purplish blue, with a narrow brown hind marginal Ijorder. The female bas the wings of the same colour but with a broad costal and hind marginal border. Under side : — Brownish LYC^NA. 133 grey. Fore wings with an elongated discoidal spot and a curved central row. Hind wings slightly blue at the base, with a narrow discoidal, two basal spots, and a wavy central row. All the spots are about equal in size, and, in addition to them, all the wings have a double hind marginal row of dark brown spots enclosing a faint light band. PI. XXXII., 3. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. ^ — Central and Southern Europe, namely, Germany, the South-East of Holland, Erance, Piedmont, Switzerland, the South of Sweden, Central and South-Eastern Russia, Hungary and Bulgaria. It probably also occurs in Western and Central Asia, and is taken in the Altai ; it is a local species, occurring on moor- land meadows. Any accounts of its capture in Britain are no doubt entirely erroneous. Larva.— Unknown. 47. L. Euphemus, Htib. 257-9; 0. i. 2, 9 ; Boisd. Ic. 13, 4-8. — Diomedes, Rott. Nat. vi. p. 26 (sed Biomedes, L., Syst. Nat. 1758, al. erat. Pap.) Expands 1‘25 to 1’35 in. Fringes of all the wings white. Wings blue in both sexes, with a dark brownish black hind marginal border, broader in the female than in the male ; all the wings have a narrow black discoidal spot and a central row of round black spots. Under side : — Brownish grey, with the spots arranged as on the upper side, but in addition to these all the wings have a hind marginal row of black spots, and the hind wings, which are very slightly blue at the base, have two basal spots. PI. XXXII., 4. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — The greater part of Central Europe (but not Great Britain), probably also Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Caucasus. It is a local species, frequenting marshy places. Larva. — Not as yet described by any author. 48. L. Arion, Limi. Syst. Nat. x. 483 ; Fab. Syst. 283 ; Esp. 20, 2 ; Hiib. 254 - 6 ; 0. i. 2, 4. Expands 1*25 to 1‘50 in. Eringes of all the wings white. The wings are deep blue in both sexes, with a brown hind marginal 134 LYCMNIDJ^. border; the spots have the same arrangement as in the last species, but those on the fore wings are much larger and rounder, whilst those on the hind wings are fainter and smaller, and are often absent altogether in the male. Beneath, this species differs from the last in having a double row of hind marginal spots, and in having the bases of the hind wings more decidedly tinged with blue. Times of Appearance.— From the end of May to the middle of July. PI. XXXII., 5. Habitat. — The greater part of Europe, excluding the Polar regions and the South-West ; it occurs also in Western Asia and in the Southern parts of Siberia, frequenting meadows and open places. In Britain it is very local, its chief localities being in the Midland and South-AVestern parts of England. The Larva has never been observed in its full-grown state ; it has been described when fifteen days old as being of a dirty pink colour, the head brown and shiny, the dorsal line rust-colour. It was reared by Mr. Porritt, on wild thyme, on the flowers of which it feeds. Obs. — Varieties of this and of the preceding species (L. EupJienms) occur occasionally in which the wings are strongly suffused with dark brown, almost obscuring the spots and giving the insect the appearance of a brown rather than a blue butterfly. The dark form of L. Avion is called var. ohscura by the German and Swiss Entomologists, and occurs in Alpine districts of Switzer- land and the Tyrol. 49. L. Areas, Piott. Nat. vi. p. 25 (1775). — Erebus, Knoch. Btr. ii., t. 6, 6, 7 (1782) ; Fab. Mant. 72 ; Hub. 260-2 ; Esp. 101, 1 ; 0. i. 2, 10 ; B. Ic. 11, 4-6. Expands 1*25 to 1'30 in. Fringes of all the wings brown. The male is very dark, irony blue, with broad brown hind marginal borders. Fore wings with a narrow black discoidal and a central row of elongated s})ots. Hind wings with similar spots, but those of the central row are smaller and rounder. The female is strongly suffused with dark brown. Under side uniformly brown, with no tinge of blue, the discoidal spots almost imperceptible; all the wings have a central row of round black sj)ots enclosed in lightish rings. Pi. XXXII., 6. Til EC LA. 135 Times op Appeakance. — July and August. Habitat. — Germany, and the Alps of Switzerland and the South of France, also the xHtai. A local species, frequenting marshy meadows. Larva. — Unknown. OTHER SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF LYVACNWAE, INCLUDED BY STAUDINGER, &c. Genus T EEC LA. T. S^h/wvar. Melantho, KliXg. Symb. Phys. t. 40, 10, 11. — Has the under side paler and the tails of the hind wings longer than in the type. Habitat, Asia Minor and Persia. T. Ilicis var. Caudatula, Z. Is. 1847, p. 6. — A variety with the tails longer than in the type. Habitat, Asia Minor. T. Taxila, Brem. Lep. 0. S. p. 26, 95. — Expands 1-40 to 1’60 in. Somewhat resembles T. Quercus in size and shape, but the wings are suffused, except along the hind margins, with a brilliant emerald-green. The under side is very like that of T. Quercus, but the orange spots near the anal angle are much larger. The female is brown above, very much resembling the male of T. Betuke. Habitat, the iVmur and Japan. T. Ledereri, B. Ann. Soc. Fr. (1848; H.-S. 445-8 (1850); Fit. 572-4. Lceosojns? Ledereri, Kirby, Cat. 377. — Expands 1*30 in. Fringes white. Wings brown above. Hind wings with an orange hind marginal band and with short tails. Under side light brown. Fore wings with two parallel rows of black sj)ots and a double black discoidal spot surrounded with white. The hind wings are bluish at the base, and along the hind margin have a row of orange and black spots ; internal to this a row of white spots with black pupils, and two discoidal spots. Habitat, Armenia and the Trans-Caucasus. T. Smaragdina, Brem. Lep. 0. S. p. 25, iii. 5. — Much resembles T. Taxila, but is rather larger and more brilliant, and the markings on the under side are bolder. Habitat, the Amur and Japan. T. Arata, Brem. Lep. 0. S. p. 25, iii. 6. — Expands 1-20 in. 136 lyc.eniike. Wings dark brown ; those of the male shot with greenish blue. Hind wings with a short slender tail, and with a bright orange spot at the anal angle. Under side striped with dark brown and white; Hind wings with four black spots placed on a patch of orange at the anal angle. Habitat, the Amur. T. Myrtale, Kliig. Symb. Phys. t. 40, 15, 16. — Expands 0'9 to 1-9 in. Wings uniform brown and fringes grey. Hind wings with a very rudimentary tail and, with a bright orange spot at the anal angle. Under side olive green, darkest at the base. Hind wings with short yellow band near the anal angle, enclosed by a double row of crescentic black spots. (Descr. from Kliig’s fig.) Habitat, Syria. *T. Sassanides, Kollar. Ins. Pers. p. 10. — “ Alis supra furvis unicoloribus, posticis caudatis ; subtus omnibus dilute cinereis, striga communi alba, intus fusco marginata, serie punctorum nigrorum ocelliformium ante marginem externum ; cauda longiore nigra, apice alba. Expans. alar. 13 lin. Statura Th. Acacise, a qua tamen punctis marginalibus nigris in pagina inferiore strigaque alba latiore valde difl'ert.” (The original description. I have seen neither a figure nor a specimen of the insect). T. Frivcddszkyi, Ld. z., b., V. 1855, p. 100, t. i. fig. 1. — Expands about the same as T. PMhi. Hind wings somewhat indented on the hind margins. The wings are steel-blue ; the fore wings having a black border extending along the costa and hind margin, and very broad at the latter part. Hind wings blue, black on the costa, with a row of wedge-shaped black spots placed parallel to the hind margin. Under side chocolate-brown streaked with light grey. Fringes of all the wings black and white. Taken by Kindermaun at Ustbuchtarnisk, on June 2nd, shortly after the melting of the snow. (Desc. from Lederer’s fig.) T. F'usca, Brem. Bull, de TAcad. 1861.—“ AlaB anticas maris supra casrulescente violaceo micantes, subtus fusco-griseae, maculis, fasciis lunulisque marginalibus fuscis, albido-annulatis, 32 mm.” Habitat, the Amur (Mount Bureja). Time of appearance, July. Probably to be referred to another genus — Ainhlypodia. In cases like tlie present, where I am unable to describe a species, either from specimens or from ligures, the original Latin diagnosis will be given verbatim. THES T on— POL YOMMA TVS. 137 Genus THE STOP,. T. Mauretanicus, Luc. Expl. Alg. p. 360, PI. i. 8. — Very much resembles T. Ballus above, baviug about the same expanse ; the female, however, brighter orange, having the orange patches nearly oval and bordered very narrowly with brown. Under side : — Fore wings almost as in T. Ballus, but the spots are more uniform in size and more closely placed. Hind wings brownish grey, with four faint bands or rows of brown spots running across the wing, and having a direction parallel to the hind margin. Habitat, Algeria and the North of Morocco. .Genus POLYOMMATUS. P. Caspius, Ld. Hor. 1869, p. 77.—“ Alis fuscis, posticis caudatulis anticis e basi louge igneo-violasceutibus, punctis disci duabus nigris ; subtus omnibus dilute grisescentibus, multi ocel- latis, posticarum fascia marginali rufescente obsoleta, 27 mm.” Habitat, the shores of the Caspian. P. Phcemcurus, Ld. Hor. 1871, t. i. 4, 5. — “ Alis suj)ra, mas violaceo-fuscis (foem. fuscis), macula venae transversas nigra, fascia marginali rufa (in anticis maris evanescente), cordula posticarum in basi rufa. Subtus mas et foem. exalbido canis, fascia marginali laste rufa, ocellis multis, vena transversa striolam nigram gerente. Ex. 25 — 28 mm.” Habitat, the shores of the Caspian. P. Lampon, Ld. Hor. 1871, t. i. 2, 3. — “ Alis mas supra croceo-aureis, anticis apice limboque nigris ; posticis caudatulis, in margine nigro maculatis ; foem. pallidioribus seriebus tribus macularum nigrarum ante-marginalibus, anticarum maculis disci duabus, posticarum una obsoleta nigris. Subtus mas et foem. ut in Thersamone, sed pallidioribus, ocellis latius pallido-cinctis. 30 mm.” Habitat Persia. P. Asahinus, H.-S. 527-8; Helms, H.-S. vi. p. 33. — About the size of Phlceas. Male golden copper above, with a narrow black hind-marginal band and a row of black dots parallel to the hind margins. Discoidal spot black. Under side : — Fore wings with a black discoidal spot, internal to which are two more black spots, and external to it two rows of spots, one regular and the other T 138 I.YC.F.NWM. irregular. Hind wings grey-blue at the base, with a hind-marginal orange band and two rows of black spots ; internal to these a row of black spots in light rings ; there are five or six basal spots. 1\ Thcrsamoii, v. OinpJialc, King. Syinb. Phys. t. 40, 12, 14. XaiitJie, Hub. 347-8. — This variety is slightly smaller and brighter than the type, the hind wings having small tails. Probably a variety of the second brood. Habitat, Asia Minor. 1\ Athamantliis, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1854, iii. 180. — “ P. alls supra nigris, fulvo-micantibus et nigro-punctatis ; fascia subter- minali fulva ; subtus cano-albis, nigro-punctatis ; fascia subter- minali fulva ; alls posticis caudatis.” Very close to Ampkidamas, but the coppery lustre of the wings is limited to a broad band running parallel to the hind margins. The ground colour of the under side is greyish white. Habitat, Western Siberia, the Steppes to the northward of the Sea of Aral. Genus CIGAPJTIS, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Fr. ii. 98, 1850. Butterflies having very much the aspect of those of the genus l‘ol/iomiitahis ; the upper surface of the wings, however, have not the metallic coppery lustre of that genus. Beneath they are white, with various brown and silvery markings. The hind wings are strongly emarginate, and often tailed. All the known species occur in Africa, one in Syria also. C. Acaiiias, King. Symb. Phys. t. 40, 7-9 (1834) ; Epargyros, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1854, iii. 178. — Expands 1-25 to 1-35 in. Fulvous ; fore wings with a black stripe running from the costa downwards, and three black costal stripes. Hind wings with two hind marginal tails, with blackish stripes and spots arranged parallel to the hind margins. Under side white, beautifully spotted and banded with brown and silver. Habitat, Syria, Persia, and the Steppes to the South and South-East of the Ural. The female is larger and darker than the male. C. Cilissa, Ld. Wien. Mts. 18G1, p. 147. — On an average the size of Vldcms, the male being smaller than the female. The wings are brilliant coj)per-red, but without any metallic gloss, with a narrow hind-marginal border and square black spots ; the hind wings with two tails. Under side whitish, with square CIGAIUTIS—LYC.ENA. 13!) spots having a dull metallic lustre and black borders. Habitat, Syria, and the Southern parts of Asia Minor. C. Sipliax, Luc. Expl. Alg. p. 362. — Expands 1 in. The wings are bright reddish brown without metallic lustre, and with a black hind-marginal border and two narrow black interrupted lines running across them parallel to the hind margins. The tails of the hind wings are very minute. Under side : — Fore wings reddish brown, with a yellowish hind-marginal border enclosing a row of black spots ; the principal area of the wings covered with large silvery spots bordered with black. Hind wings brownish white with silvery spots. Habitat, Algeria. C. Zohra, Donz. Ann. S. Fr. 1847, p. 528. — (The female only described). About the size and shape of P. Phkeas. The anterior wings are fulvous, with three bands and a border of brownish black ; the first two bands are very short, and do not pass beyond the medium nervure ; the third is wavy and longer. The hind wings are brown, with a posterior fulvous band sur- mounted by another less regular but equally deep in colour. Under side : — Fore wings mottled with brown and white patches, especially along the costa. Hind wings golden brown, with several white spots arranged in lines ; hind margin with two tails. Habitat, Algeria. C. Massinissa, Luc. Expl. Alg. p. 364. — Bather larger than C. Zohra. The wings are fulvous above, with a black margin. The fore wings spotted with black above, and beneath rust- coloured spotted with grey and decorated with silver. The hind wings fulvous above, with black spots ; beneath they are white, with reddish brown spots bordered with silver ; hind marginal band greyish, with six black spots. Habitat, Algeria and Morocco. Genus LYCJENA. L. Fortunata, Stgr. Berl. E. Z. 1870, p. 99. — Very close to L. Telicanus, and about the same size. Male violet-blue above ; beneath it is brighter grey than Telicanus, and more strongly marked with brown. Female grey-brown above, slightly blue at the base. Habitat, the Canary Islands. Probably an insular form of Telicanus. 140 LYCA^NIDM. L. Theophrastus, Fab. E. S. 281 ; Luc. Expl. Alg. pi. 1-6. Psittacus, Allard. Ann. S. Fr. 1867, p. 313. — Very close to L. Balhanica, but some^Yllat larger and probably brighter, the dark spots on the fore wing being less distinct. Habitat, Algeria. The larva on Liziphus vulgaris. This species also inhabits South Africa. L. Attilia, Brem. Lep. 0. S. p. 24, t. ii. 3. — About the size of A. Boetica. Wings brown, with white fringes. Hind wings tailed. Under side bluish white. Fore wings with a square black discoidal spot, a transverse band across the centre of the wing, and a sub- marginal row of rather large black spots. Hind wings with similar markings, and near the anal angle two orange spots. Taken by Piadde on July 1st, at Mount Bureja in Eastern Siberia. L. Gamra, Ld. Z. b. v. 1855, p. 189. — Size of uBgon. Hind wings not tailed, violet-blue in the male, with a very narrow' brown border ; brow'ii in the female. Fore wdngs with an indistinct dis- coidal spot. Hind wings with a faint hind marginal row. Under side bluish grey, wdth hind-margiiial row^s of l)lack spots surrounded by light orange ; the other spots, both on the fore and hind wings, coalesce so as to form bands. Habitat, Syria. In June and July. L. Galha, Ld. Z. b. v. 1855, p. 190, i. 1, 4. — Larger than L. Trochihis. The male is blue, wdth a rather wide dark brown border and a faint discoidal spot. Female browm. The under side is light brownish grey, with spots arranged much as in Trochihis, but larger. Habitat, Syria. P. Cyane, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1837, i. 22; H.-S. 646-9. — Expands 1'30 to 1'50 in. Male bright blue with a narrow black hind marginal border, internal to which is a band of indistinct wdiitish spots. Female brown, strongly blue at the base. Fore wings with a row of whitish spots parallel to the hind margin. Hind wdngs wdth a bright orange hind-marginal band, internal to which is a row of white spots. Under side very similar to Bylaou, of which species some consider it a variety. Habitat, South Siberia and the Altai. L. Cleohis, Brem. Bull, de I’Acad, 1867. — About the size ot L. /Egon. Fringes broad and white ; the male has all the wings bluish white, with a rather Ijroad black l^order, the ncrvures black ; the female, the wings are brown, powdered with bluish white. LYCMNA. 141 Under side bluish or brownish white. Fore wings with a discoidal lunule, a central row of ocellated spots and a double row of hind- marginal spots enclosing an orange band. Hind wings with four basal spots and discoidal lunule, a central row and double marginal row enclosing an orange band ; this row is often marked with silver as in JEgon. Habitat, Mount Bureja. L. Elvira, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1854, hi. 177. — “ L. Alis supra caerulescenti-argenteis, nigro marginatis (mas), aut fuscis (foem.) ; subtus cinerascenti-albis ; punctis ordinariis nigris satis magnis ; anticarum punctis basalibus nullis ; posticarum punctis anguli analis argentea-pupillatis subtribus.” Habitat, the Steppes of South-Western Siberia. L. Hijrcana, Ld. Hor. 1869, p. 78.— -Expands 0‘75 to 1 in. Fringes white. Male brilliant violet-blue, faintly brown along the hind margins. Fore wings with an indistinct discoidal spot. Female uniform brown, all the wings with a hind margina] row of black spots. Fore wings with a black discoidal spot. Under side brownish grey, all the wings with a faint hind-marginal orange band. Fore wings with a discoidal and one row of ocellated spots external to it. Hind wings with a central row, discoidal and four basal spots, all ocellated. Habitat, Persia (Astrabad.) L. Suhsolana, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1851, i. 620. — Expands 1'30 in. Male only described. “ L. Alis superne basi ceeruleis, externe nigro-fuscis, nervis nigris, ciliis albis ; subtus albido-ciiiereis, lunula discoidali, serie flexuosa serieque submarginali duplici punctorum nigrorum, hac luiiulis fulvis signata ; alis posticis praeterea punctis basalibus nigris quatuor punctisque nonnullis seriei limbalis externae argenteo-notatis.” Habitat, Eastern Siberia and the Altai. L. Loewli, Z. Is. 1847, p. 9 ; H.-S. 4, 34-7. — Expands 1-10 to 1*20 in. Fringes of all the wings white. Male deep blue, with a narrow dark brown hind-marginal border. Fore wings paler, blue on the costa. Hind wings whth a row of faint hind-marginal spots. Female greatly resembles that of L. Argus, but is larger. Under side much as in Argus, with silver centres to the hind- marginal row of hind wdngs. (H. S.) L. Erschoffii, Ld. Hor. Ent. Boss. 1869, p. 80. — “ Alis supra fuscis anticis (mas antice late cyaneo-pulveratis) strigula media 142 LYC^NIDM. uigra, ciliis apicalibus niveis ; snbtus omnibus fuscenti ciiiereis, multiocellatis, auticarum striga e maculis ocellaribus magnis atris post ocellum medium magnum ; posticis sine rubidius, radio medio, longitudinali a]bo, 25 mm.” Apparently easily distinguished from all other species by the brilliant violet costa of the male. Habitat, Persia. L. Eurypilus, Frr. 573. — Size of L. Icarus. Wings dark brown, with white fringes. Hind wings with two or three reddish orange lunules. Under side brownish white, slightly greenish blue at the bases ; all the wings with the usual ocellated spots and hind- marginal bands. Fore wings without basal spots. Habitat, Amasia. L. Diodorus, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 29. — About the size of L. Icarus. The wings are brown, shot with violet above with indis- tinctly marked discoidal and central spots. Under side dark-grey. Fore wings with a discoidal lunule, a whitish hind-marginal band, a central row of irregularly arranged square spots, and one large basal spot. Hind wings similarly marked, but with two spots between the central row and the discoidal near the costa, and with three basal spots. All the spots are conspicuously surrounded by white rings. Habitat, Eastern Siberia (Sea of Baikal.) End of June. L. ranagca, H.-S. 490-3. — ^Expands 0*75 to 1 in. Some- what close to Lysiiaoa; the male is deep blue with very broad hind-marginal border, and with a black discoidal spot on the fore wings. Female brown, dusted with blue at the base. Under side slaty-grey, and bluish at the base. Fore wings with a hind-mar- ginal row of black spots ; internal to this three large black spots arranged in a triangle ; above them and beneath them two smaller ones. Discoidal spot very small and narrow. Hind wings with a faint orange band, an irregular central row, narrow discoidal and two basal spots, all very small. Habitat, Asia Minor. Var. Anisophthalma, Koll. Ms. Pers. — Has both sexes brown, the blue colour being absent from the male. Habitat, Persia. L. Dhereiiades, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1843, iii. 536; H. -8. 650-1. Expands 1 in. Dull grey, dusted with blue at the base. Fore wings with a black discoidal spot. Fringes all white. Under LYCMNA. 143 side almost as in Pheretes (H.-S.) Seems to be intermediate between Pheretes and Orhitulus. Habitat, Eastern Siberia. L. Orhitulus var. Wosneseuskii, Men. En. ii. p. 95. L. Isaurica, Stgr. Beii. e. z. 1870, p. 327. — A small species, somewhat resembling L. Eros, but somewhat more emerald-green. A broad black border extends along three-fourths of the hind margins, the hind wings having hind marginal black spots. Tlie under side is more distinctly marked than in Eros, and of a brown tint in the ground-colour. Habitat, Southern districts of Asia Minor. L. Eros V. Myrrha, H.-S. 508-11.- — Somewhat like Hro/c^es, but much larger and paler in colour ; the spots on the under side being proportionately smaller. Expands nearly 1-50 in. The female pale brown, with faint hind marginal bands. Habitat, Asia Minor. Var. Candalus, H.-S. 502-5. — Expands 0’75 to I’lO in. Fringes white. Male blue, about the same colour as Icarus, with a very narrow but well-defined blackish-brown hind marginal border. Hind wings with a row of black dots. Female dark brown, with a row of small orange sj^ots on the hind wings and with the bases of all the wings faintly blue. Under side as in Eros, but with two basal spots. Habitat, mountains in Syria and Asia Minor. Staudinger catalogues this as a variety of L. Eros, but it certainly appears to be a distinct species. L. Icarus var. Persica, Bienart. — Has the spots on the under side very small or absent. Habitat, Persia. L. Bellargus var. Polona, Z. Stett. e. z. 1845 ; H.-S. 432-3. — About the size of L. Corijclon, which it greatly resembles in general appearance, having rather broad black hind margins and a row of spots on the hind wings. In colour, however, it resembles the typical form of Bellargus. The under side also is the same as in the type. Habitat, mountains in Asia Minor. L. Corydon var. Corydonius, H.-S. 595-6 ; Olympica, Ld. z. b. V. 1852. — In this variety the wings are deep blue, and not pale as in the typical form, which in other respects it resembles. Habitat, mountains in Asia Minor. Var. Caucasica, Ld. Ann. Soc. Belg. xiii. 23.— This form is very similar to the last, being rather smaller, but nearly the same 144 LYCMNIDJE. colour. Habitat, Armeuia. It will be seen by these varieties that L. Bcllarijus and Corijdon are really much more intimately allied than appears at first sight. L. Marcida, Ld. Hor, 1871. — Expands abont 1 in. The male has the wings pale shiny bluish grey, with a narrow brown hind marginal border. Fore wings with a very faint discoidal spot. Female uniform brown, with the exception of a slight band of a lighter colour along the hind margins. Under side brownish grey ; all the wings with a hind marginal row of black spots, ronnded by white rings but without any orange band ; all the spots ocellated. Fore wings without any basal spots ; three basal spots on the hind wings. Habitat, Persia. (Descr. from Lederer’s fig.) L. Hylas var. Arrnena, Stgr. Cat. p. 12. — A variety with the white marginal fringe very broad, the hind wings beneath having the spots almost absent, L. IJamou var. l^oseidon, Ld. z. b. v. 1852, p. 37. — The wings of the male are rather darker blue than in the type. Habitat, valleys in Asia Alinor. Var. Damocles, H,-S. 214-7. — Smaller than the type. The male is deeper bine (nearly as blue as Eroides) and the hind margins are less broadly brown. Habitat, Asia Minor. Var. Iphegenia, H.-S. 354. — A variety rather resembling the last, but smaller. The spots on the under side are very small, and the white basal streak large and distinct. Habitat, Asia Minor. Var. Cannon, H.-S. 506-7.^ — In this variety the wings of the male are deep blue, with a well-defined dark brown border. The under side is pale grey. Fore wings with a discoidal spot and an irregular central row ; central row of hind wings even ; there is a faint trace of a hind marginal band, and there are two faintly marked white basal streaks. Var. Actis, H.-S. 496-9. — About the size of L. Icarus, which, judging from the figure of Herrich- Schaffer, it much resembles in the colour of the male, the hind margins having an exceedingly narrow brown border. Female dark brown, slightly blue at the base. Under side as in var. Cannon, but with a single basal streak. L. llopjjeri, H.-S. 512 - 14.— Expands 1-40 in. Intermediate l^etween L. Dohis and Damon. It is rather bluer than Dolus, and is hardly if at all marked with the brown basal patch that is found LYC.ENA. 145 iu that species. Under side much as in Dolus, but the white streak on the hind wings is much more distinct. Habitat, Alpine regions in Asia Minor. L. Donzelii var. Hyacinthus, H.-S. 345-8. — Resembles the type in size and shape, but a deep rich blue replaces the ordinary pale colour in the wings of the male. Female with an orange hind-marginal band on the hind wings. L. Biton, Brem. Lep. 0. S. p. 30. — About the size of L. Icarus. Wings in both sexes brown, shining, with silvery greenish blue scales. Fringes white. Hind wings with yellow marginal lunules. Under side brownish grey. Fore wings with a faint orange hind- marginal band, a central row and a discoidal spot. Hind wings with three basal spots in addition, and with a strongly marked yellow hind-marginal band ; all the spots are ocellated. Eastern Siberia. June (from Bremer’s fig.) L. Argiolus var. Hypoleuca, Koll. Ins. Pers. p. 11. — A variety occurring in Persia and Cyprus, in which the black spots are absent from the under side. L. Semiargus var. Antiochena, Led. Wien. Mts. 1861, 148. — The female has an orange band on all the wings above. The male resembles the type in colour, but is somewhat larger and lighter. Habitat, Mountains in Syria and Lydia. L. Cyllanis var. Tristis, Gerh. 15, 4. — Characterized merely by the greater size of the spots beneath. Habitat, Asia Minor. L. Astrcea, Frr. 583, 1, 2, vi. 161. — Size of L. Bldanops. Male deep rich blue, with a broad black hind-marginal border to aU the wings. Female with some light blue spots towards the apex of the fore wings. Hind wings with some black spots near the edge of the hind-marginal band. Wings duller blue than in the male. Under side as in Melanops, but the spots, especially those of the fore wing, are smaller. Habitat, Amasia. L. Avion var. Cyanecula, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1848; H.-S. 593-4. The same size and shape as the type ; wings somewhat lighter above. Under side : — Hind wings have the groundcolour, greenish blue throughout the entire area between the base and the hind- marginal row of black spots. u 14G LYC.ENID.E Species discovered since the last Edition of Staudiinjcr’ s Cattdogue. L. Glaucias, Led. Hor. Eut. Eoss. 1871, p. 10, pi. viii. — Larger than Marcidas. Expands 1'20 in. Male very pale blue, with a row of faintly brown hind-marginal spots on all the wings. Fore wings with a brown discoidal spot. Female dark brown, slightly paler along the hind margins. Under side pale grey. Fore wings with a hind-marginal band of black spots ; all the wing’s with the usual central row and discoidal spots, two basal spots on the fore wing and two or three on the hind wing, which have also a hind-marginal orange band and some white streaks. Habitat, Persia. L. Staudingeri, Christoph. Hor. Ent. Boss. x. 26. — “ Alis supra mas cairuleis anguste fusco marginatis, posterioribus striga macu- laria submargiiiali nigra, spatio inter illam et marginem cyanes- cente ; foem. fuscis, copiose Cceruleo-pulverulentis ; ciliis albis ; subtus canis, lineolis disci angustis, anticis ante medium sine ocellis, striola media e inacuhs ocellatis nigris, posticis fascia macularia obsoleta fusca maculaque subanali atra, cseruleo squamato, 27 mm.” Habitat, Persia. L. jEgargus, Christoph. Hor. Ent. Eoss. x. 24. — “ Alis supra mas pallide c^eruleo-argenteis, nigro-limbatis, foem. fuscis canes- cente variis, inacuhs disci ocellatis, mas subtilioribus, foem. crassi- oribus nigris ; ciliis albis ; subtus ut in L. Dardano, 25 — 28 mm.” Habitat, Persia. L. Sieversii, Christoph. Hor. Ent. Boss. x. 23. — “ Alis supra mas violaceo-caeruleis, anguste nigro-limbatis, posterioribus punctis tribus subanalibus nigris ; foem. fuscis, caeruleo mixtis, striga ante marginem exteriorem cserulescente obsoleta, striola disci nigra ; subtus mas et foem. ut in L. Hyrcana, sed macula subanali unica atra, caeruleo-squamata, cinereo-circumdata, 25 — 29 mm.” Habitat, Persia. L. Tengstncmi, Ersch. Lep. Turk. p. 11, n. 32 (1874). — Expands 0’75 to 1 in. Wings uniform brown above, with lirownisli marginal fringes. Under side brownish grey. All the wings with a hind-marginal row of light spots ; there are THECLA—POLYOMMA TVS. 147 no spots upon the area of the wing. Habitat, Turkestan. Prol)ably to be referred to the Genus Loesopis. L. Mirza, Stand. Stet. Ent. Z. 1874, p. 90. — Habitat, Persia. L. Prosecusa, Ersch. Lep. Turk. p. 13, n. 38(1874). — Habitat, Turkestan. L. Pahi’stina, Stand. — Habitat, Palestine. L. Scijlla, Stand. — Habitat, Asia Minor. Lyccena Lijcidas, Trapj)e, occurring in Switzerland, will be described and figured at the end of this work. The following North American Lgccenidm may be compared, with some of the European species. Genus THECLA. These species are very close to the European group of brown Theclce, such as T. Spini, W- album, &c. : — T. Damon, Cram. Pap. Ex. iv. t. 390. T. Spinetorum, Hew. 111. Hiurn. Lep. p. 94. T. Favonius, Smith Abb. Lep. Georg, i. t. 14. T. Acadica, Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1862, p. 55. T. Californica, Edw. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. 1862. T. Sglvinus, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852. T. Ametorum, Boisd. 1. c. p. 287. T. Scepium, Boisd. 1. c. p. 287. T. Dumetoruvi, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 291, is probably the American form of Theda Iluhi; it inhabits California. Genus POLYOM3IATUS. P. Sirius, Edw. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. vol. hi. p. 270. P. Piuhidus, Behr. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vol. vi. p. 208. — Both these species seem to be allied to P. Virgaureoi, Thetis, &c., their wings being of a brilliant copper-colour. P. Xanthoides, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 292, 1852, and P. Mariposa, Beak. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. vi. p. 149. — Are both large species, inhabiting California. They appear to be close to 148 LYCMNIDM. the European Gordius and Akij)hron. In the same group may be placed also P. Gorgon, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 292, which is also a native of California. P. Epixanthe, Boisd. and Sec. Lep. Am. Sept. p. 1 27, from Labrador and Canada. P. Hclloides, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1852) 292. P. Thoe, Gray (1832), Griff. An. Kingd. t. 56, f. 4. P. Dorcas, Kirb. Faun. Bor. Am. iv. p. 299. L. Tarquinius, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 1, p. 319 (1793). L. Porsenua, Scud. Proc. Eos. Inst. iii. p. 163, and L. Phlceas var. Americana, D’Urb. Canad. Nat. v. p. 246 (1857). — All these species, which represent the European group containing P. Phlceas, P. Dorilis, and P. Helle, inhabit Canada and the Northern States. Genus LYCjENA. The Genus Lyccena contains a large number of North American species, all closely allied to those found in Europe and Western Asia, some being apparently identical with them. I can do no more than barely mention some of the commoner forms. The American Lgccence will be found treated fully in Herrman Strecker’s ‘ Lepidoptera of North America,’ page 82, &c. L. Gomyutas, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 660, 1823. — This and L. AmynMa, Boisd., are very close to L. Argiades. L. Pseudargiolus, Boisd. et Leconte, Lep. Am. Sept. p. 118 (1823). — This species is so very close to L. Argiolus that in some specimens it is really difficult to distinguish them. L. PLarmo, Stoll. Suppl. Cram. t. 39. — Somewhat resembles L. Optilete, Hab. Florida. L. Exilis, Boisd. — Is the smallest North American species, and seems very close to L. Lysiinon. Habitat, Georgia. L. Pliercs, Boisd. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. p. 297. — Found in California, is close to the European L. Pheretes. Ij. Pustica, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iv. 203. — Is considered by Strecker to be identical with the European L. Orhitidus. It inhabits high mountains in Colorado and California. The variety Aqutlo occurs in Labrador. LYCMNA. 149 L. Saidderi, Edw. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. p. 164. — Is a species much resembling L. Argus or A^gon. It occurs in Canada and the Northern States. Obs. — Under the head of the Genus Lyccena I have not thought it necessary to make more than the present note concerning the Genera Lampides and Scolitandides, given hy Htibiier in his Verz. bek. Schmett., and recently revived in Butler’s ‘ Catalogue of Fabrician Butterflies,’ as I consider these divisions much too artificial to be really useful, and I do not think that any characters have been discovered which render it desirable to break uj) the genus Lgccena into smaller groups. The Genus Lampides would include the following European species : — L. Bmtica, Telicanus, Balcanica, Fischer i and Argiades those which have tailed hind wings ; Scolitantides the following : — L. Orion, Baton, Zephyrus, Pylaon and Bavins, i.e., those with brown and white spotted fringes and very large clearly defined spots beneath. Earn. 4. — ERYCINID.^, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827. LEMONiiDiE suh-fam. Nemeobiin^, Kirby, Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 284 ; Bates, Journ. Linn. Soc. 1867. Larva. — Onisciform as in Lyccenidce. Pupa. — Short and blunt as in Lyccenidce, attached hy a girth in an upright position, as well as by the tail. Imago. — With the anterior legs rudimentary in the male, but perfect in the female. Palpi short. This family contains a very great number of Exotic species, the greater proportion being found in tropical America. Many are decorated with beautiful and brilliant colours, though nearly all are of small size, as in the last family. It will be seen that the Erycinidce do not differ in any essential character from the Lyccenidce., excepting in the rudimentary con- dition of the anterior legs. In all other respects this family resembles the preceding. There is but one European species. 150 ERYCINIDM. Genus 1. — NEMEOBIUS, Steph. 111. Brit. Ent. liaust. i. p. 28 (1827). Melit^a et Argynnis, Auctorum. Characters. — Eyes hairy. Antennae slender, with a flattened triangular club. Head small. Thorax stout, and larger than the head. Abdomen tolerably long, and usually not entirely concealed by the wings when these are closed. The apices of the anterior wings very sharp ; the hind wings indented along the hind margin. General character of the colour and pattern of the wings closely resembling that of the Genus Melitcea. Imagines frequenting woods in the spring and autumn ; larvae feeding on Primulce and Bumices. 1. — N. Lucina, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480; Faun. Suec. 280; Esp. 16, 2; Hiib. 21, 22; Fit. B. 43, 1. Expands from IGO to 1‘25 inch. Fore wings dark brown, with three irregular transverse bands of bright orange-brown spots, that parallel to the hind margin having the greatest number and enclosing black dots. Hind wings dark brown, with a hind-marginal row of orange-brown spots, enclosing a row of black ones ; on the area of the wing are one or two small orange-brown spots. Under side : — Fore wings brown, with three rows of orange spots as al)ove, but the colour, both of the ground and of the spots, is lighter. Hind wings reddish brown, with two rows of white spots, one row near the base and the other crossing the centre of the wing ; along the hind margin is a row of black dots, one on each cell, except at the anal angle. Fringes of all the wings white, chequered with dark brown. PI. XXXIII., 1. Times of Appearance. — May and June, and again in August. Habitat. — The greater part of Western and Central Europe, the South of Sweden, North Italy and the North of the Balcans. It is exclusively a European species, frequenting open places in woods. Larva. — Eeddish brown, with a dorsal row of black dots ; the sides are brownish white with dark lines. The intersegmental NEMEOBIUS. 151 divisions are dark and well-defined ; there are tubercles on each segment emitting small bristly hairs. In shape the larva is somewhat more elongated than those of the Genus Lijcama, other- wise it resembles them, and the head is retractile as in that genus. It appears in June and September, feeding upon the leaves of Primula veris and other species of primroses. The Pupa is short and rounded, resembling that of a Lyccma ; it is yellowish white, spotted with black, and is attached by a girth round the middle. PI. XXXIII., 1. Three genera of Eriicinidce occur in North America, but none of them are close to Nemeohius. Fam. 5. — LIBYTHEID.^, Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. 