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Ratatytas Patria tty ae aes abchbechhen Ph etatahatate § uM" ma hb eS ae *! j Mo + 4 ry a rc 1 ate Pd p} ( + ie ho he 9, ; t eeata® i as r i anare) 4 ) age i ; sett } , pete xites y i mb be eee atta : ‘, x os ‘ * Po ; OAT E SN owt rac! at net tires } f : w ic taty 's Dinh ate te oh gat oF te reta a hata ta Sa t Borie ike i f Pe : ¥ Ms sie iy a8 year ae = a i al ate To", vis e ~~ ~ Tae le x) Libtory of the’ Huseum oF | COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, Founded by private subscription, in 1861. i NT NNN NS NI NINE Oe Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ. > No. 77, S799 (/ ——— THE b INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV. / (9 bi hm: Lesa: ‘ oh eas oe d to the Subscribers to the Ray Socirty for lume is issue the Year 1890. LONDON MDCCCXCI. PRINTED BY ADE, {a a 5 THE LARVAE OF THE BRITISH BUTTERFLIES MOTHS. BY (THE LATE) WILLIAM BUCKLER, EDITED BY mae ft, STAINTON, F.R.S. Vou. IV. (THE FIRST PORTION OF THE NOCTUZ.) LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY. ““Mpeccxcl. Lis9\3 , YRAETS ie ve ) (O00S SOR EU” : gar: TOTSa MAS : = le i anaes” : eA * es HARVARD. UNIVE =RSI CAMBRIDGE. MA USA ‘e » | eet! 7 “ad % ( 4 ie \ = " a Poe ‘ J 7 ue ' Ia = ' eat ee? it PREFACE. THE present volume is devoted to the larve of the Noctue, containing, however, only the first portion of that group of night-flying Moths. It is thought that in two more volumes it will be possible to complete the Noctuz, so far as their larve have been figured by Mr. Buckler. As in the previous volumes, the letters W. B. or J. H. after each description indicate whether written by William Buckler or by John Hellins, and the figures immediately following give the date when the descrip- tion was written for publication, the reference that follows being to the volume and page of the ‘ Ento- mologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ or to Mr. Buckler’s Note Books. We are again indebted to Mr. G. C. Bignell for a list of the parasites bred from the larve of which the present volume treats. H. T. STAINTON. MoOUNTSFIELD, LEWISHAM ; January 12th, 1891. | CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. Cymatophora duplaris — fluctuosa — ocularis Diphthera Orion Acronycta leporina — strigosa — alni — rumicis — auricoma — myrice Leucania conigera — albipuncta — putrescens — littoralis — comma — straminea — pallens Tapinostola Bondi Meliana flammea . Nonagria fulva —elymi . — neurica — geminipuncta — sparganii — typhe. Hydreecia nictitans — micacea : Xylophasia lithoxylea — polyodon — hepatica — scolopacina Xylomyges conspicillaris Aporophyla australis Vili CONTENTS. PAGE Neuria saponarie . 66 Heliophobus popularis 67 Chareas graminis . 70 Pachetra leucophea 70 Luperina testacea. 73 — cespitis 75 Mamestra abjecta . 76 — furva . , 79 Apamea connexa . 84 — gemina 86 — unanimis 87 — ophiogramma 93 — fibrosa 94 —oculea. _ 97 Miana fasciuncula. 99 — literosa 100 — furuncula 102 — expolita 103 — arcuosa 106 Celena Haworthii. 107 Grammesia trilinea 110 Caradrina Morpheus 111 List of Parasites bred from those fadiities of the Workin hie are included in this volume ; : : . 114 INDEX CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE IN THIS VOLUME. HETEROCERA. PAGE Group NOCTUINA. Family Noctuo-BoMBYCIDz. Thyatira derasa - batis : ; f E Cymatophora duplaris . : 1 es fluctuosa . , : ; 2 “ diluta $i or . : : ocularis . d : : 2 Le flavicornis _ ridens Family BRYOPHILIDZ. Bryophila perla a glandifera Family BoMBYCOID2. Diphthera Orion . ; ; ; 6 Acronycta tridens . 5 psi - leporina : : ; . 8 aceris ue megacephala 3 strigosa ; z ‘ B 9 SPECIES PLATE NOrFN OS oP |S DS eK x CLASSIFIED LIST OF Family Bompycoripa—continued. Acronycta alni < higustri . a rumicis . - auricoma . menyanthidis ” myrice . Simyra venosa Family LevcanipDa. Leucania conigera . S turca i lithargyrea 4 albipuncta FS obsoleta . os putrescens littoralis . ss pudorina » comma, a straminea ‘ impura és pallens PY phragmitidis . Tapinostola Bondii Melhiana flammea Nonagria fulva 5h elymi a neurica . A geminipuncta pe sparganii » typhe ‘s crassicornis Family APAMIDZ. Gortyna flavago Hydrecia nictitans o petasitis a micacea . Axylia putris Xylophasia rurea . THE 99 9 3° 9? lithoxylea polyodon hepatica scolopacina SPECIES. PAGE 13 19 20 21 23 PLATE LVIL, fig. 1 LVII, fig. 2 LVII, fig. 3 LVI, fig. 4 LVII, fig. 5 LVII, fig. 6 LVII, fig. 7 LVIIL, fig. 1 LVIIL, fig. 2 LVIIL, fig. 3 LVIII, fig. LVIII, fig. LIX, fig. LIX, fig. LIX, fig. LIX, fig. LIX, fig. LX, fig. LX, fig. to Roo OO DR Oe LX, fig. LX, fig. LX, fig. LXI, fig. LXI, fig. LXI, fig. LXI, fig. LXI, fig. OF © DO em Ot B® CO LXII, fig. LXII, fig. LXII, fig. LXII, fig. LXII, fig. LXII, fig. LXIII, fig. LXIII, fig. LXIII, fig. 3 LXIITI, fig. 4 Doe SD ok © De CLASSIFIED LIST OF THE SPECIES. xl PAGE PLATE Family APAMID™—continued. Dipterygia pinastri : 5 F so LAMLEL, fig.’ 5 Xylomyges conspicillaris . ; . 60 no SOX ITT, fig. 6 Aporophyla australis 63 LXIV, fig. 1 Neuria saponarie . 66 LXVI, fig. 5 Heliophobus popularis . 67 LXIV, fig. 2 s hispida LXIV, fig. 3 Chareeas graminis . 70 LXIV, fig. 4 Pachetra leucophza 70 LXV, fig. 1 Cerigo cytherea LXV, fig. 2 Luperina testacea . 73 LXV, fig. 3 - cespitis 75 LXV, fig. 4 Mamestra abjecta . 76 LXV, fig. 5 yy albicolon LXVI, fig. 1 nS furva 79 LXVI, fig. 2 , brassicee LXVI, fig. 3 > persicariz we LiX VI, fig, 4 Apamea basilinea . . LXVII, fig. 1 » connexa 84. » gemina 86 , LXV, fie, 2 » Unanimis. 87 LXVII, fig. 3 » Ophiogramma . 93 » fibrosa 94, ... LXVII, fig. 4 » oculea 97 in DEVS ie. & Miana strigilis ... LUXVITI, fig. 1 » fasciuncula 99 ... LXVIII, fig. 2 » literosa 100 ... LXVIII, fig. 3 » furuncula . 102 ... LXVIII, fig. 4 » expolita 103 odux VIE, fig. 5 » arcuosa 106 ... UXVITI, fig: 6 Celzena Haworthii . 107 .. LXVIII, fig. 7 Family CARADRINIDA. Grammesia trilinea 110 LXIX, fig. 1 Caradrina Morpheus 111 LXIX, fig. 2 5 alsines . LXIX, fig. 3 a blanda . LXIX, fig. 4 es cubicularis LXIX, fig. 5 THE LARVAL OF THE BRITISH MOTHS. CYMATOPHORA DUPLARIS. Plate LIV, fig. 3. On the 12th September, 1869, Mr. George H. Kenrick, of Inverhadden, by Kinloch Rannoch, kindly sent me eight examples of the larva of this species, of different sizes. This larva, when full fed, is about seven-eighths of an inch long, moderately stout and cylindrical, the head rounded. The ground colour a pale and dull olive green, deeper in tint on the back, with a dorsal pulsating stripe of dingy olive green; the subdorsal stripe very broad, of a dusky olive, sharply defined at its lower edge, but softened above into the ground colour of the back; midway between it and the spiracles a fine thread-like line of dull yellowish runs along the sides ; the spiracles are black, each within a blackish-olive blotch ; the tubercular dots are small and black, those on the back have a ring of paler olive at their base; the dark olive of the subdorsal on one side unites with that of the other side transversely on the twelfth seg- ment, forming there an abrupt termination of the dark colour. The head is reddish and a little shining, VOL. IV. 1 2 CYMATOPHORA DUPLARIS. having the ocelli as a black spot on each side, and the mouth blackish ; the base of papillae yellowish; on the second segment is a small black polished plate. The skin of the rest of the body is very thin, but without any gloss—indeed, remarkable for its opacity of surface, the segmental folds showing yellowish. These larve feed on birch, between united leaves. (W. B., Note Book IT, 188.) CYMATOPHORA FLUCTUOSA. Plate LIV, fig. 4. On July 3rd, 1873, arrived some eggs of this species, laid singly and in twos, on the edges mostly, of birch leaves, from Mr. James Batty, of Sheffield. On the 7th, when I first saw them, they were a pale whity-brown or cream colour—turning during the night to a faint erey tint, and on the afternoon of the 8th they began to hatch. When first laid, the eggs were of the same pale straw- colour, and the approach to a delicate grey scarcely to be noticed. The egg is oval and ribbed longitudinally and very finely reticulated, and is gummed to the leaf length- wise on a part of its surface. The newly hatched larva is large in front, tapering behind, of a whitish colour, with a very pale whity- brown head; on the 10th the larvae had become very pale green. (W. B., Note Book IT, 21.) CYMATOPHORA OCULARIS. Plate LIV, fig. 7. On the 28th of May, 1874, Mr. J. H. Fletcher, of Worcester, very kindly sent me a dozen eggs of this species which had been laid the 23rd and 26th of May ; CYMATOPHORA OCULARIS. 3 he found the female moths, although impregnated, very unwilling to deposit in captivity, but at last they chose to lay their eggs singly, or in little groups of two or three together, on paper rather than on the twigs of poplar with which they had been supplied; the hour of _ laying was after dusk in the evening. One moth lived eleven days after pairing, and then died without laying an ege. In its general figure the egg is semi-spherical, convex above and flattish beneath, its surface very finely reticulated ; creamy-white in colour, with the margin at the base of the shell colourless and pellucid in con- trast to the opacity of the rest, over which the shell is glistening. On the evening of the 1st of June, without the eggs showing any previous change of colour, the larve began to hatch, four of them within half an hour of dusk, the others in course of the night. The young iarve were nearly one-eighth of an inch long, of a pale pellucid straw colour, inclining to greenish, the segmental folds showing pale yellow. By June 5th they were three- sixteenths of an inch long, and one or two had, by this time, united the poplar leaves by short, thick, silken attachments, and they were all feeding on the green cuticle. By the 12th the most forward were half an inch in length, and others about three-eighths; these last showed a black dot on each side of the second segment, while those half an inch long had a black dot on each side of the second, third, fourth, eleventh, and twelfth segments: the head buff colour, the body of greenish-buff, with a broad green velvety interior showing through the semi-transparent skin. Upto this time they had been eating away the cuticle from both upper and under sides of the leaves, fastened by detached threads one upon the other; henceforward they began and continued to eat quite through the substance of the leaves from the edges, but each larva was always concealed between two leaves united by a couple of strong, broad-based, short, stud-like fasten- A, CYMATOPHORA OCULARIS. ings of white silk; in this retreat, when not feeding, the larva reposes with its body curved round—and here also, when the time for a moult approaches, it hes in a close coil, its head resting on the middle of one side of the body. Particularly noticing a larva, which moulted on June 27th, 1 observed the body to be very soft and delicate, velvety in appearance, of a pale buff tint; the head pale honey-yellow, rather glistening, with black ocelli, and black on each side of the mouth; two black dots, one above the other, on the side of the second and third segments, and one on the fourth, another also on the twelfth segment. After the last moult, when the larve measured fully an inch in length, their heads were pale brownish-orange, broadly marked with black at the sides of the mouth and round the papille, the skin of the body still soft in texture, without the least gloss excepting a narrow shining plate behind the head, which is slightly glistening, and the anal flap and legs; the colour of the body delicate greyish- green, showing through a pale buff skin, the dorsal vessel seen pulsating distinctly, the spiracles flesh- colour, and the colouring along their region pale yel- lowish, the black dots just as before. By the 4th of July two larve had spun up, the two others were still feeding, the rest having died off one at a time at different stages, probably from being so often interrupted by my investigations. Even at the last, when mature, the habit of the larva is still to lie curled round, with its head inwards, and towards, or in contact with, the seventh or eighth segment of its body. I found also that when turned out from its domicile between two leaves, the larva, when placed on a fresh leaf and another laid over, would quickly spin new fastenings, but it was not easy to watch its proceedings, for, when I raised the upper leaf but a very little in order to peep, the larva would directly strengthen and shorten the silk stud that I had prob- ably stretched, and it did so by taking the middle or CYMATOPHORA OCULARIS. 5 thinnest part between its two front legs, and pulling it inwards towards its body, and holding it there dex- terously, whilst it spun shorter threads in a moment or two to the surface of the leaves, bringing them into close contact; after having thus fortified itself, it would at once curl round into its favourite position, and go to sleep until roused again on another side in the same manner, when it would repeat the operations for its security, and shut out further observation. Three moths were bred, two on the 6th, and one on the 9th of June, 1875. The full-grown larve, while crawling, measured 13 to 13 inches in length, moderately stout in propor- tion, cylindrical, tapering very little anteriorly near the broad head, and a little on the two hinder seg- ments; in point of colour the head was now orange- ochreous, barred on either side the mouth with black as far as the ocelli, which were included, and with black square marks surrounding the pale antennal papille, its surface a little granulous and shining; the skin of the body beautifully soft and smooth, without gloss, excepting a narrow, shining, very pale, greyish plate on the second segment and on the anal tip; all the legs shining ; its colouring above on the back very faint yellowish, most tenderly tinged with greyish, changing almost imperceptibly to primrose-yellow along the spiracular region, and again below to the same delicate tint as the back; a very faint glaucous pulsating vessel showed partially through the dorsal region. Oneach side of the front margin of the second seoment were three black spots, on the side of the third segment two black spots one above the other, and on the side of the fourth one black spot, and one black spot on the side of the twelfth seoment ; the spiracles were pale flesh-colour, the tubercular dots whity- brown, which, together with their short and fine single hairs, could only be discerned with a good lens. The cocoon was placed in a hollow cave contrived by spinning several leaves together at their edges, and 6 CYMATOPHORA OOULARIS. was composed first of an open network of coarse silk of a deep brownish-red colour, the meshes of which were at first, when wet, quite regular and symmetrical in some parts, and very flexible (at which time the pale skin of the larva could be seen through them) ; but these soon contracted, and were enveloped by the closing up of the leafy surroundings. When the cocoon was opened and divested of its leaves, it was a remarkable specimen of reticulation ; the outer foundation oval in form, three-fourths of an inch long, made with very stout threads, leaving large meshes of oval, pear-like, and angular shapes, filled with a very tangled layer of much finer silk, remind- ing one of the smaller vessels of a skeletonised leaf. The pupa was five-eighths of an inch in length, thick, and dumpy in form and proportion, the surface roughened, except in the abdominal divisions, by minute pits, and on the wing-covers and thorax by corrugations ; the abdomen ending with two converg- ing spines, their tops recurved, crossing each other, and a few recurved short bristles round the abdominal tip; the colour black, the abdominal divisions dark purplish dull red, the other parts a trifling glistening. (W. B., 10, 7, 76; E.M.M., XIII, p. 90, 1876.) DIPHTHERA ORION. Plate LV, fig. 5. A larva on oak was received from Mr. G. C. Bignell, of Plymouth, August 6th, 1875. Length one inch and a quarter, moderately stout, of nearly uniform width, tapering very little on the last four segments, behind the anal segment rounded off; the head quite as wide as the second segment, the rounded lobes well defined on the crown, broad below at the sides, a little flat- tened in front, the second and third segments rather short. DIPHTHERA ORION. 7 In colour the ground on the back of the second and third segments is blackish-olive, on the fourth it is blue-black, on the others, as far as the twelfth, deep velvety black, the thirteenth drab colour. A large, broad, pale bright yellow transverse patch is on the back of the fifth, seventh, and tenth segments, which strikingly relieves the velvety-black ground ; the sub- dorsal line is a broken series of pale yellow spots, and is followed by two other broken lines of similar spots ; the former are absent on the fifth and show but little on the sixth segments. Along the side the ground colour is olive-drab, and bears three longitudinal stout lines or stripes, of sub- dued yellowish or a greyish-yellow ; the oval blackish spiracles, ringed with this yellow, are along the middle one. The lower part of the side and belly are drab colour, becoming dusky on the anterior segments; all the legs are drab, and the ventral and anal feet remarkably wide and furnished with numerous fine hooks, which with the feet are very pale drab, and the lees shining. The head is also shining, the top of each lobe black; below on each light yellow, thickly spotted with black, the base of the papille pale yellow. On each segment is a transverse row of ten bright red, wart-like tubercles, bearing fascicles of light warm-brown, longish hairs, the two dorsal pairs of these being close together, and nearly in the transverse line, the anterior ones the smallest; the pale yellow patches have these tubercles of their yellow colour and rather smaller, but with brown hairs like the others. The subdorsal spots on the twelfth seoment are greatly enlarged; on the back of the fourth segment they form transverse streaks behind the red warts. On the second segment is a narrow transverse bar of shining blackish, bearing a series of four red warts, The pattern on the thoracic segments is rather ob- scured by the long hairs, the anterior ones projecting over the head. This larva spun itself up in a cocoon, in which the 8 DIPHTHERA ORION. hairs of its body were interwoven; a little more than five-eighths of an inch long by three-eighths broad, compact and somewhat ovate in form, and of lght- brown colour; spun within the angle of its cage (August 10th) the web very opaque. On the evening of June 4th, 1876, the moth, a 6, appeared. On examining the cocoon, I found it had a small bit or two of oak leaf, woven in, and was very strong in texture. The pupa skin was little more than half an inch in length, stout in proportion, tapering from the lower margin of the wing-covers to the end of the abdomen, where it was rounded off and furnished with six equidistant, short, curved outwards, spikes on the anterior surface; on the dorsal surface from the spiracles on each side was an anterior transverse line of coarse and deep punctures, forming a roughened ridge, nearly close to the division of the foregoing segment ; on the fifth, sixth, and seventh beyond the thorax was near the end of each, a plain projecting edge. Its colour was very dark purplish-brown, nearly black, and shining, except just at the segmental divisions, the back being the most lustrous. (W.B., Note Book III, 17.) AGRONYCTA LEPORINA. Plate LVI, fig. 3. One young larva on birch was received from Mr. W. H. Cole, September 3rd, 1874; it was then five- eighths of an inch long, and on the 9th was little more than three-quarters of an inch in length, and was then preparing to moult. It was of a light greenish yellow, and its skin glossy ; the head pale olive green, marked with black on the top of each lobe and on the front margins and lower parts of them ; two black dorsal marks on the second segment, two dorsal black dots on the third, ACRONYCTA LEPORINA. 9 two on the fifth, two on the seventh, two very small on the twelfth, and one on the thirteenth segment ; those on the fifth and seventh segments bearing slight tufts of black hairs. The ordinary tubercular situa- tions indicated each by a fine shortish black hair ; the dorsal line slightly marked by a greyish spot in each segmental division; the spiracles white delicately out- lined with black. The anterior legs black, the ven- tral prolegs with a black spot on each, and these, as well as the anal pair, tipped with black hooks. The whole surface of the body seems covered with long hairs of the ground colour, which are curved and radiating in all directions, some long straight ones in front extending beyond the head. After moulting, its new coat was covered with longer hairs than before, of a pale greenish-yellow colour, which almost concealed its body from view. This larva unfortunately died on the 14th Septem- ber, when about one inch in length. (W. B., Note Book II, 119.) ACRONYCTA STRIGOSA. Plate LVI, fig. 6. On the 27th of July, 1883, a batch of eggs of this species arrived from Mr. J. G. Ross, of Bathampton ; they began to hatch, four of them, the same day, others in the course of a day or two. ‘The eggs were laid on the underside of hawthorn leaves, were circular in form, and at first were flat and like delicate scales, but as they mature they rise to a slight conical eminence in the centre, a boss from which numerous very fine ribs radiate to the margin, this at the last becomes bun-like, though very slightly so; the colour is greenish, match- ing well that of the under surface of the leaf, whereon they were laid. Seven hatched on the 30th, two more on the Ist of August, one on the 2nd. The newly hatched larva is of a clear whitish ground 10 . AORONYOTA STRIGOSA. colour, with darkish brown head; a deep, dingy, pinkish plate on the second segment ; the thoracic seg- ments tinged a little internally with a vessel of this colour; behind this the back is particoloured with this and the white ground, as this pinkish colour appears on two segments, alternating with two white ones, so that beyond the thoracic segments are three distinct bands of dingy pink, and two of faint greenish-white ; the body bearing some long dusky hairs. It attacks the lower cuticle of the leaf, and eats out little pits, leaving only the upper cuticle, which then shows as a transparent blotch. After feeding four or five days, the deep pinkish marks and the head become dark purplish brown, and the former can be well seen, located on the second, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, and thirteenth segments on the back, and the ground colour is a pale pellucid, rather bluish green. The most forward individual moultcd the first time on the 2nd of August, while two others were laid up for that purpose; the one that had moulted was soon feeding again on the shining upper surface of the leaf. The head was now black, or black-brown, and the dark marks crimson-brown; the ground colour of a cool pellucid green, all the skin shining as though varnished. By the 8th others had moulted the second time, as I found their cast skins, and they now showed small darkish tubercles on the intermediate segments, but the others were still conspicuously blotched on the full width of the back; the ground colour still a cool translucent green. By the 14th of August they had moulted the third tume, and now had the head black, and dark purplish crimson-brown blotches down the middle of the back on every segment, but broadest on those segments which first bore them and narrower on the other segments, as on the sixth and seventh, where they were bordered with faint greenish-white distinctly, and similarly a little on the other segments, but thinner and fainter; the sides, belly, and legs were of a hghtish cool green colour; the tubercles on the ACRONYCTA STRIGOSA. Ti sides were of this same colour, but those on the dark markings on the back were black, each emitting two or three longish black hairs; those on the lower part of the body green hairs; all the surface of head, body, and hairs very glossy. On the 17th one had moulted the fourth time; the head was now green in the centre of the face and black from the crown down the side of each lobe to near the pale green upper lip. One laid up for this moult had been badly bitten on the side of the ninth segment and died; another, a moult younger, had died from part of the twelfth segment being eaten away. ‘Two others also got over this moult, and they now fed by eating pieces out from the edges of the leaves ; by the 20th they had become seven and a half lines long. On the 23rd one had, during the previous - night, moulted the fifth time, and eaten up its cast skin ; another had moulted a fifth time in the early morning, its cast skin lying beside it, and another was laid up waiting forits moult. The earliest was feeding well on a hawthorn leaf, and was already nine lines in length ; it was handsomer than before ; on the fifth sezment the second or outer pair of dorsal tubercles were promi- nently developed into slight humps, and the back of the twelfth segment was elevated into a very prominent hump, with two apices formed by the second pair of tubercles, from which the hinder slope downward is continued by the thirteenth segment to the end of the anal flap; the ground colour of the body was a rich velvety yellow green, well relieved by a deep crimson- brown dorsal marking, beginning on the head, where it occupied the full breadth, but on the second segment narrowing towards the third, and then similarly towards the fourth, on which it widened to embrace the rather humped tubercles on the fifth, and then diminished to no more than a broad stripe on the sixth and seventh, but suddenly widened to embrace the area of all four tubercles on the eighth and ninth, and thence was very gradually less to the hump on the twelfth, whence only a narrow dorsal stripe passed to the anal flap ; all the 2 ACRONYOCTA STRIGOSA. tubercles were of the yellow-green ground colour, even those on the dorsal marking, though the bases of these latter were blackish; the spiracles white, finely out- lined with black. The head glossy, the second seg- ment glistening slightly; a faint yellowish margin bordered the dorsal marking. The tubercles on the back each emit a few short hairs and one very long hair of blackish colour, but those on the lower part of the body were whitish, of varying lengths, radiating and sweeping the surface on which the larva may happen to be. ‘The dorsal tubercles range across the back of a segment in the direction of a convex curve, quite a modification of the ordinary trapezoidal ar- rangement. One larva at the penultimate moult was unable to free itself from its old head-piece, which covered the mouth and caused the larva to perish miserably of starvation. One variety occurred after the last moult in which the. whole skin of the larva was of the richest deep velvety-purple, crimson-brown, relieved only slightly by the shining black tubercles, with crimson tips, though inconspicuous. When the larva is quite full-fed it becomes very dingy, dark velvety-green, and the purplish-brown of the back fades almost away ; the tubercular black spots remain, and are conspicuous with a ring of paler green at the base of each on the back, and in some, but not in all, a paler greenish dorsal stripe appears. The first larva that was full-fed ate its way into a piece of rotten wood for pupation on the 28th August ; a second did so on the 30th; at the same time the third entered a piece of raspberry stem. On the 9th of September Mr. Ross sent me seven larvee, all in their last coats ; one was full-fed and was of a dove colour on the back, the sides a warm olive- green, a faintly paler dorsal stripe showed in an inter- rupted manner on the dorsal marking whilst the larva was burrowing into rotten wood the next day. This ACRONYCTA STRIGOSA. 