DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

INTRODUCTION

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMEM STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf- Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(INTRODUCTION )

By R. C:<'Lr:^ PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

MAY I, 1906

HAWAUAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOQATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1906

H. P. Baldwin President

E. F. Bishop Vice-President

W. O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney F, M. Svvanzy

W. Pfotenhauer S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. ScHAEPflb

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney E. E. Paxton

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

F. R. Werthmueller Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY

Tl. C. Li. Perkins. ..Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist

G. W. Kirkaldy.. :. Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

F. Muir Assistant Entomologist

DIVISION OF

PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

N. a. Cobb Director '

L. Lewton-Brain. . .Assistant Director'
E. M. Grosse Assistant

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

QL

6-^3

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY

BULLETIN NO. 1
INTRODUCTION

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf- Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(INTRODUCTION )

By Rr^G?' \l\ PERKINS

It ~ */ct^

"=^^^«/ Musc«l$

HONOLULU, H. T.

MAY I, 1906

5^ VT»'^*^^

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

HcjiKjhilu, T. H., April 3i-cl, lyoO.

To the Committee on iCxperiment Station, H. S. P. A., Hono-
lulu, T. H.

Ck'ntlemen : — J herewith submit for publication the Introduc-
tion to the lUilletin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Ene-
mies," and also an index to this Bulletin. The latter has been
prepared by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy. Although the material deal-
ing" with the stibject of Leaf-Hoppers is far from being com-
pletely worked out. and new material is from time to time being
accumulated, \'et I have thought it advisable to close lUilletin
1. which has now reached a length of more than 500 pages. At
the same time, considering the practical and scientific value of
such work, F ho])e tliat the suliject will be continued in another
JUdletin.

y Yoivrs obedientlv,

/ V^ R. C. L. PERKINS.

/ - — ..

>' •- X)iTQct?6ry^b|ision of Entomologx'.

TO
ALBERT KOEBELE,

THIS RECORD OF HIS RECENT FIELD-WORK,

IS DEDICATED

BY HIS COLLEAGUES,

THE AUTHORS.

GEXERAL ACCOUNT OF WORK DONE IX AUSTRA-
LIA, FIJI AXI) THE UXITED STATES.

Tlie material on which this liulletin, entitled "Leaf-Hoppers
and Their Xatural Enemies," is based, has been derived from
various localities and sources, which are herewith specified.

(i). In 1903 Mr. Koebele made extensive observations on this
sul)ject in Xorth America, chiefly in the states of Ohio and
California, and sent a large amount of living material to the
Hawaiian Islands.

(2). In 1904 Mr. Koebele accompanied by the writer visited
Australia and a still larger collection of leaf-hoppers and their
enemies was made in that country.

(3). In the early months of 1905, after I returned to these
islands, Mr. Koebele spent a short time in h^iji. continuing .Vus-
tralian studies.

(4). For several \ears the sugar-cane and some other leaf-
hoppers and their enemies have been under close observation in
the Hawaiian Islands, and a collection of these has been made.

I will now make some remarks on these various expeditions,
showing what was achieved in each case.

KOEBELE'S MISSION TO THE UNITED STATES.

Mr. Koebele's researches in ( )hio in 1903 were ]irimarily un-
dertaken on information kindly given him by Dr. L. ( ). ITow-
ard, of the Department of Agriculture. A short time previously
Mr. Otto H. Swezey had discovered that certain leaf-hoppers
in that State were attacked In- Hymenopterous parasites, an('
Mr. Koebele was notified of this fact by the chief of the ento-
mological staff at Washing-ton. Mr. Koebele's investigations
resulted in the discovery of many such parasites, belonging to
the family Dryinidae. Hie appearance of these parasites is well
exemplified l)y the "Fairchild ])arasite" (Echtlirodclphax fair-
cliihfii) of the cane leaf-hopper, now so familiar to most Ha-
waiian cane-planters.

In addition to these Dryinidae, the little Mymarid egg--i)ara-
site of Liburnia {.iiiagnis cohiiiibi) was discovered, and also the
common presence of the minute Stylopids of the genus FJciiclnis
and others. Finally there was procured a single pu])arium of a

Dipterous parasite, from which no mature insect was bred, but
it unquestionably belonged to a species of Pipunculus.

The immediate and actual results of Mr. Koebele's consign-
ments of North American insects were on the whole disap-
pointing. Neither from a purely scientific point of view, how-
ever, nor from a practical standpoint, was this material done
justice to. I wish to lay particular stress on this point, because
it shows at once the frequent value of work of a highly technical
nature for practical purposes, even though it may be largely
incomprehensible to any save an entomologist, and even to any
save an advanced student of entomology. When Mr. Koebele's
living specimens came to hand, T was fairly well acquainted with
the published facts already known about these leaf-hopper ])ara-
sites. This published information, however, was of the most
meagre description, apparently only three or four of the great
numbers of known species having been bred or having had their
habits studied. Further, of those which had been bred, in most
cases only a few individuals had been reared and information as
to diversity or uniformity of hal)its was almost wanting. In
one case only, one of these parasites had been recorded as at-
tacking tw^o species of leaf-hopper, and those so utterlv differ-
ent in all points of structure, as to lead one to suppose that the
Dryinidae might be indiscriminate in their choice of host. I
refer to the case of Laheo typJilocybac and Dryiiiiis flniiciiidis dis-
cussed in this Bulletin on pp. 485 and 492. We now know that,
in reality, these parasites generally are most particular as to
their choice of host, and those which attack leaf-hoppers of the
Delphacid group, to which our cane-hopper belongs, do not
even extend their attacks to species outside this group, still less
will they attack such different hoppers as are included in the
great Jassid series. Now the living material sent to me by Koe-
bele from North America included parasites of many small leaf-
hoppers, belonging to most diverse groups, many of which
would never have attacked our cane-hopper, as their structure
plainly shows. It was not until T was in Australia and had
leisure to examine Australian parasites with some care that T
discovered the microscopic characters, which are always found
in those species which attack leaf-hoppers of the Delphacid
group, as opposed to those preying on Jassids. For want of
this knowledge, Mr. Koebele's material from North America
was, as T have said, not done full justice to from a practical
point of view ; much time being wasted on parasites that never
would have attacked our cane leaf-hopper. Still at least two

species of imported North American Dryinidae did attack our
c;ine pest, and were reared on these in captivity, and their otif-
spring Hberated in the cane-fields, but neither of these has as
yet shown up at large.

That Mr. Koebele's North American material has not been
done justice to from a purely scientific point of view is due to
the fact that the practical end in view, namely, to establish the
parasites, naturally outweighed the former. There are ten
North American species described or referred to in Pt. I of this
lUdletin, but the number really collected and sent by Mr. Koe-
bele was unquestionably considerably larger. With the excep-
tion of one or two species sent in great numbers by him, no
individuals were killed by me as specimens for study. Some
were turned loose in cane-fields, infested with leaf-hopper, and
some were placed in large -cages on growing cane plants simi-
larly afifected. The preserved material therefore chiefly con-
sists of specimens that died a natural death in these cages, and
which happened to be found ^subsequently, together with a few
examples that emerged and died on the way to the islands, and,
again, of a few examples collected and mounted by Koebele
himself in Ohio and California.

From another point of view Mr. Koebele's work in Ohio and
California was of great value, for it was extensive enough to
show what kind of natural enemies of leaf-hopper might he
looked for in other countries. In fact it was these prior inves-
tigations in North America that led him at once to investigate
the eggs of the cane leaf-hopper in Australia for internal para-
sites and to at once discover their presence on this investiga-
tion.

MISSION OF KOEBELE AND PERKINS TO AUSTRALIA.

We reached Sydney in May, the weather being cold and on
our first arrival very wet, so that little entomological work was
done there. Mr. Koebele, however, wished to visit some of the
orange orchards in the vicinity, with which he had become well
acquainted on some of his earlier missions. A number of spe-
cies of living ladybirds were accordingly collected and shipped
to Honolulu. Being too far south for cane, not much atten-
tion was paid to leaf-hoppers, but the presence of hymenop-
terous parasites was demonstrated by the discovery of Dryinid
sacs on the larvae of common Jassids.

Early in June we arrived at Brisbane, and on the first cane
that we saw, a few plants in the public gardens, we at once ob-

IV

served the presence of the cane leaf-hopper. A short stay of
about ten days gave ample proof of the existence in Australia
of a considerable variety of Hymenopterous parasites of leaf-
hoppers, of Dipterous parasites of the g-enus Pipiiiiciiliis, and of
Stylopid parasites of the genus Elcjichus.

Xt Bundaberg, about twelve hours l\v rail north of Brisbane,
we spent another ten days in June. Here is an extensive cane
district with our leaf-hopper everywhere present, but never in
numbers such as we are accustomed to in these islands. In fact
we never saw the hoppers nearly as numerous as they are on our
least affected plantations. From eggs collected here Mr. Koc-
bele soon bred out specimens of the Mymarid parasites he had
felt so confident of finding.

From our observations on the habits of the cane leaf-hopper
in these islands, it seemed probable that in tropical Australia
this species would be in its greatest numbers in the colder
month's, so after a brief stay in Bundaberg, we proceeded north
to Cairns, which place we reached at the beginning of July.
This plan seemed very expedient, for by retreating gradually
towards the south, as the hot season advanced, we hoped to
prolong the season during which natural enemies for the cane
leaf-hopper could be obtained. It appeared likely that effective
work could only be done at Cairns for a month or two, since
without a reasonably large supply of hoppers, it was evident
that the parasites could not be found in sufficient numbers for
shipment. This indeed proved to be the case, and by the end
of August, leaf-hoppers and their eggs had become so scarce in
the cane-fields, that we came south again to Bundaberg. At
Bundaberg we made a long sta}- on this occasion, regularly
sending ofif consignments of parasites, until here too, owing
partly to the season and partly to the harvesting of the crop,
the locality became unprofitable. After a short stav in Bris-
bane, at the end of the year, 1 returned to Honolulu, while Mr.
Ivoebele proceeded to Sydney, where his attention was largely
given to collecting beneficial insects for pests other than ieaf-
hopper. On the return journey Mr. Koebele spent one month
in Fiji, the enemies of the cane-hopper in those islands being
mostly similar to those already found in Australia. A fine con-
signment of the Chalcid egg-parasite (OoMrasfichiis) of leaf-
hopper was most important, as it enabled us to establish that
important species without anv doubt.

MCiDE OF SEXDlXCi ()\ER PARASITES.

During- the earlier part of our Australian trip all beneficial
insects sent from Cairns were placed in cold storage. The fact
that the coast steamers generally failed to make close connec-
tion with those leaving Brisbane or Sydney for Honolulu, and
the necessity for reshipment and removal from the cool cham-
l)er, made it a matter of great difficulty to get any insects over
alive. ( )f some ])redaceous species, however, such as certain
ladybirds and some others, a small percentage of some species
survived their long journey. These were packed in the way
usually adopted by Mr. Koebele. in specially made wooden
boxes nearly filled with slightly damped Sphai^iiiiiii moss, ddie
sides and bottoms are dove-tailed and hold well together in spite
of the great dampness of the cool chamber. These boxes are
made in three sizes, nesting within each other, the largest
4x3^x24 inches, the smaller 3;;|x2-4x2i; inches. When filled each
is securely l)Ound with strong string and the whole made up in
one |)arcel for shipment, being wrapi~)ed in several sheets of
stout packing paper. '

With the very minute and delicate egg-parasites of the Eulo-
phid and Mymarid families, which we were most anxious to
get established in the islands, various methods were used. The
cuttings of the midrib of cane-leaf containing eggs of leaf-hop-
per were made as short a time as possible before the steamer
sailed. That the)- contained numerous parasites was certain
from the samples we always retained to be sure on this point.
Though these samples were always very small compared with
the amount sent, yet we never failed to breed many parasites.
Some of the cuttings were packed in the wooden boxes above
described with moss, some in similar boxes with powdered char-
coal, and some in tin boxes. It does not appear, however, that
from the four consignments sent from Cairns, which must have
included great numbers of jjarasitized eggs, that an\- of these
])arasites reached Honolulu alive.

( )ur subsec|uent consignments, from Bundaberg. were more
successful, as was natural, the ports of departure of the Hono-
lulu steamers being so much nearer. Cuttings of cane leaves
containing leaf-hopper eggs sent from here produced both Eulo-
l)hid and Mymarid parasites on arrival in Honolulu, and in fact
some individuals of most of the Bundaberg species, that we
desired to establish, reached the islands alive. Thus two of the
Dryinid parasites of Siphanta (a Paradryinus and a Xcodryimis)

VI

were bred in numbers in Honolulu, and liberated for the pur-
pose of attacking the introduced pest Siphanta acuta. Further,
two of the small wingless species of the Dryinid family, belong-
ing to the Gonatopus group, were likewise successfully imported,
and one of these was successfully bred up in captivity on the
cane leaf-hopper. A Proctotrupid parasite i^Aphanomcrns pnsil-
his) that destroys the eggs of the Siphanta above mentioned,
was also successfully imported, and is now well established at
large in the islands and is already destroying a large percentage
of the eggs of that leaf-hopper. All these were sent over from
Bundaberg in cold-storage, the Dryinidae as larvae in the
cocoon or pupae. Although eventually egg-parasites of the
cane leaf-hopper were obtained from sections of leaf containing
the eggs, sent in cold storage, yet it was, as has been shown,
only after many attempts had proved unsuccessful. At one time
it seemed as if the prolonged cold temperature of (supposedly)
'•'from 40° -45° F. was fatal to every parasite, and so far as we
know, it was so in the case of all those sent from Cairns, but not
always to those from the less distant Bundaberg. This led me
to suggest that we should have some special cages made, some-
what similar to those Air. Koebele had previously employed in
shipping stylopized leaf-hoppers from North America, in which
living cane could be grown and the cages themselves sent on
the open deck, allowing the delicate egg-parasites to emerge
and reproduce in transit. For minute and delicate parasites, in-
habitants only of tropical countries, there is very little doubt
in my mind that this method of transportation surpasses all
others. In fact the two first cages sent in this way, each stock-
ed with a dififerent species of Mymarid, both yielded parasites
after their arrival in Honolulu. These cages were built very
strongly and with considerable care, special precautions being-
taken by simple devices that everything fitted compactly and
that light was entirely excluded at all joints and that escape
of any insects would be impossible. The adjoining figure shows
the construction. The top and front are both hinged, so as to
be capable of being fully opened out ; in the back and front are
cut openings of 9 inches by 11; these openings being covered
on the inside with fine strong white muslin fastened with shellac,
and on the outside, as a protection, with a sheet of strongly per-
forated zinc, which itself is still further protected by trans-
verse wooden bars. Although in such a cage the light is neces-
sarily largely cut of¥, yet grass or cane plants will grow therein
for weeks, though the leaves may become chlorotic. As a mat-

" A temperatuiv ol'28°-:;'J° for two weeks was latnl t(i evorv eas of the lortf-honpcr
iiiul to ilic pai'flsites. ' ^

Vll

ter of fact, we chiefly used pieces of cane-stem planted in almost
pure white sand, for these will root and the eyes sprout quite
successfully under such conditions. A removable zinc trav fit-

ting the bottom of the cage holds the sand ()r soil, h'or the
journey this tray was securelv fastened down by a couple of
small nails.

HANDLING OF BENEFICIAL INSECTS AFTER
ARRIVAL.

The successful handling of the various parasites and preda-
ceous insects after their arrival was of course all important. The
latter are generally of a much hardier nature than the former
and any one at all accustomed to raising broods of insects can
successfully propagate such creatures as ladybirds in captivity,
provided that their proper food is procurable and climatic con-
ditions permit. It is clear that for practical purposes the dis-
covery of a parasite of an injurious insect counts for little (ex-
cept for such scientific value as it may have) unless it can be

VIU

transported alive to the country where it is needed, and again
the discovery and successful transportation alike count for noth-
ing economically, unless it can be established at large after its
arrival. It is no doubt in many cases decidedly more easy to
discover natural enemies of an insect pest than it is to establish
them in a new and distant country. We have heard some, who
profess to be in favor of the repression (jf injurious insects l)y
means of natural enemies, talk of the discovery of a parasite,
as though the fact of this discovery were all important, whereas

we must repeat that unless the parasite can be successfullv in-
troduced and established and duly performs its share of work in
controlling the pest, the discovery is of insignificant impor-
tance. Further, cases where a single natural enemy is alone
sufificient to keep down an injurious insect are rare and excep-
tional, and few pests are to be kept down in this way. As a rule,
it is a complex of causes that keeps an insect in check, often
the joint attack of various parasites and predators, and it may
be various diseases and other conditions combined. Only in
exceptional cases can the economic entomologist hope to suc-
ceed with a single parasite, as any practical field worker must

IX

know. When l^cnelicial insects, parasitic or predaceons, have
l)een successfully imported, no methods by which they may be
successfully estaljlished should be neglected. Predaceous in-
sects are generally comparatively large and hardy, and can be
safel}' liberated where their food is abundant. Parasites on the
other hand are often excessively minute and delicate and may
re(|uire the most careful handling. As a rule should some spe-
cies that it is desirable to establish be received in an\- num-

bers, it is always safer to divide them, and adopt various meth-
ods. It may be safely said that in nearly all cases (unless climatic
conditions are ahogether unfavorable) half the specimens re-
ceived should be at once liberated in a suitable locality. Some
minute Chalcids and other parasites are very easily bred in
ca])tivity, but this is by no means always the case. In rearing
insects in captivity in tropical countries, there is one absolute
essential, which is ])erfect isolation from ants and other carni-
vorous creatures. Several years ago, I had built for this pur-
])Ose a small house isolated from the ground, the supports rest-

ing in water or water covered with a layer of kerosene oil. Sim-
ilar houses are in use at our Experimental Station (see fig. of
exterior, page viii, and on page ix one corner of interior with
cages). It is necessary to take care that grass and weeds do not
grow up so as to form a connection with the house ; and, as will
be noticed in the figure, the steps are built separately, and do not
actually touch the house. The sides of these houses are covered
with copper wire and in stormy weather blinds of thick white
canvas can be let down for shelter from the rain, or on other days
as a screen from excessive sun. The wire-mesh is fine enough
to prevent the escape of a moderate-sized lad}-bird. The earth
used for plants in these houses is soaked in boiling water to
kill ants and other injurious insects that may be present in an}'
stage, and the wooden tubs, in which the plants are grown, arc
similarly treated. These tubs of Japanese make (manufactured
as containers of the Japanese drink "saki") often afford hiding
places to centipedes, cockroaches, ants and other most undesir-
able insects. On one occasion some years ago, in one night I
lost a whole brood of about sixty __._^^

individuals of a beneficial insect, " ^ * ''^^

that T wished to establish, from

the attack of a small centipede I

accidentally carried into a house
in a saki-tub, that 'had not been
treated with boiling water. These
saki tuhs. as shown in the adjoin-
ing figure, are excellent for
growing Ccine or other plants,
which can be covered with a ca])
of fine muslin, fastened on a light
bam'boo-frame with shellac var-
nis'h. Either bv a small door or
a mere 'hole, which can be closed
with a plug of cotton, the injuri-
ous insects and their parasites
can readily be turned into such a
cage and allowed to breed there.
In establishing the minute par-
asites that destroy the eggs of
leafihoppers the following pro-
cedure was adopted. T will take
the case of Paranagnts opfahUis,
whose h'fe-historv T have de-

I

XI

tailed in Pt. VI of this Bulletin, as the same treatment was given
to all the other minute parasites. Eight examples of the Para-
na gr us were bred from Queensland cage between January 17th
and 30th. Four were liberated in the Experiment Station
grounds, four were transferred to a glass-jar containing a young-
growing cane, in the leaves of which leaf-hopper eggs had pre-
viously been deposited. The jar used was a large glass battery-
jar (the size is well shown in the adjoining figure by compari-
son with an ordinary garden trowel lying against it) containing
very young cane plants. Round the jar near the top is bound

a band of cotton or other material,
on which rests the cap formed of
muslin fastened over a fine bam-
boo framework with shellac.

These caps are remarkably con-
venient for handling delicate para-
sites. When one wishes to collect
from the j'ar, l)y wrapping the
whole in a black cloth and leaving
only the top of the cap uncovered,
after first dislodging the parasites
from the plants by striking t'he jar
with the bare hand, these will at
once fly to the top of the muslin
cap. The cap is then removed and
laid on its side, the closed end or
top being held towards the light,
and the parasites can be collected
in glass tubes with t'he utmost
ease as they seek to escape at that
end.

At the end of three weeks the first brood of parasites began
to appear, and in all 47 individuals, all females, were obtained.
Half of these were liberated, the rest being used to stock a num-
ber of new breeding jars similar to the one described. From
these a very large number of individuals were reared, and these
were treated in various ways.

Some were 'sleeved' out in the fields on growing cane much
inuictured with hopper. These muslin sleeves stretched on light
bamboo framework are shown in the adjoining figures, the para-
sites being introduced through a small hole at the lower end.
by means of a glass tube. A plug of cotton closes the hole, after
they have been turned in ; while in wet weather a cap of water-

Xll

proof cloth can be fastened over the upper part of the sleeve
to afiford shelter.

In the breeding-houses large colonies were now raised on
larger cane-plants in the saki tubs already mentioned ; and other

still larger ones in the open field beneath light portable cages,
which could be placed over several entire well-grown cane-
plants, and were of sufficient size to allow one to enter and ex-
amine the condition of afifairs within, and to make cuttings for
further distributi(^n. These laroe liiiht caces were further

XIU

screened on the windward side by a strip of heavy white can-
vas, to break the force of the wind. All these methods were
entirely successful, not only with the Mymarids, but also with
tlie more sturdy egg-parasite of the genus Ootetrastickns.

While the parasites were still comparatively scarce and not
easily obtainable in numbers for distribution, they were sent
out in colonies, in the glass battery-jars already figured, to such
])lantations as stood in most immediate need. To the various
|)lantation agents was left the choice, as to which of their plan-
tations should be first supplied.

#^ !

:^>4,

Subsequently as the cane in the experiment station became
well stocked with parasites, it was only necessary to take cut-
tings of the midribs of cane leaves well filled with eggs and send
them to the jjlantations in a very sinii)le form of cage. Prior
exi)erimcnts had ])roved that from such leaves parasites would
continue to emerge daily for at least two weeks after the cut-
lings were made. All that it was necessary for the recipient to
do was to hang the cage in a suitable spot, the large number of
])arasites that would emerge from each cage making it almost
impossible to fail in establishing them. The emergence of num-
bers of individuals day after day rendered the occurrence of un-
favorable weather (which is so frequently a cause of failure in
establishing beneficial insects, when liberated at one time as
adults) a matter of small account.

XIV

EFFECT OF VARIOUS NATURAL ENEMIES IN CON-
TROLLING LEAF-HOPPER.

Having dealt with the introckiction, propagation and distribn-
tion of the several parasites, we will now consider the practical
effect of these and other natural enemies in diminishing the leaf-
hopper pest. There are yet in Australia and Fiji, as can i/c
seen by the student of the various Parts of this Bulletin, a num-
ber of other natural enemies of leaf-hoppers, which, introducetl,
would certainly attack our cane leaf-hopper, though either we
did not attempt to introduce these, or were unsuccessful in the
attempt. I have already, in my last annual Report to the Com-
mittee on the Experiment Station, stated what parasites we
especially desired to import and the reasons for this, but for the
sake of completeness, I here make some repetition. Thus in
choosing what natural enemies it was desired to introduce, we
had to consider: (i) their effectiveness or importance as de-
stroyers of the pests ; (2) the possibility of successful transporta-
tion ; (3) the probability of their thriving in a new country ; (4)
the rapidity of their increase, when established. On the first
two heads, there is nothing special to remark, but the third was
a matter of great importance. When one considers the excessive
difference in climate between many of the plantations, the ex-
tremes being shown by one where cane is grown on the wind-
ward side at an elevation of about 1500 or more feet, with its ex-
cessive rainfall, and one nearly at sea level on the dr}' leeward
side, where cane can exist only by constant irrigation, it is ob-
vious that comparatively few species of insects can be expected
to thrive equally well under such diverse conditions. Conse-
(piently we had need primarily of parasites of wide-spread range
in their own country, not such as were of local occurrence onlv.

The fourth consideration, that is the rate of increase, was to
us of the greatest importance, since we had to deal with a pest
already established for years, and that had no doubt reached its
average numerical inaximum throughout the islands. In this
the little Mymarid egg-parasites of the genera Ajiai^nis and
Paroiioi^nts excel. They complete their life cycle in about three
weeks in these islands, and apparently breed at the same rate, or
nearly so, at all seasons of the year. Further they are largelv
parthenogenetic, the male sex being only produced at rare" in-
tervals.

The Tetrastichine egg-parasite {Ootetrastichits) on the other
hand is a comparatively slow breeder, taking fully twice as long-
as a Mymarid to complete its life-cycle or longer still. It how-
ever probably produces twice as many eggs as the other and is,
so far as is known, entirely parthenogenetic, no male having
ever been seen. If we judge the effectiveness of the two para-
sites merely on rate of increase (reckoning the life cycles as 20
and 46 days respectively), and suppose that the ]\Iymarid pro-
duces 20, the Tetrastichine 40 female young, at the end of six
months the latter will have produced four thousand and ninety-
six million descendants, but the Mymarid in the same time will
produce more by one million times. In reality no case is of this
simple nature, the habits and constitution of the parasites have
to be considered. Thus the Mymarid is much more delicate
than the other, and liable to be decimated by storms, but it
lays its eggs within a very short time of emergence, while in
Ootetrasticliiis the period of egg-laying is extended over weeks.
The latter, besides its robust nature, has this advantage, that
each individual is bred at the expense of the zvhole contents of an
egg-chamber of the leaf-hopper, while of the Mymarid each
individual is bred at the expense of only a single egg.

If we consider the effectiveness of the four egg-parasites,
Paranagrus optabiUs, P. perforator, Anagrns freqiicns, and Oote-
frasticlnis beatus, in areas zvhere all are ivell established, we must
rate the first-named as at present by far the most effective. As I
have previously pointed out, this species is capable by itself of
destroying about 50 per cent of the cane-hopper's eggs and
Anagrns frequens and P. perforator, extraordinarily numerous as
they appear, where seen alone, are but as isolated examples in
the crowd, where all are well established in one spot. The
Ootetrastichus slowly but steatlily increases in numbers, and on
many plantations I expect that it will ultimately be the most
efficient of all parasites. I do not think that it can show its full
value till 1908, for each harvesting of the cane crop is neces-
sarily a very great setback to its natural increase. Anagrns
frequens, under which name are probably more than one species,
or at least one or two distinct races of a single species, although
it appears at a disadvantage, when in company with Paranagrus
OptabiUs, is nevertheless a most abundant parasite. In Part VI
of this Bulletin I have compared the habits of the two and need
not refer to the matter here, but I may say that as many as
eighty or a himdred exit holes of the Anagrus have been count-
ed in a single cane-leaf, so that its great utility is unquestion-

XVI

able. P. perforator, common in Fiji, attacking eggs of hopper
laid in thick stems of grass, more rarely those in cane, will prob-
ably gradually wander away from the cane-fields to attack the
eggs of native hoppers, that arc laid in stems and twigs, as it
now chiefly attacks the cane-hopper eggs when these are laid
in the stems.

Nor must it l)e forgotten, what valuable aid these egg-para-
sites receive in the control of leaf-hopper from other insects
parasitic and predaceous, native or introduced. In fact, had
there existed previously no restraint to the multiplication (>f the
]3est, no one who has paid the least attention to such matters
can doubt that it would some time since have become impossible
to raise any crop of sugar-cane in the islands. The reason why
these natural enemies have not alone got the up])er hand of the
hopper is due to various causes. In the first place, a number of
the parasites such as the Drvinid Echthrodclphax faircJiihh'i and
the ])arasitic flics of the genus Pifiiiiiciiliis are of local occurrence,
and in many places cannot (for climatic or other unknown rea-
sons) maintain their existence. This was well shown ])y the
behavior of the first-named, which was distributed in thousands
by the entomologists and the Plantation managers themselves
to all the districts in the islands, but in many places did not
thrive. Such, too, is the case with the predaceous black earwig
(Chclisochcs iiiorlo) which, a natural immigrant to the islands
and no doubt acclimatised centuries ago, is found on com])ara-
tively few plantations. Other natural enemies are themselves
periodically decimated by ])arasites, as is the case with the in-
troduced green cricket (Xipliidium varipcnuc), which has its own
egg-parasite {Paraplicliiiiis). Other enemies like the common
lady-bird (Cocci iiclla re panda) introduced by Koebele years ago
for other purposes, i)rey on young leaf-hoppers, in default of
more favorite food, and this valual)le predator too is itself sub-
ject to parasitic attack by the common Rraconid (Cciifistcs). j\t
])resent the whole number of ])arasites and predaceous insects
that attack cane leaf-hop])er to such an extent as to render their
services worth noting is considerable, as the following sum-
mary shows.

The most valuable are the four egg-parasites, which there is
every reason to hope will become still more effective with rea-
sonable time, one (OofcfrasticJius) having as }et had no chance
to show its full effectiveness.

The two Pipunculus flies (P. jiiTafor and tcrryi) are restricted
lo certain localities and are native species, wliich have trans-

xvu

ferred their attacks from native Delphacids to the cane leaf-
hopper.

The ubiquitous lady-bird {Cocciiiclla repanda) is valuable as a
destroyer of leaf-hopper, though originally imported by Koe-
bele to destroy Aphis. It is hoped that other lady-birds, espe-
ciallv Vcraiiia sfrii^iila (:=/'. liiicola of Pt. V\l) may become es-
tablished and do g-ood work, as in .\ustralia and iMJi, whence
they were imported.

The earwig' Chclisoclics inor'm is a local s[)ecies, ])ut no doubt
useful where it exists in numbers.

The green cricket {Xipliidiiiin I'aripciinc) is very valual)le, but
is most unfortunately heavil\- atlacl<ed at certain seasons b}- an
eg'g-parasite.

The Dryinid llchilin>dcl['hax faiirliildii is locally valuable. .\t
certain seasons in suitable, but limited, localities, it destroys a
considerable percentage of hop])ers. Its services are under-
estimated, because for a large jiart of the year it lies as a dor-
mant larva in the cocoon, and parasitized hoppers at such a time
are naturally hardly to l)e found.

There are many other natural enemies of more or less im-
portance, e. g. the various predaceous Hemiptera, and the sev-
eral lace-wing flies (Chrysopinae).

In addition to these insect enemies, we must mention the two
fungous diseases of hoppers (amounting locally and at certain
seasons to epidemics) which, long previously known to kill the
native leaf-hoppers, have become transferred to the introduced
l)est. We also found one or more fungous diseases attacking
leaf-hopper eggs in Fiji and Australia in all localities. With
material imported from these countries, I easily inlected eggs
of the cane leaf-hopper under cover, and subsequently estab-
lished the fungus at large in the held. As it was luost probable
that parasitized and healthy hopper eggs would be afifected
alike by the disease, and consequently many of the egg-parasites
would be destroyed, it became a subject of discussion whether
we should attempt to establish the fungus or not. As, however,
throughout Australia, the fungus and parasite both attacked
the eggs, Mr. Koebele was of opinion that we should try and
establish the same conditions here. Consecjuently with the first
cages sent to the plantations the cane cuttings and the cane
itself were well sprayed with water containing spores of the fun-
gous disease, so that these would l)e certainly carried abroad by
the emerging hoppers and parasites. I imagine there is no
doubt as to this disease becoming established in all suitable
localities.

XVI 11

The question that one will now ask is : Are these parasitic
and predaceous enemies combined sufficient to prevent any fur-
ther serious damage from leaf-hopper? Though a natural one,
it is hardly yet a fair question. The leaf-hopper was in num-
bers suf^ciently great as to be injurious in 1900, and spread
and increased greatl}' since that time. The distribution of im-
ported natural enemies began about a year ago. Some of the
best of these 'have been distributed much more recently still.
To serve fifty or more plantations, many of great acreage and
occupying many miles of country, with introduced parasites,
must naturally take considerable time. One of our most impor-
tant parasites, if it thrives here as in Fiji, as I have already
pointed out, is at present hardly to l)e reckoned with. It
should be of decided value next year, of much more the )ear
after. It is merely a question of natural increase, for that it
thrives here at large as well as in captivity is already proven.
When one considers the enorm'ous monetary loss, considering
the size of these islands, that has been occasioned by the leaf-
hopper, I do not think one should cease to seek natural enemies
against the pest, until it is absolutely proven a pest no longer,
however strong one's hopes may be that the present enemies
are sufficient to cope with it. I have been told on the best au-
thority and by those most interested, that the loss to these
islands caused by the cane leaf-hopper since its first noticeable
appearance in 1900 to the present time ma}' be reckoned at mil-
lions of dollars, and one is justified in taking every precaution,
where so much is at sta'ke.

ON THE NECESSITY OF FURTHER DISTRIBUTION
OF PARASITES IN THE CANE-FIELDS.

Owing to the manner in which cane is cultivated in these
islands, the entomologist working along the lines that have
been adopted to control the leaf-hopper pest, meets with a
serious obstacle such as is not encountered in dealing with in-
sects injurious to our other vegetation. I refer here to the
universal custom of burning of¥ 'the trash' over great acreages,
after the crop has been harvested. T have been told that on
the Colonial Sugar Refining Company's estates in Australia
no such burning ofT is allowed. If this is correct, it may help
to account for the insignificant numbers of our cane-leaf hop-
per there, as well as of several other insects of the same group,

XIX

which are fortunately not known in our cane fields. As, how-
ever, burning of trash is an established fact here, it becomes
necessary to" see what steps can be taken to provide against
this serious disadvantage. I will first show whereof this dis-
advantage consists. The parasitic enemies of the leaf-hopper
are mostly delicate and minute creatures, not accustomed to take
prolonged fiights. Their wings serve well to bear them from
l-)lant to plant, but for further distribution they are dependent
on air-currents. If when a field of cane is cut the wind blows
towards another cane field, no doubt some or many parasites
will reach it, but if otherwise, probably none will do so. In
burning over a field it is quite certain that almost every para-
site vet present will be destroyed, Init the adult leaf-hoppers on
tlie other hand are well able to take care of themselves. When
as an experiment, a patch of about nine acres of cane, so heav-
ily attacked by leaf-hopper as to be useless, was set on fire all
around to destroy these, it was noticed that the adult hoppers
rose from the cane in a cloud and spread to other fields ; so
this plan for destroying them was of no value. I have in an
earlier publication shown how quickly the leaf-ho]:>pers spread
to new fields of very young cane, and with what regularity they
distribute themselves over tlic young plants. It cannot be
hoped that the parasites will (except under rare and fortuitous
circumstances, such as constant favorable winds) spread them-
selves in like manner, and in the same time. Yet it is essen-
tial that the parasites should be on the spot when the leaf-
hopper begins to lay in order to secure proper control. If the
supply of laying hoppers at the beginning of the great breeding
season is very small, it means that there is not time for the
attack to become serious before that season is over. It is when
the hopper is least abundant, that one wants to be assured that
it is being attacked by all ]-)OSsiblc enemies. A\nien a field is
already seriously injured and swarming with hoppers, not much
immediate help can be given for obvious reasons. It will be
easier to prevent such a condition than to find a remedy. If
one could provide that in each large area of cleared land, ready
for planting, there should be in the middle a small patch of
some variety of cane most susceptible to the attack of leaf-
hoppers, that this cane should be kept well stocked with these,
and with a variety of parasites and predaceous insects, and
itself be of sufficient growth to afford good shelter to all these,
the condition from an entomological standpoint would be ideal.
This patch of cane, being already of suitable age and growth

and stocked as aforesaid, at the time the much younger cane of
the rest of the field began to be infested with hoppers, would
daily be distributing thousands of natural enemies, that should
control these. Although such a plan or modification of it might
be adopted on some plantations, on others (at least such as are
under irrigation) it would either be ditftcult, or altogether im-
practicable. Only in the case of some fields of long ratoons
would the matter be very simple, when a small area of the
original ratoon growth in each field could be left uncut, and if
well supplied with hoppers and their natural enemies would
serve later on to stock the rest of the field. L'nfortunately.
owing, to the fact that ratoons are (exce])t in unusual cases) not
severely attacked as comi^ared with ])lant-cane. this matter be-
comes one of minor importance. Otherwise, in the majoritv of
cases, owing to the clearing of large areas and the burning of
traslfT it is probable that new fields will have to be su])])lie(l by
cages similar to those al-ready used. Two things will be absu-
lutely necessary: (i) that the new fields be well sup])lie(l with
l)arasites ; (2) that they be stocked immediately the ho])])ers en-
ter them and commence la\ing. This ])lan, though less satis-
tactory than would be the other method, is nevertheless simple,
and does not call for much expenditure of time, uov for skilled
labour. The one thing necessary to be i)ositively ascertained is
that the s|)ot whence the cuttings for distribution are taken is
well supplied with all the kinds of i)arasites that it is desired to
establish in new tields. It is ncnv well known to us that (/// these
destroyers are not yet established /// all f^.irfs of all plantations,
and therefore at ])resent unless an entomologist ])reviousl\-
test samples from the spot, whence distribution is to l)e
made, it is quite likely that some of the most valuable parasites
will not be taken to the new fields. If a sample be submitted
to the entomologists, it can be passed as fit to supply all neces-
sary parasites to new fields, or if not, cages of the deficient
species can alwa}'s be supplied from the cane in the grounds of
the Experiment Station in Honolulu. As the parasites are con-
tinually spreading and increasing, such expert examination will
at the most be necessary for a year or two : for it is perfectly
certain that by that time all the species will be so general that
it will be (|nite im])Ossible to take any extensive sample of cane-
leaves that l)ear eggs of leaf-hopper, which will not contain all.
Such in fact is now the case in the cane at the Experiment Sta-
tion. To sum up, the clearing of all can^ from large acreages
is a decided obstacle to the complete success of natural enemies

XXI

of leaf-hopper, and the burning of trash aggravates the diffi-
culty. As an offset to these conditions new fields should l)e
supplied artificially with natural enemies, and they should be
supplied as soon as any leaf-hoppers enter them. Of course
future ol)servation ma_\- ])rove this distribution unnecessary, but
for the present it should be adopted.

LIST OF rARAsrri<:s and their hosts.

Below are listed the parasites and hyperparasites treated of
in detail in the various parts (jf this lUdlctin. In man\- cases it
is not ])ossible at ju'esent t(j give the exact host of each ])ara-
site. even though the latter was bred. In the first place, of the
great number of species of leaf-hoppers collected bv us in Aus-
tralia, only about half are yet described, and in the second,
many of the ])arasites were obtained onl\- from nym])hs, which,
in the i)rcsent state of ]<no\vledge, even the s])ecial student of
llomoptera will probably ])e at a loss to refer wilh certainl\- to
llieir i)roper s])ecies. The name "Liburnia." often cited l)<.'lo\v
as a host, nuist be regarded in a very wide sense, somewhat as
in Edwards' "Piritish Homo])tera," where it includes a number of
recognized European genera. Ap]died to the Australian forms
in the list below, it is likewise a com])osite genus, the com])o-
nents of which do not however, at least as a rule, agree with
lliose in the work jusl mentioned. In this list of hosts, llie
leal-h()))pers have moslK- ])een deternn'ned 1)\- Mr. l\irkald\-. bnl
for the reasons given, com|)arativelv few are referred to speci-
fically. Conse(|uentl\- it is not necessarv, nor advisable, at pres-
ent to make a sec(Mi(l list, gi\ing first place to the hosts, ihongli
T hope that this ma\- be done, when the working out of the
Homoptera is completed. In the case oi the T^ryinidae 1 have
listed all the species dealt with in this Bulletin, since only seven
of the 65 have not been bred, and attention is thus called to
those species about which information is wanted.

HYMENOPrJlROUS PARASITES.

FAM. DRYINIDAE.

Parasite Host. •

Pseudogonatopus

kurandae Eiburnia sj). nym]di and adult,

juncetorum Liburnia and other Delphacids. nymphs

uud adults.

xxu

Parasite

l)alustris

saccliaretorum

flichromus

americanus

opaciis

stenocrani

melanacrias

kiefferi

perk in si

Haplogonatopus
apicalis
moestus
brevicornis
americanus
vitiensis

Parai;'oiiatoi)Us
nigricans

(ionatopus
australiac

koebelei

Xcoi;onatopus
onibrodes
cryt'lirodes
obscurissimus
jinlcberrimns
dubi(.)sus

brunnescens

pallidiceps

vitiensis

Epigonatojjus

solitarius

fallax
]'acbygonatopus

mekmias

Host

A'arious Delphacids allied to Libiirnia.

nymphs and adults.
Perkinsiella saccharicida, nymph and

adult.
Liburnia spj). nym])hs and adults.
Liburnia sp.

Liburnia s]). (near Chloriona).
Stenocramis dorsalis, nymph.
Delphacid near Stenocranus.
Vanua vitiensis probably.
Various Delphacids allied to Liburnia,

nymphs.

Liburnia and other Delphacids.
Hadeodelphax, nymph.
Liburnia sp. (near Chloriona).
Liburnia spp.
Delphacid near Stenocranus.

LibtUMiia or allied forms.

Deltocephalus and other Jassids, n}mphs

and adults.
Athysanus sp.

Deltocephalus sayi.

Deltoce])halus?

Deltocephalus ?

Xephotettix plebeius adult.

Deltocephalus, Xephotettix and other
Jassids.

.\thysanus curtisii.

Athysanus sp.

Euleimonios sp. ; also from Deltocep-
halus nymph.

Not bl-ed.
Not bred.

Euleimonios and Athvsanus, adults.

Parasite

Chalcogoiiatopus
gigas
optaljilis

(lecoratus
pseudochronms

[^chthrodelphax
fairchildii

nigricollis

Ijifasciatus

J^ryiiius

ormenidis

Neodryinus
koebelei
nelsoni
raptor

Paradryinus
koebelei

venator

threnodes

gigas

leptias

varipes

Chlorodryinus
]:)alHdus
pseudophancs

Tliaumatodryiiuis

koebelei
Kukoel)eleia

mirabilis

XXlll

Host

Tariessus syrtidis, nymph.
Deltocephalus, nymph, and Xephctct-

tix, adult.
I'hrynophyes.
Phlepsins.

'erkinsiella saccharicida, Aloha ipomoe-

ae, etc., nymphs,
x'arions small Delphacids, Hadeodel-

phax, forms allied to Liburnia, etc.,

nymphs.
Liburnia and allied forms, nymphs.

(Jrmenis pruinosa and septentrionalis,
nymphs.

Colgar peracutus nymph.
Colgar peracutus nymph.
Siphanta, Sephena, Aphanophantia, Pri-

vesa, Scolypopa. Massila, Gaetulia,

nymphs.

Colgar, Siphanta, Massila, Aphanophan-
tia (?) nymphs.
Privesa. Massila and Siphanta nymphs.
Siphanta and Colgar, nymphs.
Not bred.

Hasta hastata, nymph.
Siphanta. nymph.

X\niph of (probably) Siphanta.
Not bred.

Young n\ni])h of Siphanta.

Ilruchomorpha, nymph, and l)oth short
and long-winged adult.

Parasite

Xeochclogynns
typicus
nitidus
leiosomus
dimidiatus
ni^Ticornis
(Icsiniclor
co_<4natiis
]iarvulus
coriaceiis
])allidicornis
ig'notus

l^rosantcon

chelooynoides
nielanostiiL^mns

I'aranteon

in\'rniccoi)hiliis

A])hatiomcrus
bicolor
nioer
rnfescens
])usil!us

Ooctoims

aiistralensis
(lonatocerns

cing'ulatns
Alaptus

imniaturus

iNtlyncma
reduvioli

Anat^riis

freqnens
c()lunil)i

Paranas^riis
o]:)tabilis
porforator

Host

Not Ijred.
Kiirinoscopus spp.
Eurinosco]ni.s sp. nymph.
Eurinoscopns sp. nym])h.
Eutettix sp. nympli and adult.
Eurinoscopns, nyni])h and adult.
Idiocerus or Macropsis? n\tn])li.
Euleimonios ? adult.
Euleimonios adult.
J )eltocephalus ? nymph.
Xot bred.

Tartessus ( ?) nymph.
Xot bred.

!])<) sp]), n\ni])hs and adults.

FAM. PLATYGASTERIDAE.

Eggs of Eurybrach}'ine Fulgorids.
Eggs of Eurybrachyine Fulgorids.
Eg-gs of Siphanta (^r allied genera.
Eggs of Siphanta.

FAM. MYMARIDAE.

Eggs of Tettigonia (albida or ])arthaon).

Eggs of Tettigonia albida.

Eggs of Psocid feeding- on fungus grow-
ing on honeydew excreted by leaf-
hoppers.

l\ggs of keduviolus blackbunii.

Eggs of Liburnia or allied Del])hacids.
Eg-gs of Liburnia.

Eggs of Perkinsiella saccharicida.
Eggs of various genera of Delphacids.

XXV

Parasite

Meniscoceplialus
eximius

I'ulmoridicicla
(lichrc^ma

Xcocladia
howardi

ludithrodrvinus
destructor

F.chtlirobaccha
injuriosa

l^^ctopiognatha
minor
major

Echthrot^onatoptis
exitiosiis

pachvceplialus

Helegonatopus
psetidophanes

C'halcerinys
cximia

Saronotum

aiistraliae
americanum

Cheiloneitrus
swezeyi
gonatopodis

chlorodrvini

Anastatns

pi'lJuncuH

FAM. ENCYRTIDAE.

Host

Rurinoscopus sp.

Kggs of Euryhrachyinc Fulgorid.

luirino,sc(^pus s])., ii\-m])lis and adult.

Xcodryinus, Paradryinus, etc., larvae.

Bacclia sii)lianticida (puparium).

Eggs of Siphanta.
Eg;gs of Platybrachy.s ?

Many species of the Gonatopus group

of r3ryinidae, larvae.
One or more of the Gonatopus group

of Dryinidae. larvae.

One or more of the Gonatopus group of
Dryinidae, larvae.

Neogonatopus and probaljly allied
genera, larvae.

Pseudogonatopus dichromus, larva.
Pseudogonatopus, larva.

Dryimts ormenidis, larva.
Pseudogonatopus, Echthrodel])hax. lar-
vae.
Chlorodryinus pallidus larva.

I'i'punculus cinerascens, also Paradrxi-
nus.

Parasite
Ootetrastichns
heatus

I'arapheliniis
xiphidii

PuTNgogramma

XXVI
FAM. EULOPHIDAE.

Host

Eggs of Perkinsiella saccharicida and
vitiensis.

Eggs of Xiphidium varipenne.

FAM. TRICHOGRAMMIDAE.

acuminata Eggs of Tartessus syrtidis.

C 'OL EOF riiRO US PA RA SI TES. '

FAM. STYLOPIDAE.

Halictophagus
schwarzii
aniericanus
australensis

phaeodes

stenodes

Megalechthrus

tryoni
Elenchus

tenuicx>rnis

Deinelenchus
australensis

Agallia (?) sp. adult.

Agallia 4-notata, adult.

Tettigonia parthaon ; and a species, pos-
sibly the same, attacks T. albida and
others ; adults.

Hecalus immaculatus, adult.

Paradorydium menalus, adult.

Platybrachys or allied forms, adult.

Liburnia various species, also various
other Delphacid genera e.g. Hadeo-
delphax, nymphs and adults.

Platybrachys or allied forms, adult.
N. B. In Australia stylopized examples of Phlepsius?, Eutet-
tix, and nymphs of Deltocephalus were also found, bearing male
puparia of the parasite.

Pipunculus
cruciator

eucalypti
erinys

/; IP TERO I 'S PA RA SI TES.

FAM. PIPUNCULIDAE.

Hecalus innnaculatus, mature
nymph, also Tartessus nymph.
Rhotidus sp. nymph.
Eurinoscopus nymph.

and

xxvu

Parasite

hylaeus

comitans

cinerascens

beneficiens

helluo

koebelei

nionas

picrocles

anthracias

xanthociieniis

synadelphus

pseudop'haiies

juvator

oahiiensis

terrvi

Host

Eurinoscopus adult and nymph.

Athysanus.

Probably on Privesa. nymph ; the pu-
])aria of the parasite being found com-
monly on trees affected ]iy these hop-
pers.

\'arious common Jassids, adult and
nymphal, Phrynophyes, Deltocepha-
lus, Athysanus.

C'olgar peracutus nymph also nymphs of
Gaetulia chrysopoides.

Thaumatoscopus and A ulturnus,
nymph.

Oeltocephalus ( ?) nymph.

Tartessus sp.

Thamnotettix ( ?), adult.

Liburnia or allied form, adult.

Deltocephalus nymph.

Hecalus immaculatus.

Aloha spp., Perkinsiella saccharicida.

Aloha ipomoeae.

Not bred, but in company with Perkin-
siella. no doubt by transference from
.\loha or some other native Delpha-
cid.

Baccha

siphanticida

FAM. SYRPHIDAE.

Preying on nymphs of Colgar, Siphanta.
and [amella.

LEPIDOP THRO i \S PA RA SI TES.

Heteropsyche

poecilochroma
melanochroma

FAM. EPIPYROPIDAE.

liurybrachyine Fulgorid.

vSupposedly on many genera of Jassids
and Fuigorids, but it is not certain
that the moths were really all one
species.

XXVlll

Parasite

micromorpha

dyscrita

stcnomor])lia

Aganiopsyche
thrcMiodes

Palaeoi)syche
melanias

Host

Thanatodictya hebc.
Aphanophantia cuscuticida.
See remarks under H. mclanochronia
above.

Stenocranus, Perkinsiella. and other
Delphacid genera, long and short-
winged ackdts.

On a commonplace Agalliine ( ?) fomid
on terminal shoots of a Terminalia.
Xo examples of t'his hopper seem to
have been kept apart.

SUMMARY OF CONTEXTS OF THIS BL'LLETLX.

In Parts I and X of this IJulletin the Dryinidae are discussed,
their habits and structures being detailed, it is specially shown
that those forms which attack Jassids, while often superficially
lesembling others parasitic on Delphacids. always differ essen-
tially in the structure of the chelae from the latter. Conse-
(|uently the same species or rather the same genus does not at-
tack both of these indiscriminately. The natiu'e of the larval
sac is explained, and a similar sac is shown to exist outside the
group in an anomalous insect (j^ossiblv allied to Hinbolcnnis)
parasitic on Orthoptera. It may be added that this is also the
case with some European P)elytidae. which also form larval sacs
on small Jassids. The economic value of Dryinidae is discuss-
ed, and the efTect of hyperparasites on their utility. Some si)e-
cies reproduce ])arthenogeneticall\-, though males occur. Si.xty-
two new species and fifteen new genera are described ; the ma-
jority being bred specimens.

Part II deals with the parasitic Lepido])tera of the l'\imily
Epipyropidae. Their habits are given and "the remarkable form
of the young larva is described. One species is parthenogenetic.
and no male of this is known. Six new s])ecies are described in
three new genera, all having been bred from larvae.

In Part III the Stylopidae are discussed, their haliits, the
effect of their attack on their hosts, the frequent occurrence of
a parasitic fungus in connection wdth their attack, the structure

XXIX

of larvae and adults, and their classification being detailed. Two
new genera and a subgenus (noin. pracocc.) are described, and
eight new species.

Part IV deals with the Pipiinciilidac : their habits, the form
of the larvae and puparia, and the classification of the numerous
s])ecies. Thirty-two new species are described ; the full descrip-
tion of one species, however, is omitted and will be found in Pt.
X. All belong to the genus Pipimailiis. and half the whole niuu-
])er of species were bred.

In Part \ . some predaceous enemies of leaf-hoppers are con-
sidered. The complete life-history of the earwig Cliclisochcs
nioriiK is given, and a detailed account of the lacewing-fly,
Chrysopa uiicrophya, its eggs, larvae and pupa case. Two re-
markable leaf-hopper-eating Syrphidae are described as new
species of the genus Bacclia.

r^art \l gives an account of the Mymaridae. their habits (the
life-history of Paraiiagnis oplahilis being detailed) and their
classification. In addition, some egg-parasites of the Procto-
tru])oid family Platygasteridae are dealt with. Parthenogenesis
is shown to be usual in some Mymarids. Twelve new species
and two new genera (one in each of the two families) are de-
scribed, all Ijeing bred.

In Part \'II a variety of predaceous enemies of leaf-ho])pers
is considered, the life-history and habits of the Locustid Xiplii-
(lliiiii Tcvipciinc, being very fully given, as well as the variation
in length of the tegmina. The life-histories anrl habits of the
C'occinellidae, CaUiiicda fcsfitcliiiaria, CocciiicHa rcpaiuhi. 1 'crania
frcuata and J', sfrigiila (under the name T. lincola) are detailed:
also those of the Hemiptera Zcliis pcrcgriiiiis. Rcdiivlohis black-
hiinii. Triphlcps pcrscqiieus and PhysoplciircUa niitndiilus, wholly
or in ])art. Xipliidiuin varipcnnc is described as a new species.

Part \'1I1 deals with Chalcids of the families Encyrtidac,
luilophidae and Trichogrammidae, and contains remarks on
habits, classification and parthenogenesis. Thirteen new- genera
and nineteen new species are described, all bred, some being
direct, others secondary parasites.

• Part IX is devoted to leaf-hoppers themselves; their habits,
and what is known of their life-histories is referred to or de-
scribed. The life-history of the sugar-cane leaf-hopper is given
in detail, and the various stages are described. The varying
condition of the flight-organs of leaf-hoppers is discussed at
length. Their systematic position and classification is very fully
dealt with, a survey of previous systems being given, and a criti-

cism of these systems follows. The external structure of Ho-
moptera is discussed at length, particular attention being paid
to neuration, a synonomy of the varied terms used by different
authors being given. Two hundred and thirteen new species are
described, and eighty-four new genera.

Part X is supplementary to Pt. I and IV, and gives figures
of structures, etc., discussed in Part I. which is without plates.

CONCLUDI N G REMARK S.

In the early part of this Bulletin I have referred to Mr. Koe-
bele's work in North America in the summer of 1903. As I
have pointed out. he was successful in finding there at least two
species of parasites, which readily attacked the cane leaf-hop-
per in our cages, and broods were raised on these, and liberated
in numbers in the cane fields. One of these was the species de-
scribed by me as Haplogouafopiis aiiicricaiius ; the other was rais-
ed in smaller numbens and none were preserved, but it was
almost certainly a Psciidogoiiafopiis. A great deal of time was
spent in a vain endeavour to establish the Stylopid. Blcncliiis,
which would most likely have proved a useful parasite, and we
are now again trying by every means to introduce it from Fiji,
where it attacks the Vitian cane-hopper. As to the Dryhiids
above mentioned, I have hopes that they may yet prove to be
established, for it cannot be expected that thev would increase
at nearly so rapid a rate as the Mymarid egg-parasites. Dur-
ing the i)ast fifteen years I have paid great attention to the rate
of increase of insects imported into these islands, and collected
statistics on this subject. I find that even with very prolific
insects, of which several or many individuals have been intro-
duced, it is rarely that they can be found by an entomologist
for at least three years. I am now of course speaking of insects
accidentally imported with plants, not those beneficial ones,
which are specially reared under cover for economic purposes
and distributed again and again in large numbers to many local-
ities. I will take as an instance the Locustid, XipJiidiiiui vari-
pciinc, l)ecause it is a species specially considered in this Bulletin,
although it is not one of the several species, of which I know
the exact date of importation. In November. 1892, a hard
day's work produced two specimens of this cricket in the lower
part of the Pauoa Valley; in 1893 and 1894 it was not seen.
In 1895 I revisited the exact locality mentioned, and found a
good many young crickets and a few old ones. In 1896 it had

extended its range down into the gardens in Honolulu, but was
still far from numerous. By 1900, however, it had spread all
over ( )ahu and also reached parts of the other islands, and in
many places was in incredible numl)ers. That is to say, a hardy
and prolific insect introduced probably some years previously
to 1892 took at least five years to spread over a limited area,
and to become at all noticeable, but having reached this point,
in the next three years it increased to such excessive numbers,
that it attracted the attention of many who pay little attention
to such matters, owing to the fact of its frequently swarming
round the lights in houses. 1 have digressed to this extent to
show how impossible it is to secure immediate results with ci'crx
]<ind of imported beneficial insect, and also how imj^ortant it is
in choosing one's species to consider which can most (juickly
produce visible results.

From Australia and Fiji the following egg-parasites were
imported: Anagnis (two species, or two races of one species),
Paraiiagnis optabilis and P. perforator (the latter possi])ly includ-
ing two species or races), Ootctrastichus bcatiis. The two lady-
birds (constant inhabitants of cane-fields in Australia) Vcrania
strigula and ['. frciiafa were raised in large numbers and widely
distributed over the islands ; so too was Calliiicda fcstiidiiiaria, a
ready devourer of leaf-hopjx^r in captivity, but which, T fear,
will forsake the cane-fields for forest trees. PsciKfogoiuiiopus
(iichroiiiits though not yet established, no doubt could be, since
it was bred on the cane leaf-hopper in captivity. Enemies of
leaf-hopper that might have been established with good results
Init which failed (not, 1 think, because they could not under
any circumstances be established, but merely from mischance)
were the parasitic moth Agoiiiopsychc, a specific enemy of the
cane leaf-hopper, the predaceous "Syrphid fly Baccliu, and some
"rher predaceous insects, which may after all prove to be estab-
lished, the time since their liberation in my opinion ])eing too
short to allow of any certainty on this point.

Although the prime object of the six months mission to Aus-
tralia, undertaken by Koebele and myself, was the study of leaf-
lioppcrs and their natural enemies, yet it must be remembered
that while we were together a great deal of our time was given
to various entomological studies, both to other insects injurious
to cane and their natural enemies, and also to insects injurious
lo other vegetation. After my return to Honolulu, Mr. Koe-
l)elc, I believe, turned his attention still more to pests other than
leaf-hopper. Throughout the period of our Australian mission

larj^c miinljcrs of benclicial insects not mentioned at all in this
lUilletin, were collected and sent to Honolulu for the benefit of
general agriculture. To publish details of all this work in full
would require much time and space, and in fact a lUilletin as
large or larger than the present one. We already know that
some of these jjeneficial insects, parasitic and predaceous, are
successfully established, although as yet ver\- little s])ecial in-
vestigation of the matter has been made. 1 think that the intro-
duction of almost any one of the species, that we know to have
become established, would fully justify our mission.

There remains the pleasant task of thanking all those who
have assisted us in our endeavour to control one of the worst
insect pests these islands have yet seen. ( )ur thaid<s are chietl\-
due lo the Agents and Managers of I'lanlations in these islands,
who have done ever_\'thing possible to help us and taken much
interest in our work. Especial thanks are due to Messrs. Wm.
(i. Irwin & Co., Ltd., and Theo. H. Davies & Co., Ltd. who by
their kind oflfices, as representatives of the steamshij) lines be-
tween Honolulu and the Australian Colonies, and bv letters to
the officials of other steamship companies in Australia and Fiji,
did much to secure for us a careful and successful transporta-
tion of the living insects. To Dr. Kottman, of the Colonial
Sugar Refining Co.. who on previous missions also has aided
Mr. Koebele, we were indelited for letters to the Managers or
owners of many sugar estates throughout Queensland and in
.\'ew South Wales, and we regret that from pressure of work
we were able to visit so few of these. Mr. Alexander Craw,
.Superintendent of Entomology under the Board of Commis-
sioners of Agriculture and F^orestry of this Territory, has given
us his assistance in the handling of the beneficial insects im-
l)orted, a work in which he has had a verv great exj^erience.
He also, previously, as Horticultural Qnarantine officer and
l)e])uty Commissioner of the State of California, look charge of
and forwarded to us the living insects despatched from Ohio
by Mr. Koebele in 1903, and assisted us in like manner on
former occasions. Without his expert handling, it is jirobable
that luany of these insects wotild have died while awaiting ship-
ment to H^onolidu. To many others, whom it is impossible to
name severally, we are indebted for aid rendered, both in Aus-
tralia and the United States.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

■""^"^^^^^^""■"""^ PART 1

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf -Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. I. DRYINIDAE)

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

MAY 27, 1905

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS* ASSOCIATION

TRUSTEES FOR J905

F. M. SwANZY, President

H. P. Baldwin, Vice-President

W. O. Smith, Secretary-Treasurer

E, D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer'

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISrON OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY
C. F. Eckart, Director

E. G. Clarke, Agriculturist

S. ,S. Peck, Assistant Chemist
Firman Thompson, .Assistant'- Chemist

F. R. Werthmueller, Assistant Chemist
A. E. Jordan, Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher, Field Foreman

DIVISION OF DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins, Director N. A. Cobb. Director.

A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. L. Lewton-Brain, Assistant Director

Alex. Craw, Consulting Entomologist

G. W. Kirkaldy, Assistant Entomologist

^ ^r r^ ^ ■ ^ , / Incomplete.

F. W. Terry, Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey, Assistant Entomologist ;

)

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

, PART 1

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf -Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. I. DRYINIDAE)

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

MAY, 1905

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

To the Experiment Station Committee, Hawaiian Sugar Plant-
ters' Association.

Honolulu^ T. H., April t8, 1905.

Gentlemen : I herewith submit for publication the first part
of a bulletin entitled "Leaf-hoppers and their natural enemies."
It will need about eight additional parts of varying length to
complete this study.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

The parasites considered in this Bulletin all belong to the
Dryinidae, a family of insects which, so far as is known, confine
their attacks to certain groups of the Homopterous Rhynchota,
popularly known as leaf-hoppers. The material which has been
studied is chiefly from two sources: (i) the species observed and
collected by Mr. Koebele and myself in Queensland from June
till the end of December, 1904, and (2) some of the species sent
to these islands from Ohio and California by Mr. Koebele in
1903; to which may be added two species peculiar to these isl-
ands. With regard to the parasites sent from Ohio and Cali-
fornia, those which I have described below by no means include
all the species sent by Mr. Koebele, and probably few or none of
the rarer ones are represented. This is due to the fact that un-
less a considerable number of individuals were sent, I was un-
willing to lose the chance of establishing a species in these isl-
ands by killing specimens for purposes of study. I now regret
this fact, as had I made a critical study of these insects at that
time, I should have found out what I now know, that many of
the parasites sent by Mr. Koebele would not have been the least
likely to accomplish the object for which they were sent, that is
to attack the sugar cane leaf-hopper, since their structure is in
certain respects cjuite dififerent from that of those which attack
leaf-hoppers of that group. From want of this knowledge much
time and trouble were wasted in attempting the impossible ; while
several species sent, which were quite likely to attack the cane-
hopper and to become established, suffered accordingly for want
of attention, when this shoufd have been entirely centered on
them. The material for study that has passed through my
hands, dead or alive, has been very large. Mr. Koebele sent to
Honolulu from Ohio and California (but far the greater part
from the former State) some three thousand cocoons, which pro-
duced several genera and many species. During the time these
were being received, I bred many thousands of the Hawaiian
Echthrodelphax for distribution in localities from which it w^s
absent. In the six months spent in Australia, we reared a still
greater number of species. Indeed when one considers that

Mr. Koebele's work in the United States was practically con-
fined to two small areas ; that nearly all our material from Aus-
tralia was secured in two limited areas in Queensland, while we
know that the Dryinidae are common and generally distributed
in the tropics and temperate regions alike, and even occur na-
turally in Oceanic islands like Hawaii, it is clear that from an
insignificant family with few species, this will in time become
one of importance, comprising many genera and hosts of species.
Particularly in Australia would the student reap a rich harvest,
for it must be remembered that we were investigating these in-
sects only during six months, and of this time only a fraction was
specially devoted to them. Moreover, most of our work was
done in cultivated districts, where cane is grown, or on land
periodically burnt over, and greatly changed from its natural'
conditions, in fact such places as the entomologist bent on pure-
ly scientific research would naturally avoid. It is a remarkable
fact that the student, and of course more particularly the col-
lector of leaf-hoppers, should so rarely have noticed these para-
sites. One would suppose it almost impossible to collect Ho-
moptera for a single day and not notice the conspicuous presence
of the larval sac of some of the Dryinidae. They are, too, so
extremely easy to breed in confinement, even under most un-
natural conditions, such as in a small glass vial, that it is sur-
prising how few have been recorded as bred.

A list of some of the later writings on this family is given be-
low, but I have not thought it necessary to refer to those of
Westwood, Walker and the old writers. References to these
will be found in Ashmead's Monograph of the North American
Proctotrupidae. The latter work I have studied very carefully
in drawing up the characters of my new genera, and since most
of the North American genera are vmknown to me, and Euro-
pean material has not been procurable at all, I have been greatlv
indebted for information concerning these to the Monograph
mentioned above, which includes most of the European genera.

Since that work was published. Dr. Ashmead has entirely
changed his views as to the systematic position of the Dryinidae,
placing them now with the true wasps, and altogether apart from
the Proctotrupids. I regret that I am not at all able to follow
the learned American hymenopterist in his latest views on the
classification of the wasps, nor with some of his views as to the
structure of certain Dryinidae, nor with his conclusions as to the
significance of their chelate tarsi. These points will be discuss-
ed below.

Since the greater part of this Bulletin was written, we have
received a recent paper on the raptorial front legs of the Dryini-
dae by Dr. J. J. Kieffer, in which figures and descriptions of
these are given. The figures illustrating the present Bulletin
will be published later, with those illustrating other leaf-hopper
parasites.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DRYINIDAE,

LIFE HISTORY OF ECHTHRODELPHAX AS TYPI-
CAL OF THE DRYINIDAE.

When in 1903 for the purpose of distribution in the cane-
fields many hundreds of Echfhrodclpha.v were kept in a cage
v/ith glass sides and large enough to contain a fair-sized growing
plant of sugar cane, on which large flocks of the larvae of the
cane leaf-hopper were feeding, the habits of the parasite could
be studied to great advantage. By having a cage thus well
stocked with the parasites, one can insure the fact that at almost
any time individuals may be seen in the act of catching their
prey. In such a cage, on one occasion, I counted over thirty
parasites on a single cane stem each one simultaneously engaged
in stinging the young hopper it had seized. When the hoppers
were excreting an abundance of honey-dew, the parasites fed
freely on this, but if not, some sweet liquid was supplied in
place of it. Without liquid food, in a hot locality the parasites
die very quickly, and the cage was freely sprinkled with water
each day to advantage. Pairing of the sexes is of short dura-
tion and after copulation the male frequently never moves again,
and in general dies very quickly. To watch the female para-
site stalking, catching and stinging its prey, is a most interesting
sight. The prey is sought on foot, for while most of the Dryi-
nidae are most active and rapid runners, they are but poor per-
formers on the wing. In most of the winged forms, these or-
gans are unduly short and in Echfhrodclpha.v serve hardly more
than to transport it from one cane plant to another as occasion
demands. As soon as the parasite becomes aware of the pres-
ence of its prey, it usually comes to a standstill, while still at a
short distance ; it assumes a rigid attitude comparable with that
of a dog pointing game; the antennae are laid back behind the
head ; frequently it sidles round the hopper to gain a more ad-
vantageous position for the attack. The hoppers often show
manifest uneasiness on the approach of the parasite and they

hasten to remove themselves to a distance, as the latter comes
to a point. In this case they are again followed up, and the per-
formance may be repeated several times. In some cases through
too great deliberation in attack the prey is entirely lost, as it
moves away into concealment and the parasite fails to (rare it
up. Deliberate as it often is in making the attack, yet, when
made, the stroke is marvelously rapid. So quickly indeed are
the front legs thrown out and withdrawn that the hopper, which
just now was at a distance, in an instant appears contiguous to
the parasite, as if attracted by some unseen force. One pair of
pincers usually grips the neck of the prey the other frequently
clasps the pair of hind legs in the neighborhood of their long
jumping spurs, or the abdomen towards the apex. If the hop-
per is unusually large and strong compared with its enemy, it
not rarely manages to make its leap, and both fall to the ground
together. Never however was the latter seen to relinquish
its hold on the former. Its prey firmly secured and frequently
held more or less crosswise to itself, the parasite now curls
round the abdomen and thrusts its sting into the side of the hop-
per, beneath one of the wing lobes in the case of Echihrodcl-
phax, and in various other positions in the case of other para-
sites, and the egg is deposited. The laying of the egg is again
a very deliberate undertaking and the sting may remain inserted
for a couple of minutes or more. Finally the sting is withdrawn,
the front leg that grasps the hopper's neck is extended, the
chelae or pincers fly open and the hopper is sometimes roughly
jerked to a distance, sometimes more gently deposited on the
plant. While grasping the hopper and inserting the sting, the
parasite has been seen in some cases to freely use its mandibles
on the neck in process of malaxation. After the operation, the
victim usually appears weak and dazed, sometimes even lying
inert on the ground, but sooner or later and sometimes very
quickly, it recovers and starts feeding as if nothing had happen-
ed. Occasionally after capture, the prey is released without be-
ing stung, and it is probable that hoppers so released have al-
ready been stung by an earlier captor. Under unnatural con-
ditions, such as in the confinement of a small jar or glass tube,
and probably under pressure of hunger, the hoppers are fre-
quently killed outright, and to some extent devoured. The posi-
tion of insertion of the sting is apparently not always the same,
this being sometimes inserted beneath the wing-lobe, and some-
times in the ventral side of the body, but the larval sac in either
case appears beneath the wing-lobe. After the egg has been

deposited, it is not for some time that the characteristic larval
sac becomes evident externally. In the case of Eclitlirodclpkax,
I could distinguish the larval sac, having the appearance of a
minute transparent vesicle, at the end of four days with the
naked eye In the case of a California species of Haplogonoito-
pus, the period was not less than a week. On one occasion
three cane leaf-hoppers were placed in a large glass jar with the
Haplogonatopiis, and two of them were seen to be quickly
seized and stung. The next day the parasite was removed to
another cage. At the end of six days, when the hoppers were
examined, no sign of the larval parasite was noted, even with the
aid of a weak lens, and it was supposed that they were unafifect-
ed. However on the ninth day, when they were again examin-
ed, the parasitic larvae were of considerable size, and obvious to
the naked eye. The third hopper of the above produced no
parasite and probably was not stung. As soon as the larval sac
becomies visible, it is usually but a short time, a few days or a
week before the larva becomes mature. The length of time no
doubt varies somewhat according to the species, and according
to climatic conditions.

The larva of the EchtJirodclphax fairchildii while still attached
to the hopper, appears as a small, nearly circular, impressed, black
object, adherent to the young leaf-hopper. The latter seems
h.ardly to be inconvenienced by the parasite, remaining as active
and plump as the non-parasitized individuals. It is always the
immature hopper that is attacked and a single hopper may sus-
tain one or two parasites. They are generally fixed beneath the
lobes, which develop into the tegmina or upper wings, one on
each side of the body, if two be present; they are, however,
sometimes found beneath the true wings.

After a time, however, (always shortly before the full growth
of the parasitic larva) the hopper becomes sluggish and then en-
tirely stationary. This may happen either shortly before or
not till some time after the black shell-like covering or larval
sac of the parasite splits by a longitudinal (mediodorsal) fissure
and exposes the back of the white maggot within. This tor-
pidity of the leaf-hopper and the splitting of the covering of the
parasite is the outward sign of a change of habits in the latter
(being coincident with a moult and change of form of the para-
site). From this time until t'he hopper dies and the magg'ot
finally quits hold of its prey the sight as examined under a lens
forms one of the most repulsive sights that natural history can
afford.

lO

Soon after the splitting of the black covering and the exposure
of the white maggot, a conspicuous change takes place in the
color of the latter, it becoming pink or reddish. The maggot,
v/hich has hitherto fed delicately without doing any vital injury
to its host, now proceeds to ingest the contents of the hopper in
an indiscriminate manner, and the change in color is clearly due
to this. If removed at this time from the hopper it is seen to
have very mobile and hard (chitinized) mouth parts, while the
thin and collapsed black covering still adheres some distance be-
hind the head. Growth is extremely rapid and the simultaneous
shrinking of the hopper, as its contents are absorbed by the para-
site, enhances this effect. Thus when the splitting of the black
covering takes place the hopper may be three or four times the
size of the parasite, when the latter is full fed the proportions
may be exactly reversed. The removal of the contents of the
hopper can be easily seen through parts of the cuticle. Gen-
erally early in the proceedings the soft contents of one or both
eyes and of the head are seen to be in rapid motion, like a boiling
fluid; suddenly all the pigment is removed from one eye (usually
the one on the opposite side to the parasite) and it becomes an
opaque white spot, then the other is often similarly destroyed, or
sometimes both more or less simultaneously.

Finally the maggot, when it has finished feeding, withdraws
its head, and may then sometimes be seen busily engaged in
applying sticky matter from its mouth to its body. Its surface is
strongly adhesive and when it quits its prey, it is able (though
of course quite legless) to crawl freely over any surface, however
smooth. Soon it spins a neat white cocoon, from which it
emerges as an active winged insect in about i8 days.

GENERAL HABITS OF DRYINIDAE.

In Australia, the small apterous forms of the Gfliiiifof>!is typ:'
are essentially attached to the Jassidae and Fulgoridae, that feed
on grasses and low herbage, and this was also the case with the
many American species sent to Hawaii by Mr. Koebele. On
the other hand, the Hawaiian apterous species are essentially
arboreal, but it must be remembered that in Hawaii practically
all the native Homoptera are attached to forest trees, the few
that live on grasses being Jassids or Fulgorids almost certainly
introduced, the Hawaiian fauna being altogether of a special na-
ture. Echthrodclphax is also connected with grass-eating Ful-
gorids, or at least with those affecting low plants. The most

II

minute species of Ncochclogyiuis attack small graminivorous
Jassids. The larval sac of these small robust insects is placed ven-
t'-ally on the hopper behind the posterior legs, or on the side ot
the neck. Most of the species of this genus, however, attack
tree Jassids, and the larval sac is attached behind the posterior
coxae on the ventral surface of the body. Naturally all these
insects are at times met with in the adult state by sweeping
grasses, but not in any considerable numbers. The apterous
insects of the Gonatopus group can be found in some numbers
by special searching about the rdots of grasses in Australia, es-
pecially on sandy banks, similar to those on which I used to
take Gonatopus itself in some numbers twenty years ago in Eng-
land. The tree-frequenting winged forms are only taken rare-
ly and singly, by beating branches of trees or shrubs, even in
places where the dryinized hoppers are quite abundant, and
v/here the mature insects can be obtained in numbers by breed-
ing. Parantcon no doubt has special habits ; for the sluggi<^h
hopper, that it affects, forms flocks of greater or less extent, and
excreting much honev-dew, is invariably covered with swarms
of ants, usually a moderate-sized species of the Formicidae. The
Paranteon bears some slight resemblance to the ant in apoear-
c-mce, and this resemblance is enhanced by its actions. If a num-
ber of the parasites be bred top"ether in a glass vial, they may be
seen gathered in pairs, standing sub-erect on their four hind
legs, face to face, stroking one another, licking each other's
mouth, soliciting food. Now the ants, that attend the hoppers,
themselves behave in similar fashion, and it is most probable that
they actually feed the Paranteon, which unless it were on friend-
ly terms with the ants could never approach the hoppers to lay
its eggs in these. It is only necessary to touch a twig on which
a colony of the hoppers rest, to see how assiduous are the ants
in protecting the colony from any interference. Further, it
would be interesting to note what happens to the full-grown
larva of the parasite, which must emerge from its sac amongst a
swarm of carnivorous ants, that are always prepared to kill and
carry ofif any weaker insect, that falls in t'heir way. Most prob-
ably not only are the larvae not harmed by the ants, but they
may be carried down by them to their underground nest, and
pupate therein. In captivity the larva forms its cocoon well be-
neath the soil.

All the species of the Dryinidae, which have the front legs
•fibnormally lengthened in the females, when resting, place these
in a characteristic position. The knee-joints on either side rise

12

high above the pronotiim and often are brought together so as
to form a complete angular arch over the thorax. In walking,
the abnormally developed claw of the chelae is always folded
back on the fifth joint of the tarsus, and is not used except spe-
cially for grasping its prey. In the comparatively slender, wing-
ed insects of the genera Neodryinus, Paradryimis and Cliloro-
dryinus, the abdomen of the females is recurved or bent on its
apical part, and is always kept in this position when the insects
rest, and generally wlien hunting their prey ; and this is also the
case with the large apterous' Chalcogonatopus. When at rest
tli-ev have a most extraordinary appearance for they sit sub-erect
on their tail (i. e. the recurved apex of the abdomen), supported
otherwise by only the two hinder pair of legs, the front pair be-
ing held in the position already described, the tarsi usually some-
what inclined, and free from the surface on which the others rest.
On the other hand, the slender, winged Echtlirodclphax, and the
small wingless insects of the Gonvtopus group, whether resting
or running, hold the body segements straight, and only in the
act of stinging their prey are these bent or recurved.

The short-legged, stout insects with large stigma to the front
wings naturally do not exhibit the peculiarities that are shown
by the species of the above named genera. Many of them,
moreover, seem to be better endowed with powers of flight, the
sexual disparity is much less, the males are more hardy, and, in
the case of Parantcon at least, copulation may take place many
times, in striking contrast with the feeble male; of EcJithrodcl-
phax, which frequently drops dead within a few minutes after
the act.

Although in some cases a species of the Dryinidae will attack
more than one species of leaf-hopper, and indeed sometimes
parasitizes species of different genera, yet in the latter case these
genera always belong to the same group of hoppers. In no case
have we ever found one to attack a Jassid or Fulgorid indis-
criminately. Indeed from a study of structure we should sup-
pose such a case to be impossible. Riley however is said to
have bred Labco typhlocybae from a Typholocyha, whereas this
ST)ecies of which the female was described as Drylnus ormcnidis,
is well known to be a common parasite of the Fulgorid genus
Ormenis, and it might be well to confirm Riley's unique instance.
Also in need of confirmation is Lichtenstein's Gonatnpus ptino-
mm, said to be parasite on the beetle Ptiniis fur. •

Like other parasitic Hymenoptera some of the Dryinidae are

13

able to reproduce their kind parthenogenetically, and probably
frequently do so in a state of nature. In one case that was
noticed, that of a species of Psendogonatopns, of the offspring
thus produced only one in forty was of the male sex.

THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF DRYINIDAE.

The parasites of the group now under consideration have un-
til lately been considered as more or less rare insects, and there-
fore it is of interest to consider the extent of their economic
value. A fairly true estimate of this value can be made by
carefully watching some common species of leaf-hopper, which
is subject to their attacks, over a considerable period of time. It
must be understood that the following remarks apply to species,
which are found in countries where the winters are not cold
enough to put a cessation to insect activity. If we keep watch
on a species of hopper from the time when its numbers are at a
minimum, it will usually be observed that the individuals become
more and more numerous with each generation. At first the
parasite is also very scarce, or for a time may not be observed
at all, but it likewise increases in number with the increase of the
hopper, so that both frequently attain their greatest abundance
at the same time. In the case of a common Australian species of
grass eating Libiiriiia and the Psendogonatopns parasitic on it,
which were observed for about three consecutive months, the
visibly parasitized individuals, when the hoppers were most
abundant, amounted to as high as. 50 per cent of the whole.
Many individual hoppers carried two to four, some even six
parasites. Adults and all the earlier instars were attacked alike.
This statement however would give a very inaccurate idea of the
true value of the parasite. Firstly, many of the apparently
sound hoppers were afifected by the parasite, which had not yet
shown externally ; secondly, an enormous proportion of them
were in the young stages and incapable of breeding, and, for
days or weeks to come, were Uable to be parasitized before they
could reach maturity. It will not therefore be surprising to
learn that a few weeks after the parasites were at their maximum,
the hoppers from their numerical maximum fell suddenly away
to a minimum, being represented, in places where they had
swarmed previously, by only scattered specimens.

It might have been expected that now the parasite would
have been swarming in the locality, where so many dryinized
hoppers had lately existed, the more so as, on account of their

14

wingless condition, they would not be likely to stray far away
from their birth place. This however was not the case, for just
as the parasite reaches its maximum in numbers, at the same
time as the hopper, so do the hyperparasites at the same time as
the parasite. When the Pseudogonatopns was at its greaest
rmmbers, the hyperparasites were noticed in the field in con-
siderably greater numbers still. Of course it must also be re-
membered that in many cases the destruction done by the Dryi-
nid parasite is supplemented bv the work of other parasitic or
predaceous insects. With the most successful hoppers (by which
I mean those, which are most numerous in individuals), it would
appear that at their numerical maximum, they exhibit signs of
becoming a highly destructive pest, but just at this point (at
any rate in normal seasons), thev suddenly, owing to the attacks
of parasites or predators, fall away to about their numerical
minimum.

To take another instance, a common species of Siphanta was
observed in numbers in Northern Queensland in various locali-
ties, but not so numerously as a rule as to be considered injuri-
ous to any considerable extent. On the other hand, under un-
natural conditions, it showed itself capable of doing the greatest
damage, for an isolated colonv established on a bush in the town
of Cairns where its natural enemies had little chance of finding
it, had so injured the bush that the owner cut away and destroy-
ed a large portion of it. At Townsville, on an isolated row of
trees, the same species had evidently increased to great num-
bers prior to our visit, as could be easily seen by the appearance
of the afifected trees, and the empty larval skins of the Siphanta.
In this case, however, the parasites had already discovered their
prey, and we saw few of the latter, but the cocoons, mostly
empty, of a Ncodryinus were so numerous, that as many as 32
v:ere picked off a single fig-leaf! Egg parasites were also at
v/ork on the few patches of eggs that we found. Indeed in most
cases, it will no doubt be found that the work of the Dryinidae,
admirable as it is, to a greater or less extent is supplemented by
that of other predaceous and parasitic insects. In fighting a leaf-
hopper pest by the importation of parasites or predators, it will
no doubt be generally found necessary to make a selection of
carefully chosen enemies rather than to rely on a single specific
euemv. though the latter might in some cases be perfectly suc-
cessful, provided its hyperparasites be carefully excluded and
that none likely to attack it already exist in the country to
which it is imported.

15

How hardly the Dryinid parasites are at times pressed by their
various hyperparasites, we often observed. To cite one instance,
from about fifty cocoons of several species of parasites, obtained
from grass-eating Liburniae at Redlynch near Cairns, one soli-
tary male EcJithrodclphax alone emerged, all the rest being
hyperparasitized, and similar observations were made in several
localities.

In estimating the value of the Dryinidae we should note the
fact that, so far as is known, a dryinized leaf-hopper may be
counted as a dead hopper. In no case is it probable that it
would be capable of reproduction after being stung by the para-
site, and usually it dies at the moment of emergence of the larva
of the latter. In one instance a very large nymph of a Siplianta,
bearing a larva of a Paradryinus, after the latter left it. had sufB-
cient strength to moult, and produced a crippled mature insect,
which quickly died; but this case was quite unique. Nymphs of
leaf-hoppers bearing a parasite never attempt to moult. On the
other hand, where a Dryinid attacks mature leaf-hoppers, these
n-ay of course have already deposited their eggs, but such cases
are probably few.

/
MATURE LARVAE OF DRYINIDAE.

On leaving the host, the full-grown larva* is of elongate-ovate
form, pointed anteriorly when extended, the anterior segments
being much narrower than the posterior, the head more or less
retractile and like the mouth parts, usually very mobile. The
cuticle is microscopically rugulose or corrugated, sometimes
quite bare as in some Ncodryiiuis and Paradryinus, but in Pscndo-
goitatopiis (at least in some species), there are several longitu-
dinal rows of very short and widely separated bristles and a row
of latero-subventral ones on each side are more developed,
placed on tubercles more developed than the others. In Neoche-
Jogynns destructor the segments are circularly ridged and the
ridges set with minute tubercles placed close together, each
tubercle bearing a longish hair.

The chitinization of the head varies in different genera or
species, but conspicuous always are the large mandibles. In
some Neodryinus and Paradryinus these appear to have an
obiique cutting edge, which is crenulate or denticulate. In'
Neochelogynus they appear to be simple and simply pointed at

*The larva of Gonatopus has been fully described by Mik (see bibliographic list.

i6

the apex, and at rest the tips pass one another. The upper lip
or labrum is very 'broadly rounded or truncate at the apex and
there ciliated, and often the mandibles are largely concealed be-
neath it. The lower lip apically is usually strongly bent upwards
ar an angle with the lower surface of the head. The mouth
opening is large and only partially closed by the large mandibles
and the maxillae, which lie beneath them. There is a single-
jointed (faint indications of a secondary division may sometimes
be noticed) maxillary palp, bearing a few microscopical hairs at
its apex, or sometimes one more conspicuous spinose hair and
some shorter ones. The head is sparingly set with hairs or
bristles which differ with the species, and these distinctions pos-
sibly yield characters of generic importance.

All the larvae known are very active and most of them crawl
about quickly on their emergence from the sac, in search of a
proper place for spinning their cocoons. Some however like
Neodryinus pupate on, or close to, the spot p.t which they issue
from the host. They show many differences in colour, according
to the species, the majority being white or pinkish. Some how-
ever are brown and others light green. It is noteworthy that a
light green larva may issue from the sac on a brown coloured
Jassid, while another species from a light green Jassid may not
be green at all. These colour distinctions are, I believe, constant
for a species.

COCOONS OF DRYINIDAE.

The larvae of all the known species spin a compact silken
cocoon, which often consists of two parts, an inner adapted to
the form of the larva and an outer and wider covering. The spe-
cies of Neodryinus further elaborate this by fixing over it a roof,
formed of the greater part of the larval sac. Many of the cocoons
are highly characteristic of the genus or species, and though in
some the details of shape, etc., are not absolutely constant, yet in
many cases the species can be immediately distinguished by an
examination of the cocoons, provided that these are formed on
similar substances. When found on very different surfaces there
may naturally be considerable difference exhibited by cocoons
even of one species. The cocoon of Paradryinns is elongate and
cylindrical and often found on the surface of green leaves. Un-
der these conditions the cocoon of P. threnodes is densely stud-
ded with round patches of epidermis stripped off from the leaf
surface; that of P. koebelei is less densely covered, with more

17

elongated fragments ; while P. vcimtor also uses roundish frag-
ments, but the cocoon is more carinated.

The cocoon of Chlorodryinus is long, narrow and cylindrical
and no fragments of leaf substance are woven into the surface.
That of Ncodryiiiiis is ovate and the upper and lower walls of
the marginal part are strengthened with great numbers of verti-
cal pillars. In addition as above mentioned, the larger part of
tlie ruptured larval sac is removed from the hopper and attached
as a roof over the cocoon. This sac being of the usual circular
form, when ruptured by the escaping larva, gapes open like a
bivalve shell, as do those of all other Dryinidae known to us.
These two valves are stretched wide open over its cocoon by the
mature Neodryinus larva, and so fastened, the whole forming
a subovate or subreniform roof over just so much of the whole
cocoon as covers the insect within. Of what use to the genus
this extra shelter may be, we cannot conjecture. It certainly
does not make the cocoon less conspicuous, as do the fragments
from the surface on which it pupates that of Paradryimis,
nor yet does it keep out the spores of fungi to which both genera
and some others are very liable. All the known hyperparasites
attack the larva before the cocoon is made and not afterwards,
so they do not enter into the question.

The cocoons of the short-legged genera, with large ovate
stigma to the front wings are almost certainly under natural
conditions subterranean. They are of shorter, wider form than
those of the more highly evoluted group of genera; in fact, often
nearly round, and are covered with particles of the soil or debris
amongst which they are formed, so as to be most difficult to
detect by sight.

LARVAL SAC OF DRYINIDAE.

The larval sac of the Dryinidae is of circular form, the sides
being more or less compressed according to the species. The
colour is frequently uniform, but in some species it is more or
less, or even conspicuously, variegated. Towards the point of
attachment the surface is often nearly smooth and sometimes
shining, but externally more or less rugulosely sculptured. This
sculpture is sometimes so well-marked and the pattern so regu-
lar, that under a strong lens the surface of the sac presents a
really beautiful appearance. In some species the external rugu-
lose portion bears short, stiff, erect, bristles. The larval sac is
formed of the skin of the curled up larva together with one or

i8

more of the adherent skins of its earher ecdyses. After a care-
ful examination of the sacs of a large number of species, it would
appear that the full number of larval moults is four (or possibly
even five) but in some species the number may be reduced. At
least in the case of a species of Neodryinns that was most closely
investigated the number of ecdyses cannot be less than four (in-
cluding that from larval to pupal condition) as is evident from
an examination of the sac. In this genus the sac is partially
removed to form a cover for the cocoon when the larva leaves
its host. This cover is subovate or reniform and consists of two
distinct larval skins attached to one another, longitudinally fis-
sured at the moults and spread out valve-like, the smaller sur-
rounded by the larger. Each of these skins is pierced by nine
spiracles of which one (at the one end of the series) is indistinct
in the larger skin. Besides these, one still smaller skin is left
beneath the wing-lobe of the host and this is also distinctly
pierced by a series of spiracles. It is possible that there is yet
another smaller skin more internally placed, though this was
not observed. Therefore there are at least four and possibly
five moults in this species.

POSITION OF THE LARVAL SAC.

In dryinized Homoptera there is great diversity in the posi-
tion of the larval sac. The position mav vary in the case of r
single species, or in dififerent species of a genus, or it may be
absolutely constant, and not only in a species, but apparently
in all the species of a genus.

In most of the species of Neochelogyiius the larval sac is
ventral, and lies immediately behind the posterior coxa ; in A''.
coriaceiis, however, it is placed at the side of the neck. In
F'aranteon the larval sac is placed either dorsally or ventrally on
any abdominal segment, as many as six or eight on a single indi-
vidual; more rarely it has 'been found beneath the thorax, at the
insertion of the hind coxae or on the prothorax laterally or be-
neath. In Psendogonatoptts the sac is always dorsal or dorso-
lateral on the abdomen and several sacs may be found on one
Delphacid. In P. stenocrani on the nymph of Stenocranns dor-
salis the sac stands up erect like a wheel in the middle line be-
tween the wing-pads, giving it a most extraordinary appearance.
All the species of Echthrodelphax, Paradryinits, Thaumato-
dryiniis and Neodryinns have the larval sac placed beneath one

19

or the other wing- lobe without variation. In Eiikoebcleia, the
sacs are abdominal, variously placed, often several on one host.

ABNORMAL LENGTH OF TIME SPENT IN THE

COCOON.

Considering the whole number of species of Dryinidae known
to us, the average length of time spent from the period of spin-
ning the cocoon to the emergence of the mature insect, would
be from two to five weeks. Consequently as the egg state and
the larval stages are known to be of short duration, many gen-
erations can be produced in a year. There comes a time how-
ever when, owing to the absence of the host in a suitable stage
of development for the parasite that attacks it, or for other
reasons, the Dryinid itself has to assume a lengthy resting
period. So far as our observations go, this resting stage in the
case of the parasite always takes place when the larva has spun
its cocoon and before pupation. No doubt in countries with
cold winters many pass the winter months in this stage; and in
warm countries this quiescent condition is liable to be assumed
at any season. During the summer months in Hawaii, occa-
sional larvae of Echthrodclphax assume this torpidity in the
cocoon, remaining in this condition for months, though per-
fectly healthy; and in some of the winter months the number
tiiat remain as larvae, when others (collected at the same time
and treated in the same manner) emerge after the usual period,
may amount to not less than 25 per cent. There is reason to sup-
pose that not only a lowering of temperature, but that dryness
even with increased temperature, may in some cases cause this
torpidity. About 2,000 cocoons of Dry inns, sent to Hawaii from
North America by Mr. Koebele, in the early part of November,
produced in Honolulu two males a few weeks after arrival, and
one male a month after these. The rest remained as torpid and
shrunken larvae in the cocoons for five months after they had
been collected. They were then taken to a cooler and damper
locality, and all that were not killed by hyperparasites produced
mature insects of both sexes in a short time. A number of curi-
ous cases were noticed in Queensland. For example, a larva of
a Paradryiniis that spun up on Oct. ist, was still in the larval
state, and, as evidenced by occasional movement, alive on Dec.
1 2th, though much shrunken. It was then killed and preserved.
Larvae of this same Paradryin'us that formed their cocoons in

20

numbers on Nov. 22nd, had all emerged as perfect insects before
Dec. 1 2th. The cause of the retardation in development is not
clear in this case, but that it may under certain conditions be
of an advantage to the species is evident. This would especially
be the case in a country subject to long droughts, when vegeta-
tion of many kinds is dried up for long periods together, during
which the hosts of these parasites must almost cease to exist in
a proper stage of development for their attack. It may also bo
of use against the attack of hyperparasites, if, as it appears, these
have not the same habit of lying dormant, except of course dur-
ing winter in cold countries.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF GENERIC CHARACTERS
OF DRYINIDAE.

(a). The Mouth-parts.

The mouth-parts have been largely used in the classification
of the Dryinidac by other writers, and they are largely employed
in this paper for generic differentiation, as I am convinced of
their importance. Obviously the series of genera here consid-
ered may be divided into two groups (i) those with short maxil-
lary palpi, always less than 6-jointed, and two-jointed labial palpi;
(2) those with long or moderately long 6-jointed maxillary palpi,
and with three-jointed labial palpi. If however, the number of
joints of the palpi in several genera (not accessible to me) as
given by Ashmead is correct, then this division will no longer
be of the natural character it appears to be, when based on the
species and genera herewith described. The only case where it
may be necessary to reconsider the generic value of the number
of joints in the maxillary palpi is that of Gonatopus (if indeed
my species is truly that genus) and Ncogonatopns. Excepting
in the number of these joints, G. australiae and N. diibiosiis are
practically identical, and might be the same species; but in all
other cases, where I have used them to distinguish allied genera,
the maxillary palpi are essentially different. The maxillary palpi
in the Dryinidac are from two-jointed to six-jointed. In all the
genera with narrow elongate stigma to the front wings and with
perfectly chelate, long front legs, these palpi consist of a basal
part and an apical, distinguished by a natural geniculation at
tlieir meeting. The basal part consists of one or two joints; it
two-jointed, the first is extremely short and sometimes even

21.

obscure. As however it is so certainly homologous in all genera,
ti.ough better developed in some than in others, it must certainly
be counted in all where visibly present, or in none.

It appears to me after a comparative study of the base of thu
palpi in other Hymenoptera, that what I here count as the basal
joint is sometimes considered a true joint by authors, sometimes
as a 'palpiger' or process of the maxilla. In the Dryinidae in many
forms there can be no doubt that it is a true moveable joint (as
can easily be seen by watching a species under the microscope, as
it recovers frOm narcosis), and I must repeat that it is obviously
homologous throughout all those genera, in which it can be at all
distinguished. I have drawn the palpi of most of the genera with
the aid of the camera lucida to show the basal joints, but owing
to our isolation these figures cannot be reproduced before the
final part of this Bulletin is completed. I may add that it does
not appear that the validity of any of the genera described by me
v/ould be affected in any case. Thus it is true that leaving out
ih'is basal joint my Chalcogonatopus would have 5-jointed max-
illary palps, which is said to be the character off Gonafopus
proper, but then the latter has 2-jointed, the former three-jointed
labial palpi.

In Paragonatopus, Haplogoivafopiis and Epigonatopiis only,
this short basal joint is apparently absent; and there is there-
fore only a single joint before the geniculation in these genera;
which also agree in having only a single elongate apical one
beyond the geniculation.

The less specialized forms with large ovate stigma Paraiifcon,
Prosan4con and Ncochclogynns agree in having six-jointed max-
illary palpi, as also do Ncodryinns, Chlorodryinus and Paradryi-
iiiis; and all these genera have three-jointed labial palpi. With
these latter genera, and in my opinion related to Neodryinus,
though apterous, and with the thoracic structure of Gonatopus,
must be included Chalcogonatopus, with its similar labial and
maxillary palpi. On the other hand, Echthroddphax with its
short m-axillary and labial palpi resembles Pscudogonatopus and
is obviously allied to this. Indeed I should consider that the
latter and the allied apterous genera have been derived from
some such form as the Australian Echthrodelphax, while Chal-
cogonatopus has arrived at a similar general structure, quite
independently, from some such form as the Australian Neodryi-
nus; the apterous condition having been accompanied with simi-
lar and remarkable changes in the thorax in each case.

22

The mandibles in all the species examined by me are triden-
tate or quadridentate. The genera with largely' stigmated wings
have the mandibles 4-dentate in both sexes alike, but excepting
the anomalous Eukocbclcia, all the others, where the sexes are
known, have 4-dentate mandibles in the female, 3-dentate in the
male.

Tabulating these results, we find:

A. Mandibles of male and female with four teeth; maxillary

palpi 6-jointed, labial palpi three-jointed

N cochclogymis, Prosantcon, Paraiitcoii.

B. Mandibles of male 3-dentate; of female 4-dentate, maxil-

lary palpi, 6-jointed, labial three-jointed

Ncodryiivus, Paradryinits, Chlorodry-

iiviis (probably Thanmatodryinns, and Chalcogonatopiis.

C. Mandibles of male 3-dentate; of female four-dentate; max-

illary palpi less than six-jointed; labial palpi 2-jointed.

Pscndogona-

topiis, ParagonalopnSj Haplogonatopiis, GoiiatopiiS'
Neogonatopiis, P achy gonato pus and Echfhrodclpha.v
So far as the Australian, American and Hawaiian material at
my disposal is concerned, this is a quite natural division or classi-
fication of the genera, but the characters given by Ashmead for
others, which I have not seen, will, if correct, upset this most
natural arrangement. Thvis the largely-stigmated genera Anteon
and Chelogynus would, one would have expected- have three-
jointed labial palpi and 6-jointed maxillary. In Dryinus with its
6-jointed maxillary palpi one would look for 3-jointed labial
palps, like Ncodryinus; and in fact Dryinus oruicnidis Ashm.
has them so, as well as quadridentate mandibles, and therefore
does not enter the genus Dryinus at all as characterized in the
Monograph of the N. A. Proctotrypidae.

Unfortunately I have not been able to investigate the males of
many genera, but all those examined by me resemble the females
i;-> the number of joints of the labial and maxillary palpi, though
frequently differing somewhat in the character of these joints.
Should it prove that the males in the difficult series of forms
resembling Gonatopus always agree with their females in palpal
cliaracters, their separation will be greatly facilitated.

(b). The thoracic scgincnfs.

If we take one of the more primitive chelate forms such as
Ncochelogynus and Paranfeoii' the thorax does not present any

striking peculiarities. The pronotum varies in length, but its
hind angles always attain the tegulae; the usual divisions remain
distinct, with well defined sutures. The thorax of the males
throughout the whole family in general resembles that of these
females. That the males should remain in this comparatively
primitive condition may at first sight seem anomalous, but it is
not really so, when one considers that the great modification of
parts in the females of the highly evoluted forms is obviously
entirely in connection with the habit of seizing and holding their
prey, and not in any way due to sexual causes, such as would
influence the other sex.

Turning to one of the most specialized winged forms, such
as Ncodryinus, we observe profound modifications of the tho;ax
and of the front legs, the latter being lengthened in all their
parts in a highly abnormal manner. The pronotum is remark-
ably elongate and further extension forwards (even to an increase
of one-third the total length) is given by the development and
dorsal position of other of the prothoracic elements. The prono-
tum itself is much narrowed behind and unusually mobile, but in
spite of its great length the posterolateral angles fail to reach,
and are often very remote from the tegulae.

In the apterous forms such as Pseiidogoivatopus the thoracic
sclerites attain the greatest modification of all. Here the meso-
notum is reduced to a small narrow bridge between the prono-
tum and propodeum. Ashmead (Mon. Proct. p. 82) evidently
mistook the pronotum of Goiiatopiis for the mesonotum, when
he says "the latter" (i. e. mesothorax) "elongate and humped
at the middle and separated from the metathorax by a strong-
constriction." This strong constriction is the mesonotum itself;
and the great sclerite in front of it (often separated by an im-
pression into two lobes) as is easily seen by comparing it with
Neodryimis and other winged genera, is the mobile pronotum.
The small, narrow, true mesonotum is usually without division,
but in some forms of these apterous insects there is a very dis-
tinct posterior or scutellar division; and in some cases the meso-
notum and its scutellum can easily be removed entire from the
pronotum and propodeum. In some of these apterous forms,
the lateral and sternal elements of the mesonotum become en-
tirely fused with the propodeum, and no sutures at all remain
bv which the divisions may be distinguished.

(c). The raptorial front legs.
If we exclude a few genera of comparatively unspecialized, or

24

primitive form, the most striking character of the Dryinidae is
the remarkable raptorial front tarsi of the females. These con-
sist of the usual five joints, of which the fifth is always (and gen-
erally very greatly )abnormal, and together with one of the claws,
which is always extraordinarily developed, forms a seizing and
holding apparatus somewhat similar to that of a lobster's 'claw.'

In most of the forms one or two preceding joints are likewise
somewhat modified, being more or less produced at the base be-
neath into a lamellate process.

In two of the genera here characterized- Prosaiifcoii and Pa-
ranteon, the chelae are in their least specialized form, and the
fifth tarsal joint is hardly abnormal, except that at the base it
extends beneath the short preceding joint, and that the vestiture
is somewhat modified. The strongly curved claw is simple, ex-
cept for a tooth or angulation at or near the base beneath, and
at rest is folded back on the fifth joint.

In all the genera with chelate tarsi the pulvillus is well-devel-
oped, the second claw is either quite small, or apparently in
many forms altogether wanting; the great chelar claw being
always folded back on the fifth tarsal joint when the insect walks
oi rests, and only extended when it is in the act of seizing the
piey.

In Neoch'elogynus the chelae have advanced a stage in devel-
opment. Not only is the armature or vestiture of the fifth joint
often more perfect, but the point of articulation of the fourth
has advanced far along the fifth, to almost, or beyond, the mid-
dle of the whole length of this joint. In consequence of this
change in the point of articulation, the chelae are somewhat
moveable, though still incapable of perfect forward extension.
The claw of the chelae remains of the same form as in the just
named genera.

In the higher genera the chelae are far more perfect. The
articulation of the fourth is pushed forward nearly to the apex
of the greatly elongated fifth, which lies beneath it when at rest;
or, expressed in another way, there may be said to be a long
free basal backward process to the fifth, the extremity of which
forms with the tip of the developed claw the apex of the chelae,
when these are extended. Thus when the chelae are in action
the apparent apex of the fifth tarsal joint is morphologically its
extreme base.

In all the higher forms dealt with in this paper the fifth tarsal
joint, though differing in minor details, is in most respects simi-
lar. It is bent and somewhat dilated at its basal free extremity

25

and there very densely armed with the curious lamellate denti-
cles or spines, which are so striking a character of the chelae
generally. Its articulation with the fourth is of such a character
as to afford extreme mobility and there is also an extremely per-
fect articulation between it and the great claw, allowing the most
rapid closing and opening of this claw.

The claw itself, forming the one-half of the chelae, is worthy
oi careful study. In Pseudogonatopiis, Paragonatopus and
Haplogoiiatopus, of the apterous forms, it is, except for the bent
tip, nearly straight and sub-parallel-sided, and always well armed
with the lamellate denticles beneath. It has always in addi-
tion a minute, but quite distinct, tooth on its lower side, very
close to the tip.

In GonatopiLs, NeogonatopuS' Epigonatopns, Pachygonato-
piis and Chalcogonatopns on the other hand, this claw is more
curved, subdilated basally, with its lower edge on that part sharp
and slightly convexly curved and the lamellate denticles are alto-
gether absent or very inconspicuous and ill-developed.

EcJithrodclphax, Ncodryinus, Paradryiiiits, ChlorodryimtS'
and Thauuiatodryinus in all essential respects resemble Pseiido-
go)iatopiis and the two allied apterous genera.

Thus the genera with chelate tarsi form three groups:

(i). The chelae imperfectly extensile, the claw strong and
nearly evenly curved, the lower edge nearly evenly concave; not
armed beneath, except sometimes with a basal angulation or
projection carrying a seta. The surface of the claw has a micros-
copic, longitudinal rugulose sculpture.

(2). The chelae are perfectly extensile, the claw is long,
slender and less evenly curved, the curvature being chiefly on
the apical third or half. The claw is subdilated basally, its lower
edge not forming an even curve, but it is slightly convexly round-
ed on the basal half; lamellate denticles are altogether wanting or
are very few and ill developed and more like mere setae, and
there is no distinct microscopic tooth close to the apex. An
almost imperceptible angulation is sometimes seen further back
fiom the apex of the claw under strong magnification.

(3). The chelae are perfectlv extensile; the claw long and
slender and well armed beneath with lamellate denticles and
with a small but quite distinct tooth near the apex; it is nearly
straight and parallel-sided except that the tip is bent, and its
lower margin on the basal half is not at all convexly curved,
nor is the claw on that part subdilated.

Of the species considered in this paper the only real exception

26

to the above division is the remarkable new form called Eukoc-
bclcia. This might form a separate division, having the chelar
claw more curved, and armed apparently rather with serrations
beneath, than with the ordinary lamellate structures, while the
modified fifth tarsal joint also utterly lacks the usual armature
and instead of being dilated at the extremity of its process is
here narrowed into a curved hook.

As any one acquainted with the structure of the Dryinida '
might guess from the abnormal character of this insect, its hosL
is of a very special form, being none other than the anomal uis
Bniclioiiiorpha.

Returning to the three primary divisions, it should be remark-
ed that under the first are included all the forms with short,
stout front legs and with large ovate stigma to the front wings
and all the many species bred are absolutely confined to leaf-
lioppers of the Jassid family, whether arboreal or subterrestrial.

Under the second are included only apterous species of Goiia-
topus and the four genera named above in connection with it,
and all these are parasitic on Jassids, whether arboreal or sub-
terrestrial.

The third, comprises all the other genera, of all of which we
have bred species, and these are attached solely to Fulgorid leaf-
hoppers either arboreal, or subterrestrial (1. e. graminivorous).

It is interesting to note that the first division which consists
of the most primitive forms of Dryinidae are attached only to
the less specialized Jassidae, while the varied and highly evo-
luted forms included under the third are restricted to the highly
specialized Fulgoridae, the second section containing compara-
tively a few highly evoluted but always apterous forms that still
remain attached to the Jassidae. Further it will be noted thai
the chelar claw of the first and second divisions comprising para-
sites of Jassids only, is always of different form and differently
armed from those of the third, which are parasites of Fulgorids.
and as far as our researches go, a Jassid parasite can immediately
be distinguished from that of a Fulgorid by an examination of
the claw alone.

THE NATURAL POSITION OF THE DRYINIDAE.

The Dryinidae are treated by Ashmead in his later classifica-
tions as a sub-family of the Bethylidae, the latter being includeci
in the super-family Vespoidea. In placing the insects in the
Aculeate series he reverts to Hahday's classification of 1839,

27

while in his Monograph of the North American Proctotrupidae
(1893) he agreed with Westwood and Forster in placing them
in the Proctotrupids, seeing a relationship with the Ceraphro-
mnae, which are still left in the Proctotrupidae.

The super-family Vespoidea of Ashmead appears to me an
unnatural assemblage of forms, and by no means comparable
with, or equivalent to, the very natural series comprised under
the Apoidea and Sphegoidea. It is very doubtful whether the
old classification into Anthophila, Fossores and Diploptera is
any way improved by the severance of one main division of the
Fossores and bv its addition to the Diploptera, to which are
also added the Bethylidae, Dryinidae and Chrysididae, etc., to
form a super-family.

If we examine the characters laid down for the separation o^
the super-family Vespoidea, we find that this depends on the
fact of the "pronotum extending back to the tegulae, or the
latter absent." Yet in great numbers of winged female Dryinids
the pronotum does not extend back to these, and in great num-
bers of the Chrysididae the hind angles of the pronotum not only
do not attain, but are quite remarkablv distant from, the tegulae.

As therefore the Bethylidae (incl. Dryinidae) and the Chrysi-
didae do not fall naturallv into one great super-family with the
Vespidae, and can onlv be placed therein by disregarding the
characters assigned to the Vespoidea, it seems to me better to
recognize this fact. Of course bv employing alternatives, such
as the character of the abdominal segments, etc., for the Chrysi-
didae and the chelate tarsi of the Dryinidae, these families might
be made to "fit in the Vespoid series, or anywhere else for that
matter, yet such a procedure will hardlv carry conviction to the
majority of hymenopterists.