412 (1851). Lemoniid.u sub -fam. Libythcein/e, Bates’ Journ. Eiit. ii. p. 176 (1864). Larva. — Cylindrical, not spiny, but with a few fine hairs. Head not retractile, but smooth and round. Pupa. — Elongated, slightly angular, and suspended by the tail alone. Imago. — With the palpi elongated to an extent very unusual amongst butterflies, forming a beak-like projection four times as long as the head. The anterior legs rudimentary in the male, but perfect in the female, a character which has induced some Ento- mologists to associate this family with the last in spite of its different larva, pupation, &c. This family, like the last, is represented in Europe by one genus and species ; the remaining species are not numerous, and with the exception of one or two, which occur in North America, are confined to the tropical regions of the Old World. 152 LIBYTHEIDM. Geuus 1. — LIBYTHEA, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807) ; Lat. Enc. Metli. ix. p. 10 (1819) ; West. Geu. Diurn. Lep. p. 412. Chaeacters. — Antennfe of moderate length, gradually becoming thick towards the tips, but without any very distinct club. The wings are large in proportion to the body, and usually of a sombre colour, and with lighter brown markings. In the only European species they are angulated and with dentate margins. 1.— L. Celtis, Esp. 87, 2, 3 (1783); Hiib. 447-9; 0. I. 2, 192; Godt. ii. 6, 5. Expands 1'50 to 1"75 in. Fore wings with a strongly marked angular projection (as in some of the Vanessce) dark brown, in some specimens nearly black, with a bright fulvous patch filling the dis- coidal cell, excepting where it is deeply notched with a dark brown triangle, having its base towards the costa ; at the termination of the discoidal cell this orange patch extends downwards and out- wards, hecoming expanded into an ovoid blotch below, which is a smaller round one ; near the costa of the wing is a round spot much lighter in colour than the rest, and below and external to it one of almost quadrate form and orange in colour. Hind wings rather rectangular in outline, with shallow indentations along the hind margin ; the ground colour is dark brown, and near the centre is a fulvous patch sometimes divided into two parts. Under side : — Fore wings much the same as above, but slightly paler. Hind wings mottled with hrown and grey, with a faint narrow white line or streak in the centre. PI. XXXII., 2. Time of Appearance. — March, and again from January to the end of July. Habitat. — The South of Europe and Asia Minor, its presence being determined by the distribution of the nettle-tree, Celtis Australis, which is the food-plant of the larva. This plant is not wild on this side of the Alps. Larva. — When full grown green, with a dark dorsal stripe, the spiracles black, the lateral stripe purplish. PI. XXXII. , 2. LIBYTHEA—CHARAXES. 153 Pupa green, with lighter dorsal and lateral stripes. The larva appears in April and July on Geltis Australis. Three species of Lihijtliea occur in North America, and are thus given hy Edwards : — 1. — L. Carinenta, Oram. ii. pi. 108. — Habitat, New Mexico, Arizona. 2. — L. Motya, Boisd. Lee. pi. 64. — Habitat, Southern States. 3. — L. Bachmaimii, Kirtland Selhnan’s Journal, xiii. p. 336. — Habitat, Middle and Western States. Earn. 6.— APATURIDiE, Boisd. Chaeactees. — Larva smooth, limaciform, the head with non- retractile horn-like appendages. In the European species green is their prevailing colour. Pupa thick in the region of the anterior abdominal segments, generally rather pointed towards the extremities, but not exhibiting angular projections or metallic spots. Suspended by the caudal end. Imago with the eyes not hairy. Antenn® long and with thick well-formed clubs. Wings large and very powerful, especially in the males. Hind margins of anterior wings, concave. Posterior wings dentated or tailed. Hiscoidal cells of the hind wings open. This family, which is separated from the one that follows, on account of the peculiar slug-shaped larvee, contains only three European species. Genus 1. — CHARAXES, Ochs. Schmett. Eur. iv. p. 18, 1816. Nymphalis, Auctonm. Chaeactees. — Larva with four short cephalic horns. Pupa rather rounded, and not tapering much towards the head. Imago, with the hind margin of the anterior wings strongly concave. Hind wings each with two long tails. x 154 APATURWM. The butterflies of this genus are all rather large, some attaining a considerable size ; the prevailing colour of the wings is rich brown and black in most of the species, though other colours are found, such as blue or wdiite. Their flight is very powerful. There are about sixty known species, all found in the Old World and chiefly in the African and Indian Eegions. The only European species inhabits those districts of South Europe and North Africa which are in immediate proximity to the Alediterranean. 1. — C. Jasius, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. in erratis ultimse, pag. ; Esp. 99, 1, 2, 104, 2, 8; 0. I. 1, 51. Jason, Hbst. T. 64, 3-5. IvHEA, Hilb. 111-4, 580-1. Unedonis, Hub. Text. p. 19. Expands 2-60 to 3'25 in. All the wings deep brown. Fore wings with an orange hind-marginal band, narrowest near the apex and divided by dark brown bars following the course of the nervures, becoming broadest near the anal angle. Internal to this band and parallel to it is a row of about six orange spots, the spots being distinctly marked near the costa and becoming very undefined as they approach the centre of the wing. Hind wings much indented and with two tails ; a hind-marginal border extends from the costa to the anal angle ; it is orange-yellow at its com- mencement, and as it approaches the anal angle it becomes strongly tinged with green ; it also becomes narrower at this part of the wing ; above this and extending inwards from the anal angle is a row of four blue spots ; external to the band is a narrow border of black which is continued into the tail. Under side : — The central area of the wings has the ground colour grey, splendidly marked with square spots and streaks of a rich maroon-red bordered with white ; a broad irregular band of white runs along the centre of the wings throughout their whole length, that is, from the costa of the fore wing to the inner margin of the hind wing ; external to this on the fore wing is a series of orange lunules, and on the hind wing a rich brown band ; next in order on all the wings comes an irregular band of grey and black, and external to this an orange APATIJRA. 155 border, that on the hind wings being again narrowly bordered with black ; on the hind wings near the anal angle is a row of violet-blue spots, the space around them being tinged with green ; the head, thorax and abdomen are stout, and the antennge long, tapering into well-marked clubs. PI. XXXIV., 1. Times of Appearance. — May and June, and August and September. Habitat. — Those countries bordering on the Mediterranean where the food-plant of the larva (Arbutus Unedo) grows wild. In Europe, the South of France (as at Heyeres, Nice, &c.), Spain and Portugal, Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Dalmatia : beyond Europe, the North of Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean. The African specimens are often very much larger than the European. This insect is very rapid in its flight, and difficult to take. Larva. — Green, head lighter, with four short horii-like appen- dages tipped with red. The seventh and ninth segments have each a lateral yellow ring centred with bluish green, and extending from the second segment to the tail is a yellow lateral line. Legs green. Pupa rather stout and rounded at the head, green in colour ; wing-cases slightly tinged with blue. (From Hubner’s figs.). The larva feeds on the strawberry-tree. Arbutus unedo. It is found from May to August. PI. XXXVL, 1. Genus 2. — APATURA, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. p. 280 (1807) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. (1850). Doxocampa, Hub. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 49 (1816). Characters. — Larva with two cephalic horns. Pupa tapering rather strongly towards the head. Imago with the hind margin of the fore wings slightly concave. Hind wings without tails, but with a dentated margin. In the two European species the wings are dark with light bands, and are shot with violet in the males. The Genus Apatura contains over forty known species ; they are all dark coloured and have generally bands of white or light colour running across the wings, and spots near the apices of the 156 APATURIDM. fore wings arranged much as in the European species. Most of the species are found in the tropical regions of Asia and South America. Some of those from the latter are very beautiful, such as for instance A. Lucasii, Doubkh, and A. Laurcntia, Godt., from the Brazils, which have their nearly black wings handed with brilliant green, changing according to the direction of the light to a line blue or purple. 1. — A. Iris, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 476; Hub. 117 -8 ; Esp. 71 -4. Expands 2-25 to 3-25 in. Fore wings dark brown, with ten white spots arranged as follows : — One oval-shaped spot rather larger than the rest in the centre of the wing, and below this a crescentiform spot with its convex side turned outwards, and then below this and nearly touching the inner margin a small round one ; external to these and near the hind margin are two round spots placed one above the other ; above and internal to these last are three costal spots placed one above the other, and external to them two small ones close to the apex. Hind wings with a broad white band running across their centre from the costa to the inner margin, broadest at its costal end, and becoming gradually narrow towards the inner margin ; on its inferior edge is a spur-like pro- jection just where the band crosses the discoidal cell ; near to the anal angle is an orange ring, the centre of which is black or bluish ; the anal angle itself is marked with orange. The wings in the male are short, with rich violet, excepting along the hind margins, which are brown, sometimes slightly tinged with fulvous. Under side of all the wings light brown, with white bands and spots arranged as on the upper surface. The fore wings are strongly tinged with reddish orange towards the costa, and towards their centre is a black spot with a bluish pupil and surrounded by an orange ring ; the hind wings are tinged with reddish brown along the edges of the white band, and the anal angle is a round l)lack spot with a bluish pupil. The clubs of the auteuna3 are black witljout orange ti})S. 1^1. XXXIV., 2. Times of Appeaeance. — June and July. Habitat. — South Western and Central Europe (including APATURA. 157 Britain, Holland, Belgium, &c., but not found in Scandanavia), in the East very sparingly, though it apparently occurs in Dalmatia and some parts of Asia Minor. Larva. — Green, slightly bluish towards the ventral surface, studded all over with minute yellow spots, each segment having a yellow line running upwards and backwards in an oblique direction. The head, which is flattened in front, has a pair of horn -like appen- dages, which are not retractile, and in colour are dark green in front and lighter posteriorly. Pupa. — Green, darkest on the wing-cases and on the ventral surface ; dorsally it is slightly tinged with yellow. PI. XXXVI., 2. The Larva feeds on the leaves of the Sallow and on several kinds of Poplar (such as Popuhis alba and P. trmida). It is full fed by the middle of June at the latest. The Imago is remarkable for its habit of frequenting oak woods, where it keeps itself at a great distance from the ground ; it may, however, sometimes be attracted by sugar, in dry weather by moisture or by decaying animal matter. VARIETY. lole, Schiff. S. V. p. 172 ; Hub. 622-3 ; Esp, 46, 1. ; Err. 385. — Beroe, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 111. The central band of white spots on the fore wings, and the white fascia of the hind wings are entirely obsolete. 2. — A. Ilia, Schiff. S. V. p. 172; Hiib. 115-6. — Iris, Esp. 11, 2 ? , 37, 1 ^ . Expands 2’0 to 2*50 in. The typical form of this species is very similar to Iris at the first glance, but on examination will be found to present many important differences ; the chief points of distinction are — 1. The presence in both sexes of an orange ring on the upper surface of the fore wings near the anal angle. 2. The white fascia of the hind wings has not, as in Ins, a spur-like projection, but is nearly straight on its outer edge. 3. The under side will be seen to difi^er in the distinctness of the markings, and the hind wings are delicately tinted with bluish 158 APATUBWM. pink or grey, especially along the hind margins. 4. The hind margins are much more indented in the female of this species than in that of Iris. Lastly, the clubs of the antennfe are tipped with yellow or orange. PI. XXXV., 1. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Part of Central Europe (including Germany, Switzerland and France), also a part of Northern Asia and Armenia . Larva. — Very similar to that of Iris, but somewhat smaller and of a yellower colour, except on the ventral surface. The cephalic horns are bordered with yellow. PuPA.^ — Somewhat rounder than that of Iris, and less pointed anteriorly. The larva is found in May, and feeds on Sallow and on several kinds of Poplar, chiefly Fopuhis alha. PI. XXXVI., 3 (from Huhner). VARIETIES. a. Clytie, Schiff. S. V. p. 321; Hiih. 113-4; Err. B. 2,1.— Iris Jhihcscens, Esq. 71, 2, 3. — Astasia, Htib. 812-3. This is the usual form of the species in some parts of Europe, the typical form only occurring occasionally ; it is smaller than the type and has the white fascia and spots replaced by yellow or orange ; sometimes the ground colour is entirely orange as in the female specimen, figured (PI. XXXV., 2). This specimen was taken on the shores of Lago Maggiore, where this extremely light form seems to be constant in the autumn brood. Habitat much more extended than that of the type ; Germany, Switzerland, France, North Italy, Finland, and Eastern and South- Eastern Europe. It is double-brooded in the South. The imago occurring in June and the end of August. h. Metis, Err. B. 67, 1, ii. p. 61 ; H.-S. 539-41. Rather like Clytie, hut the fore wings have their hind margins more deeply concave, and tlie hind wings more indented. The ocellated spot of the hind wing is altogether wanting. Habitat. — South-East Russia. (Sarepta). PL XXXV., 3. APATUEA. 159 c. Bunea, H. -S. p. 45. Like il/eiis, but with the fasciae and all the spots white, except the marginal ones, which are orange ; probably a variation of the last. Habitat. — South Eussia. (Sarepta). PI. XXXV., 4, Of the North American species of Apaturidcc, the three under- mentioned species are most nearly allied to those of Europe : — A, Idyja, Hub. Samml. Ex. Schmett. (1816). A. Alicia, Edw. Butt. N. Amer. i. (1868). A. Celtis, Boisd. Lee. Lep. Amer. Sept. p. 210 (1833). The latter two species inhabitat New Orleans and Virginia respectively. These three species remind one somewhat of A. Chjtie in colouring, but the wings in all of them are more pointed in shape, and the hind wings generally have a row of ocellated spots. The larvae are much more elongated and more Satyriform than those of the European species. Earn. 7. — NYMPHALIDv$l, Swainson, Phil. Mag. Ser. ii. vol. i. p. 187 (1847) ; West. Gen. Hiurn. Lep. p. 143 (1852). Chabactees. — Larva generally cylindrical and armed with long spines or with tubercular elevations armed with bristles. Pupa usually with angular projection and often decorated with metallic spots, always suspended by the tail. Imagines. — Middle-sized or large butterflies usually brilliantly coloured, and with the wings nearly always more or less emarginate ; the pattern of the wings in some genera greatly resembles that prevalent in the last family, as in Limenitis, Neptis, &c. ; in others there is a tendency towards a design composed of black spots on a tawny ground, as in Argijnnis and Mditcea, and in some of the Vanessce, other Vanessce are strikingly brilliant, and more varied in their coloration than any other European Butterflies. The discoidal cell of the hind wings open. The fore legs rudimentary or atrophied in both sexes. 160 NYMPH ALW/E. VVe saw among the Painlionidce a prototype of this family in the Genus Thais, all the species of which possess many nymphaloid characters both in their larval and imaginal states. This family is of wide distribution, some species, such as Vanessa Cardui, being absolutely cosmopolitan. The genera Argijnnis and Melitcea are very numerously repre- sented in Europe ; they, in fact, are almost confined to the colder and temperate region of the earth. Among the circumpolar butterflies there are more species of Argijimis than of any other genus. There are a great number of gorgeous species belonging to tropical genera of Ngmphaluke, but the brilliancy of their colouring is very nearly equalled by the common European Vanessce, such as Atalanta, lo, Urticce, &c., while the metallic decoration of Argynnis Lathonia may be said to excel in beauty that of the majority of allied tropical species. Genus 1.— LIMENITIS, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. p. 281 (1807); West. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 274 (1850). Nymphalis, Boisd. Ind. Meth. p. 14 (1809). Chaeactees. — Larva cylindrical, with tubercular excrescences covered with bristles or with branching spines. Pupa with a few angular projections, the wing-cases large. Imago. — Large or middle-sized butterflies of a dark brown or black colour, with white spots and bands. The hind margins are without angular projections, but that of the fore wing being slightly concave, whilst in the hind wing it is somewhat dentated but not markedly so. Antennae long, and with tapering clubs. Only three species occur in Europe, the Oriental Legion being the chief habitat of the genus. The Nearctic Legion also con- tains many fine and large species. 1. — L. Populi, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 476 ; Esp. 12, 1 ; Hiib. 108-10 ; Err. B. 37. Expands from 2.50 to 3 in. All the wings dark brown. Fore wings with a central row of large white spots, an oblong LLMENITIS. 161 white cliscoiclal spot and a row of three or four near the apex. Hind wings with a central white hand, narrow in the male, hut broad and distinct in the female. All the wings have the hind margin tinged with green, and with a row of orange lunules, com- plete on the hind wings, but on the fore wings interrupted towards the anal angle. Under side orange, with the spots and stripes greenish ; hind wings with a row of blackish spots parallel to the hind margin, and with the inner margins greenish grey. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Central Europe (excepting Great Britain and Holland), also the Southern parts of Scandanavia and Finland. PI. XXXVII., 1. Larva. — Green, mixed with reddish brown and yellowish white, with two rows of fleshy elevations covered with bristles. Pupa. — Dirty white ; thorax with a dark brown dorsal patch ; wing-cases dark brown. The Larva feeds on Populus alha and tremula, in May. It appears first in the autumn, and then liybernates between dead leaves. In its habits this species very much resembles Apatura Iris, frequenting the higher branches of tall trees, and occasionally descending on moist ground or attracted by carrion, &c. It is said to be much niore common in some seasons than in others. VARIETY. a. Tremulae, Esp. 114, 3, 4. This is a form of the male, in which nearly all the white markings are absent, sometimes even the apical spots scarcely appearing at all. This aberrant form may be found at the same time and in the same localities as the type. PL XXXVII., 2. 2. — L. Camilla, Schiff. S. V. p. 182 ; Hiib. 106-7 ; Godt. i. 6, 3. Lucilla, Esp. 38, 2 ; Bkh. i. 25. Expands from 1’50 to 2' 25 in. The ground colour of all the wings is bluish black, and all have a row of blue-black or purple dots running parallel to the hind margin. Fore wings with a white spot near the apex, and with a distinct white discoidal spot ; y 162 NYMPHALlD.il. 1)etween these a row of four or five spots which have no tencleiic}^ to form a continuous band. Hind wings with a centrai row of iarge white spots, in most specimens coaiescing to form a broad white hand. Under side brown, with a bright burnt sienna or iigiit red tinge on the costa and at the apices of the fore wings. The hind wings have two rows of roundish spots of this coiour running paraiiei to the hind margin, and between them is a row of hiack dots ; the base is Inoadiy liiac-biue. Aii the white markings of the upper side are visibie beneath. The head, thorax, and abdomen are hiack above and biuish white beneath. Antennae biack, except at the extreme tips, which are reddish brown. Pi. XXXVII., 3. Time of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. — Woods and bushy piaces in Southern and Centrai Europe, not further north than 51°, Western Asia and Persia. Larva. — Green, with green tubercies tipped with red. The head, iegs and ventrai surface are red ; the head is covered with white dots. It feeds on Loiiicera &c., in Alay. Obs. — This species and the next were confounded by some of the oider writers, which has ied to Camilla being erroneousiy reputed British. 3. — L. Sibylla, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 781 ; Esp. 14, 2 ; Hub. 103-5. — Caviiila, Linn. loc. cit. n. 187 ; Esp. 14, 3. Expands from 2-0 to 2-25 in., being mnch less variable in size than the last. All the wings brownish black ; the margins slightly dentate, and the fringes black and white. Fore wings with a very indistinct light brown discoidal spot ; the remaining spots have much the same arrangement as in Camilla, but show a greater ten- dency to form a band ; there is no marginal row of purple dots, but there are some faint black ones. The hind wings much resemble those of Camilla, but the white band is concave on its outer edge for about two-thirds of its length, whilst in Camilla it is straight. Under side brown, with a yellowisli or fulvous tinge instead of the red colour found in Camilla. The fore wings have a greenish grey discoidal spot. The hind wings have a double row of black spots LIMENITIS—NF.PTIS. ig;^ running parallel to the hind margin ; the base of the wings is greenish, with a pearly lustre and with some black spots which are not found in the last. Head, thorax and abdomen brownish black above, greenish white beneath. Antennae black above, with the extreme tips light brown, beneath they are fulvous. PI. XXXVIII., 1. Time of Appearance. ^ — June and July. Habitat. — Woods in Central Europe, and in Spain, Britain, and South Russia. Larva. — ^Head pinkish brown, darker laterally. Body almost cylindrical, but with the intersegmental spaces strongly marked ; the dorsal surface is rough and tuberculated, with small branched spines ; the colour on the back is dark green, the sides being paler and the tubercles yellow. The spiracles are white, and below them is a narrow white lateral stripe. The spines are pink at the tip and brown at the base ; their bristles are black. The ventral surface is apple-green, the claspers being paler and the legs brownish green. (The above description is condensed from that given in Newman’s ‘ British Butterflies ’). Pupa brown, with the wing-cases green ; the head and ventral surface are decorated with metallic spots. Time of Appearance : — ^The larva is hatched about the begin- ning of August, hybernating and appearing again in April, becoming full fed and pupating at the beginning of June. It feeds on Lonicera. Obs. — Aberrations of this and of the preceding species occur, in which the white markings are either wholly or partially absent from the upper surface, thus corresponding to the var. lole of Apatura Iris. Such a variety of L. Camilla is figured by Milliere (Ic. 1859, pi. 4, 1), and named by him Pythoiiissa. The black form of L. Sijhilla is given by Htibner (Btr. ii. 3, 1, h.) ; also in Newman’s ‘ British Butterflies.’ Specimens of this may be seen in almost every good collection of British Lepidoptera. Genus 2. — NEPTIS, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. p. 282 (1807) ; Westwood, Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 270 (1850). Characters. — Larva cylindrical with spiny excrescences. Pupa with a few angular projections. 164 XYMPHALW.E. Imago of medium size ; discoidal cell of fore wings open (in Li men it is it is closed) ; hind margin of fore wings not concave, hut rather rounded. Hind wings slightly dentate along the hind margin. Wings longer in shape than those of Linicnitis, and though in colour and the general character of their markings they greatly resemble those of that genus, they differ in having white basal spots or streaks on the fore wings. Most of the species are found in the tropical and snb-tropical regions of the Old World, principally in India. Two occur in Europe, and a few in the Amur. 1. — N. Lucilla, S. V. p. 173; Fab. Mant. 55 ; Hub. 101-2; Err. B. 13; 0. I. 1, 38. Camilla, Esp. 59, 1. (Nec Linn.). Eivulaeis, Scop. Ent. Cam. p. 165 (1763). Sappho, Kirby Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 239. Expands from 1-75 to 2 in. All the wings hrownish hlack, much the same as in L. SyhiUa. Fringes black and white. Fore wings with a I'ow of white spots arranged much as in SyhiUa, but they are rather larger and more banded ; there is an indistinct basal streak sometimes absent, and outside this one or two white spots. Hind wings with one broad white band running straight across the centre and divided into seven spots by the nervures. Under side marked as above, but the ground colour is reddish brown, and there are some indistinct whitish spots along the hind margin. PI. XXXVIII., 2. Time of Appeakance.^ — June and July. Habitat. — Damp woods in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (but not in the Balcaus) ; it occurs in Piedmont and in the Swiss Canton Tessin. It is also found in Western Asia and the Altai. Local, not common. Larva. — According to Freyer reddish brown, yellowish later- ally ; four of the segments have each two thick spines. It feeds on Spine a Sal id folia in June. NEP TIS - VA NESS A . 165 2. — N. Aceris, Lepechin, i, 203, t. 17, 5, 6 (1768-70) ; Esp. 81, 3, 4 ; 0. I., 1, 136 ; B. Ic. 18, 2. Sappho, Pall. Eels (1771). Plautilla, Hiib. 99, 100. Expands from 1*25 to 2-25 in., being more variable in size than K. Liicilla. All the wings black as in Lucilla, from wbicli it differs in the markings ; the fore wings have the white basal streak very distinct, the central row of spots more evenly and regularly placed than in the last, and near the hind margin is a row of small white spots. Hind wings pearly grey at the bases, with a broad central white band not divided into spots by the nervures ; beneath this is a narrower second band divided into five or six oblong white spots. Under side : — Markings of fore wings as above, but the ground colour is light reddish brown ; the inner margins pearly grey. Hind wings reddish brown, with two white bands as above, but between them a narrow white line and another external to them, both running parallel to the lower band ; there is a streak of white on the costa near the base and another below it and parallel to it. PI. XXXVIII., 3. Times op Appearance. — June, July and August. Habitat. — Moist woods and shaded river-banks in South- Eastern Germany, Hungary, North-Eastern Turkey, the South- East of Eussia, Central Asia, the Amur, and Japan. Scarce and local in Europe, from the Western parts of which it is quite absent. Larva. — Eeddish brown, with a paler lateral line ; the 3rd, 4th, and 11th segments have two spiny tubercles. Feeds on Orohus vernus in the spring, and again in July. Genus 3. — VANESSA, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. 281 (1807) ; Lat. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 10 (1819). PoLYGONiA, Eugonia, et Inachis, Hub. Verz. bek. Schmett. pp. 36, 37 (1816). Araschnia, Grapta, Vanessa, et Pyrameis, Auctorum. Characters. — Larva cylindrical, covered with long spines ; often gregarious, at least through some of their stages. 166 NYMPTIALIDM. Pupa with angular projections ; head double pointed, usually decorated with metallic spots. Imago middle-sized or large butterflies, with the hind margins of the wings generally very dentate or with prominent angular projections ; the upper surface of the wings is generally very bril- liantly and variously coloured, whilst their under surface is usually streaked with sombre brown, though some of the species, especially tliose referred by authors to the genera Fijrameis and Araschnia, have under sides coloured more or less brilliantly. The antennae are long and terminated by well-formed clubs, somewhat pyriform. The palpi are of moderate length and moreor less hairy. Eyes hairy. Most of the species are strong flyers, and are found in gardens, woods, fields, &c. The majority of the European species are also common ; indeed the genus is represented in every part of the world. Out of the twelve species described as European, seven occur in Britain. I have followed Staudinger in referring all the European species to the old Fabrician genus Vanessa ; the divisions commonly received by Entomological writers seem to be founded mainly on the shape and markings of the wings. They are as follows : — Akaschnia, Htib. Verz. bek. Schmett. 37 (1816) ; l)oubl. Gfen. 1). L. p. 187 (1848). — Expanse of wiugs averaging 1-25 in. Brown, spotted with black, or black with white bands. Under side with the nervures white ; inner margin of the fore wings sti-aight. Two slight projections on hind margin of fore wings and one on the hind wings. One European species, Lcvana, L. Two others closely allied from Japan and the Amur. Geapta, Boubl. Gen. B. L. p. 195 (1848). — Expanse of wings reaching 2 in. Brown, spotted with black. Under side with a distinct letter-like mark on hind wings. Inner margin of fore wiugs more or less concave ; hind margin deeply dentated ; fore wings with two and hind wings with one very prominent projection. Two European species, lAjea, V., and G. AUnim, L. Vanessa. — Boubl. Gen. B. L. p. 198 (1848). — Expanse of wings reaching 3 in. Brown, spotted with black, or variously black. VANESSA. 167 brown, blue, and yellow. Under side dark brown, sometimes with a white mark on hind wings. Inner margin of fore wings straight ; hind margins dentated ; fore wings in most species with two marked projections, and hind wings with one. Six European species : — Eohjchloros, L. ; Xanthoinelas, S. Y. ; Vau-Allmvi, W. Y. ; JJrticce, L. ; lo, L. ; and Antiopa, L. Pyeameis, Hub. Yerz. bek. Schmett. p. 32 (1816) ; Doubl. Gen. D. L. p. 202 (1849). — Expanse of wings reaching 2-75 in. Black or dark brown, banded or spotted with red or orange. Under side coloured as above, sometimes with ocelli. Fore wings black towards the apex with conspicuous white spots. Inner margins straight ; hind margins very little angulated. Hind wings rounded and scalloped. Three European species, Atalaiita, L. ; CaUirAioe, F. ; and Gar did , L. 1. — V. Levana, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480; Esp. 15, 2; Hub. 97, 98, 728-9; 0. I. 1, 132. Expands from 1-0 to 1-25 in. (the smallest species). The wings are fulvous ; fore wings with a slight projection at the anal angle, yellow on the costa ; they have several rows of small black spots towards the base and larger ones on the central area, and at the apices near which there are one or two white spots. Hind wings dentated along their hind margins, fulvous, spotted with black, and with a hind-marginal row of very small blue lunules. Fringes black and white. Under side ground colour purplish brown, the nervures white. The fore wings have a small white circle in the discoidal cell near the base, and outside this four white lines ; near the apex are some yellowish white and brown markings ; towards the anal angle are some light brown markings, and above these two pure white spots surrounded by light blue. The hind wings have an oblong white spot near the base touching the costa ; across their centre extends, from the costa to the inner margin, a brownish white band, and a line of the same colour runs parallel to the hind margin throughout its entire length, except op|)osite 168 NYMPHALIDM. the angular projection of the wing, where it is obscured by a large light blue blotch. The pattern of the under side, resulting from a combination of the white lines of the nervures and the delicately defined markings, is exceedingly intricate, and has earned for the species its common French name of “ Carte geographique.” A description is very difficult, as also is its representation in a figure. Mr. Horace Knight has done his best to represent it in the present work, and I think I may say has succeeded pretty well. PI. XXXVIII., 4. Times of Appeakance. — April and May. In this species we have a very well-marked example of sea- sonal dimorphism ; the typical form Levana, L., described above, is only found as the first brood, but the second brood differs con- siderably, and will be thus described : — Var. a. Frorsa, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480 ; Esp. 15-3, 59, 4 ; Hub. 94-6 ; Fit. B. 55. — About the same size and the same shape as Levana, hut all the wings are brownish black. Fore wings with a white central band interrupted much in the same way as that of lAinenitis Syhilla. External to this is a row of small white spots beginning near the apex ; near the anal angle is a red line, which is continued along the margin of the hind wings. Hind wings with a well-defined white band across their centre, and besides the red line mentioned above, two others, one on either side of it, less distinct. Marginal fringes black and white. Under side as in Levana, hut the ground colour is darker and the yellow spots are replaced by white ones ; the central white band is distinct, and the light blue blotches are absent. PI. XXXIX., 2. Time of Appearance. — July to September. Var. b. Forima, 0. I. 1, 134. — An intermediate form, which has the black ground colour of I’rorsa, but with the white markings and bauds yellow and much narrower. It is supposed by some entomologists (Geyer amongst others) to be a form of the second brood modified by cold weather during its earlier stages. PI. XXXIX., 1. Times of Appearance.— June and September. rj.VA’,bvsvi. IG'J Habitat. — Moist woods, tliroiigliont the greater part of Southern and Central Europe (absent from Britain and Denmark) ; it also occurs in Armenia, Southern Siberia and the Amur. Larva. — Black or dark grey, sometimes with brown stripes ; spiny, the spines being black or brownish yellow. Gregarious on Urtica dioica. Obs. — This species is to my mind much nearer to the genus Pijrameis of authors than to any of the other Vanessce. 2. — V. Egea, Cramer, Pap. Bxot. T. 78, C.D. (1778) ; Herhst. 160, 5-6. Triangulum, Fab. E. S. 125 (1793) ; 0. I. 1, 123. V-Album, Esp. 52-1 ; Bkh. i. 17. Expands from 1-75 to 2 in. The wings are pale fulvous, with black spots ; brown along the hind margins. Lore wings with two black spots touching the costa, two smaller ones in the discoidal cell, and three in the centre of the wings. Hind wings with two or three black spots towards the base. All the wings have, immediately internal to the hind-marginal brown band, a row of indistinct light crescents. The hind margins of the wings are rather deeply incised, the fore wings showing two and the hind wings one well-marked projection. The inner margin of the fore wings is concave near the anal angle. Under side of all the wings light brown, with lighter and darker streaks ; in the dis- coidal cell of the hind wings is a white mark composed of two lines, forming an acute angle like the letter V. PI. XXXIX., 3. Times of Appearance. — April to June, and again in September, the species being probably double-brooded. Habitat. — Gardens and sunny places in the South of Europe (excepting Spain, Portugal, Hungary and South Eussia). It like- wise occurs on the shores of the Caspian, in Persia, and in Asia Minor. LARva blue and spiny, second segment striped transversely with black and yellow ; said to be solitary on I’arietaria ojficinalis in July. z 170 NYMPIIALLD.E. 3.— V. C-Album, Linn. Fann. Suec. p. ‘279, n. 159 (1761); Syst. Nat. x. 1, 2, p. 778 (1767) ; Esp. Sclimett. i. 1, t. 13, f. 3 (1777); Hilb. Eur. Sclimett. i. 92, 93; H.-S. i. 159, 160 (1844). Expands from 1-80 to 2*30 in. Has all the characters of the last species intensified. The hind margins of the wings are deeply incised, presenting a jagged outline with strongly marked projections. The inner margin of the fore wings is deeply concave, much more so than in Egea. All the wings are deep fulvous, dark brown along the hind margins, varied with light brown lunules ; the black spots are larger and more intense than in V. Egea, and there is one more on the hind wing below the discoidal cell. The pattern of the under side consists of various shades of brown varied with dark green or greenish yellow. In the centre of the wings, immediately below the discoidal cell, is a very distinct white C-like mark. This species exhibits seasonal dimorphism, the vernal form having the under side light brown, almost as pale as that of V. Egea, whilst the estival form is richly variegated in the under side of the male and very dark brown in the female. The C-like mark is subject to great variation, sometimes being shaped like a Gl, and at others like an 0. XXXIX. fig. 4. (The under sides are those of males of the spring and summer broods, showing the difference in colouring). Time of Appeaeance. — Throughout the line season from April to September. Habitat. — The whole of Europe and the greater part of Northern Asia (excepting both European and Asiatic Polar Regions), also Asia Minor, Persia, and Armenia. In Great Britain it is a very local species, being chiefly found in the Western and Midland districts of England ; rare in Ireland, and altogether absent from Scotland. PL XXXIX., 4. Laeva. — Greyish brown, a whitish dorsal stripe reaching from the 7th to the 13th segment. Head with two horn-like projections. The colour of the head is black, and also that of the second seg- ment, which is covered with minute bristly warts ; the rest of the body is covered with branching spines, brown and white in colour. The spiracles are black, surrounded by white and red-brown. VANESSA. 171 Pupa angulated, brown, decorated with metallic spots on the back of the thorax. The Larva is found from June to August in this country — “ on elm, currant, sloe, hop and nettle,” Staiuton. 