1 dorsal marking was of a beautiful dove colour, with black tubercular spots, tipped with bright green; the sides of this larva were at the last a dingy drab-green. The order of the spots is to be arranged as a curve rather than a trapezoid, the two outer spots of the four are each rather larger than the two inner ones, and from the eighth segment they all gradually decrease in size to the eleventh, but on the twelfth segment they are larger and in pairs, forming a trapezoid. (W. B., Note Book IV, 208-9.) ACRONYOTA ALNI. Plate LVII, fig. 1. On the 2nd of July, 1881, I received from Mr. J. G. Ross, of Bathampton, eight eggs of this rare species, one was laid on a piece of bark, the others on muslin. In shape the egg is circular, convex above, and finely and numerously ribbed; the surface without gloss, and of the faintest possible tinge of pink, irregularly reticulated all over with crimson; the next day most of them had become a more decided pink, and the reticulation darker crimson, on one egg quite purplish- brown; in all of them the spaces of pink-brown colour between the reticulations were roundish, and of vary- ing sizes, some larger and some smaller than others; on the evening of the 4th three had changed to a darkish brown, with a largish central black spot. On the night of July 4th three eggs hatched at 10.30 p.m., another by the morning of the 5th, and two more on the 7th. The newly-hatched larva has a shining black head, and plate on second segment; the third and fourth segments are light pinkish-grey, or violet-grey, and also the eleventh segment, which is the palest and most translucent ; the back on all the other segments showing dark brown, the belly and legs light pinkish- 14 ACRONYOTA ALNI. grey. Rather long, blackish hairs are on all the seg- ments, except the pale eleventh, which appears desti- tute of them. In a couple of days after feeding on the cuticle of an alder leaf the paler translucent parts of the larva are tinged with olive greenish, and the middle seg- ments of the body are banded transversely with dark purplish-brown, and very shining. By the 9th they were all feeding well on the cuticle of the underside of alder leaves, eating out little hollow patches which turn brown; resting always in a curved posture, and, when waiting to moult, with the head turned round near the tail; the darker parts of the larva were purplish-brown, or crimson, the pale seg- ments semi-transparent whitish, showing purplish- brown tubercular dots, the whole surface very glossy, as though varnished; always resting with the head bent round on one side. In the meantime two of the earliest had moulted the first time, and on the 10th were feeding well on the cuticle of the underside of the alder leaf; the pale parts were more opaque, but very glossy; they had distinct black-pointed hairs. On the 13th it seemed that the two oldest had moulted the second time, as the arrangement of the colours had changed as follows: head black, second segment dark crimson-brown, third and fourth seg- ments creamy-white, with a broad stripe of crimson- brown each side of the back, and lower down with a narrow stripe of the same colour ; tubercles black ; segments 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 dark crimson-brown, inter- sected by a fine creamy-white dorsal line; segments 10 and 11 creamy-white, the twelfth dark crimson- brown, the thirteenth creamy-white; all the skin ex- tremely olossy ; they were now beginning to eat the entire thickness of the alder leaf. On the 16th and 17th the most forward had spun some silk, and was laid up on it for its neat moult, which occurred on the afternoon of the 18th; the larva now ACRONYCTA ALNI. 1 bore a pair of long clubbed hairs on each side of the second segment, all the other hairs being simply pointed, and of ordinary length; the dark segments were now blacker and a white subspiracular line ran from the second segment to the ninth; after a couple of hours this larva began to feed. The leaves now _ being eaten clean away between a couple of ribs, in oblong portions, in a way which should well indicate the presence of this larva on an alder tree; and the singular way in which the larve rest, with the head turned round to the tail, has been constant with each of them from the very first: Two individuals of this third moult had not only the two pair of clubbed pale whity-brown hairs on the second seoment, but a pair equally long and divergent on the eleventh and twelfth segments, while on other seoments, excepting the third, fourth, and seventh, the lght-brown hairs are decidedly thickened and rigid, blunt at the ends, and on the eighth, ninth, and. tenth have a shght clubbed or thickened, but flat appearance ; the colour of the back on the fourth see- ment was cream colour, with heght-brown tubercles ; the hinder part of the back of the tenth, with the whole upper area of the eleventh segment, of a rich cream-colour, a dorsal line on the twelfth, and the whole of the thirteenth segment creamy-white. By the 22nd of July they had grown to be about an inch long, and the colouring of the dark parts of the back was olive-brown, the tubercles black and prominent, excepting the dorsal pair on the fourth segment, which had only the tips black of their outer portion, the inner portion pale olive-brownish; those on the back of the twelfth segment were dark olive brown ; the tubercular spots on the sides and ventral prolegs were black, but very much smaller and less prominent than those of the back; the plate on the second segment was black, bearing six prominent black tubercles, the margin of skin next the head being white, and the sides along the spiracular region were white on the anterior 16 ACRONYCTA ALNI. segments, and very much tinged with cool violet grey on the middle segments of the body, and this grey colour ascended obliquely to the back on the twelfth segment, where it was dorsally divided by a stripe of white. On the back and sides of the pale cream- coloured eleventh segment the tubercles were absent, though their situation was most faintly indicated by the merest rudiments of warts and hairs of the white colour, only to be detected with a lens; the spiracles were black and oval, with a halo of white. In short, there was a white dorsal line, much interrupted, show- ing chiefly near the segmental divisions ; on all the dark segments also a white subdorsal, a prespiracular line, and a subspiracular stripe; the belly olive-brown, darkest on the anterior, and whitish on the posterior segments, thus corresponding with the colouring of the back. Anterior legs black; the ventral and anal pro- legs black on their outer sides. | The most forward laid up on a spinning of silk ona leaf in the afternoon of the 22nd, and by 5 o’clock on the 24th it had moulted ; after being quiescent for fifty hours until an hour or so before the moult occurred, when it at intervals turned the head and front half of the body from one side to the other. It had now assumed the normal colouring of the full-grown larva and was black, with the large yellow patch on each segment, with flattened, spear-pointed, black, glossy hairs. On the 8th July, 1881, I had one egg of this species given me by Mr. Bignell. It hatched on the 10th; the first moult occurred on the 14th, the second on the 18th, the third on the 27th July, and the fourth and last moult on the 4th August. This larva, when hatched, was placed on an oak leaf, from which it ate the cuticle of the underside, and after moulting the second time began to eat holes quite through the leaf, and soon afterwards large portions from the edges of the leaf, leaving only the mid-rib. It was tried more than once with alder, which it refused to eat, though ACRONYOTA ALNI. “7 it was content to lie up and moult on a leaf of alder, it left it to feed again on oak. On the 12th of August it was full-fed and began to excavate its puparium in a piece of rotten wood, and closed up the entrance in the evening. The seven larvee fed up separately from the 2nd to 12th of August, and six perfect moths appeared in 1882, viz. on June 6th, a ¢6; June 7th, two ¢ ; June 9th, a 2; June llth, a ¢ (these last two I paired) ; and on the 17th June, two ¢. I put the 3, which emerged like most of the others about midday, to the ? the same evening, when copu- lation ensued almost immediately, and when fairly coupled I let them remain for the night. Inthe course of the next day, when I saw they had separated, I removed one from the other, intending to have the ¢ as a cabinet specimen, but when they were in separate pots I felt puzzled to know their sex, as the shape of the abdomen and their antenne seemed alike. In this uncertainty I fed them daily with sugar and water, expecting the appearance of eggs to decide which was really the female. I could see that one moth was rather larger than the other, and while I waited the smaller had become so riotous as to spoil the wing fringes. After three days I found two eggs were laid by the largest moth, and from their appearance I had some doubt whether they were fertile. After a week had passed these two eggs, and four others laid subse- quently, had not changed colour and were shrivelling up, quite sterile. Accordingly, in the evening of the 18th of June I returned the male insect to the company of his former mate, and just as at first, a week before, they again coupled immediately, and were left alone, and I decided to let both remain together as long as they might live. Higgs now began to be laid, at first sparingly, then more numerously, on alder and oak leaves put for the purpose, and a few were laid on the side and bottom, and on the leno cover of the pot. The egg-laying took place every evening at dusk, while on the wing VOL. IV. 2 18 ACRONYOTA ALNI. for some half-hour or so; possibly also in the twilight of mornings. The male soon became shabby, and at length grew weak, though it came up to feed for a week or ten days, then kept down amongst the leaves two or three days, and died, worn almost past recognition. The gravid female continued to lay every evening up to the 7th July, when she too was exhausted, and died —aiter having laid the astonishing number of about 315 apparently good eggs. Those on the jam pot, about twenty-five, I kept for myself; all the others, laid on the leaves or leno, I gave away in batches to twenty-one persons, who had kindly helped me for some years with larval subjects for my pencil. The ege of alni is of a waxen whitish colour when first laid, and in a couple of days changes gradually to | dingy purplish, with several pale dirty whitish spots on the surface. These, as the egg matures, grow whiter, and the purplish intervals become a reticulation of crimson ; its next change is to grow dark and dingy just a few hours before hatching, and this takes place about the twelfth or fourteenth day after the egg was laid. i The larva moults four times, and at each moult it devours the cast skin; should it fail to do this, it dies. It will feed on alder, oak, birch, sallow, hawthorn, blackthorn, rose, dogwood, elm. But whatever the food given it at first, it must be continued to the last, as it does not like to change from one kind of food to another; that, at least, is my own experience. And from its hatching up to the very last, it always, when not feeding, reposes with its head and front segments bent round by the side of the body ; indeed, it is very seldom that one finds it stretched out at full length, if not actually walking or feeding. When the larva is full-fed the yellow spots lose their brightness, and become in part greenish, and then it requires a piece of touchwood, or some stout pithy OO ian ACRONYOTA ALNI. 19 stem, or cork, or other similar substance, wherein to excavate the chamber requisite for its pupation. (W. B., Note Book IV, 71—73, and 148, 149). ACRONYCTA RUMICIS. Plate LVII, fig. 3. A larva found on peach, September 19th, 1874, one and a half inches in length, moderately stout, segments plump and well defined, the twelfth with two slight dorsal humps behind, tubercles bearing radiating hairs. The ground-colour of the back as far as the spiracles deep ochreous, streaked and freckled with black; on the back of each segment from the fourth to twelfth inclusive a large quadrate velvety-black area, contain- ing near its outer edge on either side an oblong squarish subdorsal blotch of pure white, the dorsal spot of bright orange being in the middle of the black at the front of the segment, and surrounded by the black area behind as far as the second tubercle, when the black is relieved by a thin transverse bar of bright orange-red, and this in turn by another bar of the freckled ground colour ; the spiracles white, set within a velvety-black shuttle-shaped mark, giving a strong relief to the white subspiracular stripe, which forms a projecting zigzag ridge; below this thewhole ventral sur- face and ventral andanal prolegs aredeepsmoky-brown. The five tubercles on each side of a seement have the dorsal pair very close together and pinkish ; the front one of these is situated on the hinder ena of the white subdorsal blotch, the hinder one is a little nearer the side, the next below is brownish-grey, and the follow- ing one is red, on a bright red roundish larger spot, upon the white subspiracular stripe, which it inter- rupts ; the lowest tubercle is grey-brown. ‘The hairs that radiate from the dorsal tubercles of the fifth seg- ment are dingy and smoke-coloured, and are some- 20 ACRONYOTA RUMICIS. what thick and tufted; on the sixth segment they are pale flesh colour and whitish and less tufted, and still less tufted on the seventh, and only radiating on the following segments ; the front part of the thirteenth segment marked like the others, the anal flap dark smoky-brown, varied a little with brownish-ochreous. Segments 2, 3, and 4 are marked in a more linear manner, with white in the subdorsal region, though interrupted ; the subspiracular ridge is brownish-grey, with a spot of buff just above it on the third and fourth segments. Anterior legs blackish. The head black and shining, the lobes outlined on the front of the face, and marked on the sides with brownish-ochreous. Most of the hairs on the back and sides pale tawny flesh-colour, with some few brownish-grey longer ones. From the way in which this larva carries itself in bending down the thoracic segments the fifth serment appears a little humped, more especially from the hairy tufts it bears. (W. B., Note Book I, 79, 85, and 100.) AOCRONYCTA AURICOMA. Plate LVITI, fig. 4. During last summer, by the kindness of that indus- trious and expert collector, Mr. Meek, I had the oppor- tunity of figuring and rearing a larva of this species, which well deserves its name of awricoma. It was taken on oak, and both oak and bramble were given to it for food, and at length it seemed to prefer the latter, and on the 13th July it spun its silken cocoon on the underside of a bramble leaf, and the moth emerged on the 3rd of August. The full-grown larva was about one inch and a half in length, and cylindrical, but the head smaller than the second segment. Ground colour of the body and ventral prolegs a dark slaty-grey ; head and anterior legs black and shining; a black plate on the second ACRONYCTA AURICOMA. pall segment; all the segments divided by very narrow black bands; a broad velvety black transverse band across the middle of the back of each segment, on which are placed four orange tubercles in the usual order, the anterior pair being much the longest, ex- cepting on the third and fourth segments, where they are of equal size and placed in a transverse row; all the tubercles are furnished with bright golden-yellow silky hairs, which give the larva a very beautiful appearance. The spiracles white, ringed with black. The sides of the body slightly garnished with hairs of a pale drab colour. (W.B., 1, 67; H.M.M. III, 261, 1867.) ACRONYCTA MYRICA. Plate LVIT, fig. 6. I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. George H. Kenrick, of Inverhadden, for the opportunity of offer- ing a description of the full-grown larva of this species, which I have proved by breeding the moth (as far as I know) for the first time. The larva, taken in Perthshire, reached me 12th September, 1869; it ate, apparently without prefer- ence, sweet-gale, sallow, heath, or ling; spun itself up in a tough silken cocoon covered with moss on the 15th, and the moth—a female—appeared on June 28th, 1870. I may mention that a Morayshire example of this larva, sent me for example about the same time by Mr. Longstaff, showed a decided partiality for birch. The Perthshire larva I figured on September 12th, and at the same time noted the following particulars. The larva was one inch and a half in length, mode- rately stout, the last three segments seen to taper a little to the anal extremity when looked at from above; the head rather flattened in front, widest at the sides just above the mouth, and scarcely less than the second Pe ACRONYOTA MYRICA. seoment, but the two lobes were rounded and well defined on the crown ; the second segment was almost flat on the back, though all the other segments were remarkably rounded and plump, and the segmental divisions deeply cut. The ground colour was a rather smoky deep olive- ereen; the head black and shining, the lobes outlined with pale olive, the base of the papille lemon-yellow, the mouth olive-green; the second segment had a black shining plate on the back, divided in the centre by a thin line of yellowish olive ; the third segment had an orange-red transverse central band extending to the subdorsal region and dividing a broad, oval, dorsal, black velvety mark, with an olive tubercle in front at each end; the fourth segment had a similar broad dorsal oval of black, bounded on either side bya large subdorsal lemon-yellow tubercle ; on each segment, ex- cepting the first two, there was a transverse black velvety broad band, somewhat saddle-shaped, and upon this, in the subdorsal region, from the fifth to the thirteenth segment inclusive, was a conspicuous lemon- yellow blotch, something of a triangular form, but with rounded angles; the lower side marking well the sub- dorsal region, and bearing on its hinder angle, sloping upwards, two large wart-like tubercles of the same colour, and almost close together ; the spiracles were white, and situated in the bottom part of the velvety- black transverse bands, and a little above each, on black band, was an olive tubercle ; immediately beneath the spiracles was an inflated and rather punctured stripe of bright orange-red running along the sides; below this were other olive tubercles, two on the lower side of each segment; the ventral surface was also of the olive ground colour; the prolegs were of a darker smoky olive, the anterior legs black. All the tubercles were furnished with fascicles of hairs of a smoky-olive tint ; those on the third segment were longer, more numerous than the others, and directed forwards to the crown of the head; some ACRONYOTA MYRIC#. 03 longer hairs also proceeded irregularly from the twelfth seoment, pointing backwards. The Morayshire larva was much like the foregoing, save that it had black hairs mixed with the olive ones : its subdorsal blotches were less bright, though of a deeper tint of yellow; and there was more orange than red in the transverse band of the third segment, as well as in the subspiracular stripe, which last also was interrupted at the segmental divisions. (W. B., 8, 70; H.M.M. VII, 83, 1870.) LEUCANIA CONIGERA. Plate LVITI, fig. 1. On the 17th May, 1865, I received six larve of this species from Mr. Dorney, of Brighton, which he col- lected for me on a very wet night, while they were feeding on Triticum repens and other grasses; three of them were of a bright ochreous tint, and the others an almost uniform grey variety. They were all cylindrical in form, tapering but very little anteriorly, and an inch and a half long. In the first-mentioned variety the colour of the back was deep ochreous, the dorsal line pale sulphur-yellow, bordered on either side by a black line, and well defined in its entire length. The subdorsal line was rather broad, of equal width, and uninterruptedly black throughout, followed by a pale yellow line, finely edged below with black ; next was a stripe of pale ochreous, then another pale yellow line finely edged above with black and followed by a broad stripe of deep ochreous broadly edged with black both above and below, the black spiracles being along the loweredge. Above the feet was a stripe of pale dull ochreous, the belly and prolegs being slightly darker. On the back of each seoment only the anterior pairs of black dots were visible. The head brownish, streaked, and mottled with black. 24, LEUCANIA CONIGERA. The other variety was of a brownish-grey tint, with all the lines and stripes less distinct, but all disposed in the same order as above described; but the yellow lines of the former variety were, in these, represented by lines of grey, and the ground colour of the back was brownish-grey. The dorsal line was grey, edged with black, and the subdorsal a continuous line of grey-brown, edged with blackish lines above and below, but interrupted above and nearly continuous below. The lateral lines and stripes were devoid of black, and delicately defined with brown edges. The larve fed until the end of May, and the moths emerged between the 8th and 12th of July following. (W. B., 20, 9, 66; E.M.M. ITI, 137, 1866.) LEUCANIA ALBIPUNOTA. On the 26th of September, 1877, I received from Mr. J. G. Ross, of Bathampton, a cluster of eight or nine eggs laid bya ¢? of this species, which he had captured at Freshwater, at sugar, on September 8th, and kept alive with sugar, honey, and water. The egg is roundish, having a slight depression at some part of the surface, which is apparently smooth, and very polished, of a delicate straw-yellow colour, not changing colour till the 24th October, when these eggs became brownish-ochreous. (W. B., Note Book III, 221.) LEUCANIA PUTRESCENS. Plate LVIII, fig. 5. On the 7th of October, 1864, I received three larvee from Mr. Johns, of Babbicombe; he continued on subsequent days, as weather permitted, to search for more in the neighbourhood of Torquay, and succeeded in securing another ; unfortunately, from casualties by LEUCANIA PUTRESCENS. 235 ichneumons, &c., only one healthy larva went to earth, (12th of October), retiring half an inch under the sur- face, close to the roots of a tuft of a common grass (Poa annua), on which it had previously fed, and spin- ning a cocoon with particles of mould. The moth appeared August 3rd, 1865, a well-marked specimen. The larva was of a pale greyish-ochreous tint gene- rally, striped longitudinally after the manner of its congeners. ‘The head mottled with dusky grey and ochreous, with a black streak bordering the front of each lobe, followed by a white streak on each side of the central portion. Dorsal line whitish, conspicuous only on the second, third, and fourth segments, atter- wards nearly obliterated by the dusky edging enclosing it; and on either side a dorsal broad stripe of mottled greyish-ochreous, followed by a pale ochreous stripe, and a greyish-ochreous darker stripe. The subdorsal line whitish, very finely edged above and below with dusky greyish-brown, followed by a broad stripe of mottled ochreous, then a lateral whitish line, finely edged with dark greyish-brown; below this a broad greyish-brown stripe, the spiracles being situated along its lower edge, the belly and legs pale ochreous, The ordinary spots and spiracles black. The shining plate on the second segment dusky between the lines. (W. B., 3, 8, 65; H.M.M. II, 94, 1865.) LEUCANIA LITTORALIS. Plate LIX, fig. 1. On the 13th of May, 1864, I found full-fed larvee of Leucania littoralis at roots of Ammophila arundinacea ; I have met with these larve for some years, having first, accidentally, in 1861, captured a small one, which, after feeding up and being duly figured, was reared ; when very young their colour is glaucous green, with 26 LEUCANIA LITTORALIS. longitudinal stripes, assimilating closely to the under- side of the almost cylindrical blades of their food- plant ; after April they leave their hiding-places and burrow beneath the sand, having by this time con- siderably increased in size, and having also become much paler in tint, some individuals being almost whitish green, others of a pale flesh colour. (W. B., H.M.M., I, 48, 1864.) LEUCANIA COMMA. Plate LIX, fig. 3. Having for several seasons searched in vain during the spring for the larva of Leucania comma, I this summer, towards the end of June, obtained eggs from a female, which deposited them in a cluster on a tuft of Dactylis glomerata, at the axil of the sheath round astem. Ina fortnight they hatched, and for the first few days the larve were exceedingly active and rest- less, crawling over the grass, spinning threads, and suspending themselves from the tops of their food; after their first moult they settled well down to their food, and excepting in very bright sunshine, did not seem to shun the light. They had enormous appetites, and devoured the greater part of three large tufts of the grass, eating always from the top downwards. They did not increase in size after the 10th of August, but continued to feed nearly to the end of the month, when they retired an inch and a half below the surface of the earth, close to the roots of the plant, and spun silken cocoons with a slight covering of earth. On removing these on the 5th September one was broken (a proof of their fragile texture), and the larva was coiled up within alive, and looking rather smaller and darker than before it had spun. The larve were striped longitudinally, and bore a very strong resemblance to their congeners, wmpura, pallens, lithargyrea, and pudorina. They were reddish- LEUCANIA COMMA. a7 brown, dull ochreous-brown, or dingy greyish-ochreous, varying but little ; a thin thread of pale ochreous edged with dusky brown formed the dorsal line, on either side of which was a space of dingy brown, followed by a line of dusky atoms, and then a stripe of the ochreous ground colour. The subdorsal line brown, edged ex- ternally with blackish at the anterior portion of each segment ; next to it, a thread of pale ochreous edged with reddish-brown, then a broad stripe of ochreous ground colour edged below with reddish-brown, and again with pale ochreous in fine thread-like stripes; a broad brown lateral stripe followed, at the lower edge of which were the black spiracles, with a broad pale- ochreous stripe below them; the belly and legs ochreous-grey ; ordinary dots black when present, but not visible in some specimens ; head brown, streaked and mottled with blackish. The chief distinguishing character by which this larva can be known from those of L. impura and lithargyrea is the addition of the extra line between the dorsal and subdorsal. (W.B., 12, 9, 64; H.M.M., I, 140, 1864.) LEUCANIA STRAMINEA. Plate LIX, fig. 4. After waiting many years, I have at length had the satisfaction of figuring the larve of this species, and breeding the moths; and now have the pleasure of offering some account of the larva, and of returning my thanks to the three friends who have helped me, viz. to Mr. Howard Vaughan, for the first examples, June 21stand July 5th, 1870, and again in June, 1871; secondly to Mr. C. G. Barrett, for larve in April and May ; and thirdly to Mr. Henry Laver, in June, 1871. The chief food of the larva consists of the leaves of Arundo phragmites, though it will eat, and is sometimes found on, Phalaris arundinacea, as well as on other coarse grasses growing amongst reeds in wet places ; 28 LEUCANIA STRAMINEA. it remains on its food-plant and hides itself by day under and amongst the mingled leaves, and comes forth at night to feed ; from the structure of the prolegs and their terminal discs, it is enabled to obtain a firm footing on the smooth surfaces of the reed stems and leaves, without any danger of being blown off, or falling into the water over which it must be often moving. The habits of the rest of the genus lead me to sup- pose that the larva is hatched in autumn and hyber- — nates while yet small; I have had individuals no more than half an inch long sent me at various dates from the end of April to the beginning of June, the growth of the reeds probably influencing the rate of their deve- lopment, but I found that when once they had begun to feed, they took about five weeks to attain full growth; larve which were ichneumoned lingered on longer, up to the time of the appearance of the first specimens of the imago. The larva in its immature state, when half an inch long, was very slender, of a dull greyish-brown colour, with an almost blackish dorsal line, and several faint lines along the sides, by the arrangement of which one identified it readily enough as a true Leucania ; afterwards, at each moult, it became a little paler and brighter coloured, its pattern of longitudinal lines and stripes remaining relatively the same. When full-grown it measured one and five-eighths to one and three-quarters inches in length, slender, and tapering a little at each end, especially towards the head, which was the smallest segment. It was tolerably cylindrical, the ventral prolegs rather long and well developed, the extremity of each furnished with a circlet of sharp hooks, the anal pair being usually extended behind in the line of the body, and the others often appearing a little sprawling according to the exigence of position; the head was slightly flattened above, and the antennal papille well deve- loped, projecting forwards in line with the head and LEUCANIA STRAMINEA. 29 body ; the skin was remarkably smooth, the segmental divisions being scarcely indicated—chiefly, in fact, by fine wrinkles forming themselves when the larva bent itself round in the graceful postures 1t assumed, when actively engaged in feeding. The ground colour of the back and sides was brownish-ochreous, but, with the exception of a stripe on either side the back, and another again lower down, this was thickly covered with minute, wavy, linear, greyish freckles ; the dorsal line dark grey, sometimes blackish-grey, having a fine central pale thread ; the subdorsal line similar to the dorsal, but rather paler, both in the central thread and in its lines of grey edging ; it was followed by the second stripe of the ground colour, then another pale line with dark edges, precisely similar to the subdorsal, though rather pale ochreous in tint; below this was a broad stripe of the freckled ground colour, most strongly freckled along its upper and lower edges, and so little freckled along its middle region that sometimes a line of the plain ground colour could be seen there; the spiracles were along the lower freckled edge, whitish-grey, faintly outlined with black; the pale ochreous sub- spiracular stripe was still paler at its edges, the belly and legs being of the same colour, but a trifle deeper in tint; the tips of the ventral prolegs were dark brown; the head was brownish-ochreous, brown at the mouth and shining, as was also the upper surface of the second segment. I have distinguished all these markings as well as I could, but in truth, the whole surface is so much of the same depth and colouring, especially on the back and sides, as to produce a very soft uniform appear- ance. Hven the tubercular dots appear wanting, though really they are present and even black in colour, but then they are so minute as not to be noticed without a lens. When the larva is full-fed it bends down a leaf of the reed, or fastens two or more leaves together, and 30 LEUOCANIA STRAMINEA. there spins a slight and rather open-worked cocoon of greyish silk, the upper surface flattened, within which it changes to a pupa. The perfect insects appeared between the 7th of July and the 9th of August. To give some notion of the extent to which this species suffers from parasites, chiefly small ichneu- mons, though sometimes dipterous, I may mention that of twenty specimens sent me by Mr. Vaughan not one had escaped being stung, and, from those he retained for himself, he succeeded in rearing but one. moth. (W.B., 11, 71; E.M.M., VIII, 248, 1872.) LEUCANIA PALLENS. Plate LX, fig. 1. After many attempts to rear this species from eggs, I have at length succeeded, much to my satisfaction. The moth is common enough, yet the larva is not often found by collectors, even when specially search- ing for grass-feeders, as I have had ample proof through many seasons. Hggs, however, can readily be obtained, and in previous years friends have sup- plied me with them that duly hatched, but the young larvee always died or escaped when a few days old. When they leave the eggs they are exceedingly active and restless, evincing no desire for food, but seem bent on escaping from confinement; possibly the proper species of grass not having been supplied, previous broods having been Pie on Triticum repens and Dactylis glomerata. I am indebted to Mr. D’Orville for a further supply of eggs in September, 1865, which hatched during their transit by post, and the young larve were put on a tuft of Aiwa cespitosa, and after a day or two of incessant exercise they settled to their food, eating only the cuticle or green portions of the blades, leay- ing transparent patches on the grass. They appeared to hybernate in December, but as LEUCANIA PALLENS. 