To me the Dryinidae together with the allied Bethylidae and
the small and little known sub-familv Emboleminae* of Ash-
mead (which mav probablv be merged in one or other of these)
constitute a natural group, synthetic between the old Fossorial
series of the Aculeata and the true Proctotrupidae; while the
Chrysididae also constitute a group apart, which cannot be
rightly merged in the Bethylid series, nor vet in the Aculeata.

Dr. Ashmead considers the Drvinidae as "evidently an ancient
phvlogenetic type of the order, the chelate anterior tarsi in the

* Mv knowledee of this sub-familv is acquired from Ashmead's standard work on the
Proftotrupids of North America, and from an undeseribed insect which I refer to this
srronp. tboueh its structures will necessitate changes in the characters assiened to the
Emboleminae. The larva is an external parasite of small crickets of the genus
TriRonidium or allied forms, and like the Dryinidae leaves the several larval skins
behind, as a ruptured sac, after the penultimate larval ecdysis.

28

females being found in no other group afong the Hymenoptera"
(Mon. N. A. Proct. p. 8i). I am unable to see in what possible
way the remarkable and highly evoluted form of the front legs
can in any way afifect this matter, for, surely, it has no phyloge-
netic significance, being in no way homologous with the chelate
h'gs of other orders of insects. Moreover, in existing species
of the Dryinidae we can clearly see how the highly modified
chelate tarsus of such a form as Dryinus or Gonatopus has
arisen within the limits of the family from the simple non-chelate
tarsus of such a form as Aphelopus. It is from these simple
forms that the aflfinities of the Dryinidae must be judged.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE DRYINIDAE.

The following list comprises all the species specially consid-
ered in this paper, and I may add that the species first described
in each new genus is to 'be considered as the type o~f that genus.
It will he observed that the generic characters are all drawn
up from female examples, although I have added a short table
of characters that distinguish the males in a considerable num-
ber of genera. Similarly in only a few cases are the males of the
various species described, in fact only in those cases, where there
is no doubt whatever that they are rightly assigned to their
partners. Where one sex only is described, it is always the
female; where both sexes are described, that of the male always
follows the description of the female. Had I cared to describe
males, which cannot at present be certainly associated with their
females, the list of new species would have 'been greatly increas-
ed, but it would have served no useful purpose to do this, since
in many cases the males of species, most distinct in the other
sex, are hardly separable specifically.

In the list, all species marked with an asterisk have had the
mouth parts dissected and examined in balsam; others have had
them, totally or partially dissected out, and examined dry; while
some from their very close relationship to other species I have
not thought it necessary to examine thus minutely.

PSEUDOGONATOPUS, g. nov.
*•■

T. P. kurandae, sp. nov."^ * '6. P. americanus, sp. nov.*

2. P. juncetorum, sp. nov. 7. P. opacus, sp. nov.

3. P. palustris, sp. nov.* 8. P. stenocrani, sp. nov.*

4. P. saccharetorum, sp. nov. van dubiosus, var. nov.

5. P. dichromus, sp. nov.*

29

HAPLOGONATOPUS, g. nov.

9. H. apicalis, sp. nov.* 11. H. americanus, sp. nov.*

10. H. moestus, sp. nov.

PARAGONATOPUS, g. nov.

12. P. nigricans, sp. nov.*

GONATOPUS Ljung.

13. G. australiae, sp. nov.*

NEOGONATOPUS, g. nov.

14. N. ombrodes, sp. nov.* 18. N. dnbiosus, sp. nov.

15. N. erythrodes, sp. nov.* iq. N. brunnescens, sp. nov.

16. N. obscurissimus, sp. nov. 20. N. pallidiceps, sp. nov.

17. N. pulcherrimus, sp. nov.

EPIGONATOPUS, g. nov.

21. E. solitarius, sp. nov.*

PACHYGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

22. P. melanias, sp. nov.*

CHALCOGONATOPUS, g. nov.

23. C. gigas, sp. nov.* 25. C. decoratus, sp. nov.*

24. C. optabilis, sp. nov.*

EUGONATOPUS, subg. nov.

26. E. pseudochromus, sp. nov.*

ECHTHRODELPHAX, Perk.

2"/. E. faircliildii, Perk.* 29. E. bifasciatns, sp. nov.

28. E. nigricollis, sp. nov.

NEoS^rt^ATOPfe^, g. nov.

30. N. koebelei, sp. nov.* 32. N. raptor, sp. nov.

31. N. nelsoni, sp. nov. var. umbrata, var. nov.

30

PARADRYINUS, g. nov.

33. P. koebelei, sp. nov.*

34. P. venator, sp. nov.*

35. P. threnodes, sp. nov.

42.
43-
44-
45-
46.

36. P. gigas, sp. nov.
^iJ. P. leptias, sp. nov.

38. P. varipes, sp. nov.
CHLORODRYINUS, g. nov.

39. C. pallidus, sp. nov.

THAUMATO-DRYINUS, g. nov.

40. T. koebelei, sp. nov. '

EUKOEBELEIA, gen. nov.

41. E. mirabilis, sp. nov.*

NEOCHELOGYNUS, g. nov.

N. typicus, sp. nov. 47.

N. nitidus, sp. nov. 48.

N. leiosomus, sp. nov. 49.

N. dimidi^tus, sp. nov. 50.

N. nigricornis, sp. nov.* 51.

N. destructor, sp. nov.*
N. cognatus, sp. nov.
N. parvulus, sp. nov.
N. coriaceus, sp. nov.
N. pallidicornis, sp. nov.

PROSANTEON, g. nov.
52. P. chelogynoides, sp. nov.*

PARANTEON, g. nov.

53. P. myrmecophikis, sp. nov.'

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA OF DRYINIDAE.
Females.

1. (41) Tarsi of front legs with the fifth joint always more or

less modified and with one claw greatly developed
and capable of closing back on the fifth joint, so as
to form more or less perfect chelae or pincers.

2. (18) Mesonotum forming a narrow bridge or stalk between

the large pronotum and propodeum. Species wing-
less.

31

3- (4) Maxillary palpi 5-jointed Gonatopus Ljnngh.

4. (3) Maxillary palpi not 5-jointed.

5. (10) Chelar claw armed conspicuously with special denti-

cles similar to those on the fifth tarsal joint be-
neath, its lower margin nearly straight on the basal
half, not with a sharp subconvex edge.

6. (9) Pronotum with a conspicuous transverse impression

before the middle, dividing it into a shorter anterior
and longer posterior lobe.

7. (8) Maxillary palpi 4-jointed .Pseudogonatopns

8. (7) Maxillary palpi 2-jointed Paragonatopus.

9. (6) Pronotum without a distinct transverse impression

(maxillary palpi 2-jointed) Haplogoiiialopus.

10. (5) Chelar claw more curved, usually with few or no denti-

cles beneath, or at most with very inconspicuous
ones, which are absent from the apical part, the
lower edge on the more basal part slightly con-
vexly curved, so that the claw is much less parallel-
sided than that of the preceding three genera.

11. (16) Maxillary palpi not 6-jointed.

12. (15) Anterior trochanters very long, with a longish thin

basal stalk; head above very distinctly concave
from eye to eye.

13. (14) Maxillary palpi 4-jointed Neogonatopus.

14. (13) Maxilary palpi 2-jointed Epigonatopus.

15. (12) Anterior trochanters stout, not very elongate, widen-

ing from the base, so that there is no long narrow
'basal portion; head above not distinctly concave
from eye to eye. (Maxillary palpi 3-jointed, the
basal excessively small) Pachygonatopns.

16. (11) Maxillary palpi 6-jointed .Chalcogonatopiis.

17-a. (17-b.) A distinct suture or impression extending for-
wards from the middle eoxae and dividing the pro-

podeum from the mesothoracic elements

Chalcogonatopiis s. s.

17-b. (17-a.) (b) No such suture visible, the propodeal and

mesothoracic elements fused laterally

subg. Eiigonatopus.

18. (2) Mesonotum of ordinary form, species fully winged or

with rudimentary wings.

19. (28) Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum not nearly

attaining the tegulae.

20. (21) Maxillary palpi very short, 4-jointed, basal joint very

small, the entire palpi capable of being concealed
within the buccal cavity; parapsidal furrows very
distinct, meeting posteriorly so as to enclose a nar-
row elongate triangular area. . .Echthrodelphax P.

21. (20) Maxillary palpi long and conspicuous reaching back

at least beyond the middle of the head, if laid at full
length along the middle line, and generally reach-
ing to its hind-margin or behind this.

22. (25) Vertex of head slightly concave or impressed, never

convex.

22). (24) Labial palpi 2-jointed, mandibles 3-dentate, (sec. Ash-
mead (Mon. Proctotryp.) Dryinus Latr.

24. (23) Labial palpi 3-jointed, mandibles 4-dentate, parapsidal

furrows entirely wanting Ncodryhiiis.

25. (22) Vertex of head not impressed or concave.

26. (2'/) Occipital concavity well and distinctly margined even

at the sides Paradryinus.

27. (26) Occipital concavity with a very faint margin behind

the ocelli, which fails at the sides . . Chlorodryinus.

28. (19) Pronotum attaining the tegulae posteriorly.

29. (32) Stigma elongate and narrow, generally lanceolate, not

wide and ovate, or the wings are abbreviated and
rudimentary.

30. (31) Wings fully developed, antennae extremely long and

thin, filiform, head short on the vertex, more than
twice as wide as long Thaiiiiiatodryinus.

31. (30) Wings minute, rudimentary (mandibles 3-dentate,

maxillary palpi 6-jointed, eyes conspicuously hairy)
Eukocbeleia.

32. (29) Stigma large of ovate or subovate form, and the wings

fully developed.

33. (36) Fourth joint of front tarsi elongate, much longer than

the third, and articulated to the fifth at a distance
from the true apex (or insertion of the pulvillus) of
}^ to ys the length of the whole joint.

34. (35) Maxillary palpi 5-jointed; propodeum long, rounded

posteriorly (sec. Ashmead Mon. Proct.)

Chelogyniis Hal.

35. (34) Maxillary palpi 6-jointed . .Neo chelogyniis.

33

36. (23) Fourth joint of front tarsi small and short, not differ-
ing much from the third, and articulated far from
the true apex of the fifth, so that the latter is almost
normal being only slightly produced beneath in
front of its articulation with the fourth.

37- (38) Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, labial palpi 2-jointed, man-

dibles 3-dentate (sec. Ashmead Mon. Proct.)

Aiuteon Jitr.

38- {37) Maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed, man-

dibles 4-dentate.
39 (40) Antennal joints widening more or less towards the
apex of the antennae; propodeum bounded by a
raised line at the truncature and with a definite
median area on its posterior face Prosanteon.

40- (39) Antennae simply filiform, not at all widening towards
apex; propodeum without the above characters. . . .
.Paranteon.

41. (i) Tarsi of front legs simple, not chelate.

42. (43) Apterous; maxillary palpi 4-jointed (sec. Ashmead

Mon. Proct.) Mystrophorus Forst.

.43. (42) Winged; maxillary palpi 5-jointed (sec. Ashmead
Mon. Proct.) . . .'. Apheloptis Dalm

Males.

1. (14) Stigma not large and ovate or subovate, but narrow

lanceolate; mandibles with three teeth.

2. (5) Maxillary palpi very short and inconspicuous, labial

palpi two-jointed.

3. (4) Antennae sometimes long, but never extremely thin

and filiform; the head not incrassate

Gofiafopiis (and most of the allied genera).

4. (3) Antennae extremely thin and long, the head incras-

sate Echthrodelphax.

5. (2) Maxillary palpi long and conspicuous, reaching at least

to the posterior margin of the head, if laid straight
back; labial palpi three-jointed.

6. (9) Ocelli in a slightly curved line on the vertex, the front

ocellus, at most, a very little in front of the posterior
pair.

34

7- (8) Basal cells not indicated by distinct nervures

Chalcogonatopus.

8. (7) Basal cells distinct, even though the neuration be

pallid Neodryinus.

9. (6) Ocelli in a well-marked triangle, the front one well in

advance of the posterior.

10. (11) Eyes not hairy Chlorodryinus.

11. (10) Eyes distinctly hairy.

12. (13) Antennae with long flagellar joints, the third not less

than four times as long as wide Paradryiiiiis.

13. (12) Antennae with short flagellar joints, the third not or

hardly twice as long as its greatest width

Eukocbclcia.

14. (i) Stigma large, ovate or subovate, mandibles with four

teeth.

15. (16) Antennae with short flagellar joints, which are not

twice as long as wide Ncochclogyinis.

16. (15) Antennae with elongate moniliform joints, which are

contracted at base and apex and fully twice as long-
as wide Parantcon.

PSEUDOGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

Apterous, general' form that of Gonatopus, the mesonotum
very small and narrow, forming a stalk between the large prono-
tum and propodeum.

Vertex of head quite deeply concave, third joint of antennae
much longer than the fourth; labial palpi two-jointed, maxillary
palpi four-jointed (counting the extremely short basal joint)
v;ith two joints beyond the geniculation; mandibles with four
teeth, the two inner minute. Front legs with very long, clavate
trochanters, which have a long thin basal portion; fourth tarsal
joint very long, several times as long as the preceding joint; claw
of chelae armed beneath with special denticles similar to those
beneath the modified fifth tarsal joint, bent near the apex and
the lower edge with a small anteapical tooth, otherwise nearly
straight and subparallel-sided, the lower margin on tlie basal
half nearly straight, not convexly curved. Pronotum with a
deep transverse impression before the middle.

35
Synopsis of Species of PSEUDOGONATOPUS.

1. (8) Propodeum without conspicuous pilosity.

2. (5) Propodeum ferruginous or testaceous.

3. (4) Propodeum shining, third joint of antennae not longer

than the scape F. diclwotnus.

4. (3) Propodeum not shining; third joint of antennae longer

than the scape P. anicricanns.

5. (2) Propodeum black (with very dense coriaceous or

microscopically rugulose sculpture).

6. (7) Intermediate and posterior femora and tibiae dark,

black or piceous P. opacns.

7. (6) Intermediate and posterior femora and tibiae pale, yel-

lowish brown to testaceous.
7a. (7b) Tip of antennae conspicuously pale. .P. stcnocrani.
yh. (7a) Tip of antennae black P. dubiosns, var. praec.

8. (i) Propodeum with conspicuous pilosity.

9. (10) Propodeal elevation strongly channeled in the middle

and prominent on either side of the channel

, P. juncctonun.

10. (9) Propodeum behind the spiracles at most a little flatten-

ed or concave, not fissured so as to form two
prominences.

11. (12) Propodeum in dorsal aspect with prominent anterior

lateral angles P. kurandac.

12. (11) Propodeum without prominent anterior lateral angles.

13. (14) Mesonotum conspicuously pallid . .P. saccharctornm.

14. (13) Mesonotum not conspicuously pallid, concolorous

with the rest of the thorax or nearly so P. palnstris.

I. Pscudogowafopus kurandae, sp. nov.

Brown, the abdomen black or nearly so, the face, the propo-
deum in front and posteriorly above the petiole, pale yellowish
brown or testaceous; the two basal and the apical antennal joint
quite pale, tibiae and tarsi testaceous, the front tibiae more or
loss brown.

Head smooth, shining, posteriorly with fine and rather long
hairs, third antennal joint long and slender, fully twice as long
as the second, longer than the scape and much longer than the

36

fourth, which is greatly longer than the fifth, the latter fully twice
as long- as its greatest width. Pronotum very smooth and shin-
ing and with a few s'hort hairs; propodeum smooth and shining
on the anterior pale-coloured portion, behind the spiracles flat-
tened or faintly impressed, posteriorly transversely rugose and
sparsely clothed with long fine hairs; in dorsal aspect with prom-
inent .anterior lateral angles. Abdomen smooth, shining, with
longish pale hairs. Length about 3 mm.
Hab. Kuranda, Queensland; bred.

2. Pscudogonatopiis iuncctoriim, sp. nov.

Closely allied to the preceding and perhaps more closely to
the next following species. Almost like /'. ktirandae in colour
since the mesonotum is conspicuously pallid except at the base
and apex, as in that species. The propodeum however, is with-
out the prominent anterior angles and of a slightly different
shape, nor does it altogether in this respect agree with P. palus-
tris. From the latter it is readily distinguished by its colour,
and it is perhaps a larger insect. Length about 3 mm.

Hab. Childers, Queensland; bred.

3. Pseiidogonafopiis pahistris, sp. nov.

Piceous or castaneous, abdomen black or nearly so, two basal
joints of the antennae and the apical one, as well as the face
below the antennae, pale. Tibiae and tarsi more or less testa-
ceous or brownish yellow.

In structure, sculpture and clothing almost like P. kurandoc
but differs in the rather different shape of the propodeum, which
is less evidently flattened behind the spiracles and in dorsal
aspect its lateral anterior angles are rounded off or effaced. The
mesonotum is not conspicuously pale, the whole thorax being
concolorous or nearly so. Length 2.5-3 rniri-

Hab. Brisbane and Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

4. Pseudogonatopus saccharetorurn, sp. nov.

Brown or more or less piceous (the abdomen darkest) and
shining. Antennae paler than in any of the preceding, some-
times with all the joints pale yellowish brown, the second and
the apical then being still paler, or with the intermediate joints
more or less infuscate.

37

Allied to the preceding several species, with which it agrees
ill sculpture, clothing, etc., but the propodeum is much more
abruptly raised into a hump-like form, its profile forming a much
stronger curve, and the summit of the hump is quite deeply
fissured in the middle to form a prominence on either side.
Length about 3 mm.

Hab. Hambledon, near Cairns; bred.

5. Pseiidogoiiafopiis dichroinus, sp. nov.

Testaceous or rufotestaceous, the abdomen black or piceous,
except just behind the petiole, where it is more or less pale.
Antennae black, the two basal joints and the apical one more or
less distinctly pale.

Head more or less shining and without definite sculpture; sec-
ond joint of the antennae twice as long as wide, third joint much
longer than the second, which is hardly as long as the fourth,
seventh, eighth and ninth a little longer than wide. Pronotum
shining, smooth, impunctate, or nearly so; propodeum shining
and smooth in front; posteriorly transversely strigose, not pilose.
Abdomen shining, impunctate. Length 2-3 mm.

Male. Black, the face below the antennae mostly pale, legs
and antennae obscure black or fuscous, base of posterior and
intermediate tibiae and their tarsi often c[uite pallid.

Head above the antennae very densely and finely punctate or
coriaceous; second joint of the antennae ovate, short, hardly
as long as the scape and very 'distinctly shorter than the
third. Mesonotum with the parapsidal furrows obsolete or
extremely faint, clothed with very short pubescence when not
rubbed, very finely and indefinitely punctured; propodeum, to a
large extent at least, smooth and shining, and with a shallow
median longitudinal impression in front. Wings with the stigma
rather light fuscous, the basal cells not defined by coloured
nervures.

Hab. Redlynch near Cairns and Bundaberg, Queensland;
bred.

6. Pseudogonatopus aincricaiius , sp. nov.

Ferruginous, the vertex of the head dark brown or blackish, as
also the abdomen, except near the base and at the apex; the face,
mandibles (except the teeth) and legs testaceous. Antennae
black, the two basal and more or less of the third joint, pale.
Legs, with the femora especially, more or less discoloured,
brownish.

38

Vertex of head only slightly shining; third joint of antennae
very long and slender, more than twice as long as the second,
the apical joint black or almost so. Pronotum not very shining,
and like other parts of the thorax more or less sufifused or mark-
ed with black; mesonotum in the middle paler than the rest of
the thorax; propodeum very strongly raised or convex, the sur-
face dull, but with hardly visible sculpture on the middle behind
the spiracle, posteriorly transversely strigose. Abdomen
smooth impunctate, apparently glabrous. Length 3-3.5 mm.

Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele).

Psendogonatopiis opaciis, sp. nov.

Black or pitchy, the face 'below the antennae, the two basal
joints of these more or less, the anterior tibiae and tarsi, testa-
ceous. The posterior tarsi and part of the apical joint of the
antennae more or less, pale-coloured.

Dull, the head densely and minutely sculptured, appearing
punctured, as also the whole of the thorax, even the posterior
face of the propodeum with this sculpture instead of the usual
transverse rugosity, and without evident pilosity. Abdomen
smooth and shining and bearing short pale hairs. Length 2-3
mm.

Var. a. (Pimmature) Paler, more pitchy than black with the
hind and middle tarsi quite pale and the apical joint of the anten-
nae much more distinctly so than in the type.

Hab. Bundaberg and Brisbane, Queensland; bred.

8. Psendogonatopiis stenocrani, sp. nov.

Vertex of head dark, face and occiput pale, varying from fer-
ruginous to yellowish white. Antennae with the two basal,
sometimes the third, the apical, and one or two of the preceding
joints more obscurely, pale. Pronotum ferruginous or brown,
often more or less sufifused or marked with black; propodeum
black; legs testaceous, the front femora and tibiae especially,
more or less dark brown.

Head and pronotum with extremely fine hardly visible punc-
tures, or surface sculpture; the propodeum with extremely dense
microscopic sculpture, appearing like fine and dense punctura-
tion, but due really to reticulation of the surface as in the pre-
ceding species. In profile the propodeum is not at all abruptly

39

humped and posteriorly bears at most a few short and incon-
spicuous hairs. Length 2-3 mm.
Hab. Ohio. U. S. A. (Koebele).

P. stenocrani var. dubiosus var. nov.

Like the typical form in structure but without the pale tips
to the antennae.

Hab. Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele).

HAPLOGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

Mandibles, maxillary and labial palpi, and the front legs prac-
tically as in the preceding genus, but the pronotum is very dif-
ferent, not being divided into a transverse anterior and elevated
posterior portion, being quite simply convex, and the head is
much more deeply concave.

Synopsis of Species of HAPLOGONATOPUS.

1. (4) Thorax for the most part dark-coloured or black.

2. (3) Apical joint of the antennae and the mesonotum

largely, pale H. apicalis.

3. (2) Apical joint of the antennae and the mesonotum

dark H. mocstus.

4. (i) Thorax ferruginous or testaceous, at most a little

infuscate H. americaniis.

I. Haplogonatopus apicalis, sp. nov.

Black or more or less pitchy, the face on its lower half, the two
basal, and sometimes the third antennal joint more or less, the
apical joint, and sometimes more or less of the preceding, the
mesonotum for the most part, and the legs (which are, however,
often largely brown), pale, yellow to testaceous. Pronotum and
propodeum posteriorly sometimes brown.

Antennae with the third joint long and slender, about twice as
long as the second, the head above with scarcely visible sculp-
ture. Pronotum very smooth, shining; mesonotum conspicu-
ously pale; propodeum in front of the spiracles very finely trans-
versely rugulose, behind these smooth and shining, posteriorly
more or less distinctly transversely rugulose and without evident

40

pilosity. Abdomen smooth, shining, glabrous. Length 2-2.5 "^"^•
Hab. Bundaberg and Childers, Queensland; bred.

2. Haplogoiiatopiis iiiocsfiis^ sp. nov.

Apparently identical structurally with the preceding, but the
apical joint of the antennae is not pale, nor does the mesonotum
differ greatly from the rest of the thorax in colour, and conse-
quently the two forms are very easily distinguished by colour
characters, which appear to be of specific importance.

Hab. The Mulgrave near Cairns, Queensland; bred.

3. Haplogonalopus anicricanns, sp. nov.

Ferruginous to testaceous in colour ,the abdomen black, or
obscurely pallid, changing much during life in some individuals.
The antennae black, the apical joint and the two or three basal
ones pale. Head generally brown on the vertex, parts of the
thorax also sometimes more or less darkened.

Head with scarcely visible sculpture; pronotum shining, the
transverse impression just perceptible at least at the sides in
some examples, very minutely, in fact hardly perceptibly, punc-
tured; propodeum dull, with microscopic surface rugulosity^
and not at all pilose. Abdomen smooth, glabrous. Length
about 2.5 mm.

Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele and Swezey). Mr.
Swezey was of the opinion that this species was Gonatopus
hicolor Ashmead, but that species has the "metathorax smooth,
I'olished." I have bred about 150 females of H. anicricanns with-
out apparent variation.

PARAGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

Head evidently, but only lightly, concave on the vertex; third
joint of antennae very long (about twice as long as the fourth
in the typical species). Mandibles 4-dentate, maxillary palpi only
two-jointed, one elongate joint beyond the ^eniculation and ap-
parently only one before this, the extremely short basal joint,
that is present in allied genera, being apparently absent. Tro-
chanters of front legs, as well as the tarsi and claw of chelae and
the form of the pronotum, etc., as in the preceding genus.

41

Paragoivatopus nigricans, sp. nov.

Black, the face below the antennae pale, the vertex of the head
usually brown, sometimes piceous or nearly black, two basal
joints of the antennae entirely or largely, the third sometimes
more or less, pale. Legs generally to a large extent obscure
brown or piceous, all the tarsi and trochanters and the hind
tibiae pale yellowish brown or testaceous, but the legs vary in
colour.

Head above more or less shining, and hardly perceptibly
sculptured; the antennae slender, the third joint thin and elon-
gate, about three times as long as the second, and almost tw;ce
as long as the fourth. Pronotum shining, its posterior lobe finely
punctured, the propodeum finely transversely rugose in front
and posteriorly, between these parts smoother, and usually finely
punctured, sometimes impunctate, not pilose. Abdomen smooth,
shining, almost or quite glabrous. Length 2.5-3 t^^t^-

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

? GONATOPUS Ljungh.

Mandibles 4-dentate, maxillary palpi five-jointed, the basal
joint extremely short and with three joints beyond the genicu-
lation, labial palpi two-jointed. Vertex of head deeply concave;
antennae with the third joint long, slender, from one-third to
one-half longer than the fourth.

Pronotum deeply impressed, so as to be divided into a trans-
verse anterior and elongate narrow posterior lobe. Front legs
with trochanters very long, clavate, with long thin basal stalk;
fourth tarsal joint very long, differing not much in length from
the basal one, chelar claw curved, subdilated on its basal portion,
and with the lower edge slightly convexly curved, and these
armed at most with a few very inconspicuous denticles or spinose
hairs.

Gonatopits aiisfraUae, sp. nov.

Black, the head, the thorax excepting the propodeum, brown
or ferruginous. The face generally paler than the vertex of the
head, the front lobe of the pronotum sometimes dark, propo-
deum rarely more or less of an obscure reddish black. Scape of
antennae in front quite pale, the following two joints, or one of
them, sometimes more or less so, the apical joint black, the legs
with pale tibiae and tarsi, the femora generally largely brown
or dark.

42

Head very deeply concave above, smooth and shining and
fringed behind with longish hairs; the antennae slender, with
long thin third joint, about one and a half times as long as the
fourth. Pronotum smooth and shining; mesonotum rugulose;
propodeum shining, traversely rugose behind, and thinly clothed
with long pale hairs. Abdomen smooth and shining, at the base
with some erect pale hairs, elsewhere glabrous. Length 2-3 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

NEOGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

Differs from Gonatopus, as characterized above, only by the
4-jointed maxillary palpi, there being two not three joints beyond
the geniculation.

Synopsis of Species.

1. (4) Propodeum without hairs, and entirely black.

2. (3) Head, neck, and anterior margin of pronotum ferrugin-

ous, or pale yellowish brown; rest of thorax and
abdomen deep black ■ .N. paUidiccps.

3. (2) Head above dark brown or blackish, or largely suffus-

ed with dark colour N, ombrodcs

4. (i) Propodeum with distinct erect hairs; sometimes fer-

ruginous, wholly Or in part.

5 (6) Whole thorax ferruginous; tip of antennae white

N. pnlchcrriiinis.

6. (5) Propodeum at least (and sometimes most of the thor-

ax) more or less dark; tip of antennae uot white.

7. (8) Propodeum dark brown, generally paler anteriorly;

head above only lightly concave. . -A^. hrnnnesccns.

8. (7) Propodeum black; head above strongly concave.

9. (10) Whole pronotum and the neck in front of this clear

ferruginous; propodeum dull, with very dense
sculpture N. erythrodcs.

10. (9) Pronotum mostly black, piceous, or dark brown; if in

part it is rather distinctly red or ferruginous, then
the propodeum is polished and very shining.

11. (12) Abdomen on its basal face with conspicuous erect

hairs; propodeum highly polished. . . .N. dubiosus

12. (11) Abdomen on its basal face without long erect hairs;

propodeum not highly polished - .A^. obsciirissiiinis.

43

1. Neogonafopits ombrodes, sp. nov.

Black, the vertex of the head, and the pronotum (more or less)
often piceous or brown; face and occiput yellow or ferruginous;
basal two, and sometimes the third joint of the antennae more
or less, pale; legs pale yellowish brown or testaceous, in parts
often dark brown, variable in colour.

Head rather long, very much longer than half its width, and
owing to a very minute puncturation or surface sculpture little,
or not at all, shining; third joint of antennae long and slender,
twice as long as the second. Pronotum with close and very fine
punctures or surface sculpture; propodeum dull and very densely
sculptured, appearing punctate, 'but probably with dense micros-
copical reticulate sculpture of the surface, which is hairless, or
almost on. Abdomen smooth, shining, glabrous, no longish hairs
basally. Length 3-3.5 mm.

Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koe^bele).

2. Neogonatopns cryfhrodes, sp. nov.

Ferruginous, the propodeum black, the abdomen probably
black when the insect first emerges, but becoming testaceous
more or less sufifused with black or brown, as it grows older; head
above more or less dark, the antennae black, with the three basal
joints pale. All the legs yellowish-brown, or testaceous.

Head above somewhat shining, not nearly twice as wide as
long; pronotum shining and with a very fine indefinite punctura-
tion; propodeum dull, having the same dense sculpture as in the
preceding species, but with the whole of the posterior face dis-
tinctly transversely rugose, and bearing scanty but distinct, erect
hairs. Abdomen smooth, shining, shortlv pilose. Length about
3 mm.

Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele).

3. Neogonafopits obscnrrissiiuiis, sp. nov.

Black, in parts (especially the pronotum, mesonotum and some
of the leg joints) dark brown or piceous. Basal two and more or
less of the third joint of the antennae, as well as all the tarsi, and
more or less of the hind tibiae and femora, pale, yellowish or
testaceous.

Head shining and with a sparse fringe of hairs posteriorly; pro-
notum smooth and shining, hardly percepti'bh' sculptured; pro-

44

podeum in some aspects somewhat shining in some parts, above
with minute dense surface scultpure, and posteriorly finely trans-
versely rugose, and bearing evident, longish, erect hairs. Abdo*
men very smooth and shining, sparsely pilose. Length about 3
mm.

Hab. Columbus, Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele).

4. Neogonatopns pnlcherriinns, sp. nov.

Ferruginous, the abdomen black. Antennae black with the
three basal, and the fourth joint more or less, testaceous, the
apical one white.

Head above very smooth and shining, and fringed posteriorly;
tlie antennae thick, the joints from the fourth on being unusually
short and wide. Pronotum very smooth, and shining, the meso-
notum less narrow than usual; the propodeum smooth and shin-
ing, very conspicuously pilose, and on the posterior face finely
transversely rugose. Abdomen smooth, shining, at the base con-
spicuously pilose. Length about 3 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

5. Neogonatopns dnhiosns, sp. nov.

Black, shining, head above usually dark brown or brown, the
face paler; basal or two basal antennal joints pale, as also the
greater part of the legs; posterior lobe of the pronotum and the
mesonotum nearly always dark, black or pitchy.

Form, sculpture and clothing identical with that of Gonafopus
anstraliae but with the pronotum and mesonotum nearly always,
if not invariably, less red, and with only two joints beyond the
geniculation of the maxillary palpi. Length 2.5-3 rniii-

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

6. A'', hrnnnesccm, sp. nov.

Largely brown or yellowish-brown, the abdomen sometimes
black or dark brown, sometimes sordid testaceous, variable, no
doubt changing colour with age; propodeum posteriorly dark
brown or pitchy. Basal two joints of the antennae and the third
less clearly, as well as all the legs, pale-coloured.

Head in front view very little concave on the vertex, smooth
and shining above; propodeum more or less smooth and shining,
sparsely clothed with erect and not very long, bristly hairs, which

45

extend on to the mesonotum, but are easily abraded. Abdo-
men smooth, shining, sparsely pilose, if not abraded. Length
2.5-3 mm-

The much less deeply concave head distinguishes this species
from any other here described in this genus.

Hab. Ohio, U. S. A. (Koebele) : bred.

7. A'', pallidiccps, sp. nov.

Head, apical margin of the pronotum, and the neck in front of
it. the three basal antennal joints, and all the legs, pale, yellow
or ferruginous.

Head smooth, shining; pronotum also smooth and shining and
extremely finely punctured; propodeum a little shining in some
aspects, the whole dorsal surface with minute surface sculpture
and with a few short microscopic hairs; posteriorly very finely
transversely rugose. Abdomen deep black, smooth and shining.
Length about 2.5 mm.

Hab. Alameda, California, U. S. A. ; bred.

EPIGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

Front legs and pronotum as in the two preceding genera, but
the maxillary palpi quite dififerent, two-jointed, one long acumin-
ate joint beyond the geniculation.

Epigonatopiis solitarius, sp. nov.

Thorax ferruginous, abdomen for the most part black, legs,
two basal, and more or less of the third joint of the antennae, as
well as the whole face, pale, yellowish or testaceous. Front
femora (except at the apex) at least, and sometimes other parts
or the legs, dark brown, black or piceous. Vertex of head dark.

Head above, smooth and shining, and without definite sculp-
ture. Pronotum smooth, minutely punctured, and more or less
longitudinallv rugulose; propodeum at most somewhat shining
about, or before, the middle ; in front with rugulose surface, and
posteriorlv quite distinctly, but finelv transverselv rugose, not
pilose. Abdomen smooth, shining, without hairs. Length about
3 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; captured, not bred.

PACHYGONATOPUS, gen. nov.
Head with the vertex incrassate, a little impressed in the mid-

46

die; in front aspect not evidently concave from the one eye-mar-
gin to the other; mandibles 4-dentate; maxillary palpi 3-jointed,
the basal joint excessively short, a single elongate joint beyond
the geniciilation. Anterior trochanters not very elongate, ckv-
ate, thickening from close to the base, and not with a long
slender stalk like all the preceding genera. Otherwise the front
legs are much as in the three preceding genera, which this genus
resembles also in other respects.

P achy go nat opus uiclaivias, sp. nov.

Black, the face below the antennae, the two basal joints of
ti^ese (which are however darker above), all the tibiae and tarsi,
but especially the front pair, pale.

Head above, very shining, with some indefinite impressions,
and a median distinct one extending forwards from the front
ocellus; the face above the antennae dull and very densely and
minutely sculptured. Pronotum very shining, and with indefinite
puncturation; propodeum shining, the surface sculpture very
delicate, appearing like dense minute puncturation, not trans-
versely rugose, nor pilose posteriorly. Abdomen smooth and
shining. Length 2-2.5 "ini.

Hab. Bundaherg and Rockhampton, Queensland; bred.

CHALCOGONATOPUS, gen. nov.

Apterous, head concave above, the antennae slender and elon-
gate, with long, thin third joint. Mandibles quadridentate; max-
illary palpi with six joints, lahial palpi three-jointed. Pronotum
deeply, transversely impressed before the middle, to form a short
wider anterior and a narrow, long, elevated, posterior division;
the whole thorax in fact formed much as in Gonatopiis and its
allies. Fourth joint of anterior tarsi very long about equal to
the basal one, chelar claw as in Gonatopns. Thorax laterally
with a very distinct groove or suture running forwards from the
middle coxae and marking off the propodeal and mesothoracic
elements.

EUGONATOPUS subgen. nov.

A very distinct subgenus of the above, having the joints of the
flagellum of the antennae less long and slender, and the propo-
deal and mesothoracic elements, at the sides of the thorax pos-
teriorly, completelv fused.

47

I. ChalcogonatopnS' gigas sp. nov.

Black, slightly aeneous, especially the abdomen, the whole
body and the legs clothed with conspicuous erect hairs. Clypeus,
mandibles, two basal joints of the antennae, the front tarsi except
the basal joint, the front coxae and trochanters, the middle and
posterior tarsi, more or less pale, yellowish or testaceous. Some-
times other parts of the legs are pale, the species being variable.

Antennae long and slender, the fourth joint much longer than
the scape, the sixth three or four times as long as wide, the thiid
conspicuously longer than the fourth. Head dull, with extremely
dense, minute puncturation or surface rugulosity; the thoiax
with similar sculpture, the propodeum in front and posltrioily
with transverse rugosity also. Abdomen very dull and with
feeble scattered punctures, from which the erect hairs arise.
Length 5-7 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

2. Chalcogonafopns opfabilis' sp. no/.

Nigroaeneous, with white pubescence, the face below the
antennae, the two basal joints of the antennae, the front tibiae
and tarsi, and the posterior and intermediate tarsi more or less,
pale-coloured, yellowish or testaceous.

Head for the most part smooth and shining above, but near
th.e hind-margin of the eye densely punctulate; the antennae long
and slender, none of the flagellar joints being less than twice as
long as wide, the scape hardly as long as the fourth antennal
joint, and the third much longer than the latter. Thorax pubes-
cent, dull, or hardly shining; the pronotum indefinitely punc-
tured; the propodeum with excessively fine transverse rugulosity,
when seen under a compound microscope, and visible with a
strong lens. Abdomen with rather short, white, appressed hairs.
I-egs without erect hairs. Length 3-4 mm.

Hab. Bunaaberg, Queensland; bred.

3. Chalcogoiiafopus dccoratns, sp. nov.

Like the preceding in the nigroaeneous colour, but with the
antennae rather less slender, the scape, being as long as the
fourth joint. The clothing is quite different, consisting of grey
tomentosity, whereas in the preceding, especially on the abdo-
men, the individual hairs are very apparent. The pronotum is
red at the sides and posteriorly, and bears a distinct median

48

carina; the fine sculpture of the propodeum is extremely dense.
I'he abdomen is extremely densely and minutely punctured.
Length about 3 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

4. Chalcogonatopus (Eugonatopus) pscudochromus, sp. nov.

Ferruginous or more or less testaceous, the propodeum, and
head above, black or dark; basal two joints of antennae quite
pale, the following less clearly so, the rest black or fuscous.

Antennae less slender than in any of the preceding, scape as
long as the fourth joint, seventh, eighth and ninth not twice as
long as wide. Head dull, appearing densely and minutely punc-
tate, the pronotum with very similar sculpture; the propodeum in
front and posteriorly finely transversely rugose, in the middle
sculptured like the head, not pilose nor pubescent; at the sides
without any suture or impression dividing off the mesopleural
region. Abdomen smooth, without pubescence or pilosity, the
base black, and elsewhere more or less stained with fuscous.
Legs neither pilose nor pubescent. Length about 4 mm.

Hab. Columbus, Ohio. (Koebele).

ECHTHRODELPHAX P.
(Bull. L, Div. Ent., Board Agr. & For.. Territory of Hawaii).

Head above concave or impressed, and the face in front view
sirongly transverse, of triangular shape, and very similar to that
of Neodryinus. Ocelli in a triangle of very elongate isosceles
form, the front one very distant from the two basal ones, which
are near together. Maxillary palpi short, four-jointed, labia!
palpi two-jointed. Mandibles quadridentate. The mouth parts
in fact are practically as in Pseiido-gonafopus' as also is the
pronotum, which has a distinct transverse impression. Mesono-
tum wider than the pronotum, shaped like that of Neodryinus,
and with no resemblance to that of Gonatopus' etc., the parap-
sidal furrows quite distinct, enclosing a very narrow, median,
elongate, triangular area. Wings fully developed, and with the
usual neuration of the group. Front legs and chelae practically
^.3 in Psendogonatopus.

Male with the short palpi of Psendogonatopus, etc.- but the
extremelv long, thin, filiform antennae and the subincrassate
head will easily distinguish it generically, as also from any of
the other allied genera with apterous females.

49

Table of species of ECHTHRODELPHAX.

1. (4) Thorax entirely, or all but the pronotum, black; wings

without transverse bands.

2. (3) Pronotum yellow E. fairchildii P.

3. (2) Pronotum black E. nigricollis.

4. (i) Thorax flavous or ferruginous; wings with two bands

E. hifasciatns.

I. Echthrodelphax fairrhildii P.

Male. Black, the mandibles, the scape, and often the second
joint of the antennae and the legs, pale.

Antennae very long and thin, the third and fourth joints sub-
equal, as also the following ones; scape about equal to the second
joint, and these two together subequal to the third. Head with
shining areas varying in dififerent aspects. Mesonotum shining,
feebly punctured, with distinct furrows enclosing a triangular
space. Propodeum with reticulate rugulosity, the meshwork not
very dense. Abdomen black or pitchy, shining and smooth.

The female has already been sufficiently well described.

Hab. Hawaiian Islands; formerly on Kauai and Oahu only,
but has now been established on the other islands for economic
reasons.

2. Echthrodelphax nigricollis sp. nov.

Face, occiput, basal two and several apical joints of the an-
tennae, a median abdominal band (often discoloured after death)
and the legs, pale, yellow or testaceous. Form, size and sculp-
ture almost as in E. fairchildii, but distinguished at a glance by
the entirely black pronotum, and the reticulation of the propo-
deum is apparently more dense. Length 2-2.5 "i"^-

Hab. Cairns, Queensland; bred.

3. Echthrodelphax bifasciatns, sp. nov.

Testaceous or ferruginous, abdomen black at the extreme
base; wings with a transverse, dark, narrow band at the apex of
the basal cells and a dark cloud or band beneath the basal por-
tion of the radial nervure.

Antennae less slender than in the two preceding species. Head
above smooth and shining. Front lobe of pronotum smooth
and shining, the posterior dull, and with excessively dense and
minute microscopic sculptures; mesonotum smooth and shining;

so

propodeum dull, very densely rugulose in front and with regular
transverse wrinkles behind. Abdomen smooth and shining.
Length 2-2.5 ^^■

NOTE. — I have not been able to make dissections of the mouth-
parts of this species, but I believe it has five-jointed maxil-
lary palpi and does not properly belong to the genus
Echthrodelphax.
Hab. Bundaberg and Childers, Queensland; bred.

NEODRYINUS gen. nov.

Head in dorsal aspect strongly transverse, with the vertex
more or less concave; in front view, of triangular shape and
strongly transverse. Ocelli in an equilateral triangle. Mandibles
quadridentate, the apical tooth much the longest, the two inner-
most very small, the second distinctly larger than these. Maxil-
lary palpi six-jointed, the basal joint very short, the third and fol-
lowing joints elongate, the third thicker than the three slender
joints that follow; when laid back along the middle line of the
head beneath they extend at least more than half its length.
Labial palpi three-jointed. Antennae with the five terminal
joints somewhat thicker than the preceding ones, so as to be
subclavate, the third joint much the longest, much longer than
the fourth, aiad not less than twice as long as the scape. Prono-
tum elongate, deeply transversely impressed before the middle,
in front conspicuously emarginate, and with the posterior angles
not nearly attaining the tegulae. Mesonotum without parapsidal
furrows. Postscutellum exceedingly short in the middle. Pro-
podeum very long, subequal in length to the mesothorax and
scutellum together. Legs much as in Dryinus Latr. the front
pair being much extended, with the trochanters very elongate,
many times longer than the intermediate ones, curved and
clavate, the stalk long and thin; the fourth joint of the tarsi very
long, third moderatelv long and with a basal lamella beneath,
bearing spinose hairs (there are rudiments of these structures on
the preceding joint); fifth, seen from above, from its basal articu-
lation to the true apex (or point of attachment of the pulvillus)
extremely short, subquadrate. but produced beneath basally into
a long process, which at rest extends back to the base of the
third joint, and is bent and dilated at the tip, the chelar claw
greatly developed, about as long as the fifth joint with its basal
prolongation, denticulate or spinulose beneath, and with a min-
ute tooth near the apex. Front wings with two distinct basal
cells and narrow elongate stigma.

51

Synopsis of species of NEODRYINUS. "
Females.

i. (2) Head above more or less shining N. kocbclci.

2. (i) Head above opaque.

3. (4) Antennae black or almost so, except the four apical

joints, and the front of the scape A^. nelsoni.

4. (3) Antennae for the most, or a large part, pale, the sixth

joint alone being somewhat infuscate in most ex-
amples, sometimes those adjoining this also dark.
N. raptor.

I. Ncodryinus koehclci, sp. nov.

Black, apex of clypeus and mandibles on the apical half (ex-
cepting the teeth) whitish or pale yellow, as also is the scape of
the antennae beneath; the rest of the antennae clear testaceous.
I'osterior and intermediate tarsi (except the dark claw-joint) and
the anterior coxae and trochanters more or less testaceous; in-
termediate tibiae, and front tibiae and tarsi often brown or testa-
ceous; posterior tibiae sometimes brown or piceous; claw of
chelae pale yellow or white.

Face with silvery pubescence, head longitudinally rugose and
more or less shining. Anterior and posterior divisions of the
pronotum subobliquely or subconcentrically rugose. Mesono-
tum not shining, densely reticulately rugose; the propodeum not
shining, densely reticulately rugose; the propodeum strongly
rugose, the numerous longitudinal wrinkles connected by trans-
verse ones so as to form a network, not less dense than that of
the mesonotum. Wings pale at the 'base, then with a transverse
smoky band extending a little beyond the apex of the second
basal cell; a second smoky transverse band, with its basal side
oljlique outwardly, is narrower, and on the upper side starts from
about the middle of the stigma; between the two bands the wing
i?j white; beyond the second apically, it is faintly smoky. Abdo-
men shining, 'black, impunctate. Length 4-6 mm.

Male. Black, apex of mandibles and the two basal joints of
the antennae beneath (more or less) ferruginous, or testaceous;
front tibiae and tarsi and intermediate and posterior tarsi testa-
ceous, apical joints of the latter more or less infuscate. Head in
front, and mesonotum dull, with dense and minute surface
sculpture, and clothed with short hairs; the latter still more finely

52

sculptured than the head, the surface appearing exceedingly min-
utely granulated; postscutellum more or less shining in certain
aspects; propodeum with close irregular or reticulate rugulosity.
Abdomen smooth, shining, with very feeble indefinite punctures,
and clothed with excessively short erect hairs. Stigma dark
brown usually concolorous or nearly so.

Hab. Bundaberg and Townsville, Queensland. Bred.

2. Neodryutus nclsoni, sp. no v.

Rather like the preceding, but readily distinguished by the
antennae, the flagellar joints being black, except the four apical
ones. The front tarsi are black or piceous with the chelar claw
pale, whitish. The legs generally are darker, sometimes all
black, or with posterior tarsi reddish. The bands of the wings
are rather darker, and the sculpture of the pronotum different,
the posterior division of the pronotum being excessively finely
regulose, while the sculpture of the anterior division rather re-
sembles that of the posterior division of N. koebelei. More
over, the surface of the head is quite dull, not more or less shin-
ing. Length as in the preceding.

Hab. Nelson on the Mulgrave, Queensland. Bred.

3. Neodryinus raptor, sp. nov.

Extremely close to A^. nclsoni, but often superficially more
like N. koebelei, since the antennae are often almost entirely
pale, though shorter. The sixth joint however is never so clear
as in the latter, and is often clouded or even black, as also fre-
quently are some of the adjoining joints. Structurally the species
resembles A^. nclsoni and is abundantly distinct from A^. koe-
belei. Length 3.5-5 mm.

Male. Dififers from A^. koebelei in the colour of the stigma,
which is quite pale in the middle, this part contrasting very
strongly with the dark margins; the intermediate and posterior
tarsi are paler, almost white on the basal joint, and therefore
there is a stronger contrast 'between this part and the dark fus-
cous or blackish apical joints. The basal joints of the antennae
are darker beneath (or in front), being entirely black, or almost
so.

N. raptor var wnbraius, var. nov.

The second, third, and fourth antennal joints remain more or

.53

less dull red; the middle of the third and apex of the fourth being
dark, otherwise as above. This variety or species comes nearest
to A'', nelsoni.
Hab. Bundaberg and Brisbane, Queensland. Bred.

PARADRYINUS gen. nov.

Head not concave on the vertex, and straightly (or nearly so)
and distinctly margined behind the ocelli, the margin continued
definitely downwards around the occipital concavity; in front
view the head is triangular, and but little or not at all trans-
verse, with the vertex slightly convex. The ocelli in a triangle,
about equidistant one from another. Mandibles quadridentate,
the apical tooth longest, the other three rather strong, decidedly
better developed than those of Neodryinus. Maxillary palpi six-
jointed, the four terminal joints elongated, the first of these
stouter than the others and the tips reaching back to at least
behind the middle and even as far as the hind margin of the
head beneath. Labial palpi three-jointed. Antennae not much
dififerent from those of Neodryinus, the third joint being very
elongate, hardly less and sometimes more than twice as long as
the fourth. Pronotum long, convex, transversely constricted at
the base, as long or longer than the mesonotum, its hind angles
not attaining the tegulae, its anterior margin subtruncate, never
distinctly emarginate as in Neodryinus. Mesonotum extremely
convex in profile, rising up strongly and abruptly from the pro-
notum, in most species so strongly longitudinally rugose as to
render difficult the detection of the parapsidal furrows, which,
however, are present, and widely separated even at the hind mar-
gin of the mesonotum, when they are traced so far. Postscutel-
lum of moderate length. Propodeum very long, about equal iit
length to the mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum. Front
legs as in Neodryinus but the trochanters somewdiat less elon-
gate, the basal joint of the front tarsi distinctly longer than the
fourth, and the anteapical tooth of the chelar claw rather
stronger.

Synopsis of species of PARADRYINUS.
Females.

1. (4) Middle and hind tibiae at the base, and the base of at

least the basal joint of their tarsi, pale whitish.

2. (3) Head above, pronotum and mesonotum largely, fer-

ruginous; sometimes however more or less cloud-
ed , P- koebclei.

4-

(I)

5-

(6)

6.

(5)
(8)

S.
9-

(7)

(lO)

54

3. (2) Head above, pronotum except laterally and posterior-
ly, and the mesonotum, black or dark coloured. . .
P. varipcs.

Middle and hind tibiae without a pale whitish basal
ring.

Third joint of antennae uniformly ferruginous

P. vciiator.

Third joint wholly or in part dark.

Mesonotum between the parapsides much smoother
and more shining than without these. . .P. leptias.

Mesonotum uniformly sculptured, or almost so.
Antennae except the second joint and base of third
almost wholly ferruginous; mesonotum irregularly

rugose P. gigas.

10. (9) Antennae almost wholly black; mesonotum very regu-
larly longitudinally rugose P. threnodes.

I. Pamdryiniis koebclci, sp. nov.

Female. Head and thorax ferruginous, more or less clouded
with blackish or fuscous, propodeum usually entirely black.
Abdomen ferruginous, generally more or less largely obscured
with brown, fuscous, or piceous suffusion. Legs ferruginous,
tibiae sometimes dark brown or nearly black, the base of the in-
termediate and posterior pair, and of one or two of their tarsal
joints, white. Antennae testaceous or ferruginous, more or less
infuscate, the scape white in front; apex of clypeus and the man-
dibles more or less whitish.

Head with a very dense and distinct surface rugulosily or
rugulose punctuation, and with a distinct median carina extend-
ing about two-thirds of the distance from the front ocellus to the
base of the clypeus; the latter emarginate at the apex. Prono-
tum somewhat strongly subconcentrically rugose, the mesono-
tum more strongly longitudinally rugose; propodeum reticulately
rugose. Thorax with some sparse short hairs; abdomen smooth,
shining, glabrous. Wings with a wide fuscous band across the
middle of the basal cells, a narrow oblique one external to the
transverse median and basal nervures and entering the apex of
the first basal cell; these two bands connected below; a widt*
band with its inner margin obliciue arises beneath the stigma
and extends to near the apex of the marginal ceir leaving the tip
of the wings white. Length 4.5-6 mm.

Male. Black, mandibles and legs testaceous or yellow. An-"
tcnnae with the scape, and some of the joints of the flagellum,

55

yellow; the true colour of these masked by the dark covering of
short black hairs. Head and mesonotum dull, clothed with short
erect hairs, and with a dense obscure rug'ulose or rugulosely
punctate sculpture; propodeum irregularly or reticulately rugose.
Abdomen shining, with a thin pubescence, and very indefinite,
fine puncturation. Neuration mostly dark brown.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred in large numbers.

2. Paradryinus vcnator, sp. nov.

The sculpture is similar to that of the preceding species, all
the species of the genus, being subject to variability in intensity
of sculpture.

Black, the clypeus and mandibles more or less, the sides and
posterior margin of the pronotum, ferruginous. Legs darker
than in the preceding species, often largely blackish or piceous,
and with no basal white rings to the hind and intermediate tibiae
and tarsi. Abdomen black. Wings banded as in P. kocbclci.
Antennae with the thrfee basal and the basal part of the fourth
joint ferruginous, the rest black, except that the apical joint may
be more or less pale. Length 9 mm. but variable.

Male. Extremely like that of N. koehelei, but with the an-
tennae slightly, but constantly, shorter and with only the two
basal joints pale.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred in numbers.

3. Paradryinus threnodes.

Extremely like the preceding in form and sculpture, but very
distinct in general appearance, the clypeus and mandibles being
entirely dark, or only for a small part pale, the pronotum at most
only obscurely pale at the sides, and black along the upturned
hmd margin; the legs black, the front tibiae in part piceous or
ferruginous, posterior and intermediate tarsi more or less ferru-
ginous. Antennae black, apical joint more or less pale, the scape
generally pitchy beneath. Length about 5-6 mm.

Hab. The Mulgrave near Cairns and Bundaberg, Queensland.
Bred.

4. Paradryinus gigas, sp. nov.

Apex of clypeus, a spot at the base of the scape of ctntennae
beneath, the second and third joints of the posterior and middle
tarsi as well as the chelar claw, more or less whitish or cream-
coloured.

56

The scape, the apical part of the third and ah the following
antennal joints, the mandibles more or less, the legs, and the
basal segment of the abdomen, ferruginous; the front coxae
above, and the front femora posteriorly, dark. Of the dark bands
on the wings, the apical one is more restricted and less definite
apicall}^ than that of the preceding species.

Head finely, but distinctly, longitudinally rugose; the prono-
tum with the subconcentric rugosity of N. koebclei, etc., but
with the sculpture relatively finer, and the surface clothed witl;*
grey pubescence; mesonotum with a dense, irregularly rugose
sculpture, as also the scutellum; propodeum reticulately rugose.
Abdomen with the two basal segments smooth and shining, the
following grey with appressed pubescence and densely and very
finely punctate. Length about to mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland. A single specimen captured.

5. Paradryiiius Icptias sp. nov.

Black, the clypeus apically, the cheeks adjoining it and the
m.andibles, the front tibiae beneath, the front trochanters in front,
the middle and hind tarsi (which however are largely infuscate)
and the tip of abdomen, testaceous. Basal joint of antennae be-
neath, as also the apical angles of the emarginate clypeus, whit-
ish; the second joint, and a narrow ring at the junction of third
and fourth, and of the fourth and fifth, and the whole of the four
apical joints, testaceous. Wings banded as in the preceding
species, but with the basal and median of the three transverse
smoky bands more confluent.

Head dull, very densely and minutely sculptured, appearing
coriaceous, with very faint evidence of longitudinal rugulosity.
Pronotum piceous or obscure ferruginous along its posterior
margin, on the highly convex disc, shining, smooth, with hardly
visible punctures; mesonotum dull, with dense surface sculpture,
between the subparallel parapsidal furrows much smoother, and
more or less shining; propodeum reticulately rugose. Abdomen
smooth, shining, impunctate, second segment obscurely reddish
at the sides. Length about 5 mm.

Hab. Near Cairns, a single female bred.

6. Paradryimis varipes, sp. nov.

Black, the two basal joints of the antennae, the face below
these, the lateral and posterior margins of the pronotum more

57

or less pale, yellow, testaceous, or ferruginous; the rest of the
antennae fuscous, somewhat testaceous in parts. Legs for the
most part piceous, but the base of the middle and hind tibiae
with a conspicuous white ring, and their tarsi white at the base.
Abdomen piceous black. Sculpture of thorax very like that of
F. kocbclci, of a similar nature, but considerably finer through-
out. Length about 5 mm.

Male. Black, the two basal joints of antennae rufo-piceous,
the legs pale, the posterior femora and tibiae largely dark, black-
ish or piceous, the intermediate also obscured in a lesser degree,
the tarsi nearly white, the base of hind tibiae also pallid.

Head with a very dense, minute, coriaceous sculpture; meso-
notum somewhat shining in some aspects, with an excessively
miinute surface sculpture and some very ill-defined fine punct-
ures, propodeum reticulately rugose. Abdomen piceous blackj
shining.

Hab. On the Mulgrave near Cairns, Queensland. The male
was bred, but the female captured. I believe they are rightly
mated.

CHLORODRYINUS gen. nov.

Like Paradryinns in most respects, but differs in the fact that
the extremely delicate margin of the vertex posteriorly fails to-
wards the sides, not being continued distinctly round the sides of
the occipital concavity. The maxillary palpi are very long and
extended back, when fully extended along the middle line, well
behind the posterior margin of the head beneath. Pronotum in
profile with evenly convex outline, not of the humped form of
Paradryinns. The mesonotum is gently convex in profile, the
parapsidal furrows are distinct, crenulate, subconvergent, and
fail before attaining the hind margin. Basal joint of front tarsi
longer than the fourth.

Chlorodryimis pal I id us, sp. nov.

Testaceous, except a spot at the extreme base of the abdomen.
The body is however subject to some post-mortem discoloration.
Head dull, with extremely dense and minute sculpture, hardly
perceptible, except under a very strong lens. Antennae very
long and slender, the third joint about twice as long as the first
and second together.

Pronotum smooth and shining, the dorsal outline in profile
forming a regular curve. Mesonotum dull, with very dense min-

58

ute coriaceous sculpture both between and outside the parap-
sidal furrows; propodeum densely rugose. Abdomen smooth
and shining, glabrous. Wings unhanded, nervures pale, yellow,
stigma pallid. Length 4-5 mm.

Male. Black, mandibles, two basal joints of antennae, and all
the legs pale, yellow or ferruginous. Head exceedingly densely,
minutely and evenly, punctulate or coriaceous; mesonotum with
a similar, but less even, sculpture; propodeum irregularly or
rcticulately rugose; abdomen smooth, shining, with only indefin-
ite puncturation. Stigma pallid.

Hab. Kuranda and the Mulgrave, Queensland. Bred.

THAUMATODRYINUS gen. nov.

Agrees v/ith Ncodryiiins and other genera in the structure of
the front legs but differs greatly in other characters. Head in
f^'ont view very strongly transverse, subquadrangular, the cheeks
at the base of the mandibles sharply and prominently angled, the
vertex strongly convex and subtumid. In dorsal aspect the head
is very strongly transverse, more than twice as wide as long, the
ocelli being placed in a nearly equilateral triangle. Mandibles
with three strong teeth and a small inner one. Maxillary palpi
extremely long, extending back far behind the head. Antennae
filiform, very long and slender, as long or a little longer than
the entire insect; third joint a little longer than the thick scape;
fourth subequal to or a little longer than the third; fifth and
sixth subequal, distinctly longer than the fourth, each of these
two with a minute black tubercle before the middle, bearing a
few very fine long hairs, quite dififerent from the general pubes-
cence; seventh with a similarly clothed tubercle at the middle;
eighth much shorter than the seventh and with a similar tubercle
near the contracted apex; ninth as the preceding, but shorter;
tenth with a tubercle at the middle and another at the apex and
strongly constricted after the first tubercle; all these tubercles
bearing hairs as already described. Pronotum about as long as
wide, or as the mesonotum, in profile rising strongly upwards,
and this curve continued by the mesonotum, its hind angles at-
taining the tegulae. Parapsidal furrows fine and feeble, but quite
evident, subconvergent. but still widely separated at the base.
Propodeum rather long, about as long as wide.

Thamnatodryiiiiis kocbelei, sp. nov.
Flavo-ferruginous, the petiole black, the fifth and all the fol-

J

59

lowing joints of the antennae dark. The stigma and base of
radial nervure, fuscous.

Head dull, with very dense and minute, coriaceous sculpture,
the clypeus smooth and shining; mesonotum dull or almost so,
with sculpture similar to that of the head; scutellum somewhat
shining and obscurely punctured; propodeum densely reticulately
rugulose. Abdomen smooth, shining, without definite sculpture.
Length about 4 mm.

Hab. Near Cairns, Queensland. Bred.

EUKOEBELEIA, gen. nov.

Head large, convex on the vertex, the sides converging behind
the eyes, the latter hairy, the ocelli in a nearly equilateral trian-
gle; the mandibles 3-dentate; the antennae with the third joint
about twice as long as the second, and distinctly longer than the
third. Maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial palpi 3-jointed. Prono-
tum transverse, attaining the tegulae with its hind angles; meso-
notum with fine, but distinct, parapsidal furrows, which are sub-
convergent, but still widely separated at the hind margin; pro--
rodeum short, about as long on the dorsum as the scutellum,
sharplv truncate, its posterior face twice as long as the dorsal.
Front legs not very long, but perfectly chelate, the fourth tarsal
joint verv elongate, though shorter than tbe basal one; fifth joint
with its free extremity, which forms with one claw the tip of the
chelae, not dilated and armed in the usual manner, but forming
a simple curved hook; the chelar claw beneath serratelv dentate.
Abdomen with distinct pedicel, which is longer than wide. Wings
minute, rudimentary, reaching only to the base of the abdomen,
pointed at the apex.

EnkocheJcia mirabilis, sp. nov.

Dull red, the abdomen, antennae except two or three basal
joints, and the propodeum black. Mandibles and legs for the
most part yellowish-brown or testaceous, abdominal pedicel also
pale.

Head and thorax excessivelv denselv, minutely punctate, or
coriaceous; the latter very distinctly pilose. The propodeum on
the dorsal surface rugose; posteriorly, with the surface finely
sculptured or granulated, and subareolate. Abdomen very
smooth and shining. Length 2.5-3 "i"''-

Hab. Ohio, L^. S. A. (Koebele) ; bred and captured.

6o

NEOCHELOGYNUS gen. nov.

Of robust form. Front legs with chelate anterior tarsi, but the
chelae less perfect than those of any of the preceding genera, and
the legs are short, not unusually lengthened, with the femora
very stout and the trochanters short.

Head subincrassate, convex, the ocelli in an isosceles triangle,
much widest at the base; antennae becoming more or less wide
towards the apex. Maxillary palpi six-jointed, labial palpi three-
jointed. Pronotum shorter than, or scarcely subequal in length
to, the mesonotum, its hind angles attaining the tegulae; meso-
notum without parapsidal furrows or with these only just visible
at the extreme front; propodeum as wide as long, or still shorter.
Anterior tarsi with the fourth joint longish, much longer than
the preceding, and about equal in length to the fifth from its
basal articulation to the pulvillus, the backward prolongation of
the fifth longer than the length of this joint from its basal articu-
lation to the apex; so that the articulation is situated at about
one-third of the whole length of the joint. Front wings with the
radius short and straight, terminated in a knob or small thick-
ening, or bent near the extremity. Abdomen with the basal
segment greatly raised from the petiole, the basal face being on
a plane strongly inclined to the dorsal surface.

Synopsis of species of NEOCHELOGYNUS.

1. (8) Wings with one or more dark clouds or bands.

2. (3) PYont wings with only one smoky cloud extending

beneath the stigma and marginal cell.. .N, typicus

3. (2) Front wings with cloud or band as above, and with a

second band at the apex of the basal cells.

4. (5) Propodeum for a large part smooth and shining pos-

teriorly A^. Iciosoinns.

5. (4) Propodeum posteriorly at most slightly shining, the

surface everywhere rugulose or finely rugose.

6. (7) Propodeum with the surface finely transversely and

regularly rugose posteriorly A^. nifidits.

7. (6) Propodeum with the posterior surface excessively fine-

ly rugulose A'', diiiiidiafits.

8. (i) Wings without smoky bands or clouds.

8. (10) Antennae black , .A'', nigricornis.

10. (9) Antennae with the scape at least pale.

11. (12) Antennae entireh' pale ,A'^. pallidiconiis.

12. (11) Antennae largely black or fuscous.

13-

(i6)

14.

(15)

15-

(14)

1 6.

(13)

17-

(18)

61

Head in front with extremely dense minute sculpture
appearing coriaceous or punctulate.

Propodeum with posterior median area defined

N. parviilus.

Propodeum with no definite median area

iV. coriacciis.

Head in front with reticulate rugose sculpture, pro'b-
ably due to a very shallow coarse puncturation.

Propodeum with posterior median area dull, coria-
ceous; flagellum of antennae mostly black

N. destructor.

18. (17) Propodeum with the median area smoother, hardly
opac[ue; flagellum of antennae paler, more fuscous
N. cognatus.

I. Neochclogymis ty picas, sp. nov.

Black, all the legs, except the apical joint which is darker, the
antennae except the three or four apical joints, and the mandi-
bles, ferruginous.

Head with sparse grey hairs, the face closely, shallowly
rugosely punctured, on the vertex more sparsely. Mandibles
strongly quadridentate. Ocelli placed more or less in foveae;
third joint of antennae elongate, distinctly longer than the fourth,
which is longer and much more slender than the 5th, the latter
considerably longer than broad, as also are all the following:
Pronotum with the hind margin smooth, in front of this with
large shallow punctures; mesonotum very sparsely, finely punc-
tured, smooth and shining, the parapsides indicated by exces-
sively short consute lines near the anterior margin; scutellum
and postscutellum impunctate or nearly. Propodeum, seen from
in front, bounded by a raised line posteriorly, which is bent for-
wards in the middle, the surface rugose; posteriorly with a
median area evidently, though not strongly defined, by raised
lines; this area being smooth and shiny except on its upper por-
tion. Abdomen smooth, impunctate; basal tooth of the chelar
claw with a very long seta reaching to the apex of the claw.
Wings with the nervures strong, yellow, as also the stigma which
is infuscate on its margins, the radius also dark. A vague trans-
verse cloud lies beneath the stigma and marginal cell, occupying
also part of the latter. Length about 4.5 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg; one female captured.

62

2. Neoclielogynus nitidiis, sp. nov.

Black, mandibles except the teeth, and the antennae except
the four apical joints, which are nearly entirely dark, ferrugin-
ous; the preceding joints more or less dark. Front legs brown-
ish, paler in front, hind legs nearly entirely black or piceous.
Head with the surface shining, much narrowed behind the eyes
to the occiput, the face closely, coarsely and shallowly rugose —
punctate; the antennae with the scape about as long as the two
following joints together, third joint distinctly longer than fourth,
fourth much more slender than fifth, which is nearly twice as
long as wide at the apex. Pronotum and mesonotum smooth,
shining, sparsely and finely punctured. Propodeum rugose m
front and with a raised line as in the preceding; its posterior face
with the median area subobsoletely defined, the surface quite
finely, transversely rugose. Abdomen smooth, shining, the basal
segment very narrow, of elongate, triangular form. Wings with
a large dark cloud, with the inner side oblique, occupying most
of the apical portion of the wing, from near the base of the dark
stigma; a second narrow dark band crosses the wing along
the region of the apex of the basal cells. Length about 4 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; one female captured.

3. Ncochelogynus Iciosoiiins, sp. nov.

Black, mandibles and five basal joints of the antennae ferru-
ginous; front legs testaceous more or less brown, hind and mid-
die legs nearly entirely black or piceous.

Head shining, its sides strongly convergent behind the eyes, the
face shining, with coarse but extremely shallow punctures, nearly
efit'aced and more or less running into one another, so as to be
rugose; median carina fine but distinct. Antennae almost as in
iV. nitidus. Pronotum for the most part, the mesonotum, scutel-
lum and postscutellum shining and very smooth; the mesonotum
very sparsely, finelv punctured. Propodeum rugose, seen from
in front with the raised line, which is produced forward in the
middle, distinct; posteriorly for the most part smooth and shin-
ing, the middle area distinguishable in certain aspects, but the
raised lines, which bound it, are largely obsolete. Basal abdom-
inal segment elongate-triangular. Wings with two dark bands
similar to those of the preceding species, stigma brown. Length
about 4 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; one female 'bred.

63

4- Neochelogynus diinidiatus, sp. nov.

Black, the mandibles and the antennae except the four ter-
minal joints, ferruginous; two or three joints preceding the four
terminal, more or less dark in part. Front legs testaceous, more
or less brown posteriorly; middle and hind legs nearly black, ex-
cept the apices of the tarsal joints.

Head shining, and with coarse, shallow, su'bconfluent punct-
ures; the antennae formed much as in the preceding species.
Mesonotum very smooth and shining, with very sparse fine
punctures; the pronotum in front with ill-defined, coarse, punct-^
uration. Propodeum seen from in front with the usual raised
line, which is however not very definite; in front of this line, finely
rugose; on the posterior face still more finely sculptured, rugu-
lose, a little shining in some aspects, the posterior median area
not defined. Abdomen narrow, subcompressed, the basal seg-
ment elongate triangular. Wings as in the preceding. Length
3.5 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; one female bred.

5. Neochelogynus nigricornis, sp. nov.

Black, the front tibiae and all the tarsi testaceous, the rest o'i
the legs brown or darkish.

Head dull or almost so, with very dense and fine rugose
sculpture; antennae with the second joint long, about equal to
the third, the joints becoming wider very gradually from the
third, so that the fifth is not abruptly wider than the fourth; 6th.
7th and 8tli joints subequal. wide, but very evidently longer than
broad. Pronotum in front sculptured like the head, posteriorly
more or less smooth and shining; mesonotum with extremely
fine microscopic rugulosity of the surface, which prevents it from
being very shining, and with a few fine and feeble punctures ; in
verv minute examples, sometimes quite smooth and impunctate.
Propodeum in front rugose, the dorsal surface posteriorly bound-
ed by the usual raised line, sometimes broken in the m'iddle, and,
not very distinct, owing to the general rugosity of the surface;
posteriorly the surface with dense and fine granular or rugulose
sculpture, the median area not marked out by raised lines. Wings
without dark bands, neuration and stigma pale, yellow. Length
2-3.5 Jiini-

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

64

6. Neochelogynus destructor, sp. iiov.

Black, the mandibles except the teeth, the two basal joints of
the antennae and sometimes the third more or less, all the legs,
excepting usually the front femora, ferruginous.

Female. Head with reticulate, rugose sculpture, due probably
to the confluence of coarse and very shallow punctures. An-
tennae with the second joint fully' as long as the third, fifth at
its widest, much wider than the fourth, and like the sixth not
much longer than its greatest width. Pronotum somewhat longi-
tudinally rugose; the mesonotum very finely and indefinitely,
sparsely punctate; propodeum with the dorsal surface short,
rugose, well marked ofif posteriorly by a distinct raised line ; pos-
teriorly its surface dull, rugulose or granulate, the median area
very distinctly marked by clear raised lines. Wings clear, neura-
tion and stigma pale, yellow. Length 2.5-3.5 ^"^•

Male. Black, legs, mandibles and one or more of the basal
joints of the antennae, ferruginous; usually several joints of the
flagellum are more or less pale, becoming from the first more or
less darkened to the apical joints, which are quite black.

Head in front with the sculpture as in the female, but much
feebler and more obsolete; antennae with short, moniliform
joints of subsequal length, except the scape, which equals the two
following together. Pronotum very short, entirely concealed, if
the head be laid back; mesonotum smooth, hardly perceptibly
punctured, or impunctate ; propodeum finely rugose, the posterior
median area, which is quite definite, coriaceous, dull. Postmar-
ginal nervure dark and the stigma with dark margin.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

7. Neochelogynus cognotiis, sp. nov.

Differs from the preceding as follows:

The basal two joints of the antennae are clear ferruginous, the
following two or three more or less sordidly so and the rest fus-
cous. All the legs entirely pale. The pronotum is to a large
extent smooth and shining, the mesonotum very smooth with a
few scattered punctures; the propodeum posteriorly within the
median area is much smoother, and hardly opaque. Length
about 3 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

65

8. Neochclogynus parvulus, sp. nov.

Black, the legs, mandibles, except the teeth, basal two jointi'
oi antennae, ferruginous or testaceous; the rest of the antenna!
joints fuscous or blackish ; the middle and posterior femora more
or less brown.

Head in front extremely finely and closely punctulate or coria^
ccous; antennae with the fifth joint not abruptly wider than the
fourth, the second su'bequal to the third in length. Pronotum
dull, rugulose, except along the posterior margin, the mesono-
tum very smooth and shining, and, like the scutellum, impunct-
ate or nearly so; the propodeum with the dorsal face as long as
scutellum and postscutellum together, and rather strongly
rugose, with distinct raised line posteriorly; its posterior face
dull, finely rugulose or coriaceous, and with the median area
defined. Stigma dark. Length about 2 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland, captured; and Cairns, Queens-
land, bred.

9. Ncochelogynus coriaceus, sp. nov.

Black, the scape of the antennae, mandibles for the most part,
and all the legs (except the more or less brown posterior and
intermediate femora and the apical joints of the tarsi) ferruginous
or testaceous. Most of the joints of the flagellum of the antennae
more or less obscurely testaceous beneath.

Face with excessively, dense, minute surface granulation and
traces of obsolete fine punctures; second joint of the antennae
about equal to the third but stouter; 6th, 7th and 8th a little, but
quite distinctly, longer than A^ide. Pronotum and mesonotum
dull (except the smooth posterior margin of the former) with
the same excessively dense sculpture as the face; scutellum
smooth, shining; propodeum quite short on the dorsal surface
and rugose, the raised line cjuite distinct seen from in front; on
tlie posterior face dull and with sculpture like that of the meso-
notum with no median area defined. Abdomen smooth, shin-
ing. Neuration pale, stigma with darker margin. Length 2 mm.

Hab. Redlynch, near Cairns, bred.

10. Neochclogynus paUidicornis, sp. nov.

Black, the antennae, all the legs and the mandibles, pale, yel-
lowish; the teeth of the latter ferruginous. Face shining, smooth,

66

with only feeble indefinite punctuation. Pronotum as long as
the mesonotum and with microscopic coriaceous sculpture; the
niesonotum and scutellum smooth, shining, impunctate or nearly
so; propodeum, seen from in front, reticulately rugose and
bounded by the usual raised line; posteriorly JuU, very finely,
microscopically granulate, and with the median area perceptibly
marked out, but only feebly defined. Abdomen smooth, shining.
V\^ings with pale nervures, stigma and radius brown or fuscous.
Length hardly 2 mm.

Bab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

PROSANTEON, gen. nov.

Head in front with coarse shallow puncturation, the vertex
convex, the antennae with the joints becoming wider towards
the apex of the flagellum, the widest hardly longer than wide;
scape fully as long as the two following joints together. Mandi-
bles quadridentate. Maxillary palpi six-jointed, labial three-
jointed. Pronotum very short in dorsal aspect, being strongly
deflected from behind forwards; mesonotum with the parapsidal
furrows very widely separated and failing about the middle; pro-
podeum with very well marked posterior median area. Front
tarsi quite different from those of any of the preceding genera,
?.nd resembling Paranfcon; fourth joint very small and short,
not differing greatly from the third, fifth a nearly normal claw-
joint, but with a very short, free, basal production beneath, which
underlies the short fourth joint.

Prosantcon chclogynoides, sp. nov.

Black, the mandibles for the most part, tlie scape of the anten-
nae, and all the legs nearly wholly, pale, yellow or testaceous,
second joint of the antennae obscurely pale, the third very slight-
ly so; posterior coxae black.

Head somewhat shining and with verv shallow, coarse, close
punctures, so that it appears feebly reticulately rugose; fifth joint
of antennae a little wider than the fourth, the widening of the
joints of the flagellum being very gradual. Mesonotum very
smooth, shining, finely and sparsely punctured, propodeum with
its dorsal surface at least as long as the scutellum, reticulately
rugose and bounded by the usual raised line; its posterior face
Vv'ith the median area somewhat shining and very distinctly mark-
ed by raised lines, outside which it is dull and densely and finely

67

sculptured. Wings with pale yellow neuration and stigma.
Length about 3 mm.

Hab. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred.

PARANTEON gen nov.

Of robust form. Head in dorsal aspect transverse, the vertex
convex, maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial three-jointed. Antennae
simple, pubescent, and with longish hairs beneath, both on the
scape and the flagellum, all the joints of the latter elongate, the
scape as long as the two following joints together, the fourth
longer than the third, but none of the flagellar joints differ much
in length. Pronotum short, evidently shorter than the mesono-
tr.m, narrowed anteriorly; the mesonotum convex, with short,
widely separated parapsidal furrows; the propodeum very short,
subvertical from close to its anterior margin. Front legs imper-
fectly chelate, the chelae being incapable of extension, the fifth
joint subnormal, elongate and with only a very short free basal
prolongation beneath the fourth, the chelar claw closing on it
and being of about the same length and without denticles be-
rieath; fourth joint short, subnormal, hardly longer than the pre-
ceding. Front wings with large subovate stigma. Basal seg-
ment of the abdomen with strongly marked anterior and dorsal
surfaces, the former abruptly inclined to the latter and much
longer than it.

Paraiifeon mynnecophilns, sp. nov.

Black, the head, most of the thorax and basal joint of antennae
ferruginous, the postscutellum and propodeum generally black
or piceous, front legs more or less brown or pitchy.

Head shining and with rather indefinite punctuation, tending
to rugosity; mesonotum somewhat shining, decidedly more finely
punctured than the head, and the punctures not very definite;
dorsal face of propodeum very short along the middle line, not
longer than the post scutellum, with very fine granulate or coria-
ceous sculpture and the posterior raised line obsolete or wanting;
posterior face shining, excessively feebly and indefinitely rugu-
lose, and with no median area defined. Wings with neuration
and stigma dark fuscous, a faint oblique cloud beneath the
stigma. Length 3-4 mm.

Male. Entirely black except the front tibiae and tarsi. Face
Vv-ide, subtransverse, smooth and shining, with large shallow

68

remote punctures; antennae submoniliform and elongate with
the second joint pyriform shorter than the third; 3rd, 4th, 5th
and 6th subequal, elongate, and with conspicuous, erect hairs
which are as long as the width of either of these joints. Meso-
notum very smooth and shining and with very fevV punctures;
propodeum rugose in front, on its posterior face in the middle
smooth and shining, but without a median area defined by raised
lines. Wings very clear, the subcostal nervure and stigma dark,
the median, basal and transverse median nervures quite pallid.
Hab. Bundaberg and Brisbane, Queensland; bred.

PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.
(i) Biological.

1836 Curtis. "British Entomology," p. 633.

Aphrodes craticula in different stages dryinized.
1857 Perris, Edouard. "Nouvelles excursions dans les grandes
Landes. (Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (2) IV, p. 172-173).
Athysaniis iiiarifiiiius and Goiiatopiis pedcstris, the latter
supposed to be a hyperparasite on the Jassid.
1865 Frauenfeld, G. von. "Ueber einen eigenthumlichen Para-
siten bei Cicaden." (Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien. XV, p.

900-902).
Typhlocyba and Gonatopus pedestris.
1874 Lichtenstein, Jules. (Bull. Soc. Ent. France (5) IV, p.
XXX).
Gonatopus ptinomm on Ptinus fur.

1878 Dale, C. W. "History of Glanvilles Wootton," p. 304.

Probable larva of Dryinid mistaken for an Acarid and
named H omopterophagus dorsettensis.

1882 Mik, Jos. "Zur Biologic von Gonatopus pilosus Thoms.
(Wien Ent. Zeit. I, p. 215-221. PI. iii).

1882 Douglas, J. W, "Parasites on Homoptera." Ent. Month-
ly Mag. XIX, pp. 116 and 142.

1885 Girard, Maurice. "Les Insectes." (Ill, p. 4i-44> PI-
LXXVI, f. 1.)

1889 Giard, A. "Sur une galle produite chez le Typhlocyba
rosae, par une larve d'Hymenoptere." (CR. ac. sc.
Paris, CIX, p. 79-82).

69

1889 Girard, A. "Sur la castration parasitaire des Typhlocyba
par un larve d'Hymenoptere {Aphelopus nielalcncus
Dalm.) et par un larve de Diptere {Atclcncnra spuria
Meig-.)" (op. cit. p. 708-810).

1902 Butler, E. A. (Knowledge XXV, pp. 258, 259).
Notes on Gonatopus pedestris.

1903 Swezey, O. H. "Observations on Hymenopterous para-

sites of certain Fulgoridae." (Ohio Nat. Ill, p. 444-451,
PI. 21).
Dryiniis typhlocyhac on Oruicnis septcntrionalis and
Gonatopus hicolor on Lihurnia Iniulcnta.

1903 Perkins, R. C. L. "The leaf-hopper of the Sugar-Cane."

(Bull. Board Agric. Hawaii, I, p. 1-38).
Echthrodelphax f air child ii, g. and sp. nov, (p 20-22 and

36-37)-

1904 Swezey, O. H. "Observations on the life history of Lihur-

nia campcstris with notes on a Hymenopterous parasite
infesting it." (Bull. U. S. Ent. 46, p. 42-46).

1905 Kieffer, J. J. "Uber die sogennanten Pedes raptorii der

Dryiniden." (Zeitschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol. I, p. 6-13).

(2). Systematic.

1893 Ashmead, W. H. "Monograph of the North American
Proctotrypidae." (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 45, p. 80-102).

1898 Dalla Torre. "Catalogus Hymenopterorum." (V, p.
36-46).

ERRATA.

The following corrections are necessary in my papers on Dryinidae :
Bull. I, p. 39, 40.

The genera Haplof/onatopus and Paragonatopus must be transposed,
othei-wise the word "preceding" in the generic characters will lead to serious
error.
Bull. IV, p. 9.

]>ine 1 & 2. •'mimiis" and •'mimoides'' belong to Neogonatopus on the
preceding page.

In table of Dryinidae under heading 3 after "beneath", insert "or at
least with a row of well-developed sublamellate denticles".

Headings 3 0 and 11 should read: .

10 Ul) Pronotum divided by a distinct transverse impression

Paragonatopus.

11 (10) Pronotum not so divided Haplogonatopus.

Bull. IV, p. 14, line 15 ; for "distinct spinules not lamellate" read "dis-
tinct sublaraellate denticles."

R. C. L. P.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

' PART 2

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf- Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. II. EPIPYROPID/E)

Lepidoptera

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

JUNE 3, 1905

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS^ ASSOCIATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SwANZY, President

H. P. Baldwin, Vice-President

VV. O. Smith, Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tennev H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. P. Eckart, Director

E. G. Clarke, Agriculturist

S. S. Peck, Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson, Assistant Chemist

P. R. Werthmueller, Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan, Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher, Pield Foreman

DIVISION OF DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins, Director N. A. Cobb, Director.

A. Koebele, Consulting Entomologist. L. Lewton-Brain, Assistant Director

Alex. Craw, Consulting Entomologist \

G. W. Kirkaldy, Assistant Entomologist f

Incomplete.

F. W. Terry, Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey, Assistant Entomologist

\

>MOLOGY

Bulletin

PART

NO. 1

2

REPORT OF

WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT

STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf- Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. II. EPIPYROPID/E)

Lepidoptera

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H T.

JUNE, 1905

LETTER- OF TRANSMITTAL

Honolulu, T. ri., May 22nd, 1905.

To the Experiment Station Committee, Hawaiian Sugar Plant-
ters' Association.

Gentlemen: — I herewith submit for publication the second
part of a bulletin entitled "Leaf-hoppers and Their Natural
Enemies."

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,

Director, Division of Entomology.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

The first record of caterpillars parasitic upon Homoptera was
that of Bowring in 1850, who discovered a Coccus-like insect
on the back of one of the lantern flies, Pyrops candclana, ac
Hong Kong. Subsequently the moth was bred, and Westwood
described it as a new genus and species of the family Arctiidae,
under the name of Epipyrops anouiala. He likewise described
the caterpillar and the pupa of the same insect. Since West-
wood's time other species of Epipyrops have been noticed in
Japan and North and Central America, but as the references to
these are given below in the bibliographic list it is not neces-
sary to specially refer to them here.

When Mr. Koebele and myself arrived at Cairns in Northern
Queensland and started a systematic investigation of the enemies
oi leaf-hoppers, these parasitic caterpillars naturally came under
our observation at the very beginning of our researches. Al-
though so far as I know no record of their occurrence in Aus-
tralia has yet been published, yet their presence was not un-
known to some of the Australian entomologists. Mr. F. P.
Dodd, a dealer in entomological specimens, had bred one or two
species, though the most casual inspection was suf^cient to show
me that these were neither of the two species we had found in
abundance at Cairns at that time. Mr. Henry Tryon, the Gov-
ernment Entomologist for Queensland, 'had long since found the
curious cocoon of these moths in that State. In fact, thev are
very common insects. In the case of certain species of Delphacid
leaf-hoppers at Cairns, a large percentage carried one or more
of the parasitic caterpillars. Another species of the parasites
affected a commonplace Jassid that lives on the leaves and shoots
of a species of Terminalia, and the number of cocoons formed on
the leaves was almost incredible. As Mr. Koebele's notes well
express it, they were "in millions," and at a glance gave the
leaves somewhat the appearance of being badly affected with a
Puh'inaria, or some such scale-insect. Species also occurred at
Bundaberg, and after I left Australia. Mr. Koebele found them

76

in profusion around Sydney, where nearly a score of hoppers
were found to be afifected. It is therefore probable that they
will be found commonly throughout Australia, and that the
species are fairly num.erous.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE HISTORY OF
EPIPYROPIDAE.

The following account is mainly taken from the study of the
species I call Agauwpsychc threnodes, it being parasitic on the
sugar cane leaf-hopper and a few more Oi less closely allied Del-
phacids. This is the only species known to us, of which numbers
were obtained, which is obviously parthenogenetic, no male at
all having been bred. The female is sluggish, and generally com-
mences to lay very soon after emergence. The eggs were in-
variablv fertile, very numerous, disc-like, of small size, and laid
in large numbers in a batch. In nature they were found depo-
sited on dead grass leaves, on which the cocoons were also col-
kcted. The development of the embryo could be watched
through the thin egg-shell. The imago was not stud'ed in th-;
field, but I bred a number of specimens of a Sydney species from
cocoons sent to Honolulu by Koebele, after my own return.
These were kept in a large cage over growing cane and in every
v.^ay reminded me strongly of a species of Fiiiiiea, with which E
was verv well acquainted manv years ago, vVhen I confined my
attention to the Lepidoptera. It was to the characters of Funiea
that I turned, when working out the material here considered,
feeling sure that the resemblance was more than superficial, and
the investigation has satisfied me that such is reallv the case. The
superficial appearance of the larva in most of its stages is admir-
ably described by Bowring in the words "a. Coccus-like insect,"
for the larva, and also to some extent the cocoon, of many
species greatly resembles certain mealy bugs in superficial ap-
pearance. In the well-grown larva of Agamopsyche the head is
extremely small, and retractile ; the mandibles minute and usually
wholly, or almost wholly, concealed beneath the labrum; and the
labium is produced into a spine-like process or spinneret, direct-
ed downwards. The larva is able to let itself hang down bv a
silken thread, and when freed from its host was often seen to do
this. The head bears a number of longish bristles, the body a
few inconspicuous ones. The eyes are distinct and set on a
darkly pigmented area, and so placed together on the head as

77

to superficially resemble a simple form of compound eye on each
side. The thoracic legs have a small and very sharp claw, which
is abruptly bent backvN^ards. Segmentation is deep and conspicu^
ous, the cuticle corrugated and in life more or less thickly cov-
ered with a floury efflorescence. The third, fourth, fifth and
sixth abdominal segments bear very short prolegs, which, how-
ever, are capable of further protrusion than is usually observed
in preserved specimens. Thev are furnished with a regular cir-
clet of hooks to the number of about 20 in large and 12 or 14
in smaller larvae. An additional terminal pair of legs or clasp-
ers very closely approximated, are imperfect, being armed
with hooks only along the front side. In some species of
Hctcropsyche the hooks are much more numerous, 40 or 50 to
each proleg.

One or more larvae may be seen on a single hopper, but, in
some cases at least, it appears that only one of these is able to
become mature. The moults take place on the hoppers' back,
and one or more cast skins were frequently noticed thereon. Li
the case of Agaiuopsyclic the caterpillars were found only on
mature Delphacids. They affect both short and long winged
forms alike, and either sex of the hopper. In most cases at least
the parasite (unless resting or moulting) has the head turned
towards the tip of the abdomen of the host. Although in many
of the hoppers, that were found affected, there is no waxv excre-
tion, such as the parasitic caterpillars have been supposed to feed
on, yet it is probable that these feed largely on the sweet liquid
excretion or honey-dew, which is abundantly produced at all
times. This opens up the question as to whether the parasite is
or is not fatal to the host. Koebele from observations made at
Sydney believed that the hoppers died soon after the parasite
quitted them. In some cases at least with Aganwpsychc at
Cairns, death followed quickly on the withdrawal of the full-
fed caterpillar. Even immediately after this event in some speci-
mens of a Delphacid, a collapse or distortion of the dorsal
sclerites of the abdomen was obvious, and healthy hoppers in-
cluded in the same jar as parasitized ones outlived the latter. It
would however be premature to say that a mature hopper bear-
ing these parasites is incapable of laying fertile eggs. In the case
of species other than Againopsychc, the caterpillars were observ-
ed on nymphs as well as on mature hoppers. Should the nymphs
moult, it would appear probable that the parasitic caterpillar
would be also discarded, but it is quite possible that the drain on
the strength of the host is sufficient to prevent moulting, as is

78

always the case with the dryinized leaf-hoppers considered in
Pt. I of this Bulletin.

It is, however, the first stage or instar of the caterpillar that is
most interesting, not only on account of its utter dissimilarity in
appearance, when compared with the later stages, but because it
considerably resembles in general appearance that first larval
stage of some parasitic insects of other Orders, which more or
less resembles the primitive form of insects included in ihe
Aptera.

The newly hatched larva is very minute, in shape subcampodei-
form, very long and s.'ender, and tapering to the caudal extrem-
ity. The head and thoracic segments together form about half
the whole length of the larva, and are much more bulky than
the rest. The head is large and remarkable for the great, ovate^
black-pigmented eye on either side, and for the character of the
labium, which in lateral view is often seen forming a large down-
ward continuation of the head, of more or less triangular shape,
its pointed lower extremity being armed with a long sharp spini-;
or spinneret. It is not, however, always thus extruded, but ca-i
be withdrawn beneath the head so as not to be seen in lateral
aspect. On either side of this, on the under surface of the head,
and projecting nearly straight downwards, is a longish palp-like
organ with slightly dilated base, which probably carries a sense
organ. Its position would suggest that it is palpal rather than
antennal. The segmentation is very distinct, the thoracic leg.5
are large and in reality very elongate for a caterpillar, if they are
expanded; but in dead specimens the joints are usually folded up
on one another. There are two longish joints followed by an
indistinct small piece resembling an empodium, over which is a
long curved spinose bristle. The second to the seventh abdo-
minal segments inclusive bear very long ambulatory bristles, set
on projections or pseudopodia; the penultimate and apical seg-
ments have shorter ones, and the apex of the abdomen two ex-
cessively long and fine downward curved hairs.

The cocoons of the Epipyropidae are white, and have a mealy
appearance in most cases, as have the larvae. They exhibit
much variety of form, being usually more or less ornamented
with carinae or outstanding lamellae, and though there may be
ij'dividual variation, yet in man^^ cases those of different species
are quite distinct. Those of the genus Hctcropsyche are more
oinamental than those of Agamopsychc and Palaeo psyche, as
far as the species we collected are concerned. One extremely
beautiful cocoon collected by Koebele is rosette-like, being

79

nearly round, and with three tall vertical lamellae concentrically
arranged about the more solid round centre, which itself has a
central depression. The moth from this was unfortunately not
bred. When the moths hatch the pupa case always remains
largely emergent from the cocoon, but its posterior segments
are never freed, at least under natural conditions, whether the
moth produced be male or female.

CLASSIFICATION.

The parasitic moths of the genus Epipyrops have been placed
in various families by different authors. Westwood as already
mentioned assigned the typical genus to the Arctiidae, but
neither the neuration nor the structure of the legs will admit o?
such a position. Sir George Hampson has suggested phcing it
in the Heferogeneidae {Limaccdidac) but the neuration and
other structural points, as well as the larval prolegs, exclude it.
Dyar who made a critical examination of an indifferent speci-
men from N. America, concluded that it was a "Tineoid form
not referable to the Tineidae proper." This is practically the con-
clusion I have myself arrived at after a careful examination of
the three genera here characterized, though I much regret that I
liave not been able to examine Epipyrops itself. Briefly I con-
sider these insects to form a distinct family most nearly related
tc Fumea and Taleporia of the Tineidae and to the Psyehidae of
the Psychina.

Epipyropidae, fam. nov.

Head and thorax mostly with appressed scales, sometimes
more or less hairy; eyes small and widely separated in front,
ocelli wanting, palpi wanting (said to be present but minute in
Epipyrops). Antennae one-half or less, with very long ciliated
bipectinations in the male, much shorter ones, not ciliated, in the
female. Thorax with appressed scales or more or less hairy; legs
smoothish, not hairy, middle spurs absent, apical spurs at most
represented by extremely minute spines. Forewings with la
(often absent), ib and ic separate; ib sometimes furcate at base,
vein 8 to tip of wing, always very closely approximated to 7 at
the base, or with 7 out of it. In the Australian species here de-
scribed, the cell is divided into three parts by two indistinct
Icngitudinal veins and the apex of the cell is closed only by in-

8o

distinct or obsolete discocellulars. Hindwings with vein 8 (and
7 if present) free to the base not connected with cell.

The mouth parts are so degraded that it is hard to homologizr-
the existing structures with those of an ordinary Tineid. The
slig'ht projection densely covered with scales and visible just be-
low the clypeus, is seen, if denuded, to be a single piece with
emarginate apex, divided by a suture from a basal portion, whiclT
occupies the middle of the head beneath. This structure resem-
bles a simple labium in many insects, but its position seems that
of the base of the proboscis of ordinary moths. The labrum lies
in the deep emargination of the clypeus, and no other mouth-
parts are present.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

1. (2) Cell of hindwings emitting only 4 veins, (vein 4 absent)

7 free to base Palaeopsyche

2. (i) Cell of hindwings emitting 5 veins (vein 4 present) 7

ab.sent.

3. (4) Forewings with vein 7 out of 8 near the apex

Agaiiiopsyclic

4. (3) Forewings with veins 7 and 8 basally approximated but

distinct HeteropsycJic

Palaeopsyche, gen. nov.

Forewings with 2 very distinct internal veins, vein 2 rising
from cell far beyond the middle, widely separated from 3, being
about as distinct from it as 3 is from 4; 7 and 8 very closely ap-
proximated at base, the cell apparently open at the apex, being
only closed by obsolescent veins; vein 12 free. Posterior wings
with only 6 veins in addition to the internal, vein 4 being absent;
apex of cell an acute angle giving- rise to vein 5 only; 7 and 8
free to the base. (PI. fig. 3.)

Palaeopysclie melanias, sp. nov.

Male and female, 7-8.5 mm. Head and thorax black, some-
Vidiat hairy, antennae more or less pale, black or dark at the
points of origin of the pectinations. Antennae in the male with
Q very long bipectinations, and the apex bifid to form a tenth,
the longest pectination about half as long as the whole antenna;

DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES.

1. Neuration of fore and hind wing of Heteropsyphe (female).

2. The same of Agamopsyche (female). Hind wing partly wanting.

3. The same of Palaeopsyche (male).

8i

a short basal pectination, apparently sometimes absent. Anten-
nae of female with much shorter bipectinations than those of th'^
male, the longest of these twice as long as the space between
itself and the next following. Anterior wings dull black, purple-
tinged in some lig^hts, shorter and broader in the male, more
pointed and with very oblique termen in the female; cilia black
or blackish fuscous. Hind wings dark fuscous, greyish tinged,
cilia long, dark fuscous. Abdomen black, no pale anal tufts in
female.

HAB. Cairns, Queensland; abundant on a Jassid on Termi-
nalia.

Heteropsyclic^ gen. nov.

Dififers from Palaeopsyche in that vein 9 of forewings is ab-
sent, vein 4 of hindwings is present, 7 being absent. (PI. fig. i).
Type H. melanochrouia.

The species of this genus are closely allied and difficult. The
material at my disposal consists mostly of specimens that were
allowed to die a natural death, since we wished to obtain eggs
to send to the islands for economic purposes. They are there-
fore much abraded and practically useless for study of characters
other than structural. However, either one or two examples of
each species were killed while in fresh condition, and these serv-
ed for the following descriptions. For t'he separation of the spe-
cies, I have in the table used chiefly the number of pectinations
of the male antennae, which appear constant in all the examples
of the one species that was examined in numbers, in which 1
counted them. Apart from this, however, all differ in details of
coloration. Koebele under number 2358 records that he found
'c species of Epipyrops on some 17 species of leaf-hoppers, Jassid
and Fulgorid. T think it probable that had material of these been
saved in good condition, there would have proved to have beeti
several species of the moths under this number.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
MALES.

I. (4) Antennae with 12 pectinations on the inner side, not
counting one formed by the bifid apex.

2 (3) Forewings more or less variegated; cilia of hind wings
mostly white H. poecilochroma

82

3- (2) Forewings almost uniform blackish or blackish fuscous,
cilia of hindvvings dark H. iiiclanochroina

4 (i) Antennae with less than I2 pectinations on the inner
side, excluding one formed by the bifid apex.

5. (6) Forewings maculately greyish and blackish; antennae

with 10 bipectinations. not counting the bifid apex. .
H. microuwrpha

6. (5) Forewings greyish fuscous indefinitely sprinkled or suf-

fused with dark, antennae with 11 bipectinations (ex-
cluding that formed by the bifid apex) . . .H. dyscrita

I. Hetcro psyche poccilochronia, sp. nov.

Male; expanse about 10 mm. Head and thorax greyish fus-
cous, antennae with 11 lateral bipectinations, an additional basal
pectination apparently unpaired, or at least with the other of
the pair scarcely visible, and the bifid apex of the antenna form-
ing an additional pair of short pectinations; basal joint with a
tuft beneath. Inner pectinations blackish with paler spots or
lines, outer pale with dark tips. Forewings greyish fuscous
strigulated with dark and brownish fuscous, and along the costi
with black so as to have an ill-defined maculate appearance;
termen slie-htly bowed, very oblique, dorsal margin strongly
rounded; cilia dark fuscous. Hindvvings dark fuscous somewhat
brownish tmged, cilia except at their base white.

HAB. On the Mulgrave near Cairns, bred from a Fulgorid.
(Koebele's number 2294).

2. Hctcropsychc inclaiiochroiiia, sp. nov.

Male and female; expanse about 10 mm. Head, thorax and
abdomen black, or blackish fuscous. Antennae in the male with
12 bipectinations (in addition to those formed by the bifid apex)
and a basal tuft beneath. Pectinations in the female very short.
Forewings dull, nearly uniform, blackish fuscous or black, faintly
purple tinged in some lights; hindwings blackish fuscous,
'hairy towards dorsum, cilia blackish fuscous.

HAB. Sydney, N. S. W. Very abundant according to Mr.
Koebele. His Number 2358, which no doubt included more than
one species. Said to have been bred from various Fulgorids
and Tassids.

<53

3. Hcteropsychc inicroinorplia, sp. nov.

Male; expanse about 7 mm. Head and thorax dark fuscous,
greyish ting-ed, abdomen blacker. Antennae with 10 bipectina-
tions in addition to the bifid apex, and with a basal tuft beneath.
Forewings greyish and dark blackish fuscous so arranged that
the grev parts form many small roundish spots, along that costa
partly blackish, cilia blackish fuscous. Hindwings blackish
fuscous, cilia grey-tinged.

Hab. Sydney, N. S. W. (Koebele's number 2352) bred from a
peculiar Fulgorid on fern.

4. Hcteropsychc dyscrifa, sp. nov.

Male; expanse about 9 mm. Head greyish fuscous, thorax
darker, antennae with 1 1 bipectinations (excluding those formed
by the bifid apex) and with a basal tuft beneath. Forewings
greyish fuscous, indefinitely sprinkled and suffused with dark
fuscous, but not so as to be definitely marked or maculate; cilia
dark fuscous more or less grey-tinged at the tips. Hindwings
uniform dark fuscous, cilia paler, grey-tinged.

Hab. Sydney, N. S. W. (Koebele's number 2366). Another
specimen under this number looked like quite another species,
but was too worn for identification. On minute Fulgorid on
Cuscufa.

5. Heteropsyclic sfenouwrpha, sp. nov.

Female; small and with narrow front wings, expanse about 8
mm. the termen very oblique, the dorsum strongly rounded. An-
tennal pectinations very short, the longest hardly longer than the
joint that bears them. Forewings black or blackish fuscous
rather rougfhly scaled, the cilia dark; hindwings like the front,
but rather more finely scaled.

Hab. Sydney, N. S. W. (Koebele's number 2358). Might be
a depauperated form of H. iiiclanochroma, which bears the same
number, but more probably is distinct.

Aganiopsyche, gen. nov.

Dififers from Hcteropsychc in that vein 7 of forewings is out of
8 near the tip of the wing, and in the female the antennae are

84

much more longly bipectinated. From Palaeopsyche it differs
in the absence of vein 9 of forewings and vein 7 of hindvvings.
(PI. fig. 2).

A gamo psyche threnodes, sp. nov.

Female, length 6-8 mm. Head and thorax blackish fuscous
Antennae with rather long pectinations, the longest much longer
than the space between itself and the next following. Forewings,
long and narrow, deep black or blackish fuscous, generally with
a purplish reflection, and with some obscure and variable small
whitish spots ; cilia greyish or greyish fuscous, conspicuously
paler than the wing. Hind wings black or blackish fuscous, cilia
greyish fuscous.

Hab. Cairns on Delphacids, abundant.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1850 BOWRING, J. C. "Letter concerning a curious Coc-
cus-like insect parasitic upon Fulgora candclaria." (Proc.
E. S. London (2) I, p. XXXVL)

1876 WESTWOOD, T. O. (Trans. E. S. London, S 19-24, PL
VIL) Epipyrops anoiuaJa g. and sp. n. parasitic on Pyrops-
candelaria from China.

1877 id. (Trans. E. S. London, 433-7, PI. X, c. fig. 1-3). Notes

on the parasitism of certain Lepidopterous insects.
Epipyrops (?) on Aphaeiia (?) & Eurybrachys spinosa irom
India.

1883 CHAMPION, G. C. (Proc. E. S. London, pp. XX-XXI).
Larvae parasitic on certain small Fulgoridae in Central
America.

1877 id. in Distant W. L. Biologia Centr. Am. Rhynch. Hom.
I, 27. Larvae on Eiichophora sfillifcr.

1889 SHARP, D. Cambridge Nat. Hist. Insects, PI. II, p. 404.

1902 DYAR, H. G. "A lepidopterous larva on a leaf-hopper,
Epipyrops barberiana n. sp." (Proc. E. S. Washington,

V, 43-5).

85

1903 NAWA, U. "Notes on a parasitic moth" (Insect World,
VII, no. I, Engl, suppl. 1-2; plate). Epipyrops nazvai
Dyar on Pomponia japonensis, and maculaticolUs and
Graptopsaltria colorafa. Similar larvae on Ricania japo-
nica. See Dyar (P. E. S. Washington V, 43-5) and Kirk-
aldy (Entomologist XXXVI, 129-30.)

1904 HOLLAND, W. J. "Epipyrops barberiana Dyar." (Ent.
News, XV, 344-5.) On Ormenis pruinosa in Texas; chal-
cid also bred.

DIVISION EOF .ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

^^^^^"^—^•^•—^••^—^ PART 3

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf -Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. III. STVLOPID.^ )

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

AUGUST 8, 1905

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOQATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SwANZY President

H. P. Baldwin Vice-President

W. O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

'E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

■S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

P. R. Wertnmueller.. . Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Loug-her Field Foreman

DIVISION OF DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

B. C. L. Perkins... Director N. A. Cobb Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist L. Lewton-Brain.. .Assistant i^nectd

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist e. M. Grosse Assistant

G. W. Kirkaldy.. .. Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

GENERAL

W, E. Chambers ...Illustrate

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

—^^^"^^^^^^^^^^ PART 3

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf - Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

( PT. III. STVLOPia^ )

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU. H. T.

AUGUST 8, 1905

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Honolulu, T. H., July 14th, 1905.

Special Coniniittee 011 Experiment Station,

H. S. P. A., Honolulu, T. H.
Gentlemen:

I, herewith, submit for publication the third part of the Bul-
letin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Enemies.''

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE STYLOPIDAE.

The Stylopidae or Strepsiptera are minute insects of grear
interest on account of their anomalous structure and their
remarkable parasitic habits. Even now, though they are com-
mon insects, their structures have been very imperfectly exam-
ined, and the most diverse opinions have been expressd as tc-
their natural atihnities. Sir Sydney Saunders, who monograph-
ed the group in 1872, divided them into two groups on account
of their habits, viz: the Hymenopterobiae parasitic on bees,
wasps, and ants, and Homopterobiae parasitic on Homoptera.
The latter group was made to contain Westwood's genus
Colaciiia, parasitic on a leaf-hopper from Borneo, and I believe
never yet characterized. Since that time, Mr. Edward Saunders,
in 1892, discovered the long known genus Elencliiis, the host
of which had been the subject of various erroneous conjectures,
to be parasitic on a small leaf-hopper of the genus Libnrnia.
Two years ago Mr. Koebele bred this same insect in quantities
from Libnrnia in the State of Ohio, and subsequently in Cal-
ifornia, while in Australia we found the same to be very com-
mon in every locality which we investigated, and to attack not
only Liburnia, but several other genera of Delphacid leaf-hop-
pers. Finally, Mr. Koebele, after my return to Hawaii, when
he proceeded to Fiji, at once discovered Elciichus there in num-
bers, attacking various Delphacids, and we had previously found
the females and male puparia in leaf-hoppers sent from those
islands for our inspection. Otherwise outside Europe, a species
of this genus had been collected in numbers in Mauritius by
Templeton some seventy years ago. Nor is it only the Homop-
terous Rhynchota that are attacked, for Sharp has recorded a
case of a Stylopid attacking a Pentatomid bug of the genus CJvry-
socoris from East Asia, and I had the pleasure of examining
this interesting specimen, when I was last in Cambridge. We
failed to find any Australian Pentatomid stylopized, though we
examined considerable numbers, but as owing to pressure of
other matters we were unable to make any really extensive
search, it is quite probable that such will be found there. At
least not only are many Fulgoridae and Jassidae afifected with
these parasites at all points investigated, from Sydney in New

91

South Wales to Cairns in Northern Queensland, but so too are
the Aculeate Hymenoptera, both the Vespidae (Polistes, etc.)
and many Fossores, such as the common, house-frequenting
Pclopocits of the Sphegidae, the Bembecidae, Stizidae, and no
doubt many others.

It is but rarely that any of the male Stylopidae are met with
on the wing, and consequently they appear to be rarely well
represented in collections of Coleoptera; but they are so easily
bred and in reality so common everywhere that our want of
knowledge of their habits and structure is astonishing, when
we consider how remarkable these are. On account of their
larger size, the Stylopidae that are parasitic on bees and wasps,
are in some ways more suitable for study than those on Homop-
tera. My experience of the bee parasites has been far more
extensive than with the Rhvnchotal ones, as I have found them
everywhere in England, very abundant in bees in California,
common in Arizona, and Mexico, casually noticed them at
Washington and rather commonly in Halictiis at Montreal. To
their occurrence in Australia, I have already referred. In spite
of this, it is doubtful whether any museum in the world pos-
sesses a collection of even a few hundred specimens of these
parasites, such as would adequately illustrate the various sub-
families, genera, and species.

With regard to the species parasitic in bees such as Aiidrciia,
in order to obtain the male parasites freely, I have found ii
necessary to note one fact in countries, which have a cool win-
ter. It is known that sometimes in the case of Andrena, and
probably generally, the male Stylops, like the bee it infests, is
fully developed, even in midwinter, and only awaits the emer-
gence of its host in the spring; to issue from its body. Therefore
the first appearance of the bees in the spring should be watched
for, and their first appearance in the morning, since the Stylops
\vill often emerge at the very moment that the bee first comes
from its burrow into the sunlight. Later on the majority of
the bees bear only female parasites, or the empty puparia of
males. Notable exceptions are indeed known to these facts but
nevertheless they are generally true of the genus Stylops itself,
when parasitic on the spring species of Andrena in colder coun-
tries, and it is these species that are chiefly afifected. On the
other hand, fossorial Hymenoptera and wasps may retain t'he
male puparia of Xenos and its allies unhatched for days and
even weeks after capture, and in the case of the Fossores it is
sometimes difficult to keep the hosts alive till the parasites

92

emerge. With the parasites of Jassicl leaf-hoppers, emergence
from the puparia sometimes does not take place for a week or
more after capture, but these leaf-hoppers are more easily kept
alive in captivity than most of the Fossorial Hymenoptera.