4. — V. Polychloros, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 477 ; Faun. Suec. 278; Esp. 13, 1 ; Hub. 81, 82. Expands from 2‘0 to 2’75 in. Hind margin of all the wings dentated ; two well-marked angular projections on the fore wings and one on the hind wings ; inner margin of fore wings straight. All the wings deep fulvous, with a dark border. The fore wings have the costa yellowish, with three large black spots ; in the centre of the wings are two smaller round ones, and below these, near to the inner margin, two others. The hind wings are darker brown at the base and clothed with hairs ; on the costa is a large triangular black spot, and along the hind margin a row of blue lunules. Under side streaked, various shades of brown darker at the bases, and having a darker line running across the centre of the wings ; the hind margins have a row of faint blue lunules. PI. XXXIX., 5. Time of Appeakance. — Throughout the year in the South ; in Britain, and the more northern parts of its area of distribution, it occurs in the spring after hybernation, its first appearance being however in the summer and autumn from July to September. Habitat.— Gardens, fields and road-sides throughout Southern and Central Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, Syria and Siberia. Lakva. — Brown, with yellowish lateral and dorsal stripes. The spines are brownish yellow. It is found from May to July on elm and sallows ; rarely in this country on cherry ; on the Continent, commonly, sometimes causing great damage. varieties. a. Testudo, Esp. 73, l.—Pijrrhomelcena, Hiib. 845-6. An aberrant form in which the spots on the fore wings are confluent. This is a peculiarity that not unfrequently occurs in this and other allied “tortoiseshells.” 172 NYMPHALIDM. h. Pyromelas, Freyer, 139, 2, p. 75. Nothing else but a small form of the species ; one meets with a similar peculiarity in the form Jo of V. lo (“ Vix nomen conservandum ” Staudinger). 5. — V. Xanthomelas, Wien. Verz. p. 125 ; Esp. 63, 4 ; Hub. 85, 86; 0. I. 1, 117. Expands from 2-0 to 2-75 in. To be distinguished from I’ohjchloros by the somewhat sharper angular projections of the hind margins, the redder ground colour of the wings ; and by the presence of a whitish spot on the apical side of the exterior costal black spot. The blue lunules on the hind wings are rather more definite than in Fohjcliloros. The under side greatly resembles that of the last species, but the markings are more defined, and tliere is on the centre of the hind wing a faint light spot. The legs are lighter than in the last species. PI. XL., 1. Time of Appeakance. — July to September. Habitat. — Woody places in the neighbourhood of willows, on which the larva feeds ; it is confined to the Eastern parts of Europe, including Germany, the North-East of Switzerland, Hungary, and Central Eussia to 60° ; it also occurs in Northern India. Laeva. — Black, with white dots, yellowish white dorsal and lateral stripes, the spines black. Gregarious on various kinds of Salix in June. 6. — V. Vau-Album, Wien. Yerz. p. 176 (1776) ; Hiib. 83, 84; Fab. Mant. 50 (1787) ; Fr. 133 ; 0. I. 1, 112 ; B. Ic. 24, 1. L-Album, Esp. 62, 3, a. b. (1780) ; Hbst. T. 62, 3, 6. Expands from 2-0 to 2’50 in. The hind margins of all the wings are much more strongly dentated than in the last two species, but the inner margin of the fore wings is straight as in those species, and not concave as in V. C-alhum. All the wings deep fulvous, with black spots similar to those of the last two species ; there are no blue lunules either on the fore or the hind VANESSA. 173 wings. The fore wings are black towards the apex, with a con- spicuous white spot. The hind wings have, near the costa, a large white spot between two black ones. Under side more varied than in the last, being dark brown towards the bases, and bluish grey varied with brown and green from the centre of the wings nearly to the hind margins, which are darker. On the hind wings, immediately below the discoidal cell, is a whitish letter- like mark, not so distinct as in V. Egea or G- Album. PI. XL., 2. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Woods, &c., in the East of Europe, namely, North-Eastern and East-Central Germany, Hungary, &c. ; Central Kussia to 60°, and Northern Asia. Larva brownish red, with a dark dorsal line and yellowish white lateral stripes ; the spines are yellowish with darker tips. Gregarious on poplar and sallow in June. 7. — V. Urticae, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 477 ; Esp. 13, 2 ; Hub. 87-9 : 0. I. 1, 120. Expands from 2’0 to 2‘30 in. Hind margins of all the wings dentate. The fore wings have only one angular projection, that near the anal angle being absent in this species. All the wings are reddish orange, with rather narrow dark border inclosing a row of bright blue lunules. The fore wings have three black spots on the costa, two small ones in the centre and one larger one on the inner margin, not two as in the preceding sjiecies ; the space between the costal spot is yellow ; external to the third one is a white spot ; there is also a yellow patch external to the inner-mar- ginal spot. Hind wings blackish at the base, on the costa a large black spot with a yellow patch placed externally to it. Under side : The markings have much the character of those of the preceding- species, but are much lighter ; the figure very accurately represents them. PI. XL., 3. Time of Appearance. — Throughout the year in the South of Europe ; all through the fine season in Britain and the more Northern regions. 174 NYMPHALID.E. Habitat. — G-arclens, fields, waste places, in fact almost any kind of country tlirongliont the whole of Europe and North Asia ; it is, however, absent from North America and from North Africa ; in Britain it is about the most widely distributed, and one of the commonest butterflies, occurring everywhere. Laeva yellowish grey, with a black dorsal line and with a broad brown lateral stripe, beneath which is a yellow line. The head and spines are black. It feeds on the common nettle (Urtica dioica) in June and July. Obs. — V. Urticce is subject to a great many variations in the arrangement of spots and in the breadth of the dark marginal band ; indeed it would he possible to fill a dozen plates with figures of aberrations of this kind. I have had many beautiful and interesting specimens kindly brought to my notice by Ento- mologists, and I only regret that want of space prevents their being figured in the present work. VAEIETIES. a. Turcica, Staudinger, Cat. p. 16 (1871). Inhabits the Balcan provinces and Asia Minor, and is intermediate between the typical form and the next ; it is redder in colour than the type, has the two small central spots nearly absent, and the yellow patch on the inner margin is wanting. The eyes are red instead of brown. PI. XL., 4. h. Ichnusa, Bon. descr. t. 3, 2 ; Dup. i. 23, 4 ; B. Ic. 24, 2 ; Hub. 840; Kbr. Ann. Soc. Fr. (1832), pi. 7, 3. This important variety or sub-species differs from the type in the shape of the wings as well as in the markings ; the wings are much less angu- lated than in true Urticce, the central and inner-marginal spots are either entirely absent or very nearly so. The under side is more strongly marked. PI. XL., 5. Habitat. — Corsica and Sardinia. Obs. — Varieties of Urticce sometimes occur in Britain and else- where, in which the dorsal and median spots are in abeyance on the fore wings, but these have not the same outline as the true Jditnisa which is confined to the above islands. 175 c. Polaris, Standinger, Cat. p. 16, 1871. — Urticce, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, 345. This is a constant Polar form of the insect in which the wings are very dusky, the inner-marginal or dorsal spot being joined to the costal spot. 8. — V. lo, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 472 ; Faun. Siiec. 274; Esp. 5, 2 ; Hub. 77, 78 ; 0. I. 1, 107. Expands from 1‘75 to 2-75 in. All the wings are dull red, with the hind margins brown. The fore wings have two black costal marks, external to which is a large eye-like spot composed of various colours, principally blue, and below this two small spots of light blue. The hind wings have a large blue and black eye surrounded by light brown. The under side is very dark brown, varied with nearly black lines. PI. XLI., 1. Time of Appearance. — April to October ; the imagines hyber- nating. Habitat. — Gardens, woods, &c., throughout Europe, with the exception of the Polar Piegions, Andalusia, and Sicily ; it is also found throughout temperate North Asia and Asia Alinor ; common in England, and well known as the “ Peacock ” ; scarce in Scotland. Larva. — Black, with minute white spots and covered with black spines. Feeds on the common nettle, Urtica dioica, from June to August. VARIETIES. a. loides, 0. I. 1, 109. A small form of the insect not confined to any particular locality. b. Sardoa, Stand. Cat. p. 16, 1871. A variety found in the Island of Sardinia, and differing from the type in being larger and more deeply coloured. 176 NYMPHALW.E. 9. — V. Antiopa, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 476; Faun. Suec. 277 ; Esp. 12, 2; Hiib. 79, 80; 0. I. 1, 110. Expands from 2-30 to 3-30 in. Wings with strongly marked angular projections ; reddish brown, with a purplish tinge. Hind margins broadly white or light yellow ; internal to this light border is a narrower deep black one enclosing a row of conspicuous blue or lilac spots. The fore wings have two whitish costal spots, and at the basal end of the costa a row of small white dots. Under side dark brown varied with black, and with a broad whitish hind-marginal border. PI. XLI., 2. Times of Appeakance. — From the beginning of August to the middle of October, and again from March to May, after hyberna- tion in the colder regions of its distribution ; in the warmer countries it is on the wing nearly throughout the year. Habitat. — Woods, gardens, river-banks, &c., throughout the greater part of the Northern Hemisphere, occurring throughout Europe with the exception of Andalusia and the Piussian Steppes, Northern Asia, Asia Minor, North Africa, and North and Central America ; in some parts of Europe, as in Britain, it is rare or very capricious in its appearance ; in other countries, as in Switzerland for example, it is as common as V. lo or Atalanta ; I have seen it in the streets of Paris. Lakva. — Black, with white dots ; from the fifth to the eleventh segments is a row of dorsal light red spots. The spines are black or dark brown ; it feeds on Salix alha, sometimes on nettle or on birch, in the spring and early summer. aberration. a. Hygisea, Hdrch. Cat. p. 7. — Antiojia, Htib. 933 ; Fr. 145. — An aberration occurring occasionally in the same localities as the typical form. The white or light yellow hind-marginal band is very broad, and the blue spots are either completely or partially absent. This form, which is very rare, has occurred in Britain, but seems to be commoner in North America than in Europe. 177 10. — V. Atalanta, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 478; Esp. 14,1; Hub. 75, 76 ; 0. I. 1, 104 ; Fit. 181. Expands from 2'50 to 2*80 in. Fore wings very little angulated. All the wing's black ; fore wings with one large and five small white spots towards the apex, and crossed in the centre by a brilliant scarlet-red band. Hind wings with a broad hind-marginal band of brilliant red enclosing four black spots ; at the anal angle is a blue spot surmounted by a black crescent. Marginal fringes black and white. Under side : The hind wings are variously mottled with different tints of grey, brown, purple, and blue, the red bauds appearing of a lighter colour than above ; the entire pattern of the under side is very intricate and difficult to describe. PI. XLI., 3. Times of Appeaeance. — June to October, and after hyberna- tion, in the spring. Habitat. — Woods and gardens throughout Europe (with the exception of the Polar Eegions), Asia Minor and North Africa ; it also occurs in North America. In India and China it is replaced by the next species which is closely allied, and in New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands there are also species very much resem- bling it with black red-banded wings. (F. Cordelia, Houbh, and V. Gonerilla, Fabr.). Larva. — Greenish grey sprinkled with black, and with a pale yellow lateral line. The legs are shining black ; the claspers reddish brown ; spines black or reddish brown ; very variable in colouration. Feeds on the common nettle {Urtica dioica) in June and July. Pupa angulated, yellowish grey varied with brown or purple, and decorated on the thorax with metallic spots, as is usual in this genus. 11. — V. Callirhoe, Fab. Syst. Ent. 473 (1775) ; Mill. Icon. PI. 88, i. p. 354. Atalanta Indica, Hbst. T. 180, 1, 2. VuLCANicA, Godt. Encyc. Meth. ix. 320. Expands from 2’25 to 2*50 in. Close to Atalanta, but rather smaller ; and the red band of the fore wings is larger, more sinuous, and of a deeper red ; it is also marked on its internal edge with 2 A 178 NYMPUALIDM. three black indentations of ditferent sizes. The white spots at the apex are smaller than in Atalanta. The markings of the under side differ somewhat from those of Atalanta, as will be seen in the ligure, the most notable difference being the almost entire obliteration of the light yellow patch on the costa of the hind wings. PI. XLII., 1. Time op Appeaeance. — August. Habitat. — China and Northern India ; the Canaries, chiefly the Isle of Teiierifle, whence it has been imported and has become acclimatised in the South of Portugal and Andalusia ; so that it is now always considered a European butterfly, being included in Staudiuger’s Catalogue and in that of Berce. Lakva. — Undescribed. Milliere savs it feeds on nettles, like that of Atalanta. Obs. — Never having seen a European example of this species, I am obliged to make use of Alilliere’s representation of a Portuguese example received from I)r. Staudinger. 12. — V. Cardui, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 475; Esp. 10, 3; Hiib. 75, 76; 0. I. 1, 102. Expands from 2 to 2‘80 in. All the wings are jiale reddish orange, sometimes with pinkish tinge, spotted and mottled with black; bases blackish. The fore wings are black at the apex, with four or live white spots. The hind wings have two rows of black spots running parallel to the hind margin. Under side : The fore wings are pink, the apex grey, tinged with yellow, and with large white spots. The hind wings are yellowish grey, marbled with different colours, and with several white spots, a triangular one in the centre being the most conspicuous. Along the bind margin is a blue line, interrupted with yellowish white ; and internal to this a row of dark blue eyes in pale rings, outlined with dark brown. PI. XLIL, 2. Times OF Appeaeance. — March to June, after hybernation; and from July to the end of autumn. Habitat. — A truly cosmopolitan species, being found in every })art of the world, excepting i)erhaj)S the Polar regions. It occurs MELir.EA . 179 Oil high iiioiiiitains, in valleys, plains, woods, lields, &c. As a Biitisli insect it is extremely capricious in its appearance, some- times not being seen for some years and then suddenly appearing in great numbers more or less tlirongliont the country. It appears to be very fond of clover-fields and of ivy-liloom in the autumn. Larva. — “The colour of the bead is dull black; the dorsal surface of the body is black ; the spines paler, with black tips and branches ; the hairs are white ; the skinfold separating the dorsal and ventral surface is yellow ; the ventral surface, legs, and claspers are pitchy red ; the spiracles above the skinfold are pale in the middle, then surrounded with black, then again with paler ; In many individuals the dorsal surface is irrorated with yellowish white dots, which are more conspicuously collected in a double series along the back, interrupted by a narrow medio-dorsal stripe intensely black ; in these examples the bulbous base of each spine is pitchy red.” — Newman, Brit. Butt., page Go. Pupa. — Yellowish grey, striped with brown, and with metallic gold-coloured decorations. The Larva feeds on various species of Carduus, generally the common held-thistle. Genus 4. — MELIT.^A, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. p. 284 (1807) ; Doubl. Gen. D. L. p. 177 (1848). Argynnis, Lat. Larvae covered with spine-bearing tubercles ; they are gre- garious under a common web until after hybernation ; they feed on various low plants, such as Scahiosa, Flautayo, and Veronica. Pupae short and thick, not angulated as in Vanessa, blunt anteriorly ; they are without metallic markings, but generally spotted with black or yellowish. Imagines usually below the medium size. The wings are sub- denticnlate, not angled; the discoidal cell of the fore wings generally half closed, that of the hind wings open ; in colour the wings are fulvous, generally brightly so, with black square spots arranged in transverse rows. The hind wings have on their under side a central band of pale yellow, sometimes broken up into detached 180 NYMPHALIlKE. spots ; there are always similarly-coloured spots clustered near the base of the wing, and a row placed along the hind margin. The antemiffi are long and slender, with pyriform clubs-- rounded at the apex in living specimens. The eyes are smooth. The palpi are generally longer than the head and are hairy, especially on the middle articulation. This genus is confined to the Pal^earctic and Nearctic regions; in the latter its range is restricted to the South Western States. The genus MeliUva is full of difficulties for the zoologist, as the exact limits of species and varieties have not yet been satis- factorily determined ; the local forms of some of the species are very numerous and perplexing, and in many instances are no doubt S})ecifically distinct. Staudinger gives sixteen species as being found in Europe ; these for the sake of convenience may be divided into three groups, of which our three British species, 31. Aurinia, Cinxia, and AthaJia may be taken as representatives respectively. 1st Group. Central light band of under side hind wings not spotted : — 31. Cipitliia, Idiuia, 31aturna, Aurinia, Ba’t.ica. ‘2ud Group. Central light band of under side hind wings with a row of black spots: — 31. Cinxia, Arduinna, I’lurhe, Trivia, Vidijina. 3rd Group. Central light hand broken up into distinct blotches, without black spots, but more or less varied with white or very pale yellow, and almost coalescing with the basal spots, which are large : — 31. Dictijnna, Deiotie, Atlialia, Aurelia, Tartlmiie, Asteria. 1. — M. Cynthia, Hub. 569, 570 (fceiii.), 608-9 (mas.); 0. 1. 1, 21 ; Hup. 1, 21, 25 ; Err. 247. Expands from 1-40 to 1*50 in. The male has all the wings white, with a bluish gloss ; the hind margins are broadly dark brown, with rows of large reddish fulvous spots, forming a double band on the fore wings, and a single one enclosing a row of black dots on the hind wings. Tlie bases are blackish ; the fore wings have two reddish discoidal patches, and external to these a short black band. The hind wings have an irregularly-shaped basal MELIT.EA. lai blotch of reddish brown, enclosing two white spots. The female has all the wings dull fulvous ; the bases are blackish. Fore wings with two dusky bands and two spots in the discoidal cell, brighter fulvous than the rest of the wing. Hind wings like those of the male, but dull fulvous instead of white. Under side : all the markings have a cloudy appearance ; the fore wings are dull white in the male, fulvous in the female, with bright fulvous markings. The hind wings are bright fulvous, with a central white baud, and externally to this a reddish fulvous one enclosing a row of black spots ; hind-margiiial and basal spots white. PI. XLIL, 3. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — Pastures in the higher Alps of Switzerland and North Italy. Larva. — Black, with greenish yellow rings and yellowish lateral stripes ; the spines are black, and the head brownish. It feeds on several species of plantain in June. 2. — M. Iduna, Halm. Pap. Suec. p. 75, n. 2 (1816); Fit. 611, 1, 2; Wallengren, Scandinaviie Khopalocera, p. 70. Maturna, Hub. 600-1, 807-8. Expands from 1'16 to 1-30 in. Wings dull ivory-white, hind margins narrowly dark brown ; nervures rather strongly black ; bases dark brown. Fore wings with a broad fulvous band placed parallel to the hind margin ; internal to this is a narrow waved dusky band; in the discoidal cell are two bright fulvous spots bordered with black, and another immediately below them at the base. Hind wings with a bright fulvous band placed similarly to that of the fore wings, and not spotted as in Cynthia; near the base is a large fulvous patch enclosing a white spot. Under side: Very similar to that of Af. Cynthia, but more distinctly marked, and with the markings much more distinct ; the fulvous baud of the hind wings is without black spots ; head, thorax, and abdomen black above, fulvous beneath ; antennas black and white, clubs black, with the apices fulvous ; palpi with black and fulvous hairs. The female is somewhat larger than the male, and has the wings less marked with white. PI. XLIL, 4. 18-2 NYMPHATAD.E. Time of Appearance. — -Tiily. Habitat. — Lapland (at Qnickjock, ]Valle)i(ireii) ; a rare and local species -supposed by some to be a variety of the following, but apparently perfectly distinct. Besides Lapland, Staudinger gives the Altai as a habitat for this species. Larva. — Unknown. 3. — M. Maturna, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480; Faun. Suec. 280; Hbst. 275, L4; Fit. 307; H. S. 132. Cynthia, Esp. 37, 2 ; Hiib. 1, 2. Expands from 1-45 to 1-75 in. All the wings bright reddish fulvous, blackish at the base. The hind margins are black, and have immediately internal to them a row of black crescentic spots. The fore wings have several rows of coalescing spots of a light yellow colour, surrounded by black. The hind wings have spots of a similar character, and also some near the base. Under side of all the wings bright reddish fulvous, with a hind-marginal row of crescentic yellow spots ; fore wings whth a patch of wdiitish yellow extending across the centre of the wings from the costa ; in the discoidal cell are two yellow spots, the external one being surrounded with black. Hind wdngs with a very distinct and broad light yellow band running across their centre, divided throughout its whole length by a narrow black line, but not spotted ; midway between this and the base are three or four irregularly-shaped light yellow spots, and at the base is a similar ly-colonied smaller one. Head, thorax, and abdomen black above, bright fulvous beneath ; antennae tipped with fulvous. The female is larger than the male, and somewhat brighter on account of the black markings not being so distinct. PI. XLIII., 1. Time op Appearance. — June. Habitat. — Open places in woods throughout Central Europe (excepting Great Britain and Denmark), the South of Sweden, Bussia (excepting the l^olar portions), and Central Asia to the Altai. Larva. — Black ; head and spines black, wdth pale yellow spots arranged in three rows. On plantain and scabious in May. MEIJT.EA. 183 VARIETY. Uralensis, Ld. in Coll.; Stgr. Cat. p. 17. “ Albo-nigro- rafot|ne variegata, transitus ad Idunam.” — Stand. Habitat. — The Ural. I have not seen a specimen. 4. — M. Aurinia, Rott. Natiirf. vi. p. 5 (1775). Artemis, S. V. (1776) ; Hiib. 4-6, 653 ; Lewin, Ins. T. 15, 1-4; Frr. B. 7 ; H. S. 364-5, ab. Maturna, Esp. 16, 2, 41, 3. Lye, Bgst. Nom. T. 82, 4, 5. Expands from 1-30 to 2-16 in. Wings reddish fulvous, with lightish yellow spots surrounded by black. The hind margins of all the wings with a row of brownish lunules, external to which is a very narrow black border. Under side glossy (whence the common English name of the insect, “Greasy fritillary”), much duller and less distinct than in Matiima, the yellow spots on the fore wings being scarcely visible. The hind wings have a central light band and light basal spots ; along the hind margin is a row of light lunules, and between these and the central band a row of light spots enclosing black dots. PI. XLIII., 2. Times of Appearance. — May to August. Habitat. — Marshy meadows in Central and Northern Europe (excepting the Polar regions), and in Armenia. Larva. — Black, with a lateral row of white dots ; the head as well as the spine black ; legs reddish. Pupa. — Light yellow, spotted with black; the wing-cases white. It feeds on plantain, scabious, &c., from April to September. varieties. a. Merope, Prun. Lep. Ped. p. 73, 0. iv. 104 ; Hup. 1, 21, 1 ; B. Ic. 22, t. 7 ; Frr. 13, 1 ; H. S. 134-5. Expands from 1-20 to 1-40 in. Much duller than the typical form, being clouded with yellowish or greenish brown, and showing but few fulvous spots ; the wings have thus a dark appearance. PI. XLIII., 3. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — The higher Alps of Switzerland and North Italy; perhaps also the Altai. 184 NYMPHALWM. h. Provincialis, Boisd. Gen. p. 20. — Maturna, Vur. Esp. 97, 4, Suppl. 1, p. 23. Larger than the type, the females measuring more than 2‘7o in. Paler and more uniform in colour, the bands being brown instead of yellow. The hind wings have along their hind margin a row of white lunules. The under side has the markings much more distinct than in the type, especially the light central band of the hind wings. The var. Provincialis replaces true Aurinia in the South of France, Piedmont, Dalmatia, and Bithynia. PI. XLIIL, 5. N.B. — In the lettering at the foot of pi. 43, the numbers belonging to the figures of var. Provincialis and Desfontainii have unfortunately been transposed. Figure 5 correctly represents Provincialis, and fig. 4 Desfontainii. c. Desfontainii, Godt. Enc. Meth. p. 278 ; Ramb. Cat. And. PI. I. 1, 2. — Beckeri, Ld. 2, b. V. 1852, p. 39. — Desfontainesii, H. S. 1, 2. Somewhat larger than the type, but not so large as the last. The wings are very rich dark brownish fulvous, the yellow bauds being more distinct than in Provincialis. The hind wings have brown, and not white, hind-marginal lunules. The markings of the under side are very distinct, somewhat as in the last. This form of the species is found in Spain and Portugal, and has been often confounded with the next species, from which, however, it is perfectly distinct. PI. XLIII., 4, vide supra. d. Orientalis, H. S. 265-6. — Artemis var. Fit. 571, 1. — Sureptana, Stgr. Somewhat more varied in colour than the type, and paler on the under side. Habitat. — South Russia (Sarepta) ; also Asia Minor. 5. — M. Boetica, Rambr. Cat. S. And. p. 11, pi. I. 3, 4. Desfontainesii, H. S. 569-70 ; Kirby, Man. Europ. Butt, p. 24. Desfontainesi, B. Ic. 23, 1, 2. Expands from 1‘80 to 2’25 in. All the wings bright fulvous ; fore wings with two narrow bauds of rather bright yellow, edged with black as in the allied species ; hind margin dark brown, with a row of yellow crescentic spots ; internal to this a row of indistinct MELIT.EA. 185 yellow dots or spots. Hind wings as in Aurinia, bnt the yellow band more decided and brighter ; the hind margin has a row ot yellow spots. Under side not so glossy as in Aurinia. Fore wings somewhat resembling that species in markings, but much lighter, the light markings being nearly white ; the black spots are very distinct. Hind wings very light, with the markings indistinct and diffused, and quite unlike any of the allied species. Head, body, antennge, palpi, &c., as in the last species. PI. XLIII., 6. Time of Appearance. — June. Habitat. — Andalusia, very local. Larva. — Not described. 6. — M. Cinxia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 480 ; Hufn. B. Mag. ii. p. 66 (1766); Frr. B. 103. Cinxia major, Esp. 25, 2. Delia, Bkh. i. 50, ii. 193, fig. 9, 10; Hbst. 276, 5-8; Wallengr. Bhopal. Scand. 73. Filoselle, Esp. 47, 3. Expands from 1-50 to 2*0 in. All the wings fulvous, with a network of black spots and lines ; the hind margins black ; fringes spotted black and white. Under side : Fore wings pale fulvous, with a few small black spots ; apex pale yellow. Hind wings with three pale yellow bands, and two of a bright fulvous colour. All the pale yellow bands with a row of black spots. PI. XLIV., 1. Times of Appearance. — May and June, and again in August. Habitat. — Europe generally (excepting the Polar regions and the southern part of the Spanish Peninsula) ; also Asia Minor, Armenia, and Siberia, frequenting meadows. In Britain it is extremely local, being found only in the South of England, near the sea-shore. (“ Glanville Fritillary.”) Larva. — Black, dotted with white in transverse rows ; the spines are black ; the head and legs reddish brown. Pupa. — Orange-brown, dotted with black. The Larva feeds on Hieraciuni, Pilosella, Veronica, and Plantago, in May and June, and from August to September. 2 B 186 NYMPHALIDM. 7.— M. Arduinna, Esp. 87, 4 (1783), ii. p. 169; Hbst. 276, 9, 10; Err. 277, 1 ; H. S. 319-21. Uralensis, L. V. Lep. Ross. p. 77, T. x. 1, 2. Expands from 1-50 to 2-0 in. Wings brighter fulvous than in Cinxia. Black markings more in the form of spots than of a reticulation, and less numerous ; otherwise having very little the character of those of that species. Under side : Fore wings with a distinct central row of black spots ; the apical patch of light yellow extending for some distance along the hind margin Hind wings greatly resembling those of Cinxia, but the hasal light band is more broken up ; the central band broader ; the hind-marginal band without black spots, the absence of which at once distinguishes this species from the last. PI. XLIV., 2. Times of Appearance. — May and June. Habitat. — Very limited. The South-Western Ural, Armenia, Siberia, Northern Turkey, and Croatia. 8. — M. Phoebe, Knoch. Btr. hi. 124 (1783); Fab. Mant. 58; Hub. 13, 14, 0. I. 1, 39 ; Err. 325 ; H. S. 263-4. CoRYTHALLiA, Esp. 61, 4, 5, 72, 2. Athali^e Var. Esp. 61, 6. Expands from 1-50 to 2-0 in. The fore wings fulvous, much duller than in the preceding species, with several rows of black spots arranged in lines. Hind wings black, with four rows of fulvous spots, and a group of fulvous patches near the base. Under side ; Fore wings much as in the last, but paler fulvous ; and the apical light markings are generally yellower. Hind wings fulvous, with yellowish white bands ; the central band is more irregular than in the preceding species, and has a row of black spots running at first along its centre from the costa and then touching its basal edge. On its hind-marginal side the pale band extends lieyond the usual edging of black spots, which thus appear on the light band as another row. The fulvous band between this and the hind-marginal light band is very narrow, and the hind- marginal band itself is not spotted. PI. XLIV., 3. Times of Appearance. — May to August. MKLIT.EA. 187 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe (except North Germany and the British Isles), Western Asia, the Altai, the Amur, and North Africa. Local, frequenting meadows near woods. Larva. — Black, spotted with white, and with a lateral band brown or fulvous. Spines black, except those on the fulvous band, which are fulvous. The ventral surface is reddish grey (Guenee). It feeds on Centaurea jacea from May to September. VARIETIES. a. ./^^theria, Ev. Lep. Ross. p. 73, pi. ix., 5, 6. Generally some- what larger than the type, though not so in the case of the specimen figured in the present work. Much paler in colour, and with fewer spots. It occurs in South-East Russia, and Siberia. PI. XLIV., 4. h. Caucasica, Stg. Hor. 1870, p. 29, T. 1, 2. A variety figured by Staudinger from Armenia and Greece. Larger and darker than the type. c. Occitanica, Stg. Cat. p. 18. Mentioned in Staudinger’s Catalogue, with this note, “ Forma magis variegata,” and with the habitat, Italy. d. iEtherie, Hiib. 875-8. As may be seen by Hlibner’s figure, a more uuicolorous and deeper coloured form of the species — probably originating in North Africa, but now found on the sea- coast of Andalusia, as well as on the African side of the Mediterranean. 9.— M. Trivia, Schiff. S. V. P. 179; 0. I. 1, 36; Err. B. 91; Hiib. 11, 12. Iphigenia, Esp. 77, 1, 2; Bkh. i. 61. Expands from 1-35 to 1-60 in. All the wings deep reddish fulvous, bases blackish. Fore wings with a double hind-marginal row of black crescents, a central row of black spots, and some less distinct black markings near the base. Hind wings similarly marked, there being three rows of black spots, besides some basal marks, and a black hind-marginal border. Under side marked as in Cinxia ; but the colour is much deeper, and all the markings are 188 NYMPHALIDM. more distinct ; the light apical patch of the fore wing extends almost along the whole length of the hind margin ; the black spots are very strongly marked. Hind wings deep reddish fulvous, with three straw-coloured hands spotted with black. PI. XLIV., 5. Times of Appeaeance. — June to jiugust. Habitat. — South-Eastern Europe, and Siberia ; Western Asia, and the Amur. Lakva. — Grey, with bluish grey spots mixed with brown ones. Head red, with black dots ; legs white, with black spots ; spines reddish, tipped with white (Guenee). Feeds on Verhascuin Thapsiis and other kinds of mullein in June. VARIETIES. a. Fascelis, Esp. ii. p. 171; 0. iv. 107 ; Hiib. 871-2. — Larger than the typical form, the female having the wings dusky. A variety of the spring brood found in South Russia (Sarepta). h. Nana, Stand. Cat. p. 18; Phaihe, Esp. 88, 5, 6 (1783); P'ascelis, Hiib. 873-4. — Smaller than the type, only having about two-thirds of its expanse; it is also much paler, having the ground colour of the wings pale fulvous. It inhabits the South of Turkey and other places in the South-East of Europe, occurring as the second brood. 10.— M. Didyma, 0. I. 1, 30; Err. B. 85, 104, 1, 2; H. S. 560-2; Esp. 61, 1. Expands from 1-35 to 1‘60 in. All the wings deep reddish fulvous. Hind margins black. The male has on the fore wings a row of crescentic black spots running parallel to the hind margin, a somewhat irregular central row ; there is a black discoidal mark, almost ring-shaped, and some basal spots. Hind wings with a hind-marginal row of black spots, and some black basal patches and spots. The female is slightly duller in colour ; and the fore wings have a faint row of spots between the hind-marginal and central rows, and traces of a similar row on the hind wings. Under side almost exactly as in Trivia, but not so brilliant in colour or so strongly marked ; the aj)ical light patch of the fore wings does not extend along the hind margin as in that species. MELIT.^A. 189 Obs. — The female figured in this work is taken from a Swiss specimen, and is rather duller than usual ; it in fact approaches somewhat to the var. Alpina. The species is very variable, especially as regards the female, there being a tendency, especially in the southern forms, towards a dark coloration in that sex, as will be seen in the descriptions of varieties. PL XLIV., 6.* Times of Appearance.- — June and August. Habitat. — Germany, Switzerland, France, and Hungary. In the more southern and eastern portions of its habitat the species varies greatly, as will be seen by the long list of varieties. Larva. — Bluish grey, with white dots and black bands ; lateral stripes yellow ; spines white and fulvous. Feeds on plantain, Ac., from April to June. VARIETIES. a. Alpina, Stand. Cat. p. 8; Fascelis, var. H. S. 267-8. — The common alpine form of the insect in which the female has the fore wings clouded with a dusky greenish colour, the hind wings being of the normal colour. Habitat. — Switzerland, in the higher alpine regions. h. Meridionalis, Stand. Cat. Hor. 1870, 60. — The male deeper fulvous ; the female clouded with grey, especially on the fore wings. This is a common Southern form of the species. Habitat. — Sicily, Turkey, Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria. c. Neera, F. de W. Bull. In. 1840, p. 31 ; Didijma var. H. S, 133. — Male deeper fulvous, and with fewer spots than the type. (PI. XLIV., 7). Female pale fulvous or greenish. Habitat. — South Eussia (Sarepta). d. Graeca, Stand. Hor. 1870, 60, T. 1, 3. — Male deeper fulvous, with a broad black border ; female generally suffused with greenish grey. Habitat. — Greece. e. Caucasica, Stand. Cat. ; Trivia var. H. S. 588-90. — Larger than the type, both sexes deeper fulvous ; the female with white spots on the costa of the fore wings near the apex. Habitat. — Armenia and the Caucasus. * Wrongly written 5 at foot of Plate XLIV, 190 NYMPHALW.E. f. Occidentalis, Stand. Cat. Hor. 1870, 60 ; Ginxia, Hub. 869-70 ; 'Frivia, var. H. S. 326-7. — Differs from the type only in being of a lighter fulvous in both sexes. Habitat. — South-Western Europe, Dalmatia, Armenia, and North Africa. g. Persea, Koll. Ins. Pers. p. 11 ; Dalmatina, Stand. Cat. Hor. 1870, 60. — Something like the last, but smaller, both sexes being pale fulvous and having very few spots, as in the Russian var. Neera. Habitat. — Dalmatia and Persia. 11. — M. Dictynna, Esp. i. 1, 48, 2 a, b (1799); Godt. i. 4, 3 ; Err. 319. Cokythalia, Hilb. 15, 16. Expands from 1-25 to 1'50 in. Male: Fore wings dark blackish brown, with three rows of fulvous spots, and several basal spots of the same colour. Hind wings black, with two rows of fulvous spots. Female : Fore wings fulvous, with black bands ; hind wings black, with three rows of light fulvous spots, sometimes nearly white. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, with a few black spots, and some yellowish ones at the apex. Hind wings straw- colour, with a central row of light spots, some of them white, and almost as bright as those met with in the small species of Arggnnis ; on either side of this row is a bright brown band, that nearest the hind margin being the broadest. Marginal fringes brown and white. PI. XLV., 1. Times of Appeaeance. — June to the middle or end of August. Habitat. — Meadows and open places in woods, in Central Europe (with the exception of Great Britain), Southern Scandi- navia, Dalmatia, Turkey, and South Russia. Larva. — Dark brown, with bluish grey dots, and with a black dorsal line. The spines are reddish brown, with black tips. Head black, with greyish blue spots. It feeds on Veronica in May. MELITMA. 191 12. — M. Deione, H.-G. 937-40; Dup. i. p. 276, pi. 44, 1, 2. Expands from 1‘50 to 1’75 in. Wings orange-fulvous, the nervures distinctly marked ; bases of all the wings black ; hind margins narrowly black ; marginal fringes black and pale yellow. Fore wings with three narrow black bands running across from the costa to the inner margin ; near the base are also several narrow black lines. Hind wings marked in a similar manner to the fore wings, having three narrow wavy black bands and some basal lines. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, with some semilunar spots near the apex ; pale yellow, narrowly edged with black ; three or four black spots in the centre of the wings near the costa, and one large one near the inner margin ; in the discoidal cell are several black lines. Hind wings pale fulvous, with two broad straw-coloured bands, the central one having a row of very faint black spots ; along its centre there are four or five large straw-coloured spots, narrowly edged with black near the base. PI. XLV., 2. Time or Appeaeance. — June. Habitat. — ^The South of France and Andalusia. Lakva. — Undescribed. 13. — M. Athalia, Eott. Naturf. vi. p. 5 (1775) ; Esp. 47, 1, a, b, I. p. 377 ; 0. I. 1, 44; Err. B. 49. Matuena, Hiib. 17, 18. Leucippe, Schn. Syst. B. p. 209, a, b ; Bkh. ii. 197. Expands from 1-50 to 1-75 in. All the wings deep brownish fulvous, with black markings arranged as in the last species, but much broader, the whole insect having a darker appearance. Under side : Fore wings pale fulvous, a row of black spots running across the wing near its centre, several black lines and spots internal to this ; near the apex and along the greater part of the costa is a patch of straw-coloured spots. Hind wings with the light bands very broad, the central one often nearly white, without spots. PI. XLV., 3. Times of Appearance, — May to the end of August. Habitat. — Woods and meadows near woods throughout Europe ; Asia Minor, in the mountainous parts of Armenia, and Siberia. Local in Britain. (“ Heath Fritillary.”) 192 NYMPHALWM. Laeva. — Black, dotted with white ; head and prolegs black ; spines rust-coloured (Bup.) Feeds on Plantago, &c., in May and September. The following aberrations have been named : — a. Corythalia, Hiib. Btr. ii. 2, T. 3. — The fore wings more broadly fulvous than in the type. b. Navarina, Selys-Longchamps, Catalogue des lepidopteres de la Belgique, Liege, 1837, p. 19. — Almost entirely black above, with hind-marginal fulvous band. 14. — M. Aurelia, Nick. Syn. p. 12; Frr. 641, 2, 3. Pakthenie, Hbst. T. 283, 1-4, x. p. 238. Athalia Minok, Esp. 89, 2 (1). Athalia, Hiib. 19, 20. Expands from 1-25 to 1-30 in. Very close to M. Athalia, but rather smaller ; the wings are lighter in colour both as to the ground colour and the markings. The under side is much the same as in Athalia, but the white spots are smaller and less distinct. PI. XLV., 4. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Northern and Eastern Germany, Switzerland, Lapland, Kussia, and Armenia. Larva. — Black, dotted with white, and with yellow lateral spots ; spines black. Feeds on Veronica in June. VARIETY. Britomartis, Assman. Bregl. z. 1847 ; Veronicce, Dorfmeister z. b. 1863, p. 136. — According to the original description this variety differs from the type in having the exterior margin of the fore wings fulvous. I confess to my inability to see sufficient difference in specimens which have been shown to me as Brito- martis to constitute a variation ; nevertheless this form is supposed to exist, and inhabits Eastern and South Germany and the Valais in June and July. MELITMA. 193 15. — M. Parthenie, Bkh. ii. 194; Godt. ii. 9, 7, 8; Fit. 295, 1; H. S. 136-7; 0. I. 1, 48. Expands from 1*25 to 1*30 in. Smaller than Athalia. The upper surface much resembles that of Deione, the black markings being narrow, but the ground colour is deeper fulvous. Under side much more uniform in colour than in Athalia ; hind wings with the light spots small ; the central row narrow and uniformly yellow, without inclining to white; the fulvous portions lighter and pro- portionately broader than in Athalia. PI. XLV., 5. Times of Appeaeance. — June and August. Habitat. — South-West Germany, Switzerland, France, and Piedmont ; Central Spain, and Andalusia. It often frequents mountainous districts. I have taken it on the St. Gothard, Furca, and other Swiss Passes at moderate elevations. Laeva. — Black, dotted with white and lateral yellow sjjots ; it feeds on Plantago. VAEIETY. Varia, Meyer-Diir. Tagf. p. 133; Athalia var. H. S. 370-4. — This is the Alpine variety of the species, being only found at considerable elevations in the higher Alpine Passes. It is smaller than the type ; the female is darker, being clouded with greenish black. Both sexes have the central row of spots on the under side of the hind wings white instead of yellow. 16. M. Asteria, Frr. B. 36, 1, i. p. 115. Asteeie, H. S. 3, 4, 568. Expands from 1-0 to 1'20 in. The smallest species. Bather variable in colour, sometimes, especially in the male, being dark brown, with a few fulvous bands and spots ; at others, especially in the female, almost as light as Athalia or Aurelia. Under side much as in the allied species, but duller in colour ; the external light band of the hind wings has not the hind-marginal black line found in the other species. This line is nearly obliterated in some specimens of Aurelia — a fact worthy of note, as some entomologists consider Asteria a local form of that species. PI. XLV., 6. Times of Appeaeance. — June and July, 2 0 194 NYMPHALWM. Habitat. — Mountain pastures at a considerable elevation in the Alps of Eastern Switzerland and the Tyrol. Scarce and local. Laeva. — Unknown. Genus 5. — ARGYNNIS, Fab. 111. Mag. vi. p. 283 (1807); Latr. Enc. Meth. ix. p. 10 (1819) ; Doubl. Hew. Gen. E). L. p. 171 (1848). — Brenthis et Argynnis, Hiib. Verz. bek. Schmett. 30-32 (1816). Larva cylindrical, spiny ; the prothoracic segment with two spines longer than the rest. Generally of a brown colour, with lighter or darker longitudinal lines. They are solitary, and in the greater number of species feed on plants belonging to the order Violacea’. Pupa angular, with a distinct dorsal depression. The pupae of the smaller species are less angular than those of the larger, thus somewhat resembling those of the last genus. ^ The pupae of the larger species, such as Argynnis Bapliia, &c., are decorated with metallic spots even brighter than those of Vanessa. Imago large or of medium size. The eyes are smooth. The antennae are long and slender, with short oval clubs. The palpi are longer than the head, three-jointed, the middle articulation being more or less swollen. The wings on their uiiper surface are bright fulvous in the male ; in the female generally duller, and sometimes suffused with dark olive-green ; this is seen in the var. Napcea of A. Bales, and in A. Paphia var. Valezina; whilst in Argynnis Sagana, a Siberian species, it is the normal condition. The wings are generally fulvous with a pattern of black spots. The spots on the area of the wings are narrow or quadrate ; parallel to the hind margin is a row of rounded spots, whilst along the hind margin itself is always a row of crescentic markings. In some of the larger species the males have the nervures of the fore wings broadly black. These markings are very similar in the different species, and it is chiefly to the under side of the hind wings that we must look for distinctive markings. They generally consist of yellow, metallic silvery, or pearly spots, arranged on a ground of purple, brown, or green ; sometimes the metallic markings AllGYNNIS. 195 are disposed in stripes, as in A. Paphia ; whilst in some of the smaller species there are few or no metallic spots, as in A. Aphirape, Hecate, Daphne, &c. ; or they are more pearly than silvery, as in A. Euphrosyne, &c. In outline, the wings in the smaller species are simple, the fore wings being slightly pointed and with the hind margins convex ; whilst the hind wings are more or less rounded. In some of the larger species the fore wings have the hind margins concave, and the hind wings are slightly dentated. Discoidal cell of fore wings closed. The genus is widely distributed, being represented almost throughout the extra-tropical portions of the Northern Hemisphere from the North Africa, the Himalayas, South China, California, &c., to the Polar Kegions as far north as explorers have penetrated. Out of the Palsearctic and Nearctic Kegions, however, it is not found — the genera Atella, Cethosia, Dione, &c., replacing it in the tropics. The European species at first sight have the appearance of being easily divided into two groups, and it has been at various times proposed to place the smaller species in a separate genus ; the difference between the larger and the smaller species is, however, more apparent than real, the genus as it stands in its Fabrician sense being well defined, and not capable of any advantage by being- divided. In the ‘Genera of Hiurnal Lepidoptera’ the genus is arranged in two sections thus : — Sect. I. — Second joint of palpi mostly much swollen; sub- costal nervule thrown off before the end of the cell. Containing the larger species, together with A. Polaris, which resembles those of the next section. Sect. II. — Second joint of palpi not remarkably swollen ; second subcostal nervule thrown off beyond the end of the cell. Containing the Euphrosyne group, Eriyga, Pales, and its allies, excepting A. Polaris. In the larger species, Niobe, Adippe, Aylaia, Paphia, Pandora, &c., the thighs are smooth interiorly, whilst in the remaining section they are densely hirsute. For obvious reasons the description of the species of this genus will refer chiefly to the under surface of the wings. 196 NYMPHALID^. 1. — A. Aphirape, Hiib. 23-25; 0. I. 1, 52; Godt. ii. 9, 3, 4; Fit. B. 1, 2, 6. Eunomia, Esp. 110, 5. Tomyris, Hbst. (Lasp.) x. p. 102, T. 270, 6, 7. Expands from 1’40 to 1*50 in. Wings above bright fulvous, spotted with black ; rather dark towards the base. The black spots are somewhat narrow. Under side : Fore wings as above, but fainter, and with hind-marginal straw-coloured spots. Hind wings brownish or yellowish fulvous, without silvery markings, but with straw-coloured spots near the base and across the centre of the wing, like those seen in the last genus ; hind margin with a row of almost triangular yellow spots, and internal to these a row of round ones with black outlines. PI. XL VI., 1. Time of Appearance. — June. Habitat. — Bushy places in North-Eastern and West-Central Germany, Belgium (the provinces of Liege and Luxembourg), Bavaria, Poland, Central Kussia, and Armenia. Local. Larva. — Grey, with lighter spines, a pale dorsal line, and white lateral streak. Feeds on Polytjoimm historta in May. VARIETY. Ossianus, Hbst. x. p. 98, T. 270 ; Fit. 355, 1, 2 ; Bup. I. 20, 5, 6 ; H. S. 322-3. — Smaller than Apliirajje. Expands from 1-16 to 1'25 in. Buller above, and with darker markings; bases dusky. Under side : Hind wings dull red, with white or silvery markings, not yellow as in the type. PI. XL VI., 2. Habitat. — Lapland; North Kussia, Eastern Siberia, and the Amur. Obs. — This variety, and also Triclaris from the American Polar regions, seem at first sight perfectly distinct from Aphirape ; compare, however, their relations with those, for instance, of Artjijnnis Adippe to Cleodoxa, Niohe to Eris, &c. 2. — A. Selenis, Ev. Bull. Mos. 1837, 1, 10; Fit. 277,2,3; H. S. 154-5. Expands from 1-25 to 1’50 in. Fulvous with black spots, which are rather large and distinct ; bases blackish ; marginal ARGYNNIS. 197 fringes black and white. Under side : Fore wings with some straw-coloured and purple markings at the apex. Hind wings straw-coloured, with a light fulvous band near the base, some purple markings near the hind margin, and across the centre of the wing a pearly streak with some purple dots. PI. XLVI., 3. Times of Appeakance. — May and June. Habitat. — The East of Eussia (Central and Southern Ural), Southern Siberia, and the Amur.’ Life -history unknown. 3.— A. Selene, Schiff. S. V. p. 321 ; Htlb. 26, 27 ; 0. I. 1, 55. Eupheosyne, Bgstr. Nom. 42, 1, 2 ; Esp. 30, 1. Thalia Esp. 97, 2ab. Expands from 1*50 to 1’75 in. Bright fulvous, spotted with black ; bases blackish. Under side : Hind wings straw-coloured, marked with dark purplish brown ; a row of black spots parallel to the hind margin. There are pearly or silvery spots arranged thus : two or three at the base ; a central row of several, always more than one ; a hind-marginal row of triangular pearly spots, some- times a streak between these and the central row. PI. XLVI., 4. Times of Appeaeance. — June and August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe, excepting Andalusia, the Mediterranean Islands, and Greece ; also Bithynia, Armenia, the Altai, and the Amur. Generally distributed in Britain ; commonest in the South of England, frequenting heaths and open places in woods. Laeva. — Black, with paler spines, sometimes with whitish dorsal and lateral stripes ; anterior legs red. It feeds on Viola canina in June and September. VAEIETY. Hela, Stgr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, 347. — A small and darker form of the species, having the superior surface blackish at the base, and with large spots. It is a boreal variety, occurring in Lapland, Eastern Siberia, and the Amur (conf. A. Euphvosijneydir. Fingal). 198 NYMPHALIDJE. 4. — A. Euphrosyne, Linii. Syst, Nat. x. 482 ; Faun. Suec. 282; Esp. 18, 3, 72, 3; Hiib. 28-30; 0. I. 1, 58; Fit. B. 139. Expands from 1-75 to 1‘80 in. Undistinguishable with cer- tainty from Selene above, but on the under side the markings are sufliciently characteristic. The brown patches are light reddish, instead of dark as in Selene, and the silvery spots are fewer ; there is only one near the base, and only one in the central row. Times of Appearance. — May and June, and again in August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe, except Portugal, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica ; also Armenia, the Altai, and the Amur. Common in Britain, frequenting open places in woods, &c., but, like the last, rarely double-brooded here. Larva. — Black, with bluish white lateral stripes, two white dorsal lines, and short yellowish or black spines. Feeds on Viola canina in June and September. VARIETY. Fingal, Herbst. Naturs. Schmett. x. t. 270, f. 1-3; Bia Lapponica, Esp. Schmett. 1, 2, t. 108, f. 5. — Barker and more strongly marked than the type. A boreal form found in Lapland. IN. XL VI., 5. 5. — A. Pales, Schiff. S. V. p. 177; Hub. 34, 35; Trsk. x. 1, 11 ; Fit. B. 115, 1 ; 0. I. 1, 63 ; Fit. 187, 1. Arsilache, Esp. 56, 4 (1780), ii. p. 35. Expands from 1-16 to 1-40 in. Bright fulvous, spotted with black ; bases dark. Marginal fringes plain. Under side : Fore wings with very indistinct black spots ; hind wings with a marginal row of pearly or silvery spots ; the area of the wing variegated with yellow, purple, and reddish brown, and with silvery spots mostly with a triangular outline. PI. XLVH., 1. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — Elevated Alpine meadows in Switzerland, the l^yrenees ; Northern Europe, generally on moors and plains, being found in such localities in North Eussia, Scandinavia, &c. ; also in the Altai and North-Eastern Siberia. ARGYNNIS. 199 Larva. — Grey, with a pale yellow dorsal streak ; spines flesh- coloured, and set on hlack elevations. On violets, V. montana and canina, generally in July. VARIETIES. a. Napaea, Hiib. 757-8; Pales, 1, 9, 964; ?■ Isis, Huh. 563. — The male is tinged with sulphur-yellow heneath ; the female greenish or dusky above. Variable, all degrees of colouring intermediate between this and the type being found. PL XL VII., 2. Habitat. — Same as type. h. Lapponica, Stgr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, 347. — Smaller than the type ; much darker above, and more intensely marked beneath. Appears to be close to the next form. PI. XLVH., 3. Habitat. — Lapland, &c. c. Arsilache, Esp. 56, 5, ii. p. 35; Hid). 36, 37; Trsk. x. 1, 12; Err. B. 115, 2, 121, 2 ; ISlapcm, Diip. i. 48, 5, 6. — Larger than the type, and generally with the hind wings more rounded; colour brighter fulvous, and the spots larger ; on the under side the fore wings differ from those of the type in having large and well-defined black spots ; especially plain is an X-shaped marking situated near the inner margin. The hind wings have the markings more variegated, and the silvery spots brighter. PI. XLVH., 4. Habitat. — Germany ; valleys in Switzerland, Scandinavia, North and Central Russia, and Siberia ; always at lower elevations than Pales. cl. Caucasica, Stgr. Hor. 1870, p. 61 ; Arsilache, H. S. 259-62. — A mountain form, inhabiting the Southern Caucasus and Armenia ; the male being brighter fulvous than the type above, and beneath paler. e. Grseca, Stgr. Hor. 1870, p. 62. — Another local mountain form found in Northern Greece. It is paler than the type beneath, and has the marginal fringes varied with black and white. Obs. — Arsilache was formerly considered distinct from Pales, but, as will be seen by the above varieties, there are many con- necting links between the two forms. Elevation and latitude seem to be very influential in producing variations. Pales or something like it being probably the original Palaarctic type of the species, 200 NYMPHALIDM. 6. — A. Chariclea, Sclin. N. Mag. v. p. 588 (1794) ; Hbst. 272, 5, 6; Hub. 769-70; 0. iv. 114. Arctica, Zett. Ins. Lapp. p. 899. Boisduvalii, Dup. i. 27, pi. 20, 4 ; Boisd. Ic. 20, 5, 6. Expands from 1*50 to 1-70 in. Wings more angular in outline than in the preceding species. Marginal fringes black and white. All the wings above are dull fulvous, with black spots, and black at the base ; the central row of spots has a tendency to form a band. Under side : Fore wings marked with reddish brown along the hind margin ; hind wings reddish brown, darkest at the base, near which are some very small silvery spots ; across the centre of the wing is a yellow band, marked with two triangular silvery spots, and bordered with a black zigzag line ; external to this is a whitish streak, and parallel to it a row of black spots ; lastly, there is a hind-marginal row of silvery spots enclosed by a row of angular- shaped markings of a reddish brown colour. There is no white discoidal spot. PI. XL VII., 5. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — Eussian Lapland (Wallengren Rhop. Scand. p. 97), frequenting mountains ; also in Labrador and Green- land. It was taken during the Polar Expedition of 1876, between lat. 79° to 81° 52' N., at Hayes’ Sound, Port Foulke, Walrus Island, Discovery Bay, &c. (See Mr. M‘Lachlan’s report in the ‘ Journal of the Linnean Society,’ already referred to at p. 48 of this present work. Larva, &c. — Unknown. Obs. — This species is very variable, some dark specimens approaching somewhat to the variety Lapponica of the preceding species, others being hard to distinguish from A. Polaris or Freija; in fact all the circumpolar species of Fritillaries are very closely allied, and seem to run into one another. VARIETY. Duponchel’s variety Boisduvalii appears to differ chiefly in being less varied on the under side of the hind wings, and in the zigzag border of the light band being indistinct or absent, ARGYNNTS. 201 7. — A. Polaris, Boisd. Ind. p. 15 ; Dup. i. 20, 1-3 ; Boisd. Ic. 20, 1, 2; H. G. 1016-9; Frr. 439, 1,2; Wallengr. Ehop. Scand. p. 91. Expands from 1*50 to 1‘70 in. Marginal fringes not variegated. Wings dull fulvous, black at the base, with the usual black spots, the central row being banded. Under side : Hind wings dull rusty brown ; near the base are some white patches, and there is a very distinct white discoidal spot in typical specimens ; external to this is a broad yellowish grey central band, with white zigzag borders ; along the hind margin is a row of conspicuous spots white or grey in colour, and having a lozenge or T-shape ; internal to this is a light streak, upon which is a row of black spots. PI. XLVIL, 6. This is the most conspicuous of the Polar Fritillaries, the milky- white markings of the under side being very striking in dark specimens, especially the marginal row of spots, which frequently have a distinct T-shape. It is a variable species, closely allied to its immediate congeners ; but attention to the above-mentioned points, and particularly to the presence of a ivhite discoidal spot, will assist the diagnosis. Time of Appeakance.— July. Habitat. — North Lapland, ? Iceland, Northern Siberia, Labrador, and Greenland. This species has probably been taken further north than any other butterfly, being reported as having been taken by Capt. Feilden at lat. 81° 52' N. Laeva, &c. — Unknown. In connection with the subject of Arctic butterflies, I quote the following passage from Mr. M‘Lachlan’s * report, already several times referred to (Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 98, 1878): — “ Capt. Feilden, in answer to questions, gave me some valuable and interesting information on the habits of Lepidoptera in those latitudes. He informed me that, during the short period when '*■ This gentleman has, since these pages were written, kindly called my attention to an allusion in Markham’s ‘Polar Eeconnaissance,’ p. 351 (1881), concerning the occurrence in Novaya Zemlya of Ar(jtjnnis Improba, Butler. There are two specimens of this European butterfly in the British Museum (those originally alluded to by Markham). It is my intention to give a figure of it in a supplementary plate, 2 D 202 NYMPHALIDM. there is practically no night, butterflies are continuously on the wing, supposing the sun’s face not to he obscured by clouds or passing snow-showers. Furthermore, he told me that about one month in each year is the longest period in which it is possible for these insects to appear in the perfect state, and that about six weeks is the limit of time allowed to plant-feeding larvae ; during all the rest of the year the land being under snow and ice. This latter fact is suggestive as showing the conditions under which the species maintain their existence. We have, however, much yet to learn respecting their life-history. The intense cold is not of great importance. We know already that larvae may be frozen till they are as brittle as rotten twigs, and still suffer in no way. The principal point may be put as follows ; ~ Is there sufficient time in each year for a larva to hatch from the egg, feed up, and change to a chrysalis ? The continuous day no doubt acts beneficially in this respect on the larvae of butterflies, such as Colias and Arfjijnnis, which probably feed only in the daytime ; but it must act in a con- trary manner on those of Noctuae, &c., which practically feed only at night. Upon reviewing all these conditions, I am disposed to think that more than one year is necessary in most of the species for the undergoing of all their transformations. This indeed is already suspected in certain species that inhabit the boreal and alpine portions of Europe.” 8. — A. Freija, Thub. Diss. Eut. 2, p. 34, T, fig. 14 (1791); Hiib. 55, 56, 771-2; Esp. 109, 1; 0. I. 1, 78; l)up. i. 19, G, 7 ; Err. 295, 3. Papilio Dia lapponica, Esp. 97, 3. Expands from 1-30 to 1’75 in. Wings dull fulvous, black at the base, and with the usual black spots rather larger than in the last species. Underside: Hind wings reddish brown; there are generally some yellowish spots near the base, and a discoidal spot of yellowish white, with a black spot; on the central light band are two or three white triangular spots, the band itself being bordered with a more or less distinct zigzag dark line ; hind-marginal white s])ots triangular ; the row of spots internal to these not black, but very nearly the same as the ground colour. PI. XL VII., 7. ARGYNNIS. 203 Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Lapland ; mountains in Central Norway ; North Kussia, down to 60° N. lat. ; North-Eastern Siberia ; Labrador and Greenland. The commonest and most widely distributed of the Arctic species. Larva, &c. — Unknown. 9. — A. Dia, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 785 ; Esp. 16, 4; 61, 2 : Hiib. 31-3; 0. 1. 1, 61; Err. 211. Expands from 1-25 to 1’50 in. All the wings bright fulvous, with the usual black spots large and distinct ; marginal fringes plain ; base black. Under side : Fore wings with the black spots very distinct. Hind wings purple, darkest at the base ; central light band yellow, with three triangular silvery spots ; parallel to the hind margin is a row of conspicuous black spots, generally with light centres, and external to these a hind-marginal row of silvery spots. PI. XLYHI., 1. Time of Appearance. — May to September. Habitat. — Woods and bushy places throughout Central and South-Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Italy, Asia Minor, Armenia, and the Altai. One frequently meets with accounts of the existence of British specimens, but I never remember to have seen any record from an actual captor. Larva. — Grey, with darker lateral lines, and a black dorsal line ; spines greyish white ; legs black. Feeds on Viola canina, tricolor, &c., in July and September. 10. — A. Amathusia, Esp. 88, 1, 2 (1783), ii. p. 170 ; Hiib. Zett. p. 11; 0. 1. i. 75; Err. B. i. 1. Titania, Hiib. 47, 48. Dia Major, Esp. 93, 2, 3. Diana, Hiib. 51-4. Expands from 1-25 to 1*75 in. Wings bright fulvous, black at the base ; hind margins with a black border, and with the fringes variegated ; black spots arranged very much as in A. Dia. Under side : Fore wings reddish purple at the apex, mixed with 204 NYMPHALIDM. yellow ; liind wings marbled with purple, red, and yellow ; central light band enclosing three triangular spots not so silvery as in A. Dili; the light band is bounded externally by a zigzag black line; the hind-marginal spots are triangular and yellow, surmounted by black angular marks ; parallel to the hind margin is a row of black spots with faintly light centres. PL XLVIII., 2. Time of Appearance. — June to September. Habitat. — Mountain woods at a moderate elevation in Switzerland and Germany ; plains in Eussia and the East of Europe (it does not inhabit the Polar regions) ; the Altai. Larva. — Nearly black, with black dorsal and lateral stripes ; spines yellow. Feeds on Pohjijoniim historta in May. 11. — A. Frigga, Thub. Hiss. Eut. 2, p. 33 (1791); Hub. 49, 50; 0. I. 1, 74; Hup. i. 19, 3, 5; Boisd. Ic. 19, 6, 7. Expands from 1-50 to 1'70 in. Wings pale fulvous, deeply black at the base, the black spots large, the central rows forming bands, and on the hind wings merging into the black basal shading, especially in the female ; hind margins pale fulvous ; fringes not spotted. Under side : Basal portion of wing deep red, with a white spot ; central light band yellow, broken up into a chain of more or less rounded spots ; with two white spots, one near the costa and another near the centre. Marginal portion of wing light yellow, tinged with purple, with a faint row of spots running parallel to the hind margin ; there are faint traces of yellow hind-marginal spots. IN. XLVIII., 3. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — Lapland; North Eussia, to 60° N. lat. (Staudinger); North-Eastern Siberia; Labrador. A rare and local species, though circum})olar. In Swedish Lapland it occurs on the banks of the Eiver Toruea, and at Quickjock in June and July (Wallengr.). Larva, &c. — Unknown. 12. — A. Thore, Hub. 571-3; 0. iv. Ill; Hup. i. 19, 1, 2; B. Ic. 20, 3, 4 ; Err. B. 104, 3 ; Err. 294, 4. Expands from 1*40 to 1’60 in. Wings deeply fulvous, very dark at the base, hind generally almost completely clouded over ARGYNNIS. 205 with dark brown, with a central fulvous streak ; black spots large ; hind margins black, fringes not spotted. Under side : Fore wings with the spots large and distinct ; hind wings brown, light at the base, with a central band composed of yellow spots ; external to this are some pale blue spots without perceptible metallic tinge ; the hind-marginal spots are of the same colour ; there is a row of very faintly indicated brown spots running parallel to the hind margins. PI. XLVIII., 4. Time of Appeakance. — May to July. Habitat. — Alpine meadows at a considerable elevation in Switzerland, Germany, and Piedmont ; and is scarce and local. Lakva. — Unknown. VAEIETY. Borealis, Stand. Cat. 9; Stett. Ent. Zeit, 1861, 351; Boisd. Gen. 18. — Very much lighter than the Central European form. Inhabits Lapland, the Altai, and the Amur. 13. — A. Daphne, Schiff. S. V. p. 177 ; Htib. 45, 46 ; 0. I. 1, 72; Godt. ii. 8, 1, 2. Expands from 1-60 to 2-0 in. Bright fulvous; hind margins black, fringes not variegated ; wings with the usual black spots, central row very irregular, two rows running parallel to the hind margin. Under side : Hind wings greenish yellow at the base, central band yellow ; external to this the wing marbled with reddish purple, and has a row of black spots with light centres ; hind margin light yellow. PI. XLVIII., 5. Time of Appeaeance. — May to August. Habitat. — Elevated woods in Southern and East Germany, France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, the South-West of Europe, Asia Minor, Armenia, the Altai, and the Amur. Laeva. — Blackish brown, with yellow lateral lines, and a double yellow dorsal stripe ; the spines are yellow, tipped with black. Feeds on Rubus Idcea and Violacece (?) in May. 206 NYMPHALIDM. 14. — A. Ino, Esp. 76, 1, a, b (1782), ii. p. 125 ; 0. 1. 1, 69 ; Godt. ii. 3, 3, 4 ; Err. 409. Dictynna, Hilb. 40, 41. Expands from 1-25 to 1*75 in. Very mucli resembles the last species, but is smaller, the ground colour of the wings is darker fulvous, the black spots are closer together, and the hind margins are more broadly black ; the marginal fringes are narrowly streaked with black. The wings are much darker at the base than in Daphne. Under side : The markings of the hind wings greatly resemble those of Daphne, but are more defined on account of the darker colour of the purple marbling, which is very dark violet, the light-centred spots showing out upon it very distinctly. PI. XLVIII., 6. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. • — Meadows, &c., throughout Europe, but not in Britain, Holland, the Peninsula, or Greece. It occurs also in Asia Minor, the Altai, and the Amur. Larva. — Yellowish, with brown lateral stripes, dorsal stripe brown, spines whitish yellow. Feeds on Urtica urens and Spircea in May. 15. — A. Hecate, Esp. 76, 3, a, b (1782), ii. p. 127 ; Ku. Btr. hi. 128, T. vi. 5, 6 (1783); Hub. 42-4; 0. 1. 1, 67; Godt. ii. 9, 5, 6 : Err. B. 121, 3; H. S. 138-9. Expands from 1’40 to 1*60 in. Somewhat similar to Dio above, but darker, especially the female, which has often a very dusky appearance, and frequently a slight })urple iridescence. Under side : Hind wings brownish yellow, with straw-coloured basal spots, and a central band of the same colour ; hind-marginal spots absent, but there are two submarginal rows of black spots on a pale ground. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Elevated meadows in South-Eastern Europe (except Greece), the South of France, North Italy, Asia Minor, and the Altai. PI. XLIX., 1. Larva. — Unknown. ARGYNNIS. 207 VAEIETY. Caucasica, Stauclinger, Cat. p. 21. — Larger than the type, the male lighter. Habitat. — Armenia and Turkey. 16.* — A. Lathonia (rect. Laionia), Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 481; Faun. Suec. 282; Esp. 18, 2; Hiih. 59, 60; 0. I. 1, 80; Fit. 13, 25. Expands from 1-80 to 2.15 in. Hind margin of fore wings distinctly concave; hind wings dentate, less rounded in outline than in the other species. All the wings bright fulvous, with distinctly rounded black spots, two rows running parallel to the hind mar- gins ; the base is blackish. Under side : Fore wings yellowish, with black spots, and with several silvery spots at the apex ; hind wings fulvous, inclining to yellow, with a row of large oval silvery spots placed parallel to the margins ; internal to these is a row of reddish brown spots, each enclosing a central silvery dot; there are large basal and central silvery spots, more or less oval in shape, and very brilliant. PI. XLIX., 2. Time op Appearance. — May to September. Habitat. — The whole Palsearctic territory, excepting the Polar and Higher Alpine Piegions — that is, all Temperate Europe and North Asia, North Africa, Persia, &c. It is rare in Britain, occurring principally in the South of England. It inhabits woods, meadows, roadsides, gardens, &c., and is generally common. Larva. — Greyish brown, with a white dorsal line. It has sixty spines, four on the first and last segments and six on each of the others, those of the first two are shorter than the rest, the central ones being the longest. Feeds solitarily on Viola tricolor and Ono- brychis in May and August. Pupa. — Grey anteriorly, green posteriorly, with gold spots. * The statement on p. 195 that the genus Argynnis only occurs in the Nearctic and Patearctic Eegions requires some modification, since one if not two species occur in Chili which are closely allied to A. Lathonia; another species also occurs in Buenos Ayres. Some zoologists, however, consider the temperate portion of South America to form part of a region which includes the Palasarctic and Nearctic Eegions of Wallace, &c. 208 NYMPHALIDM. VAEIETY. Valdensis, Esp. 115, 4; Lathonia var. Err. 671 ; H. S. 152. — An aberrant form, in which the silver spots are confluent. It has occurred in Britain. 17. — A. Eliza, Godt. Enc. Meth. p. 817; Dup. 1, 18, 3, 4, p. 111. Cyeene, Bon. Bescr. p. 175, T. 1, 1 ; Err. B. 69, 1 ; B. Ic. 21, 1-3; Trsk. x. 1, 17. Expands from 2-0 to 2.25 in. Wings rather light fulvous ; hind margins black ; parallel to them on all the wings is a row of black spots ; the fore wings have a row of spots internal to these, running obliquely from the apex towards the centre of the wing, a few more scattered about the basal portion, and a row of narrow spots along the costal margin. Hind wings with a few spots thinly scattered over the area of the wing. Under side : Fore wings greenish at the apices, with some indistinct silvery spots ; hind wings yellowish green throughout the basal half, the rest being light yellow or straw-colour ; the silver spots are disposed very nearly in three rows ; along the hind margin is a row of distinct semilunar spots, another row across the centre, between this and the base another row of smaller ones, and a few more scattered about the base ; between the marginal and central row are some round dark brown spots with minute silver centres, like those seen in Adijype and Niohe. Times of Appeaeance. — June and July. Habitat. — Mountains in Corsica and Sardinia. Laeva, &c. — Unknown. PI. XLIX., 3. Obs. — This interesting insular form seems to be a perfectly good species, and quite distinct from Aglaia. It is in fact much more nearly allied to Adippe or Niohe than to Aglaia, as may be seen by the presence of the round, silver-punctured spots between the marginal and central rows. 18. ^ — A. Alexandra, Men. Cat. Rais. p. 246; H. S. 417-8; Ev. Lep. Ross. ii. 4. Expands from 2T0 to 2-30 in. Fringes light brown. Bright fulvous above, with lilack spots, almost exactly resembling Aglaia ARGYNNIS. 209 or Adi'ppe. Under side : Fore wings reddish, with black spots ; yellowish bronze towards the apices, which are without silver spots. Hind wings rich greenish bronze in the basal portion, brown towards the hind margin ; marginal row of silver spots wanting, but those in the central row are very brilliant ; they are rather irregular in shape and arrangement ; near the base are also five or six silvery spots of different sizes, two at least of them being large and brilliant. PL XLIX., 4. Time op Appearance. — July. Habitat. — - Mountain woods in the Caucasus, Armenia, and Persia (North-West). It seems to be a rare species, at least in collections. Some entomologists consider it a variety of Arjlaia ; all the specimens, however, that I have seen look perfectly distinct. Larva, &e. — Unknown. 19. — A. Aglaia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 481, xii. 786 ; Bsp. 17, 3, 60, 2; Hub. 65, 66; 0. i. 1, 91; Godt. i. 3; sec. 3; Frr. 241, 205; H. S. 140-1. Expands from 2*25 to 2-50 in. Fringes black and whitish. Nervures of fore wings with black lines in the male. All the wings bright fulvous in the male, duller in the female. Hind margins black ; bases dusky, darkest in the female ; the markings consist of the usual black spots and black marginal luniiles ; the square spots near the centre of the wings are joined so as to form a narrow wavy band. Under side : Fore wings light reddish brown, spotted with black ; apices with green and silver marginal spots. Hind wings bronze-green, with a band of straw-colour tinged with green running parallel to the hind margin ; silver spots large and distinct, arranged in three rows : first a row of semilunar spots along the hind margin, then a central row, internal to this a row of three spots, and then three more at the base. There are never any brown, silver-centred spots between the marginal and central rows, or any costal silver spot between the central and internal rows. PI. L., 1. Time op Appearance. — May to September. Habitat.' — The Palffiarctic territory, excepting North Africa, the Canaries, Asia Minor, Syria, and Persia. Frequents woods 2 E 210 NYMPHALIDjE. and heathy places, ascending to a great elevation in the moun- tains. As a British insect local, hut common where it is found. Larva.— Blackish brown, with two pale yellow dorsal lines and reddish brown lateral spots ; spines blackish. Feeds on Viola canina in May and June. VARIETY. Charlotta, Haw. Lep. Brit. i. 32 (1803) ; Sow. Brit. Misc. i. t. 11. — Caroletta, Jerm. Vade Mecum p. 107 (1827). — An aberrant form in which the silver spots on the under side are larger than in the type, there being especially three large basal silvery blotches ; occasionally the spots of the central row coalesce to form bands. Described by the old English authors as a distinct species, and I believe found nowhere else but in Britain. Staudinger does not notice it in his Catalogue. 20. — A, Niobe, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 481; xii. 786; Esp. 18, 4; Hbst. X. p. 56 ; 0. i. 1, 83 ; Godt. ii. 7, 3, 4. Expands from 1-75 to 2-0 in. The wings above very much resemble those of the last species ; but the female has the ground colour duller fulvous and the markings darker, especially towards the base. Under side : Fore wings duller in colour than in the last species, with the black spots strongly marked and with greenish yellow markings upon the costa, and extending from the apex for a short distance along the hind margin ; but there is usually an absence of any silvery blotch. Hind wings yellowish, with a slight tinge of green mixed with brown. The pale sj^ots are only slightly silvery in the typical form, and between the central and hind- marginal rows there is a row of reddish brown spots with silvery centres ; near the bases, between the two rows of spots, there is always a dot or spot, either silvery light yellow or black. PI. L., 1. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — Throughout Europe, and Northern and Central Asia. It is very doubtful whether it has ever occurred in Britain, but it has lately been reputed British and introduced into some lists of British Lepidoptera ; the j^i'obability is that specimens of ARGYNXIS. 211 the var. Cleodoxa of Adippe have been confounded with it. A. Niohe is found in woods, and ascends to a much greater elevation in the mountains than A. Adippe. Larva. — According to Guenee, brown, with a black dorsal stripe bordered with white ; lateral stripe black ; between the lateral and dorsal stripes are some white spots. Feeds on Viola tricolor and odorata in May. PI. LIII., 5. VARIETIES. a. Eris, Meig. i. p. 64, T. 14, 5, 6. — -Cleodoxa, Esp. 94. — Niohe, Linn. Faun. Suec. 281 ; Hiib. 61, 62 ; Fit. 199, 337 ; Hbst. T. 26, 3, 10 ; H. S. 142-3. — This is the most common form of the species. It resembles the type above, but beneath it has the hind wings brown mixed with greenish grey, the light spots being light yellow, with a slightly greenish tinge, and without any trace of silver ; the inner margin is greenish. Sometimes the reddish spots outside the central row have very small silvery centres, and occasionally a slight silvery tinge is seen on the light markings, especially on those along the hind margins ; there are in fact intermediate forms between .Niohe and Eris. This variety is very like the analogous variety of Adippe, Cleodoxa, but on comparing them the differences will be at once seen. PL L., 3. 0. Pelopia, Bkh. i. 36 ; Hbst. 269, 3, 4. — An aberration thus named and figured by Borkhausen sometimes occurs in which the wings are more or less suffused with black by the extension of the black markings. All the larger species of Argynnis are subject occasionally to this melanic variation, as well as the smaller ones — such as Euphrosyne and Selene. It may also be mentioned here that it is not a very uncommon thing to find on the wings of species of this genus white patches, owing to the absence of pigment in the scales. Sometimes the marks are placed irregularly, and sometimes are perfectly symmetrical ; I look upon them as the result of accidental causes, and in fact as analogous to the pathological condition sometimes found in the human skin and known as leucoderma.* * Mr. A. E. Hudd, of Clifton, has recently shown me a specimen of AFelitma Didyma, taken in Switzerland, in which the ground colour of the wings is entirely white. The specimen is not a worn one, and has all the appearance of having emerged in its present condition, 212 XYMPHALIDM. 21. — A. Adippe, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 786; Esp. 18, 1, 43, 2, 74, 1, 2, 4; Hub. 63, 64; 0. i. 1, 88. Expands from 1-90 to 2-20 in. The male closely resembles that of the last, but the black lines along the nervures of the fore wings are thicker. The female is brighter fulvous, and the dark markings are not so intense as in Niohe, neither is there the black shading towards the base of the wings found in that species. Under side : Fore wings brighter fulvous than in Niohe, with distinct silvery markings near the apex. Hind wings light yellow, with a fulvous tinge ; spots well defined and silvery ; between the hind-marginal and central rows is a series of reddish spots with silvery centres ; the inner margin is greenish, with a silvery gloss. PI. L., 1. Time op Appeaeance. — July. Habitat. ■ — ■ Heaths and woods throughout Europe, with the exception of the Polar Eegions. Also in Asia Minor, Armenia, the Altai, and the Amur. It is found in the mountains, but not at such great elevations as the last. A somewhat local British species, but commoner than Aglaia. Laeva. — Eeddish brown, with a whitish dorsal stripe, and a black spot on either side of this on every segment ; the spines light brown. Feeds on Viola tricolor and odorata in May and June. VAEIETIES. a. Cleodoxa, 0. iv. p. 118. — In this variety the silver is absent from the light spots beneath, excepting that it is sometimes slightly apparent near the apex of the fore wings and along the hind margin of the hind wings ; the series of red spots between the hind-marginal and central rows also frequently have silvery centres. The ground colour is pale brown, and the light spots are straw-colour ; not sharply defined, as in Niohe, var. Eris ; nor is there any tinge of green. PI. LI., 2. Habitat. — The more southern parts of Europe, especially Greece and Sicily. I have taken it commonly on the Lago Mag- giore. It sometimes occurs as an aberration in the more northern parts of Europe, and has occasionally been taken in England. h. Chlorodippe, H. S. vi. p. 5.— The fore wings are tinged with green at the apices on the under side, and the ground colour of the ARGYNNIS. 213 hind wings is replaced by a bright green as deep as that seen in A. Adippc. The arrangement of the silver spots and the silver- centred brown ones is, however, exactly the same as in the type ; it is therefore impossible to confound it with Afjlaia, to which in colour it bears a striking resemblance. PI. LI., 3. Habitat.- — Andalusia and Central Spain. c. Cleodippe, Staudinger, Cat. p. 21, — Adippe, Hiib. 859-60. — A form of the last, occurring in Central Spain, in which the silver spots are nearly or altogether absent. 22. — A. Laodice, Pallas, Pieis. i. 470 (1771); Esp. 93, 1, 102, 4; 0. i. 1, 95 ; Hup. i., 18, 1, 2 ; Boisd. Ic. 21, 4-6 ; Err. 331, 2. Cethosia, Hiib. 67, 68 ; Hbst. 263, 1, 2. Expands from 2*25 to 2-50 in. Hind margins of fore wings slightly concave, especially in the female. Hind margins of hind wings rather more dentate than in the preceding species. All the wings fulvous in both sexes, brightest in the male, spotted with black as in the other species, but the hind-marginal spots are more distinctly separated and less crescentic in form. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, spotted with black, tinged with yellowish green at the apex and along the hind margins. Hind wings with all the silver spots absent, except the central row ; the basal portion of the wing as far as this is yellow, marked with one or two fine red lines ; the silvery spots are small and indistinct in the male, but more strongly defined in the female ; immediately external to these is a dark brownish purple band, shading off into lighter purplish brown, upon which are two parallel rows of dark spots ; the hind margin is rather broadly light yellow. PL LI., 4. Times op Appearance — June and July. Habitat. — Woods in North-Eastern Germany, Central and South-Eastern Pmssia to 60°, Poland, Armenia, Siberia, the Amur, and Japan. Larva. — Unknown. 214 NYMPHALIDM. 23. — A. Paphia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 481; Esp. 17, 1, 2; Hiib. 69, 70 ; 0. i. 1, 96 ; Err. B. 25. Expands from 2 25 to 2-75 in. The male lias all the wings bright fulvous, spotted with black ; bases blackish ; fore wings with thick black lines running along the nervures ; hind wings with the spots large and distinct. The female is much duller fulvous, the fore wings have their hind margins distinctly concave, and the nervures are not marked with black lines. Under side; Fore wings fulvous, spotted with black, greenish at the apex. Hind wings shining green, with two short silver streaks near the base, and another extending right across the centre of the wing ; the hind margin has a silver streaii throughout its entire length. The silvery markings are much more distinct in the female than in the male. PI. LII., 1. Times of Appeakance. — July and August. Habitat. — Woods throughout Europe (excepting the Polar Piegions), Western Asia, Siberia, and the Amur. It is a common British species (Silver-washed Fntillary), being found in almost every large wood in the South of England, frequently settling on the flowers of the bramble. Lakva. — Dark brown, with two narrow light yellow dorsal stripes, and lateral reddish yellow lines ; spines dark brown, the two nearest the head being longest. Feeds on Viola canina from the end of May to the middle of June. The Pupa is very beautifully decorated with shining metallic golden green spots. VAEIETIES. a. Valezina, Esp. 107, 1, 2; Fit. 331, 1. — Paphia, Hiib. 767-8. — A variety of the female in which the ground colour of the wings is entirely dark greenish, with black spots, the fore wings having some light yellow or white spots near the apex. Under side : The fore wings as in the type, but the ground colour is reddish and the apex deeper green. PI. LII., 2. Habitat. — This dimorphic condition of the female is apparently most frequently met with in the South. I have taken Valezina in Switzerland, and have seen it from Germany and Italy. In England it is very local, being almost entirely confined to the New Forest district. AliGYNNIS. 215 h. Anargyra, Stand. Cat. p. 22. — A variety in which the silvery streaks are absent from the under side of the hind wings. Habitat. — The South of Europe, and Western Asia. 24. — A. Pandora, Schilf. S. V. p. 176 (1776) ; Esp. 58, 1, 2, 73, 3; Htib. 71, 72, 606-7; 0. i. 1, 99 ; Err. 715. Cynara, Fab. Gen. Ins. p. 266 (1777) ; Hbst. Nat. Schmett. ix. t. 261. Maia, Cram. Pap. Ex. i. t. 25 B. C. (? nomen vetustius). Expands from 2-25 to 2-90 in. The colour of the wings in both sexes is greenish fulvous. The arrangement of the black spots is much the same as in Paphia, but those on the hind wings are somewhat smaller. Both sexes have the hind margins of the fore wings slightly concave. Under side : Fore wings in fresh specimens rosy red, with deep black spots ; the apex light yellow, with green spots ; costa light green. Hind wings deep green, with basal central and hind-marginal silver streaks ; in the male less distinct than in Paphia, but in the female, which is always larger and more brightly coloured than the male, the markings are generally very clear and distinct, as in the figure (PI. LII., 3); and between the central and hind-marginal stripes there is a row of faintly- defined reddish spots with minute silvery centres. Times op Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Woods and shrubby places in the South of Europe; South-Eastern Germany, very rarely in the Valais; Western Asia; Algeria ; and probably the Canaries. It is entirely absent from Northern and North-Central Europe. Larva. — Brownish purple, with black dorsal transverse marks. Feeds on Viola tricolor. OTHER SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF NYMPHALIDH: DESCRIBED IN STAUDINGER’S CATALOGUE:— Genus LIMEmTIS. L. Schrenkii, Men. Schrk. Keis. p. 31, T. iii. 2. — Expands from 3‘0 to 3' 10 in. A large and handsome species, probably rightly belonging to the genus Adolias. Wings black ; fore wings with a 216 NYMPHALID.^. central row of five white spots ; between these and the inner margin is a dash of fulvous, and near the inner margin itself a patch of light blue. Hing wings with a central white patch bordered with blue. Under side : Fore wings black, variously spotted with white, blue, violet, light green, and orange. Hind wings pearly white, with a narrow orange band bordered with black, limiting the basal portion ; hind margin with a similarly-coloured band throughout its entire length. Habitat ; The Amur. L. Sydfii, Ld. z. b., V. 1853, p. 7, T. 1, 3. — Expands 1'75 in. All the wings dark brown. Fore wings with a band of white spots running outwards from the centre of the costa ; in the centre of the inner margin is a large white spot, and near the apex three small ones. All the white markings have a violet gloss. Under side : very like that of L. Sibylla, but duller ; central band of hind wings narrower and more oblique ; there is only a single row of black dots ; the hind margin is rather broadly greenish white, with a broad brown line. Habitat : The Altai. Var. Latefasciata, Men. Schrk. p. 29. — A variety of the last, in which the white spots coalesce to form broad white bands, with a violet gloss ; the under side is brighter in colour than in the type. Habitat : The Amur and Japan. L. Helmanni, Ld. z. b., V. 1863, p. 6, T. 1, 4. — Expands from 1-75 to 2-0 in. Blackish brown; fore wings with a central row of six white spots ; there are three or four near the apex ; there is a white basal streak, and at its outer extremity a triangular white spot, with the apex outwards. Hind wings with a central band made up of six white spots. Under side : Very like that of Ij. Sibylla, hut the fore wings have a white basal streak and a triangular spot, and the spots of the ventral row are smaller. Hind wings as in L. Sibylla ; but the central band is narrower and bluer, and the submarginal rows of black spots are wanting. Habitat : The Amur, Japan, and the Altai. L. Aniphyssa, Men. Schrk. p. 30, T. hi. 1. — Expands from 1-75 to 2-0 in. Wings dark brown. Fore wings with three white spots near the apex, then six larger ones arranged in a crescentic figure extending from the centre of the costa to the centre of the inner margin, and two more white spots near the basal end of the NEPTIS, 217 costa. Hind wings with a white central band like that in L. Sihjilla. Parallel to all the hind margins is a row of light spots. Under side : Fulvous, with markings similar to those above ; hind wings with some bluish green basal spots. Time of Appearance, July. Habitat : The Amur. Genus NEPTIS. N. Nycteis, Men. Schrk. p. 28, T. ii. 11. — Apatura Nycteis, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. p. 260. — Expands 2-50 in. Hind margin of fore wings concave. All the wings dark brown, with a slight purple gloss ; fore wings with a central row of white spots arranged in a crescentic form, three white spots at the apex, and a whitish basal streak. Hind wings with a central white hand, crossed by the black nervures, and parallel to the hind margin a row of distinct white spots. Under side : Fore wings brown, the basal portion with a slight violet gloss, a triangular white basal patch enclosing a black spot, a central row of white spots as above, and some silvery white spots at the apex and along the hind margin. Hind wings olive-green, with three bands of silvery white, a row of four white spots between the two outer bands, and another row along the hind margin. Habitat : The Amur. N. Lucilla, var. Ludmilla, H. S., 546, vi. p. 6. — Eather smaller than the type. It appears to be intermediate between Lucilla and Aceris, the fore wings having a faint basal streak and hind-marginal spots. The hind wings also show traces of a second light band. On the under side these extra markings are quite distinct, and the ground colour is lighter brown than in the type. Habitat : Armenia and the Altai. N. Philyra, Men. Schrk. Eeis. p. 25, T. ii. 8. — Expands from 1*75 to 2‘0 in. Somewhat resembles Aceris, but larger; the white basal streak of the fore wings is long and narrow, and is continuous with the white spot, which appears separate from it in Aceris; there is also a white spot nearly in the centre of the costa which is not found in that species. Habitat : The Amur and Japan. N. Thisbe, Men. Schrk. Eeis. p. 26, T. ii. 9. — Expands from 2’50 to 2'75 in. Wings dark brown. Fore wings with a yellow streak extending from the base to the centre of the wing, and with three large yellow spots, one near the apex, another in the centre 2 p 218 NYMPHALIDM. nearly toncbing the hind margin, and a third almost in the centre of the inner margin. Hind wings with a straight central yellow band, and with a light brown streak parallel to the hind margins. Under side : Eeddish brown, with some light blue spots, and with the markings of the upper surface somewhat wider. Hind margins yellowish brown. N. lladdei, Brem. Lep. 0. S. p. 18, T. i. 9. — Expands 2’50 in. Hind margin of fore wings concave. All the wings smoke-coloured, broadly veined with black, and without any of the white markings usual in Neptis. It belongs in all probability to another genus. Habitat : Eastern Siberia. Genus VANESSA. V. Burejana, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 15, T. i. 8. — Eesembles Levcuia and Brorsa in coloration and pattern, but the apices of the fore wings are rounded. The hind wings have their hind margins rounded, and without angular projections. Habitat : The Amur. V. Brogue, Cr. E. Ex. T. 5, E. F. — This species, which is close to V. C-Alhiuii, is included by Staudinger on account of its occurrence in Kamschatka. It is, however, rather Nearctic than Palasarctic, being a common North American species. V. Charonia, Drury, 1, T. 15, 1, 2 ; Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 17. — About the size of V. Bolychloros. The wing strongly angled, deep black, with a bright blue fascia running parallel to the hind margins. The fore wings have a large light blue spot on the costa near the centre, and another smaller one at the apex. Under side : Alottled with various shades of brown. Hind wings with a light yellow triangular mark in the centre. Habitat : The Amur, &c. V. (Enone, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 770; Junonia (Enone, Kirby, Cat. Diurn. Lep. &c. — Expands from 1-50 to 2-Oin. Wings light brownish yellow. Fore wings aiigulated, black at the apex and along the costa ; female with a black ocellated spot near the anal angle ; inner margins black. Hind wings deep black at the base, with a large bright blue spot; hind margins dull brown. Habitat: Syria. V. Htiiitcra, Eah. Syst. }). 409 ; lArgiiriensis, Ermy ; Piirameis Virgiriicnsis, Kirby, Cat. Diuru. Lep. 186. — About the size of V. Cardui, which species it greatly resembles in shape and colour. THALEROPIS—MELn\EA. ‘ill) The anterior wings, however, are more rounded at the apices, the ground colour of the wings is richer, and there are fewer black markings. The fore wings on the under side are deeper pink than in Cardiii, the hind wings are veined with white, and have the ocellated spots very large, especially two near the hind margin. This beautiful species is common in North America, and has become naturalised in the Canaries (conf. V. Callirlioe). Stray specimens are sometimes taken in Europe, being probably imported by American vessels. It has even been taken in England, and is sometimes referred to as British and called “the Scarce Painted Lady.” Genus THALEROPIS, Staud. Cat. p. 17. Dr. Staudinger has founded this genus to contain a single species, which was considered a Vanessa by Eversmann and an Apatiira by Herrich Schaffer. I have not seen the original definition of the genus, which appears to be very closely allied to Apatura. T. Ionia, Ev. Lep. Pioss. p. Ill, pi. xiii. 1, 2 ; Ammonia, H. S. 542-5. — Expands from 1’50 to 1’75 in. Hind margins of fore wings deeply concave, apex prominent, and marked with white spots on a black ground. Hind wings somewhat dentate and pro- minent at the anal angle, as in Apatura. All the wings are fulvous, sometimes with an addition of white and yellow ; the bases of the wings are black, and the general pattern of the wings is composed of black spots. The hind wings have an ocellated spot at the anal angle. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, marked with black ; an eye-like spot near the anal angle. Hind wings bluish grey, with a dark central band, and a small ocellus at the anal angle. Habitat: The North-East of Asia Minor, principally Amasia and Tokat ; it seems to be a rare species, and does not occur in Europe. Genus MELITJEA. M. Aurinia var. Sibirica, Staud. Cat. 1861, p. 7; 1871, p. 17; var. Desfontainesii, Ev. Lep. Pioss. p. 92. — A very pale-coloured variety, inhabiting Eastern and South-Eastern Siberia. M. Arduinna var. Pihodopensis, Err. 193, 1, iii. p. 3 ; H. S. 5, 6. — Larger than the type, and deeper fulvous. Habitat : Asia Minor and Armenia. 220 NYMPHALIDJE. M. Casta, Kolv. Ins. Pers. p. 11. — A species but little known, and much resembling ill. Trivia, of which it is probably a local form. Habitat : Persia. ilJ. Didjjma var. Didymoides, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1847, hi. 67, T. i. 3, 4; H. S. 597-8. — Sihirica, Staud. Cat. 1861. — The male has only a few black spots, the female dark greenish or yellow. A variety much resembling the South Russian Neera. Habitat : Eastern Siberia and the Amur. Ab. Latogenia ( ? ), H. S. 599-600 : Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 14. — An aberration in which the female has the wings very dark brown, almost black, with white spots. Habitat : The Amur. M. Dictynna var. Erycina, Led. Z. b. v. 1853, p. 7. — The upper surface of the wings very dark, with yellowish white spots. Habitat : The Altai and the Amur. M. Protomedia, Men. Schrk. Reis. p. 23, T. ii. 6, 7. — A species described by Menetries from Eastern Siberia and the Amur ; very close to Dictynna. ill. Arcesia, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 15, T. i. 7. — Described by Bremer from Eastern Siberia ; hardly distinct from M. Athalia. ill. Athalia var. Orientalis, Men. Schrk. Reis. p. 23, T. ii. 5. — Under side with the yellow spots replaced by white. Habitat : North-East Siberia. Genus ARGYNNIS. A. Aphirape var. Triclaris, Hiib. Ztr. Exot. vol. ii. — Somewhat resembles Ossiamis, figured on PI. XL VI., but is much lighter above, like Seleiie or Euphrosyne. The under side is also brighter, the hind wings light red, with conspicuous white markings. Habitat : Labrador. A. Oscarus, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1844, hi. 588; H. S. 603-4. — Expands from 1*70 to 1-80 in. Somewhat resembles A. Amathusia above. Under side : Hind wings reddish brown, with a light yellow central band, some basal spots of the same colour ; between these and the central band is a small round yellow spot with a black centre. Hind margin with a row of pearly lunules; internal to these, near the costa, is a light purple streak, and then a row of black spots with whitish centres (described from fig. in H. S.). Habitat ; Eastern Siberia and the Amur. AEGVNNIS. 221 A. Amphiloclms, Men. Schrk. Eeis. p. 21, T. ii. 1. — Expands 2 in. Wings smoky black, with a slight tinge of fulvous. Fore wings with a row of round black spots parallel to the hind margin, surrounded by fulvous rings ; a similar row on the hind wings. Under side: Fore wings light reddish brown, spotted with black; marginal rows with white rings ; hind wings deeper reddish brown, a large white spot at the base, and another at the centre of the wing ; between these is a round white spot with a black centre. The central white spot forms part of a band composed of light yellow spots ; parallel to the hind margin is a row of large white spots with round black centres, and outside these a marginal row of white triangular marks. Habitat : The Amur and North-East Siberia. A. Amjarensis, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1870, i. p. 112. — Size and shape of A. Thore. Pattern of the wings above like that of A. Selenis, except that the black spots are somewhat larger. The under side resembles that of A. Thore, except that the hind wings have a row of pearly white lunules bordered internally by black triangles. Habitat : Eastern Siberia (Irkoutsk). A. Eugenia, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1847, ii. 68; Ev. Lep. Boss. T. ii. 1, 2; H. S. 605. — Expands from 1-75 to 1-90 in. Wings rather light fulvous, blackish at the base, and deeply black at the hind margins. Hind wings dark brown, marked with green along the nervures : in the centre of the wing are three rather large silvery spots ; between the two nearest the costa are two yellowish white ones ; near the base are four small silvery spots, and parallel to the hind margin a row of seven or eight ; between these and the medial silver spots is a row of yellow ones with green centres (described from fig. in H. S.). Habitat : Eastern Siberia. A. Niohe var. Gigantea, Stand. Cat. p. 21. — Niohe, Ld. Hor. 1869, 82. — Very much larger than the typical form. The male is brighter fulvous, and the female is greenish. Habitat: The North of Persia. A. Anadyomene, Feld. Wien. Mts. 1862, p. 25. — Ella, Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 94, T. viii. 1. — Paislana, Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1866, hi. — Expands from 2-25 to 2-50 in. The wings of the male are fulvous, spotted with black, the bases are not dark, and the 222 NYMPHALID.E. spots of all the wings are distinct and do not coalesce ; the nervures are not lined with black. The hind margin of the fore wings is deeply concave, finder side as in A. Paphia, but lighter, and the silvery markings less distinct. Female expands from 2'25 to 2*70 in. The wings are somewhat duller fulvous than in the male, and near the apex of the fore wing, on the costa, is a white spot; in all other particulars the sexes are similar as regards the wings. Habitat : The Amur and Japan. A. Sagana, Dbld. Gen. T. 24, 1 (1850) ; Feld. Wien. Mts. 1862, p. 24 ; Brem. Lep. Ost. Sib. p. 10. ■ — ■ Paulina, Nord. Bull. Mosc. 1851, iv. p. 440. — Male expands from 2-25 to 2-50 in. Greatly resembles Paphia above, but is somewhat larger and lighter ; hind wings with only one black band between the base and the central row of spots. The bases are not dusky. Under side almost as in Laoclice, hut the fore wings are tipped with, purplish brown. The basal half of the hind wings is light brown, without the yellow tinge seen in Laoclice; the outer half is very much as in that species, only it has faint silvery markings as in Paphia. Female expands from 2-25 to 2*75 in. Bull greenish grey; fore wings spotted with black, with two large central white spots, and a short hand of similar ones on the costa ; there is a white spot near the apex, and several along the hind margin. Hind wings with a central white hand, outside which is a double row of black spots, and outside these a row of white ones. Under side : Fore wings green, black, and white. Hind wings green, with silvery markings. Habitat : The Amur, Japan, and Eastern Siberia. NOETH AMEEICAN NYMPHALIDiE ALLIED TO THOSE OF THE PAL^AECTIC EEGION. Genus LIMENITIS. Limenitis Ursula, Fah., and L. Proserpina are two dark species marked with shining bluish green along the hind margins. The under sides are spotted with light red. These species seem to be the nearest North American allies to Limenitis Popmli, and inhabit the Northern States. VANESSA. 223 L. Artemis, Dm., is a species something like the above, hut has a broad white band on all the wings ; inhabits Canada. L. Weidemeyerii, Edwards, a black species with white bands to the wings, and measuring 2*50 in., is the nearest allied species to the European L. Sibylla; it is found near Pike Peak, in Colorado. . Genus VANESSA. There are a number of North American Vanessce closely allied to the European V. Egra and C- Album ; they are — V. Eahricii, Edw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Am. 1870. Habitat : California. — V. Interrogationis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 424 (1798). Habitat: The United States. Larger than any European forms ; hind wings with a long tail, and marked with a metallic silvery C. V. Comma, Harris, Ins. Mass. p. 241 (1852). Habitat : States of New York and Massachusetts. — V. Eaunus, Edw. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. i. p. 183. Habitat : Canada and the Northern States. These two species are very close to the European V. C-Alhum. V. Satyrus, Silenus, and Zepliyrus, of Edwards, are also nearly allied. V. Dryas, Edwards, found in the Southern States, is something- like Egea, but has the wings less angled and the hind wings darker, whilst beneath they are marked with a metallic silvery C. (V. G-Argenteum, Doubl., from Mexico, is like these, only much larger.) V. Progne, Cramer, Pap. Ex. 1, t. 5, E. F. — Is a common North American species, darker brown, and less spotted than C-Album. Under side black, with a white C-like mark. V. J- Album, Boisd. Lee. Lep. Am. Sept. p. 185, t. 50 (1833). — Kesembles the V. Vau-jilhuin of Eastern Europe and North Asia, but is slightly larger and more brightly coloured ; it is probably a form of that species. Habitat : Canada, New Brunswick, and the Northern States. V. Milherti, Godt. Enc. Meth. ix. n. 307 (1819). — A small species somewhat resembling U. Urticce, which it seems to replace in North America ; it is common in Canada, Newfoundland, and the Northern States. 224 NYMPHALIDjE. V. Californica, Boiscl. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1852, p. 366. — This species is very close to V. Xanthomelas or Polycliloros, hut there are very few black spots on the fore wings and only one on the hind wings near the costa. The hind margins are entirely without blue lunules above. Habitat : California. V. Huntera, Fab. Syst. Ent. p. 499, n. 240. — This species has been alluded to above as having occurred in Europe ; it replaces V. Carclui in the Nearctic Eegion. The North American species of the genus Melitcea are not very like those of Europe, with the exception of a few Californian species such as ill. Ho fmannii, Bhr. ; ilf. Palla, Boisd. ; M. Minuta, Edwards ; M. Arachne, Edwards. Among the smaller species of Aniynnis, the Arctic species A. Polaris, Cliariclea, and Freija occur in North America, in Glreenland, and Labrador. A. Freija has a special variety, Tarquinius, Curt. Other North American species are A. Epithore, Edw., found in the Rocky Mountains. — A. Montinus, Scudd. Habitat: The White Mountains. — A. Myrina, Cram., allied to Selene, inhabiting the Northern States. ■ — - A. Apliirape, var. Triclaris, has been already alluded to. The following belong to the group of larger species: — Argynnis Gyhele, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 445. Common in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, — Argynnis AjAirodite, Fab. Ent. Syst. iii. 443. Habitat : New York and Canada. Both these species resemble A. Adippe, but are much larger ; they have been erroneously reputed British by some of the older writers. A. Atlantis, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1862. — Habitat : Mountains in the Northern States and Canada. A. Hesperis, Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. ii. 1864. — Habitat : Colorado. To this group belong also A. Zerene, Boisd. (California), and A. Behrensii, Edwards (California). Allied to A. Aglaia are several Californian species, especially A. Edivardsii, Reakirt, Proc. Soc. Ent. Phil. 1867. — A. Nevardensis, Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iii. p. 14. — Both these species are very close to Argynnis Aglaia of Europe and Asia. DANAIS. 225 Family 8. — DANAID^^^, Doubl. Gen. Diiirn. Lop. 1847 ; Feld. Wien. Ent. Mosc. vi. p. 74. Chaeacters. — Larva cylindrical, smaller towards the head, furnished on one or more of the anterior segments with a pair of long slender flexible non-retractile tentacula ; a similar shorter pair on the twelfth segment. Pupa suspended; rather compressed longitudinally in the abdominal region. Imago. — Fore wings elongated, the hind margin generally concave, and never angulated. The discoidal cell closed; the sub- costal nervure five-branched. Hind wings with their margins entire and rounded ; discoidal cell closed ; abdominal fold ample. Eyes prominent. Palpi divergent, not very prominent, triarticulate. Antenna gradually thickening into a club. Thorax spotted with white or yellow on the pectoral surface. Anterior legs atrophied, the two posterior pairs stout and strong. Abdomen slender, not reaching as far as the anal angle of the hind wing. Genus 1. — DANAIS, Latr. Ency. Meth. ix. p. 10 (1819); Boisd. Lee. Lep. Am. Sept. p. 1833 ; Doubl. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 89. Danaus, Latr. Gen. Crust. Ins. iv. p. 20. Larva generally whitish or grey, marked with green, yellow, or purple, and with black transverse lines. All the known larvae feed on Asdepiadee. Pupa. — Generally green, with gold decorations. Imago. — Antennae about half the length of the body, and with distinct though gradually formed clubs. Expanse of wings generally considerable; prevailing colours, brown, black, and white. Nervures black and strong ; costal and subcostal nervures of fore wings widely separated. Hind wings' with a patch of closely placed scales on the first median nervule in the male. This is a large genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the earth. Only one species inhabits Europe, and but three are found in North America. They are much given to moving about 2 G 226 DANAIDM. in migratory hordes, like some of the Pieridce, flying with a slow but steady progress, and often soaring high into the air with expanded wings. It is well known that the species of this family are distasteful to birds, either on account of the toughness of their tissues or else of the presence of some acrid secretion. On this account their colour and markings are often strangely mimicked by other Lepidoptera, especially among the Papilionidce and Pieridce, and notably in the genus Diadema among the Nijmplialidce. The species of this genus do not inhabit forest lands, but prefer open spaces, plains, and meadows. Danais Arckippus is said to be commonly seen in the streets of large cities in the United States. 1. — D. Chrysippus, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 471; Hiib. 678-9; 0. iv. 120; Boisd. Ic. 18, 3; Dup. i. 17, 1, 2. Expands from 2-50 to 3-25 in. All the wings fulvous, with a dull reddish tinge. Fore wings black on the costa, the apex black, the black colour covering about one-third of the area of the wing and extending along the hind margin. On the black portion of the wing near the apex are three or four large white spots nearly confluent ; some small white spots at the apex, and some more in the centre of the hind margin. Hind wings with three black spots placed on the outer edge of the discoidal cell ; hind margin with a continuous black border, spotted with white. Under side : Fore wings the same colour as above, but the apex, external to the large white spots, is yellowish, with the exception of the black border spotted with white, which extends the entire length of the hind margin. Hind wings yellowish brown, the three discoidal black spots being bordered with white ; around the wing, from the centre of the costa to the anal angle, is a black border enclosing a row of white spots having a very regular arrangement ; there are generally some white basal spots, and the thorax is black, spotted with white or yellow. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — In Europe, Central and Eastern Greece : it was found in South Italy, near Naples, at the commencement of the century, l)ut is said to have been destroyed l)y the unusual DANAIS. 227 severity of the winter of 1808. It is common in Persia, in Syria, and other places on the Asiatic border of the Mediter- ranean. It is spread over the whole of South Asia ; in fact it extends to every zoological region of the Old World, and is replaced by very closely allied species in the Nearctic and Neo- tropical Kegions. Larva. — Grey, with transverse black streaks, and lateral stripes of green and yellow. It is furnished with three pairs of elastic processes, one pair on the third segment being the longest, and the other two on the sixth and twelfth segments being of about equal length. Feeds on Asclepiadce. Pupa. — Flattened in the abdominal segments, bright green, with metallic golden markings (all stages figured on PI. LIV.). OTHER SPECIES OF DANAIDiE MENTIONED BY STAUDINGER. Danais Chrijsippus, var. Alcippus, Fah. Ent. Syst. p. 50. — Chrijsippuis, Or. Pap. Ex. 118, E, F; Boisd. Ic. 18, 4 . — A variety occurring in Asia Minor and Syria, in which the hind wings are white, excepting along the hind margins. Danais Dorippus, King. Symb. Phys. Ic. v. T. 48. — About the size of Chnjsippiis. All the wings are a light fulvous colour, with a narrow black border, on which are a few white spots; the fore wings are not tipped with black, and are without white spots. Habitat : Syria. NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DANAID4]]. Only three species occur in North America. One of these, Danais Archippiis (Cramer, iii. pi. 206), is a large insect, measuring between three and four inches, with the wings brighter in colour and more strongly marked with black than D. Chrfisippus ; all the wings have a border of black, marked with white and yellow spots. Its range extends from Canada to Brazil, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This species occasionally migrates or gets imported into the Old World, and has several times been taken 228 SATYRWM. in EDgiaiid. It is thus within the limits of possibility for it to become naturalised in Europe in the same manner as the Paige- arctic Fieris Picipce has become in the Nearctic Eegion. D. Berenice, Cram. hi. pi. 205. — A species allied to the last, and found in the Southern States, Mexico and Colorado. D. Strigosa, Ent. Mo. Mag. i. p. 32, 1864. — Habitat : Texas. Family 9. — SATYRID.^, Swainson, Cab. Cycl. pp. 86, 93 (1840) ; Westw. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 352 1851. Satyrin^, Bates, Jouru. Ent. ii. p. 176. Characters. — Larva without spines or projections, generally pubescent, pisciform or at least tapering towards the anal extremity, which is usually forked ; head generally rounded, occasionally bifid. Colour generally green or brown, with lateral lines placed above and below the row of stigmata. The food plants consist of grasses of various species. Pupa suspended by the anal extremity or lying face on the ground ; scarcely or not at all angulated, and without metallic spots ; in shape rather cylindrical. Imago. — Head small ; eyes naked or hairy ; antenna3 generally rather short, slender, the club distinct, but usually gradually formed ; palpi compressed and elongated, hairy anteriorly ; abdomen small. Fore legs rudimentary in both sexes ; in the male brush-shaped, and not articulated ; in the female they are longer, and have articulated tarsi. Wings proportionately large, but generally not fitted for a sustained flight ; in some species, however, the flight is rapid. Fore wings often with the nervures enlarged at the base ; the discoidal cell generally long, and always closed. Inner margin distinctly grooved, to receive the abdomen. Colour of the wings usually sombre, generally brown, sometimes black or black and white ; fore wings nearly always with an ocellated spot near the apex ; all the wings more or loss marked with submarginal rows of ocellated spots. In the European species the hind margins of the fore wings are entire, and the apices generally rounded ; the hind wings are either entire or only moderately dentate. MELANARGIA. 