31 they were kept within doors all the winter, their hyber- nation was but partial, for | observed them once or twice on the tops of the grass in January or February, at that time about half an inch long, and much darker than most of their congeners at that stage of growth. When nearly an inch long they ate the grass through generally, from the tops downwards, remaining on it by day if their glass covering was shaded, but other- wise hiding close to the roots. The most forward one was full-grown by the 14th March, and the latest by the 30th May, 1866, the perfect insects appearing from June 4th to July 9th. The larvee were cylindrical, with the ground colour ochreous, greyish, or greyish-ochreous, with a whitish dorsal line outlined with dark grey running through the middle of an oval shape of brownish-grey on each segment. ‘The subdorsal line was whitish, margined above with a greyish stripe, and below by a thin brownish line, and after an interval of the ground colour, another fine line of brown, edged below with a thin line of pale ochreous, followed by a broad stripe of greyish, the black spiracles being along its lower edge; below was a broad stripe of pale ochreous; belly and forelegs ochreous-grey. The ordinary dots - along the back dark brown, and very small. The head mottled with grey-brown. (W.B.,1866; E.M.M., III, 68, 1866.) TAPINOSTOLA BOonpDII. On the 8th of July, 1881, I received several eggs of this species laid on the surface of a glass-topped box from Mr. Sydney Webb, who had sacrificed fourteen females to obtain them, but one female, taken in cop. on June 29th, laid these eggs on the night of July 3rd, or early in the morning of July 4th. The eggs were in a group at the junction of the top and side of the box, and were much covered with scales from the 32 TAPINOSTOLA BONDII. parent moth; three or four were laid singly about the side of the box. The shape of the egg is round or elobular, with a slight depression on part of its sur- face ; the shell seems to be most minutely pitted ; the colour a light greenish-yellow and glistening; by the 15th July the eggs became of a slight tint of flesh colour, and showed at one part a faint spot of brown through the surface. In the afternoon of July 17th thirteen of the eggs hatched, and the young larve seemed strong and. crawled actively about the box; their bodies were of the faintest tinge of flesh colour, with brown heads and plates (some were darker brown than the others) ; the anterior part of the thirteenth segment having a narrow plate beside the anal flap; the plate on the second segment was narrow, and far back from the head, and was paler than the others. Without much hope I placed these larve on striped ribbon-grass in a neighbouring garden, being unable to find their proper food, Festuca arundinacea, but I saw them no more; and when I sought for them in April, 1882, I found no trace of them on the stems. On the 12th July, 1883, I received another batch of egos from Mr. Webb; the larve hatched on the 26th, and were put on Festuca arundinacea. (W. B., Note Book IV, 78.) MELIANA FLAMMEA. Plate LX, fig. 3. I have to express my deep sense of thankfulness to Mr. W.H. B. Fletcher for his great kindness in supply- ing me with a dozen examples of the larva on the 18th of September, 1882, and on subsequent occasions with their food, which otherwise I could not have obtained for them, also for points of interest connected with the discovery of the larva by his friend, Mr. F. D. Wheeler, of Norwich, some three or four years ago, MELIANA FLAMMBA. ao who, while collecting in the Norfolk fens, was interested in the appearance of this larva, and took some home, where they spun up in the heads of reeds, and yielded the moth in the following spring. I found, just as [ had been instructed by Mr. Fletcher, that the larve spent most of their time within the old hollow stems of Arundo phragmites, several harbouring together in a stem, wherein they lay stretched out at full length, one beyond another, and came out at night to feed on the leaves of fresh reeds, at first consuming a tolerable quantity, then less by degrees till towards the end of the month, when their feeding had entirely ceased ; each stem was now stopped up by a diaphragm or plug of pale whity-brown silk, spun across a little within each end; at the same time I became aware of one larva having fastened two stems together that had lain side by side among the leaves, and it had cleverly utilised the situation by loosening a portion of the old sheathing leaf from one of the stems, and after creep- ing beneath this had, by means of silk threads, spun it firmly on both stems as the covering and protection of a sufficiently commodious puparium between them. On the 2nd of October, when about to place them in a cage for the winter, I noticed a larva much con- tracted in length, and fast approaching the pupal change, lying loose amongst the leaves ; beneath these at the bottom I presently found one had already become a pupa, and was lying there naked and unat- tached. The two last mentioned, as well as those spun up in the stems, all disclosed fine and perfect specimens of the insect in this present month of June; the first was bred on the Sth, and the last on the 15th. By means of gentle forcing Mr. Fletcher succeeded in producing the moth as early as the Ist of April, and afterwards quite naturally and freely, rather in advance of mine. _ A first view of the larva is very suggestive of an immature Leucania, more, perhaps, of straminea than VOL. IV. 34 MELIANA FLAMMEA. of any other species with which [I am acquainted, though not in its general colouring, as it differs con- siderably from that species in having a much dingier appearance, matching fairly well some of the old reed stems ; moreover, on a close inspection it is seen to have an extra fine line on either side, in addition to the usual arrangement of fine lines alternating with stripes that are observed on a true Leucania. The full-grown larva of flammea was one inch two © lines in length, apparently cylindrical, yet somewhat flattened beneath and shghtly tapering at each end, the skin soft and smooth, the segmental divisions moderately well defined, and the usual subdividing fine transverse wrinkles also; these were more notice- able at the sides, the anal prolegs rather splayed ; the eround colour above was greyish-ochreous-brown, faintly freckled with a darker fine reticulation ; beneath it was paler, inclining to greyish-drab; the shining head delicately reticulated with darker grey-brown, the plate on the second segment a trifle darker than the ground of the back, and slightly glistening, tra- versed by the dorsal and subdorsal lines; the dorsal line was pale and very thin, but well defined throughout its course by running between two fine lines of dark grey-brown, which rather conspicuously relieve it; a little above the subdorsal region the ground was broken by a stoutish paler line ; then after an interval, or what might be termed a stripe of the ground colour, was the thin subdorsal line of a paler tint, closely followed by two other similar lines though more sinuous in character, these three being equidistant ; thence midway towards the spiracular region was a stout pale line; the spiracular stripe, like the belly, was of a pale, some- what greyish-drab tint, well defined with an edging line both above and below of still paler tint ; the black dots of the trapezoidals were so minute as almost to escape notice, but the single black dots of the row along the side were larger, as also the row of two spots in line with the spiracles, which were whitish, MELIANA FLAMMBA. 39 tenderly outlined with black; beneath were other very minute black dots; the prolegs of the same tint as the belly, with dark brown hooks. The pupa was 73 lines in length, of a slender, rather cylindrical figure, the head rounded above and pro- duced a little obtusely beneath, the thorax rather the stoutest part, otherwise the pupa was nearly of equal substance throughout; the wing-covers of moderate length wrapped close to the body, the moveable rings of the abdomen deeply cut, each with an anterior margin of punctate roughness on the back; the last two rings tapered to the anal tip, which was furnished with two very minute thorny points and curly-topped bristles; its colour, at first light brown, soon became reddish-brown, and in twenty-four hours the darkest mahogany-brown, later to blackish-brown, the surface rather shining. After all the insects were bred, an examination of the interior of the stems showed one piece of four and a half inches long, having a knot at one-third of the length, and in this shorter division one puparium and a pupa skin, with its tail near the knot; on the other side of the knot in the longer division two pupa skins, one beyond the other, lying so that the tails of all three pointed towards the knot; a diaphragm of silk mixed with gnawed particles from the lining membrane of the stem was at either end of each puparium, which in length varied from nine to eleven lines, and com- fortably held the shrivelled-up larva skin; the dia- phragm in front of the middle occupant had been doubled in thickness, and probably this insect had to wait for its escape until the puparium in front was freed. ‘I'wo other stems, about two and a half inches in length, contained two pupa skins in each, with their tails towards each other, three shorter pieces of stem had in each one pupa skin; another stem three inches long was like all the others in being well lined with silk ; it held a single diaphragm, but was otherwise empty. fr s., 27, 6,85; H.M.M., XX, p. 63, 1883.) 36 NONAGRIA FULVA. NONAGRIA FULVA. Plate LX, fig. 4. In the Manual of British Butterflies and Moths fulva is said to be the commonest of the small species of Nonagria, and therein is given from Treitschke a brief description of the larva; yet it appears that in this country no one ever found the larva until Mr. John Sang, of Darlington, while in quest of another species of larva, found this one, and meeting again with it in the following summer, proved its identity by breeding the insect, as recorded by him in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, vol. xvi, p. 110. Most obligingly redeeming his promise made to me on that occasion, Mr. Sang has this season again sought successfully for the larva of fulva, and kindly sent me for study—first, a very young example on the 19th of June; secondly, on the 9th of July, four fine larvee approaching maturity, thus affording an intense gratification in figuring this long-desired object. The habit of the larva is to mine downward within the inner white lower part of the triquetrous flower- stem of Carex paludosa, a few inches more or less above the root while young, and nearer the root when full-grown. It must be admitted that no external trace of its presence can be seen, for though a slight blackish discoloration does really exist, yet this 1s so completely masked by the close investing leaves as not to be detected without very strict examination. When the first little larva arrived I saw it was laid up waiting to moult, and not liking to disturb it then, made no further search for another doubtful smaller larva reported to be in the stem, and this eventually proved to be a Coleopteron of carnivorous propensity, to which fulva became a prey while in its helpless con- dition. From the four larvee of fulva more matured I took NONAGRIA FULVA. 37 away, to figure and describe, the first pupa, which subsequently died from mismanagement during my absence ; however, I had the satisfaction of breeding two fine moths on the 18th and 24th of August, and at this last date, while inspecting the plant for removal, I found the fourth, still a larva, though in the stage of changing. The very young larva was smooth and glossy, of a creamy-whitish colour with a very distinct greenish dorsal vessel showing through the skin; at the stage more advanced it had deeper colouring and decided brownish stripes, as I learnt from Mr. Sang. When nearly or quite full-grown the larva measured from seven-eighths to about an inch in length; seen sideways it tapered very much anteriorly and very little behind, but when viewed from above on the back it appeared to taper only and very abruptly from the front of the third segment to the remarkably smail flattened and taper head, the rest of the body being of uniform moderate stoutness, though very slightly taper- ing near the hinder segment; all the segmental divi- sions were rather deep, and the subdividing wrinkles were deep on the third and fourth segments, slighter and more numerous on the others, and the skin much dimpled along the sides. It was of a pallid flesh-colour ground, having a deeper dirty flesh-coloured internal vessel sliding to and fro within the third, fourth, and fifth segments ; the head glossy, light brown, the mouth darker brown, and ocelli black; the plate on the second segment was pale brown with rather darker front margin; the dorsal stripe pale yellowish flesh-colour, very softly defined between two broadish stripes of faint pinkish rey-brown, followed below by another broad stripe of the pallid flesh-coloured ground, and this again by a broad stripe of pinkish grey-brown, through which one could perceive the tracheal thread of dark grey whereon the black spiracles were situated; the rather rough anal plate was light brown, and there was also 38 NONAGRIA FULVA. a narrow plate on the front part of the anal seoment ; the dusky-brown tubercular dots were most minute, as usual with internal feeders they were largest on the twelfth segment, and were there just perceptible (by the aid of a strong lens) each bearing a short bristle ; the ventral surface was pale flesh-colour, the anterior legs ight brown, the whole skin shining. When about to pupate all the stripes disappeared, and the skin became of a porcelain-white, strongly con- trasted with the black spiracles. The pupa was of a slender figure, measuring five- eighths of an inch in length, very uniform in substance throughout; the thorax rather short and convexly rounded ; the head sloping forward was prolonged with a shght tendency to a beak, though rounded off at the very tip; the wing-covers short in proportion to the length of the body, from the moveable segments of the body below them being longer than usual; the last three tapered a little, ending in a short blunt thorny projection; the colour was lght brownish-ochreous with a faintly darker dorsal stripe, the anal projection dark brown, and the whole surface very glossy. (W. B., 10, 9, 80; E.M.M., XVII, 114, 1880.) NONAGRIA ELYMI. Plate LX, fig. 5. My best thanks are due to Mr. James Batty, of Sheffield, who took a long journey during inclement weather that he might search for the larva of this species, comparatively new to our lists; and it may be supposed how much I rejoiced at the success of his ex- pedition, when on the 16th of May last I had the pleasure of receiving from him a consignment of grow- ing plants of Hlymus arenarius containing several full- sized larvee. Of course I am not able to give any account of their NONAGRIA ELYMI. 39 earlier proceedings, but at the date above mentioned they were found feeding in that portion of the plants just above the root, where the blades of the grass spring upwards together, overlapping each other for about six inches or so, before they begin to diverge or fall apart, and assume the glaucous hue above the sur- face of the sand in which they grow. Nor when the larve were full-fed did they change their abode, but spun around them a very slight, though tolerably firm cocoon, with gnawings of their food and particles of * frass,” between two blades. The lower end of the cocoon, which was rather pointed, was sometimes mixed with grains of sand, the whole structure in shape being fusiform and about one inch and a quarter in length. Several moths emerged on the 4th of July, at 10 p.m., and made a short flight in my room as soon as their wings were dry,—one on the 8th emerged at midnight, and was ready for flight in a quarter of an hour. The full-grown larva was from 1 to 1} inches in length, not very stout, cylindrical, and uniform in size except at the second segment, which tapered a little anteriorly, the head being still smaller and sometimes retracted into it; the anal segment also tapered off to a rounded tip, in size about equal to the head. Its skin was plump and smooth, the segmental divisions very moderately incised, and the subdivisions delicately defined, the sides dimpled; the head and plate behind it, the anterior legs, the anal plate, and the spots were all very shining, the rest of the body without much polish; it was of a pale flesh-colour, the pulsating dorsal vessel being of a little deeper flesh tint; on each side of this dorsal stripe one could just discern, though very faintly, four transverse bars of a rather deeper tint of the ground colour on each segment, the broadest being in front; the spiracles were black, and along their region the colouring was paler, more of a whitish-yellow, as though the interior of opaque white- ness showed through the flesh-coloured skin ; the head A) NONAGRIA ELYMI. was reddish-brown, blackish-brown about the mouth; the plate on the second segment pale yellowish-brown, two pairs of pale, oblong, yellow-brown spots were on the front division of the thirteenth segment, the anal flap covered with a plate of the same colour, having behind a fringe of fine brown bristles; the tubercular dots of the back, and their excessively short bristles, were so very small as to be invisible without a powerful lens; the anterior legs were pale brown, the prolegs tipped with dark brown. The pupa varied from five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch in length; it was rather slender in form, smooth and shining, and of a lght brown colour. (CW. B., 11,7; 71; HOLM, VIL, 68,187 ee NONAGRIA NEURICGA. Plate LXI, fig. 1. On the 30th June, 1870, several larvee of this species were forwarded to me by the Hon. Thomas de Grey, who very kindly sent me some of a number he had taken in the Norfolk fens, that I might not only figure the larva and pupa, but also breed the imago; unfortu- nately, however, whilst he had the good luck to breed four imagos on July 27th, all my larve were infested with dipterous parasites, so that I did not see the pupa, nor have I since been able to obtain more examples. The larve were inhabiting pieces of the stems of Arundo phragmites, which had evidently been cut from the upper portions of the reeds, as they were perfectly fresh and green, varying in diameter from a quarter to three-eighths of an inch, and about fourteen to sixteen inches in length, and more or less sheathed with green leaves. The sign of a stem being tenanted by this larva was a small circular hole about a line in dia- meter, situated about five inches above the joint of the NONAGRIA NEURICA. Al sheathing leaf; the stems which I cut open for the purpose of examining the larva had, I found, been mined to the extent of at least twelve inches. The larva of newrica, when full-grown, was one and a half inches in length, remarkably slender, cylindrical, and of uniform size, excepting that the first two and the last two segments tapered a little; the lobes of the head well defined on the crown; the anal extremity a little flattened above, and rounded in outline; all the legs well developed, the anal prolegs extending beyond the anal tip and slightly divergent, so that the hinder segments were brought close to the surface on which it might happen to be; by contrast the ventral prolegs appeared rather long. ‘The segmental divisions and subdivisions not very strongly defined ; the skin soft, smooth, of a waxen texture, flesh-coloured, sometimes inclining to pinkish above, with paler flesh-colour below; the head reddish-brown, and very shining ; mouth dusky-brown; a shining plate on the front of the second segment, of similar flesh-colour to the rest of the body ; another polished plate on the anal flap of greyish-brown, and sometimes margined behind with darker brown; the dorsal pulsating vessel could just be seen a little paler than the other parts of the back, with a darker patch or two in its course sometimes visible ; a delicate thread-like paler line was visible along the spiracles, which were small, of deeper flesh- colour, finely edged with black; the tubercular dots were smaller, of a darker flesh-colour, or brownish, and polished in texture, each with a very fine hair; the anterior lees of the same colour as the body, the ventral and anal prolegs rather more transparent and shining, tipped with rather darker hooks. (W.B., 31, 12, 73; H.M.M., X, 275, 1874.) 42, NONAGRIA GEMINIPUNCTA. NoNAGRIA GEMINIPUNCTA. Plate LXI, fig. 2. I am happy to acknowledge my obligation to Mr. Howard Vaughan for my acquaintance with this fen-haunting species. I had hoped to obtain more information about its earlier stages, but after waiting since 1870 I have thought it best to publish what I know, so few fen collectors seeming to care about larvee. Two pieces of Arundo phragmites were sent to me on June 21st by Mr. Vaughan, each containing a larva of this species. The reeds appeared to have been cut rather low down towards the base, as they were not green and bore no fresh leaf, but were of a pale buff tint, somewhat like cane in texture, though on some parts there were remains of old dried leaf cuticle of a whity-brown or pale brownish-grey tint; the pieces had been cut with a knot left at either end ; the length between the knots inhabited by a larva measured about four and three-eighths to four and a half inches, the diameter three-eighths of an inch; the sign of a tenant consisted of two orifices plugged from within ; the upper hole by which the imago escaped was five- sixteenths of an inch from the knot, and the oblong hole itself a quarter of an inch in length in a perpen- dicular direction, and its breadth a little more than one-eighth of an inch, spun over with grey silk, be- hind which were particles of pith adhering ;* the lower hole was not quite in a line with that above, though both holes could be seen at once; its distance from the lower knot half an inch, its length nearly a quarter of an inch; the outline of the orifice was oblique and irregular, it being, in fact, composed of * Mr. Vaughan’s impression is that the larva of geminipuncta does not quite cut through the reed stem, but leaves a thin film of the cuticle over the upper orifice as a protection, which sometimes, from a cause unknown, is wanting.—W. B ee ea Ss S-”.,rti‘t‘ CTmSTS,mCTLmlC CT.mhUhLh NONAGRIA GEMINIPUNCTA. A3 two perforations, the smallest, below, having an ex- cavated channel! under a small piece of the reed cuticle, which led to the larger perforation; this hole was stopped with grey silk from within, and altogether appeared less conspicuous than the other above de- scribed. One of the larve, which was extracted from its stem for the purpose of being figured, died on the 25th of June; the other was only looked at, and, the split in the reed which had been made for that purpose being carefully bound up again, it went safely through its changes, and appeared as a moth on July 23rd. The full-grown larva was of the usual Noctua form, one and one-eighth of an inch in length, moderately but not very stout, tapered a little just at each end, cylindrical, all the legs well developed. It was of a deepish flesh-colour, the skin without much gloss, of a wax-like texture in appearance; the face and the lobes of the head were dark brown and shining, be- tween them on the crown the skin was pale flesh- colour; the shining plate on the second segment was of rather a deeper flesh tint, and dorsally divided by a line of paler; the plate on the anal flap was of a shi- ning pale brownish tint and semi-transparent; the dorsal vessel just visible as a stripe of a tint of flesh- colour barely darker than the ground; two parallel lines of faint whitish flesh-colour ran rather inter- ruptedly along the spiracular region, dimly suggestive of the branchial apparatus beneath the skin; the oval spiracles were dark grey outlined with black; the warty tubercular spots were shining, of a pale brown colour, each furnished with a very fine hair; the anterior legs spotted with pale brown ; the ventral and anal prolegs greyish, tipped with darkish brown. The pupa, judging from the empty skin, seemed to be lying free in the interior of the reed stem, head uppermost; its length a little more than seven- eighths of an inch, rather slender, stoutest about the thorax, the wing-cases short in comparison with the 44, NONAGRIA GEMINIPUNCTA. length of the abdomen, which had its segments well divided, and was tapered off gradually to the tip; the pupa skin rather smooth, but with little polish excepting in the abdominal divisions; its colour a dark purplish-brown on the thorax and wing-covers, not quite so dark on the abdomen. The interior of the reed stem in which the pupa lay was smooth, and of an opaque, deep, sooty-brown colour, but without any lining of silk. (W. B., 27, 12, 73; H.M.M., X, 230, 1874.) NONAGRIA SPARGANII. Plate LXI, fig. 3. I have to express my thanks to Mr. Sydney Webb _ for his kindness in not only supplying me with this larva, but also for details of its habits, which, by ob- servation, | have been able to verify completely, for the purpose of the following description undertaken at his request. From the end of July to about the middle of Auaeea these larvee, in various stages of growth, may be found within the lower compacted parts of the leaves of Lis pseudacorus ; sometimes two in one plant, but more frequently only one, where it will have the tender young central leaf in the very heart of the plant to feed on. It often migrates, however, not only from the leaves of one plant to another, but sometimes enters the culm or seeding stem, where, after feeding on the central pith down almost to the root, it retires to attack another plant, and when about half grown it frequently acquires a taste for Sparganium ramosum, inhabiting therein the basal part of the trigonous leaf ; or sometimes it enters the stem of Typha angustifolia, though in whichever plant it happens to be when full fed, there 1t remains in a perpendicular position, and changes to a pupa. When a larva gnaws a hole in a fresh plant of Ivis, NONAGRIA SPARGANII. Ad and enters therein, it throws out to some distance from the hole a quantity of pale ‘‘ frass”’ during the first day or two, according to the size of the larva, but afterwards allows much to accumulate within the mine, where, turning to a darker colour, this often shows through the leaves when they are seen against the light; but when the stem is entered the larva mines downwards, and ejects all ‘‘frass”’ from the mine, which throughout its length is of a diameter little more than that of the larvaitself. There, a little below the entrance, the larva gnaws out a narrow and deep channel horizontally in the circumferent pith near to the outer cuticle, and another similar channel near the bottom of the mine. In order to observe the natural habits of the larvee it was necessary to have a number of the plants, grow- ing in pots with plenty of water, in the open air for them ; but at length, when too late, I found my con- fidence had been misplaced in allowing the larve too complete freedom, for it resulted eventually in the escape of all but three. Notwithstanding this mishap, . I was lucky enough to have one turn to a pupa on August 11th, and another on the 15th; the other larva in captivity was supplied continually with fresh-cut pieces of Jris standing in water, and fed well to the end of the month, but afterwards wandered about, re- fusing to make up for pupation, until it died, the very day on which the first pupa disclosed a fine example of the moth, at 4.35 p.m., September 10th. .The young larva, when no more than three-quarters of an inch in length, was remarkably slender, very translucent and tender-looking, of a pale watery ereenish tint, with pale brownish head, and plate on the second and anal segments, having on the body four fine longitudinal stripes of light olive-brownish or greenish, the spaces between them being slightly paler than the pale belly. This design continued to be developed with an increase of colour and distinct- ness in proportion to growth; the substance of the A6 NONAGRIA SPARGANII. larva, when it was about an inch and a quarter to an inch and a half long, was considerable, though still slender; the stripes stronger, brighter, and fuller green, yet somewhat of a transparent nature, for when folds of skin occurred at the segmental divisions, as they did when the larva was not stretched to its full extent, the stripes on the folds appeared darker, and the pale interspaces paler. The full-grown larva when extended was about one and seven-eighths to two inches long, and very slender, — with all the legs fairly well developed, very cylindrical and uniform in substance throughout the body; the head was of a full roundish form, broadest in front, glossy and of a pale brown colour, with still paler papillz, the mouth darker brown and the ocelli black ; the plate on the second segment and that on the anal flap were also pale brown and glossy; the ground colour of the back and sides was light semi-transparent yellowish-green, that of the belly rather paler; the stripes, of a brighter and deeper green, were situated one on each side of the back and one below on each side close to the spiracles, the width of the stripes being nearly equal to the spaces between them ; the dorsal space was faintly of a deeper greenish, showing more or less the pulsating vessel ; the spiracles, narrowly ovate, were light reddish outlined with black ; the minute tubercular dusky dots were set within the ereen stripes, and though hghtly ringed with the paler ground colour were inconspicuous, the legs furnished with brown hooks. When nearly full-fed it became shorter and stouter, growing more and more translucent as the stripes be- came fainter, the dorsal vessel plainly pulsating, and delicate ramifications of the tracheal system appearing through the skin. The pupa was about seven-eighths of an inch in length, moderately stout and nearly uniform in sub- stance throughout, being much of a cylindrical shape, though the upper parts of the thorax and short wing- NONAGRIA SPARGANII. 