EFFECT OF ATTACK OF STYLOPIDAE ON THEIR

HOSTS.

The external and internal effects of stylopization on the hosts
have been studied by various hymenopterists in the case of the
typical genus Sfylops, but tlicy still requux much closer turther
examination. In 1891 I showed that males of certain species of
bees bearing the females of Stylops were apparently perfectly
capable of reproduction. I have fully verified these observa-
tions subsequently. Pififard has recorded the fact of a stylopized
male bee copulating, and I have myself since noticed similar
cases, but in this respect the most remarkable case observed by
me was that of the male of a leaf-hopper, a large species of
Tcttigoiiia bearing two great male puparia and two mature
female parasites, which was in copula with a female carrying
three or four parasites. Female bees of the genus Halictus
infested with Stylops hibernate like healthy individuals. On the
other hand, Theobald examining other species of Andrena came
to a conclusion almost opposite to my own, which may have
been due to the fact that the species investigated by us were
different. I suspect however that it was largely due to two
causes: (i) that he chiefly examined bees containing, or that
had contained, male Stylops, the efifect of which is much more
severe on the host than is the female parasite; (2) he examined
material in alcohol, and it is quite possible that^ in the process
of pickling, the contents of the vesiculac scininalcs were lost, as
I have shown this may happen on contact with water, or possi-
bly by the pressure of other parts on contraction in the alcohol.
All my specimens were freshly caug'ht ones, dissected under
anaesthetics, and only after the whole genital system had been
removed entire, glands, ducts and armature, were the bees
placed in alcohol for the examination of other organs. It is
obviously perfectly impossible that, in the species to which my
paper refers, the germ cells were destroyed in the larva of the
bee as Theobald says we should expect to be the case.

In the case of stylopized leaf-hoppers, I should judge that the
efifects are a good deal the same as in stylopized bees, from such
observations as we were able to make on the former, (i) The

93

male parasite injures the host more than the female, causing
generally a considerable and often large distortion of the body
.(2) Both male and female hoppers will copulate though very
badly parasitized. (3) Death usually follows after the emer-
gence of a male Stylopid, sometimes immediately, sometimes in
a few hours, but sometimes not for some days in the case of
especially robust hoppers, as also is the case with some wasps.
(4) The much more fatal effect of the male parasite is not alto-
gether due to the fact that the puparium is much larger (as to
its protruded portion) than the mature female, and also usually
more chitinized on its hidden segments, but it is largely due to
the fact that, when the mature Stylopid emerges, the cap of the
puparium being burst open and often altogether removed, a
great opening extending far into the interior of the body of the
host freely admits both light and air to the viscera, and this
clearly produces most injurious and often rapidly fatal results.
Possibly too it may be that the male parsite, so far more highly
developed than the female, requires for its perfection to draw
more heavily for nutriment on its host. Again in the case of
leaf-hoppers, at least at certain seasons, no sooner does the
male parasite emerge, than a fungous disease at once starts its
attack in the opening thus made, the results of which are abso-
lutely deadly. Sometimes, but much more rarely, one will find
the fungus has developed at the point of protrusion of the female
parasite. This fungus disease seems to be a constant con-
comitant of Stylopid attack on leaf-hoppers, both in America,
Australia and Fiji. I have dealt with this question of the efifect
of the parasite at some length, because strenuous ellforts were
made to introduce Eleiichiis into these islands (it is to be feared
unsuccessfully so far) for economic reasons, and it would be
essential in my opinion to bring both the parasites and the con-
comitant fungus above mentioned to secure the best results. As,
in Fiji, Elcnchns attacks a species of Pcrkinsiclla closely allied
to our sugar-cane leaf-hopper, it could probably be much more
easily imported from those islands than elsewhere.

THE GENERA HALICTOPHAGUS AND ELENCHUS.

The genus Halictophagiis.

The literature accessible to me that deals with this genus is
deficient, and I do not know whether this parasitic insect has
been actually bred from the bee genus Halictus or whether its
assignment to these common bees is altogether based on con-

94

jecture, as it was when Westwood wrote his "Introduction." On
examination of the AustraHan Stylopidae that infest Jassids, it
is evident that these are so extremely close to Halictophagus
as figured by Westwood that I have left one of these species in
that genus and have made a new subgenus for the reception of
another. I incline to believe that Halictophagus, which appears
to be very little known, and hardly noticed since J. C. Dale cap-
tured the type of the genus in 1832, and again took it in the
same county (Dorset) in England in i8>40j_ is really a Jassid
parasite, and could be easily bred in numbers by any one who
would investigate some of the Jassids in that country, Agallia,
Tcttigonia, or some such common form, being likely to prove its
hosts. I am further led to believe its connection with Halictus
is entirely suppositions because Mr. C. W. Dale, the son of the
above named entomologist, writing 60 years after the type was
obtained, says "Halictophagus is supposed to be a parasite of
Halictus, Elcnchus of Prosopis." We know the latter assign-
ment of host and parasite to be incorrect, and probably the
former is also. The Australian species of Halictophagus and of
vvhich males are known are confined to Jassids, but females of
a quite distinct species found on large Fulgorids are in my opin-
ion also allied, and belong to the same group.

The genus Elcnchus.

So far as our observations have gone, these being- confined
to a single species, Elcnchus attacks only .Delphacid leaf-
hoppers, and of these only such as feed on Graminaceous plants,
not those found on shrubs or trees. I see no reason, after the
examination of dry and alcoholic material and specimens pre-
served in balsam, to specifically separate the Australian exam-
ples from the American (the latter from Ohio and California^
nor either of these from the Vitian. Again 1 refer all these to
the British Elcnchus tcnuicornis. Other species of Elcnchus
have been described from Mauritius and Britain, but whether
these are all distinct, I feel some doubts. Dried specimens of
these insects become more or less distorted or shrivelled, so
that examples of one species thou,'gh taken together often ex-
hibit apparent differences from these causes. Mounted in bal-
sam, sHght differences in position often give a very different
appearance to various structures, e. g., the antennae, genitalia,
etc. Next to fresh specimens those preserved in alcohol are
most suitable for study. Throughout Koebele's notes this
species is referred to under the name Colacina Westw. on the

95

authority of Mr. E. A. Schwartz but I cannot think that Cola-
cina and Elcnchus are identical. At any rate this is true
Elenchiis, and it does not seem Hkely that Westwood would have
so forgotten this genus, which he knew well in 1840, as to make
a new one for the same insect years afterwards. Mr, Koebele
found in Ohio, at the same time as Elcnchus, that a Jassid
[Agallia) was also affected by a Stylopid parasite. On a slide
are some mutilated specimens in balsam of the male parasites,
which he found stuck to the glass in the tubes in which these
Agallia were kept alive. I cannot see any difference whatever
between these males and the Elcnchus bred from Liburnia, but
on examination of the dead Agallia, I find female Stylopids of
a character so utterly different from that of Elcnchus, that I
imagine a Liburnia must have been accidentally included, from
v.'hich the males in question emerged. Moreover the larvae
from these females are different from those of Elcnchus. 1 think
ii probable that the male of these females will prove to be a
Halictophagus, but Mr. Kocbele's well known accuracy and his
opinion that the males sent came from Agallia, make further
investigation necessary. By this I mean it is necessary to in-
vestigate Agallia, to prove whether it is at any time attacked by
Elcnchus. That these female Stylopids found in Agallia do not
belong to that genus needs no investigation, and there is no
possibility of their belonging to the males supposed to have
been bred from the same leaf-hoppers; indeed there is no reason
to doubt that they belong to the Halictophaginae.

THE LARVAE OF STYLOPIDAE.

The larvae of Stylopidae when they emerge from the brood-
chamber of the female are often called triungulins, but very in-
appropriately so, since they entirely lack the very structures for
which the name triungulin has been applied to the first instar
of larval Mcloc and otner beetles, ihe larvae of Styloipds para-
sitic on Homoptera are much smaller and more difficult to study
than are some of t'he wasp-oarasites, and I have therefore figured
in ventral view a larva of one of the latter (which is allied to
Xenos) for comparison. This larva (PI. IV, 5) when highly
magnified is like Lcpisina in general appearance and otherwise
is chiefly remarkable for the great pigmented eye-spots around
the lenses, and the structure of the elongate legs. The first two
pairs of these terminate in the rounded pad noticed by writers
on larval Stylops, but the hinder pair bear in place of this a long
fine spine or seta, from which, near the extremity, there arises a
Hner and strongly curved one.

96

The young larva of Elciichits (PI. 1\ , 3 and 4) in general
resembles this, the legs being long, the eye spots large, and the
pair of apical abdommal setae very long. All the legs however
terminate in a long curved spine or seta, the two anterior pairs
not differing much from the posterior. The ventral surface is
much depressed, the dorsal convex. Each abdominal segment
has a minute seta at the side, and on either side close to the
middle line is an additional row of setae.

In the Australian subgenus Brucsia the larva (PI. IV, i and
2) is larger than that of Elcnchus, generally more parallel-
sided, but both it and Elenchns are subject to considerable
variation in shape according to the retraction or otherwise of
the body segmnets. It also appears to differ from Elenchns in
the arrangement of the setae of the ventral surface, but the claws
of the legs are of a somewhat similar character, and unlike those
of Xenos and the other hymenopterous parasites.

Newport's figure of the larva of Sty lops reproduced in The
Cambridge Natural History, if it be correct, would show that
genus to be utterly unlike any of those here considered, no trace
of the great eye spots being shown and the many jointed feet
are utterly foreign to the species I have examined. Indeed I
should not have recognized it as a Stylopid larva at all alter
my recent study of these.

THE PUPARIA OF STYLOPIDAE.

The puparium of a male Stylopid, that is to say the exserted
portion, generally bears a great resemblance to the adult female
except for the fact that it is rounded instead of flattened. In
many cases the tubercles or depressions with which the apex is
furnished closely resemble those in the female. As the male
Stylopid becomes mature its head can be seen within the ex-
serted apex of the somewhat transparent puparium, and this
fact, combined with the great similarity between this part of the
puparium and the exserted end of the female, would have satis-
fied me that in the latter it was the head end exserted, and not
the tail as Meinert supposed, even if it had not been conclu-
sively settled by the position of the ganglia in Xenos. Saunders
has figured the adult Elenchns escaping from jthe puparium
yentral^ side upwards — we have frequently watched the same
insect issuing in this manner — and remarks that Xenos does the
same, but that Stylops and Hylecthrns are said to emerge in
reversed position. The puparia of all the Stylopids examined
by us, on the emergence of the mature insect, split open by the

97

regular dehiscence of an apical cap. The pupa itself, as it ap-
proaches maturity, is more or less visible through the shell. It
appears to me of a decidedly Coleopterous type, and when the
mature insect emerges the pupal skin is shed as the most deli-
cate of pellicles.

SOME RELATIONS OF PARASITE AND HOST.

In the case of Xenos parasitic on wasps of the genus Folistes,
Hubbard noted the marked hostility of the host towards the
parasite. Brues did not observe this with his specimens, and
suggests that this was due to the fact that no females of the
Xcnos were present in the wasps that he studied, and conse-
quently that the males of the parasite did not approach these
for the purpose of pairing. This is very probably the true ex-
planation of the difference in the wasps' behaviour in the two
cases, in confirmation of which one may cite the old and often
quoted observation of J. C. Dale: "Puiting two bees (Aiidrciia
labialis) under a glass in the sun two Stylops were produced: the
bees seemed uneasy and went up towards them, but evidently
with caution, as if to fight; and moving their antennae towards
them, retreated. I once thought the bee attempted to seize it ;
but the oddest thing was to see the Stylops get on the body of
the bee and ride about, the latter using every effort to throw
his rider." This certainly seems to point to the conclusion ar-
rived at by Brues, the Andrcna in question probably bearing a
female specimen of the parasite. In the case of leaf-hoppers,
we did not notice any sign of disturbance on the part of the
host at the presence of the male parasites, nor did we ever see
copulation take place, though we often had many male and
female Elcnchiis in the same jar. It will probably prove that
the remarkable mandibles of many male Stylopids- are for the
purpose of 'holding on to the host during the pairinlg of the
sexes. In general it would appear that these organs are less
remarkable in the parasites that attack leaf-hoppers, than in
those that occur in bees and wasps, in fact in some of the former
class they are small and of very simple form.

In the case of Polistcs there is, according to Brues, a well-
rrarked tendency for all the parasites in one wasp to develoj?
the same sex. This is also notably the case with some of the
Stylopids affecting the Fossorial Hymenoptera, but with those
attacking leaf-hoppers it is often quite otherwise, and it is of
the commonest occurrence to find male and female parasites in
the same individual hopper.

98

It is perhaps worthv of notice tliat the male puparia of the
species of Halictopliagiis parasitic on Jassids, pierce the dorsum
or even the venter of the abdomen of these leaf-hoppers, but
the head of the female is always, or nearly always, thrust
through the pleura. On the contrary in Elciiclnts and Dcinc-
IcncJins, parasitic on Fulgorids, the male puparium (as well as
the head of the female parasite) is exserted from the pleural
region only.

In the case of the Halictophaginac we" found only mature
leaf-hoppers to contain mature female parasites and puparia;
but in the case of ElcncJius tcmiiconiis the nvmph or adult
Delphacids will alike '^roduce mature parasites of either sex.

CLASSIFICATION.

The dififerences between the various forms here considered
are so great, that if the Stvlopidae are considered as a family of
Coleoptera, they must represent three sub-families; or if these
oarasites be treated as a separate Order, Strepsiptera, they
might even form three families. The marked differences in the
head, legs, and thoracic sclerites being probably suflficient to
warrant the higher division. Thev may be distinguished as
follows :

r. Tarsi 4-jointed Stylopinae.

2. Tarsi •^-jointed Halictophaginae

3. Tarsi 2-jointed Elenchinae

As personally I consider the Stylopidae to be a Coleopterous
family, the divisions here are treated as sub-families.

The first of these divisions is capable of further subdivision,
of a character in my opinion more than merely generic, but it is
not necessary to enter into these minor distinctions here. The
family will, naturally, be placed next to the Mordellidae (incl.
Rhipiphoridae).

The measurements and descriptions of the female Stylopidae
are made from the head, as it appears when the animal is im-
bedded in Its host; for the variation in the length of the exserted
portion in different individuals is very small.

Female Elenchinae are (so far as the species collected by us
are concerned) easily distinguished from Halictophaginac by
the absence of the median apical plate and other apical struct-
ures, and the presence of discal areas in front of the brood-
chamber opening.

99

LIST OF SPECIES OF STYLOPIDAE HERE CON-
SIDERED.

STYLOPINAE.

Gen.? sp. nov. near Xenos.

KALICTOPHAGINAE.
Halictop'hagus.
H. scJnvarsii,, sp. nov.
H. aiiicricanus, sp. nov.

subg^. Bruesia, subg. nov.
B. oiisfralcn'sis, sp. nov.
B. pliacodcs, sp. nov.
B. stcnodcs, sp. nov.
Megalechthrus, gen. nov.
M. tryoiii, sp. nov.

FLENCHINAE.
Elenchus.

E. tcnuicornis, Curt.
Deinelenchus, gen. nov.
D. australensis, sp. nov.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF STYLOPIDAE.

As the position of Stylopidae as a whole amongst the Insecta
has been a cause of much discussion and disagreement, so the
character of various structures has also been diversely in-
terpreted. There is no question that the mouth-parts are of an
abnormal character, and difficult to study, but that there should
have been differences of opinion as to the thoracic sclerites and
their appendages is not so easily understood. Even in the min-
ute Elenchus, by far the most difficult of the Stylopidae to dis-
sect, the prothorax and mesothorax can easily be separatecf
entire, each in the form of a complete ring, exhibiting notal,
pleural, and sternal portions, well marked, the former sclerite
bearing the front legs, the meso-thoracic, in addition to the mid-
dle pair of legs, havinp- the ladle-shaped elytra attached to the
sides.

The mouth parts of Elenchus and its other characters have
been elaborately discussed by Eaton, but the figure given bs'
him is an unfortunate one, owing to the position in which it
was drawn ; for of the part which he considers the li^ula. the
extremity approximate to the labium is not visible at all. Nev-

lOO

crtheless, had I examined no other Stylopid than Elenchns, I
might possibly have agreed with his interpretation of the mouth
parts, but the examination of a species of a genus alhed to
Xcnos, and more especiahy a close saidy of the head of a species
cf the subgenus Brucsia (hereafter described) and of a species
of Halictophagns, leads me to favor a different interpretation.
The delicate transverse band on the under side of the head I
agree in considering labium, the two-jointed organ on either
side of it being probably the labial palpi. The part called ligula
by Eaton requires close study being in many Stylopidae bent at
an angle, to form two planes; when the upper part is seen in
full surface view, the lower part meeting it at a strong angle
slopes very strongly backwards from the point of meet-
ing. This structure might be called an epistome, but it is pos-
sible that the lower part is really the labrum or upper lip, the
position of which it occupies. Between the apex of the lip and
the labium approximated to it, is the closed, or obsolescent oral
aperture. The so-called mandibles are probably rightly so
called. Adopting Eaton's interpretation the oral aperture ot
Elenchns is bounded by and in fact leads into the frontal pro-
cess, but this seems to me certainly erroneous. According to
the view here suggested by me, the mouth parts of the Stylo-
pidae are not so extremelv remarkable. The difficultv of study-
ing the insect is not only due to the small size and delicate
structure, but also to the fact that the sides of the face within
the eyes have sharp protuberant edges, so that this part is more
or less deeply excavated, the other structures being partly or
wholly immersed, and further obscured by the mandibles and
palpi. In Brnesia anstralcnsis however, and Halictophagns
schivarzii, the face is much more open, and after dissecting ofif
the mandibles and palpi the parts can be studied with compara-
tive ease. It was therefore found advisable to carefully examine
these before coming to any decision as to the mouth-parts of
Elenchns. In PI. I, fig. i, is a diagrammatic view of the front
of the head, simplified from what is actually seen in Brnesia and
Halictophagns, as I interpret it, actual figures of these being
given on the same plate, fig. 2 and 5. The parts indicated by
the letters b and d together represent what I have already
called epistome, of which however, the lower portion (d) may
be labral; e is the labium, and the closed, or at least obsolescent,
oral opening is the slit between d and e. For'the rest, the other
parts are sufficiently explained in the description of the figures,
but special attention must be called to the foramen (c) at or
rear the junction of b and d. This exists in Elenchns, Halic-

lOI

iophagns, Bvncsia and in the species examined of a genus allied
to Xenos, in fact in all the male Stylopids considered in this
paper, and as it furnishes an easy means of identifying homo-
logous parts of the face, it is of great importance.

If we now consider the parts of the face in Elcivchiis as com-
I)ared with Bniesia the most striking difference noticed at once
is the fact that the part immediately ahove the foramen (which
corresponds to b in the diagrammatic figure) appears to end
above in a free edge and not to be sutured to the frontal process.
It is this edge that Eaton considers the apex of the Ugnla, and
the cavity between it and the frontal process as the oral open-
ing. I believe however that this edge is not the real extremity
of this plate but is due only to a sharp bend therein. We arc
therefore left with two alternatives: if we consider with Eaton
that there is a great Ugnla, then in Brncsia and Halictophagns
schwarzii the apex of the ligula is not free, but continuous with
the frontal process, and not even divided therefrom by a dis-
tinct suture; or if we adopt the interpretation that I favor, we
shall consider the same part as epistome, or epistome and lab-
rum, though in some genera its basal (upper) margin is deeply
imbedded in the excavated front of the head. A strong immer-
sion of the clypeus beneath the level of the front, or of labrum
beneath the clypeus, is by no means unfamiliar in other orders
of mandibulate insects. In a species of a genus allied to Xcnos,
the head of which is figured on Plate I, fig. 4, it will be seen
that the epistonial portion lies entirely immersed beneath the
prominent edges of the sides of the face. As to the division of
the lower part of the face into epistome and labrum, both in a
dry specimen of Brncsia and in one mounted in balsam, I think
1 can detect faint sutures, marking off a labrum from the epis-
tome, and I suspect that the foramen always marks the division
between these.

THE THORACIC SEGMENTS.

The pro- and meso-thorax appear to be always small and ring-
like, and one or both of these are immersed in the posterior con-
cavity of the head (PI. I, fig. 3), and on superficial examination
may even appear to be part of this.

In some figures of Stylopidae the top of the head is repre-
sented as much more solid than it really is, the pronotum prob-
ably having been considered as part of the vertex. The meta
thorax differs greatly in the arrangements of its parts in differ-
ent genera. In Elenchns (PI. II, fig. 11) the posterior of the four

102

anterior lobes, which may be called the scutellum, is semilunar,
and extremely small compared with the great triangular anter-
ior lobe, not penetrating forwards between the lateral lobes.
The post-scutellum also is unusually short.

In Halictophagus and Briicsia, (PI. II, fig. 9} the scutellum is
triangular, but much smaller than the anterior lobe, penetrating
somewhat between the lateral lobes, the post-scutellum being
very elongate. In a genus allied to Xcnos there is a great tri-
angular scutellum, produced far forwards between the lateral
lobes and longer than the anterior lobe (PI. II, fig. lo). It is
clear that 'the structure of the thorax will prove of great use in
the classification of Stylopidae. The great differences between
the tarsi of the several subfamilies are shown in PI. II, figs. 6,
7 and 8, and also the wings of Elciichns, Bniesia and ? Halic-
tophagus on the same plate (figs, i, 2, 3), so that it is not neces-
sary to refer further to these.

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Bniesia n. subg. (of Halictophagus).

Head very deeply concave behind, seen from above consisting
only of a narrow rim supporting the eyes, and produced con-
siderably in front of these to form the tip of the blunt and wide
frontal projection, at the sides of which the antennae are insert-
ed. That which appears to be the top of the head on super-
ficial inspection, is in reality the dorsum of the pro- and meso-
thorax, which in their natural position are deeply immersed
v/ithin the posterior concavity of the head, which they more or
less fill up. Antennae with the two basal joints simple, the fol-
lowing excessively short, being produced laterally into an elon-
gate and thin lamina, the first and fifth (or last) of these laminae
l)ein,g larger than the others and capable of enclosing them in a
fan-like fashion. Mandibles very short compared with thosi
of other Stylopids, their tips not reaching one another, simply
pointed. Labial palpi very large, the second joint foliaceous
half as wide as long, pilose, subacuminate at the apex. Scutel-
lar portion of metanotum moderately large, penetrating some-
what between the lateral lobes of its anterior portion, trian-
gular, and very different from the small semilunar scutellum of
ElcncJins: the post scutellum very elongate, twice as long as
\vide, or appearing still longer in dry specimens, covering sev-
eral of the basal abdominal segments. Elytra clavate or ladle-
shaped in well-preserved specimens, Wings smoky hyaline,

I03

neuration black, very distinct. Tibiae dilated apically, and
grooved or hollowed above for the partial reception of the three-
jointed tarsi, when these are drawn up.

1. Halictophagus (Bnicsia) aiistralcnsis, sp. nov.

Black or blackish fuscous, the thorax paler, piceous or brown-
ish, the lamellate joints of the antennae also paler, yellowish or
sordid testaceous. Wings smoky hyaline, with slight but evi-
dent iridescence, the neuration strong, black. Apical abdominal
segment with its genital process concave above and much pro-
duced, towards the base with an upright tongue-shaped, pilose
organ; in lateral view the sides are slightly convergent to the
apex, which is armed with a recurved hook, the tip of which is
itself bent upwards; in front of the origin of this uncus the pro-
cess has a small deep emargination. The apical ventral segment
is triangular and produced at the apex. The abdomen is cloth-
ed with a very delicate cinereous pubescence. Expanse about
4 mm.

Female. Head yellow or brownish yellow, distinctly rounded
at the sides, with a distinct anterior median area (or plate) mark-
ed out, and slightlv produced; tuberculate on either side of this
area in front. The opening of the brood-chamber is behind the
middle of the exposed part of the head, the surface between this
opening and the apexsubconvex. Length about Vs mm.

(Plate I, figs. 3, 5 and 9; Plate II, figs, i, 7, g and 12; PI. Ill,
fig. 8 and 9.)

Hab. Cairns, Queensland, parasitic on a ver}' common and
conspicuous species of Tcffigoiiia. many parasitized examples
being taken by us. (No. 2238).

2. Halicfophagiis (Bnicsia) phacodcs, sp. nov.

Female. Head broader than long, brown, more yellowish in
front and darker behind the opening of the brood chamber,
strongly rounded at the sides, the anterior median area defined
and slightly produced, tuberculate on either side of this area in
front; the surface slightly convex between the opening of the
brood-chamber and the apex. Length about ^ mm.

(Plate III, fig. 3).

Hab. Cairns, Queensland; one female specimen parasitic on a
common green flat-headed Jassine of the genus Hccalus.

I04

3- HaUctophagns (Bntcsia) stcnodcs, sp. nov.

Female. Head narrow, subelongate, sides not strongly
rounded, more parallel-sided, piceous, shining, opening of the
brood-chamber near the middle of the head, the surface slightly
convex. Otherwise agreeing generally with the preceding.
Length about ^ mm.

(Plate III, fig. 2).

Hab. Cairns, Queensland. One female, parasitic on a small
seed-like brown Jassine of the genus Ptwadorydiiim. I also
took one bearing a male pit pari n in.

? HalictopJiagiis Curtis.

The species, which I provisionally assign to this genus, differs
from the male of the subgenus Bnicsia in that the five apical
antennal joints are not all of thin laminate form throughout,
but the basal ones of these are of more normal form, and the
branches are less thinly laminate. The face, as far as I have
been able to examine it, appears to be of simple form, the middle
part not much separated from the lateral elements, nor deeply
immersed beneath the latter, and the palpi to be much more
slender than in Bnicsia. The general form of the metathorax,
tarsi, and genital segment is the same as in that subgenus.

The unique specimen described was originally mounted on a
slide in balsam and much distorted, the prothorax and front legs
being so displaced as to overlie and conceal the head, while one
crumpled wing concealed the body. It was therefore removed
from the balsam, cleaned, and relaxed, so far as was possible,
the one wing was removed and the prothorax was put more or
less into its proper place.

It is most probable htat this insect is not true HaUctophagns,
hut possibly it may be included in Bnicsia, when the latter
ranks, as I have little doubt it will, as a good genus. In West-
v/ood"s figure of HaUctophagns, the metathorax is very differ-
ent, as also is the terminal abdominal segment, in which the
Australian forms closely resemble one another. In the an-
tennae however the present species is intermediate between
HaUctophagns and Bnicsia. (See Westwood Int. Mod. Class.
Ins. II, fig. 94, lo and 14).

4. HaUctophagns:^ schwarcii, sp. nov.
Black, clothed with extremely delicate sericeous pubescence,

I05

v^fhi'ch is cinereous in some parts; the extreme tip of the abdo-
men testaceous; metathorax more or less obscurely pale in some
parts, at least along some of the sutures. Antennae blackish,
third and fourth join't short, subtriangular, with one of the
apical angles produced uito a long branch, fifth and sixth joints
shorter than the preceding, more ring-like, but produced into
similar branches; seventh joint lamellate throughout. Wings
subhyaline, slightly smoky and iridescent, the nervures very-
distinct, blackish. Expanse 3 mm.

(Plate I, fig. 2 and 7; PI. II, fig. 2).

Hab. Mittagong, New South Wales, bred from a common
Bythoscopine Jassid, Agallia or an allied genus, found on Mela-
leuca (Koebele 2356). I have named this after Mr. E. A.
Schwartz, who was interested in the Stylopids discovered in Ohio
by Mr. Koebele, and has often placed his knowledge at Mr.
Koebele's service.

5. Halictopliagus ( ?) ajiicricaii'iis, sp. nov.

Female. Dark brown or piceous, suboblong, the anterior
median area dis'tinct in apical view, but generally hardly visible
in surface view, owing to its position on the apex of the head,
which is bent at an angle to the outer surface; tuberculate on
either side of this area; the whole disc of the head deeply im-
pressed so as to form a great cavity leading into the opening
of the brood-chamber. Length about J mm.

It is, I should think, almost impossible that this female can
be congeneric with those I have assigned to the subgenus
Brucsia. It would not be surprising to find that this is really
the female of Halictophagiis proper, though we have no proof
that such is the case. As the parasite is so common in Ohio on
the Jassid Agallia 4-notata it is to be hoped that the entomo-
logists of that state will quickly decide his question.

(Plate III, fig. 6).

Hab. Columbus, Ohio; taken abundantly by Mr. Koebele,
(No. 2191).

Megalechthrus, gen nov.

Female. Head ovate, moderately elongate, the opening of
the brood-chamber near the middle or rather in front of it, the
small anterior median area distinct, a little produced in front,
and tuberculate on either side of this area in front. This large
form appears to be allied to Brucsia and Halicfophagiis, but is

io6

I think dis'tinct generically from these, by its long, ovate form
and great size.

Mcgalcchthnis tryoni, sp. nov.

Female. Head ovate, moderately elongate, yellow or brown-
ish yellow, shining when clean, but often dull from the excre-
tion of ics host, more strongly convex behind the orifice of the
brood-chamber than in front of it.

Male puparium brown or pitchy, unicolorous or nearly so,
Length about ^3 mm.

(Plate III, fig. 5.)

Hab. Cairns and I think noticed in other localities in Queens-
land. Unfortunately we did not breed the male, not having
time to pay any particular attention to this parasite, though we
frequently noticed Fulgorids of the genus Platyhrachys, or its
allies, to be affected by it. I have named the species after Mr.
Henry Tryon the Government Entomologist of Queensland,
whose wide general knowledge of the fauna of that State is so
well-known to all.

Elcnchus, Curt.

The characters of this genus have been elaborately drawn up
by Eaton and it is not necessary to repeat these. I have already
stated wherein I differ from him in the interpretation of the
mouth parts. Briefly what he considers to be the ligula I con-
sider to be epistome or epistome and labrum, the oral aperture
of his description being merely a deep concavity beneath the
frontal projection. Although what he considers to be the third
and fourth antennal joints are unquestionably morphologically
so, yet it appears that at the point of their divergence these may
be connected by a thin submembranous portion and not perfectly
free. Further he remarks that the wings are "well represented
by previous authors," but Westwood's figure of these is quite
unlike any specimen I have seen, in neuration, and the same
remark applies to the metathoracic acutellum.

Elenchus tenuicornis, Kirb.

Female. Head brownish or pitchy, opening of the brood-
chamber far behind the middle and very large, no anterior me-
dian area and tubercles defined, but with a faint round spot just
in front of the brood-chamber orifice on each side of the mid-
dle line. Length { mm.

I07

Male. Apparent slenderness of the antennal joints varying
much according to aspect and from shrinka,ge. Metathorax
Daler in some than other; in balsam specimens becoming mucii
paler with age.

(PI. I, fig. 6 and 8; PI. II, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6, 11 and 12; PL III,

^^S- 4-) ^ .

Hab. Columbus, Ohio, and Alameda, California, or Lihnrma
hitulenta in abundance (Koebele). Everywhere abundant in
Queensland on Liburnia and other Dclphacids. and also in ¥V]\.

Dciiiclciichus, gen. nov.

Female. Head nearly circular, very wide, the anterior mar-
gin simply and widely rounded, with no defined anterior median
c.rea, and without evident tubercles in front. Between the open-
ing of the brood-chamber and the anterior margin there are
two distinct areas marked out by impressed lines, which run
backwards to the brood-chamber orifice as deep grooves on
either side of a smooth sHghtly raised tubercle. Opening of the
brood-chamber bisecting the head in surface view.

This insect is nnich larger ihan Elenchus and seems to me evi-
dently allied to that genus, by the absence of a definite anterior
median area and the presence of those on the disc, between the
anterior margin of the head and the orifice of the brood -
chamber. Still it can hardly be generically identical.

Dcinclcnchus aiistralciisis, sp. nov.

*Female. Head brownish in front of and yellow behind the
brood-chamber orifice. The discal areas between the latter and
the apical margin somewhat fan-shaped, and themselves divided
by very fine grooves. Sometimes in apical view of the head two
round faint spots can be seen, but there is no definite median
area, nor tubercles. Length and breadth each about ^ mm.

Male puparium dark brown with a pale ring at the base of
its protruded portion.

(PI. H, fig. 7.)

Hab. Cairns and Brisbane, Queensland; on a Fulgorid
{PlatybracJiys or allied genus). Koebele's No. 2254.

OBS. At various places during the six months that Mr. Koe-
bele and myself were together in Australia, we found isolate!
individuals of leaf-hoppers, containing male puparia of Stylo-

* For characters of male see .su])iiU"ineiitary note, p. 108.

io8

pids, which had already hatched, or from which we bred no
imago. These would comprise some four or five species of Jas-
sids not mentioned in the foregoing account, the commn.
Tcftigoiiia albida, a Dcltoccphahis? a Phlcpsiiisf and one or
more Bythoscopincs being among these. No doubt the para-
sites attached to some of these will prove to be different from
those here described, and yet many other new ones remain to
be discovered.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

After completing the above account of the Stylopidae and
sending it to press, it occurred to me that by sacrificing the few
male puparia that we preserved, mature pupae of the two
genera Arcgalcchfhnis and Deiiiclciichits (which are character-
ized on females) might be obtained in such condition as to
allow some male characters to be determined. These puparia
were therefore opened and the contents examined; most of
them were empty, the male Stylopids having emergecl, but in
two cases I obtained very immature and dried up pupae of
Megalechthriis . No details of structure could be made out
sufificientlv accurately from these, but I believe the rudiments
of the antennae contained 7 joints, five being foliaceous, and
this would confirm its position in the Halictophaginae.

From puparia of DeiiicIciicJvis I obtained no pupae, but in
one was a mature drv male of D. ousfralcnsis, amnlv confirminp'
its position in the Elenchinae and the validity of the genus. I
here add the generic characters of the male, and a specific
description.

Deinelenchus (male char.)

Like Elenchns in most respects e. g. in the structure of the
tarsi and antennae, but verv much larger, and with the second
antennal joint, seen from above, very short and transverse, the
basal one elongate. Frontal process much blunter and less
prominent than in ElcncJuis. As in that genus, t1i^ face is
deeplv excavated, but it is nuich more open, not triangular, but
with the sharp e(\gt of the front and sides forming a great semi-
circle, or rather more. The palpi are two-jointed sparsely
pilose, the second joint narrower than the first and in the form
of a curved blade. The large size and wide excavation of the
face of this genus renders it much easier to examine structurally

109

than Elcnchits, and the structure seems to me to greatly favor
the interpretation of the mouth-parts, that I have adopted. The
edge, which, in Elcnchns, Eaton supposed to l^e the apex of the
Hgula, is in Dcinclciichits easily seen to be no free edge at all.
but is due to a bend perhaps augmented by a ridge in the part
I have called epistome. The post-scutellum of the metathorax
is longer than in Elcnchns.

D. anstralcnsis.

Male. Piceous, perhaps blacker in mature specimens; the
sides and scutellum of the metathorax pale, its anterior lobe
and postscutellum dark. Legs with t'he femora pale, the tibiae
dark, fuscous. Elytra for the most part blackish, the wings
(not spread) apparently quite smoky, with a slight iridescence,
the neuration 'black. Expanse probably about 4.5-5. mm.

Hab. Cairns, Queensland; extracted from a puparium in the
abdomen of a female of a large Fulgorid of, or allied to, the
genus Platybrachys.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

An extensive bibliographic list is given by Brues and as his
paper is cited below, it is not necessary to refer to the titles
that are therein listed. I merely refer to one or two, which he
has passed over.

Brues, C. T. "A contribution to our knowledge of the Stylo-
pidae." Zool. Jahrb. Abth.' Anat. XVIII,
(1903) p. 241.

Dale, C. W. "Stylopidae" Ent. Mo. Mag. 1892, p. 50.

Eaton, A. E. "Notes on Elcnchns tcnniconn's Kby. with illus-
trations." loc. cit. p. 250.

Perkins, R. C. L. "Stvlopized bees." loc. cit. p. i.

Saunders, Edward. "Elcnchns fcnnicornls Kirby, parasitic on
a Homopterous insect of the genus Libnrnia."
loc. cit. p. 249.

Id. ''Elcnchns tcnnicornis, Kirby, and its host." loc. cit. p.
297.

Theobald, F. V. "Stylopized bees." loc. cit. p. 40.

no

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

I.

Fig". I. Diagrammatic figure of head of Stylopid; a frontal
process, 'b and d epistome or epistome and labrum, c
foramen, e labium, f palpus, g mandible, h sides of
face along inner orbits, i eye, j antenna.
Head of Halictophagus schzvarsii front view.
Dorsal view of head and front part of thorax of
Bnicsia aiisfralciisis ; a pronotum, b. mesonotum.
Head of sp. nov., gen. ?, near Xenos; front view.
Head of Brncsia australensis, front view.
The same of Elcnchus tenuicornis.
Antenna of Halictophagus schzvarzii.
The same of Elcnchus tenuicornis.
The same of Brncsia australensis.

II.

3-

4-
5-
6.

7-
8.

9-

lO.

II.

12.

13-

Wing of Brncsia.

The same of Halictophagus schwar::ii.

The same of Elcnchus.

Elytron of Elcnch.us, lateral view.

The same from above.

Tarsus of Elcnchus.

The same of Brnesia.

The same of genus near Xenos.

Metanotun of Bruesia.

The same of genus near Xenos.

The same of Elenchus.

Terminal segment of Bruesia.

The same of Elenchus.

III.

Ventral view of abdomen of a Fulgorid {Flatybrachys

or allied genus) showing female parasites and male

puparia.

Head of female of Bruesia stenodes.

The same of Bruesia phaeodes.

The same of Elenchus tenuicornis.

The same of Megalechthrus tryoni.

The same of Halictophagus? auiericanus.

Ill

7. The same of Deinelenchus australensis.

8. The same of Bniesia australensis removed and mount-
ed in balsam.

9. The same not removed from the host. ^

IV.

1. Larva of Bnicsia australensis, lateral view.

2. The same in dorsal aspect.

3. Larva of Elenchus, ventral view.

4. The same in dorsal aspect,

5. Ventral view of sp. nov. gen? allied to Xciios.

BULLETIN L

PART 3.

b c d j

c f 1

PLATE L

BULLETIN I.

PART 3.

PLATE

BULLETIN I.

PART 3.

PLATE III.

BULLETIN

PART 3,

?=£■

^)

/////

O

PLATE IV.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

^—^—"•^—^^—---^^ PART A

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, IV. PIPUNCULia^)

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

SEPTEMBER 9, 1905

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOQATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SwANZY........ President

H. P. Baldwin Vice-President

W. O. Smith.... Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenn'ey G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

'B. G. Clarke ...Agriculturist

S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

F. R. Wertnmueller. . . Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins... Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist

G. W. Kirkaldy Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

DIVISION OF

PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

N. A. Cobb Director

L. Lewton-Brain.. .Assistant Direct
E. M. Grosse Assistant

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

■^^^^^^^^^^^^^"^^ PART 4

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

( PT. IV. PIPUNCULia^)

By R. G. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

SEPTEMBER, 1905

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

To Special Committee on Experiment Station, Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — I herewith submit for publication Part IV of
Lkilletin L This deals with the two-winged flies parasitic on
leaf-hoppers, thirty-four species of these parasites being here
enumerated, and thirty-one of these described as new.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

Honolulu, T. H., August nth, 1905.

I

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE PIPUNCULIDAE.

The Pipunculidae are a very distinct family of small ami ob-
scure flies, which in their habits, so far as these are known, all
agree in the fact that they are parasites of the Homopterous
Rhynchota. There are but few genera in this family, the greal
majority of the species being referred to the genus Pipiinciilus,
as are all the new species described in this paper.

Verrall in his "British Flies" (Syrphidae, etc.) published in
1901 gives the known species of Pipunculus as nearly 50 Euro-
pean, about 8 North American, 1 Brazilian, 8 South African,
6 Central American, and 2 Chinese. He also mentions New
Guinea as a habitat. About the same time three new species
were described by Grimshaw from the Hawaiian Islands, mak-
ing a total of about 80 species for the genus. It is probable
that at the most not more than one in ten existing species has
been collected, for while the genus appears to be ubiquitous in
distribution, its members are too unattractive in ap]:)earance and
too fragile to have been much sought after in the tropics, and
further I am quite satisfied that many of the species will not be
easily obtained except by breeding them. The latter statement
applies particularly to some species that attack arboreal leaf-
hoppers.

As a matter of fact it appears that extremely few of the many
known species have been bred, or at least of very few has the
fact been recorded. Of the 26 species found by us in Australia,
15 were bred from the leaf-hoppers themselves, and one from
collected pupae, the host being unknown to us.

Inconspicuous as the flies are when seen in a collection, even
more so are they in life, for when on the wing most of them
appear even smaller than thev really are. Some of the Austra-
lian species under favorable circumstances occur in prodi9:ious
numbers. In the dry bed of a stream near Cairns at the end of
August there were small patches ot green grass at intervals,
when the surrounding country was dried up. On these patches
of grass large flocks of various small Tassid and Fulgorid leaf-
hoppers were feeding, and, in search of the former, countless
numbers of a species of Pipunc^ihis (P. bciirficiriis) were passing

124

from patch to patch in end'ess procession, threachng their way
amongst the grass stems. At any time an insect net could be
thrown over half a dozen specimens at once, as they moved
along. In similar abundance Mr. Koebele found the same spe-
cies on some sandhills near Bundaberg, on an occasion when I
was not with him. Many of the grass-loving species fly very
low and irregularly amongst the grass, as if making a close
scrutiny on all sides as they pass along.

On another occasion in a wood at Bundaberg, where a species
of Siphanta was breeding in large numbers on Ficiis and other
trees, P. helliio was literally swarming, buzzing round every
twig, even in the deep shade of the trees. The nymphs of this
Siphanta are always concealed beneath the leaves, feeding on
the under surface, and when making particular scrutiny of these,
the fly would be seen to hover and poise itself like an ordinary
Syrphid, giving up its usual, more erratic and irregular flight.
The latter was quite similar to that of a hymenopterous parasite
of the genus Chalcis, which, seeking caterpillars on the same
trees at the same time, was as common as the fly; in fact these
two very different parasites were not very easily distinguishable
when on the winig. Owing to the position of the nymphs of the
Siphanta I was not able to see the fly actually sting these, but
several times one was observed to make a dart beneath a leaf,
where the young leaf-hoppers congregated. By collecting
some of these nymphs, the Pipunculus was easilv bred in confine-
ment. Dr. F. Jenkinson of Cambridge in 1903 published an ac-
count of the attack of VcrraUia, a genus allied to Pipunculus, on
frog-hoppers (Ent. Monthly Mag. XXXIX (1903) p. 222) and
I herewith give in full this interesting note:

"I suppose the oviposition of Pipunculidae has been recorded
somewhere, but I have not seen it described; although the form
of the ovipositor and the strong legs and claws (sometimes at
least larger in the female) enable us to guess what must take
place. Noting F. ancta to be common in ray garden on the
morning of July 5th, I determined to watch them as they busily
beat over every inch of the herbage. I sometimes had four in
view at one time. Frog-hoppers being as scarce as VcrraUia
was common (perhaps these facts are not entirely unconnected
Vv^ith each other), I occasionally caught one ana put it in the
VcrraUia's path, with complete success. As soon as a VcrraUia
saw a frog-hopper it poised itself in the air (like a kestrel hover-
ing, but with a certain intensity perceptible in its motionless-

125

iiess), and if the position of its victim was favourable, it pounced
upon it immediately. Then the frog-hopper hopped; in some
cases the fly lost it; in some cases the fly reappeared instantly
from the place to which the frog-hopper hopped. In one case I
saw the frog-hopper land with the fly still on its back ; I caught
both, without waiting, as perhaps I should have done. If the po-
sition was unfavourable, or stems got in the way (e. g. Gcraniimi
Rohcrtiaimm). the fly would circle round with its head towards
the victim, like a male DolicJiopiis, seeking a point from which
to pounce. On several occasions it failed to get a hold. Once
a fly pounced on a frog-hopper ichich did not hop; the fly imme-
diately left it. Another came up and looked at it, but went
away without touching it. Was the frog-happer already enter-
taining an egg, or was it a male, or for some reason unsuitable?
Chalarus is conmion in my garden, but I have not been able to
see anything of its oviposition.

"These observations are crude and inconclusive on several
points; but I send them on the 'chance that others who can
afiford the time will complete them. The flies are still common,
and the frog-hoppers now less scarce."

Verrall remarks that he considers the Pipunculidae to be the
most exquisite fliers that exist in Diptera. However true this
may be of the European, I do not think it can be said of the
Australian or Hawaiian species, which cannot compare in power
and beautv of flight with many Syr[3hidae or other flies; indeed
to cite but one instance they are vastly inferior to the Austra-
lian species of Baccha in this respect. It is certain however,
that on capture thev often exhibit to the full their power of
hovering within the meshes of the net, where more sturdy spe-
cies, which while free can remain poised and motionless in the
air or dart forward with speed that baffles the vision, would
under like circumstances beat wildly against the sides in their
endeavour to escape.

The Pipunculidae are known to affect various families of
Homoptera, the spittle-insects or Cercopidae, as well as the Jas-
sidae and Fulgoridae, and perhaps the Cicadidae, being subject
to their attacks. It is not known whether in any case the same
species of parasite will attack leaf-hoppers of more than one
family, e. g. Fulgoridae and Jassidae. In this connection, how-
ever, one may mention the fact that the resemblance between
such species as P. hclliio and P. Koebelci is extreme, both
structurally and superficially, although the former is parasitic

126

on Siphanta and the latter on a Jassid somewhat alHed to Pcn-
thhnia. The fact that the two tlies are so extremely similar
while the hosts are so utterly unlike leads me to suspect that
species of Pipunculus may be found that attack species of either
family of leaf-hoppers indiscriminately. However this may be,
it is certain that some of these files will attack very difterent
species of leaf-hoppers within the limits of a family. For exam-
ple that most common Australian species P. bciicficiciis was bred
from nymphs of three or four very diiTerent Jassids, and P.
cniciator from two widely dififerent genera, of the same family.
It may also be noted that nymphs and adult leaf-hoppers are
both subject to attack.

In Australia all the species of Pipiniciilus, that we bred, were
from Jassidae, excepting two, one of which {P. hcllno) is a para-
site, as above mentioned, on Sipliaiita and allied genera, while
the other {P. xaiitlwciianis) attacks a species of Libnrnia. The
Hawaiian species here described are probably all attached to
Delphacine Fulgorids. Three of the five most certainly are,
since one of the latter has been bred by Mr. O. H. Swezey, and
the other two are found in company with the same leaf-hoppers,
in places where Jassids are quite absent.

There is, so far as I know, no means of telling with absolute
certainly whether a living leaf-hopper 'contains a larva of Pipun-
culus or not. In some species of a green colour, when the para-
sitic larva becomes large, the green of the hopper is not infre-
quently changed to a sickly yellow, or even dark discoloration
may be seen, but in most cases a slight sickly appearance, evi-
denced by indescribably minute differences in its superficial ap-
pearance, or by its more lethargic movements, alone inform
one, or at least lead one to suspect, that the leaf-hopper is para-
sitized. Practically it is not difftcult to detect parasitized indi-
viduals, when one is familiar with the species of leaf-hopper that
is infested. If a green Jassid containing a large Pipunculus
larva be placed in alcohol, so that the colouring matter is large-
ly removed, and greater transparency is attained, it is some-
times possible to see the parasitic larva quite plainly through
the cuticle of its host. The head of the larva appears to be al-
ways turned towards the head of the leaf-hopper, and generally
the parasite fills up by far the greater part of the abdomen of
its host. Such a specimen, a species of Hccalus containing a
larva of P. cniciator, is figured on PI. VII, fig. i.

When the larva of the Pipunculus quits its host, it usually

127

escapes at the junction of the metathorax and abdomen, either
below or above, the seg-ments of the leaf-hopper being ruptured
at that point. (PI. VII, fig. 2). In the case of a P. xanthocncmis,
however, the larva escaped from the Libitniia by a roundish hole
in the mid-dorsal line, at about the middle of the length of the
abdomen. This hole of exit is irregular, and has the appear-
ance of having been gnawed, but I did not notice whether the
larva that emerged was different from the usual type.

After escaping from its host, the larva as a rule buries itself
'beneath the soil, or beneath rubbish that lies on the surface; but
in some species it pupates on the leaves of the tree or bush, on
which the leaf-hopper was feeding, as in a case mentioned be-
low, and in another recorded by Ott, who bred a Ptpimciihts
from a puparium found on Ribcs.

One peculiar feature in some species of Pif>iiiiciiliis is the fact
that the surface of the abdomen often bears a number of depres-
sions, frecjuentlv variable and of irregular form. Some species,
such as P. bciicficiciis, appear to always have these on one or
more of the segments and they are not due to post-mortem
changes, as one might suppose without the examination of
freshl}' caught specimens, but occur in every individual, at least
of the male sex, though so variable in number and form. In-
deed as a general rule they appear to be more commonly found,
or are more developed, in the males than the females, and some-
times may even be said to produce a distortion of the body.
Whether it is to some such examples that Verrall refers, when
he says that he suspects the flies are themselves subject to para-
sites I do not know, but it is certain that the irregularities of
surface mentioned above are not due to this cause, since they
are found in every example of some common species, though
only occasionally in others. Pipunculiis, however, is subject to
the attack of a Chalcidid parasite of the family Encyrtidae, of
which I bred a species from the puparium of P. ciiicrasccns,
but whether the subterranean species are likewise attacked it
may be very hard to prove, unless the parasite stings the larva
of the Pipiinciilus, while still within the leaf-hopper. "This I sus-
pect is not the case, or we should probably have bred some of
the Chalcids from the numerous species of Pipunculiis that we
reared from the larvae. The puparium of P. cincrascens being
freely exposed on the surface of the leaves, would naturally be
liable to be attacked, and is probably stung at that time. At
least it is noteworthy that the one species with exposed pupa-

128

rium, and the only one of which puparia were collected, yielded
a parasite, while the 15 species bred from larvae, but of which
no puparia were collected, since all arc subterranean, yielded no
parasite.

I have begun these introductory remarks by saying that the
Pipiuiculidae are small and obscure flies. I may conclude them
by saying that this in no wise detracts from the interest awak-
ened by their peculiarities of structure and habits. The enor-
mous eyes, the almost unique mobility of the head, which is bal-
anced on an acute point, and which reminds one of the similar
mobility of the head in the keen-eyed dragon flies, leads one
to suppose that vision plays a much more important part in
seeking out the prey than do the other senses, while in those
other parasites of leaf-hoppers, the Dryinidae, it is obviously
by other senses than vision that their prev is chiefly hunted.
One may further notice the large laminate pulvilli and slender
elongate claws of the feet, (which remind one of these parts in
some of the parasitic Conopidae). and especially the recurved,
liard and strong sting of the females, which is always exserted.

LARVA AND PUPARIUM OF PIPUNCULUS.

The larva of Pipiiiicuhis is an acephalous maggot, pointed in
front and elongate when extended. l:)ut capable of great con-
traction, by which means and by rolling movements it is able to
make sufificient prqgression to enable it to find a suitable spot
for pupation. The cuticle in the two species examined is cor-
rugated or transversely furrowed, so that the true segmentation
is with difificultv made out. The larva is amphipneustic. the
anterior stigmata being small but distinct ; the posterior spira-
cular area dark-coloured and very distinct, the spiracles or stig-
matic scars being placed anteriorly and closely approximated,
and the processes or tubercles, made conspicuous by their pale
colour, situated at the sides. The mouth is a simple opening at
the anterior extremity and without definitely chitinized parts,
but internally bv dissection a pair of more or less triangular and
pointed, dark, chitinized pieces mav be obtained. It is possible
that these are sometimes extruded, but it is not the case with
any of the preserved specimens T have examined. The anterior
stigmata are placed a little behind the mouth opening. Larvae
of about one-third the size of full-grown individuals do not
differ materiallv from the latter, but only in size and shape, be-

129

ing frequently much more contracted or even almost globular.
(For. fig. of larva, see PI. VII, fig. lo. loa, lob).

The puparium is formed by the hardening of the larval cuti-
cle, which becomes black, brown, or red in colour. In some
species its surface has a dense and regular coriaceous, granular,
or rugulose sculpture, most conspicuous in the case of P.
ciiicrascciis. In some puparia there is no difificulty in distinguish-
ing the anterior stigmata of the larva, though they are extremely
mumte, but in others I fail to see them after the closest exam-
ination. Further back, however, on the dorsum there can be
seen on each side a fine and minute process, apparently part
of the puparium, in reality not so, but connected with the deli-
cate cuticle of the enclosed pupa and merely perforating I he
puparium. When the fly emerges it frequently happens that
one or other of these processes is dragged back through the
hole in the puparium, but remains attached to the emptv pellicle
of the pupa. (PI. VII, fig. 6).

The dark posterior stigmatic area is in many species deeply
depressed, in others hardly at all, and bears one or more small
tubercles on either side, in fact it bears much similarity to the
same part in the larva. When the fly bursts from the puparium,
the latter appears to be always ruptured along the same lines,
in all the species we have examined, viz: along the front and
hind margin of the dorsal segment, which bears the anterior
processes, and along the hind margin of the ventral segment
corresponding with this.

In the case of one species of Pipuiicitliis, however, altuough
the fly itself (P. ci}icrascc)is) is not very remarkable, the larval
habits are unlike those of any of the other species, which infest
arboreal leaf-hoppers, since this larva does not fall to the ground,
and pupate beneath the soil, but forms its puparium in the open
on the surface of living leaves. This puparium is very different
from the subterranean ones, for instead of the minute anterior
processes, are a pair of relatively enormous blunt ones, on the
tip of each of which is a fine spine-like process. It is not quite
clear to me whether the whole blunt process represents the min-
ute one of subterranean species, and really belongs to the pupa,
and not to the puparium; or whether the small apical spine-like
piece alone represents these. Posteriorly the stigmatic area is
large and deep, and instead of one or two minute tubercles on
each side, there are three, the upper one being very large and
conspicuous, the lowest one well separated from the upper two.

r

I30

(For figures of ptiparia see PI. \'ll, fig. 3, 4, 5. 5a, 5I), 6, 7, 8
and 9).

CLASSIFICATION.

Verrall divides the British species of Pipiiiiculiis, which are
fair representatives of the European forms, into five groups.
Three of these have a pigmented stigma and are cHvided as fol-
lows:

I. Abdomen quite dull, not even the margins shining, femora

without anv ciliation or pubescence behind.

II. Abdomen partly shining; femora ciliate or pubescent at

least behind the middle pair; thorax and scutellum with
dense but short pubescence.

III. Thorax and scutellum practically bare, as well as the

femora; the abdomen considerably shining-.
The other groups are without a pigmented stigma and are
separated thus:

IV. Small or discal cross-vein far before the middle of the

discal cell, eyes freque!Ttly not ciuite touching on the
Irons in the male.

V. Small cross-vein placed at or about the middle of the discal

cell.
Both the Australian and Hawaiian species known to me
divide into stigmated and non-stigmated sections, but the fur-
ther division into groups on the characters used by Verrall is
not very satisfactory, if indeed possible, with the species here
considered. In the following table I have therefore used other
characters for the groups.
Wings with a pigmented stigma.

Stigma not bounded by a cross-vein at the base.

Third antennal joint sharplv pointed at the tip, usually
acuminately produced.
Basal abdominal segment with some black bristles on

each side 1

Basal abdominal segment with no trace of such l)rist!es,
and if pubescent, then the hairs similar to the general

clothing II

Third antennal joint rounded at tip, or at least not acute,

and never acuminately produced Ill

Stigma bounded by a distinct cross-vein at the ])ase l\'

Wings without a pigmented stigma.

131

Small or discal cross-vein far Ix'fore the middle of the discal

cell V

Small cross-vein at or near the middle of the discal cell. .VI
One species in group V'l is known in which the basal seg-
ment is entirely without lateral bristles; group IV is represented
by a solitary minute species (though possibly the pair described
are two, and not the sexes of one, species); while Group I con-
tains several species in which the stigma is greatly lengthened,
as compared with the fourth costal segment, somewhat resem-
Ijling Chalanis and VcrraUia in this respect ; and some of these
have the basal antennal joints rather more than usually bristly,
though less so than in the latter genus. In other respects they
are like ordinary Pipioicitlus. The Hawaiian species that are
here described as new, belong to Group I; the double row of
short spinules on the femora beneath are unusually well devel-
oped in these, as also are the marginal bristles of the scutellum
and those on the basal abdominal segment; the bristles or fringe
of hairs on the middle femora posteriorly are long and distinct
in some males, but much less developed, and represented by
soft hairs in such females, as are known.

LIST OF SPECIES OF PIPVNCULUS HERE DESCRIBED.

A. Australian species.

*i P. cniciafor, sp. nov.

*'2 P. eucalypti, sp. nov.

'''3 P. criiiys, sp. nov.

*4 P. hylaciis, sp. nov.

5 P. fallax, sp. nov.

6 P. dolichostii^uius, sp. nov.

7 P. laiiicUifcr, sp. nov.
*8 P. coiiiifa)is, sp. nov.

9 P. agaiiiiis, sp. nov.

*io P. ciiicrascciis. sp. nov.

*ii P. bciicficiciis, sp. nov.

*I2 P. Jiclliio, sp. nov.

*I3 P. Kocbclci, sp. nov.

*I4 P. inojias, sp. nov.

*I5 P. picrodcs, sp. nov.

*i6 P. aiifliracias, sp. nov.

17 P. crypsich :lciis, sp. nov.

18 P. inicrodcs, sp. no-.-.

132

H-j p. Iioiiiocopliancs, sp. nov.

*2o P. .vanthociicmis, sp. nov.

21 P. hcfcrostiginits, sp. nov.

22 P. Icimoiiias, sp. nov.

23 P. cpicJialciis, sp. nov.
*24 P. synadclpluts, sp. nov.
*25 P. pseudophanes, sp. nov.

26 P. nyctias, sp. nov.

B. Hawaiian species.

*27 P.jnz'ator, sp. nov.

28 P. oalmcnsis, sp. nov.

29 P. tcrryi, sp. nov.

30 P. su'cscyi, sp. nov.

31 P. hazvaiicnsis, sp. nov.

All species marked with an asterisk have been bred.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

In this table 1-9 deal with individuals of both sexes; after
the latter number the table becomes double, 1 1-41 dealing with
males only, 43-60 with the females.

A. Australian species.

1 (10) Wing-s without a pii^niented stigma.

2 (9) Small cross-vein at or near the middle of the upper

side of discal cell.

3 (8) Basal abdominal segment with a short line of black

bristles laterally.

4 (5) Abdomen shining, deep-black, with a distinct cloth-

ing of shortish black hairs conspicuous at the sides
of the segments (female unknown) Icinwiiias.

5 (4) Abdomen more or less greenish-black or metallic,

and with at most, excessively short, inconspicuous
hairs.

6 (7) Larger, abdomen of male with the fifth segment

without evident grey tomentum, and without short

black hairs, tarsi black or piceous above; female,

tarsi dark above cpichalcus.

7 (6) Smaller, abdomen of male with the fifth segment

more or less covered with grey tomentum. and hav-
ing very short but distinct suberect hairs, tarsi more
or less yellow (a little variable); female tarsi always
for the most part yellow syiiadclphus.

133

8 (3) Basal abdominal segment without black bristles

laterally. (Abdomen dull metallic green or at least
submetallic, tarsi apparently variable, either black
or dark above or yellowish. ) psciidophancs.

9 [2] Small cross-vein far before the middle of the upper

side of the discal cell (Abdomen shining, blue-
black) iiyctias.

10 (i) Wings with a pigmented stigma.

1 1 (42) Males.

12 (13) Stigma enclosed by a cross-vein at the base

hefcrosfigniiis.

13 (12) Stigma not enclosed at base.

14 (15) Legs, except coxae and the ap'cal joint of tarsi. \el-

low, unicolorous or nearly so vanihocncuns.

15 (14) Legs more or less black or dark, at least on the

femora.

16 (T^y) Antennae with the third joint always acutely pointed

at apex, usually acuminately produced.

17 (26) Wings with the tl ird and fourth costal segment;; sub-

equal, or with the fourth never much shorter than
third, sometimes the fourth is the longer.

18 (21) Basal abdominal segment at the sides with a short

line of distinct black bristles, which are obviously
different from any other hairs on the abdomen.

19 (20) Thorax and abdomen with fuscous tomentum; hypo-

pygivmi above with a deep narrow channel on the
right side cruciator.

20 (19) Thorax and abdomen mostly black or blackish, the

latter with whitish lateral tomentose spots; hypo-
pygium on the right side at the tip wdth a more or
less ovate dull area of peculiar texture. . . .eucalypti.

21 (18) Basal abdominal segment without any special bristles

at the sides; if hairy, then the hairs are similar to
the general clothing.

22 {2^) Whole body wath pale erect soft hairs, which are

long and conspicuous ciifrichodcs.

23 (22) Body not so clothed; hairs, where present, short and

inconspicuous.

24 (25) Scutellum w'ith a marginal fringe of fine, but c|uite

distinct hairs; abdomen for the most part blackish
on the dorsum, the surface not concealed under
dense tomentum hencficiens.

134

^5 (^4) Scutelluni with a few excessively short hairs on mar-
gin, which are hardly visible; abdomen with dense
fuscous tomentum on the dorsum over a large part
of the surface.
25a (25b) Posterior tibiae dark except at extreme base; abdo-
men wath the second and following segments black
at the base, and with rather indistinct pale apical
bands, narrowed or interrupted at the middle . nwiias.
25b (25a) Posterior tibiae entirely pale or partly infuscate; ab-
domen with dark fuscous tomentum, not banded
above.
25c (25d) Posterior tibiae almost uniformly yellowish . .A^fn'/'c/t'/.
25d (25c) Posterior tibiae more or less infuscate in parts.. hclliio.
26 (17) Wings with the third costal segment much longer
than the fourth, sometimes twice as long.

Whole body nearly uniformly covered with cinereous
tomentum cinerascciis.

Body not so clothed; more or less variegated with
black and grey or whitish tomentum.

Tarsal joints black above hylaciis.

Tarsal joints pale, except the api'cal joint.

Larger and robust species (length over 4 mm.) apical
margin of scutelluni fringed with some longish and
very distinct hairs.

Hypopygium with a thin outstanding rounded
lamella fallax.

Hypopygium with an elongate, dull area marked out,
but no strong lamella dolicJiostiguuis.

Smaller species (length under 4 mm.) apical margin
of the scutellum with only a few very short fine
hairs, easilv overlooked.

Hypopygium with a thin lamella strongly outstand-
ing laiiicUifcr.

Hypopygium with an elongate channel or impression,
but without a strong lemella coinitans.

Antennae with the third joint not sharply pointed at
apex, nor acimiinatelv produced.

Abdomen except towards the base entirely shining,
somewhat aeneous, and not variegated with ■tomen-
tum crypsioholcns.

39 (38) Abdomen more or less variegated with pale and dark
bands or spots.

^7

(28)

28

(27)

29
30
31

(30)
(29)
(34)

32

{2>Z)

?,Z

iZ2)

34

(31)

35'

(36)

36

(35)

Z7

(16)

38

(39)

I

135

40 (41) Antennae with pale third joint; basal abdominal seg-

ment entirely black above, or almost so. . .microdes.

41 (40) Antennae with the third joint dark; basal abdominal

segment with a pale apical band of tomentum. .. .
homocophanes.

42 (11) Females.

43 (44) Stigma closed at base by a transverse vein

. " hcfcrosfigiiiiis.

44 (43) Stigma not so closed at base.

45 (58) Antennae with the third joint more or less produced

a'cutely at the apex, often strongly acuminate.

46 (53) Basal abdominal segment with a line of black bristles

on either side, distinct from hairs of the general
surface, if such be present.

47 (48) Tarsi black or dark above erinys.

48 (47) Tarsi except apical joint pale.

49 (52) Face between ocelli and antennae almost entirely

hidden bv a dense covering of tomentum.

50 (51) Almost the whole body evenly covered with cinere-

ous tomentum, ovipositor straight or nearly so. . . .
cinerasceus

51 (50) Thorax and a large part of abdomen with fuscous

tomentum; ovipositor distinctly curved from base
to apex cruciator.

52 (49) Face between the ocelli and antennae bare and shin-

ing, except close to the antennae agamus.

53 (46) Basal segment of abdomen without a lateral line of

distinct black bristles.

54 (55) Whole body with a conspicuous clothing of fine,

erect, pale and rather long hairs eutrichodes.

55 (54) Body not so clothed.

56 (57) Abdomen black, more or less shining and sparsely

tomentose bencficiens.

57 (56) Abdomen covered with dark fuscous tomentum with

grey lateral spots.

57a (57b) Second abdominal segment with an entire basal band
of whitish-grey tomentum picrodes.

57^^ (57^) Second segment without such a band.

57c (57d) Posterior tibiae almost uniform yellowish, not in-
fuscate in middle; ovipositor longer koehelei

57d (57c) Posterior tibiae more or less infuscate about the mid-
dle; ovipositor shorter hclhio.

136

58 (45) Antennae with the third joint more or less rounded

and not acutely produced at the apex.

59 (60) Legs except the coxae clear yellow. . . .xaiitJiociicinis.

60 (59) Legs largely black, or dar'k brown anthracias..

B. Hawaiian species.

1 (2) Wings without a pigmented stigma

roftmdlpcniiis, Griinsh.

2 (i) Wings with a pigmented stigma.

3 (6) Posterior' tibiae with some specially developed bris-

tles On the median dilatation outwardly.

4 (5) Legs except the coxae entirely pale, yellow

hazvaiicnsis.

5 (4) Legs largely black on the femora, and the tarsi also

dark oaluicnsis.

6 (3) Posterior tibiae without special bristles on the me-

dian dilatation outwardly.

7 (8) Legs except coxae entirely pale, yellow sivczcyi.

8 (7) Legs with the femora at least more or less black or

fuscous.

9 (12) Hind legs with a more or less distinct median dark

'band on the tibiae.

10 (11) Third joint of antennae, and tarsi pale

vwlokaicnsis, Griinsh.

11 (10) Third joint of antennae, and tarsi dark

nigrofarsattis, Griinsh.

12 (9) Hind legs without a median dark band on tibiae,

sometimes darkened towards base and apex, but the
middle always pale.

13 (14) Abdomen of male for the most part deep-'black or

blue-black, femora of the female black above for
the 'most part, the base and apex for a short dis-
tance yellow jnvator.

14 (13) Abdomen of male for the most part blackish-fuscous,

with a slight aeneous tint in some aspects; femora
of the female to a large extent yellow, somewhat
infuscate, hut not black, on the apical half. . .tcrryi.

137
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

In the descriptions of the species not mucli stress need be
placed on the exact colours of the pale tomentose spots or
bands, whether whitish, greyish, or slightly flavescent as they
are hard to discriminate and not constant The same may be
said of the measurements, which vary much in some species and
are su'bject to error owing to contraction or 'curvature of the
body after death.

A. Australian Species.

I. P. cruciator, sp. nov.

Head black; between the ocelli and antennae, and the face
below these, almost entirely covered with white tomentum in
the female, as is the whole front and face in the male; poster-
iorly with fuscous tomentum, becoming grey at the sides, and
finely ciliated. Antennae with the two basal joints black or pice-
ous; the third yellow, sometimes sordid or obscured, in the male
pointed at the tip, in the female more strongly and acuminately
produced. In the latter sex even the basal antennal joints are
sometimes yellowish, though possibly only in immature ex-
amples.

Thorax above covered with fuscous tomentum, greyer on the
metathorax and pleura; scutellum with a sparse marginal fringe
of very short fine hairs; halteres }ellow, blackish or fuscous at
base. Wings subinfuscate, stigma yellowish brown, third and
fourth costal segments subequal. Legs with the coxae, femora,
the apical joint of tarsi, and tips of claws, black or dark; the
rest of tarsi, the trochanters, the apex and usually the base of
femora, as well as the tibiae yellow; the latter often more or
less darkened or 'brownish in parts. The hairs on the legs are
extremely short, and placed in rows.

Abdomen covered with fuscous tomentum, more or less grey
or yellowish grey on the apical margins of the segments, or at
least on the sides of some of the apical segments in the male;
in the female the abdomen usually has a distinct pattern, the
grey tomentum on the third, fourth and fifth segments, form-
ing a wedge-shaped lateral mark, leaving a large triangular
fuscous area on the disc, the second segment being grey with
a fuscous discal spot. Basal segment with a line of 3-5 con-

138

spicuoiis black bristles on each side. Hypopyg-ium of male
deeply channeled on the right side, and shortly and finely pilose;
at the tip with a large fovea or impression. Ovipositor distinct-
ly curved from base to tip. Length 3.25-c; mm. (PI. V, fig'.
126, VII. fig. 1,6,7.)

HAB. Cairns district, on the coast and in the mountains;
bred several times from a species of Hcraliis, (Koebele's speci-
mens are numbered 2268) and also by Mr. Koebele from a very
different Jassid nymph (No. 2275).

2. P. eucalypti, sp. nov.

Male: Head in front, and face, with glistening white tomen-
tum; behind the eyes in the middle with dark, at the sides with
whitish. Antennae dark, black or blackish; third joint pitchy,
l^ointed at the apex, but hardly produced.

Thorax dull black, with thin fuscous tomentum, in front later-
ally, the metanotum, and the pleura, with white or greyish
white; the scutellum with fine marginal hairs, which are qaite
easily seen, being considerably longer than the few that are on
the disc. Wings nearly clear, neuration dark, stigma brown,
third and fourth costal segments subec|ual, posterior cross-vein
very oblic|ue, its upper extremity about opposite the apex of the
second longitudinal; halteres largely pale, dark basally. Legs
black or pitchy, knee-joints pale, tarsi above yellow or yellow-
ish brown, but sometimes aj^pearing dark from the many short,
black hairs; tibiae more or less brownish or yellowish.

Abdomen black, with some fuscous tomentum, and with whit-
ish lateral tomentose spots, as well as an apical band on the
basal segment; the latter with the usual lateral row of bristles;
all the segments with shortish hairs, very distinctly outstanding
from the side of each; h}'popygiuni with a subovate or subtri-
angular apical area, very dull, and of different texture from
that of the rest of the segment. Length 4 mm. (PI. V, fig. 4.)

HAB. Bundaberg; one male bred from the nymph of a Jas-
' sid on Eucalyptus by Mr. Koebele (2297) ; by a slip of the pen
recorded in his notes (under this number) as being bred from a
Fulgorid.

3. P. crinys, sp. nov.

Female; head black, bare for about half the distance from
the ocelli to the antenna, the face and front being covered with

139

white, ig-listening tomentuni; posteriorly with whitish tomentuni
at the sides, in the middle more fuscous. Antennae black or
dark, the third joint acuminate, blackish or pitchy, evidently,
though not very strongly, produced at the apex.

Thorax dull black, sparsely covered with fuscous tomentum,
in front laterally and on the pleura with whitish grey tomentum,
with which the metathorax is also covered; scuteilum with a
few very fine marginal hairs, not at all conspicuous; halteres
blackish. Wings with the neuration, except at the base, where
it is paler, black or nearly so; stigma distinct but rather pale,
about as long as the fourth costal segment; small or discal
cross-vein opposite apex of auxiliary; second longitudinal vein
terminating nearly opposite, or a little beyond, the upper ex-
tremity of the posterior cross-vein. Legs black, the knee-
joints, pulvilli and claws (except apically) pale, the tarsi black
or at least dark alcove, but paler beneath, the hairs of the legs
and feet black.

Abdomen more or less transversely wrinkled, black, with
wedge-shaped marks of whitish grey tomentum on the third,
fourth and fifth segments; first and second with whitish grey
tomentum, the disc of the latter being black, sixth nearly en-
tirely covered; basal segment with a few black tristles on each
side. Ovipositor straight. Length 3.75 mm.

HAB. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred from a common Jassid
on Melaleuca.

4. P. hylacits, sp. nov.

Male: Head in front and face with dense white tomentum;
posteriorly behind the eyes with dark in the middle and whitish
at the sides. Antennae black, the third joint pitchy black, acute
at the tip, but hardly produced.

Thorax dull black, with sparse fuscous tomentum, in front at
the sides and on the pleura with whitish, as also on the metaiio-
tum; scuteilum with a few very short and fine, hardly percepti-
ble, marginal hairs; halteres sordid fuscous. Wings hyaline,
hardly smoky, neuration dark, stigma pale, brownish-yellow,
third costal segment about twice -as long as the fourth, upper
extremity of posterior cross-vein nearly opposite (or a little
before) the termination of second longitudinal. Legs black,
base of til)iae yellowish, the hind tibiae with some hairs outward-
ly about the middle, which, though short, are longer than the
general clothing.

140

Abdomen black, transversely wrinkled, the apical margins of
the segments paler and more shining in some aspects, and with
whitish tomentum, especially laterally; basal segment with dis-
tinct lateral bristles, second with a few short hairs; hypopygium
with sparse and very short hairs, more or less impressed at the
base towards the right side, and also with a terminal impres-
sion. Length 3.5-4 mm. (PI. V, fig. 7, PI. VII. fig. 8.)

HAB. Bundaberg, Queensland; bred from two species of
Jassids, Mr. Koe'bele's specimen, numbered 2321, being reared
from' a very different species of leaf-hopper from one which
yielded me the same fly.

5. P. dfllichosfignius, sp. nov.

Male; front and face with silvery grey or whitish tomentum,
as also the head posteriorly. Antennae pitchy black, the third
joint paler, but sordid, distinctly produced acuminately at the
apex.

Thorax black, with fuscous tomentum, at the sides in front
and on the pleura more igrey, the metanotum covered with whit-
ish; scutellum with sparse hairs, those on the hind margin twice
as long as those on the disc; halter es sordidly pale, black at the
base. Wings with the neuration blackish, paler at base, stigma
pale brown, about twice as long as the fourth costal segment,
small cross-vein about opposite the apex of the auxiliary vein,
posterior cross-vein very obliciue, its upper extremity about
opposite the apex of the second longitudinal vein. Legs with
the coxae black, trochanters (more or less), apex and base of
femora, tibiae for the most part, tarsi except the apical joint,
yellow; posterior tibiae about the middle at the thickening with
two or three longish hairs outwardly.

Abdomen with very short suberect hairs; the second, third,
fourth and fifth segments deep black at base, with greyish
tomentum apically, as on the whole of the basal segment, which
lias a transverse row of 8 or 10 black bristles at the sides; the
second segment at the sides with some weak black hairs; hairs
on the abdomen mostly pale.- Hypopygium with a narrow elon-
gate area, the surface of which is dull and of peculiar texture.
Length 4.75 mm.

HAB. Bundabeng, Queensland. One example captured.

I

141

6. P. falla.v, sp. nov.

In all respects like the preceding, but with the hypopygium
bearing a prominent thin lamella, the edge of which, seen in
profile, is rounded. Length 4.75 mm.

HAB. Bundaberg, Queensland. One male captured.

7. P. lamcUifcr, sp. nov.

Male; head in front and face with glistening whitish tomen-
tum, as also posteriorly at the sides, 'between which* it is more
fuscous. Antennae with the third joint distinctly and sharply
acuminately produced, and piceous or obscurely pale.

Thorax covered with fuscous tomentum, at the extreme front
generally with some more or less evident pale tomentose spots,
the pleura with greyish, the metanotum covered with whitish
tomentum, the scutellum with some very inconspicuous and
short hairs. Wings fuscous tinted, third costal segment con-
siderably longer than the fourth, the small cross- vein rather
beyond the apex of the auxiliary. Legs black or pitchy, knee-
joints and tarsi yellowish, the apical joints of the latter dark,
tibiae for the most part -brownish above.

Abdomen with blackish tomentum forming great subtriangu-
lar discal markings, the rest of the surface being occupied by
grey or whitish tomentose lateral spots; basal segment with
whitish or grey tomentose band, and with a distinct lateral line
of black bristles on each side; hypopygium with a large, out-
standing, thin lamella. Length 3 mm. (PI. W, fig. 2.)

HAB. Cairns district; coast and mountains.

8. P. coiJiifaiis, sp. nov.

Like the preceding in almost all respects, but the hypopygium
has an elongate cleft or depression, instead of the thin outstand-
ing lamella.

HAB. Cains district, in the same localities as the preceding.
One specimen (2283) was bred bv Mr. Koebele from the male
of a Jassid living on grass, and L obtained one from a female
Jassid of probably the same species.

9. P. agannis, sp. nov.

Female; head black, shining and bare in front of the ocelli,

I

142

the face and front being covered with glistening white tomen-
tum, antennae with the third joint strongly and very sharply,
acuminately produced, its colour piceous or obscurely pale.

Mesonotum covered with fuscous tomentum, at the sides in
front (more or less) and the pleura and metanotum with whitish
grey; scutellum with some very short and indistinct hairs; hal-
teres pale, dark at base. Wings nearly clear, third costal seg-
ment generally distinctly longer than the fourth, but a little
variable; small cross-vein rather beyond the apex of the auxil-
iary; posterior cross-vein very oblique, its upper extremity be-
yond the apex of the second longitudinal; stigma pale brown.
Legs dark, the knees and tarsi (except the apical joint) yellow,
the tibiae largely dark or brown.

Abdomen with dark fuscous tomentum, and lateral spots of
greyish white, the basal segment with a lateral line of distinct
'black bristles, and with a band of whitish tomentum; ovipositor
straight, longer and slenderer than in most Australian species.
Length 2 . 5-3 mm.

HAB. Cairns district, with the two preceding. Without
doubt it is the female sex of one of these, but as it dififers in im-
portant characters from both, and it is impossible to associate
it specially with either, I have temporarily given it another
name.

10. P. cinerasccns, sp. nov.

Head in front, and the face covered with dense glistening
whitish tomentum; posteriorly at the sides with whitish, in the
middle with darker grey. In the female the dense tomentum of
the face extends back to the ocelli. Third joint of the antennae
yellow, and very strongly acuminately produced at the apex.

Thorax with slate-coloured tomentum; in front laterally, the
pleura and the metanotum with whitish; the scutellum with
some very fine, short and inconspicuous hairs; halteres yellow,
dark at base. Wings extremely clear, neuration dark, stigma
pale brown, third costal segment much longer than the fourth,
upper extremity of the posterior cross-vein about opposite the
apex of the second longitudinal. Legs black, femora and tibiae
with pale tomentum, knee-joints and tarsi (except the apical
joint) yellow, tibiae largely brownish or darkened.

Abdomen nearly uniformly covered with whitish slate-colour-
ed tomentum, the basal segment with a line on each side of
several longish and distinct black bristles; hypopygium of male

143

with a large apical impression on the rig'ht side; ovipositor of
the female nearly straight and not very long. Length 3 mm.
(PI. V, fig. 2, VII, fig. 4 and q.)

HAB. Bundaberg. Queensland; bred freely from puparia on
the leaves of Melaleuca.

II. P. beiieficieiis, sp. nov.

Head with the front and face covered with glistening white
tomentum, in the female black, bare and shining in front of
the ocelli, posteriorly with greyish white tomentum on each side
and fuscous between. Antennae black or piceous, the third
joint acuminate and strongly produced at the apex, variable in
colour usually more or less yellowish, but sometimes Avholly
dark or wholly yellow, in the female often of the latter colour,
but even in this sex it is sometimes dark.

Thorax with thin fuscous tomentum, in front laterally and
the pleura more or less grey, the metanotum with denser grey
or whitish tomentum; the scutellum with extremely fine mar-
ginal hairs, the surface more or less shining, in some aspects at
least; halteres pale, dark at base. Legs black, tip of femora,
the tibiae and tarsi (except the apical joint) yellow, the tibiae
more or less black or infuscate in part. Wings in the male dis-
tinctly smoky, clearer in the female, neuration blackish, paler
towards base of wing, stigma distinct, obscure brown, about aj^
long as the fourth costal segment, small cross-vein opposite the
apex of the auxiliary, and at about the basal third of the upper
side of the discal cell.

Abdomen black, often somewhat shining in the male, and
clothed with short sparse hairs, at the sides with greyish white
tomentum, which in fresh specimens also forms a band on the
basal segment; some or most of the segments generally with
depressions of varying form and often irregular; hypopygium
large, with a transverse basal impression and with a shining
hairless lobe on the right side, which extends beneath to the
genital armature itself. In the female the abdomen is generally
like that of the male, black and more or less shining, with white
tomentum laterally, and more or less evidently on the dorsum
of the first or of the two basal segments, the surface usually
with few or no depressions, the ovipositor straight; basal seg-
ment in both sexes with no trace of a line of bristles laterally.
Length 2.25-3.25 mm. (PI. V, fig. 3; VI, fig. 3.)

144

HAB. Common throughout Queensland; bred from a Jassid,
2291, 'by Mr. Koebele, and by myself from very different species.

12. P. hclluo, sp. nov.

Head with the front and face covered with glittering white,
or whitish, tomentum, behind the eyes with grey at the sides,
and between with dark fuscous. Antennae black or piceous,
third joint acuminately produced at the apex and apparently
always dark in colour. Mesothorax with rather dense fuscous
tomentum; at the sides in front and the pleura with grey or
whitish; the metanotum densely covered with whitish tomen-
tum; scutellum with a few hairs, so short and fine, as to be seen
with difficulty; halteres yellowish-brown or testaceous, dark at
base. Wings somewhat smoky, clearer in the female, the neura-
tion black or very dark brown, paler at the base, stigma ob-
scure brown, subequal to the fourth costal segment, or rather
shorter, small cross-vein opposite the apex of the auxiliary.
Legs black or pitchy, the apex of femora, the tibiae (which, how-
ever, are more or less dark or infuscate in parts) the tarsi (ex-
cept the apical joint) yellow or yellowish.

Abdomen with dense and even, dark fuscous tomentum, and
greyish wedge-shaped lateral tomentose spots, the basal seg-
■ment more or less evidently grey-banded, and with no line of
'bristles on each side; the dorsum often with more or less evi-
dent, and often irregular, impressions on one or more segments,
the surface not noticeably pilose; hypopyg'ium of the male
lar*ge, with sparse and very short, inconspicuous hairs, some-
what shining in some aspects, impressed (often irregularly) at
the base, and with a distinct lateral lobe on the right side, which
is not covered with tomentum. Ovipositor of female straight
or nearly so. Length 2 . 5-3 . 5 mm.

HAB. Bundaberg, Queensland, bred from nymphs of Sip-
hanta sp. on several occasions. Mr. Koebele bred this species
from another genus of Poecilopterine Fulgorids, found on
Ricinocarpiis at Sydney, N. S. W. (No. 2362); his number for
Bundaberg was 2326.

13. P. KocbcJci, sp. nov.

This species agrees in almost every way with P. hclJno, but I
have no doubt it is distinct in spite of the extraordinary re-

145

semblance between the two, siilce in the male the small hairless
lobe on the right-side of the great hypopygimii in this species is
subtomentose, the hind tibiae are almost uniform yellowish in
both sexes, not brownish or infuscate in the middle, and the
ovipositor of the female is very decidedly longer. Antennae
dark, but the third joint more or less pale in the female, at
least apically. Length 2.75-3.5 mm. (PI. VII, fig. 5.)

HAB. Sydney, New South Wales, Nos. 2373 and 2395 ^^
Koebele, who bred it from a Jassid. found on the sandhills.

14. P. monas, sp. nov.

Male; head in front, and face with white tomentum; posterior-
ly with fuscous, more greyish laterally; antennae black, third
joint acuminately produced, dark, but with paler tip.

Mesonotum covered with fuscous tomentum, and with two
whitish spots in front, the pleura and metanotum whitish tomen-
tose; scutellum with excessively minute, hardly visible hairs;
wings slightly smoky, stigma as long as the fourth costal seg-
ment, small or discal cross-vein about opposite the termination
of the auxiliary, and far before the middle of the discal cell; legs
black, extreme tip of femora and the base of tibiae yellowish,
front and middle tarsi black or dark above, the posterior appar-
ently more or less pale.

Abdomen dull, basal segment black, with a distinct apical
pale tomentose band, and with no trace of bristles laterally, the
following segments black basally, but with pale apical bands,
widest at the sides, and either narrowed or interrupted in the
middle. Hypopygium large, sparsely tomentose, and with tl>e
surface shining, and with a very few excessively short (almost
invisible) hairs. Length 3 mm.

HAB. Bundaberg, Queensland; one male bred by Mr. Koe-
bele (2333) from a common Jassid. Very distinct in its group
by the dark tibiae and abdominal pattern.

15. P. picrodcs, sp. nov.

Female: general appearance and structure as in the two pre-
ceding species, but of larger size, the lateral grey tomentose
spots of the abdomen large and distinct, though hardly visible
on the dorsum, basal segment with the grey tomentose apical
band narrower than in the female of P. Koebelei, and the second

146

segment with a distinct and entire basal band, which occupies
half the segment or more and is narrowed at the middle. Pos-
terior tibiae yellow, hardly darkened in the middle, except be-
neath. Third joint of the antennae clear yellow, not at all in-
fuscate even l^asally. Ovipositor moderate, probably relatively
longer than in P. hcUno, shorter than in P. Kocbclci. Length
3.5 mm.

HAB. Sydney, N. S. W.; bred from a Jassid on Lcptosf^cnninn
(Koebele No. 2351).

16. P. antliracias, sp. nov.

Female. Head in front and the face black, with little or no
tomentmri', the face extremely narrow, the inner margins of the
eyes nearly touching, much closer together below than above
the antennae; the latter dark, blackish or dark fuscous, the third
joint in side view rounded at the apex, not acuminate; behind
the eyes the head has fuscous tomentum, greyish at the sides.

Thorax thinly covered with fuscous tomentum, and somewhat
shining; at the sides in front and on the pleura with whitish, the
metanotum densely covered with the same; scutellum with very
sparse, fine, inconspicuous hairs. Wings distinctly smoky,
neuration blackish, paler at base, stigma brown, subequal to, or
a little shorter than, the fourth costal segment, the posterior
cross-vein before the apex of the second longitudinal. Legs
black or piceous, knees pale, tarsi sometimes yellow, but gen-
eially more or less obscure, or fuscous, above; tibiae for the
most part brownish or fuscous.

Abdomen with the two first and basal part of the third seg-
ment densely covered with whitish tomentum, the rest shining
black, with sparse short hairs; basal segment on each side with
a short row of a few distinct black bristles; ovipositor straig^ht.
Length 2-2.5 mni- (?'• V, fig. 9.)

HAB. Kuranda, and Cairns, Queensland; one was bred by
Mr. Koebele from (?) Thaiiiiiofctfi.v (No. 2339), the others were
captured specimens.

17. P. crypsichalcus, sp. nov.

Male: face below the antennae excessively narrow, l)lack and
hardly tomentose, the front with whitish tomentum, as also the

147

head posteriorly at the sides. Antennae with the third joint
yellow, not sharply pointed at the apex.

Thorax shining, 'blackish aeneous, with some whitish tomen-
tum at the sides in front and on the pleura, more densely tomen-
tose on the metanotum; scutellum with extremely fine, short
marg-inal hairs; halteres pale in the middle, dark at base, and
more or less so on the apical portion. Wings distinctly cloud-
ed, stigma dark brown, not reaching back to the apex of the
auxiliary vein, third costal segment as long as the fourth, small,
cross-vein welf beyond the a])ex of the auxiliary, the upper ex-
tremity of the posterior cross-vein a little before the apex of the
first longitudinal. Legs black or dark; the apex of femora, the
tibiae and tarsi (except the apical joint) yellow or pale, the tibiae
more or less darkened with brown or fuscous.

Abdomen shining, aeneous, more piceous or brownish to-
wards the base, blacker apically, the basal segment and the sec-
ond (more or less) clothed with grey tomentum; hypopygium
twisted to' the right, impressed at the base, and with a definite
area or impression at the tip, within which the surface appears
to be paler in colour. Length 2 . 5 mm.

HAB. Kuranda, near Cairns, X. Queensland.

18. P. iiiicrodcs, sp. nov.

Male: head with the eve-margins touching for about half the
distance from the ocelli to the antennae, the front and face black,
with little or no pale tomentum, space between the eyes be-
neath the antennae extremely narrow; liead posteriorly with fus-
cous tomentum, becoming whitish at the sides. Antennae with
the third joint pale, not at all acute at the tip.

Thorax somewhat shining, and covered, but not densely, with
fuscous tomentum the mdtathorax densely clothed with grey;
scutellum witli a few short and extremely fine marginal hairs.
Halteres pale, dark at base. Wings somewhat smoky, third cos-
tal segment as long as, or rather longer than, the fourth; pos-
terior cross-vein hardly oblicjue, its upper extremity before the
termination of the second longitudinal. Legs with the troch-
anters, base and apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi nearly entirely,
yellow.

Abdomen deep l^lack on the three basal segments, the second
and third with lateral spots of grey tomentum, two following
segments in some aspects smooth and shining, somewhat metal-

148

lie, but seen, in some views, to bear a thin covering of pale
tomentum; basal segment at the sides apparently with only one
or two brisitles, which are not easily seen. Hypopygium im-
pressed at the base and bent to the right, the tip with a large
distinct impression. Length 2 mm. (PI. V, fig. 5.)
HAB. Kuranda, near Cairns, N. Queensland.

19. P honwcophancs, sp. nov.

Male: front of head and face black, the surface not concealed
by pale tomentum, but nearly bare; posteriorly the head is dark,
but greyish tomentose at the sides. Antennae with the third
joint dark, not acutely pointed at the apex.

Thorax with fuscous tomentum, more greyish 'at the sides in
front, and on the pleura, denser and grey on the metanotum;
scutellum at the most with a few excessively short fine hairs,
very indistinct; halteres pale, dark at base. Wings subinfuscate,
neuratidn black, stigma brown, third and fourth costal segments
not differing much in length, upper extrcmitv of posterior cross-
vein before the apex of the second longitudinal. Legs pitchy,
knee joints and tarsi paler, brownish or brownish vellow.

Abdomen deep black, with pale lateral spots, which on some
segments unite to form apical bands; fifth segment shining in
some aspects, as probably are the other parts occupied by pale
spots, if the tomentum be removed; basa! segment on each side
with about three black, longish bristles; hypopygium bent to the
right and the tip with a large impression. Length 2.5 mm.

HAB. Kuranda, near Cairns, N. Queensland.

20 P. .raiifliocitciiiis, sp. nov.

Head in front and the face with white or greyish white tomen-
tum; in the female for half the distance from the ocelli to the
antennae black, bare and shining; posteriorly fuscous in the
middle, grey laterally. Antennae with the third joint yellow, nor
sharply pointed at the tip, nor at all produced.

Thorax somewhat shining, nigroaeneous, 'beneath a thin cov-
ering of fuscous tomentum, metanotum much more densely
clothed with greyish white; scutellum with extremely short and
fine marginal h^irs; halteres pale, dark at base. Wings hardly
clouded, third costal segment in the male distinctly longer than
the fourth, but in the female the difference in length is less, and

149

in one specimen the fourth is fully as lon^^ as the third; posterior
cross-vein obhque. its upper extremity about opposite the apex
of the first longitudinal. Leg's, except the coxae, nearly uniform-
ly clear yellow.

Abdomen black, bare and shining in the male, and more or
less aeneous, the first segment with more or less distinct tomen-
tuni; in 'the female more tomentose, especially the first two seg-
ments, and sometimes hardly aeneous; basal segment with a
short lateral line of a few black bristles. Length 2-3.25 mm.
(PI. V, fig. 8.)

HAB. Cairns district and Bundaberg; bred from a Liburnia.

21. P. hctcrostigmns, sp. nov.

Head" with the front and face in the male with whitish tomen-
tum; in the female the tomentum between the ocelli and anten-
nae is divided by a shining and bare, black carina; face beneath
the antennae extremely narrow; head posteriorly with fuscous
tomentum becoming whitish towards the sides. Antennae with
the apical joint somewhat pointed at the tip, 'but not sharp, nor
produced, yellow in the female, sordid or pitchy in the male.

Thorax with fuscous tomentum in the male, greyish or whit-
ish fuscous in the female; on the metathorax with dense white
covering. Halteres yellow, dark at the base. Wings with dark
neuration, stigma yellowish brown, and enclosed on the basal
side by a strong cross-vein third costal segment considerably
longer than the fourth, posterior cross-vein before the apex of
the second longitudinal. Legs for the most part yellowish in
the female, but the femora are largely darkened above and 'at
the sides; in the male the legs are altogether darker, the tro-
chanters, knee-joints and tarsi mostly yellowish, the tibiae for
some part more brown.

Abdomen sparingly tomentose, and without p'attern; on the
basal segments more or less pallid, brownish or yellowish, but
darker posteriorly the apex being blackish; basal segment with
two or three bristles on each side. Length a'bout 2 mm. (PI. V,
fig. 10.)

HAB. Redlynch and Kuranda near Cairns. A single male
and female in each case, taken from boughs of trees, so that it
probably attacks arboreal leaf-hoppers.

I

ISO

22. P. synadclphns, sp. nov.

Black, with always more or less of an aeneous tinge, and gen-
erally very distinct dull brassy. Front of head and face with
dense white tomentum; in the female the space between the eyes
in front of the ocelli is ra'ther shining and conspicuously impress-
ed, and bears verv little tomentum compared with the front. An-
tennae with the third joint acuminate, and niore or less pale
apically.

Thorax with not verv dense fuscous tomehtum, and with a
pale spot on each side in front; the metanotum with dense whit-
ish grey tomentum; scutellum with at most a few hardly visible
hairs; halteres yellow, black at base. Wings clear, third costal
segment very short, not stigmated; small cross-vein beyond the
apex of the first longitudinal, at or rather beyond the middle of
the upper side of discal cell; posterior cross-vein verv oblique,
its upper extremity beyond the apex of the second longitudinal.
Legs black, knees and tarsi pale.

Abdomen with a band of tomentum on the basal segment, and
with a line of distinct black bristles on each side; elsewhere
sparsely tomentose, and with very short black hairs, which are
tiuite easily seen; h'ypopygium of male somewhat tomentose
and with sparse and excessively short hairs, which are less con-
spicuous than those on the preceding segment; ovipositor of
female straigiit and slender. Length 25-3 mm. (PI. VI, fig. 4.)

HAB. Bundaberg, Queensland, conmion; also at Cairns, and
Mr. Koebele bred one specimen from a Jassid taken on grass at
Childefs (2319).

23. P. cpiclialcus, sp. nov.

Aeneous, I lie abdomen in tlie female more or less copper-
coloured; front and face with greyish or white itomentum. which
in the female extends back to the ocelli ; posteriorly the head at
the sides has whitish tomentum; antennae dark with the third
jomt acuminate, and at the most only sordidly pale.

Thorax with a pale spot on each side in front, and with whitish
(or subflavescent) tomen'tum on the pleura and sides of the
metanotum, elsewhere hardly tomentose; scutellum with a few
scarcely visible hairs; halteres pale, dark at base. Wings hya-
line, hardly infuscate, third costal segment very short, not stig-
mated, small cross-vein near the middle of the upper side of the
discal cell and beyond the apex of the first longitudinal; pos-

151

terior cross-vein oblique, its upper extremity beyond the termin-
ation of the second longitudinal. Legs black, tip of femora and
base of tibiae yellow, tarsi dark above, black or piceous.

Abdomen of the male sometimes more or less shining, gen-
erally duller in the female, basal segment with a band of white
tomentum, and with a few black bristles on each side, elsewhere
nearly bare. Hypopygium of the male with a great impression
at the tip; ovipositor of the female very slightly curved. Length
3 -25-3 -5 mm.

HAB. Cairns, Queensland; two or three specimens captured,
but not bred.

24. P. pseiidophaiics, sp. nov.

In almost every respect like the preceding, but less brightly
aeneous, and at once distinguished by the fact that the basal
abdominal segment is without the line of black bristles on each
side. The legs in this species appear to vary in colour, the tarsi
being generally black or brown above, but in one specimen they
are yellow. Length 3.25-3.75 mm.

HAB. Cairns, Queensland; on the coast and in the moun-
tains; one example was bred from the same Jassid (a species of
Hccahis) as P. cruciator.

25. P. Icimoiiios, sp. nov.

Male; front of head, and face with white tomentum. as also the
head posteriorly at the sides; third joint of antennae strongly
acuminate, blackish or pitchy.

Thorax very thinly tomentose. with a pale spot on each side
in front; the metanotum more densely covered with whitish
tomentum. especially at the sides; halteres whitish, black on the
basal half; mesonotum and scutellum with short and fine but
quite noticeable erect hairs. Wings nearly clear, third costal seg-
ment very short, and not stigmated; small cross-vein near the
middle of the upper side of discal cell, and beyond the apex of
the first longitudinal vein; upper extremity of posterior cross-
vein beyond the termination of the second longitudinal. Legs
black, knee joints yellow, tarsi black or pitchy above.

Abdomen blue-black, sparsely but quite conspicuously clothed
with shorft 'black hairs; basal segment without a band of pale
tomentum, but with the bristles well developed on each side;
liypopygium with greyish-fuscous tomentum, impressed or chan-
neled. Length 3 mm.

HAB. Brisbane, Queensland.

152

26. p. nyctias, sp. nov.

Deep black, or blue-black; front, face, and head at the sides
posteriorly with dense white tomentuni; antennae with pale third
joint, acuminate at apex.

Thorax more or less shining, and thinly clothed with fuscous
tomentum, that on the metanotum white, and dense at the sides;
scutellum with scarcely visible hairs; a pale spot on either side
of the thorax in front. Wings subinfuscate, but darker in some
examples than in others, third costal segment very short, and
not stigmated; fourth costal segment also short, but longer than
the third; small cross-vein about opposite the extremitv of the
first longitudinal, and considerably before the middle of the up-
per side of the discal cell; upper extremity of posterior cross-
vein far beyond the apex of the second longitudinal. Legs black,
apex of femora, tarsi, and tibiae yellow, the latter more or less
dark in the middle, trochanters sometimes more or less pale.

Abdomen blue-black, shining; the basal segment with whitish
or igrey tomentum, and a line of black bristles on each side; else-
where the abdomen with sparse and very short dark hairs, most
noticeable towards the apex; hypopygium of male with a large
'deft or impression, ovipositor relativelv long. Length 2.5-2.75
mm. (PI. VI, fig. 5.)

HAB. Cairns and Bundaberg, Queensland.

B. Hawaiian Species.

27. P. jnvator, sp. nov.

Black, the face and front with whitish, or grey tomentum.
more obscure and fuscous in some examples, head shining and
bare in front of the ocelli in the female; antennae very variable
in colour, entirely black, or with the third joint, which is acumin-
ately produced, piceous, sordid yellow or even entirely clear yel-
low rarelv of the latter colour in the male, the tendency being- to
a paler colour in the female, in which, 'however, the antennae are
sometimes entirely dark.

Thorax dark, more or less shining, and sparsely clothed with
fuscous tomentum, the metanotum more densely with whitish
or grey; the scutellum with a marginal series of distinct longish
bristles; halteres pale, dark at base; wings blackish smoky in the
male, clear in the female, stigma brown, small cross-vein about
opposite, or a little beyond the apex of the auxiliary, and well

153

'before the middle of the discal cell; posterior cross-vein very
oblique. Legs with coxae and femora black, the latter more or
less distinctly yellow at base and apex, and beneath with two
rows of short spines or spinose hairs at least on the apical part;
tibiae yellow, sometimes darker towards the base and on the
apical portion, but yellow in the middle, the posterior pair with
no specially long hairs on the dilatation; 'tarsi nearly always
black, brown, or fuscous above in the male, sometimes black
in the female but often largely yellow, as is rarely the case in
the former sex.

Abdomen in the male deep black or bluish black, shining (at
least apically) and bearing short black hairs; the basal segment
with a band of grey tomentum, and a transverse row of long
black bristles at the sides; in the female the abdomen is distinctly
covered with grey tomentum, most densely on the apical por-
tion of the first segment, and bears short and sparse, but quite
evident, dark hairs. Length 3-4.75 mm. (PI. VI, fig. i; VII,
fig. 10, loa, lob.)

HAB. Hawaii generally; now common in the cane-fields. This
is the species referred to me in my Bulletin "The leaf-hopper of
the sugar cane" as occurring at Olaa. It has also been found on
Oahu by Mr. Swezey, but has not been taken in the cane-fields
of this island.

28. P. oaJiuciisis, sp. nov.

This appears to me to agree in nearlv all important structures
with the preceding, as well as in superficial appearance with cer-
tain of its varieties. In P. oalmciisis the tarsi are dark in both
sexes, the tibiae yellow and unhanded, the third antennal joint
is yellow, or at least pale, in both sexes, but usually sordidly so
in the male. The wings in the latter sex are quite smoky, in the
female clear. The dilatation of the posterior tibiae outwardly
bears some specially long black bristles, which differ from the
general clothing of the legs, and this fact readily separates the
species from the preceding. The ovipositor is very short and
strong. Length 3.75-4-5 mm.

HAB. Mountains of Oahu.

29. P. fcrryi, sp. nov.

Front and face covered with white or whitish tomentum; third
joint of antennae yellow or ferruginous, acuminate.

154

Thorax with very distinct, and not very sparse, clothing of
fuscous or brown tomentum, pleura and metanotum with grey;
marginal series of black bristles on the scutellum quite well de-
veloped; halteres dark at base, and sometimes also infuscate
apically. Wings in the male rather lightly infuscate, clear in
the female, the stigma shorter than the long fourth costal seg-
ment, small cross-vein nearly opposite termination of auxiliary,
and considerably before the middle of the discal cell; posterior
cross-vein very oblique. Legs with the coxae dark, the troch-
anters, base of femora widely and the apex more narrowly, the
whole of the tibiae and sometimes nearly the whole of the tarsi,
yellow, but the latter sometimes dark or obscured above; pos-
terior femora banded with black or fuscous on the apical half.

Abdomen in the male black and shining towards the apex, fus-
cous-blackish on the second and following segments; in some
aspects nearly entirely shining and slightly aeneous, clothed with
quite distinct, but sparse hairs; basal segment banded with grey
tomentum, the black lateral bristles well developed. Abdomen
of the female with the surface densely covered with fuscous
tomentum, sometimes paler along the apical margins of the seg
ments. as also on the basal one, and quite conspicuously pilose;
ovipositor straight, pale, of moderate length and thickness.
Length 2.75-4 mm.

HAB. Kauai in the cane fields; but only found bv Mr. F. W.
Terry in one locality. It is closely allied to P. jnvator, but most
decidedly a distinct species.

30. P. swescyi, sp. nov.

Male; front and face with whitish tomentum; third joint of the
antennae acuminate and produced at apex, yellow.

Thorax somewhat shining, sparsely clothed with fuscous
tomentum, the pleura and metanotum with grey; scutellum with
longish marginal series of bristles; halteres pale, more or less
infuscate at base and apex; wings smoky, stigma brown and
about as long as the fourth costal segment; small cross- vein
nearly opposite (a little beyond) the termination of the auxiliary;
posterior cross-vein very oblique, its upper extremity a'bout op-
posite the termination of the second longitudinal; legs with the
coxae 'and apical joint of the tarsi black, all the rest clear yellow,
the small spines beneath the femora, the hairs on these and on
the tibiae and tarsi, black.

Abdomen nigroaeneous, and rather shining, with sparse and

155

short, dark hairs ; basal segment with the lateral bristles well de-
veloped, and more or less evidence of a grey apical tomentose
band, possibly partly worn off in the specimen described; geni-
talia yellowish apica!ly. Length 4 mm.

HAB. Oahu, Honolulu; a specimen taken in the mountains
by Mr. O. H. Swezey. It is a most distinct species, possibly
]>arasitic on the common little green Delphacid that frequents
the Frcycinctia.

31. P. Jiawaiiciisis, sp. nov.

Very closely allied to P. swezeyi, from which it differs as fol-
lows: the basal joints of the antennae are ferruginous, as seen
laterally, not dark brown or piceous; the mesonotum is very dis-
tinctly covered with greyish tomentum at the sides in front as
also is the scutellum'; the small cross-vein is rather nearer the
base of the discal cell, and the wings are of a more yellow tint.

Abdomen fuscous, and distinctly aeneous, the basal segment
and sides of the others with grey tomentum, the surface hardly
shining, except towards the apex of the 'body. Legs as in the
preceding, but the posterior tibiae with two or three specially
developed bristles on the median dilatation outwardly. Length
4 mm.

HAB. Hawaii; one specimen taken some years ago in a gulch
in the Hamakua district.

32. P. molokaieiisis Grimsh.

P. molokaieiisis Grimshaw, Fauna Hawaiiensis V^ol. HI, Pt. i,
p. 17.

HAB. Molokai; it was common in the forest in 1893 but I
only took two or three specimens.

33. P. nigrotarsatits Grimsh.

P. nigrotarsatits Grimshaw, loc. cit. p. 18.

HAB. Kona, Hawaii, 4000 feet. 1 have some suspicion that
this may be identical with P. juvator described above, but none
of the specimens of the latter seem to cjuite agree with it.

34. P. rotiindipcniiis Grimsh.

P. rotundipcnnis Grimshaw, loc. cit. supra.
HAB. Kilauea, Hawaii, 1896.

156

PARTIAL BIOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1 Boheman, C. H. "Utvecklingen af Pipunculus fuscipes" O.

V. A. F. XI, 302-5, PI. 5, (1854).

Larva parasitic on Aplirophora spniiiaria and

Tha mnotettix viresccns.

2 Sdiiner, J. R. "Fauna Austriaca. Die Fliegen" I, 245

(i860) states Cicindcla, instead of 'CicadcUe,' as
'host of Piptmculus.

3 Mik, J. "Zur Biologic von Gonatopiis pllosiis Thorns." Wien.

Ent. Zeit., I 215-21 (1882).

Larva of Pipuncuhis in body of Grypofcs pniicti-

collis.

4 Tetens, H. "Ueber Parasiten der Kleinzirpen und das in

ihnen entdecktc parasitische Jugendstadium der
Dipteren-Gattung Chalants;'' Ent. Nachr. XV

1-3 (1889).

Chalarus spurius parasitic on Cicadelhna.

5 Giard, A. "Sur la castration parasitaire des Typhlocyba

par une larve de Diptere {Atcloiciira spuria
Meig.)"': C. R. CIX 708-10 (1889).

6 Ashmead, W. H. "Notes on Cotton Insects found in Mis-

sissippi." Insect Life, VII, 326 (1895).

P. siibvii'cscciis believed to be parasitic on Dicd-

rocephala versa ta.

7 Ott . . . "Pipunculus xantoccrns Kow.-Puppe." 111. Zeit.

Ent. V. 25 (1900)
Description of pupa.

8 Perkins, R. C. L. "The Leaf-hopper of the Sugar Cane."

Bull. Board Agr. Forestry Hawaii No. i ; 23-4,

(1903).

Pipunculus probably parasitic on Pcrlcnisu'lla.

9 Jenkinson, F. "Verrallia aucfa and its host."

Ent. Mo. Mag. XXXIX 222-3 (1903).

MORE IMPORTANT RECENT SYSTEMATIC WORKS.

10 Becker, T. "Dipterologische Studien. V. Pipunculidae."

Berlin Ent. Zeit. 25-100 PI. II (1897).
Monograph of European species.

11 Verrall, G. H. "British FHes," VIII 60-126; tfs 83-117

(1901).

157

12 Kertesz, C. "Catalogus Pipiinciilichiniiii, usque ad fniem

anni 1900 descriptaruni." Termesz Fuzetek
XXIV 157-68 (1901).

13 (iriinshaw. P. H. Fauna Hawaiiensis, Vol. Ill, Pk. I, p. 17

and 18, and PI. II, fig. 3, 4, 5, 6. (1901).

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate V.

1. P. cruciator, female.

2. P. ciiicrascciis, antenna viewed from the side outwardly.

3. P. bciicficiciis do

4. P. eucalypti do

5. P. microdcs do

6. P. cruciator do

7. P. Jiylacus do

8. P. .vaiithociu'iiiis do

9. P. anthracias do
10. P. hcfcrostis:i>uis do

Plate VI.