229 This family is very large, and of wide distribution : Europe is especially rich in Satijridce; very nearly a third part of the whole number of European butterflies belong to this group. The eight genera represented in Europe are characteristic of the Palsearctic region ; but Erehia has some representatives in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, also in South Africa and the Himalayas ; the greater number of species, however, occur in the Alpine ranges of Europe and North Asia. Qdneis has also a few Nearctic representatives, otherwise it is confined to the Arctic and Alpine regions of Europe and Siberia. Melanargia h exclusively Palaearctic, the majority of the species being found in the Mediterranean region, one only occurring north of the Alps. Most of the other genera have a few representatives in the temperate regions of the New World, and in the Himalayas. Ccenonympha is represented in the Australian region. Genus 1. — MELANARGIA, Meig. Eur. Schmett. i. p. 97 (1829). Aege, Htib. Verz. Bek. Schmett. p. 60; Boisd. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 25 (1840) ; Westw. Gen. I)iurn. Lep. p. 283 (Nom. spec.). Larva pubescent, with longitudinal stripes; the head rounded; body long and fusiform. Pupa short and rounded, not suspended by the anal extremity, but resting on the ground. Imago.— Antennse long, gradually enlarging into a fusiform club. Palpi slender, separated, the anterior joint pointed and not hairy. Eyes smooth. Wings rounded and very slightly dentate on the hind margins ; the costal nervure of the fore wings very slightly dilated at its base, as much above as beneath ; colour of the wings white or yellowish, with black bands and marks, and often with ocellated spots which sometimes have blue centres; there is always at least one ocellated spot on the under side of the fore wings, near the apex. Eight species are found in Europe, but only one occurs in Britain, M, Galatea (the marbled white) ; the majority are swift 230 SATYRIDM. flyers, and somewhat difficult to capture ; they mostly frequent dry grassy places, hill-sides, &c., and are generally very local in their habitats. 1. — M. Galatea, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 474, xii. 772; Esp. 7, 3, 25, 1 ; Hub. 183-5 ; 0. i. 1, 242. Expands from 1-75 to 2*25 in. Wings pale yellowish white, with black markings ; hind margins black, with a row of semilunar white spots ; marginal fringes black and white. Fore wings black at the base, and with a large black spot having an irregular rectangular outline, beginning near the costa and extending to the centre of the wing. Hind wings black at the base, and with a central irregular black band ; along the hind-marginal black band, near the anal angle, are three spots, most clearly marked in the female, and having blue ocelli. Under side : Fore wings as above, but there is a black spot with a white ocellus near the apex. Hind wings without the basal black markings seen above ; the central band grey, outlined with black ; the hind-marginal band is grey, with a row of well-marked ocellated spots. PL LV., 1. Time of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. — Dry chalky or limestone localities throughout Central and Southern Europe, except the Spanish Peninsula ; in Britain it is local, but, where it occurs, abundant ; it also occurs in Armenia. The flight of this species is, unlike that of some of its congeners, feeble and short ; the butterfly is therefore easy to capture. It is very liable to be infested by an Acarus, of a bright red colour, of the genus Scirus, which fastens itself firmly to the thorax and abdomen of the insect, sometimes in such numbers as to considerably retard its movements. I have frequently found mites, probably of the same species, on other Satyridce, such as Satijrus Semele, Epinepliele Hyper anthus, and the Erehice. Larva. — Head round and reddish brown ; body green, with darker dorsal and lateral stripes ; beneath the lateral streak, along the course of the spiracles, is a taintly marked reddish line. Pupa. — Brown, marked with whitish on the head and wing-cases. The larva feeds on grasses in April and May. PI. LXXVI., 1. MELANARGIA. 231 VAKIETIES. a. Leucomelas ( ? ), Esp. 81, 1, 2; Hilb. 517-8; 0. i. 1, 246 ; Dup. i. 45, 3, 4; Boisd. Ic. 25, 3, 4, — In this aberration the markings are entirely absent from the under side of the hind wings, which is quite white, the markings of the upper surface showing faintly through. Most commonly found in the South of Europe. I have never seen a British specimen. PI. LV., 2. h. Galene (ab.), 0. i. 2, 236. — An aberration in which the ocellated spots are absent. c. Procida (var.), Hbst. 183, 5, 6; Hiib. 658, 9 ; 0. i. 1, 246; Dup. i. 45, 5, 6; Boisd. Ic. 25, 5, 6; Err. 379. — A variety inhabiting South-Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, and Armenia, in which the black markings are in excess of the white portions of the wings, the insect having the appearance of a black butterfly spotted with white. The hind-marginal and basal black markings are increased in size on all the wings, the inner margin of the fore wings being broadly and continuously black. The under side differs little from the type. PI. LV., 3. d. Turcica (ab.), Boisd. Gen. p, 25; Stgr. Cat. p. 22. — Turca, Milliere, Icon. 1860, p. 126. — An exaggerated form of the pre- ceding, in which the wings are almost entirely black. Habitat. ■ — The Balkans, occasionally in other parts of the South of Europe. The following is Milliere’s description of a specimen taken by Donzel near Digne : — “ The black colour, which in Galatea is only indicated by large patches of different forms, has invaded in Turca almost the entire surface of the fore wings ; with some difficulty one distinguishes two or three small white oblong blotches placed near the centre of the fore wings. The hind wings are less black than the fore wings, and allow us to distinguish four or five large white patches sprinkled with black. The nervures are very broadly marked with black. The ordinary lunules are very feebly traced. The under side of the fore wings is a repetition of the upper. The hind wings are entirely black, with a greenish tinge, the ordinary patterns being marked in deeper black.” 232 SATYRIDM. 2. — M. Lachesis, Hiib. ii. 3, 3 ; Hiib. 186-7 ; 0. i. 1, 247 ; Godt. ii. 19, 1, 2; Mill. Ic. 62, 4, 5. Expands from 2-25 to 2-50 in. Somewhat resembles M. Galatea, but, besides being on the average larger than that species, it has the ground colour white in both sexes. There is no black patch at the base of the fore wings, and no central black band on the hind wings, which, with the exception of a black spot on the costa, are plain white, with a hind-marginal black band, on which are some ocellated spots, especially well-marked in the female. Under side somewhat similar to that of M. Galatea, but lighter ; the hind wings have five distinct black ocellated spots. PI. LV., 4. Times of Appeakance.- — May and June. Habitat. — The Spanish Peninsula ; and the South of France, in Provence, Languedoc, Roussillon, and at Vernet-les-Bains, where it is said to replace M. Galatea, which in its habit it closely resembles. It seems to be confined to the above localities, though there are some very closely-allied species both in Asia Minor and the Amur ; they, however, are considered distinct from Lachesis. Laeva. — “ Fusiform, the last segment without a forked tail, and entirely pubescent, like the larva of its congener, Cleanthe. Its general colour is flesh-tint, with the ordinary lines of a pale red. The transverse marks showing on each segment are terminated by a longitudinal line, straight and continuous, placed beneath the line of the stigmata. The ventral surface is paler than the dorsal, and is not marked with lines. The head is yellow, globular in shape, with the eyes and mandibles marked with brown. The legs are light brown ; the stigmata large and black. It lives, like its congeners, on different species of grass ; the Lamarchia aurea, L., however, seems especially to form its food.” — Mill. Icon. 1865, p. 92. VARIETY. Cataleuca (ab.). Stand. Cat. p. 22. — An aberration occurring in Central Spain in which the dark markings are absent from the under side of the hind wings ; it thus corresponds to the aberration Ijcucornclas of M. Galatea. ^lELANAUGlA. 233 3. — M. Larissa, H.-G. 896-9 ; Fit. B. 73, 1 ; Boisd. Ic. 28, 4, 6; Bup. i. 26, 1-4. Expands from 1’50 to 2'0 in. Marginal fringes black and white. All the wings with the ground colour creamy white ; bases broadly dark brown ; hind margins broadly dark brown or black, with a row of white spots. Fore wings with two large confluent black spots in the centre of the costa. Hind wings with two or three indistinct ocellated spots in the black border, formed by white rings enclosing black ones, with blue or white pupils. Under side : Fore wings somewhat as in the under side of Galatea, the dusky basal patches seen on the upper surface not appearing. Hind wings with a central band of clear white spots edged with dark brown or black ; hind-marginal band much fainter than above, and with five ocellated black and white spots. PL LVI., 1. Time of Appeakance. — June. Habitat. — The Balkan Provinces, and Asia Minor. Larva. — Unknown. VARIETY. Hertha, H.-G. 900-3; Boisd. Ic. 28, 1, 3; Tr. x. 1, 39. — On the under side this variety resembles the typical form described above ; but above it is much lighter and more resembles Galatea on the one hand, and lapygia on the other. The bases have not the broad dusky patches seen in the type, but, as in the allied species, have black markings enclosing large white spots ; the hind margins are without the broad dark bands, but have them somewhat as in Galatea, the white spots being triangular. It may be distinguished from Galatea by the blue centres of the hind-marginal eyes, by the white central band on the under side of the hind wings, and by the average size of the insect being greater. The broad hind-marginal band on the under side of the hind wings will distinguish it at first sight from the next species. Habitat. — Dalmatia and Greece; not occurring so far eastward as the type. Pi. LV., 5. 234 SATYRWM. 4. — M. lapygia, Cyr. Eiit. Neap. i. T. iii. 5, 1787 ; Esp. 105, 3, (1789). Clotho, Luc. Expl. Alg. PL 2, 4. Ateopos, Hiib. 192, 3. Cleanthe, Boisd. Ic. 26, 1-3 ; Dup. i. 25, 5, 6 ; Mill. Ic. 62, 1, 3. Expands from 1'90 to 2-25 in. Marginal fringes black and white. Wings white, with a yellowish tinge in the male ; bases dusky ; nervures black. Fore wings with a central black spot, from the lower part of which a thick black streak descends to the anal angle, when it merges into the black hind-marginal border, which contains a row of large white spots ; between the central black spot and the base is a wavy black line occupying the centre of the discoidal cell. Hind wings almost as in Galatea, but there is no hind-marginal black border, its place being taken by a series of black lines arranged in triangles. The ocellated spots are very distinct, especially in the female ; there are five of these, two being placed near the costal edge, and three near the anal angle ; they are white, with black rings enclosing white pupils, and without any tinge of blue. The basal patches enclose a large white blotch similar to those of Galatea. Under side : Fore wings with markings corresponding to those above, but lighter and more slender, the hind-marginal band being reduced to a wavy black line. Hind wings with a yellow central band bordered with dark brown ; hind margin slightly yellow, with a zigzag black line, internal to which are spots corresponding to those above, but yellowish, bordered with dark brown, and with white pupils in dark rings. PI. LVI., 2. Times of Appeaeance. — June and July. Habitat. — The South of Italy, Sicily and the North of Africa, South-Eastern France, Central Spain, Hungary, South Bussia, and Persia. Laeva. — The following description is taken from Milliere, Icon. 1865 ; PI. 62, i. 3 : — More elongated than that of its congener Galatea, less fusiform, and entirely pubescent, the head and the legs included. The segments are distinct. The body is of a citron-yellow, somewhat inclining to green. The five usual MELANARGIA. 235 lines are fine, well-marked, and extend from the second to the eleventh segment. The vascular line is darker than the ground colour, and marked with white on each side ; the subdorsal and stigmatal lines are yellow, and larger than the first. The stigmata are black, visible to the naked eye, and encircled by faint red. The ventral surface, which is not so bright as the rest of the body, does not show any lines. The head is tolerably large, globular, and separated from the first segment ; it is reddish yellow, with the eyes marked with brown ; the mandibles are reddish. This larva was first discovered in Spain by Dr. Staudinger ; it lives on different grasses, but particularly on Lamarchia aurea, L., a plant peculiar to the southern parts of Europe. To undergo its metamorphosis the larva hangs itself head downwards to a stalk of grass, and three or four days are enough for it to complete its transformation. The pupa is plump, and of a bright brown colour and dull surface ; it is finely striped with red on the wing-cases and thorax ; the covering of the eyes and the top of the head is brown. The imago emerges in fifty or sixty days.” Obs. — This species, in consequence of its widely-extended habitat, presents several local varieties or races. The typical form originally described is that found in Italy and Sicily, and is smaller than the Franco-Spanish form Cleanthe of Boisduval ; the male figured on PI. LVI. represents Cleanthe, which is the commoner form of the species ; it is very slightly darker, besides being a little larger than the Italian specimens (“ Cleanthe vix nom. conserv.,” Stand. Cat. 23). A third form is the Eussian and Hungarian var. Suwaroviiis, Hbst. viii. p. 13, T. 182, 5, 7. This is somewhat larger and paler than the Italian or French forms, both sexes resembling the female figured on PI. LVI. The flight of this species is said to be very rapid. M. Maurice Girard, speaking of Cleanthe, says, “Elies semblent toujours pressees, comme si elles avaient de longues courses a faire ” (Traite Elementaire d’Entomo- logie, Macro-lepid. p. 210, 1882). 236 SA TYRIDM. 5. — M. Syllius, Hbst. viii. p. 15, T. 182, 8, 9 (179G) ; 0. i. 1, 254. Psyche, Hub. 198, 9 (1799) ; Goclt. ii. 19, 3, 2. OcciTANicA, Esp. 96, 3, 4. Expands from 1-80 to 2-20 in. All the wings white, with a black hind-marginal border enclosing a row of white spots. Fore wings with several white spots on the black border near the apex, the border being widest at this part ; in the centre of the wing, touching the costa, is a large black spot enclosing one or two white ones ; the base dusky. Hind wings with a black spot on the costa, having the appearance of being continued from a similar spot on the fore wings ; near the anal angle are three indistinctly marked black eyes with darkish rings. Nervures of all the wings black above. Under side : Fore wings similar in markings to the upper side, but the nervures are reddish brown along the hind margin. Hind wings similar to the upper side, but the nervures are marked with reddish brown ; the black markings also have a tinge of the latter colour ; there are five submarginal ocellated spots, not very distinctly marked, having blue centres enclosed in reddish and yellowish rings. PI. LVII., 1. Time op Appearance. — June. Habitat. — Piedmont, the South of France, and the Spanish Peninsula. Larva. — The following is translated from Milliere, Icon. 1873, p. 276: — “At this time (May 10th to 15tb, i. r., when it is full grown) it is rather elongated, sensibly tapering posteriorly, pubescent, of a yellowish flesh -colour, with well marked and continuous lines. The vascular line, which begins and ends in an acute point, is large, of a clear brown, and bordered narrowly with white on each side. The subdorsal line is Naples-yellow, and is edged with green above and below ; the lower edging extends along the sides down to the stigmatal line, which is fine and clear. The head is globular, pubescent, and of an indistinct green, with two black ocelli on each side. The legs are flesh-coloured The stigmata are very small, white, encircled with black. About a third part of the larvae collected had a different colour from the type. This constant variety has the ground colour bright green, and an entirely black vascular line. M. Guenee has pointed out to MELANARGIA. 237 me that the same thing occurs in the larva of Galatea. This Melanargia lives on a large kind of grass very common in the neighbourhood of Cannes, and peculiar to dry and stony calcareous districts — the Brachypodmm pinnatuvi. The pupa is rather elongated, plump and smooth, yellowish in colour, and finely striped with dark brown,” VAEIETY. Ixora (ah.), Boisd. Ic. 27, 3, 4. — Differs from the type in the absence of the ocelli from the under side of the hind wings. 6. — M. Pherusa, Boisd. Ic. 26, 4-6, i. p. 141; Dup, i. 45, 1, 2. Expands from 1-80 to 2-20 in. Greatly resembles the last above, especially in the markings of the fore wings, which are almost identical, though perhaps not quite so dark. The hind wings are lighter at the base than in Syllius, and the submarginal spots are smaller, with very faintly defined lightish centres. Under side : Fore wings as in Syllius, but lighter, the black markings finer, and not so distinctly marked with brown. Hind wings with the nervures dark brown, and only indistinctly marked with reddish ; submarginal spots indistinct, and only sometimes with blue centres. PL LVI., 3. Time of Appeaeance. — June. Habitat. — Sicily. VAEIETY. Plesaura, Bell. Ann. S. Fr. 1860, pi. 12, 1, 2. — An aberration corresponding to the form Ixora of Syllius — that is, wanting the ocelli, and sometimes entirely without the submarginal black spots above. Laeva. — Unknown, 7. — M. Arge, Sulz. Abg. G. 1776, T. 16, 8, 9; Esp. 27, 1, 70, 1, 111, 2; 0. i. 1, 251; Dup. i. 24, 5, 6. Amphiteite, Hiib. 194-5 (1799); Boisd. Ic, 27, 1, 2. Expands from 1-75 to 2-20 in. All the wings creamy white, black at the base, and with a wavy hind-marginal black band. This species differs from the last two in having fewer black 238 SATYRIDM. markings on the fore wings above, and in the absence of any brownish red line along the nervures beneath. Fore wings with an irregular hollow spot near the centre of the wing touching the costa, and between this and the base another smaller blotch ; near the apex is a blue-centred ocellated spot in the female ; there are two, and these are more distinct than in the male. Hind wings with a submarginal row of five black spots with blue ocelli, two placed near the costa and three near the anal angle ; there are two faintly marked central lines traced round the discoidal cell. Under side : Fore wings white, with markings similar to those above, but finer ; one or two ocellated spots are placed near the apex. Hind wings with the black discoidal lines stronger than above, and several other black lines running across the wing internal to them; nervures black ; between them, at the marginal ends, are some light reddish brown streaks ; submarginal row of eyes well marked, yellow, with blue ocelli enclosed in reddish brown rings. PI. LVII., 2. Time of Appeaeance. — June. Habitat. — Calabria, Sicily, Spain, and Portugal. Laeva. — Unknown . 8. — M. Ines, Hffsgg. 111. Mag. hi. p. 205 (1804); 0. i. 2, 237 ; Boisd. Icon. 27, 5, 6 ; Hup. i. 24, 1, 4. Thetis, Hiib. 196-7 (1799), (Nomen preocc.). Expands from 1'80 to 2-0 in. Very close to the last three species, but altogether darker, and the markings more pronounced. Wings yellowish white, marked with brownish black ; nervures black, but not very strongly marked. Fore wings with a broad black hind-marginal border, in which are two rows of white spots, those of the internal row being the largest ; in the centre of the costal margin is a black blotch containing a white spot ; between this and the base an angulated black mark ; basal portion of inner margin dusky ; near the apex are one or two ocellated spots, almost obliterated by the black band. Hind wings with a black hind- marginal border, having the usual row of wliite lunules ; the sub- marginal spots are deep black and large, with blue ocelli ; the discoidal black line strongly marked, merging into a line of dusky shading, which extends from the base. Under side : Fore wings MELANARGIA—EREBIA . 239 whiter than above, except at the apex, where the ground colour is yellowish ; black markings as above, but lighter ; near the apex are one or two ocellated spots, of a pinkish red, with white centres; on the costal margin, at its basal end, is a row of minute black spots, not found in the other species. Hind wings yellowish white ; nervures distinctly black ; discoidal lines forming a reticu- lated pattern about the basal portion of the wing ; submarginal ocellated spots very large and distinct, each one formed by an external black ring enclosing a yellow one, and inside this a reddish pink one containing a blue centre. PI. LVIL, 3. Times of Appeaeance. — May and June. Habitat. — The South of Spain. I have received it from Huelva, but it occurs at other places near the sea-coast, and on the coast of Africa. Larva. — Unknown. Genus 2. — EREBIA, Halm. Sverig. Handl. 1816. p. 58; Boisd. Gen. Ind. Meth. p. 26; Westw. Gen. Hal. p. 376. Maniola, Schrank. Faun. Boica, ii. 1, p. 152; Meig. Eur. Schmett. 1, p. 104 (Nomen vetustius). Characters. — Larva, in the few cases where it is known, fusiform, bifid at the anal extremity, green or yellowish in colour, with darker dorsal or lateral stripes ; feeding on various species of grasses, chiefly of the genera, Poa, Festuca, Panicum, &c. Pupa. — Wing-cases long; body plump, thickest in the middle, tapering to the tail, and ending in a blunt flat spike ; back of thorax rounded ; head- and eye-piece prominent ; not attached by the tail, but placed in an upright position among grass near the ground. Imago. — Head of moderate size. Antennge variable in length, terminated by an oval club distinct from the shaft, and flattened. Palpi separated, covered with close silky hairs. The eyes smooth. Wings more or less hairy at the base ; the nervures not dilated at the base, with the exception of the subcostal nervure of the fore wings ; fore wings generally rounded ; hind wings sometimes but not always denticulate ; colour dark brown or black, with brown or reddish marginal bands, generally enclosing eye-like spots. The fringes of the wings are usually unicolorous greyish white; but 240 SATYRWM. some, as E. Ligea and Euryale, have them chequered with grey and black. This generic group is well marked by the general colouring of the wings, and by the habit of the species. They are all inhabitants of regions which are more or less cold, generally on account of altitude, but sometimes of latitude, as in the case of Erehia Embla and Disa, which are found in Lapland. In countries which are quite flat or but little elevated above the sea-level the genus Erehia is entirely absent; it is poorly represented on islands, however large and mountainous they may be — England and Scotland, for example, though possessing considerable tracts of elevated country and by no means insignificant mountains, have at present only two species, E. JEthiops (the Scotch Argus) and E. Gassiope (the Mountain Einglet). In Ireland, though that island is mountainous in parts, Erehia is absent. Corsica, too, a large island situated comparatively near to the great central alpine ranges of Europe, which may be said to be the head-quarters of the genus, and itself possessing mountains on whose summits the snow often remains throughout the summer, does not number a single Erehia amongst its lepidopterous fauna. About sixty species are known, twenty-nine of which inhabit Europe ; others are found in Siberia, the Amur, the Himalayas, Arctic America, Colorado, Chili and Patagonia, several in South Africa, and one in Madagascar. Though some species occur in the plains and on the lower grounds, as E. JEthiops, Ligea, Medusa, &c., by far the greater number of the European species are found in mountainous regions at various elevations, as far as the verge of the unmelting snow. Many species only occur at particular elevations, so that the Erehice are more or less distributed in zones upon the sides of the mountains. The best plan, therefore, for those who wish to obtain a considerable number of species is to reside at some place having a certain elevation, and to work upwards and downwards from that station, thus saving the labour of makiug continual ascents in search of particular species. Zermatt and Chamounix are perhaps as good as any other places in Switzerland to choose for tliis purpose. All the species occur during the summer season, from the beginning of June to the end of August; those that inhabit mountain regions are single-brooded. EREBIA. ‘241 The great general similarity between the species of this genus would cause anything like lengthy descriptions to involve con- siderable repetition ; in describing the Erehice, therefore, we have principally to notice the expanse of the wings, their colour, the colour and extent of the submarginal bands, and the size and number of the spots, and whether they are ocellated or not. The females are usually larger than the males, and with light and more distinct markings beneath. The life-history of all but a few species is entirely unknown ; this is perhaps accounted for by the fact that so few entomologists who visit the places where the imagines abound are able to stay long enough to watch the earlier stages ; to this may he added the extreme difficulty or impossibility of obtaining proper food-plants for the larvae in localities far distant from their real habitat. There is a wide field of work in alpine regions open to those who wish to bear their share in taking away from entomological literature the reproach of having to write “ Larva unknown ” against the majority of the species of Erehia. 1.— E. Epiphron, Kutz. Btr. hi. 131, G, 7 (1783); 0. i. 1, 258; H. S. 92, 94 ; Fit. 544, 1, 2. Expands from 1-25 to 1-50 in. Marginal fringes dark brown. Wings brown, darkest at the base ; submarginal band marked with about equal intensity on all the wings, narrow, and generally broken up into four or five spots on each wing, fulvous in colour, each fulvous patch containing a distinct black spot, which some- times has a white centre. Under side similar to the above, but paler, both in the ground colour and the fulvous bands. Times of Appeaeance. — June and July. Habitat. — Elevated meadows and mountain-slopes in Ger- many, Silesia, and the nort-east of France (the Vosges and Ehine Provinces). It is less widely distributed than the variety Cassiope, described below. Laeva (of Cassiope). — Pale green, with longitudinal lines of a darker colour ; a lateral stripe of a white colour runs along the line of the spiracles. Feeds on various grasses, principally on Boa annua. PI. LVIII., 1. 2 I 242 SATYRIDM. VARIETIES. n. Cassiope, Fab. Mant. 42 ; Hiib. 626-7 ; 0. i. 1, 261 ; Godt. ii. 15, 1, 2 ; Frr. 20, 1, 2. — Smaller than the German type, and paler in colour, especially as regards the fulvous bands ; the black spots are smaller, less evenly arranged, and without the white pupils in the female; the submarginal fulvous bands are much less distinct, especially on the hind wings, where the black spots also are sometimes entirely wanting. PI. LVIII., 2. Time of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. — The Alps of Switzerland and Piedmont ; the Pyrenees ; mountains in Hungary ; also in the North of England, and in Scotland, in marshy hollows at a great elevation. In the Vosges it occurs simultaneously with the typical Epiphron. h. Nelamus, Boisd. Gen. p. 26. — An Alpine form occurring in Switzerland. It has the black spots absent from the fulvous bands on all the wings. c. Pyrenaica. — Larger than Cassiope, with large ocelli on all the fulvous bands. Inhabits the Pyrenees. 2. — E. Melampus, Fuess. Verz. p. 31, fig. 6 (1775) ; Esp. 103, 1; 0. i. 1 ; Boisd. Ic. 35, 5, 6 ; Frr. 19, 1, 2. Janthe, H. S. 624-5. Expands from 1-16 to 1’25 in. Bark brown. Submarginal fulvous band of fore wings broken up into five or six spots of an almost oval shape, and separated only by the nervures, which are strongly dark brown or black ; in the centre of each spot is a very small black dot. Hind wings with three or four fulvous spots, smaller than those on the fore wings, each with a black dot. Under side : Dark brown, rather lighter than above ; fulvous spots small and distinctly separated. PI. LVIII., 3. Times of Appearance.-— July and August. Habitat. — Elevated meadows in the Pyrenees, the Alps of Switzerland, and South-Eastern France. It is a local species, but common where it occurs. Larva . — Unknown , EREBIA. ‘243 3. — E. Eryphile, Fit. 187, 3, 4 (1836); Meyer-Diir. Tgf. p. 154, Teistis, H. S. 387-90. Expands from 1*30 to 1’60 in. All the wings dark krowii ; fore wings with the submarginal band broken into six spots of a bright fulvous colour, the two upper ones having each a black dot in the centre. The hind wings with three or four fulvous spots, without black dots. Under side : Fore wings tinged with fulvous towards the base, so that the basal edge of the submarginal baud becomes somewhat indistinct; its outer edge is, however, well marked, the marginal portion of the wing being dark brown. Hind wings dark brown in the male, and with a submarginal baud of a lighter colour ; this band is more fulvous in the female, and the ground colour is lighter. PL LYIII., 4. Times of Appeaeance. — July and August. Habitat. — Elevated mountain meadows in Switzerland and Styria.- Bare and local ; by some supposed to be a variety of Melampus. Laeva. — Unknown. 4. — E. Arete, Fab. Mant. 42; Hiib. 231-2; 0. i. 1, 301; Bell, Ann. Soc. Fr. 1858, PL 11, ii. Expands from 1*25 to 1’30 in. Fringes yellowish. All the wings brown. Fore wings with a fulvous band, divided by the nervures into five or six divisions ; there are no black dots. Hind wings brown, with the fulvous altogether absent or only faintly marked. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, lighter towards the hind margin, and more or less shot with green ; near the ajiex are two small black spots. Hind wings reddish brown in the male, and light yellowish brown in the female ; sometimes there are some black dots placed parallel to the hind margin. PL LVIII., 5. Time op Appeaeance. — July. Habitat. — Alpine regions in Styria and Carintliia. Another rare and local species. Laeva. — Unknown. 244 .S'.l TYRW.E. 5. — E. Mnestra, Hub. 540-3 (1802); Esp. 120, 3,4; 0. i. 1, 264; Boisd. Ic. 35, 1-4; Blip. i. 34, 3, 4; Err. 19, 3; H. S. 96. Expands from 1-20 to 1*40 in. Fringes dark brown. All the wings brown. The male has a band of fulvous spots on the fore wings, and four fulvous spots on the hind wings. The female has a very broad fulvous band on the fore wings, less sharply defined on the basal than on the outer edge, and showing two small black dots at the part where it is closest to the apex ; the base of the wing is darker than the hind-marginal portion ; hind wings brown, darkest at Ihe base. Under side : Fore wings fulvous in the centre, the basal and hind-marginal portions dark brown ; hind wings dark brown, with four fulvous spots in the male, but not in the female. Times of Appearance. — July and August. PI. LVIIL, 6. Habitat. — Elevated meadows in most of the alpine regions of Central Europe. It is common but local in Switzerland. I have taken it on the Furka Pass in August ; it is to be taken in France in the departments of the Hautes — and Basses — Alps, in which localities seventeen species of Erehia are said to exist. (Girard, p. 229). Larva. — Unknown. 6. — E. Pharte, Hiib. 491-4; Esp. 120, 4; 0. i. 1, 259; Boisd. Ic. 35, 7, 8 ; Hup. 1, 24, 1-2; Fit. 20, 3 ; H. S. 95. Expands from 1-20 to 1'40 in. All the wings brown. Fore wings with a band of five fulvous spots ; hind wings with four spots in the male, generally not well defined, and as a rule absent in the female. Under side : Fore wings with the fulvous band distinct ; hind wings with the row of fulvous spots in both sexes. PI. LVHI., 7. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — The Alps of Switzerland, in elevated meadows ; also in the South-Eastern Departments of France, in the same localities as the last. EEEBIA. 245 7. ^E. CEme, Hub. 530-3 (1803); Bsp. 120, 2; 0. i. 1, 270; Hilp. i. 34, 4-8; Boiscl. Ic. 34, 5, 8; Frr. 31, 1, 2. CcECiLiA, Esp. 120, 1. Expands from 1-40 to 1'70 in. Fringes dark brown. Aiitenu® proportionably rather longer than in the preceding species. All the wings dull brown, without any fulvous bands ; bases nearly black, and the nervures darker than the colour of the wings ; the fore wings have two small dull red spots near the apex, sometimes these have white pupils ; there are one or two similar spots on the hind wings, generally very indistinct above, but more plainly visible beneath. Under side almost as above, but the red spots are some- what plainer. PI. LYIII., 8. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The Alps of Switzerland, and Savoy ; in France, principally in the South-Eastern Departments ; in Auvergne, but rare, in July and August at l^uy de Saucy (Girard). VARIETY. Psodea, Frr. 121, 3, ii. p. 44; H. S. 165-5; 0. i., 1, 171. — Spodia, Stand. Cat. p. 24. — This form of the species is found in the alpine regions of Austria and Styria, and differs from the type in being of a larger size, and in having the ocelli larger and more defined. 8. — E, Manto, Esp. 70, 2, 3 (1781), ii. p. 106; Hbst. 210, 8, 9, 211, 1, 2; Bkh. i. 100, 245. Pyrrha, W. V. p. 167 ; Fab. Mant. 42 (1787) ; Hiib. 235-6,616; O.i. 1,267; Godt. ii. 15, 3, 4 ; Frr. 31, 3, 4. — CEme, var. Esp. 120, 1. Erina, Fab. E. S. 237. Expands from 1-25 to 1‘35 in. All the wings dark brown. Fore wings with a submarginal row of reddish brown spots; in the female these are fewer and paler, and have one or two small black dots. Hind wings with three or four reddish brown spots in the male, plain brown in the female. Under side : Brown; fore wings in the male with a reddish brown band ; hind wings with a few reddish brown spots as above. Female much paler than the male ; 246 SATYRIDM. fore wings with a light yellowish brown band, in which are one or two black dots ; hind wings brown, with a submarginal row of yellowish spots, and some others near the base of a similar colour. PI. LIX., 1. Times of Appeaeance. — July and August. Habitat. ■ — The Alps of Switzerland, in elevated meadows ; the Pyrenees, Mont Dore in Auvergne, Cacadogne in the Vosges (Girard). Lakva. — Unknown. 9.— E. Ceto, Hilb. 578-9; 0. i. 1, 272; Godt. ii. 16, 1, 2; Frr. 37, 1, 2 ; H.-G. 1002, 3. Expands from 1-30 to 1-60 in. All the wings dark brown; submarginal brown spots tolerably well marked in both the fore and the hind wings ; two or three of the spots on the fore wings and all those on the hind wings have black dots in the centre ; in the female these black dots have minute white centres. Under side the same as above, but paler, and entirely without basal markings. This species differs from the last in being of larger size, in having the submarginal spots distinctly dotted with black, and in the greater similarity between the sexes. P. LIX., 2. Times of Appeaeance. — July and August. Habitat. — Elevated alpine meadows in Switzerland, North Italy, the South-Eastern Departments of France, and the Pyrenees. VAEIETY. Phorcys, Frr. 193, 2, hi. p. 4. — A variety, figured by Freyer, in which the submarginal spots on the under side are white, with dark brown centres. 10.— E. Medusa, Fab. Mant. 40 ; Hiib. T. 45, 103-4 ; 0. i. 1, 273 ; Frr. 43, 1 ; Godt. ii. 15, 5, G ; Meyer-Diir. Tgf. p. 163. Ligea, Esp. 7, 2 (1777, sed non Lirjea, Linn.) Medea, Bkh. i. 74, 235 (1788) ; Hbst. 208, 3, 43. Expands from 1-60 to 1*75 in. All the wings dark brown, with submarginal rows of light brown spots, forming a band and enclosing round black spots with very distinct white centres. EREBIA. 247 Under side similar to the upper surface, but paler ; the fulvous spots are distinct, and do not coalesce as above. This species may be distinguished from the last by the greater regularity and distinctness of the fulvous spots, which, though they are coalescent, appear as distinct fulvous rings surrounding the black ocelli ; the ground colour of the wings is lighter, and in the male shows a tendency to greenish reflections in certain lights. The black ocellated spots are more numerous in the female than in the male ; there are generally six on the fore wings in that sex, the two nearest the apex being the largest. PI. LIX., 3. Times of Appeakance. — May and June. Habitat. — Elevated woods and occasionally in wooded plains in Central and Southern Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland; in France it appears to he found in almost all the departments to the extreme east, especially in the Vosges and the neighbourhood of the Jura ; it also occurs in Scandinavia and in South Russia. Lakva. — Pubescent, clear green, with a dorsal band and three lateral lines of a stronger green ; the dorsal hand is bordered on each side by an edging of greenish white ; besides this there is a line of the same colour along the legs, which are green, as also is the head and the caudal points (Girard). Lives on Paniciim sanguinale, and is full fed in May. VARIETIES. a. Psodea, Hiib. 497-9; Boisd. Ic. 34, 3, 4; Biip. 1, 40, 1, 2. — Eumenis, Err. 85, 4, 5. — The ocelli are larger and more numerous than in the type. Habitat. — Eastern Hungary, South Russia, Bulgaria, and Asia Minor. h. Uralensis, Stand. Cat. p. 24. — The ocellated spots are smaller and less numerous than in the type, and the hind wings are banded with a lighter colour. Habitat. — The Ural Mountains and Siberia. c. Polaris, Stand. Cat. p. 24. — Emhla, H. S. 382-3. — Smaller than the type, and darker. Habitat. — North Lapland. d. Hypomedusa, Meyer-Bilr. Tgf. p. 163. — ? Lefehvrei, H. S. 248 SA TYRIDM. 280-2. — Somewhat resembles E. G^me. Smaller than the type, with the ocellated spots very few and inconspicuous. Habitat. — Austria and the North of Switzerland, in elevated alpine pastures. 11.— E. Stygne, 0. i. 1, 276 (1807); H. S. 90, 91. PiRENE, Hub. 223-4. — Eijrene, Fit. 43-2. Irene, Hiib. Text. p. 37. Lefebvrei, H. S. 88-89 (Piirene, Linn., et Irene, Fab. alii erant papiliones). Expands from 1-20 to !