47 covers swelled out a trifle more than the rest; the head had a beak, or rather pointed frontal projection, and the longish abdomen sloped off beneath the end of the last segment to form an obtuse dorsal ridge with granulated surface, and having two minute blunt thorny projections wide apart, and a few minute bristles between them. The colour, at first pale whitish-green, changed gradually to brown, and in four days the head, thorax, and wing-covers became darkish mahogany-brown, the abdomen bright pale ochreous, and it remained so about twenty-three days, when a further change to a dark purplish-red came uniformly over the entire surface, lasting for four days, and then the perfect insect came forth; thus the pupa state lasted about a month. (W. B., 138, 9, 79; E.M.M., XVI, 99, 1879.) NONAGRIA TYPHA. Plate LXI, fig. 4. Larva elongate, brownish-ochreous; head reddish- brown, a shining plate of the same hue on the second seoment; two fine dusky lines run down the centre of the back to the posterior segment, which is dark brown. There are two pale ochreous stripes along the sides, and below them are placed the black spiracles ; belly and prolegs paler; the anterior legs whitish, tipped with dark brown. This larva feeds on the pith, within the stem, of Typha latifolia (reed-mace), is full-fed in August, and about the end of the month changes within its abode to a long dark brown pupa, the tail of which is attached to the upper portion of the excavation, the head thus hanging downwards, and being one inch and a half from the hole in the outer rind, through which the moth emerges in September. (W. B., Zoologist, 1865, p. 9513, where it is quoted from a more ephemeral magazine, Young Hngland.) A8 HYDRACIA NIOCTITANS. HYDRACIA NICTITANS. Plate LXII, fie. 2. My first acquaintance with the larva was in August, 1862, when Mr. Hydes, of Sheffield, sent me six full- erown examples, reported to have fed on some kind of erass ; but as I could not then obtain any more precise knowledge of their habits, I contented myself with a figure from one of them, and that figure soon proved very serviceable in protecting me from an error, when a flower-head of Iris pseudacorus, with a larva of nictitans placed in it, was sent to meas that of Apamea jfibrosa—a larva which in all the subsequent years has not yet been forthcoming ! However, sixteen years later, by a mere chance I was able to improve my acquaintance with nictitans, for on the 7th June, 1878, I happened to pick up a small stone that rested on a very little tuft of Poa maritvma in gravelly soil, near a salt-water course, and found I had torn away with the stone a silken covering from a very young Noctua larva, apparently unknown to me, which I brought home as a prize to be carefully tended, watched, and figured. It soon moulted, and my interest in it increasing, I again visited the spot in about a week, when I found three rather larger examples, and again two more of them on the 20th June, while getting fresh tufts of the food-plant; and in the same way subsequently two others. The larve, when found, varied in length from a quarter of an inch to an inch, and it was only when approaching their last moult that I could suspect what species they were, though when they were nearly full grown my previous suspicion ripened into certainty of their identity, which in August following was confirmed when I bred the eight moths, comprising the usual sexual varieties of colouring, from the 4th to the 20th of the month. The habit of this larva is to feed on the bleached a HYDRACIA NICTITANS. A9 portions of the grass close to the soil, and to spin for itself there a case of whitish silk, closely and firmly invested with the food-plant, which forms at once a snug dwelling and protection, and in most instances the shelter afforded by a stone was utilized, even within a few inches of salt water. Itrather surprised me to find this species in such a littoral habitat, never haying met with it before, though I had known the moth taken at light in a grassy place bordering a wood four miles away inland, and understood that it occurred commonly on open moors and other similar localities in many parts of the kingdom. The young larva, when a quarter of an inch to three- eighths in length, is of ivory whiteness striped longi- tudinally with purplish-crimson ; the head white, with black ocelli and dark brown mouth. After a moult in about five days it assumes a little more colour, when the head is pale whity-brown, as are also the neck and tail-plates, each plate having two pairs of minute blackish-brown dots. The ground colour of the body is a faint greenish-drab, which shows transversely at the segmental divisions and in the wrinkles, as well as in the broadish dorsal stripe, the subdorsal and lateral stripes, and the whole of the belly. The alternating dark stripes are now of crimson-brown, broadest along the back, of which they mark the boundary; the two below on the side are narrower and follow the sub- dorsal and lateral ones, the spiracles occurring at the bottom of the lowest. On attaining nearly the length of an inch its stoutish form is noticeably stoutest at the third and fourth ~segments. The darker colouring of the back and side stripes is now changed to pinkish-grey, and that of the pale stripes to a hght, rather greenish flesh-tint; the shining head is of a warm flesh-colour and dark brown- ish at the mouth ; the glossy neck-plate is light yellow- ish-brown, rather inclining to orange, thinly outlined with blackish- brown, but thicker at the front margin, where it is wavy within; the anal plate is of the same VOL. IV. 4, 50 HYDRACIA NICTITANS. colour and similarly margined. The blackish-brown tubercular dots are very small along the back as far as the eleventh segment, then rather larger on the twelfth and front of the thirteenth. The oval black spiracles at the bottom of the lower grey side stripe are accompanied with blackish-brown spots, peculiarly characteristic, viz. one in front and one above of ordi- nary size, and a very large one behind the spiracle, and in corresponding position on the third, fourth, and twelfth segments this is even larger still and some- ' what trilobed in shape; two other rows of single spots, smaller and paler, occur below. When full grown the larva is about an inch and a quarter in length, rather broadest on the third and fourth segments, tapering thence a little to the head, also in a very slight degree to the anal segment, which is rounded off behind. The characteristic head, plates, and spots remain as before, but the previous contrast of colours between the lighter side stripes and darker back is now greatly reduced, and the light broadish dorsal stripe also from its softened edges, and showing faintly within a slightly deeper, greyish, pulsating vessel. On entering the earth the larva encloses itself in an earthen cocoon of weak cohesion. The pupa varies from five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch in length, and is of stoutish proportion, of the usual Noctua form, the abdomen convexly tapering from the move- able segments to the anal tip, which ends with two very fine projecting points; on the back of four of the middle abdominal rings, just at the beginning of each, is a narrow transverse band of punctate roughness, while all the other parts are smooth and shining, and the colour is of deep mahogany-brown. (W. B., 7, 1, 82; H.M.M. XVIII, 195, February, 1882.) HYDRACIA MICAOCEA. 5 HyDR&CIA MICACBKA. Plate LXIT, fig. 4. On the 22nd of June, 1869, I received from the Hon. T. de Grey a larva which proved to be that of this species, and, more recently, the following note: **] first observed the larva by pulling up, on the 14th May, a sickly-looking plant of Hquisetum arvense. It appeared to be feeding on the root and stem below the surface of the ground, but when placed im a bottle with a supply of the food-plant, it immediately entered a stem, and fed upon the inner substance, hollowing it completely out, and ejecting the frass at the lower end. ** ‘he larva moved readily from one piece into ano- ther, and throve upon this food till May 28th, when I supplied it with Hqwisetum fluviatile, on which it fed well till June 21st.” On arrival this larva was an inch and one-sixteenth in length, rather slender, cylindrical, and tapering just a little at the posterior extremity, its head as wide as the second segment, the upper lip and mandibles large, the transverse folds and segmental divisions rather deeply cut. The colour of the back and sides down to the spira- cles was a rather deep purplish red-brown, without gloss, and a little paler on the thoracic segments and at the divisions; the sides below the spiracles, the belly, and the legs were paler, and of a dingy flesh- colour; the head ochreous-brown, and mandibles blackish-brown ; a polished pale ochreous-brown semi- circular plate on the second segment, rather broadly margined in front with blackish-brown ; a small shining pale ochreous plate on the anal tip, having a terminal border of very small dark brown warts; the other tubercular warts arranged in the situation usual in stem feeders, also blackish-brown in colour, and each emitting a fine hair; the spiracles black; the prolegs tipped with brown. Da HYDRACIA MICACEA. At the beginning of July the larva had attained an inch and three-eighths in length, and had become moderately stout in proportion, having meanwhile eradually grown paler on the back, and by the 10th of the month the upper and under surfaces were both alike of a deep smoky dull flesh-colour, the dorsal pul- sating vessel just visible as a faintly darker stripe of the same; the warts, however, still dark brown, and the head and plates as before described. Hitherto the larva had fed well on both species of Hquisetum, but it now ceased eating, and began exca- vating a hole in the earth at the side of its pot, in which, by the 15th, it had changed to a light ochreous- brown pupa, but without forming any cocoon ! The pupa was three-quarters of an inch long, mode- rately stout, presenting no unusual peculiarity of form, but ending in an anal spike, which was inserted in the earth, and on the last two segments were a few fine short bristles pointing backwards. The moth emerged on the 14th of August. Soon after the above larva came into my possession I identified it with my figure of one sent to me by Mr. Steele, of Congleton, on the 10th July, 1866 (which proved to be infested with Microgaster alvearwus), and also of some others in May, 1867, then quite small, and all of them feeding in the roots of dock, but which I un- fortunately failed to rear to the imago state. (W. B., 10, 69; H.M.M. VI, 164, 12, 69.) XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. Plate LXIII, fig. 1. On the 10th of October, 1882, I received a very young Noctuid larva from the Rev. John Hellins, which he had beaten out from a bank. It looked to me at this time to bea very young example of Luperina testacea, soon to moult, and its finely wrinkled skin and XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. 53 pale flesh-colour led to this belief. Its length was then about 4 lines. On the 13th it moulted, and was at once seen to be really a young Xylophasia by the plates and wart-like spots, now first distinctly to be seen, though at that time they and the head were whitish, the body having a light tint of pinkish-brown ; and on looking through my most powerful lens I could already discern, between the trapezoidal spots on the back, the six little whitish marks that to me had hitherto betokened polyodon, so that I began to feel confident I had before me the larva of that species. By the 23rd of October it had grown, and was of stouter build, but still of the same colour, with the spots still paler than the pale pinkish-brown eround ; it had made its hollow nest, big as a sparrow’s ege, under a little tuft of growing Poa annua, and I could see where it came out occasionally to eat some of the whitish parts of the grass, just above the roots on the surface of the earth, the nest being formed close under the roots which overspread the hollow forming the domed roof; and all the fibres retained the shape of the construction by a layer of silk spun beneath them, which formed the lining of the roof of the nest. By the 17th November the larva had grown; the ground colour was still a pinkish-drab, but the head and plates were of rather a deeper tint of the same, and it was curious that at this date I could find no trace of the little whitish marks on the back which had in the middle of October arrested my attention. The nest was now as big as a thrush’s egg, which obliged me to supply it with a fresh tuft of the grass. On the 19th January, 1883, the larva, which had the head, plates, and spots unchanged up to the end of December, now showed them black. From this time it remained hybernating until the mild days near the end of February, when it waked up and fed spar- ingly, and again became torpid all through the cold month of March, and on the Ist of April showed signs 54, XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. of an approaching moult, and it moulted during the night of the 5th—6th. By the 21st April it had grown considerably, and was an inch and a half long, the skin highly lustrous, of a light grey, having a faint tinge of greenish; the head, plates, and spots all black and glossy. Towards the middle of May it retired into the earth, and soon turned to a pupa. ‘The moth, a female lithowvylea, came forth in the evening of June 28th, 1883. The pupa skin had a rather narrower and longer spike than is found with its congener polyodon, which has it broader, a trifle shorter, and tapering, when compared together. Otherwise they are very similar, but polyodon is the stoutest. A larva similar to the foregoing was picked up while crawling briskly along a footpath through a corn-field in the evening of May 27th, 1883, and it retired to earth in the course of that night, and on the 9th July the moth, a fine female lithoxwylea, came out, of rather a greenish-grey colour. This larva, whose head, plates, and spots were black like the foregoing, had the ground colour of its skin quite a decided green, whereby I felt almost sure it was lithowylea. (W.B., Note Book IV, 186.) [The following notes on ‘‘ Comparative descriptions of the larve, &c., of Xylophasia lithowylea and poly- odon’’ were published in 1875, having been penned by Mr. Buckler in November, 1874, many years before the foregoing description was written.—H. T. 8. | From the great similarity that exists between the larve of these two species, Duponchel, who had bred both insects from larve in which he thought he could see no difference, was induced to consider them to be but varieties of one species, and I confess that for a long time after certain experiments made by myself, which seemed to end in a similar way, I felt strongly inclined to take the same view, and nothing but the XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. 55 firm and continued assurance to the contrary of my friend Mr. Doubleday encouraged me to persevere, in the hope of eventually distinguishing the one larva from the other. Foiled year after year in my attempts to obtain egos from the moths imprisoned for that purpose, and failing also to obtain them from friends, who could naturally, perhaps, feel but little interest in these in- sects of such common occurrence, I had to content myself with those single examples of the larve that by chance occurred to myself, or were found and for- warded to me by friends at distant intervals of time, so that my investigation has unavoidably been of a somewhat desultory nature, and, in addition, has often been retarded, just when success seemed almost as- sured, by the vexatious circumstance of the disclosure of ichneumons in the place of moths. This last circum- stance also gave rise in my mind to doubts as to whether certain appearances, which I had figured and noted, might not have been due entirely to the pre- sence of parasites within the larva, and I felt compelled to wait on for further observation of healthy larve. Thanks to the kindness of the Rev. H. Williams, of Croxton, my desire has been fulfilled, and my work in this difficult matter accomplished during the season now closing, and in the hope of interesting some of the readers of this magazine I venture to submit my notes of both species of larve for publication; at the same time acknowledging the kindness of Mr. W. Machin, who at the end of March, 1871, sent me two larve found by him at the roots of grass, and by so doing, as the event has proved, helped me to both species at once. Both species of larvee are alike in figure and struc- ture, having tough, smooth, shining skins, and still more lustrous dark heads, plates, and spots. They are irritable in disposition, and this circumstance, added to the lustre of their surface, renders very close inspection necessary to arrive at their identification. 56 XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. They are cylindrical, and tapering a little from the third segment to the head, and again from the eleventh to the anal extremity ; the third and fourth segments subdivided by transverse wrinkles, the others plump, well defined, and puckered a little along the sides; the usual dots in both species assume the character of tubercular warts, each furnished with a hair. Like the head and plates they are black or blackish-brown in colour, and in shape and arrangement are found as follows: the central transverse series on the back of the third and fourth segments are oblong, and are pre- ceded and followed by a fusiform transverse spot, dor- sally divided bya thin line of the ground colour, which is also seen to divide the anterior plate, while on the sides of these two seoments are grouped several more or less roundish spots. On the back of each of the other segments (save the last) are four large black spots, the trapezoidals; these have the first pairs round, the second pairs roundish-ovate. Along the sides of each of these segments are grouped five spots in this way ; the spiracle is surrounded by four of them, viz. a large one above and below, one behind much smaller, and the smallest, a mere dot, in front; the fifth spot is the lowest, and where the ventral prolegs occur is borne on them; the thirteenth segment has spots in front and a plate behind; the ventral and anal prolegs are broadly barred near their tips, which are fringed with hooks of the same colour as the head and plates. Inthoaylea, full grown, is about an inch and a half in length, and stout in proportion; its brownish-grey ground colour has a slight fawn tinge in it, and ws but little paler below the spiracular region, though the belly has a faint tinge of greenish. The pulsating dorsal vessel is of a deeper tint than the back; the upper lip darkish fawn-colour, the antennal papille a little paler ; the anterior legs fawn-colour, and often tipped with blackish ; spiracles black. Polyodon, when full grown, varies in length from XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. 57 an inch and a half to an inch and six-eighths, and is often very stout. Its colour is either grey, brownish- grey, or lurid deep reddish-grey, varying in intensity, and there is a variety banded across the middle of each segment with darker grey than the ground colour ; these bands are not abruptly defined, but melt away to the paler ground colour. Another variety occurs in which the back is dark purplish-grey, changing gently along the spiracular region to a dingy brownish- red, which is on all the lower parts of the body, while the head is dingy purplish-red; but, whatever the general colouring, the pulsating darker dorsal vessel shows in a subdued manner through the skin. Within the area of the trapezoidal spots on the back there are on each segment, from the fourth to the twelfth, six pale grey marks ; namely, a pair of transverse short curved and pointed streaks, with their broadish bases separated only by a mere line on the middle of the back, and rather close behind them four round dots, which range in a transverse row between the hinder parr of the tubercular spots. Along the spiracular region the paler colouring of the lower part of the body is generally well con- trasted with that above; the spiracles black, some- times grey outlined with black, the upper lip greyish- brown; anterior legs the same colour, though often spotted and tipped with black: the black spots on the sides of the third and fourth segments occasionally vary both in number and shape. (W. B., 28, 11, 74; H.M.M. XI, 208, 2, 75.) XYLOPHASIA POLYODON. Plate LXIII, fig. 2. A larva received May 13th, 1875, from Mr. Forbes, of Edinburgh, found by him under stones on Arthur’s Seat—supposed to be Mamestra furva. It was eating close to the roots of various grasses, and looked ex- tremely like a purplish-brown polyodon. By May 20th 58 XYLOPHASIA POLYODON. it had grown in size, and was much paler, especially below the line of spiracles, looking even more like polyodon than at first. This larva continued to grow and became gradually paler and greyer, more like polyodon ; the pale streaks between the trapezoidal spots became visible, and the pale dots more transversely elongate than usual. On June 8th I found it had changed to a pupa. The moth X. polyodon emerged July 9th. (W.B., Note Book II, 191.) See also under the preceding species the compara- tive descriptions of the larvee of Xylophasia lithoxylea and polyodon, pp. 54—47. XYLOPHASIA HEPATIOA. Plate LXITI, fig. 3. On the 19th of September, 1876, I received from Mr. W. R. Jeffrey a small Noctua larva, which he had found in a folded brown leaf of Stachys sylvatica, and which had moulted a day or two before the 18th. It was only three-eighths of aninch long when it came, and was of a middle tint of brown, a little paler below the spiracular region, and was remarkable from having on either side of the second segment on the hight brown shining plate a conspicuous and very dark brown spot. The larva refused to eat Stachys sylvatica and all other kinds of food until grass was supplied, and then it began to feed, and on the 27th it moulted and again took to grass, seeming to prefer Dactylis glomerata to either Aira cespitosa or Phalaris arundinacea, and by October 14th it had become a trifle over three-quarters of an inch long, and of moderate stoutness; the head brown and shining, plate on the second segment brown, finely divided by a very thin dorsal and broader sub- dorsal lines of a pale yellowish ; below these last the XYLOPHASIA HEPATICA. 59 plate is filled in with very dark blackish-brown, still conspicuous as at first ; the ground colour is of a dark- ish purple grey-brown, much and finely freckled with darker; through this runs the paler ochreous-brown dorsal line; a faint subdorsal stripe of unfreckled ground colour, edged with coarser frecklés, can just be discerned ; the tubercular spots blackish-brown ; above each spiracle is a larger tubercular spot than any of the others; the spiracular region and belly reddish- ochreous freckled, but paler than the back; the spira- cles of the same colour, finely outlined with blackish ; the shining plate on the anal seoment has paler dorsal and subdorsal lines. At the beginning of November it moulted again, and now the plate on the second segment was all black alike, with the exception only of the pale lines; the larva now, in all its details, showed itself to be unmis- takably X. hepatica, though ofa darker purplish-brown and less grey than those full-fed examples of this species which I have myself found in the spring. This larva continued to wake up and feed at inter- vals up to the Ist-of January, 1877, when I noticed its length was somewhat less than before, though still alive ; but on the 7th I found it dead. (W. B., Note Book III, 154.) | XYLOPHASIA SCOLOPACINA. Plate LXITI, fig. 4. I am indebted to Mr. Batty for two healthy larve of this species. They feed on coarse grasses and a species of wood-rush. Their bodies are uniformly cylindrical and slender. The head and plate on the second segment are of a translucent greenish tint, and there is a black mark on each side of the mouth. Ground colour of the body olive-green above; on the back a fine thread-like line of yellowish or pale grey- ish, enclosed by two others of dark grey, which form 60 XYLOPHASIA SCOLOPACINA. the dorsal line and run through a series of slate-coloured elliptic marks. The subdorsal is a narrow line of slate- colour, beginning at the third, and after the fifth seg- ment merging into a broad lateral stripe (which com- mences on the second segment) of dark slaty-grey, most intense at its lower edge; just above which, on each segment, 1s a large blackish shining tubercle, furnished with a bristle; the ordinary dorsal tubercu- lar spots small, with minute hairs. The spiracular region bright sulphur-yellow, and the belly greenish. (W. B., 3, 6, 64; EH.M.M. I, 50, 8, 64.) XYLOMYGES CONSPICILLARIS. Plate LXITI, fig. 6. For the ability to publish some account of the preparatory stages of this rare species I have to thank Dr. Wood (of Tarrington), whose eyes were keen enough to detect a moth resting near the ground on an old gate-post, looking, for all the world, like a splinter of the wood on which it was sitting. My friend had previously found others in similar situations, but this was the first female, and, luckily, it proved fertile. The moth was found on June 4th, 1877, and she deposited her eggs in clusters on the sides of a chip box during the night of June 5th. In thecluster sent to me on the 9th I found them lying three deep, but cannot say if in nature they would have been laid so thickly ; possibly they might, for some species 1 know —such as Txeniocampa miniosa and gracilis—lay all their eggs in one dense heap. The larve were hatched on June 14th and 15th, and ate about half the cluster of empty egg-shells before settling down on the food supplied, viz. Lotus cornicu- latus. The first moult took place on June 20th and 21st, the second on the 27th and 28th, the third about July 5th, the fourth from the 12th to 15th of July, XYLOMYGES CONSPICILLARIS. 61 and the last was accomplished by the most advanced larva on July 26th, followed by others at intervals. After this some deaths occurred among my stock, and in addition to the food previously given, viz. L. corniculatus and occasionally Polygonum aviculare, I now gave them Lotus major and Huonymus ewropeus, and afterwards I learnt from Dr. Wood that I should have supplied them chiefly with the flowers of L. corm- culatus, which he found his larve preferred to the leaves. The first two full-fed burrowed into the earth on August 5th, and were followed not long afterwards by some others, though two individuals chose to re- main up to the last on the surface, where they pupated without making any attempt to cover themselves, whilst those which had entered the earth formed therein a thick and tough cocoon of earthy particles, looking as though they had been kneaded up with fluid, the result being of the texture of a worm-cast, the interior very smooth. The moths appeared on April 17th, 18th, 19th, and 22nd, 1878. The egg is of a regular round shape, convex above and depressed on the under surface, the shell orna- mented with numerous fine ribs and reticulations. When first laid the colour is pale bluish-white, by the fourth day changed to a light pinkish-grey, with a zone round the middle and a blotch on the top of light brown, which, deepening day by day, makes the pale ground still paler by contrast, until the ninth day, when the whole egg becomes uniformly of the hue of the bloom on a cluster of purple grapes, and in a few hours the larva is hatched. The newly hatched larva has a very pale and trans- parent, pinkish-grey body, and a pale brown head, the dorsal vessel showing blackish-brown through some of the segments; but after food has been taken and growth commenced the skin shows glossy, light yellowish watery green, with minute black dots. After the first moult the colour changes to a more opaque bluish- green, still with the black dots, and with a paler 62 XYLOMYGES CONSPICILLARIS. widish dorsal and narrower subdorsal lines; the head of a yellower green, sprinkled with black atoms. After the second moult the same tint of green is re- tained, with the dorsal and subdorsal lines as before, but now a still paler spiracular stripe appears, and in this stage—when the larva is about three-eighths of an inch long—it is much hke the young larva of Tenocampa gothica, except that itis more slender, and the pale lines are not so white or so sharply defined. After the third moult the colours are much as before, but now the spiracular stripe is decidedly greenish- yellow or ochreous-yellow, and the tubercular black dots are imperfectly ringed with whitish-yellow. After the fourth moult the general colouring, though deep and of sober richness fora time, gradually grows paler, and three varieties could be noticed, brownish-green, ochreous-green, and one or two light brown; the markings as before. When the larva is about an nee long the last moult occurs, and the size and colouring become that now to be described as belonging to the full-grown larva. The length 1s from an inch and a half to an inch and five- eighths, the figure tolerably stout, cylindrical, yet tapering very little at either extremity, the eleventh and twelfth segments being rather the thickest, and all the divisions very slightly defined ; the skin soft and smooth. The colour of the glistening head is pale pinkish-drab, with a blackish-brown streak down the front of each lobe, a finer streak at the side, and deli- cate reticulations on the other parts. The ground colour of the back and sides isochreous-greenish brown, very much, but finely, freckled with brownish-grey ; the second segment is thickly freckled with dark grey- brown, and edged on the front margin with very dark grey, through which, rather distinctly, pass the fine thread-like dorsal and subdorsal lines, a trifle paler than the ground ; but on the rest of the body they are of the ground colour, merely relieved with outlines of grey-brown, and can only just be traced in their course, XYLOMYGES CONSPICILLARIS. 