P. jttvator wing

P. la tucl lifer do

P. bcncficieiis do

P. syiuidclplius do

P. ii\ctias do

Plate VII.

T. Hccalus sp. containing- larva of P. cruciator.

2. do after escape of the full grown larva.

3. Common type of Pipunculns puparium.

4. Puparium of P. cinerascens.

5. Puparium of P. Kocbclci 'alter emergence of fly; 5a the seg-

ment bearing the dorsal stigmatic processes or "horns;"
5'b one of the processes more highly magnified.

6. Puparium of P. cruciator the horn-bearing segment remov-

ed showing the "horns" attached to the empty pupal skin.

7. Posterior stigmatic area of P. cruciator.

8. do P. hylaeus.

9. do P. ciucrasccns.

10. Larva of P. juvator; loa posterior stigmatic area of the
same in dorsal aspect; lob the same in apical view.

BULLETIN L

PART

PLATE V.

PART 4.

PLATE VI,

BULLETIN I,

PART 4.

IW ... ^ii

PLATE VM,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

"" ^~— ~~~"~~~*^^^ PART 5

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, V. FORFICULIDAE, SYRPHIDAE,
AND HEMEROBUDAE )

By F. W. terry

HONOLULU, H. T.

NOVEMBER 13, 1905

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS* ASSOCIATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SvvANZY President

H. P. Baldwin Vice-President

W. O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF.

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke ...Agriculturist

S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

F. R. Wertumueller. . . Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY

DIVISION OF

PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGYs

R. C. L. Perkins. ..Director N. A. Cobb Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist L. Lewton-Brain. .. Assistant Dire(|

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist E. M. Grosse. Assistant

G. W. Kirkaldy A: sistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry. Assistant Entomologist

otto H. S wezey Assistant Entomologist

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers ...Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

— ^— — — — — ■"'^~ PART 5

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, V. FORFICULIDAE, SVRPHIDAE,
AND MEMEROBIIDAE )

By F. W. TERRY

HONOLULU, H. T.

NOVEMBER, 1905

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Honolulu, T. H., October 2^^, 1905.

lo the Committee on Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., Hono-
lulu, T. H.

Gentlemen : — I, herewith, submit for publication the fifth part
of the Bulletin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Enemies."

This part has been prepared by Mr. F. W. Terry, Assistant
Ji.ntomologist of this Division ,and deals with some of the preda-
ceous enemies of leaf-hoppers.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKLNS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

GENERAL REMARKS ON EARWIGS.

The Forficnlidae or Earwigs are as a group very easily dis-
tinguished from any other famihes of the Orthoptera, but much
ciiversity of opinion appears to exist as to their true afilinities.
Many authors still consider them a distinct order, Dermaptera
or Euplexoptera ; but the most general acceptation appears to
l-e that they are merely a somewhat aberrant family of the Or-
thoptera. Their distribution throughout the world is very gen-
eral, some species having a very wide range, owing no doubt to
tlieir secretive habits and facility of transportation. The warmer
regions of the globe appear to be much more productive of spe-
cies than the temperate zones. The total aumber of species re-
corded appears to be slightly over 500, these being included in 52
genera. Although practically omnivorous, the vegetarian habits
of some of the Forficulidae are well known, and owing to the
jj^'edilection of the common European species {Forficiila aiiricii-
I'jria) for the foliage of Dahlias and other favorite garden plants,
this insect is very unpopular with the careful horticulturist.

Instances of damages to so important a crop as hops, are also
recorded, but such cases appear to be rare. Several observa-
tions on their insectivorous diet are also recorded, the forceps
licing used to hold the unfortunate victim, whilst it is devoured
at leisure. The economic value of F. auricula ria in destroying
the larvae and ])upae of the Tortricid moth, Cochylis amhigucUa
(so destructive to grape vines in Europe) has also been observed,
and also the destruction of other injurious insects. In New
South Wales and Queensland, a small earwig, Spongiphora sp.
( ?') was observed in great numbers in the cane-fields, feeding up-
on leaf-hoppers and other insects, by Messrs. Perkins and Koe-
bcle. The maternal solicitude exhibited by the female for her
eggs and newly hatched young has been recorded by, numerous
olxservers. Much diversity of opinion has been expressed by
oliscrvers as to the use of the forceps ; they have been observed
\o aid in the folding and unfolding of the wings, and in the rais-
it\g of the tegmina preparatory to flight. From personal ob-
servation we know that they are important aids to feeding, de-

164

fense, aggression, and titillation on the part of the male prepara-
tory to copulation. One S. American species {Sphingolabis
linearis) is stated to cause much annoyance and painful wounds
with its forceps, "leaving double puncture marks on the skin."

But few parasites have been observed or recorded ; Lucas ob-
tained a yellow parasitic worm, which he suggests is a Nemathel-
n}inthid {Merniis sp.), from a specimen of Forficula auricularia, the
abdomen of which was much swollen. Two Tachinids are re-
corded ; Rodzianko stating that Rocsclia aiitiqiia was bred from
an East European species, Forftcida tomis, and Fischer records
another fly, Tachina sctipcniiis from Forficitia sp.

Of the eight species known to be established on these islands,
the live following have been observed in the cane fields :

1. Aiiisolabis aiuinlipcs, Eucas. Common generally.

2. Labia pygidiata, Dube. Common locally.

3. Labia sp. Not common.

4. Labidiira sp. Not common.

5. Chclisochcs iiiorio, Fab. Common in the wet districts.

Of these ChclisocJtcs iitorio and Aiiisolabis anmiUpcs are of con-
siderable economic inportance and have therefore been parti-
cularly studied.

CHELISOCHES MORIO.

(i) General Remarks.

Of the species in these islands, this fine Forficulid is certainly
the most important economically. It has a wide distribtition
in the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and is recorded from Tahiti,
Fiji, Hawaii, New Guinea, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Philippines,
I'atchian, India and Ceylon.

It is an extremely active species, especially during the larval
period, and appears to be diurnal, running over the leaves in
search of insect food during the hottest part of the day. The
adults will 'readily take to flight, the unfolding of the wings be-
ing a very rapid process and quite independent of the forceps, J
the writer never having seen them used either to assist in the "
folding or unfolding process. Wet localities seem to suit it best,
since it abounds in the moist mountain ridges and vallevs, and

i65

also in many of the elevated and wetter plantations. It is scarce
in the dry and irrigated cane areas. Its predatory habits on
leaf-hopper have been observed by several people. Young hop-
pers are seized and devoured without the aid of the forceps, but
these organs frequently assist in holding an adult hopper whilst
it is eaten at leisure. An examination of numerous crops in-
variably revealed only insect remains, often entirely leaf-hop-
l)er. Those bred in captivity showed during all instars a mark-
ed ]:)reference for insect diet.

(2) The abdominal plates.

The much-discussed fused dorsal, and missing ventral ab-
dominal plates, are well represented in the female of this species
'ihe (presumably) 8th and 9th tergites are very narrow (still
more so in j-^iiisolabis aiiiiiiUl^cs) and fused on to the large loth.
The (presumably) 8th and 9th sternites are much reduced; the
8th is almost entirely membranous except for the anterior chi-
tinized angles ; the 9th still remains chitinized laterally, these
areas forming thin laminae ; the loth consists of a pair of strong-
ly chitinized plates, each with an inner articulation to permit
(lefaecation. In A)iisolabis ajiiinlipes these ventral plates (except
the loth) appear to have entirely disappeared (PL IX, fig. 5.)

In the male Chclisoches, only the loth sternite is discernable,
represented by a pair of strongly chitinized plates. There ap-
])ears to be no trace of the 8th and 9th sternites the whole mem-
branous area being extremely delicate. The 8th and 9th ter-
gites are normally developed and not fused. PI. IX, fig. 6.

There is still one sternite to be accounted for in both sexes
(presumably the ist). No trace of its early fusion with the me-
tasternum could be found.

(3) The development of the antennal joints.

The increase of the antennal joints at each instar appears to
be perfectly constant, since large numbers in all stages were
examined. The additions at each ecdysis arise from the seg-
n^.entation of joint 3. l^pon hatching the antenna consists of
eight ijoints ; at the first ecdysis this number is increased to
twelve, the additional four arising from joint 3, thus the 4tb
joint becomes the 8th. At the second ecdysis the additional

1 66

tour again arise from joint 3, the previous four being thus push-
ed forward, the original 4th joint now becomes the 12th. At
the third ecdysis only three additional joints are gained, and at
tlie fourth (last) only one, so that the original 4th now becomes
the i6th.

If)

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u

Ji

7
6
5

4

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3^
3b
3a
3b
39
3^
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3m

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3"

3

2

1

20

19

-Q

:^

7
6
5
4

3cl
3C
3b
3a
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39
3f
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3^
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3

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a;

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17
16'

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»■>

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^^1
7

6

5
4

3d
3^

3b
3°
3^
39
3^
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1

15

-a

15

14

0

14

13

(D

13

12

if)

'^1

7

6
5
4

3d
3c
3b
3a
3

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" in

II

10 ^

u

(U

10

9

9

8

7

7
6
5

4

3I

2

1

8

7

6
5

6

5

4

"3 '

4

3

2

2

1

I

It is possible that the adult insect sometimes possesses more
than twenty joints, but that appears to be the maximimi, out of
a large series that were examined.

1 67

(4) Description of all stages from egg to adult.

The Egg.

The eggs are deposited in a heap usually in the leaf sheaths of
various large-leaved succulent plants such as Canna and sugar-
cane, and are placed sufficiently far down to afford ample pro-
tection from the sun or enemies, the mother keeping continuous
guard during the incubation period and for several days after the
hatching of the }'oung. She is most assiduous in her atten-
tions to her ova, removing them carefully with the mandibles
and palpi and constantly rearranging the batch. This maternal
solicitude has been frequently observed in various species of
earwigs and other insects ; not infrecjuently however if disturbed,
she will devour the entire lot. These batches consist of from
about 40 to 60 eggs, the average UiUmber being about 45. Upon
deposition, they are of an ivory whiteness and broadly oval, mea-
suring about I mm. x 0.75 mm. (PL VIII, fig. i.) As develop-
ment proceeds and the surrounding moisture is absorbed, the
elastic egg-membrane allows a very considerable increase in
size to occur during the next few days. So that on the 5th or
(ith day, (i. e.,) just previous to hatching) they are fully twice
their original bulk, measuring 1.50 mm. x i mm. At this stage
the embryo can be distinctly discerned in ovo, the abdomen be-
ing curved forward so that the forceps lie against the ventral sur-
face. (PI. VIII, fig. 2.) No trace of segmentation in the for-
ceps of the embryo can be detected in this species.

First Larval Instar.

The larvae emerge about the Oxh. day and are at first of a pale
ivory white ; pigmentation rapidly develoi:)S, the eyes, head, api-
cal antennal joints and femora assume a pale bluish grey color-
ation, which rapidly darkens and extends over those portions of
•the body surface which are destined to become black. At this
instar the dimensions are as folloAvs :

Antennae 2.50 nmi.

Head and body 3-3.50 mm.

Forceps i mm.

The general facies even at the ist instar is remarkably like
that of the adult — this is still more apparent in Auisolabis — the
chief difference apart from the absence of tegmina and wings.

i68

being the relatively larger head, smaller force])s and the reduced
antennal segmentation ; head broadly cordate, dark brown, eyes
black, antennae with eight joints, sparsely covered with short
stout hairs, and 2nd joint short, one-fourth the length of the 3rd,
which is the longest, 4th to 8th about equal, terminal joint coni-
cal, brown, the basal joints yellow, gradually darkening, the api-
cal dark brown. Pronotum subquadrate, narrower than head,
angles rounded, testaceous, posterior margin being slightly
emarginate. Mesonotum quadrate, equal in width and length
to the pronotum, angles rounded, testaceous, with a median pale
infu'scate transverse band which extends to the episterna. Me-
tanotum posteriorly slightly wider than the preceeding and
shorter, distinctly emarginate, yellowish brown. Abdomen,
campodeiform, dorsal segments ten, the ist visible; ventral
segments eight, no trace of 9th and loth visible, testaceous, the
sides with dark brown bands, widening and darkening antero-
posteriorly and uniting at about the 7th segment. Forceps
slender, nearly straight, no trace of segmentation, bases testa-
ceous, reddening apically ,with stout han-s sparsely distributed.
Legs stout, testaceous, basal halves of the femora smoky brown,
tarsus 3-jointed, second joint very short with a distinct lobe
which is about one-third the length of the 3rd joint.
Plate VIII fig. 3.

Second Larval Iiisfar.

At about the r)th day (after hatching) the ist ecdysis occurs.
The dimensions at this instar are as follows :

Antennae 4 mm.

Head and body 5-6 mm.

Forceps 1.25 mm.

The general facies is very similar to that of the previous in-
star ; the chief change being seen in the additional joints of the
antennae. The following variations from the previous instar
are to be observed : As regards the darkened areas, these are
much darker. Head blackish brown. Antennae with twelve
joints the additional four arising between the 3rd and 4th joints
from the segmentation of joint 3 ; the basal even testaceous ; the
newly formed 4th to 7th shorter than those succeeding them ;
8lh and 9th dark brown, loth (sometimes 9th or none) whitish ;
nth and 12th very dark brown, terminal conical. Pronotum
ciuadrate, as wide as head, yellow testaceous. Mesonotum,
blackish brown, except the posterior margin, which is testa-

169

ceoirs. Metanotum, more emarginate, testaceous with lateral
iiifuscation. Abdomen, ist segment testaceous, the rest uni-
formly blackish brown, ten segments dorsally, only eight visible
ventrally. Forceps, more curved apically, a few rudimentary
teeth present along the basal inner edge, castaneous. Legs,
basal halves of the femora blackish brown ; lobe of the 2nd tar-
sal joint similar to the previous instar. (Plate VIII fig-. 4.)

Third Larz'al Iiistar.

At about the 17th day the 2nd ecydsis occurs. The dimen-
sions at this instar are as follows :

.Antennae 6 mm.

Head and body y-S mm.

Forceps 2 mm.

The general facies still resembles that of the very young larva.
The dark brown areas of the previous instar have now become
l)lack, or nearly so.

The following changes are to be observed : Head black .
Antennae with sixteen joints, the additional four arising be-
tween the 3rd and 4th joints, again being produced from seg-
ment 3 ; the basal three testaceous, the newly formed 4th to 7th
joints shorter than those succeeding them, (thus resembling their
predecessors in the previous instar,) dark testaceous," the rest
black except usually the 12th and 13th (sometimes only one of
these), whitish. Pronotum black. Mesonotum black, slight-
1\ wider than the pronotum. Metanotum, rather wider pos-
teriorly than the mesonotum, black, except along the posterior
emargination, which is whitish testaceous. Abdomen, — first
dorsal segment partially hidden by the rudimentary wing lobes,
darkly infuscate, the rest black. Forceps, dark castaneous,
several minute teeth present along the basal inner edge, the cur-
vature similar to that of the previous instar. Legs, — basal halves
oi the femora blackish, the apical halves and the tibiae, infuscate ;
lobe of the 2nd tarsal joint about half the length of the third
joint. (Plate VIII fig." 5.)

Fourth Larval Instar.

At about the 30th day the 3rd ecdysis occurs : The dimen-
sions at this instar are :
J Antennae 10 mm.

Head and body 12-13 "''•''''•
Forceps, 4-4.25 mm.

170

The general facies now more closely resembles that of the
adult.

The following- are the principal variations from the previous
in star :

Head, intense black. Antennae with nineteen joints, the ad-
ditional three have again arisen from segment 3, but this is not
so apparent as in the earlier instars, owing to the excessive pig-
mentation ; the shorter form of the extra ones however, is still
traceable. The entire antenna black, except usually the 14th
and 15th joints, whitish, but this colour is extremely variable at
this stage ranging from the 12th to the i6th joint. The an-
tennae often vary in this respect in the same individual and not
infrequently the white only occurs on a portion of a joint. Pro-
notum quadrate, anterior angles square, the posterior rounded,
intense black, posterior margin whitish. Mesonotum intense
black, distinctly wider than pronotum, the undeveloped tegmina
distinctly visible beneath the metanotal plates. Metanotum
somewhat broader than mesonotum, posterior edge deeply emar-
ginate, caused by the immature wings which are now distinctly
visible beneath, forming a pair of well-developed metanotal
plates. Metanotum, intense black, except for a whitish semi-
lunar area on the inner margin of each lobe. Abdomen, ten
dorsal segments, the ist entirely hidden by the metanotal plates,
(this segment has already become somewhat dechitinized,) the
rest black ; the 2nd segment is also partially covered by the me-
tanotal plates. Forceps, similar in form to the previous instar,
several minute teeth present along the inner margins, black.
Legs, — femora relatively longer than in the previous instar,
basal halves black, apical halves and tibiae darkly infuscate,
tarsi testaceous, lobe of 2nd tarsal joint more than half the
length of the 3rd joint. (Plate VHI, fig. 6.)

The Adult.

The last ecdysis occurs at about the 50th day and some 4 days
elapse before the final black coloration is attained.

The adults vary very considerably in size ; the following be-
ing the range of dimensions observed :

Males. females.

Antennae 11 mm. 1 1 mm.

Head and body 12-17 """"i- ^3-18 mm.

Forceps 4-7-25 mm. 4-7 mm.

171

Besides the very considerable increase in size, a very decided
change is visible 'structurall}', the tegmina have become much
longer and are freely articulate at their bases ; beneath them are
the^rue flight-wings which are large and membranous. The
f<:»rceps have also assumed a relatively greater development.

Head shining black ; antennae with at least twenty joints,
l)lack, except usually the 13th and 14th joints ,which are whitish
or pale testaceous (the distribution of these pale joints is ex-
tremely variable even on the same individual) ; the three basal
.segments semi-glabrous, the rest pubescent, the basal con-
siderably the largest and much thickened, the 2nd very short,
the 3rd-5th shortish, the rest increasingly longer and slender.
Pronotum broader than head, shining black, anterior margin
straight, angulate ; the posterior margin rounded. Tegmina
long, shining black, sometimes with an aeneous reflection, in
the male reaching nearly to 2nd abdominal segment, in the fe-
male somewhat shorter. Wings large, when folded in the male
reaching nearly to the 3rd abdominal segment ; in the female
somewhat less.

Abdomen flattened, finely granulated, shining black, some-
times with an aeneous reflection; in the male ten dorsal seg-
ments, the posterior segment large, hind margin straight, tuber-
culated and folded, impressed in the middle, eight visible ven-
trally ; in the female ten dorsal segments (8th and 9th very nar-
row and fused to the loth), the posterior segment large, (less
square than that of the male), posterior margin straight, tuber-
culated and folded, impressed in the middle ; six segments vis-
ible ventrally, (the hidden 7th and 8th membranous. Folds of
scent-glands on 4th segment distinct. Forceps long, flattened,
m the male larger and more strongly incurved than those of the
female, the inner margin irregularly crenulate, with a jagged
dilation and a prominent bifid tooth basally. (Another form
occurs on these islands in which the basal dilation is reduced,
and distinct teeth extend two-thirds of the entire length ; in the
female the incurvature is less pronounced, the inner margin is
crenulate and devoid of teeth. Pygidium more prominent in
female than male. Legs, black, stout, tarsi yellowish, lobe of
2nd tarsal joint nearly two-thirds the length of the 3rd joint.
(Plate IX fig. I and 2.)

172

ANISOLABTS ANNULTPES .Luc. (PI. IX fig. 3.)

This inconspicuous earwig has a wide distribution both in tro
pical and temperate zones.

Like the more conspicuous Cliclisoclics iiiorio, it is omnivorous,
Ijut prefers insect food, often feeding- ahnost exckisively on the
cane leaf-hopper, as an examination of several crops has proved.
It is nocturnal, remaining hidden down in the leaf sheaths or
under trash and stones where the female may often be found
zealously guarding her eggs. This species is interesting struc-
turally since it is one of the most completely apterous forms of
the famil3^

PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(Systematic.)

1 Bormans, A. de "Forficulidae," Das Tierreich pp. 1-132,

(1900.)

2 Burr, M. "The Earwigs of Ceylon," Jour. Bombay Nat.

Hist. Soc. XIV, pp. 39-78 and 316-336; 2 Pis.
(1902.)

3 Kirby, W. F. "Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera," Vol.

I, pp. 1-55 (1904.)

(A complete list of the known species of Forfi-
culidae, with distribution.)
(Biological.)

1 Williams, J (Use of the Forceps in Labia minor)

Zoologist p. 2695 (1850.)

2 Fischer, L. H. "Orthoptera Europaea"" pg. 45 (1854)

(Bred a Tachinid parasite (Tacliiiia scfipciiiiis)
from a species of Forficula.)

3 Meinert, F. "De Danske arter af Forficula" Na'turh

Tidsskr (3) II pp. 427-82 PI. XIX (1864.)
Habits, Life History, Structure, etc.
Resume in Latin pp. 474-7.

4 Dunlop, A. A. "On the use of the anal forceps in the

Forficulidae." Ent. Month. Mag. II, p. 158
(1865.)

(Earwigs in India observed to hold larvae in for-
ceps whilst eating them.)

173

5 Morris, J. d. "What is the function of the Forceps in

Forficula?" Canad. Ent. IX, pp. 218-219 {1877.)
(Earwigs use the forceps to elevate the tegmina
and not to unfold the wings preparatory to
flight.)

6 Canierano, L. "Note intorno alio svilluppo della Forficula

auricularia, Linn." Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. XII, pp.

46-50 (1880.)

Oviposition. care of eggs, moultings, etc.

7 Dinimock, G. (Observations on insectivorous diet of F.

aiiriciilaria in captivitv.) Psvche IV, pg. 186
(1883.)

8 Rilev, C. V. Rep. V. S. Dep. Agr. for 1886, p. 487, PI. 3,

f. 6 (1887.)

(Forficula sp. destroying Iccrya.)

9 Ruehl, F. "Zur Uiologie der Forficula-Arten" M. T.

Schweiz. ent. Ges. VII, pp. 309-12 (1887.)
Discusses period of copulation ; habits, etc.

10 Theobald, F. V. "On some Hop-pests." Ent. "Month.

Mag. XXXII, pp. 60-1 (1896.)

{Forficula auricularia damaging hops in England.)

1 1 Green, E. E. "N^otes on Dyscritina lougisctosa Westw."

Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. pp. 229-31 ; text figs 1-5
(1896.)

12 Rodzianko, W. N^. "Ueber den Parasitismus der Larven
von Rocscti 1 aiitiqua Meig. im innern der Larven
von Forficula toiv.is Kol." Horae Soc. Ent. Ross
pp. 72-86 (1897.)
A Tachinid parasite.

i'3 Green, E. E, "Further Notes on Dyscrifiiia Westw." Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lond .pp 381-7, Pis. 18 and 19, (1898.)
(The Sinhalese earwig, Dyscritina loiigisetosa,
Westw. showed partiality for insect food, re-
fusing vegetable.)

14 Van Rossum and Snellen. Tijdschr. Ent. XLII Verslag
pp. 14-15 (1899.)

(F. auricularia beneficial, destroying larvae and
puj^ae of CocJiylis arnbiguclla.)

15 Schlechtendal, D. von. "Ein Reitrag zur Ohrwurm — {Forfi-

cula -auricularia) Frage."

Illustr. Zeit. Ent. IV, pp. 332-3 (1899.)

16 Gadeau de Kerville, H. "L'accouplement des Forficulides"

Bull. Soc. Ent. France pp 85-7 (1903.)

174

1/ Kirkaldy, G. W. "Upon Maternal Solicitude in Rhynchota
and other Non-social Insects." Ann. Rep.
Smiths. Instit. for 1903, pp. 577-85 (1904.)
Summary, with bibliography, of maternal solici-
tude in Earwigs.

18 Baer, G. A. "Note sur la piqure d'une L^orticulide de la
Republique Argentine."
Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. pp. 163-4 (1904.)

HEMEROBIIDAE.

(Chrysopinae.)

The predaceous habits of the peculiar larvae of the Lace-wing
flies are familiar to many. They feed chiefly upon Aphidae
(plant-lice,) but various other injurious insects fall a prey to their
voracity. The soft-bodied larvae of many species amply pro-
tect themselves by carrying various material and the general
dejjris of their victims upon their backs, the dried skins, etc., of
the latter being carefully packed .between and upon the stout
curved bristles of the lace-wing larva. The bodies of these
larvae are usually much distended at about their middle, be-
coming rapidly attenuated posteriorly. The head is broad and
depressed ; the mandibles long and sickle-shaped. There is no
trvit mouth, the Muids of the victims being sucked up through a
groove which extends along each mandible.

The following four species of lace-wings have been observed
in the cane-fields, feeding upon Aphidae and young leaf-hoppers.
1 he first three are native species. The larvae of Anonialochrysa
are often brilliantly colored, for example green with pink or
crimson markings, and do not carry foreign matter upon their
backs. The most beneficial and generally distributed species is
Chrysopa iiiicropJiya, a more detailed account of which is given
Indow.

Aiipiiialochrysa dcccptor. Perk.

Hy\B. ()ahu, Maui and Hawaii, l)ut so far only found in the
cane-fields on the latter island.

Auoiiialoclirysa rapJiidioidcs, Perk.
HAB. Hawaii, found in the cane fields of that island.

AiioniaiflcJirysa ga\i? Perk.
HAB. Hawaii, found in the cane-fields of that island .

CJirysopa uiicropliya, McLachl.
HAB. All the islands and in all cane-fields.

175

GENERAL REMARKS ON CHRYSOPA MICROPHYA,

McLachl.

This small lace-wing' fly is ])rol)al)ly an introduced species but
I'.as undoubtedly been established on these islands for many
years.

The stalked eggs are usually laid upon the under surface of
a leaf or upon a branch, generally singly, sometimes in groups of
3 or 4. The larva upon hatching remains for a short time rest-
ing upon the empty egg. As soon as it leaves the egg-stalk it
seeks eagerly for small particles of dirt, exuviae, etc, to place
ui)on its back ; should an Aphis or young hopper be encountered
during the search, it is seized and after being sucked dry, the
empty skin is placed upon the young larva's back. Those bred
in captivity became full-fed in about 15 days, the adults emerg-
ing about TO days later. The larvae are most voracious feed-
ers and besides attacking young cane-leaf-hoppers have been ob-
served to thrust their long mandibles into the imbedded hopper-
eggs and suck them.

The oviposition has been described as follows : the female
having selected a suitable locality, i)resses the tip of the protrud-
ed abdomen upon the leaf surface and exudes a viscid fluid
(probably of a similar nature to silk) and then raises the abdo-
men, drawing out the viscous deposit into a thread, still at-
tached to the abdomen ; having proceeded thus, the egg is then
extruded and attached to the extremity of this thread or egg-
stalk.

The egg is oval, length about .75 mm., bright green, beconi-
irig yellowish as development proceeds; it is borne upon an ex-
tiemely delicate hair-like stalk, 4-5 mm. in length.

The adult larva is about 5 mm. long. Head, across the eyes
broader than long, depressed, pale greenish-testaceous, with
four pairs of blackish longitudinal bands, the median pair one-
third the length of the head, .starting fromthe inner bases of the
mandibles, convergent posteriorly ; the extra-median pair broad-
er, and extending from the mandibular bases to the back of the
head, convergent posteriorly ; the lateral pair narrow, and ex-
tending from the back of the eyes to the back of the head, the
extra-lateral pair short and extending posteriorly from the sides
of the eyes, this band is divided just behind the eyes, uniting
shortly after. Eyes prominent, black. Mandibles, sickle-
shaped, longer than the head, widely remote at their bases, tes-
taceous, ferruginous apicai\y.

\

176

The thoracic segments distinct from abdominal. Prothorax,
broader than the head , widening anteroposteriorly, bearing an-
terolaterally a pair of tubercles with radiating recurved bristles.
Mesothorax, much broader than prothorax, the narrow con-
stricted portion in front appearing to belong to the former,
width more than twice the length, bearing antero-laterally a
pair of tubercles bearing radiating recurved bristles. M eta-
thorax, broader than the mesothorax. • Width more than three
times that of the length, bearing laterally a pair of tubercles
with radiating recurved bristles. Legs moderate, whitish-tes-
taceous.

. Abdomen napiform, seven-segmented, each segment with a
pair of lateral tubercles bearing bristles.

The general bodv coloring is pale greenish-testaceous with
paired and irregular mottling of brown, the thoracic tubercles
are whitish-testaceous and much larger than those of the abdo-
men, the latter being of the general body coloring, pale greenish-
testaceous.

P.upa case nearly globular, about 2 mm. long, formed of close-
ly-spun whitish silk, and usually covered with insect remains,
etc.

Unfortunately the pupa of this beneficial insect is attacked by
an Ichneumonid parasite, which at certain times and places be-
comes quite numerous.

The adult Lace-wing has been described by McLachlan a.«
follows :

"CJiryso/^a iiiicropliya, n. sp."

"Body yellowish testaceous ("bright green" in life.) Head
polished ; palpi, antennae, and legs concolorous with the body ;
basal joint of antennae strongly bulbose ; claws dilated internally
at the base.

Abdomen apparently having a blackish band on either side, in
which are yellow (or 'greenish) spots ; clothed with rather long,
but not dense hairs.. In the male it is terminated by a broad
oval superior plate, concave oeneath, and ventrally by a much
shorter nearly semicircular plate.

Wings vitreous, slightly iridescent, ovate, subobtuse ; neura-
tion strong, open ; longitudinal nercures greenish, transverse
and graduate nercules mostly blackish, the costal nercules pale at
either end, the whole set with rather long black hairs ; pteros-
tigmatic region elongate (very long and somewhat dilated in
posterior wings of male), greenish ; sulicosta becoming con-

177

fluent with the costa l)eforc the apex; partition nervule of the
th.ird cubital cell extending beyond the nervule above it (the
cellule oval); six and eigfht nervules in the two gradate series
in the anterior wings of the male, and four and five (or six) in
those of the female (in the pair before me ;) fifteen to seventeen
antepterostigmatic nervules.

Length of body 6 millim ; expanse, male 20 millim., female 22
millim.

due of the smallest species and, in some respects, aberrant,
the condition of the subcosta showing analogy with HypocJirysa,
and the formation of the apex of the abdomen with Aiuuiialfl-
chrysa ; but as there are only two series of grachite nervules it
cannot be located in the latter genus."

Bibliography of Hawaiian Chrysopinae.

1 McLachlan, R. "Neuroptera of the Hawaiian Islands."

Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) XH, p. 298-303, (1883.)

2 Blackburn, T. "Notes on Hawaiian Neuroptera, with des-

criptions of new species." Ann. Nat. Hist. (5)
XIV, p 418-421, (1884.)

3 Perkins, R. C. L. "Neuroptera," Fauna Haw. II, p 47-61,

(18990

SYRPHIDAE.

The economic value of the larvae of certain members of this
Dipterous family are well known ,their aphidivorous habits mak-
ing them of great benefit in destroying vast numbers of plant-
lice. The larvae of one of the following species of Baccha were
found in considerable numbers, feeding upon young leaf-hoppers
in Queensland.

Baccha sipliaiiticida, sp. nov.

Male : face retreating around epistoma, antennal prominence
and frontal tubercle moderate but well defined, shining black,
v.ith whitish pubescence and greyish hairs on the sides of the
frontal tubercle and epistoma ; vertical triangle shining black ;
back of head whitish with greyish ciliation ; antennae dull yellow,
?i d joint broadly oval, about as long as deep, arista bare, apically
dark, pale at the base. Thorax and scutellum shining, aeneous,
sparsely covered with short dark hairs and very finely punctate;
scutellum fringed with brownish hairs, meso- and sternopleura
with sparse testaceous pubescence and hairs, golden aeneous.

178

Abdomen, two and one half times the length of the thorax, the
general facies spatulate, blackish brown, shining, destitute of
marking, the specimen appearing somewhat immature. Second
segment cylindrical and very slender ; 3rd segment rather short-
er ?nd of the same width basally, but rapidly widening apically ;
4th segment long, widest at its middle ; 5th segment very short,
narrowing considerably at its apex, hairs brownish, quite long,
(.specially at the base. Legs testaceous, coxae and trochanters
infuscate, the distal halves of the hind femora (except the knees)
and tilMae infuscate. Wings hyaline, iridescent, subcostal cell
infuscate, a faint transverse infuscation across the dividing point
of the 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins, and extending to the low-
er cross vein, also a faint transverse infuscation at the apices
of the marginal and submarginal cells, with a central nonfuscate
oval spot within this area. Alulae large, squamae pale yellow.
Halteres yellow. Length 8.25 mm.; wing expanse 14.75 "i"^-
Female : face retreating as in male, steely, greyish hairs with
v,'hitish pubescence extending to sides of epistoma. Vertex
steely, destitute of pubescence, with dark hairs. Frons with
'dark hairs and laterally a narrow band of whitish pubescence;
antennal prominence and central tubercle destitute of pube-
scence ; on the outside base of the antenna in one female, is a
sub-semi-lunar purplish-violet area, the other specimen showing
no trace of this ; back of head more densely pubescent than in
the male; antennae similar to male, 3rd joint rather less broadly
ovate. Thorax and pleura blackish-aeneous or steely, scutellum
aeneous fringed with grayish hairs, the mesonotum and scutel-
lum finely punctate and clothed with short, whitish suberect
hairs, with darker hairs on front of thorax. Meso-and sterno-
pleura with dense whitish tornentum and hairs, mesopleura with
a whitish yellow spot on its posterior margin. Abdomen ; the
general facies similar to that of the male but rather stouter,
£ii)Out three times as long as the thorax, black or steely and
finely punctate, with numerous hairs distril)uted over the sur-
face, these hairs are dark dorsally, whitish and more abundant
laterally, and at the base are very long; at the base of the 4th
segment are a pair of lateral sub-scalene-triangular, pale yellow
patches, clothed with whitish hairs. Wings hyaline, with the
following infuscation : The basal, costal and 2nd costal cells,
the sub-costal cell (very dark), the basal half and apex of the
marginal cell, the extreme base and apex of the sub-marginal
cell, the middle of the upper basal cell, the bases and apical and

179

ir.iddle of the middle and lower basal cells, the bases of the 2iid
and 3rd posterior cells and the wing base. Alulae and squamae
as in the male, halteres orange, legs similar to the male but
owing to the greater maturity, brighter yellow, and the infusca-
tion blackish. Length 11 175 ; expanse 19 mm.

HAB. Queensland, Cairns and Kuranda, (Koebele 2250) The
larvae were observed in abundance around Cairns by Messrs.
Koebele and Perkins, and were found to be feeding upon larvae
and nymphs of Poecilopterine Fulgorids of the genus Siphanfa.
jN'fany of the puparia were observed to be parasitized by a
Chalcid. On one occasion great numbers of the adults were
seen in one locality, hovering at a considerable height above the
ground.

The following is a brief description of the puparium : Pyriform
bulbous anteriorly, attenuated posteriorly, coriaceous, at the
posterior extremity a respiratory tube, about one-fifth of the
length of the puparium ,with a very short apical bifurcation, up-
on which opens the paired stigmata. General coloration dirty
brown and blackish, with pale ill-defined bands arising in pairs
from the median dorsal area. Leiigth, 5 mm. length of tube i
mm. Respiratory tube testaceous.

Baccha uioiiobia, sp. nov.

Male : This species closely resembles the preceeding ; the chief
difference being that of color. Antennal prominence more pro-
nounced than in the male of B. siphaiiticida, with a similar, but
more vivid purplish-violet patch than that of the female of that
species; antennae, dark orange. Thorax and scutellum, purplish-
aeneous, with golden reflection anteriorly, clothed with short
brownish hairs, scutellum fringed with dark hairs ; sides of pro-
notum, the meso-and sternopleuron golden aeneous, with orange
pubescence and hairs, pteropleuron brilliant golden with pur-
plish marginal reflection. Abdomen, three times the length
of the thorax, purplish-black, without markings, with whitish
hairs, very long on the sides at base. Wings infuscate, irides-
cent, with still darker infuscation distributed as in the female of
B. sipJiaiiticida.. Alulae large. Legs, brownish, coxae and
trochanters blackish, hind femora and tibiae darkly infuscate,
•knees paler. Length 9.50 ; expanse 17 mm.

HAB. Kuranda, Queensland ; one male taken whilst hover-
ing around a Siphanfa colony.

i8o

PARTIAL BIOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BACCHA.

1 Osten Sacken. Baron "Entomologische Notizen," Stettin.

Ent. Zeit. XXIII, 4i2"(i862.)

Refers to earlier records of habits of Bacclia-

spp., especially Coccidivorous forms.

2 Williston, S. W. "Synopsis of the North American Svrphi-

dae," Bull. U. S. Mus. 31 : 269-83 (1886.)
Larvae aphidophagous, provided with well-
developed hooklets.

3 Verrall, G. H. "British Flies" VHI, 455-9 (1901.)

Larvae feed on Aphidae or Coccidae.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate VIII.

1. Eggs of ChclisocJics morio.

2. Embryo of the same in ovo.

3. Larva of the same ist instar.

4. The same 2nd instar.

5. The same 3rd instar.

6. The same 4th instar.

Plate IX.

1. Adult female of C. uwrio.

2. Adult male of C. uwrio.

3. Adult female of Anisolabis aiiuidipcs.

4. Adult male forceps of the same.

5. Ventral surface of the distal portion of the abdomen of
the female of C. morio. The large ventral plate (sternite 7) has
been removed. a, cut edge of the 7th sternite ; b ; chitinized an-
terior angle of the 8th sternite ; c, anus ; f, articular portion of
the loth sternite; (the articulation allows the free passage of
foecal matter; o-. loth sternite; h, loth tergite ; /, thinly chitiniz-
ed ]-)latc of the 9th sternite; k, 9th tergite; /, 8th tergite; ;//, 7th
abdominal stigma ; ;/, genital aperture.

6. Ventral surface of the distal portion of the abdomen of S.
male of C. morio. The terminal ventral plate (sternite 9) has
been removed.

i8i

a, penis (in situ) ; /'. loth terghe ; c, loth sternite ; (/, anus.

Plate. X.

1. Egg and newl}- hatched larva of Chrysoj^a imcrophya, Mc-
Lachl.

2. Adult larva of the same.

3. Cocoon with the pupal skin of the same.

4. Adult female of the same.

5. Baccha siphanticida, (female.)

6. Puparium of the same.

7. Spiracular tube of the same, (nuich enlarged.)

8. Side view of the head of the same.

BULLETIN

PART 5.

PLATE VIII

I

BULLETIN

PART 5.

PLATE IX,

BULLETIN I.

PART 5,

PLATE X.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

•■■^"■^■""^"""■"""■"^ PART 6

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, VI. MYMARIDAE, PLATYGASTERIDAE )

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

NOVEMBER 13, 1905

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SwANZv President

H. P. Baldwin Vice-President

VV. O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. RoBERTSOxNf S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tennev G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

F. R. Wertiimueller.. . Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins. . .Director N. A. Cobta Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist L. Lewton-Brain. . .Assistant Directc

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist E. M. Grosse Assistant

G. W. Kirkaldy A: sistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

JMOLOGY

Bulletin

PART

NO. 1

6

REPORT OF

WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT

STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

-

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. VL MYMAR'IDAE, PLATVGASTERIDAE )

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

NOVEMBER, 1905

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Honolulu, T. H., October z^^, 1905.

To the Conunittee on Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., Hono-
lulu, T. H.

Gentlemen : — I, herewith, submit for pubHcation the sixth part
q{ the Bulletin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Enemies,"
\* hich deals with some of the parasites that destroy the eggs of
leaf-hoppers.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS ON THE MYArARTDAE

The Mymaridae are a family of excessively minute insects,
and authorities are not agreed as to the position that it should
occupy in the great groups of Hymenoptera. Almost all the
known species are parasitic in the eggs of other insects. Those
species with which I am personally accjuainted always emerge
singly from the egg that they have destroyed, but others arc
lired in some numbers from a single egg. Probably they at-
tack the eggs of almost all orders of insects, as I have bred them
from those of Lepidoptera, of Rhynchota. Homopterous and
Hemipterous, and also of Neuroptera, and they likewise destroy
those of Coleoptera. Some are recorded as having been bred
from scale-insects and plant-lice. Of the species hitherto describ-
ed, in comparatively few cases, are the hosts known, and it is safe
to say that all the species hitherto collected by Entomologists do
not amount to one in hundreds, that exist. Some of the larger
species may be obtained in numbers with the sweeping ne't by
anyone with good eyesight, and others are frequently seen in
]jlenty running on glass windows, especially those of hot-houses
ill cold countries, as the English collectors observed three-quar-
ters of a century ago. The majority of the species that exist,
however, are not likely to be met with, except by breeding them,
for many are so minute, that except by chance they cannot be
collected in the field. Some species do not exceed one-third of
a millimeter in length and others are said to be even smaller,
while the pallid color of many of the minute species renders them
almost invisible to the naked eye.

The long and very slender wings, fringed with long hairs, are
one of the most striking characteristics of the family, and with
these delicate organs of flight some even of the smallest species
can fly better than might have been expected. Many of them
have a frequent habit of rising slowly and vertically upwards on
tlie wing, and as they cannot withstand a moderately strong cur-
r( nt of air, this habit must lead to a much quicker and wider dis-
tribution of the species than could ever be attained by their
own unaided powers of flight. The leg's of most species are

long and some of them, especially a species of Alaptiis that I
liave studied, can run with astonishing rapidity.

Even though they be unacquainted with the Mymaridae them-
selves, most entomologists know that the family contains most
of the very few parasitic Hymenoptera that are known to enter
the water of their own accord. Some of these species swim by
means of their wings, others of their legs, and they are parasi-
tic in the eggs of insects that are wholly or partly aquatic, such
as dragon-flies,* water-bugs and water-beetles.

During the past six months I have bred many thousands of
several species of those Mymaridae, that are parasitic in the
eggs of leaf-hoppers, in order to distribute them to the diiTerent
sugar plantations troubled with the pest. Consequently I have
had many opportunities of observing their habits, which while
alike in most respects, yet differ somewhat in detail.

GENERAL ACCOUNT OE PARANAGRUS OPTABILIS.

Though not one of the smallest, since it measures about ^
mm. this species is of very slender and delicate form, and has
long fringes to both front and hind wings. It has that habit
of rising slowly upwards on the wing, often with more or less
spiral flight, that I have already alluded to. In captivity it is
quite easily seen as it runs actively about on the leaves of the
cane plants continually touching their surface with' the tip of its
antennae. On arriving at a fresh scar, marking the place
where a leaf-hopper has laid its eggs, it thoroughly investigates
tliis with the characteristic dilated club-joint of the antennae.
After this investigation it sometimes passes on, but at others
it proceeds to thrust the tip of the ovipositor into the egg cham-
ber of the leaf-hopper, still keeping the tips of the antennae in
touch with the surface. (PI. XIII fig. ^.) Since the antennae
are directed vertically (or nearly so) downwards, and are re-
latively of great length, in order to bring their tips in contact
with the surface of the leaf the parasite is obliged to raise itself
high on its two front pair of legs, and consequently assumes a
characteristic position during oviposition. The ovipositor,
when freed from its sheaths and in action, forms a strong angle
with the lower surface of the abdomen, in some cases approach-
ing a right angle. When the scar, that marks an egg-chamber,
is after investigation passed by, though it is evidently recent,

* 111 these remarks the seiius Piesti.'ichia is iiu-ludecl, since it has generally been
assigned to the Mymaridae (but erroneously) aud its habits have been specially studied.

1 89

and the parasite almost immediately proceeds to investigate an-
other, and to lay therein, it is probable that the eggs in the first
one have been already parasitized, though of course it may be
simply that the egg of the leaf-hopper has advanced beyond a
proper stage of development for being parasitized. In eggs
examined I found no advanced stage of development of the
Itaf-hopper embryo, when they contained a larva of the para-
site. However this may be, a suitable egg-chamber having
been found, the ovipositor is kept inserted for a considerable
lime, sometimes for several minutes. Both in the preliminary
examination of the egg-chamber and during the process of ovi-
position, the parasite may sometimes be seen by a very rapid
turn through half a complete revolution, to exactly reverse its
position, and this sometimes takes place more than once. Chal-
cids of other families, with habits similar to the Mymarids,
behave in precisely the same way, and are even more rapid in
their movements, so that these can only be appreciated by our
eyes owing to the chang'e of position, the head and tail end of
the parasite having as it were, changed places instantaneously.
The number of eggs of leaf-hopper in a single chamber varies
from one to twelve or more, six or eight being common, and all
these eggs may be stung, or some may escape. I have not exa-
mined the egg of the parasite which presumably is thrust into the
leaf-hopper's egg, and in that case is likely to be hardly or not at
all visible amongst the opaque contents of the latter. The ma-
ture larva is the usual apodous grub, and it may be seen per-
forming its curious rotatory movements amongst the fluid con-
tents of the egg that contains it. It has also a habit at times
of violently throwing forward its anterior segments, so that the
head of a half grown larva, which reaches to the middle of the
hopper's egg, will, at its greatest extension, nearly attain the
operculum. According to authors mPolynema, there is a very
remarkable second form or 'Hisfriobdclhf stage of the larva. I
have not yet observed this in Paranagrus, but the third form (as
figured by me) greatly resembles that of Polynema. The smallest
larve examined by me measured {\. mm., the largest }•? mm.
so that the main growth must be in this stage. Except in size
the smallest and largest larvae did not noticeably differ.

The head of the larva has a quite remarkable armature as is
represented under very high magnification on PI. XIII, fig. 5
and 5a, from a half grown example extracted from the egg of its
host. The pupa almost or quite fills this egg (excluding the
opercular portion) and before it is fully developed is generally

190

very easily distinguishable in form, by the pigmented, sometimes
deep crimson-colored, granular contents, which mark out differ-
ent areas. (PL XPII fig. 4.) Shortly before hatching, the pupa
appears more uniformly yellow, owing to the color of the adult
insect, shining through the thin, translucent pellicle. In about
twenty days from oviposition the adult parasite emerges from
llic egg-chamber of the leaf-hopper.

In this and other species of Paranagrns the winged parasite
escapes through the scar made by the leaf-hopper ; but some
species of Aiiagrus, parasitic on the same eggs, and very similar
ill general appearance to those of the above named genus, never
do so, but always gnaw a distinct round hole, in order to leave
the egg-chamlDQr. Such too is the habit of Polyncma rcdiivioli,
which often emerges at quite a distance from the free extremity
of the imbedded (^gg, in which it was bred. (PI. XIII, fig. 7.)

The habits of the two egg-parasites that are commonly found
together in the cane fields are also in some other respects strong-
\y contrasted. The Paranagrns has a particular liking for the
egg-chambers placed at the bases of the mid-ribs (where in fact
they are most numerous) though it will attack those in any
situation. The Anagrus on the other hand greatly prefers those
on the higher parts of the mid-rib and more particularly on the
edges of this, where the lamina of the leaf ijoins it. Very rarely
does it attack the eggs at the base or in the centre of the mid-
rib, unless in the case of very young cane leaves.

The species of Anagrns and Paranagrns here dealt with are
habitually parthenogenetic, the males only appearing at inter-
vals, and then in very small numbers, as compared with the
females. In breeding a species of the latter genus continuously
from January to September, a fresh brood appearing every three
weeks, it was not until the middle of the latter month that the
first males appeared. During the time specified very many thou-
sands of individuals were examined, and the males, it should be
added, can easily be distinguished from the females by anyone
familiar with the species, without the aid of a lens. The case
of the Anagrus is similar, as far as the species we have studied
are concerned. One may in fact regard the species of these
two genera as far advanced on the road towards perfect par-
thenogenesis.

CLASSIFICATION.

Haliday, who perhaps studied these atoms of insects more
carefully than other hymenopterists, as early as 1833, assigned

191

them to the Chalcidoid series, and Ashmead, the latest writer
whose works I have used, agrees with him. On the other hand
such famous entomologists as Westwood, Foerster and Thom-
son all agree in placing them in the Proctotrupoid family ; and
I believe that this great difiference m opinion is a true indicaton
of the anomalous character of the Mymaridae. While they
cannot, judging from the forms that I have studied for the pur-
poses of this paper, be possibly included amongst the Proctotru-
poids, it must be admitted that, if they be referred to the Chal-
cidoid series ,they form an unusually distinct family in the lat-
ter. In fact they are probably more distinct from any family in
this series, than is any other of its families, from that to which
it is most nearly allied. Unfortunately in the literature ac-
v'cssible to me the structural characters of the genera are for
the most part merely given in dichotomous tables, and therein
characterized in such very brief fashion, that I cannot determine
with certainty whether the species here described really belong
to the genera, to which the tables assign them, or not. None
of these tables make mention of characters, which I believe to
be of great importance for purposes of generic division.

The family Mymaridae has been divided into two sub-families
according to the number of the tarsal joints, and each of these
is further divided into two 'tribes' according to the nature of the
basal articulation of the abdomen. For purposes ot identi-
fication of genera these divisions are convenient ; as a natural
classification their value appears to me very dubious. The
variability in the number of tarsal joints in those families of the
Chalcidoid series, which are most nearly allied to the Mymaridae,
is known to all students of parasitic Hymenoptera to be of in-
ferior value, this number in some cases differing even in the
sexes of one species. It is quite probable that the nature of
the articulation of the abdomen, and possibly the dififerences m
the structure of the thorax, will prove of much greater import-
ance than the number of tarsal joints.

To me, by far the most remarkable character in the Mymarids,
(hat I have studied, is the extraordinary dilTerence in the rela-
tion of the base of the abdomen to the posterior end of the tho-
rax, even in species that resemble one another in their general
habits. In the species that I describe under the genera Anagrus,
Paranagriis and Alaptus the abdomen is truly sessile, adapted at
the base to the thorax, the rigidity being further increased by the
great thoracic mesophragma, which penetrates well back into
the abdomen. Forms that I refer to Oocfoints, Polyiierna etc.,

192

on the other hand have a mol^ilc, pedicellate abdomen and in
these and petiolate forms, the very structure i^rohibits the pre-
sence of such a mesophragma in the abdominal segments. Yet
in spite of these profound differences we find insects of the first
class ovipositing in the eggs of leaf-hoppers laid in the leaves of
cane or grass ; those of the second doing precisely the same, as
well as piercing the eggs of Heteroptera, imbedded in a similar
manner in 'the cane leaf. It does not appear to me improbable
that, when a special study is made of the peculiarities of the
Mymarida'e, and this study is based on a rich and well prepared
collection, the group will prove to be of more than family rank
and itself to contain some very distinct families.

The Mymaridae, or at least such as I have studied in con-
nection with this paper, appear to me to be most nearly allied
to certain of the Eulophidae. Some of the latter have to a large
extent the same structure of the thorax as the Mymarids, and in
this point amongst others the latter at once differ from any true
Proctotrupids known to me. It is further a somewhat remark-
able fact that various Mymarids of verv different groups have
a pattern and arrangment of markings identical with that of
certain Eulophidae. The wings are of the most characteristic
• form, and are very different from those of the egg-parasites of
the family Trichogrammidac, from which I exclude Ashmead's
sub-family Oligositinae, believing it will be sooner or later asso-
ciated with the Eulophidae in spite of the three-jointed tarsi.
In the presence of a great mesophragma extending far into the
abdomen, the sessile-bodied Mymarids agree with many Eulo-
p'hids and Trichogrammids, indeed in some of the latter this
si;ructure is enormously developed and extends almost to the
apex of the body.

Ashmead who has published the latest classification of the
Chalcidoid families, and has probably spent more time on this
study than anyone living and whose views are therefore worthy
of the most careful consideration, gives as the leading characters
lo define the Mymaridae :

"Hind wings exceedingly narrow, linear, pedunculate at base ;
ovipositor issuing from beneath just anterior to tip of abdomen ;
antennae without a ring-joint, the scape rather small, short,
compressed :"

All the species considered here agree with this definition in
two particulars (i) the hind-wings are narrow and pedunculate,
(2) the antennae have no ring-joint. In other respects the'
characters do not agree with any of my species. Thus the ovi-

193

positor issues from close to the base of the abdomen in all of
these, and is in all respects similar to that of many species of
Eulophidae or of other Chalcid families. ((See PI. XIII fig. 3
and fig. 6.) Further the scape of the antennae is always slender
and elongate, except in a very few males. I am therefore led
to ask myself whether there are species of Mymaridae with the
structure of the ovipositor as described by Foerster and Ash-
mead, and which would partly account for the fact that several
of the greatest of entomologists placed the group in the Proc-
totrupids, with which. in this respect they were thought to near-
ly (though not exactly) agree, and if so, whether the family is
really a natural one. It is certainly remarkable that, whereas
in other respects my species and genera fall readily into the sui)-
families and tribes, that have been suggested, yet they do not
agree in the structure of antennae nor in the ovipositor with the
family characters.

An important character rccjuiring further study is the struc-
ture of the mesonotum. In some species this appears to be
formed much as in many Eulophidae, the axillae being produced
forwards acutely into the parapsides. In others I can detect no
marked forward extension of the axillar pieces. In all the
species specially examined by me, this forward extension is
correlated with a sessile abdomen and does not occur in the
pedicellate and subpetiolate forms.

In conclusion the species which I have most particularly
studied, viz: those here descri1:)ed under the genera Anagnts,
Paranagnis, Gonatoccnis and Alapiiis appear to me to be most
nearly allied to certain Eulophidae, though differing greatly
from these in the structure of wings and antennae, and further,
amongst themselves present differential characters of perhaps
even family value.

LIST OF MYMARIDAE HERE DESCRIBED.

1. Ooctomis aiistralciisis, sp. nov.

2. Polyncnia (?) rcdnvioli, sp. nov.

3. Gonatoccnis cingiilafiis, sp. nov.

4. Alaptus iiiiiuufiints, sp. nov.

5. Aiiagnis frcqiicns, sp. nov.
0. Aiiagnis coliiinbi, sp. nov

Paranagrus, gen. nov.

7. Paranagrus opfabills, sp. nov. et typ. gen.

8. Paravtagrus perforator, sp. nov.

194

TABLE OF GENERA AND SPECTES HERE
CONSIDERED.

1 (6) Abdomen sessile, with a wide thoracic mesophragma

extending well into it ; front wings very narrow, the
apical cilia much longer than their width.

2 (3) Tarsi 5-jointed (antennae of male lo-jointed ; of female

8-jointed) Alaptus inuiialiinis.

7. (2) Tarsi 4-jointed (antennae of male 13, of female 9-joint-
ed.)

4 (5) Third antennal joint elongate almost as long as the

fourth Paraiiagrus.

Ovipositor only slightly exserted l:)ehind the body.

P. optabilis.

Ovipositor exserted behind the body for a length
equal to that of the 4 joints of the hind tarsi together.
P. perforator.

5 (4) Third antennal joint very short, much shorter than

fourth Anagrus.

Front wings with a distinct bare longitudinal line on

lower half A. frcqucns.

Front wings more evenly hairy (PI. XIll fig. 8 & 8a.)
A. coliimbi.

6 (i) Abdomen pedicellate or subpetiolate, and without a

mesophragma extending back into it ; front wings
with the apical fringe short, much shorter than the
width of the wings.

7 (8) Tarsi 5-jointed; antennae of female ii-jointed.

Abdomen pedicellate Ooctoiiits aiistralciisis.

Abdomen not pedicellate Gonatoccrus cingiilalus.

8 (7) Tarsi 4-ijointed, antennae of female 9-jointed.

Abdomen pedicellate Polyiicmo rcduvioU.

DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

In the following descriptions important structural characters
are generally given under the generic names, owing to the fact
that I do not feel sure that the species are always placed in the
right genera, for reasons that I have already stated. The neu-
ration does not differ greatly in these g^enera, being much as in
the Paraiiagrus figured, though in some forms the sub-marginal

195

vein is longer relatively to the marginal. The latter is of much
the same form in all and can hardly be called punctiform in any.

Ooctoims Hal.

Male antennae with 13 joints, the scape flattened and short,
the second joint very small and roundish, the following ones
subequally elongate, fattened and wide, but not so wide as
long. Antennae of female ii-jointed.; scape very long, set on
an elongate pedicel, so as to appear obsoletely 2-jointed, and as
long as the three following joints together; club as long as the
five preceding joints together. Posterior ocelli wide apart,
perhaps placed close to the eye margins, the collapse of the head
in dried specimens making it nupossible to ascertain this point.
Scutellum large and elongate, longer than the mesonotum ; the
axillae encroaching little or not at all on the scapulae ; propc-
deum with two raised lines or longitudinal carinae. Tarsi 5-
jointed. Apical cilia of front wings short, many times shorter
than the greatest width of the wing. Abdomen pedicellate.
(For figures of antennae see PI. XIII fig. 2; the lower two an-
tennae representing male and female of this genus.)

Ooctoniis anstralciisis, sp. nov.

Black, shining, antennae of the male black, of the female
with the scape mostly pale yellowish-brown, the second joint
also more or less brownish, the following three blackish, the
sixth also dark but less so than the preceding, 7th, 8th and 9th
white, loth much wider than the 9th and black, club black. Legs
brownish yellow or testaceous, posterior tibiae more or less
darkened. Abdomen pedicellate, brownish black or piceous.
Length if mm.

Hab: Cairns, Queensland; two examples extracted from eggs
of a conspicuous Tettigonia common in the cane fields.

Gonotoccrus, Nees.

Female: Antennae ii-jointed, the scape elongate, al)Out ecjual
to the next three joints together, second joint widened, much
wider on its fiat surface than the following; flagellar joints not
differing greatly in length, the basal ones being, however, rather
shorter than the following; club as long or longer than the three
l)receding. Front wings with short apical cilia, several times

196

shorter than the greatest width of the wing ; axillae of mesono-
tum not encroaching on the parapsides ; tarsi 5-jointed; pos-
terior ocelli remote from the eye margins ; abdomen subsessile.
(Plate XIII fig. 2; uppermost antenna represents that of female
of this genus ; fig. 6 abdomen of the female.)

Goualoccnis cini!;iilatiis, sp. nov.

Female : Yellow ; the face, the whole of the flagellum of the
antennae, two adjacent spots on the front of the mesonotum
which do not reach back to the middle, one on the anterior angle
of the scapulae, anotther on each side adjoining the tegulae and
a median one between these, the propodeum, the meso-and meto-
pleura, the hind coxae, all the tibiae, the tarsi above, two bands
near the middle of the abdomen (appearing as one very broad,
one in contracted specimens) and the sheaths of the ovipositor
dark, black or blackish fuscous. The scape and second joint
of the antennae and the front and middle coxae are more or less
dark on their margins. Front tibiae with distinct, small, stout
spines, placed remotely and in line. Length if mm.

Hab. Brisbane, Queensland; bred from the eggs of a Tcfti-
i^oiiia on sugar cane (Koebele No. 2241.)

Polyiiciiia, Hal.

The single species here described under this genus has a
shorter marginal vein than any of the others dealt with in this
l)aper, but it is less punctiform than in some other species, that
I have examined.

Polyiicina rcchi-doli, sp. nov.

Third and ten following joints in the male elongate, sub-
equal, in the female the third, fourth and fifth are very slender
and elongate the following three much shorter and wider, the
club about as long as the three preceding together. The fringe
at the apex of the front wings is much shorter than the greatest
width of these. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is very long,
subequal to the other three joints together.

Black and smooth, except for very fine microscopic sculpture,
the three basal ijoints of the antennae in both sexes, all the legs,
except the apical joints of the tarsi, and the abdominal pedicel
are yellow, or brownish yellow. The pedicel is elongate, and

197

about equal in length to the hind coxae. The surface of the
wings is uniformly clothed with short dark hairs. Length i mm.

Hab : Hawaiian Islands ; parasitic in eggs of Rcihri'iohts black-
biinii.

N. B.- — A second species closely allied to this, Init differing
slightly in color, and with a shorter marginal vein has probably
similar habits, as also P. Ji(ni.'aiiciisis described by Ashmead.
(Faun. Haw. Vol. i, p. 332,) which agrees in nearly all structural
points with the one here described. These two species are
usually bred from leaves covered with Aphis and might easily be
supposed to be parasitic on plant-lice by a careless investigator.

Alaptns, Hal.

Antennae of female S-jointed, the scape elongate, the second
joint dilated and much wider than the following, third slender,
elongate, rather shorter than the fourth, 5th, 6th, and 7th, in-
creasing in width, club nearly as long as the four preceding.
Antennae of male lo-jointed, the scape elongate, second wider
than the following, third elongate, but shorter than the fourth,
which is subequal to the following joints. Posterior ocelli close
to the eye-margins, the three forming a triangle with extremely
wide base. Tarsi 5-jointed. Abdomen sessile. (Plate XH,
fig. 5 ; antennae of female in two aspects and that of the male.)

Alaptiis inimatitnis, sp. nov.

Female : Pallid ochreous, the head sordid and also the
tliorax along its posterior margin; abdominal segments with
obscure s,ub-quadrate, lateral, blackish or sordid spots. Anten-
nae with two basal joints pale, the rest dark. Length f mm.

Hab : Bundaberg, Queensland, bred from cane leaves con-
taining leaf-hopper eggs, but I do not feel sure that it is para-
sitic on these.

Aiiagnts, Hal.

Ocelli in a subequilateral triangle, and close together, the
posterior very remote from the eyes ; antennae of female 9-joint-
ed, scape long, second joint widened, third very short, the fourth
and following equal, club about equal to two preceding. An-
tennae of male iiliform 13-jointed, second joint dilated, third also
wide on its flat face and short, much shorter than the following,
all the other joints subequal. i\xillae produced forwards into

198

llie scapular region of the mesonoitum ; tarsi 4-joiivtecl, wings with
long apical cilia, much longer than the greatest width of the
wing. Abdomen sessile, ovipositor a little exserted. (Plate
XII, fig, 4 and 6; antennae.)

Anagnis frcqncns, sp. nov.

Female : Orange red or reddish yellow, the occiput for a
large part, the antennae except the two basal joints, two conti-
guous or subcontiguous large marks on the front of the mesono-
tum, one on the anterior end of each of the scapulae, one on the
axillae, two or three of the l>asal abdominal segments more or
less, as well as their lateral margins very narrowly, and the
sheaths of the ovipositor, dark, blackish or fuscous. Wings
hairy, but with a long bare area on the lower side of the apical
half. Ovipositor very little exserted.

Male generally like the female apart from the structural differ-
ences in the antennae as stated above, and in the usual abdo-
inal characters. Markings as in the female, probably more pro-
nounced as a rule, but similarly situated, the abdomen apically
dark above. Length % mm.

Hab : Queensland ; bred from eggs of Delphacids. An ap-
parently slightly different race inhabits Fiji, but I cannot sepa-
rat I it specifically.

Aiiagnis cohinibi, sp. nov.

Apparently almost identical with the preceding in form and
structure, but at once distinguished by the fact that the hairs
on the apical part of the front wing are of more general dis-
tribution and do not leave the large bare space noticeable in A.
frcquens. In specimens mounted in balsam in 1903, the color
characters are as follows : Luteous. head sordid or smoky
yellow, antennae with three basal joints yellow (but the scape is
somewhat darkened in part) the rest fuscous. Mesonotum yel-
lowish fuscous, the parapsides darker in front, the axillae also
infuscate. Abdomen sordid yellowish. In life the markings
are very probably almost identical with those of A. frcquens, but
whether the general color is as red as in that s])ecies, it is im-
possible to say. Length f mm.

Llab : Columbus, Ohio (K-oebele, No. 2320) bred from eggs
of Libiiriiia on g^rass.

199

Paranagrus, gen. nov.

Like Anagnts, but more slender and elongate, and with the
third joint of the antennae in the female elongate, not much
shorter than the following and quite slender. Otherwise as in
tlie preceding genus. Ovipositor either slightly or strongly
exserted behind the abdomen. Antennae of male 13-ijointed, as
in Anagnis, ])ut with the third joint slender and elongate, as in
the female. (Plate XII, tig. i and 2.)

Paranagrus optahiUs, sp. nov.

Male ; flavous, head more or less sordid or smoky ; a large
elongate subtriangular spot on either side of the middle line of
mesonotum, the apex of these spots reaching nearly to the
scutellum ; a spot usually triangular on the parapsides, and one
on the axillae, dark ; abdomen with at least the apical segments
more or less dark, blackish or fuscous ; all the joints of the
Hagellum smoky or fuscous.

Female, like the male, but with the thoracic markings gen-
erally much fainter, though occupying the same positions ; spors
on the axillae sometimes not discernable, the abdomen not dark
on the apical segments. Length f mm.

Hab : Queensland ; bred in all localities from the eggs of
Pcrkiiisiclla saccharicida. A very similar form inhabits Fiji, but
the material is insufificient to determine whether they are spe-
cifically identical.

Paraiiagnis perforator, sp. nov.

Female ; yellow or orange red ; head subinfuscate, the whole
of the flagellum of the antennae, two long triangular spots on
tlie mesonotum, nearly or quite reaching the scutellum, one
(ju the front angles of each of the parapsides, another on each
of the axillae, an interrupted band on the first abdominal seg-
ment, and an entire one on the second and third, the lateral mar-
gins of at least some of the apical segments, and the sheaths of
the ovipositor, dark, blackish or piceous. Ovipositor extending
well behind the abdomen, for a length equal to that of all the
joints of one of the hind tarsi taken together. Length f mm.

Hal) : iMJi ; 1ired from eggs of Delphacid leaf-hoppers.

200

PRQCTOTRUPOIDEA.

\u the course of our investi!:^ation of the parasites of leaf-
liopper, several species of an anomalous form belonging to the
Proctotrupoid series were bred. These species, I believe, form
a genus not yet described, which at present is best located in
the Platygasteridae, in the group which contains the genus Inos-
Icinnia, Hal. In some respects they remind one of the well-
known egg-parasites of the genus Baeus and its allies, in the
Scelionidae ; in others of the likewise anomalous genus Baco-
iKiira of Foerster. They too are egg-parasites, attacking those
leaf-hoppers' eggs, which are not imbedded in the tissues of
]))ants, but such as are entirely external. The eggs that wc
found to be attacked by them, were those of such conspicuous
leaf-hoppers, as are included in the genera Siphanta, Platybrachys,
etc., and of others allied to these. These parasites are of very
great economic value in Australia and without their aid, vege-
tation in many localities would suffer very greatly from leaf-
hoppers of the genus Siphanta, which indeed are, as it is, quite
capable of doing damage under certain conditions in that coun-
try. In many places, however, we found that from every egg-
in nearly every egg-mass that we collected, we bred one or
other of these parasites, and further we saw them in extra-
ordinary numbers crawling over and ovipositing in eggs in the
field.

They always escape by gnawing a roundish hole in the egg,
so that it is very easy to d'Stingui-h between the egg-masses from
which parasites have escaped and those from which }Oung leaf-
hoppers have emerged. (PI. XI, fig. 2, 3 and 7.) We were not
able to pay very much attention to the eggs of such leaf-hoppers
as those mentioned above, so that I anticipate that great num-
bers of species of these parasites are to be found in Australia,
and probal)ly they are represented by similar or cognate forms
in other countries. The parasites themselves, when bred from
eggs of such species of leaf-hoppers as cover their eggs with
white mealy powder, are frequently so disguised by the ad-
herence of this same substance, that unless it 'be carefully clean-
ed ofif, their proper structure and appearance cannot be made
out.

GENUS AND SPECIES HERE DESCRIBED.

Aphaiiojitcnts, gen. nov.
I. Aphanouwnts bicolor, sp. nov. et typ. gen.

20I

2. Aphanomcnis nigcr, sp. nov.

3. Aphanomcrus rufescens, sp. nov.

4. Aphanomcrus ptisillus, sp. nov.

These species may be easily separated by the distinctions given
in the table below. I may add there is another species very
closely allied to A. rufescens, represented by a 'single example,
which I have noit thought it advisable to describe at present.
T . (6) Thorax black.

2. (5) Abdomen largely or entirely ferruginous.

3. (4) Larger; abdomen wholly ferruginous A. bicolor

4. (3) Smaller ; abdomen dark at least on the apical part.

A. rufescens.

5. (2) Abdomen almost entirely black A. niger

(\ (i) Thorax yellow or ferruginous A. pusilhis.

Aphanomcnis, gen. nov.

Moderately or quite robust, the head transverse, and very
strongly inflexed, the ocelli very widely separated from one an-
other, the anterior one placed very far forwards. y\ntennae 7-
jointed in the female; 8-jointed in the male, the club solid and
one-jointed in both sexes. Maxillary palpi two-jointed, labial
one-jointed; mandibles bidentate. Pronotum very little visible
iri some aspects ; the parapsidal furrows of the mesonotum fine,
but evident, and widely separated even at the base ; post scutel-
lum more or less prominent in the middle. Legs with uneven
claws, the one 4:>eing much longer than the other. Wings with
the submarginal vein terminating in a round knob in the field of
the wing, and not reaching the costa, the basal nervure more or
less obsolescent, the basal cell incomplete, but its position mark-
ed by a darker streak in the position of the median vein. Abdo-
men with longitudinal wrinkles or costae at the base. (Plate
XL fig. T, 4 ,5, 6,, 8 and 9.)

Aphanomcrus hicohir, sp. nov.

Black, the abdomen ferruginous, the antennae, legs and tegu-
lae paler, more testaceous, the club of the antennae in the female
largely dark.

Head and thorax opaciue or subopaque, the mesonotum and
scutellum with minute microscopic sculjAure and punctuation,
so that it appears coriaceous under a lens, clothed with minute
!C;ray pubescence, and with longer gray hairs at the posterior

202

ang-les of the thorax. Abdomen with a series of short longi-
tudinal costae or wrinkles at the base, and pubescent at the sides
near these, the four apical segments with short grey pubescence,
the large segment preceding them being smooth and glal)rous.
Length ig mm. (PI. XI, fig. i and 4.)

Hab : Queensland ; common. From one batch of eggs, Koe
bele (No. 2293) bred 48 parasites and 7 young hoppers. As in
the other species, only one parasite emerges from each egg.

Apliajionicnis nigcr, sp. nov.

Black, the legs and antennae for the most paft yellow or ferru-
ginous, the club of the laltter infuscate in the female, the tip of
the abdomen ferruginous, as well as the apical margins, very
narrowly, of the second and following segments.

Thorax dull, appearing coriaceous from the dense minute
sculpture, consisting of fine punctures and rugulosity of the sur-
face, and clo>thed with very fine gray pubescence. Abdomen at
the base with the usual row of costae and externally to these
pubescent, and with very delicate microscopic rugulosity, the
second segment smooith, shining and glabrous, the terminal ones
slightly pubescent. Length I5 mm.

Hab : TUmdaberg, Queensland ; male and female bred from
eggs of a Fulgorid on Melaleuca by Mr. Koebele. The speci-
mens are unnumbered and the eggs are those of a species of
Plafybraehys or some allied form.

ApJiaiioments rufescens, sp. nov.

Black, the abdomen ferruginous except at the apex and on
the lateral margins, which are more or less dark ; antennae and
legs testaceous or yellowish, the club of the former more or less
dark in the female, while in the male the dark color of the abdo-
men is extended further towards the base.

Head, and thorax above, subopaque or at least not very shin-
ing, with microscopic sculpiture, and clothed with fine gray pube-
scence, the pleura for the most part smooth and much more
shining, the propodeum about the insertion of the abdomen
more or less pale colored, or piceous. Abdomen with longitu-
dinal cositae at the base and pubescent on either side of these ;
the following great segment glabrous and impunctate. Length
^ mm. (Plate XI, fig. 6.)

Hab :Cairns, Queensland ; bred from egg-masses of Fulgorids.

I

203

Some specimens bred by Koebele are numbered 2276 erroneoi^s-
h'. his note under that number referring to other insects.

Aphanomcnis pusiUns, sp. nov.

Yellowish or ferruginous, the head in the female black or
dark, and the club of its antennae somewhat obscured.

Mesonotum opaque or nearly so, with dense and very fine
microscopic sculpture, and minute pale pubescence, much as in
the other species of the genus, the pleura smooth and shining.
Abdomen with the base costate, the following large segment
very smooth and shining, the rest finely pubescent. Length
7^ mm. (Plate XI, fig. 5.)

Hab : Queensland ; very abundant in the eggs of Sipliaiita,
and allied forms.

PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A. MYMARIDAE.

1 Haliday, A. H. Ent. Mag. I, p. 341, 1833, (systematic]

2 id. Hvm. Svnops. p. II, 1839, (systematic.))

3 id. Ann. &' Mag. N. H. XVIII, p. 49, 1846, (sys-

tematic.) i

4 Foerster, A. Hym. Stud. II, p. 20, 2/, 116, 1856, (sys-

tematic.)

5 Lubbock, Sir J. Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond. XXIV, p. 135, 1863

(biological.)

0 Packard, A. S. "Text Book of Entomology" i). 702-704;

also p. 709 and 710, 1898, (larval forms of Puly-
iiciiia and other jjarasitic Hymenoptera and bibli-
ography.)

7 Dalla Torre, C. G. de. Cat. Hym. V, pt. 2, p. 422, 1898.

8 Ashmead, W. H. "Classification of the Chalcid flies,"

Mem. Carnegie Mus. I, 4, p. 361, 1904.

B. PROCTOTRUPOIDEA.

1 Ashmead, W .H. "Mon. N. A. Proctotrupidae." 1893.
2 Dalla Torre, C. G. de. Cat Hym. V, pt. 2, 1898.

204

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate XL

T Aphmwincrus bicolor.

2 Egg's of Siphania sp. from each of which an exani])le ot

ApJiaiioinerns piisilliis emerged.

3 Eggs of a Fulgorid, probably a species of Platybrachys, from

which A. bicolor was bred. Only a few eggs are figured,
but of the whole mass 48 produced parasites, and from 7
young hoppers emerged ; a few others contained dead
parasites.

4. A. bicolor; male and female antennae.

5. A. pusiUus; male and female antemiae.

6. A. rufescens; female antenna.

7. Eggs of a species of leaf-hopper allied to Siphanta all

parasitized by A. rnfcscciis.

8. Maxillary palpus of A. bicolor

9. Claw-joint of tarsus of the same, showing the unequal

claws.

Plate XII.

1. Parana grus optabllis.

2. Antenna of female and male of the same.

3. & 3a. Antennae of male and female Polyiicina rcdiii'ioh.

4. Antenna of female Anagnis cohunbi, in two as])ects.

s. Antenna of female in two aspects, and antenna of the male,

of Aloptus itninahtriis.
6. Antenna of male and female of Anagnis frcquciis.

Plate XIII.

2. Antenna of female Goiiafoccnis ci)igii'alns- above; of female

and male Ooctonus aiistralcnsis below.

3. Paranagriis opfabilis female, ovipositing in the eggs of

PcrkinsicUa, which are imbedded in the leaf, and further
hidden beneath a white mealy covering.

4. Pupa of Parana grus within the egg of Pcrkinsidla.

5. Larva of the same ; the egg contents had been partly re-

moved in order that the larva might be rendered more
visible, and they are not figured in the upper part of the
hopper'^s <igg.
5a. Head extremity of the larva of the same.

205

6. Abdomen of Gonatoccnis cingiilafiis showino- the insertion of

ovipositor at its base.

7. Upper extremity of eggs of Rcduz'iolus hlackhnrni and the

exit holes of the parasite {Polyncina rcdnvioli) in the sur-
face of the cane-leaf.

8. & 8a. Diagrammatic of disposition of hairs on the surface

of front wing of Ajiagnis frcqiiciis and A. colnmbi.

BULLETIN L

PART 6.

Perkins del.

PLATE XI.

BULLETIN I,

PART 6.

BULLETIN I,

PART 6.

PLATE XIII.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

■■■^^■^^■"■~'"~"~^~~ PART 7

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

( PT, VII. ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA
HEMIPTERA )

By O. H. SWEZEY

HONOLULU, H. T.

DECEMBER 30, 1905

HAWAUAN SUGAR PLANTERS* ASSOQATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SwANZY President

H. P. Baldwin Vice-President

W. O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E, D. Tenney G. M. Rolph

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF j

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY i

C. F. Eckart Director . |

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist 5

S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist ■

F. R. Werthmueller... Assistant Ciiemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF DIVISION OF

entomology PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins... Director N. A. Cobb Director '

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist L.. Lewton-Brain.. .Assistant Direci

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist E. M. Grosse Assistant

G. W. Kirkaldy A. tistant Entomologist ^i

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist ij

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist .'...■.Is

P. Muir Assistant Entomologist ,3

I

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

""^""""^"■"^"■"■^^ PART 7

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE ^

I

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

( PT, Vll. ORTHOPTERA, COLEOPTERA
HEMIPTERA )

By O. H. SWEZEY

HONOLULU, H. T.

DECEMBER, 1905

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

Since the cane leaf-hopper has become so abundant in the
Hawaiian Islands, certain predaceous insects have taken to
feeding upon them and have likewise increased in abundance;
so that they are now found as constant inhabitants of the cane-
fields wherever leaf-hoppers are abundant, and are of no little
value in helping to check the increase of the latter.

Of the insects treated in this Part the grasshopper {Xip-
hidium) is by far of the most importance. It is not indigenous
to the Islands, but from whence it came is not known. Its in-
troduction was accidental about 15 years ago. There are many
species of this genus in all parts of the world. I have seen no
mention of any species being insectivorous, they being chiefly
grass feeders. It is not unlikely that our species has developed
its partial insectivorous habit since its introduction here, and
since the increase of the leaf-hoppers to such an abundant food-
supply.

The bugs (Hemiptera) treated of, with the exception of Zclus
pcregrinus, are native to the islands, and have become adapted
to a le'af-hopper diet by reason of the fact that this pest fur-
nishes a convenient and bountiful food supply. They are not
feeding exclusively upon this new source of food, but may be
found as well in their former habitats feeding upon their orig-
inal prey.

The ladybugs treated of are primarily Aphis feeders, and have
all been introduced from Australia. When found in cane-fields
there is no doubt but that they have been especially attracted
by the cane Aphis, which is usually more or less present in
fields of young cane. CoccincUa rcpanda, t'he ladybug which has
been the longest introduced, is very common in all parts of all
the islands; when in cane fields, it also preys upon young leaf-
hoppers, especially when its food-supply of Aphis is scarce or
has become ex'hausted. It is very probable that the recently
introduced species will do the same when they have become
established and generally distributed, and that they will be a
valuable addition to the present force of predaceous insects
preying upon the leaf-hopper pest.

Heretofore the life history of none of the insects herein treat-
ed has been studied. In the observations recorded in this paper,
a number of new and interesting facts pertaining to life history
h'ave been brought out.

212

ORTHOPTERA,

LOCUSTIDAE.

Xiphidinin I'aripciinc, sp. nov. (PI. XIV.)
(i). Distribution.

This insect, described below, has been present in these 'Islands
(Oahu at least) for about 15 years. It was recorded by Brunner
as X. fuscum in 1895. It was also collected by Schauinsland iu
1896-97, and pubUshed under the same name by Alfken. It
must have been introduced at Honolulu, and did not get spread
far from there for several years, as Per'kins says concerning it
in Fauna Hawaiiensis, II, p. 14, 1899, "Only in and around
Honolulu." The fact of its depositing its eggs beneath the leaf-
sheaths of sugar cane makes it easy of distribution in "seed"
cane, and probably accounts for its present distribution to all of
the islands. It is at present very generally distributed, in fact,
it might 'be said that they are everywhere: lowlands, valleys
and mountains, gardens, pastures, and cane-fields. It is called
by different names in different localities: Long'horned Grass-
hopper, Red-tailed Grassliopper, Brown-tailed Grasshopper,
and Green Cricket being names commonly used.

(2). Feeding Habits.

Being 'a. grasshopper of the family Locustidae, it would natur-
ally be taken for a grass and foliage feeder, as are the majonly
of the grasshoppers; but observation proves it to be largely in-
sectivorous. Whether they have always been so, may not be
determined; but recently, their being abundant in sugar
cane-fields and that, too, where but little evidence is seen of
their having eaten cane, has led to investigation by the ento-
mologists, and planters 'as well, with the result that this grass-
hopper is found to feed to a large extent upon sugar cane leaf-
hoppers and other insects. They probably catch the adult leaf-
hoppers mostly by lying in wait till a leaf-hopper approaches or
alights near. In one instance an adult leaf-hopper was seen to
alight immediately in front of an adult grasshopper; the latter

213

pounced upon it instantly, securing^ it by means of the mandibles,
and it was soon eaten. They have the habit of lurking about the
axils of the upper leaves, or the crown of the cane stalk just
where the leaf-hoppers congregate in large numbers in young
cane, and it is easy for the grasshoppers to capture an abund-
ance of their prey, especially the young leaf-hoppers. When
confined in a breeding cage with growing cane for several days,
very little eating of the cane was done; but when leaf-hoppers
were introduced they were at once devoured.

Young grasshoppers were bred from the egg to maturity, be-
mg fed entirely upon leaf-hoppers and aphis. Very young grass-
hoppers were seen to capture and eat nymphs of leaf-hoppers of
nearly their own size.

Fres'hly hatched grasshoppers, fed with tender manicnic
grass, died after 5 days, without having eaten a particle.
Other freshly hatched grasshoppers were tried upon tender cane
leaves. They died after 6 days without 'having eaten any-
thing. Young grasshoppers have been seen eating the blos-
soms of Canna, Lant'ana, and other plants, so that they are not
entirely insectivorous. 'In eating Lantana blossoms they ate
through the tube of the corolla at the place where the stamens
are located inside, apparently to obtain the pollen.

The eating of cane done by this insect is of no consequence.
It occasionally does some rag"ged eating of the younger leaves
near the tip. In cane-fields, I have observed t'hem feeding to a
large extent upon the leaves of Honohono, and the flowers of
various kinds of weeds; and I have also seen them eating the
seed capsules and young seeds of Canna indica to a considerable
extent. They were very numerous in a patch of this plant grow-
ing in Makiki Valley, above the H. S. P. A. Experiment Sta-
tion grounds. Examination of crops of adults and nearly full-
grown nymphs collected in this patch and vicinity showed that
8.82% contained insect remains, and 91.18% contained vege-
tation.

Examination of the crops of a large number of grasshoppers
collected on Mt. Tantalus, by Mr. W. M. Gififard. Nov. 6, 1904,
gave the following results :

21.2% contained insect remains, of whic'h 6.6% contained
only insects, 14.6% contained both insects and vegetation,
78.6% contained vegetation only.

A number of grasshoppers caught in a cane-field where there
were plenty of leaf-hoppers, were examined, and the crops of
30% of them contained fragments of leaf-hopper. On examin-
ation of crops of grasshoppers gathered in cane at H. S. P. A.

214

Experiment Station grounds, 33.3% were found to contain in-
sect remains; leaf-hopper fragments were found in 15 -5% J
15.5% contained vegetation; 40% empty.

Examination of their crops does not prove to what extent
they eat leaf-hoppers, for they do not alwiays swallow the hard
parts of these. Often in the breeding cage they were seen
to chew up leaf-hoppers, and reject them after sucking the
blood and juices. However, from these examinations, and field
and insectary observations, it is certain that this grasshopper is
very extensively insectivorous, and that when present in cane-
fields, leaf-hoppers form the chief part of its diet, and it there-
fore s'hould be classed as a beneficial insect, and a hig'hly valu-
able enemy of the leaf-hopper.

(3). Egg Parasite.

In March, 1905, parasitized eggs of this grasshopper were dis-
covered in cane on H. S. P. A. Experiment Station grounds,
and a pale yellow Chalcid parasite was bred from them. The
number bred, ranged from 9 to 14 per Xiphidium egg, and in
one instance a whole cluster of 10 eggs had been parasitized; in
another case 13 egigs were parasitized. All the parasites in an
egg usually issued from the same hole, (PI. XIV, fig. 11), the
first one to mature probably gnawing a. hole out, and the
others taking advantage of the opening already made. This
tiny round hole is often made through the enclosing sheath of
the cane leaf as well, where the eggs are quite tightly enclosed
by the latter. Parasitized eggs were examined from' which the
parasites had not yet emerged. They are a bluish black in color.
Larvae were found in some, and pupae in others. The pupae
were not enclosed in individual cocoons.

Adult parasites were placed with fresh grasshopper eggs, in
which they were soon seen ovipositing. In one case adult para-
sites emerged in 25 days; in others 22-24 days; in one 20 days;
another 31 days; giving a r'ange of from 20 to 31 days for the
life cycle.

The shortness of life cycle compared with the length of life
cycle of the host (3 months) gives the parasite the advantage,
and it is likely that this grasshopper may become reduced in
numbers more rapidly than it has increased since its appearance
a few years ago. In fact, it has been reported as rapidly dis-
appearing recently in the Kohala District, Ewa Plantation, and
some others. This is undoubtedly due to this parasite, -though
its presence there has not been ascertained. The grasshoppers

215

have similarly become scarce in the cane of the Experiment
Station oTOuncls, during the past summer.

Perhaps this parasite is more or less generally distributed.
The writer has found it common where the grasshoppers were
abundant on Hilo grass and Canna indica up Makiki Valley,
al)out one mile from the Experiment Station grounds.

On a trip to the sugar plantations of Maui, in October, this
parasite was found to be very rare, and the grasshopper exceed-
ingly abundant everywhere. In the examination of 300 grass-
hopper eggs, in a cane-field at Lahaina, only one parasitized egg
was found. From this 7 parasites issued.

Mr. Terry found that the parasite vyas present at Koloa, Ka-
uai, April, 1905; and also reports that the grasshoppers are
decreasing in other places on that island.

(4). Life History.

The eggs of X. varipcnnc are 5 mm. long and nearly i mm.
in greatest diameter, blunt at one end and pointed at the other,
which is the one where the head of the embryo appears. They
are slightly testaceous in color at first, but become greenish as
the embryo approaches time of hatching.

The eggs are laid in clusters of from 2 to 15, side by side,
obliquely inserted beneath the leaf-sheaths of cane leaves (PI.
XIV, fig. 11), also those of Canna indica, and probably other
plants. Their presence can often be noticed by a slight outward
bulging of the leaf-sheath. The eggs are inserted with the an-
terior end outermost. They hatch in about 5 weeks. In one case,
adults were placed in a breeding cage, March 28, and young
grasshoppers appeared on the 35th day. In another observa-
tion, eggs laid April 6th hatched May 14th — a period of 38 days.
Eggs gathered June 27th hatched through a period of 16 to 29
days, being in various stages of embryonic growth when gath-
ered. In hatching, the &gg splits on one side at the anterior
end, about ^ length, but not extending quite to the tip.

The nymphs in all stages are green, with the dorsal, brown,
pale-edged stripe of the adult. (PI. XIV, fig. 2.)

Those bred to maturity molted 6 times (one individual 7
times), counting the final change to maturitv. The molts were
at intervals of 6-2T. days as follows:

First molt 6- 11 days.

Second " 7-23 "

Third " 9-12 "

Fourtli
Fifth

9

Matured 20

2l6

Record of one individual.

Hatched

June I.

First molt

" 7

First Stage

6 days.

Second "

" 30

Second "

23 "

Third "

July 9th

Third "

9 "

Fourth "

" 17th

Fourth "

8 "

Fifth "

" 26th

Fifth

9 "

Matured

Aug". 15th

Sixth "

20 "

Total 75 days.

One individual matured in iii days: (embryonic period 38 days,

nymphal period y}^ days.)

Measurements :

Body

Wings

Ovipositor

Just Hatched
First Instar

4 mm.
/!-=; "

1

Second " 6-8 "

1 mm.

2 mm.
4.5-5 mm.
10- 1 1 mm.
1 1- 1 2 mm.

Third "
Fourth ' '
Fifth "
Sixth ' '

10 "
11-13 "
14-15 mm.

15 "

1-2 mm.
1-3 "

4 "

The ovipositor makes its appearance in the second instar
(i mm.), increasing in length with succeeding stadia, but its de-
velopment is not uniform per instar.

The teeth of male cerci appear in fourth instar, being very
small, on inner side, near t'he apex; in fifth instar they are
larger and about the middle of inner side.

(5). Description.

XiphidiitiJi varipcnnc, sp. no v.

Bright green; fastigium reddish brown and a dorsal stripe of
the s'ame color extending backwards the whole length of the
body; from the fastigium it widens to the width of the pronotum
wlien it reaches the posterior margin of the latter; a whitish line
borders this stripe on either side, sometimes obscure on the
abdomen, sometimes yellowish; on either side of the abdomen of
female a brownish stripe outside of the whitish line, often red-

217

dish, fainter behind; abdomen of male beyond the fourth seg-
ment bright yellowish brown. Eyes brown. Ocellus white. An-
tennae greenish, ringed with brown, outer part entirely brown,
large basal segment with brownish spots. Mandibles black on
biting edges; p'alpi green, more intense at the enlarged tips.
Tiny brownish dots on face. Larger "brownis'h dots on sides of
pronotum, and all the femora and tibiae. Knees of posterior
femora dark brown, tarsi slightly browned.

Fastigium, viewed from in front, with lateral margins dis-
tinctly diverging upwards. Posterior margin of lateral lobes
of pronotum nearly straight, slightly concave; callus narrow,
slightly convex; two slender prosternal spines. Anterior and
intermediate tibiae with six (occasionally 7) pairs of brownish
spines on under side. Posterior femora with 2 to 4 (occasional-
ly none, only one, or as high as five) short black spines on
their lower outer carinae ; genicular lobes bispinose on each side.
Posterior tibiae with two rows of 22-32 spines on upper side, 5
to 12 spines on under side, approximately in pairs; 2 movable
spurs on each side beneath at apex, and very near the apex an
additional spur on each side, the one on the outer side th6
larger.

Tegmina and wings nearly transparent; veins in long tegmina
greenish, in short tegmina reddish in female and greenish in
male. Cerci of male obtuse, depressed towards the apex, on the
basal third a downward and forward projecting tooth on the
inner side. Ovipositor brown, 11-13 mm.

Measurements : Body

Hind Femora

Tegmina

Antennae

Ovipositor

Male

15-19 mm.

12. 5-14. 5 mm

6-18 mm.

45-60 mm.

Female

15-19 ."

13-15-5 mm.

4.5.20 mm.

45-60 mm.

11-13 mm.

2l8

(6). Variation.

The following- tables show the variation in length of tegniina,
the 'measurements being in millimeters:

Females.

Body

Tegmina

Body

Tegmina

Body

Tegmina

Body

Tegmina

15

4-5

16.5

6

15

6

17

7

16

4-5

17

6

15

6

18

7

17

4-75

17-75

6

17

6

17

7-25

17

4-75

16.5

6

17

6

16.5

7-5

16

5

16

6

16

6

i 17

8

17

5

16.25

6

16.5

6.25

16

8.5

16.5

5

17

6

17

6.25

18

10

18

5

19

6

18

6-5

; 18

II

16

5

16

6

18

6.5

18

12

17

5

18.75

6

19

6.5

18

12

16.5

5

17

6

17

6.5

19

13

15

5

17

6

18.5

6.5

16

15-5

17

5

17

6

18

6.5

i 18

17

15

5

18

6

17-75

6.5

i 17

17

14

5

17

6

17

6-5

18

17

17

5

16

6

19

6.5

17-5

17-5

15-5

5

18

6

19

6.5

18

17-5

14

5-25

16

6

18

6.5

17

18

19

5

5

16

6

16

6.5

19

18

16.5

5

5

16

6

18.25

6-75

17

18

16

5

5

17

6

17

7

18

18.25

16

5

5

17-5

6

17-5

7

17

19

14.5

5

5

18

6

19

7

18

20

16

5
5

75
75

16

6

18

7

16

219

Males.

Body

Teg

mina

Body

Tegmina

Body

Tegmina

Body

Tegmina

17

6

16

7

17-75

8

17

8

16.5

6

16

7

16

8

17

8

17

6

25

16

7

17

8

16

8.5

155

6

25

16

7

18

8

17

8.5

16

6

5

15-5

7-25

16

8

16.5

8-5

175

6

5

15-25

7

25

16

8

16.5

8.5

16

6

5

15-25

7

25

17

8

17-5

9

15

6

5

17

7

5

17

8

17

9

16.5

7

17-25

7

5

16.5

8

17

9

17-5

7

17

7

5

15

8

17

9

15

7

17-5

7

5

18

8

17

9

16.5

7

16

7

5

18

8

17

9-25

16

7

16

7

5

17

8

17

10

18

7

15

7

5

16.5

8

16

10.5

18

7

17

7

5

17

8

16 5

'1 5

17 5

7

18

7

5

17-5

8

17-5

14-5

15 5

7

16

7

5

17

8

16.75

16

16

7

16

7

5

18

8

17

16

17

7

16.5

7

5

19

8

18.5

17

16.5

7

17

7

5

16

8

16

17

175

7

17-5

8

17

8

19

17

17

7

16

8

18

8

16

17

16.5

7

18.5

8

17

8

16.5

17-25

17

7

17

8

17

8

1725

17.25

16.5

7

17

8

17

8

17

18

220

Specimens for the above tables were collected in Makiki
Valley, Honolulu, March, 1905.

These tables show the range of variation in length of teg-
mina, and that the length of 'tegmina is not in accordance with
variations in size of the body of the insect. It also shows pro-
portio'nate number of specimens having the different lengths of
tegmina. It is seen tha't specimens with short tegmina are much
the most numerous in this particular locality; whereas, Mr. Per-
kins states that when first it became common around Honolulu
about 5 years a'go, there were no shor't-winged forms.

In the females, when the tegmina are 4.5-6.5 mm. long they
extend over 3 or 4 segments of the abdomen, and the wings
are slightly shorter; when tegmina are 7.5 mm. long they ex-
tend over 6 segmerits of the abdomen, and the wings are i . 5
mm. shorter; when the tegmina are 12 mm. long they extend
about to the tip of the abdomen, 'and the wings are 2 mm.
shorter; when the tegmina are 17-18 mm. long they extend be-
yond the tip of the abdomen reaching about to the apex of the
femora, and the wings extend about 4-5 mm. beyond the teg-
mina, about to the tip of the ovipositor.

Series of tegmina of adult females, in outline, x TJ^.

221

In the males, when the tegmina are 6.5-8.5 mm. long, they
extend over 5 to 7 segments of the abdomen, and the wings are
.25-1 mm. shorter; when the tegmina are 10.5 mm. long, they
extend over 8 segments of the abdomen, and the wings are
about I mm. shorter; when the tegmina are 11 .5 mm. long, they
reach the tip of the abdomen, and the wings are about the same
length; when the tegmina are 17 mm. long they extend to the
apex of the femora, and the wings are 4 mm. longer.

Observations were ta^ken in dififerent months of the year to
determine whether the season made any difference in the length
of tegmina. The following table shows the percentages of the
different forms as they occurred in Makiki Valley, about one
mile above the Station:

1905

TEGMINA

March

July 12

Aug. 7

Sept. 20

Nov. 15

Short-wiuged
form

(male 6-10.5 mm.
(female 4.5-8.5 "

89 %
81.5

91-2%
85.5

89-2%
85-7

94- %
88.

92. %
82.

Intermediate

(male 11. 5-14.5 "
(female 10-13 "

2

5-1

I.I
4.5

31
2.4

2,

4-

2.
2.

Long-winged
^7 form

(male 16-18 "
female 15.5-20 "

9

13-4

7-7
9-

7-7
II 9

4-
8.

6.
16.

From this, there is obviously no apparent seasonal variation.

Observations in the cane-fields of the Station grounds were
not in accord with this, however. In March, 1905, they were
nearly all the shortwinged form; but in August, there were none
but the long-winged form. They were quite scarce at this time,
however, only 25 adult specimens being seen in a half-hour
search. In September the condition was similar. Of 36 adults
seen in a half-hour search there was but one of the short-winged
form.

The following table shows that the proportion of long and
^hort-winged forms varies considerably in dififerent localities:

Short-winged form

Intermediate

Long-winged form

lao Valley,

Wailuku,

Maui,

Sept. 30, 1905

80%

Kipaluilu,

Maui,
Oct. 9, 1905

16%

2%

82°/

Pacific

Heights,

Honolulu,

Oct. 28, 1905

2]

ir

H. S. p. A.
Ex. Station,

Honolulu.
Nov. 10, 1905

100,

222

There is no described species which varies so much in length
of tegmina as ours does. In Redtenbacher's Monograph of the
ConocephaHdae, the long-winged species of Xiphidium are sep-
arated specifically from the short-winged species. It seenis prob-
able that m'any of the species described as short-winged, may
be but short-winged forms of the long-winged species, or vice
versa.

In the United States five species of Xiphidium have been ob-
served 'to have dimorphism in the wings.

X. cnsifcrum Scudder, Usually short-winged; "long-winged
forms are found occasionally""

X. iiigropleurum Bruner, "Tegmina are usually abbreviated."
"An occasional specimen is to be found in which the
wings are fully developed.""

X. strictuni Scudder, "Dimorphic, the long-winged forms,
however, being very scarce."**

X. attoiuaUim Scudder, Dimorphic, but only short-winged
forms mentioned for Minnesota." Both forms in Indi-
ana, about equally abundant in the northern part, only
the short-winged form in the southern part of State.**

X. saltans Scudder, Usually short-winged. "A long-winged
pair August 9, 1903."***

I have found no mention of intermediate forms in connection
with the dimorphism of these species.

Blatchley t says of the Genus Xiphidium, "Variations in length
of wings seem to be abrupt with no intervening forms. There
are long-winged iand short-winged forms of the same species,
but none with the wings of medium length. Four of our eight
species are thus dimorphic as regards the length of the wings,
the short-winged individuals, as far as my observation goes, far
outnumbering those with the wings fully developed."

From my table of measurements it will 'be seen that there is
a small proportion of individuals of X. varipennc which have
wings of medium lengths. I am of the opinion that interme-
diate forms may yet be found in other species; and further,
that more of the species may be found to be dimorphic as re-
gards wings.

Our species was referred to A^ fitscum Fab. by Brunner, "Or-
thoptera of the Sandwich Islands," P. Z. S., London, p. 894,
1895. The same name is used by Perkins, Fauna Havvaiiensis]

** ^}^^^?^' ^"^'- ^'^' *^*""- ^"- E^P- station, pp. :«l, 2, 3, 1897
- Walker'&au.''E,ft"xxlvK; f^^ ""''■ ^^^°"'-^'^^' ^P" ^^^' ^^'' 1902.
t Orthoptera of Indiana, 27th An. Rep. Dep. of Geol. and Nat. Resources, p. 371, 1902.

223

II, p. 14, 1899. 'It is the Xiphidion fuscus (Fab.) mentioned by
Kirkaldy in "A Preliminary List of the Insects of Economic
Importance Recorded from the Hawaiian Islands," The Hawaii-
an Forester and Agriculturist, I, p. 184, 1904. It dififers from
descriptions of X. fuscum, 'however, in the following respects:
the posterior -margin of the lateral lobes of the prothorax are
more nearly straight, not "strongly sinuate;" cerci of male are
obtuse, not "acuminate," and the teeth are differently placed
(PI. XIV, figs. 8, 9); subgenital plate of male is truncate, and
not "slightly triangularly emarginate." X. fusciun is an Euro-
pean species and less likely to have reached these islands than
some species from the western coast of North America, or from
Asia or Australia. Our species dififers from all described species
from Asia and Australia. It comes nearer to X. spiiwsuni
Morse, (Can. Ent., XXXIII, p. 201, 1901), occurring in Cali-
fornia. Ft dififers from the latter species, however, by its color-
ation, being green, not "testaceous;" the spines on under side
of posterior femora are not "strong;" the antennae are much
longer; and the ovipositor is much longer, in fact our species is
quite distinctly larger in all measurements. At present the
original habitat of our species is a matter of considerable doubt.
Described from numerous specimens collected in Honolulu
and elsewhere in the Hawaiian Islands.

Xiphidiuin latifroiis Redtenbacher.

Redtenbacher, Monographic der Conocephahden, ° p. 212,
1891.

What appears to be this species was collected at Bundaberg,
Australia, by Mr. Perkins. It agrees with Redtenbacher's de-
scription except t'hat it is the long-winged form; whereas, he
described it as being only short-winged.

Another closely related Xiphidiuin was collected by Mr. Per-
kins. These species swarmed in some cane fields of Australia.

° Reprint from Verb, der k. k. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, pp. 315-562, 1891.
X. latifrons on p. 526 of this puljlieation.

224

COLEOPTERA,

COCCINELLIDAE.

CaUincda fcsfiidiiiaria, Mulsant.* (PI. XV, figs. 1-4.)

Two specimens of this species of Ladybug, collected at Bunda-
berg, Queensland, Australia, by Messrs. Koebele and Perkins.
and received at the Experiment Station, Dec. 6, 1904, survived.
These proved to be a male and a female, and egg-laying began
Dec. 15th and continued for several weeks till the death of the
ftmale. 944 eggs were produced. These hatched, and the
larvae were reared to maturity. Some were sent out to sugar
plantations, while others were retained for breeding. They
have been breeding with some interruptions at the Station and
from time to time lots of 25-50, or more, have been sent out to
the plantations to start colonies of them in the cane-fields. Many
plantations have been supplied already, and others will be as
soon as they are bred in sufficient numbers.

In confinement this Ladybug is a very voracious feeder upon
leaf-hoppers and all species of Aphis ; and, as is usual with the
ladybugs, both larvae and adults are equally voracious. A
nearly full-grown larva, in confinement, was observed to eat 15
cane Ap'hids in 6 minutes; and in 24 hours had eaten 140 Aphids.
Another larva ate 17 cane Aphids in 9 minutes; and 153 Aphids
in 24 hours. A third larva ate 5 Aphids in 2 minutes, and 100 in
24 hours. A full-grown larva, fed upon leaf-hoppers, ate an
adult and 22 medium-sized nymphs in 24 hours. The Aphids
were eaten in entirety ; but the leaf-hoppers were chewed up,
their juices sucked, and the hard parts rejected. The larvae are
very canniibalistic, eating those of their own size even, when
other iood is scarce. They, as well as adults, will also eat the
eggs of their own species. In a cluster of eggs, if some hatch
before others, the larvae are likely to eat the other eggs or such
larvae as hatch later.

It is hoped that this species will be helpful in the cane-fields
against the leaf-hopper. Being larger than Coccinella repanda,

* Crotch, Coccinellidae, p. 161; Proggatt, Agric. Gaz., N. S. W., XIII., p. 900.

225

it should be more effective than the latter, when it becomes as
abundant and as generally distributed.

As seen from the number of eggs laid by the original female,
they are very prolific and should increase rapidly in the cane-
fields when they once get a start. They cling very tenaciously to
objects when jarred or blown by the wind.

This ladybug may be easily distinguished by its large size, and
striking markings. It is larger than our other ladybugs. It
measures 5-6.5 mm. long by 4.5-5.5 wide, and is very convex.
The color is a shining light yellow with black markings on the
prothorax and the elytra. Those on the elytra mark them off
into 5 trapezoidal areas on each elytron, somewhat resembling
the plates on the back of a turtle; hence, the name "testudina-
ria." These black markings vary in intensity and extent; often
they are distinct and perfect bands, marking off the 5 areas, but
usually some of the markings are absent on the posterior part,
or faint, or reduced to elongate spots.

Life History.

In the insectary, adults began copulating 7 to 20 days after
reaching maturity, usually about 10 days, and egg-laying began
the same day or the day following. The eggs are bright yel-
low, 1 . 5 mm. long, cylindrical, tapering at the ends, and are
placed on end in clusters on the surface of leaves usually in a
somewhat hidden place, as where the margin is dried and curled
under. (PI. XV. fig. 2.) The clusters contain from 9 to 64
eggs, or an average of about 30, and a cluster is deposited every
day, or nearly so. One female was observed to deposit a cluster
of :^2 eggs in 15 minutes ; another female deposited 49 eggs in 23
minutes. This is at a rate of about 2 per minute. Records of
the number laid by individual females are as follows :

Egg-Laying Period. Number of Eggs Laid.

Dec. 15th, 1904 to Feb. 1905 944

March 22, 1905 to April 28, 1905 632

May 31, 1905 to July 24, 1905 59i

This shows the egg-laying period to be from 5 to 10 weeks.
In each case the females laid eggs up to the time of their death,
but there were fewer eggs per cluster towards the end. In the
third case the female had been laying eggs for a few weeks be-
fore any record was taken. It is not unlikely that the egg-lay-
ing period would be somewhat longer when the insects are in
a state of freedom.

In breeding this Ladybug, it was observed that copulation
took place frequently ; in fact, a pair kept in a tube by themselves

226

were observed to copulate almost daily, or after each deposition
of a cluster of eggs. The thought arose as to whether this
frequent copulation was necessary for the hatching of the eggs,
for with insects one copulation is the rule, even with the queen
honey bee which lays eggs for a period of two or three years.

To ascertain if such frequent copulation was necessary, a
female which had been laying eggs several weeks, having a male
present, and copulation occurring frequently, was placed by her-
self. Egg-laying continued as before, with the following result :

May

31,

35 ej

?gs;

hatched.

June

I,
2,
3,
4,
6,

7,

8,
10,
II,
12,
13,
15,
16,

17,
18,
26,
27-8,

29.
30,

23
32
23
23
II

30
20

7
24

8
22
20

6

5
15

8
26

29
21

((

July

2,

7

destroyed.

3.

12

hatched.

"

4-5,

59

"

"

8,

7

((

"■

9,

7

<(

"

10,

2

destroyed.

''

12,

25

hatched.

"

14,

18

ti

"

15,

6

destroyed. <

"

17,

26

only a few hatched.

20,

II

(I " li a

"

21,

10

U (< (t

"

24,

3

failed to hatch.

u

25,

Died

eg£

Total

591

rs-

227

It will be seen that she continued laying eggs for fifty-five
days, until her death occurred ; and that the eggs hatched, up
to about the last ten days of her life when only a few hatched of
those laid.

This experiment proves that the frequent copulation which
had been observed during the egg-laying period was not neces-
sary.

The eggs hatch in 3 to 6 days, usually in 4 days. The larvae
molt 3 times before pupating, at intervals of 2 days and there are
5 to 6 days between the 3rd molt and pupation. In the first three
stages the larvae are black. There are four rows of spiny
tubercles on the back, after the third molt the head is dull yel-
low ; broad sides of the pronotum light yellow, also the four
tubercles of the first abdominal segment and the two dorsal
tubercles of the 4th, 5th and 6th abdominal segments. The
two dorsal tubercles on the 4th and 5th segments are often
yellow after the second molt. As the larva approaches full growth
it becomes lighter colored, somewhat yellowish, from the
stretching of the skin between the black portions of the seg-
ments. This is especially so if the larva is very well fed. Size
full grown is 11 mm. and this is attained in about 11-13 days,
according to the abundance of food supply. (PI. XV, fig. 3.)

The fullgrown larva suspends itself by the posterior end in
some sheltered place, and in a day or two molts again and the
pupa is formed. (PL XV, fig. 4.) It is about 5 mm. long by
3.5 mm. wide; light brownish yellow with black markings as
follows : a pair of triangular spots on prothorax, their bases at
posterior margin, often irregular lines extending from their
apices, to the anterior margin of prothorax; dorsum of meso-
thorax with 2 roundish spots at posterior margin, from these, 2
black stripes, widening posteriorly, extend backwards across
the metathorax; a b!ack line along the inner edge of the wing
pads, another line parallel to it a short distance from the mar-
gin, often these lines are contiguous; a pair of black markings
on each of segments 3, 4. 5 and 6 of the abdomen; those of seg-
ments 4. 5 and 6 are triangular with their bases at the posterior
margin of the segments; those on the 3rd segment are quite
irregular in shape longer transversely; sometimes a pair of
small spots on 2nd segment.

The pupal stage lasts for 4 to 6 days, during which the adult is
developing and when this is accomplished the Dupa splits on
the dorsal median line and the adult crawls forth. It is soft

I

228

and white at first, but remaining quiet, in a few hours it becomes
hardened and its normal coloration appears.

The following is a summary of the life history:

Embryonic Period 4 days

Larval Period 11-13 days

Pupal Period 4-6 days

From maturity until egg-laying begins 7-20 days

From deposition of egg till ready to lay eggs again. 25-43 days

Egg-laying period about two months.

There is practically about a brood per month, throughout the

year.

HAB. Southern Queensland, Bundaberg and Brisbane, Aus-
tialia, on Aphis of Ficus.

CoccincUa rcpanda, Thunb.* (PI. XV, figs. 5-7.)

