LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Four Sites of the Tularosa Phase Western New Mexico PAUL S. MARTIN JOHN B. RINALDO ELOISE R. BARTER I I!. I. DIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 49, NUMBER 1 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM JULY 19, 1957 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Four Sites of the Tularosa Phase Western New Mexico PAUL S. MARTIN Chief Curator, Department of Anthropology JOHN B. RINALDO Assistant Curator, Archaeology ELOISE R. BARTER Field Assistant FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 49, NUMBER 1 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM JULY 19, 1957 Library of Congress catalog card number: 57-12415 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS Preface During the summer of 1954 we excavated portions of three sites: (1) The Great Kivas at Higgins Flat, a smaller, nearby depression (a pithouse kiva), and a bit of a small pueblo, partly demolished in prehistoric times, near the Great Kivas; (2) part of a pueblo (now obliterated by a new highway) that was located a few hundred yards south and west of Apache Creek store and postoffice; and (3) two rooms of a pueblo (Valley View) several miles east of Apache Creek. The Great Kivas and the nearby pueblo and pithouse kiva are on a bluff overlooking the San Francisco River and are on the ranch of Mr. Ray Hudson of Reserve, New Mexico. We are greatly indebted to Mr. Hudson for his courtesy in permitting us to excavate on his property. The Apache Creek and Valley View sites lay on land belonging to the United States Apache National Forest. Our excavations there were con- ducted under a permit issued to Chicago Natural History Museum by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. We are grateful to Mr. John C. Baird, Forest Supervisor of the Apache National Forest, and to Mr. Robert Carey, Ranger of the Hood Ranger Station (near Reserve, New Mexico), for their interest in our work and for their recom- mendation that our permit should l>e continued. Our assistants were Mr. and Mrs. James T. Barter; Messrs. W. T. Egan, George Dunham, Jack Hardy, Eugene Klotz, John Menges, William Menges, Byron Spurgeon and Dudley Thomas; and Mrs. Martha Perry, our cook. Mr. Alan Olson conducted an archaeological reconnais- sance for one month in Arizona. We are grateful to all these persons for their hard work, co-operation, and cheerfulness. Support of our researches has been most generously granted by Presi- dent Stanley Field, Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director, and our Board of Trustees. I doubt whether any archaeological endeavor has had warmer encouragement. We are also indebted to Mrs. Mary Crackel, Mr. C. E. Gurley, Mr. Roy Henry, Dr. Charles W. Kcney, Dr. Lester Keys, Mr. E. O. Kiehne, Mr. Horace Spurgeon, and Mr. Oral Tinney. Mr. Philip Young traced the maps, plans, and sections and made the charts. May 25, 1955 PAUL S. MARTIN Contents ii PAGE List of Illustrations ... . ... 11 List of Tables 12 Description of Architectural Details Great Kivas, Higgins Flat . Pithousc Kiva, Higgins Flat Apache Creek Pueblo Valley View Pueblo . Artifacts Handstones .... Classification of Manos Classification of Rubbing Stones Classification of Polishing Stones Classification of Pestles Abrading Stones Grinding Stones Classification of Metatcs . Small, Mctatc-like Grinding Stones Classification of Worked Slabs Classification of Paint Grinding Stones Painted Stones .... Classification of Stone Bowls Hammerstones .... Grooved Stone Tools Classification of Axes . Classification of Mauls Arrow Shaft Tools Classification of Arrow Shaft Tools Smooth Fleshing Knife or Saw Stone Ornaments Beads .... Pendant Pipe Hoes Classification of Hoes 13 13 22 27 34 39 40 42 50 52 54 56 56 59 60 60 60 61 63 64 64 64 66 66 66 68 68 68 68 68 70 70 CONTENTS Chipped Stone Classification of Projectile Points Classification of Drills Knives Classification of Scrapers Classification of Choppers Shell Bracelets Shell Bead . Bone Tube Gaming Piece Bone Awls Classification of Bone Awls Antler Flake rs .... Baked Clay Objects .... Classification of Worked Sherds Animal Effigy .... Incised Stone Unworked Stone .... III. Pottery of the Reserve Area Higgins Flat Pueblo Whole and Restorable Pottery Apache Creek Site .... Whole and Restorable Pottery Valley View Site .... Whole and Restorable Pottery Ceramic Features of the Tularosa Phase Guide Types Trends During the Tularosa Phase Alphabetical List of Pottery Types and References to Their IV. Pottery of the Jewett Gap Site Culinary Types .... Alma Plain San Francisco Red Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Smudged Tularosa Patterned Corrugated Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Variant Tularosa Fillet Rim Alma Punched, Reserve Punched Corrugated, and Reserve Corrugated page 72 73 76 77 77 78 78 78 81 81 82 82 84 84 85 89 89 92 92 93 95 96 97 97 99 Descriptions 1 00 106 107 108 108 108 110 110 110 110 110 Incised 111 CONTENTS 9 PAGE Painted Types 11 Reserve Black-on-White 11 Puerco Black-on-White 11 Puerco Black-on-Rcd 11 Wingate Black-on-Rcd 11 "St. Johns Black-on-Rcd" .11 Starkweather Smudged Decorated 11 Tularosa White-on-Red 11 Springerville Polychrome 112 Mimbrcs Black-on-White 112 General Comment 112 Tularosa Black-on-White 113 Associations with Tularosa Black-on-White 118 Use of Pottery at Jcwett Gap Site 119 Burial Patterns 120 V. Summary 126 Bibliography 135 Index 141 List of Illustrations Text Figures 1. Plan of Higgins Flat Pueblo 2. Plan and sections of Great Kivas, Higgins Flat 3. Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, from the east 4. Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, from the west. Ramp cntryway in background postholes and "grooves" or "foot drums" in foreground. Note axis of earlier (lower) kiva is different from that of later (upper) kiva . 5. Detail of Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, from the west. Note differing axis for earlier (lower) kiva, large postholes, and "grooves" or "foot drums" 6. Detail of masonry in northeast corner of earlier kiva, Higgins Flat 7. Detail of masonry in south wall of later kiva, Higgins Flat . 8. Ramp cntryways, looking east, showing relationship of ramp of earlier kiva to that of later one; Great Kiva, Higgins Flat 9. Detail of masonry in north wall of later ramp entryway, Higgins Flat 10. Plan and sections of Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat 11. Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat 12. Mealing receptacles, firepit, and ventilator opening after latest floor had been removed; Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat 13. Masonry in west wall of Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat 14. Plan and sections of Apache Creek Pueblo, and plans of subterranean struc tures excavated by Museum of New Mexico Highway Salvage Program . 15. Rooms 1 to 5, Apache Creek Pueblo 16. Type I masonry, southeast wall, Room 1, Apache Creek Pueblo . 17. Type II masonry, southeast wall, Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo . 18. Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. Mealing bins and receptacles in foreground firepit in center; ventilator in background 19. Detail of manos, mctatcs in mealing bins and Tularosa Fillet Rim IhjwIs as receptacles for flour; Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo 20. Rooms 1 and 2, Valley View Pueblo 21. Masonry in cast wall, Room 2, Valley View Pueblo 22. Detail of firepit and ventilator with slab in place, Room 2, Valley View Pueblo PAGE 14 15 16 23. The major categories and relative frequencies of the artifacts Phase sites from Tularosa 12 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 29. Oval and rectangular small rubbing stones 30. Polishing stones 31. Pestles and hammerstones .... 32. Metates and manos in situ, Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo 33. Through trough type metate . 34. Scoria metate 35. Small, metate-like grinding stone 36. Paint grinding stones and painted stones 37. Rectangular and round stone bowls . 38. Grooved axes and mauls .... 39. Abrading stones, arrow shaft tools, and fleshing knife 40. Disc beads 41. Stone hoes 42. Miscellaneous types of projectile points and drills 43. Flake knives 44. Side scrapers 45. Large, rough, thick scrapers and end scrapers . 46. Choppers 47. Shell bracelets, bone tube, and gaming piece 48. Bone awls and antler flakers . 49. Miscellaneous worked sherds . 50. Worked sherd and animal effigy 51. Incised stone 52. Chart showing relationships of principal pottery types 53. Reserve Indented Corrugated double vessel with jar top set into bowl bottom 54. Tularosa Black-on-White jar with indented hand-holds 55. Representative culinary shapes at Jewett Gap Site 56. Pottery from Jewett Gap Site 57. Chart showing association of pottery with burials by age and sex and in rooms PAGE 53 55 57 59 61 61 61 62 65 67 69 70 71 74 75 76 79 80 81 83 86 87 87 91 93 95 109 115 121 List of Tables Pottery analysis, Higgins Flat Pueblo Pottery analysis, Apache Creek Pueblo, Block I Pottery analysis, Apache Creek Pueblo, Block II, and Valley View Breakdown of pottery types studied, Jewett Gap Site .... 103 104 105 124 125 I. Description of Architectural Details By Paul S. Martin GREAT KIVAS, HIGGINS FLAT The digging of the Great Kivas, located a few yards south of Higgins Flat Pueblo (excavated in 1953; Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956), occupied the first six weeks of the 1954 season. It was a larger undertaking than we had expected, but it was worth doing and provided us with valuable information on this particular type of structure. So far as we know, only- one other kiva like this has been excavated (Sawmill Site, Pine Lawn Val- ley; Bluhm, 1957). There are perhaps from two to four more such struc- tures in this general area. The feature that sets this type of kiva off from other rectangular, subterranean buildings is the ramp or inclined plane entry way. When we started digging the Higgins Flat kiva we assumed that we were about to excavate one building. After digging had been under way for several days, we were surprised to find a ledge or an offset at the base of the walls. We assumed that this was a bench. Both of these assumptions proved to be wrong. The "ledge" or "bench" proved to be the lower walls of an earlier kiva that also had been provided with a ramp entryway. Thus, we were in substance digging two kivas, one earlier and one later. The axis of the earlier kiva was not the same as that of the later one; and, as can l>e seen from the photographs and maps (figs. 1-5), the walls of the earlier building run under the later walls. The floor of the first kiva apparently served also as the floor of the second one. In the data that follow, I shall present descriptions, where pertinent, for lx)th structures and shall denote them as "earlier" or "later." Shapes: Earlier: roughly "D"-shape in outline. Later: rectangular. Dimensions: Earlier: 10.5 meters north to south and 9.5 meters cast to west. Later: 12 meters north to south and 10.7 meters east to west. For dimensions of ramp see below. Walls: Earlier: of masonry (fig. 6). Stones are unworked, small river- cobbles laid as a veneer against excavated dirt walls; all fairly small and 13 8. out 20 cm. thick, for the construction trench and debris. Excess dirt and rocks were thrown out of the kiva and formed a ridge (12 to 15 cm. high) that ran around three sides of the kiva and was visible when we first saw the site. 18 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 5. Detail of Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, from the west. Note differing axis for earlier (lower) kiva, large postholes, and "grooves" or "foot drums." Meter stick near corner of ramp entryway; meter stick 2.5 meters long in center posthole; an arrow, 50 cm. long, on fire area points north. Floor: Earlier floor was apparently used for later kiva as well. Two coats of plaster were laid over gravelly, sandy, bumpy earth, thus making a smooth, fairly even surface. Firepit: Raised hearth of indefinite outline; roughly rectangular with one rounded end nearest central posthole; basin of firepit about 5 cm. deep; no coping; some gray ash and bits of charcoal in basin. Beneath this was a second firepit resting directly on floor; in it was a trace of ash. Ramp Entryway s (fig. 8): Earlier: partially destroyed by later one; low step, 6 cm. high, where ramp joined kiva floor. Orientation 23|° south of east. Width, 2.2 meters; length at present, 3.0 meters, but this probably represents only a portion. Later: Ramp floor 24 cm. above kiva floor*; orientation 27°10' south of east. Width, 3.27 meters at inner end and 3.35 meters at outer end; length, 10 meters. Masonry shown in figure 9. Deflector: None. Pits: One; deep basin-shape with round opening; diameter at mouth, 50 cm., at bottom, 40 cm.; depth, 25 to 30 cm. Walls and floor of orange- yellow gravelly soil. Contained dark brown soil bearing flecks of charcoal and small pebbles. Located directly back (west) of central posthole. Use unknown. Fig. 6. Detail of masonry in northeast corner of earlier kiva, Higgins Flat. Meter stick with 10 cm. divisions at right. Fig. 7. Detail of masonry in south wall of later kiva, Higgins Flat. Meter stick with 10 cm. divisions at left. 19 20 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES V«fc, i| ... Fig. 8. Ramp entryways, looking east, showing relationship of ramp of earlier kiva to that of later one; Great Kiva, Higgins Flat. Meter stick on floor of earlier ramp; 50 cm. arrow points north. Postholes: Nine gigantic principal ones and two secondary ones. Diame- ters from 90 cm. to 1.70 meters at top; at bottom, below ledge or offset, 50 to 60 cm. Depths from 1.60 to 2.20 meters. Location: three across center and parallel to earlier front wall (nos. 1-3); the remaining six (nos. 4-9) arranged in quadrilateral pattern, three on either side of firepit. In some postholes were eight or nine very large boulders, ranging in size from 20 by 18 by 16 cm. to 50 by 35 by 35 cm. and weighing between 150 and 200 DESCRIFFION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 21 Fig. 9. Detail of masonry in north wall of later ramp cntryway, Higgins Flat. Meter stick with 10 cm. divisions at right. pounds. In other postholcs were from 40 to 50 fist-size rocks al>out 1 2 by 1 5 cm. Purpose of rocks may have been to provide drainage for posts or to wedge or brace the upright posts. Diameter of two secondary postholes, 50 and 60 cm.; depth, 40 cm. On the basis of present evidence, we think that postholes 1 , 2, and 3 were used to support the roof of the earlier structure, and the remainder (nos. 4-9) that of the later structure. No postholcs were found in either ramp, although Bluhm found several at the Sawmill Site (Bluhm, 1957). Grooves: Three in numlxrr; one l)etwcen postholes 3 and 5; one tatween postholcs 8 and 9. The use of these grooves is unknown; they may have been used for drainage or for some esoteric purpose. Roof: Exact character unknown. Pottery: See sherd analysis (Chapter III). Artifacts: Worked stone slab laid over groove near posthole no. 4. Two oval painted pebbles, one on either side of firepit near middle points on inner edge of groove l>ctwccn postholcs 4 and 5 and on inner edge of groove between postholes 8 and 9. Colors on one pebble were yellow, blue, red; on the other, red and blue. Colors arranged in concentric circles. Three miniature Alma Plain pots found on floor; one in late fill; and one below 22 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES later wall. No large restorable pots. See list and description of stone and bone artifacts (Chapter II). Phases: Earlier (lower) kiva has been placed in the Reserve Phase (about a.d. 1100). Probably contemporaneous with Reserve Phase pueblo that was partly demolished by builders of Higgins Flat Pueblo. Later (upper) kiva has been placed in the Tularosa Phase (about a.d. 1175) and probably was abandoned about the time the second addition was being made to Higgins Flat Pueblo. We think that Rooms A (floor 2) and E (floor 3) in Higgins Flat Pueblo may have served as kivas during the building of the larger and later Great Kiva. (See pottery seriation, fig. 52.) General Comments: The orientation of the ramp entryway engaged our attention and we wondered if the direction had any significance. It has been noted that the earlier one pointed to 23|° south of east, and the later one to 27°10' south of east. The orientation of the ramp at the Saw- mill Site is 26° south of east, a reading that is fairly close to that of the ramp in the later kiva at Higgins Flat. Why did the Indians change the direction of their ramp when they rebuilt? Do these readings have any astronomical meaning? PITHOUSE KIVA, HIGGINS FLAT (Figures 10-13) Shape: Rectangular. Dimensions: 5.95 by 5.15 meters; depth of floor below present surface, 1.55 meters. Walls: Of masonry; thin veneer laid against dirt sides of excavated pit; no attempt to bind masonry to backing. Consists of a crude mud-rubble, that is, many unshaped cobbles, fist-size and larger, imbedded in great masses of adobe mortar; very little attempt at coursing; gives appearance of being one-third mud and two-thirds cobbles. Now and then one can note a larger, unworked stone, selected for a flafside that was laid face out. Walls in this structure were not so good as the poorer walls within the pueblo, and certainly would have worn down fairly fast if they had been exposed to the elements. Walls probably entirely covered with a light reddish brown mud plaster, remnants of which were found. Floor: Of adobe plaster over gravelly native soil ; fairly smooth. Firepit: In center of room on one axis, and in line with and near ventila- tor opening; rectangular, 73 by 83 cm., by 15 cm. deep. Coping of long narrow stone slabs. Ash-filled. MEALING BINS OR FLOUR RECEPTACLE VENTILATOR GRINDING STONE CZJ UNDISTURBED CLAY SECTION A-A- SECTION B-B' L^ — — , — — Fig. 10. Plan and sections of Pithousc Kiva, Higgins Flat. 23 24 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 11. Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat. Meter stick near ventilator opening; arrow, 50 cm. long, near firepit points north. Ventilator: Tunnel opening in center of southwest wall at floor level. Dimensions of opening, 45 by 45 cm. Tunnel about 25 cm. long; shaft (upright portion) not excavated. Deflector and Ventilator Cover: None. Pits: None. Flour Receptacles: Five in number; four of pottery, tilted at about 20°; had all been plastered over by later floor; each receptacle about 30 cm. square, with adobe or stone slabs for partitions separating them. Count- ing easternmost as no. 1 and westernmost as no. 5: nos. 1 and 2 each con- tained a paint-grinding stone stained with hematite paint; nos. 1, 4, and 5 contained Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls; no. 3 contained the body of a Re- serve Plain Corrugated jar; no. 2 was empty. Between nos. 4 and 5 was a tabular mano used as coping. Each receptacle from 20 to 25 cm. deep. Postholes: None found. Roof: Exact nature unknown; rafters probably rested on tops of walls. Entrance: Probably through hatchway in roof. Pottery: See pottery tabulation for this structure (Chapter III). Artifacts: Two paint-grinding stones in mealing receptacles, and a metate-like grinding stone on floor near ventilator. DESCRIFIION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 25 FlO. 12. Mealing receptacles, firepit, and ventilator opening after latest floor had been removed; Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat. Arrow, 50 cm. long, points north. Phase: Tularosa Phase; about a.d. 1175, alxiut the middle of the occu- pation of Higgins Flat Pueblo. (See seriation chart. Chapter III.) General Comments: This structure has Ix-en given the awkward designation "pithouse kiva" l>ecausc we think it may have served lx>th as a dwelling room and a kiva. It may seem strange that pithouscs had again become fashionable. It was hard for us to l>elicvc. but we were more or less driven to the conclusion that subterranean rooms had perhaps never Ixrcomc obsolete. At any rate, at least one exists at Higgins Flat Pueblo. Several were found by Dr. Dcric O'Bryan at Jewett Gap associated with con- temporaneous surface houses of the Tularosa Phase (unpublished data, filed in the Department of Anthropology. University of Arizona). Four more pithouses, associated with surface rooms, were excavated by Dr. Fred Wcndorf near Apache Creek in 1954 (1956). In the same 26 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 13. Masonry in west wall of Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat. Meter stick with 10 cm. divisions at left. phase and sometimes at the same pueblo we have found surface rooms equipped with firepits and ventilators. Dr. Richard Woodbury told me that he had excavated one or two sur- face rooms fitted with ventilators and firepits at El Morro National Monu- ment in 1954. Now which of these is a kiva and which is not? The problem of "when is a kiva" is ably and fully discussed by Smith (1952b), who concluded that a kiva is a kiva when it differs in some way from the other rooms in the unit. I would agree with him completely except for his statement (p. 155) that a site plainly containing a kiva has Anasazi affiliations. At any rate, the problem of equating form and function is not easy. Whether our pithouse kiva is merely a kiva, and whether the surface rooms provided with ventilators and firepits are either dwelling rooms or kivas, is impossible to decide yet, with any certainty. One fact should be pointed out here. A fire will not burn without a constant supply of fresh air. Therefore, ventilators may have been built into subterranean rooms or interior, windowless, surface rooms merely to provide oxygen for the fire and with no sacred intentions at all ! How hallowed is a ventilator-firepit combination? DESCRIFPION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 27 On the basis of this evidence, I think that rooms, subterranean or sur- face, equipped with the special features I have mentioned, may have served for both ceremonial and secular purposes. The Zuni Indians, with whom the people of the Tularosa Phase may have had cultural relations, are reported to have possessed rooms that served a dual function — secular and religious. APACHE CREEK PUEBLO This pueblo (figs. 14, 15) lay on a low ridge a few feet high, about one- half mile southeast of the Apache Creek Store and near the junction of Apache Creek and Tularosa River. It is located in Catron County, New Mexico, in the Apache National Forest (SWJ, NEJ, Sec. 32, Twp. 5 S., R. 17 W., N.M.P.M.). The new Apache Creek-Reserve Highway will destroy part of this site. The pueblo seems to have been arranged in the shape of a rectangle. The rooms, three deep, had l>een built in unconnected blocks of 12 to 18 rooms per block or unit. On the inner side of Block II was a plaza, and nearby, on the west, was a subterranean structure. Nine rooms were exca- vated; the plaza was outlined by trenching, and the subterranean structure bulldozed a bit. Walls Foundation: No prepared foundations; masonry starts at floor level. Types of Masonry: I. Composite product of laminated slabs and shaped blocks of tuff or rough-hewn blocks of igneous rock with flat surfaces towards room laid in fairly even courses in thick layers of mud (fig. 16). Flakes or spalls and slabs inserted in thick mortar to fill in chinks and level courses. No core between faces, only mud mortar. One has impression of a profusion of slal>s and few shaped blocks; in an area of masonry one meter square, we found (by actual count) four times as many slabs as blocks; in another, three times as many slalw as blocks. L'pon close inspection, the slalw are really "small" laminated slabs or "large" laminated spalls, depending upon one's point of view. They are not slal>s in the Chaco Canyon sense. The larger slabs measure up to 14 by 3 cm.; the smaller ones, 5 by 1 cm. The blocks range in size from 7 by 1 3 cm. to 20 by 40 cm. In general, this wall makes a fairly good appearance, but it was prob- ably covered by plaster. This type of masonry is found only in the main walls of the pueblo and not in the later partition walls. One notes the absence of river-cobbles, probably because letter material was near at hand. 0 13 14 5 METERS DATUM POINT PIT FIREPIT FLOOR MEALINl FLOl VENTILATOR POSTHOLE DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE UNEXCAVATED SOIL UNDISTURBED CLAY POSSIBLE FORM OF HOUSE W WALL ABUTMENT ^ WALL BOND "13 SUGGESTED MASONRY S SEALED DOORWAY Fig. 14. Plan and sections of Apache Creek Pueblo, and plans of subterranean struc- tures excavated by Museum of New Mexico Highway Salvage Program. 28 DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 29 Fig. 15. Rooms 1 to 5, Apache Creek Pueblo. Meter stick in Room 2; arrow, 50 cm. long, points north. II. Another type (fig. 17) of main wall is similar to Type I, but it presents a more sturdy appearance. It, too, is a composite product of blocks and small, squarish stones or random rubble laid in thick layers of mud mortar. Slabs are infrequent. Mud mortar between core. III. The later partition walls are crude indeed by comparison; they are made up of random rubble or cobbles and some flakes packed closely in mud mortar. Litde attempt at coursing. Such walls are "unspecialized," narrow, insubstantial; apparendy they were thrown up in a hurry. All walls were apparendy plastered on the interiors. 