63 more or less interrupted, along a series of double dorsal diamond-shapes of close darkish grey freckling, within a larger diamond outline of freckles on the back of each segment. Hach of the small tubercular spots, which are ranved in threes on either side of the dorsal region, is of cream-colour or pale drab, bearing a dot of blackish-grey on its upper margin; lower on the side is a single similar tubercular spot, below which the grey freckies form a dark contrasting edge to the paler, widish spiracular stripe of reddish-drab or flesh-colour, most delicately freckled with whitish. The spiracles are pale flesh-colour, finely outlined with black ; the side below them, with the legs, is of similar freckled ground colour, but rather paler than the back, and the belly is unfreckled. The pupa is nearly five-eighths of an inch in length and about a quarter of an inch in diameter, of some- what dumpy shape; the head and thorax thick and rounded, the three flexible rmgs of the abdomen well cut at the divisions, their anterior edges having punc- tate roughness, convexly tapered towards the rather blunt tip, which is furnished with four diverging _shortish spines, the outer pair much the shortest. The colour is dark purplish-brown, and the surface sone. (WW: B., 30, 4, 78; H.M.M. XV, 17, 6, 1878.) APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS. Plate LXIV, fig. 1. On October 5th, 1867, Mr. Thomas Terry, of Babbi- . combe, gave Mr. Hellins some eggs of this species, laid by a captured ¢ about three weeks previously. On the 16th October the larve began hatching; they fed on Poa annua and other smooth grasses and chickweed, and being kept in a warm place (out of doors) did not seem to hybernate, but fed slowly through the winter, and by the end of January, 1868, 64 APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS. were half an inch in length. From this time they fed and grew more rapidly till April, and all of them had gone to earth by the middle of that month. The moths appeared September 22nd to October 10th. The egg is full and round in shape, with about twenty ribs, of which a third meet at the top, and the rest stop short in the angles formed by their junction, all connected by transverse reticulations ; the ground colour pale yellow, but splashed with purplish-pink. The larvee when hatched are greenish, with a black- ish tinge on the back of the front segments ; the head brown; the underside paler than the back; the usual dots distinct, each furnished with a stiff bristle. After a moult they become smooth, of a full green colour, with a darker dorsal line and a whitish sub- spiracular stripe, the folds showing yellow, and so they continue to near half an inch in length. When this size has been attained varieties begin to develop themselves, some remaining wholly green with double purplish-red dorsal lines, while in others the subspiracular stripe becomes edged above by a spira- cular line of purplish-pink. At the next change the dorsal purplish-red lines open on the centre of each segment, disclosing a pale pinkish diamond, and the subdorsal faintly appears now as a fine double pinkish line. The next moult produces a further development quite characteristic of the adult. The larva is now an inch long; in some the green of the back is of a yellower tint, and the sides a bright rose-pink; in others a brillant grass-green, and sides purplish-pink. At this stage the dorsal line is flesh-colour edged with pink or red, and on the front of each segment is a pair of short black marks placed obliquely, so that but for the dorsal line they would forma A with its apex point- ing forwards; the subdorsal line is also marked with black at the beginning of each segment; the subspira- cular stripe yellowish. The full-grown larva is one of the handsomest and APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS. 65 most gaily coloured of the Noctux, is one inch and five- eighths in length, rather stout and cylindrical, slightly tapered towards the anal tip. The ground colour is now a very brilliant yellow- ereen, or, in some individuals, greenish-yellow; the head green, freckled with reddish; a red unpolished semicircular plate on the back of the second segment. On the back of each of the other segments is a red diamond, the front part of which for about a third of its length is black, through which runs the flesh- coloured or pale pinkish dorsal line, edged with red, thus cutting what would be a black triangle into two black wedges pointing forwards. In the centre and sometimes in the hinder portions of the red diamonds the dorsal line often becomes suffused with their colour. The subdorsal line black, but only at the beginning of each segment. ‘The spiracles white, placed in semi- circles of black, and the space between them and the subdorsal line thickly freckled and streaked with deep red, appearing like a broad band of red along the side ; the subspiracular stripe very pale primrose-yellow, its lower edge softened a little into the ground colour, and followed below by a blotch of red or pinkish on each segment; the prolegs tipped with the same colour; the ventral surface pale yellowish-green. Var. 1. The ground colour a rather deep reddish- pink on the back and sides. The freckled side band and dorsal diamonds of darker purplish-red, with all the other details as in the preceding. Var. 2. Ground colour of the whole surface olive- green, but appearing on the back only at the beginning of each segment as a transverse narrow band, in which can be seen the pinkish-white dorsal line and the black wedges, though much shortened ; the rest of each seg- ment is covered by a broad, transverse, dark purplish- brown band extending to the spiracular region and hiding all other marks, each white spiracle in a large black blotch connected with a narrower blackish- brown transverse band on the ventral surface of each VOL. IV. 5) 66 APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS. segment; the head, entire second and half the third seoment, anal tip, and legs, also a faint spiracular line visible only on the anterior segments, are all of the olive-green ground colour. The pupa is subterranean (but not enclosed ina hard cocoon) ; its shape is very cylindrical, tolerably even in bulk throughout, but rather thicker in the middle, very smooth, the tail ending with a small spike ; its colour a rich brown, and polished. (W. B., H.M.M. VI, 18, 6, 69.) , NEURIA SAPONARIA. Plate LXVI, fig. 5. In the course of July, 1866, Mr. Batty kindly sent me some young larvee, said to be this species, which he had reared from eggs on Polygonum aviculare, and to which food they adhered entirely although I supplied them with Silene inflata and other plants; they were full fed by the 10th of August, and to the last retained their colours and markings. The following year sped on, -but without the appearance of any imago, and when their pot was emptied of contents no pupa was found, but only some few shrivelled-up larval remains. This larva was cylindrical, and tapered very little at the posterior extremity, and was altogether very uni- form both in size and tint; the whole of the back and sides to the spiracles being of a greenish-drab, or else of a reddish-drab colour, delicately marbled with darker tints of the same; while along the spiracles there was a faint whitish streak, and a very sinuous interrupted dark streak running through it. The spi- racles were very small, of the ground colour, outlined with darker drab; aslightly paler dorsal line, outlined with darker, could just be seen, chiefly on the anterior segments; and amongst the fine marbling could also be discerned a fine and rather sinuous subdorsal line ; another, similar but rather more continuous, ran between NEURIA SAPONARIA. 67 this and the spiracular region; the belly and legs of the ground colour, but paler and without markings ; the head and plate on the second segment light brownish ; the anterior legs drab colour, the prolegs tipped with brownish hooks. (W. B., Note Book II, 179.) HELIOPHOBUS POPULARIS. Plate LXIV, fig. 2. [I find it needful to begin my notice of the larva of this species with the following ‘‘ Note on the Larve of Heliophobus popularis, Chareas graminis, and Luperina cespitis,’ published by Mr. Buckler more than twenty years ago—in February, 1869, in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, v, 225.—H. T. 8.] Through the kindness of correspondents I have been supplied in different years with the eggs of all these three species, and have reared the larve from them to full growth; and asl became acquainted with one species after another, I could not help being struck with the great similarity of appearance presented by all three when full grown. In fact, from not being at the first prepared for this similarity among them, I found it necessary to rear each species a second time in order to make sure of the distinctive markings of each; but this having been done, and several figures having been carefully de- lineated, I feel I can now offer a few remarks which may be of use in helping others to separate them. The early history of each is similar; the straw- coloured eggs are laid in autumn, and undergo one or two changes of colour—the last not long before the larvee are hatched—some time in spring, the exact date varying according to the character of the season. They all feed on grass, showing no decided prefer- ence beyond that of choosing the smooth and hard grasses rather than hairy and woolly species; they 68 HELIOPHOBUS POPULARIS. feed up in summer, retire underground, and make neat oval chambers for their retreat during pupation ; and the moths appear at the latter end of summer or be- ginning of autumn. When young the larve all show a greenish hue, with whitish lines—gramimis and popularis being of a paler, more olive tint; while cespitis is of a bright, clear, full green, with the lines also of a purer white than in the other species. I have noticed that popularis, when about half grown, shows a very beautiful opalescent pinkish gleam of colouring about the ventral legs and belly, which I have not observed in the other two. By degrees, in all of them the green becomes darkened with brown, and a metallic or bronzy lustre makes its appearance, until at last the full dress is assumed, which I now proceed to describe. In shape all are similar; the head is full and rounded, the body stout and cylindrical, thickest in the middle, and tapering towards each extremity ; when disturbed they do not curl up, but bend their head and tail to- gether on one side. But in size, as might be expected from the moths, they differ ; thus popwlaris, when full grown, measures fully 12 inches in length, cespitis 13, and graminis 12; and their bulk is in proportion to their length. Next as to colour and ornamentation ; all three are much alike in hue, and all have five conspicuous stripes, arranged as dorsal, subdorsal, and subspiracular. The colour of the head is brown; and that of the back, as far as the spiracles, is a deep brown-greenish or smoky brown, bronzy and very shining; a black (or at least darker than the ground colour) semicircular plate on the second segment, on which commence the dorsal and subdorsal stripes, in colour pale pinkish- grey, greyish-ochreous, or pale brownish, widening a little in the stoutest part of the body, and gradually narrowing again till they converge and meet at the tip of the anal flap, which is covered with another HELIOPHOBUS POPULARIS. 69 black plate; these stripes are edged with black, and freckled with grey or brown along their middle. The spiracles are black, and immediately beneath them comes the subspiracular pale stripe, edged and freckled like those already described. The legs and prolegs are greyish-green or brown, the latter ringed with darker brown, or with a brown spot above their extremities ; the ventral surface vary- ing in tint, but in all shining and semi-translucent. Owing to the brilliancy of their skin, the play of light on the polished surface makes a close scrutiny in- dispensable to detect all the distinguishing marks of each species; still such are to be found, especially in the region of the subdorsal and subspiracular stripes. Popularis, then, has a rather pale narrow line, edged with blackish, running along midway in the space above mentioned, all the pale stripes being uninterrupted. Perhaps, too, the bronzy gloss of the back is warmer in this species ; while the belly, though paler than the back, is more dusky than in the others. Gramimis has also a pale line running between the spiracles and the subdorsal stripe. In this species the segmental folds offer a good character, being smoother and of a different tint from the back—in fact, catching the eye as narrow transverse bands; the whole skin also is much wrinkled transversely; and there are transverse pale streaks in the space alluded to between the subdorsal and subspiracular stripes, viz. three above the pale line, and two below it, on each segment. ‘The subspiracular stripe is wider than in the other species (and the belly seems to have rather a pale golden-brown gloss). Cespitis has, in the space between the subdorsal and subspiracular stripes, three ragged and irregular, rather paler, longitudinal lines, alittle meandering in character, and edged here and there with darker, and being more or less obscure ; and the belly and legs in this species are decidedly tinted with green. (W. B., E.M.M. V, 225, 2, 69.) 70 CHAREAS GRAMINIS. CHARAAS GRAMINIS. Plate LXIV, fig. 4. The description of this larva must be culled from the note under the preceding species, p. 69. PACHETRA LEUCOPHAA. Plate LXY, fig. 1. On the 3rd of June, 1882, I received from Mr. Benjamin Arthur Bower, of Langley, Hltham Road, Lee, twenty-nine eggs of this species on chip in groups of four or five, and some singly, others loose, laid by a moth taken by himself at Box Hill, at rest on a tree trunk on the 22nd of May. Their hatching seemed imminent on their arrival, as they had all changed colour; when first laid Mr. Bower said the eggs were of a light drab, and changed in a few days to purplish-brown; they were laid on the side and bottom of a chip box, in an irregular mass, in some parts four deep. The egg is round, convex above and flattened beneath, and is numerously and finely ribbed and reticulated. Some were ofa light drab colour, others darker drab, and most were of a leaden grey, all of them showing a dark grey ring at the apex and a thicker dark grey ring round the base; these on the darkest eggs approach to blackness, and all the ribs glisten with a pearly lustre. The eggs began to hatch at 8.30 in the evening of the day of their arrival, and continued during the night, only one being unhatched the next morning. The young larve were confined with Dactylis glome- rata, Brachypodium sylvaticum, and Poa annua at once, and in the morning of the fourth all showed signs of being eaten (the last named the most) by small trans- parent patches appearing of eroded or denuded cuticle PACHETRA LEUCOPHAA. 71 when held against the light, besides minute grains of frass; they were very active and vigorous little larve, suspending themselves with fine threads and eager for escape. The head, when a few hours old, was brown, marked with black ; the body was drab at intervals, with smoky dark grey-brown on the anterior segments and some of the others, bearing black shining tubercles, each with a black hair. On the 8th of June, when barely five days old, they had grown decidedly, and their colouring was now green, like that of the Poa on which they had chiefly fed; the head much marked with darkish brown on the lobes, and the brown plate on the second segment decidedly divided in the dorsal re- gion; dots and hairs, as before, blackish. On the 14th, nineteen survivors (from accidents and deaths) moulted the first time; by the 17th they were ereen, with darker green subdorsal lines, and a lateral line closely followed bya whitish spiracular stripe; head and plate dotted with black, smaller tubercular dots black ; by the 25th many had ceased skeletonising the leaves, and had eaten the entire thickness, while some had spared the midrib; by the 26th most had moulted the second time, and now the head was shining pale greenish, with four rather large black dots in front of the lobes ; the ground colour of the back between the subdorsal lines was of a rather deeper greyish-green than that on the sides, but on the sides was a darker green line close to the broad spiracular stripe of whitish-green; the thin dorsal line and the very thin subdorsal lines were of a similar whitish-green, but fainter; the dark dots of the body very small; segmental divisions whitish- ereen. At this time I put out on growing grass most of those which had survived, keeping only three in closer confinement for observation; these on the 30th of June were quite of a slaty-greenish colour, the pale stripes and lines a little more conspicuous. July 5th, these had moulted the third time, and were 72 PACHETRA LEUCOPHAA. six lines long, marked and coloured as before, and by the 10th were laying up for the next moult, and by the 14th these had moulted the fourth time. The dorsal line then became buff-yellow and quite distinct; on either side of it on each segment was a conspicuous black dot, and another black dot on the side of each seoment. Black freckles now appeared just above the spiracular stripe, also a black streak on each lobe in the front of the head; the general colouring was brown or brownish-drab, and the ground finely freckled with dark brown atoms; by the 26th some of them were growing lighter coloured. I observed on changing their pot of grass one was laid up for moult- ing; on the 28th it had moulted the fifth time, and was then put back with the others; on the 5th of August another had .laid up to moult, and soon after got suc- cessfully over the operation, and similarly three others rather later; another was waiting to moult on the 15th, and the latest got over this fifth moult on the 24th. After this fifth moult the larva was at first quite pale ochreous, but mm a few days gradually gained more colour and growth, though this last proceeded slowly enough, as at this time they were not quite an inch long. On the 17th September one moulted the sixth time, another a day or two later, and the whole number of eight larvee, one after another, had got over their sixth moult by the 30th. They were now prettier larve, much of the colour of Turkey rhubarb, two or three in handsome coats of “‘ feuille de mort ”’ velvet; they were torpid and sleepy, yet they continued to feed a little in the evenings. By the 14th October they had attained the length of one inch and three lines, and were rather thick in proportion, though their skin seemed loose, and felt soft without firmness. On the 29th October I put them out in a pot of the growing erass to take their chance, fearing, however, they would all die, as one had already died on the 10th of that month, from the effects of a white frost, which led me to suppose they were too advanced to stand PACHETRA LEUCOPHAA. 73 the winter, as they avoided entering the earth. Pre- vious to putting all out I tried three first, and within a few hours picked up one that had got out of the pot, afterwards another. On the 12th November one was picked up from the floor, dead and dried up. On the 26th November three more were found dead and shrivelled amongst the grass. (W. B., Note Book ey '122:. ) LUPERINA TESTACEA. Plate LXV, fig. 3. A larva from the Rev. H. Williams, on May 10th, 1872, about five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch in length, very thick in proportion, plump and taper- ing just at each end, and very shining; it was dug up beneath Silene inflata and grass. In colour it was pinkish-grey ; rather sluggish in habit, feeding at the roots of grasses. It moulted the second week in June, and was then rather less pink and more of a fleshy- erey tint, otherwise the same as before. It grew very slowly, continuing to feed at the roots and just above the roots of tufts of Poa annua, which were supplied to it from time to time. By July 19th it had become full grown, when its figure was depicted and the following description taken: —Length one inch and three-eighths; very plump, the divisions tolerably incised, tapering behind at the last three segments, and just a little at the first two. The pupa three-quarters of an inch long, of moderate bulk, very uniform in size, tapering but little till near the tip, which is furnished with two slightly divergent fine points curved downwards, of a light brown colour. The moth appeared on the 4th September. (W.B., Note Book I, 182.) On the 30th June, 1879, I received a larva of this species from Mr. J. Gardner. It appeared to be full grown, measuring about an inch and one-eighth in 74 LUPERINA TESTACEA, length, rather thick and stumpy in repose, cylindrical, yet tapering a little at the two hinder segments, and a little from the third segment to the head, which is of a full and rounded form, though the lobes are well de- fined by the skin between them in a point on the crown ; the legs are all well beneath the body, as often occurs with larve of burrowing habits; but it is totally unlike any other larva I as yet know; it has no dots or spots whence the minute hairs proceed, though with a strong lens the hairs are seen to spring from the situations where such dots would be in most Noctua larve. The anal plate is peculiar ; it is rounded off behind rather abruptly, and is rather concave onits surface—aremark- able character in contrast with the convex surfaces of the other segments, all of which on the back are trans- versely divided with deep wrinkles into prominent ridges, most pronounced on the twelfth and front por- tion of the thirteenth segment; the rather concave anal plate divided by two deep semicircular wrinkles into three ridges ; on most of the segments each front half on the back is by comparison almost smooth, though, in fact, every part of the skin there, and particularly on the ridges, 1s, by the aid of a lens, seen to be scored with minute wrinkles; in short, its external anatomy ismarked by very deep channels between the muscles on a very finely wrinkled skin, which glistens rather than shines. In colour the glossy head is light brownish-yellow, the plate behind it rather paler and shining, the body generally a deepish flesh-colour, often of a livid tint of faint greyish flesh-colour, the ridges of the back and sides invariably with more colour than in the deep hollow wrinkles, which are paler and purer flesh- colour, smooth without glistening, and at the seg- mental divisions also; the colour on the back of the two hinder segments grows darker by degrees, espe- cially on the ridges, culminating in darkish brown on the front division of the anal plate. The mouth dark brown. The spiracles deep flesh-colour, strongly out- lined with black. LUPERINA TESTACEA. 75 The moth of the true testaceous colouring emerged on the 28th of August, one fore-wing shorter than the other. (W. B., Note Book III, 270.) LUPERINA CESPITIS. Plate LXV, fig. 4. In September, 1864, I received a number of eggs from Mr. Terry, of St. Mary Church; they were all loose, but probably, in a state of freedom, the moth would attach them to grass, &c. The eggs at first are pale straw-colour, soon turning pale purplish-brown, and again becoming dingy grey a long time before the larve appear. This is singular, for the last change of colour usually precedes the hatching of the larva but a few hours, or days at the outside. One half of my eggs I kept in a pill-box, the other half I dropped on a bit of wall-moss, Zortula ruralis, which was planted with some tufts of various common grasses in a flower-pot. Here they were exposed to every change of weather—snow, rain, or frost—all through the winter; till on April 4th, which was a warm day, I put the flower-pot under a sunny wall, and thus prevailed on the larve to come forth. The egos in the pill-box shrivelled up, every one. The larva at first is a little dingy fellow, but after a moult or two puts on the gayest dress worn in all its existence, becoming of a clear full green, with white dorsal, subdorsal, and broader spiracular lines. As it grows bigger the green becomes tinged with olive, and at the last moult the colour of the back is of an olive- brown, shining with a metallic lustre (reminding one of bronzy morocco leather) ; and the lines, which are clearly defined, are of a dirty freckled white. The figure is stoutest in the middle, tapering towards either end; the head horny, brown in colour; the plates on segments 2 and 13 nearly black; the belly of a pale olive-green. 76 LUPERINA OESPITIS. When disturbed these larve had a way of turning their heads sideways back to their tails, and after attaining some size hid themselves by day amongst the grass. About the end of June they began to go undergound, forming for themselves very neat and smooth oval chambers, at about half an inch below the surface, and inclined to it at various angles, some of them being nearly perpendicular to it, so that the pups in them rested nearly upright. The pupa is reddish-brown, round and full in outline, the blunt anal spike having two very small fine points projecting from it. The first moth appeared on the 14th of August, and the rest soon after. It was not always easy to detect the newly bred moths, as they hid themselves at the roots of grass nearly as cleverly as the larve had done, but one could always see the clean round holes they had bored through the earth in emerging from their cocoons. All sorts of common grasses were eaten by this brood, but a certain number of them showed a decided preference for the rough hard Avra cexspitosa. (J. H.,:11,-10, 65 3 HM Th, Ziti oss [See also under Heliophobus popularis, p. 69, com- parative descriptions of that larva, this larva, and the larva of Chareas graminis.—H. T. 8. ] MAMESTRA ABJECTA. Plate LXV, fig. 5. That I am able to offer some account of the hitherto undescribed larva of this species is due to Mr. Samuel Stevens, whose kindness in imparting to me for the purpose all the knowledge he acquired of it when he discovered the larva some years ago, I have most thankfully to record. Although thus instructed, it was, however, in vain that I hunted for the larva in 1877, through the end of May, onward to 11th of June, the day on which I MAMESTRA ABJECTA. Zé chanced to find under a stone, within a neat little cavity of another stone beneath, embedded in stiff soil, a fine pupa, which, on the 12th of July following, produced a remarkably handsome female specimen of -abjecta. Having so far proved this species to exist on the south coast, I felt encouraged to resume the search in 1878 in the same locality, where, during the months of May and June, I found larvee of other species from time to time, yet not one to satisfy me until the 3rd of June, but on that day I felt hopeful of having found abjecta in a young larva adhering to the under side of a stone, where it had sheltered itself with a partial covering of green “frass’’? spun together with silk, having been also connected with the tuft of grass whereon the stone had lain. By assiduously following up this success on all avail- able opportunities, extending the area of research, and raising a large number of stones, much to the discom- fiture of colonies of ants, various beetles, spiders, crustaceans, and slugs, I was again rewarded by finding on the 20th of June a full-grown example of the larva under what proved to be a very lucky stone ; though on turning it over at first there seemed only a large black spider in view, which sprang forward in alarm to a small hole, and asit paused there a moment on the brink, a small spot of pale colour beneath its dark body arrested my attention, and this pale spot proved to be part of the back of the larva, which was soon safely extracted from its snug quarters between the matted grass. After figuring and describing the larva, it was placed in a pot furnished with some of its native soft, muddy soil, together with a small tuft of the grass and a stone, and it soon worked its way beneath. I subsequently found it had formed for itself a very slight loose cocoon of silk, with a few particles of soil adhering, not under the stone, but close under the grass at the side of the pot, and the moth, a fine, 78 MAMESTRA ABJECTA. dark greenish-glossed female, emerged on July 29th. The young larva of the 3rd of June lived only a week, and was barely three-quarters of an inch long, of stoutish figure; its head, plates, and small horny spots of shining red-brown colour, the real ground colour of the body being a rather shining flesh-colour, palest and coolest on the thoracic segments, though not much of this showed on the back and sides, just merely a little around each spot, and in the transverse wrinkles when they opened with the movement of crawling; the intermediate parts clouded purplish- brown without gloss, the paler coloured skin more conspicuous between the head and the plate on the next segment. The full-grown larva measured one and five-eighths of an inch in length, and was stoutly proportioned, cylindrical, the segments plump, moderately well defined, and puckered on the sides with short wrinkles, the spiracular region forming a puffed ridge along the eleventh and twelfth. The ventral and anal prolegs short, thick, and well beneath the body as in the true Agrotides, more adapted for burrowing than for walk- ing, though in all other respects of structure besides its true affinity lay with Xylophasia, very apparent in the transverse horny ridges and spots on the thoracic segments, though all the spots were much smaller than with polyodon, yet they were similar in shape and arrangement ; the body was of a rather dirty pale flesh tint, having a faintly darker flesh-coloured dorsal vessel appearing through the skin; the head, the an- terior and anal plates, and the anterior legs of glossy bright reddish-brown colour ; the horny spots also, but of a much paler tint, each bearing a fine hair; the front margin of the anterior plate, pointed in the centre and curving away concavely, showed that whenever the head should be retracted the margin of the plate would accurately fit against the lobes on the crown of the head, and protect the soft flexible skin MAMESTRA ABJECTA. 