This ladybug was introduced from Australia several years
ago. and is now distributed over all the islands. It is very
abundant in many places, and feeds upon all species of Aphis,
It is found in the mountains, in the valleys, in gardens, orchards
and grounds, and in sugar cane-fields. Although an aphis feed-
er, in cane fields it feeds to a considerable extent upon young
leafhoppers, especially at times when cane Aphis is scarce.

This species is of medium size, 5.5 mm. long by 4.5 broad and
very convex. It is recognized by the color of the elytra, be-
ing orange-red (often paler) with 9 irregular black spots, and a
black line in the middle of the back, produced by the black mar-
gins of the elytra where they come together. The prothorax is
black on posterior portion ; anterior portion yellowish, boundary
line between is irregular. liead yellowish, with black eyes.

(i). Life History.

The eggs are yellow, often very pale, i mm. long. They are
deposited on end. on the under side of leaves 'and other shelter-
ed places, in clusters of from 2 to 18, 10 or 12 being the usual
number. They hatch in 3 or 4 days ; the larvae are black with
white markings. They grow rapidly and molt 4 times, including
the molt which takes place at pupation. The interval between
molts is I to 2 days, and the whole larval period is 8 to 9 days,
depending upon abundance of food supply.

The full-grown larvae are 8 mm. long. (PI. XV. fig. 6.) They

* Crotch, Coccinellidae, p. 117; Froggatt, Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., XIII., p. 899.

229

are nearly black with a bluish tinge. There are four longitudinal
rows of short tubercles on the abdomen. The prothorax has
a yellowish posterior margin ; and there is a Hght yellow patch
in the middle of both meso-and metanotum, a smaller one at
each side of the metanotum. The first segment of abdomen
has a light yellow spot in middle and two spots on each side ; the
fourth segment has yellow patches including 4 tubercles thus
producing a nearly complete yellow band ; segments, 4, 5, and 6
and sometimes 7 are yellow on the lateral edges. V^ery similar
markings are present on the younger larvae, but are white in-
stead of yellow.

The full-grown larva suspends itself by the posterior end in
some secluded place and after hanging curled up for i to 2 days
a molt occurs, and the pupa is formed, which is yellowish in
color with roundish black spots as follows : 2 on the prothorax ;
2 on metathorax, and one on the wing pad at each side of these,
making a transverse row of 4 spots; 4 on the 3rd abdominal seg-
ment; 2 on the 4th alidominal segment. Length of pupa 4.5 mm.
(PI. XV, fig. 7.).

The pupal period is 3 to 4 days. The adults emerge by a dorsal
splitting of pupal skin. Some reared in the insectary were
observed in copulation 7 days after becoming adults, and eggs
were deposited on the following day, giving a period of 23 days
from deposition of eggs to the maturity of adults and another
generation of eggs deposited.

HAP). China; India; Malay; Singapore; Java; Bali; Flores ;
Triton Bay; Queensland and 'N. S. W., Australia; Tasmania;
New Caledonia.

(2). Parasite.

Unfortunately a parasite (Centistcs amcricana) preys upon
this ladybug at some seasons of the year, reducing its numbers,
and thus diminishing its effectiveness. This is the same lady-
bug parasite which is found in the United States, and Mr. Per-
kins found it in Australia, also, preying upon such species as
V^erania lineola, V. frenata, etc.

Verania frenata, Erichs.* (PI. XV, figs. 8-19.)

This is a medium ladybug (4.5 mm. by 3.5 mm.) introduced
from Queensland, Australia, December, 1904. Of the shipment

* Crotch, CoccineUidae, p. 175; Froggatt, Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., XIII., p. 901.

23©

received, 14 were alive. From these, breeding has been going
on with some interruptions, and colonies of adults have been
sent to some of the sugar plantations. This is an Aphis feeder,
but also ate young leaf-hoppers in insectary, and no doubt would
feed upon them, especially the smaller nymphs, when cane Aphis
became scare in the cane-fields. In Queensland, Mr. Perkins
found them abundant in grass and cane-fields, feeding on Aphis.
It may be identified by its tawny yellow color, with the pos-
terior portion of prothorax black ; the elytra with broad black
margins where they come together in the median line, and an
elongate z-shaped black mark in the middle of each.

Life History.

The eggs are bright yellow, 1.25 mm. long, deposited on end,
in clusters of 8 to 13 on underside of leaves, or other sheltered
places. They hatch in 3 to 6 days, usually 4 ; the larvae molt 3
times before attaining full growth, at intervals of 2 to 4 days
between molts, and about 6 'to 7 days between the third molt
and pupation ; the whole larval period ranges from 15 days to 28
days or an average of about 19 or 20 days.

The full-grown larva (PI. XV, fig. 9) is 7.5 mm. in length. It
is without tubercles, slig'htly hairy, dark purplish brown, nearly
black on dorsal side, with a white streak along the back, com-
posed of large dorsal spots on each segment, beginning with the
mcsothoracic and terminating on the seventh abdominal seg-
ment ; the dors'al spot on the fourth abdominal segment is three
times as broad as the spots on adjacent segments ; a lateral white
line on each side, composed of spots on the edges of the seg-
ments terminating at the sixth abdominal segment, an additional
white spot just above this line on mcsothoracic and first and
fourth abdominal segments ; a median dorsal line on prothorax,
widening posteriorly. These markings are not so pronounced
in younger larvae.

The pupa (PI. XV, fig. 10) is about 4 mm. long, suspended in
some sheltered place. It is tawny yellow with a pair of black
markings on anterior margin of prothorax, another pair on the
posterior margin, also a pair on the mesothorax; inner margins
of wing-pads black, faint traces of two brownish dorsal streaks
on t^he abdomen. A spine on each lateral edge of the 3rd, 4th,
5th and 6th abdominal segments. The pupal period is 3 to 9
days, usually 4 to 5.

231

The summary of the Hfe history is as follows :
Egg period 3 to 6 days.
Larval period 15 to 28 days.
Pupal period 3 to 9 days.
Egg to maturity 21 to 43 days.
HAB. Malayan Islands; Queensland, New South Wales,
Australia; Tasmania; Balade, New Caledonia.

Verania lincola, Fabr.* (PI. XV, fig. 11.)

This species was collected in Queensland and New South
Wales, Aus., by Messrs. Perkins and Koebele. Several ship-
ments of it were received at the Experiment Station during
1904. Some were liberated directly on Oahu Plantation. In
a shipment received October 4, only one pair were alive, and
they were retained for breeding. Their progeny were liberat-
ed on Oahu Plantation, and the plantation of Hawaiian Agricul-
tural Co., Pahala, Hawaii, before they had increased to large
numbers.

It is primarily an Aphis feeder, but ate young leaf-hoppers in
confinemen't, and no doubt would do so in the cane-fields when
Aphids were not readily obtainable. In Australia, they were
found feeding on Aphis in grass and cane-fields.

In size this species is about 4 mm. long by 3 mm. wide. It
is of a dull yellow color with four black spots on prothorax, 2
near the middle and two larger at the posterior margin, and 3
longitudinal black lines on the elytra, i. e., one formed by the
black margin of the elytra, w'here they come together in the
median line, and a black line near the middle of each elytron,
nearer the outer margin and nearly concentric with it, so'me-
times terminating-^ without reaching the margin; when it does
reach the margin, it is at the inner margin a little distance from
tb.e apex.

Life History.

Eggs are yellow, laid on end, in clusters of 6 to 17, on under
surface of leaves or other sheltered places; clusters deposited at
intervals of 2 to 5 days.

Eggs hatch in 3 to 6 days.

Larvae full grown in 13 to 31 days.

Pupal period 4 to 8 days.

Eggs to maturity 20 to 45 days.

* Crotch, Coccinellidac, p. ITU; Froggatt, Agrio. Gaz. N. S. W., XIII., p. 901.

232

Adults were about two weeks old when copulation was first
observed; egg-laying began the same or the following day.

Full-grown larvae are very similar to those of Vcrmiiii frc-
iiata; but at the time of writing no specimens are obtainable, so
the exact distinctions cannot be given.

HAB. Southern Queensland , Northern New South Wales,
x\ustralia ; Fiji.

V crania sp. (PI. XV, fig. 12.)

A few of this species were collected in cane-fields at Condong,
N. S. W., Australia, Dec. 1904. But one individual reached
Honolulu alive, and it eventually died without laying any eggs.

Size 4.5 'mm. long, by 4 mm. wide; color same as V. Uncola
with heavier black markings and additional shorter black line on
each elytron between those present on lincola.

MALACHIIDAE.

Collops qiiadriinaciilafiis Fabr.

Collected by Mr. Koebele, at Columbus, Ohio, Oct. 1903;
feeding upon grass-feeding leaf-hoppers. This beetle is about
3.5 mm. long; is red with 4 bluish black spots on the elytra.

Another beetle of the same family (Malachiidae) was collected
by Mr. Koebele, at Alameda, California, feeding upon grass-
feeding leaf-hoppers. This is 'a black beetle with orange lateral
margins to the prothorax ; length about 5 mm.

HEMIPTERA.

RED U VI I DAE.

Zclus pcrcgrinus Kirkaldy.* (PI. XVI, figs, i, 3.)

This insect was first known in the islands in 1897. It is not
known from whence it came, as it is not known elsewhere. It
first appeared in Honolulu, and has now spread to all of the
islands, being very common in many places. It is a pred'aceous
bug in all stages of its life, and is most commonly found upon
fruit trees and shrubbery which are infested with Aphis, and in
sugar cane-fields, where it feeds largely upon leaf-hoppers. When

* " Heniiptera," Fauna Hawaiieiisis, III., i)t. II., p. 149, 1902

I

233

found upon fruit trees, it is usually preying upon Ladybugs
which in turn were preying upon Aphis or Scale Insects, hence
ill this case Zelus should most certainly be considered an in-
jurious insect. It also feeds upon Ladybugs and other bene-
ticial insects in cane-fields, to some extent ; but the number of
loaf-hoppers consumed by it more than offsets the injury done
by its eating an occasional Ladybug.

The nymphs of Zelus, when t'hey hatch in a favorable place on
the sheltered and secluded underside of a cane leaf, where
young leaf-hoppers congregate, are in the habit of remaining in
such place till they are grown to maturity, not seeking other
locations unless their food supply of young leaf-hoppers be-
comes exhausted. I have often observed this in the cane at the
Experiment Station.

An example of their voracity is shown by the following ob-
servation : 17 adult leaf-hoppers were confined with an adult fe-
male Zelus, and within 24 hours she had eaten 14 of them.
This same female ate Hies of various species ; ladybugs, young
and adult ; spiders ; nymphs of her own species ; and, in fact, one
day ate the adult m'ale which was confined with her; in another
instance a full grown nymph ate an adult which had just molted
and was still soft and unprotected.

Life History,

Eggs are cylindrical, a little more than i mm. in length. They
are laid in columnar masses of 20 to 40 eggs. (PI. XVI, fig. 2)
They are brown in color and covered with a sticky substance,
the tops whitish with a depression in the center and a raised
fringe at the periphery. During her life a female must lay
several hundred eggs. Below is the record of one captured in
the sugar cane at the Experiment Station, and fed in confine-
ment till she died 39 days later.

May 29th, 42 eggs, hatdhed June 8th.

June 4th, 19 eggs, hatched June 13th.

June i2th, 34 eggs, hatc'hed June 20th.

June 2 1 St, 18 eggs, hatched June 30th,

June 23rd, 31 eggs, hatched July 3rd.

June 26t'h, 42 eggs, hatched July 6th.

June 29th, 44 eggs, hatched July 9th.

July 3rd, 39 eggs, hatched July 12th.
269 eggs.

July 7th, she died.

234

From this, it is seen that egg masses were produced at inter-
vals of 2 to 9 days, or an average of 5 days. The eggs hatched
in 8 to 10 days.

The nymphs molt 5 times including the final change to matur-
ity. The following is the record of one lot bred in insectary :

Length of Periods

Measurements

May 2gth — Eggs deposited
June 8th — Eggs hatched
June 13th — I St molt
June 1 8th — 2nd molt
June 23-26 — 3rd molt
June 28-Jul)i 3 — 4th molt
July 7-12 — 5th molt
(matured)

Egg period 10 days
I St stage 5 days
2nd stage 5 days
3rd stage 5-8 days
4th stage 5-7 days
5th stage 9 days
Whole nymphal
period 29-34 days

I St Stage 2 mm.
2nd stage 3.5 "
3rd stage 5 ' '
4th stage 6 "
5th stage 10.5 "
Aduh 14 "

The nymphs are more or less sticky in all stages. The abdo-
men is rather ovate in shape and somewhat flattened above ; in
the younger stages it is much tilted up behind. Eyes red ; legs
white, ringed and spotted with black ; stages i and 2 have black
spines at tip of abdomen. 3, 4 and 5 have the spines also on
the sides of the abdominal segments, increasing in size from be-
fore backwards. Full grown nymph is of a light bluish green
color, with some reddish yellow markings on dorsum, seg-
nientally arranged. (PL XVI, fig. 3.)

One female from the above lot (matured July 7th) deposited
an egg-mass of 45 eggs July 23rd ; or about two weeks after
reaching maturity. This gives a period of 55 days from laying
of eggs till the young have matured and themselves laying eggs,
or abotit 2 months, which would give 6 broods per year, provid-
ing their development was as rapid at all times of the year.
Probably their development would not be so rapid during the
cooler months of the year — November to March,

Rednviohis blackbnnii. White.* (Plate XVIII, figs. 1-4.)

This pale, gravish colored native bug is generally distributed
throughout the sugar cane districts. Adults and nymphs prey
upon cane-aphis and young leaf-hoppers.

* " Heniiptera," Fauna Hawaiiensis, III, pt. II, p. 155, 1002.

I

235
Life History.

Eg-g-s were discovered inserted in the midrib of a cane-leaf,
in a cane field at the Experiment Station. The position of the
eggs inside the leaf is shown in Fig. 3, Plate XVII. These
eggs failed to hatch; in fact, proved to be parasitized by a black
mymarid, Polyiicina rcduvioli, one parasite to each Qgg. Mr.
Terry has found Rcdnviohis eggs badly parasitized in the plan-
tations of Kauai, also.

A female in confinement deposited 15 eggs, singly, in an
irregular row in a cane-le'af. Two of these hatched in 10 and
II days respectively. The nymphs were slender, of a pale yel-
low color. They molted 5 times at intervals of about 5 days
iyy), and matured in 24 days.

A darker colored species of Rcduviolus is common in cane
fields on Hawaii, and has similar habits to R. blackburni.

ANTHOCORIDAE.

Triphlcps pcrscqnciis, White.* (PI. XVI, fig. 7.)

This little bug is very common in cane-fields, and also on
any plants infested with Aphis. In all stages, they feed espe-
cially upon Aphis, but they also eat some of the younger nymphs
of the leaf-hopper.

Life History.

The eggs are not known, but are probably deposited on the
surface of a leaf similarly to Physoplcurdla mundulus. From
some material under observation, (leaves infested with Aphis),
a nymph hatched July i8th. It was yellowish in color; very
active, running about; fed upon aphis; matured August ist.
Nymphal period 14 days.

Physoplcitirlla mundnlns, White.** (PI. XVI, figs. 4-6.)

This bug is a little larger than Triphlcps perscqucns. It is
of a light brown color.

Generally distributed in sugar dane districts. Has habits sim-
ilar to Triphleps; being larger, it undoubtedly preys to a greater
extent upon young leaf-hoppers, though primarily its food is
probably Aphids and Psocids. Both adults and nymphs were

* "Hemiptera," Fauna Hawaiiensis, III, pt. II, p. 125, 1902.
** " " " " " p. 126, 1902.

236

found on Orange trees, where they were undoubtedly feeding
upon Psocids, for they were lurking about the nests of the
Psocids.

Life History.

The eggs (PI. XVI, fig. 5) are .6 mm. long, yellowish, with
a raised collar or crown at anterior end. laid flat on a leaf, singly,
in secluded place. Some were found under the web or nest of
Psocids on Orange leaves. A few laid in confinement hatched
in 4 to 5 days. The nymphs (PI. XVI, fig. 6) 'are reddish in
color and of very lively habits, though keeping secluded gener-
ally. I have not as yet bred any to maturity, but their nympbal
period is probably about the same as Triphlcps pcrscqncns, i. e.,
14 days.

CIMICIDAE.

Occhalia grisca, Bur.* (PI. XVIII, figs. 5-7.)

Nymphs and adults of this large native bug were found feed-
ing on cane leaf-hoppers in the more elevated parts of sugar
plantations on Hawaii, especially where they were near forests,
as at Ola'a, Pahala, and Naalehu. They feed on larvae of Omiodcs
accept a, also.

LITERATURE CITED.

1. Crotch, G. R. "Revision of the Coccinellidae," 1874.

2. Girard, Maurice. "Traite D'Entomologie," 1879.

Description of Xiphidinin fitscuni, p.
183; cerci of male, PI. 62, fig. 7.

3. Redtenbac'her, J. "Monographic der Conocephaliden,"

Verh. der k.k. Zool-Bot. Ges. Wien,
PP- 315-562, 1 89 1.

Description of Xiphidiinn fusciim, p.
508. and X. latifrons, p. 526.

4. Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. "Orthoptera of the Sandwich

Islands," P. Z. S. London, p. 894,
1895. Record of X. fusciun.

5. Lugger, Otto. "Orthoptera of Minnesota," Bull. 55, Minn.

Agr. Exp. Station, 1897.
Species of Xiphidinin, pp. 327-333.

* "Hemiptera," Fauna Hawaiiensis, III, pt. II, p. 171, 1902.

I

237

Scudder, S. H. "The Described Species of Xiphidium in
the United States and Canada," Can.
Ent.. XXX, p. 183, 1898.
A table of the species of Xiphidium.
Perkins, R. C. L. "Orthoptera," Fauna Hawaiiensis, II,
Pt. I. p. 14, 1899
Mention of X. fusciim.
Morse, A. P. "The Xiphidiini of the Pacific Coast," Can.
Ent. XXXIII, pp. 201-205, 1901.
X. spinosum, sp. nov.
The Orthoptera of Indiana," 27th. Ann.
Report, Dept. of Geol. and N'at. Re-
sources, pp. 123-471, 1902.
Species of Xiphiditiui, pp. 371-380.
"Austrahan Ladybird Beetles," Agric,
Gaz. N.S.W.. Xm, pp. 895-911, 1902.
I colored plate of common species.
"Hemiptera," Fauna Hawaiiensis, III,

Pt. II, 1902.
"The Leaf-hopper of the Sugar-cane,"
Bull. I, Board of Agric. and Forestry,
Hawaii, 1903.
Beitr'ag zur Insectenfauna der Hawaiischen
und Neuseelandischen Inseln," Zool.
Jahrb. Syst., XIX, 1903.
Results of a voyage to the Pacific, by
Schauinsland, 1896-97.
Xiphidium fiiscum, mentioned p. 567.
"A Preliminary List of the Insects of
Economic Importance recorded from
the Hawaiian Islands," Hawaiian
Forester and Agriculturist, I, 1904.
'Notes on the Locustidae of Ontario," Can.
Ent. XXXVI, p. 340, 1904.

Blatchley. W. S.

Froggatt, W. W.

Kirkaldy, G. W.
Perkins, R. C

L.

Alfken, J. D.

Kirkaldy, G. W.

Walker, E.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Plate XIV.

1. Xiphidium varipenne, female, x 2.

2. " " female nymph, x 2.

3-7 and 3a-7a. Xiphidium varipenne, dorsal and lateral views
respectively of the thorax of the nymphal stages, to
s'how the development of the wings.

238

8. X. varipenne, cerci of male, x 5.

9. X. fuscum, cerci of male, x 5. (From Girard, Traite

D'Entomologie, Plate 62, Fig-. 7.)

10. X. varipenne, fastigimn viewed from in front, x 5.

11. " eggs, nat. size. Showing t'heir location where
inserted beneath leaf-sheath of sugar cane. The tiny
holes in several of them are where parasites have
emerged.

Plate XV. (All figures x 5.)

1. Callineda testudinaria.

2. " " cluster of eggs on leaf.

3. " " larva.

4. " " pupa.

5. Coccinella repanda.

6. " " larva.

7. " " pupa.

8. Verania frenata.

, 9. " " larva.

10. " " pupa.

11. Verania lineola.

12. Verania sp.

' Plate XVI.

1. Zelus peregrinus, x 4.

2. " " nymph, x 4.

3. " " cluster of eggs, x 5.

4. Physopleurella mundulus, x 20.

5. " " nymph x 20.

6. and 6a. Physopleurella mundulus, eggs on surface of leaf

X 15.

7. Triphleps persequens, x 20.

Plate XVII. (All figures x 5.)

1. Reduviolus 'blac'kburni.

2. " " surface of leaf showing external ap-
pearance of eggs which are inserted; the tiny holes at
the side of several, are where parasites have emerged.

3. R. blac'kburni, section of leaf showing inserted eggs.

4. R. blackburni, nympli.

5. Oechalia griseus.

6. " " prothorax of another specimen showing
variation in the spines at the posterior angles.

7. O. griseus, nymp'h.

BULLETIN

PART 7.

PLATE XIV,

BULLETIN L

PART 7.

'yim-

PLATE XV.

BULLETIN I.

PART 7.

PLATE XVI.

BULLETIN I.

PART 7,

PLATE XVI I,

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

^^^■■^■^■^■^~ PART 8

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, VIJL ENCVRTIDAE, EULOPHJDAE,
TRICHOQRAMMIDAE )

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

JANUARY 6, 1906

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS* ASSOQATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1905

F. M. SwANZY President

H. P. Baldwin Vice-President

W. O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney H. a. Isenberg

Geo. H. Robertson S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney G. M. Rolph

, EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY
C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

S. S. Peck Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

F. R. Werthmueller Assistant Caemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF DIVISION OF

entomology pathology AND PHYSIOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins. ..Director N. A. Cobb Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist L. Lewton-Brain.. .Assistant Direct(

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist E. M. Grosse .Assistant

G. W. Kirkaldy Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

F. Muir Assistant Entomologist

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

"~~~~~~~°™~°°°~~^'^ PART 8

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, VI/L ENCVRTIDAE, EULOPHIDAE,
TRICMOGRAMM/DAE )

By R. C. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU. H. T.

JANUARY, 1906

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Honolulu, T. H., December i, 1905.

To the Committee on Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., Hono-
lulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — I, herevvit'h, submit for publication the eighth
part of the Bulletin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Ene-
mies," w'hich deals witlh the Chalcid flies which are parasitic
on the leaf-hoppers themselves, or on some of the insects that
destroy t'hem.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The present paper deals with such members of the greal
Chalcidoid series as are connected with leaf-hoppers, but ex-
cludes the Mymaridae, which have been treated of already in
Part VI. of this Bulletin. I had intended to include all the
species that were bred by us during our studies of leaf-hoppers
in Australia, and further to describe the few species of Ichneu-
mon flies that were connected with certain of the natural ene-
mies of Homoptera, but these and a few of the Chalcids I have
decided to leave at present undescribed. Of some of these the
material for study is inadequate, and of others the 'habits were
not sufficiently closely examined as to warrant their inclusion
in this study. Further, to any one acquainted with the diffi-
culties presented by these most extensive series of insects, and
with the fact that most of the species that we obtained, belong
to some of the largest and most difficult families in these series,
while no semblance of a classified reference collection exists in
the Hawaiian Islands, it will not be surprising that I have re-
frained from dealing with a few of the most obscure and diffi-
cult forms. Most of these, however, I shall refer to incident-
ally in the following remarks:

HABITS OF THE PARASITES HERE CONSIDERED.

We may divide the Chalcid parasites connected with leaf-
hoppers into five classes according to their habits.

(i). Direct enemies of leaf-hoppers or primary parasites,
i. e., those which attack these in one stage or another, from the
Ggg to the adult.

(2). Species beneficial to leaf-hoppers, or secondarv para-
sites, i. e., those which destroy the direct enemies or primary
parasites.

(3). Species which are indirectly enemies of leaf-hoppers, or
tertiary parasites, since they destroy the secondary parasites.

(4). Species which are beneficial to leaf-hoppers, since they
are parasites of predatory insects that destroy leaf-hoppers.

(5). Species which are indirect enemies of leaf-hopper since
they destroy the preceding.

In the first of these divisions if we exclude egg-parasites,

242

both Mymarid and those of other families, only two primary
Chalcid parasites of leaf-hoppers are known to us. These form
two new and remarkable genera in the Encyrtidae and both are
parasites of Jassids, in fact were bred from the same species,
the one, Mcniscoccphahis, being remarkable on account of its
sculpture; the other, Ncocladia, for the fine six-branched anten-
nae of the male and the foliaceous dilated hind legs of the
female. The latter was bred from nymphs and mature speci-
mens of the Jassid it attacks, the larva filling up the abdomen
of the leaf-hopper, much as does that of a Pipunculus fly. The
Chalcid larva, however, pupates within its host, not emerging
when full fed, as does that of the parasitic fly. The mature in-
sect escapes by rupture of the abdomen where it is attached to
the thorax, just as does the larva of Pipunculus.

No doubt the egg-parasites of leaf-hoppers will prove to be
numerously represented amongst the Encyrtidae, on future
irivestiig'ation. The eggs of Siphanta and allied genera, and
those of Platybrachys and its allies, in fact such eggs as are not
imbedded in the tissues of leaf or stem, are very subject to their
attacks. Here belong the parasites described under the generic
names Fulgoridicida and Ectopia gnatha, and one or two other
obscure and very minute species, which I have not yet ade-
quately investigated. Apart from the Encyrtinae another egg-
parasite v\?as obtained, the species forming a new genus of the
Trichogrammidae. This is a very valuable insect in that it
destroys the eggs of a common Jassid, which frequents the
Eucalyptus trees in Australia. It will be remembered that it
has long been known that the eggs of the bufifalo tree-hopper
(Ccrcsa bubalus) are destroyed by a parasite of this family.

Throughout Australia and Fiji the eggs of the sugar-cane
leaf-hopper are destroyed by the Tetrastichine genus, Ootctras-
ficlius, hereafter described. This parasite differs in its habits
from the species of Anagrus and Parana grus of the Mym'aridae,
in that a single parasitic larva destroys all the eggs contained!
in an egg-chamber, instead of each individual being developed"
at the expense of only a single egg. To escape from the egg-
chamber, the adult parasite gnaws a round hole for its exit,
much like that made by Anagrus frcqucns, excepting that it is
larger. As the number of eggs deposited by the leaf-hopper in
the egg-chamber varies much, so the size of the parasites is
Hkewise very variable, some individuals being twice the bulk of
others.

On one occasion in company with the Ootcfrasfichus a single

243

specimen of a form allied to Oligosita was bred by Koebele.
This might be either an egg parasite of the leaf-hopper, or a
secondary parasite, the latter, I suspect, being the case.

Turning to the second division, the hyperparasites or second-
ary parasites of leaf-'hoppers, most important of these are the
parasites of the Dryinidae. These comprise six distinct genera,
Echthrodryimis, Echthrogonatopus, Helegonatopus, Chalccrinys,
Cheiloneurus and Saronotum. I have already in Part I of this
Bulletin stated the importance of these hyperparasites, in limit-
ing the value of the Dryinidae. In the case of the first five
genera named above, several individuals (frec^uently about half
a dozen) are bred from a single host, but in the case of Sarono-
tum, only a single parasite is bred at the expense of the Dryinid.
This hyperparasite emerges from the Dryinid larva soon after
its cocoon is formed, then continues to feed on the body for
some days. The others, on the other hand, appear to emerge
simultaneously, and full fed, as soon as the cocoon of their host
is completed. None of these hyperparasites will oviposit in the
larva of the Dryinid after the cocoon is formed, but the larva
of the latter is stung, w'hile still attached to the leaf-hopper.

The discovery of parasites on Dryinidae was made by Swezey,
Who obtained Chciloiicunis szve::eyi from the cocoons of Dryiiius
onncnidis in North America. Subsequently from cocoons of the
same species sent here by Koebele at least a thousand examples
of this hyperparasite were bred. Ashmead on the ground that
theoretically Cheiloneurus should be the parasite of some scale-
insect, in describing the species remarked that "some mistake
has been made" by Swezey, but it is he himself who is mistaken.
Cheiloneurus is 'a very common parasite of Dryinidae in Australia
as well as in America. C. szveacyi is a particularly interesting
species from the fact that the female is dimorphic, being either
fully winged or wingless. The latter form far outnumbers the
winged in the individuals bred by me, and both were repre-
sented in Swezey's few specimens. There is no modification of
the thorax in the wingless examples, whic'h, but for the absence
of these organs, quite resemble the others, though perhaps they
may be of slightly smaller size on the average. We did not dis-
cover any wingless examples of the Australian species.

The only other secondary parasite of leaf-hoppers that is
known to me, is likewise an Encyrtid, but belongs to the Eupel-
minae, w'hile all the others belong to the Encyrtinae. It was
bred from the puparium of the parasitic fly, PipuncuJiis cincras-
eeus, and is described below as a new species of Anastatus. Only

244 .

a single individual was bred, which emerged on the first of Jan-
uary, 1905, in the neighborhood of the Fiji Islands, when 1
was returning to Honolulu, the puparium, from which it was
bred, having been collected three weeks or a month previously.
This parasite escaped by a roundish hole gnawed in the top of
the puparium, and did not cause the usual de'niscence of the
latter, which always takes place along definite lines, when the
fly erperges.

Of the third division of parasites or tertiary parasites of leaf-
hoppers I have only to cite here a single species. This is a
minute species of the Eulophidae, bred from the cocoons of
Dryinids, parasitized by Hclcgonatopus. Only one ex'ample of
this appears to have been preserved, and its condition is such
that its exact position cannot be determined without additional
specimens. It was bred from material sent to the islands from
(3hio by Koebele.

The fourth division contains the parasites of insects that
habitually prey on leaf-hoppers. Here we include the parasites
of leafhopper-eating ladybirds, of the lace-wing flies (Chryso-
pinae) and of the hover-flies of the genus Bacclia, as well as those
of the voracious crickets of the genus Xiphidium, and with these
may be noticed one or two species that possibly belong to the
fifth division. To the parasites of the ladybirds no very special
attention was paid, and they are not included in the descriptive
part of this paper. Throughout Queensland we met with that
common and widely spread enemy of ladybirds, the Braconid,
Centistes amcricana, attacking species both of Cocciiiclla and
Vcrania, and what was new and interesting to us, it was also
bred from a very different ladybird, the blue Orciis ovalis, a
species most abnormal in its habits for that genus, since it feeds
on fungi growing on cane leaves and grasses. Such habits are
known in certain other Coccinellids but totally foreign to those
of the other species of Orcns, which are all carnivorous. The
Braconid parasite, as is well known, attacks the mature lady-
bird, and I have given some account of its habits in these islands
in an earlier bulletin. In Austraha, ladybird larvae were further
infested with two species of Encyrtidae, allied to Homalotyliis,
but apparently distinct generically from that, and from one an-
other. In the same vials with these, various other parasites
emerged, supposed at the time to be secondarv parasites, or
possibly some of them primary ones, of the ladybirds. Amongst
these was a species of the remarkable genus Enryischia and a
Pteromalid near to and perhaps identical with the genus Ophclo-

I

245

sia. As the same care was not taken in isolating the
parasitized ladybirds, as was given to all ovir other in-
sects, the true relationship of these parasites and some
others must remain doubtful. It is noteworthy that Euryischia
was originally bred from Lcstophoniis, the dipteroiis parasite
of Iccrya, and Ophdosia as a direct parasite of that scale,
while ours were supposedly bred from Ovens and Vcrania
parasitized by other Chalcids. 'It would seem probably there-
fore that in reality some scale-insects (though hardly possi-
bly the conspicuous Iccrya) were accidentally included witb
the ladybirds mentioned, and some of these may have
been further infested with parasitic Diptera. The original
assignment of Ophclosia and Euryischia was no doubt made after
careful study, whereas no special precautions were taken wit'h
my parasitized Ovens and Verania, as I have said.

It may be remarked that here 'are only mentioned such para-
sites as were connected with those ladybirds we wished to in-
troduce into the islands, to prey on leaf-hopper. Other lady-
birds were noticed to be excessively parasitized by quite other
parasites but these are without the scope of this Bulletin.

As parasites of some of the other predaceous insects, we must
notice the egg-parasite of the long-horned cricket {Xiphidium
vavipcnne). I have separated this generically from the well-
known genus Aphelinus on account of the antennal disparity in
the sexes, the position of the ocelli, and some other differences.
It is interesting to note that Aphelinus locustantni of Giraud
was bred from eggs of Xiphidium fuscum in Europe, but whether
it is generically the same as ours I do not know, as I have not
the original description. Excepting these two cases, all or
nearly all the Aphelinin'ae, of which the habits are certainly
known, are parasitic on scale insects (Coccidae) plant-lice
(Aphididae) or Aleurodidae.

The lace-wing flies (Chrysopinae) are, as is well-known, sub-
ject to the attacks of various parasites. We m'ay here refer to
two Ichneumons, a Cryptid bred from the cocoons of a remark-
able Australian lace-wing, which apparently feeds only on the
nymphs of Siphanta and its allies; and another ichneumon of
the same group, that attacks the Hawaiian Chrysopa microphya.
In addition to these the stalkless eggs of the endemic Hawaiian
genus Anomalochvysa are destroyed by a minute Trichogrammid,
allied to Pentarthvon.

246

PARTHENOGENESIS.

'In Part VI of this Bulletin I have remarked on the general
occurrence of parthenogenesis in the Mymarid parasites of the
genera Anagrus and Paraiiagrus, which 'attack leaf-hoppers'
eggs. The same phenomenon is still more apparent in the egg-
parasite of the genus Ootctrastichus. The complete life cycle of
the type of this genus is a'bout 6 weeks, or twice as long as that
of the Mymarids. I bred colonies of it from numerous parents
for a period of about 8 months, but without ever obtaining a
single male specimen. Specimens bred bv us in Australia from
egg-chia.mbers of leaf-hopper were all females, and many reared
from the same, collected by Koebele in Fiji, yielded only this
sex. All specimens so far bred from Hawaiian leaf-hoppers,
the parasite being now fully established in these islands. ?re
females. It will be observed that these facts are in some respects
directly opposed to those observed by Dr. Adler in the case of
Ptcroiualiis, since he remarks that in general the virgin females
gave birth ordinarily to males only. In the M^-marids and in
Ootetrastichns the virgin females gave birth ordinarily to females
only, and in the case of the latter the other sex 'has not yet
been seen by us, in observations extending over a year and a
'half. I may further remark that in the parasites of Drvin'd-.e,
Chciloncunis, Echthrogonatopiis and others, the number of
males falls far short of the females, w'hen extensive rearings are
made.

CLASSIFICATION.

The greater number of species described in this paper belong
to the family Encyrtidae, and to the very extensive subfamily
Encyrtinae. Australia is remarkably rich in Encyrtids, thoug'li
comparatively few species have been described thence. In the
classification of his tribe Encyrtina, Thomson, whose keen ap-
preciation of minute structural characters is familiar to all who
'have used his works, employed the structure of the mandibles
for the further division of this tribe. As'hmead in his recent
classification of the Encyrtinae follows Thomson, separating the
genera into tribes, based mainly on these same mandibular dif-
ferences. So far as the Australian species are concerned I have
not been so fortunate as to be able to appreciate these struct-
ures at the value assigned to them by the Swedish and Ameri-
can hymenopterists, and I have had considerable doubt as to
whether the minute distinctions given are really applicable to

247

the Australian forms. The difficulties that I have encountered
may be realized by any one w'ho will examine the figures of
mandibles given by me and my descriptions of other structural
characters in the genera 'here described, and t'hen compare them
with the characters given in Ashmead's tables of tribes. Such
forms as Mcniscoccphalus and Fidgoriidcida, which 'have no trace
of a third mandibular tooth and would tberefore fall in the tribe
called Ectromini, have short stout mandibles, shorter and
stouter than in many tridentate species, and do not agree in
other characters with the Ectromini. Again such genera as
Echthrodryinus, EcJithmbaccha, and Ectopiognafha are difficult to
place, the apex of the mandibles being very different from the
ordinary tridentate form, and probably cannot be considered as
having more than two real teeth. The difficulty of seeing clear-
ly the mandibular structure is, as Ashmead observes, consider-
able, and no proper examination can be made in many species,
without either opening the jaws, or dissecting t'hem off. In all
the species here described except one, in which the mandibles
were opened, 'I have dissected off these appendages (generally
from several individuals of each genus) and examined them in
various positions as dry objects, as well as mounted in glycerine
and balsam. In Echfhrogouatopus, Hclegonafopus, Chalcerinys
and Chciloiicitnis they are nearly alike, and it was not necessary
to figure all these. All the figures were drawn under the high
magnification of about 240, excluding those of one or two of
the large species. The palpi furnish excellent characters in
some cases, but I have not been able to examine them in all
the genera. The posterior tibiae in Ncocladia have two distinct
c'alcaria. the shorter being easily visible with a lens. With the
possible exception of this genus, I believe all the other Encyr-
tinae here described s'hould be placed in Ashmead's tribe Mirini,
though, as stated, some have only two mandibular teeth, others
two more or less distinct ones and rudiments of one or even
two internal to these. Cameron has noted a rudimentary sec-
ond calcar on the posterior tibiae of one of tihe Mirini, and I
have observed a. very short one in one or two Australian species,
but not I think in any of those described in this paper.

The other parasites present no difficulty as to the place they
should occupy. The genus Ootctrastichus comes in the tribe
Tetrastichini, amongst the genera that have no mesonotal
grooved line, but appears to be verv distinct from anv of these.

248

SPECIES AND GENERA HERE DESCRIBED OR

NAMED.

ENCYRTIDAE.

FNCYRTINAE.

Meniscocephalus gen. nov.

M. cximius sp. nov.

Eulgoridicida ig-en. nov.

F. dichroma sp. nov.

Neocladia gen. nov.

A'^. hozvardi sp. nov.

Echthrob'accha gen. nov.

E. iujiinosa sp. nov.

Echtihrodryinus gen nov.

E. destructor sp. nov.

Ectopiognatha gen. nov.

E. minor sp. nov. et typ. gen.

E. major sp. nov.

Echthrogonatopus gen nov.

E. pachycephalus sp. nov.

Helegonatopus gen nov.

H. pscndophancs sp. nov.

Chalcerinys gen nov.

C. cxunia sp. nov.

Saronotum gen nov.

S. australiae sp. nov. et typ. gen

vS". amcricanmn sp. nov.

Cheiloneurus West.

C. szve::cyi Ashm.

C. gonatopodis sp. nov.

C. cnlorodryini sp. nov.

EUPELMINAE.

Anastatus Motsch.

A. piptincuJi sp. nov.

EULOPHIDAE.

TETRASTICHINAE.

Ootetrastichns gen nov.

0. flavescens sp. nov.

APHELININAE.

Paraplielinus gen. nov.

P. xipJiidii sp. nov.

TRICHOGRAMMIDAE.

Pterygoigrannma gen. nov.

P. acuminata sp. nov.

249

DESCRIPTION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Moiiscoccplialiis gen. nov.

Robust ; the head menisciform, the eyes widely separated in
front, the ocelli in a triangle with extremely wide base, the pos-
terior ones close to or touching the eye-margins, the sculpture
consisting of very large deep punctures. Mandibles short, wide,
and with two teeth at the apex. Antennae in the female short
and stout, inserted far below the middle of the face, the funiclar
joints short, and becoming wider towards the club, clothed with
short bristly-black hairs ; in the male the six funiclar joints are
subelongate and equal, each constricted in the middle, and bear-
ing above and below the constriction a whorl of long hairs, the
pedicel being much shorter than one of these joints ; the club on
the other hand is one and a half times as long. In the male sex
they are inserted much nearer the middle of the face. The me-
sonotum is about as long as the scutellum and bears appressed
white setae ; the axillae meet inwardly in the female but not in
the male, the propodeum is clothed with conspicuous silvery
hairs. Wings without a pattern in either sex, the marginal vein
very short (rather longer in the male) the stigmal moderate, the
post marginal not (or hardly) developed. Abdomen short and
wide, depressed above, subtriangular, the ovipositor slightly
exserted, the male genital armature almost entirely so.
For structural characters see Plate XVI 1 1, fig. 7-9. '

MciiiscoccpJialns cxiniius sp. nov.

Head dark blue, the great punctures metallic green, the an-
tennae yellowish, more or less sordid, largely owing to the
dense clothing of setae, the club paler than the rest. In the
made the antennae, except the scape, are entirely infuscate.
Mesonotum dark purplish, opaque, or subopaque, punctured
like the head, but not so deeply and coarsely; the scutellum
very dull, the axillae touching inwardly in the female, well
separated in the male, mesopleura blue, opaque. All the tarsi
and the tips of the middle tibiae pale, white or yellowish. Abdo-
men shining blue across the base. Length about 2 mm.

HAB : Bundaberg, Queensland. An internal parasite of a
Jassid.

250

Fnlgoridicida gen. nov.

Head very wide, the hairy eyes extremely large, so that the
part between them is very narrow, not more than one-third as
wide as one of these; the ocelli are in the form of an isosceles
triangle, considerably less wide at the base than high, and the
posterior ones are close to the eye-margins. The surface of
ihe front is dull, with excessively minute, dense sculpture. An-
tennae slender, with simple scape, pedicel longer than the first
lunicle joint, the funicle itself with six, mostly elongate, joints,
the club as long or longer than the three last of these. Mandi-
bles distinctly bidentate at apex, the palpi not examined. Thorax
dull, with excessively dense minute sculpture, the axillae touch-
ing inwardly. Wings without pattern, hairy, and with very
short fringe, a more or less distinct, very narrow, transverse,
ol)lique line extending back from near the marginal vein, the
latter very short, the stigmal moderately long, the pdst marginal
not much developed. Abdomen subtriangular, wide, depressed,
foveated on each side towards base, the fovea bearing short
bristles ; the ovipositor shortly exserted.

Male differs by the much more widely separated eyes, the
space between these being about equal to the width of one of
them; by the elongate funicle joints, mostly twice as long as
wide, bearing conspicuous, shortish hairs, the pedicel much
shorter than the first funicle joint, the club about equal to the
two preceding. The head itself is much more decidedly menis-
ciform, the ocelli are placed in the position of the angles of an
almost equilateral triangle. Plate XX, fig. 3.

Fnlgoridicida dichronia sp. nov.

Head dull black, scape of the antennae yellowish, or brownish
yellow, the rest sordid. Thorax opaque, black with slight
greenish or bluish tinge, tip of scutellum more brightly blue or
green in some aspects; mesepisternum more or less brownish
or ]>iceous ; legs yellow, the anterior femora more or less brown
or dark. Abdomen of male very short and wide, blackish ; that
or the female yellow or brownish, dark apically and along the
sides to near the base. Antennae of male sordid yellowish, the
elongate funicle joints subequal, the pedicel much" shorter than
the first of these, and apparently darker than the other joints.
Length i^^ mm.

HAB : Cairns Queensland ; bred from eggs of a species of
Platyhrachys or allied genus.

251

Ncocladia gen. nov.

Head transverse, menisciform, inflexed, bearing coarse shal-
low punctures, the space between the eyes wide, the ocelli in a
triangle much widest at base, the posterior ones being rather
near to the eye-margins, only about half as far from these as
from the anterior ocellus. Maxillary palpi long, 4-jointed, the
first and third sub-equal, the second much longer than either
of these, the fourth curved and very elongate, much longer than
the second, and clothed with long hairs. Mandibles broad and
apparently simply pointed in one aspect, but in others seem to
have three microscopic teeth at apex. Antennae in front view
of head inserted well below 1:he middle ; those of the female sim-
ple, the scape long and slender, the pedicel rather shorter than
the first of the six funicle joints, which when seen at their widest,
gradually decrease in length and increase in width to the sixth,
which is transverse, the club oval rather longer than the two
preceding joints ; the scrobes short and rather indefinite. Pro-
notum widely rounded in front ; mesonotum about as long as
the axillae (which meet inwardly) and the scutellum, the latter
much deflexed apically. Wings with a pattern in the female
(but uniformly clear in the male) the stigmal vein long, the mar-
ginal very short, the post marginal longish in the female, and
rather longer still in the male. Middle tibiae armed at the apex
with denticles as also are the inner margins of the tarsi ; pos-
terior femora on the lower side, the posterior tibiae and basal
joint of tarsi on the upper side foliaceously adated, the tibiae
with two distinct spurs. Abdomen small and generally distort-
ed after drying, the ovipositor when exserted short and recurv-
ed like that of a Pipuncnlus Hy. The male differs chiefly in its
clear wings, much less dilated hind legs and the six long branch-
es of the antennae, which are inserted higher up on the head

Plate XVIII, fig. 1-6 and fig. 10.

Ncocladia hozvardi sp. nov.

Black with various metallic reflections, the antennae with the
scape ferruginous, the rest more or less obscure, becoming black
or dark fuscous towards the tip, as are the branches in the male.
I'Vont and middle legs more or less yellowish-brown in the fe-
male, the middle tibiae darker, the base of their tarsi being pale,
the tips blackish. Posterior legs dark, the apex of the femora
white. In the male the legs are darker, but both sexes vary

252

in this respect. Wings in the female with the apical half fus-
cous, paler near the tip, and containing two white spots, opposite
one another, the upper placed just beyond the stigmal vein,
while there is a narrow transverse fuscous band before the mid-
dle of the wing, and a more or less evident longitudinal one, ex-
tending from near the base along the lower margin of the wing.
Head dull, green or purplish, and with large shallow punctures,
the lower parts of the face often more shining, the mouth-parts
pale. Thorax somewhat shining, distinctly but not brightly
metallic, clothed with short black hairs, with indefinite surface
sculpture, and excessively fine puncturation ; scutellum above
very dull, densely sculptured, the decurved apex smooth and
shining. Abdomen black, purplish at base. Length 2-5 mm.
HAB : Bundaberg, Queensland ; an internal parasite of a
common Jassid. Named for Dr. L. O. Howard, who, some
time since, published a very lucid paper on the Encyrtines with
branched antennae, and a most interesting account of the bio-
logy of the Chalcididae. Koebele's number for this species is
2322.

Echthrodryiiuis gen. nov.

Head much wider than the anterior part of mesonotum, itr.
outline subsemicircular ,the space between the great eyes very
narrow, not more (where narrowest) than half as wide as one
of these ; the posterior ocelli close to the eye-margins, and much
m.ore remote from the anterior one than from one another, the
face inflexed. Eyes clothed with very short pale hairs. Man-
dibles with two small, but distinct, and more or less acute teeth,
and an inner apical truncation with its angle sub-rectangular,
but not forming a distinct tooth. Antennae inserted near the
mouth, the scrobes elongate and convergent above, the scape
simple, the six funicle joints short, and not differing much in
length, but the apical ones wider than the basal ; the club with
three subequal joints, and as long as the three or four preceding
(joints of the funicle ; the pedicel elongate, as long, or longer
than, the two first joints of the funicle, but not much thickened.
Maxillary palpi short, the second and 'third joint extremely
short, the fourth distinctly longer than either of these. Face
between the anterior ocellus and the great facial impression
nearly smooth, but with some sparse and very faint punctures.
jV^esonotum finely punctured and somewhat shining, the scutel-
lum excessively densely sculptured except at apex, the axillae
meeting inwardly. Wings with a very short marginal fringe,

253

the marginal vein very short, the stigmal longish and clavate, the
post-marginal indistinct and little developed. An oblique, hair-
less, transverse line, narrow above, extending from or near the
marginal vein, is easily seen. Abdomen short, triangular, about
as long as the thorax, concave above, the ovipositor very slight-
ly exserted, the hypopygium not prominent. The general ap-
pearance of this genus is rather similar to that of Parencyrtus
Ashm.

Male differs greatly from the female in the comparatively
small and widely separated eyes, the ocelli in an almost equi-
lateral triangle, and the very dense surface sculpture of the head,
and the more hairy antennae, with small club-joint; the meso-
notum, scutellum and head are similarly dull and densely sculp-
tured.

Plate XIX, fig. 4.

Echthrodryiniis destructor sp. nov.

Head black, the mesonotum blue, metallic, in some aspects
shining, very finely punctured, and clothed with short black
hairs ; scutellum dull at base and with very dense microscopic
sculpture, its apex in some aspects shining and brilliantly green
or blue, and with some longish dark hairs ; thorax beneath, and
pleura black, not or hardly metallic; abdomen brightly metallic
green on the basal portion. Wings hyaline, without markings,
uniformly hairy, except at base, neuration obscure brownish, or
brownish yellow. Antennae sordid-yellowish, clothed with
short hairs. The whole of all the legs pale, yellowish. Length
I mm.

HAB: Queensland, widelv distributed; parasitic on larvae of
Ncodryinus, Paradryiims etc. Koebele's number 2232, under
which are also placed specimens of the genus Eclifhrogoiiafoptis
and Chalceriiiys.

Echfhrohaccha gen. nov.

In general appearance very like the preceding genus, but the
head is per'haps rather more menisciform; the front between the
eye-margins is much wider, the width, in a front view of the
head, through or near the anterior ocellus is about equal to the -
width of one of the eyes. The system of large punctures on the
head is much more distinct and the punctures larger, though not
dense, and becoming sparser towards the facial impression. The

254

maxillary palpi are longer, the terminal joint much more elon-
gate. The ocelli are more nearly in the position of the angles
of an equilateral triangle, the posterior ones being well-separat-
ed from one another, but not much distant from the eye-mar-
gins. In the wings the marginal vein is rather longer. The
mandibles do not differ much from those of Echthrodryinus, nor
can the antennae be considered to present generic distinctions.
Plate XIX, fvg. 2.

Echthrohaccha injuriosa sp nov.

Head black, faintly metallic, with evident large, but shallow,'
punctures scattered over the front^ and most numerous about
the ocelli ; funicle joints of antennae increasing slightly and
gradually in width from the second to the sixth. Mesonotum
quite shining in some aspects, finely but distinctly punctured,
and clothed with short dark hairs, its colour black with greenish
metallic tint. Scutellum dark at base, and finely punctured ; it
is clothed with short hairs, and in addition bears a few erect,
long ones, the apical portion is in certain aspects shining and
brilliant metallic green in colour. Mesopleura black wit'h pur-
plish lustre. Wings hyaline and for the most part uniformly
clothed with very s'hort dar'k hairs; a wedge-shaped, transverse-
ly-oblique, hairless line does not reach the marginal vein. Ab-
domen triangular, with purplish metallic lustre. Antennae sor-
didly yellowish, the club generally entirely dark. xA.ll the tibiae
and tarsi yellow, the front and hind femora generally largely
black or dark. Length 1.25 mm.

HAB: Cairns, Queensland; parasitic on Baccha.

Ectop'wgnatha, gen. nov.

Head moderate, lower part of face much inflexed, frontal
space between the eyes moderately wide, probably about as
wide as one of these organs, the collapsed state of which renders
exact measurements uncertain. Short pale hairs are present on
the eyes, but are difificult to see owing to the condition of these
being as above stated. The front has a dense microscopic
sculpture and more or less evident traces of faint sparse punc-
tures. Ocelli apparently in a subequilateral triangle, the pos-
terior near to, but not touching, the eye-margins. Mandibles
broad, with two distinct but minute teeth, and two inner angu-
lations (or still more minute teeth?), the maxillary palpi very

255

short, four-jointed. Antennae with dilated scape, elongate
pedicel, 6-jointe'd funicle, and elongate, ovate club, as long as
the three or fo,ur preceding joints ; second and third funicle joints
small and short. Mesonotum with excessively fine surface
sculpture and very feeble scattered punctures, which bear dis-
tinct hairs, the axillae not touching inwardly. Wings with
short marginal fringe, without markings, evenly hairy, except
on a basal portion, where the hairs are sparse, an oblique bare
line running from the marginal vein being perceptible. Mar-
ginal vein very short, stigmal moderate, po'st-marginal little
developed.

Abdomen short, subtriangular, depressed above, and on each
side towards the base with a fovea, which bears very long setae,
often so closely appressed as to be only visible on careful exami-
nation. Ovipositor not, or scarcely, exserted.

Plate XIX, fig. 6.

Ecfflpiognatha minor, sp. nov.

Head metallic green, the dilated scape of antennae black, the
rest pale yellowish, except the apical half of club, which is dark ;
the mesonotum brilliantly metallic green or brassy, pilose, shin-
ing, the scutelkmi usually darker, more coppery; the meso-
pleura shining purplish ; legs almost entirely whitish, or tinged
with yellow. Abdomen yellowish, bordered with dark. Length
.75 mm.

HAB: Cairns, Townsville, and elsewhere in Queensland;
bred from eggs of Siphanta. Koebele's number 2251.

Ectopiognatha major, sp. nov.

Head in front coppery, more brassy above, dull, with dense
minute sculpture, the scape of the antennae black, the rest pale,
the apical part of club subinfuscate. Mesonotum slightly shin-
ing in some aspects, very faintly sculptured, blue-black ; scutel-
lum dull, hardly metallic, except at tip, where in some views it
is shining coppery. Legs pale, whitish. Abdomen yellowish,
with a dark border. Length .75 mm.

HAB : Cairns ; Queensland ; a single example bred from the
same batch of eggs that produced the pair of Fidgoridicida
dichroma.

256

Echthro gonatopus gen. nov.

Head shaped much as in Echthrodryinus, the face inflexed, the
eyes large, the space, where least, between them, much less than
the width of one of these ; face between the eyes with very minute
surface sculpture, the lateral ocelli near the eye margins, the
eyes themselves sparsely hairy, the hairs not very easily seen.
Antennae inserted far below the middle of face, scrobes elong-
ate, scape simple, elongate, and funicle six-jointed, the funicle
joints wide and short, the club large and about as long as the
funicle, the pedicel about as long as the three basal funiclar
joints. Mandi'bles distinctly tridentate, the maxillary palpi mo-
derately long, 4-jointed, the apical joint the longest, the labial
palpi with three short joints, which together are about half as
long as the maxillary. Mesonotum with short white deciun-
bent hairs or setae ; the axillae touching, or nearly touching, in-
wardly. The scutellum has a very dense sculpture and is ex-
tremely dull for the most part, and contrasts strongly with the
metallic and finely punctured mesonotum. The wings have an
obliquely transverse, hairless line (sometimes incomplete or in-
tt,'rrupted) extending from the stigmal vein, which is short and
clavate, the post marginal vein also very short, the marginal
always longer than the stigmal, sometimes two or three times
as long, marginal fringe short.

Male differs in its much smaller eyes so that the front between
these is consequently wide, wider than one of the eyes. The
face is metallic like the mesonotum, the antennae are much more
elongate than those of the female, the pedicel subequal to the
first of the six funicle joints, all of which are elongate ; the club
subequal to the two preceding.

This genus is here made to include two species, which, how-
ever, according to the views of Foerster and Ashmead would
be generically separated, owing to the difference in the shape of
the head, the length of the marginal vein and the position of the
ocelli.

Plate XX, fig. I and 2.

Echthrogonatopus cxitiosns, sp. nov.

Female : head with greenish or other metallic lustre, the front
microscopically sculptured, rougher about the ocelli, and with
traces of larger, shallow punctures. Antennae black, the club
wide, flattened, subequal to the funicle. Mesonotum somewhat

257

shining-aeneous in some aspects, finely punctate and bearing de-
pressed white hairs ; the scuteHum black, dull, but with the ex-
treme apex conspicuously metallic in some views ; mesopleura
purplish-black. Abdomen shining, brassy, coppery or purplish
metallic on the basal part, black apically ; the legs pale, yellow-
ish.

Male in addition to the generic characters differs from the
female in the pale colour of the scape, the other antennal joints
being more or less sordid and bearing long hairs directed apical-
ly. Length |- mm.

HAB : Queensland generally ; Brisbane, Cairns, Bundaberg ;
parasitic on Goiiatopus and allied genera.

Ecliflirogouatopus pacJiyccl^Jiahis, sp. nov.

General appearance quite like the preceding, but the head is
rather strongly incrassate, the space between the great eyes
extremely long and norrow, the ocelli forming an isosceles tri-
angle, twice as high as its basal width, and the marginal vein is
shorter and thicker.

Head with very dense and fine microscopic sculpture and with
evidence of a few large, but very feeble, punctures in the region
of the ocelli, the antennae yellowish or testaceous, not dififer-
ing much in structure from those of the preceding. Mesoriotum
aeneous, shining, and with very dense sculpture. Legs pale
yellowish. Abdomen shining metallic green at the base, else-
where purplish black. Length f mm. Male not known.

HAB : Ohio, U. S. A. ; bred from cocoons of Goiiatopus or
some allied form, collected by Koebele.

Hclcgonatopus, gen. nov.

In general appearance and structure excessively like Echtlvo-
gonatopus exitiosns, but the male differs at once by the funicle
having only five joints, which are very elongate, the pedicel be-
ing much shorter than the first of these ; the female by the small
club, only about as long as two or three preceding ijoints; and
both sexes by the longer stigmal vein and short marginal, the
latter being not or hardly longer than the former.

Plate XX, fig. 4.

258

Helegonatopiis pscudophaiws, sp. nov.

Head black, dull, with slight bluish or purplish tint, the front
with excessively minute surface sculpture and some faint larger
punctures in the region of the ocelli. Antennae for the most
part sordid testaceous or fuscous, the funicle joints sub-elongate.
Mesonotum brassy or greenish, shining in some aspects, and
with the clothing of white hairs as in the preceding species ;
scutellum much as in E. cxifiosits, and with the apex very bright-
ly metallic in some aspects ; mesopleura deep black or faintly
purple-tinged. Legs entirely pale, yellowish. Two basal ab-
dominal segments bright metallic green, the rest black or pur-
plish-black. Length i mm.

This description is made from the female, as I have seen only
one male, which was not in good condition, but enabled me to
make out the antennal character described under the genus.

HAB : Ohio, \J. S. A. ; bred from cocoons of Gonatopiis or
allied forms, sent by ]\Ir. Koebele.

Clialccrinys, gen. nov.

Plate XIX, fig. I.

Differs from either of the two preceding genera in the me-
tallic scutellum which is nearly similar in sculpture to the meso-
notum, the former not being conspicuously dull and dark com-
pared with the latter ; the wings have an exceedingly short mar-
ginal vein, a longish stigmal, and the post marginal hardly de-
veloped. In the male the antennal structure is c|uite different
from that of either Echthrogonatopiis or Helegonatopiis, from the
latter in the six-jointed funicle, from the former in the very
short pedicel, greatly shorter than the large basal joint of the
funicle, and from either by the peculiarly former scape, as fig-
ured (PI. XIX, fig. 5.) The antennae of the female much re-
semble those of Helegonatopiis and are utterly different from
those of Echthrogonatopiis. The front between the eyes in the
female is wider than in either of these genera, and in the male is
very wide, the eyes bing quite small compared with those of the
female. The mandibles are tri-dentate, with the inner tooth
smaller ; the palpi I have not been able to examine. The axillae
appear to be slightly separated. The eyes are sparsely hairy.
Plate. XIX, fig. 5.

259

Chalccrinys c.vimia, sp. nov.

Metallic green, or in parts brassy-yellowish, the mesoplenra
and abdomen black, at most slightly metallic, antennae yellow-
ish or testaceous, more or less sordid, legs yellow except tips
of tarsi. Head densely and minutely sculptured, and with evi-
dent traces of larger, very feeble punctures ; posterior ocelli
nearer to the eye-margins than to one another. Thorax with
very dense, minute sculpture, the mesonotum and scutellum with
similar and inconspicuous pale pubescence, the scutellum
smoother and more shining apically. Abdomen subtriangular,
depressed above. Male like the female, but with the eyes very
widely separated and with long antennae, the scape, and first
joint of funicle distinctly marked with black, the club slender
and elongate, dark, the pedicel small, dark coloured or largely
so. Length f to i mm.

HAB : Sydney, N. S. W., Childers and Bundaberg, Queens-
land; parasitic on small wingless Dryinidae of the genus Gona-
topus or its allies.

Saroiwfum, gen. nov.

Of rather slender and elongate form ; head in front view sub-
elongate with the eyes of moderate size and diverging apically,
the front with dense microscopic sculpture of the surface and
sometimes with very faint punctures in addition. Ocelli in an
isosceles triangle, the posterior near to the eye-margins and
also nearer to one another than is either to the anterior ocellus.
Antennae with simple elongate scape, and gradually clavate to
the apex, the pedicel and basal funicle joints much less wide than
the apical ones, the club small, the pedicel shorter than the first
joint of funicle. Mandibles tridentate. Maxillary palpi with
very long apical joint, subequal to the other three joints to-
gether. Labial palpi short, the middle joint extremely short.
Mesonotum with appressed pubescence, the scutellum with erect
tuft of bristles. Wings infuscate on more than the apical half,
the submarginal vein much decurved before reaching the mar-
ginal, the latter long, the stigmal rather short, the postmarginal
little developed. The basal third of the wings is nearly bare
and from the marginal vein a very narrow, oblique, bare line
runs back into this portion. Hind legs long and slender. Ab-
domen rather elongate, pointed at the apex, depressed above,
the ovipositor not (or hardly perceptibly) exserted. Male not
known.

26o

Appears to me to be allied to the species of Chciloncurus, that
are parasitic on Dryinids, but the elongate form and the ovate
or subelongate head, as viewed from the front, will readily
separate it.

Saronotmn ausfraliae, sp. nov.

Head dull, submetallic, the face below the antennae and the
scape testaceous or ferruginous. Mesonotum somewhat shin-
ing, aeneous, clothed with appressed, short, white hairs ; scutel-
lum yellow, the parapsides browner; propodeum very smooth
and shining, brassy; mesopleura purple, metapleura with white
hairs. Legs brownish-yellow or testaceous, the middle and
posterior tibiae and the posterior femora dark, blackish or pice-
ous for the most part. Abdomen shining brassy at the base,
the rest brown. Wings with a small basal cloud, and one ovei
more than the apical half ,leaving, however, the extreme tip and
two minute obscure spots (one at the tip of the marginal vein,
the other nearly opposite this) more or less whitish. Length
1 5 mm.

HAB : Bundaberg, Queensland ; parasitic on PsciidogO)ia-
topus.

Saronotmn arncricamun, sp. nov.

Extremely like the preceeding, but distinguished at once by
the dark parapsides and anterior part of the scutellum. Head
piceous black and very faintly metallic, face above thr antennae
with the shallow punctures quite noticeable, and more num-
erous than in the preceding ; scape of antennae and face below
the antennae brownish. Mesonotum somewhat shining in
some aspects, but the surface generally appearing dull from the
dense clothing of white hairs ; scutellum ferruginous, dark along
the anterior margin, as also are the parapsides; mesopleura,
propodeum, legs and wings as in 5. australiac.

HAB : Ohio, U. S. A. ; probably rare as only one example
was bred from the many Dryinid cocoons sent by Koebele.

Cheiloneurus Westwood,

Chciloncurus sivcaeyi Ashmead.

Cheiloneurus swezeyi Ashme'ad, Ent. News. Philad. XIV, p.
193.

26l

HAB: North America; a very common parasite of Dryiiius
ornicnidis, Ashm. Hundreds if not thousands of specimens
emerged from the cocoons of that species, collected by Mr.
Koebele in Ohio and elsewhere.

CJiciloiicurns gonatopodis, sp. nov.

Ferruginous or yellow, the club of the antennae, and usually
the bas'al part of the hind tibiae, blackish or infuscate. Ocelli
placed on a submetallic area and forming a triangle with nar-
row lose, but hardly twice as high as wide at the base. Eyes
with a very few, short and indistinct hairs. Scape of the an-
tennae very slender, cylindrical. Mesonotum with a basal trans-
verse 'blue band, which is silvery from the clothing of while
setae, that it bears; propodeuim at the sides dark. Wings infus-
cate on more than the basal half, except that the tips and around
the margins they are nearly 'hyaline; a darker transverse mark,
bearing long black setae, is placed near the base of the marginal
vein. Abdomen dark at the tip and also so marked on each
side at the extreme base; behind the latter marks there are on
each side of the body some very long black setae. Length
I mm. (Plate XIV, fig. -^.)

HAB. Queensland, generally distributed; Cairns, Kuranda,
Bundaberg, Childers; parasitic on Pseudogonatopus, Echthrodel-
pha.v, etc. Koebele's number 2264.

Chciloncnnis cJdorodryiiii, sp. nov.

Very like C. goiiafopodis and C. szvczcyi in general appearance,
but may be at once known from the former by the absence of
the metallic 'hind-margin to the mesonotum, which however has
the same silvery clothing.

Scape of antennae well rounded on the lower side 'and dis-
tinctly dilated. Eyes in a front view of the 'head strongly con-
verging anteriorly, so that the space between them is. where
least, excessively narrow, not very muc'h wider than an ocellus.
The ocelli are placed in the form of an excessively elongate
triangle, the 'anterior one being extraordinarily remote from
the posterior. The 'hairs on the eyes are excessively short, but
numerous. The scape of the antennae is yellowis'li, its lower
margin dark; the pedicel and funicle entirely white, the club
'black. The wings are as in C. gonatopodis. Length i^ mm.

HAB: Kuranda, Queensland; taken out of the cocoons of
Chlorodryinus.

262

Anasfatiis Motsch.

The single species here described agrees ver}^ well in most
respects with Anasfafus reared from the eggs of Locustidae.
Ine outer calcar of the posterior tibiae is minute compared with
the inner, but nevertheless quite visible without the use of a
compound -microscope. The eyes are collapsed, and I cannot
be sure whether 'they are bare or hairy, but I believe the former
to be the case. We should therefore place this insect, follow-
ing Ashmead's tables, in the genus Calosotcr Walk, 'and far from
Anasfafus, but in these tables there is confusion as regards the
•condition of the eyes, SoUndcnia, a form with very large, hairy
eyes, being placed in the bare-eyed group, and again in those
tables there is confusion as to the condition of the axillae.
Cameron remarks not only that his genus SoUndcnia has hairy
eyes, but also that European Calosoter has the same, and that
the middle tarsi of the latter are not setose. For the present,
therefore, I refer this ihyperparasite of leaf-hopper to the com-
mon genus Anastatiis, to Whic'h at least it \j, closely allied.

Plate XX, fig. 5.

Anasfafus pipnncuU, sp.-nov.

Head and face reddish purple, the vertex with short black
hairs; the face with white, s'hort, but conspicuous, pubescence;
the surface dull, rough with indefinite sculpture. Antennae sub-
clavate, entirely dark, metallic in some aspects. Eyes divergent
anteriorly, the ocelli in a triangle muc'h widest at the base, the
posterior near the eye-margins. Thorax blackish-purple, the
mesonotal ridges, sharp, parallel, the clothing white and con-
spicuous and, like the sculpture, very similar to that of the face.
Wings fuscous, hairy, a hyaline, hairless, narrow, slightly curv-
ed, transverse band beneath the marginal vein, and a clear space
at the base of the wing. Stigmal vein long-, but less so than
the postmarginal. Tarsi more or less yellowish-brown, the
posterior darker, nearly the whole of 'he hind legs being black-
ish as is the greater part of the miaale and front tibiae, their
femora also being largely dark brown or blackish. Abdomen
purplish black, depressed on the basal two-thirds, and with a
transverse subbasal white band; the three segments following
this subequal in length. Ovipositor hardly exserted. Length
2 mm. when scarcely fully extended.

EIAB: Bundaberg, Queensland; parasitic on Pipiinculus
cincrascens.

263

Ootctrasficlius, sp. no v.

Head strongly transverse, fully as wide as, or wider than, the
thorax, where this is widest, the ocelli in a slightly curved line
(or extremely wide triangle) the posterior being very much
more distant from one another than is either from the anterior.
Antennae with seven distinct joints and 'a ring-joint, which un-
der high powers of the microscope appears composite, as if
compounded of two or three fused joints; the scape slender and
long, the pedicel elongate, the first funicle joint very long, nar-
rowed on its apical part, the two next funicle joints shorter than
the first, but elongate; the next joint is shorter and wider and, in
some aspects at least, appears to belong to the club, as its apex is
closely apphed to the base of the apical antennal joint; the latter
is without any distinct divisions, and is probably the true club,
Mesonotum without a grooved line; the scutellum with four,
two dorsal and parallel, each placed just within the setigerous
tubercles, the other two lateral. Wings evenly hairy, marginal
vein fully as long or rather longer than the submarginal, and
three or four times as long as the stigmal, the apical fringe
longis'h and continued round the costa to the marginal vein, and
on the opposite margin half-way to the b'ase. Abdomen longer
than the head and thorax, depressed above, acuminate, the ovi-
positor slightly exserted.

Plate XX, fig. 8.

Ootctrastichns bcatiis, sp. nov.

Pale yellow or greenish yellow with the following parts dark
fuscous or black: Two subcontiguous spots on the mesonotum
in front, extending on to the pronotum and there connected.
One at each posterior iiind angle of the pronotum. The anterior
angles of the parapsides and of the anteriorly-produced axillae,
a line and one or two obscure marks near the tegulae ; four
microscopic setigerous dots on the scutellum, one pair of which
are before the middle, the other pair at the hind margin; propo-
deum towards the sides, four or five pair of lateral dorsal spots
on the abdomen (a pair to a segment), the ovipositor and the
tip of the tarsi. In certain lights these dark spots show metallic
green reflections. Thorax above with very fine microscopic
longitudinal rugulosity; basal abdominal segments with two or
three setigerous dots on each side, the apical ones with a com-
plete transverse row. A long sinuate seta on eac'h side of the
abdomen near the tip, which is sparely pilose. The markings

264

are subject to slight variations only. Length varialjle, gener-
ally about I mm.

HAB: Queensland generally, also Fiji; on leaf-hoppers'
eggs. Koebele's number 2230.

Paraphclinus, gen. nov.

Like Aphdinns in most respects, but differs from t'he rather
numerous species known to me in the narrower, more elongate
wings, the apex of the stigmal vein being sitijated just about
the middle of their length, and in the generally more slender
and elongate body, the abdomen twice or more than twice as
long as its greatest width and somewhat acuminate. The ocelli
are placed in the form of a very wide triangle, the posterior ones
close to the eye margins. The antennae are 6-jointed and dis-
similar in the sexes; in the female the club longer than the three
preceding funicle joints, the first of these very short, the second
also short but longer than wide, the third about twice as long
as the preceding and subequal to ihalf the club, the pedicel elon-
gate. Male with elongate pedicel, followed by two extremely
short joints, almost like ring-joints, the following (or third
funiclar) joint very elongate much more so than in the female,
not very much shorter than the elongate club, which is not very
different from that of the female.

Plate XX, fig. 6.

ParaplicUiuts xiphidii, sp. nov.

Yellow, the head more ferruginous, the abdomen at the sides
with indefinite dark lateral spots, one on each side of the seg-
ments, w'hic'h are subequal in length; mesothorax with a row of
setae on either side of the middle line, parallel to one another;
two in a line on each side of the scutellum, wider apart than
those on the mesothorax; a few other setae on the thorax ex-
tenor to those already mentioned; clear oblique hairless line of
front wings very distinct, extreme base of wing also nude, the
apical fringe not very short. Described from specimens in bal-
sam. Length i mm. or more.

HAB: Hawaiian islands; parasitic in eggs of Xiphidhim
varipcnnc Swezey.

265

Ptcry go gramma, gen. nov.

Head strong-ly transverse, ocelli in a triangle with very wide
base, the posterior ones touching the eye-margins. Antennae
apparently six-jointCid, counting an extremely short ring-joint,
the three terminal joints apparently form a widely dilated but
pointed club, the terminal joint in some aspects 'almost spinose
in appearance; pedicel widely ovate, the scape also apparently
somewhat dilated. Owing to the thinly laminate character of
the joints, the antennae are subject to much distortion. Scutel-
lum rather less long t'han the mesonotum ;the metanotum point-
ed posteriorly and produced over the base of abdomen ; the lat-
ter elongate and acuminate, twice as long as the thorax, and
apparently laterally compressed somewhat like some Mymari-
ilae; the ovipositor exserted for :a length nearly equal to the
hind tarsi. Wings wjth the lines of hairs rather confused, and
about 7 or 8 in number, the apical fringe not verv long.

Plate XX, fig. 7.

Ptcrygograinina acuminata, sp. nov.

Head and mesonotum ferruginous, or brownish, the latter
with a pair of fuscous marks in front; scutellum, and rest of
thorax above, pale yellow; abdomen black. Wings more or less
fuscous on the basal half, the dark colour tending to form' three
dark areas. Tarsi and the tibiae more or less pale yellow, the
femora for the most part blackish or infuscate, the middle and
posterior pair pale at base and apex. Length f mm. The speci-
mens were badly preserved and mounted in balsam.

HAB: Bundaberg, Queensland; bred from eggs of Jassid
embedded in twigs of Eucalyptus. Koebele's number 2298.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

For the purposes of this paper it is not necessary to refer to

more than the few works cited below:

1864 Giraud, Verb. zool. bot. Ges. Wien XIII, p. 1278.

Agoiiioncunis lociistantm parasitic in eggs of Xiphidium
fuscum.

1892 Howard, L. O. "The Biology of the Hymenopterous in-
sects of the familv Chalcididae." Proc. U. S. N. M.

XIV, 567-588.

266

1898 Dalla Torre, C. de. Cat. Hym. V, pt. i and 2.

1900 Ashmead, W. H. "On the genera of the Encvrtinae."

Proc. U. S. N. M. XXIIl, p. 324.
1903 id. Ent. News, Philad. XIV, p. 193.

Chciloucunis szvescyi described and habits referred to.

1903 Swezey, O. H. Ohio NattiraHst III. p. 446, pi. XXI,
fig". 3-6. Natural history of Chciloucunis swc^cyi.

1904 Ashmead, W. H. "Classification of the Chafcid flies."
Mem. Carnegie Mus. I, No. 4.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate XVril.

1. Ncocladia hoivardi, female.

2. Mandible of the s'ame in two aspects.

3. Maxillary palpus.

4. Antenna of male.

5. Hind leg of female and male.

6. Part of middle leg of female.

7. Mcniscoccphahis c.viiiiiiis, wing.

8. Mandible of t'he same.

9. Antenna of female of the same.

10. Part of neuration of Ncocladia male, very greatly luagnificd.

Plate XIX.

1. Saronotnni aiistraliac, wing;, antenna, maxillary and labial
palpus, and mandible; all from female specimen.

2. EchthrobaccJia injuriosa, wing-, maxillary palp, m'andible and
antenna of female.

3. CJiciloncurus gonatopodis, antenna, maxillary palp, mandible,
and part of neuration of female.

4. Eclithrodryiinis destructor, maxillary palp, mandible, funicle
and club of antenna, and part nenration of female; antenna

of male.

5. Chalccriuys cxiruia, wing, antenna, and part neuration of
female; whole antenna of male, and scape and pedicel in
a different position.

6. Ectopiognatha minor, wing, part neuration, mand'ble, maxil-
lary palpus, and antenna of female.

267
Plate XX.

1. Echthrogonatopus cxitiosns, antenna of male and ^emale;
wing, part neuration more enlarged, mandible, maxillary
and labial palpus of female.

2. Echthrogonatopus pachycephalus, antenna, part of nem-ation,
and head of female ; t'he head of E. exitiosus figured along-
side for comparison.

3. Fnlgoridicida dichronia, antenna, part neuration, and mandi-
"ble of female.

4. Hclcgonatopus psettdophancs, antenna of male 'and female,
and part neuration of latter.

5. Aiiastatiis pipiiiiciili, antenna, wing and posterior calcaria of
female.

6. Paraphclinus xiphidii, wing and male and female antenna.

7. Ptcrygogramma acuminata, wing and antenna of female.

8. Ootctrastichus bcatus, antenna in two positions and wing of
female.

BULLETIN I,

PART 8.

Perkins ihl.

PLATE XVII

BULLETIN

PART 8.

4-

Perkins del.

PLATE XIX,

BULLETIN

PART 8.

a

7^:5='^^3:XX:Q>

Perkins del.

PLATE XX.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

PART 9

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf- Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. IX. LBAF^HOPPERS^HEMIPTERA)

By G;'^W:''klRKALDY

HONOLULU, H. T.

FEBRUARY 3, 1906

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS* ASSOCIATION

TRUSTEES FOR 1906

H. P. Baldwin President'

E. F. Bishop Vice-President

W, O. Smith Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Tenney F. M. Swanzy

W. Pfotenhauer S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer,

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. Giffard, Chairman
E. D. Tenney E. E. Paxton

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

S. S. Peck... Assistant Chemist

Firman Thompson Assistant Chemist

F. R. Werthmueller .Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF

entomology

R. C. Li. Perkins. ..Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist

G. W. Kirkaldy Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

F. Muir Assistant Entomologist

DIVISION OF

PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY '

N. A. Cobb Director

L. Lewton-Brain.. . Assistant DirectC
B. M. Grosse Assistant

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

PART 9

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf -Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT, IX, LBAF-HOPPERS—HEMIPTERA)

By G. W. KIRKALDY

HONOLULU, H. T.

FEBRUARY, 1906

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Honolulu, r. 11., January l/Ui, 1906.

To the C'ouunittcc on Exi)crinient Station, H. S. P. A., Hono-
lulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — 1, herewith, submit for publication the ninth
part of the Bulletin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Ene-
mies," which deals with the Leaf-Hoppers themselves, and has
been prepared by Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy, Assistant Entomologist
of t'his Division.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Division of Entomology.

I

I

GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

The Hemiptera. or R'hynchota. are readily distinguished from
ixll other orders of insects by the structure of the mouth, which
consists of a grooved sheath, usually in the form of an elongate
proboscis, in which lie enclosed four setae; in some respects
the Order is perhaps the most isolated of all true insects, and
is certainly in many more, one of the most interesting.

As Dr. Sharp has very truly said, "there is probably no order
of in.sects that is so directly connected wit'h the welfare of the
human race as the Hemiptera; indeed, if anything were to ex-
terminate the enemies of Hemiptera, we ourselves should prob-
ably be starved in the course of a few months."

It is not alone the exhaustion consequent upon the rapid
draining of the plant's juices by the Hemipteron's almost micro-
scopic mouth-setae, that is so deleterious; it is the addition of
the 'horde of fungus spores which often subsecpiently attack the
wounded sur'face, and quickly multiplying, penetrate into the
tissues of the plant, causing decay and death.

Here should be noted a common error among entomolo-
gists who are not specialists in Hem'ptera. The probocis-like
rostrum (labium) probably iici'cr penetrates the tissues, neither
vegetable nor animal, unless these be already lacerated by the
setae; it is simply a sheath to protect the delicate piercing
organs, and more or less of a fulcrum to steady their operations.

Such injurious Hemiptera as the Chinchbug (Blissns leitcop-
icrus) the Bed-bug {Clinocoris Icctulariiis) the Cotton Stainer
(Dysdcrcus sutuycUns), the Coffee-blight {HelopcUis antoiiii), the
I'lantlice (Aphidac), the White tlies (Alcyrodidac) and the Mealy
bugs and Scales (Coccidac), are household names and to these
must be added the Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper {Pcrkiiisiclla suc-
cliaricido).

Six hundred million dollars \yould be an exceedingly con-
servative estimate of the values of rhe damage occasioned all
over the world each year by the depredations of the Hemiptera,
taking everything into consideration.

And one cause of this devastation is the extraordinary rapid-
ity of increase, which were it not for restraining parasites and
predators, would in a year (jr two leave not a single green leaf
on the earth. ( ).sborn estimates that in North .America, one-

2-J2

fourlh, if not one-half, of all the grass growing annually is de-
stroyed by leaf-'hoppers.

The calculations of Reaumur and Huxley regarding the
increase of parthenogenetic Aphidae are classic; Reaumur
thought that one Aphid might be the mother of 5,904,900,000
in one month, while Huxley supposed that the tenth brood
alone of a single Aphid — /'/ cdl the inoiibcrs siirviird — would con-
tain more, ponderable substance than 'half a million of stout
men. Buckton, however, shows that this is much underesti-
mated and calculates that at the expiration of 300 days, the
progeny of one Aphid (each Aphid producing 20 only) would
be the 15th. power of 210, which is the almost inconceivable
number of 17,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000! and this,
I believe, is really considerably underestimated.

In comparison with these stupendous figures, the generation
of the cane leaf-hopper sinks into insignificance, but taken by
itself is sufificiently serious.

It is very difficult to base calculations on this extraordinarily
variable insect in respect of the number of eggs deposited, and
the length of time taken for their metamorphoses, but suppos-
ing each hopper to lay only 50 eggs, (the sexes to 'be about
ecjual) and there to 'be but 6 broods in the year, then the undis-
turbed progeny of one impregnated 'female would amount in
one year to very little less than 500,000,000.

As an offset to this, there are but few beneficial Hemiptera.
The predaceous Reduviidae often attack our friends and foes
indiscriminately, for example it seems a matter of indifference
t'." Zcliis porgriiiits whether it seizes the destructive Pcrla'iiis.clia
or the friendly CoccincUa. Certain Coccidae exude merchantable
wax and others provide formerly important dyes, w'hile cer-
tain waterbugs furnish food for game and cage-birds or even
to some races of man. but the total value is insignificant.

BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(a) LIFE HISTORIES OF HOPPERS,

Compared with the Life Histories of Hymenoptera, Diptera,
and certain Coleoptera. for example, t'hose of the leaf-hoppers
are, as a rule, of small interest.

The outward form, at least, is generally, in the^nym])hal in-
stars, very similar to that of the adult, the latter differing prin-
cipally in maturation of the organs of flight and reproduction,
together with an increase in the number of tarsal segments, and
modifications, mostly slight, in the form of the head.

There is also comparatively little scope for multifariousness
in the Jiihifs of the leaf-hoppers. Some are abnormal, others
live among grasses and lowly herbage ; some in dry pastures,
others in reedy margins of lakes and streams. Many are at-
tended more or less assiduously by ants, a few are found actually
associated with the latter in their nests, though their role there
is unknown. Some are solitary, other herd in flocks, among the
HKXst curious of the latter being such genera of the Derbinae as
I'JiiladcIphcia and Sardis which sit on the undersurface of leaves
in ordered rows with their elongate tegmina raised perpencFic-
ularly over the back.

The different superfamilies may be easily recognized apart, in
the nymphal instars as in the adult state. The Fulgoroidea are
extraordinarily sensorized, the head being almost always fur-
nished with many specialized sensory pits, these often occuring
also on the nota, tegminal pads and even on the abdomen. I
believe that the number and disposition of these organs will
prove of great value in future classification. The genae, an-
tennae, etc., are much as in the adult.

In the other superfamilies the pits are apparently entirely ab-
sent, though there are sometimes simple, scattered piligerous
pits on the abdomen. The Cicadoidea have the anterior femora
greatly thickened and spinose. The nymphal Tetigonioidea
partake of the general characteristics of the adults, tho in the
Membracidae, many nymphal forms are very strongly granulate.
These granulations, however, not being pierced or piliferous.
(PI. XXIV, figs. IO-I2.)

274
(i). Tetigonioidea.

Tctigoniidac: Osborn and Ball are the only authors who have
paid much attention to the metamorphoses of this family, having
worked out in part many of the North American graminicolous
species.

The ova seem to be always elongated, subcylindric, and are
■deposited on the stems under the leaf-sheaths or in the leaves of
the food-plants.

Omitting of course the usual development of the tarsi from
two segments to three, of the nota and t^ight organs, and the
genitalia, the Tetigoniidae seem to alter exceedingly slightly dur-
ing their metamorphoses, the head beingi the principal seat of
change. In many formr in which the head is short and more
or less transverse in the adult, it is considerably produced and
sometimes more or less foliaceous in the nymphs ; I would in-
tance Epipsychidion cpipyropis (PI. XXIII fig. 6) from Australia,
bred up by Koebele and Perkins.

In Xerophloca viridis, the nymphal vertex is more angulate
anteriorly, while in Enacanthus acuminains the almost rectangular,
adult vertex is very strongly produced before the eyes in the
nymph, being as long as wide, anteriorly rounded and distinctly
hairy.

The complete metamorphoses of the dimorphic Doryccphalus
platyrJiyncJins are described and figured by Osborn and Ball, the
lengthening and changes in form of the head being shown.

In some Agalliinae the nymphs seem to foreshadow those of
the Membracidae. Agallia 4-puiictata and A. novella (as figured
by Osborn and Ball) have the tergites in profile serrate, and
the former has two subhorizontal, apically truncate, capital pro-
cesses, while the adults in Pediopsis have the vertex deeply an-
gulately emarginate basally, this being truncate in the nymphs.
The nymphs, moreover, of certain American and Australian
forms are quite hairy.

The metamorphoses (partially or complete) are shown by C_)s-
born and Ball of the following Tetigoniids of interest to work-
ers of the Australian fauna, viz: Parabolocratus viridis, Phrynor-
vwrphiis (Athysanus) obtitfiis, Dclioccphalus abhrcviatus and other
species, Platymctopiiis cincrcus, Idioccnis alternatus and other spe-
cies, Lonatura cataUna, Driotiira robiisfa, PJilcpsiiis ncbulosus, etc.

The following nymphs of Australian forms are now figured ;
viz : Tctigoiiia parthaoii, Epipsyclridioii cpipyropis, Rliotidus ftavoma-
culatiis, Stcnocotis plauiiisciila.

275

The colour and pattern of many nymphs is quite different from
that of the adults, and will undoubtedly prove a valuable aid in
the identification of many closely allied species.

Mcmbracidac : The metamorphoses of this bizarre family are
but little known, thought the American Ceresa bubalus has been
more or less worked out.

The eggs are placed in small compound groups, arranged in
two nearly parallel or slightly curved slits in the twigs of certain
trees, the number in each slit varying from six to twelve, while
there may be as many as ten slits filled. These eggs have been
figured by Riley and by Marlatt and copied into various works.
According to Buckton (PI. 49 fig. 6C) '^Oxyrhachis lignicola" de-
posits its eggs in grooves in the bark of leguminosae.

Nymphal stages have been figured by Riley, Green, Buckton,
Scheller and others ; these differ from the adults by the absence,
either wholly or in part, of the pronotal hood, while the tergites
are often furnished with long filaments or with spinose projec-
tions. The caudal end of the abdomen is also, in certain forms,
furnished with a retractile process, which will be briefly discuss-
ed when considering the relations of leaf-hoppers to ants.

Of Australian species. Coding has figured Zanophara tasma-
inac, Scxtius dcprcssiis and an unknown nymph of probably the
same genus as a specimen collected at Kuranda; it probably re-
fers to a new genus in the neighborhood of Hypsoprora Stal, and
is now figured to display the characteristic granulation of mem-
bracid nymphs. (PL XXIV fig. ii and 12.)

A second specimen, also from Kuranda (fig. 10) is undoubted-
ly membracine, but can scarcely refer to any described genus. It
measures 7 mill by 5 mill, is flat and strongly foliaceous and
strongly granulate in patches. The basal half of the vertex
is porreot, very transverse, being 4 to 4I times as wide as one
o[ the a on'a/Zy- situated eyes, very deeply roundly emarginate in
the middle so that the vertex is very nearly linear. It is also
deeply emarginate (but less so) submedianly; it is about three
times as wide as long at its longest point. The anterior half of
the vertex is perpendicular, the disk deeply excavate, transverse,
strongly granulate, spinose behind the eyes. The flat face is of
course overshadowed by the underside of the vertex. The
figure shows the remarkable general appearance.

In the Ccrcopidac the nymphal instars of some genera are well
known to every one in Temperate Zones, owing to their habit
of establishing themselves on the stem or leaf of some herb or
tree, and enveloping themselves in their own frothy secretion

276

(see for example De Geer, more recently Porter and Fabre, also
for curious American forms, Ball.) The name of "Cuckoo Spit,"
applied to these forms in Europe, dates from classic times, when
il: was believed that the insects were born from the saliva of
cuckoos; the French "Crachat de Grenouille" indicates cred-
ence in another supposed origin. The adults are termed "Frog-
hoppers" in England. The nymphs and adults of Philagra parva
swarm in Australia on Casuarina trees, the former enveloping
themselves in froth after the manner of Ccrcopis. The nymph of
the Madagascan Ptychts goiidoti Bennett, possesses the power of
discharging clear water in such considerable ciuantities as to
resemble light rain, this activity being naturally greater at noon-
tide. Goudot estimated that some seventy individuals could
emit a quart in an hour and a half.

It has been stated (see, for example, Amyot & Serville) that
the nymphs are thus enveloped to guard them from carnivorous
insects; on the contrary, DeGeer notes, what has been often ob-
served since, viz : that these nymphs are frequently ravished
from their spume by small Fossorial Hymenoptera, while Birds
are also said to prey upon them. The froth in reality serves to
}*rotect their soft bodies from the heat of the sun, as when taken
from this cover and not allowed moisture with which to re-en-
velope themselves, they soon shrivel up and perish.

Certain Australian forms, however, construct calcareous cases
of helicoidal or serpulideous form and attach them to twigs ;
usually of Eucalyptus. These cases were discussed twenty years
ago by Ratte since when nothing original has been published on
them.

The case is fixed to a twig from two to seven feet above the
ground, generally a little or immediately above the insertion of
a leaf; and its opening is turned u]:)wards. The shape varies ac-
cording ito genus and species. Some figured bv Ratte arc ac-
tually helicoidal, from this they uncoil till forms are found which
are (juite or almost straight, though tapering, the widening
from the base of course corresponding to the growth of the
nymphs. PolycJiacfophycs Kirkaldy has larger, coarser tubes,
somewhat stalactitic in ornamentation, while those of Fcctina-
riopliycs Kirkaldy are smaller and more delicate. The position
of the larva within is reversed, the head being placed down-
wards, (Ratte says that the helicoidal form is an exception,) so
that the anus is found at the mouth of the tube. Under cover of
the case, at the basal end of which is a slit, the nymph sucks the
sap of the tree; occasionally it moves backwards and emits a

V7

drop of clear liquid at the mouth of the tube which is habitually
half or nearly full of this liquid, the production being- increased
in warm weather. Eucalypti are rich in calcium compounds and
the lime of the shell is evidently derived from the sap of the tree.
Ratte roughly calculated a proportion of 75 per cent of carbo-
nate of lime, the insoluble remains being considered as chitinoup
matter. In the nymph, two of the tergites (apparently 2nd and
3rd in the forms I "have seen) are curiously modified, being much
enlarged and more strongly chitinized than the rest of the ab-
domen, there is a longitudinal false suture. Ihis structure acts
as an operculum. (PI. XXIII figs. 12 and 13.)

Ratte describes them all under the generic name Ptyclus, but I
cannot place them there and moreover at least four genera are
lequired for their reception. PolycJiacfophycs and Pccfiiiariopliycs
are described later on.

The nymphs of the Sinhalese Machacrota guttii^cra Westwood,
construct tubes fixed to the twigs of Adaiisoiiia digitala, licjuid
exuding drop by drop from the mouth of the tube.

(2) Fulgoroidea.

i\s previously mentioned the nymphs in this superfamily are
extraordinarily richlv endowed with special sensory org'ans, i. e.,
large, punctured, granules. 1 have reframed from discussing
the grouping of these organs in the various subfamilies, as my
material is as yet insufficient.

Fitlgoridac: The nymphs in the family seem to resemble the
adults very strongly, but the stages have not been worked out.
Pyrops has been figured by Burmeister.*

Asiracidac : I have observed the metamorphoses more or less
completely of several species, but only outline them here, as
later on, I hope to be able to compare all the stages in a num-
ber of forms. The study of the nymphal instars will, it is evi-
dent, be a great aid in the natural classification of this difificult
group.

PcrkuisicUa saccliaricida.

(PI. XX\T, figs. 1-5.)

Copulation takes place at night, the adult hoppers, most of
\\hich lie still or hidden by day, emerging in crowds from their
concealment at or shortly before dark.

* Townsend has noted the oviposition of the Cixiine Oecleus, fPsyche 1892 VI, :'.,W)
and Osborii lias related the life-habits of the root-inhabiting Cixiine Myndus radicis
(Ohio Nat. litu;! IV, 4:!.)

278

"The eggs are laid in a chamber formed by the ovipositor of
the female in the tissues of the leaf or in the stem of the cane.
The ovipositor is held at right angles to the ventral surface, and
its point of attachment just behind the posterior legs is very
clearly seen when the tip is inserted into the tissues of the leaf.
The number of eggs contained in one of these chambers varies
considerably. Lately in Hamakua district I carefully opened
some hundreds of these chambers and found the number of eggs
i.'i each to be from one to twelve in number. That end of the
eggs which is nearest the external surface is the head of the
future leaf-hopper and the red pigment spots, which form the
eyes of the newly-emerged insect, are conspicuous at some dis-
tance behind the narrc:»w apical extermity of the egg before it
hatches. In the leaves the eg^gs are deposited on either surface
of the thicker parts, and beirtg: of elongate form, tliey usually
reach about half way through the tissues. The scar is always
visible and is often covered with a little whitish excretion.* The
apex or head of the eggs is generally just about level with the
surface of the leaf, but sometimes they even protrude a little from
the orifice of the chamber. The young emerge perpendicularly,
head first, sometimes two together from the chambei, and as
they emerge, the appendages at first apparently stuck to the
body become free, and the little insect is at once active, and
may be seen to perform peculiar sidling or retrograde move-
ments similar to those of older ones or of the adult. As a num-
l>er of individuals generally hatch from a single chamber, and
as the chambers are extremely numerous in a single leaf, very
mai'.y being som.etimes present in a square inch of surface, and
:is also in stripped cane thousands of these chambers may be
])resent in a single stick, the total num]:)er of leaf-hoppers that
can, and sometimes do, emerge from a single stick and its crown
of leaves is almost incredible.

"The young when they hatch are of sociable nature and gre-
garious and especially congregate at the base of the leaves, and
this habit is also largely retained by the adults, which often also
form large Mocks in the seclusion of the youngest leaves of the
crown. It is in the immature stages while growth is proceeding
th.at the chief damage to the cane is done and the great excretion
of the honey-dew taket place." (Perkins.)

The first nymphal instar is conspicuous on accoimt of the

* The secretion is very feeble rcuniiari'd with that of the Antilleaii S/^rn'iraniis sm-
charivora (Westwood), of some of tlie North .Viuerican s])ecies investittated bv Swezev.

G. W. K."

279

l)roduce(l head. The vertex is a trifle longer than wide, extend-
ing well in front of the eyes and wider between them than an
eye. I cannot trace any transverse or discal keels. On the frons
there are two keels (which do not meet on the vertex or else-
\>.here), which are rounded convexly. These do not unite at the
apical margin of the frons, nor do they meet the lateral keels
there.. The frons exterior to these submedian keels is wide and
covered with sensory organs. The second segment of the an-
tennae is large and stout but short. I cannot trace any sensory
(rrgans. The tarsi arc l)isegmcntate,, the posterior pair being
provided each with a small mobile spur.

The second and third instars are not remarkable, except that
(he spur lengthens, the head shortens and the usual changes
take place in the thorax. The fourth instar is very close to the
adult, except that the body is still covered with sensory organs
and the submedian keels are still separate, not uniting at the
apical margin of the frons. In this instar, the sensory organs
en the antennae are very conspicuous.

That the study of the nymphal instars will prove very help-
ful to a knowledge of the adults, may be inferred from the ge-
nera Pcregrinus and Phaealasfor. The only conspicuous differ-
ence between Peregrinus maidis (the "Corn-hopper") and Phaea-
lasfor pseudomaidis (the "false Corn-hopper") is that in the former
the tegmina are plain, in the latter the veins are very strongly
and closely granulated. However, in the former the nymphs
are smooth and unicolorous (yellow), in the lat+er they are gra-
nulate and are whitish, spotted and banded with dark brown.
L'nfortunately, nymphs of the other species of the genus were
not obtainable to determine whether these characters are generic
or only specific.

Mr. Ballon kindly sent me eggs, nymphs and imagines of
Stenoeranus saeeharivora (too late for study in time to incorporate
with this part) ; the ova are deposited in sugar cane after the
fashion of Perkinsiella, but are somewhat densely covered with
white flocculence, as are the nymphs and the adults.

Eutropistidae. Under the name Dietyophora pallida. Cotes has
figured some of the stages of 3.nEiifropisfid. Probably a new
genus is required, as Cicada pallida is not a Dictyoplwrin'e. Cotes
refers it to subfam. "Eurybraehydinac."

The eggs are laid along the natural hollow of the midrib of
sugar cane (not inserted, as in the Asiracidae) in masses, each
cluster containing from three to thirty eggs ; these are thickly

28o

covered with flocculence. The nymphs have elongate heads, but
feebly so compared with the adult.

In the Pockilloptcridac, Swezey has partially worked out the
life-history of the North American Ormenis scpfcitfrioiialis, while
the allied Sihhaitfa acuta has been partially worked out by my-
self in these islantls.

In the Sinhalese Phroiiniia inari^iiiclla (Fabr.), the eggs are laid
In considerable numbers in the bark of the twigs of Elacodoidron
and are apparently thickly covered with flocculent matter. The
nymi)hs cluster like sheep* on the plant and thickly
covered by the white flocculent matter. This is by no means
true wax, as it consists of fibrous matter, which does not melt,
but decomposes when heated and does not dissolve in naphtha.
This docculence is very characteristic of the Fulgoroidea, being-
more or less present in almost all (all?) forms. In some (Cixiiis
etc.) it forms a short broad appendage to the body; in Pliromnia,
Fhcnax, Lystra and others it is long, even enormously long, as
much as 5 inches in Phenax auricoma, both in nymphs and adults.
Sharp states (Insects II 576) that this "wax" is used by the
Chinese for candles and other purposes and is said to be much
esteemed in India. He is however, merely repeating an old tale,
the error of which was exploded by Cotes in 1893. The Indian
flocculence is not commercially esteemed, and the Chinese wax
is manufactured from Coccids of the genera Ceroplastcs and Eri-
ccriis. The metamorphoses of Phroiniiia have been figured in
part by Cotes.

The as yet small and little known sub-family Amphiscepinae
(Acanaloniinae) seems to be a development of the Poekillopteri-
nae (Matinae) in the direction of disintegration of the tegminal
venation ; the posterior tibiae are spineless (or at least only
bristly) in the adult, but Swezey, who has partly worked out the
life-history of the North American Amphisccpa bivittata, has dis-
covered an interesting fact, viz : that the nymphs have three
spines on the posterior tibiae like the typical Poekillopterinae.
Aniphisccpa, however, was placed by Stal in the Issinae.**

(b) FLIGHT ORGANS.

Leaf-Ho])pers seem, as a rule, to be nocturnal, Hying and
feeding at that time. The power of flight, however, may be said

*'J'lic natives of Garhwal in India "eat the sukhtv secretion and call tlie insect
Dhahrri. i. e. "sheep," on account of tlieir lia))it of clusteriiiR tofiether and .tinnpiiiK
away when disturbed." (Cotes, p. 97)

**The life history of the x^xnKx\.K\^\Q Bruchouwyfiha oculata is recorded as having
been related by Uhler in the Standard Nat. Hist. II, IM.

28 1

to be, as a whole and comparatively speaking, feeble ; although
doubtless capable at times of extended flight, particularly when
aided or compelled by the wind, as a rule they seem to prefer, by
day, at least, to trust lo their legs for locomotion, as indeed is
implied by their popular name. "On certain occasions, how-
ever ,they have been seen flying in one direction in the day time
in such numbers as to form a migratory swarm, cjuite like that
which occurs in the case of certain locusts, dragon-flies, butter-
flies and other insects." "It would appear from o'bservations
made, that these leaf-hopper migrations are largely due to the
fact that the food supply in the place whence they originate has
become exhausted or impoverished by the number of the in-
sects." (Perkins.)

The maximum amplitude, in comparison with the size of the
body, is attained by the Poekillopteridae, which however, are
but feeble flyers; actual extent is greatest among the Fulgori-
dae, which likewise are not distinguished for powerful flight. In
many Issidae and other forms, tegmina are fully developed, but
are corneous and often convex, while the wings are also often
rudimentary. Perhaps the most remarkable tegmina are
found in certain Derbidae, (Phihuiclphcia &c) in which they are
very elongate and narrow.

In this group is developed very largely the remarkable and
little understood phenomenon of pterygo-polymorphism; that is
to say that in the same species there may be two or more forms
of tegmina and wings — sometimes a sexual di-or polymor])h-
ism, sometiaiies not — from completeness to great reduction or
almost entire al^sence. dt is especially encountered in. the Asira-
cidae and in the Tetigoniid Plirynontorphits and its allies; in the
Heteroptera it occurs extensively in the Gerridae and Nabidae.

Among Hemipterists. the subject has been discussed at some
k*ligth bv fohn Sahlberg (1871 pp. 19-23) and O. M. Renter

(1875).

The North American and Australian forms have as }et been
too slig'htly investigated; nor am I aware of the exact propor-
tions in the palaearctic forms, but Sahlberg states that 70 out
of the 263 Scandinavian Leaf-hoppers (in 1870) are pterygo
dimorphic, that is, more than one-fourth.

In most of the dimorphic Heteroptera (and in speaking now
of the "]Kjly-" or "dimoiphism," I am alluding only to the poly-
or dimorphism of the organs of flight) the thorax is somewhat
j)rofound!y modified, 'b\- the reduction of the organs of flight,
owing doubtless to the degeneration of the supporting mus-

282

clcs. ill the leaf-hoppers on the other hand there seems httle
(htTerence in this respect, proba'bly due to the fact that tiie
thoracic muscles are already somewhat feeble and little adapted
for strong flight.

In polymorphism there are two well marked forms, the ex-
tremes, that is, of macro ptcr ism and hracJiyptcrisui, as well as
numerous intcnncdiatc forms sometimes.

In older times, it was supposed that the brachyplerous (or
ai)ter()us) forms were sexually immature, and later, When mac-
ropterous and apterous forms were observed in copulation, it
was supposed that they were nymphs capable of procreation.
These apterous or brac'hypterous forms 'have been reared from
ordinary nymphs and are completelv mature as regards their
sexual apparatus.

The genus PerkinsieUa affords a good example. There are 4
known species, closel)^ allied but abundantly distinct. Two oc-
cur in Australia (one also in Hawaii) one in Viti, one in Java;
the first three have been abundantly investigated by Koebele
and Perkins, the fourth by Breddin.

(i) saccharicida Kir'kaldy: the males always macropterous,
the female is di- (or more or less poly-) morp'hic.

(2) grainiiiicida Kirkaldy : as far as known the male is always
macropterous, the female brachypterous.

(3) 7'ificiisis Kir'kaldy: both sexes are dimorphic pterygially.

(4) I'astatri.v Breddin: similar to I'ificnsis.

It has been supposed by Flor and Sahlberg that this poly-
morphism is caused by climatic influence. These authors be-
lieve that this inability to develop properly the tegmina and
wings, does not exist em'bryonically in the egg, but depends on
accidental conditions, such as the nourishment of the nymphs,
and above all on the state of the climate during fheir develop-
ment. Salilberg adds that the 'feeble development of the organs
of flight is altogether due to the greater develooment of the
other organs of motion, i. e., the legs. Renter believes, how-
ever, that the increa'se in number of polymorphic species as one
proceeds northwards in Europe depends probablv on many
other causes, independent of climatic influence. Thus only
eig'ht species of Auchenorhynchi live in Lapland on trees or
'bushes, and these species are always nionomorphic.

Renter makes the following observations:

(\) Dimorphic forms are found even in the tropics.

(2) S'hort-winged individuals are observed most fiecjuently
among insects whose legs are well developed and constructed

283

for leaping or running very quickly; thus dimorphism is strong-
ly represented amonp- Orthoptera and Auchenorhynohous Sip-
honata; and indeed in the Miridae, the great part of t'he dimor-
phic species have thickened posterior legs, as is also the case
with the femora in t'he Anthocoridae.

(3) There are a great number of instances where the female
alone is dimorphic, but never a one where the male alone is so.
In such cases the female very often has the femora more thick-
ened than are those of the male — lamong Heteropterous
Miridae.]

(4) Most dimorphic species live on 'herbs or near the roots
of such like.

(5) On the contrary, no dimorphic species live on trees or
bushes.

(6) In some cases, dimorphism depends so obviously on the
manner of living of the species that it cannot be caused by the
climate, for example, in certain Myrmecophilous species.

(7) 'Not a single dimorphic species has been found among
the numerous fossil Orthoptera and Hemiptera.

Renter therefore concludes:

(i) The inacropterous is the primitive form and the brachy-
])terous forms are only produced in a more advanced period by
"natural selection"; the existence of a macropterous form of
a species usually brachypterous must be regarded as reversion.

(2) The reduction of the flight-organs is probably produced
l:»v diveise causes; in certain Myrmecophanous Miridae, it evi-
dently depends on the manner of living of the species and
"mimicry"; the Anthocorid Mynncdobia colcoptrata mimics Alexia
pilifcra, a little Coleopteron. [It should be noted however that
many Formicicolous insects do not at all resemble their hosts
or jailors.]

(3) Many species have lived in localities where they liave not
l)ecn obliged to resort to flig^ht, because instead of trees and
I)us'hes the.v have lived on the ground or among herbs, thus
using their legs more often. Consequently in successive gener-
ations, the latter are continually developed more stronglv, while
the muscles of flight by lack of usage are generallv enfeebled
and atrophied, the tegmina and wings thus becoming as much
shortened as the legs are developed and thickened, l3y the law
of "reciprocal influence."

(4) The male, as the active sex, has been obliged to avail
himself of his organs of flight, and exerc'se his muscles; this is
why this sex, in manv species, has, by heredity, the tegmina and

284

wings developed, while the female is dimor])hic and rarely
niacropterous.

Renter divides polymorphic iorms into two kinds — I repro-
duce his classification, bnt not liis polysyllabic nomenclature:

(I and 2) Trimorphic and dimorphic forms, the latter sub-
divided into

(a) Female only dimorphic, e. g. PerkiiisicUa sacch'iricuJa.
(aa) Both sexes dimorphic, divided into

(b) Male dimorphic in a different manner to the female, c.
g-. Euidella spcciosa.

(bb) Sexes equally dimorphic, e. g. Percgrimts Jiiaidis.

Reuter further divides the forms according to degree of
shortening, as follows:

(i) Brac'hypterous form has the tegmina either a little short-
er than, the same length as, or a little longer than, the abdomen,
and the apical cells most often moderately developed.

(2) Tegmina at least a third shorter than the abdomen, and
much shorter than those of the macropterpus forms; apical cells
short, obsolescent, or absent; wings rudimentary or wanting.
This section contains the majorit}- of forms.

The term 'brachypterous ranges' through ''inicroptcroiis" from
"brachypfcroits'' to "apterous."

In conmient on the above, it may be noted- —

(i)That in the tropics there are certainly man\' (lini(ir])liic
leaf-hoppers arboreal.

(2) There seems to be no difference, in leaf-hoppers, in the
structure of the legs in different forms of the same species.

(3) Th effect of climate is very problematical, but it is likely
that in the tropics, brac'hypterous forms appear iu the colder
season. As Perkins has well remarked:

"One point in connection with this flig^htless forms is worth^'
of notice. Although the insect has not been with us for study
for a sufficiently long time for us to speak with certainty on the
point, yet. so far, the worst attacks of leaf-'hopper have ahva^■s
followed or been partly coincident witb the production of these
flightless females, that is to say during the colder months of the
year, or in the early summer. 'In the course of my recent tour
of investigation through Hamakua to Olaa. T did not find a
single example of the short-winged form, while in the winter
months from some plantations not less than fifty per cent of
the adults sent were of this form. This fact and some observa-
tions that I have made on other Hawaiian species, lead me tn

285

believe that the flightless leaf-hoppers are more proliflc than
the fully winged specimens."

In connection with this, it is worth noting- that both in Pcrkiii-
siclla saccharicida and graininicida e. g., the l:)rachypterous
females have distinctly larger and fatter abdomens \Vhich appear
at least to contain many more ova.

(c) MATERNAL AFFECTION.

The maternal solicitude, which has rendered so celebrated cer-
tain Earwigs, Centipedes, Cimicidae. and other Arthropods,
finds expression also in a Membracid, Entylia sinnata, the details
of which have been related by Miss Murtfeldt. The remarkable
point is that the hopper, usually s-o shy, leaping away at the first
alarm, refused to move when touched, while guarding her off-
spring.

(d) STRIDULATION.

The Stridulation of the Cicadoidea was known to the Greeks,
and doubtless was investigated by many a philosopher before
Xcnarchos. The other Auc'henor'hynchi have always been sup-
posed to be silent; but PcrkinsicUa saccharicida has been distinctly,
and often, heard to stridulate by the Entomologists of this sta-
tion, though specially modified organs have not yet been dis-
covered. As the tegmina, even in the brachypterous forms, are
observed synchronously to jerk u]) and down, this may have
seme connection with the phenomenon.