• 60 in. The male has all the wings dark brown ; fore wings with a submarginal deep fulvous band extending from near the costa to a point rather less than two-thirds of the distance between the costal and inner margin ; this fulvous hand encloses three or four black spots, the two nearest the apex being larger than the rest, and containing bluish white pupils ; hind wings with the submarginal band broken into four spots ; the three nearest the anal angle containing each a black spot, some- times with a minute white centre. Under side : Fore wings dark brown, with a bright fulvous band having the same extent as above, hut unbroken ; the three ocellated spots are very distinct. Hind wings dark brown, with a slight indication of a lighter submarginal band ; near the anal angle is a very minute ocellated spot. Female lighter than the male ; fore wings with the submarginal band reaching nearly to the inner margin, and enclosing five black spots with bluish white centres ; the 1st, 4th, and 5th being very small, the 2nd and 3rd large and coalescent ; hind wings with a continuous submarginal band enclosing three black spots of equal size, and with white centres. Under side : Fore wings the same as above, hut paler ; hind wings brown, paler towards the hind margin, with three submarginal black spots enclosing small white pupils. PI. LX., 1. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — Mountain meadows, but not at a great elevation, in Switzerland, the Pyrenees, the South of France ; also in the Vosges, and in Auvergne at Mont Lore, where it is common ; it occurs rarely in Central France, in the Department of Creuse EREBIA. 249 (Girard). This is probably one of the most common and widely distributed species of the genus, and is perhaps often passed over by collectors on account of its general resemblance to E. jEthiops. Larva. — Unknown. 12. — E. Nerine, Frr. 13, 3, 4; Boisd. Ic. 31, 6, 7 ; Tr. x. 1, 49; Dup. i. 35, 5, 6; H. S. 69, 74. Expands from 1*90 to 2-20 in. All the wings dark brown. Fore wings with a well-defined submarginal fulvous band extending nearly to the inner margin, enclosing two large coalescent black spots near the apex, each having a consiDicuous bluish white pupil; the third spot, which is placed nearer to the anal angle, is much smaller, but has a distinct white centre ; hind wings with a distinct submarginal fulvous band containing three black spots of equal size, and with bluish white centres. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, the hind margin and costa brown, the ocellated spots as above ; hind wings mottled with dark brown and greyish white, with an indistinct dark central band. The female is lighter in colour than the male above, and beneath there is a nearly white central band on the hind wings, which are altogether lighter than those of the male ; the outline of the wings is more dentated than in the other sex. PI. LX., 2. Times of Appearance. — August and September. Habitat. — A very local species, being only found in alpine meadows at a great elevation in South-Eastern Germany and the Tyrol. VARIETIES. a. Reichlini, H. S. Corr. Inst. Nr. p. 5 ; Spr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1865, 243. — Differs from the type in having the fore wings blackish brown instead of fulvous beneath, and in having a small ocellated spot above the two large ones near the apex ; the hind wings are darker, and without brownish white markings. PL LX., 3. Habitat. — The South of Bavaria, and the Tyrol. (Perhaps a local form of E. Evias). h. Morula, Spr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1865, p. 248. — Smaller and darker than the type, the under side being of a uniform colour. Habitat. — Elevated meadows in the Tyrol. 2 K SATYRWM. ‘25U 13. — E. Evias, Lef. Aim. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1826, 488, PI. 10; Boiscl. Ic. 31, 3-5; Tr. x. 1, 44; Dup. i. 37, 1, 2, p. 326. Bonellii, Hiib. 892-5 (1827) ; Frr. 73, 1, 2 ; Bntl. Cat. 83. Expands from 1‘50 to 1-75 in. All the ^vings dark brown, with distinct and broad siibmarginal bands, having a tendency to be broken into separate spots, each portion enclosing a white- centred round black spot ; the submarginal bands are reddish fulvous in the male, and yellov/ish in the female. The fore wings have five ocellated spots, two larger than the rest ; above these, near the apex, a small one, and below them two small ones ; the hind wings have four spots of nearly equal size. Underside: Pore wings with a broad submarginal fulvous band enclosing the spots, and above and distinct from the ground colour, which is dark brown; hind wings dark brown, lighter along the hind margins; there is a submarginal row of four round black spots with white pupils. PI. LX., 4. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — Elevated alpine meadows, &c., in the Valais, Central Spain, Piedmont, and France, in those Departments which are in proximity to the Pyrenees. The species is not one of wide distribution, and is only found at a considerable elevation. Larva. — Unknown. 14.— E. Melas, Hbst. 210, 4, 7, viii. p. 191 (1796) ; 0. i. 1, 277 ; Godt. ii. 17, 1, 2 ; Boisd. Ic. 33, 3, 4 ; Dup. i. 39, 1-4 ; Fit. 49, 2, 61, 1 ; H. S. 65-8. Maurus, Esp. 107, 3, 4 ; 110, 4. Expands from 1-40 to 1-60 in. Male blackish brown. The fore wings have two coalescing black spots with white pupils near the apex, and a smaller one near the centre of the wing. Hind wings with a submarginal row of three black spots with white centres. Female somewhat paler. Fore wings with a faint trace of a submarginal fulvous band. All the S])ots are larger than in the male, and there are four on each wing instead of three. Under side : Fore wings dull fulvous, dullest at the base ; the apex grey, this colour extending for a short distance along the hind EREBIA. 251 margin ; the black spots wtli white centres, as above. Hind wings dark grey, with a slight bronze reflection, mottled by numerous narrow dark brown lines, which cross the wing in a direction parallel to the hind margin ; submarginal white-centred spots as above, but not so large. PI. LXI., 1. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The mountains of Hungary and the Eastern Carpathians, at a considerable elevation. It also occurs in Greece. Larva.— Unknown. variety. Lefebvrei (ab.), Boisd. Ind. p. 23 ; Boisd. Ic. 33, 1, 2 ; Dup. i. 35, 3, 4 ; Tr. x. 1, 47 ; H. S. 375 ; Stand. Hor. 1870, 65. — Differs from the type in being more of a uniform colour and darker beneath, and is the Spanish form occurring at great eleva- tions in the l^yrenees and the mountains of Castile. 15, — E. Glacialis, Bsp. 116, 2(1800). — Alecto, Err. 49, 4; Boisd. Ic. 6, 7 ; H. S. 173-4. Expands from 1-20 to 1*60 in. Wings dark brown; fore wings with a dull fulvous band reaching only two-thirds of the length of the hind margin. Hind wings in the male uniform dark brown ; in the female sometimes with a trace of a submarginal band. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, the basal portion dull ; hind margin and costa dark brown ; hind wings uniform dark brown. PI. LXI., 2. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — The highest parts of the Alps, on the verge of the snow-line, especially in the south-west of Switzerland and the eastern alpine parts of France. Girard remarks of this species that it is found at a higher elevation than any other Erebice, and is both difficult and dangerous to capture on account of the precipices. He mentions that M. Fallou has taken a worn specimen on August 10th near the summit of the Gornergrat, at an altitude of more than 10,000 feet. Larva . — U nknown . 252 SA TYRID.E. VARIETIES. Alecto (ab.), Hilb. 515-6 (1802) ; 0. i. 1, 279 ; Fit. 149, 3.— ?' Atratus, Esp. 104, 1. — Persephone, Esp. 121, 5, 6. Expands from 1’50 to nearly 2 in. Specimens are frequently found of a larger size than the type, and seldom as small as the smaller specimens of Glacialis. All the fulvous markings are nearly or quite obsolete, the insect being of a uniform dark brown above, and the hind wings beneath nearly black. PL LXI., 3. Time of Appearance. — June to August. Habitat. — The Alps of Switzerland, at a lesser altitude than the type. Pluto (ah.), A, Esp. 121, 1 (1805); Butl. Cat. 77. — Alecto, Boisd. Ic. 32, 4, 5 ; Bup. i. 38, 1, 2. — Tisiphone, Esp. 122, 5. — A very dark form of the male, in which the wings are entirely black above and beneath ; scarcely distinct from the preceding. 16. — E. Scipio, Boisd. Ic. 30, 1-6, p. 152 ; Bup. 1, 38, 5, 6 ; H.-G. 980-3. Expands from 1-70 to 2 in. Male dark brown ; all the wings with a reddish fulvous submarginal band ; fore wings with two large coalescing black spots near the apex with conspicuous white centres ; beneath these are two small ones, with minute white dots in their centre ; hind wings with three small black spots of equal size, and with minute white centres ; marginal fringe brown. Under side : Fore wings reddish fulvous ; costa and hind margin dark brown, the two large coalescing spots as above, only one smaller one beneath them ; hind wings dark blackish brown, with a slightly lighter submarginal band, on which are three incon- spicuous black spots. Female lighter brown, fulvous bands less tinged with red, and the spots much more conspicuous ; those on the hind wings with light blue centres ; marginal fringes whitish. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, costa and hind margin grey, two white-centred spots beneath the two large upjier ones ; hind wings grey, very slightly mottled with light brown, and with one or two inconspicuous dark spots. PI. LXI., 4, Time of Appearance, — July. EREBIA. 253 Habitat. — Elevated alpine meadows only in France in the following localities in the department of Basses Alpes : the neigh- bourhood of Digne and Barcelonette, the meadows of Ozgiosse, Larche, Malmorte, &c. (Girard). 17. — E. Epistygne, Hub. Verz. p. 62 (1816) ; Boisd. Ic. 31, 1-2 ; Hiib. 855-8 ; Tr. x. 1, 45. Stygne, Hiib. 639 (post 1807) ; Err. 49, 1. (Stijgiie, 0. (1807) alia est species). Expands from 1-50 to 1-70 in. Wings dark brown. Fore wings with a broad submarginal band of a light yellowish brown, divided into six by the nervures ; the three upper spaces contain each a round black spot with a white pupil ; the fourth has a small blind spot in the female, but is without a spot in the male ; the fifth space has a small black spot, which in the female has a minute white central dot ; the sixth space is fulvous, and generally has a black dot in both sexes, but is often without ; between the sub- marginal band and the base is a yellowish mark on the costa. Hind wings dark brown, with a deep fulvous submarginal band divided into six parts by the nervures ; four or five of these spaces contain white-centred black spots. Under side : Fore wings deep rich brown, tinged with dusky towards the inner margin ; costa and hind margin edged with grey ; near the apex are two or three white-centred black spots and an obscure brown spot near the anal angle ; near the centre of the wing is an irregularly-triangular dusky mark. Hind wings dark brown, crossed by numerous greyish white lines, having a direction parallel to the hind margin ; two of these are somewhat broader than the rest, and enclose a central band of brown slightly darker than the rest of the wing ; near the hind margin is a row of three or four very indistinct black dots. PL LXL, 5. Times of Appeaeance. — March and April. Habitat. — Only in the south-east corner of France, in the provinces of Dauphine and Provence, the chief locality being the dry hills in the neighbourhood of Aix. It is easy to take, on account of its dull heavy flight, and continues on the wing only for a short time. 254 SATYRIDM. Obs. — This species, as will be noticed, differs greatly from any other Erehia both in habits and appearance ; in the latter it reminds one somewhat of the genus Pararge rather than Erehia, whilst, as regards the former, its restricted range and early appear- ance are very remarkable. Larva . — U nkno wn . 18.— E. Afra, Esp. 83, 4, 5 (1783) ; 0. i. 1, 275 ; Err. 37, 4 ; Boisd. Ic. 34, 1, 2 ; Dup. i. 25, 1, 2. Phegea, Bkh. i. 101 ; Hiib. 500-1. Expands from 1-35 to 1-50 in. Wings dull brown. Fore wings greyish towards the apex and along the hind margin ; near the apex is a small round black spot with a white centre ; sub- marginal band represented by a row of five round black spots with shining white centres, and surrounded by faint rings of fulvous, the two top spots being larger than the rest and coalescent. Hind wings with a row of spots similar to those on the fore wings, but of equal size. Under side : Fore wings dark mahogany colour, the nervures greyish white, the apex and hind margins are tinged with grey, only the two largest eye-like spots are prominent, the rest being very small ; but they are all surrounded by yellowish white rings. Hind wings dark brown, the nervures nearly white ; submarginal row of spots very evenly placed, one occupying each interneural cell ; they are round and black, with minute but brilliant white centres, and surrounded by rather uncertainly- defined yellowish white rings. PI. LXH., 1. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — The steppes of South Kussia (Sarepta) and the Caucasus, and Siberia. Larva. — Unknown. VARIETY. Dalmata, Godt. Ency. Meth. p. 350. — A form of the species described by Godart as inhabiting Dalmatia. Larger than the type and less variegated beneath. EREBIA. 255 19. — E. Lappona, Esp. 108, 3 ; Tlmb. Diss. Ins. Suec. ii. p. 37, t. 5, 6, 7. Manto, Fab. E. S. 231 (1793) ; Hiib. T. 45, 107-8, 512- 14 ; 0. i. 1, 296 ; Godt. ii. 17, 7, 8 ; Err. 85, 1, 2 ; Wallengr. Kbop. Scand. p. 57. (Manto, Esp. alia est Erehia. Castoe, Esp. 67, 2 ; Scbn. Syst. B. p. 108. Expands from 1-35 to 1'70 in. Dull brown, slightly bronze in some lights. Fore wings with a broad dull fulvous band, not reaching for more than half the length of the bind margin, and containing a row of four or five black spots of nearly equal size ; bind wings with a submarginal row of three or four black spots in very inconspicuous fulvous rings. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, the costa and bind margin grey ; the black spots described above are seen again beneath, but are smaller. Hind wings grey, with the slightest tinge of violet, speckled minutely with brown, and crossed by two wavy dark brown lines, one near the base and the other across the centre of the wing ; between the central line and the bind margin is a row of four black dots. PI. LXII., 2. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — The higher Alps of Switzerland and the Pyrenees, always on the verge of the snow-line. Mountains in Scandinavia, Lapland, and the Altai. A local species in Switzerland on account of the great altitude necessary for its existence, but common where it occurs. VARIETY. Pollux, Esp. 67, 3. — An aberrant form in which the bind wings are not banded beneath. 20. — E. Tyndarus, Esp. 67, 1 (1781) ; 0. i. 1, 299 ; Err. 80, 1, 2 ; H.-G. 969-974. Cassioides, Esp. 103, 2, 2. — Neleus, Err. 80, 3, 4. Herse, Bkh. i. 94. Cleo, Hub. 209-12 ; Godt. ii. 17, 5, 6. Dromus, Fab. E. S. 224 (1793). Expands from 1-16 to 1-40 in. Wings dull brown, shot with greenish bronze. Fore wings with an indistinct dull fulvous 256 SATYRIDM. siibmai’ginal baud, on which are placed, near the apex, one or two small hlack spots, sometimes with white centres. Hind wings with faint traces of a fulvous band, but often quite plain. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, with a broad hind-marginal band of grey ; near the apex are one or two small black dots ; hind wings grey, slightly tinged with violet, a few light brown lines running across from the costa to the inner margin. PI. LXII., 3. Time of Appearance. — June to the middle of August. Habitat. ■ — The Alps of Switzerland, the Pyrenees, Italy, Hungary, South-Eastern and South- Central France, especially in Auvergne. It occurs at a great elevation, nearly as high though at the same time lower, than the last species. I have taken it on the summit of the Furka in the middle of August. VARIETIES. a. Csecodromus (ab.), Gn. et VilL— An aberration in which the fulvous bands and ocelli are absent. h. Dromus, H. S. 168-9, 275, vi. p. 8. — Cassioides, St. Cat. p. 11. — A variety in which the fulvous bands are broader and redder than in the type, and the ocellated spots larger. Habitat. — The Pyrenees ; the Caucasus and Armenia. c. Hispania, Biitl. Cat. 86, pi. ii. 7 (rect. Hispanica). — Neva- densis. Stand. Cat. — Larger than the type, the ocellated spots larger, and the hind wings without dark bands beneath. Habitat. — Sierra Nevada. cl. Ottomana, H. S. 376, 379-80, vi. p. 8. — Very like the preceding variety, but somewhat larger. Habitat. — Mountains in Greece, Asia Minor, and Southern Armenia. 21. — E. Gorge, Esp. 119, 4, 5 ; Hiib. 502-5 ; 0. i. 1, 294 ; Frr. 79, 3. jEthiops minor, Esp. 112, 1, 2. Expands from 1'16 to 1-45 in. Wings dark brown, with sub- marginal fulvous bands broadest in the female, which is also lighter. Fore wings with two or three, and the hind wings with EliEBlA. ‘157 three black spots with white centres ; these spots are most clearly defined in the female ; two of them are near the apex. Under side : Fore wings fulvous ; costa and hind margins dark brown ; the two apical eyes are distinct. Hind wings dark blackish brown in the male, lighter in the female, the basal portion ' darkest ; there is a submarginal band of grey on which are several black spots, most distinct in the female, and outside this is the dark brown hind-marginal border. PL LXII., 4. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. ■ — ■ The Alps of Switzerland and the South-East of France ; also in the Pyrenees, It always occurs at a great elevation, having been taken as high as the Gornergrat, and above the Hospice of St. Bernard. Larva. — Unknown. varieties. a. Erynis (ab.), Esp. 121, 3. — Gorgone (var.), H. S. 175. — The ocelli are absent from all the wings. h. Triopes, Spr. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1865, p. 248. — Has three white central black spots at the apex of the fore wing, instead of two. Habitat. — The Upper Engadine and the Tyrol. c. Gorgone, Boisd. Ic. 29, 5-8, 1, p. 150; H. S. 75, 76. — Larger than the type ; the male has the under side of the hind wings less raised ; the female has the nervures of the hind wings whitish. Habitat. — The Pyrenees, at a considerable elevation. 22. — E. Goante, Esp. 116, 1; 0. i. 1, 293; Frr. 79, 1, 2; H. S. 77-9. Sc^A, Hiib. 253-4. Expands from 1-45 to 1‘60 in. Brown, with broad sub- marginal fulvous bands, very bright in the male, lighter in the female. Fore wings with two apical white-centred spots, and one or two smaller ones nearer the anal angle ; hind wings with three spots of equal size, and with bluish white centres. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, the portion corresponding to the fulvous band 2 L 258 SATYRWM. above lighter than the rest, the white-centred spots as above, the hind margin dark brown ; hind wings dark blackish brown in the male, lighter in the female ; a lighter, almost white band runs across the centre of the wing, and there are other light markings towards the base and along the hind margin ; the submarginal row of spots is plainly visible. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — The Alps of Switzerland, and in the South-East of France (Digne, &c.). It does not appear to be found at any great elevation. Chamounix and Zermatt, where it is common in August (Fallou). I have found it very common in the Maderaner-Thal, Canton Uri, during the middle of August. PI. LXII., 5. Larva. — Unknown. 23. — E. Pronoe, Esp. 54, 1 (1780); Bkh. i. 28; 0. i. 1, 290; Fit. 73, 3, 4. Arachne, Fab. Mant. 40 (1787); Hiib. 215-7 ; Godt. ii. 16, 7, 8. Expands from 1-40 to 1-75 in. Brown, with a somewhat bronzy appearance. Fore wings with a dull and rather iudistinct submarginal fulvous band ; on this are two black apical spots with pupils, placed close together, but hardly coalescent ; below these is another smaller spot towards the anal angle ; hind wings with a submarginal row of three white-centred black spots surrounded by dull fulvous rings. Under side ; Fore wings fulvous, with the spots as above, slightly mottled with grey towards the apex ; hind wings dark brown, with a whitish grey basal patch, and a broad wavy submarginal band of the same colour; inner and hind margins^also mottled with grey. PI. LXIII., 1. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. ■ — Alpine meadows in Switzerland, at a moderate elevation ; also mountains in Italy and Hungary, in South-Central France (principally at Mont Bore, in Auvergne), in the Pyrenees, 111 the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and Armenia. EREBIA. 259 VARIETIES. a. Pitho, Hitb. 574-7. — Darker than the type ; the fulvous hand of the fore wings almost wanting, and only the two apical spots being present ; hind wings uniform dark brown. rinder side ; Fore wings dark brown, with a triangular reddish patch containing the apical spots ; hind wings darker than in the type, the grey bands being more strongly defined, and the hind and inner margins dark brown, without grey mottling. PI. LXIII., 2. Habitat. — Switzerland, at higher elevations than the type. h. Pyrenaica, Stand. Cat. p. 26. — Smaller than the type, the ocellated spots larger, and the under side more variegated. Habitat. — The Pyrenees. 24. — E. Neoridas, Boisd. Ind. p. 23; Boisd. Ic. 29, 1-4; Tr. x. 51 ; Dup. 1, 36, 5, 6 ; H. G. 984, 7. Expands from 1-40 to 1'50 in. Hind margin of fore wings rather straighter than in the preceding species. All the wings velvety dark brown ; fore wings with a bright fulvous submarginal band, broad and well defined, containing three black spots with white centres, two near the apex, and one below slightly smaller ; hind wings with a bright fulvous submarginal band about half the length of the hind margin, and occupying a central position, con- taining three white-centred black spots of equal size. Under side : Fore wings dark brown, nearly black, the fulvous band and spots as above, apex grey ; hind wings greyish brown, with a broad whitish grey submarginal band, wavy and sharply defined along its basal outline, its hind-marginal edge less distinct ; near the anal angle is a small black spot ; the inner margin is tinged with grey. Times of Appearance. — July and August. PI. LXIII., 3. Habitat. — Only the South of France, in mountainous and alpine regions. M. Girard gives the following localities (loc. at., p. 228) : — Isere, Lozere, Mont Cenis ; Saint Jean, in Dauplinie ; pastures in the Basses Alps, Barcelonnette, Larche, Clermont- Ferrand, Royat ; on the Plateau of Gentioux, in Creuse ; at Lioran ; and at Murat, in the Department of Cantal. Larva. — Unknown. 260 SATYRIDM. 25. — E. Zapateri, Oberth. Ann. Soc. Esp. iv. p. 379, t. 17, f. 1, 2 (1875). Expands from 1-25 to 1-30 in. Hind margin of fore wings straight. All the wings brown, somewhat shot with green ; fore wings with a broad brownish yellow submarginal band, containing only two white-centred black spots near the apex ; hind wings uniform brown, without spots or markings. Under side: Fore wings fulvous towards the base, darker towards the inner and hind margins, submarginal band and spots as above ; hind wings light greyish brown, with a very faint indication of a lighter submarginal band; ocellated spots none. PI. LXIIL, 4. Habitat. — Mountains in Spain. Obs. — I have been enabled to figure this species through the kindness of Mr. F. H. Hodman, F.R.S., who received it from Dr. Staudinger with the locality-label marked “ Albarracin,” a place in the south of the Province of Arragon. 2G.— E. ^thiops, Esp. 25, 1 (1777); Hbst. 209, 3, 4. Medea, Hilb. 220-2; 0. i. 1, 281 ; Err. 55, 1, 2. Blandina, Fab. E. S. 236 (1793), Steph. et Auct. Brit. Expands from 1*50 to 1-80 in. Wings dark brown; fore wings with a broad submarginal band, bright fulvous in the male, lighter in the female, containing three large white-centred black spots of equal size, and generally one smaller one below the two nearest the apex ; hind wings with a submarginal fulvous band somewhat narrower than that on the fore wings, and containing four small white-centred black spots ; all these spots are larger in the female, and in that sex there are sometimes five spots on the fore wing. Under side : Fore wings brown, tinged with fulvous towards the base ; fulvous band as above, but with only three spots, becoming narrower towards and seldom reaching as far as the inner margin ; hind wings grey, with a central broad band of brown, and another narrower one along the hind margin ; the grey band formed in the space between these two frequently contains some indistinct and minute ocelli ; marginal fringes never spotted with white. 1^1. LXIII., 5. EREBIA. 261 Time of Appearance. — July to September. Habitat. — Woods and plains in Central Europe, not ascending to any great elevation in the mountains. It is common in Switzerland, South and South-East Germany, North-East and Central France, Livonia, North-Eastern Turkey, the Caucasus, the Altai, North-East Siberia, and the Amur. Common but local in Britain, being confined to the north, its range extending from Yorkshire to the North of Scotland. Larva. — Light green, with a brownish or dark greenish dorsal stripe : lateral stripe Avhitish, bordered by dark brown ; head reddish brown. Feeds on various speeies of Poa in the autumn, and again after hybernation . variety. Leucotaenia, Stand. Cat. 26 ; Frr. 55, 3, 4. — A variety in which there is a whitish band in the centre of the hind wings beneath. Habitat. — The South of Switzerland, Dalmatia, &c. 27. E. Ligea, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 473 ; Faun. Suec. 239 ; Hilb. 225-8; 0. i. 1, 283 ; Godt. ii. 13, 1, 2; Frr. 67. Alexis, Esp. 44, 1, 2, 54, 2. Expands from 1-60 to 1-90 in. Marginal fringes brown and Avhite ; hind margins slightly dentate. All the wings dark brown, with fulvous submarginal bands almost exactly like those in E. jEthiops. Under side ; Fore wings coloured as in the preceding, but the fulvous band is the same width throughout its length, and does not narrow towards the inner margin ; hind wings dark brown, with a submarginal row of four very conspicuous ocellated spots in fulvous rings ; internal to these and near the costa is a very strongly marked white dash, often extended so as to form an irregular and interrupted white band, and sometimes there is another less distinct white band near the base. PI. LX., 6. Times of Appearance.- — August and September. Habitat. — Central Europe, at a moderate elevation in the mountains, and in wooded plains ; also in Scandinavia and North Bussia, Bulgaria, the Caucasus, and Siberia. It is admitted by 262 TYRIDM. Westwood and others as a British insect on accDunt of its reported capture in the Isle of Arran, whence it is called in this country “ the Arran Brown.” Laeva. — Greyish or yellowish green ; dorsal stripe darker green or brown ; a pale yellow lateral stripe runs immediately above the spiracles. Feeds on Poa in the autumn, and again after hybernation. Figured after Hubner on PL LXXVI., 3. VARIETIES. a. Adyte, Hiib. 759, 760. — Smaller than the type, possibly intermediate between this species and E. Eurijale. Habitat. — Lapland. h. Livonica, Teich. Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1866, p. 133. — Differs from the type in having the hind wings of an uniform brown colour beneath, without any marking. Habitat. — Livonica. 28. — E. Euryale, Esp. 118, 2, 3 ; 0. i. 1, 286; Hub. 789-90: Frr. 61, 3, 4, &c. ; H. S. 97-101 ; Godt. ii. 13, 3, 4. Philomela, Esp. 116, 4. Expands from 1-30 to 1*50 in. Marginal fringes brown and white. Hind margins slightly dentate. Wings dark brown ; fulvous bands and spots very much as in the preceding species. Under side: Fore wings as in E. Ligea, but darker; hind wings dark brown, with a faint submarginal greyish hand containing two or three very inconspicuous ocelli without fulvous rings ; white dash near the costa only faintly indicated, sometimes replaced by grey; basal portion of wing dark brown. PI. LXIV., 1. Times of Appearance. — July and August. Habitat. — Elevated meadows in the Alps of Switzerland, Silesia, Hungary, the Pyrenees, the Appennines, and South-Central France, especially in Auvergne. Larva. — According to Freyer, pale yellowish brown, with a brown dorsal stripe, and a white lateral stripe edged with brown. On grasses in June. VARIETIES. a. Ocellaris, Stand. Cat. p. 26. — The upper surface has the fulvous band broken up into reddish spots with black centres. EREBIA. 263 Habitat. — The Styrian and Carinthian Alps, and Eastern Siberia. h. Euryaloides, Tengstr. Cat. p. 5, 295. — Has the ocelli almost entirely absent from the fulvous hands. Habitat. — Finland. 29. — E. Embla, Thunb. Hiss. Ent. ii. (1791) p. 38; Err. 416, 3, 4 ; 0. i. 1, 287 ; Men. Schrk. p. 35. Dioxippe, Hiib. 538-9 ; Hup. i. 36, 1, 2. Ethus, Fab. E. S. 217. Expands from 1'75 to 1-80 in. Marginal fringes grey, with dark brown spots. All the wings dark brown, with a submarginal row of three or four fulvous circles, more or less separated, in which are placed black spots, often with white pupils ; the spots on the fore wings are larger than those of the hind wings, and the first spot is larger than the rest and sometimes contains two pupils; beneath, the fore wings are the same as above in colour and markings, but with some ashy coloration towards the apex ; the hind wings beneath are obscure dark brown, speckled with ashy grey along the hind margin, and with two or three black spots corresponding to the ocelli of the upper surface ; there is a white spot near the costa, and another in the middle of the wing ; also a faintly marked grey central band. The hind wings are much more rounded than is usual in this genus. PL LXIV., 2. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Peat marshes in the northern parts of Norway; Swedish Lapland (Tornea, Lulea, Storland, Jukkasjarvi, Jockmock, &c. — Wallengren), Livonia, North Eussia, and Eastern Siberia. Larva. — Unknown. 30. ~E. Disa, Thunb. Hiss. Ent. ii. p. 37 ; Err. 416, 1, 2. Gefion, Esp. 108, 2. Griela, Fab. E. S. 236; Hiib. 228-9. Embla, Boisd. Ic. 32, 1-3; Hup. i. 36, 3, 4. Expands from 1*75 to 1-85 in. All the wings dark brown. Fore wings with a submarginal row of four or five black spots sur- rounded by reddish fulvous rings ; there are no white puiiils in the 264 SATYIUDM. male, and only sometimes in the female ; all the spots are much about the same size, hut the foremost two are approximated. Hind wings unicolorous dark brown, without any markings. Under side : Fore wings the same as above, but the spots are somewhat smaller, and there is some slight greyish coloration near the apex and along the hind margin ; hind wings greyish brown, with a broad central brown band dentated in outline ; there are no white markings. The marginal fringes are dirty white, spotted with dark brown. PI. LXIV., 3. Time of Appeakance. — July. Habitat. — Marshy places in Lapland, in Umea, Tornea, &c., flying over the flowers of Euhus chamcemonis (Wallengren). Lakva. — Unknown. Genus 3. — CENEIS, Hiib. Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 58 (1816). Chionobas, Boisd. Lee. Lep. Amer. Sept. p. 214 (1833); Westw. Gen. H. L. p. 381 (1851). Chakactees. — Larva unknown in all hut two species. Scudder figures and describes the various states of (E. Semidea; in this case it is fusiform, with the anal extremity scarcely if at all forked, and has conspicuous dorsal and lateral stripes of a dark green colour. The larva of (E. Semidea is described by Scudder as feeding on lichens ; that of (E. Bore is believed by Sandberg to feed on grasses. Pupa (of GE. Semidea). — Compact and rounded, with the head obtuse and regularly rounded ; abdomen cylindrical, tapering very regularly and rather rapidly to the apex, which is blunt ; ventral surface somewhat flattened. Mode of pupation not properly ascertained ; but probably the pupa lies upon the ground and in crevices of rocks, and is not suspended. Imago. — Anteume rather short, with a gradually formed club. Eyes naked. Wings medium size, with the nervures of the fore wings very little dilated at the base. Discoidal cell of fore wings closed ; the colour of the wings is brown, lighter than the general colour of the last genus, and they usually have a submarginal band of a still lighter colour containing black spots, which are often ocellated. The hind wings beneath are sprinkled with white and CENEIS. 2G5 brown, and often have white lines following the course of the nervures ; the marginal fringes are dark brown, chequered with white ; the hind margins of the fore wings are entire, those of the hind wings hardly at all dentated. The fore wings are rather long and narrow in comparison to the hind wings, and both pairs are somewhat thinly clothed with scales. There are about twelve species of this genus at present known, and they are almost confined to the Polar regions, or to places at a great elevation in lofty and extensive mountain ranges of the Palsearctic and Nearctic regions. The only exception to this rule of habitat is (E. Tarpeia, Pall., which inhabits the dry steppe-lands of South Eussia and Siberia ; of the four remaining European species one inhabits the Alps of Switverland, viz., ffi. Aiillo, Hiib., and the rest are only found within the Arctic circle, in Lapland and Siberia. Many species occur in Labrador, and others are found on the Eocky Mountains, in California and in Vancouver’s Island ; one species occurs in the Himalayas ; and two are found in South America, in Chili and Patagonia.* The genus (Eneis appears to come in as a natural link between Erehia and Satyrus, the first-described species, CE. Jutta, very much resembling the Polar Erehice, whilst the majority of the species are a good deal like the genus Satyrus in their colour and markings ; the habits of all, how- ever, remind one of Erehia more than of any other genus. 1. — CE. Jutta, Hiib. 614-5; Boisd. Ic. 38; Dup. i. 40, 3, 5; H. S. 116-8 ; Wallengren, Scandin. Ehop. p. 46. Baldee, H. S. 384-6. Expands from 1*80 to 2-0 in. All the wings brown, nearly as dark as in Erehia Emhla, with a submarginal row of light orange spots, some of them enclosing black centres ; the black centre is nearly always present on the fore wing in the spot nearest the apex, and on the hind wing in that nearest the anal angle. The size and * The occurrence of these species affords another instance of the analogy between a large part of the lepidopterous fauna of Temperate South America, and that of the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. Does the fact of this analogy point to the existence of the remnant of an ancient Antarctic fauna, or have Nearctic forms been extended downwards by means of the great chain of the Andes ? 2 M 266 SA TYRIDM. extent of the orange spots is very variable ; sometimes they are very small and separate, and in other specimens they form a rather broad snbmarginal band. The male has some black scales near the base of the fore wings beneath the median nervure ; these are absent in the female, which is larger and paler than the other sex. Under side : Fore wings light brown, speckled with grey at the apex ; there is always one black spot present near the apex, and sometimes one or two more below this ; hind wings smoky brown, mottled with light grey, the hind-marginal half lighter than the basal portion ; there is an angular dark central band and a black spot near the anal angle, which is sometimes ocellated. Marginal fringes greyish white and black. Nervures not differing from the ground colour of the wings. PI. LXIV., 4. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — Marshy places and river-banks in Norway, Sweden and Lapland, Livonia, North Russia, Labrador, Siberia, and the Amur. Larva. — Unknown. VARIETY. Balderi, Hiib. Zutr. Exot. 981-2; Butler, Cat. 160; Balder; Hup. i. 49, 4, 5. — Differs from the type only in being smaller, and with fewer ocellated spots. 2. — CE. Aello, Hub. 519-21 ; Esp. 115, 1 ; 0. i. 1, 199 : Boisd. Ic. 36, 1-3; Dup. i. 31, 1-3; H. S. 125-6. Norna, Hiib. 141, 2. Expands from 1*60 to 2-0 in. Wings brown, the male with some darker scales below the median nervure of the fore wings. All the wings with a broad light brown submarginal band extending nearly throughout the entire length of the hind margins, and con- taining a variable number of black spots ; the fore wings sometimes have only one near the apex, sometimes one, two, or three more below this ; frequently one or more of these spots contains a white dot ; the hind wings have one ocellated spot near the anal angle, and a much smaller one sometimes appears above it ; there are also occasionally two or three minute white spots. Hind margins darkish brown, with the fringes very distinctly brown and white. (ENEIS. •2G7 Under side : Fore wings light brown, the spots as above, the costa indistinctly speckled with brown ; the apex is greyish brown, speckled with white. Hind wings speckled with white and brown, the brown colour predominating over the basal half of the wing and along the hind margin, thus forming a whitish submarginal band ; the nervures and nervules are all strongly marked with white. PI. LXV., 1. Time of Appearance. — The beginning of July. Habitat. — The Alps of Switzerland and the Tyrol, at a con- siderable elevation, being taken on the verge of the snow-line. It is found in alternate years near the highest part of the Simplon Pass ; at Chamounix, at the “ Jardin”; and at the Grand Mulets on the ascent of Mont Blanc, and many other localities of a like nature. Larva. — Unknown. 3. CE. Tarpeia, Esp. 83, 1, 2; 0. i. 1, 203; Hub. 779-82; Frr. 427,3, 4; H. S. 61-64; Fab. Mant. 32; Hup. i. 31, 6, 7. Celimene, Cramer, Pap. Exot. pi. 375, 5, 7. Expands from 1’60 to 1*80 in. All the wings light fulvous, with the hind margins darker ; fore wings with a submarginal row of distinct black spots entirely without ocelli ; hind wings with their basal half slightly darker than the rest, and with a sub- marginal row of four spots similar to those on the fore wings. Under side : Fore wings light brown, speckled along the costa and hind margins with darker brown and whitish ; submarginal spots distinct ; hind wings smoky grey, the neuration very distinctly marked with white ; a narrow interrupted band of white runs from the centre of the costa nearly to the inner margin; midway between the commencement of this and the base is a rather square costal white spot; the submarginal black spots are distinct. Marginal fringes dirty white. PI. LXV., 2. Time op Appearance. — May to July. Habitat. ■ — The Steppes of South-East Kussia ; the Kirghis- Steppes ; South-Eastern Siberia, and the Altai. Larva. — U nknown . 