79 between them, for as in the younger larva, so in the full-grown one, this interval of skin presented a notice- able character: a flesh-coloured short dorsal division appeared on the hinder part of the plate. The spiracles black ; the ventral and anal prolegs fringed with dark brown hooks. The pupa ( ?) measured a trifle more than seven- eighths of an inch in length, and a little over two- eighths in thickest diameter, the shape similar to that of polyodon, the abdominal tip with a flattish prolongation terminating with two straight pointed spines ; the wing-covers, leg and antenna cases rather roughened, and on the back of the abdomen a narrow band of punctate roughness lay across the front of each flexible segment. ‘The colour for some time was brick-red, but as it matured became purplish-brown, with the tip pitchy black, having generally little gloss. As to localities, | am disposed to believe with Mr. Stevens that wherever its food-plants, Poa maritima, distans, and Borreri, grow along sea-banks, the margins of tidal rivers, salterns, muddy creeks, and salt-water ditches, abjecta may there be found; but be this as it may, | am now able to appreciate properly the hard work Mr. Stevens must have expended in his perse- vering researches, which were formerly so successful in the neighbourhood of Gravesend and at other similar places. (W. B., 30, 4, 79; E.M.M. XVI, 0,79.) MAMESTRA FURVA. Plate LXVI, fig. 2. For the long-desired opportunity of studying the larva of this species I am greatly obliged to Mr. John Dunsmore, of Paisley, whose unwearied kindness throughout the winter of 1876-7 in repeatedly hunt- ing up specimens for me, in spite of adverse weather, has my warmest thanks; and I must not omit my 80 MAMESTRA FURVA. obligations to Mr. Andrew Wilson, of Edinburgh, who, in 1869, sent me eggs, though at that time, for want of experience, I failed to retain the larve in health. The eges were sent to me at the end of summer, and the larve hatched in September. They were very active at once, and seemed anxious to hide under the earth, and presently established themselves at the base of a tuft of grass, and spun together a little earth, frass, and some of the grass-roots for protection. Mr. Dunsmore found the larve (commencing in the first week in November, when they were but three- sixteenths of an inch long) amongst the roots of Poa triialis and P. nemoralis, growing from under large stones which capped a turf wall in a hilly district. After I received them, finding it necessary to supply them from time to time with growing food, for they woke up occasionally from hibernation and ate away the heart of the grass shoots close to the root, I tried them with Poa annua, and, to my great convenience, they took to it quite contentedly. During the winter their growth was trifling, but as Mr. Dunsmore con- tinued to send me fresh examples at intervals of time, which were always smaller than those I had been keep- ing previously, I drew the conclusion that in the colder climate of their northern habitat their hibernation was more complete, and that there during winter they pro- bably did not quit the smooth, silk-lined, oval nests or chambers which they constructed—each for itself—by spinning together the grass roots. After the middle of May I saw these nests were made less carefully, being no more than dome-covered hollows, out of which they came every night and fed, generally, as before, close to the grass roots, but sometimes on the panicles of seeds, becoming full fed during the first half of June; they then turned to pup, without making any cocoon whatever, but loose in the peaty soil under the grass, and between July 1st and 14th I bred six imagos, all males. The egg of furva is small, dome-shaped, ribbed, and MAMESTRA FURVA. 81 reticulated, of a dirty whitish at first, changing after- wards to light drab, and again to dark grey, a day or two before hatching. The newly hatched larva is dirty whitish, with dark brown head, plates, and minute dots ; the hairs in the dots visible only with a lens. In six weeks’ or two months’ time it is about three- sixteenths of an inch long, of a light pinkish-brown colour, the head, plates, and warts of the same colour, but more shining than the rest of the skin; and by the end of December examples vary in length according to their growth from four-sixteenths to five-sixteenths of an inch, and again at the end of March from three- eighths to four-eighths. In April it advances still slowly, and moulting, becomes rather paler, and grows by the middle of May to five-eighths of an inch in length, and after further moulting, towards the end of the month, its colouring is still paler. It is now dirty whitish, or pale drab or flesh-colour, the head, plates, and spots continuing brownish-red or pinkish-brown as before. Henceforward its growth is more rapid, and after another moult it attains its full growth, from the beginning to the middle of June. The healthy full-grown larva measures one inch and a quarter in length, and is moderately stout in propor- tion, nearly uniform in size, except that the first and last segments are a little smaller; the head full and rounded, the lobes on the crown well defined, and the jaws large; the segments plump and distinct at the divisions, the only very noticeable wrinkles being on the third and fourth. The general colouring of the body is a light and rather shining pallid flesh-colour, almost a light drab on the thoracic segments, melting gradually thence into a warmer fleshy tint, excepting on the belly, which is pallid. Down the middle of the back can just be seen, deep beneath the surface of the skin, a faint appearance of a pinkish-brown dorsal vessel, gently pulsating. The head is of a dark brick- red colour, very glossy, and with a few fine hairs, the upper lip flesh-colour, the mouth dark brown ; the broad VOL. IV. 6 82 MAMESTRA FURVA. glossy plate across the second seqment is rather brighter than the head, and is reddish-brown, its front margin slightly waved and boldly defined with very dark brown, the semicircular hind margin narrowly outlined with the same dark brown ; this plate is well relieved from the head by an interval of the pale skin between them (generally conspicuous); the glossy plate on the anal flap is also light reddish-brown, strongly outlined with very dark brown wm front, and more narrowly behind ; the tubercular warty spots are rather small, smallest on the middle segments of the body, not very shining, and of reddish-brown colour, each bearing a hair ; their number and arrangement precisely similar to those of Xylophasia polyodon and lithoxylea ;* the spiracles are small, oval, and black ; the anterior legs reddish-brown, the ventral prolegs fringed with dark brown hooks. ‘The pupa is from six-eighths to seven-eighths of an inch in length, moderately stout, and of the usual Noctua figure ; close below the ends of the wing-covers the abdomen begins gradually to taper, and there the next two rings are more deeply cut than those towards the tip, which has a blunt prolongation furnished with a central pair of straight poimted spines, and farther apart outside them another pair, thinner, shorter, and curved a little outwards. The colour of the tip and spines is black, all the rest a deep and rich red-brown, the whole surface, with the exception of a narrow band of punctures across the front of the more pro- minent abdominal rings, very glossy. From the preceding account it will be seen at once that furva, i the appearance and habits of its larva, is much more of a Xylophasia than a Mamestra, a resemblance noticed before by Guenée (tome vy, p. 198) ; but I am inclined to think that his description, as well as that of Freyer, quoted in Stainton’s Manual, does not sufficiently give the points of distinction, which, in the midst of much general resemblance, satisfac- torily separate this larva from polyodon (of lateritia, * See ante, pp. 52—58. MAMESTRA FURVA. 83 the other Xylophasia mentioned by Guenée, I know nothing); and I can suggest an explanation of this confusion from two circumstances which happened to myself whilst rearing the larve, and either of which might have set me quite wrong had I not taken the precaution to rear each example separately. I had been prepared by Mr. Dunsmore to expect ichneu- moned larvee, presenting an abnormal appearance, and amongst my stock I found two, in which the head, plates, and spots were precisely similar in form and appearance to the same features in the healthy larve, so that no doubt could exist of the species, notwith- standing the size they ultimately attained. One of them, after moulting on the 14th of April, became by the 20th nearly an inch and a half long, and very stout, its skin minutely wrinkled transversely, and of a dull pink colour. On May 2nd I took a second figure of it, for it had changed considerably both in colour and texture of skin, and had grown to be one inch and three-quarters in length, the skin now tense, smooth, and very glossy, of a dirty, somewhat flesh- colour. On the 10th it had invested the bottom of its domed nest under the grass with grains of earth, and lay hidden in a complete cocoon, though very soft and fragile. lI opened the cocoon about the middle of July, and found within a large, circular, rather flat- tened mass of light fawn-coloured silk, and in the centre the dark red head-piece of the larva. This I had scarcely placed on a table and covered with a glass, than there issued from it in quick succession a swarm of Microgaster alvearius, which, perhaps to the number of one hundred, I hastened to destroy with chloroform. The other variety was about an inch and a half in length, of a dark smoky-grey colour above and lurid reddish beneath; it was more.than once by night observed to be at the tops of the grass nibbling at the seeds. It was figured on the 15th of June and died three days later, about thirty middle-sized ichneumon larvee having eaten their way out of its body. 84, MAMESTRA FURVA. The other circumstance was this. In the first in- stalment of little larvee from Mr. Dunsmore was an individual which, in point of colouring, for some time presented no particular variation from its companions, but eventually became noticeable by its outstripping them in growth, when I began to pay it much atten- tion, and gradually became aware of well-defined differences developing themselves each time it moulted, until at length, as I had begun to expect, the special characteristics of polyodon appeared to convince me it was that species. It continued to grow, and by the month of April it had reached the length of two inches (longer, in fact, than those I described in 1875), with a body of proportionate stoutness, and looked quite a formidable creature ; and to leave no doubt at all in the matter I bred the moth on the 8th of June. Now, had I kept all these larve together, I might, —selecting the biggest examples for the purpose— have taken my description from an ichneumoned specimen or from the polyodon larva, and should thus have missed the true characteristics of furva; these are printed in italics in the foregoing account, and it is specially to be noted that the hend, plates, and warts are not black, but reddish-brown. (W. B., 26, 10, 77; H.M.M. XIV, 182, January, 78.) APAMEA CONNEXA. On the 17th of August, 1873, I received from Mr. J. R. Wellman seven eges of this species laid on a piece of cork, in two groups, composed of three in each group and a single one, all adhering to the cork by a gummy substance. The egg is spherical, but a little flattened, very finely and delicately ribbed; of a pale pinkish-drab colour, and lustrous as a pearl. On April Ist, 1874, the eggs began to turn darker, of a APAMEA CONNEXA. 85 slate-colour, by the 4ch were almost black, and on the 5th when put in the sun one of them hatched. The young larva had a black head and plate on the second segment; the body dark purplish-brown, excepting the three or four hinder segments which were colourless, the segmental divisions paler. On the 7th the deep opaque purple-brown colour seemed dis- posed in transverse bands round thesegments. It had been feeding on the cuticle of a piece of garden striped grass, but on hunting after it I had the misfortune to inflict on the larva an injury which proved fatal. None of the other grasses had been touched. On the 20th of August, 1874, I received sixteen egos of this species from Mr. Wellman, all laid ina cluster like a bunch of grapes, of the same form, colour, and texture as above described, some of them perhaps a little deeper pink. On April 6th, 1875, these eggs began to turn a little darker, and by the 10th had become purplish-black in hue, when one larva was found early in the morning to have hatched. It answered exactly to the description above noted. I put it in a bottle with Holcus mollis, Molinia cerulea, Aira cespitosa, Luzula sylvatica. Another larva hatched on the morning of the 11th, and one in the afternoon ; two more by the morning of the 12th; by this time I could observe a slight trace of the Holcus mollis having been nibbled, and that the pale hinder segments of two or three of the larve had become dark like the other segments. Another larva hatched in the afternoon of the 12th, three on the 13th, two on the 14th, two on the 15th, one in the evening of the 16th—altogether fourteen larvee. On the 19th I sent three larve to Mr. Hellins, on the 22nd I placed four larve on the growing potted Holcus mollis ; on the 23rd I found the remaining three larvee on the cut grass in the bottle were dead. The duration of each life seemed to average ten days, about the period for a first moult. (W. B., Note Book II, 38.) 86 APAMEA GEMINA. APAMEA GEMINA. Plate LXVII, fig. 2. On the 28th of March, 1868, my friend Mr. Doubleday kindly sent me a larva about an inch long, found at night in Epping Forest, which, unfortunately, soon after died from ichneumons, and the figure taken of it remained an enigma until 1872, when its identity was determined by the appearance of gemina from a similar larva, found by the Rev. H. Willams, of Croxton, while searching for larve of its congener unanvms under grass sods in a loose and damp soil on December 12th, 1871; although so much smaller than the one above mentioned, being only three-eighths of an inch long at that date, yet 1 saw at once it was of the same species, possessing the same distinguishing characters which continued unchanged till its maturity. Though supplied with plenty of grasses from time to time it persistently kept itself coiled round and nestled amongst the soil at the roots, showing no dis- position to feed until the 27th of February, 1872, when it came out and moulted on the grass, and then began to feed on Phalaris arundinacea: having soon after increased in length to seven-eighths of an inch it again moulted, and by March 18th reached its full erowth, when I found it would eat Poa annua or Triticum repens quite as well as the ribbon-grass, but it was not a great eater; on the 24th it retired to earth, and the moth, a female, emerged on June 12th, a dark and handsome variety, the remissa of Haworth. This larva, when full grown, was one inch and five- eighths in length, cylindrical, of moderate and almost uniform stoutness, tapering but little at either end, the head rounded. In colour it was brownish-grey, finely striated longitudinally with a darker tint of the same; the dorsal line yellowish-white, uniform in width throughout, and bordered with dark grey; the APAMEA GEMINA. 87 subdorsal stripe brownish-ochreous, but little paler than the colour of the back; the spiracular stripe, characteristic of the genus, and of this species in par- ticular, was broad, of a hght drab colour with paler edges, and along its middle were situated the oval spiracles, which were yellowish-drab delicately outlined with black ; the belly and all the legs brownish-grey, similar to the colour of the back; the shining head of the same colour, freckled with darker; the black plate on the second segment highly polished, as is also that on the anal flap, on both the dorsal and subdorsal lines appeared almost white; the tubercular warty dots blackish, each bearing a grey-brown hair. The pupa was little more than five-eighths of an inch in length, of the usual Noctua shape, rather stout in proportion to its length, ending in two minute points at the anal tip; it was of a dark mahogany- brown colour, and very glossy, enclosed a very brittle earthen cocoon one inch long by five-eighths wide, lined with a shghtly wrought tracery of silk threads. Or: 9,3, 74; H.M.M., X, 275, May, 74.) APAMEA UNANIMIS. Plate LXVII, fig. 3. On the Ist of March, 1868, I found on grass a larva unknown to me at the time, which I figured, and on the 3rd it spun up; the moth appeared on the 5th of June following, and proved to be of this species. On my comparing my figure of this larva with that of unanimis by Hiibner, the difference between them was so great as to lead me to suppose mine could not be a typical representative of the species, and I resolved to wait till more larve could be found, either to prove or disprove the correctness of my supposition before offering any description for publication. But I can now say, after having had examples of the larvee from Norfolk, Devonshire, and Hampshire, which 88 APAMEA UNANIMIS. differed in no way from the one above mentioned, that I have no doubt of this, which I am about to describe, being the typical form of the larva, at least in this country. Unfortunately I can say but little of the ege state, and nothing of the juvenile larva; for though some years ago | imprisoned a female moth in a pot with erowlng Aira flecwosa covered with leno, the eggs she deposited were allowed to hatch and the young larve to escape during my absence from home; I had, how- ever, previously noted that the eggs were of a pale drab colour, and were all adhering to the blades or leaves of the fine grass about four or five inches from the soil. Besides Triticum repens and other grasses, the larva seems partial to a variety of Phalaris arundinacea, the striped ribbon-erass of gardens. On the approach of cold weather it seeks a hybernaculum often in the loose grassy sods at the foot of a tree, particularly affect- ing decayed willows, and occasionally under the bark, and sometimes within the tree itself, amongst the rotten dust. At the end of February or beginning of March it wakes up, but not to feed again, and after crawling about for a few nights, finds a suitable place for pu- pation. Some of the larve I had in captivity spun amongst the roots of the grass, and others in loose, light soil, and the perfect insects came forth from the 27th to the 30th of May, 1871. Before proceeding with my description I desire to offer my thanks to the Rev. Henry Willams and to Mr. H. D’Orville, for their valuable assistance in supplying larve both in spring and autumn. In October the full-grown larva measures from one and one-eighth to one and a quarter inches in length when stretched out, but often contracts itself to one inch; it is cylindrical, of about uniform moderate stoutness, tapering very slightly just at each end, the head being a trifle the smallest of the segments, and the anal segment rounded at the tip. The smooth APAMEA UNANIMIS. 89 head, and the plate on the second segment are highly lustrous, and the skin on all the rest of the body is glossy, but, from being covered with multitudes of minute wrinkles, it has no very great play of light on its surface; there are also three deeper subdividing transverse wrinkles across each segment. The whole colouring consists in lighter and darker tints of a red- dish-brown inclining to ochreous; the ground colour of the back and side is not very deep in tint, and is much like that of some of the Leucanide ; the dorsal stripe begins on the deeper brown plate of the second seoment, where itis but a mere line; on the third and fourth it grows wider, and thence is of about equal width to near the anal tip, being very much paler than the ground, indeed, almost whitish-ochreous ; it is very finely edged with darker brown, and on each segment passes through a narrow elliptic mark of darker brown than the ground colour, composed of freckles. The subdorsal stripe is of similar width, but is very little paler than the ground colour, though very well defined by its having darker edges ; below this, after an inter- val of the ground colour which terminates in a dark edging, comes the spiracular stripe broader than either of the others, of about the same depth of tint as the subdorsal stripe, and defined by a paler edging above and below; about the middle of this broad stripe is the row of brown spiracles, each delicately outlined with almost black, and surrounded with a small pale halo; the belly and legs are of a slightly deeper tint than the spiracular stripe, and are faintly freckled with a still paler tint. The ventral prolegs are all tipped with deep brown, the anterior legs spotted with brown ; the usual two pairs of tubercular dots on the back of each segment are deep brown, as are also the pair on the side situated above and behind each spiracle, each dot being furnished with a fine brown hair; the head is brown, and very dark brown round the mouth. In March, after hybernation, the larva is generally of darker hue, the whole colouring being of deeper brown, 90 APAMEA UNANIMIS. with scarcely any trace of ochreous in its composition, but this is the only change, as all its details remain relatively the same. The cocoon is made of pale grey glassy-looking silk, compact and smooth of texture, firmly adherent to the substances around it, broadly oval in form, and little more than half an inch in length; the pupa is half an inch long, of moderate stoutness, smooth, dark red- dish-brown in colour, and very highly polished. (W. B., 11, 71; E.M.M. VIII, 207, February, 72.) On the 6th of August, 1882, I received from Lord Walsingham three young larve feeding in the con- volute pointed shoots of leaves of Phalaris arundi- nacea ; they were about 10 mm. long, with black head and neck plate and a black anal plate; the body bluish- green, with paler delicate cool grey lines, dorsal and subdorsal and broad spiracular stripe, and the belly nearly as pale; the segmental folds of skin of a pale ochreous-greenish. One of these had prepared to moult, and had got over the operation before the 10th, and by the 15th it had grown to be 16 mm. long, of the true Noctuid form, and the head had become brown, and the neck less dark brown, with the dorsal and sub- dorsal lines running through it; the ground colour of the body more of a drab-greenish than before; the minute dusky dots were visible with the lens. There was at that time no doubt in my mind that this in- dividual was Apamea unanimis. On the 9th of August I received from Lord Walsingham seven more, all like the preceding. On the 20th the larve, after moulting, were quite brown, with brown head and a darker brown streak on each lobe, the neck plate the same, both shining; the lines began on the front of this plate, the dorsal line thin along this plate and afterwards thicker, but the subdorsal began at its full thickness, and they were of paler brown than the brown of the ground colour ; the broad spiracular stripe and the belly were APAMEA UNANIMIS. 91 more whity-brown; the length was now 13 mm., and of much stouter proportions. By the 3rd of September, after moulting, they measured from 20 to 22 mm., and were quite brown and sober in their colouring—the anal plate still the darkest, and were all full-grown wnanimis. By the 9th of October they ceased feeding, though the grass was supplied till end of the month. On the 12th of February, 1883, they were found to be all dead and shrivelled up amongst dried leaves of the Phalaris kept out of doors. The larve on the striped grass from Blubberhouse, Yorkshire, arrived on the 8th of September, and were all rather less than half an inch in length, with black heads and plates and greyish-greenish bodies, marked with stripes quite similar to the usual wnanimis. They fed well, and retained the black heads up to the penultimate moult, and also the anal plate quite black, and these did not change colour till after the last moult, when they became pale brown. Their growth was rapid, and they were full grown by the 18th of October, but fed on until the 23rd, though more sparingly. The full length was now 1inch 1 line; the head and the plates hghtish brownand shining, the jaws dark brown, papille pale cream-colour, as was also the dorsal stripe, the subdorsal not quite so pale, the ground between them and the spiracular stripe of a delicate brownish-greenish tint, and with fine grey- brown dots near and close to the edges ; the spiracular stripe broad and pale cream-colour, spiracles in the middle were whitish finely edged with blackish ; belly and legs rather deeper tinted with greyish-buff; the skin shining a little, but covered all over with fine wrinkles except on the plates; the ventral and anal prolegs longish, and well furnished with fine hooks, that cling well to the grass. On each side of the dorsal line towards the end of each segment a few dark grey-brown freckles were aggregated together, and a dark edge finely outlined the dorsalline. On the 92, APAMEA UNANIMIS, 29th of October the lines had greatly faded, and the ground had become very much of a flesh-colour, and they had almost ceased to feed. I found two of them had snugly ensconced themselves in a leaf of the striped grass, within a tubular hybernaculum made by their curling round the upper surface and slightly spinning the opposite edges together. By the 31st March, 1881, only one was alive, and that was in a moribund condition; the others were all dead, and turned of a brownish-black colour, and the last sur- vivor died on the 2nd of April. In the garden here at Lumley, during August, I found on the striped grass some larve, at first quite small, and very much like the Yorkshire larve from Lord Walsingham ; and gathering the grass as food for the latter, I frequently found I had gathered a larva with the grass. There must have been a large number of these larve on the six large tufts of grass, which became greatly ravaged by October, when not a leaf of any freshness would be found entire on either of the tufts, which towards the end of the month were melancholy spectacles, every green shoot devoured, and only the dry, rapidly bleaching leaves left, with large portions of them much cut away, showing the previous ravages of the larvee. On the 18th of October I took a lantern soon after dark, and by its help found six larvee, one on each tuft. At that time there were a few green shoots remaining, but they had nearly all disappeared by the 29th. When I again looked at the Lumley larve on the 12th of February they were all dead but two, and those two had become smaller. (W. B., Note Book IV, 161.) APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA. 93 APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA. On July 14th, 1878, I received from the Rev. John Hellins a cluster of about nine eggs of ophiogramma, which had been sent to him the day before by Mr. B. A. Bower, of Langley, Eltham Road, Lee. The shape of the egg is roundish, but rather flattened, much like a Gouda cheese, but having a depression beneath, the surface very finely ribbed and reticulated, in colour of very pale, watery drab tint, and very glistening. On the 21st they changed colour to a light drab, with a darker drab spot showing through a part of the shell. In the morning of the 23rd two eggs hatched, having become of a pinkish-grey just before; the next day three more hatched. The newly hatched larva is of a pale drab colour, with pinkish-grey bands across most of the middle segments of the body; the head, the plate on the second segment, and that on the anal segment brown. After trying them with several grasses I found on the 29th of July that the larve had eaten only of Phalaris arundinacea, attacking it lengthwise and eating little channels between the fibres, quite through the sub- stance of the leaf, the larva then being whitish, the head and plates as before. On August 9th the larve had grown a little, but were still very slender and pale in colour, the head and plate on the second segment brown, the plate on segment 13 and two transverse dots on the front of that segment of the same colour ; the body limpid and watery-looking, tinged on the back with a faint brown- ish-greenish, and showing a subdorsal paler line on each side; the belly almost colourless. August 15th I had the misfortune to kill one larva and to find that only two were left, both about to moult and much browner than before. On the 19th, whilst changing food, I had the misfortune to kill another while searching for it. 94, APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA. The Phalaris I had potted continuing to wither, I potted some of the garden striped variety, and put on it the one remaining larva on the 23rd August, which soon ate its way into the main stem by the axil of a leaf. At this time the larva was a quarter of an inch long, very slender, and transparent greenish, with brown marbling on back and sides, forming a broad transverse band across each segment, through which ran the dorsal and subdorsal paler lines of greenish ; the head and plates brown as before. (W B., Note Book III, 243.) APAMEA FIBROSA. Plate LXVII, fig. 4. After fruitless researches at various times during a quarter of a century by many skilful collectors desirous to find the larva of this species—reputed to be abundant in fens and similar places—my hope of obtaining it had almost died out, but revived towards the end of last year with encouragement from Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, when he made known to me that very strenuous efforts had been devoted to it, and would be continued until the mystery of its habitat was cleared up. The success that crowns perseverance has in this case been happily exemplified by Mr. Albert Houghton, of Wicken, who deserves great credit for his praise- worthy efforts in bringing this larva to light, after it had so completely baffled all who had before searched for it in this country. Without questioning the accuracy of Treitschke,* * Treitschke’s authority for this statement is thus given (v, 2, 332) :— “ According to the manuscript journal of a worthy entomologist, which contains several precious observations, the writer found at the begin- ning of June, in Iris pseudacorus, a larva which had quite eaten away the flower-stem. The larva was an inch and a half long, changed to a pupa within the plant, and produced the moth, above described, at the end of June.” APAMEA FIBROSA. 