(e) THE RELATIONS BETWEEN LEAF-HOPPERS AND ANTS.

The relations between ants and other insects are extremely
complicated and little understood.

That herds of Aphidae are kept in temperate zones b}- ants,
and tended in the most remarka'ble manner, is too well known
to be further dwelt upon ; in the tropics, where as a rule Aphidae
are very rare, their place is taken by other insects, among them
certain Coccidae (i. e., Meal\bugs), Leaf-hoppers, etc. Spix and
Martins, Beske, Lund, Hardwicke, Guilding, Swainson and
T'.elt have recorded observations on this point, though they were
doubted by Sharp. Green however, has recently reobserved the
phenomenon in Ceylon. He says: 'T have frequently watched
the larvae of various species of Ccntrotus being assiduously at-
tended by ants. The larvae are gregarious, usually frequenting
tlie succulent shoots of plants, and have an extensile organ at

286

the extremity of the body, from which the coveted fluid is emit-
ted. This organ is distinctly 3-segmented. The small terminal
segment was of a crimson color ; the penultmate segment black,
with a broad white median band; and the basal segment (of the
extensile part) white. When the insect is undisturbed this or-
gan is withdrawn into the long conical segment which apparent-
ly terminates the body, but is extruded immediately upon appli-
cation by the attendant ants."

Green calls this form a Cciitrohis, Ijuckton naming it C. Jiccfaris
but apparently it does not belong to that genus.

In Hawaii, although ants often kill consideral)lc numbers of
young PcrkinsicUa, on the other hand they appear to protect
them froiii their enemies, at a later stage, so that they (the
ants) can enjoy the honey dew excreted from the hoppers.

It may be noted that Coding states that species of Tragopa
(a Membracid) live in the ground in the nests of the ants, while
a curious new Issine, {Mynnccophyrnc forrniccticola) was discov-
ered under a stone in an ants' nest by Mr. Perkins. Further, it
has been known, and occasionally noted, that the remarkable
Tetigoniophanous I'^ulgoroid Tctigouidra lacfa is found in sim-
ilar situations to Tragopa.

SYSTEMATIC POSmON AND CLASSIFICATION OF
LEAF-HOPPERS.

(a) SURVEY OF PREVIOUS SYSTEMS.

"Leaf-hopper" is a convenient, non-technical term to express
the Auchenorhynchi, excluding the Cicadidae.'^

As regards the structure of t'he mouth parts the components
of the order Hem^ptera (or Rhynchota) are perhaps the most
isolated of true insects; they torm two sub-orders, viz.: tiie
Hctcroptcra (or "bugs" proper), and t'he Siphonata (or Homop-
teraj, the latter embracmg two well marked groups, Aiichciior-
hyiichi and Stcrnorliyiiclii, based on t'he method of articulation
of the labium.

The former contains Cicadids and Leaf-hoppers; the latter,
Lerpinsects, Plantlice, Scalebugs, etc. The Cicadidae are not
included in the general term "Leaf-hoppers" and will not be
noticed except for purposes of comparison, the Australian
forms having recently been monographed bv Coding and Frog-
gat t.

The first systematic disposition of any noteworthiness was

that of Stal (1858, Stettiner Ent. Zeit., XIX, 233). in which he

recognizes 5 families, Etilgorina, Cercopina, Cicadina, Mem-

l)racina and Jassina, dififerentiated as follows:

[. Middle coxae elongate, articulated remote from each other.

Tegmina with tegulae (i) Fitlgoriiia.

I a. Middle coxae, short, conical, approximate. Tegulae ab-
sent 2.

2. Posterior coxae short, conical, not laterally dilated; tibiae

cylindric 3.

2a. Posterior coxae transverse, dilated up to the lateral mar-
margins of the sterna; tibiae (at least the posterior pair)
angled. (4 and 5) Mcmhracina &- Jassina, distinguished by
the generally relative dii^erence in the shape of the genae,
and the spinoseness of the femora, also t'he attachment of
the 'head onto the prothorax, etc.

*The riiermoifiea (Psyllidae) are "leaf-hoppei-s" ill a sense, but belong to iinothcr
gronp (Sternorhynehi), and are sometimes railed popularly '-Jumping Plant l.icc."

288

3- Anterior femora unarmed, not thickened; seutelluni mod-
erate or small; an arolium (cnipudiiim) between the claws;

2 ocelli (2) Ccrcopiiia.

3b. Anterior femora thickened, spinose beneath ; scutellum

very large.; 3 ocelli; no arolia (3) Cicadina.

In 1866 Stal. reduced this to 4 families only, Stridulantia Cer-
copida, Jassida and F"ulgorida. His three subfamilies of Cer-
copida are those recognized by later authors, but are not natu-
ral; his Jassida form 7 subfamilies of whic'h 6 are Membracine
while ''his Fulgorida are divided into 13 subfamilies.

I reproduce (translated) Stal's tables of Fulgoridae in their
entirety, as I shall refer to them later in some detail.

I. Anal area of wings reticulate; keel separating frons from
gena continued onto the sides of the clypeus . 7^;//^ w/(/(7 Stal.

II. Anal area very rarely reticulate, clypeus in this case con-
vex, lacking lateral 'keels.

A. Posterior tibiae lacking an apical, mobile spur.

a. Frons wide, transverse or almost as long as wide, pro-
duced on each side into a distinct angle; anterior legs com-
pressed, more or less dilated; anal area of wings sometimes
reticulate Eurybrachydida Stal.

aa. Lateral margins of the frons not angulate; legs mostly
simple; anal area of wings never reticulate.

b. Clavus very rarely granulate, apex acuminate, rarely some-
what obtuse, distinctly closed, the two veins united far (or
very far) from the apex (sometimes nevertheless after the
middle) of t'he clavus; costa very rarely dilated; tegmina
sometimes abbreviate or the clavus and corium fused.

c. Vena clavi (anal vein) not reaching the apex, running into
the commissure near the apex; tegmina sometimes abbre-
viate, or the clavus and corium fuserl, lateral margins of
clypeus in this case keeled.

d. Frontal ocellus absent, lateral margins of clypeus always
keeled or acute Dictyophorida Stal.

(Id. (Jcelli always three, one at the apex of the frons; frontal
ocellus very rarely lacking, in this case the sides of the
clypeus are convex, wanting a keel Cixiida Stal.

cc. Vena clavi continued to the ver\- apex of the clavus or
united near the apex with t'he claval suture; teg'mina some-
times abbreviate or lacking veins or the clavus and corium
fused, lateral margins of the clypeus in this case not cari-
nate.

289

1. Head narrower than pronotum; sides of the clypeus keel-
ed; last segment of rostrum elongate; pronotum angulately
emarginate at t'he base ; tegmina internall_\- widened beyond

the clavus; first segment of posterior tarsi elongate

AchUida Stal.

2. Head narrower than pronijtum; sides of the clypeus not
carinate or with an obtuse keel; pronotum most usually
angulatel)- emarginate at the base, very rarely roundly sin-
uate, tricarinate, lateral keels diverging, most often reach-
ing the base ; commissure straight or rounded after the
clavus, costa sometimes dilated, costal membrane trans-
versely veined; first segment of ]X)sterior tarsi elongate. . .
Tropidiuhiiio Stal.

3. Head most often narrower than the pronotum; sides of the
clypeus sometimes carinate; rostrum with the last segment
short or very short; pronotum i)Osteriorl\- angulately
emarginate, not keeled or -with <Jne obsolescent one; costa
simple; posterior tibiae most often unarmed, rarelv s])i-
ncse; first segment of posterior tarsi elongate .Drrt /(/a Stal.

4. Head narrower than pronotum. sides of clypeus keeled;
rostrum short, thick, last segment verv short; pronotum
truncate basally, disk carinate or lul^erculate; first seg-
ment of posterior tarsi strong, less long. .Lophophida Stal.

5. Head not or little narrower than pronotum; clypeus most
often convex, lateral margins ver}- rarely with a keel, pro-
notum truncate basally, rarelv widelv roundly sinuate,
without a median keel or with an obsolescent one; scutel-
lum short, rarely twice as long as the ])ronotum; tegmina
coriaceous or subcorneous, rarelv vitreous, verv rarely fiat,
more or less convex, sometimes ver\- much abbreviated;
first seg-ment of posterior tarsi short or mediocre, very
rarely elongate Issida Stal.

6. Head wide or very wide, sometimes somew'hat narrower
than the pronotum; sides of the pronotum most often lack-
ing a 'keel; pronotum posteriorly roundly sinuate, lacking-
keels or with an obsolescent median one; scutellum ver\
large, costa dilated, costal menibrane transversely veined
or reticulate; po.sterior tibiae spinose; first segment of pos-
terior tarsi short or rather short Ricaiiiida Stal.

7. Head a little narrower than pronotum; clypeus lacking
lateral keels; pronotum su'btruncate at the base or lightly
and widely roundly-sinuate, not keeled or obsolescently so;
scutellum large, at least thre<e times as long as pronotum;
tegmina very greatly decumbent; posterior tibiae spineless.
.-Icaiioiinda Stal.

2C)0

bb. Clavus strewn with granules, apex sometimes subacute and

• closed, sometimes very obtuse and widely open, the two

veins separated throughout their entire length or united

near the apex; costa dilated, costal membrane transversely

veined; claval suture distinct Flatida Stal.

B. Posterior tibiae with a mobile spur at the apex

Dclphacidj Stal.

The Cercopidae are divided by him as follows:

I. Anterior margin of pronotum straight; eyes equally long
and wide Ccrcopida Stal.

II. Anterior iiiargin of pronotum rounded or angled; eyes
most often transverse.

A. Scutell'um flat, triangular Aphrophorida Stal.

r>. Scutellum strongly elevated, compressed posteriorly, arm-
ed witli a long apical spine Machacrotida Stal.

^\\& Tetigoniidae were studied only verv superficially bv
Stal.

In 1875 was commenced the posthumous pul)lication of Fie-
ber's "Cicadines d'Europe." In an analytical table he divided
the European' Auclienorhynchi into 8 families, Membracida,
Cicadaea, Fulgorida, Cercopida, Ulopida, Paropida, Scarida and
Jassida, the last four being part of the Jassida of other authors.

In 1888 Ashmead divided the Auclienorhynchi into 6 fami-
lies: Cicadidae, Fulgoridae, Membracidae, Cercopidae, Bvt'ho-
scopidae and Jassidae, and the next year separated the Fulgo-
ridae into 6 subfamilies, Acanoniinae, Flatinae, Ricaniinae, Issi-
nae, Caloscelinae, Dictiopharinae, the Cixiinae behig fiuiher dis-
cerpted into Achilini, Tropiduchini, Derbini and Cixiini. This
work was little more than a misleading adaptation of Stal, and
was disfigured by many misprints in the rendering of previous
generic names.

In 1890 appeared the most important work vet published on
tlie classification of Honioptera; this was, however, presented
in Danish and remained sealed to many workers till translated
into Englis'h by the present writer (1903). Hansen founds his
divisions on the characters especially of the antennae and legs,
and recognizes four families, Stridulantia, Cercopidae, fassidae
(including Membracidae) and Fulgoridae. Hansen's table of
families is now reproduced, from my translation, in its entirety
and will be referred to in the course of this paper.

A. Second segment of peduncle of the antennae without
sensory organs, flagellum with several or many foveae. In-
termediate coxae with the intro-basal angles a little remote in

291

ter se ; coxal a1)diiction somewhat small. Metasternum either en-
tirely chitinous, or with two median sized membranous areas.
Posterior coxae mobile, trochantins apparent ; posterior tro-
chanters a little or not wider than the femora ; a flexion only pos-
sible between trochanter and femur ; posterior femora without
a "yellow spot" on the upper surface. Pleura of third to eighth
abdominal segments entirely located on the lower side, formed
of a larger exterior chitinous plate, and of an interior narrower
area, partly membranous or evanescent. First pair of abdominal
sjiiracles placed either laterally or ventrally. Third to eighth pairs
placed ventrally, looking downwards. Tegulae always absent.

a. Three ocelli.

FlagelLum consisting of five (or four ?) elongate segments ;
sensory foveae very numerous in the two basal segments of the
flagellum (some even found in the other segments. Conspicuous
part of the mesonotum very large. Anterior femora very dififer-
ent from the intermediate pair (always considerably incrassate.)
No empodium. Second pair of abdominal spiracles placed in
a transverse ventral furrow, looking anteriorly and medianly ;
third to seventh pairs placed in the sternites, not in the pleura,
Stridular organ present in the male. Antennae always placed
in deep pits in front of the eyes under the anterior margin of
the vertex. Tegmina unarmed beneath. Anterior margin of
the wings a little curved towards the base, unarmed. Metas-
ternum entirely chitinous. Posterior scarcely wider than the in-
termediate coxae, never reaching to the lateral margin of the
thorax. Posterior femora simple, posterior tibiae cylindrical. .

I. Stridulantia (i. e. Cicadidae).

b. Ocelli two or none. Flagellum composed of either nu
merous segments, or of an inflated basal segment and a very
slender "seta"; some sensory foveae present, never numerous.
Conspicuous part of the mesonotum median-sized, or small or
absent. Anterior femora scarcely different from the second pair
(most often not incrassate.) A large empodium present.
Secoi;d pair of abdominal spiracles placed laterally, looking ex-
teriorly or partly upwards. Third to eighth pairs placed in the
pleura. No stridular organ.

a. Flagellum composed of a large subpyriform basal seg-
ment, and a very slender "seta" — generally aubarticulate ; basal
segment with some sensory organs, "seta" without them. Teg-
mina with a carina towards the base on the lower surface. An
terior margin of wings towards the base with a triangular plate,
which is furnished on the exterior margin with some hooks. Me-

292

tasternum somewhat long, with two medium sized membranous
areas. Posterior coxae scarcely wider than the intermediate
pair, not reaching to the lateral margin of the thorax.

Posterior femora towards the base on the upper surface with
a wider transverse keel. Empodium thicker, beneath with two
chitinous spinose strips, the free margin a little or scarcely
emarginate. Eyes always placed on the vertex towards the base.
Antennae always placed in deeper pits in front of the eyes un-
der the anterior margin of the vertex. Intermediate coxae with
a strong meracanthus. Posterior tibiate cylindrical, each with
a single process, or with two conical larger processes on the
outer surface 2. Cercopidac.

b. Flagellum always composed of numerous segments; basal
part longer, formed either of some (2-6) segments, or trans
versely furcate furnished with some scattered sensory pits'; dis-
tal part divided into many segments, at least in part. Tegmina
beneath not carinate. Anterior margin of the wings without a
triangular plate, sometimes somewhat convex. Metasternum
s'hort, entirely chitinous. Posterior coxae much wider than the
intermediate pair, extending as far as to the lateral margin of
the thorax. Posterior femora simple at the base. Empodium
thinner beneath, without apparent c'hitinous spines; free mar-
gin profoundly incised medianly. Ocelli sometimes on the ver-
tex, sometimes on the front, occasionally evanescent. Antennae
usually inserted in front of the eyes, sometimes under the eyes
Intermediate coxae somewhat rarely with a meracanthus. Pos-
terior tibiae very often prismatic or foliaceous, very rarely al-
most cylindrical, generally seriately spinulose, very rarely un-
armed 3. Jassidae.

P). Second segment of the peduncle with many or very many
peculiar (composite) sensory organs; flagellum with a singie
larger sensory organ on the pyriform basal segment. Interme-
diate coxae with the intero-basal angles considerably or very
distant inter se ; coxal abduction well developed. Metasternum
almost entirely membranous, and this thin cuticle is extended
outwards to the lateral parts of the metatharox, which is inflect-
ed somewhat on the lower side of the body. Posterior coxae
immobile, their exterior part coalesced with the metathorax;
irochantins absent. Trochanters very much stouter than the
posterior femora; both an abduction and flexion possible be-
tween trochanter and femur. Posterior femora with a "yellow
spot" near the base on the u])i)er surface. Pleura of the third
to eighth segments largely or altosether situated laterally, either

293

altogether membranous, or with a large upper area in large part
or altogether membranous, and a lower plate chitinous. First
pair of abdominal spiracles situated dorsally within the exterior
produced part of the metanotum. Third to eighth pairs situated
essentially laterally, and in large part or altogether turning out-
wards.

Ocelli more rarely evanescent, more often two at the sides of
the head in front of the antennae ; sometimes a third ocellus
is found on the lower margin of the front near the base of the
cjypeus.

Antennae inserted under the eyes; flagellum composed of a
thicker basal segment and a very slender "seta," either articulate
or altogether divided into numerous segments. Tegula almost
always present. Empodium coalesced with the claws through-
out a shorter distance, and at most through two-thirds of a
length of the claws ; free margin a little emarginate or simple.
Second pair of abdominal spiracles dorsal, somewhat remote
from t'he lateral margin , .4. Fiilgoridac.

Two years later. Van Duzee considered that the North Amer-
ican Cicadina were composed of nine families, Cicadidae, Mem-
bracidae, Fulgoridae, Cercopidae, Ulopidae, Ledridae, Bythos-
copidae, Tettigonidae and Jassidae, the last five being collected
into a super-family, Ja^ssoidea. The Tettigonidae were divided
into Tettigonina and Gyponina; the Jassidae into Acocephalina,
Jassina (Dorydini. Deltocephalini, Athysanini. Jassini and Cica-
dulini) and Typhlocybina.

T shall refer later, to Van Duzee's classification of the Jassoi-
dea, so tha't I now reproduce the characters for reference. It
should however be noted, in fairness to Van Duzee, that he ex-
pressly restricts his classification to the North American Fauna ;
at the same time, the main points of his scheme are largely in
use.

Superfamily Jassoidca.

"Ocelli on the face below the anterior edge of the head.

Family Byfhosco[^idac.

Ocelli on the disc of the vertex Family Tcfti'^oiudac.

Ocelli on or near the anterior edge of the head, or wanting.

Family Jassidae.

Family Tettigonidae.

Front large, prominent, strongly convex, cheeks long and
narrc^w, anterior edge of the head obtuse, or rounded.
Subfamily Tettigonida Berg.

294

Front flat, or slightly convex ; more or less impressed across
the base beneath the prominent and acute, or roimded and
overhangino- anterior edge of the head ; cheeks at least
moderately expanded Snbfamil)- Gypou'uia Stal.

Family Jassidac.

( )celli placed superiorly close to the anterior t(\^Q of the head,

Subfamily Acocephal'ma.

Ocelli on the anterior edge of the head, or wanting (a.)

a. First sector of the elytra forked near its base, the iimer
branch generally united to the second sector by one or two
fransverse nervures, usually one or both branches of the
hrst sector are again forked, forming two or three anti-
apical areoles ; supernumerary cell present in the wings ;

ocelli present Subfamily Jassiiia.

First sector of the elytra forked close to its base, thus form-
ing apparently three sectors, which run straight and un-
divided to the angular nervures separating the four apical
areoles ; no transverse nervures between the first and second
sectors ; wings without a supernumerary cell ; ocelli usually
wanting Subfamily I'ypliiucybtiui.

Tribes oi the Jassiiia.

Anterior edge of the head thinaf and sharp, or more or less
foliaceous / Dorydini.

Anterior edge of the head sometimes acute, but generally
obtuse or rounded, never thin and foliaceous (a.)

a. Elytra with two transverse nervures l~)etween the first and

second sectors of the corium Dcltoccphalnii.

Elytra with but one transverse nervure between the first
and second sectors of the corium (b).

b. Elytra without a series of antiapical areoles, or with but
one formed by the forking of the outer branch of the first
sector, vertex subquadrate, hind and lateral margins ele-
vated, before feebly arcuated, with the edge strongly round-
ed, or jiroduced and tumid before with an obtuse apex.

lassiii'i.

Elytra with a series (generally three) of antiapical areoles. (c.)
c. Outer branch of the fir.st sector of the elytra with two

iorks evident Afhysoiiini.

Outer hranch of the first sector, of the elytra with its outer
fork ol)solete, or nearly so; anterior edge of the head well
rounded, vertex but little if at all longer on the middle than
next the eye Cicadiiliiii.

295

In 1895 Osborn announced his views on the Phylogeny of the
Auchenorhynchi as follows :

"The other division (i. e. Auchenorhynchi) beginning with
tl'iose forms which have the most generalized condition of wing
\'c nation and body structure, would commence with the Cica-
didae and follow the ascending order which is given in the cur-
rent systems. It is true that the Cicadidae are themselves a
sj)ecialized grou]), particularly in the forms possessing musical
organs, but in their approach to the Psyllidae in wing venation
and structure of the head and thorax they seem on the whole to
])resent more generalized characters than can be fotmd in any
of the other families of the Homoptera.

"The Membracidae. except in extremely specializcfl ]:)ronotum,
are easily seen to be related 'to the Cicadidae and naturally take
their position next to them. The Fulgoridae, while possessing
specializations of the head, are in thoracic structure and vena-
tion more generalized than the remaining families, and while
possessing many highly differentiated sub-groups, may very
])robably be interposed between the preceding families and the
Jassoid division. The Cercopidae in development of scutellum
and in texture of elytra, as well as in the specialization of the
tibiae, show characters of rather high rank, and, if placed as
sul>ordinate to the Jassoidea, they must at least be considered as
a branch of nearly equal or parallel rank. The Jassoidea,
separable into Bythoscopidae and Jassidae proper, may, on the
whole, be considered as the most highly organized of the scries,
and as somewhat ecjuivalent branches, the B^ythoscopidae being
in some respects extremely specialized, while the Jassidae are
subdivided into nearly equal branches, Jassinae and Tettigoni-
nae."

(b) SYSTEM ADOPTED.

The following is the classification I adopt here for the Auche-
norhynchi, showing also their position with regard to other He-
niiptera, proceeding from the more primitive to the more spe-
cialized.

Group \— AUCHENORHYNCHI Amyot & Serville.

Super-family i—CICADOIDhA.

Family I— CICADIDAE.

Super-family 2—TE TIGONIOJDEA .

Famay J— TETIGONIIDAE (=super-family Jassoidea, Van Duzee.)

296

Sul)-faniily 1 — Teti^oniinae.
2 — lassinae.
3 — Agalliinae.
4 — Pcnthimiiiiae.
5 — Eupteryginae.
(y — Ledrinae.
7 — Stenocotinae.
8 — Kahavaluinae.
(9 — Meg'ophthalminac ( ?).)

Family 2-MEMBRACIDAE.
3- CERCOPIDAE.

Super-family 7,—FULGOROlDEA.

Family J-FULGORIDAE.

Sub-family i- — Cixiinac.

2— Dictyophorinae.
3 — Fulgorinae.

Fami/y 2— ASIRACIDAE (^subfam, Delphacida Stal.)
3— ACHILIDAE.

4— EUTROPISTIDAE (=Tropiduchida Stal.)
5— DERBIDAE.
6-LOPHOPIDAE.
7-ISSIDAE.

Sul)-family i — Issinac.

2 — Eurybrachyinae.
3 — Tetigometrinac.

Family 8— POEKILLOPTERIDAE.

Sub- family i — Ricaniinae.

2 — Poekillopterinae. (^Flatida Stal.)
3 — Ampliiscepinae (=:Acanaloniida Stal.)
( Families 3-6 are probably conventional, as will l)e discussed
later.)

Group 2—STERNORHYNCHI Am. & Serv.

Su]ier-fann-]v i^CHERMOIDEA.
2—APEIOIDEA.
S—ALEYRODOIDEA.
■ 4—COCCOIDEA.

The principal points that (largely following Hansen and op-
posing Osborn, Van Duzee and others) I wish to insist npon
very firmly, are :

I. The low estate of the Cicadoidea as a lAiolc.

297

2. The slight degree of specialization of tlie l\'tigonioidea in
almost every point.

3. The Membracidae are only Tetigonioidea, highly specia-
lized as to the pronotum.

4. The high degree of specialization of the Fulgoroidea and
their great dififerentiation in every way from the other super-
families.

I especially mark the last heading, as Osborn, in particiUar,
who has so extended a knowledge of the Homoptera, emphati-
cally places the typical Tetigonioidea at the head of the Aiiche-
norhynchi.

(c) THE OUTER FRAMEWORK OF LEAF-HOPPERS.

Before proceeding further with this inquiry, I propose to dis-
cuss some part of the outer framework of the leaf-hoppers, and
I make no apology for doing this at some length because firstly,
almost every second author uses a different horismology, and
secondly, the only comparatively recent discussions (I have not
taken into consideration Spinola's extensive "Essay on the Ful-
goridae" which was published 66 years ago) on the value, for
taxonomic purposes, as a whole, of various organs in the Homo-
ptera. are those of Hansen and Osborn, the latter also being only
too brief.

In Leaf-hoppers, the head appears to be composed of 2 main
sclerites, the cpicraniuui and the clyf^ciis ; at one time I thought it
possible that the 'frons' of authors might be really the clypeus of
other orders, the 'clypeus' really the labrum and the 'labniin' real-
ly the epipharynx. but the fact that in typical Cixiinae, there is
an ocellus at the apex of the 'frons' seems to dispose of this at
once, at least no one has ever supposed that there could be an
ocellus on the clypeus. The structure of the head-capsule
icpicranhim) is, and has always so far proved, enigmatical and
very little help in its elucidation is obtainable from text books
The horismology of Hemipterists is certainl}- not homologous
with that of workers in other orders. In Fulgoroidea there
are usually considered to be 3 conventional areas, viz : Vertex,
frons and genae ; (lorae and tempora being added in Tetigonioi-
dea.) In other insects the vertex is that part of the head which
is bounded anteriorly by an imaginary line when the insect is in
a horizontal situation, the frons being the remainder, mediolon-
gitudinally, as far as the clypeus ; thus the extent of the vertex is
purely conventional and de])ends upon the degree of declivitv

298

of the head. In the Auchenorhynchi, the head is always more
or less declivous and 'bent under; and of, or near, the angulation
or midst of the rounding, there is almost always a transverse
keel, or false suture ; or on either side of an imaginary line, the
quality of the sculpturing is different, so that as a rule it is
practicable to consider that there are 2 nameable and distin-
guishable areas, which are called 'vertex and 'froiis', not, how-
ever, strictly homologous to the 'vertex' and 'frons' in other or-
ders, though, like them, strictly terms of convenience and not
designations of separate sclerites ; that they really are on^ srlc-
rite may, apart from embryological evidence, be inferred from
the position of the ocelli, — in many Tetigonioidea the 2 ocelli are
close to the base of the vertex — while in some Fulgoroidea, two
are on the genae, an extra ocellus being ])resent right on the
apical margin of the frons.

It follows, therefore, that the vertex may be partly ventral, or
contrariwise the frons may be partly dorsal. The first con-
tingency occurs among the Agalliinae, where the ocelli are often
found far on the ventral aspect of the head ; the latter occurs in
certain I'ulg'oroidea, in which the vertex is very short, (in many
I'ulgoroids in which the vertex and frons are confused, I suspect
that the former is entirely absent, as in some, it is represented
merely by a linear section,) and apparently also in some Cerco-
])ids. Van Duzee uses the term "face" to designate the ven-
tral aspect of the head, including the ventral part of vertex, the
frons, genae, etc. Stal occasionally seems to follow the ])rac-
tice of workers in other orders, but this author rarely explained
his horismology and is frequently very obscure. Edwards dis-
tinguishes a 'forehead' between the crown (vertex) and face.

The frons is rarely anastomosed with the clypeus. Sometimes
it is so, discally, being sometimes then sutured off laterally.

The genae are the lateral parts of the head, sometimes placed
actually laterally {Fnlgoroided) or ventrolaterally (Tetigonioidea),
and are usually separated from the frons and vertex by keels or
false .sutures. Owing to the peculiar structure of the head in
the Fulgoroidea the tempora do not seem to be separable ; in the
Tetigonioidea they are usually seen as narrow strips extending
from the antennal scrobes to the posterior margin of the front,
sometimes onto the lateral parts of the vertex ; they are very
conspicuous in Tartcssns. The lorae are two small plates usually
more or less crescentiform, lying between the clypeus and the
genae, separable from them by false sutures and present only in
the Tetigonioidea; they correspond with the juga in certain He-

299

tcroptera. In the Cercopidae there is often a falsely-sutnred-ofif
antero-median piece (resembHng somewhat in appearance the
Heteropterous tyliis) which coalesces posteriorly with the disk
of the vertex and anteriorly fnses more or less with the frons,
thongh usnally separated by a keel ; whether this is really part of
the vertex or is a part of the frons pushed up, is uncertain. In
some Fulgoroidea (most Cixiinae) there are 3 ocelli, two in the
usual Fulgoroid position (i. e. at the more or less flat sides of the
head, close to the antennae) and one at the anterior margin of
the frons, adjoining the clypeus. In the Tetigonioidea they may
he almost anvwhere on the vertex, sometimes close to the base.
(Tetigoniinae etc.), sometimes near, or on, the anterior margin
of the head (lassinae etc.), sometimes again at the extreme api-
cal margin of the vertex, close to the frons (Agalliinae.) In
Stenocotinae & Kahavaluinae, they are situated at the bottom of
elongate furrows on, or near, the anterior margin of the vertex.
Often they are obviously functionless, though rudimentarily
present, rarely entirely wanting. The work of the ocelli is
enigmatical. In the Fulgoroidea, their position is practically
uniform, though their usefulness must be sadly circumscribed by
tile surrounding elevated keels. It is evident that in the Teti-
gonioidea the position of the ocelli is of great importance for
systematic purposes — for it is obvious that the directions and
extent over which an insect can see, must influence its life very
greatly. It is unnecessary to dwell on this subject, but it is
evident that the visuality or light perception or whatever their
use may be, must be very different in Tctigonia where the ocelli
are placed on the disk of the vertex, near the base and turning
a little outwards, to Agallia where they are far on the disk of
the face ; and suf^ciently different in Phrynioinorphits where they
are small and flattish and placed on the smooth anterior margin
of the vertex, to Aphrodcs where they are near the anterior mar-
gin (but on the disk,) this genus being carinate anteriorly, the
disk being a little sunk.

In his celebrated studies. Hansen has laid great stress, and
rightly so, on the form of the antennae and on the structure of
their sensory organs. I much regret that I have not had suffi-
cient time to continue Hansen's researches very far, but I have
done so sufficiently to convince myself of their great value.
Their characteristics in the various super-families etc. are suf-
ficiently displayed in Hansen's table, quoted previously.

Of the Thorax I need not speak, except to point out that
while usually of ordinary structure in the Tetigonioidea (with the

300

exception of the remarkable A'lembracidae.) the ])ronotum is
considerably modified in tlie Derbidae, and in very many Ful-
,2^oroidea is arched or rounded strongly anteriorly and most
frequently more or less deeply emaroinate posteriorly. The
scutellum is nearly always 1-5 carinate in the Fulgoroidea, rare-
ly carinate in the Tetigoniidae and Cercopidae. It should be
noted that by "thorax." Stal means "pronotum" only.

In certain forms of Derbidae (Philadclplicia etc.,) in which the
flight organs are very peculiar, the scutellum has lost its char-
acteristic triangular shape, with sharply limited margins and has
more the appearance of that sclerite in the Cicadoidea.

It is so difficult to be sure of seeing correctly the em])c)(lia of
the tarsi, that I have omitted any notice of them.

The venation in Siphonata is very difficult to homologize with
other orders; it can at least be done only by embryological
studies. At the present time, the nomenclatures of Stal, Fieber,
Edwards, Westwood, etc., are used somewhat indiscriminate])'
and loosely. I have collated these and other systems as far as
feasible ('being guided largely by Comstock & Needham) and
have drawn diagrams to show the venation of various types. In
Scolyf^opa aiistralis, a Fulgoroid of the subfamily Ricaniinae there
are 8 veins given off by, or near, the basal cell of the corium,
5 from the apical margin (Nos. 3 to 7) and 3 from the base, or
near it (Nos. i, 2 and 8). In order they are costal, subcostal,
radial, subradial, median, submedian, cubital, sutural. In the
clavus there are two, viz. : anal and axillary. In most forms the
subradial and submedian a])pear only as forkings of the radial
and median.

The costal vein, as a rule, is present only near the base and
is lost later on in the subcostal which is usually, except near the
base, the marginal vein; in suc'h a case the costal is usually not
on a plane with the rest of the tegmen. m the Poekillopteridae
and a few others, the costal vein is complete, though' sometimes
subobsolesceni as a thick vein. In the Cicadoidea, the sub-
costal and radial (and largely the obsolescent costal) are fused
more or less.

The three main veins proceeding from the apical margin of
the basal cell appear always to be (from the exterior inwards),
radial, median, cubital. These three are almost always easily
recognizable, though in most Tetigonioids and Asiracids the
first two have a somewhat long common stem, the medioradial;
on the other hand, in Ricaniinae we have 5 veins, here adding a
subradial and a submedian. The sutural vein appears some-

30I

times on one side, sometimes on the other, of the claval suture
and is of little account.

Synoiiynty of I 'emit ion in Tcgniina of Leaf -hoppers.

1 . Costal.

2. S iibeostal=^r3.dms Spiitola^costa. (p) of many authors.

3. i?a(//(7/=:cubitus .S'/'///()/a=mediastinal IJ'esttvood.

== Upper branch of cubital Sahlbcrg^^ist. sector
Fieber.

4. Siibradial, ustially present as a fork of the radial, or entirely

absent.

5. Me(fiau=:ist. discodal vS'/'///('/a=postcostal JVestivood.

-^exterior branc'h of exterior ulnar 6'/a/.r= lower
brandh of cubital Salilberg=z2r)ld. sector Ficbcr.

6. ^"?/f>//u'(//a;;=:=interior branch of exterior ulnar Stal.\ usual)}

present as a fork of the median.

7. Cubital=2nd. discoidal Spiiiola=:median Wcstwood.

=r interior ulnar 5*^0/. =3rd. sector Fieber.
:=brachial Fdwards.

8. >S'//^;/ra/=postcubital Sf>inola='dn'cd J I estwood =1 si. anal C".

& N.
g. J//a/r=claval Stal.=^2ud. anal C". & .V.
10. Jxillary=:^rd. anal.

Cells {or Areas) of Tegmina.

I. Co.<;tal (often absent=:costal membrane Stal.

]). Snbeosfal^costal cell Stal (p). In some forms where

the costal vein is rudimentary, this is often termed the

costal cell.

c. A'a(//a/=subcostal Meliehar. Edzcards, etc.

d. Snbradial.

e. ^frrf/a«=basal Edwards.

f. Submedian.

i^. C/^&;>a/=:brachial Edwards.

h. Basal cell.

The marginal cells from the apex of the subcostal to the apex
of the clavus, are called "apical cells''; basal of t^hese to the basal
cell, between the subcostal and the cubital, are the "discoidals,"
some of which may be "subapical" (or "anteapical").

302

IVings.

The relations of tlie wing-veins and cells are very obscure
and they have been little used in classification, except as regards
tlie presence of the subniarginal vein and the supernumerary
•cell.

Four types are figured somewhat diagrammatically, viz.,
Tetigoniine, 'Eupterygine. Agalliine and Asiracid.

(i) Costal, absent or merged.

(2) Subcostal.

(3) Raclial=iirst sector Ficbc r=cost'd\ Signoni.

(4) 7l/r(/m;/=second sector Ficbcr =upper radial Sigiioirf..

(5) C";//'/Y(//=third sector /''/r/'r/-= lower radial Sigiiorcl..

(6) First a;/fl/= Radiating nerves Ficbcr.

( 7) Second anal. ' '

[The Claval suture (pliant suture Ficbcr) usuall\- comes here.]

(8) A.villary, or third anal=: Claval.

(9) .S"/(/?///(7ro///a/=:peripheric nervure Ficbcr.
The only cell necessary to specifv is

(a) Supernumerary cell, often absent; it is formed by the fork-
ing of the radial.

It is unnecessary to dilate on the legs. As the ])opular name
implies, they are saltatorial in construction, and so great is the
velocity of the leap in some forms {Ouconctopia and ot'her
Tetigoniinac) that they have gained the name of "wSharpshoot-
ers."

'In the Asiracidae, one of the spines which fringe the apex of
the tibiae, has in each posterior pair, become greatly enlarged,
often enormously so, and mobile, being set with "teeth" on its
outer edge; this is very characteristic of all instars. Curiously
enough, the Asiracidae are bv no means the champion jumpers,
being surpassed both in length of leap and in velocity, by Teti-
gonioids and Fulgoroids of less leg (levelo]iment and destitute
of a mobile spur.

It seems necessary to state that the "apex" or "apical mar-
gin" of any section, is that part of it farthest from the junction of
thorax and abdomen : contrariwise, the "base" or "basalmargin"
is the part nearest. Most authors erroneously s])cak of the
basal angle of the scutellum as its apex; to avoid confusion, it
is better to refer to it as the "posterior angle." Further, the
]iart of the frons adjoining the clpeus is its apical margin and
the to]) of the head is (typicalh) the base of the frons and apical
margin of the vertex.

303

(d) CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS SYSTEMS.

After this short and very imperfect survey of the external
structure and the hfe history of the leaf-hoppers. I propose lo
comment very briefly on the lines of classification laid down by
the Masters in Hemiptera, cited near the beginning of this i^a-
per.

Unfortunately, owing to my almost entire lack of material for
comparison,* I have been unable to accomplish much m the
way of constructive criticism. These notes are solely intended
to show how previous work must perhaps be modified in the
light of this fresh material from countries so little known (as re-
gards the Auchenorchynchi) as Eastern Australia and Viti.

And what an extraordinarily rich fauna of Leaf-hoppers there
must be in Australia and the Southern Polynesian Islands!
Messrs. Koebele and Perkins collected but a few months at the
worst season of the year in the very places that an Entomologist,
not collecting for such an economic purpose, would avoid on ac-
count of their barrenness.

Yet, these few months have produced nearly 500 species, al-
most all new. It is probably not too much to say that the Aus-
tralian Region (in the widest extent of the name) is supporting
today a leaf-hopper fauna of 10,000 species. It must be es-
pecially rich in Derbidae, Achilidae. Tetigoniidae, etc.

The region moreover demands the attention of Hemipterists,
since it appears to possess the oldest existing fauna in the world.
It is well known that the classification in all other orders of in-
sects had to be considerably modified when the Australian fauna
began to be worked out, and it will certainly be the case afso
with the Hemiptera. Coding and Froggatt have recently tack-
led the work in earnest, and it is to be hoped that extensive col-
lections will be reaped before it is too late.

I must maintain the four leading points enunciated on p. 296
as being established by a study of the imago and of the
nymp'hal instars in every detail of structure.

(i) The highly sensorized condition of the antennae in the
adult and of ahiiost the whole body of the nymphal instars, the
presence of tegulae, the remarkable carination of the head and
nota, and the disposition of the parts of the former, the richh-

* 1 am indebted to my CDlleague, Mr. O. H. Swezey, for allowing ine accp.ss to his
colleotions of Ohio Fulgofoids, and to my friend Mr. E. P. Van Duzee for several examples
of Tetigoiiioid and Asiiai-id genera; to >Ir. Ballon for Stenorranus saccliarivora ; and to
Dr. Mcliehar for a few Sinhalese form.'*; otherwise beyond my own eoUeetings, I have
been ('ompelle<l to rely on the written word.

304

variegated and harmonious colouring in many instances, and
the diversity of cephalic form, seem indubitably to point to the
pre-eminence and isolation of the Fulgoroidea. It is also
worthy of notice that (as pointed out in Part I of this Bulletin)
t'heir Dryinid parasites are of a higher estate than those of the
Tetigonioidea.

(2) Contrariwise, the humble condition of the last named,
proved by their imperfectly sensorized state, both in adults and
nymphs; the absence of tegulae, the (usually) smooth, ]3lebeian
head of feeble dififerentiation, and the (usually) dull coloring.
The only exceptions almost are the Membracidae, highly spe-
cialized and diversified in their prothoracic structure, neverthe-
less lowly as a whole; the often gaudily colored Cercopidae,
whic'h also 'have r&markable nymphal habits, and a few Teti-
goniid forms such as Stciiocofis and Kahavalii.

(3) The Cicadoidea, highly specialized in one direction, are
as a whole very low.

(4) The Membracidae are fundamentally, as s'hown by
Hansen, essentially Tetigonioid.

With regard to the subdivision of the families I regret that
lack of time prevents mv lingering long.

(1). Sfal's Classificafion of flic Fuh^oroidca.

There is no doubt that Hansen's divisions by the characters of
the antennae, are sound; at the same time, especially when deal-
ing with novel uniques, it is often exceedingly difficult to de-
termine just what is the form of the antennal sensory organs.
I think the following are natural divisions:

(1) Fulgoridac, with subfamilies I'ulgorinae, Dictyophorinae
and Cixiinae, corresponding to Stal's Fulgorida, Dictyopharida
and Cixiida; at the same time it is difficult to separate the last
two, except by general facies.

(2) Poekilloptcridac, with subfamilies Ricaniinae, Poekillop-
terinae and Amphiscepinae, corresponding- to Stal's Ricaniida,
Flatida and Acanoniida.

(3) Issidac, with subfamilies Issinae, Eurybrachyinae. and
TetigO'metrinae, corresponding to Stal's Issida and Eurybrachy-
dida. Stal separates these widely, but I think their closely
allied nature is established; the Issinae, via Amphisccpa, come
very close to the Poekillopteridae. The Tetigometrinae should
perhaps even form a family by themselves. Thev do not, I
think, establish any link between the Fulgoroidea and Tetigo-
nioidea, but, on the contrary, are very hig'hlv modified.

305

(4) We now have a heterogeneous mass, which 1 tempor-
arily rank into famihes, viz., Aclnhdae, hutropistidae, Derbidae
and Lophopidae. ihese are almost certainly artihcial. The
character tnat separates them from the Fulgoridae is that the
anal vein of tlie clavus runs into the commissure in the latter,
while it runs into the apex of the clavus in the four famihes
mentioned just before, i his may seem a trivial character, but
it was insisted upon by Stal, and is certainly correlated with
other good characters; unfortunately in Achilidae and Eutro-
pistidae, it is dilificult to determine the character of the antennal
sensory organs, though in some of the latter, they seem Ful-
gorid. Although laid down by Stal, he himself has erred in
assigning certain genera correctly, as have Melichar and other
authors, for instance Lamciiia is certainly not a Derbid, though
it might be an Achilid were it not for the claval venation. 1
have placed it temporarily in the Cixiinae, where it perhaps
looks uncomfortable. Ashmead and Swezey locate it in the
Poekillopterinae, but the clavus shows no trace of granulation
and the venation is of a dilTferent type.

Many of the Eutropistidae have a close resemblance to Dic-
tyophorinae but, as I believe, this is false. In the former, the
costal vein is present in its entirety, and the costal cell is mul-
tivenose transversely; in the latter, the costal vein is short,
merging in the subcostal, and the subcostal cell (which is the
marginal) is plain.*

The Derbidae are most probably a mixture; the typical forms
have a plain clavus, but the majority have the anal vein very
strongly sensorized; here too are some of the most extraordin-
ary antennae in the Homoptera.

The only conclusion to be gained from a consideration of tlie
Australian Fulgoroidea is that they need a great deal more
study, especially on the venation and antennae, and more espe-
cially on the earlier stages.

(2) ['a)i Dii:::cc's classlficafioit of Tcfigoiiiidac (his Jassoicica).

( 1 ) ! do not think, after studying Tartcssiis and allied genera,
that the "Bythoscopidae" really form even a subfamilv: indeed
it is very difificult to draw sharp lines of distinction all through

* My recently jmblished Peee-'ora fonnosa (the manuscript, however, finished in
lllO.S) from Lefu, is stated to be allied to Diciyotihora : it is, however, probablv an Eutro-
pistid. I have no specimens here for re-examination. Astorga also, althoush placed in
the Dictvophorinae. has a well-developed costal vein.

3o6

the Tetigoniidae. The family seems discerptible somewhat nn
I he following- lines:
flassinae Euptervginae ^ "Stenocotinae
J Penthimiinae i Ledrinae

I Fetit^oniinae
vAgalliinae

\ Ka'havaluinae Ulopinae (? Aleml)raci(laej

} ? Mego])hthalminae

The Penthimiinae, Tetigon'iniae, Agalliinae and Eupteryginae
being- all derived from lassinae by variotts routes; Stenocotinae
from the same via perhaps Tai'tcssns or allied form; Ledrinae
possibly from Dorycephaliis or allied forms.*

Although convenient for grouping the North American forms,
\'an Duzee's results do not seem to me to be natural.

The most primitive known form would seem to be some all}'
of Phrynomorphus; frooi this there are many evident ofifshoots.
For example through Thamnotettix we arrive at Mctriosteles and
its allies without any break, so that Van Duzee's "Cicadidiiii"
are difificult to define sharply for a world fauna. The Euptery-
gine series would seem to be a logical continuation, the tegmina
and wings being greatly and increasingly degraded; in all
known forms but one, the radial, median, and cu'bital veins
reach the apical cells without forking en route, and the vena-
tion is usually so degraded that it is dititicult or impossible to
trace the basal half of these veins at all. The discovery of
Aiicono, undoubtedly an Eupterygine, shows the more primitive
forking of the 'medioradial (which unite again towards the apex)
and displays the untenability of deriving the Eupteryginae from
the Macrostelines.

The separation of the "Dorydini" is not I think scientific;
elongation of the head springs up independently many where;
for example Phrynophycs and Giifardia from Phrynoinorphiis;
Hccalns and its allies from Thomsonia or allies; Ccplialcliis from
near Dorycephaliis which arises elsewhere.

The value of the transverse vein near the 'base of the tegmen
between the radial and median veins was hotly criticized by Os-
born and P)all, who denied it even specific value, but I have
seen no public retraction by Van Duzee. The following groups
seem more or less well circumscribed:

(i) lassinae, corresponding to the Jassina of Van Duzee, a

* Tt is possililo. osiM'Oially al'tov h (■(Hisidci'ul ion nf I lie i)yiii]ilis. Iliat tlic SiciMiciiIiiiac
arc ail ui^'sliodt frotii llic lA'i'li-iiiac.

3^7

huge 'heterogenous group, drifting into the AgalUinae via Tar-
tcssus and Epithalanimm, and into the Tetigoniinae via Macro-
ccratogonia.

(2) Acoccplialiiia of Van Duzee (not the Acocephahdae of
Edwards) should, I think, be included in the above; or if not,
they would be separable* by the dorsal position of the ocelli, the
degeneration of the organs of flight appearing of comparatively
little account. Eupclix I would place here, but Platyuuiopiiis
and its allies are certainly Phrynomorphinc.

(3) Euptcryginac, despite Aneono, are a we!l marked group.

(4) Pciithiiminac (Gyponina of Van Duzee) have very lit-
tle to do with the Tetigoniinae except that the ocelli are dorsal.

(5) Tetigoniinae correspond to the Tettigonida of \ an
Duzee; they probably include the curious Macroceratogouia.

(6) AgalUinae (Bythoscopida, Van Duzee) are difficult, as 1
have said before, to separate shai-ply from lassinae.

(7) Lcdrinae are well marked, l^ut have something of the
appearance of Dorycephahis, except that the ocelli are dorsal;
Ledra is an extreme 'form.

(8) Stenocotinae are exclusively Australian, allied to Ledrinac
but the ocelli are placed in separate grooves on the top of the
rather thin head.

(9) Kaliai'alninae, monotypical, strongly recalling certain
membracine characters, ocelli placed somewhat as in Stenoco-
tinae, but head not thin. Legs very feebly bristly.

(10) The Mcgophthahninae are possiblv to be placed here.
(ti) The Ulopiinic are probablv membracid.

(3) Osborn's 7'ii'-a's on PJiylogeny.

r cannot conceive on what grounds the learned Professor con-
siders the Tetigoniidae to lie so higblv organized. He instances
the structure of the pronotum, head, scutellum and tibiae, etc.,
in the other families, but is silent as regards the special virtues
of the Jassids-

To me the Tetigoniidae (and especially Phrynomorphiis, Del-
focepliahis. etc.), seem far the most primitive of Leaf-hoppers.
Their head, fhorax, legs and genital segments seem to be of
the most ordinary, common type that one could find in the
larger orders of Insecta. The tegmina and wings are also verv
s^implc, though this is ])erhaps the simplicity of degradation.

* Under the name of AjilH-odinae.

3o8

The Membracidae are little related to the Cicadidae, except
perhaps more or less superficially in venation and are closely
allied to the Tetigoniidae in all essentials; they have however
acquired a perpendicularl\- situated vertex and a remarkaljlx
s]'>ecialized pronotum.

What Osborn means by special development of scutellum in
Cercopidae, I do not know, as this is far more highly developed
in size, presence of keels, etc., in many Fulgoroids. The Cer-
copidae are plainlv Jassoids s^^ecialized in the direction of de-
gradation of flight organs, etc., but with more complicated
genitalia.

It is the Fulgoroids which are certainly far and away ahead
of all the other Auchenorhyndhi. In the adult state and far
more so in the nymphal instars, the average Fulgoroid is a
mass of sensory organs. The antennae are crowded with them
{Szvezcyia and Pliaiifasmafoccra in particular) and of very high
■degree of special organization. (In the other superfamilies they
are sparse, minute, and of a simple character.)

The vertex in some adult forms (Achilidae, Derbidae, etc.), is
throng with them (much more so in the nymphs). In the
nymphs the nota are also crowded with them, and the tegmina
in the adults, along the veins. Some Tetigonioids have granu-
late tegminal veins, but this is very common in, e. g., many
Cixiinae in the Fulgoroids, while the anal vein of t'he clavus
in most Derbidae is crowded with them. In Poekillopterinae,
the clavus, on veins and in between, is throng, character-
istically of the su'bfamily, with granulations, though these latter
may not be sensorv; in this subfamily, the tegmina are often
very minutely and closely granulate in between the reticulations.

The pronotum, contrary to Osborn's opinion, is specialized in
Achilidae, Derbidae, etc.. in a way not reached even in Stcnocotis
among the Tetigoniidae. (Of course the Membracidae are ex-
cepted in this.)

In the other superfamilies, the 'head is of a most ordinary
description, the ocelli placed, either dorsallv or ventrally, some-
where on the vertex between the eyes ; in the Stenocotinae and
Kahavalu, they are in little grooves on the anterior margin of
the head. In the Fulgoroidea the head is almost always remark
ably keeled, there seemirtg in some forms to be a keel wherever
one can be placed; the side of the head is flattened and it is
there that the ocelH are placed, close to the eyes and antennae.
T'inally, the genitalia are ver\- much the most siiccialized in the
Fulgoroidea.

309

In the discussion on Osborn's paper, Ashmead briefly pre-
sented his views; he is certainly more correct in his order of
Cicadidae, Jassidae, Membracidae, Fulgoridae (he omits Cerco-
pidaej, but he derives these from the Sternorhynchi, beHeving
that the Coccidae are the lowest, root-stock!

(4) Sninmary.

(1) The Fulgoroidea are enormously the most specialized,
highly organized and differentiated, of the Auchenorhync'hi, the
Cixiinae possibl}- being the inost primitive types, though in
some respects the Derbidae are:

(2) The most primitive existing forms of Siphonata seem to
be the Cicadoidea, but

(3) The Tetigonioidea seem to have arisen separately.

(4) ( )f the Tetigonioidea the Pliryiioiiiorpliiis forms seem to
be the most generalized; Agalliinae are specialized a little in
the extreme declivity of the vertex and frons, and ventral posi-
tion of the ocelli; they also tend to spinoseness of the tibiae,
culminating in the Cercopifomi Eurymelini.

(5) The Membracidae are hig*hly specialized in the prono-
tum, but are otherwise very low.

(6) The Cercopidae are perhaps as a whole the culmination
of the Tetigoniioidea.

3IO

LIST OF NEW GENERA A'ND SPECIES

COLLECTED BY KOEBELE AND PERKINS IN
OUEEiN'SLAND, NEW SOCTH WALES AND \'1TI.

Fam. Tetigoniidae. (Australian Species.)

1. Tetigonia koebelei sp. no v.

2. T. pasiphae sp. nov.

3. T. parthaoii sp. nov.

4. T. pettiriwhia sp. nov.

5. T. anemolua sp. nov.

6. Macroccratogoiiia gen. nov., aurca sp. nov.

7. Thai ra gen. nov., labena sp. nov.

8. Phryiwmorphus loiiguiiiqiiiis sp. nov.

9. P. taedius sp. nov.

10. P. fatigaiidus sp. nov.

11. Phrynophycs gen. nov., phryiiophycs sp. nov.

12. F. parvula sp. nov.

13. Anemolua gen. nov., hanuala sp. nov.

14. Anenwchrca gen nov., ««Vw sp. nov.

15. DeltocepJiahis (?) pcrparvns sp. nov

16. Nephotettix plcbciiis sp. nov.

17. A^ contempt lis sp. nov

18. ScapJioidciis prist idens sp. nov.

19. Euleimonios g&n. nov., demittciidus sp. nov.

20. Kosmiopelex gen. nov.. varicolor sp. nov.

21. Dryadomorpha gen. nov., pallida sp. nov.

22. Giffardia gen. nov., dolichocephala sj). nov.

23. Hecaliis iinniaciilattis sp. nov.

24. Paradorydiiim meiialiis s]i. nov.

25. P. pseudolyriceii sp. nov.

26. Dorycephalus iatithe sp. nov.

27. D. subrctieidatui^ sp. nov.
28 Z). trilineatus sp nov.

29. Tartessiis syrfidis sp. nov.

29a. Myrmecophryiie gen. nov., foniiiceticola sp. nov.

30. Pettya gen. nov., anemolua sp. nov.

31. Nesosfeles gen. nov., glaiiea sp. nov.

311

2,2. N. saiigtmiescciis sp. nov.

33. N.sordidior sp. nov.

34. iV. facdia sp. nov.

35. Tliauiiiatoscopiis gen. nov. galcaliis sp. nov.

36. l^ulturniis gen. nov., vultunuis sp. noc.

37. Ectopiocepholns gen. nov., vanduzeei sp. nov.

38. Epipsychidioii gen. nov., cpipyropis sp. no\'.

39. Eiiriiiflscopiis gen. nov., Iciitiginosiis sp. n(jv.

40. /t. soiifiafcs sp. nov.

41. /T. soholcs sp. nov.

42. £. dryas sp. nov

43. £. pclias sp. nov.

44. /?. niolcstia sp. nov.

45. ii. pclainys sp. nov.

46. Pedioscopus gen. nov.. pliilciior sp. nov.

47. P. polydoros sp. nov.

48. P. agcnor sp. nov.

49. //'o gen. nov., cniibita sp. nov.

50. /. confcrta sp. nov.

51. /. honiala sp. nov.

52. /. acgrota sp. nov.

53. Idioccrus ipo sp. nov.

54. Eurynieloidcs hyaciiithiis sp. nov.

55. ii. cumulosus sp. nov.

56. -E. bicinctclliis sp. nov.

57. £. oniatns sp. nov.

58. £". nibrk'cnosiis sp. nov.

59. /i. IciitigiiiosHs sp. nov.

60. Enrymcla rnhroUmbata sp. nov.

61. £. plcbcia sp. nov.

62. E.lubra sp. nov.

63. Ancono gen. nov., pidchcrriiiia sp. nov.

64. Kahaono gen. nov., hanuala sp. nov.

65. Dikraiieura gen. nov., Jioniala sp. nov.

66. D. aneala sp. nov.

67. Cicodula histrionicula sj). nov.

68. Eupicry.v hacuiatoptUus sp. nov.

69. Einpoa australensis sp. nov.

70. Erythroiicura luclanogasfcr sp. nov.

71. /?. /t/&ra sp. nov.

72. £. honiloa sp. nov.

73. E. ipoloa sp. nov.

74. /:. honiala sp. nov.

75. Rhotidns ingciis sp. nov.

312

76. R. iiifonnis sp. nov.

yy. R. flai'omac]datus sp. nov.

78. R. inoiisfntm sp. nov.

79. R. Icdropslfoiiiiis sp. no\'.

80. R. horrcndus sp. nov.

81. R. riridescens sp. nov.

82. Siiiicrocotis gen. nov., obsctira sp. nov.

83. kypJwcofis gen. nov., fcsscllafa sp. nov.

84. I\alia7'alii gen. nov., goiniia sp. nov.

(Vitian Species.)

85. Ncsostclcs gen. nov., /'('/n' sp. nov.

86. Cicadiila -c'lflcitsis sp. nov.

87
Fi8
89
90

9t
92

93
94
95

Earn. Membracidae (Australian).

Gclastorrhacliis gen. nov.. diadcnia sp. nov,

(/. clavata sp. nov.

Sarantus iiobilis sp. nov.

Sc.vtiiis assimilis sp. nov.

.S". lougiiiotiiui sp. nov.

.S". kiiraiidac sp. nov.

AcantJi]icJuis droincdariiis s]). nov.

./. obtiisiis sp. nov.

Cent roly pus has pes s]). nov.

Fani. Cercopidae (Australian).

96. Euryaida.v gen. nov., callitcttigoidcs sp. nov.

97. AiifidcUus gen. nov., ansfralciisis sp. nov.

98. Aiifitcnia gen. nov., ptycloidcs sp. nov.

99. PctyUis gen. nov., australcnsis sp. nov.

TOO. Enryccrcopis gen. nov.. uigrofasciata sp. nov.

TOT. Polychactophycs gen. nov., scrpulidia sp. nov.

102. P. acqualior sp. nov.

T03. Pcctinariophycs gen. nov., pccfinarla sp. nov.

T04. Auyilis gen. nov., /r;"fl/a sp. nov.

Fani. Fulgoridae (Australian).

105. Eitrysfhciis pcrkiiisi sp. nov.

106. Euriuopsychc gen. nov., (type obsciirata ?'abr.)

107. Thanatodictya gen. nov., (ty])e pracfcrrata Distant).

313

io8. Lucinda subgen. nov.. hicindac sp. nov.

T09. Xiculda subgen. nov., aiiadyoincnc sp. nov.

TIG. 7". {N.) hcbc sp. nov.

TTi. /. (iV.) psyche sp. nov.

!T2. Hasta gen. nov., hostafa sp. nov.

113. H. paiipcra sp. nov.

[ 14. Astorga gen. nov.. saccltaricida sp. nov.

115. Soloiiaiiiia gen. nov., solonaiina sp. nov.

I 16. Oliariis lacrfcs sp. nov.

117. O. kampaspc sp. nov.

[18. 0. taluiiia sp. nov.

1 19. 0. asaica sp. nov.

120. 0. /r/M' sp. nov.

121. 0. alc.vaiior sp. nov.

122. 0. liibra sp. nov.

123. 0. spoiisa sp. nov.

124. 0. pJiclio sp. nov.

125. Carohis gen. nov., crispus sp. ticv.

126. Gelastoccphahis gen. nov., oniifJwidcs sp. nov.

127. Calainistcr gen. nov., obsciints sp. nov.

128. Latnenia knlia sp. nov.

129. L. /nVcr sp. nov.

130. PcrkiiisicUa i:;raiitiiiicida sp. n()^'.

131. Phacalasfor gen. nov., psnidoniaidis sp. nov. (and Viti.)

132. P. kocbelei sp. nov.

133. Stciiocm)ius a gaiiifl psyche sp. nov.

134. Hadcodclphax gen. nov., />//</() sp. nov.

T35. Gchistodelphax gen. nov., hisfn'onicits sp. nvo.

T36. Smicrofafodelphax gen. nov., pcrkiiisi sp. nov.

137. EefopiopterygodcJphax gen. nov., cximiiis sp. nov.

(A'itian species.)

138. Pcrkiiislclhi z'ificnsis sp. nov.

(See also No. 131.)

Fam. Eutropistidae (Australian).

139. Oj-^ya I'cnitsta sp. nov.

140. O. formosa sp. nov.

T41. PeJtodictya gen. nov., kurandae sp. nov.

142. Rhiiwdictya gen. nov., qiiacsitrix sp. nov.

(Vitian).

143. J'anua gen. nov., vitiensis sp. nov.

314
Fam. Acliilidae (Australian).

144. Aristyllis gen. nov., aristyllis sp. nov.

145. A. oinphalc sp. nov.

146. A. adippc sp. nov.

147. Benclla gen. nov., alicna sp. nov.

148. Pyrrhyllis gen. nov., pyrrliyllis sp. nov.

149. MajcUa gen. nov., inajcHa sp. nov.

150. Pheiiclia gen. nov., clidiptcroidcs sp. nov.

151. Eiiryiwiiicus gen. nov., aiisfraliac sp. nov.

152. .Irgclciisa gen. nov., kiiyandac sp. nov.

153. Cythmi gen. nov., /ac/i sp. nov.

154. Salevnina gen. nov., fraiiccscophila, sp. nov.

155. Frauccsca gen. nov., Salciiiinopliila sp. nov.

156. Aficipo gen. nov., ^/7'0 sp. nov.

Fam. Derbidae (Australian.)

157. Nisia graiidiccps sp. nov.

158. Phaconeura froggatti sp. nov.

159. P. pallida sp. nov.

t6o. Basilcoccphalus gen. nov., fhaiiinatoiiofus sp. nov.

161. Thyroccphahis gen. nov., Iciicopterns sp. nov.

162. Phantasinatoccra gen. nov., arborca sp. nov.

163. Hcronax gen. nov., parnassius sp. nov.

164. /7. saccharivora sp. nov.

165. Philadelpheia gen. nov., pandaiii sp. nov.
t66. Sardis gen. nov., (type maculosa.)

167. /v'r7//a gen. nov., pcrfccta sp .nov.

t68. Rhoiana clirysonoc sp. nov.

169. 7?. hacinatoncitra sp. nov.

(Vitian.)

170. ^ui^o gen. nov., kocbclci sp. nov.

171. Phacioccphalns gen. nov., vificiisis sp. nov.

172. ^"zt'f^ry/a gen. nov., lyn'ccii sp. nov.

173. Phantasmatocera gen. nov., vificiisis sp. nov.

174. Lct^n gen. nov., viticnsis sp. nov.

175. Pyrrhuncura gen. nov., saccharicida sp. nov.

Fam. Issidae (Australian.)

176. /,s\s-;r.v viiltuniiis sp. nov.

177. /. sidiiiciis sp. nov.

315

lyS. I. ridiciilarius sp. nov.

179. /. clotigatulus sp. nov.

180. Lollius gen nov., aiignstifrons sp. nov.

181. L. acutipejuiis sp. nov.

182. Sarnus lucindae sp. nov.

183- Lipocallia gen. nov., australensis sp. nov.

184. Gclastissus gen. nov, alboUneatus sp. nov.

185. G. histrioiticHS sp. nov.

186. G. snffusiis sp. nov.

187. Platybrachys oculata sp. nov.
vS&. P. chlorocephala sp. nov.

189. Olonia picca sp. nov.

190. Dardus imiiiaciilafus sp. nov.

191. Euronofobracliys gen. nov., arcuata sp. nov.

192. E. plana sp. nov.

193. Gclastopsis gen. nov.. insigiiis sp. nov.

Fam. Poekillopteridac (Australian.^

194. Siphanta galcata sp. nov.

195. S. acutipennis sp. nov.

196. S. breviceps sp. nov.

197. .S'. toga sp. nov.

J 98. 6\ lucindae sp. nov.

[99. .S". subgrannlosa sp. nov.

200. S. granulata sp. nov.

20J. S. sidnica sp. nov.

202. Eurypliiinfia 'gen. nov., cincrasccns sp. nov.

203. Scphcna rubida sp. nov.

204. 6\ hyacintha sp. nov.

205. S. cincrca sp. nov.

206. S. argns sp. nov.

207. Jamella gen. nov., anstraliac sp. nov.

208. Massila walkcri sp. nov.

209. J/, sidnica sp. nov.

210. MiniflpJianfia ansfralcnsis sp. nov.

2ti. Aphanophantia gen. nov., cuscuticida sp. nov.

2r2. Scolxpopa kurandac sp. nov.

213. EpifJialaniinni gen. nov.. arjiola sp. nov.
The following new specific names are also proposed inci-
dentally :

Eiipteryx melichari for picta Mel.
Aglena ornatnla for ornata Walker.

3i6

LIST OF PRE\'IOUiSLY KNOWN SPECIES COLLECT-
ED BY KOEBELE AND PERKINS SO
FAR AS WORKED OUT.

214

^15
216

217
218
219
220
22 J
222

223
224

226
227
228

Family Tetigoniidae.

See 29a.

Tcfigouia albida (W'alker).
liiitcitix scllata (Uhler).
Xcpliofcllix nii^ropicta (Stal).
Thoiiisonia arciiafiis (Motshulsk}).
T. llncolafiis (Motshulsky).
T. kirscJibaiiinii (Stal).
Ccplialclits bntiiiiciis (W'atcrhouse).
Stciiocofis f^laiiiitsnila (Stal).

Fam. Membraoidac.

Zoiiopliin\! (?) tasiiiaitiac ( l-'ainiiairc).
Z. (?) -ciffa (W'alker).
I'crciifius conrcxtis (Stal).
Diiigkaiia borcalis (Coding).
Scxfiiis bipuiictata ( I'a'ljriciu.s)-
5. vircsccus (Fairmaire).

Fani. Cercopidae.

229. Philagra panni (Donovan)-

I'^ani. b'ulgoridae.

230. Euviiwpsychc obscurata (Fabricius).

231. Dcsudaba danac (Cerstaecker).

232. Thaiiatodictya pracf errata (Distant;

Fam. .\siracidae.

233. PerkinsieUa sacciiaricida Kii"kaldy.

234. Pcrcgrinus iiiaidis (Ashmead)-

Fam. Derbidae.

^35- Xisia atrozrnosiis (Lethierry).
236. Sard is iiiacidosa (Kriieger).

317

Fam. Issidae.

237. Plafybrachys sicca (Walker).

238. Dardus abbrcviata (Guerin).

Fam- Poekillopteridae.

239. Pi'ii'csa aphroplioroidcs (Walker).

240. Scolypopa aiistralis (Walker).

241. Gactidia chrysopoidcs (Walker).

242. XcoiiiclicJiaria fiirtiz'ci (Melichar).

243. Sipliaiita acuta (Walker).

244. 5". granidicolli.s' (StaD-

245. Colgar peracuta (Melichar).

DESCRIPTIONS OV GENERA AND SPECIES. ETC.

Of the localities investig'ated by Messrs. Koebele and Per-
kins, or otherwise referred to;

Cairns is on the coast of northeast Oueensland, at the south
end of Trinity Bay ;

Redlynch, A'elsoit and Kiiraiida are more or less unimportant
places nearby, t'he Baron River flowing into Trinity Hay a few
miles north of Cairns;

f.iiciiida Point is some way to the south;

Biindabcrg is near the coast opposite Great Sandy Island;

Brisbane and Sydney .the ca])itals of Queensland and .New
South Whales respectively;

Parrauiafta, a western suburl) of the latter, and Mittagong, an
elevated town a little to t'he south;

Cape North is the most northern point of (Queensland;

Pahnersfon is a coast district around Keppel Bay (or it may
be the northwest district of Northern South Australia.)

Pcah Doivn is an inland district between Drummond Range
and Peak Range.

Rockhanipton is near the coast at Keppel Bay.

Sandy Cape is the northern point of Great Sandv Island.

Cay)idah is inland some distance about the same longitude as
the south of Great Sandy Island.

(vi-xii):=June to December. i()04.

('i-iii)=January to March. 1905.

3i8

Family i Tetigoniidae.

Subfamily i. Tetigoniinae-

Tri'be i Tetigoniini.

This is equivalent to the Tetiigoniinae of most authors, some
40 genera are now recognized, but the limits of some of these
are not sharply defined.

Elongate, head produced in front of the eyes (apically round-
ed or triangular, sometimes irregularly linear). Frons usually
more or less convex, often much inflated; rarely flattened or
even a trifle concave. Genae long and narrow between the eyes
and the frons, broadening a little posteriorly. Clypeus broad,
generally at least -j of width of frons. Lorae small, laterally
covered largely by clypeus. Rostrum short. Ocelli distinct,
situated on the crown between the eyes below their anterior
margin. N'enation simple, often indistinct. In the type of the
tri'be, (the palaearctic Tcti^^onia z'iriciis (Linn) ) the two claval
veins run separately into the commissure (aberrations occur);
there are discoidal, 3 subapical. and 5 apical cell. A transverse
vein stands on the cubital, v^arying in position a little even in
the same individual, being sometimes basal of the median fork,
sometimes apical. In many species of the typical genus this
transverse vein is absent. Appendix present. In the wing
there is no supernumerary cell. The other Tetigoniini do not
differ greatly from this type, though sometimes the venation is
more or less reticulate. Three Australian species have been de-
scribed and I now add 6 more, all belonging to the typical
genus:

Tetigonia GeofTrov.

Tefigonia Geoffroy, 1762, Hist, a'bregee Ins.. I, 429. Kirkaldy,

1900, Entomologist. XXXIII. 262.
Tetfigoiiia Latreille; Ball, 1903. Iowa Ac. Sci.. 15-28. PL III-V.

(nee Linn).
CicadcUa Gray. 1832. Griflith's Anim. Kingdom. XV, 226.
TettigonicUa jacobi, 1904. Zool. Jahi^b. Syst.. XIX. 778.

Antennal ledge small, scarcely visible dorsally. Head and
pronotum horizontal, vertex produced before the eyes, usually
obtusely rounded; frons swollen; Pronotum not twice as long
as scutellum. posterior margin slightly emarginate. Tegmina
broad, covering the tergites. not reticulate; with (usuallv) 5
discoidal C3 subapical) and 6 apical cells.

319

The headquarters of this eosmopoHtan genus are in Central
and South America.

The Austrahan species of Tctii^(>)iia are readily separable by
color and size:

1. Length more than 15 mill 7 cocrulcsccns (l-abr.)

I a. Length under 15 mill 2

2. Ground color pale 3

2a. Ground color dark 7

3. Ground color distinctly yellowish 4

3a. Ground color pale greenish-grey, or greyish-white, or

pale cinereous 6

4. Tegniina immaculate 5

4a. Claval commissure blackish-brown. . . .4 parthaon sp. nov.

5. V^ertex 4 times as broad as long. (sec. Walker)

8 quad rata ( Walker j

5a. \ertex not more than one-half wider than long

3 pasiphac sp. nov.

6. A central dark longitudinal stripe down the head, pro-

notum, scutellum and commissure. .2 pcrkinsi sp. nov.
6a. Above mentioned stripe absent i albida (Walker).

7. Black with orange red markings 6 ancnwhia sp. nov.

7a. Dark metallic bluishrgreen with ochraceous markings.

5 pettimolua sp. nov.

X. B. y alboiiiargiuafa (Sign.) not included.

I. albida (Walker.)

fcttigonia albida, Walker, 1851, List. Hom., 767, (nee. Walker,
777) '> Signoret, 1853, Ann. Soc. Ent., France, (3) I, 663,
PI. 21 f. 3; Alelichar, 1903, Hom. Ceylon, 157 (*).

This species varies a little in size and pattern. (Jne example
in my collection, from Ceylon, has a typical rig*ht clavus, but in
tlie left, the axillary vein joins the middle of the anal vein.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii). Nelson (vii) and Bunda-
berg (ix-xii) on sugar cane and various grasses; also occurs in
Ceylon (my collection), Bombay (Melichar), Celebes (Breddin),
Philippines (Stal). West and South Africa (Stal). and Mada-
gascar (my collection).

koebclei, sp. nov.
Slender; pale testaceous; margin connecting vertex and frons

* This is not, as Melicliar states (1. c.—) />ii!lida Waiker 776, wliich on the contr»ry=
alhida Walker 'I'l-^nigrifascia Walker, an .-Vmerican speces. The Sieilian var. pallida
Wrtlker (781) of AgUnn omata requires a now name, for which I propos^e omatula.

320

ornamented with 3 ocellated spots (black, narrowly encircled
with yellow). Vertex with a black median somewhat rounded
stripe extending along pronotmn, scutelluni and claval com-
missure. Frons with a longitudinal submedian dark brown
line on each side with downwardly curved subparallel transverse
lines proceeding to the lateral margins, nearly reaching the
genae. Clypeus with a longitudinal pale brownish line; lorae
almost entirely pale brownish and there is a stripe of same color
on genae. Ocelli redbrown. Mesonotum ornamented sublater-
ally with a black stripe '(o'l each side) which show s faintlv
through the overlyinp- pronotum. Underside stramineous.
Posterior femora and tibiae longitudinall)- lined with blackish.
Tegminal veins brown, basal half of cubital blackisli, rather
smudge'd.

Shape of vertex not very dissimilar to that of T. albida but
the eyes are larger and wider in proportion and the ocelli are
smaller. Head and eyes distinctly wider than pronotum w'hich
is longer than the vertex. Clypeus somewhat angulate in pro-
file. Frons moderately swollen. Pronotum finely striate
transversely, anteriorly with an obtuse angular impressed line
subparallel with the arched anterior margin. Tegmina with 5
discoidals (3 subapical) and 5 apical cells.

Length 6| mill.

Hab; Queensland, Cairns (viii) onlv one female, unfortun-
ately, of t'his distinct species.

3. pasiphac sp. nov.

Pale luteous; eyes, ocelli and 2 small spots near anterior mar-
gin of scutellum, blackish. Tegmina creamy yellow witii
darker veins; wings milky with pale yellowish veins. Ocelli
pale greenishbrown. Leg hairs pale.

Vertex as long as or a trifle longer than the pronotum, round-
ed apically; irons swollen, flattened medianly. Clypeus sub-
angulate. Pronotum punctured. Tegmina with 5 discoidal (3
subapical) and 5 apical cells.

Male unknown.

Female: last abdominal sternite slightly roundly emarginate.
medianly truncate; pygofers about 4^ times as long as tlie last,
narrowing posteriorly, sides not rounded posteriorly: in profile,
apex narrowly rounded.

Female. Length ^2% mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), arboreal.

In one .specimen, the sternites are orange-yellow.

321

4- partliaon, sp. nov. i^Pl. XX ill, iig-. 1-3).

Same size and form as I. pasi[>hac bvit differently patterned,
and frons a little more swollen.

Head, pronolum, scutellum, tegiiiina and underside pale yel-
lowish, more or less tinged with orange. Eyes, 2 spots at base
of pronotum, 2 at anterior margin of scutellum, claval commis-
sure, etc., blackish. Ocelli pale greenish brown. \\'ings milky,
veins more or less orange-yellow. Leg hairs pale. Abdomen
orange. Membrane internallv smoky.

Male: Last abdominal sternite truncate, plates a litile more
than twice as long as above; basal half broad, roundly narrow-
ing, then more rapidly so towards the middle line of the abdo-
men, apices acute, fringed with soft hairs; pygofers much longer
than plates.

Female: Pygofers longer and narrower than in T. pasipliae,
about 3 times as long as last sternite, which is roundly emar-
ginate; pygofers widen out a little before middle, then narrow
rapidly; posteriorly narrowlv truncate in profile

Length 10-10^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns fviii), Kuranda (viii), on Sac-
churnni officinale and grasses.

The nymph of this form is figured on PI. XXIIL fig. 3.

5. pcttiiuohi'.t, sp. nov.

Pale ochraceous, with the following markings blackish tinged
more or less with metallic greenish or bluish — on the anterior
margin of the head — 3 rather blotchy spots, and 2 at the base ;
ihe lateral margins of the pronotum and 2 spots at the a])ical
margin ; at the base a blotch which is somewhat of the conven-
tional figure of a bat with out-stretched wings, the '"head" touch-
ing the intero-posterior angles of the anterior spots. Scutellum
with 3 anterior spots. Frons with 2 submedian longitudinal
stripes, sometimes meeting posteriorly; these are shortly- pec-
tmate, representing the usual striations on the TctigoniaArons..
but the lateral parts of the striations are pale ochraceous, con-
colorous with the ground color of the face. Tegmina dark me-
tallic green, costal cell opaque whitish (or pale yellowish) nar-
rowly bordered with black. Abdominal tergites mostly bluish-
black. Anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi dark.

Male : Penultimate sternite roundly emarginate, ultimate
truncate, plates formed much as in T. parthaon but about 3 times

322

as long as last sternite, more elongate apically and there curving
upwards (towards the dorsum), plentifully fringed with soft long
white hairs.

Female : Last sternite roundly emarginate, laterally angulate,
pygofers about 2^ times as wide as the above, medianly swol-
len, apically roundly subtruncate in profile ; furnished with short
black hairs.

Length 6|-7 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii).

N. B. The dark colouring sometimes encroaches in a smud-
ged manner more or less on the pale.

6. anemolua, sp. nov.

Basal half of vertex, pronotum, scutellum, tegmina etc., black,
the latter more or less translucent apicoexteriorly. Apical half
of vertex posterior margin very narrowly, a broad, slightly, arch-
ed transverse band across middle of pronotum (sometimes nar-
ower and interrupted in the middle, the clavus (except the in-
terior area) — reddish castaneous or dark orange red. Underside
pallid except the mesoternum. Abdominal tergites black.

Male : Sternites more or less (generally more) black. Pygo-
fers rather short, rounded, acute apically, about 2| to 3 times as
long as last sternite which is somewhat roundly emarginate.

Female : Sternites pallid except part of the ovipositor.
Pygofers about 5 times as long as last sternite, an oblique keel
on each side starting from exterobasal angle and meeting in
the middle at a little more than one-third of the length ; not
rounded laterally, furnished with white hairs. Last segment
truncate, slightly notched medianly.

Length 4^-5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), arboreal.

7. coenilcsccHs (I'^abricius.)

Cicada cocrulcscciis Fabricius 1803 Syst. Rhyng. 74.
Aiilacizes dives Walker 185 1 List. Hom. 791.
Tettigonia caendesccns Signoret 672 PI. 21, fig. 16.
Hab : Australia.

8. ijnadrata (Walker.)

Tettigonia qitadrata Walker 1851 List. Hom. 781.
Hab : Tasmania.

323

g. albomargiitata (Signoret.^

Tcttigouia albnniargiiiafa Sig-noret 1853 Ann. Soc. Ent. France.

(3) I, PI. 10 fig-. 4.

These three species are nnknown to me, and I regret also that
Signoret's descriptions remain unknown to me, as his 'Essai'
was wnpurchasable. The same author describes Tdtigonia vari-
color, 1852 op. c. II. 15, PI. I, fig. 15 from Honohilu, most prob-
ably in error, as no Tcfigonia is now known here and a not in-
considerable part of Signoret's collection is notoriously labelled
incorrectly.

Tribe 2 Macroceratogoniini.

Instituted for a single, new, genus Macroceratogonia which has
the general facies of the first tribe and also of the third, but a
very different head structure. The vertex is subhorizontal, flat,
subquadrangularly produced before the eyes, wider apically tlian
at the base ; ocelli on the vertex anterior to the apical margin of
the eyes. Antennal seta enormously long.

Macroceratogonia, gen. nov.

Pronotum, clavus, etc., finely punctured. Head slightly de-
clivous ; vertex at base less than ^ the width of pronotum apical-
ly ; lateral margins keeled, diverging somewhat sinuately, the
vertex being thus wider at apex than at base and nearly as long-
as wide ; apical margin slightly rounded ; basal % narrowly sul-
cate, anterior fourth transversely somewhat sinuately impress-
ed ; immediately below the impression and a little nearer to the
middle line than to the lateral margins are the conspicuous
ocelli. The crown is separated from the frons by a narrow,
well marked, continuous channel. The antennae are situated
almost at the antero-lateral angles, first segment small, rounded
bulbous, second small cylindric, seta enormously long, much
longer than the entire body. Frons narrow, and curves from
the insertion of the antennae ; clypeus elongate, parallelsided :
lorae curved exteriorly, not reaching the apical margin of the
face, extending basally beyond the clypeus. Pronotum round-
ed anteriorly, lateral margins posteriorly divergent, postero-
lateral angles rounded, posterior margin subtruncate. Tegmina
with 2 discoidal and 2 subapical cells, the exterior discoidal be

324

ing- undivided up to the apical cells. Appendix present. Wings
with supernumerary cell. Legs typicall>' Tetigonian.

14. aiirca, sp. nov. (.Fl. XXII, hgs. (^-y.)

Pale golden yellow, tegminal aj^pendix and underside paler
Eyes dark, and a small dark spot at base of appendix.

Length 9 mill.

Hab: Otieensland, Kuranda (viii), arboreal.

Two females only. T would have included this remarkable
genus in the Tetigoniini but it would have made too many ex-
ceptions in otherwise fairly sharply detined group-characters.

Subfam. 2. lassinae.

Tribe i. lassiiii.

Vertex subquadrate, its sides and posterior margin elevated;
frons elongate, narrow ; clypeus wider posteriorly than at its
base ; ocelli on the curve of the head ; usually only one subapicai
cell (but in Tharra Kirkaldy, the exterior discoidal is divided by
a transverse vein thus forming another subapicai) ; wings with a
bupernumerary cell. There are apparently 6 genera in this tribe
viz: lassits Fabricius {■=^CocUdia Germar and Daridna Walker).
TeruUa Stal, Petalopoda Spangberg, Tiiiobrcg)iiiis Van Duzee,
Tharra Kirkaldy and Palicits Stal ; the latter, which is an African
genus, I do not know; Tharra is Australian, the rest American.

Tharra, gen. nov.

Differs from lassiis Fabr. by the possession of 2 subapicai cells
and the absence of transverse veins in the clavus. From Tcrulia
ii differs by the subapicai cells and by the straight anterior tibiae

Vertex flat, longer than wide, slightly declivious with regard
tc the pronotum, abruptly elevated at the lateral margins, the
sides being at right angles to the disk,* w'hic'h is very narrowly
sulcate longitudinally up to the apical margin of the eyes and is
produced a little, widened just apical to the eyes and rounded
obtusely.

Eyes large, a little oblique ; ocelli a little nearer to the lateral
margins than the middle of the vertex, Frons elongate, nar-

* This is probably a tribal character, as stated above, but as Spangberg's figures do
not show this clearly, I have mentioned it again in the generic cliaracters.

3^5

row and gradually narrowing posteriorly. Clypeus ((uadrang-
ular, a little longer than wide, distinctly wider at apex than at
base; lorae small, not reaching' to the apex of the face; genae
narrow. Antennal seta long. Rostrum reaching to uuer-
mediate coxae, distinctly wider at the apex than at the base.
Pronotinn transverse, much wider than head and eyes, arched
anteriorly, lateral margins rather short, posterior margin
straight. Scutellum about as long as the pronotum. Clavut
without transverse veins. Corium with 2 discoidal, 2 subapical
and 5 apical cells. Anterior femora, anterior tibiae and inter-
mediate femora su'bequal in leng-th, slender, straig*ht; inter-
mediate tibiae about I longer than anterior tibiae and about as
long as posterior femora; posterior tibiae twice as long as inter-
mediate tibiae ; posterior femora reaching as far as. or beyond
the apex of abdomen.

1. labena, sp. nov.

\'ertex sordid testaceous; frons blackish, rest of face, sterna,
basal half of abdomen beneath, legs (except as undermentioned)
etc., more or less pale luteous. Eyes, apical half of abdomen be-
neath, genital valve (female), apical half of posterior tibiae, pos-
terior tarsi and all the claws, blackish. Pronotum and anterior
half of scutellum sordid purplishbrown, posterior half of scutel-
lum sordid yellowish. Tegmina yellowish translucent, veins
crimson ; an irregular spot at extreme base of conum, a spot
near apex of costal cell, and about the apical half of each of
the apical cells, etc., blackish. Wings dark smoky.

Female : Valve covered thickly with long, curling, rather
coarse, white hairs.

Length 5^ mill., width at base of pronotum i] mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), arboreal.

Unfortunately only one female of this interesting form. It
has a distinctly Fulgorid look about it, and Mr. Perkins informs
me that it also appears so in life.

Tribe 2. Cephalelini.

Ph ryiwiiwrphiis Curtis.

Pliryiwniorpliits Curtis, 1833, Ent. Mag. I, 194.
Alhysaiiiis Burmeister, 1838, Gen. Ins. Jassus; Edwards, 1896,
Mem. Hom. Brit. 136 PI. II, fig. 10, etc.

3^6

This genus is extremely closely allied to Dcltoccplialiis, the only
difference I can find being that the vertex in the latter is usually
more angulate and there are 5 discoidal cells instead of 4 as in
Phrynomorphus, and in the latter there is usually only one trans-
verse vein standing on the cubital.

The species are all obscure and of very ordinarv appearance.
I have indicated their uninteresting nature by the specific names
bestowed on them.

T. loiiguiiujuiis sp. nov.

Vertex broad, about as long as wide between the eyes, apical-
ly rounded (a little angularly, this being accentuated by the pat-
tern), disk depressed in the middle. Frons broad, laterall\
rounded, apical margin slightly emarginate, about 35 times as
wide between the eyes as at apex. Temples linear. Ocelli on
a level with the disk of the vertex before the upper margin of
the eyes. Clypeus wider than lorae, genae exterolaterallv pos-
teriorly strongly angulate. Pronotum short, more than twice
as broad as long, lateral margins obsolescent, posterior margin
truncate, posterolateral angles obsolete. Tegmina short, with-
out appendix, not or scarcely reaching to apex of abdomen, 3
discoidals (2 subapical) and 5 minute apical cells. Pale cinereo-
testaceous, frons with close transverse dark lines radiating from
each side of the central pallid line, continued a little over to the
vertex, these latter being subconcentrically angulate( these lines
are often more or less obsolescent.) Tegminal nervures a little
paler than the ground colour, apically somewhat obscurely
broken up by darker colour. Abdominal tergites more or less
dark. Mesopleura with some more or less cloudy spots. Hairs
on legs etc., black.

Male: 6th sternite obtusangularly emarginate. 7th slightl}.
convex apically. Valves a little more than twice as long as 7th
m.edianly, nearly as wide as long, lateral margins somewhat
sinuate, posterior angle irregularly rounded.

Female: Pygofers brownish in the middle spotted with pal-
lid. Little distinctive about them.

Length: 3:^ mill; width across eyes i^-ii mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii), Mittagong (i).

2. tacdius, sp. nov.

Of similar size and general appearance to the preceding but
difi^ers as follows :

327

Vertex shorter than wide, shg'htly angulately rounded apically.
Frons a Httle flatter, temples wider. Clypeus scarcely wider
than lorae, genae less annulate. Pronotimi with short but no-
ticeable lateral margins. Colorinp- very similar but vertex, pro-
notum and scutellum with only obscure scattered pale-t)rown
mottlings. Underside darker, anterior femora striped trans-
versely with black. This seems to approach Phlepsius in some
ways.

Length: 3^ mill.

Hab: Queensland. Bundaberg (xi).

3. fatigandiis, sp. nov.

Very similar specifically to PJirytiophyes indigniis but smaller
and the frons immaculate, legs pallid. Vertex between the eyes
about two-thirds of length of exterolateral margin of an eye.

Male : Propleura with black disk ; lateral margins of sternites
narrowly blackish; tergites pale organge-brown. Tegmina
reaching beyond apex of abdomen.

Female : 7th sternite slightly emarginate, pygofers 4-5 times
as long as seventh sternite, ovipositor one-third longer than
pygofers, extending beyond apex of tegmina.

Length, male 4J : female 5^ mill.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns. Kuranda Tviii) on grass.

PJiryiiophycs gen. nov.

Probably an offshoot from Phryuomorphus \ it has much of the
facies of Lonatura.

Head produced triangidarlv in front, longer than the width
between the eyes, also a little wider between tihe eyes than
the width of an eye. Eves large, included in the curve of the
head. Lateralmargins of pronotum short (but noticeable), not
carinate. Tegmina abbreviated, venation somewhat obscure, 2
veins standing on cubital close together, rest of venation typical-
Iv Phrynomorphoid, except that the clavus is reticulate. Type
P. phryiwphyes.

T. phryiiophycs. sp. nov.

(PI. XXIV, figs. 7-8.)

Pale cinereotestaceous ( ? metallic greenish grey when alive),
frons pale brownish with somewhat feeble radiating lines from

328

a wide, middle, immaculate area. Underside pale marked with
brownish black. Veins of tegmina mostly whitish. Tergite?
laterally marked with black. Ocelli either absent, or present on
one side. Frons convex basa.lly. flattening graduidly towards
the truncate apex. Clypeus su'b-parallelsided, broader than t'he
lorae. Genae scarcely angular posteriorly. Pronotum shorter
than the vertex. Tegmina with 3 or 4 discoidal. and 5 apical
cells.

Female : 7th sternite very obtusangulately emarginate ; pygo-
fers long and narrow, 5 to 6 times as long as 7th sternite ; ovi-
positor about one third longer than pygofers. Tegmina not
nearly reaching apex of abdomen.

Length nearly 6 mill.

Hab: Queensland. Bundaberg. on grass (ix-xii); a speci-
men from Brisbane (xi) mav be distinct.

2. parinilo, sp. nov.

(PI. XXIT, figs. T-3.)

When alive, metallic green, but fades after death to a shiny
testaceous ; tegmina and tergites more or less greyish metallic.
Face pale sordid brownish, legs more or less marked with brown.

Female : elongate. ta])ering anteriorly and posteriorly. Ver-
tex about 3 times as long as wide between the eves, anteriorly
acuminate, somewhat ascendant. Frons ^-hedral. long-diamond
shaped, with a fifth side anteriorly, about as wide as clypeus.
which is a trifle wider than the lorae : the latter do not quite
reach the posterior margin of the genae. Tegmina very short
truncate. Ultimate segment roimdlv produced, pvgofers elon-
gate, narrow, largely exposing the verv long ovipositor.

Length 6] mill ; width about t mill.

Hab: Queensland. Bundaberg (ix-xii). on grasses.

There is also a single male from Bundaberg (xi) which prob-
ably belongs to this. Head acute anteriorly, more or less por-
rect. about one-half, or a little more, longer than wide between
the eyes.

Length 4 mill.

Female nymphs are very similar to the adults.

T think it is this species that has been described by Buckton
zs a Membracid ( ! !) under the name of PhU\a pan'ula (tqot
Mon. Membr. p. 57. PI. 8. fig. 4.)

329

Anemolua gen. nov.

Vertex slightly convex and a little declivous ; about one-half
longer than wide between the eyes. Eyes large, each much
wider than the vertex at the base, interolateral margin divergent
towards the apex ; vertex rounded in front of eyes, the latter
forming part of the curve of the head. Vertex impressed at the
base, sulculate mediolongitudinally. Frons elongate, about two
thirds longer than wide at base, lateral margins somewhat
straight, gradually narrowing towards the apical margin, which
is scarcely wider than base of clypeus. Antennae elongate. Cly-
peus much longer than wide, widening slightly apically, lorae
small, scarcely reaching further posteriorly than half the length
of the clypeus ; genae not angulate exterolaterally posteriorly.
Pronotum slightly arched anteriorly, roundly emarginate pos-
teriorly, lightly carinate longitudinally, lateral margins obsoles-
cent. Scutellum shorter than wide. Tegmina reticulate, funda-
mentally 4 or ; discoidals. Posterior legs elongate.

T placed this at first near lassus and Tcnilia but the venation is
very different, and the vertex is. if anything. hcJozv the dorsal
level of the eyes.

I. haiiiiala sp. nov.

Testaceous ; vertex with a black impressed spot near the base
on each side of the sulculation.

Frons and clypeus pale brownish. Pleura and legs more or
less blackish. Pronotum and scutellum marked with whitish.
Tegmina brownish, veins and some blotches on costa etc.
whitish ; sometimes a blackish blotch near middle of tegmina.

Length 3|-5i mill.

Female : abdomen longer than tegmina ; last segment roundly
emarginate, pygofers about four times as long as the latter, ovi-
positor very long.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns (viii), arboreal.

Aiiciiioclirca gen. nov.

Closely allied to Anc'mohia but differs as follows:
Vertex almost as. long in front of apical margin of eyes as be-
hmd, acuteangled apically ; frons elongate suboval ; Clypeus
parallelsided. Lateral margins of pronotum short, but notice-
able, not carinate, posterior margin truncate. .\pical cells of

330

tegmina strongly marked off, not reticulate. Venation of wings
(which are very short) obscure.

I. mitis sp. nov.
(PL XXII, figs. 8-9.)

Dark brownish testaceous. Vertex blackish brown with two
narrow transverse pallid lines, one midway between apex and
apical margin of eyes and the other a little posterior to the api-
cal margin of eyes. Face greyish, frons laterally with 8 or 9
somewhat remotely placed brownish transverse lines. Pleura
and most of sternites (except genitalia) blackish. Tegmina
with whitish veins, apical cells brownish-black posteriorly. Legs
more or less pale brownish. IJasal half of abdomen above, and
a median line on rest of tergites, black.

Length 3-4I mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii), Mittagong (i), Para-
matta (i). >

Var: Vertex somewhat pale; with apex, a bar between or
above eyes, and a broken bar near base, blackish-brown.

Tlie nymphs are not remarkable.

Dclfoccplialus lUirmeister.

Ddtocephalns Burm. 1838 Gen. Ins. Jassus subg. 3.

I. (?) perparvus, sp. nov.

Pale yellowish testaceous. Eyes blackish grey. A minute
black spot at side of last tergite, and two almost contiguous
black-brown spots on the preceding tergite. Sternites and
pleurites spotted with blackish brown. \'ertex distinctly longer
medianly than at eyes, triangularly rounded in front, margin in
front of eyes straight ; vertex somewhat flat, a large rounded de-
))iession on each side of the middle line. Clypeus as wide an-
teriorly as frons posteriorly, which very gradually widens at
clypeus, extending anteriorly beyond base of clypeus, posterior-
ly nearly touching margin of genae. Pronotum short, scarcely
twice as broad as long, anteriorly arched, posteriorly slightly
emarginate, sides very short. Tegmina short, reaching only to
half the length of the abdomen, without appendix ; venation very

331

obscure, but I thnik there are five discoidals. C'lavus nearly as
large as the apically rounded corium. Wings minute.

Length 2^ mill.

Ha'b: New South Wales. ■\Iittagong (i), Sydney (ii).

Eutettix Van Duzee.
Eutcttix \'an Duzee, 1892 Psvche, \'l, 307: T. .\mer. E. S..

xrx.-3oo.

I. sella t a (Uhler.)

Thaiiinofcffi.v scll'rta Uhler. 1896. P. U. S. X. Mus., XIX, 294.
Eutcttix scllatiis Matsumura. 1902, Termesz. fuzetek. XXA'', 3S1.
fig. 12; Melichar, 1903, Hom. Ceylon, 189.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii). Cairns (viii). Nelson
(vii), Rundaberg. (ix-xii) on Sandhills, arboreal, (Koebele's
X^G. 2299), a'so from japan (Uhler), Ceylon (Kirkaldy), Papu-i,
J-AVTi and Africa (iMelichar), etc.

2 sp. nov.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns, Nelson, lUuidaberg, on Melaleuca.

Ncj^hotettix Matsumura-

Neplwtettix Mats., 1902, Termesz, fuzetek, XX\', 35') and
378; Melichar, 1903, Hom. Ceylon 1902.

Melichar has confused Selcnocephalns cincticeps Uhler from
Japan (destructive to Oryza sativa) with a Sinhalese species
which he identifies with Pediopsis apicalis and P. nigromaculatus
Motshulsky. A', apieatis however difi^ers fro'.n eiiuiieeps as will
be shown later, while a Madagascan species is closely allied also.
I think that (Cicada) bipunetata Fabr. {=Thainnotettix bipunctata
Stal) should replace the name apicalis, w'hile (T) nigropicta Stal
should replace ciucticeps Vhler.

I. . plcbeius sp. nov-

Pale testaceous; a blackish transverse stripe on the vertex
t'xtending from eye to eye, immediately below the ocelli, not
curving parallel with anterior margin but nearly straight acro-s
Frons pale testaceous from the base of the clypeus long-trian-
gularly to base of frons; on each side of this to lateral margins

332

of frons about 8 parallel, transverse blackish lines on each side
(sutures of clvpcius, etc., sometimes infuscate.) Pronotum sub-
anteriorly wit'h a someAvhat feeble, arched, repeatedly broken
blackis^h transverse line extending^ from' side to side. Scutellum
with usually 2 pale brownish spedks about the middle. Tegmma
hyaline pale cinereous, nervures brownish. Bristles on legs
blackish brown.

Vertex twice as wide as long, rounded apically; frons broad,
not widening- from basal margin to antennal articulation, about
two and a quarter times as wide as the base of the clypeus; cly-
peus a little broader than lorae; temples very narrow- Prono-
1am longer than the 'head, posterior margin truncate. First
apical cell basallv in a line with the l)ase of the exterior suli-
apical cell and much longer than it; second apical cell 5-hedral,
sides more or less straight (except the apical margin).

Male valve about three-fourths of the length of the yth. ab-
dominal sternite (which is apically truncate) ami about one-third
of the length of t'he plates which are furnis'hed with bristly hairs.
Fvgofers about the same length as, or a littl'.> longer than the
ponies, furnished with bristly hairs.

Female: 7th. sternite about twice as long as the 6th, longi-
tudinally sulcate and apically notched in the middle to admit
base of sawcase; pygofers about 4 times as long as 7t'h. sternite.
furnished with granules w'hic'h emit short bristlv hairs; oviposi-
tor longer than the pvgofers.

Lengfih (male) 4s^-5-^- mill; (female) 54-5I mill.

Hab : Quefnsland, Cairns rvii-viii), Pundabers: (ix-xii),
Redlvnch (vii), Lucinda Point (vii). on grasses : Koebele 2296 on
sand-hills (ix). New South AA^'ales. Svdney (\). Parramatta C'l).
probably introduced.

2. contemptns sp. nov.

Testaceous, the vertex with a curved blackish brown line an-
teriorly, parallel with the anterior mar'gin; frons wit'h a brown-
ish black line close to basal margin and parallel with it ; clypeus
more or less brownish. Pronotum more or less clouded with
greyish. Tegmina pale yellowish hyaline ; apical veins brownish ;
wings smoky. Abdominal tergites more or less blac'kis'h on the
disk, laterally more or less pallid.

Vertex a little more produced perhaps than in plebeius, fronb
narrowing suddenly soon after its basal margin as far as an-
tennae, then narrowing gradually to clypeus, which is sublinear,

333

much narrower than the lorae. First apical cell short, shorter
than the ist. subapical; second apical cell semi-circular-
Male unknown.

Female: 7th. sternite scutiform, carinate longitudinally, an-
g-ulany rounded behind, the posterior angle very slightly pro-
duced again. Pygofers yellowish rufescent (witih golden yellow
hairs), shorter than the rufescent ovipositor.
Length : (female), 5I mill.
Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii).

A much slenderer species than N. plebciits, with different
venation and different markings on the head.

3. N. nigropicta (Stal.)

Thainnotcttix uigropicta Stal, 1871, O. \'. A. F. 740.
Hab: Queensland, Cairns, on igrasses. (x'Mso from Philip-
pines, China and Japan).

This species is closely allied to A^ bipunctata (Fabr.)

Scaphoidcus L'hler.

ScaphoidcHS Uhler, J891 Trans., Maryland Ac. Sci. I, 33; Os-
brrn, 1900, J. Cincinnati Soc, N. H., XIX 187.

Distributed through America, Japan and Oriental Region
and I now describe a species from Australia.

I. pristidcns, sp. nov.

Testaceous, more or less tinged with pink or yellow; vertex
with two black spots at anterior margin and two irregular
ochraceous brown spots just posterior. Frons anteriorly with
about five transverse 'black lines (sometimes 'more or less in-
terrupted). Pronotum more or less blotched laterally. Scutel-
Itrm with two basal pinkish brown spots. There is a white
median line from apical margin of vertex to posterior angle of
scutellum. Tegminal picturation not cruciate, testaceous,
veins brown, cells more or less fuscate; clavus with 3 large wliite
spots contiguous to the commissure. Posterior legs and an-
terior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi spotted or ringed with
black. Abdominal sternites more or less striped transversely
with black. Vertex somewhat flat wit'h a transverse impressed
line; edges subacute; longer than wide, anteriorlv triangular,
acuteangled. lorae contiguous with posterior margin of genae.

334

Venation of corium very similar to that of S. ochraceons Osborn;
outer claval vein hooked, and vein with a cross vein about its
middle length.

Length: 41-5^ mill-

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

N. B. The coloring and pattern is sometimes obscure.

The genus Aphrodcs and its allies appear to be descended from
some form very near Phrynomorphus, the ocelli being placed a
little more dorsally and the tegmina being semicoriaceous and
often muc'li abbreviated, appendix always wanting; the wings
have an incomplete submarginal vein. These characters xvhich
are simph- due to the degradation of the flight organs and which
may, and do, arise in any group of winded insects, have beei;
used to form a family, viz.: Acocep'halidae, though they are
really scarcely sufficient to form a tribe.

Four genera showing these characters are known, viz.:

T. Aphrodcs Curtis (^=AciicepJialus GevmcLr=:Acoccpha!us Bur-
me\steT=Pholefaci'a Zetters{edt= A noscopits Kirschb).

2. Stro ggyloce phalus Flor (^=Strongylocephahis Fieb)-

3. Kosiiiiopclcx Kirkaldy and

4. Xcsfoccpliahis Yru Duzee, this last probably not really be-
longing- here.

Kosiiiiopclcx gen. no v.

Differs from Aphrodcs by the differently shaped, foliaceous
head, from Eupclix Germar b}- the eyes not being enclosed by
the sides of the crown.

Head triangular, more or less porrect. specifically variable in
this respect; foliaceous. Crown flattish, longer than wide be-
tween the eyes, from three to four times as long as pronotum.
lateral margins, in front of eyes slightly sinuate, apical fourth
su'bspatulate. Frons oblongoval, twice as long as wide; genae
at antennal sockets about three-fourths of the "width of the cly-
peus which is parallel-sided, a little wider than lorae, the latter
not quite touching posterior margin of genae- Eyes large,
forming part of the curve of the head, not enclosed by lateral
margin of crown. Ocelli on the disk of the crown just above
anterior margin of the eyes, a little nearer lateral margins than
the middle line. Pronotum transverse, about three "times as
■wide as long, slightly arched anteriorly, very obtuseangularly
emarginate posteriorly; lateral margins short' Tegmina coria-
ceous, abbreviated, reaching little beyond base of abdomen.

335

posteriorly truncate, venation obscure; wings minute, venation
obscure, submarginal vein absent. Legs normal.

1. z'aricolor i^p. nov. (PI. XX 111 fiL;>. y-^-)

Typically: head, pronotum and scutellum pallid testaceous,
marked v\'ith brownish black. Tegmina shining blackish brown,
posterior margin widely milky white- Abdominal tergites shin-
ing blackish brown, except the white genital segment. Legs
black and white, more or less mottled.

The species varies considerably in color and pattern, hoAV-
ever, like its congeners, independent of sex. The general color
may l^e pale testaceous, abdominal tergites pale yellowish
brown, no clear markings, or in the other direction, like the
type, but pronotum milk white and a milk white band across.

Length : 2J-34 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg (ix-xii).

There is nothing notable about the nymph.

Dryadoiiiorpha, gen. nov.

Superfically some .vhat like Ccphalius, but the ocelli are frontal
and the face is shaped differently etc. Vertex acutely produced
in front of the eyes, a little longer than wide at the base, slightly
concave, basal half sulcate longitudinally; longitudinally finely
striate ; anterior margin of head acute. A sensory depression
close to each eye near the base. Eyes large, not fonning part of
the curve of the head. Ocelli very small, immediately in front of
the acute margin of the head, nearly midway between eye and
apex of vertex. Face angularly convex, diamond shaped, frons
elongate, subconstricted at the antennal articulations. Clypeus
fused with frons, widening out posteriorly, posterior margin
slightly notched in the middle, reaching beyond posterior margin
of genae. Lorae wider than the clypeus anteriorly, not nearly
touching posterior margin of genae. Posterolateral margin of
face oblique, not angulate almost direct betw-een eye and clypeus.
Antennae long, reaching at least beyond last sternite. Pronotum
linely striate transversely, anteriorly arched, lateral margins
evanescent. Scutellum a trifle wider than long. The venation
of tegmina and wings is so feeble that I have not been able to
interpret it; it seems to be Phrynomorphoid.

336
I. pallida, sp. nov. (P^l. XXXll figs. 12-14.)

Pale golden yellow. Eyes brownish red.
Male : unknown.

Female: last sternite shorl, posterior margins slightly notch-
ed ; pygofers marked with a groove on each side.
Length, 7 mill.

Hab : Queensland, JJundaberg, (ix-xii).
Only one female unfortunately of this interesting form.

Giffardia, gen. nov.

Superficially allied to Doryccphalns etc., but is probably an off-
shoot from some form near Phry}wmorphus.

Head elongate, tapering; vertex longer than wide across the
eyes, about 5 (male) 6 (female) (This is not absolutely con-
stant) times as long as wide between eyes at base, prolongation
elongate-triangular, tiat, porrect or slightly declivous towards
the apex, longitudinally carinate. Frons elongate, a little more
than four times as long as wide between antennae, Clypeus a
trifle wider at apex than at base, a little wider than the lorae
which do not nearly touch its posterior margin. Eyes large,
elongate, suboblique, not included in the curve of the head,
ocelli small, on the anterior margin of the head, a little remote
from the eyes. Antennae elongate, socketted at about one-third
of the length of the eyes. Pronotum arched anteriorly prono-
tum and scutellum longitudinally carinate. Tegminal venation
simple, 4 discoidals and 5 apical ; wing venation normal. Pos-
terior femora swollen a little at apex, with two hooks.

1. dolichflccphida, s]). nov. (PL XXII, figs. 4 and 5.)

More or less pale yellowish testaceous, a longitudinal brown-
ish line from apex of vertex to posterior margin of scutellum,
the keel on these parts being often pale and the Ijrown line more
or less interrupted, sometimes irregularly widened, on the
vertex. On each of the genae is a thin brown smudged line,
uniting anteriorly on the frons. Tegminal veins whitish, whole
hiternal margin smoky, as also two small spots, one on each side
of 'the 2nd apical vein. Leg hairs pale.

Male : Tegmina extending beyond apex of abdomen.

Female : Tegmina not extending to apex of abdomen.

Length : (male) 5l-6^, (female 8^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii) Kuranda, (\iii) on grasses.
The nymphs do not apparently differ from the adult in any im-
portant non-instaral characters.

RcittcricUa Signoret.

Rcntcria Signoret 1879, A. S. E. France (5) IX, 51 and 1880
op. c, X 45. (preocc.)

RcittcricUa Signoret 1880 op. c, 365.

I. fiai'csccns (Signoret.)

Rcuteria Havescens Signoret 1880, op. c, 46 pi. i, fig. 40.
Hab : Tasmania.

Thomson ia Signoret.

Thomsonia Signoret 1879 op. c, IX 51.
Thomsoniclla Signoret i£8d op. c, X 52.

I. arcuatus (Motshulsky.)

Acocephaliis arcuatus Motshulsky, 1859 Etudes Entom. VIII,
115; and 1863 Bull. Soc. Imp. Moscou XXXVI, 2 p. 100 fSec.
Melichar.)

Tetigonia kalidosa Kirkaldy, 1900 Entom. XXXIII, 294.

Thomsoniclla arciita Melichar, 1903 Hom. Ceylon 172.

This seems to me rather a Parabolocratus than a Thomsonia.
Hab: Queensland; Cairns (vii-viii), Kuranda (vii) Ceylon
(my collection.)

2. lineolatus (Motsh.)

Phitymctopiiis lineolatus Motshulsky 1859 Etudes Entom. VIII,
1 14 (Sec. Melichar.

Dcltoccphalus riibrolincatus Motshulskv, 1863 Bull. Soc. Imp.
Moscou XXXVI, 2, p. 98 (Sec. MeHchar.)

Thomsoniclla porrecta MeYicha.r 1903 Hom. Ceylon 173.

Walker's description of Acocephalit-s porrcctus does not seem to
a]>ply to this.

Hab: Queensland Cairns (viii) ; Ceylon (ni)- coll.)

This too seems to belong to Parabolocratus rather than to
Thomsonia.

338

3- kirschbaiiuiii (Stal.)

Hccalus kirschbauiiiii Stal 1871, O. V. A. F., ys?-

ThomsonicUa kirclibauiiiii (sic!) Signorea 1880 A. S. S. F. (5)
X. 52, PI. I, f. 44.