30 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES • ■ ^P*"iai^HP,P^:.ilTfn!9 ^v^ ^^Mjntf '1 ■ . s ' Fig. 16. Type I masonry, southeast wall, Room 1, Apache Creek Pueblo. Meter stick in 10 cm. units at left. Dimensions: Range of width of main walls, 32 to 45 cm.; range of width of later partition walls, 25 to 30 cm.; height of standing walls, 60 cm. to 1.2 meters. Materials: Those used in walls are tuff, basalt, trachyte. Joints not inten- tionally broken. True-bearing spalls infrequent and probably accidental. Mortar of tan or gray local adobe. Plaster, where found, usually consisted of two layers: a coarse undercoat, about 2 or 3 cm. thick, put on to smooth over rough masonry; and a "finish" coat, usually only 1 or 2 mm. thick, of very fine mud. Doorways: Only one exterior and it became^ non-functional when a wall of a later room had been built across the outer or north side. All doorways rectangular; a total of six; doorway in south wall of Room 6 (communi- cating doorway) was sealed. Height of doorways and types of lintels un- known, as upper portions of walls had collapsed. Widths varied from 45 to 55 cm.; sills, from 10 to 22 cm. above floors. Placement without apparent plan. Ventilator (fig. 18): In north wall of Room 3, at floor level; ventilator opening, 40 cm. wide and 50 cm. high. Tunnel (horizontal member), 70 cm. long; former height unknown. "Chimney" or upright portion of DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 31 Fig. 17. Type II masonry, southeast wall, Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. Meter stick in 10 cm. units at left. ventilator apparatus must have occupied portion of adjacent room. No deflector; no stone slab to stop up ventilator opening. Floors Materials: Of native soil, plastered over with tan-yellow or gray adobe; fairly even. Mealing Bins and Flour Receptacles (fig. 19): Three metates set at a steep angle in adol>e and separated from one another by slabs set in adobe in Room 3. Total length, including metates and copings, 1.1 meters; width, 84 cm. Each bin, 25 to 30 cm. wide; partitions, 6 to 8 cm. thick. Two of the 32 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 18. Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. Mealing bins and receptacles in foreground; firepit in center; ventilator in background. Meter stick between sealed doorway and ventilator opening; arrow, 50 cm. long, points north. metates are through trough type; one, trough open at one end only. Closed end, however, was at lower end of bin partiy covered by plaster and pot- tery-bowl flour-receptacle. Metates were coarse, medium, and fine. Manos associated with mealing bins were seven in number and were both beveled (one) and tabular (six) types. At lower end of each metate was a Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl set on its side at about a 20° angle in such a way as to place part of the rim just under the metate (fig. 19). In this way, all flour fell or was easily brushed into bowls so that there was no waste. Mealing bins set so close to wall that miller had just enough room for kneeling. Pit in southwest corner of floor of Room 2; in it were two Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls; dimensions at mouth, 55 by 75 cm.; depth, 30 cm. Firepits: Five in number; all rectangular. One in Room 1, on floor; coping of stone slabs in adobe; ash-filled; 60 by 55 cm., by 15 cm. deep. Two in Room 3; one on latest floor with stone slabs in adobe; ash-filled; 60 by 67 cm., by 15 cm. deep. The other in Room 3 on lower, earlier floor, 20 cm. below upper floor; coping of stone slabs; ash-filled; 63 by 73 cm., by 15 cm. deep. One in Room 6, let into floor so top of adobe coping was flush with floor; 52 by 52 cm., by 15 cm. deep. DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 33 Fig. 19. Detail of manos, metates in mealing bins and Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls as receptacles for flour; Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. Arrow, 50 cm. long, points north. One in Room 8; on floor; coping of stone slabs; ash-filled; 76 by 74 cm., by 25 cm. Ceilings Height: Not known. On basis of fallen wall rocks, estimated to be about 2 meters. Type: Unknown except by inference. What evidence we have indicates that the large main beam in each room ran lengthwise and rested on up- right posts. In the smaller rooms, the beam-ends may have rested on tops of walls. Impressions on adobe chinking found in Room 3 clearly indicate splints and/or mats were also part of the roofing material. In general, it was probably much like the intact roof found at Hinkle Park Cliff- Dwelling (Martin, Rinaldo, Bluhm, 1954, p. 46). Artifacts See list of tools of stone and Ixme (Chapter II) and one of pottery types (Chapter III). A few of the significant finds are given herewith: a worked slab; through trough metates resting against the walls; manos; Reserve Indented Corrugated jars grouped around the firepit (in Room 3); a San Francisco Red Corrugated jar; two small Reserve Smudged bowls (in Room 3A) and a rectangular stone bowl of pinkish stone of excellent workmanship. 34 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES General Comments Apache Creek Pueblo probably was one story high and probably con- tained a total of 40 to 50 rooms. Most of the rooms (8 excavated) were used for domestic purposes, a few of the smaller ones for storage. As in all pueblos in this area, a number of changes, alterations, and additions were made from time to time. Room 3 was one of the most interesting rooms. It had not burned, but when abandoned almost everything had been left intact: mealing bins, metates resting against the walls; and cooking pots near the firepit. An incomplete skeleton was found on the floor of Room 2- — one rib, one-half pelvis, and the skull. Probably a disturbed burial. A projectile point was lodged in left mastoid process, and in left occiput was scar of wound or operation (?) that had entirely healed, as bone replacement was complete. Burial was probably placed in already abandoned room. A skull only was found in small "ash" pit near firepit in Room 1. A trophy (?). Attention is called to the association of mealing bins, flour receptacles, and ventilator (in Room 3). The same association occurred in Room A and Pithouse 1 at Higgins Flat. We also found mealing bins and flour re- ceptacles in Room C at Higgins Flat, but the ventilator was missing. In its place was a unique feature, the meaning of which is not clear. It consists of a small rectangle, set against the east wall, composed of slabs 15 or 18 cm. high, behind which dirt had been placed. Was this an analogue to a ventilator? Were such rooms also used for ceremonies? I believe similar associations of grinding bins, flour receptacles, ventila- tors, and firepits may yet be reported from other nearby digs. No burned rooms. Phase: Middle Tularosa Phase as known in this area (a.d. 1150-1200?). The evidence from the floors of the rooms excavated suggests that Apache Creek Pueblo was founded after the nuclear section of Higgins Flat Pueblo was built and was deserted before Higgins Flat Pueblo was finally abandoned. VALLEY VIEW PUEBLO (Figures 20-22) Location: About three miles east of Aragon, New Mexico, on a hill about 200 feet above the Tularosa River, overlooking the new Reserve-Detil highway, at an elevation of about 6,600 feet. The Pueblo is on forest land (SEi SEi Sec. 15, Twp. 5 S., R. 17 W., N.M.P.M.). General Appearance: The hill chosen by the builders of this pueblo has steep approaches on the south and west and more gentle slopes on the north and east. It is a defensible site and may have been chosen for that DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 35 Fio. 20. Rooms 1 and 2, Valley View Pueblo. Meter stick in background; arrow, 50 cm. long, points north. reason. The pueblo, apparently built to a plan, is a compact, rectangular unit with a large space (plaza) in the center. There are two more plaza- depressions outside the pueblo, one on the southwest side and one on the north. The unit may have contained from 25 to 35 rooms, one story high. Although the site had l>een greatly disturbed by pot hunters, we excavated two rooms in the hope that this would be a late site. We were greatly surprised. Walls Foundation: No prepared foundation; wall starts at floor level. Type of Masonry: Mud rubble (fig. 21); rubble consisting of large field stones (35 by 15 cm., 33 by 10 cm.) with flat, unworked surface laid face out. Mud mortar between faces; more slabs than in Apache Creek Pueblo masonry. Dimensions: Greatest thickness, 35 to 40 cm.; greatest height, 1.20 meters. 36 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 21. Masonry in east wall, Room 2, Valley View Pueblo. Meter stick at left divided in 10 cm. units. Materials: Mostly igneous rocks (basalt, trachyte). Surfaces of wall stones unaltered, except in a few instances. Joints, unbroken. True bearing spalls not observed. Spalls were chips, small slabs, or round pebbles. Mor- tar, brown and gray adobe; soft; some sand temper. Plaster, a fine layer of mud, 2 mm. thick, laid over rough, thick coat. Doorways: None. Ventilator: One, in east wall of Room 2 at floor level. Opening 36 cm. by 40 cm.; tunnel (horizontal member), 55 cm. long, masonry-lined with slab roof. Ventilator opening closed by stone slab 35 by 37 cm.; slab in situ when found (fig. 22). No deflector. Floor: Of sterile, gravelly soil covered with smooth even coat of adobe plaster, tan in color. Firepits: One in Room 1 ; rectangular, not in center of room but set off toward one corner; sunk in floor; no coping. Dimensions: 47 by 60 cm., by 8 to 20 cm. deep. Ash-filled. One in Room 2; rectangular, directly opposite ventilator; let into floor but stone slabs in coping rose several centimeters above floor; one slab on each side of firepit, but these were broken when roof fell. Dimensions of firepit: 53 by 63 cm., by 20 cm. deep. Ash-filled. BHIHBHKi^HHHHHMI waummmmmmm^m Fio. 22. Detail of fin-pit and ventilator with slab in place, Room 2, Valley View Pueblo. Meter stick in background; arrow, 50 cm. long, points north toward an in- dented corrugated jar sunk in floor. 37 38 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Floor Jar: A large Reserve Indented Corrugated jar let in floor just north of ventilator, with rim flush with floor. Mouth of pot 20 cm. in diameter. Ceilings Height: Not known. Type: Unknown except by inference. Probably main beams spanned the narrow part of the rooms with the ends laid on tops of walls. Secondary(?) supports indicated by postholes located at north and south ends of Room 2. North posthole, 33 cm. in diameter and 40 cm. deep. South posthole, 30 cm. in diameter and 60 cm. deep. A few bits of charred poles and rotten posts found. Artifacts Reserve Indented Corrugated jar in floor, in the northwest quad- rant of Room 1. Very large and thick Reserve Indented Corrugated jar on floor in northwest quadrant. Miniature bowl near south posthole. Other indented corrugated pots around firepit. General Comments Room 1 evidently was a dwelling room. Room 2 was a living room sometimes used for ceremonies (see discussion under Pithouse Kiva, p. 25) because of ventilator. Jar in floor of Room 2 near ventilator, use unknown. Is jar analogue to flour receptacles? Neither room burned. Phase: Tularosa (about a.d. 1175). II. Artifacts1 By John B. Rinaldo The accompanying table (fig. 23) indicates the major categories and relative frequencies of the artifacts recovered from the Tularosa Phase sites excavated in 1954. The detailed characteristics and statistics of the smaller categories and of individual artifact specimens may be found on pages 40-88 and in the accompanying illustrations. Further correlative information may be found by consulting our previous published reports on the area (Martin, Rinaldo, and Bluhm, 1954; Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1952; Martin and Rinaldo, 1940, 1947, 1950a, 1950b). For convenience in comparison the descriptions of artifacts have been grouped in the same order as that in the table (fig. 23), which is also the approximate sequence in which they have been grouped in our previous reports. As a whole, the artifacts recovered from the sites excavated during the 1954 season provide further evidence of the continuity of Mogollon ma- terial culture during prehistoric times in the Reserve area. Although changed somewhat in form and frequency, the major categories, such as manos, metates, choppers, scrapers, flake knives, projectile points, hone awls, bracelets, and stone bowls, are the same as those of Pine Lawn Phase and Pre-pottery times. In fact, if they were mixed with the artifacts from earlier phases it would be impossible to separate out many such Tularosa Phase artifacts on the basis of types. Many of the scrapers, choppers, flake knives, Ixme awls, and bracelets have their counterparts in the artifacts recovered from the earlier houses and even the Pre-pottery levels in the caves. On the other hand, although it is evident that the Mogollon people of this area were not quick to accept innovations of a major sort, there is evi- dence of gradual modification of the culture. Many types of artifacts, such as beveled manos, small, triangular, side-notched projectile points, grooved axes, rectangular arrow shaft tools and rectangular stone bowls, are lack- ing or rare in the earlier culture. Furthermore, there is a noticeable in- crease in the frequency of certain artifact types during the Three Circle, 1 Compiled from field catalogue kept by Eloise A. Barter, Eugene Klotz and John B. Rinaldo. 39 40 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Reserve, and Tularosa Phases; for example, the two hand, rectangular mano with flat grinding surface (tabular mano), the three quarters grooved maul and ax, the through trough metate and the bone awl made from a deer ulna are all considerably more popular during these late phases. Some of these changes are apparendy related. The increase in fre- quency of tabular manos is accompanied by a corresponding increase in through trough metates and a decrease in the number of mortars, pestles, one hand manos and metates with trough open at one end only. A greater number of grooved axes appears to be related to a smaller frequency of choppers. An increase in small, triangular, lateral-notched projectile points appears to be related to a decrease in larger diagonal-notched projectile points (ascendancy of the bow and arrow over the atiad?) and so on. More correlations of this sort are noted below, but this perhaps suffices to indicate the major changes in the tools of the technology. HANDSTONES The handstones include manos, rubbing stones, polishing stones, pestles and abrading stones. These are all ground and/or pecked stones that were used in the hand mostly for grinding, milling or polishing. These are gen- erally characterized by broad, flat to convex worked surfaces, and in outline are longer than they are wide. Inasmuch as certain types of handstones grade into one another in form, arbitrary limits of length were set up to distinguish between them as follows: Two hand manos (above 15 cm.); one hand manos (10-15 cm.); rubbing stones (7-10 cm.); polishing stones (up to 7 cm.); abrading stone (made of fine vesicular scoria). The manos from the Tularosa Phase are more carefully shaped than most of those from the earlier phases. Whereas the manos from the Pine Lawn Phase (Martin and Rinaldo, 1940, p. 38) and many even from the Three Circle Phase (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, pp. 309-311) were manufactured from field-stones or river-cobbles of convenient size and shape and with a minimum of shaping previous to use, the majority of those from the Tularosa Phase were most probably shaped to a rectangular form and the surface roughly prepared for grinding on a particular metate before use. In fact such "manos," which we have termed "mano blanks," and a graded series showing progressively more use and wear were re- covered from both Apache Creek and Higgins Flat pueblos. The greater popularity of the long, two hand tabular manos (manos with rectangular oudines and flat grinding surfaces) and of the beveled manos during the Tularosa Phase at Higgins Flat Pueblo, Apache Creek Pueblo, and Valley View Pueblo corroborates a trend noted ^\^^ LOCATIONS ARTIFACTS ^^ HIGGINS FLAT PUEBLO APACHE CREEK PUEBLO VALLEY VIEW PUEBLO < ALL SITES MAT KI7A PIT MOUSE KIVA SMALL PUEBLO TOTAL ROOMS ROOMS • -8 TOTAL ROOMS l-S GRANO TOTAL GROUND AND PECKED STONE MANOS 10 8 3 21 115 | 26 141 21) 187 RUBBING STONES 9 9 S 1 6 1 2 17 16 POLISHING STONES 15 IS 1 PESTLES 1 1 3 3 4 ABRADING STONES 1 1 3 1 4 5 METATES i 1 12 6 18 2 21 SMALL METATE-LIKE STONES 1 1 1 1 2 WORKED SLABS 1 1 2 1 3 4 8 PAINT GRINDING STONES 2 2 2 1 3 5 PAINTED STONES 2 2 2 STONE BOWLS 4 4 4 3 7 i 14 HAMMERSTONES 1 1 2 1 3 4 AXES 1 1 1 2 3 1 5 MAULS 2 2 2 2 4 ARROW SHAFT TOOLS 1 1 2 1 3 1 5 FLESHING KNIFE 1 1 I BEADS 3 3 3 PENOANT 1 1 1 PIPE 1 1 CHIPPED STONE HOES 2 2 8 8 10 PROJECTILE POINTS 3 1 4 6 6 1 ii DRILLS 2 2 2 FLAKE KNIVES 27 4 31 4 1 5 3 39 SCRAPERS 13 6 1 22 1 i 3 26 CHOPPERS 1 3 4 l 1 2 6 SHELL BRACELETS l 1 l 1 2 BEAD 1 1 1 BONE TUBE I l 1 GAMING <-ECE I 1 22 AWLS 1 1 2 13 3 iq 2 ANTLER FLAKERS III 1 ' * 1 * I * CLAY WORKED SHERDS 8 4 12 3 4 7 I 20 1 ANIMAL EFFIGY 1 1 MISCELLANEOUS INCISED STONE 1 1 1 PIGMENTS 2 1 5 2 1 3 6 TOTAL NUMBER 117 3i 5 153 199 56 255 49 457 Fig. 23. The major categories and relative frequencies of the artifacts from Tularosa Phase sites. 41 42 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES in previous seasons (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b, p. 451; Martin, Rinaldo, and Bluhm, 1954, p. 101). At the same time, the small number of one hand manos and manos oval in outline except in the earlier levels of the rec- tangular Great Kiva also corroborates trends reported previously (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956, p. 58). The smaller number of polishing stones recovered from the Tularosa Phase sites might be correlated inversely with the greater quantity of in- dented corrugated and other textured pottery recovered. Almost all the polishing stones recovered during the 1954 season came from the rec- tangular Great Kiva at Higgins Flat Pueblo with its earlier levels of occu- pation and their greater proportion of all-over polished pottery. This also corroborates a trend previously noted (Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949, p. 215; Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1952, p. 110). The functional relationship of manos to metates in the grinding process was indicated by the direct association of these artifacts in Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. Here six tabular manos (field nos. 219, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227) were found with three through trough metates in mealing bins (field nos. 210, 211, 215). In the same room two tabular manos (field nos. 224, 225) and one beveled mano (field no. 223) were resting on the floor next to through trough metates leaning against the wall back of the mealing bins and in the corner nearby. Other manos (field nos. 222, 236) formed a part of the partition between the mealing bins. Still another mano (field no. 99) was found in the partition between the meal receptacles in the Pit- house Kiva at Higgins Flat Pueblo. CLASSIFICATION OF MANOS (Figures 24-27) Single Grinding Surface CLASS I, A Description: Oval in oudine, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex (fig. 24, b). Total 3. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva7 fill and floor; Pithouse Kiva, floor. Dimensions: Length, 10.7, 12.6, 10.3 cm.; width, 8.1, 9.8, 8.7 cm.; thick- ness, 6.4, 5.3, 3.5 cm. CLASS I, B Description: Oval in oudine, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slightly convex. Total 3. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Room 2, trench; Apache Creek Pueblo, fill. ARTIFACrrs 43 d e Fig. 24. Oval one hand manos and round rubbing stone. Length of a, 9.5 cm. Dimensions: Length, 12.7, 13.8, 11.7 cm.; width, 10.9, 11.0, 10.0 cm.; thickness, 2.8, 4.2, 5.7 cm. CLASS I, C Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat (fig. 24, e). Total 6. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; Pithouse Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 1, floor; Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 19.7, 17.0, 11.1 cm., remainder fragments; width, 11.4, 8.8, 10.8, 13.7, 11.1, 9.5 cm.; thickness, 4.3, 4.3, 5.1, 7.0, 5.8, 6.2. cm. 44 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES CLASS I, D Description: Rectangular in outline, one specimen wedge-shaped in cross section, the others with surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex (fig. 25, a). Total 5. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 2, 3, 4, fill; Room 2, floor; Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 18.5, 15.7, 21.5, 19.7 cm., fragment; width, 10.2, 9.5, 11.2, 11.4, 6.0 cm.; thickness, 3.5, 4.2, 3.3, 3.2, 4.5 cm. CLASS I, E Description: Rectangular in oudine, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise, two specimens wedge-shaped in cross section, the others with surfaces parallel (fig. 25, c, d). Total 7. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 2, fill; Rooms 2, 3, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, floor. Dimensions: Length, 17.6, 16.7, 15.8, 20.4, 18.2, 19.6 cm., fragment; width, 11.0, 10.4, 10.2, 11.8, 10.3, 11.1, 10.5 cm.; thickness, 4.3, 2.2, 4.6, 4.1, 3.7, 4.3, 3.0 cm. CLASS I, F Description: Rectangular in oudine, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slighdy convex. Total 3. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 2, fill; Rooms 3, 8, floor. Dimensions: Length, 20.4, 18.4, 22.5 cm.; width, 10.7, 10.7, 12.3 cm.; thickness, 3.1, 5.1, 4.0 cm. CLASS I, G Description: Rectangular in outline, one specimen wedge-shaped in cross section, the others with surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat (fig. 25, b). Total 49. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 1, 2, 3, fill; Rooms 1, 3, 3A, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill and floor; Higgins Flat Pueblo, Pithouse Kiva, floor; Room 1, fill. Dimensions: Length, 14.6-25.3 cm., average, 20.3 cm.; width, 7.2-14.6 cm., average, 10.4 cm.; thickness, 1.1-8.3 cm., average 4.4 cm. CLASS I, H Description: Rectangular in outline with grinding surface beveled in a double plane with a longitudinal ridge between, the other surface flat and rough. Total 7. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 3, 8, fill and floor; Valley View Pueblo, Rooms 2, 3, fill. ARTIFACIS 45 ottoms and trough surfaces that are virtually parallel. Those found in situ in the bins were tipped at an angle of alxnat 30° (fig. 32). One specimen had a grinding surface on lx)th of the broad faces. 58 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES The small number of metate-like grinding stones recovered from Tularosa Phase sites is consistent with the trend noted elsewhere in the Reserve area (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, Table 9, p. 357). There is a marked decrease in the frequency of these objects subsequent to the Pine Lawn Phase. The association of metates and manos indicating their use together has been discussed above. The worked slabs were probably used as door, hatchway, or ventilator closing slabs. One slab was found in place in the opening of the ventilator at Valley View Pueblo, Room 2. Two others were found near the south- west walls of Rooms 1 and 2, Apache Creek Pueblo. Neither of these ap- pear to have been used as grinding slabs or piki slabs, as they do not ex- hibit grinding surfaces or burned surfaces. Another worked slab was found across the grooves leading to one of the northwest postholes in the Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva. Most of the paint grinding stones are small and resemble manos in shape. The red paint is confined to a small circular area. Although none of the hematite lumps recovered showed facets, the evidence from the nearby rooms recovered in 1953 (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956, pp. 72-73) would indicate that the paint was ground by rubbing the hematite lump directly on a grinding stone, rather than crushing it between two stones. There is not a sharp distinction between stones with fairly regular spots of paint on them and some painted slabs on which the design is vague. However, the painted stones recovered from the Higgins Flat Pueblo have distinct "bull's-eye" designs on them. The one, found 1 13 cm. northwest of the flrepit, was in red and blue-green; the other, found 200 cm. south of the firepit, was in three colors — red, yellow and green. There is a distinct re- semblance between the design on these circular stones and that on the disc- shaped slab found in Room E, Higgins Flat Pueblo, with the carved stone animals and the painted bowls. These objects probably have ceremonial significance. Although some fragmentary stone bowls were found in the Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, none were painted, and it seems only barely possible that they had any relationship to the painted stones. The majority of the stone bowls have smooth exteriors and interiors, and it seems improbable that they were used as mortars. However, two have rough interiors and another shows traces of red paint. Still another is clear- ly a rectangular stone bowl in process; one square corner has been shaped and smoothed, but the remainder of the vessel is only roughly blocked out. Rectangular stone bowls or mortars are rare in the Southwest; however, one is illustrated by Hough (1914, p. 31, fig. 50) from the Spur Ranch near Luna, about twenty miles northwest of Apache Creek. ARTIFACTS 59 Fig. 32. Mctates and manos in situ, Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. CLASSIFICATION OF METATES CLASS A Description: Slab type, large thick slab, generally oblong in outline with flat t^rinding surface; edges of grinding surface slope up slightly to form very low rim; incipient through trough type. Total 1 . Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 1, fill. Dimensions: Length, 54.9 cm.; width, 29.3 cm.; thickness, 14.7 cm. CLASS B Description: Trough type, open at one end only, made from unshaped rectangular block, grinding surface worn to shallow trough which slopes up sharply at closed end. Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, fragment; width, 32.1 cm.; thickness, 10.1 cm. CLASS C Description: Through trough type, generally oblong or rectangular blocks of stone with shallow trough-shaped grinding surface open at both ends, sides and lx>ttom shaped (figs. 33, 34). Total 19. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 1, 2, fill; Rooms 1, 3, 5, 8, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, floor. 60 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Dimensions: Length, 40.5-54.9 cm., average, 47.9 cm.; width, 19.3- 39.6 cm., average, 30.9 cm.; thickness, 3.5-17.0 cm., average, 9.3 cm. Width of trough, 19.3-30.0 cm., average, 24.4 cm.; depth of trough, 0.5- 7.0 cm., average, 2.9 cm. SMALL, METATE-LIKE GRINDING STONES Description: Thick slabs of stone, oblong in outline, with smooth, flat or slightly concave grinding surface, sides and bottom unworked (fig. 35). Total 2. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Pithouse Kiva, floor; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, floor. Dimensions: Length, 37.0, 38.0 cm.; width, 29.0, 26.0 cm.; thickness, 7.2, 6.9 cm. CLASSIFICATION OF WORKED SLABS CLASS A Description: Thin stone slabs, roughly rectangular in outline; surfaces smooth, flat; edges pecked to shape, ends naturally beveled. Total 5. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 1, 2, 5, fill; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 57.8, 50.2, 32.0, 29.0 cm., one fragment; width, 45.5, 40.3, 35.0, 32.0 cm., one fragment; thickness, 5.7, 2.6, 4.0, 2.0, 5.0 cm. CLASS B Description: Thin stone slabs, roughly rectangular, with one curved end in outline; surfaces smooth, flat, edges worked (fig. 22). Total 3. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, ventilator, fill. Dimensions: Length, 50.1, 36.0, 37.5 cm.; width, 46.2, 28.5, 35.1 cm.; thickness, 3.1, 2.1, 5.5 cm. CLASSIFICATION OF PAINT GRINDING STONES CLASS A Description: Pebbles, roughly oval to oblong in oudine, with two flat parallel surfaces worn smooth by grinding, one of which shows traces of red paint (fig. 36, a, d). Total 2. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Pithouse Kiva, flour receptacles. Dimensions: Length, 11.8, 13.8 cm.; width, 8.7, 8.1 cm.; thickness, 2.6, 4.3 cm. ar in \< rs (.1 Fig. 33. Through trough type metate. Length, 52.0 cm. Fig. 34. Scoria metate. Length, 45.7 cm. Fig. 35. Small, metatc-like grinding stone. Length, 37.0 cm. CLASS B Description: Roughly rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, shaped by pecking; one surface shows traces of red paint; two specimens mano blanks, the third a mano (fig. 36, b, c). Total 3. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 2, 6, fill; Room 1, floor. Dimensions: Length, 21.0, 19.0, 19.4 cm.; width, 10.9, 8.8, 9.0 cm.; thickness, 4.6, 4.0, 5.0 cm. Materials: Rhyolite, basalt. PAINTED STONES Description: Flat, smooth stone, roughly circular in outline with con- centric circles painted in a "bull's-eye" design on one face; one specimen with red circles on a blue-green background, the other with circles in yellow, blue-green and red (fig. 36, e, J). Total 2. Fig. 36. Paint grinding stones (a-d) and painted stones (e,f). Diameter of/, 12.7 cm. 62 ARTIFACTS 63 Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, floor near firepit. Dimensions: Diameter, 7.6, 12.7 cm.; thickness, 3.8, 3.2 cm. Material: Rhyolite. CLASSIFICATION OF STONE BOWLS CLASS A Description: Rectangular shape, both interior and exterior worked smooth, regular and symmetrical (fig. 37, d, e). Total 3. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 2, fill; Rooms 3, 8, floor. Dimensions: Length, 12.4, 12.7, 15.3 cm.; width, 11.2, 12.0 cm., frag- ment; thickness, 1.5, 1.4, 1.4 cm.; height, 6.9, 8.9 cm., fragment; depth of bowl, 5.5, 7.7, 3.9 cm. CLASS B Description: Rectangular with rounded corners in oudine, carefully- smoothed exterior, interior shaped by pecking and left rough (fig. 37, b). Total 1. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 7, fill. Dimensions: Length, 13.5 cm.; width, 11.8 cm.; height, 7.0 cm.; thick- ness, 2.2 cm. CLASS C Description: Round in oudine, interior generally smooth, exterior shaped, dimpled, somewhat rough (fig. 37, c). Total 4. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, fill; Room 6, floor. Dimensions: Diameter, 8.4 cm., remainder fragments; thickness, 3.1, 2.4, 4.8, 1.8 cm.; height, 4.8, 5.7, 7.8 cm., fragment; depth of bowl, 1.5, 4.0, 6.8 cm., fragment. CLASS D Description: Fragments with broken rims, roughly oval or round in out- line, sides rough; one specimen a blank for rectangular bowl with one corner worked to shape, others with smooth bowls (37, a). Total 3. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, fill; Valley View Pueblo, Room 1, fill, floor. Dimensions: Length, 18.8, 17.0 cm., fragment; width, 14.2, 13.7 cm., fragment; thickness, 2.8, 3.6, 5.8 cm.; height, 6.1, 7.0 cm., fragment; depth of bowl, 4.0, 1.8 cm., fragment. CLASS E Description: Rim fragments of round or oval bowls, interior smooth, exterior somewhat rough. Total 3. 64 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Thickness, 1.8, 1.7, 4.4 cm. Materials: Claystone, fine-grained rhyolite. HAMMERSTONES Description: Re-used manos with battered, broken and chipped ends; roughly oblong in oudine, some grinding surfaces intact (fig. 31, b, e). Grooves and shallow holes on each side of two specimens. Total 4. Occurrence: From Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, floor; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 8, fill. Dimensions: Length, 9.4, 11.8, 12.5, 16.5 cm.; width, 8.1, 11.0, 5.2, 11.9 cm.; thickness, 6.9, 8.1, 4.5, 8.5 cm. Materials: Quartzite, limestone. GROOVED STONE TOOLS The axes reflect influences from both north and south. We believe that none of them were made locally, that the full grooved axes were traded in from the north and the three quarters grooved axes from the south (Martin, Rinaldo, Bluhm, 1954, p. 116). The bit of only one of the axes is broken. The others are smooth and were ground and polished to a sharp edge. All of the axes are relatively short (none more than 13.8 cm. long) and have short polls, from one-fourth to one-third the total length of the specimens. Hafted axes as distinguished from chopper or hand axes were most popular during the Tularosa Phase. They do not appear in this area prior to the San Francisco Phase and never exceed choppers in favor. Two of the mauls are three quarters grooved. The other two specimens appear to have been three quarters grooved, but one edge is so battered and broken as to make exact determination impossible. All the three quarters grooved tools appear to have been made for a J haft, as the side where the groove is lacking is flattened. The three quarters grooved maul is rare during the earlier phases of the sequence in the area, and becomes only slighdy more popular later. *•* CLASSIFICATION OF AXES CLASS A Description: Full grooved type, with a short poll, blade ground and polished to shape, groove about three-fourths of length from bit end. Groove pecked (fig. 38, e). Total 2. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, floor. a , f e Fig. 37. Rectangular and round stone bowls. Ix-ngth of r, 12.4 cm. 65 66 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Dimensions: Length, 13.2 cm., fragment; width, 7.5, 4.8 cm.; thickness, 5.1, 4.6 cm. CLASS B Description: Three quarters grooved type, with a short poll, blades ground and polished to shape, one broken, groove pecked two-thirds to three-fourths of length from bit end (fig. 38, a, c). Total 3. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 8, fill; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, floor. Dimensions: Length, 10.7, 13.8 cm., fragment; width, 7.0, 8.1 cm., frag- ment; thickness, 4.6, 6.5 cm., fragment. Materials: Basalt, diabase. CLASSIFICATION OF MAULS Description: Three quarters grooved type; three specimens oval to rectangular in cross section with some flat surfaces and ends; one specimen round in cross section, round on one end, groove pecked three-quarters to seven-eighths of distance around middle (fig. 38, b, d,f). Total 4. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, floor and fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 2, 3 A, fill. Dimensions: Length, 12.0, 12.6, 13.5 cm., fragment; width, 10.1, 9.2, 10.0, 7.4 cm.; thickness, 6.2, 6.0, 7.0, 6.5 cm. Materials: Basalt, basaltic scoria, decomposed rhyolite. ARROW SHAFT TOOLS In general, two forms of arrow shaft tools occur in the Reserve area: one is shaped and rectangular in outline; the other is made from an ordi- nary naturally shaped pebble, usually oval in oudine and unmodified except for the groove (or grooves) which cross the surface. The majority of the specimens have the groove running across the surface from side to side rather than from end to end. Although a few are made of coarse- grained abrasive stone, most of the tools are of the "straightener" type (Toulouse, in Kluckhohn and Reiter, 1939, p. 81) and are of fine-grained stone with a polished groove. The grooves are U-shaped and are scored longitudinally with tiny parallel scratches. None of the specimens have the ridge or crest characteristic of the Gallina artifacts (Hibben, 1938, p. 136), and which occasionally is found on arrow shaft smoothers from late Pueblo sites farther south (Woodbury, 1954, pp. 110-111; Haury, 1945, p. 139). CLASSIFICATION OF ARROW SHAFT TOOLS CLASS A Description: Naturally shaped generally oval stone with one or two transverse polished grooves (fig. 39, d, g). Total 3. ARTIFACTS 67 Fig. 38. Grooved axes (e, full groove) and mauls. Length of e, 13.2 cm. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 1. fill; Valley View Pueblo, Room 1, fill. Dimensions: Length, 9.7, 8.3 cm., fragment; width, 8.2, 7.3, 4.5 cm.; thickness, 2.6, 3.2, 2.7 cm.; width of groove, 1.5, 1.1, 1.3 cm. 68 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES CLASS B Description: Rectangular piece of stone, artificially shaped with single polished transverse groove (fig. 39, a, h). Total 2. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 3, 8, floors. Dimensions: Length, 7.4, 7.2 cm.; width, 6.6, 5.7 cm.; thickness, 3.0, 2.8 cm.; width of groove, 1.0, 1.1 cm. Materials: Diorite, limestone, sandstone. SMOOTH FLESHING KNIFE OR SAW Description: Semi-lunar in outline with curved edge chipped to sharpen it, then worn smooth and dull by use; faces ground smooth, wedge-shaped in cross section; broad, shallow notch at one end (fig. 39, e). Total 1. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 8, floor. Dimensions: Length, 12.5 cm.; width, 9.5 cm.; thickness, 1.9 cm. Material: Fine-grained rhyolite. STONE ORNAMENTS The stone ornaments from the Tularosa Phase sites are few in number and relatively characterless. The beads are of the simple disc type found throughout the Southwest. The pendant is an unfinished specimen. It could be significant that all these were found in Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, in as much as ornaments from previous seasons have more often been associated with burials or in rooms with possible "ceremonial" features. BEADS Description: Simple, small stone disc beads, centrally perforated, holes drilled from both sides (fig. 40, right). Total 3. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Diameter, 0.4, 0.35, 0.55 cm.; thickness, 0.2, 0.1, 0.25 cm. Materials: Turquoise, jet, limestone. PENDANT Description: Thin, flat, oval pebble with hole drilled *part way through from one side near one end. Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 3.5 cm.; width, 2.6 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Material: Sandstone. PIPE Description: Fragment of partially manufactured tubular stone pipe, exterior ground smooth; hole drilled in one end, not completed; shape of half a cylinder. Fio. 39. Abrading stones (b, c,J, i,j), arrow shaft tools (a, d, g, h) and fleshing knife (/)• Length of j, 15.0 cm. 69 70 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 40. Disc beads. Diameter of left specimen, 1.2 cm. Occurrence: Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Diameter, 4.0 cm.; diameter of hole, 1.0 cm.; depth, 1.3 cm. (present). Material: Scoria. HOES Although these specimens conform to the ordinary description for stone hoes (Haury, 1934, p. 120; Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B., 1932, p. 45) their use as such remains putative. Only one fragment from the Reserve area sites (Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva) is notched for hafting, and several specimens are worn along one edge more than along the broad end. They may be generally related to the prehistoric cultivating tools which are called tchamahia. There is a broad similarity in outline between some of these thin plate-like hoes and the tchamahia (Woodbury, 1954, p. 107; also compare Morris, 1919, fig. 12, a, with Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B., 1932, pi. 44, b). They are more common in the Mimbres area than in sites farther north (Nesbitt, 1931, p. 80; Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B., 1932, p. 45). In general, they have a sporadic distribution in the Reserve area, although they occur from the Pine Lawn Phase (Martin, 1943, p. 222) up through the Tularosa Phase (Apache Creek and Higgins Flat pueblos). There are two large spots of hematite on the surface of one specimen. CLASSIFICATION OF HOES CLASS A Description: Thin plates of stone, generally oblong in outline; edges and ends chipped; one edge and/or one end worn smooth from use; two Fio. 41. Stone hoes (c, notched). Length of lower right, 16.8 em. 71 72 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES specimens with scratches at right angles to long axis (fig. 41, a, b, d, e). Total 9. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 2, 3, 5, fill; Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 16.3, 25.2 cm., remainder fragments; width, 5.4- 12.1 cm., average, 7.2 cm.; thickness, 0.7-1.4 cm., average, 1.1 cm. Material: Fine-grained basalt. CLASS B Description: Thin plate of stone, generally oblong in outline, two corners notched (fig. 41, c). Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, fragment; width, 11.9 cm.; thickness, 1.5 cm. Material: Fine-grained basalt. CHIPPED STONE The majority of the projectile points and/or blades recovered during the 1 954 season are small, basically triangular in shape, lenticular in cross sec- tion and with fine to medium flaking. Concave or indented bases are com- mon, and a few of the points are lateral notched. In addition to this group of small triangular points there is one medium-sized leaf-shaped point, two small diagonal-notched points with sharp down-raking barbs, and one larger point with a contracting stem. None of the points have ground edges. With two exceptions (the leaf-shaped blade and the contracting stem point) it seems probable that they were used as arrowheads because of their small size. One point (no. 263820) was found in the dirt immediately be- hind the mastoid process of a fragmentary burial (no. 2-2) on the floor of Room 2, Apache Creek Pueblo. However, there was no other direct evi- dence recovered as to the use of these points. As a group they corroborate the late distribution of these types of points observed during previous seasons. With one exception (the point with con- tracting stem) they belong to types found in sites and levels of the San Francisco through Tularosa Phases and were found most frequently in the Tularosa Phase. They most closely resemble points found at Hinkle Park and Cosper Cliff-Dwellings (Martin, Rinaldo, and Bluhm, 1954, p. 125). Only two drills were recovered, one a long, slender point with abruptly widening flange base, and the other a long, slender flake which has been sharpened to a point by fine, small flaking. The paucity of drill points recovered may be corroboration of a similar situation noted in the cave sites (Martin, Rinaldo, and Bluhm, 1954, p. 141) where fewer drills were found in the upper levels than in the lower levels. ARTIFACTS 73 The majority of the knives are simple, unshaped flake tools. Some of them have a little microscopic flaking or retouch along one edge, possibly due to use. The scrapers, on the other hand, have definitely been sharpened by flaking, but from one surface only. These are also divisible into classes such as side scrapers and end scrapers, although many were undoubtedly multiple purpose tools. There is no particular uniformity in outline for these tools, although many tend to be oblong. The choppers recovered from the Tularosa Phase sites indicate the continuation in use of this tool in spite of the presence also of the grooved (hafted) ax. We may conjecture that choppers had some particular use for which the hafted ax was not suited. Only one of the choppers, however, is of the scraper-plane type, that is, sharpened from one face only. The others are sharpened from both surfaces. Two specimens were chipped to shape over all the surfaces, even to the extent of flaking one edge dull for a grip. The others have some weathered surfaces left intact for a grip. None was shaped by any other technique, such as grinding or polishing. CLASSIFICATION OF PROJECTILE POINTS CLASS A Description: Small, triangular, lateral-notched, lenticular in cross section, flaking fine, edges straight, three specimens with indented base (fig. 42, J-i). Total 4. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill, posthole; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, fill; Room 2, floor with burial. Dimensions: Length, 1.3, 2.1, 1.6, 1.6 cm.; width, 0.7, 1.1, 0.9, 0.8 cm.; thickness, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2, 0.2 cm. Materials: Obsidian, chalcedony, chert. CLASS B Description: Small, triangular, with concave or straight base; lenticular in cross section, flaking fine, edges straight (fig. 42, c,j, k). Total 3. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Pithouse Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 3, 5, floor. Dimensions: Length, 1.4, 2.8, 2.4 cm.; width, 1.1, 1.0, 1.2 cm.; thick- ness, 0.3, 0.3, 0.4 cm. Materials: Obsidian, jasper. CLASS C Description: Small, triangular, diagonal-notched, sharp down-raking barbs, expanding stem narrower than blade, lenticular in cross section, flaking fine, convex edges (fig. 42, /, m). Total 2. 74 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, fill; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, fragment, 2.2 cm.; width, 1.1, 1.1 cm.; thickness, 0.3, 0.2 cm. Material: Obsidian. i JU Fig. 42. Projectile points (c-m) and drills (a, b), miscellaneous types. Length of lower right, 2.2 cm. CLASS D Description: Medium-sized leaf-shaped point, lenticular in cross section, base convex, edges convex, chipping medium coarse (fig. 42, e). Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 3.1 cm.; width, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Material: Chert. CLASS E Description: Contracting stem, corner-notched, down-raking barbs, lenticular in cross section, concave edges, coarse flaking (fig. 42, d). Total 1. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 1, pit with burial 1-4. Dimensions: Length, 4.3 cm.; width, 2.1 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm. Material: Fine-grained basalt. 1 -t- v 1 Fio. 43. Flake knives. Length of lower right specimen, 4.5 cm. 75 76 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Fig. 44. Side scrapers. Length of lower right specimen, 5.2 cm. CLASSIFICATION OF DRILLS CLASS A Description: Small, abruptly widening flange, long, slender, tapering point, diamond-shaped in cross section, chipping medium (fig. 42, a). Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, lateral entry, fill. Dimensions: Length, 3.7 cm.; width, 1.5 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm. Material: Obsidian. ARTIFACTS 77 CLASS B Description: Sharpened, slender flake tapering gradually to a point; wedge-shaped in cross section; point sharpened by secondary chipping (fig. 42, b). Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, lateral entry, fill. Dimensions: Length, 3.0 cm.; width, 0.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm. Material: Obsidian. KNIVES Description: Small, random, thin flakes with some secondary chipping along one edge, possibly through use; no regularity of oudine (fig. 43). Total 39. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill and floor; Pithouse Kiva, fill and floor; Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 2, 3, 8, fill; Room 4, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 2.4-6.5 cm., average, 3.8 cm.; width, 1.6-4.5 cm., average, 2.6 cm.; thickness, 0.3-1.5 cm., average, 0.7 cm. Materials: Fine-grained basalt, chert, chalcedony, jasper, quartzite. CLASSIFICATION OF SCRAPERS CLASS A Description: Flake implements with percussion chipping on one surface and steep retouch along one edge, plano-convex in cross section; one speci- men bi-convex in cross section and shaped on both surfaces (fig. 44). Total 21. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill and floor; Pithouse Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 2, floor; Valley View Pueblo, Room 1, fill; Room 2, floor. Dimensions: Length, 3.1-6.7 cm., average, 5.3 cm.; width, 2.1-6.2 cm., average, 3.7 cm.; thickness, 0.8-3.0 cm., average, 1.6 cm. CLASS B Description: Large, rough, thick angular flakes, generally plano-convex in cross section with steep retouch (30° to 90°) along one edge (fig. 45, b, dj). Total 3. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; small pueblo, Room 2; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 6.8, 7.0, 8.5 cm.; width, 4.1, 5.3, 5.7 cm.; thickness, 2.3, 2.6, 2.0 cm. CLASS C Description: Thick, oblong flakes, plano-convex to keel shape in cross section; retouch at one end (fig. 45, a, c, e). Total 3. 78 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 5.1, 5.4, 3.8 cm.; width, 3.1, 3.5, 3.0 cm.; thickness, 1.4, 2.2, 0.8 cm. Materials: Obsidian, fine-grained basalt, quartzite, chert. CLASSIFICATION OF CHOPPERS CLASS A Description: Thick, angular core implements percussion flaked on two surfaces to form a sharp cutting edge; trimmed to edge part way around; one surface trimmed or left flat for grip; small areas of weathered surface left intact in some specimens for grip (fig. 46, b-j). Total 5. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, floor; Pithouse Kiva, floor; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, floor; Plaza, trench. Dimensions: Length, 9.8, 9.5, 6.1, 9.4, 9.5 cm.; width, 7.5, 6.5, 4.6, 7.7, 7.6 cm.; thickness, 4.7, 3.6, 4.3, 3.8, 6.7 cm. CLASS B Description: Plano-convex chopper; large, thick, angular implement, roughly semicircular in oudine; percussion flaked part way around to produce sharp serrate cutting edge; portion of original weathered surface left intact for grip (fig. 46, a) . Total 1 . Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Pithouse Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 7.1 cm.; width, 3.5 cm.; thickness, 2.3 cm. Materials: Glassy rhyolite, fine-grained basalt, chert. SHELL BRACELETS Description: Thin, curved sections of bivalve shell, wedge-shaped in cross section, one with umbo of shell perforated (fig. 47, center). Total 2. Occurrence: Higgins Fiat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 5, floor. Dimensions: Length, 5.6, 3.8 cm.; width, 0.4, 0.8 cm.; thickness, 0.4, 0.3 cm. Material: Glycymeris shell. SHELL BEAD Description: Circular disc bead of white shell tinged with pink, drilled hole 0.3 cm. diameter (fig. 40, left). Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Diameter, 1.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. '.^Hgir 31 e Fig. 45. Large, rough, thick scrapers (b, d,j) and end scrapers (a, c, t). I>ength of /, 8.5 cm. 79 i^'^-s^' *\ ^ ^ 7 Fig. 46. Choppers (uniface, a; biface, b-f). Length of/, 6.1 cm. 80 ARTIFACTS 81 BONE TUBE Description: Short section of split hollow bone, ends cut (fig. 47, lower left). Total 1 . Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 1, fill. Dimensions: Diameter, 1.7 cm.; length, 3.1 cm. Fig. 47. Shell bracelets, bone tube and gaming piece. Length of lower right speci- men, 2.7 cm. GAMING PIECE Description: Elliptical slip of bone, concavo-convex in cross section; in- cised line from end to end on concave surface, other surfaces and edges polished smooth (fig. 47, lower right). Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, fill below roof on mealing bin. Dimensions: Length, 2.7 cm.; width, 1.0 cm.; thickness, 0.2 cm. 82 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES BONE AWLS The majority of the bone awls were made of deer leg bones, either ulnas or split metatarsals. The condyles of these bones made good handles, and the natural grooves formed easy lines for cleavage. Some of the points are fine and delicate; one of them is shouldered and seems to be adapted for making a hole in some tough material. The awls made of ulnas with the head of the bone intact constitute the largest group of any one type. Although this type appears in earlier phases, apparently it is the most popular type during the Tularosa Phase. This corroborates the trend in popularity observed in the awls from the dwelling rooms of Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). CLASSIFICATION OF BONE AWLS CLASS A Description: Ulna type, head of bone intact, shaft ground and polished to a sharp point (fig. 48, g-i, k, n). Total 10. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Room 2, small pueblo, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Rooms 1, 2, 3, 8, floor; Rooms 2, 3, fill; Valley View Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 8.1-14.9 cm., average, 12.1 cm. Material: Deer (Odocoileus sp.) ulnas. CLASS B Description: Made from metatarsal condyle and shaft not split; grooved just below condyle; distal end of shaft ground and polished to a thick point (fig. 48, c). Total 1. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 8, fill. Dimensions: Length, 19.9 cm. Material: Deer (Odocoileus sp.) metatarsal. CLASS C Description: Head of bone unworked except by original splitting, other end ground and polished to a point; made from leg bone split in half (fig. 48, e). Total 1. Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 11.1 cm. Material: Deer (Odocoileus sp.) metatarsal. CLASS D Description: Head of bone ground down after splitting in half, other end ground and polished to a point (fig. 48,7). Total 1. ARTIFACTS 83 Fio. 48. Bone awls (a-c, e, g-n); antler Makers (-rectangular with edges ground smooth (figs. 49, b, h, I; 50, lower). Total 5. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill; Pithouse Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 1, fill; Room 8, floor. Dimensions: Length, 11.0, 6.0, 5.2, 4.6, 4.5 cm.; width, 10.6, 5.7, 4.4, 4.2, 4.3 cm.; thickness, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.7, 0.7 cm. Materials: Tularosa Black-on-White, Reserve Plain Corrugated, Re- serve Smudged, Reserve Indented Corrugated, Smudged Interior variant. CLASS E Description: Oblong worked rims with edges ground smooth (fig. 49, a, k). Total 2. Fig. 49. Miscellaneous worked sherds. Length of lower right specimen, 5.2 cm. 86 ARTIFACTS 87 Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 8, floor. Dimensions: Length, 9.7, 5.6 cm.; width, 3.5, 3.0 cm.; thickness, 0.8, 0.6 cm. Material: Reserve Indented Corrugated, Smudged Interior variant. *s i Fig. 50. Worked sherd and animal ef- figy. Length of lower specimen, 1 1.0 cm. ** Fie. 51. Incised stone. Length, 33.5 cm. CLASS F Description: Miscellaneous fragments, mostly with one or more curved edges. Total 5. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill and floor; Pithousc Kiva, fill; Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 3, fill. Dimensions: Length, 4.0, 3.1, 4.0, 4.3, 4.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 cm. Materials: Reserve Black-on-White, Chaco Black-on-White, Alma Plain, Indeterminate Black-on-White (no design showing), Cilx>la White Ware. 88 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES ANIMAL EFFIGY Description: Crudely modeled quadruped figure, peg-like legs, head and tail broken off (fig. 50, upper). Total 1. Occurrence: Higgins Flat Pueblo, Great Kiva, fill. Dimensions: Length, 6.0 cm.; width, 3.0 cm.; thickness, 2.8 cm. INCISED STONE Description: Triangular stone, wedge-shaped in cross section, the two main triangular planes joined at their bases; one smooth surface incised with concentric triangles (fig. 51). Occurrence: Apache Creek Pueblo, Room 2, fill. Dimensions: Length, 33.5 cm.; width, 16.4 cm.; thickness, 14.5 cm. UNWORKED STONE Lumps of stone possibly for pigments; red, yellow, blue, no facets. Apache Creek Pueblo: Room 3, floor, malachite; Room 6, fill, hematite; Room 1, fill, hematite. Higgins Flat Pueblo: Great Kiva, floor, limonite; Great Kiva, south posthole, azurite; Pithouse Kiva, roof, limonite. III. Pottery of the Reserve Area By Eloise Richards Barter Excavations during the 1954 season were primarily an effort to estab- lish the latest prehistoric Mogollon occupation in the Reserve area. We found no sites as late as two previously reported: Cosper Cliff-Dwelling (Martin, Rinaldo, and Bluhm, 1954); and Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). It was possible, however, to expand our knowledge of the middle range of the Tularosa Phase, and to establish more clearly the ceramic differentiation between the Reserve and Tularosa Phases in the Reserve area. About 1 5,000 sherds were recovered during the season and were exca- vated according to the procedure outlined previously. Sherds were washed, classified, and counted in the field. From these counts, the percentage of each type in a particular excavation unit was calculated relative to the total number of sherds recovered from that unit (Tables 1-3). Both fill and floor levels were treated in this manner. The percentages for each floor level were then plotted on graph paper and arranged serially according to pottery popularity trends outlined by stratigraphy. This should graphical- ly represent the approximate sequence of occupation and abandonment of floor levels. As the seriations agree in almost all instances with the stratigraphic observations and building sequences within a particular site, the method is lielicved valid. The same basic method (fig. 52) is used to compare trends in pottery assemblages (and, by extension, the age) of two or more sites (Martin and Rinaldo, 1940; Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949). HIGGINS FLAT PUEBLO A Great Kiva and a Pithouse Kiva were excavated near Higgins Flat Pueblo (see Chapter I). These can not be regarded as isolated units, but must be considered in their relationship to the excavated portion of Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). The Great Kiva was divided by architectural remodeling into two separate units, an earlier and a later structure. The stratigraphy and the position of the postholes indicated that one floor had been used both be- 89 90 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES fore and after the alterations (p. 13). The pottery from the floor would therefore be a mixture from the earlier and later structures. To obtain the maximum information from the pottery, a part of the structure that had not been re-used had to be isolated. The lower ramp, the lower firepit, and the portion of the floor behind the west wall were all filled during the remodeling. Sherds in these areas could not be later than the architectural alterations in the Great Kiva. These are indicated on the seriation as "earlier structure." A small number of sherds were found in scraping through the floor, after it had been cleared. It seems probable that these floor contact sherds (designated on fig. 52 as "earlier structure, floor contact") had been de- posited during the building and occupation of the earlier structure of the Great Kiva. In theory, these should be of about the same time, or perhaps earlier, than the sherds from the sealed areas. The pottery types found in the earlier structure of the Great Kiva are similar to the types found in the earliest rooms at Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). There is no indication that the sacred func- tion of the Great Kiva is in any way reflected in the sherd counts. The sherd percentages from the sealed areas and floor contact were compared with the room-floor seriation made for Higgins Flat Pueblo (see Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). There is a marked resemblance be- tween pottery frequencies of the earlier structure and those of the "former rooms" of Higgins Flat Pueblo. These were part of a Reserve Phase struc- ture that was torn down at some time prior to the building of the first Tularosa Phase rooms at Higgins Flat Pueblo (the "nuclear rooms"). We concluded, therefore, that the earliest version of the Great Kiva should be placed in the Reserve Phase. Whatever social force influenced the remodeling of Higgins Flat Pueblo may also have been active in the alterations in the Great Kiva. These two activities seem to coincide. On the west side of the ridge on which Higgins Flat Pueblo is located there is a small pueblo. From surface indications and limited trenching, this appears to be of the Reserve Phase. The Great Kiva as well as the former rooms of Higgins Flat Pueblo may have been used by the people of the small pueblo. The only floor level that can be considered as part of the later structure, and only the later structure, of the Great Kiva is the upper ramp. The sherds from the upper ramp are a typical assemblage of the Tularosa Phase. Again, we could ascertain no difference between the ceramic com- plex of Higgins Flat Pueblo and that of the Great Kiva. The pottery percentages of the upper ramp (on fig. 52 designated as "later structure") indicate, by comparison, that it is later than the earlier structure of the Great Kiva. When compared with the sherd percentages S* 8 11 o o * m - 3 ? u. a S? * « « _ 6 X c Q 1.3 *?• ° d < iil! s83i 8. 8. u 91 92 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES of the room-floors of Higgins Flat Pueblo, the upper ramp is found to be similar to some of the later rooms. (The upper ramp would fall between Room M, floor 1, and Room N, floor 1, in the Higgins Flat Pueblo seria- tion, Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956.) The later structure of the Great Kiva can be assigned to the Tularosa Phase. It would appear that some rooms of Higgins Flat Pueblo were used after the abandonment of the Great Kiva. The architecture of the Pithouse Kiva is a mixture of sacred and secular architectural manifestations (see p. 26). The types of pottery recovered from it are typical of the Tularosa Phase and show no sharp differentiation from either the living rooms or the later structure of the Great Kiva. The frequencies of floor sherds from the Pithouse Kiva are very similar to those of the upper ramp of the Great Kiva and indicate an abandon- ment at about the same time. Whole and Restorable Pottery Great Kiva, Fill 1 Alma Plain miniature bowl Great Kiva, Floor 1 Alma Plain miniature jar 1 Alma Plain miniature bowl 1 Alma Plain miniature jar, behind west wall added during alteration These vessels were all shaped by pinching, and then roughly smoothed. They are in no way distinctive in appearance. All are from the southwest quadrant. Pithouse Kiva, Floor, Mealing Receptacles 3 Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls 1 Reserve Plain Corrugated bowl, base only The use here of a corrugated vessel as a receptacle in mealing bins is unique. Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls were habitually employed. Paint stones were associated with one of the Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls (see p. 60). APACHE CREEK SITE Nine rooms at Apache Creek Site were excavated and the plaza was outlined (Chapter I). The pottery counts for the rooms are given in Tables 2 and 3. Data on the plaza trench are omitted as there are too few sherds to form a base for reliable conclusions. Room 3 was the only room that had two floors. When the frequencies of the pottery types were plotted, it became evident that the floor levels excavated at Apache Creek Site represented a short occupation. The seria- POITF.RY OF I HI. RI.M.KM. ARIA 93 tion by room indicated that Rooms 8, 1, and 6 were somewhat later than the others. (Probable order of abandonment: 3, 3A, 5, 2, 8, 1, 6.) The trends were so slight that all floor levels were combined for the graph of Tularosa Phase sites (fig. 52). The portion of Apache Creek Site excavated l>elonged to the middle span of the Tularosa Phase as it is now known. It was occupied at the same time as Higgins Flat Pueblo. FlO. 53. Reserve Indented Corrugated double vessel with jar top set into IxjwI lx>t- tom. From fill, Room 3, Apache Creek Pueblo. Whole and Restorable Pottery Room 1, Floor 1 Tularosa Fillet Rim Bowl Room 2, Floor 2 Tularosa Fillet Rim Bowls These bowls were located in a pit (IjcIow the floor) in the southwest corner of the room. Room 3, Fill 1 Reserve Indented Corrugated jar, smudged interior 94 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES 1 Reserve Indented Corrugated jar, double vessel with jar top set into bowl bottom (fig. 53) 1 Reserve Black-on-White bowl of a ladle cut down to serve as a scoop Room 3, Floor Mealing bins: 3 Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls Grouped around firepit: 5 Reserve Indented Corrugated jars, smudged interior Over firepit: 1 Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl In northwest quadrant of room: 1 Alma Rough bowl Room 8, Floor 1 Tularosa Black-on-White jar with indented hand-holds (fig. 54) The Reserve Indented Corrugated jars grouped around the firepit were probably used for cooking. This type of jar was commonly used for cook- ing in the Jewett Gap Site (see p. 110). Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls seem to be more frequently used for cooking purposes in the Reserve area than in the Jewett Gap Site. Other household equipment was in place in this room. Room 8 had the same assemblage of Reserve Indented Corrugated jars and Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls around the firepit. Room 3 A, Floor 2 small Reserve Smudged bowls 1 small San Francisco Red Neck Corrugated jar These were grouped together in the southeast corner of the room, below the upper floor. A similar jar was found with a burial in the Valley View Site. Room 7, Fill 1 Tularosa Patterned Corrugated jar, Reserve Variant Room 8, Floor North of firepit: 2 Reserve Indented Corrugated jars; 2 Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls; 1 Tularosa Black-on-White jar Northeast quadrant: 2 Reserve Indented Corrugated jars; 1 Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl; 1 Alma Plain miniature jar Plaza Trench 1 miniature duck effigy vessel This is the first miniature painted vessel excavated by Chicago Natural History Museum in the Reserve area. It is very similar to a larger one found at the Sawmill Site (Bluhm, 1957), and resembles a duck effigy il- POTTERY OF THE RESERVE AREA 95 lustrated from the Starkweather Ruin (Nesbitt, 1938). All three use wavy or small crescent lines to indicate the breast feathers, while other markings are in stylized designs. Duck effigies from the Springerville area seem to have a Tularosa style design on the breast, in place of a more realistic representation of feathers. Duck effigies from the Jewett Gap Site usually Fic 54. Tularosa Black-on-White jar with indented hand-holds. From floor, Room 8, Apache Creek Pueblo. have interlocking scrolls (1 to 3), or a continuation of the body design, on the breast. The breast design of crescents and wavy lines is perhaps centered in the Reserve area. The small duck vessel from Apache Creek Site was fired and then drilled at the back of the neck. The tail is also provided with a hole, but this ap- pears to have been punched while the clay was still damp. The painted design is worn off the vessel to a point half way up the body. Wear on the bottom and rim of duck vessels is common in those ex- amined from the Jewett Gap Site, and in the collections of Chicago Natural History Museum. To what use these duck effigies were put has not been determined. VALLEY VIEW SITE Two rooms were excavated at the Valley View Site (Chapter I). The sherd percentages from both rooms indicate that they were occupied at 96 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES about the same time. Consequently floor level counts were combined for the charting of Tularosa Phase sites. These two rooms have been assigned to the Tularosa Phase at a time slightly later than that assigned to the excavated portion of Apache Creek Site. The lack of any polychrome sherds on the floor is not considered a particular problem, as polychromes seem to occur on only one out of four floor levels in all Tularosa Phase sites. It is evident from red-on-brown and red-on-white sherds that there was admixture from an earlier site. Pithouse depressions noted on the same knoll as the Valley View Site may account for the early sherds found in the excavations. Whole and Restorable Pottery Room 7, Fill 1 Reserve Indented Corrugated jar, Smudged Interior Room 2, Fill 1 Tularosa Fillet Rim bowl Room 2, Floor West of south post: 1 Alma Plain miniature bowl; 2 Reserve Indented Corrugated jars With burial 2—1: 1 San Francisco Red, Neck Corrugated jar, small Sunk in floor, beside vent: 1 Reserve Indented Corrugated jar There are as yet no tree ring dates from Tularosa Phase sites of the Re- serve Area. Dating is based upon intrusive pottery and trends in the popularity of local types. The ceramic popularity trends established for the Reserve Area seem to be the best method of placing sites in relative chronological position. The chart (fig. 52) is a seriation based on pottery of all sites Chicago Natural History Museum has excavated that have been assigned to the Tularosa Phase, plus a few late Reserve Phase sites. Hinkle Park and Cosper Cliff-Dwellings and South Leggett Pueblo are thought to have been occupied but briefly. Each is represented by a single strip in the seriation (Martin, Rinaldo, and Bluhm, 1954). For convenience of presentation, the room-floor seriation of pottery fre- quencies for Higgins Flat Pueblo was divided into two sections. This division of a continuously occupied pueblo was made to show the relation- ship of Higgins Flat Pueblo to the Great Kiva, Pithouse Kiva, and other Tularosa Phase sites, without repeating the complete seriation (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). POTTERY OF THE RESERVE AREA 97 The Pithouse Kiva and the Great Kiva seemed best to fit into the Higgins Flat Pueblo seriation between Room M, floor 1, and Room N, floor 1. A somewhat arbitrary division was made at that point. Therefore, "Higgins Flat Pueblo — Early" on figure 52 is a composite average of sherd frequencies in Room M, floor 1 and all other floors shown as earlier in the Higgins Flat Pueblo seriation. Likewise, "Higgins Flat Pueblo —Late" is Room N, floor 1 and all other floor levels considered as later in the seriation. The sherd counts from the Sawmill Site, Great Kiva, are taken from a recendy published report (Bluhm, 1957). The Great Kiva is a large, rec- tangular subterranean structure with an inclined ramp entrance, similar architecturally to the one at Higgins Flat Pueblo. We feel that the position of the sites in chronological sequence on figure 52 is correct. The difficulty arises in assigning dates. Trade sherds in the Tularosa Phase sites are not numerous. It is felt that they indicate a range of dates for the entire phase from around a.d. 1 100 to a.d. 1250. The initial date is based primarily upon the presence of St. Johns Polychrome, the end date upon the presence of one sherd each of Tusayan and Fourmile Polychromes. CERAMIC FEATURES OF THE TULAROSA PHASE Sufficient ruins have now been excavated to allow synthesis of the ceramic assemblage that constitutes the Tularosa Phase of the Reserve Area. From the sherd counts in this and preceding publications, and from trends shown throughout the Reserve and Tularosa Phases, we have de- rived the following ceramic characteristics of the Tularosa Phase as it is known in the Reserve area. Guide Types Five types (Tularosa Black-on-White, Tularosa White-on-Red, St. Johns Polychrome, Tularosa Fillet Rim, and Tularosa Patterned Corru- gated) are considered guide types to the Tularosa Phase and are present consistently for the first time during that phase. Tularosa Black-on-White: Tularosa Black-on-White is present throughout the phase, but does not completely replace the ancestral Reserve Black-on- White until late in the Tularosa Phase. Tularosa White-on-Red: Tularosa White-on-Red appears to be character- istic of the later part of the phase, although occasional sherds are found in early Tularosa Phase sites. The similarity of exterior designs on St. Johns Polychrome and Tularosa White-on-Red suggests influence of one type on the other. Both probably originated west of the Reserve area. 98 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES St. Johns Polychrome: St. Johns Polychrome appears for the first time during the Tularosa Phase. We suspect that some of the pieces may have been locally made. Other polychromes and all black-on-reds are considered to be trade wares. The late variant of St. Johns Polychrome, Springerville Polychrome, is also found. Only two of the three variations of Springerville Polychrome have been uncovered in the Reserve area: sub-glaze paint, and the addi- tion of white paint to the interior design. The other variation, addition of black paint to the exterior design, has not been found. A few pieces of Houck and Querino Polychromes have been identified. No difference can be found between the time span of Houck Polychrome and St. Johns Polychrome, yet there seems to be a geographical differentia- tion in their spread. Houck Polychrome is reported in quantity only from Apache Creek Site and Valley View Site. One sherd was found in the trenching at Higgins Flat Pueblo. Three sherds were reported from Stark- weather Ruin (Nesbitt, 1938). Houck Polychrome can be considered as occurring only in the eastern part of the Reserve Area, centering particu- larly in the San Francisco River Valley. The polychrome types do not replace black-on-red types except in the latest site now known from this area — Cosper Cliff-Dwelling. In most cases, black-on-reds and polychromes do not occur together on floor levels. This is apparently an expression of taste on the part of the occupants of the rooms, as there is stratigraphic evidence that there is no temporal differ- ence. On an average, polychromes occur on 25 per cent of the floor levels. It will be noted that three black-on-red types are listed in the pottery counts: Wingate Black-on-Red, Tularosa-style Black-on-Red, and Puerco Black-on-Red. The Tularosa-style Black-on-Red is variously called Win- gate Black-on-Red, St. Johns Black-on-Red, Tularosa Black-on-Red, and perhaps North Plains Black-on-Red. It does not conform to the descrip- tion of Wingate Black-on-Red. Research in the Springerville area might clarify the black-on-red pottery problem. Tularosa Fillet Rim: Tularosa Fillet Rim replaces Reserve Fillet Rim and becomes a prominent type early in the phase. It continues in popularity throughout the span of the phase. Tularosa Patterned Corrugated: Although a few pieces are known from Reserve Phase sites, Tularosa Patterned Corrugated first becomes com- mon during the Tularosa Phase. Two variants are recognized. Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, with indented geometric patterns against a plain corrugated background, is primarily limited to Tularosa Phase sites. Tularosa Patterned Corrugated Reserve Variant, with alternate plain and indented corrugated bands, is found in late Reserve Phase sites, and is common in the Tularosa Phase. Jar forms are the most common in both POTTERY OF THE RESERVE AREA 99 variants, although an occasional bowl (always with a smudged interior) is known. It is always a matter of individual preference when assigning a phase classification on the basis of pottery to a transitional site. We consider no site to be of the Tularosa Phase unless, among other traits, all of the pottery types listed above (Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Tularosa Black-on-White, Tularosa White-on-Red, and St. Johns Poly- chrome) are present. Naturally, all these types do not come into existence at precisely the same instant. Tularosa Patterned Corrugated and Tula- rosa Fillet Rim seem to be the earliest. Tularosa Black-on-White appears l>efore St. Johns Polychrome and Tularosa White-on-Red. We know, though, that new types do not occur in sufficient quantity in the early parts of the phase to make it possible to place single rooms by guide types alone. To place an individual room within a site in chrono- logical position, or to compare the temporal range of two sites, changes in percentages of occurrence of types that may have been well established in an earlier period are used. This is preferred to mere presence-absence criteria in the guide types. Trends During the Tularosa Phase The following trends in pottery popularity seem valid for the Tularosa Phase in the Reserve Area: Most important, perhaps, Reserve Indented Corrugated increases in popularity as unindented types decrease. Some slight tendency for Reserve Indented Corrugated to decrease is noted at the end of the phase as it is now known. This coincides with an increase in Tularosa Patterned Cor- rugated and Tularosa Fillet Rim. All of the types utilizing indentation as a technique post-date the introduction of Reserve Black-on-White and ap- pear to he the adaptation of the Anasazi technique of indentation to a Mogollon brown-ware tradition. Alma Plain decreases steadily in popularity throughout the phases. A mentioned elsewhere (Martin, Rinaldo, et a/., 1956) it is suspected that many of the Alma Plain sherds may have been from the plain bases of neck corrugated jars. Reserve Incised Corrugated, while still present, is a minor textured type. Its popularity declines suddenly at the beginning of the Tularosa Phase. This coincides with the increase in popularity of types with the indented technique. San Francisco Red is present throughout the phase, in small but con- stant quantity. Many of these sherds may be from Red Neck-Corrugated vessels. Red Indented Corrugated sherds are found in sites of the Tularosa Phase in the Reserve area. 100 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Reserve Smudged rim sherds are present but are not frequent. Oc- casional whole bowls have been found. Reserve Smudged does not appear- to be a primary culinary ware during the Tularosa Phase in the Reserve Area. Body sherds from Tularosa Fillet Rim and Reserve Smudged bowls are indistinguishable. As 1954 was the first season that Reserve Smudged rim sherds were counted separately, there is no perceptible trend that can be traced throughout all the sites. Smudging increases on the interiors of all plain and textured types. There is a tendency for the width of corrugations and indentations to decrease. The amount of experimentation seems to decrease. The Mogollones dur- ing the Reserve Phase were attempting to produce new ways of texturing their pottery. Odd and ephemeral "types" were common. During the Tularosa Phase the types became stabilized. Starkweather Smudged Decorated is still found but has become a minor decorated type. In all sites of the Tularosa Phase there are a few sherds considered to be intrusive from earlier times. Red Mesa Black-on-White and Kiatuthlanna Black-on-White are the most frequent. Both these types also occur in Three Circle Phase and in the Reserve Phase sites. Mimbres Classic and Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White continue to be present in a small but constant quantity throughout most of the span of the Tularosa Phase. These types were probably of local manufacture, but one should not discount the possibility that they represent trade ware from the south. The ceramics of the Tularosa Phase are characterized by the intermix- ture of Anasazi and Mogollon tradition and techniques. One finds a Mogollon brown corrugated culinary ware modified by Anasazi indenta- tion; a Mimbres black-on- white ware associated with an Anasazi-inspired black-on-white ware; and an indigenous white-on-red ware associated with an Anasazi-inspired black-on-red ware. This intermixture represents the culmination of a pattern established in the Reserve Phase. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF POTTERY TYPES AND REFERENCES TO THEIR DESCRIPTIONS Alma Incised (Haury, 1936b, p. 40). Alma Incised, Smudged Interior; variant of Alma Incised with polished black smudged interior. Alma Neck Banded (Haury, 1936b, p. 35). Alma Plain (Haury, 1936b, p. 32; Martin and Rinaldo, 1947, pp. 362-368). Alma Punched (Haury, 1936b, p. 39). Alma Rough (Martin and Rinaldo, 1940, pp. 78-80, and 1947, pp. 362-368; Martin, 1943, p. 238). POTTERY OF THE RESERVE AREA 101 Alma Scored (Haury, 1936b, p. 38; Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, p. 359). Alma Scored, Smudged Interior; variant of Alma Scored with polished black smudged interior. Alma variants; includes miscellaneous sherds of Alma Knobby, fragments of coiled miniature vessels with coils still evident on inner surface, etc. Chaco Canyon Pottery— "Chacoan" Black-on-Whitc (Judd> 1954» PP- 174-238). Houck Polychrome (Roberts, 1932, pp. 111-112). Indeterminate Black-on-White; no design showing, white. Indeterminate Black-on-Rcd; small red sherds, types unidentified. Indeterminate Red-on-Brown; small fragments, unidentified as to type. Kana-a Gray (Colton and Hargrave, 1937, pp. 195-196). Kiatuthlanna Black-on-Whitc (Roberts, 1931, pp. 130-149; Gladwin, 1945, pp. 41-42). Klagctoh Black-on-White (Colton and Hargrave, 1937, pp. 243-244). Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-Whitc (Cosgrove, 1932, p. 76). Mimbrcs Classic Black-on-Whitc (Cosgrove, 1932, pp. 72-75). Mogollon Red-on-Brown (Haury, 1936b, pp. 10-17). Pucrco Black-on-Whitc (Gladwin, 1931, pp. 24-26; Martin and Willis, 1940, pis. 70- 73). Puerco Black-on-Rcd (Martin and Willis, 1940, pi. 74). Qucrino Polychrome (Roberts, 1932, p. Ill; Colton and Hargrave, 1937, p. 122). Red Indented Corrugated; variety of Reserve Indented Corrugated? Red Indented Corrugated, Smudged Interior; variety of Reserve Indented Corrugated? Red Plain Corrugated; possibly a variety of Reserve Plain Corrugated. Red Mesa Black-on-Whitc (Gladwin, 1945, pp. 56-57; Martin and Willis, 1940, pis. 66-67). Reserve Black-on-Whitc (Nesbitt, 1938, p. 138; Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b, pp. 502- 519). Reserve Incised Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 164-167). Reserve Incised Corrugated, Smudged Interior (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 167- 168). Reserve Incised Corrugated with Plain and Indented Corrugated; variant of Reserve Incised Corrugated. Reserve Indented Corrugated (Gladwin, 1934, p. 18; Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b, pp. 501, 530; Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 159-160). Reserve Indented Corrugated, Smudged Interior (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 159- 161). Reserve Plain Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 155-157). Reserve Plain Corrugated, Smudged Interior (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 157-158). Reserve Plain Corrugated, Tularosa Variant (sec Reserve Plain Corrugated, Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 155-157). Reserve Punched Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 162-164). Reserve Punched Corrugated, Smudged Interior; variant of Reserve Punched Cor- rugated, with polished black smudged interior. Reserve Smudged (Martin, Rinaldo, and Antcvs, 1949, pp. 187-188; Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, pp. 359-360; 1950b, pp. 500, 534; Nesbitt, 1938, p. 139, under Reserve Plain ware). Starkweather Smudged Decorated (Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949, p. 188; Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b, pp. 507, 524; Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1952, p. 62; Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 171-173). 102 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES St. Johns Polychrome (Gladwin, 1931, pp. 36-40; Martin and Willis, 1940, pis. 97- 101). San Francisco Red, Saliz Variety (Haury, 1936b, pp. 28-31; Martin, 1943, p. 240; Martin and Rinaldo, 1940, pp. 80-81; 1947, pp. 364-368). San Francisco Red, Smudged Interior (4 sherds); variety of San Francisco Red? Springerville Polychrome (Danson, 1954, revised MS.). Three Circle Neck Corrugated (Haury, 1936b, p. 36; Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1952, pp. 60, 80). Three Circle Red-on-White (Haury, 1936b, pp. 18-21; Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, pp. 362-369; Nesbitt, 1938, p. 137). Tularosa Black-on-White (Gladwin, 1931, pp. 32-35; Hawley, 1936, pp. 46-47; Kidder, 1924, p. 98; Nesbitt, 1938, p. 139; Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 177-184). Tularosa Black-on-White, sub-glaze; variant of Tularosa Black-on-White with sub- glaze paint. Tularosa Fillet Rim (Gladwin, 1934, p. 18; Kidder, 1924, p. 98; Martin, Rinaldo, etal., 1952, p. 65). Tularosa Patterned Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, p. 169). Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Smudged Interior (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 169-171). Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Variant (see Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, p. 169). Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Variant, Smudged Interior (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, p. 169). Tularosa White-on-Red, formerly Reserve Polychrome (Nesbitt, 1938, p. 139; Wen- dorf, 1950, p. 122; Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 173, 177). Wingate Black-on-Red (Gladwin, 1931, pp. 29-31; Martin and Willis, 1940, pis. 89-96; Gladwin, 1945, pp. 71-73). White Mound Black-on-White (Gladwin, 1945, pp. 22-23). Table 1— POTTERY ANALYSIS, HIGGINS FLAT PUEBLO \. PROVENIENCES POTTERY TYPES \. HIGGINS FLAT PUEBLO GREAT KIVA PITHOUSE KIVA EARLIER STRUCTURE LATER STRUCTURE u g z o o tt 8 _i u. ►- Q- _l y -> (T < c * Q.-OC 3E < < Id (r «r -J _j u. en o 3 c t UJ a. u. •• erg a. < uj K 0. t- a. z 3 UJ _l _j u. Ul u 2 tr 3 (/) U. o o v APACHE CREEK PUEBLO BLOCK I ROOMI ROOM 2 ROOM 3 RM. 3A ROOM 4 ROOM 5 _i _i o m < do u-ir 5 o _i Ld CD _J° do u-cr tr o o _i Ll _l _i LL a: o o _J Ll % % % % % % % % % % % % % % ALMA PLAIN 9.1 10.0 23.1 11.3 32.8245 26.7 270 180 24.4 25.4 7.1 222 20.6 ALMA PLAIN (VARIANT) 0.6 ALMA ROUGH 3.2 SAN FRANCISCO RED 5.7 5.0 5.3 2.8 1.3 2.9 0.9 2.0 1.6 SAN FRANCISCO RED, SMUDGED INT. 1.2 RESERVE SMUDGED BODY 17.0 28.8 19.3 23.9 17.9 24.8 23.8 23.4 14.0 21.0 20.6 285 250 21.6 RESERVE SMUDGED RIM 2.3 5.0 0.2 4.2 0.8 1.5 2.5 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.0 2.1 RESERVE BLACK- ON-WHITE I.I 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.0 2.8 2.6 2.0 1.6 6.3 2.1 22.7 SPRINGERVILLE POLYCHROME I.I 1.4 ST. JOHNS POLYCHROME 3.4 1.4 03 TULAROSA BLACK-ON-WHITE 57 2.5 5.3 4.2 2.0 2.9 0.6 1.3 11.3 52 1.0 TULAROSA B/W SUB-GLAZE 0.2 01 KIATUTHLANNA BLACK-ON-WHITE 1.9 2.0 1.6 MIMBRES BOLD FACE B/W 3.4 2.5 2.3 4.2 2.6 3.4 1.2 2.6 1.6 6.3 1.0 3.1 MIMBRES CLASSIC BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.6 4.0 PUERCO BLACK-ON- WHITE I.I 0.2 0.5 0.6 ZO 1.8 RED MESA BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.5 1.4 0.7 05 1.2 1.6 10 WINGATE BLACK-ON-RED 2.3 0.2 2.8 0.3 1.5 INDETERMINATE BLACK-ON-WHITE 5.7 2.5 1.2 2.4 2.0 0.6 1.9 2.0 1.6 3.2 5.4 1.0 PUERCO BLACK-ON-RED 02 "CHACOAN" BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.2 HOUCK POLYCHROME 3.4 1.3 ALMA INCISED 02 05 05 03 18 1.0 ALMA SCORED 0.1 ALMA SCORED, SMUDGED INTERIOR 0.1 THREE CIRCLE NECK CORRUGATED 0.5 16 1.0 1.0 RESERVE INCISED CORRUGATED 0.7 04 2.5 0.3 20 2.1 RESERVE INCISED CORRUGATED, S.I. 0.5 TULAROSA PATTERNED CORRUGATED 0.2 0.5 1.0 13.6 TULAROSA PATTERNED CORR.. S.I. 0.1 0.5 06 4.5 2.1 TULAROSA PATT CORR. RESERVE VAR 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.3 TULAROSA PATT CORR. RES- VAR. S.I. 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.3 06 2.0 RESERVE PLAIN CORRUGATED 8.0 1.3 9.1 1.4 8.9 7.4 7.4 9.1 8.0 4.8 5.4 8.3 3.1 RESERVE PLAIN CORRUGATED, S.I. 2.4 3.0 2.2 4.4 2.8 4.5 4.0 3.2 2.1 RESERVE PLAIN CORR. TUL. VAR. 0.2 14 RESERVE INDENTED CORRUGATED 15.9 21.1 10.2 16.9 16.7 2.5 7.1 240 177 143 285 20.8 13.4 RESERVE INDENTED CORRUGATED.S.I 68 10.0 10.0 4.2 4.1 7.8 13.9 12.0 4.8 143 17.9 9.4 4.1 TULAROSA FILLET RIM 3.4 10.0 1.9 18.5 26 5.9 2.8 3.2 3.2 1.8 1.0 RESERVE PUNCHED CORRUGATED 0.2 05 1.2 3.2 RED INDENTED CORRUGATED 0.3 TOTAL NUMBER OF SHERDS 88 80 430 71 756 204 323 154 50 62 63 56 96 97 B/W=BLACK-ON-WHITE CORR. « CORRUGATED S.I." SMUDGED INTERIOR VAR. 'VARIETY 104 Table 3.— POTTERY ANALYSIS, APACHE CREEK PUEBLO, BLOCK II, AND VALLEY VIEW \. PROVENIENCES POTTERY TYPES ^V APACHE CREEK PUEBLO BLOCK H VALLEY VIEW PUEBLO ROOM 6 RM7 ROOM 8 ROOM 1 ROOM 2 -1 _l K O O -1 % o -i _) o 3 _l -1 o o _) X X X X X % X X X ALMA PLAIN 8 3 176 11.6 18 1 5 3 12 4 4.1 180 14 1 ALMA PLAIN (VARIANT) 0.4 0.4 2 8 05 0 1 ALMA ROUGH 02 SAN FRANCISCO RED 0.9 1.6 1.4 1.0 22 2 5 SAN FRANCISCO RED, SMUDGED INT. 1.5 RESERVE SMUDGED BODY 16 5 254 17.4 12.3 16.4 233 3 1 183 169 RESERVE SMUDGED RIM 2 0 1.2 1.2 0 6 0.4 1.0 RESERVE BLACK-ON-WHITE 2.2 12 2.8 19 0 6 1.3 1.7 SPRINGERVILLE POLYCHROME 0 4 05 ST JOHNS POLYCHROME 09 0.5 0.1 THREE CIRCLE RED-ON-WHITE 04 02 04 TULAROSA BLACK-ON-WHITE 9.1 7.8 2.1 2.4 2.9 5.6 8 2 49 4.3 TULAROSA B/W SUB-GLAZE 0.8 0.1 0.1 TULAROSA WHITE-ON-RED 0.4 0.5 0.1 INDENTED BLACK-ON-RED 1.2 0 1 WHITE MOUND BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.3 KIATUTHLANNA BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.6 MIMBRES BOLD FACE BLACK-ON-WHITE 04 0.4 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.0 2.0 1.1 MIMBRES CLASSIC BLACK-ON-WHITE 04 0.5 KLAGETOH BLACK-ON-WHITE 03 RED MESA BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.4 0.4 0.2 WINGATE BLACK-ON-RED 2.0 0.5 04 0 3 INDETERMINATE BLACK-ON-WHITE 09 2.1 2.4 1.4 3.7 1.6 35 PUERCO BLACK-ON-RED 04 0 6 0.1 "chacoan" BLACK-ON-WHITE 0.1 0 1 HOUCK POLYCHROME 0.4 2 0 0.6 0.2 QUERINO POLYCHROME (?) 0.3 ALMA INCISED 04 ALMA NECK BANDED 0.1 ALMA SCORED 05 0.1 0 1 THREE CIRCLE NECK CORRUGATED 04 1 9 1 2 0 1 TULAROSA PATTERNED CORRUGATED 0.4 1.2 0.8 10 I 2 06 0.7 TULAROSA PATTERNED CORR. SI 1.2 04 06 TULAROSA PATT CORR RESERVE VAR 09 5.9 2 1 2 4 09 03 TULAROSA PATT CORR. RES VAR S.I. 08 2.0 2 9 0 2 0 1 RESERVE PLAIN CORRUGATED 9.1 11.8 107 M 9 5 8 8 1 1.0 6 5 4 3 RESERVE INDENTED CORRUGATED 29 3 5 9 287 15 8 19 8 21.1 7 3.4 25 8 28 5 RESERVE INDENTED CORRUGATED, SI. 7.8 157 136 99 277 5 6 8.2 8.7 102 TULAROSA FILLET RIM 52 3.9 1.2 3.6 4 8 9.9 3 6 3 5 RESERVE PUNCHED CORRUGATEO 0.4 1. 1 RESERVE PUNCHED CORRUGATED, SI 04 RED INDENTED CORRUGATED 0.4 0.4 05 RED INDENTED CORRUGATED, SI 03 TOTAL NUMBER OF SHERDS 230 51 242 253 207 161 98 1154 722 B/W-BLACK-ON-WHITE CORR • CORRUGATED S 1 • SMUDGED INTERIOR VAR • VARIETY 105 IV. Pottery of the Jewett Gap Site By Eloise Richards Barter The Tularosa Phase Jewett Gap Site is located in the west central por- tion of New Mexico, in the Perry Lawson Canyon drainage, on the south side of the divide between the Fox and Gallo Mountains (SE \, SW \, Sec. 24, Twp. 3 S., R. 18 W.; Site New Mexico F:14: 1 in the Gila Pueblo survey system). The altitude at the site is 8,100 feet above sea level. The surrounding country is covered with open yellow pine forest, in which wild game is still plentiful. A spring that today flows the year around is located 300 yards from the site. Location near a permanent, abundant water supply is a characteristic of Tularosa Phase sites. Surface indications show that the site consisted of approximately twenty- five rooms, seventeen pit-kivas, and four scattered clusters of one to four contiguous rooms. During the seasons of 1947, 1948, and 1949, portions of the Jewett Gap Site were excavated for Gila Pueblo, under the direction of Dr. Deric O'Bryan. Four pit-kivas and twelve rooms were completely cleared, while four pit-kivas and five rooms were trenched. None of the scattered room clusters were investigated. A report on the architecture of the Jewett Gap Site is being prepared by Mr. William Bullard. The site map, indicating location of burials, is included in that work. Extensive trenching was done in the refuse areas. Sixty-two burials were uncovered during the course of the work. The material recovered at the Jewett Gap Site had not been analyzed when Gila Pueblo was dissolved. The artifacts, field notes, and other ma- terials pertaining to the excavations were deposited in the Arizona State Museum along with the rest of the Gila Pueblo collections. The pottery from the Jewett Gap Site was made available for study dur- ing the fall of 1954.1 Factors inevitable in the storage and transfer of un- 1 The material in the following section is a summary of descriptive portions of a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona. I wish to thank Dr. Emil W. Haury, Dr. E. B. Danson, Dr. Paul S. Martin, Dr. John B. Rinaldo, Miss Elaine Bluhm, Dr. Deric O'Bryan and Dr. Harold S. Gladwin for making the material avail- able, and for their willingness to discuss even minor problems. Permission to publish this chapter was granted by Dean David L. Patrick, of the graduate college. 106 POTTERY OF THE JEWETT GAP SITE 107 studied material — difficulty in locating individual specimens, discrepancies and clerical errors in cataloguing, and breakage — had depleted the original collection. Unfortunately, all the sherds had been discarded, and no de- tailed counts were accessible to me. Measurements and observations (shape, surface treatment, design ele- ments and layout, fireclouding, wear, and use-darkening) were made on the 265 whole and restorable vessels remaining in the collection. In addi- tion, vessels no longer included in the collection were, when possible, identified as to type from photographs and the field notes so that pro- venience lists would be complete. CULINARY TYPES There were 204 unpainted vessels in the collection, representing 12 rec- ognized pottery types. Similarity to types described for the Reserve area seems significant enough to retain type names already established (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956). The variation from the descril>ed ranges is in no case great enough to designate a new type. A few features seem to cross-cut all the types found at the Jewett Gap Site. The interiors of bowls are always smudged and highly burnished, with the exception of Alma Plain and one howl of Tularosa Fillet Rim (prob- ably burnt out). Jars, while occasionally darkened, are not typically smudged in the interior. This is perhaps due to the difficulty of finishing the interior of a vessel with a relatively narrow orifice. Nor would smudg- ing the interior of a jar l>e decorative, as it is in bowls. Fireclouding on all types of bowls is primarily restricted to the rims. Some experimental attempts at smudging the interior of bowls at Chicago Natural History Museum camp at Pine Lawn indicated that one satisfac- tory method was to invert the howl over pitchy pinewood, and to cover the exterior with large sherds to prevent exterior smudging. The location of fireclouds on the Jewett Gap Site bowls seems to indicate that this method, or a variant of it, may have l>een used. There is no apparent localization of fireclouding on jars. Vessels of the corrugated types occasionally had indented or nipple bases. The indented base was formed by making a hemispherical form of coils, then beginning the vessel from this base, rather than from a flat base of coils. Related to the indented base is the nipple base. In this form the lieginning coils are made into a hollow cone, protruding as much as five centimeters into the vessel (fig. 55, m). The indented base is common in the following types at the Jewett Gap Site: Reserve Indented Corrugated, Reserve Plain Corrugated, and 108 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Tularosa Patterned Corrugated. It is found, but is not common, in Tularosa Fillet Rim and Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Vari- ant. It appears mainly in bowls. Three nipple bases are present, two in Reserve Plain Corrugated bowls, and one in a Tularosa Patterned Corrugated bowl 39 cm. in diameter. In all of these the nipple shows some wear, mostly localized at the end of the protuberance. No indication of use is present. The nipple base is not found in the Reserve area, although indented bases occur occasionally. Nipple bases are found at Point of Pines (personal communication, E. W. Haury). The indentations on indented corrugated types seem to have been made with both a blunt, rounded tool (such as a dull awl) and the fingers. When indications are clear, the techniques seem to be divided about half and half. Bowls always seem to have finer corrugations than jars. A summary of descriptive material for the culinary types is given in Table 5. Modal shape refers to the most common shape numerically within the type (see fig. 55 for shapes). Modal range in height and diameter repre- sents the maximum height and diameter in centimeters of the majority of vessels. The range of number of coils per two centimeters and the modal number of coils per two centimeters are also given for the corrugated types. Alma Plain The Alma Plain vessels are all in the established tradition of Alma Plain. In addition to the shapes listed in Martin and Rinaldo (1950a, p. 359), a variant pitcher and jar shape were present in the Jewett Gap Site collection (fig. 55, i, I). San Francisco Red Four large jars of San Francisco Red were found (fig. 56, n). One was too badly damaged to reconstruct. Two appear to have partially collapsed during construction. The fourth is identical in shape with a Tularosa Black-on-White jar (fig. 56, m) that was found in the same grave (burial 21). Reserve Plain Corrugated Two variants of Reserve Plain Corrugated bowls are distinguished — Reserve Plain Corrugated, and Reserve Plain Corrugated, Tularosa Vari- ant. The latter has two rows of indented coils added just below the rim. The coils on the body of these bowls also seem to be slightly finer than those Fie. 55. Representative culinary shapes at Jcwctt Gap Site. 109 110 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES on bowls with only plain corrugations. The Tularosa variant had been recognized by the Chicago Natural History Museum staff during work in the Reserve area, but appeared so infrequently that it was not described. At the Jewett Gap Site five of eleven Reserve Plain Corrugated bowls were of the Tularosa Variant. Reserve Indented Corrugated The largest vessels in the collection are Reserve Indented Corrugated and are frequently over 30 cm. in height. These are not found in burials but are often set in the floor of a room, presumably for storage space (fig. 55, k). Smaller jars (fig. 55, j) are more frequently used for cooking. Reserve Smudged Reserve Smudged bowls seem to have been used most frequendy for cooking. Note that the modal shape of Reserve Smudged bowls differs from that of other bowls (Table 5). Tularosa Patterned Corrugated The Tularosa Patterned Corrugated of the Jewett Gap Site differs in two respects from that of the Reserve area. Design elements are different and smaller elements are more frequendy used to form the pattern. Chevrons, diamonds, and square spirals are the most common designs in the Reserve area (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956). None of these are repre- sented on specimens from the Jewett Gap Site, where triangles and oblique short lines are the most frequent designs. Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Variant The Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Variant (formerly plain and indented corrugated) which is found at the Jewett Gap Site has three different decorative schemes. The treatment is either alternate plain coils and indented coils; or three rows of plain coils alternated with three rows of indented coils; or the lower half of the vessel is composed of indented coils while the upper half is plain coils. A bowl and a jar of each type of decoration are in the collection. Tularosa Fillet Rim This is the most popular type at the Jewett Gap Site. Vessels vary pri- marily in size. The number of indented fillets ranges from one to four, but two fillets were by far the most common. POTTERY OF THE JEWETr GAP SITE 111 Alma Punched, Reserve Punched Corrugated, and Reserve Incised Corrugated The two Reserve Punched Corrugated, two Reserve Incised Corru- gated and one Alma Punched vessel conform in all respects to the descrip- tion of these types in the Reserve area. PAINTED TYPES Reserve Black-on-White Seven vessels were identified as Reserve Black-on-White (fig. 56, b). Two were bowls and five were pitchers. Three of the pitchers show definite influence of Puerco Black-on-White (fig. 56, g). Puerco Black-on-White Only one lx>wl of Puerco Black-on-White was included in the collection. Puerco Black-on-Red One Ixjwl of Puerco Black-on-Red was associated in burial 50 with three Wingate Black-on-Red bowls. It is highly polished, while the Win- gate examples are not. The design is somewhat unusual. The primary ele- ments are a horizontal band of contiguous diamonds, which are filled with checkerboards. Also, there are, just Mow the rim, panels of three hori- zontal solid lines separated by squares filled with checker Ixjards. Wingate Black-on-Red The three vessels of Wingate Black-on-Red, all from burial 50, conform in all respects to the original description by W. and H. S. Gladwin (1931). "St. Johns Black-on-Red" One pitcher is of an undescribed type that is called St. Johns Black-on- Red by some archaeologists. The black paint is glazed. It is almost identical with a pitcher of Tularosa Black-on-White (fig. 56,/). Starkweather Smudged Decorated The one howl of Starkweather Smudged Decorated is somewhat atypical in design (fig. 56, c). The checkerboard element on the Ixrttom of the bowl is one often found in Puerco Black-on-Whitc. Tularosa White-on-Red Tularosa White-on-Red is represented by two bowls. They are in no way different from those described for the Reserve area. 112 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Springerville Polychrome Two polychrome vessels are included in the collection. Both are the variants of St. Johns Polychrome that are now called Springerville Poly- chrome. The one is typically St. Johns, except that the interior black design is glazed paint. The second has white paint outlining the interior black design. The exterior treatment of this latter vessel consists of two wide horizontal bands of white, more typical of Houck Polychrome than of St. Johns and Springerville Polychromes. Both of these vessels are from fill. Preliminary sherd counts indicate that both St. Johns Polychrome and Houck Polychrome were present in sherd form. No frequencies are obtain- able. Mimbres Black-on- White While no vessels of Mimbres Black-on-White are in the collection, the preliminary sherd counts show that sherds of this type were found. GENERAL COMMENT Black Glaze Paint is found on two Tularosa Black-on-White pitchers, and on one each of Springerville Polychrome and St. Johns Black-on-Red. The use of glaze does not seem to occur in the Tularosa and San Francisco Valleys before the beginning of the Tularosa Phase, but is earlier in the Forestdale region (personal communication, E. W. Haury). Nor does the use of exterior white paint become popular in this region before the beginning of the Tularosa Phase. Occasional Reserve Black-on- White sherds with exterior designs in white have been found at Pine Lawn, but are much more frequent to the west (personal communication, E. B. Danson). There is evidence that McDonald Corrugated is earlier at Point of Pines than in the Tularosa drainage, and Tularosa White-on-Red may perhaps be earlier (personal communication, E. B. Danson). Exterior white paint, as a concept, seems to center to the west of the Tularosa Valley. These western-centered ideas of glaze and exterior white paint probably entered the Tularosa Valley for the first time during the span of the Jewett Gap Site. Evidence seems to be piling up that during the same time period (and somewhat later), ideas (and perhaps people) from the Tularosa Valley were moving west. It is impossible to tell from the pottery alone whether the abandonment of the Jewett Gap Site was part of this western movement. Room and fill Total % No. % No. % 50 9 27 14 33 20 9 27 11 26 20 5 15 7 16 10 4 12 5 12 3 9 3 7 2 6 2 5 1 3 1 2 POTTERY OF THE JEWETT GAP SITE 113 Tularosa Black-on-Whitc Forty-three vessels of Tularosa Black-on-White were identified among the pottery from the Jewett Gap Site (fig. 56, a, d-f, h-m, o, p). They do not differ in content from the Tularosa Black-on-White collection known from excavations in the Reserve area, and from vessels in Chicago Natural History Museum purchased from collectors near Springerville, Arizona (ca. 1900). Two of the pitchers at Jewett Gap had glaze paint. No significant difference was discerned between the shapes of vessels found in the burials, and those from the rooms and trash. The apparent emphasis on the jar form in the rooms and trash is attributed to sample size (10 vessels). The only evidence of the ladle form was one handle from fill. This is not included in the following list of whole vessels. Burial Shape No. jar 5 pitcher 2 bowl 2 duck effigy 1 ring vessel quadrilobate jar canteen Total 10 33 43 Tularosa Black-on-White vessels seem to be smaller and more uniform in size than culinary vessels of any one type. Range in height Shape in centimeters jar 6 0-24 0 pitcher 8.0-17.0 duck effigy 6 . 5-1 1 . 5 ring vessel 5 . 0-1 2 . 0 quadrilobate jar 5 5, 9 5 canteen 14.5 Diameter bowl 7.5-24 0 17.8 17.5 Tularosa Black-on-White vessels are, in all forms, greater in maximum diameter than they are in maximum height. Culinary jars tend to be the same in maximum diameter and height. Tularosa Black-on-White, both in its traditional usage and as now defined, includes many styles of design. It is perhaps for this reason that the most productive analysis of the Jewett Gap Site Tularosa Black-on- White designs came from design motifs, rather than details of elements. (Design motif: "The design, either element or unit, which is strongest in a pattern and forms the base thereof." Clearing House for Southwestern Mu- seums News- Letter, no. 35, p. 120.) Average height Modal height in centimeters in centimeters 12 0 12 0 12 9 10 5 10 0 10.5 7.4 10 0 114 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES The most common design motif in the Jewett Gap Site collection, "interconnected opposed solid terraces," is found on 32 per cent of the Tularosa Black-on-White (14 vessels). It occurred on all shapes except quadrilobate jars. On 8 vessels (18.6 per cent) of the collection, "compound solid circular scrolls, connected by diamonds, half terraces, or checkerboards" is used as a primary motif. This is common on duck effigies, where the scrolls represent the wings and the breast. On both regular and quadrilobate jars, four scrolls are used at equidistant points. "Interlocking solid and hatched square scrolls" are present, appearing on 9.3 per cent of the vessels (4 vessels). Only pitchers and jars occur with this motif. The larger jars, with constricted necks, are limited to it. "Solid line zig-zags" occur on three jars (6.9 per cent). All these jars are small and carelessly painted. "Weaving" is represented by two pitchers (4.6 per cent), as is the "hourglass" motif. Fig. 56. Pottery from Jewett Gap Site (a) Tularosa Black-on-White bowl (cat. no. G.P. 51546); from burial 24. Diameter, 24 cm. (b) Reserve Black-on-White bowl (cat. no. G.P. 51500); from burial 53. Diameter, 18 cm. (c) Starkweather Smudged Decorated bowl (cat. no. G.P. 51520); from burial 22. Diameter, 23 cm. (d) Tularosa Black-on-White quadrilobate jar (cat. no. G.P. 51408); from burial 1. Height, 5.5 cm. (e) Tularosa Black-on-White jar (cat. no. G.P. 51456); from fill, Grid M-l. Height, 7.5 cm. (/") Tularosa Black-on-White pitcher (cat. no. G.P. 51491); from burial 43. Height, 17 cm. (g) Reserve Black-on-White pitcher (cat. no. G.P. 51536); from burial 23. Height, 14.5 cm. (k) Tularosa Black-on-White duck effigy (cat. no. G.P. 51519); from burial 43. Height, 10.5 cm. (t) Tularosa Black-on-White pitcher (cat. no. G.P. 51537); from burial 55. Height, 17.5 cm. 0) Tularosa Black-on-White pitcher (cat. no. G.P. 51469); from fill, Grid L-6. Height, 12 cm. (A) Tularosa Black-on-White pitcher (cat. no. G.P. 51474); from burial 18. Height, 12.5 cm. (/) Tularosa Black-on-White ring vessel (cat. no. G.P. 51435); from burial 18. Height, 9 cm. (m) Tularosa Black-on-White jar (cat. no. G.P. 51540); from burial 21. Height, 25 cm. (n) San Francisco Red jar (cat. no. G.P. 51539); from burial 21. Height, 25.9 cm. (o) Tularosa Black-on-White canteen (cat. no. G.P. 51510); from burial 25. Height, 14.5 cm. (/>) Tularosa Black-on-White duck effigy (cat. no. G.P. 51483); from burial 21. Height, 11.5 cm. ^ 115 116 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES One vessel of each of the following motifs occurs: "interlocking solid and hatched circular scrolls;" "bands of opposed solid terraced oblique lines separated by rows of hatched diamonds or stepped squares;" "nested solid and hatched terraces;" "solid classic meanders in bands, with fillers of hatched V's;" "triangular solid scrolls;" "cribbing;" "horizontal solid stripes;" "solid square scrolls;" and "hatched stepped squares separated by saw-tooth solids." On all the forms except bowls, the primary body design begins just below the base of the neck. In 30 vessels (69.8 per cent) there is a circular top framing line, and the design is applied in a wide continuous band around the body. In 6 vessels (13.9 per cent), the top framing line is rec- tangular and a quartered layout is used for the design. This latter occurs in one quadrilobate vessel, two jars, two duck effigies, and one canteen. The design layout in three bowls (6.9 per cent) is quartered, and in four (9.3 per cent) is a continuous band. A circular framing line is used at the base of the body design in 15 vessels (35 per cent). A line forming a star, with from four to eleven points, appears on 8 of the vessels (18.5 per cent). In three of the bowls the base design forms a square (6.9 per cent). In 16 vessels (37.2 per cent) there is no basal framing line. The one remaining vessel is too worn to discern the design ending. There is no correlation between the type of design used on the neck of jars, pitchers and effigies, and the motif of the body design. The neck design on 18 vessels (42 per cent) is opposed half terraces. These can be either solid or open; frequently both occur on one vessel. Triangular scrolls are used on five vessels (11.5 per cent). Alternate panels of vertical and horizontal solid lines appear on three vessels (7 per cent). The neck designs of the remaining 10 vessels were all different. Plain strap, and bird and animal effigy knob handles are the most fre- quent. No particular pattern is noted. HANDLES Pitchers Canteen plain strap 3 lug loops 1 knob animal effigy 4 Duck effigies bird effigy 0 Plain straP * missing 4 knob flattened 1 animal effigy 1 bird effigy 1 Quadrilobate jar missing 1 bird effigy 1 Ring vessels plain strap 3 Ticking occurs on over 90 per cent of the rims. The lip is straight, but the shape of the rim shows much variation, even in one vessel. POTTERY OF THE JEWETT GAP SITE 117 There is no Roosevelt Black-on-White from the Jewett Gap Site. Those criteria of design and shape (no effigy handle, circular base framing line, straight line design on neck) that have been used to distinguish Roosevelt from Tularosa Black-on-White are present but do not occur together con- sistently. Comparison of the Jewett Gap Site Tularosa Black-on-White with the Roosevelt Black-on-White from the Gila Pueblo collection (now at the Arizona State Museum) showed a distinct difference in surface color. This may be further evidence that a change in clay source as the Tularosa tradition moved west, along with the selection of certain of the Tularosa characteristics, resulted in Roosevelt Black-on-White. As the Jewett Gap Site is an early or middle Tularosa Phase site, the Tularosa Black-on-White from it can he considered as an early stage in the development of the type. The Jewett Gap Site Tularosa Black-on-White does not vary in content from that in the Tularosa Black-on-White collection of 350 vessels in Chicago Natural History Museum from four undated sites. There is, how- ever, a striking difference in the percentage of occurrence of shapes and design motifs between the Tularosa Black-on-White of the purchased col- lection and that of the Jewett Gap Site. Tentatively, these differences are thought to be an expression of the early stage in the development of Tularosa Black-on-White at the Jewett Gap Site. TULAROSA BLACK-ON-WHITE: VESSEL SHAPE Chicago Natural Jewett History Museum Shape Gap Site collection % % jar 33 12 pitcher 26 46 bowl 16 8 duck effigy 12 4 canteen 6 ring vessel 5 1 ladles (one handle) 20 other . . 3 The combined percentages of jars and pitchers arc in l>oth cases alx>ut the same. Pitchers arc, however, far more common in the "Later" purchased collection. Handles seem to be increasing in popularity. Bowls seem to l>c more common at the Jewett Gap Site. The duck effigy and ring vessel shapes appear to l>e more frequent at the Jewett Gap Site but are less exuberant. The increase in ladles is inexplicable. Some rather striking differences can also be observed in the design motifs. 118 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES TULAROSA BLACK-ON-WHITE: MOST FREQUENT MOTIFS Chicago Natural Jewett History Museum Design motif Gap Site collection % % opposed solid terraces 32 9 interlocking hatched and solid square scrolls 9 16 interlocking hatched and solid circular scrolls 2 14 weaving 5 4 solid triangular scrolls 2 4 solid terraces separated by hatched squares 2 4 solid circular compound scrolls 19 solid zigzags 7 The majority of the vessels at the Jewett Gap Site are of two motifs: "opposed solid terraces" and "solid circular compound scrolls." These are three times as popular at the Jewett Gap Site as in the purchased collec- tion. "Interlocking hatched and solid circular scrolls" do not appear with frequency at the Jewett Gap Site but are numerous in the purchased col- lection. At the Jewett Gap Site solid design elements predominate over the hatched and solid of "classic" Tularosa. Comparison of a picture of the Hough collection (Hough, 1907, pi. 7) from the Delgar Ranch seems to show more similarity in the Delgar Ranch pottery to that of the purchased collection. The Delgar Ranch is, from surface indications, a much later site than Jewett Gap Site. Again, it must be stressed that these speculations rest on a very shaky foundation. The changes noted might easily be a product of geographic isolation at the Jewett Gap Site, rather than a temporal development within one tradition. Associations with Tularosa Black-on-White Vessels that are placed in the same grave, or are found on the same house floor, were in use contemporaneously. At the Jewett Gap Site the following pottery types are found in association with Tularosa Black-on- White in grave or floor association: Tularosa Fillet Rim, Reserve In- dented Corrugated, Reserve Neck Indented Corrugated, Reserve Plain Corrugated, Reserve Plain Corrugated, Tularosa Variant, Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Reserve Variant, Reserve Black-on-White, Alma Plain, Reserve Smudged, San Francisco Red, Tularosa White-on-Red. This is not an unexpected list of associations. All the types considered to be guide types to the Tularosa Phase are present, with the exception of St. Johns Polychrome. A Springerville Polychrome (glaze paint) was found in fill association with Tularosa Black-on-White. POTTERY OF THE JEWETT GAP SITE 119 Use of Pottery at Jewett Gap Site The large collection of pottery from the Jewett Gap Site provided the basis for an attempt to correlate archaeological pottery types with the functional classifications of the prehistoric inhabitants. The amount of wear shown on a vessel and the darkening of the exterior from use (as would occur when a pot was placed over a fire) show a significant differ- ence for both bowls and jars, as well as for "types" recognized by archae- ologists. Bowls Jars 07 Of C7 c/ ( 0/0/0 Culinary types worn usc-darkcncd worn use-darkened Reserve Ind. Corr 40 18 40 75 Reserve Plain Corr 50 10 28 72 Alma Plain . . 75 0 Tul. Patt. Corr. & Tul. Patt. Corr. R. Var 10 0 0 0 Reserve Smudged 70 70 Tul. Fillet Rim 75 22 From this, it would appear that the types used most frequently for cooking were Reserve Indented Corrugated jars, Reserve Smudged bowls, Reserve Plain Corrugated jars. Types that may have been used primarily for storage and serving vessels and only occasionally for cooking were Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls, Re- serve Plain Corrugated bowls, Reserve Indented Corrugated bowls. A high percentage of Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls showed wear but ap- parendy were not primarily used for cooking. Inspection of Tularosa Fillet Rim from the Reserve area Tularosa Phase sites indicates that it was the primary cooking utensil there. Alma Plain jars show a high percentage of wear, but no use-darkening. These may have been used for water containers or dry storage. Patterned Corrugated vessels show little wear and no indication of use for cooking. Spindle and indented bases are found most frequently on those types that apparently were not used direcdy over the fire. Among the historic Yuman tribes, there is a definite correlation of shape and function of pottery. A wide, outflaring bowl is used for serving, and an incurved Ik>w1 for cooking (Forde, 1931, p. 123). At Jewett Gap Site, Reserve Smudged bowls, which seem to have l>een most frequently used for cooking, differ slightly in modal shape from bowls of other types (Table 5). This may be a reflection of an idea similar to that of the Yumans. No use-darkening was noted on any of the painted vessels. About 50 per cent of the Tularosa Black-on-White vessels were worn. Rim wear was most frequent on small pieces, particularly the duck effigies. A Tularosa 120 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Black-on-White jar was found in Room E, inside a larger storage jar. In removing stored vessels from a container like this, there is a possibility that the rim might be worn by scraping against the larger vessel. Burial Patterns The skeletal material from the Jewett Gap Site was not studied, nor is the whole collection available. The field notes do include estimates of age and sex for about 75 per cent of the burials. This material is used here, uncritically, in an attempt to ascertain burial patterns, especially in regard to the distribution of pottery (fig. 57). There were sixty-two burials. Fifty-two were found in the trash (83.9 per cent), nine under the floors of rooms (14.3 per cent), and one from a pit-kiva (1.6 per cent). Most of the burials were loosely flexed. A very small number of ex- tended and fully flexed burials were present. The majority of the indi- viduals were on their backs, with an occasional one laid on his side. The head was oriented toward the east or east-northeast in every instance. The position of the body is apparently not related to the age or sex of the individual. Less than 20 per cent of the burials had material other than pottery with them. The number and kind of these grave goods had no correlation with the age or sex of the individual, or the amount of pottery present in the grave. When present, these non-pottery offerings consisted primarily of beads, bracelets, or pendants. The pottery in the grave was arranged about the body, usually near the head or shoulders. There is a slight tendency to place more vessels to the left than to the right of the individual, although this is far from uniform. In the number of vessels per burial there is no correlation with age or sex. The number of vessels in a grave range from 0 to 22. The pattern is two or three vessels per individual. More than one vessel is included in 77.8 per cent of the burials, while 60 per cent have three or less. The burial con- taining 22 vessels is that of an adult male. Both bowl and jar forms are usually included in one grave (73 per cent). One burial has one lone Tularosa Black-on-White bowl. No other has all painted vessels. The individuals buried with the larger number of pots are more likely to have at least one painted vessel included. This may be an indication that painted pottery and large numbers of pots in a grave are symbols of wealth or prestige. It may simply show that the more vessels there are, the greater the chance that at least one painted vessel is in- cluded. There are several indications that the pottery in an individual's grave was used by him (or his household) during his lifetime. I 3 Z 4 1 s O 4 in 1 r i J I < I o o a: > o a o o 1 < a u z 1 1/1 o UJ o o > in S a 31 2 o i 3 .- a. •i > < 1 o o UJ •• a a. < o < 3 ! 1 i i i c I n j c 5 J ■ 0 IT 1 3 C L ( 1 c 1 1 I c 3 r i . : I c a 1 o 8 — ui a a: < > 9 X § | UJ i i i i t J J - | 1 I J n - o o •• o UJ > IT 2 a: i o o UJ I □ 1 £ B 3 c O Ij UJ o i *! or 1 UJ • ■ . UJ - or ► o 8 1 9 c o J ■ i 1 UJ ! J I ? - m X 1 c 1 I 5 J > t i c o5? 4 8 i < 3 4 H ►- in > UJ -J -J > i a a in otlo UJ 7 UJ flu UJ i- ii i ! _ij » Ii ' X-4- | l 4? » g j ' ?- d ? > J*4 l . ' 3J i « •> > l J 1 i r 1 1st vi i T7T « 31 H i g a t 2fi J i 2 i 1 2 i l 1 as ' i i a j } i 1 2! » i « } i 1 > J 1 • i 1 V 1 • • r i 5i j ' 1 2 2- 1 i ' f , 73 -i i 1 J > i 2 i i > - 1 T 1 > 1 i 1- > 1 1 !' • - • 1 ' > J 1 i * * v i 1 51 S? ■ i . 2 TJT 1 | I i 3T > Hi p - ij > i ' i i 1 » i i 5 w J ■ 1 | e i i 51 A w V i 41 T ' 2 i ? 2 J i ' 1 > i i TT * ' 2 i ' I 1 M ' ? i > i i 1 1 i •.— 1 i i PlT-KIVA f fKK_ 2 '* i r4K [ «8g | 2 2 !■ TOOT* | i . i ffTtSfi i 21 1 .. 3fl • ■ CENTHCATiON FROM NOTES A • ADULT M • MALI • . BOWL r • FEMALE Jo • JAR j • aoolescent d • duck ifpnt c • cmilo r ■ r'no vessel 1 • infant « • in mealing bin Fig. 57. Chart showing association of pottery with burials by age and sex and in rooms. 121 122 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES The vessels from the rooms and trash do not show any greater per- centage of wear than do those from the burials. This is true for both painted and culinary types. Pottery was not made especially for burial inclusion. Every burial for which the sex of the individual is known has at least one vessel darkened from use and is presumed to be a cooking utensil. In the total vessels from female burials, 40 per cent are darkened by use. Male burials, on the other hand, have only 26 per cent that show evidence of use in cooking. It may be that the vessels in some burials were made by one person. Four Tularosa Patterned Corrugated vessels are found in burial 38, far above the expected chance occurrence. Only two vessels in the collection have indentations formed by incisions. Both are in burial 8. The San Francisco Red and Tularosa Black-on-White jars from burial 21 are almost identical in shape. Among the culinary types, there is a tendency for vessels with adolescent and child burials to be poorly finished. Those painted vessels that were most difficult to assign to a type were also from child and adolescent burials. All miniatures were with burials of children and infants, when there was any indication of age. The eccentric shapes (duck effigies, ring vessels, and quadrilobate jars) seem to have a definite association with children or females. Of the four duck effigies found with burials, two were with adult females and two were with children under six years of age. A quadrilobate vessel was also found with one of the children. One ring vessel was with an adolescent of undetermined sex, one with an adult, sex unknown, and the third with a child of about five years of age. There is no indication of function in the form of duck effigies, ring vessels, and quadrilobate jars. All three forms are frequently worn. The seeming correlation between these eccentric forms and female and child burials may find its explanation in speculations by Martin and Rinaldo on the Mogollon social organization (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b, p. 568). They feel that during the latest phases of Mogollon occu- pation in the Reserve area, matrilineal organization was common. It may be that duck effigies are connected with this. In the absence of absolute dates, a site can only be fitted into an existing arbitrary sequence. The most comparable one in this case is the phase system as applied in the Reserve area. The Jewett Gap Site has been called a Tularosa Phase site. This is be- lieved to be so, but a few qualifying remarks should be added. The collection of pottery has been treated as a whole, as if it were from one time. This is, of course, unlikely. Attempts to divide the burials, and the few rooms in which there was whole pottery, into a temporal se- POTTERY OF THE JEWETT GAP SITE 123 quence were conspicuously unsuccessful. It was obvious, however, that some of the burials were earlier than others, and were probably of that time period called the Reserve Phase. Most of the culinary types can not, by their mere presence, lie placed in a particular phase. The same is true for several of the painted types. But there were present at the Jewett Gap Site all those types which are con- sidered to be the arbitrary "guide types" to the Tularosa Phase. The site, ergo, is of the Tularosa Phase at least in part. This is not to deny that part of the occupation may have taken place during the Reserve Phase. Any dates assigned to the Jewett Gap Site should be consistent with dates for the Tularosa Phase elsewhere, and reflect the fact that it is thought to be early in the phase. The time span of roughly a.d. 1 100-1 125 (with probably some earlier occupation) seems best to express these con- ditions. Type Table 4.