268 SATYRW.E. 4. — CE. Norna, Tlmb. Diss. Ins. ii. (1791), p. 36, 11 ; Wallengr. Scand. Kliop. p. 41, 43; Esp. 108, 4; Hiib. 763-6; 0. i. 1, 201 ; Boisd. Ic. 36, 4-6; Dup. i. 31, 4-5. Cel^no, Hiib. 152-3. Expands from 1-50 to 1-70 in. Tbe male bas all tbe wings pale brown above, with a pale fulvous marginal band, broad and continuous, reacbing very nearly to tbe bind margins. Fore wings with two black ocellated spots, one near tbe apex, and anotber between tbe second and third median nervules ; tbe bind wings bave one ocellated spot between tbe second and third submedian nervules. Tbe female bas tbe wings lighter than the male, tbe marginal band being less distinct ; but tbe ocellated spots are larger, and sometimes there is a third spot on tbe fore wings between tbe first and second submedian nervules. Under side : Fore wings pale brown, and almost tbe same as in CE. Aello. Hind wings also marked and coloured nearly tbe same as in QE. Aello ; but tbe neuration is not marked with white as in that species, and tbe ocellated spot is not so distinct ; moreover, tbe marginal fringe is not distinctly marked white and dark brown, but is narrower and greyish. PI. XLIV., 5. Times of Appeakance. — June and July. Habitat. — Eiver-banks and dry grassy places in many localities in Swedish Lapland, in Umea, Tornea, and Lulea; in Norway at Dowre (Wallengren). Larva. — Unknown. varieties. This is a very variable species as regards tbe number of tbe ocellated spots; Wallengren gives no less than six varieties; it seems, however, sufficient to mention tbe two named in Staud- inger’s Catalogue. a. Hilda, Quens. Act. Holm. 1791, p. 272; Scbn. N. Mag. iv. 414; Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1861, 358. — Norna, var. e, Wallengr. p. 42. —Only one ocellated spot on each wing. l>. Fulla, Ev. Bull. Mosc. 1881, ii. 614; H. S. 615-6. — Tbe spots are absent from tbe fore wings, the bind wings having one. CENEIS. 269 5. — CE. Bore, Sclm. N. Mag. p. 415 (1792) ; Esp, 100, 1 ; Hitb. 134-6 ; 0. i. 1, 205 ; Boiscl. Ic. 37, 1 ; Dup. i. 32, 1, 2. Noena, Quens. Act. Holm. 1791, T. 10, 1, 2; Tlmb. Hiss. Ins. ii. p. 36. Expands from 1-50 to 1-70 in. The male has the fore wings pale brown, with a greyish tinge, without any markings, except that in good specimens the disco-cellular nervule forms a fine dark line ; hind wings with a submarginal band slightly lighter than the rest of the wing. Female lighter brown, with a greyish brown hind-marginal border to all the wings ; fore wings with a faintly marked central wavy line or narrow band, the disco-cellular nervule showing more distinctly than in the male ; hind wings with a broad central band of smoky brown. Under side : Fore wings like those of CE. Norna, but of a duller brown, and entirely without black spots ; hind wings greyish white, with a broad central band of grey and brown, bounded on each edge by a distinct dark brown wavy margin ; base mottled with dark brown, and the hind margin suffused with the same colour throughout its whole length. Neuration brown in the typical form. PI. LXV., 3. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — Dry sandy places in North Lapland ; it also occurs in Siberia and in Labrador, being circumpolar. Larva. — Pastor Sandberg has described a larva which he has taken in abundance on Festuca ovina, which grows on the sandbanks by the Jacob Biver, in the extreme north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, close to the Varanger Fiord, where the Norwegian and Russian territories join. In this northern locality the butterfly is extremely common. He did not succeed in rearing the larvae, some on account of their being unfortunately ichneumoned, others dying during hybernation. Sch 290 SA TYRIDM. 2. — P. Climene (recte Clymene), Esp. 85, 1-3 (1783) ; Htib. 165-6. Clymene, 0. i. 1, 215 ; Boisd. Ic. 43, 4, 6 ; Dup. i. 29, 45 ; Err. B. 109, 1 ; H. S. 102-3. Expands from 2 to 2‘25 in. Wings dull brown. Fore wings with an orange blotch near the centre, and some light streaks near the costa ; near the apex is a small black spot surrounded by a yellow ring, and below it a white dot. Hind wings dull brown, with one or two submarginal spots in the female surrounded by yellow rings. Under side : Fore wings fulvous, the apex and hind margin dull brown. Hind wings grey, with asubmarginal row of six or seven black spots in yellow rings. PI. LXXI., 3. Time of Appearance. — July. Habitat. — South Eussia, in the large forests on the shores of the Volga (Milliere). Larva. — Fusiform, moderately pubescent ; green with a slightly bluish tint, with the longitudinal lines indistinct; the legs well developed, with the last segment ending in a forked point; the head distinct from the first segment ; the head is rather large, rounded, ciliated, of one colour, surmounted by two prominent points, reminding one somewhat of the head of the larvas of the genus Nemoria ; the mandibles are reddish, and the eyes brown ; the three usual lines are straight, continuous, brighter than the ground colour, finely powdered with dark green, but at the same time not very distinct. Like all the larvae of the Satyridee, that of Climene lives only on grasses. The above is taken from Milliere’s description (Ic. III., 183) ; he adds that in all probability it is suspended as a pupa ; he further remarks that the structure of the head of this larva is exceptional, and may necessitate a new genus for this species. 3. — P. Moera, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 437 ; Faun. Suec. 275 ; Esp. 6, 2; 68, 3; Hub. 174-5; 0. i. 1, 231. Adrasta, Dup. i. 46, 1, 2. Expands from 1-50 to 1-75 in. The male is brown, with a broad submarginal fulvous band divided by brown streaks, following PARARGE. 201 the course of the nervnles ; there are one or two fulvous patches between this and the base ; near the apex is a large black spot bipupilled with white. Hind wings with a fulvous suhmarginal band, divided like that on the fore wings ; it contains two or three black spots with white centres. The female has the fore wings fulvous, the basal portion, costa and hind margin being brown ; from the costa a brown streak runs outwards towards the hind margin, forming a triangular fulvous space, with the apex directed downwards ; in this space near its base is placed the bipupilled black spot, one or two other shorter brown streaks run from the costa to the median nervure ; hind wings as in the male, but sometimes with a fulvous tinge. Under side : Fore wings in both sexes greatly resembling the upper side of the female fore wings, just described, except that the apical spot is surrounded by light yellowish brown, and the costa and hind margins are lighter. Hind wings grey, the basal half crossed by zigzag lines of a brown colour ; there is a submarginal row of seven black spots, having white centres, and enclosed in brown and yellow rings ; the two near the anal angle are smaller than the rest, and coalescent. PL LXXI., 4. Time of Appearance. — April to August. Habitat. — The whole of Europe, except Denmark, Holland, Great Britain, and South Eussia ; it is also common in Asia Minor and Syria. On the Continent this is a common species, frequenting much the same kind of localities as Megcera. It has been reputed British, but erroneously. Larva. — Bright green, with darker dorsal and subdorsal lines, the stigmatal line being yellow ; head and legs green. It feeds on grasses in April and in June. Pupa. — Green or greenish black, very slightly angular, slightly bifid, with two dorsal rows of tubercles of a yellow or brown colour; it is generally suspended on walls, palings, and similar places. VARIETY. a. Adrasta, Hub. 836-9 ; Tr. 10, 1, 36. Mcerce var., Esp. 49, 1. — Slightly larger than the type, deeper in colour, and more suffused with fulvous ; the under side of the hind wings is darker 292 SATYRIDJE. grey, strongly speckled with brown. It is found with the type in cold and elevated localities, in the mountains, &c. PI. LXXI., 5. 4. — P. Hiera, Fab. Gen. 262; Hiib. 176; 0. iv. 135; Boisd. Ic. 44, 1-3 ; Dup. i. 46, 3, 4 ; Wallengren Ehop. Scand. p. 25. Expands from 1*50 to 1'60 in. Wings dark brown. Fore wings with a fulvous patch near the apex ; extending about half-way down the wing it encloses a black spot with a white centre, and occasionally there are two others smaller ; a few dark lines cross the wing from the costa ; hind wings dark brown, with a submarginal row of black spots with white centres, and surrounded by fulvous rings. Under side very similar to that of Mcera, but generally rather darker. PI. LXXIL, 4. Like the last, this is a somewhat variable species. Time of Appearance. — May to the end of July. Habitat. — Alpine regions in Switzerland, but not at very great elevations; also Scandinavia, Bulgaria, South Kussia, and Armenia. Obs. — This species is intermediate between the last and the next ; some specimens greatly resemble small examples of Mcera, but on the whole are duller and have the spots proportionately larger. Larva. — Undescribed. 5. — P. Megsera, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 771; Esp. 6, 3, 68,4; Hiib. 177-8; 0. i. 1, 235. Expands from 1’75 to 2 in. Wings fulvous. Fore wings with three blackish brown wavy lines running across them from the costa towards the inner margin ; hind margins dark brown, the basal portion suffused with the same colour ; near the apex is a round black spot with a white centre. Hind wings fulvous, the hind margins dark brown ; a submarginal row of white-centred black spots, four in number, is placed between two dark brown lines ; the basal portion dusky. Under side : Fore wings as above, ljut the bases are lighter, and the apical white-centred spot is surrounded by a yellow ring. Hind wings brownish grey, with PARARGE. 293 several dark brown zigzag lines running across from the costa to the inner margin, and with a siibmarginal row of black spots with white centres, and surrounded by yellow rings. The female is paler in colour than the male, and has both the central and hind- marginal bands narrower; it is also somewhat larger. PI. LXXII., 5. Time of Appeaeance. — In this country there seems to be two or three broods in the season, the first appearance being at the end of April ; in southern countries it is on the wing throughout the year. Habitat. — The whole of Europe, except the Polar regions. North Africa, Asia Minor, and Armenia ; generally distributed over the British Isles. (The Wall-butterfly.) Lakva. — Pubescent, apple-green, with five longitudinal lines of dark green, and yellow stigniatal line ; head rounded, green, with fine black hairs ; the thoracic legs brown, posterior pairs green. On grasses. Pupa. — Green or greenish black, slightly angulated, with two dorsal rows of yellow or white tubercles. Suspended. VARIETIES. a. Var. Lyssa, Boisd. Ic. 44, 4, 5, i. p. 222 ; H. G. 914-17. — Differs from the type in the ground colour of the hind wings, which, instead of being brownish grey, is bluish or ashy grey ; this difference in colour is well marked. Habitat. — Dalmatia, the Balkans, and Asia Minor. b. Var. Tigelius, Bon. Descr. T. i. 2 (1824); Boisd. Ic. 45, 1-3; Dup. i. 30, 5-7; Err. B. 68, 1. Paramegcera, Hub. 842-4; Butl. Cat. 124 {nomen vetiistius?). — Smaller and lighter than the type. In the female the dark bands that enclose the submarginal spots in Meqcera are wanting ; the spots themselves have bluish centres. PI. LXXII., 6. Habitat. — Corsica and Sardinia. 6. — P. Egeria, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 473; xii. 771. Meone, Esp. 95, 1 (1789); Hub. 179-80; 0. i. 1, 240. Expands from 1-70 to 2 in. Wings dark brown. Fore wings spotted with fulvous, and with a small white-centred black spot 294 SATYRIDM. near the ai3ex. Hind wings with a snbinarginal row of fulvous spots, each enclosing a black one with a white centre. Under side: Fore wings as above, but paler, and the spots are somewhat larger. Hind wings brown, varied with fulvous and purplish red ; there are some faint submarginal light spots. PI. LXXIII., 2. Time of Appearance. — Throughout the summer, there being two principal broods in the year. Habitat. — Southern and South-western Europe, North Africa, and Syria. Larva. — Dull green, with yellowish white dorsal and lateral stripes. Feeds on Triticuin repens and other common grasses. Pupa. — Greenish, somewhat angular, with a double row of small dorsal tubercles. Obs. — The above is a description of the southern form of the species, which is doubtless the original Linnean typical form. In Northern and Central Europe the form Egerides, Stgr., about to be described, entirely replaces it ; but in some places the species exhibits seasonal dimorphism, giving the northern var. Egerides as the spring and typical Egeria as the summer brood. VARIETY. a. Egerides, Stgr. Cat. 1871, p. 30. Jd]geria, Esp. 7, 1 ; Hiib. 181, 2; Fit. 403. Egeria imi JEgeria autorum anglicorum. — The size and shape of the type, but the ground colour is darker and the light spots smaller, and instead of being fulvous they are light straw-colour or yellowish white. The under side resembles that of Egeria, the fulvous parts being replaced by whitish yellow. PI. LXXIII., 3. Time of Appearance. — April, July, and August. Habitat. — Common throughout Northern (except the Polar region) and Central Europe, including the British Isles. (The Speckled Wood-butterfly.) It occurs as the spring brood in many localities in Central France, &c. ; also in the South-East of Europe. I have seen it stated that specimens exactly resembling British ones have been taken near Constantinople. EPINEPHELE. 296 7. — P. Achine, Sc. Ent. Cam. p. 156, 1763; Bull. Cat. 122. Dejaniba, Linn. Mns. Ul. p. 282 (1764) ; Syst. Nat. xii. 774; Esp. 9, 2; Hub. 170-1; 0. i. 1, 229; Err. 391. Expands from 1*70 to 2'20 in. All the wings dull brown, somewhat paler in the female than in the male ; marginal fringes dark brown and pale yellow. Fore wings with a submarginal row of round black spots, each enclosed in a ring of light yellow ; there are generally five of these, the fourth from the costa being larger than the rest. Hind wings with a somewhat similar row of spots, the two central ones being much larger and more distinct than the remaining ones, which are only faintly defined ; internal to the rows of spots on both wings is a faint light streak. Under side : Fore wings lighter than above, with a light yellow submarginal band, on which are placed the black spots. Hind wings with all the black spots distinct, and with white centres ; encircling the two upper spots and running internally to the rest is a narrow band of pure white, and external to the spots a narrow marginal line of light yellow. PI. LXXIH., 4. Times of Appearance. — June and July. Habitat. — Moist shady woods in Central Europe (except Britain), Scandinavia, and South Kussia ; the Altai and the Amur. Its flight is feeble, and it frequently settles on leaves. Larva. — Pubescent, green, with three darker dorsal lines, two double lateral and a stigmatal line ; the head and thoracic legs yellowish ; the posterior legs and the caudal points green. Feeds on Lolium per enne, and is full grown in May. PI. LXXVI., 6. Pupa. — Not suspended, but placed on the ground, like many of those in the last genus. Genus 6. — EPINEPHELE, Hilbner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 59 (1816) ; H. S. Schmett. Eur. (1844). Hipparchia, Fab. Satyrus, Lat. Maniola, Schk. ; Piamicoles et Herbicoles, Dup. Characters. — Larva pubescent, grey or green, with longi- tudinal stripes ; head globular ; body shaped as in the last genus. 296 SATYRIDyE. with two caudal points. They feed on grasses. Pupa slightly elongated, somewhat rounded ; suspended by the caudal extremity. Ibiago. — Antennae tolerably long, club not very distinct. Palpi longer than the head, the articulations hairy. Eyes not hairy. Front legs short and very slender, not hairy. The femora of the rest smooth beneath in the female. Wings rounded ; hind wings moderately dentate, slightly incised on their inner margin near the anal angle. The costal and median nervures are equally dilated at their origin ; the submedian without any dilatation. The fore wings of the male have generally a patch of dense scales beneath the median nervure. Prevailing colour of wings dark brown, marked with fulvous ; there is at least one ocellated spot near the apex of the fore wings. Various descriptions of country form their habitats, such as meadows, road-sides, heaths, woods, &c. ; but they are not found at any elevation in mountainous regions, being rather inhabitants of the plains. Many of the species are very abundant ; E. Janira is perhaps one of the commonest species of European Lepidoptera. About thirty species of Epinephele are at present known ; nearly all belong to the Palaearctic region, but a few inhabit temperate South America, and one occurs in Australia. 1. — E. Narica, Hiib. 704-7 ; Hiib. Verz. p. 59; Err. 464. Expands from 1'60 to 1*80 in. Ground colour of wings brown. Fore wings with the central area light fulvous ; the male has a round black spot near the apex, and beneath the median nervure is a patch of black scales ; this patch is absent in the female, but there is a black spot near the anal angle. Hind wings uniform brown, the hind margin somewhat dentate, and the fringe whitish. Under side similar in both sexes ; fore wings fulvous, the costa and hind margin brown mottled with grey ; the apical eye has a white centre ; anal eye absent in the female. Hind wings greyish brown, with a narrow white central band, and some whitish mottling near the base, a submarginal indistinct dark brown line ; the neuration is marked with white. PI. LXXIV., 1. EPINEPHELE. 297 Time of Appeakance. — June. Habitat. — South Eastern Russia and the Kirghis Steppes. Laeva. — Unknown. 2. — E. Lycaon, Rott. Naturf. vi. p. 17 (1775). Eudoea, Esp. 45, 1 (1777); 69, 1, 2; Htib. 163-4; 0. i. 1, 223 ; Godt. ii. 18, 1-3. Janieula, Esp. 113, 1. Expands from 1*40 to 1*50 in. The male has all the wings dull brown, the marginal fringes being of a similar colour. The fore wings have a black spot near the apex and a patch of black scales beneath the median nervure. Hind wings uniform brown, with faint indications of a narrow submarginal band. Under side: Fore wings fulvous, bordered with light brown apical spot, with a white centre. Hind wings greyish brown, with a slightly lighter central band. Female : Fore wings light brown, with a light fulvous submarginal band, containing two black spots, one near the apex and the other near the anal angle ; the former has a white centre. Hind wings light brown, with a very faint lighter band. Under side : Fore wings light fulvous, bordered with light brown ; the spots as above ; hind wings as in the male but lighter. PI. LXXIII., 2. Time of Appeaeance. — From May to July. Habitat. — Central Europe (but not the British Isles), Spain, France, and South Russia ; Western Asia, Siberia, and the Amur. Laeva. — Green, with a narrow white lateral line, below which is a broader one, of a bright yellow or orange colour ; head reddish brown and green ; ventral surface and legs green. (Hiib.) On grasses in May. Pupa. — Green, or brown varied with pink and white streaks. PI. LXXVI., 7. vaeiety. Lupinus, Costa, Fauna Nap. ; Stgr. Hor., 1870, 79. Rham- nusia, Fer. 457, 2, 3 ; H. S., 377-8, 427-8. — Larger than the type and lighter in colour ; the male has the thickened patch of scales on the fore wings denser. Somewhat resembles E. Janira var. 2 Q 298 SATYRIDM. Hisimlla, but the female of that form, besides differing in colour from the present, has only one spot on the fore wing. Habitat. —South Eastern Europe and Western Asia. 3. — E. Janira, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 475, No. 106, ^ , Faun. Suec. 276, No. 1053, Md. 59 Nouna, Lite. Zegris, Rmbr. 60 Eupheme, Esj}. 61 Menestho, Men. 62 Fausti, Chr. Leucophasia, Steph. 63 Sinapis, L. Latliyri, Hiib. Diniensis, B. Erysimi, BJeh. 64 Amurensis, Men. 65 Duponcheli, Stgr. jEstiva, Stgr. Idmais, Boisd. Terracolus, Swainson. 66 Fausta, Oliv. Callidryas, B. 67 Pyrene, Bwainson. non Pyrauthe, L. Colias, F. 68 Pal^no, L. Lapponica, Stgr. Werdandi, H. S. 69 Pelidne, B. 70 Nastes, B. 71 Werdandi, Zett. 72 Phicomone, Esj}. 73 Alpheraki, Stgr. 74 Sagartia, Ld- 75 WiscoLTi, Stg>'. 76 Melinos, Ev. 77 Hyale, L. Sareptensis, Stgr. 78 Erate, Esjj. Pallida, Stgr. 79 Boothii, Curtis. 80 Staudingeri (. . Fidia, L. (Sat.) . . Fingal, Hbst. Fischeei, Ev. (Lyc.) "'Fortunata, Stgr. (Lyc.) 139 Franklinii, Curt. . . 113 Frelta, Thnb. (Argyll.) 202 Frigga, Thnb. (Arg.) . 204 "'Fkigid.y, Scud. (Pier.) 67 Fritillum, Hiib. . . . 342 "'Frivaldszkyi, Ld. | (Thee.) j Fulla, Ev Fusca, Brem. (Thee.) 136 268 136 Galatea, D. (Melan.) 230 Galene, 0 231 "'Galba, Ld. (Lyc.) . . 140 *Gamra, Ld. (Lyc.) . . 140 Gefion, Quens. . . . 263 Geticus, Esp. . . . 303 Gemina, Ld 337 -Geyeri, H. S. (Sat.) . 324 "'Gigantea, Stgr. . . . 221 "'Gigas, Brem. (Syr.) . 358 Glacialis,M‘Lac74. (Col.) 56 Glacialis, Esp. (Ereb.) 251 Glauce, Boisd. ... 30 *Glaucias, Ld. (Lyc.) . 146 Goante, Esj). (Ereb.) . 257 Gordius, Sulz. (Pol.) . 94 Gorge, Esp. (Ereb.) . 266 392 INDEX OF SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND SYNONYMS. 315 276 206 55 197 '■=Gigas, Stgr 371 Gorgone, B 257 Graeca, Stgr. (Arg.) . 199 Graeca, Stgr. (Mel.) . 189 Gr.eca, Stgr. (Sat.) . 278 Griela, Fab 263 Gruneri, H. S. (Euclil.) 40 •'=GuTTATUs,i??-e?7i. (Nis.) 357 -Hades, Stgr. (Ereb.) . 317 Hafis, Koll 85 '■■■Haliiiede, Men. (Melan). Hanifa, Yiord. Hecate, Esp. (Arg.) Hecla, Lef. (Col.) . Hela, Stgr. . . . Heldreichi, (Ool.) 63 Helena, H. S. ... 61 Helena, Stgr. . . . 130 Helice, Hub 62 Hlelictlia, Ld. ... 55 -Helios, iVicfc. (Hyperm.) 22 Helms, H. S. ... 137 Helle, Hiib 96 -Helmanni, Ld. (Lim.) 216 Hermione, L. (Sat.) . 272 Hermione major, Esp. 272 Hermione minor, Esp. 273 -Here, Lang (Junon.) . 373 Hero, Hiih. (Ccen.) . 304 Herse, Bkli 255 Herse, W. V 300 Hertha, H. G. . . . 233 Hesperica, Bbr. (Lyc.) 107 -HEYDENREICHI,L(Z.(Sat.)322 -Hewitsoni, Ld. . . . 317 Hiera, F. (Pararge) . 292 Hiere, F 93 Hilda, Quens. . . . 268 Hille, F 96 -Hippia, Breyn. (Apor.) 67 Hippodice, Hiib. . . 286 Hippolyte, Esp. (Sat.) 280 Hippomedusa, 0. ) 247 (vide errata) ) Hipponoii, Esp. ... 93 Hippotiioe, Ld. (Pol.) 92 Hippothoe, Lew. . . 90 Hispana, H. S. . . . 122 Hispania, Butl. . . . 256 Hispulla, Hub. . . . 298 Hoiioratii, B. ... 14 -Hopfferi, H. S. (Lyc.) 144 Hospiton, Gene. (Pap.) 8 ■dluNTERA, Fa,h. (Van.) 218 Hyale, L. (Col.), Esp. 53 MPyacinthus, H. S. . . 145 Hygiaea, Hldrch. . . 176 Hylas, Esp. (Lyc.) . . 122 ^HIylata, Men. (Melan.) 316 Ilylus, F 109 Hyperanthus, Linn. . 302 Hijpsipyle, F. ... 11 Hypochiona, Kbr. . . 106 -'Hypoleuca, Koll. . . 145 Hypoleucos, Ld. . . 345 Hypoxanthe, Kirh. . 95 -Hyrax, Ld. (Hesp.) . 359 -Hyrcana, Ld. (Lyc.) . 141 Icarinus, Scriba. . . 117 Icarius, Esp. . . . 119 Icarus, Bott. (Lyc.) . 117 Iclinusa, Bon. . . . 174 Ida, Esp. (Epinenli.) . 300 Idas, Bbr. (Lyc.) . . 118 Idas, Lew 114 Iduna, Balm. (Mel.) . 181 Ignitus, H. S. . . . 88 Ilia, Sohiff. (Apat.) . 157 Ilicis, Esp. (Theda) . 78 Improba, Butl. (Arg.) 364 "Tnachus, Men. (Syric.) 357 Ines, Hffgg. (Melan.) . 238 Ino, Bolt. (Arg.) . . 206 Insularis, Stgr. ... 38 -Tntermedius, Men. . . 23 ■'Tnterposita, Ersch. ) onn ,Tn ■ \ - 330 (Epin.) ) lo, L. (Van.) .... 175 lodes, 0 175 loLAS, 0. (Lyc.) . . . 132 lolaus. Bon. (Sat.) . . 280 lolaus, Hiib. (Lyc.) . 132 lole, Schiff. .... 157 -Ionia, Ev. (Thai.) . . 219 -'-Iphias, Ev 331 Iphigeyiia, Esp. . . . 187 'Tphigenia, H. S. . . 144 Iphigenus, Hbst. . . 303 Iphioides, Stgr. . . . 306 Iphis, Schiff. (Ccen.) . 305 Irene, Hiib 248 Iris, L. (Apat.) . . . 156 Iris rubescens, Esp. . 158 -Iris, Stgr. (Lyc.) . . 369 ■Tsaurica, Stgr. (Lyc.) 143 Isis, Hub. (Arg.) . . 199 Isis, Thnb. (Ccen.) . . 313 Ixora, B 237 Janira, L. (Epi.) . . 298 -Janiroides, H. S. 299, 373 Janirula, Esp. . . . 297 Janthe, H. S. ... 242 Japygia, Cyr. (Melan.) 234 Jasius, L. (Char.) . . 154 Jason, L 154 Jurtina, L 298 JuTTA, Hiib. (CEneis) . 265 i^KAUFMANi, Ersch. ) (Sat.) ) MIefersteinii, Ev. ) 01 e (Ereb.))- Kefcrstemii, Gerh. {¥ol.) 89 ■ KiRGnisicA,jS'^(7r.(Epin.)330 Kreuperi, Stgr. (Pier.) 29 Lachesis,JJJ&. (Melan.) 232 Laidion, Bkh. . . . 312 L-Album, Esp. . . . 172 Lampyetie, Hiib. . . 93 Laodice, Pall. (Arg.) . 213 Lappona, Esp. (Ereb.) 255 Lapponica, Stgr. (Arg.) 199 Lapponica, Stgr. (Col.) 50 -Lampon, Ld. (Pol.) . . 137 Larissa, JT. G. (Melan.) 233 *Latogenia, H. S. . . 220 -Latefasciata, Meyi. . .216 Lathonia, L. (Arg.) . 207 I Lathyri, Hiib. . . . I Lathyri, Dup. . . . I Lavatee.®, Es^.'l'Spil.) i '-Latteri, Aust. . . . Leander, Esp. (Coen.) -Ledereri, Hotsi7. i (Thee.) I j Lefebvrei, B. (Ereb.) . Lefebvrei, H. S. . . Lefebvrei, Godt. (Lyc.) 125 Lefebvrei, Ebr. (Hesp.) 354 Legeri, Frr 87 --LEPECHiNi,Ersc/i.(Lim.)372 Leucippe, Schn. . . 191 -Leucodice, Ev. (Pier.) 366 Leucomelas, Esp. . Leucotienia, Stgr. . *Levaillantii, Luc. ) (Euchl.) I Levana, L. ("Van.) . '-Libanotica, Ld. 46 46 337 365 305 135 251 248 231 261 68 167 71 Ligea, Esp 246 Ligea, L. (Ereb.) . . 261 Linceus, Hiib. ... 78 Linea, F. . . . . 350 Lineola, 0. (Hesp.) . 351 Livoyiica, Teich. . . 262 --L0EWII, Z. (Lyc.) . . 141 Lorquinii, H. S. . . 129 Lucilla, Esp. {Lim.) . 161 Lucilla, F. (Nep.) . 164 Lucina, L. (Nem.) . . 150 ^Ludmilla, H. S. . . 217 Ludovici.®, Mab. ) (Hesper.) | Lupinus, Costa. . . . Lycaon, Bott. (Epin.) 297 Lycidas, Trap. (Lyc.). 363 Lye, Bgst 183 Lyllus, Esp 310 Lynceus, Esp. ... 76 Lyssa, B 293 Lysimon, Hub. (Lyc.) . Ill *MAACKn,Brem.(Pararg.)328 =-Maackii, Men. (Pap.) . 21 Machaon, L. (Pap.) . 7 ^'•'Macrophthalmus, Ev. 324 *MACULATUS,i?reTO.(Syr.)358 351 297 INDEX OF SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND SYNONYMS. 393 M^ea, L. (Parai'ge) . 290 Maia, Cr 215 Malv^, L. (Syr.) . . 344 MalvcE, Hiib. . . . 33(5 Malvce, Esp 341 Malvarum, Hffg. . . 330 ^'Mamui-ra, H. S. . . 323 ^■'Mandane, Koll. (Epin.) 329 Manto, Esjj. (Ereb.) . 245 Manto, Fab 255 *MaRACANDICA, Erscll. ) qi a (Ereb.) I Marchandi, Gerb. . . 131 Marcliandii, B. . . . 132 Marcliandii, Hiib. . . 132 ^Marcida, Ld. (Lyc.) . 144 Marloyi, B. (Nis.) . 349 Marmora. Hiib. . . 280 Marruhii. H. S. . . 337 Marruhii, Kirby . .337 Martiani, H. S. . . . 284 *Massinissa, Luc. (Gig.) 139 Maturna, Esp. . . . 183 Maturna, L. (Mel.) . 182 Maturna. Hiib. . 181-191 =''MAURisius,Hsjj.(Ereb.) 316 *Maueitanica, Stgr. 1 q., (Meian.)/ '■^Maxima, Stgr. . . . 365 ^Maueitanicus, Luc. ] .q„ (Thest.)j Maurus. Esp. ... 250 Medea. Hiib. . . . 260 Medea. Bkh 246 Medesicaste, III. . . 14 Medon, Esp 114 Medusa, F 246 Meg;era, L. (Pararge) 292 Melampus, Fuess. ] (Ereb.) / "MeLANCHOLICA, H. S. 1 oio (Ereb.) I Melanops, B. (Lye.) . 131 '■'Melantho, Kl. . . . 135 Melas, Hbst. (Ereb.) . 250 Meleager, Esp. (Lyc.) 123 Meleager, Hiib. . . . 113 '-■'Melete, Men. (Pier.) . 67 *Melinos, Ev. (Col.) . 69 Melotis, Dup. . . . 345 Menaclas, Frr. . . . 125 Menaclas, Poda. . . 310 Menestho, Men. (Zegr.) 44 Meone, Esp 293 Meridionalis.Ld. {Zegr is) 44 Meridionalis,/S^yr.(Mel.)189 Merope, Prun. . . . 183 *Mersina, Stgr. . . . 322 ■--Mesentina, Cr. (Pieris) 365 Metis, Frr 158 Miegii, Vogel. ... 87 Minima, Fuess. (Lyc.) 128 *Minor, Stgr 305 =''=Mieabilis, Erscll. ) (Thee.),- -Mirza, Stgr. (Lyc.) . 147 Mnemosyne, L.(Parnass.) 21 Miris, Fah. ? ... . 304 Mnestra, Hiih. (Ereb.) 244 ^Muiszecliii, H. S. . . 323 Moesclileri, H. S. . . 341 ’•'Montauus, Hrem. (Nis.) 353 Morula, Spr 249 Morpheus, Pall. (Cycl.) 355 *MoTSCHULSKYI, 1 ngn Brem. (Sat.)/ '-'^Mulla, Stgr. ((Eneis) 321 MYRMIDONE,Hsp. (Col.) 59 Myrmidone, Stepli. . 63 -Myrrha, H. S. . . . 143 *Myrtale, Kl. (Tliec.) . 130 Nana, Stgr 188 *Nanna, Stgr. (CEneis) . 320 Napaea, Hiib 199 Napaeae, Esp 32 Napi, L. (Pier.) ... 31 Na/rcaa, Frr. ... 30 NARiCA,iJ»6.(Epinepli.) 296 -■Haricina. Stgr. . . . 330 '■'Nashreddini, Stgr. ) q^™ (Parge.)j Nastes, B. (Col.) . . 51 Navariiia, Selys. . . 192 Neera, F. de W. . . 189 Nelamus, B 242 Neleus. Frr 255 Neomiris, Godt. (Sat.) 280 Neoridas, B. (Ereb.) . 259 Nephele. Hfn. {Coen.) . 310 Neriene. F. de W. . . 54 Nerine, Frr. (Ereb.) . 249 Nevardensis. Stgr. . . 256 Niobe, L. (Arg.) . . 210 Nivescens, iCe/. . . . 123 Nogellii, H. S. (Thestor) 84 ='=NoLKENii,i?rsc7i.(Coen.) 331 *Nomas, Ld 358 *Nomion, F. de W. 1 „„ (Parnass.) j Norax. Bon 308 Nordmanni, Ndm. ) (Parnass.) j Norna, Hiib. . . . 266 Norna, Tlinb. (Qilneis) 268 Norna, Quens. . . . 269 N OSTROD amus,F’. (Hesp.) 354 *Nouna, Luc. (Gallos.) . 69 Nurag, Gliil. (Epinepli.) 299 ='=Nycteis, Men. (Nept.) 217 Occidentalis, Stgr. . . 190 Occitanica, Stgr. . . 187 Occitanica, Esp. . . 236 Ocellaris, Stgr. . . . 262 OcHiMUS, H. S. (Pol.) , 89 =''OcHRACEA,jSre«i.. (Hesp.) 359 Ochracea, Stgr. (Thais.) 13 *Ocnus, Ev. (Ereb.) . 318 CEdipus, F. (Coen.) . 303 fflME, Hiib. (Ereb.) . 245 ■•'Qlno, B 321 '•■=CEnone, L. (.Jun.) . . 218 ='=Olga, Jtoman. (Col.) . 366 -‘'Ompliale, Kl. . . . 138 Onopordii, Bbr. . . . 342 Optilete, Kn. (Lyc.) . 106 Oranula, Frr. ... 87 Orbifer, Hiib. (Syr.) . 346 OEBiTULUS,PrwM.(Lyc.) 113 Orientalis, H. S. . . 184 ^■'Orientalis, Men. . . 220 Orion, Pall. (Lyc.) . 108 *Ornatus, Brem. 1 oca (Cyclop.)! 360 *OscARUS, Ev. (Arg.) . 220 Ossianus, Hbst. . . . 196 Ottomana, H. S. . . 526 Ottomanus, Lef. (Pol.) 87 Pal^mon, Pall. (Cart.) 356 PAL.ENO, L. (Col.) . . 49 Palano, Esp. ... 53 *Pal.estina, Stgr. (Lyc.) 148 Pales, Schijf. (Arg.) . 198 Pallida, Stgr. ... 55 Pampliila, Hiib. . . 310 Pamphilus, L. (Coen.) 310 ='=Panagea, H. S. (Lyc.) 142 Pandora, Scldff. (Arg.) 215 Paniscus, F 356 Panope, Ev. (Lyc.) . 110 Panoptes, Hiib. . . . 110 Paphia, L. (Arg.) . . 214 ■■=Parisatis, Koll. (Sat.) 324 Parmenio, Boh. (Ereb.) 317 Parnassia, Stgr. . . 130 Parthenie, (Mel.) 193 Parthenie, Hbst. . . 192 *Parthica, Ld. . . . 325 Pasiphae, Esp. (Epin.) 301 Paulina, Nord. . . . 222 ='=Paulowskyi, Men. ] (Ereb.)) 316 Peas, Hiib 287 Pelidne, B. (Col.) . . 50 =''Pelopea, Kl. (Sat.) . 322 Pelopia, Bkh. . . . 211 Persea, Koll. . . . 190 Perseis, Ld 330 Perseplione,VLuh.{Ere.) 252 Persephone, HxA). {Sat.) 276 ^■■Persica, Bien. . . . 143 Phadra, Esp. {Ep.) . 300 Phadra, L. {Sat.). . 285 Phaeton, Frr. ... 89 Pharte, Hiib. (Ereb.) 244 Phegea, Bkh. . . . 254 Pheretes, Hiib. (Lyc.) 112 d E 394 INDEX OF SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND SYNONYMS. ‘■’’Pheretiades, Ev.(Lyc.) 142 Pherusa, B. (Melan.)- 237 Phicomone, Esj}. (Col.) 52 Philea, Hiib. . . . 307 Philomela, Esp. . . 262 Philomene, Hiib. . . 49 Philoxenus, Esp. . . 312 ''Thilyra, Men. (Nep.) 217 PHLiEAS, L. (Pol.) . . 95 Phlojiidis, H.S. (Syr.) 346 '•'■Thryxis, Stgr. (Lyc.) 372 *Phyllis, Stgr. (Lyc.) 372 Phocas, Rott. ... 94 Phcebe, irw. (Mel.) . 186 Phoebus, Pnin. ... 17 "'Phcenicurus, I/(rZ.(Pol.) 137 Pliorcj's, Err. . . . 246 Phryne, Pall. (Tripli.) 314 Phryneus, F. . . .314 Pilosellce, Esp. . . . 185 PilosellcB, Fab. . . . 300 Pirata, Esp 275 Pirene, Hiib. . . . 248 "Tisidice, Klg. (Sat.) . 324 Pitho, Hhb 259 Plautilla, Hub. . . . 165 Plesaiira, Bell . . . 237 Pluto, Esp 252 Podarce, 0 287 PODALIRIUS, L. (Pap.) . 5 "Toggei, L. (Syr.) . . 357 Polaris, B. (Arg.) . . 201 Polaris, Stgr. (Er.) . . 247 Polaris, Stgr. (Van.) . 175 Pollux, Esp 255 '■'Polona, Bien. . . . 143 Polychloros,L. (Van.) 171 Polymeda, Hiib. . . 302 Polyspliercon, Bgst. . 102 POLYXENA, Schi'ff. ) ,, (Thais) J Pontica, Frr. . . . 279 "=Popovianus,Vo?yZ. (Nis.)357 PopuLi L. (Lim.) . . 160 Porima, 0 168 ■'"Poseidon, L. . . 144, 371 ='=Prieuri, Pier. (Sat.) . 322 Procida, Hbst. . . . 231 '"Progne, Cr. (Van.) . 218 Pronoe, Esp. (Ereb.) 258 Prorsa, L 185 *Pretiosa, Stgr. (Lyd.) 370 Proto, Esp. (Syr.) . . 338 *PROTOMEDIA,M('«.(Mel.) 220 ^’'■Prosecusa, Ersch. ) (Lyc.) [ Proserpina, Schiff. . 273 Provincialis, B. . . . 187 Pruni, L. (Thee.) . . 84 Pryeri, Murr. (Lyc.) . 372 Psodea, Er 240 Psodea, linb. . . , 245 Psyche, Hiib. . . . 236 PsYLORiTA, Err. (Lyc. 112 *PULCHELLA, Stgr. 1 (Epiu.)) ° Puniilio, Hffg. . . . 354 *PuTziLOi, Hrsc/i. (Lued.) 21 Pyginceus, Cyr. . . . 354 Pylaon, E. de W. (Lyc.) 107 Pylarge, Hiib. . . . 303 Pyrenaica, B. (Lyc.) . 113 Pyreuaica, H. S. (Ereb.) 242 Pju-enaica, Stgr. (Ereb.) 259 'M^yranthe, L. (Callidr.) 69 ■"Pyrene, Swain. (Callidr.) Vide Corrigenda. Pyromelas, Err. . . 172 Pyrothoe,H'!;. (Euchloe) 42 Pyrrha, F 245 Pyrrhomelana, Hiib. . 171 Pythonissa, Mill. . . 163 Quercus, L. (Theda) . 81 •■Tt.YDDEi, Brem. (Nept.) 218 *Raddei, Bretn. (Papil.) 21 =MiADiANs, Stgr. (Ereb.) 320 Rap,®, L. (Pier.) . . 30 Reichlini, H.S. . . 249 Rhamni, L. (Gonept.) 65 Bhamnusia, Frr. . . 297 '■^Rapliani, Esg). Vide Corrigenda. Rhea, Hiib 154 ='Tlhena, H. S. ... 324 *Rhodopensis, Err. . . 219 Rhymnus, Ev. (Lyc.) Ill ='TIinda, Men. (Ccen.) Ripartii, Err. Rip)’pertii, B. Rivularis, Scop Roboris, Esp. (Laeosopi Rothliebii, Stgr. ='Tloxandra, H. S. Roxelana, Cr. (Pa Rubi, L. (Theda) Rumina, L. (Thais) *Ruslana, Motsch. Rutilus, Wernh. Rustan, Koll. *Saadi, Roll. (Ccen.) *Sagana, Dbdi. (Arg *Sagartia, Ld. (Col Salmacis, Steph. Sao, Hiib. (Syr.) Saportce, Dup. Sapipho, Kirby Sappho, Pall. Sardoa, Stgr. Sareptana, Stgr Sareptensis, Stgr ='=Sassanides, Koll. (Thee.) 331 125 125 164 82 312 327 g.) 289 81 13 221 91 349 331 222 70 115 347 131 165 164 175 54 54 136 219 Satyrion, Esp. (Coen.) 304 Schmidtii, Gerh. . . 96 *ScHRENCKii, Men.{L'.ni.) 215 *ScHRENCKii, Men. ) (Parag.)l Scipio, B. (Ereb.) . . 252 Serna, Hiib 257 *ScuLDA, Ev. (CEneis) . 320 Sebrus, B. (Lyc.) . . 128 *Sedakovii, Ev. (Ereb.) 318 Selene, Schiff. (Arg.) 197 Selenis, Ev. (Arg.) . 196 Semele, L. (Sat.) . . 277 SEMiARGUS,iZotL (Lyc.) 129 '"Semidea, Say. ((Ends) 321 Sericea, Frr 349 '■'ScY'LLA, Stgr. (Lyc.) 148, 371 Serratul,®, Rhr. (Syr.) 342 Sertorius, Hff. . . . 347 Sibylla, L. (Lim.) . . 162 ="Sibiricus, Ndni. (Parn.) 22 *Sibirica, Stgr. 1 (Aurinia v.) ) '■''Sibirica, Stgr. ) 220 (Didyma v.) [ ^Sibirica, Stgr. | ^22 (Autonoe v.) ) *Sibirica, Stgr. (Diyas v.) 325 ''=Sicha;a, Ld 324 SiDAS, Esp. (Syr.) . . 340 "Sieversii, Chrstp. ) (Lyc.) [ Silvias, Frr 357 Simplonia, Hrr. ... 37 SiNAPis, L. (Leuc.) . . 45 *SiPHAX, Luc. (Cigar.) . 139 •■'Smaragdina, ilrew. ) .,0^ (Thee.) I "SoLSKYi, Hrsc/i. (Pol.) . 368 Speculum, Rott. . . 355 Sphyrus, Hiib. ... 8 Spini, Schiff. (Thee.) . 76 Statilnus, Hfn. (Sat.) 283 ="Staudingeri, S. (Col.) 367 146 ='=Staudingeri, Chrstp. ) (Lyc.) [ Steropes, Schiff. . . 355 Stevenii, Tr 124 *Stubbendorfii, Men. 25 (Parn.) } *Stulta, Stgr., Sat. . 325 Stygne, 0. (Ereb.) . . 248 Stygne, Hiib. . . . 253 Subalpina, Spr. ... 95 *SUBSOLANA, Ev. (Lyc.) 141 ‘i'-SuLTAN, Stgr. (Pol.) . 368 *SuNBECCA, Ev. (Coen.) . 332 Su-warovius, Hbst. . . 255 *Sydyi, Ld. (Lim.) . . 216 Syllius, Hbst. (Melan.) 236 Sylvanus, Esp. (Hesp.) 353 SYLVATiCA,BreTO.(Hesp.)359 Sylvius, Kn. (Col.) . 357 INDEX OF SPECIES, VARIETIES, AND SYNONYMS. 395 *Symphita, Ld. (Coen.) . 331 Syngraplia, Kef. . . 122 *Syriaca, Stgr. . . . 322 Tages, L. (Nision) . . 348 Tagis, Hith. (Euchloe) 38 Taras, Meig 345 Tarpeia, Pall. (OEneis) 267 Taygete, Hiih. . . . 270 ='=Taxila, Brem. (Tliec.) 135 ='=Telephassa, (Sat.) 323 Teleplii'i, Esp. . . . 108 TELiCANUSjIyany (Lyc.) 100 ='=Telmessia, Z. . . . 299 ='=Teneates, Men. . . . 315 =Tenedius, Ev. (Parn.) 24 =Tengstroemi, Erscli. I , .r. (Lyc.)l Tessellum, (Syr.) 339 Tesselluni, 0. . . . 341 Tesselloides, H. S. . . 346 Testudo, Esp. . . . 171 Thalia, Esp 197 Thaumas, H/w. (Hesp.) 350 =''Theano, Tausch. (Er.) 317 =''THEOPHRASTUS,jP.(Lyc.) 140 Tlierapne, Bbr. . . . 347 Theesamon, Esp. (Pol.) 89 Thersites, B. ... 117 Thetis, Esp. {Lyc.) . 117 Thetis, Htib. {Melan.) 238 Thetis, Klg. (Pol.) . 88 ='=Thetys, Men. (Nis.) . 359 Thia, Hiib 14 ='=Thisbe, Men. (Nept.) . 217 Thisoa, Men. (Col.) . 57 Thore, Huh. (Arg.) . 204 *Thrax, Ld. (Hesp.) . 360 Thyesis, Err. (Coen.) . 308 ='=TiANCHANrcA, Stgr. ) qoa (Ereb.)[ Tigelius, Bon. . . . 293 Tiphon, Bott., Coen. . 310 Tiphys, Esp 121 Tircis, Cr 314 Tiresias, Bott. . . . 101 Titania, Hiib. . . . 203 ’■'Titea, Kl. (Melan.) . 315 Tithonius, Hbst. . . 300 Tithonus, L. (Epin.) . 300 Tomyris, Hbst. . . . 197 Tremulae, Esp. . . . 161 Triangulum, Fab. . . 169 ^■=Triclaris, Hiib. . . . 220 Triopes, Spr 257 ^Tristis, Brem. (Ereb.) 319 *Tristis, Gerh. (Lye.) . 145 Trivia, Schiff. (Mel.) . 187 Trochylus, Err. (Lyc.) 103 Tschudica, H. S. . . 43 Tullia, Hiib. . . . 311 *TuEANicA,E;rsc7^.(Ereb.)317 Turca, Mill 231 Turcica, B. (Melan.) . 231 Turcica, Stgr. (Van.) . 174 Turritis, 0 39 Tyndaeus, Esp. (Ereb.) 255 TJnedonis, Hiib. . . . 154 Unicolor, Err. . . . 348 Uralensis, Ev. (Mel.) . 186 Uralensis, Stgr. (Ereb.) 247 Uralensis, Stgr. (Mel.) 183 *Urda, Ev. (Qilneis) . 321 Urticas, L. (Van.) . . 173 V-Album, Esp. . . . 169 VAU-ALBUM,i's^. (Van ) 172 Valdensis, Esp. . . . 208 Valezina, Esg:. . . . 214 Varia, M.-D 193 Velleda, Bott. . . . 273 Vernalis, Stgr. ... 30 'i'ViLUiENSis, Men. (Col.) 366 Virbius, H. S. . . . 288 ^Virgatus, Butl. ... 20 ViRGAUEEAE, L. (Pol.) . 86 Virginiensis, Drury . 218 Virgula, Hiib. . . . 351 Vulcanica, Godt. 177, 364 Vide p. 372 W- Album, Kn. (Thee.) 76 ^Wagneri, H. S. (Epin.) 329 Wanga, Brem. . . . 319 Werdandi, H. S. . . 50 Werdandi, Zett. (Col.) 51 Werda7idi{Nastesva,Y.) 51 -WiSKOLTi, Stgr. (Col.) 367 ^'AVosneskensii, Meyi. . 143 Xanthe, Hiib. ... 98 Xanthe, F 94 Xanthe, Lang, Verz. . 96 Xanthomelas, Esp. ) (Van.)l -''Xenia, Er 316 ='=XiPHiA, E. (Pararge) . 327 *Xipliiodes, Stgr. . . 327 =i'XuTHUs, L. (Pap.) . . 20 *XuTHULUS, Brem. (Pap.) 21 Zaneleus, Z 6 ZAPATERi,O5ert/i.(Ereb.)260 =i=ZELLERi, Ld. (Hesp.) . 360 Zephyrus, Eriv. (Lyc.) 107 Zermattensis, Eallou. . 87 *ZoHRA, Donz. (Cig.) . 139 396 COERIGENDA. Page 1, 12, 18, 28, 29, 45, 47, 58, 68, 68. 69, 71, 74, 94, 116, 132, 139, 142, 143, 144, 149, 154, 157, 186, 228, 241, 247, 272, 273, 291, 292, 292, 293, 293, 294, 294, 295, 296, 299, 299, 334, 336, 337, line 3, for not spiny read generally not spiny 20, for Cassandra read Cassatidra 3 from bottom, for larva read larvae 4, for nervm'es read nervules 12, erase the ivords nasturtiums and 4, for Stev. read Stepli. 12 from bottom, for smaller read larger 18, for R. D. read F. D. 10, ,, Vonzel read Donzel Insert Pieris Daplidice var. Rapbani, Esp. 84, 3, i. 2, p. 163 Has tbe spots beneath light yellow. Habitat, Persia, line 6 from bottom, for Pyraiithe, L., read Pyrene, Swainson. 3, for 1200 read 12,000 14, after extensive insert families 20, for 1'08 read 1‘80 7 from bottom, for Friv. Imm. read Friv. Imr. 4, for Enc. read Eur. 16, ,, medium read median 5 from bottom, for Ms. read Is. 3, for Wosneseuskii read WosnesensTiii\ 22, ,, Iphegenia read Iphigenia 6, ,, Scolitandides read Scolitantides 9, erase comma after ultimsE 1, for Scandanavia read Scandinavia 3, ,, L. V. read Ev. 16, ,, face ,, free 19, ,, Kutz. ,, Kn. bottom line, for Hypomedusa read Hippomedusa 1, erase comma after L. 22, for Statilimus read Statilinus 20, for LXXI., 4. read LXXII., 1. 2, erase PI. LXXI., 5. 13, for LXXII. read LXXI. 5, 29, 5, 27, 18, LXXII. ditto LXXIII. ditto ditto LXXI. ditto LXXII. ditto ditto bottom Ime, /or LXXIV. read LXXIII. line 4 from bottom, for LXXIII. read LXXII. ,, 20, for section read book ,, 21, ,, heteroceous read heterocerous ,, 3 from bottom, for Australis, L., read Australis, Z. ,, 3, for vv. read V. The references to the plates have in some instances been accidentally omitted from the text ; it will be found, however, that the index to the plates is so arranged as to render almost unnecessary any further allusion to them. rniNTEI) BY WEST, NEWMAN AND CO., HATTON OAllDEN, I.ONDON, E.O,