T. kirschbaiiinii Melichar, 1903 Horn. Ceylon 171.

Hah: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii) ; Ceylon (my coll.); In-
dia (Signoret) ; Philippines (Stal.)

Hecalus Stal.

Hecalus Stal, 1864, A. S. E., France (4), IV, 65; Signoret, 1879,
op. C-, IX, 61 and 226.

I. pallescens Stal.

Hecalus pallescens Stal, 1864, op. c, (4). I\', 65; Signoret. 1879,
op. c, (5), IX, 270, PI. 7, fig. 24.

I have not seen this species, which may be a trifle larger than
H. iiiiinaculatus; it apparently lias the head only slightly folia-
ceous (while in H. iiiiinaciilahis, it is somewhat widely so) ; there
is a black spot at the apex of the clavus and 4 longitudinal
brown bands on the tergites- The tegmina reach nearly to apex
of abdomen.

Female: Len'gt'h 10 mill.

2. ijiiniaciilatits, sp. nov. (PI. VII figs. 1-2.)

Very similar to the preceding, but the head is a little longer
and broader, and the whole insect is pale greenish, shading off
a little darker or lighter, but immaculate. All the examples col-
lected have the tegmina not reaching as far as the apical margin
of the (apparent) second tergite.

Female : sheath rosy.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii), Kuranda (viii) on grasses.

Cephalelus Percheron.

Cephalelus Percheron, 1832, Alag- Zool., II, PI, 48; Burmeister,
1838, Gen. Ins., (No. 4) PL, Signoret, 1879, A. S. E. France (5).
IX, 50 and 259.

Dorydiwii Burmeister, 1835, Handb. Ent., II, to6; Kirby,
1894, T. E. S. London, 412.

339

I. bniinicus W'aterhouse. (PL XXI\", f. 5-6.)

Ccphalehis bni-iiiiciis, G. B. Waterhoiue. 1839. T. K. S. London.
II, 195.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney, (i, also Waterhouse)/'^

2. iiiarvijuitiis, Waterhouse.

C. margiiiatus, Waterii., 1. c-

Hab: King- George's Sound.

I cannot identify this satisfactorily; I think two forms are con-
fused. The nymphs in this genus are in all stages very similar
to the adults.

Paradorydium Kirkaldy.

Dorydiim Burmeisler, 1838, Gen. Ins., (No- 5); and 1839,
Handb. Ent., II, 1006; Signoret, 1879. -^- S. E., France. (5), IX,
261. PI- VII, figs. 21-2.

Paradorydium Kirkaldy. 1901, Entoni. XXXI\" 339.

I. menahis sp. nov.

Testaceous, or more or less rosy, or more or less tinged with
ferruginous, veins paler. Head, pronotum and scutellum ob-
scurely and smudgily flecked with blackish brown, the punc-
tures being darki.s'h. Sterna and sternites usually more or less
tinged with pinkis'h. Elongate fusiform; head about as long as
nota and tegmina together, gradually converging towards apex
which is angularly rounded; sides acutely carinate for at least
the anterior two thirds- Head, pronotum and scutellum finely
and closely punctured, clavus lightly punctured. \ ertex. pro-
notum and scutellum longitudinally carinate. Frons very
strongly carinate, a little swollen near the clypeus. Pronotum
with two sublateral keels on each side, a little more obsolescent
than the median one, basal margin slightly angulatelv emargin-
ate. Tegmina longer than abdomen.

Length: lo-J (male); 12 female) mill; width about ^i mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (viii). Nelson (vii), Kuranda (viii.)

The liead as seen in profile is much longer and flatter than in
any other species known to me- The males are smaller than
the other sex, and the vertex inclines a little to be spatulate
apicallv.

* Kirby savs that C. marf;ina.ius and bmnneus do not belong to Cef>hale'Hs: the de-
scription of the latter, however, at least, agrees very well with forms of CefhalAus
before me. '

340
2. pscudolyriccn sp. no v.

Smaller than the preceding and the capital process shorter
and more spatulate, the female being- more narrowed at the
middle of the process. Testaceous, minutely and closel}' punc-
tured and spotted with brown, apex of process dark brown; two
black spots on anterior margin of scutellum near antero-lateral
angle. Tegmina pale yellowish brown, lateral margins pallid.
Sterna (except laterally) and abdomen (more or less) blackish.
Capital process somewhat ascendant apically, about 2^ times as
long as the width of the head basally. Tegmina longer than
abdomen, with the nota about two-thirds to seven-eighths long-
er than the head.

Length: 5I (male), 8^ (female) mill.

Hab : Queensland, Brisbane (xi), Bundaberg (ix-xii.)

3. ? fovcolatuni (Signoret)-

Dorydium (?) foveolatuni Signoret, 18S0, A. S. E. France (5),
X, 144. PI. I, f. 39.

Hab: West Australia (Signoret).

Doryccplialtts Kush.

Dorycephalns Kushakevitsh, 1806, Trud'i Russk. IV, 102; Sig-
noret, 1879, A. S. E. France (5), IX, 265.

I. ianthe sp. no v.

Testaceous with a ferruginous tinge on the head. Abdomen
mostly black above, punctured very finely and closely with
golden yellow. Head nearly twice as long as wide, about four
times as long as the. pronotum.

Length: 6f mill.

Hab: Queensland; Bundaberg (ix-xii).

2. suhrcticidatus sp. nov.

Allied to the preceding but darker; the head narrows more
towards the anterior margin and is more acute there. Pale tes-
taceous, very closely and finely punctured and freckled with
brownish and golden-yellow. Tegmina with brownish veins.

341

Head nearly one-half longer than wide, 3^ times as wide as pro-
notum. Tegmina subreticulate.

Length: 6| mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (ii).

3. triiiiicafiis sp. nov.

Somewhat similar lo the last named; a dark brown line from
anterior niar'gin of head to posterior angle of scutellum (divid-
ed on vertex by pale median carina); lateral margins of tegmina
broadly blackis'h brown, narrowing a little apically, the mar-
gins pale.

Length: 6 mill.

Hab: New South Wales.

Tartcssus Stal-

Tartessus Stal, 1Q65, O. V. A. F., XXH, 156; Signoret, 1880,
A. S. E. France, 347.

This is a characteristic Australian genus, thoug'h it stretches
into the Philippines, Malays, etc. It must be very rich in spe-
cies as Signoret admits 14, and 1 have a number before me un-
worked. They seem all to be arboreal.

I. syrtidis sp. nov. (PI. XXIV. tig. 9)-

Pronotum and scutellum clear yellowish. Head testaceous,
the top broadly black transversely, lengthening on the tempora;
there is a 'broad curved black stripe at the base of the genae,
beneath the eyes, reaching the frontal sutures at the antennal
scrobes. The irons has a pattern (figured) in black and the apex
of clypeus and of lorae, etc., are the same color. Eyes brown.
Sterna (mostly), sternites basally, sternopleurites entirely, pos-
terior femora mostly, genital segments (except lateral margin
of plate in male, narrowly pale), black or blackish; rest of under-
side mostly testaceous. Tegmina subhyaline, pale ferruginous
with a lilac iridescence; a transverse median hyaline stripe and
a large hyaline, marginal spot towards the apex of the subapical
transverse veins, blackis'h; and a spot near the apex of the
costal cell blackish ferruginous. Wings 'hyaline, veins black.
\'ertex scarcely prominent in front of eyes, very greatly round-
ed. Eyes large, reaching posteriorly to about half of the length

34^

of the pronotuni. Ocelli much nearer the e}es than the middle
line.

Leng-th : (Female )g mill.

Hah: Queensland. Bundaberg- (xi on sandhills; bred from
Eiicclypfits)-

Tribe Macrostcliiti.

(=rCicadulini V. D.)

Under this name it is convenient to separate forms with shorter
vertex and simpler venation, usually with only one sul)a])ical
cell; at the same time it is pro'ljably not a natural division. It
proba'bly embraces (i) Balclntha Kirkaldy, (2) Macrostclcs Fieber,
(=^Cicadiila JLd\vards=Liiiiiinfcffix Woodwortii, etc.). (3) Cory-
phaclus Puton, (4) Grypofcs Fieber. (5) Acoitura Lethierry. (6)
Eulciniouios Kirkaldy {=Liiiiotcffi.v J. .S;''hlb.'), and some new
genera. Limotcttix Sahib., is a mixture of PhryuoiiiorpJnis and
Thauiuatcttix. Most, if not all, of these forms are grass-feeders.

Eulcintoiiios gen. nov.

Jas. Edwards has separated off as a genus (not recog-nized by
Puton) those forms in which the lateral margins of the prono-
tum are obsolescent and are not (or very obsolescently) keeled-
Unfortunately 'he has used for this the name Liinotcitix (an or-
tiiographical monstrosity.) J. Sahib, the l}pe forms of wliich
are partly Phrynomorphus, partly Dcltoccphahis.

The E'dwardsian species seem to be worthy of at least sub-
generic rank and I think t'hat the future will accord a full title.

I. dciiiiffi'iidiis sp. nov.

Vertex testaceous tinged with brown; 4 brownish specks on
apical -margin, 2 on basal margin- Pronotvun and scutellum
testaceous tinged with green. Tegmina greenish, or pale green-
ish testaceous, apically and costally colorles'^, veins |)ale greeii-
is'h testaceous. Frons pallid rufescent with narrow obsolescent
brownish radiating lines from very near the middle line. \'er-
tex angularly rounded in front, about one-half longer medianly
than next to the eyes. Lorae very large, almost circular, about
3 times as wide as tbe clypeus. Tegmina with 4 discoidals and 5
apicals.

Lengt'h: 3^ mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

343
Pettya gen. nov.

Elongate; vertex more than twice as wide as long dorsally,
anteriorly rounded, bent over in front and extending ventrally
about as far as antennal scro'bes; demarcation from frons not
very distinct; posteriorly above tumidly raised, posterior margin
much more so than the apical margin of pronotum. TIead dis-
tinctly wider than pronotum anteriorly. Clypeus oval, about as
wide as frons apically. Pronotum large, reticulate, almost as
long as wide, about two and a half times as long as vertex dor-
sallv, strongly arched auteriorly, lateral margins long, not cari-
nate, posterior mafgin subtruncate- Tegmina with two dis-
coidal (i «n>bapical) and 4 apicals. Wings without submarginal
vein.

I. aucmolua sp. nov. (PI. XXXII. fig. 10).

Plead pale luteous; frons and clypeus with an orange tint,
genae testaceous, eyes grey. Pronotum and scutellum greyish
w'hite, the former closely reticulate with greyis'h-'brown. Teg-
mina and wings milk-w'hite hyaline, tegminal costa pale yellow.
Tergites black, one or two segments partly pale; beneath pallid,
more or less black laterally. Legs orange yellow.

Length: 6 mill, width i^ mill.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns (viii).

Ncsosfcics gen. nov.

Allied to Macrosfclcs but the radial is not obsolescent and the
wing venation is dififerent. There are a nurnber of species repre-
sented in the collection, out of which I have had time briefly to
describe 5 only.

Type hcbe.

I. hcbc sp. nov. (PI. XXXII, fig. 8).

Head pale sordid testaceous. Pronotum and scutellum whit-
ish teslaceous, with a faint brownish longitudinal median line
on t'he former (and sometimes two obsolescent submedian
lines). Underside, legs. etc.. pallid. Tegmina w'hitis'h-grey, sub-
hyaline, veins white; wings milky white, veins more or less
smoky. Mesonotum and tergites blackish, genital segments
more or less pale.

Length: 4 mill.

Hab: Viti Isles (viii).

344
2. glauca sp. nov.

Closely allied to the former, but smaller and more yellowish.

Pale yellowish testaceous, with a tinge of grey; sterna, legs,
etc, paler. Tegmina and wings pale milky subhyaline. x\hdo-
men pale sordid yellowish, more or less black discally.

Lengt'h: 3^ mill.

H.?b: Cairns (viii), Koeibele's No. 2259; and I think 2292
is e'ther fhis, or a very closely allied species.

3. saiigniucsccns, sp. nov. (PI. XXXiII. fig. 9).

General color dark crimson-red. Head testaceous (or yel-
lowish testaceous or pinkish) ; vertex with three narrow crim-
son longitudinal lines ,the lateral ones with a very short trans-
verse line at their apices. Face testaceous, frons with pale red-
brown, obliquely transverse parallel lines on each side of the
middle. Pronotum testaceous or pinkish with a narrow me-
dian longitudinal crimson line, two sublateral outwardly-curved
lines of same color and three crimson spots on anterior margm
and one in posterior angle, this and the middle anterior one
sometimes united ; these spots often darker. Tegmina crimson
red, varyingly obscurely suffused with brownish, veins white and
very conspicuous ; Costal and intero-apical cells hyaline, some
of the latter more or less smoky. Wing veins darkish. Pro-
pleura, sterna etc., abdomen mostly (except the sanguineous la-
teral margins and genital segments) black. Legs mostly pal-
lid.

Female : Plate testaceous ; last segment deeplv acutelv notch-
ed.

Length 4^-5 mill.

Hab : Queensland. P)risbane (v\), Bundaberg (ix-xii.)

4. sordidior sp. nov.

Closely allied to the last, but a trifle smaller, and color differ-
ent, the sanguineous being paler and browner, while the frons
is not striped.

Female : last segment very slightly roundly emarginate.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Brisbane (vi.)

345

5- taedia sp. nov.

Sordid lemon yellow, vertex with two black spots near thp
anterior margin ; frons discally black, clypeus smoky. Soutellum
dark brownish. Commissural cell of clavns, basal part of cos-
tal cell and apical half of tegmina smoky. Abdomen basaliy
black.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii.)

This will probably form the type of a new genus.

Subfamily Agalliinae.

(Bythoscopidae of many authors.)

I have retained this subfamily for the sake of convenience but
I cannot see any good characters by which it can be separated
from the lassinae, especially from such forms as Tarfcssits etc.,
the position of the ocelli being so slightly different.

The nomenclature is horribly confused, all authors up to 1900
(when T pointed the fact out) having ignored Lewis' fixation of
Janio as the type of Byfhoscopus.

The following is the synonymy of several vexed genera :
r. Bytlwscopiis Germar, type lanio (Linn.) Lewis.
Macropsis auct. nee Lewis.

Batraclwinorphns Lewis, tvpe irrnratn (=iii{crocepJiala)
Sfragaiiia Stal. (placed by Fowler among the Gyponumc^)
P achy op sis Uhler.
Gargaropsis Fowler.

2. Oncopsis Burmeister, tvpe flaincoJUs (Linn.) Westwood,
Macropsis (B) Lewis.

Byfhoscopus auctt.

3. Macropsis (A) Lewis, type vircsccns (Fabr.) Westwood.

subg. Pcdiopsis Burmeister, type tiliac Burm.

Tribe Agalliini.
EpipsycJiidion gen. nov.

Forms a sort of link between the Agalliinae proper, and the
lassinae as represented by Tarfcssus; it is here placed in the
former as the ocelli are ventral though not very distinctly.

Vertex dorsally very short, anteriorly obtuse-angled, pos-

346

tcriorly rotundately-emarginate (apex of emargination nearly
reaching" as far as anterior margin ol eyes), ol)li(|uely striate on
each side of the middle. ( )celli inserted on the vertex ventrally.
immediately below the top of the head. Antennae inserted im-
der a shallow ledge, but lying in a rather deep groove. Prono-
tun snbhemispherical, transversely striate. Scutellum trans-
verse. Tegmina punctured, especially on the clavus ; 5 dis-
coidals (of which two are subapical) and 5 apical cells.

I. epipyropis sp. nov. (PI. XXIII figs. 4-6.)

Pale cinereotestaceous, sordid testaceous beneath. Pronotum
w ith 3 distinct, narrow, longitudinal black lines, which continue
anteriorly and posteriorly on to vertex and scutellum (the mid-
dle one much thickened on the vertex and scutellum and tri-
furcating anteriorwards on the pronotum.) Clypeus etc., black-
ish brown, frons obscurely and sparsely marked with brown.
.\nterior imermediate femora annulated with dark brown. Teg-
mina with veins white, dark brown and black. Abdomen brown-
ish-testaceous, a blackish brown median line on last tergite.

Male unknown.

Female : Ovipositor extending beyond tegmina, pygofer elon-
gate, but not so long as the above.

Length

Hab : X^ew South Wales, Sydne\- (i-ii Koebele's Xo. 2373),
arboreal.

Vars: In some examples, the black lines are fainter and are
bordered with yellowish brown.

The nymph (fig. (n) has a remarkably el(')ngatc head.

Etirinoscopus, gen. nov.

The Australian representative of Byflioscopits Germ., Kirk.,
trom which it differs by the venation ; the latter has the median
discoidal undivided, so that there are only two small subapical
cells, while in the former there are three well defined small sub-
apical sells also in Bythoscppits there is only one transverse vein
standing on the cubital, in Eiirinoscopiis there are two.

There are two sections, viz :

T. Tegmina pale yellowish cinerous (sometimes tinged Avith
green or rose), with blackish granulations on the veins.

2. Tegmina greenish or pale yellowish green, without granu-
lations.

347

Section i.
I. Iciifigiiwsiis sp. nov. (type.)

Vertex and pronotum pale greenish, minutely spotted with
black, the latter also smokily clouded through its entire length
in the middle. Scutellum pale castaneous, with four dark spots
on the anterior margin (or the twy middle ones may coalesce
and extend to the posterior angle.) The rounded irons is black-
ish, except the lateral margins which are very narrowly pale,
and there are two small black spots at the sides of the antennal
scrobes below the ledges. Rest of the underside pallid, pleura
and base of the genital segments dark, the remainder of the
latter minutely spotted with black. Tegmma subhyaline, pale
cinereous yellow, (base sometimes more or less black.) Apices
or intermediate femora and of posterior femora and tibiae black.
Sternites pallid testaceous, greenish or reddish.

Frons convex, lorae large. Pronotum much more convex
than in the European B- uiicroccphala, and anteriorly declivous,
anterior margin more arched, lateral margins shorter; tegmina
reaching well beyond apex of abdomen.

Male: Last segment truncate, pygofers very short, valve
elongate (the tip black), nearly as long as pygofers.

Female: Last segment subtruncate, very slightly sinuate,
pygofers granulate.
Length: 4g mill.
Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), Nelson (vii).

2. sontiatcs sp. nov.

Sparsely freckled, otherwise little related to lentiginosus, be-
ing more elongate and narrowed. Pale testaceous, more or less
tinged with pink or greenish or yellowish green, a longitudinal
narrow testaceous line on vertex, pronotum and scutellum.
Ocelli red. Frons and lorae mudh as in the type.

Male:s rather smaller and darker.

Female: Last pleurite very slightly obtusely produced in the
middle, pygofers longer than in the type, with short bristly
hairs.

Length : 4^-51 mill.

Hab: Queensland. Kuranda (viii).

348
3. soboles sp. nov.

Very close to t'he last, but larger and the anterior margin of
vertex (dorsally) wider and not so rounded; irons flatter. Late-
ral margins of pronotum more parallel.

Length: 6^- mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

4. cirjfas sp. nov.

Allied to E. soiitiatcs, but less elongate and frons flatter.

Pale testaceous, corium lightly granulate with brown.

Male: Plates elongate hemispherical, not as long as the
pygofers.

Female: last segment obtusangula.rly emarginate, laterally
produced acuminately.

Length: 4^-$^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (ix-xii).

Section 2.

The species of this section are unsatisfactory; t'hey are all
immaculate greenish or testaceous and present onlv trifling dif-
ferences that can be characterized.

5. pclias sp. nov.

General form of B. dryas, but a little more elongate.

Greenish; head and scutellum often yellowish; underside more
or less testaceous. Frons convex, though not so much so as in
t'he type. Inner apical cell and appendix colorless.

Male ventral segments similar to those of B. dryas.

Female: last segment slightly roundly emarginate, laterall\
produced acuminately, pygofers elongate.

Length : 4^-6 mill.

Hab: New South Wales. Sydney (i-ii), Alittagong (i).

6. molcstia sp. nov.

Allied to the last, but narrowed and more elongate; vertex
distinctly, though obtusely, angulately rotundate in front; in
the middle more than one-half longer than at eyes which extend
laterally very slightly beyond the pronotum. Frons nearly as

349

convex as in the type. There are 3 transverse veins standing
on the cubital.

Female: last segment not produced acuminately laterally.

Length: 5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

7. pclainys, sp. nov.

The largest of the Australian species. Similar to B. pclias but
larger and more elongate.

Testaceous. Frons fairly convex, vertex dorsally short, wide,
little wider medianly than at the side.

Female: last segment with a short acute lateral spine.

Length: 6-^-6| mill.

Hab: New South Wales. Sydney (i).

Pedioscopiis gen. nov-

Allied to Idioccnis Lewis, but dififers bv having no subapical
cells. There is a tegminal appendix, and the supernumerary cell
of t'he wing is present. In the males the antennae are simple.
Frons convex, anterolateral margins rounded. Type pliilciior.

I. philcnor sp. nov.

Head and pronotum pale greyish-yellow, frons (except nar-
rowly laterally, pallid), clypeus, lorae, small spot at antennal
scrobes, etc.. blackish. Pronotum with 2 large rounded blac'k
spot. Tegmina hyaline, basal half tinged with yellowish; costa,
a longitudinal streak down the middle, the principal veins, more
or less, smo'ky. Apex of anterior tibiae and anterior tarsi black.

Male: apex of valve black.

Length: 4 mill.

Ha'b: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

2. polydoros sp- nov.

Larger than tlie type and differently patterned. Pale olivace-
ous, paler beneath, four black spots on vertex, the larger pair
(\vhich are a trifle less than their O'wn diameter from the eyes)
visible from above. Frons with 8-10 small spots. Pronotum
with two sublateral blac'kish wedgelike spots close to anterior
margin. Scutellum with two wedgelike black spots on anterior
margin close to anterolateral margin, and two small round black

i

350

spots on the middle, one on each side of central line. The spots
on vertex, pronotum and the wedges on scutellum are in line
Tegmina immaculate. A black spot on propleuron.

Female: Ovipositor 'black, valve much longer than in P-
agenor, being as long as the rest of the body.

Length: 4 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Nelson (vii).

3. agenor sp. nov.

Size and coloring of the type, except as below, and may pos-
sibly be the female of that species. Vertex with two black spots
nearer the eye than their own diameter and visible from above.
Frons with two similar sized spots at its extreme base and
nearer together than are the vertical spots; a small spot at the
scrobes and the clypeus, black. Pronotum with 2 big black
spots (and sometimes a line at the posterior margin). Sterna, a
spot on propleuron, etc., black. Anterior tibiae concolorous.

Female: ovipositor black.

Length: 4 mill-

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

Tribe Eurymelini.

Confined to Australia, the species congregate on Eucalyptus
where they "bore into the 'green bark. . . .the sap exudes, dies
and falls to the ground, sometimes in great quantities," (Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 35, (1845).

There are only two genera known, one forming two sub-
genera:

I- Tegmina with simple venation and with an appendix;
wings with normal venation. Vertex and_frons forming one
single curve, in profile. Posterior tibiae with a double row of
spines. Last abdominal sternite composed of two parts whic'h
overlap posteriorly but are separated anteriorly; they reach the
lateral margins of the abdomen. i. Eiirynieloides Ashmead.

la- Tegminal venation reticulate apically; wings with two
veins inside tlie supernumerary cell. Vertex and frons forming
two or three curves in profile. Posterior tibiae with two strong
spines. 2. EnrymeJa Lep. & Serv.

I'b. Last abdominal sternite formed as in Eurymcloidcs.

2a. Eurytnclops, subg. nov.

351

ic. Last abdominal sternite consisting of two similar plates,
whidh however do not nearly reach the laieral margms of the
abdomen. 2b. Enrymela, m sp-

Eurymcloidcs, Ashmead.

Eurynicla Div. B. Signoret.

Eurymeloides Ashmead, 1889, Ent. Amer., V, 126-
Ashmead has founded this genus in the most improper man-
ner, viz. : in one line of description, without mention of species.
The venation both of teigmina and wings is often very 'irregu-
lar. Usually there is one vein standing on the cubital, some-
times two, sometimes none at all, in the same species. Some-
times the transverse apical veins are incomplete, a cell thus
reaching from the first forking of t'he median to the apex of the
tegmen.

1. hyaciiitluis sp. no v.

Black; eyes pale castaneous. Posterior margin of pronotum,
a smallspot (of varying size) on clavus, a larger (though still
small) spot on corium about the apex of the basal third, and a
more of less narrow wedge-shaped band of varying thickness
and extent (sometimes reaching clavtis, sometimes not) on
corium at a level with apex of clavus. White. Tegminal ground
color dark metallic purple, wings dark smoky. Posterior part
of scutellum (or only the lateral margins very narrowly) ochra-
ceous. Lateral margins of frons, lateral margins of lorae and
interior margins of genae, coxae, sternites (excluding genitalia),
tergites broadly postero-laterally, and middle two-thirds of
basal segment of posterior tarsi — whitish testaceous.
Length: 10^-12 mill.

;- Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii), Nelson (vii), Kuranda.

M Var: A narrow longitudinal stripe on vertex and two small
spots near anterior margin of pronotum, ochraceous.

Nymph. No chitinous spines on the legs, only short, feeble
hairs. Vertex, two spots on pronotum, the ground color of
nota and abdomen above castaneous; frons, lorae, clypeus, ros-
trum, sternites, black. Genae pallid. Nota and terga marked
with black.

2. cuninlosus sp. nov.

Head, pronotum- and scutellum blackish brown, speckled with
testaceous; posterior two-thirds of genae and exterior half of

35^

lorae, whitish, more or less punctured finely with brownish red.
Tegmina blackish brown, a White blotch near the base (wil'h a
black speck in the middle), an irregular stripe near the apex
and one or two small spots near the commissure. Wings
smoky, veins black. Legs black, coxae, base of femora, base
of spines on posterior tibiae, and basal four-fifths of ist. seg-
ment of posterior tarsi, whitish. Abdomen pale yellowish, geni-
tal segments black. Penultimate sternite obtusangularly emar-
ginate, pygofers rather s'hort and stout.

Length: 8| mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

Var: I have in my own collection, some forms from Queens-
land, which I can only refer to this species; the head and prono-
tum are more irrorated with testaceous. Scutellum oc'hraceous
irrorated wath black, the anterolateral angles black. The teg-
minal veins are pinkish where t'hey cross over the whitish fas-
ciae. Abdomen sanguineous, genital segment black.

3. hicincteUns, sp. nov.

Closely allied to E. hicincta (Eridhson). Shining black; pos-
terior three-fourths of genae, exterior half of lorae, the coxae,
basal three-fourths of femora, base of tx'bial spines, basal two-
thirds of I St. segment of posterior tarsi, testaceous. Posterior
margin of pronotum very narrcnvly, an oblique stripe from
a'bout middle of costa to middle of lateral margin of scutellum,
and another band (narrowing internally) near apex of tegmina,
white- Wings smoky, veins black.

Male: Sternites black, posterior margin of each narrowly
testaceous, last segment with a large testaceous triangle. Geni-
tal segment black.

Female: Sternites pale testaceous, genital segment black.
Last segment very short, almost concealed by previous one,
apically sinuate, medianly notclied.

Var: Dark parts of 'head, pronotum and scutellum more or
less, or entirely, 'castaneous.

Length: 6h-7\ mill.

Ha'b: Queensland (my collection). New South Wales, Mit-
tagong (i).

4. oniatns, sp. nov.

Allied to E. cumulosus. Head and pronotum dark brown mot-
tled with whitish. Exterior half of lorae whitish. Scutellum

^Ir*

353

pale castaneous, with a broad central stripe (becoming obscure
anteriorly) and the anterolateral angles blackish. Pleura black,
propleura bordered narrowly exteriorly with whitis'h. Sterna,
coxae, basal part of femora, tibial spines basaKy, basal three-
fourths of I St. segment of posterior tarsi, sternites (except some
black markings) testaceous. Tegmina, purplis'h black, pictur-
ation as in E. bicinctcUus but 'broader and the basal stripe more
transverse, reaching only to about <^ne-thir(l of costal length.
Wings as in E. hicinctelhis.

Male: Genital segment more elongate dorsallv than in E.
hicinctcUns.

Length: 8| mill.

Hab: Queensland. L"airns (viii).

5. nibrk'ciiosiis, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and scutellum pale castaneous, freckled with
yellcnv. Clypeus, lorae and luiderside yellow; tibiae and tarsi
more or less castaneous. Tegmina subhyaline yellowish, the
cells more or less obscurely clottded with brownish, veins san-
gtiineous, also most of clavus. Wings smoky, veins black.

Female: Last segment notched sublaterally ; pygofers elon-
gate.

Length: ^^ mill-

Hab: New South Wales, Mittagong (i).

6. Iciifigiiiostis, sp. nov.

Very closely allied to the preceding but much narrower pos-
teriorly, more triangular in form. Head and pronotum more or
less marked with black. Tegmina yellowish cinereous, more or
less infuscate towards the apex, with a few translucent, color-
less markings; principal veins sometimes pa!e sanguineous.

Length: 5-5! mill-

Hab: Queensland, Brishane (vi).

7. pulchra (Signoret).

Eurymela pulchra Signoret op. c, 508, PI. ij, f. 10-
Hab: Victoria, Bacc'hu;? Mars'h (my collection).
The following species of Ettryiiicloidcs, described from Aus-
tralia, are unknown to me:

8. Eurymela Uncata Signoret, 509, fig. ii-

9

lO

II

12
13
14

354

E. adspcrsa Signoret, 510, fig- 2.

E. ocellata Signoret, 511, fig. I3-
E. punctata Signoret, 511.
E. trifasciata Signoret, 512, fig. 14-
E. porriginosa, Signoret, 512.

E. hicinda Erichson, 1842, Wiegmann's Archiv., YIII,
286. (The type of the genus).

Eurymcla Lep. and Serv.

Eurymela Lep. Serv., 1825, Enc. Meth., X, 603.

Eurymela Div A., Signoret, 1850, A. S. E. France, (2), IX, 497.

subg. I- Eurymclops, nov.

I ruhrovittata, Am. & Serv.

Eurymela rubrovittata Am. Serv., 1843, Hem- 555, PI. 10, fig. 4.
Hab: Victoria, Bacdhus Marsh (my collection).

2- hicolor, Burmeister.

Eurymela hicolor Burm, (1837?) Gen. Ins., Eurymcla No, i.
Signoret, 1850, A. S. E- F., 503, PI. 17, f. 9.
I do not know this species.

subgenus, Eurymela in spec.

3. ruhrolhnhata , sp. nov.

Allied to E. bicolor- Black or blackish; posterior margin of
genae more or less widely pale reddish. Trochanters, basal half
of femora (or almost all posterior femora), tibiae (mostly),
claval commissure and costal margin (both narrowly) reddish.
Tegmina purplish black, a stripe across middle of clavus, and a
subcontiguous one across the corium, also a broader one nearer
the apex, white.

Male: last sternite slightly roundly emarginate, genital seg-
ment somewhat elongate.

Female: penultimate sternite obtusangularly emarginate,
last sternite truncate.

Var: Posterior half of pronotum lemon vellow, encroaching
medianly on black anterior half.

355

Length : 9^-95 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Mittagong (i).

4. plcbcia sp, nov.

Allied to E. fencstrata. Castaneous or orange ; vertex with a
short stripe on each side of the base of the frons, 2 spots on pro-
notum (sometimes absent, sometimes much enlarged), 3 spots
at apical margin and at posterior angle (sometimes concurrent),
apex of femora, the tibiae and tarsi (except the white basal
three-fourths of basal segment of posterior tarsi), propleura
more or less, etc., black. Genae and lorae testaceous. Teg-
mina purplish or purplish black, sometimes with a greenish
glint, lateral margins narrowly ochraceous, widening basally,
internal margins more or less widely coppery ; a white spot near
costal margin at about third of its length, and another one near-
er apex, also a speck on clavus (sometimes absent.) Wings
smoky black with purple glint; veins black. Abdomen more o
less tinged with sanguineous.

Male : Genital segment black.

Female : Genital segment orange, apex and last segmen
(plates) blackish.

Length 12^ mill.

Hab: Victoria, Bacchus Marsh (my collection),

5. lubra, sp. nov.

P Allied to E. distincta, from which it apparently differs prin-
cipally by the red abdomen, etc.

Head, pronotum, scutellum, tegmina, etc., metallic purplish
black; genae and exterior half of lorae testaceous. Abdomen
above and the whole of the underside sanguineous, except part
of propleura, apex, of femora, the tibiae, and tarsi (except the
pale basal three-fourths of ist segment of posterior tarsi) which
are black. A spot near the base of tegmina and a little one
(contiguous) on clavus, and one near apex of tegmina — white.
Male : Genital segment black, more or less sordid ochraceous
laterally.

.^ Female : Genital segment sanguineous ; last segment (plates)

I and apex of genital segment, black.
Length i3-i4.-i mill.

356

The following species belonging to the tyi^ical subgenus have
also been described from Australia :

6. rnficoUis Burm. (1837?) Gen. Ins., Eurymela No. 3.

7. erythrocncmis Burm., 1. c, No. 4.

8. iiiarDwrata Burm. 1. c, No. 5 {=^Bvtlioscopiis iiii^roaciictis
Walker.)

9. uiaiira (Cicada) Fabricius 1775 Syst. Ent., 680.
TO. fcncstrata Lep .Serv. 1825, Enc.^Meth., X,'6o4.

11. discoidalis Signoret 1850 A. S. E. France (2) Vlil, 505.

12. distincta Signoret op. c. 506 (^zsf^ccuhnii Walker, 1851,
List. 641.)

13. z'icina Signoret, 1. c,

14. gcncrosa Stal, 1865 O. V. A. F., XX 11. 156.

15. rubrofasciata Stal^ 1. c.

The following have been also described under Eurymela, their
generic position being uncertain from the description :

1. lignosa Walker, 1858 Suppl., 166.

2. laf (fascia Walker 1851 List. 639.

3. basalis Walker op. c, 640.

4. suffusa Walker, 1. c.

5. discifcra Walker op. c. 641.

6. teriniiialis Walker op. c, 642.

6. liz'ida Walker 1. c.

7. scmifascia Walker op. c, 643.

8. dccisa Walker 1. c.

9. varia Walker op. c, 644.
10. atra Walker op. c, 645.

IT. lacta White, Eyre Exped. 1. 433 PI. \\\ f. 3 (1 have not
seen description of this.)

12. ampliciiicfa Walker 1858. Ins. Saund. Hom. 84.

13. suffusa op. c, 83.

14. pcrpusiUa 1. c.

,0.1' , Su'bfam. Euptervginae.

This strbfamily seems to be a natural development of the Ma-
crosteline Tetigoniids in the direction of simplification and de-
generation of the venation, the radial, median and cubital veins
appear to spring altogether almost at the base itself of the teg-
men and continue (as a rule) undivided right up to the transverse
apical veins ; the only exception known is the new genus Aneono.
which from its general facies and structure must be included in
this subfamily ; at the same time the venation is quite different.

.^57

In many, perhaps a majority of the forms, the tegminal vena-
tion is scarcely visible much basal of the transverse apical veins.
The wing-venation seems to 'be most primitive in Alebra, Erythro-
ncura representing some of tne more degraded forms.

Little is known of their habits or metamorphoses, beyond the
names of the food plants etc., except in the case of Erythroneura
comes, which has been worked out, especially by Slingerland.
Judging from his figures, the nymphs differ but little in general
appearance from the adult.

Cicadida ffai'cscciis (Fabr.) has a very wide range and while
feeding on many shrubs and herbs in Europe, is also very des-
tructive to the Tea-plant in India. J. Sahlberg gives brief de-
scriptions in various genera.

So far as I am aware, no Eupteryginae have previously been
recorded from Australia and only 26 specimens were collected
by Messrs. Koebele and Perkins ; these form two new genera
and fourteen new species, one of the latter being from the Viti
Isles. There are none in Hawaii. The Eupteryginae are as a
whole the daintiest of all the Tetigonioidea, a character well up-
held by those about to be described.

The nomenclature of the genera is very confused, partly ow-
ing to the former persistent ignoring by European authors of
Eupteryx Curtis, and the subsequent arrangement by which
Euptcryx and its synonym Typhlocyba were kept separate. No
less than six names proposed were preoccupied, while the pe-
dants also amused themselves by altering two others.
/ In Jan. 1833 (not 1832 as usually cited), Curtis created (Ent.
Mag. I, 192) Eupteryx for E. picta Fabr. {=atropiinctata Goeze)
describing liortensis at the same time. Later in the year (before'
Easter) Germar erected Typhlocyba with 5 species, 4 of these be-
longing to Eupteryx; in 1833 Burmeister described in Typhlocyba

3 species, all of them belonging to Eupteryx, while quercus (Ger-
mar's 5th species) is only mentioned among 7 others as ((ferner
gehoerend hieher." For Typhlocyba Puton, Edwards, etc., Ery-
throneura should be employed.

In 1838 (not 1840 as usually cited) Zetterstedt erected Cica-
dida for 23 species; in 1866 Fieber fixed qttatuorpunctata Fall, and
fencstrata H. S. (i. e. species of Thamnotettix) as types, but as
neither of these was mentioned by Zetterstedt, this application
is invaHd. In 1871 J. Sahlberg made suiaragdula the type (of the

4 species cited by Sahlberg in his typical division, smaragdula
was the only one mentioned by Zetterstedt.) Cicadida there-
fore, as Sahlberg states, replaces Kybos Fieber, while for Cica-

35«

dula Putoii etc., should be employed Macrostclcs Fieber.
The following table shows the affinities of the genera :
{Motschulskyia Kirkaldy =Coiionictopus Motschu'lsky, is not

included.)

I Median and cubital veins united by a short stalk basally
and apically i Ancono gen. nov.

1 a Corial veins not forked 2

2 Membranal appendix present 3

2a Appendix absent 4

3 Complete submarginal wing vein

2 Alcbra Fieber (=Cornpsi{s Fieber)

3a Wing with obsolescent submarginal vein (Sec. Baker). .
3 Protalchra Baker (X)

4 Complete submarginal wing-vein 5

4a No submarginal wing-vein 9

5 Three apical wing cells (Sec. Baker). . . .4 Eualchra Baker

5a Two apical wing cells 6

5b One apical wing cell 8

6 Third wing vein forked 7

6a Third wing vein simple 7 Cicadiila Zetterstedt

7 At least two of the apical cells of tegment springing

from the transverse veins 5 Dikranciira Hardy

(subgenus i Erythria Fieber ^^NoHis Fieber.)
7a Only one of the apical cells springing from the trans-
verse veins 6 Kahaono gen. nov.

8 Face of the usual type 8 Empoasca Walsh

8a. Frons narrowing 'basally, meeting at the base in an

acute angle ; medianly carinate ; lorae very elongate . .
9 Hcliona Melichar

9 First two wing-veins subparallel

10 Eupteryx Curtis, (=^TyphIocyba Germarj

9a First two wing-veins confluent towards apex 10

10 Second apical cell pedicellate, third irregular

. .11 Empoa Fitch (=Typhlocyha Futon=Anoinia Fieber.)
loa Second apical cell not pedicellate, third oblong

. .12 Erythroncura Fitch (^=Zygina Fieber^/rfw Fieber.)

Aneono gen, nov.

Differs from all other Eupteryginae by the venation of the
tegmina, which is best explained by the figures. It is remark-

♦ It is a pity that Baker has applied the misleaditiE term 'Profn/efi'-n' to this genus,
as it is evidently a derivative of that genus or some ally not a precursor.

359

able not only for the distinctness of the veins at the base of the
tegmina but for their forkings and anastomosings, thus con-
necting the last described tribe with the typical Eupteryginae.

Head sub-foliaceous, produced in front of the eyes, roundly
arched. Ocelli probably functionless, but vestiges large, dor-
sal, close to the anterior margin, nearer to one another than to
the eyes. Apex of first segment of antennae reaching to la-
teral margin of head. Vertex long and narrow. I'egmina
without an appendix. The radial vein seems to lose itself in the
costal ; the median and cubital have a short common stem and
unite again in a short stem just basal of the apical cells. There
is a discoidal cell. The median and cubital are the most distinct
of the veins. (PI. XXII, fig. 12, and PI. XXXI, figs. 2 and 3).

I. piilcherrirna sp, nov.

Vertex and pronotum bright orange yellow, the former ting-
ed with pink, and with a broadish longitudinal pallid stripe, an-
terior (dorsal) margin also more or less pallid narrowly. Prono-
tum with a narrow longitudinal stripe, a dot on each side 01
this anteriorly, and a ^- and ? laterally about the mid-
dle, pallid. Posterior margin very narrowly pallid. Scutellum
reddish, posterior lobe blackish with two white spots. Basal
Iwo-thirds (or more) of tegmina rich crimson, darker on the
clavus exteriorly; wedge on the clavus and the part of the
corium between the cubital and median veins hvaline and some-
what infumate; 2 short wavy whitish lines on clavus and 2 white
marks on corium, one (with a black spot at its apex) close to spex
of clavus, the other at apex of area between median and cubital
veins. Apical third of tegmina hyaline, more or less tinged
with yellowish. Wings milkwhite, veins pale yellow. Under-
side pale testaceous or yellowish ; frons more or less tinged with
orange ; basal sternites of abdomen more or less blackish.

Vertex between the eyes two-fifths wider than medianly long.
l)ase roundly emarginate. Pronotum transverse, subquadran-
frular. same length as head, posterior margin almost straight.
Scutellum as wide as vertex between eyes and as long as pro-
notum, acuminately produced posteriorly, transversely sulcate
near the posterior angle.

Female : Sheath at least 7 times as long as the ultimate ab-
dominal sternite (which is simiately excavate), with short white
bristly hairs.

Length 3-3^ mill.

36o

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i) Queensland, Bundaberg
(ix-xii).

The clavus is much darker (red-black) in the Bundaberg speci-
mens. One of the Sydney specimens is the type.

Dikraiieura Hardy.

Dikrancura Hardy 1850 Tr. Tyneside Field Clu'b i 423.
Dicranenra Gillette 1898 P. U. S. N. Mus, XX 715.

1. honiala, sp. nov.

Superficially not unlike D. flavipciinis (Zett.), but with a more
elong^ate crown, etc.

Head, pronotum, scutellum and general ventral aspect, im-
m.aculate pale brownish-yellow ; eyes blackish grey. Tegmina
pale golden yellow, shining; a black spot at the apex as in £>.
unipuncta (Gillette), but ringed around with whitish, ist anical
cell whitish narrowly ringed with brownish; a small oblique
brownish black line from costa inwards at about the middle.
Wing-veins pallid. Legs immaculate pale yellow, hairs whitish.

Vertex subconvex, elongate triangular, longer than the pro-
notum, posteriorly roundly emaginate. Pronotum posteriorly
trimcate. Venation of tegmina very similar to that of D. uni-
puncta as figured by Gillette, except that the corial veins are en-
tire and distinct and that the first apical cell is 5-sided rather
than 3. Alar venation more like that of D. canieola (Stal) as
figured by Gillette, but the submarginal vein is entire and un-
broken.

Female : Ovipositor and pygofers longer than the rest of the
abdomen.

Length 3if mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

2. aiicala sp. nov.

Vertex, frons, pronotum and scutellum orange brown, the
two latter obscurely so. Eyes blackish, genac etc., mostly dark.
Tegmina pale greenish yellow, apical cells dilute smoky. Wing-
veins brownish. Abdomen striped transversely black and grey.
Genital segments palid. Legs with pale hairs.

Tegminal venation similar to that of the preceding, except
that the rst apical cell is 4 sided (the basal margin being slightly

36i

obtuse angled), the interior margin almost as long as the apical
margin, the costal and interior margins being subparallel. Alar
venation as in D. nnipimcta.

Female: Last sternite somewhat deeply roundly biemarginate.

Length 3 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (ii).

Kahaono gen. nov.

Allied to Dikraiiciira Hardy, but the apical cells of the teg-
mina arranged more as in Aiicoiio Kirkaldy. Head produced
before eyes a little intiatedly, rounded apicall) . Head and eyes
wider than pronotum, the latter arched anteriorly, one-half
longer than the head. Tegmina without appendix; onl)- one
longitudinal apical vein emitted from the transverse apical vein-
lets, this forking into three at about its middle, thus forming 4
apical cells. Wings with submarginal vein entire, though
faintly marked apic<^superi()rly ; third vein for'ked; 2 apical cells.

1. luiiiiiala, sp- nov.

Head, pronotum and scutellum sordid testaceous; underside
and legs pallid. Tegmina sub'hyaline. milky; clavus more or
less cloudetl with jjale brownish, a milk}- spot towards the apex;
corium more or less clouded with pale brownish basally, a
brownish curved line running to apex and' giving out 3 brown-
ish lines costally and 2 or 3 clavally, at more or less regular
intervals.

Length: yl mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

C'icadnla, Zett.

Cicadiila Zetterstedt, 1838, 'Ins. Lapp., 296; j. Sahlberg, 1871.
Not. faun. Fenn., (2), IX, 158.

Kybos & Chlorita, Fieber, etc.

The following species belong by the venation to the group
Chlorita as figured by Fieber, (1866).

J. histrifliiicula, sp. nov.

Head pale lemon yellow, vertex almost entirely occupied by
2 large subcontiguous subquadrangular hlackish spots. Prono-

362

turn blackish, lateral margins and sides pale lemon yellow. Scu-
tellum blackish. Sterna, sternites and tergiites pale lemon yel-
low, a spot about the middle and most of t'he posterior halt of
the latter (including- genital segments) blackish; genital seg-
ments beneath greenisn, apical f of pygofers black. Tegmma
pale yellow, apical | of clavus, a patch near the middle of the
corium and the exteroapical third of corium, blackish. Wing
veins brownish.

Female: Valve deeply narrowly notched, posteriorly round-
ed on each side of this; pygofers long and narrow.

Length: 2^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bunda'berg (ix-xii).

2. vitiensis, sp. nov.

Lemon yellow, more or less sufifused with greenis'h; vertex
castaneous, or sordid yellowish; Irons sordid yellowish, a black-
ish line at anterior margin of head between the eyes and an-
other narrower, curved one near 'base of irons. Tegmina lemon
yellow, sufifused wit'h green or with orange, with a brownish
black line from apex of clavus to costa curving a little down-
wards, veins apical to this the same color, first apical vein thick-
ened as regards the color. Underside, large, etc., pale green-
ish. With veins more or less brownisih.

Length: 3 mill.

Hab: Viti Isles (iii).

Eupteryx, Curtis.

Eupteryx, Curtis, 1833, Ent. Mag., I, 192.
The tegmina are unfortunately a little mutilated, but I think
the following species may be placed here.

I. hacmatoptihts, sp. nov. (PI. XXXI. fig. 6.)

Head, pronotum, genital segments, etc-, dark, immaculate,
blood red, little paler beneath. Eyes black. Scutellum pale
luteous. Tegmina subhyaline, more or less tinged with reddish
yellow; costal area, apical three-fift'hs of clavus, a narrow trans-
verse fascia at apical veins, and almost all the veins, more or
less blood red; a blackish red spot at the apex of the costal
area; the base of the 4th apical area very narrowly, and the apex
of the apical areas more or less, infumate. Abdominal tergites

363

blackish, more or less pale reddish in the middle. Underneath
(except as above mentioned) and legs pale testaceous. Saw
black. Vertex a little narrower at base than an eye, hemis-
pheric, slightly convex, length and breadth equal (measured
as far as the ocelli), lateral margins straight, very slightly
divergent. Frons very convex, narrowly elongate- Ocellar
rudiments large. Pronotum about as wide as head and eyes,
lateral margins short. Tegmina elongate, evenly rounded at
the apex. Venation on colored part of tegmina very indistinct,
there are 4 apical cells the apical parts of 3 corial cells. A dia-
grammatic s'ketch of a tegmen is appended, showing that the
venation is not similar to any other described Enptcryx. Apart
from this the species is easily recognized bv the coloring and
by the big eyes.

Female: Genital segment at least 4 times as long ventrally
as the white, ultimate abdominal segment, which is apically
truncate.

Length: 4 mill-

Hab: Queensland, Redlynch (vii).

N. B. For Enptcryx picfa Melichar, (nee Fabricius. Curtis), a
Sinhalese species. I propose the name Enptcryx lucHchari, n.n.

Euipoa Fitch.

Einpoa Fitch, 185 1. Hom. N. Y. Cab., 63.

Typhlocyba auctt.

Gille'tte has evidently wrongly identified Typhlocyba cornmis-
suralis Stal whic'h belongs to Cicadula (typical sixhg.^^Kybos
Fieber) and has a c[uite different wing venation to Typhlocyba
Gillette (i. e. Empoa).

E. australciisis, sp. nov.

From very like that of E. rosac (Linn.) but the head is less
angular apically and the pronotal sides shorter. Vertex pale
sanguineous with a long line (widening basally) and two irregu-
lar wedges near the apical margin (more or less irregularly), a
lon'gitudinal line (narrower apically) and the posterior margin),
greyis'h. Scutellum white, a pale orange square on basal two-
thirds, apical third with a blackish longitudinal line and a black
spot on posterior angle. Tegmina orange, crimson, cinerous,
dark brownish and w'hitish. Basal half of clavus, pale orange
with a white spot; apical half w'hitish, extreme apex faintly

364

orange. Basal third of corium whitish, extreme base sanguine-
ous and orange. Middle third more or less crimson, a Whitish
spot at its apex; apical cells whitis'h, the veins and the trans-
verse veins pale cinereous. Underside more or less dark brown-
ish, face paler. Pronotum a trifle longer than the head- Teg-
mina Avith four apical cells, the third being sub-parallelsided and
oblong. Basal of the apical cells, the veins are more or less
obsolescent. Wing venation as in E. rosae.

Length: (female) 3 J mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

Erythroneura Fitch.

Erythroncura Fitch, 1851, Hom. N. Y. Cab., 62.
Zygii'a Fieber, etc.
Typhlocyba (part) auctt.

I. melanogaster, sp. nov.

Head sordid-brown, darkening at the anterior margin of ver-
tex, the posterior margin paler. Pronotum creamy, the pos-
terior third (produced medianly forward) greyis'h; anterolater-
ally a curved black line on each side. Scutellum more or less
sordid yellowis'h, anterolateral angles widely black. Tegmina
subhyaline- Clavus and costal cell pale yellowish brown. Wings
iridescent, veins pale brown. Legs pallid. Abdomen black.
Vertex about as wide as an eye.

Length: 3 mill.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney (i.)

2. liibra sp. nov-

Pale yellowish, rather sordid; rostrum pale ferruginous.
Tergites (except genital segment and narrowly laterally) black.
Tegmina hyaline milky, veins pale yellow. Vertex at base
wider than an eye.

Length: 3 mill.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney (i.)

The following three species are typical Zygina, having only 3
apical cells to the tegmen.

365

3' honiloa sp. nov.

Pale golden yellow. Eyes blackish. Tegmina apically, etc.,
more or less 'hyaline, veins of wings pale yellowish. Head con-
vex, anteriorly rounded, shorter t'han pronotum. Tegminal
veins all distinct.

Male: I think the valve is absent, but the genitalia in the 4
males seen are shrivelled.

Length: 2^ mill.

Hab : Oiueensland, Bundaberg (ix-xii )

4. ipoloa sp. nov.

Pale yellowish cinerous, paler beneath; eyes, and a large spot
on the anterior margin of vertex, black, the latter irregular!)'
encircled by a faint brown 'halo; a transverse brown stripe,
widtning medianly, on the pronotum close to the posterior mar-
gin. Scutellum and rest of pronotum more or less sordid. Teg-
mina hyaline, costally smoky; wing veins smoky. Abdomen
(except the pallid genital segmen'ts) more or less pale sordid
brownish (male) or brownis'h black (female). Vertex roundly
triangular, about same length as pronotum.

Length: 2| mill.

Hab: .Queensland, Cairns (viii.)

Iioniala

sp. nov.

Allied to E. honiloa but paler and 'head rounder and blunter.
Testaceous, veins pale orange: costal vein more or less pale
orange sanguineous.

Length: 3 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

Gen. (?) sp. nov-

The wings in both soecimens are too far mutilated to inx the
genus of this small yellowis'h form from Svdnev (j).

Subfamily Ledrinae.

Characterized bv the ocelli being placed on the disk of the
vertex; the subfoliaceous or foliaceous posterior tibiae which
are tricarinate. and armed anteriorly with strong spines: and

366

the flat (often concave beneath), foHaceous head- All t^he forms
seem to be arboreal.

Ledra Fabricius.

Ledra Fabricius, 1803. S}st. Rhyng., 24.

A number of Australian species 'have been described, none
having however been collected in the imago state by Koebele
and Perkins, though nymphs and several species seem to be-
long here; they resemble the adults somewbat except that they
lack t'he auriform processes on the pronotum.

The following are described from Australia:

1. Fiils^ova f^lanirosfris Donovan. (=:Lcdrn caiidnta \Valker
=L. valida Walker, etc-)

2. /.. hrcvis Walker. {=^L. aiistrrlis Walker.)
? 3. L. hrevifrons Walker.

? 4. L. concolor Walker.

? 5. L. tclifonnis Walker.

? 6. L. navicula Walker.

? 7. L. ciispidata Walker.

Rhotidiis Walker.

Rhotidus Walker 1862 Tourn. Ent., I, 318.

=RhotJudus Stal, 1865 6. V. A. F., XXII, 157.

This must be rich in species in Australia as Stal has described
four and Walker one, while I now diagno.se 6 more, none of
which can I identify with the former. All the individuals collect-
ed by Koebele and Perkins are females anrl none of them are
vaginate, as indicated by Stal and Walker. Ocelli about as far
from the eyes as from one another, situated just above apical
margin of eyes.

ingciis sp. nov. (PI. XXXI, fig. 8.)

Head-form intermediate between that of Lcdropsis glaitca Mel.,
& sfali Mel ; posterior margin of pronotum even less sinuate than
if L. fnscipcnnis Mel.

Yellowish cinereous, paler beneath. Eyes dark, ocelli red.
Closely and obsolescently irrorate with pallid yellowish. Close-
ly and strongly punctured. Vertex longer than wide, slightly
carinate longitudinally, sloping down on each side of this, apical
margin narrowly angulate. Rostrum not reaching to base of

367

mesosternum. Anterior margin ot pronotum rounded, pos-
terior margin almost truncate at scutellum. Posterior tibiate
4-spined.

Length 12 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg (xi.j

2. informis sp. nov. (Fl. XXXI fig. 9.)

Very similar to R. iiigois but vertex shorter and more point-
ed apically.

Lengtii: 10 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Nelson (vii.)

3. flcn'oinaculatus sp. nov. (Pi. XXI Y, figs. 1-4.)

Very similar in shape to K. i)igc)is but not quite so large or
broad.

• Orange-brown, closely spotted all over vertex, pronotum,
scutellum and tegmina with yellowish. Underside testaceous,
reddening a little on irons laterally. Abdomen above more or
less suffused with sanguineous.

Length: 12 miU.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi.)

A nymph with greatly elongate head (Koebele's No- 2297)
probably belongs to this.

iiioiisfnnii. sp. nov. (PI. XXXI, figs. 5 and 10.)

Similar to B. Havomacnlatiis but much narrower and the teg-
mina are suffused with rosy, and not spotted with yellow.
Length: io| mill.

Hab : Queensland, Nelson (vii), Cairns (viii.)
Nymplu are dirty brown, obscurely marked with black.

5. Icdropsiforiiiis. sp. nov. (PI. XXXI, fig. 11.)

Similar to R. inff»-mis, the head being shorter and a little
less acute.
Length: 8f mill. ■ '

PTab : Queensland, Brisbane (xi).

368

6. horrciidus, sp. nov. (PI. XXXI fig. 13.)

Pale olive brown, mottled on head and pronotum with pale
olive green. Scutehum pale greenish. Vertex shorter than pro-
notum, former obtusely angulate.

Length : 6| mill.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii.)

7. I'iridcscciis, sp. nov. (PI. XXXI, fig. 12.)

Dull green, head tinged with yellowish, pronotum and tegmina
more or less obscurely mottled with yellow. Vertex about the
same length as the pronotum or a trifle longer, apically rounded.

Length : y^ mill.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney (ii.)

A nymph from Mittagong (i) closely resembles this.

Other described species are :

8. R. cuneatus Walker 1862 Journ. Ent. i, 319, PI. XV, fig. 5,
(not "6" as in text.) Queensland, Moreton Bay.

9. RJiothidtts naviada Stal. 1865 O. V. A. F. XXII, 157.
IQ. R. convivus Stal. 1. c, Moreton Bay.

11, R. leucostictiis Stal. 1. c, N. Australia.

12. R. brcviceps Stal. 1. c, S. Australia.

Subfam. Stenocotinae.

This s.ubfamily is characterized by the peculiar shape of the
vertex and by the ocelli being placed in cavities on the anterior
margin (viewed dorsally) of the head ; the posterior tibiae are
c[uadricarinate with 6 strong spiniferous spurs on the outer mar-
gin, shortly but strongly spined on the upper margin, and feebly
bristled on the others.

Stal includes this in his heterogeneous Ledrina, the typical
form of which however has the ocelli on the disk of the vertex.
To the Stenocotinae belong Sfciwcofis Stal., and two new genera,
viz : Siiiicrocofis and Kyphocotis ; the general venation is that of
Ledra.

r . Scutellum plane 2

■ I a. Scutellum acutely cristate 3 Kyphocotis, gen. nov.

2. Vertex somewhat re-curved 2 Smicrocotis, gen. nov.

2a. A'^ertex plane i Stenocotis, Stal.

All the forms are arboreal.

369

Stcnocotis Stal.

Ledra (part) Walker 1851 List. 809-30.

Stcnocotis Stal. 1854 O. V. A. F. Xl, 254; and 1856, op. c,
XIII, 67, (type subz'Utata Stal.)

Head short, flat, horizontal, anterior margin obtuse-angularly
produced, acute, carinate, the keel forking on each side ot the
middle and reuniting nearer the eyes, thus enclosing a short, nar-
row, suboval area in the middle of each anterolateral margin, in
which the ocelli are placed. Posterior margin angularly emar-
ginate, the middle of the pronotum anteriorly much anterior to
the apical margin of the eyes. Eyes oblique, reniform, longer
than wide, extending laterally farther than the pronotum. Ver-
tex longitudinally striate, pronotum transversely so, but anter-
iorly sublongitudinally. Scutellum transversely striate. Frons
slightly convex, antennal ridges not deep, lorae and clypeus elon-
gate. Pronotum about as long as wide, much longer than the
vertex medianly, flat in front, raised posteriorly, lateral margins
straight, subparallel, posterior margin obtusely emarginate.
Tegmina extending farther posteriorly than the abdomen in the
male, not so far in the female ; clavus with the usual veins and
also with some transverse veins connecting axillary with commis-
sure and one connecting anal with the suture near the apex. In
the corium, the medioradial forks near the base, the median be-
ing joined almost immediately to the cubital by a transverse vein.
There are 5 discoidals of which two are subbasal and 3 subapical.
There are a number (at least 10?) of apical cells, all much longer
than wide, in some species many of them forked and many divid-
ed transversely. Tibiae dilated.

A number of species have been described by Stal and Walker,
but there are probably several synonyms among them, as the
sexes are apparently dissimilar. The specimens collected by
Koebele and Perkins seem to belong to S. planiuscula Stal.
made.

I. planiuscula Stal. (PI. XXV, figs. 3-8.)

Stcnocotis planiuscula Stal. 1854 O. V. A. P., XI, 254.

Nymph: In my own collection. I have 3 examples, from \''ic-
toria, of nymphs that I doubtfully refer to the same species ; they
at least belong to this genus. The whole insect is very flat, the
head is enormously arched, the anterior margin of the vertex be-
ing roundly angular. Just above the eye, it is deeply emarginate,
farming a spine. \^ertex long'tudinally sulcate, base obtusangu-

370

larly emarginate. The frons apically and apicolaterally some-
what widely foHaceous, rostrum reaching- to apex of posterior
coxae.

The other described forms, all from Australia, are:

2. Ledi-a cort kalis Walker, 1851, List. 814.

3. L. fcrruginea Walker op. c, 817 (Tasmania.)

4. L. dcpressa Walker, 1. c, (Tasmania, South Australia)
{=Stcnocotis subvitf.ta Stal. 1854 O. V. A. F., XI, 254.
[=Ledra dcUncata Walker 1858 SuppL, 250.)

5. Lcdra z'uria Walker, 1851, List, 819 (Tasmania.)
5. L. costalis Walker, op. c, 821.

7. L. claudcnda Walker, 1858, Suppl, 359 (Queensland.)

Smicrocotis gen. nov.

Allied to the preceding, but the head is somewhat recurved,
the frons more convex and the striation on head and pronotum
m.uch coarser, the venation different, etc.

Vertex very narrow, the basal margin not so emarginate as in
SUnocotis, apical margin only .slightly arched, recurved, the longi-
tudinal (suboblique) striations very coarse ; ocellar grooves
shorter and rounder; frons more convex, antennal ridges thicker.
Pronotal striations coarser. Tegmina with 5 discoidals (2 basal
and 3 subapical ; the latter quite different.)

I. obsciira, sp. nov.

Dark brown, irrorated with black (which forms several more
or less distinct longitudinal lines on the pronotum.) Frons basal-
ly blackish brown. Tegmina pallid, mottled closely with brown
and brownish black.

Length : 10 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (viii.)

Nymph : ( Pbelonging to this genus.) Head produced in front,
then diverging rapidly posteriorly, longitudinally carinate, spi-
nosely produced just above the eye. Posterolateral angle of
pronotum spinose.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney (ii.)

Kyphocofis, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Sfeiiocotis but the posterior three-fifths of the
scutellum are elevated in a narrow, acute crest, which in profile
is more or less rounded.

371

(i. tesscllafa, sp. nov. (PI. XXV, figs. 1-2.)

Dark brown, more or less tessellated and marmorated with
pale golden and pale brown ; apico-exterior third of tegmina sub-
hvaline, more or less cinerous. Femora annulated with black.
\^ertex a little recurved, very narrow.

Male unknown. "^

Female valve as in Stciiocotis.

Length : 12 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg (xi.)

Subfam. Kahavaluinae.

Kahavahi, gen. nov.

This seems somewhat near Ulopa Fall (a Membracid) on the
one hand and Mcgophthabniis Curtis, on the other. It is distin-
guished by the ocelli being each in a groove on the rounded an-
terior margin of the vertex ; the pronotum very slightly sinuate
posteriorly, not carinate and no process ; scutellum free. Head
pronotum, scutellum, clavus etc., deeply and closely punctured,
making them rugose, a shining point at the bottom of each punc-
ture. Vertex short, transverse, flattened, except at the lateral
angles. Eyes large, not forming part of the curve of the head.
At the anterior margin of vertex there are two elongate grooves,
reaching almost to the eye laterally, but not touching medianly.
At the extreme interior part of each of these is an ocellus. Frons
rather narrow, elongate, slightly convex, lateral margins gently
rounded ; antennae in a deep groove near the base. Clypeus not
carinate.

I. gciiinia, sp. nov.

Black ; the punctures with a sparkling point at the bottom.
Cells of the tegmina hyaline.
Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).
Length: 2^ mill.

Fam. 2. Membracidae.

This family which contains, or rather consists of, forms that
are among the most bizarre of all the Hemiptera, was briefly ta-
bulated generically by Stal in 1868. The Australian forms were
well monographed by Coding two years ago, but unfortunately

17^

about the same time, Buckton published a large work, entitled
"A monograph of the Membracidae."* which is simply an un-
systematized account of the forms he had seen and is in many
parts a needless and costly re-hash of Fowlers' work in the 'Bio-
logia Centrali-Americana.'

With very few exceptions, all the Australian Membracids ap-
pear to be Centrotine. The family is, as pointed out by Stal and
later by Hansen, certainly Tetigonioid (probably via forms relat-
ed to the Agalliinoc, via Acthaiioii) and the majority of authors
are assuredly wrong in placing them between Fulgoridae and
Cicadidae (with neither of which families have they any connec-
tion, except that they are all trimerous) and removing them from
the vicinity of the Tetigonioidea, their rightful position. There
is a single (introduced) Hawaiian species, probably a Ccntrotypus.
The males are often appreciably smaller than their females.

I have determined 8 genera and i6 species, of which, I suppose
one genus and nine species to be undescribed ; there are also a
number of small species, probably near Ccntrotypus, that I can-
not satisfactorily identify generically at present and have left
undone until further opportunity for work or some material for
comparison is at hand. The Centrotinae are very difficult to
work out, and the difficulties have not been lessened by Buck-
ton's work.

Gclastorrhachis gen. nov.

Allied to Eutryonia Coding**, but differs by the following-
characters :

Pronotum much less widened posteriorly and is mediolongi-
tudinally strongly carinatc throughout its entire length (including
processes), not sulcate; ariterior process muc'h more hig'hly ele-
vated and differently shaped, posterior process about as long in
Eutryonia but follows the curve of the tegmina and its tip is con-
tiguous with them. Venation different. Type diadcnia.

There are two species:

1. Lateral forking of the anterior process of the pronotum
extending beyond the rest of the width of the insect

diadcina, sp. nov.

2. Pronotal process bulbous at its tip, lateral proccoses
sm.all clavata, sp. nov.

* I am mucli indebted to Mr. D. L. Van Dine lor procuring me the loan of this work,
from the library of the Division of Entomology at Washington. Since the above was
in print, I have learnt of the death, at anadvanced age, of Mr. Buckton, and conse-
quently have modified my original remarks on his work.

** 193:^ P. Linn. S. N. S. W., XXVIII, 6 PI. 1, fs. 10 and 11 (not 22 which refers appar-
ently to Eu/renchia). The venation of f. 26 does not accord with that of f. 10.

373

I. diadcnia, sp. nov. (PI. XXX, figs. 2 and 3.)

Furnished with yellow pubescence; piceous brown, anterior
process of pronotum and posterior 'hjf of posterior process
threaded with reddis'h; pronotal keels mostly reddis'h; anterior
half of posterior process pale flavous. Beneath blackish, legs
pale yellowish fulvous. Tegmina ferruginous, paler apically;
clavus more or less hyaline, iridescent mediunly, a small hvaline
s])ot near the apex.

Length: (female) 5 mill; 'height 41^ mill; width across pro-
cesses, 2 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii) on a tropical tree.

2. clarata, sp. nov. (PI. XXX, figs. 4-5.)

Color as in G. diadcnia fcut legs ferruginous. Pronotal process
slig'htly bulbous at the U\y, wit'h a short acute spine on each side
of the bulbous part.

Length: (female) 5 mill; heiglit 4 mill; width across pro
cesses i:|- mill.

Hab : Queensland ; Kuranda (viii.)

Zanophara Kirkaldy.

=Daunus Stal 1866 Hem. Afr. IV, 87; Coding 1903 P. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. XXVHI, 30; Buckton (par?)
= ? Ceraon Buckton 1903 Mon. Membrac, 228.
=:Zanophara Kirkaldy 1904, Entom. XXXVH, 279.

I. (?) fasiitauiac (Fairmaire).

Centrotus tasmaniae Fairmaire 1846 Ann. S. E. France, IV. 513,
PI. 3, f. 15.

Daunus tasuianiac Coding 31 pl. i, fs. 6 and 20 (tegmen and
nymph).

? Centruchoidcs tasmaniae Buckton 1903 Mon. Membr. 227 pl.
227, pl. I, i 6.

A single female from Xew South Wales, Mittagon",- (r), ar-
boreal, which I refer somew'hat doubtfully to 1'his; Fairmaire's
type Avas from Tasmania. Buc'kton's Centruchoidcs tasmaniae sp.
nov., from Victoria is either this or a new species of sliglitly
paler color.

374
2. (?) vitta (Walker).

Centrotus vitta Walker 1851 List. Hoin. 626.

Daunus vitta Coding, t^2 PI. 1, f. 25 (Teg-men).

? D. decisus (part) Buckton 225, pi. i, f. i.

A single example ifroni Queensland, Bundaberg (IX-XIlj,
which is probably this; t'he ocelli are however practically equi-
distant, a little more remote from one another if anything, while
Goding says they are nmch nearer in C. -i'itta. This is also arbo-
real.

Buc'kton's Ceraon is perhaps identical with Stal's preoccupied
genus Daunus and mv Zanophara; his Daunus is a niixed assem-
blage, one species of whidh possibly belongs to Ceraon.

Sarantus Stal.

Saranlus Stal 1863 Tr, E. S. London (3) I, 592.

1 . nobilis, sp. nov.

Pitchy, with yellowish puibescence; veins of tegmina apically
and legs dark ferruginous; eyes yellowisii. Tegmina vitreous
with a slight yellowish tinge. Horns very sharp, bases remote,
subperpendicular, directed slightly forward and outward, pos-
terior process flat. Two subapicals elongate, the outer ver}'
little s'horter than the inner.

Length: (female), 9 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (viii.)

Differs from S. -ccallacci Stal, by the legs not l)eing pallidly
annulate and the horns more perpendicular and shorter.

Terentius Stal.

Terentius Stal 1886 Hem. Afr. 'IV 87.

T. convexus Stal.

T. convexus Stal. 1869 O. V. A. F. p. 286.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), Cairns (viii) arboreal.

N. B.: Tarsi pale sordid flavous.

Dingkana Goding.
Dingkana Goding 1903 P. Linn. S. N. S. W. XXVHI, 8.

375
I. borcalis Goding.

D. borealis Goding op. c. 9, pi. i, f. 21 (tegmen).

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), Nelson (viii), Kuranda (viii)
arboreal.

The venation is variable, even in the tegmina of the same in-
dividtval; the third subapical cell is sometimes divided, and
there may be also two or more small supplementary cells.

Sextius Stal.

Sextius Stal 1866 Hem. Afr. IV, 88.

A genus of 'greenish forms, with the apical parts of the teg-
mina reticulate. The males are as a rule smaller, and the pro-
notal horns less developed. All the species are 'Eucalyptus-
feeders.

The following species are all. I think, good, but difBcult to
define verbally. The following key mav helD to their identifica-
tion:

r. No basal cross vein (sec. Goding) depresses Goding.

I a. A 'basal cross vein 2.

2. Pronotum more or less swollen near the anterior mar-
gin kurandac, sp. nov.

(2a). Pronotum anteriorly practically flat medianly 3.

(3). Posterior process extending beyond tegmina

loiigiiwfum sp. nov.

(3a). Posterior process not extending- as far as apex of teg-
mina hipiinctata (Fabr).

(4a). Tegmina immaculate 5-

(5). Horns fee'bly developed bipiiucfaia vars.

(5a). Horns well developed 6.

(6). Horns and pronotum between them dark, oronotum
anteriorly pale, tegmina sparsely marked with black. .

assiiiiilis sp. nov.

(6a.). Horns and pronotum anterioily dark, tegmina imma-
culate vircscens (Fairm.)

N. B. Sextius vircscens Ruckton 228, Pl. 31, f. 3, is impos-
sible to determine, being pro'bablv a mixed species.

I. depressus Goding.

S. depressus Godin'g 12, PI. i. f. 24 (nymph).

Recorded from Queensland, West Australia, and several local-

376

ities in New South Wales. This species is distin ^uished by the
absence of a cross vein near the base of the tegmen. I have not
seen it.

2. bipnnctata (Fabricius).

Memhracis hipufictafa Fabr. 1775 Svst. Ent. 677.

Scxtius bipnnctata Coding 12.

I think I ihave identified this correctlv from a single specimen
from Queensland, Cairns (viii) ; Faibricius' type was doubtless
discolored. There are also specimens from Ca^ns (viii) and
Kuranda (viii) apparently identical except that the black spots
are absent. Also other specimens from Cairns (viii) and Bunda-
berg (ti) which I place at present with tl^js species, but wivch
bave the lateral horns turned a little forwards.

Length: (female) yi-y^^ mill; w'dth across horns 2^-3^ mill.

What are probably the males (Cairns viii), are only 5^ mill
long, with less developed horns.

3. viresccns (Fairmaire).

Cenfrofus viresccns Fairmaire 1846 Ann. S. E. France TV. 5x5.
:=Ccrcsa suffusa Walker 185 1 List, 530.
=Se.vtius z'ircsccns Coding, PI. i. f. 2 (tegm.en).
Some examples from New South Wales. Sydney (i-ii), ap-
parently belong to var. suffusa.

Length: 6^ mill; width 3^-3^ mill.

I do not think that 5". depressns is distinct from this.

4. assiniilis sp. nov.

Close to 5. z'ircsccns but a little larger and broader, the horns
are distinctly more elongate and less blunt and are less arched
before the downward turn near their apex. The horns, and the
pronotum between them, are dar'k, but Avthile in S. viresccns the
same thing occurs, in that case the w'hole of the pronotum an-
teriorly is dark, while in S. assiniilis it is only a band, the anter-
ior part being pale. Li 6'. viresccns also the tegmina are imma-
•Ci.late. in vS. assiniilis the veins are more or less sparsely marked
with black.

Length: (female) 7^ mill; width 4^ mill

Hab : New South Wales, Svdnev (\).

377

5- longinotum sp. nov.

Allied to S. vircsccns, but the posterior process extends slight-
ly beyond the apex of the te'gmina; in al! other species it is not
extended as far. The 'horns as in vS". vircscens but less blunt and
not turned 'backwards so much. The reticulation of the tegmina
extends partly into the suhapical cells. The pronotum between
the 'horns ^including them) is dar'k, the rest anteriorly being pale.

Length : (female 6; mill width ^^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Nelson (viii).

6. kurandae, sp. nov.

Allied to the immaculate form of 5". hipiDictata but much slend-
erer, the 'horns a trifle less pronounced, the anterior margin of
the pronotum (viewed in front) narrowly, somewdiat deeply im-
piessed, the pronotum immediately posterior to this medianly
swollen a little (practically flat in the other species). The teg-
minal reticulation extends into the subapical cells.

Length: (female), 6-i mill width 2^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii.)

Acanthnchus Stal t866 Hem. Afr. TV, 87; Acanthucus Coding
6 and 13.

I. dronicdarius sp. nov.

Allied to A. kcrshaivi God., but the horns are larger and the
clavus not entirely opaque, etc. Dark fenuginous, with bright
yellow pubescence. 'Eyes yellov^^ Tegmina subhyaline, yellow-
ish apicallv: costal cell, base of radial cell and of clavus opaque
ferruginous with vellowis'h pubescence, veins yellowisli ferru-
ginous with yellowish pubescence. Les^s yellowish and ferrugi-
nous. Pronotal horns larp-e. extending beyond lateral margin of
body. Disk posterior to this is roundly obtusangulately elevated
and again elevated roundly at about the middle of the tegmen
Tnot touching the latter in tbe middle); posterior process does
not nearly readh the apex of the tegmina. Two subanical cells,
the exterior nearly circular, not nearly reaching exterior mar-
gin of te£rmen; third ap'ca! elongate.

Leneth: 41-4^ mill: Avidfh 2f mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii.)

V

2. obfusHS. sp. nov.

Allied to the precedin<T, but the posterior process distinctly
angular, not so broad. Dark ferruginous, with pale yellowish-

378

grey pubescence ; base of tegmen and the entire costal cell, veins,
etc., more or less dark ferruginous. Horns rather larger at the
bases more contiguous, posterior process not so elevated pos-
teriorly. Externor subapical cel'l subhemispherical; base of
third apical cell curved inwards on the outer side.

Length: (female) 4^ mill, width, 3 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

Centroiypus Stal.

Centrotypiis Stal 1866, Hem. Afr., IV, 88 ; Coding 26.
I think this genus runs gradually into Acanthuchus and that
Scrtorius is a synonym also.

I. hospes, sp. nov.

Black with yellowish pubescence. Scutellar tufts prominent,
pale yellow. Tegmina vitreous, veins dark, or pale, ferruginous.
Legs more or less ferruginous, intermediate and posterior tibiae
with apical half yellowish. Horns slight, acuminate turned direct-
ly outward, very slightly upward and backward, bases remote.
Exterior subapical cell elongate, suboval.

Length : 8 mill, width, 45 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

The following Membracidae, not included in Coding's Mono-
graph, have been recorded from Australia. Their identification
is doubtful without access to the types.

1. Philya parvula Buckton 1901, Mon. 57, PI. 8, hg. 4, is I
think, my Phrynoiiwrphycs parvula, a Tetigoniine, and has noth-
ing to do with Philya.

2. Oxyrhachis ucglccfiis Buckton 1903 Mon. 224. PI. 49, fig. 5.
South Australia. Probably not an Oxyrhachis.

3. Datiniis siiccisiis Buckton 226, PI. L, fig. 3.
South Australia. Not a Daninis.

4. Ccraon fimicscciis Buckton 229, PI. 51, fig. i. Tasmania.

9
10
II

C. coufortus Buckton 229, PI. 51. fig. 2. Tasmania (?).

Pterosticta rubrilitica BiUckton 230. PI. 51, fig. 4.

P. sprcta 1. c, fig. 5.

P. rnhridorsata 1. c, fig. 6.

P. xantha Buckton 231, fig. 7.

P. infer posita 1. c. PI. 52, fig. i.

Ibiceps faJcatus Buckton 239, PI. 54, fig. 6.

379

i6. Sphacrocentrus littcus Buckton 244, PI. 56, fig. 6. All seven
from S. Australia. Probably not a Sphaerocentrus, possibly an
AcanthiicJms.

Family 3 Cercopidae.

I 'have not had sufficient material 'before me to make many
researches on this comparatively small family, of which I now
describe 8 new genera, and 9 new species. I think however that
Stal's subfamilies are founded on characters of convenience,
not of real scientific value, for example: Aufiterna has the an-
terior margin of the pronotum straight, but it seems to me to
be'.ong really nearer PoIych':etop}iycs, Ptyclus, etc. Moreover in
some genera the anterior margin of the pronotum is so slightly
curved, as to be almost straight.

Cercopidae are apparently not of very extensive occurrpn':^e
on the Australian Continent, the'r headquarters lying in Cen-
tral and South America and in the Oriental Region and the
Malayan portion of the Australian; they have memb^^rs how-
ever in every Zoological Subregion except the Hawaiian.

As is the case with many other of the older Hemipterous
genera, Ccrcopis Fabricius has been employed at d'fTerent times
for m?nv diverse forms. Stal (1860, Svensk. Vet. Akad.
Handl., 8 no. i, p. 11). fixes cnrmfcx Fabr. as the type; it had
however already been fixed as "spmnaria Linn." by La+reiPe.
C. crnifcx is an Australian species unknown to me. and I do
not even know to what genus it now belonP's. Stal. in the
work above cited, alters h^"s Cercopis of the "Hemiptera Afri-
cpna" (tv'^66) to "Cosmoscarta." but does not redefine Cercopis
(Fabr.) St?l: later, he adds ferntginca (Walker) from an un-
known locality.

C. 'shmirrh Linn.', moreover, is not defin'telv known. Hor-
vath (iSqq Revup d'Entom. XVII (for i8g8) 275) examined the
Linn^^an types and found the first specimen to be Aphrophora rim
(FaMen), the second Phihciuis spuiiiarh Auct., and concKr'es
that the former fits the Linnean d'agnosis "better, as that notes
"habitat in Sah'ce." This however is not stating the case quite
arcuratelv; Linne wri^^es (i7.=;8 Svs'^ema: Naturae Ed. X, 4.^7.)
"Habitat in Furopa-^ Pl?ntis variis. freciuens in Salice viminah'.
latitans intra spuma^m." bu<- as sf^uiiwr'vi of la^'er Catalogues
never is found on Salix, I think Horvath's view must be sus-
tained; this is the view a'so of Germar, Dufour, Burmeister,
Rambur, Amyot and Serville, etc.

38o

The following synonymy will elucidate this:
Genus i. Cercopis Fabricius 1775, Latreille, etc. ^

=Aphrophora Germar, 1818.

type Cicada spnmaria Linn., Latr., ^Cicada alni Fallen.
Genus 2, Philacniis Stal 1864.

^Cercopis Kirkaldy 1901.

type Cicada IciicopIitJialiiia, Linn., =spui!iaria graminis
DeGeer, ^^spuiiiaria of most later authors.
It may be noted here that authors refer constantly to Aphrop-
hora salicis DeiGeer. There is no sudh species; DeGeer describ-
ed a form as Cicada spiunaria salicis, an inadmissible term, and
the species s'hould be known as Cercopis rustica Fabricius.

There are 3 conventional subfamilies as follows:
(i). Rhinaulacinae (=:Cercopinae of some authors) with about

25 genera.
(2). Cercopinae (^^i^p'hrophorinae of some autliors) w'ith

about 36 genera, and
(3). Maciiaerotinae, with 2 genera.

(Of Embolonia Provancher 1889, I have not seen the descrip-
tion and it is not mentioned by Goding or Ball.) These sub-
families are separable as follows:

1. Anterior mar'gin of pronotum straight RJiirauIaciiiae.

la. Anterior margin of pronotum rounded or angulate 2.

2. Scutellum flat, triangular Ccrccpv.ae.

2a. Scutelhim strongly elevated, armed witb a long apical spine.

MachacroHne.

But as noted above, this is la classification of convenience.

Subfam. Rhinaulacinae.
Euryatdax, gen. nov.

General appearance of Phymatostctha Stal. Vertex decrvous,
flat, longitudinally sulcate exterior to the ocelli, the sulci be'ng
psrallel and the space between being about equal to that be-
tween a sulcus and the nearest eye; the middle lobe is divided
by a transverse sulcus into two parts, the anterior being about
half the length of the posterior (*).

The vertex is also narrowly, transversely impressed close to
the posterior margin. The entire anterior (dorsal) margm of the
head is strongly, acutely, carinate. The frons is pitted at its ba?e
and is strongly swollen, transversely striate, somewhat deep-

*It is possible that this middle lobe of the vertex is really a dorsal part of the frons.

38i

ly and widely longitudinally impressed for at least two-thirds
of its length, the s.des of the impression forming- slight but
noticeable keels. Pronotum with 2 submedian lachriform im-
pression near the anterior margin; posterior lobe obsolescently
sulcate longitudinaUy. Scutellum also medianly impressed. The
characters of venation, etc., are muc'h those of Toniaspis Am.
Serv. Legs normal. Antennae reaching laterally to about the
intero-lateral margins of the eyes.

E. callitettigoides, sp. no v.

Head, anterior half of pronotum, scutellum, shoulders and a
transverse fascia on tegmina, underside, etc., sanguineous, pos-
terior half of pronotum, eyes, tegmina (except as above), an-
tennae, tarsi, anterior tibiae (except basally) and the apical parts
of poslerio'r tibiae, etc., black or blackish.

Length: (Female) y\, (male) 8|- mill.

Hab : Oiieensland, Cairns (male, viii), Kuranda (female viii.)

The subapical red band on the tegmina is broader in the
female than in the male.

AuUdclhis, gen. nov.

Apparentlv close to Anfidiis Stal, but the pronotum poster'or-
ly is almost evenly rounded and the costal margin is not arched
basally.

I. australensis, sp. nov.

:>^ellowish-brown with pale yellowis'h pubescence. A small
spot at t'he antero-interior angle of the lateral lobes of the ver-
tex, the posterior margin of the vertex, as far as and including
the ocelli, the posterior margin of the pronotum narrowly, late-
ral margins of scutellum narrowly, a transverse band at nearly
one-third of the length of the tegmina, the tegmina ve"ns most-
ly (except the costa), antennal peduncle, lateral mar.srins of ab-
domen more or less, wing veins mosly, etc., black. Basal third
of tegmina su'bcoriaceous, punctured, yellowish brown, rest hya-
line. Middle lobe of vertex a little wider anteriorly than pos-
teriorly, wider than lateral lobe, not sulcate transversely. Frons
widely and somewhat deeply channelled (male) somewhat shal-
lowly (female). Posterior tibiae with one spine about the mid-
dle. Tegmina with 2 disco'dals, 4 apical areas and a stigma.

Length: (Male) 6^-6* mill; (female) 7 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii), Cairns (viii.)

382

Aufiterna, gen. no v.

Allied to Aufidus but tegmina more coriaceous and venation
different. Pronotum anteriorly with 2 naked callose spots.
Posterior margin emarginate, while it is truncate in Aufidus.
In t'he tegmina there are 3 discoidals (subapical), 4 apicals well-
marked, while there are another 5 small cells marked off on
the costal cell. There is a narrow appendix. This genus seems
to me more allied to Polychaetophycs and other Cercopine genera
than to most Rhinaulacine forms.

I. ptycloidcs, sp. no v.

Brownish testaceous, witli ]^aler pubescence; ocelU red. Api-
cal 'half of tegmina hyaline. Beneath testaceous, lateral mar-
gins of abdomen more or !ess sanguineous. On the costa about
i\v& middle of the wing and extending inwards a little is a dark-
brown smudge.

Length: 5-5^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii.)

PctyUis, gen, nov.

Allied to Anfitcnia but vertex short, frons more tumid and
more lightly channelled, laterally strongly striate transversely.
Pronotum with 8 naked callous spots in a line near the anterior
margin, lightly and narrowly sulcate medio-longitudinally. Teg-
mina coriaceous, 3 discoidal (subapical, and 4 apical )costa with
m.an)r cells anteriorly), two of the apical veins forking near the
apex.

. I. australensis.

Brownish testaceous, with yellowish pubescence. Apical part
of vertex and basal part of frons black, rest of vertex reddish ;
ocelli reddish. Pronotum tinged in places with reddish. Teg-
mina with 2 faint, somewhat broad whitish transverse bands.
Wing nervures pallid.

Length : y% mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Mittagong (i).

The following forms have been recorded from the Australian
Continent, but are unknown to me.

Gen. Touiaspis Amyot & Serville 1843 Hemipteres 560.

383

1. Triecphora maculata, Walker 1851 List. Honi. 673, W. Aus-
tralia.

2. T. inconstans, Walker 1. c.

Gen. Cosmoscarta Stal 1869 K. Svensk Akad. Handl,, 88 No. i,
p. II.

I. C. anstraUs Butler 1874 List. Ent., 251, PI. VIII, fig. 12.
(=Cercopis iirvclki, Walker) ; also from New Guinea.
Gen. uncertain?

1. Ccrcopis caniife.v, Fabricius 1775 Syst. Ent., 688.

2. Ccrcopis iiiirabilis, Blanchard (in error?).

Subfam. Cercopinae.
Euryccrcflpis, gen. nov.

Head flat or slightly concave, triangularly produced in front,
apex rounded (lateral lobes acute apicallly, not reaching nearly
as far as median lobe), a little longer than pronotum medianly.
Eyes much longer than broad, a little oblique. Ocelli obsolete,
tl-eir rudiments about as far from one another as from the eyes.
Frons elongate, convex, first segment of rostrum longer th:n the
second. Vertex and pronotum not carinate, or at least very
obsolescently, frons not carinate nor sulcate (or not noticeably
so.) Pronotum 5 (or 7) sided, anterior margin rounded, very
short (and slightly diverging) posterior to the eyes ; posterolat-
eral margins roundly emarginate, posterior margin deeply, al-
most rectangularly emarginate. Scutellum longer than wide.
Tegmina convex, costal margin founded, apex angularly round-
ed, apex angularly rounded ; corium without a membrane, clavus
apically acuminate. Wings with supernumerary cell, anal vein
tcrked near the base. Posterior tibiae bispinose.

I. nigrofasciata, sp. nov.

Brown or yellowish brown, closely and finely pubescent (yel-
lowish.) Frons blackish brown. Pronotum, scutellum and teg-
mina with more or less regular small black spots. Basal third of
corium more or less blackish (except at extreme base), and a
blackish fascia a little apical of the middle exteriorly to commis-
sure of clavus ; another fascia nearer the apex, broken in the
middle. Legs more or less blackish brown.

Length: 8^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Nelson (vii.)

384

This is evidently closely allied to Liorhiiia Stal, but the ocelli
in the latter are functional, the tegmina more reflexed, the wing
neuration a little different, pronotum less emarginate posterior-
ly, etc. Stal has drawn the anterior margin of the pronotum m-
correctly — making it truncate, whereas it is arched.

Philagra, Stal.

Fhilagra, Stal 1862 Trans. E. S. London (3) I, 592; and 1866
Hem. Afr. IV, 68; Matsumura 1903 J. Sapporo Agr. coll., II, 21.

Chalepus Walker 185 1 List. Horn., 731.

Distinguished from all the other Cercopidae by the acumin-
ately produced head.

I. parva (Donovan).

Fulgora port'a Don., 1805 Ins. New Holl., Hem. PI. I, f. 2.

=^Chalepiis teliferus Walker 1851 List. Horn. 731.

r=Rhaphirhinus (?) parvus Wa'ker, id. cit., 805.

=Chalcpus pugionatiis Stal. 1854 O. V. A. F., XII, 251.

=.Philagra parvus Stal. 1866 Berlin Ent. Zeit., X, 386.

Hab : Queensland, Kuranda (viii). Nelson (vii), Bundaberg
(ix-x), and Brisbane (vi) ; on Casuarina ; also recorded from New
South Wales.

The males are a little smaller than the females (males, 8J-iof ;
female, 11-12 mill. long). The two males from Kuranda have
the cephalic prolongations a little more turned up, and may be
specifically distinct. The colours and patterns are very fairly
constant. The species, as noted in the introduction, is a froth-
producer in the nymph stages.

Polychaetophyes, gen. no v.

Allied to Hindola Kirkaldy. Vertex almost vertical, very short,
transverse. Ocelli much nearer to one another than to the eyes.
Frons perpendicular (at apex) to the vertex, at ba=e about one-
third of the width of the vertex, broadening out a little towards
the middle tumid, somewhat lightly roundly impressed near the
base (as seen ventrally, (the actual basal part is on the dorsal
]^<art of the head.) Antennal peduncle short and small, antennal
ridges somewhat deep. Clypeus reaching to apex of anterior
coxae. Rostrum reaching beyond base of middle coxae. Prono-
tum roundly declivous, transversely striate, wider than head and
eyes, posterior margin deeply roundly excavated in the middle.
Scutellum much longer than wide, posteriorly acuminately pro-

385

duced. Tegmina subhyaline, strongly punctured especially on
clavus, with scattered granules on the veins, apical margin of
clavus obliquely truncate (or, if the claval appendix be not counted,
acute, not acuminate), membrane (and clavus apically) with an
appendix. Wings with the anal vein forked near the base. Legs
very short, especially the posterior femora ; posterior tibiae with
one long, acuminate spine about the middle of outside edge and
one tiny subbasal acute spine.

I, serpulidia, sp. nov. (PI. XXXIIl, figs. 12 and 13. PI.

XXVII, fig. 9. PI. XXX, fig. 9.

Pale yellowish 'brown suffused with reddish. Pronotum yel-
lowis'h With greenish and reddish tinges. Scutellum reddish,
obscurely pallid in the middle and posteriorly. Anterior and
inierior legs more or less dark, posterior legs more or less pale.
Tegmina subhyaline, colorless; basal third of corium and clavus
and apex of clavus dark brownish (more or less ruddy), apical
fourth yellowish brown. Granulations dark brown. Pronotum
very lightly carinate longitudinally; mudh wider than head and
eyes. Scutellum shallowly channelled along its anterior three-
fourths, posterior fourth carinate.

Length: 6f-8 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg (xi.)

There is also a female (8 mill.) from the same locality and
time of capture, which differs only 'by having an almost con-
tinuous fascia across the tegmen instead of the s'hort wedge at
the apex of the clavus. A bred specimen (2306 K) is immature,
but there is little doubt that it is referable to this species. The
nymph-cases are whitish, often tinged with purplish-red. (PI.
XXIII, f. 12 and 13). (No. 2306 consists of seven on a single
twig). They are elongate-subconical, more or less porrect, or
with a slight curve, widening gradually from the base.

Length when full grown 11-16 mill., widtih at mouth 3-3^ mill.

See the introduction for remarks on these cases.

2. aequalwr, sp. nov.

Similar to P. serpulidia but pronotum smaller and very little
wider than head and eyes; pronotum punctured (not striate).
Tegmina punctured but veins not granulate. Dorsal part of
frons more swollen, wider anteriorly.

Yellowis'h brown, frons with black, transverse subparallel
lines. Legs, etc., more or less black. Clavus and corium basal-

ly coriaceous, apically more membranaceous, medianly colorless
(except veins).

Length: 7 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg- (xi.)

Pectinariophycs, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Polychactophycs, but with the posterior mar-
gin of the head raised, pronotum much less declivous, also much
longer in proportion to the head. Ocelli farther apart, frons
more swollen,

I. pcctinaria, sp. nov. (PL XXVII, fig. 8.)

Yellowish, vertex tinged with red. Eyes dark. Frons trans-
versely lined narrowly with b'.ackish. Posteriory legs more or
less dark. Pronotum but little wider than head and eyes, punc-
tured, scarcely striate. Scutellum flat, not carinate or chan-
nelled. Tegmina punctured, not granulate.

Length: 5 mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg (xi, bred, Koebele's No.
2307).

One specimen, unfortunately rather immature. It has been
described only to connect with the pretty nymph cases which
smaller and slenderer than those of Polychactophyes, smoother
ir texture, and of much finer workmanship. Ihey are pale-
yellowish brown and are fastened to twigs by twos and threes.

Length: 13 mill.; width of mouth, about 2 mill.

Anyllis, gen. nov.

Distinguished by the interior vein of the wings being furcate
posterior to the middle, and by the anterior margin of the pro-
notum being obtusangulately produced a Httle.

Vertex transverse, slightly concave, longitudinomedianly
carinate, subangulately rounded anteriorly. Ocelli a little near-
er to the base than to the apex, about three times as far from
the eyes as from one another. Frons and clypeus strongly
carinate, the former narrow and little swollen, t'he carina strong-
ly raised. Rostrum reaching to about posterior coxae. Pos-
terior tibiae with one strong spine. Pronotum longitudinally
carinate, about twice as long as vertex, scarcely wider than head
and eyes, elevated posteriorly, posterior margin somewhat

387

deeply emarginate. Tegmina subcoriaceous, 3 discoidals, cos-
tally with many veins, apical vein forked and reforked.

I. leiala, sp. no v.

Cinereous; with pale yellow pubescence; vertex and prono-
tum anteriorly with whitish markings, ocelli pale reddish. Teg-
mina mottled more or less with whitish, rather faintly. Head,
pronotum, tegmina, etc., punctured.

Length : 64-6^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, K.uranda ( viii P).

Bathy litis Stal.
BathyUus Stal. 1866 Hem. Afric, 68.

I. albigutta (Walker).

Lepyronia alhigittta Walker 1858, List. Hom. Suppl, 191,

L. mocrens Stal. 1854 O. V. A. F., XI, 251.

I somewhat doubtfully refer two individuals in my own col-
lection, to this genus and species, but Stal, says ti'-at the anter-
ior angle is acute, in these it is distinctly rounded.

The following Cercopinae have been recorded from Australia
but are unknown to me:

Gen. Hindola Kirkaldy, 1900, Entoni. XXX HI, p. 243.

1. Aphrophora compacta Walker, 185 1, List. Horn., 701 (^A.
scmiflava Walker, 1858, Suppl. 187.)

2. Lepyronia (?) austraUac Walker 1851 List. 727 {=Aphro-
phora admittcns Walker 1858, Suppl. 345=.-^. (?) areolata Walk-
er 1. c.)

3. Carystus rcficulatns Spangbefg 1878, O. V. A. F., XXXIV
No. 9, p. 12.

4. C. stali Spangb., 1. c.

5. C. sorurcnhis Spangb., 1. c.

6. C. imifabilis Sprangb.. op. c, 13.
Gen. Uncertain?

1. Aphrophora albicincfa Erichson, 1842, Archiv. Ent., I, 285.

2. A. bifrons Walker 1851 List. 702.

3. Lepyronia convexa Walker 185 1 op. c, 726.

388

Su'bfam. 3. Mac'haerotinae.

The following form, unknown to me, has been described from
Australia.
■Gen. Machcrota Burmeister 1835, Handb. Ent. II, 127 and 128.
I. M. pugionata Stal. 1865, O. V. A. F., XXII, 154.

Fam. Fulgoridae.

Subfamily Fulgorinae.

Disting-uished by the reticulation of the anal area of the
wings; the clypeus is carinate laterally. A large number of the
forms are brightly colored, wlhile t'he same or others are re-
markable for the extraordinary shape of t'he head. In the Aus-
tralian genera at least, the rad;al, median and brachial veins
issue separately from the apical margm of the basal cell. Tuess
forms are apparently poorly represented in Australia, only 3
genera and 11 species being- known; of these i genus and 3
species are now added.

1. Head produced in front, longer than the nota 2.

I a. Head very little prominent before eyes, s'horter than the

nota together 3 Dcsudaha Walker.

2. Costal mar'gin arched; vertex wider than eye, prolongation
strongly narrowed anteriorly i Eiirysthcus Stal.

• 2a. Costal margins subparallel in repose; vertex not wider than

an eye, prolongation not narrowed anteriorly

2 Enrinopyschc, gen. nov.

Enrysthetis Stal,

Eurystheus Stal, 1862 Berlin. Ent. Zeit VI, 303.
Although described in 1862, this genus was not included h\
Stal in 1866 in his table of genera in the "Hcmipfcra Africana."

I. dUatafa (Westwood).

Fidgora dUatata Westwood 1842 Trans. Linn. Soc. London
XVIII, 146, Pi. XII, figs. 8 and 9.

Length: 15^ mill.

Hab: Western Australia, Swan River.

This species and Euriiwpysche obscurata were included by
Walker in his new genus Prolepta, but are not congeneric with
his type P. apicalis from the Philippines.

389
2. pcrkinsi sp, nov.

Close to £. dilatata, but cannot 'be t'hat species, as it is much
larger, the vertex longer and not tapering durmg the api.al
two-thirds, about as long as the thorax and abdomen together.
The specks on the tegmma are smaller and not ocelliform, are
at least twice as numerous, the apical part of the tegmina being
well sprinkled. The coloring is t'hat of E. dilatata, but the teg-
mmal markings are, as a whole, paler. In profile the serrations
of the 'head are flatter and sihallower.

Length: 27 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (^xi), bred; arboreal.

Eurinopsyche, gen. nov.

The type of this was one of the original species of Eurysthcus,
but can scarcely be included therein. It differs more particu-
larly by the different form of the head, the vertex at base bemg
narrower than an eye. Tegmina decumbent (in Eitrystheus they
are subtectiform), costa scarcely arched. Pronotum with sub-
lateral subtransverse arched keels.

I. ohscnrata (Fabr.)

Fnlgora ohscnrata Fabricius 1781 Spec. Ins. II, 315; West-
wood 145, PI. 12, f. 7.

Length: 20J-21 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi), Brisbane (vi), arboreal.

There is a nymp'h of an allied form, in which the cephalic pro-
longation is sensibly widened anteriorly. This nymph, like all
those of this sub-family, is liberally endowed with sensory or-
gans. The vertex has them literally everywhere it is possible to
crowd them; on the ventral part of the prolongation there are
none and only a few on the Irons proper; none on the clypeus.
They are sparser, but still numerous, all over the nota. tergites
and even on tihe tegminal pads.

Length: 11 mill, width 4^ mill.

Hab: Brisbane (xi).

From Sydney (i), there are two specimens, in which the head
is much longer than in any of the other forms and is spatulate
anteriorly. The spatulate part is crowded with sensory organs,
but there are comparatively few others on the head. Those on
the nota and abdomen muc'h as in the Brisbane forms.

390

Length: 8^ mill, width 2 mill. PI. XXIX, fig. ii.

These nymphs appear to belong to undescribed species (and
possibly genera).

Koebele's No. for this is the same as for Thaiiatodictya Iicbc,
but this nymp'h scarcely belongs to a Dictyophorine, it prol)-
ably only means that the same parasite attacks both.

Desudaba Walker.

Dcsudaha Walker 1858 Suppl., p. 58.
Mctamra Stal. 1863 Stettiner Ent. Zeit. XXIV, p. 236.
There are 6 species of this genus, x\ustralian and Papuan,
AVhich may be separated as follows:

1. Wings basally with a reddish or yellow spot 2.

la. Wings basally with a 'bluish or greenish spot 5.

2. Head, pronotum and scutellum blackish 3.

2a. Head, etc., more or less olivaceous. .3 danae (Gerstaeckcr).

3. Frontal process reaching to base of vertex. . . .6 circe (Stal.)
3a. Frontal process reaching to about middle of vertex 4.

4. No red spots on tegmina i psittacus (Walker).

4a. Red spots on tegmina 2 maculaia Distant.

5. Abdomen 'black, marked with green basally; ground color
of tegmina basally red-brown, spotted with yellow (Papua)
4 scylla Distant.

5a. Abdomen black, with 3 greenis'h fasciae (sometimes broken
into 4 spots), sternites apically greenish; basal ground color
of tegmina dark crimson, no yellow spots 5 aulica Stal.

1. psittacus Walker.

D. psittacus Walker, 1858, Suppl., 59.

Mctanira thisbe Stal. 1863, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. XXIV. 236.
Length: 16 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (my coll); recorded from More-
ton Bay (Walker and Stal.)

2. maculata Distant.

D. maculata Distant 1892 T. E. S. London, lyy.
Hab: Queensland, Peak Downs.

391
3- danae (Gerst).

Metanira danac Gerstaecker 1895 Mt. Xat. Ver. Neu-Vorpom-
mern XXVII, 24.

Hab: Queensland (Gerst); Bundaberg' (11 P), on wild and
cultivated Citrus.

5. aulica Stal.

D. aulica Stal. 1869 Berlin. -Ent. Zeit. XIII, 241.
Ha'b: Queens'.and; Cairns; also Rockhampton (Stal), arbo-
real.

6. circe (Stal.)

Metanira circe Stal. 1863 Stettiner Ent. Zeit. XXIV, 237.
Hab: Lizard Island.

N. B. — ^There are two Lizard Islands, one off Queensland, the
other near Lefu. This might well be either.

Subfamily Dictyophorinae.

Antennae very much as in Fulg'orinae. Ros*^rum with last
segment sufficiently long. Radial and cubital veins with a com-
mon, short stem; anal vein running into commissure; no trans-
verse veins in the costal cell. Anal area of wings not reticulate.

1. Clavus with a transverse vein i Cajcta S'al.

I a. Clavus without transverse vein 2.

2. Tegmen with a veined costal cell; posterior margin o^ prono-
tum truncate 4 Astorga, gen. nov.

2a. Tegmen without costal cell; posterior margin of pronotum
angularly marginate 2.

3. Color testaceous marked with blackish brown. Lateral

margins of pronotum distinctly rounded

2 Thanatodictya gen. nov.

3a. Color greenish; lateral margins of pronotum straight or
slightly concave 3 Hasfa gen. nov.

Cajeta Stal.
Cajeta Stal 1886 Hem. Afr. IV. 150.

I. singularis Stal.

C. singularis Stal. 1866 Berlin Ent. Zeit., X, 391.
Hab: "Norfh Australia." (Probably Queensland).

392

Thanatodictya, gen. nov.

Allied to DictyopJiora Germar. Head very elongate, narrow;
lateral margins of vertex su'bparallel, slightly broadened and
obtuse-angulate at the apex; as seen in profile the head is
straight and correct, eyes touching pronotivm. Vertex border-
ed on each side by a keel, and there is a median keel Which is
usually subobsolete except about the basal fifth and the ex-
treme apex. Frons 5-carinate, includin.g the lateral margins.
Clypeus tricarinate. Second antennal segment small, globular.

Tegmina hyaline, apical third subreticulate. Legs simple,
Dosterior tibiae 4-spined.

1. Tegmina with a 'broad, entire, longitudinal, dark stripe; ver-
tex basally only slig'htly nodulose (subgen. Lticiiida nov. . . .
2 lucindae sp. nov.

I a. Te'gmina colorless, except the dark apical tlhird, or less. . .2.

2. Vertex not nodulose basally; 'head porrect; Stigma pallid,

composed of 5 or 6 cells; length over 14 mill

I praef errata (Distant).

2a. Vertex strongly nodulose at base (stigma darker) (sub-
genus Nicidda nov., type anadyomenc) 3.

3. Stigma with 3 or 4 inconspicuous transverse veins; head

somewhat ascending; length under 10 mill

3 anadyomenc, sp. nov.

3a. Stigma composed of 2 cells; 'head porrect 4.

4. Darker; length 11 mill 4 hehe sp. nov.

4a. Paler; length 9 mill 5 psyche sp. nov.

Subgenus Thanatodictya nov.

I. pracf errata (Distant).

Dictyophora pracfcrra'.a Distant 1892 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don, 279.

Length; 12-15 mill.

Hab; Queensland, Bundaberg (ix-xii), reported from Peak
Downs by Distant.

Subgenus Lucinda nov.

2. lucindae sp. nov.

Testaceous, keels of head in front of eyes black; lateral mar-
gins of pronotum and scutellum (exterior to keels) and abdo-

393

men mostly, blackish brown. Tegmina hyaline, veins pallid, a
longitudinal blackish brown entire stripe broadening apically.
Legs brownish testaceous, narrowly striped with blackish brown.

Length: 10-12 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Lucinda Point (vii) on rushes.

Subgenus Nictdda nov.
3. anadyomene sp. nov.

Blackish or blackish 'brown; head testaceous or stramineous,
except the apex, keels in front of the eyes and frontal area
between submedian keels; base of vertex and disk of pronotum
pale brownish testaceous, a longitudinal ivory white stripe on
emesonotum extending to posterior angle. Under side pale,
sordid, testaceous, marked with black. Tegmina and wings
'hyaline, colorless, veins pale brownish, apically many of them
whitish; 2 black smudges, one from apex of suture to apex of
tegmen broadly, the other on the stigma, etc. Head slighth-
ascending, about as long as the nota and abdomen together.

Length: 6| mill to apex of abdomen; 7^-9! mill to apex of
tegmina.

Hab: Bundaberg (ix-xii), Brisbane (xi), ar*boreal.

4. Iicbc, sp. nov. fPl. XXIX, fig. 10).

More or less sordid ferrugineous. Keels on head black in
front of eyes. Pronotum with a longitudinal ivory white line
broadening out on the scutellum, t'he posterior angle being en-
tirely ivory white. Lateral margins of the ventral part of the
pronotum, 'lateral margins of mesopleura, etc., ivory white.
Lateral margins of the ventral part of the pronotum, lateral
margins of mesopleura, etc., ivory white. Tegmina colorless,
hvaline; veins, st-gma and a smudee from apex of c^aval suture
obliquely to apex of tegmen, blackish ^r brownish black. Ab-
domen marked with black.

Length: 11 mill.

Hab: 'New South Wales, Sydney (ii).

5. psyche sp. nov.

Allied to tihe preceding but smaller and paler. Head nearly
as long as the rest of the body. Pale greenish grey, disk of ver-

394

tex (on either side of the central keel) and vertex apicaliy,
blackish brown. Scutellum pale brownish testaceous with a
central ivory white line, which does not quite reach the ivory
white posterior angle. Tegmina hyaline, colorless, veins and
sligma pale brown, an apical smudge similar to that in the pre-
ceding species, but paler. Some of the s'hort transverse veins
in the apical part of the tegmen narrowly ivory white.

Length: 8^-9 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Mittagong (i).

The following species are unknown to me:

6. Dictyophora bifasciata Distant 1892 Tr. E. S. London, 279
from Peak Downs, apparently closely allied to T. lucinda:, but
the sternites are ochraceous.

7. D. uisignis Distant 1. c. from same locality. Probal)ly
allied to T. anadyomene but the coloration appears to be differ-
ent.

Hasta, gen. nov.

Allied to Thanatodictya, but head and pronotum differently
formed. In the latter the lateral margins of pronotum are con-
vex, in the present genus they are straight or a little concave.
Head slightly ascending, somewhat tapering. Central keels of
vertex and frons entire. Eyes small, elongate. Lateral mar-
gins of scutellum more rounded basally. Tegmina witli apical
cells and with many transverse veins; costal cell without trans-
verse veins; stigma composed of three cells. Posterior tibiae
3-spinose.

There are two species:

1. Head about as long as nota and abdomen together; ve'ns
green; length 18-19 mill hastata sp. nov.

2. Head about as long as pronotum and mesonotum together;

veins of wings blackis'h brown; length 11^ mill

paupera sp. nov.