95 who assigned to fibrosa the flower-stems of Iris pseuda- corus, | yet may venture to say there seems to me but little doubt that this conclusion may probably have been drawn from an aberrant example, as latterly in Hngland there had come to be a consensus of opinion that it could not be found in those stems. But, however that may have been, it is now certain that [| had the great pleasure to receive this larva from Mr. Fletcher on the Ist of July, 1883, being one of several Mr. Houghton had a day or two before sent to him, and these were supplemented with further examples, and on the 2lst Mr. Fletcher most kindly presented me with one of the pupz which had resulted from them. Of course | tended the larva most assiduously with fresh, but substitute, food, from the most likely aquatic plants I could find, including at first Sparganium, Iris, and Carex, giving it the lower part of each next the root; but it persistently refused the first two named, and ate only of Carew paludosa, and very sparingly of that, as though not quite to its taste. Yet, seeing it eat, I was hopeful the first three or four days of rear- ing it, but was soon undeceived, as just within a week it died of atrophy, after vainly wandering about in quest of its proper food- plant, the great fen sedge, Cladium mariscus. Mr. Houghton was led to his discovery of the larva by observing that when the crop of this sedge had been cut and removed there were some of these plants that had not pushed out fresh shoots, and looked as though dead in the middle. These on being closely examined proved to be tenanted by the larvae, whose ravages had thus betrayed them to him, and from the experience subsequently gained he arrived at the con- clusion that each larva had ravaged about nine or ten shoots of Cladiwm before it was fed up. When the Cladiwm is mown, the situation of the larva 1s found to average a distance of about an inch and three-quarters below the cut surface, where the 96 APAMEA FIBROSA. leaves are grown so compactly together as to form almost a solid substance, and there, a little above the root-stock on the outside, is a roundish hole, pierced horizontally or tortuously to the very heart or centre of the plant, whence this excavation is enlarged and extended either upwards or downwards, or a little in both directions, just as the larva chooses to feed; and the hollow residence thus eaten out is thereby more or less irregular in form and direction, though generally an inch and a half in perpendicular length, and from a quarter to three-eighths in width, as from a sample comprising a good number of these excavations, most kindly sent by Mr. Fletcher for my inspection, I found all varying a little from each other, though in one important particular they were alike,—in the fact of their being just sufficiently low down to escape the scythe of the mower. On the 14th of August I bred the moth, a female. The length of the larva I figured was from thirteen to fourteen lines ; it was of moderate thickness and very — cylindrical throughout, except that the head was a trifle smaller than the second segment, and the third and fourth rather the stoutest, the thirteenth with a very re- markable sloping plate on the anal flap, flattened in the middle and having a prominent ridge round the marqu, with large tubercular warts at the hinder edge; the seomental divisions plainly defined, and also the sub- dividing wrinkles across the back of each beyond the fourth, viz. one not far from the beginning, another well behind the first pair of tubercular warts, and a third a little behind the second pair of the trapezoid. All the legs were very well developed. In colour the head was of a dark warm brown, darkest at the mouth and very glossy, a black glossy plate on the second seg- ment, the anal plate blackish-brown with black mar- ginal ridge and posterior warts; the rest of the body above was of a very dark slaty-brown, rather inclining to a very deep olivaceous drab, especially on the thoracic segments; the belly and legs a lighter drab, APAMEA FIBROSA. 97 the faintly paler dorsal and subdorsal lines of drab just distinct enough to be seen; the tubercular warts black-brown, each with a fine hair, and in relative sizes and situation arranged precisely the same as in Hydrexcia micacea; the spiracles oval and black, the ventral and anal prolegs barred with black, the feet fringed with dark-brown hooks that clung to any sur- face they touched ; the skin, generally soft and smooth, elistened slightly at the wrinkles while the larva was crawling. The cocoon was about an inch long and half an inch wide, of elliptical figure, composed of earthy particles mixed with moss and other vegetable comminuted matter, the inside smoothly lined with brownish silk. The pupa was 9 lines in length, of stout and robust character, the eye-pieces rather prominent, and beneath them the head produced to an obtuse point ; the thorax thick, with a swollen rounded form, the wing-covers and all other parts clearly defined and smoothly wrapped close to the body; the lower abdominal rings tapered gently to the tip, which ended with two fine points; in colour the head, thorax, and wing-covers were of a very deep olive-green, the abdomen of a less deep and brownish olive-green, the divisions of the moveable rings darker, the surface shining ; the two anal points had become entangled in silk threads that held the old larval skin, and this skin still retained the very remarkable anal plate already described, in such per- fect condition as to afford the most satisfactory iden- tification. (W. B., 3, 12, 883; EH.M.M. XX, 176, January, 84.) APAMEA OCULEA. Plate LXVII, fig. 5. On the 22nd of April, 1879, I received a larva in a grass culm from the Rev. H. T. Daubeny, and another from Mr. W. R. Jeffrey on 28th, and on supplying a stem VOL. IV. ud 98 APAMBA OOCULBA. of Dactylis glomerata to the first-named larva on May 3rd I found I had unwittingly gathered a third larva. All were precisely alike and fed inside the stems on their linings, and on the tender embryo blossoms. The larva is tough to the touch, cylindrical, though rather stoutest at the thoracic segments, whence it tapers to the rather narrow, pointed and flattened head, and also gradually to the anal segment. Atthe date last given (May 3rd) the larve measured from five-eighths to barely three-quarters of an inch, and the colour of the body was light greenish, there being a dorsal marking of this culour rather broad and of oval shape on each segment, thus forming a string of egg- shapes down the back, defined by a stripe of dingy pinkish or purplish-pink on each side. By the 9th of May the larve had grown to be seven- elghths of an inch long, the green egg-shapes on the back were less distinct, being longer and more uniform in width, and a central pulsating vessel of dingy greenish showed faintly through the skin; the dingy purplish-pink stripe on either side of the green dorsal line was rather ragged edged; the segments were plump in character, but each had several fine trans- verse wrinkles; the head, partly retractile within the second segment, was light brown, with the mouth darker, the ocelli black; the light brown plate on the second segment was divided dorsally by a paler line; on the anal segment was a semicircular pale brown plate, very shining, like that on the second segment and the head; the skin generally had scarcely any gloss, though glistening a little along the sides in places, below the pink stripes and above the spiracles ; these last were dirty whitish, finely outlined with black, situated on the trachea, which showed through faintly as a pale thread. (W. B., Note Book III, 261.) MIANA FASOIUNCULA. 99 MIANA FASCIUNCULA. Plate LXVIII, fig. 2. For many years this larva eluded all my attempts to find it, until I was befriended by the chance visit of a female moth to a small pot of Aira cespitosa, which for two years or more had been standing in an upper window, generally open in fine weather. On this erass, some time in 1874, she was obliging enough to deposit an egg, and in no other way could my good luck have occurred, as the pot of grass had not been used for anything during the year, but was kept in reserve against the possibility of being wanted at any time. Whilst watering the grass on the 23rd of April, 1875, 1 was surprised to see some of the blades much eaten, apparently by a Lepidopterous larva. This set me searching, and at length I detected the larva cun- ningly hidden in the dry sheath of a stem, which was drawn round it with a few threads just at the axil of a green blade, the greater part of the grass being dry. I saw at once this larva was that of a Miana, but one I had not before seen, and as it seemed nearly full-fed, I figured it next day, and tended it carefully. It continued to feed very well till the Ist of May, and on the 2nd, when about to supply earth to its cage, I found it had already spun itself up in a light silken cocoon, under three pieces of the grass, and attached firmly to the bottom of the cage. The moth, a male, emerged on June 2nd. The length of the larva was nearly seven-eighths of an inch ; it was slender and cylindrical, though tapering from the third segment to the head, which was small and rather flattened, tapering also a little from the eleventh to the end of the thirteenth segment The skin was of tough consistence, finely and conspicuously wrinkled transversely, and rather glistening; the shining head of a light brown colour, darker brown at 100 MIANA FASCIUNCULA. the mouth ; a light brown shining plate on the second seoment and another on the anal flap, all the rest of the body having a ground colour of a pale and subdued flesh tint, rather inclining to greyish-ochreous; the dorsal stripe, of a darker tint of this colour, was well defined by a stripe of the pale ground on either side; next a very broad stripe of pinkish-brown, followed by a narrow stripe of the pale ground, finely edged below with pinkish-brown ; another narrow stripe of the pale ground follows, and then a stripe composed of faint freckles of pale pinkish-brown, beneath which came the black spiracles. On the sides of the second, third, and fourth segments were rather large, brown, shining spots; the anterior legs were pinkish-brown, the pro- legs tipped with light brown; a fine soft hair pro- ceeded from each of the brownish tubercular dots, which could only be seen with the aid of a strong lens. The pupa-skin was a little over three-eighths of an inch in length, stout in proportion, the head and thorax rounded, and of about uniform bulk to a little below the wing-covers, the abdomen tapering thence to the tip, which was furnished with two diverging curved points and surrounded with a few minute bristles; the colour mahogany-brown and glossy. (W. B., 7, 76; E.M.M. XIII, 62, August, 76.) MIANA LITEROSA. Plate LX VIII, fig. 3. HKges of this species arrived the 29th August, 1871, from Mr. George Norman, of Forres. The eggs were laid in little clusters and singly, and were not very small in reference to the size of the moth. In shape the egg is spherical, a little flattened beneath, ribbed and reticulated; in colour a pale straw tint, changing by September 9th to a dirty flesh-colour, then to a drab and greyish just before hatching. MIANA LITEROSA. 101 The first egg hatched September 9th. The young larva was rather slender in proportion, its colour pale brownish flesh-colour, and very highly polished; the head dark blackish-brown, a paler dark brown plate on the second segment, and another on the anal flap. (W. B., Note Book I, 133.) On the lst of June, 1880, five larve from Mv. J. Gardner, of Hartlepool, came; they were in the stems of Dactylis glomerata and some other grass. The sign of the presence of a larva in a stem is that the stem turns white and shows conspicuously amongst the sound green stems. The full-grown larva is from three-quarters to seven-eighths of an inch in length, stoutest at the fourth segment, tapering thence to the head, and also very gradually to the anal segment. On the 7th of June, 1880, I received from the Rev. Charles R. Digby, of Studland Rectory, parts of an immature flowering stem with flower end of Iris fetidissima, in which a larva, seven-eighths of an inch long, of literosa was feeding, a second larva having escaped from the holes made in the box. The ground colour of this individual was hght ochreous-yellow, with scarcely any tinge of greenish ; the space between the dorsal and subdorsal lines was brighter pink than usual, forming two broad stripes of that colour. When the larva was walking the wrinkles on the back would open and show off the ground colour, but on contraction they would shrink together, and thus form a darker pink on the pink parts. The plate on the second segment was light brown, edged in front with darker brown. This larva spun up within the shrivelling remains of the flower bud it had eaten out, in a thin silken cocoon, and the moth emerged on the 24th of July. The pupa, half an inch long, was decidedly stout in proportion, the thorax and wing-covers well deve- loped, tapering a little towards the anal tip, which was furnished with two shghtly diverging points, and sur- rounded with four very minute curly-topped bristles ; 102 MIANA LITEROSA. the colour a dark chestnut-brown, the surface smooth and shining. (W. B., Note Book IV, 15.) MIANA FURUNCULA. Plate LXVIII, fig. 4 In April last I had the pleasure to receive several larvee of this species, for which I am greatly mdebted to the most kind exertions of Dr. Knaggs, who has thus brought another unknown larva to hght. These larvee were found feeding in stems of Festuca arundinacea, the interiors of which they entirely de- voured, leaving only the outer cuticle, in which, towards the end of June, they spun a very slight envelope of silk, and changed to the pupa state, the moths appear- ing from July 9th to 19th. This larva, when two-thirds grown, 1s about three-quarters of an inch in length, very smooth and shining, cylindrical, and plump, but tapering a little at both extremities, and the head very small and slightly flattened. ‘The ground colour is a yellowish flesh tint, and it is marked on each segment with three transverse bands (the widest in front) of dull mottled reddish or dingy pinkish, very distinct on the back, but paler on the sides, and through them run the dorsal and subdorsal stripes of the clear ground colour. The spiracles are minute and black; the head dark reddish-brown ; a small pale reddish-brown plate on the second, and another on the anal segment. The anterior legs dark brown, and the prolegs tipped with dark brown. As the larve became full grown their markings faded away until they appeared uniformly of a yel- lowish-white, with a dark grey pulsating vessel, show- ing through some of the anterior segments. (W. B., E.M.M. IV., 187, November, 67.) MIANA EXPOLITA. 103 MIANA EXPOLITA. Plate LXVITI, fig. 5. With much gratification I am able to record the interesting discovery of the larva of M. ewxpolita, and of its food-plant ; a puzzle that had hitherto baffled all attempts at solution has at length been unravelled by the assiduous efforts of Mr. J. Gardner, of Hartlepool, to whose kindness I have been indebted for the oppor- tunities of studying the larva, both in the past and present seasons. An attempt to rear this species from the egg was undertaken by the Rev. J. Hellins in 1873, when I received egos from Mr. J. EH. Robson, of Hartlepool, and in this way a record was made of the earlier stages, although but a single larva reached full growth, and that disappeared before the change to a pupa could take place. The eggs laid on July 22nd arrived on the 24th, 1873 ; the larve were hatched on August 8rd, and were put into a bottle at first with various grasses, out of which they seemed to choose the garden ribbon- erass, Phalaris arundmacea, var.; so, in the course of the autumn, they were placed on growing plants of this grass in a flower-pot and put out of doors ; about the middle of October one was extracted from its mine in the stem of this grass, and figured by me; after hibernation it was again extracted at the end of April, 1874, and again figured and sent back to its food ; but after this it disappeared, and so nothing could be published about it. Mr. Gardner kindly sent me a full-grown larva and its food-plant (Carex glauca) last year, when I first bred this moth; and this year six larve, more or less mature, on the 3lst of May, and the moths appeared July 13th to 19th. The plants of Carex were from six to eight inches in height, and the habit of the larva is to eat out the very hea t of the plant, working 104 MIANA EXPOLITA. its way down to the white portion close to the root and, as Mr. Gardner observed, when one plant has yielded its nourishment the larva migrates to another ; and of this habit he had good evidence in some plants he found ravaged and deserted by their former tenants. The egg was noted as being of globular shape, with soft glistening shell, scarcely showing traces of a sort of pitting all over; in colour a very pale straw- yellow. The newly hatched larva was of the regular Miana form, stoutest at third segment, whitish in colour, shining, with the head black, a dark plate on second segment, the usual dots very small and distinct, but dark in colour. In captivity about the last week in October, before hibernation, the larva was nearly or quite five-six- teenths of an inch long, of the true Miana figure, stoutest at the third and fourth segments, tapering a little behind; the head, smaller than the second, 1s flat- tened and wedge-shaped towards the front, and of» reddish-brown colour, darker brown at the mouth; a broad shining semi-transparent plate on the second segment of the same colour as the back, which is lightish orange-brown, having a dorsal line of pale orange-ochreous, with two short transverse bars about the middle of each segment; the subdorsal marking of the same pale colour is broadish and bounded below by the light orange-brown of the side, from which an upward curved streak intersects the marking at the first subdividing wrinkle, and two shorter curves follow without much intersection ; the black spiracle at the lower edge is followed by the pale orange- ochreous of the belly; a pale shining plate is on the anal segment. After hibernation, at the end of April, the larva is nearly half an inch long, rather slender but still thickest at the thoracic segments; the design and colouring of the back and sides are much the same as MIANA EXPOLITA. 105 before, but less well defined, as the brown of the back and sides is paler, and the belly has a faint watery greenish-yellow tint; the anterior legs are reddish- brown. s When found at large in the Carez, full grown, the larva is from half an inch to nearly five-eighths in length, of the same general figure as above, the seg- mental folds well defined, the subdividing wrinkles are deep on the third and fourth but moderate on other seoments, which are dimpled along the sides; the general ground colour of the body is dull ochreous with a tinge of reddish; the back is deeply tinged with dull purplish-red on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth segments; the dorsal line so in- conspicuous as only just to be discerned as pulsating ; the segmental folds are pale ochreous; the head is reddish-brown and shining, with dark brown mouth and black ocelli; a yellow-brown shining plate on the second segment has its front margin rather darker brown, the anterior legs of the same colour; on the sides of the third and fourth segments is a triangular group of three large brownish-yellow horny spots; the ordinary tubercular dots on other parts of the body are very minute, each with a fine short bristly hair, and a faintly paler ring round its base; the spiracles black, the narrow plate of yellowish-brown on the fore- part of the anal segment has its front margin rather bluntly pointed in the centre, that of the anal flap is of the same shining colour, flattened, but with a little raised ridge round behind, from which proceed a few short bristly hairs, the ventral and anal prolegs tipped with brown hooks; the skin of the body is smooth, but . without gloss. | The pupa is subterranean, but often lies only a short distance beneath the surface, and sometimes is scarcely buried amongst vegetable remains slightly held to- gether by a few threads of silk; it is five-sixteenths of | an inch in length, and of the usual Noctua form, stout across the thorax, the abdomen tapering and ending 106 MIANA EXPONLITA. with two fine points; its colour for a time is very pale brown, afterwards dark brown, its surface sbining. (W.B.,11, 8,81, H.M.M. XVIII, 76, September, 1881.) MIANA ARCUOSA. Plate LX VIII, fig. 6. Thanks to the persistent efforts of Mr. James Batty, of Sheffield, I am able to offer a description of the larva of this species, as I believe for the first time. On the 23rd of May, 1870, Mr. Batty found several larvee and subsequently more, and also some pupe, by searching the crown of the roots of Aira cexspitosa ; and he kindly sent me on the 24th three of the larvee, which were then apparently full grown. ‘To the two most advanced I gave some cut lengths of the lower part of the grass stems placed on a bedding of portions of the roots carefully picked to pieces, so as to ensure the absence of any other creature. ‘Ihe third larva, after being figured and described, was placed in a pot with asmall growing plant of the grass, which had also been carefully examined; it soon crept into the middle of the small plant, and I did not see it again, for I was unwilling to interfere with it. The other two I looked at each time of feeding, up to the 2nd of June, when I found that one of them had partly spun together two pieces of the dried erass sheath; after that, being satisfied with this hopeful event, I did not disturb them further. The first moth, a male, appeared in the cylinder that confined the growing plant on June 30th; only one of the other two emerged, on July 2nd,a female; and about the same time Mr. Batty reported his having bred a series of both sexes. The full-grown larva varies from five-eighths to three-quarters of an inch in length, is moderately slender, the last three seoments tapering a little to- wards the hinder extremity, the back just a very little MIANA ARCUOSA. 107 arched in front; the head smaller than the second segment, and flattened above towards the mouth; with these exceptions the figure is tolerably cylindrical, and its texture of considerable toughness. The ground is either a delicate cream or pale flesh-colour, with three transverse bars of pale brownish or deeper flesh-colour on the back of each segment; these bars are all inter- rupted down the middle of the back by a distinct dorsal stripe of flesh-colour still paler than the ground ; the subdorsal stripe is less pale aud less distinct; the spiracles are black, and the region round them rather puffed ; the ventral surface and prolegs of the pale ground colour ; the head is glossy brown, darkest round the mouth; a paler brown equally glossy plate is on the second segment, divided bya slender line of flesh-colour ; and a still paler brown shining plate is on the anal tip; the anterior legs are of the same pale brown colour. I must not omit to mention that the Rev. |. Hallett Todd most kindly sent me two larve identical with the above, which he found in the roots of Awa cesprtosa in May, 1867; but they died in the pupa state, and remained as an enigma unsolved till this season. (W.B., 7,11, 70, H.M.M VII, 260, April, 1871.) CeLt@#na Hawortatt. Plate LX VIII, fig. 7. Beyond the very brief note by the late Mr. R. 8. Hdleston, of Manchester, in the “ Zoologist,” xv, 5405, I am not aware of any published account of the larva of this species; and having had a great desire to become acquainted with it ever since [read that note, and having corresponded with Mr. Edleston on the subject, I at last found a friend who could help me to my object in Mr. James Batty, of Sheffield. From himI received on the 21st of last July four larve, which he had taken from Eriophorum vaginatum. They were found feed- ing a little above the root-stocks growing in a damp 108 CELENA HAWORTHII. soil on wild moorland; and Mr. Batty kindly sent a large tuft of the growing grass, which sufficed for bringing the larve to full growth. Of the four larve, one was evidently diseased, as it died on the evening after its arrival, but the remaining three were lively and fed well; and as one of them seemed to be full-fed by the 25th of the month, I then kept it apart from the rest, and saw it was beginning to spin up on the same evening: on the 31st I made an | examination, and was glad to observe it in the pupa state, reposing in a perpendicular position within a slight cocoon composed of a few silken threads of rather open work, holding around it some gnawings of oerass and a little ‘‘frass,’’ and situated amid the sheaths of the grass shoots. The perfect insect, a male, came forth on the 15th of August; but unfortu- nately the tuft of grass grew mouldy, and thus the other two never reached the imago state. The full-grown larva was three-quarters of an inch in length, and of moderate stoutness, cylindrical in character, except that the thickest segments were the third and fourth, the body tapering from them to the head, which was the smallest, and again behind most eradually and shghtly to the rounded anal tip, the plate on which was flattened, and rather depressed in the middle, having a slight marginal ridge behind. The colour of the head, of the plate next to it, as well as of that on the hinder segment, was pale reddish- brown, and highly polished, while the plate on the second segment was margined in front with dark brown; the mouth and ocelli dark brown; the body of a middle tint of purplish-brown above, and paler below the spiracles, including the belly and legs; the skin, though smooth, quite withont gloss; a faint dorsal paler line was visible chiefly at the end of each seg- ment; the subdorsal stripe a little more distinct and paler ; the round tubercular warty spots were all very dark brown and shining, each being furnished with an excessively fine short brown hair; the usual trapezoidal CELENA HAWORTHII. 109 series on the back, gradually decreasing in size from the fourth to the eleventh segment, were more con- spicuous on the thoracic segments, for there they were transversely oval in form, as they also were on the twelfth, and on the front subdivision of the thir- teenth segment, and considerably enlarged on these last; most of the spots along the sides were round, a small one a little above and a large one a little behind each black spiracle, while lower down towards the belly were two more in a line with each other parallel to the line of spiracles; those on the sides of the third and fourth segments were larger, and somewhat of a drop shape, the largest being behind ; below them were three others, smaller, forming a triangle on each of these segments ; the side spots were also enlarged on the twelfth and thirteenth segments; the hind ridge of the anal plate and the tips of the ventral prolegs were dark ochreous-brown. The above description exactly suited to the three healthy larvze, and also the sickly one as far as details went, but the colour of the skin of that larva was pale greyish. The pupa was half an inch in length, moderately thick in proportion, widest across the thorax, and thence diminishing a little towards the blunt and rounded anal extremity, which was furnished with two sharp bristle-lke spikes meeting near their points; the wing-cases were well defined, but not very projecting ; its colour at first was a lght reddish-brown, which changed gradually afterwards to darker brown, the abdominal divisions a little paler than the rest and with little gloss, the other parts being highly polished. (W. B., 10, 72, H.M.M. IX, 195, January, 1873.) 