— BREAKDOWN OF POTTERY TYPES STUDIED, JEWETT GAP SITE Room and fill Burial Total Tularosa Black-on-white Springerville Polychrome Tularosa White-on-red Wingate Black-on-red St. Johns Black-on-red Starkweather Smudged Decorated Puerco Black-on-white Reserve Black-on-white Puerco Black-on-red Painted totals 33 I 3 I I I 7 48 43 2 2 3 I I I 7 Tularosa Fillet Rim Reserve Indented Corrugated Reserve Indented Neck Corrugated . . Reserve Smudged Reserve Plain Corrugated Reserve Plain Neck Corrugated .... Alma Plain Alma Punched San Francisco Red Tularosa Patterned Corrugated . . . . Tularosa Patterned Corr., Reserve Var. Reserve Punched Corrugated Reserve Incised Corrugated Culinary totals Total painted Total vessels in collection I 37 13 50 54 64 37 49 6 6 24 30 14 16 5 6 10 1 1 1 1 1 4 7 7 6 6 1 2 1 2 167 204 48 61 215 265 124 ■s 9 a o z-° ■o a> -. — a> C (A a> o -o-o _c jn 0) T3 o ^ o o e ^ o ■^ o o id ^ * h 0) "— en So £ Q. c 3 o cu z K < O in i: Id £ cn id c 0> •— s O I (d ^c Cu a> < o> • £ X c o > _ o < o ■o o 5 Z 2 J u 0 it >« * ^ dc Q.J3 < £ E ^ O 3 CO C 5 _ T in a a < H CO _l o CD CM - *!2 _ N CD CO O) CO cd cd cd cd cd i ■ i i i in co ^ id in CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCD cdcd^^:oScd^:^: oooooooo iriifiddinihdd CDCDCDCDCDCDCDCD ^"CT>^"cr>CDCD^:<*" CM — — — CM CM i ■ i i i i i i qoooopoo o«n'oif>ir>ir>oo — — CM — CM CM *_ o *- -o <- *- CM if) cD — (D lO O * r0 rO CO .2? 3 S t w o O TJ O a> S Q- Q- - n c Q. Q. "o a> a> in 8 or £ £ "B a> C £ i J oop-- 4 CO^ a) a> o> £ <* — a> < or cr cr 222 co o o X o cr "5 3 a> 3 < F i- a: i- -s CD ^ if) if) if) CD CO CO CO CO CO i • 1 » CO • CO 5J- »- a 9 3* o o o. cr 2 jo 2 h cr ° ° c u = in _o o 0. o »- je w o I jc O Z a * -o -o Z V «) | 11 ° -o TJ 0- £ £ a. g c c * P c m — O a> < co cr a) a> a» 9> cr cr cr o o o o "O -o c c o o a. a. o o to in o o o o T3 a> o en C o O -o 0) K 125 V* Summary By Paul S. Martin The purposes of the 1954 expedition to New Mexico were two: (1) to dig one or two kivas; and (2) to dig in villages that were occupied during the last phase of the Alpine Branch. We excavated portions of three sites: (1) the Great Kivas at Higgins Flat and a smaller depression nearby; (2) part of Apache Creek Site; and (3) a few rooms in Valley View Site. 1 . We returned to Higgins Flat Site — one of the latest in the area — in order to dig two depressions, one large and one small, and to trench a small pueblo near the large depression. The large depression turned out to be two Great Kivas, one inside the other, each with a broad ramp entryway. The smaller and lower of the Great Kivas was the earlier one. This is the third such building to be excavated in the Southwest. The smaller de- pression was a subterranean structure with masonry walls and we refer to it as a Pithouse Kiva. This term is awkward but functional, for we believe that such late structures served a dual purpose. The small pueblo had been partially dismanded in prehistoric times and yielded very little informa- tion. When we left Higgins Flat Site, we noted several more unexcavated depressions. 2. We also sampled Apache Creek Site because it was about to be de- stroyed by road construction. Here we dug nine surface rooms and trenched the oudines of the plaza wall. We noted several depressions adjacent to the pueblo. Further reference to this site will be made below in connection with some subterranean structures excavated by a salvage program crew. 3. A short time was spent at a third site called Valley View and here we dug two surface rooms. The whole question of Great Kivas in the Blue River-Pine Lawn- Reserve-Jewett Gap areas needs to be re-examined in the light of our 1954 finds. 126 SUMMARY 127 When we dug the SU Site, we found two large pithouses (A and V) that differed somewhat from the others. At first, we did not even mention the possibility that Pithouse A might have l)een a ceremonial structure. In a later report (Martin and Rinaldo, 1947, p. 292) we suggested that A and V might have been used for ceremonial purposes during the Pine Lawn Phase. But even after that cautious admission for that phase, we somehow lost the thread of our kiva development. We did suggest that House Y (Three Circle Phase) at the SU Site (Martin and Rinaldo, 1947) may have been a kiva. But in the report on our first excavations in Three Circle and Reserve Phase sites (Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949) we report that no kivas were found. Later, in the Turkey Foot Ridge report we refer to kiva features in two houses (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a), but we apparently did not sense the importance of these data. Actually, we dug another house at Turkey Foot Ridge (House K) that we would now call a kiva. In fact, we feel fairly certain that House K was the grandfather of the later Great Kivas, two of which are reported herein. In this connection, mention should be made of two other houses at Crooked Ridge Village, Arizona, that Wheat calls ceremonial (Wheat, 1954, pp. 58-61). These houses are similar to our House K. In our report on sites of the Reserve Phase (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b) we stated that we found no kivas with the surface pueblos. We observed depressions near some of the pueblos but these turned out to be pithouses of an earlier day. The connections between pithouses of the Pine Lawn Phase and the pit- house-kivas of the Tularosa Phase have not l>een and are not yet very clear. But the genealogy of the Great Kivas is fairly clear, now that we have more perspective and data. When combined, these make a fairly coherent outline. We would probably admit first off that the large pithouses (A and V) of the SU Site and of the Promontory Site (Pithouse B) (alxjut a.d. 1 or before) were kivas and large ones at that. In fact, Smiley (1952, p. 22) is of the opinion that the Great Kiva was one of the outstanding archi- tectural features of the early Mogollon peoples. Now the connections between these early (Great?) kivas and like struc- tures of the San Francisco and Three Circle Phases are obscure, but we do have some information at hand. For kivas of the San Francisco Phase, we have pithouses H and K at Turkey Foot Ridge in our area. For other Mogollon areas, Wheat (1955, p. 57) lists five other large ceremonial structures that are assigned to this same phase. 128 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES For kivas of the Three Circle Phase, we have in the Pine Lawn area House Y at the SU Site and House C at Turkey Foot Ridge. Both of these houses were small but were provided with ventilators. We should note that House K, at Turkey Foot Ridge, was also utilized in this phase as a kiva. Then nearby, at Wheatley Ridge Site, there is a large rectangular struc- ture with an easterly ramp entrance, and this we would class as a Great Kiva (Rowe, 1947). For adjacent Mogollon areas, Wheat (1955, p. 57) lists four others, three of which may be called Great Kivas. Our excavations in sites of the Reserve Phase have not yielded any small kivas, but we have dug two Great Kivas (Chapter I; see also Bluhm, 1957), and we know of one other (Hough, 1907, p. 69). For the Tularosa Phase we have the later, larger Great Kiva at Higgins Flat (for details see Chapter I). Several others have been reported but have not yet been excavated. Looking over all the evidence at hand, we conjecture that we have a sequence of the growth of Great Kivas that may be oudined as follows: Pine Lawn Phase. Example: House A, SU Site. Georgetown Phase. Example: House 14, Harris Village (Haury, 1936a, p. 56). San Francisco Phase. Example: House K, Turkey Foot Ridge. Three Circle Phase. Examples: Wheatley Ridge (Rowe, 1947) and Cameron Creek (Bradfield, 1931, pi. 16). Reserve Phase. Examples: Sawmill Site (Bluhm, 1957) and lower Great Kiva at Higgins Flat (this report, Chapter I). Tularosa Phase. Example: Upper Great Kiva at Higgins Flat (this re- port, Chapter I). Certainly, then, the Great Kiva is in the Mogollon Tradition. When we consider the question of small kivas, we immediately en- counter obstacles. First, what is a kiva? This question was briefly touched upon in Chapter I. A Great Kiva is less difficult to define because several features distinguish it from all other rooms at a given site. The small, subterranean room at Higgins Flat seemed to combine fea- tures of both a dwelling room and a kiva, the kiva feature being the ventilator. But perhaps it was merely a pithouse. But were Houses H of the San Francisco Phase and C of the Three Circle Phase at Turkey Foot Ridge (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a) kivas? Was House Y, Three Circle Phase, at the SU Site (Martin and Rinaldo, 1947) a kiva? I don't know. They all had ventilators. Wheat (1955, p. 57) considers House Y (SU Site) a ceremonial structure, but does not mention the two at Turkey Foot Ridge. The problem has become somewhat more difficult, paradoxical as that may seem, in the light of recent work. SUMMARY 129 During the winter (1954-55), it became evident that the Apache Creek Site would be completely obliterated by road construction. A salvage ex- pedition was organized by the New Mexico State Highway Department, the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, the Department of the Interior, and the Museum of New Mexico, and Dr. Fred Wendorf was put in charge of the salvage digging. Four sites were thus quickly examined, Apache Creek Site being one of them. We have no information on three of the sites and only very meager data on our own Apache Creek Site. These data consist of outline drawings of seven pithouse kivas added to our map of the site. These subterranean structures were filled with refuse and some of the wall stones had been removed. Wendorf thinks these structures were abandoned at the time the surface pueblo (Apache Creek) was built. The pottery types appear to be the same as those that we recovered from the pueblo, although we have not seen the sherds nor do we have the sherd counts. Wendorf is of the opinion that these buildings were pithouses and not kivas because he found in them mealing bins, manos, flour receptacles. They are all provided with ventilators and firepits. We are of the opinion that these structures were used for domestic as well as ceremonial purposes. Dr. O'Bryan evidendy had similar ideas when he excavated at Jewett Gap, for he called his subterranean structures "pit- kivas" (see Chapter IV). This controversy cannot be resolved at present; but one facet of the problem that should be borne in mind is that pit structures did not die out at the end of the Three Circle Phase. The connection between the rectangular pithouses of the Three Circle Phase and the pit structures of the Tularosa Phase is not clear, for we have no link between them. In other words, we have not yet discovered any pithouse kivas that may l>c assigned to the Reserve Phase. They may exist and they may yet !>e found. The pithouse kiva that we excavated at Higgins Flat was not filled with refuse, had certainly been used during the early life of the nearby pueblo, and may be assigned with certainty to the Tularosa Phase. I might add that we feel fairly certain that more rectangular subterranean structures exist at Higgins Flat, but we have not l>ecn able to dig them. I cannot go beyond these remarks at the present time. Further digging may clarify some of these problems. Before leaving this discussion on architecture and village patterns I should like to call attention to several surface rooms that were provided with ventilators. They are in Rooms A and E at Higgins Flat Pueblo (Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956); Room 3, at Apache Creek Site; and Room 2 at Valley View Pueblo. All of these rooms may have served as living quar- 130 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES ters as well as kivas. If this is not so, we have no satisfactory explanation for the presence of the ventilators. Turning now to the materials recovered, we shall briefly summarize the data obtained from artifacts of stone and bone and from the ceramics. In Chapter II, Rinaldo has given a complete and masterly breakdown of the artifacts of stone and bone. From his detailed study of these objects, he draws several conclusions that I shall enumerate here. 1. The major categories of tool types are the same for the Tularosa Phase as for the earliest Mogollon times. 2. Many of the artifacts from the Tularosa Phase have counterparts in the earliest phases; and indeed, for some types of tools, it would be difficult to separate Tularosa Phase scrapers, choppers, flake knives, and others from those of the Pine Lawn Phase. 3. There are marked changes in some of the artifacts; for example, beveled manos, small triangular side-notched projectile points, grooved axes, and rectangular stone bowls are rare or absent from earlier phases and might be considered as diagnostic of later phases. 4. Tabular or two hand rectangular manos with flat grinding surface become more popular as through trough metates increase in frequency. Coupled with this change, one finds an accompanying decrease in mor- tars, pestles, and one hand manos and metates with trough open at one end only. 5. As grooved axes become more frequent, choppers tend to die out. 6. Replacement of the atlatl by the bow and arrow is responsible for an increase in use of the triangular, lateral-notched projectile point and a decrease in the use of the larger, diagonal-notched projectile points. 7. As polished, plain pottery types were replaced by textured types, polishing stones became less necessary and less frequent in occurrence. All in all, Rinaldo found that the artifacts of the Tularosa Phase cor- roborated a trend that we have traced in Mogollon culture for about two thousand years and that the artifacts confirm all previous evidence of the continuity of Mogollon material culture. The pottery recovered from our digging in 1954 is described in Chapter III by Mrs. Eloise Richards Barter. It yields the following information. I. The pottery from the three sites reported upon (Great Kivas at Higgins Flat; surface rooms at Apache Creek Site; and surface rooms at Valley View Site) falls in the middle range of the Tularosa Phase. There- fore, Cosper Cliff-Dwelling and Higgins Flat Pueblo are the latest sites yet dug (Martin, Rinaldo, Bluhm, 1954; and Martin, Rinaldo, et al., 1956). This hypothesis was established by means of seriation. No tree-ring dates exist for any of these sites. SUMMARY 131 II. We now have greater knowledge of the ceramics of the middle range of the Tularosa Phase. III. We can now more firmly characterize the differences between Reserve Black-on-White and Tularosa Black-on-White types. IV. The guide types for the Tularosa Phase in the Reserve area have been tentatively established as follows: Tularosa Black-on-White, Tularosa White-on-Red, occasionally St. Johns Polychrome, Tularosa Fillet Rim, and Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, an abundance of Reserve Indented Corrugated, and a diminishing amount of Plain Corrugated and Reserve Black-on-White. V. Certain important ceramic trends have been noted: (1) Reserve Indented Corrugated increases in popularity as unindented types decrease, although towards the end of the phase as we now know it, this type, too, seems to fall off slightly; (2) at the same time, Tularosa Patterned Cor- rugated and Tularosa Fillet Rim increase slightly in frequency; (3) indent- ing may be an Anasazi technique introduced into the Reserve area, after a.d. 1000; (4) Red Neck Corrugated vessels increase slightly in popularity; (5) smudging on interiors of all plain and textured types increases; (6) cor- rugations tend to become finer (narrower); (7) experimentation de- creases; (8) Mimbres Bold Face and Mimbres Classic remain in almost constant quantity through most of the Tularosa Phase; (9) a sprinkling of Reserve Black-on-White is found all through the Tularosa Phase; and (10) intermixture of Mogollon and Anasazi ceramic traditions is one of the chief characteristics of the Tularosa Phase. Likewise included in this report is a full description by Mrs. Barter of the pottery from the Jewett Gap Site, dug in 1947-49 by Dr. Deric O'Bryan, then of Gila Pueblo staff (Chapter IV). These excavations were carried on under the auspices of Gila Pueblo, the director of which was Mr. Harold S. Gladwin. Since the time of the excavations, Gila Pueblo has been dissolved as a research institution after a magnificent record of nearly thirty years. Mr. Gladwin generously presented the buildings, grounds, furnishings, collections, and all notes and catalogues to the De- partment of Anthropology of the University of Arizona. The collection, including thousands of documented whole pots and classified sherds, is the largest and finest Southwestern collection in the world. With the permission of Mr. Gladwin, Dr. O'Bryan, and Dr. E. W. Haury, Chairman of the Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, we have included this complete record of the pottery from the Jewett Gap Site. We did this because the site is only about thirty miles north of the sites we have been digging the past two seasons. Thus, the analysis of the pottery from our digs plus that from Jewett Gap greatly enlarges our information on the ceramics of Tularosa Phase sites. 132 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES The pottery from Jewett Gap consists of a collection of 265 whole or restorable vessels from rooms and burials. An analysis of such a collection renders a slightly clearer picture than when one is working entirely from sherds and a few whole vessels. For comparative purposes, Mrs. Barter compared her painted vessels with a collection of 350 Tularosa Black-on- White vessels that were purchased in the Springerville area from collectors by this Museum about fifty years ago. From this comparative and comprehensive study, Mrs. Barter has drawn some interesting conclusions. I shall cull a few of these for use in this summary. 1 . All the types at Jewett Gap, both unpainted and painted, are the same as those found in and described for the Reserve area. 2. In general, the painted pottery under discussion is the same. There are differences, however, in the most popular shapes and design elements. For example, there are more bowl forms proportionately from Jewett Gap and Higgins Flat Pueblo sites than are found in the purchased collection; and there are more jars proportionately in the Jewett Gap collection than there are in our purchased collection. Then again, the design element known as "opposed solid terraces" is several times more popular, propor- tionately, in the Jewett Gap pottery than in our purchased collection and about twice as popular as in our excavated sherds of 1954. The meaning of these variations is not clear. They may be due to chronological differences; that is, the Jewett Gap pottery may be a few years earlier than the purchased collection; or they may simply be due to regional preferences. 3. A functional classification of the pottery (as based on presence or absence of soot) indicates that three types were most frequently used for cooking: Reserve Indented Corrugated jars, Reserve Smudged bowls, and Reserve Plain Corrugated jars. 4. Types that were probably used mostly for storage or serving of food are Tularosa Fillet Rim bowls, Reserve Plain Corrugated bowls, and Reserve Indented Corrugated bowls. 5. The number of vessels interred with an individual apparently did not depend on age or sex. One vessel was included in 77 per cent of the burials. No special mortuary pottery was found. 6. The pottery included with adolescent and infant burials tends to be of poorer quality. 7. Miniature vessels were often included with burials of children and infants. 8. Eccentric shapes (duck effigies, ring vessels, and quadrilobate jars) seem to have been associated with skeletons of children or females. It may be that these special shapes were the exclusive property of the female line SUMMARY 133 and may be linked with the matrilineal organization that we have postu- lated (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b). 9. The conjectural date for the latest occupation of the Jewctt Gap Site is a.d. 1100-1125. These dates are just slightly earlier than the guess dates for Apache Creek Pueblo (a.d. 1150-1200) and Valley View Pueblo (a.d. 1175), and are about one hundred years earlier than the postulated date for the abandonment of Higgins Flat Pueblo (a.d. 1250). All of these dates are the result of juggling and guessing. Most of my colleagues tentatively fix the Tularosa Phase of the Reserve area as falling some time between a.d. 1100 and 1250. My personal feeling is that these dates are too early and I tend to place my bets on a span that would fall between a.d. 1200 and 1350. But this is based on a hunch — nothing more — and brings forth no concurrence from my co-workers. I remarked earlier that we now have a better idea as to what con- stitutes "lateness" in prehistoric villages of the Reserve- Alpine-Blue River region. I shall briefly enumerate the traits that we think may be found in the latest occupation of our area. 1 . A pueblo consisting of a fairly large conglomeration of rooms (50- 100), two to three stories in height, arranged in quadrilateral fashion around a plaza; that is, rows of rooms on three sides of a rectangle with a wall on the fourth side; or rows of rooms on the four sides of a rectangular ground plan. 2. Kiva pithouses within the plaza and perhaps outside the enclosure also. 3. The pueblo located possibly on high ground or a defendable mesa and near a spring or other good water supply. 4. Masonry of fairly high order. 5. The following major pottery types: Reserve Indented Corrugated, Tularosa Variety; Tularosa Patterned Corrugated; Tularosa Fillet Rim, a kind of black-on-red; Tularosa White-on-Red; Springervillc Poly- chrome; Tularosa Black-on-Whitc; a sprinkling of Reserve Black-on- White; Pinedale Polychrome; and perhaps some other fourteenth century- trade sherds. 6. The following major categories of tools of stone: through trough metates, often concave; rectangular manos; stone hoes; full and three quarter groove axes and mauls; rectangular and or painted vessels; small triangular arrow points; abundant shell, some of which would l>e carved; stone (and clay) animal figures; painted slabs; large pipes. All of this is hypothetical; but we shall endeavor to test our guess l>cfore we leave the Reserve area. On the basis of present evidence it appears that Anasazi people from Zuni-way moved into the Reserve area as early as a.d. 1000. They may 134 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES have been invited or they may have migrated into the area because of population pressures and movements that may have taken place at about that time. In a detailed report on the pottery of the Reserve area, now in prepara- tion, Bluhm has examined from many points of view the question of Anasazi immigration and influence. I do not care to anticipate her con- clusions or conjectures, but I may safely say from the evidence yielded by the excavations, as well as from all other evidence, that if immigration of Anasazi people occurred, their coexistence with the Mogollon residents was completely peaceful. They lived cheek by jowl in the same villages and swapped ideas back and forth. Out of this intermixture grew a well integrated, though short-lived, cultural development. In fact, it is an excellent example of acculturation. I wish we knew more about the mechanics of this blending, but the reading of the dim record is difficult. And then what happened to the people who had worked out an admi- rable way of life, well suited to their requirements and ecology? We do not know. Our guess is that they moved northward and westward and that some of them eventually wound up in Zuni land. In fact, they may be responsible for the introduction of rectangular kivas in the Zuni area. And what caused the exodus? To this, likewise, we have no answer. Bibliography Bluhm, Elaine A. 1957. The Sawmill Site. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 47, no. 1. Bradfield, Wesley » 1931. Cameron Creek Village, a site in the Mimbres area in Grant County, New Mexico. Monographs of the School of American Research, no. 1. Santa Fc, New Mexico. Brand, D. D., Hawley, F. M., and Hibben, F. C. 1937. Tseh Tso, a small house ruin, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. The University of New Mexico, Bull. 308, Anthr. Ser., vol. 2, no. 2. Albuquerque. Brew, J. O. 1946. Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, southwestern Utah. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 21. Colton, H. S., and Hargrave, L. L. 1937. Handbook of northern Arizona pottery wares. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bull. 11. Flagstaff, Arizona. Cosgrove, C. B. 1947. Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco areas in New Mexico and Texas. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univer- sity, vol. 24, no. 2. Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B. 1932. The Swarts Ruin. Papers. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 15, no. 1. Danson, Edward Bridge 1954. An archaeological survey of west central New Mexico and east central Ari- zona. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University. Revised. Di Peso, Charles C. 1950. Painted stone slabs of Point of Pines, Arizona. American Antiquity, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 57-65. 1951. The Babocomari village site on the Babocomari River, southeastern Arizona. The Amerind Foundation, no. 5. Dragoon, Arizona. Ferguson, H. G. 1921. The Mogollon district, New Mexico. United States Geological Survey, Bull. 715, pp. 171-204. Fewkes, J. W. 1904. Two summers' work in Pueblo ruins. Bureau of American Ethnology, 22nd Ann. Rcpt., 1900-1901, pp. 1-197. 1911. Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park: Cliff Palace. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 51. 135 136 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Forde, C. Daryll 1931. Ethnography of the Yuma Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 83-278. Gladwin, H. S. 1945. The Chaco Branch. Excavations at White Mound and in the Red Mesa Valley. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 33. Globe, Arizona. Gladwin, H. S., Haury, E. W., Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, N. 1937. Excavations at Snaketown. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 25. Globe, Arizona. Gladwin, W. and H. S. 1931. Some southwestern pottery types, Series II. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 10. Globe, Arizona. 1934. A method for the designation of cultures and their variations. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 15. Globe, Arizona. Guernsey, Samuel J. 1931. Explorations in northeastern Arizona: Report on the archaeological field work of 1920-1923. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnol- ogy, Harvard University, vol. 12, no. 1. Guthe, C. E. 1925. Pueblo pottery making. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, no. 2. Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. Hargrave, L. L. 1932. Guide to forty pottery types from the Hopi country and the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bull. 1. Flagstaff, Arizona. Haury, Emil W. 1932. Roosevelt: 9: 6, a Hohokam site of the colonial period. Gila Pueblo, Medal- lion Papers, no. 11. Globe, Arizona. 1934. The Canyon Creek Ruin and the cliff dwellings of the Sierra Ancha. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 14. Globe, Arizona. 1936a. The Mogollon culture of southwestern New Mexico. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 20. Globe, Arizona. 1936b. Some southwestern pottery types, Series IV. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 19. Globe, Arizona. 1940. Excavations in the Forestdale Valley, east-central Arizona. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 11, no. 4 (Social Science Bulletin, no. 12). 1945. The excavations of Los Muertos and neighboring ruins of the Salt River Valley, southern Arizona. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard LTniversity, vol. 24, no. 1. 1950. The stratigraphy and archaeology of Ventana Cave, Arizona. University of Arizona, Tucson; University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. Haury, E. W., and Hargrave, L. L. 1931. Recently dated pueblo ruins in Arizona. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec- tions, vol. 82, no. 11. Haury, E. W., and Sayles, E. B. 1947. An early pit house village of the Mogollon culture. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 18, no. 4 (Social Science Bulletin, no. 16). Hawley, Florence M. 1936. Field manual of prehistoric southwestern pottery types. University of New Mexico, Bull. 291, Anthr. Ser., vol. 1, no. 4. Albuquerque. BIBLIOGRAPHY 137 HlBBEN, F. C. 1937. Ste Brand, D. D., Hawiev, F. M., and Ilium s. F. C, Stone and other arti- facts, pp. 90-99. 1938. The Gallina phase. American Antiquity, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 131-136. Hough, Walter 1907. Antiquities of the Upper Gila and Salt River valleys in Arizona and New Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 35. 1914. Culture of the ancient Pueblos of the upper Gila River region, New Mexico and Arizona. United States National Museum, Bull. 87. 1919. The Hopi Indian collection in the United States National Museum. United States National Museum, Proceedings, vol. 54, no. 2235, pp. 235-296. Judd, Neil M. 1931. The excavation and repair of Betatakin. United States National Museum, Proceedings, vol. 77, art. 5. 1954. The material culture of Pueblo Bonito. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 124. Kidder, A. V. 1924. An introduction to the study of Southwestern archaeology. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, no. 1. Phillips Academy, Andovcr, Massachusetts. 1932. The artifacts of Pecos. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, no. 6. Phillips Academy, Andovcr, Massachusetts. Kidder, A. V., and Cosgrove, C. B. 1949. The Pendleton Ruin, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Contributions to American Anthropology and History, no. 50, pp. 107-152. Kidder, A. V., and Guernsey, S. J. 1919. Archaeological explorations in northeastern Arizona. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 65. Kluckhohn, Clyde, and Reiter, Paul (Editors) 1939. Preliminary report on 1937 excavations, BC 50-51, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. University of New Mexico, Bull. 345, Anthr. Ser., vol. 3, no. 2. Albu- querque. Kroeber, A. L. 1939. Cultural and natural areas of native North America. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 38. Lehmer, Donald J. 1948. The Jornada Branch of the Mogollon. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 19, no. 2 (Social Science Bulletin, no. 17). Martin, Paul S. 1936. Lowry Ruin in southwestern Colorado. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 23, no. 1. 1939. Modified Basket Maker sites in the Ackmcn-Lowry area, southwestern Colo- rado. 1938. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 23, no. 3. 1943. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico, 1941. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 32, no. 2. Martin, P. S., Lloyd, C, and Spoehr, A. 1938. Archaeological work in the Ackmcn-Ixjwry area, southwestern Colorado, 1937. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vo. 23, no. 2. Martin, P. S., Quimby, G. I., and Collier, Donald 1947. Indians before Columbus. University of Chicago Press. 138 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Martin, P. S., and Rinaldo, John B. 1940. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico, 1939. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 32, no. 1. 1947. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico, 1946. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Ser., vol. 32, no. 3. 1950a. Turkey Foot Ridge Site. A Mogollon village, Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 38, no. 2. 1950b. Sites of the Reserve Phase, Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Fieldi- ana: Anthropology, vol. 38, no. 3. 1951. The Southwestern Co-Tradition. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 215-229. Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., and Antevs, Ernst 1949. Cochise and Mogollon sites, Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Fieldi- ana: Anthropology, vol. 38, no. 1. Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., and Bluhm, Elaine 1954. Caves of the Reserve area. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 42. Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., Bluhm, E., and Cutler, Hugh 1956. Higgins Flat Pueblo, western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 45. Martin, P. S., Rinaldo, J. B., Bluhm, E., Cutler, H., and Grange, R., Jr. 1952. Mogollon cultural continuity and change. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 40. Martin, P. S., and Willis, E. S. 1940. Anasazi painted pottery in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Mem., vol. 5. MlNDELEFF, VlCTOR 1891. A study of Pueblo architecture, Tusayan and Cibola. Bureau of American Ethnology, 8th Ann. Rept., 1886-1887, pp. 13-228. Morris, Earl H. 1919. The Aztec Ruin. American Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Pap., vol. 26, pt.l. 1939. Archaeological studies in the La Plata district, southwestern Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, pub. 519. Morris, Earl H., and Burgh, Robert F. 1941. Anasazi basketry, Basket Maker II through Pueblo III. A study based on specimens from the San Juan River country. Carnegie Institution of Washington, pub. 533. 1954. Basket Maker II sites near Durango, Colorado. Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington, pub. 604. Nesbitt, Paul H. 1931. The ancient Mimbrenos, based on investigations at the Mattocks Ruin, Mim- bres Valley, New Mexico. Logan Museum Bulletin, no. 4. Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin. 1938. Starkweather Ruin. Logan Museum Bulletin, no. 6. Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin. O'Bryan, Deric 1950. Excavations in Mesa Verde National Park, 1947-1948. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 39. Globe, Arizona. Peckham, Stewart, Wendorf, Fred, and Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. 1956. Highway Salvage Archaeology, vol. II, pp. 17-86. Excavations near Apache Creek, New Mexico. Museum of New Mexico and New Mexico State High- way Department (F. Wendorf, Editor). BIBLIOGRAPHY 139 Pepper, George H. 1920. Pueblo Bonito. American Museum of Natural History, Anthr. Pap., vol. 27. Perez de Luxan 1929. Diego Expedition into New Mexico made by Antonio dc Espejo 1582-1583; as revealed in the Journal of Diego Perez de Luxan. Translated by George Peter Hammond and Agapito Rcy. Quivira Society Publication, vol. 1. Los Angeles. Reed, Erik K. 1950. Eastern -central Arizona archaeology in relation to the western Pueblos. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 120-138. 1951. Types of stone axes in the Southwest. Southwestern Lore, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 45-51. Boulder, Colorado. Rinaldo, John B. 1950. An analysis of culture change in the Ackmen-Lowry area. Fieldiana: Anthro- pology, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 93-106. See also Martin, P. S., and Rinai.do, J. B. Rinaldo, J. B., and Bi.uhm, E. 1956. Late Mogollon pottery types of the Reserve area. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 36, no. 7. Roberts, Frank H. H. 1929. Shabik'cshchee village. A late Basket Maker site in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 92. 1931. Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, eastern Arizona. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 100. 1932. The village of the Great Kivas on the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 111. 1940. Archaeological remains in the Whitewater district, eastern Arizona. Part II: Artifacts and burials. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 126. Rowe, Chandler 1947. Wheatley Ridge Site. Unpublished manuscript. Sayles, E. B. 1945. The San Simon Branch. Excavations at Cave Creek and in the San Simon Valley. I. Material culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 34. Globe, Arizona. Sayles, E. B., and Antevs, Ernst 1941. The Cochise culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, no. 29. Globe, Arizona. Smiley, Terah L. 1952. Four late prehistoric kivas at Point of Pines, Arizona. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 23, no. 3 (Social Science Bulletin, no. 21). Smith, Watson 1952a. Kiva mural decorations at Awatovi and Kawaika-a, with a survey of other wall paintings in the Pueblo Southwest. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 37. 1952b. Excavations in Big Hawk Valley, Wupathi National Monument. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bull. 24. Flagstaff, Arizona. Stevenson, M. C. 1904. The Zuni Indians. Bureau of American Ethnology, 23rd Ann. Rcpt., 1901- 1902, pp. 1-634. Toulouse, J. 1939. See Kluckhohn, C, and Reiter, P. (Editors) 140 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES TUTHILL, CARR 1947. The Tres Alamos site on the San Pedro River, southeastern Arizona. The Amerind Foundation, no. 4. Dragoon, Arizona. Wendorf, Fred 1950. A report on the excavation of a small ruin near Point of Pines, east central Arizona. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 21, no. 3 (Social Science Bulletin, no. 19). 1956. See Peckham, Stewart, Wendorf, Fred, and Ferdon, Edwin N., Jr. Wheat, Joe Ben 1954. Crooked Ridge Village (Ariz. W:10:15). University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 3 (Social Science Bulletin, no. 24). 1955. Mogollon culture prior to a.d. 1000. American Anthropological Association, Mem. 82. Willey, Gordon R. 1953. A pattern of diffusion-acculturation. Southwestern Journal of Anthropol- ogy, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 369-384. Woodbury, Richard 1939. Ground and pecked stone artifacts (other than arrow shaft tools). Section C in Preliminary report on the 1937 excavations, BC 50-51, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (Clyde Kluckhohn and Paul Reiter, Editors). University of New Mexico, Bull. 345, Anthr. Ser., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 58-79. Albuquerque. 1954. Prehistoric stone implements of northeastern Arizona. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 34 (Reports of the Awatovi Expedition, no. 6). Index Abrading stones, 40; classifications of, 56 Aima Plain, 21, 92, 96, 99, 107, 108 Alma Punched, 111 Alma Rough, 94 Alpine Branch, 126 Anasazi tradition, 100; technique of in- dentation, 99 Apache Creek Pueblo, 27; Site, 92 Arizona State Museum, 106, 117 Arrowheads, 72 Arrow shaft tools, 39, 66; classification of, 66; smoothers, 66; "straightcner type," 66 Artifacts, 21, 24, 33; Gallina, 66; in situ, 38; marked changes in, 1 30 Atlatls, 40 Awls, bone, 39, 40, 84; classification of, 82-84; ulna type, 82 Axes, 40, 64, 73; classification of, 64; grooved, 39, 40, 64; hand, 64; three quarter grooved, 40, 64, 66 Baird, John C, 5 Baked clay objects, 84 Barter, Mr. and Mrs. James T., 5 Beads, disc, 68, 78; shell, 78 Blades, 72 Bodkin, 83 Bone tube, 81 Bow and arrow, ascendancy of, 40 Bowls, painted, 58; stone, 39, rectangular, 39, 58 Bracelets, 39; shell, 78 Bui I. in 1. William, 106 Burial patterns, 120 Carey, Robert, 5 Cameron Creek, 128 Ceilings, Apache Creek Pueblo, 33; Valley View Pueblo, 38 Chipped stone, 72, 73 Choppers, 39, 40, 64, 73, 78; scraper- plane type, 73 Clay objects, baked, 84 Corrugated wares, 92-94, 96 99, 107, 108, 110, 112; indented base, 107; nipple base, 107; sec also Pottery Cosper Cliff Dwelling, 72, 89, 96, 98 Counters, gambling, 84 Crackel, Mrs. Mary, 5 Crooked Ridge Village, 127 Danson, E. B., 106, 112 Dates, Tularosa Phase, 96, 97 Deflector, 18, 24, 31 Delgar Ranch, 118 Design, motif in Jewett Gap Site col- lection, 114; in body of pottery, 116 Dimensions, Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 13; Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat, 22; Apache Creek Pueblo, 30; Valley View Pueblo, 35 Doorways, Apache Creek Pueblo, 30; Valley View Pueblo, 36 Drills, 72; classification of, 76 Duck effigies, 94, 95, 117, 122 Dunham, George, 5 Effigy, animal, 84, 88; duck, 94, 95, 117, 122 Egan, W. T., 5 Entrance, Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat, 24 Entryway, ramp, Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 13, 18; orientation of, Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat, 22 Field, Stanley, 5 Fireclouding, 107 Firepit, 18, 22, 32, 36, 129; lower, Higgins Flat Pueblo, 90 Flakers, antler, 84 Fleshing knife, smooth, 68 Floor, Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 18; materials in, 31; Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat, 22; Apache Creek Pueblo, 31; Valley View Pueblo, 36 Forestdale, 112 Foundation, Apache Creek Pueblo, 27; Valley View Pueblo, 35 Fox Mountains, 106 Gallo Mountains, 106 Gaming piece, 81 Georgetown Phase, 128 Gila Pueblo, 106 Gladwin. Harold S., 106 Great Kiva, 13, 26, 89, 90, 127, 128; alterations in, 90 Gregg, Clifford C, 5 Grinding stones, 56; metatc-like, 56, 58, 60; paint, 56, 58 Grooved stone tools, 64 Grooves, Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 21 141 142 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Guide types, pottery of the Tularosa Phase, 97-99 Gurley, Mrs. C. E., 5 Hammerstones, 56, 64 Handles, pottery, types of, 116 Handstones, 40 Hardy, Jack, 5 Harris Village, 128 Haury, Emil W., 106 Height, ceilings, Apache Creek Pueblo, 33; Valley View Pueblo, 38 Hematite, 58, 70, 88 Henry, Roy, 5 Higgins Flat, Pithouse Kiva, 22; Pueblo, 89, 90 Hinkle Park Cliff-Dwelling, 33, 72 Hoes, 70-72 Hough, Walter, 58, 118 Hudson, Ray, 5 Indented base, pottery, 107 Jar, in floor, 38 Jewett Gap, 55, 94, 119, 130; site, pottery of, 106 J haft, 64 Keney, Charles W., 5 Keys, Lester, 5 Kiatuthlanna Black-on-White, 100 Kiehne, E. O., 5 Kiva, Great, 13, 26, 89, 90, 127, 128; discussion of, 126, 128; later, 18; Pit- house, 129; small, 128 Kiva, Pithouse, Higgins Flat, 22, 26, 89, 92 Klotz, Eugene, 5 Knives, 39, 73, 77; fleshing, 68 Limonite, 88 Malachite, 88 Mano blanks, 40, 50, 61 Manos, 39, 40, 45, 58, 61, 129; beveled, 39, 40, 130; hand, 40; one hand, 40, 42; oval, 43, 46; rectangular, 44, 46-50; tabular, 40, 42; two grinding surfaces, 45; two hand, 45, 47, 49 Masonry, type of, Apache Creek Pueblo, 27; Valley View Pueblo, 35 Materials, Apache Creek Pueblo, 30, 31 ; Valley View Pueblo, 36 Mauls, classification of, 64; grooved, 40; three quarters grooved, 64, 66 McDonald Corrugated, 112 Mealing bins, 31, 32, 42, 56, 129 Meal receptacles, 42 Menges, John William, 5 Metates, 31, 32, 39, 42, 56, 57, 58; classification of, 59; slab type, 59; trough type, 59; through trough, 40, 42; through trough type, 59 Mimbres area, 70 Mimbres Classic, 100 Mimbres Bold Faced Black-on-White, 100 Mimbres Black-on-White, 112 Mogollon pottery, brown-ware tradition, 99; tradition and techniques, 100, 128 Mortars, 40, 56, 58 Museum of New Mexico, 129 New Mexico State Highway Department, 129 Nipple base, pottery, 107 North Plains Black-on-Red, 98 O'Bryan, Eric, 106, 129 "Offset," Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 17 Olson, Alan, 5 Ornaments, stone, 68 Paint, black glaze, 112; grinding stones, 58, classification of, 60; red, on grind- ing stones, 58 Painted types, pottery, 98, 111, 112 Partition walls, Apache Creek Pueblo, 29 Patrick, Dean David L., 106 Patterns, village, 129 Pebbles, oval, painted, 21 Pendant, 68 Percentages, sherd, 89, 95 Perry, Mrs. Martha, 5 Perry Lawson Canyon, 106 Pestles, 40, 56; classification of, 54; multiface, 56 Phase, Apache Creek Pueblo, 34; Higgins Flat, 22, 89; Tularosa, 25; Valley View Pueblo, 38 Pine Lawn Phase, 40, 58, 70, 127, 128 Pipe, 68 Pit, Higgins Flat, 18; Apache Creek Pueblo, 32 Pithouse Kiva, 26, 89, 92, 129; Higgins Flat, 22 Point of Pines, 112 Polishing stones, 40, 42; classification of, 52; oval, 54 Polychrome, pottery, Fourmile, 97; Houck, 98; Springerville, 98, 112; Querina, 98; Tuscayan, 97; St. Johns, 97, 99 Popularity trends in pottery, 96; in Tularosa Phase, 99 Postholes, Great Kivas, 20; Pithouse Kiva, 24 Pottery, 24, 89, 132; black glaze paint on, 112; body design, 116; corrugated wares, 92-94, 96-99, 107, 108, 110, 112; culinary types, 107; dating, 96; duck effigies, 94, 95, 117, 122; fireclouding, 107; floor jar, 38; handles, 116; in- dented phase, 107; nipple base, 107, 108; of the Jewett Gap Site, 106; painted types, Mimbres Black-on- INDEX 143 White, 112, Pucrco Black-on-Red, 111, Pucrco Black-on-VVhitc, 111, Reserve Black-on-W'hite, 111, Springcrvillc Polychrome, 1 1 2, St. Johns Black-on- Red, 98, 111, 112, Starkweather Smudged Decorated, 111, Tularosa White-on-Red, 111, Wingate Blark- on-Red, 98, 111; polished, 42; popular- ity trends, 96, 99; quadrilobate jars, 1 14; restorable, 92-95; ring vessels, 1 17, 122; textured, 42; ticking, 116; use of, 119; whole, 92, 93-95 Pottery types, 129 (alphabetical list, 100- 103); Alma Plain, 21, 92, 96, 99, 107, 108; Alma Punched, 111; Alma Rough, 94; Kiatuthlanna Black-on-White, 100; McDonald Corrugated, 112; Mimbrcs Classic, 100; Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White, 100; Mimbres Black- on-VVhitc, 1 1 2; North Plains Black-on- Red, 98; Pucrco Black-on-Red, 98, 1 1 1 ; Pucrco Black-on-White, 111; Red In- dented Corrugated, 99; Red Mesa Black-on-White, 100; Red Neck-Cor- rugated, 99; Reserve Black-on-White, 94, 99, 111, 112; Reserve Fillet Rim, 98; Reserve Incised Corrugated, 99, 111; Reserve Indented Corrugated, 93, 94, 96, 99, 107, 110; Reserve Plain Corrugated, 92, 107, 108, 110; Reserve Punched Corrugated, 111; Reserve Smudged, 94, 100, 110; Reserve Variant, 108; Roosevelt Black-on- Whitc, 117; St. Johns Black-on-Rcd, 98, 111, 112; San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware, 84; San Francisco Red, 99, 108; San Francisco Red Neck Cor- rugated, 94, 96; Starkweather Smudged Decorated, 100; Tularosa Black-on- Red, 98; Tularosa-stylc Black-on-Red, 98; Tularosa Black-on-White, 94, 97, 99, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118; Tula- rosa Fillet Rim, 32, 92, 93, 94, 96-99, 107, 108, 110; Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, 94, 97-99, 108, 110; Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, Re- serve Variant, 110; Tularosa White- on-Red, 97, 99, 112; see also Poly- chrome, Shapes Projectile points, 39, 72-74; classification of, 73; corner-notched, 74; diagonal- notched, 40; lateral-notched, 40, 73; leaf-shaped, 74; side-notched, 39; tri- angular, 73 Puerco Black-on-Red, 98, 111; Black-on- White, 111 Ramp entryway, 13, 18; orientation of, 22; lower, 90; upper, 17, 90, 92 Receptacles, flour, 24, 31, 129 Red Indented Corrugated, 99; sec also Pottery Red Mesa Black-on-White, 100; see also Pottery Red Neck-Corrugated, 99; see also Pottery Remodeling, Higgins Flat Pueblo, 89, 90 Reserve Black-on-White, 94, 99, 111; sherds, 1 1 2; see also Pottery Reserve Fillet Rim, 98; see also Potter) Reserve Incised Corrugated, 99, 111; see also Pottery Reserve Indented Corrugated, 93, 94, 96, 99, 107, 110; see also Pottery Reserve Phase, 22, 40, 89, 90, 100, 128, 129; sites, 96, 98, 127 Reserve Plain Corrugated, 92, 107, 108, 1 1 0; sec also Pottery Reserve Punched Corrugated, 111; see also Pottery Reserve Smudged, 94, 100, 110; sec also Pottery Reserve Variant, 108; sec also Pottery Roof, Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 21; Pithouse Kiva, Higtjms Flat, 24 Roosevelt Black-on-White, 117; sec also Pottery Rubbing stones, 40, 51; classification of, 50; oval, 52 St. Johns Black-on-Rcd, 98, 111, 112; sec also Pottery San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware, 84; sec also Pottery San Francisco Phase, 64, 72, 127, 128 San Francisco Red, 99, 108; see also Pottery San Francisco Red Neck Corrugated, 94, 96; sec also Pottery San Francisco River Valley, 98; use of glaze on pottery in, 112 Sawmill Site, 94, 128; Great Kiva, sherd counts from, 97 Scoop, 84 Scrapers, 39, 73; classification of, 77, 78; end, 73; side, 73 Seriation, 89, 96 Shapes, duck effigy, 117; eccentric, 122; ? ii. nli i lull. itc. 122; ring vessel, 117; Jreat Kivas, Higgins Flat, 13; Pit- house Kiva, Higgins Flat, 22; vessel, Tularosa Black-on-White, 117 Sherds, frequencies of floor, 92; per- centages, 89, 95; polychrome, lack of, 96; recovery of 15,000, 89; rcd-on- brown, 96; red-on-white, 96; trade, 97; worked, 84; worked, classification of, 85-87 Slabs, worked, 58; classification of, 60; worked stone, 21; painted, 58; piki, 58 Smiley, Tcrah I,., 127 South Lcggctt Pueblo, 96 Spindle whorls, see Baked clay objects Springerville, 1 1 3; area, 95, 98 144 LATE MOGOLLON COMMUNITIES Spur Ranch, 58 Spurgeon, Byron, 5 Spurgeon, Horace, 5 Starkweather Ruin, 95, 98 Starkweather Smudged Decorated, 110; see also Pottery Stone, animals, carved, 58; bowls, classi- fication of, 63; bowls, rectangular, 63, round, 63; incised, 88; unworked, 88 Stones, painted, 61 Stratigraphic observations, agreement of seriations, 89 Structure, earlier, Higgins Flat Pueblo, 90; later, 90 SU Site, 127, 128 Tchamahia, 70 Thomas, Dudley, 5 Three Circle Phase, 39, 40, 100, 127-129 Ticking, in pottery, 116 Tinney, Oral, 5 Tools, flake, 73; grooved stone, 64; types, major categories, 130 Trends in pottery popularity during Tularosa Phase, 99 Tularosa Black-on-Red, 98 Tularosa Black-on-White, 94, 97, 99, 112-114, 117, 118; associations with, 118; most frequent motifs, 118; vessel shape, 117; see also Pottery Tularosa Fillet Rim, 32, 92-94, 96-99, 107, 108, 110; see also Pottery Tularosa Fillet Rim, Reserve Variant, 110; see also Pottery Tularosa Fillet Rim Patterned Corru- gated, 94, 97-99, 108, 110; see also Pottery Tularosa Phase, 23, 27, 34, 39, 40, 42, 56, 58, 64, 70, 72, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96- 100, 112, 117, 127-130; sites, 106; ceramic features of, 97; guide types, 97-99; trends in pottery popularity, 99, 100 Tularosa-style Black-on-Red, 98 Tularosa Valley, use of glaze in, 112 Turkey Foot Ridge, 127 U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, 129 Utensil, cooking, 119, 122 Valley View Pueblo, general appearance, 34; general comments, 38; location, 34 Valley View Site, 95 Ventilator, 24, 30, 36, 128-130; closing slabs, 58 Vessel, ring, 117; shape, Tularosa Black- on-White, 117; quadrilobate, 122; restorable, 96, 97; serving, 119; storage, 119; whole, 96, 97 Walls, Great Kivas, Higgins Flat, 13; Pithouse Kiva, Higgins Flat, 22; Apache Creek Pueblo, 27; Valley View Pueblo, 35; later, 16; thickness of, 16 Wendorf, Fred, 25, 129 Wheat, Joe Ben, 127, 128 Wheatley Ridge Site, 128 Woodbury, Richard, 26 Young, Philip, 5 Zufii Indians, 27 Publication 823