110 GRAMMESIA TRILINEA. GRAMMESIA TRILINEA. Plate LXIX, fig. 1. In June, 1864, I obtained eggs of this species from moths taken at flowers of yellow-rattle, the larvee from which appeared during the same month. A few of these I put on a broad-leaved plantain in a flower-pot, and soon saw signs of their taking to their food. After a time, however, I missed them, and at first concluded that they had been eaten by some spider, slug, centi- pede, ant, or other wild beast; still | kept the gauze covering on the flower-pot, and finding that the plan- tain was continually kept level with the earth, I at last turned out earth and all, and thus detected the missing larve, much grown in size, and very muddy in appearance from having burrowed an inch or more under the surface: they seemed to eat the stem of the plantain as well as the leaves, and continued their subterranean habits until the last, seldom—and then only at night—showing themselves above ground, and changing to pupe about the end of April. The description of the larva in the ‘ Manual,’ from Freyer, is good as far as it goes, but is rather too much curtailed, so I venture to add a few particulars noted by Mr. Buckler and myself, premising that the first step in describing trilinea must be to give the larve a good washing. In form the larva is short and thick, very wrinkled, the head small and retractile, also the thirteenth segment very small, the segmental folds deeply cut. Ground colour variable—sometimes dark grey; then the dorsal line is pale grey, edged with black at the segmental folds. The subcorsal line is a series of pale grey wedges on the several segments, the thin end of each wedge pointing forwards, and its upper side bordered by a short oblique black stripe, and its bigger end enclosing a black dot ; below again comes a rather broad dark brown stripe, and below that a narrow one GRAMMESIA TRILINEA. tt of grey ; spiracles black, each placed on a little swell- ing; belly pale grey. Sometimes the ground colour is a dirty reddish-brown, with the dorsal line partak- ing of the same tint, but paler, edged with black as before, most distinctly at the folds; the subdorsal row of stripes of the same colour as the dorsal line, but of uniform width, and showing distinctly only on the anterior part of each segment, where also appear a pair of black dots; the spiracular brown stripe tinged with ochreous. There is another variety of a dirty flesh-colour, with the markings but faintly visible. (J. H., 6, 2,66, H.M.M. II, 278, May, 66.) CARADRINA MoRPHEUS. Pl. LXIX, fig. 2. While searching for larve in an orchard, in the evening of September 12th, 1864, I found a small larva, then unknown to me, feeding on the lower leaf of a dwarf bramble close to the ground. As it ap- peared mature while it was before me to be figured, the next day I was induced to provide it with earth as well as with food, and before long, after feeding a little, it spun itself up in an earthen cocoon, placed just beneath the surface of the soil, and attached to a leaf and part of the stem of the bramble; from this a fine female specimen of Morpheus emerged on the 7th of June, 1865. Since this my first introduction to the species, having been desirous of a further acquaintance with the larva for the purpose of testing the correctness of its assigned habit of hibernating and feeding again in the spring, I feel greatly indebted to Mr. W. H. Har- wood for sending me five larve on September 29th, 1871. These he had found with several more, chiefly on Sedum telephium, but a few on sallow, and one on Galium mollugo. These larvee fed very well on the Sedwm as long as 112 CARADRINA MORPHEUS. it could be kept in good condition, but the plant soon died off, and then, amongst a variety of other food supplied, sallow obtained the preference. Their pro- gress was slow, and they delayed spinning until the 15th of October, when the first formed its cocoon in a sallow leaf; on the 18th two spun up in dock leaves ; and on the 22nd one in sallow leaf; and the last on the 2nd of November, also in a sallow leaf. No earth was allowed them, in order that I might be better able to observe their behaviour and inspect their cocoons from time to time. These at first were sufficiently clear when held between the light and the eye to show the form of the larva within, but in a few days their opacity increased and baffled observation. However, towards the advent of spring I made myself certain of their containing their inmates, and on the llth of June, 1872, a female moth appeared. After waiting a few days I opened the four remaining cocoons, and found a pupa in one, and in each of the others a shrivelled dead larva, and was thus confirmed in my belief that they had all fed up in the autumn. The full-grown larva, when stretched out, is from one inch to one inch and one eighth in length, of uni- form and very moderate stoutness, the head the smallest segment, and the thirteenth a little tapered; it is noticeable that the tubercular small warty dots bear each an exceedingly fine and pointed hair, hardly to be seen, in this respect very unlike the blunt bristles of some of its congeners. In colour it is either a warm brown or a greyish-brown, the sides being the part rather deepest in tint ; the spiracular region, belly, and legs of a paler tint of brown ; the head rather shining brown, freckled with darker, and having a dark brown streak down each lobe; the second, third, and fourth segments show but little markings, if any, of the dorsal paler line, whilst on all the others it appears only in an interrupted manner through a series of diamond shapes of darker brown freckles, two joined end to end on each segment, the anterior one very small, the other CARADRINA MORPHEUS. Lis extending back to the fold; the fine subdorsal line is paler, bordered by a darker brown line, and this on the fifth to twelfth segments inclusive bears on the ante- rior half of each a conspicuous blackish mark, much resembling an arrow point barbed behind, the upper barb sometimes prolonged faintly in brown atoms towards the hinder part of the chief dorsal diamond ; the sides bear some faint zigzag rows of dark brown freckles ; the spiracles are of the ground colour faintly outlined with blackish, not very noticeable; the belly is less freckled with brown, and has some few spots paler than the ground. The pupa is not quite half an inch in length, mode- rately stout, the wing-cases rather long, and the tip of the abdomen terminated with two minute bristles curved at their extremities. The colour 1s dark reddish- brown and very shining. The cocoon is rather tough. (W. B., 10, 38, 74; E.M.M. X, 254, April, 74.) VOL, IV. § 114 PARASITES. Tue following list of parasites, bred from the larvee or pupe of the species included in the present volume, has been kindly prepared by Mr. G. C. Bignell, F.H.S. —H.T.S. Host. Cymatophora or bP) —— .| Ichneumon fabricator, Fabricius ocularis ridens . Bryophila perla...... 99 glandifera Diphthera Orion ... Acronycta psi.... aceris alni myr ice Simyra venosa Leucanialithargyria 39 leporina. . eeee rumicis . menyanthidis eevee littoralis. Nonagria gemini- puncta 59 PARASITE. Hemiteles fulvipes, Gravenhorst Apanteles glomeratus, Linné 4 By whom bred. W.H.B.Fletcher Hemiteles oxyphimus, Gravenhorst|T. A. Marshall. Campoplex pugillator, Linné ...... Anomalon flaveolatum, Graven- horst Ichneumon bilineatus, Gmelin Pimpla instigator, Fabricius ...... Limneria unicincta, Gravenhorst . Phorocera concinnata, Meigen...... Limneria unicincta, Gravenhorst . Exorista lota, Meigen Ophion luteum, Linné eeereeeeeses Paniscus testaceus, Gravenhorst § Exorista affinis, Fallén ey Microgaster rugulosus, Nees ...... Anomalon perspicillator, Graven- horst Ichneumon fuscipes, Gmelin ... ; Cryptus moschator, Fabricius ... Cryptus tricolor, Gravenhorst... Exorista vulgaris, Fallén ............ Ophion luteum, Linné Iimneria crassicornis, horst Apanteles ruficrus, Haliday Graven- Apanteles spurius, Wesmael Chasmodes motatorius, Fabricius Ichneumon lineator, Fabricius...... Ichneumon quesitorius, Linné...... Paniscus testaceus, Gravenhorst... Ichneumon quesitorius, Linné...... G. C. Bignell. T. R. Billups. Bignell. F. D. Wheeler. J. H. Fletcher. J. HK. Fletcher. Bignell. Bignell. T. A. Chapman. W.H.B.Fletcher W.H.B.Fletcher Chapman. A. A. Lascelles. J.B. Bridgman. Bignell. Hutchinson. W.H.B.Fletcher H. D’Orville. T. EKedle. W.H. Harwood. Fitch. EH. A. Butler. EK. Parfitt. Bignell. G. F. Mathew. Bignell. W. M‘Rae. ..W.P. Weston. Weston. Marshall. W.H.B.Fletcher Fitch. PARASITES. iS Host. PARASITE. By whom bred. | Ne adits a ed) Ichnewmon saturatorius, Linné... anal Exophanes occupator, Gravenhorst|W.H.B.Fletcher ee sparganit.| Exophanes occupator, Gravenhorst| W. R. Jeffrey. Gortyna flavago.. ... Ichneumon lineator, Fabricius...... J. Sang. Bignell. Ichneumon iwmpressor, Graven- Bridgman. horst J. P. Cregoe. W. J. Cross. Lissonota decimator, Graven- { ee horst shine F. Norgate. Hydreecia nictitans .| Microplitis — sp. Priccicccccceseceneees W.H.B.Fletcher J. Gardner. # petasitis .| Macrocentrus infirmus,* Nees ... P. B. Mason. F. N. Pierce. Aaylia putris......... Ichneumon fabricator, Fabricius...) Bridgman. Xylophasia rurea ...| Ichnewmon fabricator, Fabricius ... Sang. 3 polyodon| Apanteles falcatus, Nees ............ Bignell. LIuperina testacea ...| Iissonota impressor, Gravenhorst .|W.H.B.Fletcher » cespitis ...| Microplitis spinole, Nees............ W.H.B.Fletcher Mamestra brassicze .| Phygadeuon fumator, Gravenhorst Parfitt. Exetastes osculatorius, Fabricius... Bignell. » persicarizx| Hxetastes illusor, Gravenhorst...... Weston. Exorista vulgaris, Fallén ............ Bignell. Apamea gemina ...| Ichnewmon fabricator, Fabricius ... Sang. as unanimis .| Rhogas irregularis, Wesmael ...... W.H.B.Fletcher Miana furuncula ...| Exetastes osculatorius, Fabricius...|S. D. Baristow. RP G@TCUOSG ...... Exophanes exulans, Gravenhorst,../W.H.B.Fletcher Caradrina Morpheus| Rhogas dimidiatus, Spinola......... W.H.B.Fletcher * 174 from one larva, all females. INDEX. Abjecta, Mamestra Albipuncta, Leucania . Alni, Acronycta . Arcuosa, Miana Auricoma, Acronycta . Australis, Aporophyla . Bondii, Tapinostola Cespitis, Luperina Comma, Leucania Conigera, Leucania Connexa, Apamea Conspicillaris, Xylomyges . Duplaris, Cymatophora Elymi, Nonagria . Expolita, Miana . Fasciuncula, Miana Fibrosa, Apamea Flammea, Meliana Fluctuosa, Cymatophora Fulva, Nonagria . Furuncula, Miana Furva, Mamestra. Gemina, Apamea . Geminipuncta, Nonagria Graminis, Charzas Haworthii, Celena Hepatica, Xylophasia . Leporina, Acronycta Leucopheza, Pachetra . Literosa, Miana . Lithoxylea, Xylophasia Littoralis, Leucania Micacea, Hydrecia Morpheus, Caradrina . Myrice, Acronycta Neurica, Nonagria Nictitans, Hydrecia Ocularis, Cymatophora Oculea, Apamea . Ophiogramma, Apamea Orion, Diphthera. Pallens, Leucania Polyodon, Xylophasia . Popularis, Heliophobus Putrescens, Leucania . Rumicis, Acronycta Saponarie, Neuria Scolopacina, Xylophasia Sparganii, Nonagria Straminea, Leucania Strigosa, Acronycta Testacea, Luperina Trilinea, Grammesia Typheze, Nonagria Unanimis, Apamea PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. i » aie PLATE LIV. THYATIRA DERASA. 1, la, 1b, larve after last moult. THYATIRA BATIS. 2, 2a, 2b, larve after last moult. CyYMATOPHORA DUPLARIS. 3, larva after last moult. See pp. 1, 2. CYMATOPHORA FLUCTUOSA. 4, 4a, larvee after last moult. See p. 2. CYMATOPHORA DILUTA. 9, larva after last moult. CYMATOPHORA OR. 6, 6a, larvee after last moult; 6b, pupa. CYMATOPHORA OCULARIS. 7, 7a, larve after last moult. See pp. 2—6. Plare Liv F.C. Moore, lith. West, Newman & O?imp. W, BUCKLER del ' ( f as “ a t) ty oP Ore a , } ae 1h fC. Moore, ith West ,Newmam & Co imp. W BUCKLER. det PLATE LV. CYMATOPHORA FLAVICORNIS. 1, la, larve after last moult. CYMATOPHORA RIDENS. 2,2a, 2b, 2c, larve after last moult. BRYOPHILA PERLA. 3, 3a, 3 b, larve after last moult (on yellow lichens on walls, April Ist, 1865). BRYOPHILA GLANDIFERA. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c, larvee after last moult (b and ¢ on yellow wall-lichen, April 1st, 1865). DIPHTHERA ORION. 5, Oa, 5b, larve after last moult (a on oak, August 7th, 1875—moth out June 4th, 1876; 5 and 6 on oak, August 7th and 8th, 1876—moth June 27th, 1877). See pp. 6—8.. aes I) PLATE LVL. ACRONYCTA TRIDENS. 1, la, larve after last moult (a on garden pear, September 20th, 1872; imago ? June 22nd, 1873). ACRONYOCTA PSI. 2, 2a, 2b, larvee after last moult. ACRONYCTA LEPORINA. 3, larva before last moult; 3a, larve after last moult. See pp. 8, 9. ACRONYCTA AOCERIS. A, larva after last moult. ACRONYOCTA MEGACEPHALA. 5, 0a, larvee after last moult. ACRONYOTA STRIGOSA. ~ 6, 6a, 66, larvee after last moult (on hawthorn, September 29th, 1862, September 10th, 1864, and September Ist, 1866). See pp. 9—13. PiateshWi F.CMoore lith West Newman & Co imp. W.BUCKLER del. Plate LVIL. West, Newman &Co.imp. F.C.Moore hth. W.BUCKLER del. PLATE LVII. AOGRONYCTA ALNI. 1, 1a, young larve in the “bird’s dirt” stage; 1b, 1c, larve after last moult. See pp. 18—19. ACRONYOTA LIGUSTRI. 2, 2a, larve after last moult. AGCRONYOTA. RUMICIS. 3, 3a, larve after last moult (three on bramble October 19th, 1863; «a on peach September 21st, 1874; imago June 15th, 1875). See pp. 19, 20. ACRONYCTA AURICOMA. 4, larva after last moult (on oak and bramble, July 10th; imago August 38rd, 1866). See pp. 20, 21. ACRONYOCTA MENYANTHIDIS. 5, 5a, 5b, larve after last moult (on heath, sallow, and bog-myrtle, September 27th and 28th, 1867 ; imagos June 18th and 21st, 1868). ACRONYCTA MYRICA. 6, 6a, larve after last moult (on sallow, heather, birch, and bog-myrtle, September 12th and 14th, 1869 ; imago June 27th, 1870). See pp. 21—23. SIMYRA VENOSA. 7, (a, larvee after last moult (on common reed, September 21st, 1862). - 2 i Ls | 1) ad } a} i sta ic aad P ~@ ’ a a . . 7) oe eo — @ ff PLATE LVIII. LEUCANIA CONIGERA. 1, 1a, 1b, larve after last moult (on Triticum repens and other grasses, May 19th; imagos July 8th—10th, and 12th, 1865). See pp. 23, 24. LEUCANIA TUROA. 2, 2a, 2 6, larve after last moult (on grass in woods, March 13th, April 5th and 25th; imago June 18th, 1862). LEUCANIA LITHARGYRBA. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, larve after last moult (on erasses, April 3rd and 16th, May 11th; imago July 10th—14th, 1861). LEUCANIA OBSOLETA. 4, 4a, larvee after last moult (on Arundo phrag- mites, August 18th, 1863). LEUCANIA PUTRESCENS. 5, 5a, 55, larve after last moult (from Torquay, on small grasses, October 7th—12th, and 24th, 1864; imago August 3rd, 1865). See pp. 24, 25. Plate LVIIL. F.C.Moore hth. West Newman & Comp. W.BUCKLER del Plate LIX F.C.Moore lith. West, Newman &Co.1mp. PLATE LIX. LEUCANIA LITTORALIS. 1, la, 10, larve after last moult (on Ammo- phila arundinacea, May 4th—7th; imago July 1lst— 20th, 1861). See pp. 25, 26. LEUCANIA PUDORINA. 2, 2a, larve after last moult (on common reed, June 6th; imago July 18th, 1864). LEUCANIA COMMA. 3, 3a, larvee after last moult (3 rather enlarged ; on cock’s-foot grass, July 22nd; full-fed August 8th ; one imago October 16th, 1864). See pp. 26, 27. LEUCANIA STRAMINEA. 4, 4a, 46, 4c, larve after last moult (on Phalaris arundinacea and Arundo phragmites, May 9th—15th ; imago July 8th and 9th, 1871). See pp. 27—30. LEUCANIA IMPURA. 5, 5a, 5b, 5c, larve after last moult (5 on grasses, Hxeter, May 12th—imago July 5th, 1866; a on grass, May 20th—imago ? July 9th, 1867; one on Luzula, May 9th—imago July 8th, 1862; one on Carex, June lst—imago July 10th, 1870). | PLATE LX, LEUCANIA PALLENS. 1, 1a, 1}, larvee after last moult (b on Aira cespi- tosa, reared from eggs; figured May 30th, full-fed June 4th, imago July 9th, 1866). See pp. 30, 31. LEUCANIA PHRAGMITIDIS. 2, larva after last moult (in stems and on common reed, June 27th, 1863). MELIANA FLAMMBA, 3, 3 a, larve after last moult ; 3c, magnified view of two segments of the larva; 3 b, pupa. See pp. 32—35. NONAGRIA FULVA. 4, 4a, larvee after last moult; 4b, pupa. = See pp. 86—38. NoNAGRIA ELYMI. 5, larva after last moult; 5a, 5b, adult larve on their food-plant (Hlymus arenarius). (On Hlymus arenarius, Cleethorpes, near Grimsby, May 16th; imago July 4th—9th, 1871.) See pp. 88—40. Plate LX. West, Newman & Co.imp. F.C.Moore lith = W.BUCKLER 7 9 madi FER | a, ? : cn ‘ ’ ano At 5 - 3 Z ra t \ ‘ 5 . ~ — ‘ y . ’ ~ , , . o a - ™ 4 ‘ ey . / { ' * . ti 5 é - ‘ é . 4 - — : ‘ = ‘ t 4 = _ I 4 "a * — ‘ = ae i i r t ? ® 4 sta el - , os Plate LX1. i 8 og é : es = F.C. Moore hth PLATE LXI. NONAGRIA NEURICA. 1, larvee after last moult (on stem of reed, June 30th and July 1st, 1870). See pp. 40, 41. NONAGRIA GEMINIPUNCTA. 2, young larva; 2a, the lower figure represents larva after last moult, the pupa is seen inside the hollow stem (June 21st, 1870; imago g July 28rd, 1870). See pp. 42—44. NONAGRIA SPARGANII. 3, young larva; 3a, 3b), 3c, larve after last moult ; 3d, pupa. See pp. 44—47. NONAGRIA TYPHA. 4, 4a, larve after last moult; 40, pupa in stem of Typha latifolia (August 26th, 1863 ; imago Sep- tember 17th, 1863). See p. 47. NoONAGRIA GRASSICORNIS. 5, 5a, larvee after last moult (in lower parts of stems of Arundo phragmites, June 22nd, 1864). ou f j \ i i * . * . a J] , 1 f ’ ‘ i ‘ 4 1 a 6 x ‘ = - * a ‘ ‘ tee { a ’ PLATE LXII. GorRTYNA FLAVAGO. 1, young larva (in stem of ragwort, June 17th, 1868); 1 a, adult larva (in stem of burdock, August Sth, 1860) ; 1 b, larva after last moult (in stem of Ver bas- cum nigrum, July 18th; imago September 16th, 1864). HYDRACIA NICTITANS. 2, young larva; 2a, 2b, 2c, larve after last moult (at roots of grasses, August 14th; imago September 19th, 1862, eating Poa maritima growing from under stones, June 12th, 24th, 28th, July lst and 4th; bred August 4th to 10th, 1878). See pp. 48—50. HyYDRACIA PETASITIS. 3, larva after last moult (in roots of butterbur, July 25th, 1862). HYDRACIA MICACEA. 4, larva after last moult (in stem of Hquisetum, June 22nd; pupa July loth; imago August 14th, 1869); 4a, larva after last moult (in root-stem of valerian, June 25th ; imago August 6th, 1871). See pp. d1, 52. AXYLIA PUTRIS. 5, 0 a, larve after last moult (5 on sea-spinach, October 19th, 1860; imago June 16th, 1861; a from Galium mollugo, fed on that plant and on eoosefoot, and on Cynoglossum officinale, &c., August 29th ; spun up in earthen cocoon September Ath, 1874; imago June 2nd, 1875). XYLOPHASIA RUREBA. 6, 6a, 66, 6c, larve after last moult (on grass, February 3rd to 6th, and 17th to 27th; imago May 4th to 26th, 1862). Plate LXIL. F.C.Moore lith. West, Newman & Coimp. W.BUCKLER del, ie ae a fer Sa es ert a 2 o) \ : sx me ie a er = ‘ut A _ yA hy IN nah ‘ £ ry nae r / = % . '! \< - . 7 Ai 4 aa : ‘kG, J on» ily ! “ Pas Ae oe ee ‘ Aes Ly ¥ ff Plate LXUL F.C Moore lith. West, Newman &Co.1mp. W.BUCKLER del. PLATE. LXIII. XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA. ‘1, larva after last moult (at roots of grass, March 22nd, 1871 ; imago June 8th, 1871). See pp. 52—5/7. XYLOPHASIA POLYODON. 2, 2a, 2 db, larve after last moult; 2c, pupa; 2d, magnified dorsal view of segment of larva (2, April 10th ; imago July 6th, 1871; a, May Ist, 1866; 0, at roots of grass; c, June 30th, 1874). See pp. 57—58. XYLOPHASIA HEPATICA. 3, 3a, 30, larve after last moult (on grass, March 18th; imago June /th, 1862, and February 25th, April 1st ; imago June Ist to 7th, 1865). See pp. 58, 59. XYLOPHASIA SCOLOPACINA. 4, 4a, 4b, larve after last moult; 4c, pupa (on coarse wood, grasses, rushes, reeds, and dock, June 1st; imago July 8th, 1864: on grasses in woods, June 12th ; imago July 11th to 15th, 1875). See pp. 59, 60. DIPTERYGIA PINASTRI. 5, larva after last moult (on Polygonum and dock, August 18th, 1862). XYLOMYGES CONSPICILLARIS. 6, larva before last moult; 6 a, larva after last moult; 6b, pupa (from eggs, July 23rd, 31st, 1877, on Lotus cornculatus and L. major; fond of the flowers : moths bred April 17th, 22nd, 1878). See pp. 60—63. PLATH- LAL, APOROPHYLA AUSTRALIS. 1, la, 1c, young larve, figured in February or early in March; 1b, 1d, le, 1/, 1g, larve after last moult, figured after middle of March, or in April (on Poa annua and other grasses and chickweed ; moths out September 22nd to 28th, 1868). See pp. 63—66. HELIOPHOBUS POPULARIS. 2, 2a, larve after last moult (from eggs laid Sep- tember, 1865, hatched April, 1866, figured June 13th and 29th, on small grasses; imago ? September oth, and ¢ September 11th, 1866. See pp. 67—69. HELIOPHOBUS HISPIDA. 3,934, 3), larve after last moult, figured January 21st and February 11th, 1865 (on common grass [ Poa annua ?|; imago October 11th, 1865). CHARHZAS GRAMINIS. 4, 4a, 4b, larvee after last moult, June 17th, 19th and 26th, 1868 (on various grasses ; imago bred from an unfigured larva, October 5th, 1862). See p. 70. Plate LXIV. Pee Walgabs F.C Moore lth. West, Newman&Co.imp. W.BUCKLER del. Plate LXV. West, Newman & Co.imp. F.C Moore lith. W.BUCKLER del. PLATE LXV. PACHETRA LEUCOPHAIA. 1, larva after fifth moult, September 11th; 10, 1a, le, larvee after sixth moult, September 30th, October Ath and 18th, 1882 (on Poa annua, from the egg). See pp. 70—73. CERIGO OCYTHEREA. 2, 2a, 2b, larve after last moult (on grass, January and March; imago August 10th, 1864. LUPERINA TESTACEBA. 3, da, larve after last moult (at roots of grass, July 19th; imago September 4th, 1872: at Worthing, May 31st; imago August 28th, 1861). See pp. 73—75. LUPERINA CESPITIS. 4, young larva; 4 a, half-grown larva; 4 0, 4c, larvee after last moult (reared from eggs on Aira cexspitosa ; at roots of Aira fleewosa, May 18th, 1865; on hard grasses, June 26th and July 19th, 1867). See pp. 75, 76. MAMESTRA ABJECTA. 5, 0a, larve after last moult (on Poa maritima, June 14th and 16th, 1879; moth out ¢ August 2nd). See pp. 76—79. - 2) 4™ ; : j Se = ' ce ‘ 2 bP o ] ' _ 7 F ; : ao ' 7 f e es ‘ q!' OK 1 5 m i i my | : 7 - ’ . : - \ \ t A > 1 r ip 7 i : i . = a PLATE LXVI. MAMESTRA ALBICOLON. 1, larva about half grown (on Sisymbriwm sophia, afterwards on knot-grass) ; 1 a, larva after last moult (found under goosefoot, July 29th, 1870). MAMESTRA FURVA. 2, 2a, larve after last moult (figured May 2nd and June 16th; moths bred July Ist to 14th, 1877) (on fine grasses on top of turfwalls amongst large capping stones near Paisley). See pp. 79—84. MAMESTRA BRASSIOA. 3,34, 3b, 3c, 3d, larve after last moult (3 on strawberry, August 24th, 1861; a on garden mallow, October 12th, 1860; imago June, 1861; b on lettuce ; c, on garden poppy, July 28th, 1866; d, on strawberry and dock, July 31st, 1861; imago June 27th, 1862). MAMESTRA PERSICARIA. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c, larvee after last moult (on Pteris aquilina, on the tips of the fern, the green on the green parts, the brown on the brown parts, September 15th, 1873; 6 on garden marigold, September 24th, 1874). NEURIA SAPONARIA. 5, Oa, larve after last moult (on knot-grass, July 28th and August 4th, 1866). See pp. 66, 67. Plate LXVI. F.C. Moore lth. W.BUCKI.ER del. West Newman & Co.imyp j : ’ >, Ps a aia wl if ‘ A 2 ) oe = J Vv oe _ ; 4 ; P | a oD oy, : Ors = r a # it , rc ; j - . : q — = ’ F { ; ee ' . 2 F , ‘ ‘ \ . ’ : / } ’ % ® ‘ ' 4 Plate LAVEe F.C. Moore lith. West Newman &Co imp. W.BUCKLER del. PLATE LXVII. APAMEA BASILINEA. 1, 1a, 1}, larve after last moult (1 on grasses, Feb- ruary 17th, 1862) (a, March 25th; imago May 12th, 1865; b on grass, February 23rd; imago May 15th, 1863). APAMEA GEMINA. 2, larva before last moult; 2a, larva after last moult (on grass found at roots of turf, very small January 3rd; full grown March 18th; imago June . 12th, 1872: on Poa annua, Phalaris arundinacea, Triticum repens, &c.). See pp. 86, 87. APAMEA UNANIMIS. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c, larve after last moult (on grass, March 2nd ; imago June oth, 1868; March 4th ; imago May 27th to 30th, 1871; 3 on varden striped orass, October 21st, 1871). See pp. 87—92. APAMEA FIBROSA. 4, larva after last moult (found in Carew and Oladiwm mariscus at Wicken Fen, July Ist to 6th, 1883, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher ; imago August I4th, 1883). See pp. 94—97. APAMEA OCULBA. 5, 5a, 5b, 5c, larve after last moult (on grass and Iuzula pilosa, feeding inside the stems May 7th and 16th, imago July 17th to 31st, 1862; 5 in root of Aira cespitosa, May 21st; imago, the I-niger variety, July 25th, 1867; c in stem of Festuca arundinacea, April 24th ; imago, the black variety, July 18th, 1867). See pp. 97, 98. wal » ; me J “se ‘ A 7 Mt F e od c > - L - - = ’ ‘ j ‘ - ~ ’ ‘ . ’ { ‘ , - 4 c * . a 4 * i f a : 4 . \ ~~ = 5 “ i 2 } me PLATE LXVIIL. MIANA STRIGILIS. 1, la, 10, larvee after last moult; a, on cock’s-foot grass and mining in the stems, April 24th; imago June 9th, 1865; b, on grass, April 11th; imago June 26th, 1862. MIANA FASCIUNCULA. 2, larva after last moult ; on Aira cxespitosa between the blades, April 23rd ; moth out June 2nd, 1875. pee pp. 99; 100: MIANA LITEROSA. 3, 3a, larve after last moult; 3, mining flower-buds of Iris foetidissuma (Rev. C. R. Digby), June 7th, 1880; imago July 24th, 1880. See pp. 100—102. MIANA FURUNOCULA. 4, 4a, larve after last moult, in stems of Festuca arundinacea, April 4th, 1867; imagos July 9th and 19th, 1867. See pp. 102. MIANA EXPOLITA. 5, 5a, larvee after last moult, in Carex glauca, May 31st, 1881; moth bred July 13th, 1881. See pp. 103—106. MIANA ARCUOSA. 6, 6a, larve after last moult, in the crown of roots of Aira cespitosa, May 21st, 1867, and May 24th, 1870; imago June 30th, 1870. See pp. 106, 107. Cret@na HAwoRTHII. 7, 7a, larve after last moult; 7b, pupa in situ in lower part of stem of cotton grass (Hriophorum). See pp. 107—109. Piatce Woy ile West, Newman &Co. imp. W.BUCKLIER del. F.C. Moore lith. i] y c Plate LxXIX. . 1 West, N nn & Co.imp. F.C. Moore lith. W.BUCKLER del. est, Newman & Co.1mp PLATE LXIX. GRAMMESIA TRILINEA. 1, la, 10, larvee after last moult, October 1st, 1862, and October 15th, 1864, burrowing in moist earth at the base of Plantago major, and hybernating there full erown; imago May 25th and 31st, 1865. 6, November 10th, 1868. See pp. 110, 111. CARADRINA MoRPHEUS. 9, 2a, 2b, larve after last moult ; 2, on dead nettle and Atriplex, September 16th, 1861; a, on low stunted bramble, September 13th, 1864; imago June 17th, 1865; b, on Sedum telephium and sallow, September 29th, 1871 ; imago June 4th, 1872. See pp. 111—118. CARADRINA ALSINES. 3, 3a, 3b, 3c, larve after last moult; a, on Alsine media, February 28th, 1861; b, found on broom, May 9th, ate sorrel and chickweed ; imago July 2nd, 1865; c, on leaves of dog violet, May 27th; imago July 7th 1870. CARADRINA BLANDA. 4, 4a, larve after last moult; 4, on chickweed, April 12th, 1861; a, on sorrel, grass, and chickweed, April 27th; imago July 12th, 1865. CARADRINA CUBICULARIS. 5, 5a, 5b, larve after last moult ; found in a wheat- rick on its removal in October, 1859, and September 23rd, 1862, and September 10th, 1863 ; fed on wheat and plantain; imagos August 4th, 1860, and July 10th, 1868. RAY SOCIETY. INSTITUTED 1844. 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Moseley, Sir T., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent. Munich Royal Library, Munich. Neave, B. W., Esq., Lyndhurst, Queen’s road, Brownswood park, N. Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newman, T. P., Esq., 54, Hatton garden, E.C. Noble, Capt. Jesmond Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Noble, Wilson, Esq., 43, Warrior square, St. Leonard’s-on-Sea. 14 Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich. Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A , F.L.S., Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses, Durham, Nottingham Free Library. Nottingham Naturalists’ Society, per W. B. Winnicott, Esq., Hon. Sec., 3, Sophie road, Nottingham. Oldfield, G. W., Esq., M.A., F.L.S., 21, Longridge road, Earl’s Court, S.W. Oliver, Dr. J., F.R.S.Edin., 13, Gordon square, W.C. Owens College, Manchester. Oxford, Magdalen College. Paisley Philosophical Institute, Paisley. Paris National Library, per Messrs. Longmans. Parker, W. K., Esq., F.R.S., Crowland, Trinity road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Pascoe, F. 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Quekett Microscopical Club, University College, W.C. 15 Radcliffe Library, Oxford. Radford, D., Esq., Mount Tavy, Tavistock, Devon. Rashleigh, J., Esq., Menabilly, Par Station, Cornwall. Reader, Thomas, Esq., Beaufort House, 125, Peckham Rye, S.E. Reading Microscopical Society, 110, Oxford road, Reading. Reynell, Miss, 8, Henrietta Street, Dublin. Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 9, Chelsea Embankment, S.W. Roberts, Dr. L., Ruabon, North Wales. Robinson, Rev. F., The Rectory, Castle Eden, Co. Durham. Robinson, Isaac, Esq., The Wash, Hertford. Roper, F. C. 8., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne. Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W. Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 20, Hanover square, W. Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W. Rowe, J. B., Esq., F.L.S., Plympton Lodge, Plympton, 8S. Devon. Rowland-Brown, H., Esq., jun., Oxhey grove, Stanmore. Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall, near Warrington. Salter, Dr. S. J. 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P., Esq., F.E.S., 22, Rylett road, Shepherd’s Bush, W. Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Taunton, 16 Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C. South London Entomological Society, The Bridge House, London Bridge. South London Microscopical Club, care of J. Guardia, Esq., Helston House, Rozel road, Clapham, 8.W. South, R., Esq., F.E.S., 12, Abbey gardens, St. John’s Wood, N.W. Southport Free Library. Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.C. St. Andrew’s University Library, St. Andrew’s. Stainton, H. T., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E. Stearns, A. E., Esq., The Lodge, Upper Haliford. Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Ephraim Lodge, The Common, Tunbridge Wells. Stedman, A., Esq., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., L.M., The Croft, Great Book- ham, Leatherhead. Stewart, Prof. C., F.L.8., Royal College of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, W.C. Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm. Strasbourgh University Library. 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Sixteen Plates. 8vo. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. r ey <> Pelee ns : La arin LK \ . 7 Sees % Gee a-ak Vi AUER ALAS Ue ay aos Beira ei ne a" ar Pera eke Pe nates ia fate “4 rae tey, bo lee acer te FY EIGN ahee Fh dieetacionsee ’ ‘ ° 4 tia 4 Ae Bees ee a a cuees "nr A , Toone: eeu attrety » 4 Ng hana % Fhe wasn” het ‘ analt ve oD Pate SPER SEP FAC) ange atta He (penetrate dey! ; Tuer Bs Nh . a on tak Stor etic ui a Haass a uate 4 7 44 oan Ch RAPa CP be Pee saat ahatata’y Hate i sie a satasaiates PEGG ye aid afetats Leeds Bean SOHN aids stata’ Cones AiG yet Wastes Re ate itatet Hae sats Hi ey aeatess Minis ie aes ols afatite Sige BAT a sey sid Ha PON a4 HOSTS ett etes yes Hye sats ays setts Aeneas! 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