I. hastata sp. nov.

Immaculate grass-green, keels of scutellum tinged with b'ue.
Tegmina and wings hyaline, colorless, veins green. Brachial
vein forked nearer to the base than the cubital, which is forked
nearer to the base than the radial. Subcosta apicallv very nar- ,
rowly brownish.

Length: 18-19 "lill-

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii) on grass.

395
2. paupcra sp. nov.

Immaculate green, of a yellower hue than the preceding.
\^eins of wing's 'blackish brown.

Dififers from H. hastata by t'he vertex being only about as
long as t'he pronotum and mesonotum. Eyes more prominent.
The radial is forked nearer the base than is t'he cubital, this
nearer the base than the brac'hial.
. Lengtih: iii mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii) on grass.

Astorga, gen. nov.

Not closely related to any other Dictyophorine ; has a little the
appearance of a long nosed ElasiiiosccUs. but the anal vein runs
into the commissure.

Vertex narrow, about twice as long as broad, extending well in
front of prominent eyes which do not extend laterally so far as
the pronotum ; carinate medianly the keel extending to posterior
margin of scutellum. Frons ventrally curved as seen in pro-
fde ; long and narrow and depressed along the middle, many
times longer than wide ; not carinate medianly ; dorsally it caps
the vertex and is about half the length of the latter, truncate, not
carinate. Ocelli very small. Antennae small, second segment
cylindric, about twice as long as wide. Pronotum medianly
al>out two-thirds the length of the vertex, tricarinate, posterior
margin truncate. Scutellum about two and one-half times as long-
as pronotum, tricarinate. Tegmina flat, or slightly tectiform,
costa roundly arched, narrowing apically, apical riiargin oblique-
ly sub-truncate. Costal cell wider at maximum than the sub-
costal cell, the former with transverse veins; radial forked at
about one-fourth of length of tegmina, med'an a little before
middle, citbital about the middle, no subapical line. Anterior
femora dilated.

I have placed this among the Dictyophorinae because of the
general fundamental structure, and that of the antennae. The
venation is typically Dictyophorine, but there is a costal cell
with transverse veins.

I. saccharicida, sp. nov. (PI. XXMII. tigs. 10-13.)

Brownish testaceous ; head paler, abdomen mostly darker ;
frons laterallv and dorsallv marked with short brownish lines.

396

Tegmina pale brownish yellow, a brownish smudge on costal
membrane and costal cell, also on apical margin (except extreme
apex) with subparallel darker stripes, and two longer ones
near apex across tegmen, also one or two small irregular specks
on disk of corium and clavus. Wings pale smoky, veins pale
brown. Legs lined with brownish.

Length : 7^-8f mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii) on sugar cane and grasses

Subfamily 3. Cixiinae.

Apical part of tegmen not reticulate, much fewer cells than in
Dictyophorinae. Radial and median veins approximate at base,
remote from cubital. No subcostal cell. (Usually three ocelli.)
Anal vein running into commissure.

It is difficult to differentiate this subfamily from the Dictyo-
phorinae by words, but they can hardly be confused. As a rule
tlie latter are much more elongate and the apical parts of the
tegmen reticulate or with many apical cells.

T. Antennae minute 2

la. Antennae elongate, distinctly visible beyond the lateral
margins of the head i. Solonaima gen. nov.

2. Scutellum with 5 keels, 3 ocelli present. . . .2 Oliarus Stal.
2a. Scutellum with 3 keels, 2 ocelli only 3,

3. Head produced well in front of eyes, vertex elongate. . . .4
3a.* Head little or not produced in front of eyes, vertex

transverse 5. Calamister gen. nov

4. Tegmina of the usual Cixius form. .3. Caroliis gen. nov.

4a. Tegmina in repose (as seen dorsally) very strongly nar-
rowed apically 4. Gclasfoccphalus gen. nov.

(Laineiiia Stal is not included in this table.)

Apparently allied to Brivia Stal, but the antennae are longer
and more cylindric ; frons lightly carinate, etc.

Head and eyes much narrower than pronotum ; lateral mar-
gins of the deeply concave vertex convergent postero-anteriorly,
anterior margin truncate, posterior margin deeply emarginare.
Frons with an apical ocellus ; roundly curved as seen in profile,
the disk deeply concave, very narrowly almost to apical margin
(ventral) eyes, then widening a little, medianly slightly carinate.

397

Part of the froiis is visible dorsally owing to short vertex. Qy-
peus elongate, carinate laterally. Eyes deeply excavated be-
neath. P'irst segment of antennae cylindric, reaching nearly or
quite to lateral margin of frons ; second longer than tirst, cylin-
dric, reaching well beyond base of clypeus. Posterior legs elon-
gate, tibiate spineless.

1. solonairna, sp. nov.

More or less pale fulvotestaceous ; eyes and first segment of
antennae black, as also tergites more or less. Sternites more or
less sordid. Tegminal veins pale and darker brown, not granu-
late nor piliferous.

Length : (male), 6-6Jr mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (.viii.)

Oliarus Stal.

OUariis Stal. 1862 Berlin Ent. Zeit. VI, 306; Kirkaldy 1902
Faun. Haw. Ill, 119.

An almost cosmopolitan genus, very rich in species. None
have up to the present been described from Australia, but 9 are
now brought forward here.

In all the Australian forms known, the cubital is forked nearer
the base than is the radial.

1. Axillary vein of clavus running into anal vein, basal of
the middle of the latter 2.

I a. Axillary running into anal at, or apical of, the middle
of the latter 5.

2. Axillary very short, not quite half (taken always from
its curving or angulation at the commissure) the leng'th
of the stalk of the anal i. lacrtcs sp, nov.

2a. Axillary long, more than half the length of the stalk of
the anal 3.

3. Tegminal veins more or less thickly granulate 4.

3a. Tegminal veins not (or obsolescently granulate)

2. kampaspc, sp. nov.

4. Head and scutellum pale, veins pallied, granulate with
brownish-black 3. faluiiia, sp. nov.

4a. Head and scutellum black and castaneous, veins dark. .
4. asaica, sp. nov.

5. Vertex short and broad, the forking taking place near
the apex 5. felts, sp. nov.

398

5a. \ertex longer, forking about the middle 6.

6. Species less than 5 mill, long ; vertex long and narrow,
much narrower at base than at eye. .6. alcxanor, sp. nov.

6a. Species more than 6 mill, long; vertex wider, scarce!}' or
not narrower at base than an eye 7.

7. 8^ mill long ; veins not granulate 9. luhra, sp. nov.

7a. 6'i mill long 8.

8. Tegminal veins granulate 7. spoiisa, sp. nov.

8a. Tegminal veins not granulate 8. plielia, sp. nov.

I. lacrtes, sp. nov.

Blackish, keels more or less ferruginous. Pronotum other-
wise entir-ely black. Veins brownish, base of apical cells nar-
rowly infuscate, stigma dark. Tibiae and tarsi more or less fer-
ruginous.

\'ertex elongate, twice as long as broad, much narrower than
an eye. Rostrum reaching to posterior coxae. Tegmina granu-
lated, very lightly piliferous. Auxiliary vein running into anal,
scarcely apical of the posterior angle of the scutellum ; that is at
about one-fourth of its length, consequently the axillary is much
shorter than the l^asal part of the anal and is in the same straight
line as the apical part of the anal, the 'basal part of the anal be-
ing much curved. Posterior tibiae with a median spine and one
near the base, also two tiny basal spines.

Length : 5-i mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Mittagong (i).

2. kaiiipaspc, sp. nov.

Close to 0. alc.vaiior but larger and not granulated, claval ve-
nation different. Tegminal veins dark and pale brownish, bases
of apical cells infuscate.

Length : 5I mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

3. taliiiiia. sp. nov.

Pale testaceous, lateral margins of scutellum and the space be-
tween sublateral and median keels, browner. Apices of apical
veins and the bases of apical cells rather widely infuscate. A'er-

I

399

tex long and narrow, acutangularly apically. Veins strongly
granulate, scantily piliferous.

Length : 5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

4. asdica, sp. nov.

Head, scutelluni within lateral keels and some marks on pro-
notum, blackish ferruginous; keels on head, etc., ochraceous. Api-
cal half of frons ferruginous, also keels on scutellum. Scutelluni
outside lateral keels, apical segment of rostrum, sternites etc.,
ferruginous ; femora sordid ferruginous, tibiae paler. Tegmina
hyaline, veins dark brown and pale brown ; stigma brown ; bases
•->f apical cells thickened, (larked. Similar in proportions to
('. Iitbm, but much smaller ; the lateral margins of the vertex fork
nearer to the apical margin than to the middle and there is a tiny
transverse keel uniting the two oblique keels ijust posterior to
the apical margins; the frontal fork is very close to the posterior
margin of the frons. Vertex much narrower than in 0. lubra, and
the lateral margins posteriorly less divergent. Rostrum reach-
nig beyond middle of posterior coxae. Posterior femora with a
strong median spine and two small ones nearer base (basal one
obsolescent). Tegmina more granulate, slightlv piliferous.

Length : 7 mill.

Hab: Xew South Wales, Sydney (i).

5. fclis, sp. nov.

iUackish, keels of head and pronotum more or less pallid.
Keels of scutellum obscurely blackish ferruginous. Vertex
l)road. \ ertex at base a little w-ider than median length, wider
than an eye. Tegmina lightly granulate and lightly piliferous.
Axillary vein joining anal about midway between posterior angle
of scutellum and apex of clavus, shorter than basal part of anal.
Tibiae with a ]:)asal and a median spine.

Length ; 4 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

6. aJcxanor, sp. nov.

Blackish, keels more or less yellow on head and pronotum,
more or less ferruginous on scutellum. Basal two-thirds of

400

tegminal veins pale, darkly granulated, apical third darker, bases
of apical cells infuscate. Legs pallid.

Tegmina minutely but closely granulated, not piliferous. Pos-
terior tibiae with one spine a little basal of the middle, and an
obsolescent basal one.

Length : 5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

7. spoiisa, sp. nov.

Ferrugineotestaceous, more or less pale. Veins of tegmina
and stigma sordid stramineous; stigma internally, apical veins
etc., brownish, the bases of apical cells a little thickened. Head,
granulations, etc., as in 0. luhra, except that the forking is a trifle
nearer to the middle. Costa arched slightly, very obtuse angu-
larly close to base.

Length : (male), 6f mill.

Ha'b: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

8. phclia, sp. nov.

Pale yellowish ferruginous, pronotum pallid, scutellum more
or less blackish, tegmina as in 0. asaica, except that the apical
\eins are more infuscate apically. Tergites more or less marked
with blackish. Head as in 0. asaica, except that the vertical fork-
ing occurs about the middle. Rostrum reaching to about inter-
mediate coxae. Tegmina not (or scarcely) granulate, not pili-
ferous. Posterior tibiae with two small spines on basal half
(basal one obsolescent.)

Length : 6^-6^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii). Nelson (vii).

Var: Blackish ferruginous; keels of vertex and frons pale
ferruginous. Pronotum pallid, two streaks on scutellum ferru-
ginous.

9. hibra, sp. nov.

Head and legs ochraceous ; tlie apex of the vertex, the three
cells between vertex and frons, clypeus, sterna (mostly), the
scutellum between the median and submedian keels and outside
the lateral keels etc., blackish. Pronotum yellowish, more or less
fuscate. Scutellum between submedian and lateral keels, and the
keels themselves, ferruginous. Sternites mostlv vellowish. Teg-

401

mina hyaline, veins and stigma yellowish-brown and brown ;
stigma internally brownish. The bases of the apical cells a little
infuscate. A'eins of tegmina feebly and very minntely granulate;
not piliferous.

Vertex about as wide as an eye, appears longer than wide,
thoug-h the basal width is actually greater than the median length,
v.ith the base deeply acutangularly emarginate, medianly cari-
nate slightly, and a sublateral carina on each side starting from
hiteral margin at about one-third of its length and proceeding to-
wards middle of anterior but turning off just before it reaches
there, meeting the anterior margin at right angles. Frons fork-
ed about middle of anterior lobes. Rostrum reaching to about
midway between intermediate and posterior coxae. Submedian
keels of scutellum very slightly rounded externally. Costa
straight, not or scarcely arched. Axillary vein running-' into
anal at about its middle, and shorter than the basal part of the
anal. Posterior femora with two small spines on basal half.

Length : (male), 8-| ; female), S^-g^ mill ; width, 2^ mill.
Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (ix-xii), Brisbane (xi).

Carolits, gen. nov.

Like Cixms in appearance, with longer head.

Vertex triangular, extending well in front of eyes, a little
rounded at tip, longer than wide, disk much hollowed out, cari-
nate medianly, lateral margins acute, subvertical. Frons and cly-
peus sublanceolate, the former subnodulose near the base, cari-
nate medianly ; clypeus carinate medianly and laterally ; no fron-
tal ocellus. Pronotum truncate apically in the middle, posterior-
ly deeply rectangularly emarginate. Scutellum strongly tri-
carinate. Radial and cubital veins forked about the same place,
i. e., a httle nearer the base than the middle of the tegmen. Ti-
biae not spinose.

I. crispus, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and underside more or less pale sordid ferru-
ginous (sterna and sternites partly darker.) Scutellum ferru-
ginous, laterally darker. Tegmina hyaline, veins yellowish-tes-
taceous, thickly granulated with blackish, strongly but shortly
piliferous.

Length : (male), 6| mill.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney (i.)

402

Gclastoccphaliis, gen. nov.

Allied to Carohts, but the tegmina in repose as seen dorsally,
are almost linear posteriorly.

Head and eyes narrower than pronotum. Vertex elongate,
somewhat ascendant, the disk depressed, the lateral keels acute,
converging anteriorly straightly, strongly prominent in front,
nearly twice as long as wide, anterior angle acute, slightly round-
ed; posterior margin roundly emarginate. Eyes longer than
broad, extending laterally as far as anterior margin of pronotum.

Frons and clypeus medianly fused, spindle-haped, the former
strongly carinate laterally, the keels suddenly curving around to
the thorax a little apical of the middle of the fused segments.
Ocelli small but distinct, the frontal one absent. Clypeus angu-
late ; not carinate laterally. Antennae small, not inserted near
clypeus.

Pronotum almost linear, anterior margin very highly angular-
ly arched, lateral margins short, diverging ; posterior margin
deeply, acutangularly emarginate. Scutellum diamond-shaped
tiicarina'te.

In repose the tegmina (as seen dorsally) are arched laterally
posterior to the shoulders, apical half very strongly narrowed.
Legs short, anterior femora slightly longer than tibiae, posterior
tibiae spineless, first segment of tarsi longer than 2nd and 3rd
together.

I. ornithoides, sp. nov. (PI. XXXLI, figs. 6-7).

Head and pronotum pale ferruginous ; scutellum, apex of cly-
peus, sterna (mostly), abdomen etc., black. Clavus pale fulvous,
rest of tegmina cinerous ; apical third, a blotch about the middle
and most of the costal margin between these dark brownish.
C.orium strongly and closely granulate with dark brown, not (or
very shortly and scantily) pilose. Femora and tibiae dark brown,
tarsi pallid.

Length : male, 5 mill.

Hab : New South Wales, Sydney (i).

CalcDiiisfer, gen. nov.

Vertex transverse, disk depressed, not carinate medianly, api-
cally rounded, very slightly produced before the eyes. Frons
widening out apically, medianly carinate, no frontal ocellus. Cly-

403

peus rather obsoletely carinate laterally. Scutellum tricarinate.
Venation as in Carolits. Tibiae not spinose.

1. obsciinis, sp. nov.

TestaceoMs, vertex a little darker. Teo;minal veins pale brown-
ish, lightly granulate, slightly piliferous.
Length : 5 mill.
Hal:): Queensland, lUmdaberg (ix-xii.)

Laiiiciiia, Stal.

Lamenia Stal 1859 Eugenies Resa Zool. 277 PI. IV, fig. 5 ; Ash-
mead 1889 Ent. Amer.. \\ 4: Melichar [905 Wein. Ent. Zeit.
XXIV, 285.

Hcrpis Stal i860 K. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., XIII, No. 6.
p. 8.

Stal placed this among his Derbida, while Ashmead locates it
in his subfamily Flatinae between Siphmta and Amphisccpa. It
appears to me to be a Cixiinc ; it cannot be placed among the
Derbidae because the anal vein of the tegmina runs into the
commissure and it cannot be a "Flatid," first on account of the
venation, and secondly because there is no trace of intervenal (or
any) granulation. It might be located in the Achilidae were it
not for the course of the anal vein.

It has a very wide distribution ; i. e., well over the American
continents, Polynesia, Africa, etc.

I. kitUa, sp. nov. (Pi. XXI, fig. 4.)

Differs from L. vulgaris (Fitch),* by the frons being much
more declivous and the lateral margins distinctly, sinuately.
widened apically (in fitchi they are nearly parallel.) it differs
from L. caligiiica, orba, pallidovciwsa, fimbricola, etc., by the colour
and from liigiibriiin by the form of the frons.

Vertex and pronotum sordid brownish, frons and clypeus sor-
did ferruginous. Scutellum polished black. Tegmina subhyaline,
dark smoky, with a blue tinge. Legs pale. Abdomen more or
less blackish.

Vertex very short, transverse, anteriorly roundly truncate ;
frons with lateral margins sinuate, apically widened.

* The only species I have seen, kindly lent me for e.xaniination by niv colleague,
Mr. Swezev.

404

Length 3 mill to apex of abdomen, 4I-5 mill to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii), Nelson (vii) on grass.

2. hiva, sp, nov.

Allied to the preceding but the vertex is wider, as wide as or
wider than an eye ; the frons wider and shorter, angulate lateral-
ly just posterior to apical margin, strongly carinate medianly .
Pronotum lutescent.

Length : 5^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg, (ix-xii type), Cairns (viii),
K'uranda (viii) on grass.

The following supposed Cixiines are unknown to me, viz :

T. Cixiiis lacvifrons Walker 1858 Ins. Saund., 43.

2. Prosops pedisequus Buckton 1893 Vict. Nat. X, 49.

Fam. Asiracidae.
Perkinsiclla, Kirkaldy.
Perkinsiella, Kirkaldy, 1903, Entomologist XXXYI, 179.

Head short, scarcely extending beyond apical margin of eyes;
vertex about as wide as an eye, transverse, 7-sided, divided by
median keel into two 5-sided areas, somewhat deeply and round-
ly impressed; posterior margin truncate. Eyes reniform, ob-
lique, latero-posteriorly extending to about half the length of
the pronotum. The two apices of t'he vertex each give forth a
keel, these unite near the top of the 'head at about three-fourths
of the length of eyes (as seen from below), thence con'tinuino- to
the apical margin of the flattish frons which is slightly emargin-
ate; lateral keels of the frons straight (except at their base where
they curve around meeting t'he 2 small basal forks of the median
keel), subparallel (very slightly convergent towards the apex)
and contiguous to the inner margin of tihe eyes. Lateral keels
of genae meeting lateral 'keels of frons at an acute angle at the
apical margin. All these keels are narrow, but well marked.
Frons about the same width or a little narrower than an eye.
Clypeus 3-carinate.

Antennae with ist segment flattened, apically dilated, tri-
angular; 2nd segment longer than first, flattened more or less,
a trifle narrower at apex than at base. Pronotum transverse,

1

405

widely emarginate obtuse-angularly at base, 3-carinate, lateral
keels arising at the apical margin close to the eyes, diverging
slightly almost to posterior margin, and ending just before it, a
trifle anterior to this, they are carried on laterally under the
eyes by a series of small, raised pustules. Scutellum longer
than the pronotum, 3-carinate, tihe middle keel entire, lateral
margins of posterior prolongation straig'ht. Anterior and in-
termediate legs simple, not dilated. Posterior tibiae longer
than tarsi with 2 lateral and 4 apical spines; first tarsal segment
.longer than the others together. Tibial spur three-fourths of
the length of the tibia, with about 40 spinelets. Species dimor-
p'hic or monomorphic.

1. ^^>ons more or less uniformly pale brownis'h, with trans-
verse whitish dots both basally and apically. (Male with
subcostal, median and apical cells, dark smoky. Female
narrowly suffused 'by smoky on each side of 2nd-5th apical
veins.) 4 vastatrix (Breddin).

I a. Frons basally dark brown, apically whitish, the former only
wit'h transverse whitish dots 2.

2. Males (all longwinged)* 7

2a. Females 5.

3. Scutellum laterally broadly dark brown

I saccharicida Kirkaldy.

3a. Scutellum concolorous 4.

4. Antennae shorter, granulations stronger and dark

2 graminicida sp. nov.

4a. Anterior longer, granulations feebler and paler

3 vifieiisis sp. nov.

5. Longwinged forms 7-

6. Tegmina almost immaculate, some of the apical veins
lightly suffusedly infuscate 3 vitioisis sp. nov.

6a. Median cell sometimes smoky, also 5th and 6th apical

cells (except small hyaline spots at apex)

I saccharicida Kirkaldy.

7. Antennae longer and stouter, tegminal granules com-
paratively feeble and paler i saccharicida Kirkaldy.

7a. Antennae shorter and less stout, tegminal granules
darker 2 graminicida sp. nov.

* Since this was in pioof. Mr. Muir has written from \Mti that P. -I'itiensis is diiiiDV-
phic in both sexes.

4o6

I. saccharida Kirkaldy. (PL XXVI; PI. XX\'ll, figs. 1-5).

Perkhisielia saccharicida Kirkaldy 1903 Entom. XXX\'l, 179;
Perkins 1903 Bull. I, Comm. A'gr. Hawaii; \''an Dine 1904 IjuH.
Hawaii U. S. Agr. Exp. Sta. 5.

Testaceous, lateral margins of pronotum and scutelluni dark
brown, basal half of frons and most of the clypeus light brown,
t'he former Avith 2 or 3 s'hort narrow interrupted transverse pale
lines near the base. A large black spot on anterior coxae, ii;-
termediate coxae and mesopleura each; abdomen black varie-
gated with testaceous. Apex of first segment of antennae black,
second segment brownish. Tegmina 'hyaline, commissure vvhii-
ish. Anterior and intermediate tibiae annulate with blackish.

Male always macropterous; the 5th and 6th (and sometmies
the 4th) apical cells dark smo'ky, the stripe being sometimes con-
tinued very narrowly to the base of the tegmen. Genital seg-
ments mostly black.

Female dimorphic (with intermediate formsj; longwinged
form with the tegminal stripe usually broader on the corium;
short winged form much stouter, with hyaline teg"mina, a short
narrow black line close to apex of clavus. Genital segments
pale.

Len'gt'h: 5-5^ mill (macropterous); 4 mill (brachypterous).

Hal): Wherever sugar cane is grown in Queensland, New
South Wales, and Hav\'aiian Islands. (Koebele No. 2230). (See
also the Introduction). Also on grasses and sedges.

2. gramiiiicida sp. nov.

Closely allied to tiie preceding, but a little smaller. The teg-
minal veins are more thickly granulate especially in the female.
Antennae a little s'horter and less stout. Pronotum and scutel-
luni scarcely darkened laterally.

Male always macropterous; exterior half of 5th and 6th apical
cells smo'ky, also apices of apical veins, etc.

Female always brachypterous.

Length: (Male) 5 mill; (female) 4 mill.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns (vii-viii, Koebele's No. 2240).
on grasses.

3. vitiensis, sp. nov.

Closely allied to the typical species, but pronotum and scutel-
luni not darkened laterallv.

407

Male macropterous; third to 6th apical cells smoky (except
a small hvaline spot on each, near apex), also around 2nd and
3rd apical veins.

Female macropterous; tegmina immaculate except that the
apical parts of 4th to 6th apical cells are more or less smokw

Length: 4I (male), 5f-8 mill (female).

Hab: Viti, Levuka. on sugar cane (III, Koebele's No. 2346).*

4. z'cisfatrix (Breddin.)

DicniHotropis vastatrix Breddin 1896 Deutsch. Ent. Zeit. 107;
Zehntner 1897 Arch. Java Suiker \'., p. ? (Sep. p. 25); Krueger
1899 Das Zuckerrohr und seine Kultur p. 312, PI. XIV, f. i. c;
Busse 1904 Arb. Biol. Abt. Land. Kais. Ges. Amt., IV, 319-422.
Plates l-II, etc.

Hab: Java, on Sugar Cane. (Breddin and my collection);
also_ reported from German East Africa on Andropogon sorghum
by Melichar (1905).

Peregrinits, Kirkaldy.

Pcregrimis Kirkaldy 1904 'Entom. XXXVII, 175.
Dicraiiofropis Van Duzee 1897 Bull. Buffalo Soc. N. H., V,
228 (nee Fieber).

I. maid is (Aslhmead).

Dclphax sp., Tyron 1889 Rep. Insect & fungus pests Queens-
land I, 193-6.

Dclphax maidis Ashmead 1890 Psyche V, 323; textfigs.

Dicraiiofropis maidis Van Duzee 1897 Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat.
Sci., V, 240.

Pcrcgriiiiis maidis Kirkaldy 1904 Entom., XXXVII, 176.

Testaceous, often tinged with orange, carinae paler; t'he apical
three-fourths of the frons, the clypeus, first se'gment of the an-
tennae and the second (except upper side of basal half), smoky
brownish; lateral margins of scutellvmi dark brown. Femora
dark brown.

Mah\<! dimorphic. Abdomen black; genital segments and
laterally, paler. Longwinged form with tegmina byaiine, some-
times tinged with yellowish; costal, median and radial veins pale
Ncllow, cubital and apical veins smo'ky, tihe latter sufifusedly ; fifth

* Mr. Muir has recently found brachypteroiis forms of both se.xes.

4o8

to 7th apical cells apically smoky wit'h a small hyaline spot on
each, a black spot at apex of costal cell and a short black line
at apex of clavus. Shortwingcd form with hyaline tegmina,
tinged wit'h yellow, apex blackish brown, as also apex of clavus.

Females dimorphic, similar to the male.

Lengt'h: 4-5 mill, (macropt.), 3-^ mill (brachypt.)

Hab: All through Queensland (Koebele's No. 2240) on Zea
mais, Cynodon dactylon and Broinits unioloidcs (sec. Tryon); also
in Hawaii on Zea mais and Sorghum vnlgare (and occasionally
on Saccharinn ofiiciiiale); Viti (iii). Florida and Texas.

The nymplhs are pale orange yellow, immaculate except that
t'here are small brownish rings around the spiracles.

Phaealastor, gen. nov.

Very close to Peregriniis, differing principally by the tegminal
veins ibeing very strongly granulate. Type pseudomaidis.

1. Apical veins of tegmina suffusedly infuscate

pseudomaidis, sp. nov.

2. Apical part of tegmina with a dark semi-circular smudge,
across tegmina and curving along the interoapical mar-
gin koebelei, sp. nov.

I. pseudomaidis, sp. nov.

Very close to Peregriniis maidis, 'but the tegmina are strongly
granulate with dark brown, and the nymphs are whitish, band-
ed and spotted witli dark brown.

Frons and antennae dark smoky brown, with a double (some-
what interrupted) line across the middle of tihe former. Femora
smoky, apically black, tibiae pale annulated with black.

Males maeropterous; genital segment blaclc.

Females dimorphic; genital segment pale, a little infuscate.
The shortwinged form has hyaline tegmina. with a large black
spot apically.

Len'gth: 3^-4 mill (macropt.); 2^ mill (brachypt.)

Ha'b: Oueens'land. Cairns (vii-viii) on grasses, casually on
sugar cane (Koebele's No. 2236).

2. koebelei, sp. nov.

Allied to the typical species, but larger and stouter, posterior
margin of pronotum less emarginatc; tegminal granules much

409

larger and darker. Pronotum and scutellum darker. Frons
blackis'h brown with many pale yellowish specks, 'base of clypeus
pale. Anterior coxae and a round spot on mesopleura dead
black; anterior and intermediate legs brownish 'black, more or
less annulate with pallid; posterior legs more or less pale. Teg-
mina hyaline with bright bjack granules, the transverse apical
line suffusedly blackish brown, the color continuing curvedly
from apex of clavus to exteroapical angle, forming a rough
semi-circle; second and third apical veins sufTusedly brownish
black. Abdomen mostly black except anus, etc

Male genital segments black.

Female genital segments black, ovipositor pale.

Length: 3f-4| mill (always long^vinged).

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii, Koebele's No. 2248),
on grasses.

Sfenocranus, Fieber.

Sfcnocramis Fieber 1866 Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien XVI,
519, PI. VIII, f. 3.

I. agamopsyche, sp. nov.

Differs from 5". saccharivora (Westwood) by the much s'horter,
anteriorly rounded (dorsally) head, and by the color; from the
other species, by the immaculate tegmina of which only the
apices of the api'cal veins are dotted with dark brown; there is
also a very short, narrow line at the apex of the clavus; the
other species (except saccharivora) have a longitudinal smoky
smear on the tegmina.

Testaceous; frons and clypeus, between the keels, black.
Tegmina pale cinereo flavous, marked as above. Tergites testa-
ceous with a sublateral suffused blac'kish stripe longitudinally
on each side. The eyes are distinctly more rounded than in the
species witlh striped tegmina, and are shorter in proportion to
their width.

Length: 5-6 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii, Koebele's No. 2242),
on grasses and sedges.

2. saccharivora, (Westwood.)

Dclphax saccharivora Westwood 1833 Mag. Nat. Hist.. VI, 413
figs. 54a-c.

4IO

Stenocramis (?) sacchanvorus, Van Duzee 1897 Bull. Buffalo
Soc. V, 232.

Mr. Ballou of the West Indian Dep. of Agriculture has re-
cently sent me specimens of this in all stages, enabling me to con-
firm Van Duzee's doubtful reference to Stcnocranus, but too late
to present a detailed study in this paper. The egg-slits are much
more profusely covered with waxy substance than in PcrkiiisLlla.
approaching more, so my colleague Mr. Swezey informs me, to
the condition of certain North American forms. The delicate
pale green, immaculate adult cannot be mistaken for any other
s])ecies ; the head in profile is long and acute anteriorly. It is
slated by Ballou (1905 West Indian Bull., VI, 41) to be of little
importance as a pest in the Antilles, though formerly, some 70
years ago, it was, according to Westwood, Johnstone and others,
exceedingly destructive in certain of the islands.

Hadcodelphax, gen. nov.

Allied to Stourcrainis but differing by the form of the head, the
venation, etc.

Dorsally the head is elongate, subquadrangular, extending
well beyond the apical margin of the eves; near the anterior mar-
gin of the eyes (but a little below) the lateral keels bifurcate at
an acute angle, the inner keels meeting acuminately a little be-
yond the apex o,^ the vertex; the latter is keeled medianly as far
as the apical margin (dorsally) of the eyes, where it forks on each
side at an obtuse angle meeting the inner forks of the lateral
keels. Head much narrower than the pronotum. Eyes longer
than broad, suboblique. Ventrally, the frons is somewhat nar-
row, widening a little apical of the eyes ; lateral keels sinuate ;
these, with the median keel, strongly marked. No forking visi-
ble on frons. Antennae short. Clypeus tricarinate. Pronotum
tricarinate, laterally straightly divergent, ending just before pos-
terior margin. Scutellum tricarinate. Tegmina with about 9
apical areas, the base of the fourth not reaching as far basal as :
that of the third, the third not as far as the second, the second '
not as far as the first, the first not as far as the fifth. Posterior
tibiae and tarsi about ecjually long.

I. pliito, sp. nov.

Blackish piceous ; antennae and legs testaceous. Tegmina
dark smoky, first and second apical cells and apex of costal cell,

411

hyaline ; commissure whitish, with a black spot near apex of
clavus.

Length : 4^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii. Koebele's No. 2247).

Gclastodclphax, gen. nov.

Somewhat allied to Pcrcgrinus Kirkaldy. Head dorsally scarce-
ly extending anteriorly "beyond the eyes. Vertex transverse, late-
ral keels forking, the inner forking forming two acutangled api-
ces ; beyond that there is a smooth area, on which keels are obso-
lescent. The frons has a central keel ; the lateral converging
anteriorly, the lateral ones are subparallel, meeting keels of ge-
nae at an acute angle ; antennae slender, second segment reach-
ing well beyond base of clypeus, which continue on to the scutel-
lum. Tegmina very short. Posterior tibiae much longer than
tarsi, spur with nearly 50 teeth.

1. histi'ioiiiciis, sp. nov.

V^ertex smoky brown ; clypeus yellowish testaceous ; frons, an-
tennae, sterna, legs and tegmina yellowish, the last named being
broadly black basal'ly, this continuing on to mesopleura. Prono-
tum, scutellum and basal half of abdomen whitish testaceous, a
l)road black band across the middle above ; apical of th's, pale red
brown, becoming- paler and more sordid apically. Sternites api-
cally pale red brown. Genital segment mostly black. Tegmina
reaching to a little beyond middle of body, apically truncate.

Length : (male), 2\ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg, on Sandhills (x).

Siiiicrofatodclpliax, gen. nov.

Somewhat allied to Dclpliacimis, but the head and eyes are lar-
ger proportionatelv, the antennae and the frons different. The
type is the smallest Fulgorid known to me.

Head, especially the eyes, very large, the latter extending la-
terally as far as the base of the tegmina, and posteriorly nearly
touching the base of the pronotum. Vertex with lateral keels
forking at about one-third of the length of the head (dorsally),
meeting acutely on the top of the head .continuing to apex of
frons as a single keel. Antennae reaching beyond base of cly-
peus. Pronotum tricarinate, the lateral keels straight, diverging

412

posteriorly, but practically reaching the posterior margin of pro-
notum. Scutellum transverse, with 3 somewhat obscure keels.
Tegmina not nearly reaching apical margin of abdomen, rounded
apically. Tibial spur with about 13 teeth.

I. perkinsi, sp. nov.

Testaceous, frons embrowned, eyes black. Tegmnia hyaline.
Tergites hyaline. Tergites basally more or less pale orange
brown, apex more or less black.

Length : (males), i^ mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns.

Ectopiopterygoddphax, gen. nov.

Distinguished by the large, polished, co'nvex pellet of chitin in
the middle of the tegmina. The form of the head is different
from that of any other Asiracid known to me.

Vertex long triangular, longer than pronotum, and longer
than its own width at base ; lateral margins carinate, meeting
anteriorly in a slightly rounded acute angle, weH beyond the api-
cal margin of the eyes ; median keel present but no other keels
dorsally. Posterior margin of vertex slightly roundly emar-
ginate. Eyes longer than wide, head and eyes wider than the
length of the vertex. Frons suboval, lateral margins rounded ;
median keel strong and entire ; lateral keels acute, starting from
lateral keel of vertex at a lower (inverted) elevation than the
middle keel, so that for at least the basal half of the length of the
frons, the middle keel is strongly visible in profile ; lateral keels
apically remote from middle keel ; apical margin of frons trun-
cate. Genae narrow. Clypeus tricarinate. Antennae very
short. Pronotum anteriorly rounded, posterior margin I'ghtly
emarginate, lateral keels remote anteriorly from middle keel
(practically a continuation of the head keels.) Scutellum with 3
entire keels. Tibial spur short, with a large number of pale,
translucent, ill-defined teeth.

1. eximius, sp. nov.

Pale green, faintly marked, mostly in interrupted longitudinal
lines, with brown. Apex of frons, clypeus, genae (partly), sterna
and abdomen, black. Tegmina subhyaline, pale brown; a large
spot near the base a wide band across the middle of the corium

413

(almost encircling the black pellet), and 3 large spots at apex of
costal cell and on the basal apical-cells.

Length : 3^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii).

Family Eutropistidae.
(z=Tropidnchida Stal.)

I am a little uncertain as to the constituents of this; the an-
tennal structure is often very obscure and I have not been able
to examine it in some forms as I would wish. The subcostal
cell is present and the costal cell usually provided with trans-
verse veins; the anal vein runs into the apical angle of the clavus.
The last segment of the rostrum is moderately long.

Monopsis Spinola, which Stal places in his Tropiduchida, a])-
pears to me to belong to the Dictyophorinae.

Australian and Yitian Genera.

1. Subcostal cell absent or exceedingly narrow

I . Ossa Alotsliulsky

I a. Subcostal cell present, costal cell with many transverse
veins 2.

2. Head at least twice as long as wide . . 5 .Rhinodktya gen. nov.
2a. Head little, if at all, longer than wide 3.

3. Frons with an oblique keel on each side between mediLU
and lateral keels 4. Vaiiiia gen. nov.

3a. No oblique keels : . 4.

4. Vertex transverse ; apical area of tegmen large

3. Pcltodictya gen. nov.

4a. Vertex elongate, longer than wide ; apical area very nar-
row 2. Daradax Walker.

Ossa Mots'hulsky.

Ossa Mots'h., r863 Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou XXXVI, 2: 106;
Melichar 1903 Horn. Ceylon 49.

Both the species hereinafter described, 'have the head more
elongate than in the Sinhalese 0. dimidiata.
I. Six red specks on vertex arranged longitudinally in 2
rows; length less than 7 mill veniista sp. nov.

414

2. Six red* specks on vertex arranged longitudinally in 3
rows, (middle row sometimes obsolescent); length over
7 mill fonnosa sp. nov.

1. venusta sp. nov.

Pale greenish testaceous; vertex with six crimson specks, 3
on each side of the median keel, in a longitudinal row; lateral
keels of scutellum 'more or less crimson, also a speck at the
intero'basal angle of clavus and a speck on the commissure
a'bout the middle. Leg spines black. Vertex about ^ to f long-
er than broad, well produced in front of eyes, rounded anter-
iorly. Frons suboval, about twice as long as wide.

Length: 6^-6| mill.

Hab : Queensland, Cairns (viii), Kin-anda (viii), arboreal.

2. formosa sp. nov.

Closely allied to the preceding but larger. There are six
specks also on the vertex, but they are orange red and are ar-
ranged long-itudinally in 3 rows of two each, the outer not
being, parallel but following the curve of the head, the middle
two are on the carina (sometimes obsolescent) and are placed
a little posterior to the corresponding lateral specks. The teg-
mina are speckled with crimson as follows: one each side on
the commissure a little basal of its middle, and one or two at
the anterior angle and 2 or 3 exteriorly — on the subapical line.

Length: yi-yi mill.

Hab: Queensland, F)unda])erg (i.x-xii, i). llrisbanc (xi),
arboreal.

There is nothing remarkable, apparently, about tlie nymphal
instars.

Daradax \\''alker.

Daradax Walker 1857 J. P. Linn S. London I, 85.
A beautifiil nymph from \'iti (iii) lielongs. 1 think, lo this
genus.

Pcltodictya. ^^i^en. nov.

Allied closely to Epora Walker, but the apical area of the
tegmina is much longer, and there are two verv distinct, though
sinuate, subapical lines.

A'ertex about twice as broad as long, extending a little in
front of the eyes, ronnded anteriorly, rectangularlv emarginate

415

posteriorly, strong'ly carinate niedianly. Eyes prominent, but
not extending lateral!}- nearly as f'ar as the pronotuni. Frons
more than twice as long as broad, strongly carinate medianly.
Pronotnm deeply acutangularly emarginate, with a stroiig
median keel, and a lateral oblique one on each side. Scutellimi
longer than vertex and pronotum together, with 3 strong keels,
the lateral ones sinuate, uniting anteriorly wifh the median.
Radial and median veins nearly approximate at base, the former
forking somewhat near the base, outer branch reVDrkinj^ ; median
not forked: cubital forked a little nearer the apex than the
radial. Costal cell with about 12 simple crossveins; subcostal
cell present. A large number of apical cells and about 8 sub-
apicals. Tibiae with 3 spines.

(I do not think Eporci Melichar is the same as /ipora Walker,
or as Pcltodictya, as Melichar does not show even one clear sub-
apical line.)

[. kiiraiidac, sj). nov.

Grass green. Eyes and genital segments partlv brownish.
\>ins lightl}' and shortly piligerous.
Length: iif mill.
Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii) on grass.

Vamta, gen. nov.

Allied to the last described, but with only one at all regular
su'bapical line, and the frons has oblique keels.

Vertex anteriorly rounded, transverse, extending a little in
front of eyes, medianly carinate on the basal two-thirds; pos-
teriorly acutely emarginate. Frons about twice as long as
wide, ^medianly keeled on the basal three-fourths. Clypeus cari-
nate medianly, the keel (at the apical margin of frons) proceed-
ing straig-ht on eac'h side of median keel for more than lialf of
frontal length, not quite reaching lateral keels. Clypeus keeled
laterally. Pronotum wider posteriorlv than head, carinate
medianly, lateral keels curved convergingly, meeting anteriorly
in an acute an'gle; anteriorly nearly on a level with anterior
margin of eyes, posteriorly deeply acutely emarginate. Scutel-
lum about as long as vertex and pronotum together, tricarinate;
the lateral keels meeting anteriorly. Tegmina elongate, costal
cell broadened posteriorly, with some 18 or 19 simple trans-
verse veins; subcostal cell present. Radial forked near base,
cubital foi^ked close to it, a little nearer apical margin; median

4i6

vein simple. Apical third of teg-mina subreticulate. Tibiae
with 3 spines.

I. vifioisis, sp. now (PI. XXVII, fig-s. ^-qj

Pale greenish testaceous; teg'mina hyaline, veins more or
less greenish testaceous.

Length: lo-ii mill.

Hab: Viti Isls. (iii), arboreal.

NympJis: The vertex is ang'ular anteriorly, and angulately
emarginate posteriorly. The pronotum is acute-angled an-
teriorly, readhing- almost to apical marg-in of eyes, posteriorly
emarg-inate. Whole insect medianly carinate from apex of ver-
tex to apex of abdomen. Ventrally, the frons is nearly twice
as long as wide, carinate laterally and medianly, the latter keel
not reaching- anterior marg^in, and at visible base of frons send-
ing out forks at rig'ht angles which curve around and meet
again at apex of frons. The transverse space between this
basal keel and the anterior margin of the vertex, is dorsal and
is rounded anteriorly (as seen dorsally). It is crowded with
sensory organs, and lightly keeled medianly. The space be-
tween lateral and sublateral keels on frons is also provided
(much less thickly) with sensory organs. Eyes prominent.
Nota and tegminal pads with a few sensory organs.

Pale greenish testaceous, a crimson stripe (or keel) from
apex of vertex to apex of abdomen, broadening sufifusedly as
a rule about the middle of each part. A black spot at inter-
oposterior angle of tegminal pad.

Length: 5 mill. (PI. XXVII, figs. 6-7).

Rhinodictya, gen. no v.

Has a considerable superficial resemblance to Hasta paupera.

Head slig'htly ascending. Vertex about as long as pronotum
and scutellum together, angularly emarginate at base, a lateral
'keel on each side and a median. Frons with a lateral keel on
each side and a median, also a curved submedian keel on each
side, becoming obsolete on the basal ihalf. Pronotum tricarin-
ate, angularly rounded anteriorly, deeply rectangularly emar-
'ginate posteriorly. Scutellum short, tricarinate, the lateral
keels rounded, meeting anteriorly. Costa arched, costal cell
with about 18 transverse veins; subcostal cell present, stigma
absent. Apical fourth of tegmina reticulate, no definite sub-

417

apical line. (Basal venation as in Pcltodictya). Posterior tibiae
with three spines.

I. quaesitrix sp. nov.

Pale yellowish green, paler beneath. Tegmina hyaline, veins
pale yellowish green.
Length: 11-12 mill.
H'ab: Queensland, Cairns (viii) on grass.

Family Achilidae.

The antennae in the Australian genera are small and incon-
spicuous.

1. Tegmina entirely bright red 1 Achilns Kirby.

la. Tegmina, if reddish, only so on the costal cell and the

veins 2.

2. Frons strongly impressed transversely; not or very obso-

lescently carinate. (A w'hite band on the face)

2 Aristyllis gen. nov.

2a. Frons not impressed transversely; more or less strongly
carinate medianly 3.

3. Apical cells of tegmina all (or all except one or two) not
'longer than Avide . . 10 Salemiiia gen. nov.

3a. Apical cells of varyin'g length 4.

4. Vertex very transverse (not carinate medianly, and 2 white
bands on the face) 4 Pyrrhyllis gen. nov.

4a. Vertex not transverse, or if so, very slightly 5.

5. Vertex obsolescently carinate medianly, somewhat deeply
rotundately impressed in the middle.. 11 Francesca gen. nov.

5a. Vertex strongly carinate medianly; not impressed (or if
so, longitudinally or very slig'htly, between median and
lateral keels) 6.

6. Lateral keels of frons meeting at its base and forming an
angle there 5 Majella gen. nov.

6a. Lateral keels of irons not meeting at its base, which is
more or less widely truncate (or slightly angularly emar-
ginate) 7-

7. Vertex basally practically truncate, except at extreme
lateral margins 8.

7a. Vertex 'basally distinctly angulately emarginate 9.

8. Vertex wider at base than lonlg medianly

7 Eurynomeus gen. nov.

8a. Vertex distinctly longer than wide. . . .6 PheneUa gen. nov.

418

9- Tegmina smooth, not granulate; veins thin and prom-
inent, not granulate. Face with two transverse white
bands 3 BcncUa gen. nov.

9a. Tegmina granulate on the costal cell and sparsely else-
where, veins stout and prominent, granulate; frons not
banded 9.

10. Head produced distinctly in front of t'he eyes

8 Argdeitsa gen. nov.

loa. Head not or very slightly produced. . . .9 Cythiia gen. nov.
Aneipo is not included in this table.

Achilus Kir'by.

Achihis Kirby, 1818, T. Linn. Soc. London. XH. 474.
Achilius Spinola, 1839, Ann. S. E. France, VHI, 320.
Achillus Am. and Serv., 1843, Hemipteres, 524.

I. flammeus Kirby.

Achilus flauiincns Kirby, op. cit. suora 475. PI. XXHI, f. 13.
Hab: "Australia" (Coll. Kirkaldy.)

Aristyllis gen. nov.

Vertex slightly declivous, more or less confused with the
frons; t'he lateral margins fork, about their middle, (as seen
dorsally), the inner keels meeting at an angle on the anterior
margin (as seen dorsally), carinate medianly, posterior margin
emarginate angulately. Frons obsolescently carinate medianly,
the apical 'half excavated horseshoe-shaped. Clypeus more
strongly carinate medianly, carinate (as also frons) laterally. A
white opaque band across face. Eyes large, eac'h about as wide
as vertex. Ocelli distinct. Pronotum short, wider than head,
tricarinate. Scutellum itricarinate. Tegminal venation as fig-
ured (all the Australian genera are very similar, differing prin-
cipally in the relative proportions of the apical cells), not gran-
ulate. Leg's spineless, or with one spine. Type A. aristyllis.

This genus is apparently Plcctoderes Fowler (in part); I say
"in part," because Fowler's genus is obviously heteros-eneous.
In Plectodcrcs Spin., tlhe head is stated (and figured) to~be fulh'
as wide as the pronotum; in all t'he Australian AchiHna.e, the
'head is distinctly, often verv muc'h, narrower.

419

1. Scutellum anteriorly blac'k; a white wedge across the
middle of the clavus and a white stripe across costal cell.
2 omphale Kirkaldy.

la. Scu'tellum uniform dark or pale ferruginous; no white
stripes on tegmina 2.

2. Scutellum dark ferruginous; a large bluish black spot
near apex of costal cell i aristyllis Kirkaldy.

2a. Scutellum pale ferruginous; costal cell slightly infuscate.
3 adippe Kirkaldy.

1. aristyllis, sp. nov.

Head gradually shading from brownish ferruginous at base
of vertex (and also on apical half of clypeus) to black near apex
of irons. Eyes and scutellum dark .ferruginous. Anterior half
of pronotum blackisih, posterior half Avhitish. Sterna, rostrum
and legs mostly testaceous, anterior femora black, the base and
a band near the apex,, pale. Abdomen mostly black. Tegmina
subhyaline brownish-yellow, a tiny white speck about middle of
commissure, the basal margin, a spot at base of costal cell,
apical half of costal cell,and a spot about the middle of the
clavus, blackish, with a metallic-blue glint; some of t'he veins
sanguinescent. Rostrum reaching just 'beyond posterior coxae.
Apical angles of vertical disk acute. Tibiae spineless.

Length: 4^ mill to apex of abdomen; 5f-6^ to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), Cairns (viii).

2. omphale, sp. nov.

Differs from the typical species by being shorter and broader
and differently colored; vertex shorter.

Vertex, pronotum anteriorly in the middle, apex of clavus,
pale ferruginous. Frons, clypeus, pronotum anterolaterally, an-
terior and posterior third of scutellum, sterna, a'bdomen, etc.,
I)lack or blac'kish. Middle third of scutellum bright ferruginous,
positerior margin of pronotum testaceous. Tegmina hyaline,
pale yellowish brown, basal margin narrowly, a spot near mid-
dle of costal area, and a stripe across the clavus (nearer apex
than base), opaque wdiite; apex of costal cell more or less san-
guineous, a large metallic bluish-black spot just basal of this.
Anterior legs and intermediate and posterior femora more or
less black, anterior femora not pallidly banded posteriorly, in-

+20

termediate and posterior tibiae and tarsi widely pallid, at leasi
apically. Frons banded as in the type. Vertex shorter than in
the type, the apical angle of the disk rectangular; rostrum
reaching to apex of posterior coxae.

Length: 4 mill to apex of abdomen; 5^ to apex of tegmina.

Hab : Queensland, i.\elson (vii).

3. adippc, sp. nov.

Pale ferruginous, base and middle of frons blackish brown,
banded with white as in the preceding species. Sterna and
le;gs pale. Abdomen more or less marked with black. Teg-
mnia pale Yellowish 'hyaline, veins mostly darker, costal cell
dark apicall}\ Structure of head similar to the tvpe. Legs
not spinose.

Length: (male) 5^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

Benella, gen. nov.
Characters of Aristyllis, but frons not excavated.
I. aliena, sp. nov.

Pale ferrugineous, face with two transverse white bands.
Pronotum testaceous; tegmina hyaline, costal cell more or less
infuscate; veins more or less pale sanguineous. Legs etc. pale,
anterior and intermediate tibiae annulate with dark brown. Ab-
domen dark 'brownish black, posterior margin of each seg^ment
narrowly pale. Posterior tibiae witth a spine.

Length: 3 mill to apex of abdomen; 45 to apex of tegmina.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

Pyrrhyllis, gen. nov.

Allied to the preceding, but the vertex is very transverse and
the frons is not impressed transversely; from PJirygia Stal it
is apparently distinguished bv the presence of a distinct keel
separs'ting vertex and frons.

Vertex not prominent, but more or less arched anteriorly,
not reaching anteriorly as far as the eyes; very transverse,
emarginate posteriorly. Frons a little convex, carinate median-

421

ly aiid laterally, as also clypeus. Face with two transverse
white bands.

1. pyrrhyllis, sp. nov.

Pale yellowish testaceous, more or less pallidly infuscate.
Scutellum infuscate between the keels. Abdomen mostly black-
ish. Tegmina hyaline, pale smoky, basal veins dark brownish,
costa and apical veins sanguineous. Vertex ratHier obscurely
keeled medianly.

Length: 3 mill to apex of abdomen; 4^ to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi).

Majella, gen. nov.

Distinguished from any of the other Australian Genera, by
the lateral keels of the irons meeting in an angle at the base,
and the genae being subfoliaceous and dorsally prominent.
General appearance of Phenelia, but the veins are strongly gran-
ulate, and the apical third of tegmen is more or less declivous.
Posterior tibiae with a spine.

I. majella, sp. nov.

Pale cinereous or" testaceous, a thin short dark brown line
on vertex anteriorly on either side of median keel. Scutellum
suffused with fulvescent, posterior part of keels pale yellowish.
Tegmina! veins mostly darker, thickly granulate all over, gran-
ules mostly pale; apex of clavus sanguineous with a large
bluish-black spot; base of first apical cell sanguineous. Abdo-
men mostly brownis'h black. The lateral margins of the vertex
converge slightly, but do not meet anteriorly. Frons posterior-
ly somew'hat excavate, the lateral margins there being broad
and subvertical.

Length: (male) 4; (female) 4^-5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Nelson (vii). Cairns (viii).

Phenelia, gen. nov.

Allied to Elidiptcra Spin., but differs by the vertex being
strongly carinate in the middle, posterior tibiae not spinose,

etc.*

* Blidif>ie>-ci Walker (not Elidiptera Spin., as Melichar state.s in his "Mon. Flatiden")
is a synonym of Phalaenomorpha Am. Serv. {Flatoides Guerin, Melichar.)

422

Vertex longer than wide, produced before the eyes, lateral
margins straight, slig'htly converging anteriorly, anterior and
posterior margins truncate, strongly carinate medianly. Frons
and clypeus as in E. advena Spin., except that t'he former is not
so far produced basally. Pronotum and scutellum tricarinate.
Tegmina in form similar to E. advena, but not quite so archeil
at the s'houlder, not at all granulate; radial and cubital forked
at about one-third of tlie length of the tegmen.

I. clidiptcroidcs, sp. nov.

I^jead, pronotum, sterna and legs, yellowish testaceous, a lit-
tle browner on vertex. Scutellum dark ferruginous. Tegmina
'hyaline, tinged with cinereous; keels of scutellum and basal
veins of tegmina more or less obscurely sanguineous, apical
and subapical veins, apex of costal cell and the entire apical
cell adjoining, bright sanguineous; the base of that apical cell,
bluish black. Abdomen mostly black.

Length: 2^ mill to apex of abdomen, 4^ to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii).

Euryiwiiiciis, gen. nov.

Apparently somewihat allied to Phrygia Stal. Vertex slightly
declivous, scarcely produced before eyes, subtruncate anterior-
ly, not shorter than wide; a:bout one-half longer than the pro-
notum, medianly carinate, this keel extending to posterior angle
of scutelivmi, though obsolescent on pronotum. Frons a little
longer than wide, median keel extending to apex of clypeus,
which is not very distinctly sutured off from frons. Pronotum
posteriorly obtusangulately emarginate. Scutellum tricarinate.
Tegmina not granulate, radial and cubital forked basally of the
middle at about the same place. Posterior tibiae with a spine.

1. australiae, sp. nov.

Stramineous; a line on eitlier side of median keel of vertex
and a rectangular spot on each side of frons .at base, a spot on
mesopleura externally, black, lateral margins of pronotum and
icute'llum brownisih. Tegmina hyaline, costa, etc., colorless,
most of the rest pale smoky, a spot at the exteroapical angle
and two or three veins between it and the costal cell, brownish.
Tergites sordid yellowis'h, more or less lined with orange.

423

Lengfth: 3 mill to apex of abdomen; 4$ to apex of tegmina.
Hab: Otieensland, Cairns (vii).

Argeleusa, gen. no v.

Allied to Fraiursca but with different head-form. Vertex long-
er than wide, distinctly produced in front of the eyes, rounded
anteriorly. Frons elongate, lateral mar'gins sinuate, concavely
rounded basally, convexly rounded and widened apically; 'base
rarrow. obtuse-angulately emarginate. Tegminal veins, costal
cell etc. granulate, veins thick and prominent. Tibiae obscure-
]y spined near the base.

I. kiirandae, sp. nov.

Pale olive brown, paler beneath. Vertex with four longi-
tudinal blac'kish brown lines, frons and clypeus minutely mot-
tled with brownish. Pronotum with a s'hort blackish-brown
line on eac'h side of median keel and 5 spots of same color from
thence to lateral margins. Scutellum between lateral keels
minutely mottled with 'brownish, with 4 small, more or less d's-
tinctly ocellated spots, 2 anteriorly and 2 posteriorly. Teg-
mina hyaline, pale cinereous, veins pale brownish and white
variegated, spotted with brownis'h especially on clavus costal
cell and apical parts. Anterior and intermediate legs banded
with pale brown. Abdomen more or less dark brownish.

Length: 5^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

Cyfhna, gen. nov.

Differs from the last by the head being scarcely if at all pro-
duced before the eyes. The lateral keels of the vertex fork
just before their m'ddle, the outer forks diverging a trifle, the
inner rounding gradually and meeting the median keel at the
apical mar'gin. Frons nearly as broad apically as long, narrow-
ing 'a little towards the base. Tegmina granulate, apical third
more or less declivous.

T. laoii, sp. nov.

More or less pale ferrugineo-testaceous, vertex and scutel-
lum more or less blac'kisb about the keels. Scutellum also suf-

424

fused with dark brown. Te^mina subhyaline, cinereous, mot-
tled and g-ranulatc with 'blackish brown.

Length: 4|-4f mill.

Ha'b: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

I think another specimen (4} mill) from Kuranda (viii) be-
longs to this.

Salemina, gen. no v.

Vertex slightly declivous, convex, somewhat obscurely cari-
nate medianly, sinuately rounded anteriorly. Frons elongate,
lateral margins sub-parallel, slig'htlv divergent posteriorly,
carinate medianly. Tegminal veins thick, prominent, not gran-
ulate, apical cells short, the 3 middle ones scarcely longer than
wide. Posterior tibiae with an obscure spine.

I. francescophila, sp. nov.

Cinereo-testaceous. Frons and scutellum verv finely and
somewhat closely speckled wit'h dark 'brown. Pronotum tuber-
culate latero-posteriorly with 'blackish brown. Tegmina hya-
line, cinereous, more or less finely marmorate with brown, veins
on apical t'hird w^'hitish. Costa and apical mar'gin of clavus,
more or less closely spotted vvitlh blackish brown. Anterior and
intermediate legs pallid, annulated with blackish brown.

Length: 5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

Francesco, gen. nov.

Distinguished by the somewhat deep, circular impression on
the middle of the vertex. Vertex longer than wide, produced a
little in front of the eyes, the lateral margins forking near apex,
making the apical margins tridentate, the median angle being
acute. Pronotum with an impressed point on eac'h side of mid-
dle keel, almost rectangularly emarginate posteriorly. Scutel-
lum diamond shaped, much longer t'han the other genera.

I. saleminophila, sp. nov.

Sordid testaceous, frons laterally with a row of blackish brown
spots. Posteriorly three-fif<-hs of the disk of scutellum dark
brown, lateral parts of scutellum (exterior to keels) with a large
thin blackish brown su'btriangular ocellus. Tegmina hyaline,

425

thickly spotted and smud'g'ed with brovvnis'h cinereous; veins on
apical third white. Legs paUid, anterior and intermediate tibiae
annulate with black. Abdomen brown, posterior margin of
eadh segment narrowly pallid-sanguineous.

Length: 6 mill.

Hab : Queensland. Luchida ])oint (vii).

Aneipo, gen. nov.

Vertex wit'h disk transverse, depressed, apically a little angu-
late, produced in front of the subrotundate eyes; basally round-
ly emarginate; lateral keels highly elevated, diverging a little
posteriorlv and continuing beyond base of dis'k. Frons widen-
ing apically, this part foliaceous and subvertical, acute, the disk
medianly keeled. Clypeus laterally carinate curvedly, sub-
fol'aceous. Pronotum much wider than the head, tricarinate,
the lateral keels uniting anteriorly, the pronotum produced tri-
angularly in the middle anteriorly. Scutellum tricarinate.
Tegmina broad, rounded apically: costal cell broad, not trans-
versely veined; radial and med'an veins approximating at base,
the former forked a'bout one-fifth of the length of the tegmina;
cubital forking immediately basally of the forking of the outer
radial. Apical cells short. Anterior femora and tibiae about
equally long, posterior tibiae with one strong spine.

I. diva, sp. nov.

Bright pale }ellow; pronotum (except laterally), clavns (ex-
cept ap'cal fourth and a spot near posterior angle of scutellum)
and a stripe near apical margin of tegmina widening anteriorly,
sanguineous. Scutellum brownish; sterna testaceous. Teg-
mina (especially costally) speckled with blackish brown. Wings
milky white. Abdomen bright pale green.

Length: 6} mill to apex of abdomen, ii mill to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

Fam. Derbidae.

T, Head (more or less) and anal vein of clavus (strongly)

granulate (Subfamily Kermesiinae) 2.

la. Anal vein not granulate (last segment of rostrum much
shorter than the penultimate, widened, often annuliform
(Subfamily Derbinae) 7.

426

2. Last segment of rostrum fairly long 3.

2a. Last segment of rostrnm subannuliform, conspicuously

short 6.

3. Head strongly carinatc longitudinally in the middle

I. Phaconeura, gen. nov.

3a. Head not carinate medianly 4.

4. Lateral carinate of the head narrow and acute, sensory
organs less conspicuous ; pronotum not extending lateral-
ly farther than the antennae, not so far as the tegulae 5.

4a. Lateral carinae broader and flattened, sensory organs con-
spicuous, pronotum extending laterally much farther than

the antennae, farther than the tegulae

4. Phaciocephalns, gen. nov.

5. Lateral carinae of irons (ventrally) parallel; vertex linear,
widening out triangularly laterally 2. Nisia Melichar.

5a. Lateral carinae narrowing basally (ventrally) ; vertex
linear entirely 3. Suva, gen. nov.

6. Pronotum laterally foliaceous, sinuate, recurved, laterally

almost enclosing antennae. Vertex triangular

5. Basilcoccphahis, gen. nov.

6a. Pronotum more or less normal, vertex truncate apically. .
6. Thyroccphaliis, gen. nov.

7. Antennae more than three times as long as wide 8.

7a. Antennae not twice as long as wide 10.

8. Antennae more or less Hattened, with very conspicuous
sensory organs 9.

8a. Antennae subcylindric, sensory organs indistinct

9. Hcronax, gen. nov.

9. Head strongly elongate, curved and recurved, subascen-
dant, length greater than that of nota.7. Swezeyia, gen. nov.

9a. Head foliaceous but not longer than nota, not recurved. . .
8. Phantasuiatocera, gen. nov.

10. Head wider than pronotum. . . . 10. Philadclpheia, gen. nov.

loa. Head narrower than pronotum t i.

TT. Tegmina elongate, narrow, nearly three times as long as

wide II. Sardis, gen. nov.

iia. Tegmina not more than twice as long as wide 12.

12. Lateral margins of frons practically contiguous between
the eyes 13.

T2a. Lateral margins of frons not nearly contiguous between
the eyes 14.

13. Vertex extending far beyond the eves. . 12. Kaha, gen. nov.

J

427

13a. Vertex extending but little beyond the eyes

13. Levu, gen. nov.

14. Lateral margins of head noticeably sensorized

14. Pyrrhoueitra, gen. nov.

14a. Lateral margins of head indistinctly sensorized .

15. Rhofana, Walker.

Nisia Melichar.

Nisia Melichar, 1903 Hom. Ceylon 53.

This eeniis seems to be but slightly differentiated from Ker-
rnesia Melichar. The last segment of the rostrum in both is
not very short.

r. atrovoiosiis (Lethierry.)

Mccnoplns ctrovcnosus Lethierrv Ann. Mus. Genova. XXVI,
466.
Nisia atrovciiosa Melichar 1903 Horn. Ceylon 53.
Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), Lucinda Point (vii); Viti
isles (iii) ; on grasses and sedges ; also from Ceylon fmy collec-
tion), Nias, Gunun, Sitol (Lethierry).

2. graiidiceps, sp. nov.

Allied to the last ,but larger ; the lateral margins of the head
m.ore highly raised. Head and nota sordid brownish testaceous,
with a paler median line from apical margin of clypeus to pos-
terior margin of scutellum.

Length: 2^-3 mill to apex of abdomen; 4I-5 mill to apex of
tcgmina.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda and Cairns (viii) on grasses
and sedges.

Phoconcura, gen. nov.

Differs from Nisia by the head being strongly carinate longi-
tudinally in the middle, and by the lateral margins being less
elevated above the disk.

I. froggatti, sp. nov. (PI. XXIX, figs. '>^

Piceous, tegmina paler, hyaline. Lateral margins and keels
of head, pronotum and scutellum, clypeus, rostrum and legs.

428

veins, tegininal granules, posterior margins of lergites etc., yel-
lowish testaceous.

Length : 2^ mill to apex of abdomen, 4 mill to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

I. pallida, sp. nov.

Dififers from the type (froggatti), in being bigger and different
in color.

Testaceous, scutellum (excluding keels) etc., fuscous. Abdo-
men blackish, except part of genital segment. Tegmina sub-
hyaline milky, iridescent ; veins whitish.

Length : 4-I mill to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi).

Suva, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Nisia, but the lateral margins of the frons are
not parallel. In Nisii, the vertex proper consists of a very nar-
row, linear strip, which widens out triangularly at the lateral
margins ; in Suva, this widening is absent, and the tegmina are
narrower and more donate.

I. koebelei, sp. nov.

Orange yellow, darker or redder on scutellum and sterna,
legs paler. Eyes black. Tegmina subopaque creamy, veins
pale orange yellow; clavus (except sutural cell) dark or r^^d-
der, orange; a longitudinal entire submedian dark brown band,
widening a little apically, on the tegmina and another along the
comm'ssure apical of the claval apex.

Length : 4-/1 f mill.

Hab: Viti Isles (iii).

Phaciocephalus, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Suva, but distinguished by the cha/acters in
the table.

I. vitiensis, sp. nov.

Sordid yellowish testaceous, lateral margins of scutellum
broadly black, this continuing onto the tegmina in a broad me-

429

dian band, into which, near its middle, enters a narrow stripe
arising near the extrobasal angle of tegmen. The ground color
of tegmina is creamy, veins pale yellow. Legs pale sordid testa-
ceous, apex of each segment narrowly black. Eyes and abdo-
men blackish.

Length : 4f mill.

Hab: Viti Isles (iii).

Basikoccphahis, gen. nov.

Distinguished by the remarkable form of the pronotum. Head
produced distinctly in front of eyes, vertex indistinctly separated
from frons, the former elongate triangular, disk concave, the
anterior converging lateral margins blunt, strewn thickly with
sensory organs. Frons narrow, 'but the acute lateral margins
not nearly contiguous. Clypeus rather longer than the head,
stringly tricarinate. Antennae articulated remote from the ge-
nae, short, somewhat glo'bose. Pronotum transverse, much
wider than the head, medianly carinate, laterally foliaceous, re-
curved, practically enclosing the antennae except from in front.
Scutel'um polished, obsolescently carinate. Tegmina elongate,
narrow. Tegailae subfoliaceous.

I. thaiunatonotus, sp. nov.

More or less pale fulvotestaceous, a black spot on anterior
ambulacra. Tegmina subhyaline, pale pinkish white, costal cell
whitish, veins coralline, 2 or 3 more or less entire, narrow, dark
brown longitudinal stripes on tegmina. Genital segment dark.

Length : 3 mill to apex of abdomen, 6:^ to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii).

Thyroccphalus, gen. nov.

Vertex a little longer than wide, produced in front of eyes,
middle of the disk sunken, lateral margins widely flat and raised,
strewn with sensory organs, converging slightly not meeting an-
teriorly, anterior margin truncate, posterior margin acute, ele-
vated, truncate (the lateral marg'ns are produced a little pos-
teriorly 'beyond the base) posterolateral angles acute. Frons
narrow, lateral margins acute, stronglv elevated vertically, wider
apically than basally. a little constricted medianlv. Antennae
short, rather smoothly subglobose. Pronotum wider than head,

ft

430

roundly rectangular posteriorly, somewhat obsolescently tri-
carinate, scutellum obsolescently 5-carinate. Tegulae extending
laterally farther than pronotum. Costa granulate.

I. leucoptcrns, sp. nov. (PI. XXIX, tigs. 6-7).

Head, pronotum, legs etc., pale testaceous, frons more or less
sordid. Scutellum pale yellow. Abdomen blackish posterior
margin of each segment narrowly pallid. Tegmina and wings
subopaque milky, apex of costal cell infuscate.

Length : 3-3^ mill to apex of a'bdomen, 5-6 to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), on grasses.

Sivcseyia, gen. nov.

Vertex produced far in front of eyes, ascendant, somewhat re-
curved, narrowed in front of eyes and then gradually widened,
subspatulate ; deeply rectangularly emarginate basally, the angle
of the emargin'ation being on a level with the anterior margin of
the eyes. Frons su'bconstricted at the eyes, widening out a lit-
tle basally. Antennae elongate, flattened, about twice as long
as an eye, set on each side of its disk with a raised mass of sen-
sory organs. Clypeus obsolescently tricarinate. Pronotum
acutangularly emarginate.

I. lyriccn, sp. nov. (PI. XXX, f. 10).

Pale yellowish, head and pronotum more testaceous. Anten-
nal sensory organs dark gray. Eyes black. Pronotum subla-
terally with a dark grey spot. Tegmina hyaline, greyish longi-
tudinal stripe down the middle, some of the veins sanguineous.

Length : 2^ mill to apex of abdomen, 5I to apex of tegmina.

Hah: Viti Isles (iii).

Phantasuwfoccra, gen. nov.

Head elongate, extending well in front of eyes, frons and ver-
tex confused; disk depressed, lateral margins highly elevated,
subacute, converging towards anterior margin of head, but not
contiguous either there or ventrally. Antennae much as in
Sru'eseyia, but not so long nor quite so conspicuous. Pronotum
acutangularly emarginate. Scutellum and clypeus obsolescent-
ly carinate. Tegmina narrow, elongate. Type nrborca.

431

I, arborea, sp. nov.

Testaceous, a broad dark brown stripe laterally on genae
through eyes to posterolateral angle of scutellum. Eyes and
clypeus blackish brown. Tegmina hyaline, milky, a somewhat
faint mediolongitudinal smoky stripe : some veins sanguineous,
some yellowish.

Length : 2\ mill to apex of abdomen, 5 to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Queensland. Kuranda (viii) on trees.

2. viticusis. sp. nov. (PI. XX\^III, figs. 1-3).

Closely allied to the type ,b,ut the vertex is broader and not so
convergent anteriorly; also the ventral part of the frons is prac-
tically parallel throughout, while in arborea it is narrower at the
eyes, widening a little apicallv and basally. The eyes are also
set closer to the clypeus and the antennae are shorter.

Pale yellowish, disk of head more testaceous ; lateral stripe on
head and nota as in arborea. Tegmina as in the latter, but the
median stripe darker and more distinct.

Length : 5 mill.

Hab: Viti Lsles (iii).

There are two or three other species from Cairns, etc.. with
different head structure 'but in imperfect condition for describ-
ing.

Herona.r, gen. nov.

Allied to Patara Westwood'^ but the venation is different.

Head produced in front of eyes, vertex triangular, disk exca-
vate, wider at base than an eye; there is no transverse carina
dividing vertex from frons. but the latter is suddenly more shal-
low and the lateral kee'ls are almost contiguous. Antennae
articulated close to clypeus. second segment subcylindric, elon-
gate, about three-fourths the length of the frons, not (or very
slightly) sinuate apically. Scutellum with one (3?) obscure keel.
Type parnassius.

\ . parnassius. sp. nov.

Whitish testaceous, more or less sordidly infuscate. Tegmina
with brownish spots on the costal ce'l, an irregular brownish

* The tisure of the antenna of Putara in the Biologia Central! Americana Horn. II
(PL 9, f. 9 a) is obviously incorrect; Westwood says "Articulo prime annuliformi," as of
course one would expect.

432

band across tegmina (not costal cell) medianly, and the veins (at
least partly) widely infiiscate. Tibiae annulated with blackish
brown.

Disk of vertex deeply excavated, lateral margins narrowly
flat. Apical of the eyes the frons widens out triangularly but is
not so wide apically as the base of the ecarinate clypeus.

Length: 3^ mill to apex of abdomen, 7 to apex of tegmen.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii) on trees.

2. saccharivora, sp. nov.

Allied to the type but the apical veins are mostly sanguineous,
and the tegminal pattern is pale, and more broken. Lateral mar-
gins of frons contiguous throughout, and dorsally the head is
much narrower and but narrowly excavated.

Length as in the type.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii) on Saccharum officinale.

PhUadclpJicia, gen. nov.

Distinguished by the big, wide eyes which extend laterally be-
yond the pronotum. Of the general appearance of Zonnda
Kirkaldy.

Scutellum roundly declivous, head roundly perpendicular. Ver-
tex and frons confused, consisting of a strongly elevated keel
on each side and a very narrow area between, narrowing still
more anteriorly. Eyes very large, very transverse, extending
laterally slightly beyond lateral margins of pronotum. Antennae
with second segment short, subglobular, a little wider apically
than at base. Clypeus longer than the epicranium, strongly
keeled medianly, more lightly sublaterally. Rostrum extending
beyond posterior coxae. Scutellum tricarinate. Tegmina very
elongate, venation dissimilar to an)- other genus. Posterior
tibiae with one small spine, a little apical of the middle.

I. paiidaiii, sp. nov. (PI. XXI, fig. 3, and XXIX, figs. 8-9).

Head, median keel of clypeus, pronotum, keels of scutellum,
disk of metano'tum, legs, etc., whitish. A large lateral wedge on
pronotum, interior half of eye, clypeus, etc., vermilion. Scutel-
li.-m and metanotum (except as above) orange. Tegmina and
wings pale brownish, hyaline, costal cell broadly pallid, clavus
and base of coriimi more or less smokv, veins dark brown, the

433

short transverse veins and exterior part sometimes of the others,
broadly infuscate. Abdomen soraid testaceous, more or less
marked with brownish.

Length : 3-I-4 mill to apex of abdomen ; 9^ to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii) on Pandanus.

Sardis, gen. nov.

Allied to Phcnicc Westwood, but the tegmina are narrower
basally, more elongate, and dilated apical to the clavus, head
differently formed etc.

Scutellum strongly roundly declivous, pronotum vertical and
head strongly bent under. \'ertex short, separated by a smooth,
confused line from the frons (of which the lateral margins are
svibcontiguous.) produced triangularly a little anteriorly, at base
narrower than one of the transverse eyes. Antennae articulat-
ed close to exterolateral margin of genae and close to clypeus,
which is as long as the epicranium and heavily carinate laterally.
Pionotum deeply rectangularly emarginate. Scutellum strongly
keeled in the middle.

1. maculosa, (Krueger). (PI. XXVIII, tigs. 4-6).

Phenicc maculosa Krueger {?i'8gy) Ber. Veruchsst. Zuckerr.
West Java II, 243; and 1899 Das Zuckerrohr und seine Kultur
313; Ze'hnter 1897 Arch. Java Suikerind V. p. ? (Sep. 25).

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), on Saccharum officinale and
Pandanus. Originally recorded from Java.

Kruger (whose original work I have not seen) attributes it to
Westwood, but I cannot trace any description by the latter.

Kaha, gen. nov.

Head produced more than their length in front of the eyes ;
vertex of irons somewhat confused, the former excavated as far
as anterior margin of eyes, lateral margins acute and converg-
ing, meeting at anterior margin of eyes, continuing thence (some-
what nutantly) practically contiguous, as far as clypeus. Anten-
nae large but short, with enormous sensory organs, giving the
antennae a coralloid appearance. Pronotum carinate medianly,
tcctangularlv emarginate, laterallv subfoliaceous.

434

I. perfecta, sp. nov.

Testaceous, more or less infuscate ; pronotum and scutellum
pale castaneous, polished. Underside more or less sordid testa-
ceous, abdomen blackish, posterior-margin of each segment pal-
lid. Tegmina hyaline, more or less infuscate, costal cell apically
chequered sanguineous and white ; veins on apical half of teg-
mina sanguineoius.

Lenth : 5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii). '

Levu, gen. noA^

Apparently related closely to Paricana Walker as figured in J.
Linn. Soc. Zool. I, PI. 8, fig. i (which however has apparently no
connection with the generic description), but the apical veins are
not forked close to the margin, etc.

Vertex and frons confused, extending well in front of the eyes
disk greatly depressed, very narrow, long triangular, lateral
margins acute and converging, meeting close to anterior margin
of eyes, contiguous till past the eyes and then widening a little
apically. Clypeus basally depressed. Eyes prominent, much
wider than vertex. Pronotum deeply rectangularly emarginate.
Tegmina narrow, elongate.

I. vitiensis, sp. nov.

Stramineous, eyes black. Tegmina milky white, subopaque,
apical veins pale yellow, apical margin subsanguineous.
Length : 4^^ mill.
Hab: Viti ilsles (iii).

Pyrrhoiieuro. gen. nov.

Vertex and frons confused, extending anteriorly before eyes,
disk conc'ave. Lateral margins acute, vertically elevated, dorsal-
ly they are thickly sensorized and converge straightly, not quite
meeting anteriorly, posteriorly a little emarginate ; ventrallv they
are elongate, narrow, a little wider apically. Antennae small,
not articulated near clypeus. Ocelli present. Pronotum deep-
ly angularly emarginate. Scutellum tricarinate.

435

I . sac char icida, sp. nov.

Vertex and frons yellowish testaceous, more or less suffused
with sanguineous. Antennae clypeus and legs pale testaceous.
Pronotum and scutellum sordid ferrugineous, laterally more or
less suffused with sanguineous. Tegmina dark smoky, basally
darkening more a large irregular blotch on the middle internal-
ly, the basal half of costal cell and 2 spots apical of this, 2 large
spots on apical section, etc., white. Nearly all the veins bright
sanguineous. Wings white with a large black spot almost cover-
ing apical half. Sternites blackish brown, posterior margin of
each segment narrowly sanguineous.

Length : 3^ mill to apex of abdomen, 5 to apex of tegmina.

Hab: Viti Isles, Rarawai Mills (iii), on Saccharum oificinalc.
(Koebele's No. 2375.)

Rhotaiia, Walker.

Rhotana Walker 1857 J. Proc. Linn. Soc. London I, 160 (des-
cription only) ; Melichar 1903 Horn. Ceylon 61.

Gencstia Stal 1858 O. V. A. F. XV, 450.

Walker's figure of the type (PI. 8, fig. 2) has nothing to do
with his description. Melichar has figured R. vitriceps (Stal.)

1. chrysonoc, sp. nov.

Differs from the three Sinhalese species and probably from
the Bornean (from which it differs abundantly otherwise) by the
short head which does not extend half the length of an eye be-
yond anterior margin of eyes. Pale luteous (metanotum and
base of abdomen sanguineous in fresh example), rostrum, sterna,
legs etc., paler. Tegmina and wings hyaline, iridescent ; veins
testaceous, faintly infumate broadly on each side of most of the
transverse veins of the tegmina. Four tiny black specks on the
H'dial vein. The subapical line is a little more irregular than in
R. vitriccps.

Length : 2-| mill to apex of abdomen, 4^-4^ to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), arboreal.

2. hacuiaioncjira, sp. nov.

Ventral part of frons, smaller and narrower, less elevated
laterally, etc.

436

Pale yellowish testaceous, scutellum more or less infuscate
basally. Tegmina hyaline, largely clouded with brownish, veins
sanguineous. Tergites infuscate.

Length : 5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii), arboreal.

Fam. Issidae.

There are two main divisions, characterized by the lateral
form of the frons; this is however really not a sharp differentia-
tion, Gcdrosia Stal seeming to connect them. The Issinae have
the lateral mar'gins of the frons straight, or more or less round-
ed, w'hile the Eury'bradhyinae have them strongly, often acutely
angulate. The former, moreover, are usually dull in hue, while
the la+ter often have richly var'egated tegmina and sometimes
brightly colored wings. The aberrant genera Tctigomctra Lat-
reille and Hilda Kirkaldy should perhaps not be included in this
family.

Subfamily Issinae.

Of this group some 60 genera have been erected, though
many are still little known. It is not represented in the Ha-
waiian arc'hipelago, but for Australia I record 6 genera and 13
species, of which 5 and 11 respectively are new. The Austra-
lian genera may be separated as follows:

1. Tegmina abbreviated, clavus not sutured off from coriuni
(posterior tibia with one spine) 6 Gclastissus gen. nov.

la. Tegmina complete, clavus sutured off 2.

2. Tibiae with one spine; (tegmina tectiform)

5 LipocoUia gen. nov.

2a. Tibiae with 2 spines .3.

3. Win'gs rudimentary 4.

3a. Wings complete, not incised apically 5.

4. Vertex flattish; cubital vein simple, median and radial
veins forked near the base 4 Hysfcropfcriiiii Am. Serv.

4a. Vertex concave; radial vein forked near the base, cubital
and median veins forked the middle of the tegmina; (first
segment of posterior tarsi very short) 3 Sannis Stla.

5. Abdomen cylindrical; appearance Poekillopteroid

2 Lollius Stal.

5a. Abdomen depressed: appearance Cercopoid..i Issus Fabr.

J

437
Issits Fabricius.

Issus Fabricius 1803 Syst. Rhyng., 99; Melichar i8g6 Cic.
Mittel-Eur. 40, PI. Ill, figs. 22-5.

The following three species very probably will not be referred
ultimately to t'he genus Issus, as the frons and clypeus do not
altogether lie in t'he same plane. They cannot be Ulixcs Stal,
as in that genus t'he scutellum is said to be twice as long as the
pronotum.

I. vulturmis, sp. nov.

Vertex, pronotum and scutellum testaceous of various de-
grees of sordidness; frons and clypeus sordid brown. Tegmlna
dirty brownish, a transverse band (a little basal of the middle),
the commissure, etc., dirty whitish. Legs dirty brownish, paler
in places. Beneath sordid. Wings dark smoky. Vertex slight-
ly transverse (apical margin very obtusely angulate), narrower
than an eye. Frons with a round sublateral carina, and also a
median longitudinal one, both sli'giht but noticeable; postero-
lateral angles rounded, posterior margin roundlv emarginate;
outside the round carina are small granules. Eyes, in profile,
occupying nearly the whole of the 'head as far as the antennae.
Pronotum granulate, medianly carinate. Tegmina about 3
times as wide (max.) as head and eyes together; veins strong,
with numerous strong transverse veinlets (including costa and
clavus). Cubital and median veins forked at about the middle.

Male: Pygofers black, polished, short, acute.

Length: 6 mill., maximum width 3 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi), arboreal.

2. sidiiiciis, sp. nov.

Allied to the previous species, but smaller. The colorings
and picturation are practically the same except that within t'he
round carina of the frons, the color is castaneous, suffused with
blackish on the disk, and there is a short, transverse, whitish
stripe in the middle. Vertex about as wide as an eye, a trifle
more transverse than in viilturnus; scutellum scarcely longer
than the pronotum. Frons longer than wide, more swollen
medianly and more granulate outside the round carina, lateral
margins less divergent. Cu'bital vein forked a little nearer the
apex than the median.

Male: Pygofers similar to the previous.

Length: 5^ mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i), arboreal.

438

3- ridicularius , sp. no v. (PI. XXXI, f. 4).

Somewhat allied to T. sidnicus, but scarcely congeneric. Sor-
did testaceous, base of frons, apex of clypeus etc. dark. Abdo-
men, legs, etc., more or less obscurely and sparsely marked
with brownish within the reticulations, exterior veins more or
less greenish, or blackish. V^ertex and eyes rather flatter and
a little wider. Head and eyes as wide as, or a trifle wider than,
the pronotum; costal margin more evenly rounded. Frons flat-
ter, lateral keels straig'ht, posterior keel obsolescent. Prono-
tum not granulate. Median and cubital veins forked at aboui
the same place.

Male: Pygofers as in the previous species.

Female; Last segment almost linear, pygofers pale brown-
is'h, short, broad, the two together almost equilateral.

Length: About 6 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), Bundaberg (ix-xii), arboreal.

The Bundaberg specimen is the type.

4. elongatiilus, sp. nov.

Scarcely congeneric with the three preceding.

Pale greyish cinereous, vertex and pronotum a little marked
or sufTused with igreen. Veins pale olive brown. Elongate,
narrower; >head, pronotum and scutellum not, or scarcely, gran-
ulate. Anterior margin of vertex truncately carinate, anterior
to this (dorsally) is visible a small, rounded, part of the frons.
Frons a little wider posteriorly than anteriorly, furnished wnth
a circular carina and a medio-longitudinal straight one; pos-
terolateral frontal angles rounded. Tegmina narrow, elongate,
not so reticulate as in the preceding species, costa little widen-
ed, the radial vein forks almost immediately after its inception,
the outer branch sinuate; the median vein forks apical of the
middle, outer branc'h refor'king; the cubital forks about the
middle.

Length: 5|-6 mill., width 2-2;^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii), atboreal.

Lollins Stal.

LoUms Stal 1866 Hem. Afr. IV, p. 209; and 1870 O. V. A. F.,
P- 763-

439

Stal states that the pronotum ("thorax" as he invariably
terms it) is truncate: in the two species described, it is widely
rounded.

I. aiisfralicus, Stal.

LoUhis aiisfraliais Stal 1870, O. V. A. F.. 763.
Hab: Queensland, Moreton Bay.
ITnknown to me.

2. angustifrons, sp. nov.

Distinguished from L. australicns by the elongate frons; (in
that species it is "almost as wide as long.") Greyish testaceous,
vertex, lateral margins of frons (spotted with testaceous), mark-
ings on clypeus, etc., middle part of pronotum and of scutellum.
extreme base of clavus, some obscure, small, markings on teg-
mina (especially on apical and costal margins), some more or
less obscure mai^kirigs on legs and abdomen — blackish. Under-
side yellowis'h testaceous, frontal carinae pale ferruginous. Teg-
minal veins more or less closely speckled with s,anguineous.
Wings pale smoky. Vertex a little longer than wide; lateral
margins of vertex and frons acutelv elevated vertically; on the
front within tiliese are 3 carinae united basally acutangularly,
diverging a little posteriorly and roundly uniting again. Frons
nearlv twice as long as wide, wider posteriorly than anteriorly.
Rostnmi reaching to posterior coxae. Upper apical angle of
tegmina about rio^ht angled.

Length: 8 mill., height in profile about 4^ mill.

H'a'b: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi). arboreal.

3. acHtipctinis, sp. nov.

Closely allied to L. angustifrons. but smaller, and the upper
apical angle of tegmina distinctly acute and more prominent;
the anterior carina of vertex truncate, and more pronounced (it
is feeble and excavately angulate in L. angustifrons). The veins
are not. or very scarcelv, marked with sanguineous.

Length: 5^ 'mill., 'heig'ht 3I mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (Type viii). Nelson (vi). arboreal.

Hysferopfcruni, Am. Serv.

Hystcvoptcruni Amvot & Serville. 1843, Hemipteres, 519.

1. H. dorsale Walker, 185 1, List. Horn., 375.

2. H. truncaiellnm Walker op. c, 377.

440

. Unknown to me; as Stal does not mention them, I presume
they are rightly placed in the a'bove genus.

Sarnus Stal.

Sarnus Stal., 1886, Hem. Afr., IV, 204.

The type is stated by Stal (Berlin. Ent. Zeit., X, 392) to be
Issus decipiens Spin., a species the description of whic'h is un-
known to me. One specimen was collected, w'hic'h I refer to
this genus.

I. liicindae, sp. nov.

Head pale ferruginous, somewhat obscurely speckled and
granulate with pale yellowish; pronotum and scutellum sord'd
brownish, anterior two-thirds of latter pale yellowish brown.
Tergites more or less black, genital segments pale, s^ernites
sordid brownish. Tegmina pale cinereous, veins brownish,
a brownish smud'ge across middle and a brownish spot on costal
margin near apex. Legs pale, strongly and widely annulate
with black. Vertex transverse, a little wider than an eye, an-
teriorly widely obtuseangled, posteriorly widely obttise angular-
ly emarginate. Frons flat, wit'h an obscure circular keel, granu-
late between this and the base. Pronotum granulate, scutellum
little longer than the pronotum. smooth, with a deep puncture
on each s'de. Tegmina narrow, elongate, subcoriaceotts, costal
margin close to base, then widened roimdingly; veins strong.

Length: 3^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Lucinda Point (vii), probably arboreal,

Lipocallia, gen. nov.

Allied to Ncccthus Stal but tbe tegmina are subcoriaceous,
' lateral carinae of the frons are as well developed as the median,
the costal area is reticulate, etc.

Vertex transverse, almost linear, truncate apically. Frons
quadran'gular, perpendicular; lateral margins slig-'htly sinuate,
narrowing a little just b?.sal of the clypeus, with 2 lateral curved
carinae (forming an oval) and a longitudinal med'an one, all of
equal strength. Pronotum very transverse, slig'htly arched an-
teriorly, slightly roundedly emarginate posteriorly, medianly
car'nate longitudinally. Scutellum nearly 3 times as long as
pronotum. Tegmina tectiform, covering body completely.
Corium more or less convex, costal area dilated, a little sinuate.

441

Teg-mina closely reticulate, more minutely costally, apical mar-
gin roundly obliquely truncate.

I. australensis, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum, etc., testaceous, very closely and finely mot-
tled with dark brown. Tegmina whitish testaceous, many of
the recticulations wholly or partly brownish. Legs mostly
blackis'h brown. Tergites black and w^hite alternately. Genital
seg-ments black.

Length: 3-I mill., hei'ght 2\ mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii), arboreal.

There is sometimes a more or less obscure blackish band
across the middle of t'he tegmina.

Gclastissiis, gen. nov.

Somewhat allied to Pcltonofcllus Puton. Ver1,ex fi^t or shVht-
ly concave, posteriorly truncate. Eyes very large, extending"
practicallv as far as the base of the pronotum. Frons at about
right angles to the vertex, narrow, elongate, strongly and ele-
vately carina^e medianly witih a lateral keel on each side, and a
more or less obscure, sometimes obsolescent, curved keel on
each s'de between the others, forming an elongate oval. Pro-
notum transverse, anterior and posterior margin truncate, me-
dianlv carinate, also a carina on eac'h side close to the eye.
Scu^ellum about twice as long as pronotum, tricarinate. Teg-
mina stronglv abbreviate, venation obscure, clavus not sutured
ofif, radial, cubital and brachial veins apparently all joined close
to base. Legs simple. Type alholineatiis.

The three Austral'an species are easilv separable as follows:
(It is possible that 2 and 3 are not congeneric with the first):
T. Blackish brown, with an entire, white longitudinal line.

T alhoUncatus.

Ta. Termites apicallv sanguineous 2.

2. Tegmina opaque, blackish 2 hisfno^'i'rus.

2a. Tegmina translucent, pallid 3 suffusus.

I, alholincctiis, sp. nov. (PI. XXTX figs, t-2.)

Blackish, more or less s'hining; a w'hite longitudinal stripe
from apex of vertex to apex of abdomen and a lateral strine of
same color from apex of propleura to apex of abdomen. Genae,

442

cl3'peus latemlly, legs, abdomen partly, pale testaceous.

Vertex flat, twice as long as pronotum, obtusangulate and a
little prominent apically. Tegmina opaque, reaching to about
one-half of the length from base of pronotum to apex of abdo-
men.

Length: 3I mill,

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii), Koebele's No. 2257,
from grasses on damp ground.

2. histrioniciis, sp. nov.

Vertex, pronotum and scutellum brownish piceous ; frons, ca-
rina of clypeus, tegmina etc., shining black; sides of clypeus, ge-
nae, underside more or less, legs, etc., testaceous. Tergites
mostly testaceous, 3 apical segments pale sanguineous.

Smaller and more elongate than G. albolincafiis, vertex more
concave, shorter, scarcely longer than pronotum, not produced
in front of eyes, apically subtruncate. Tegmina opaque, more
rounded costally,' reaching to about two-thirds of the length from
base of pronotum to apex of abdomen.

Length : 2^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii, No. 2272), from grasses on
dry ground.

3. siiffusus, sp. nov.

Closely allied to G. Jiisfrioiiicus but I do not think it is an im-
niaturely coloured form of that species.

Pale testaceous; vertex, pronotum and scutellum more or less
suffused with pale sanguineous. Tegmina shining, translucent.
Tergites pale yellow testaceous, base and 3 apical segments pale
sanguineous.

Lenjjth : 2^ mill.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns (viii), probably on grasses.

N. B. — I do not possess the description of the following sjie-
cies, but suppose that it belongs to the Issinae :

I. AUcIoplasis darxvini G. B. Waterhouse i8^g T. E. S. Lon-
don H.

Subfam. Eurybrachyinae.

Of this group some 20 genera have been proposed; they are
imknown in Hawaii, but 7 genera and 25 species are recorded
from Australia, of these 3 and 5 respectively are now described
as new.

443

The Australian genera may be separated as follows : They
all 'belong to the sub-group with closed clavus:

1. Antennae reaching plainly beyond eyes 2.

;a. Antennae not reaching as far 3.

2. Frons transverse, angulate laterally 4. Dardiis Stal.

2a. Frons scarcely wider th'an long, roundly ampliate on each

side I . Gedrosia Stal.

3 Pronotum and scutellum together about as wide as long

2. Platyhrachys Stal.

3a. Pronotum and scutellum together, wider than long 4.

4. Frons strongly carinate and excavate

6. Gelastopsis, gen. nov.

4a. Frons flat or only slightly rugose; lig'htly carinate 5.

5. Tegmina elongate, narrow. . . .5. EitroiwtohracJiys, gen. nov.
5a. Tegmina shorter, broader 3. Olonia Stal.

The Australian Eurybrachyini are probably all Eucalyptus-
feeders; EuroiiofobracJiys arcnata was found always in grass, but it
had probably been blown or fallen from l:iicalyf>tns.

Gedrosia Stal.

Gedrosia Stal 1862 O. V. A. F. XIX 448.
I. Euryhrachys varia Walker 1851, List. Horn. 394.
Unknown to me.

Flafybraehys Stal.

PlatybraeJiys Stal 1859 Eugenie's Resa. Ins. 280, and 1861 K.
Vet. Ak. Handl. 3 No. 6, p. 67 and 1862, O. V. A. F. XIX 448.
A large number of Australian species have been described,
none of which however have I 'been 'a'ble to identify. In the
lirst work cited, Stal figures the type, but the structure of the
head and of the clavus are not like any Australian forms I have
seen ; in the second work the genus is included among the forms
with open apex to clavus ; in the third (one year later) among
those with closed apex! In the forms aboiut to be described the
clavus is closed, but is not acute. The genus is badly in need of
revision.

I. oeulata, sp. nov.

Head testaceous, sometimes tinged with olive brown ; prono-
tum and scutellum sordid castaneous, abdomen mostly black;
anterior and intermediate legs castaneous, except the black.

444

foliaceous part of the anterior tibiae ; posterior legs black. Teg-
mina reddish castaneous, apical margin narrowly smoky, a small
black spot near the apex, with three tiny white specks enclosed,
and a narrow testaceous line from t'his spot to costal margin, (or
there may be two or three black spots, each encircling white
specks, or there may be no white specks ; apical margin often
more broadly dark.) Wings dark smoky. \"ertex rather less
than twice as broad as long.

Length : 11-12;!, mill.

ITab: Queensland. Cairns (viii). Nelson (vii), Brisbane (vi).

2. chloroccphahh sp. nov.

Similar to P. ocnlata but head pale bright green, an additional
'black spot on te'gmina, afcout middle of costa; posterior legs
sordid brownis'h. Vertex 'more than three times as wide as
long.

Length: 12 rftill.

Nab: New South W^les, Sydney (ii).

3. sicca, (Walker).

Eiirybrachys sicca Walker, 185 1, List. Hom., 384.

E. ruhiginca Walker op. c, 386.

E. semisicca Walker op. c, 387.

An example from Queensland, Cairns (viii) and soine from
Bund'aberg (xi) seem to be var. ruhiginca, but Walker's de-
scriptions are too unsatisfactory for certain determination. It
is probably not congeneric with P. oculatus.

The following species have been described from Australia:

4. Eiirybrachys dccciiiiiiaciila Walker. 1851. List.. 389.
(=A{yhana lanifcra Stal.. 1854, O. Y. A. F., 244, type of
genus, figured in Eugenie's Resa. Ins. PI. IV. f. 8).

Hab: New Soutlh Wales, Sydney.

5. E.. uiaculipcnnis, LeGuillou, 1841. Rev. Zool. 261.
(The description is unknown to me.)

6. E. sera Walker List., ^Ss^scitiiliiiipida Walker. 387.
Queensland (?), Port Essington.

7. E. Iciicostigiiia Walker, 388.

8. E. dccisa Walker. 389.

9. E. sanguiUna Walker. 1858, suppl. 330.

10. P. signata. Distant. 1892, Tr. E. S., London. 281.

11. P. insignis. Distant, op. c. 282.

445

12. F. acrata. Distant, op. c. (Also from Samoa).

13. P. liigubris Stal, 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit., XXIV, 249.
Queensland, Moreton Bay.

14. P. vidua Stal 1. c, (same locality).

15. P. ae grata Stal op. c, 250.

Olonia Stal.
Ohmia Stal., 1862, O. V. A. F., 4^.

I. picea, sp. no v.

Distinguished from 0. nibicuiida Stal. by the shorter vertex;
from 0. transversa, by the absence of conspicuous markings on
head and pronotuni and by the different coloring of tegmina;
from 0. apicalis, by tlhe albsence of curved furrow and row of
impressions on vertex, etc.

Piceous; sterna, abdomen and basal half of posterior femora,
sanguineous. Tegmina piceous, the disk ferruginous more or
less darkened in places, a short white stripe near the apex
(sometimes obsolescent). Wings dark smoky.

Vertex and eyes a trifle wider than pronotum, the first named
a1)out four times as wide as long; frons irregularly longitudinal-
ly rugulose.

Alale: Genital segment dark.

I'emale: Genital segment pale; a large white spot on costa,
anteriorly.

Length: (male) 7-7\\ (female) 74-8 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii).

Tlie following three species have been described from Aus-
tralia:

2. Enrybrachys rubicunda Walker, 185 1, List. Hom.. 391;
Queensland, Sandy Cape.

3. E. apicalis Walker, op. c, 393; Northwest Coast.

4. E. transversa Walker, 1858, Suppl., 96; Queensland, More-
ton Bay.

5. 0. viridiventris Stal 1863 Stett. E. Zeit., XXIV, 250;
Oueensl'and, Moreton Bay.

Dardns Stal.

Dardiis Stal., 1859, Eugenie's Resa Ins.. 279; and 1861, K.
Vet. A. K. Handl. 3, No. 6; 67 and 1862, O. V. A. F.. 488.

I

446
I. {mmaciilatus, sp. nov.

Piceous, immaculate. Carinae on head, pronottim, etc., and
veins (mostly) dark castaneous. Pleura, abdomen and posterior
femora sanguineous; rest of legs obscurely marked with pale
brown.

Lateral angles of frons much more produced than in Stal's
figure of D. abhreviata.

Length: 5-J mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

2. abhreviata (Guerin). •

Eiirybrachys abhreviata Guerin, 1838, \'oy. Coquille, lyo.

E. laeta White, Evre's Expd. Austral. Appendix, 433, PI. 4,

^- 3- . . ■

E. riifiventris Stal.. 1858, O. V. A. F., uji. (Figured in Euge-
nie's Resa. Ins.. PI. IV, f. 7.)

Hab: N'ew South Wales, Sydney (ii).

The curious nymph is figured on PI. XXIX fig. 5.

The following species have also been described:

3. Euryhrachys hiifo Walker, 1851, List. Hom., 393.

4. Dardiis alboiiiaciilafiis Distant, 1892 Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-
don 282.

5. D. obscunis Distant, op. c. 283.

Enronotohrachys , gen. nov.

Allied to Olonia Stal. Somewhat of the form of Nicidus Stal,
but the tegmina and wings are shorter and the clavus is apicall}'
acuminate and closed, the wings are also broader basally. An-
tennae short. Scutellum with three carinae. Anterior tibiae
with three spines. Type E. arcuata.

The two species are separable thus:

1. Vertex a little more than twice as long as wide;
Length : 8 mill i arcuata sp. nov.

2. V^ertex more than three times as lon'g as wide;

Length : to4 mill 2 f>!aiia sp. nov.

I. arcuata, sp. nov.

Pale yellowish ferruginous, marked with blackish brown, the
frons freckled with dirtv brown. Sterna and abdomen sangu-

447

ineous. Tegmina pale ferruginous, irregularly and 'sordidly
spotted with blackish 'brown, especially apically; costa near
apical angle and the apical margin (except extreme) 'hyaline
a pale yellowish transverse band near base. Wingsr dark smoky.
Legs black, obscurely and sparsely marked with yellowish
brown.

Vertex a little more than twice as long as wide, longitudinally
striate, roundly arched anteriorly. Face wider than long, acut-
angulate laterally, a transverse round-oval carina on the disk.
Tegmina postero-apically almost rectangular, posterior angle
extending further out than the rounded anteroa])ical angle.

Length: 8 mill.

Ha'b: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii).

2. plana, sp. nov.

Ferruginous, irroratcd with black, a black blotch on the mid-
dle of the clavus; tegmina irregularly and undulatingly striped
narrowly longitudinally, etc.. with black, a hyaline transverse
line near apex; veins mostly ferruginous. Face and legs black,
the .former minutely and obscurely marked with testaceous, the
latter with ferruginous. Sterna and abdomen sanguineous.

Larger than the preceding, the vertex wider (more than three
times as wide as long) and less arched. Frons not so angular
laterally, about as wide as long, with a rounded carina. Teg-
mina rounded apically.

Length: io|' mill.

Hab: Queensland (viii).

(iclasfopsis, gen. nov.

Of the general form of Euroiiotobrachys but with a very difTer-
ent frontal structure and longer antennae: allied to Dardiis but
with different frontal and tegminal form.

Dorsal part of head a little irregularly arched anteriorly, be-
low this a sinuately arched carina; t'he space thus enclosed about
three times as wide as long. Head and eyes a little wider than
pronotum. Frons transverse, much wider than long; lateral
angles roundly acute. It is divided transversely into two areas
of different color and texture — the anterior area has a large
rounded carina and a straight median one, all these being thick-
ened and deepened, the depths 'being longitudinally striate. The
anterior margin of the posterior area is boldly sinuate: sul)-

448

laterally the disk is transversely carinate. Pronotum broader
than leng-th of pronotum 'and scutellum, the latter tri-cari-
nate. Costa stronlgiy arched basally, the rest of the tegmina
being parallel sided, upper apical angle rounded, not extending
quite so far as the subrectangular lower apical angle. Anterior
and intermediate tibiae and tarsi dilated, posterior tibiae trispi-
nose.

I. iiisignis, sp. nov.

Vertex, pronotum and scutellum yellowish brown, marked
with brownish black; anterior area of frons black, posterior area
yellowish, variegated with brownish. Clypeus reddish variegat-
ed with yellowish. Meso and metasterna and ^bdo'men san-
guineous, the last named more or less black dorsally. Tegmina
ferruginous, costally and apically blackish; a line near base of
corium, another close to anterior margin of tegmina and a
shorter one on costa a little basal of the last named, pale yel-
lowis'h; also various more or less obscure yellowish spots.
Veins ferruginous, apically more or less blackish. Wings dar'k
smoky black. Anterior and intermediate legs blackish brown,
variegated with ferruginous; posterior femora sanguineous;
tibiae ferruginous.

Length: S^-g mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

The following is unknown to me :
T. LynciUa nobilis Stal 1863, Stett. Ent. Zeit.. XXIV 248.
Lizard Island.

Fam. Poekillopteridae.

This family consists of three subfamilies separable as follows:

1. Clavus granulate; posterior tibiae with one to three
spines 3 PockiUoptcrinac.

la. Clavus not granulate 2.

2. Posterior tibiae with 2 to 4 spines i Ricaniinae.

2a. Posterior tibiae spineless 2 Amphiscepinae.

Subfamily Ricaniinae.

Very little material in this group was collected; it is not
Irnown in Hawaii, but 11 genera and 18 species are recorded
from Australia, one new species being' now described. The
group has been monographed recently by Melichar

I

449
Euri'cania Melichar.

Enricania Melidiar i8c;8 Ann. Mus. Wien. XIII. 204 and 258.
A g-enus of 11 species from New Guinea and adjacent islands,
Viti, China, Japan and 'India.

I. tristicula (Stal).

Ricania tristicula Stal, 1865, O. V. A. F., XX, 163.
Enricania tristicnla Melichar, op. cit. supra 265, PI. XI. figs.
7 and 20 and PI. XIII. f. 14.

Privcsa Stal.

Privcsa Stal. 1861 K. \'et. Ak. Handl. 3 Xo. (\ p. 70 Melichar
1898, op. c. supra 282.

A widely distributed palaeotropical genus of 9 species.

I. aphrophoroidcs (Walker).

Dcchitns aphropJwroidcs Walker 1862 J. Ent. 1,311 PL XV, f. 7.

Hab: Queensland, Moreton P>ay (Walker); Bundaberg- (ix-
xii), Brisbane (vi and xi).

Exceedingly common.

Another species has been recorded from Australia, viz.:
P. cxnta Melichar, p. 284, PL XII, f. 4 and PL XIII, f. 9, from
Queensland, Cape York, Moreton Bay and Gayndah (not Gayn-
dak as Melichar cjuotes).

Scolypopa Stal.

Scolvpopa Stal, 1859 Berlin, Ent. Zeit. Ill, 325; Melichar, p.
278.

.\n Australian, (Jceanian and Madagascan genus. Melichar
(p. 278) says: "Apicalrand nur halb so I'ang wie die Sutura
Clavi." In this he is obviously wrong and has more correctly
<jxpressed it on page 205 "Kaum laenger."

I. anstralis (Walker). (PI. XXI, f. i).

Pocha.aia aitstralis Walker. 1851 List. 430; Froggatt 1900 Agr.
Gaz. N. S. W., XI, 650; PL (no number), fig. 6; T. W. Kirk,

450

1903, Eleventh Rep. AgT., New Zealand, 437; text-figs. 1-4.

Scolypopa aiistralis Melichar, p. 278, Pl. XI, f. 24.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg- (ix-xii); Moreton Bay (Meli-
char); New South Wales. Sydney (i); New Zealand. Palmerston
North (my collection), etc.; V'iti (Froggatt).

Commonly distributed on several plants, especially "Passion
fruit vines" and ferns; it is somewhat of a pest.

2. kiiraiidac, sp. nov.

Not very closely allied to any other species.

Brown; eyes pale reddish striped narrowly sub-concentrically
with violet brown. Mesonotum blackish, carinae red brown.
Beneath pale yellowisli. Tegmina dark brown, a few of the
nervures paler; one or two short, more or less obscure, dar'ker
transverse fasciae, a whitish triangular spot on the costal mem-
brane; costal membrane and apical margin blackish.

Frons with five distinct carinae, the su'blateral keels being
much more distinct than in .4. ansfralis. Rostrum short, scarce-
ly reaching to intermediate coxae.

Length: 8 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Kuranda (viii); one example on a dAvarf
CasJiariiia in a rocky, wind-swept place on the banks of the
Baron River.

3. scutata Stal.

5. scutata Stal. 1859, Berlin Ent. Zeit. Ill, 26; Melichar 280,
PI. XI, f. 28.

Unknown to me.

Gaetulia Stal.

GactiiUa Stal, 1864 Stett. Ent. Zeit. XXV, 54; Melichar 327.
Probably cosmo-tropical.

I. chrysopoidcs (Walker).

Ricaiiia chrysupoidcs Walker, 1862, J. Ent. I, 312.

Allied to G. nigrovenosa Mel., but dififering by the iform of the
vertex wliic'h is wider than long, and by the color. I have little
doubt as to the correctness of the determination, though Walker
describes the vertex as 'transverse quadrate'; it is, in fact, ob-
tuseangulate anteriorly and correspondingly emarginate pos-
teriorly.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i).

451

Epifhala))iiu!n, gen. nov.

Differs irom Arinacia Stal by the radial vein not being forked
near tbe base.

The tegmina are broad, nearly as broad as long, and rounded
apically; the radial vein is joined to a refurcation of the median
by a slight, transverse vein, a little basal of the middle; apical
of this the radial forks, the outer branch being joined almost
immediately by a slight, transverse vein to the exterior subapical
cell (which is curved and encroaches on the costal cell apically).
The median vein forks at about a third the length of the teg-
men. There is a fairly regular subapica] line, and two very
irregular transverse lines basal of this.

I. aziola, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and scutellum pale ferruginous; underside
and the legs paler. Tegmina hyaline, veins blackish brown, pale
ferruginous and whitish; costal cell (the transverse veins pale),
basal half and a spot at apex of subcostal, basal cell, clavus, a
long spot about the middle of the tegmina, apical margni broad-
ly (except a small hyaline spot at the apex of some of the cells),
and a narrow oblique band nearer to the apex than the middle,
broadenin'g and darkening costally, more or less dark smoky.
Wings hyaline, marginally smoky. Abdomen ba sally black.

Length: About 5^ mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney. (Koebele's No. 2367).

Unfortunately only a single, stylopized, female of this pretty
Ricaniine.

The following Ricaniinae are Australian:

Rica Ilia Germar.

I. coufnsa Melichar 220 and 22y\ Queensland.

Ricanoptera Melichar.

1. cxtensa Mel., 254 and 255.

2. Patricia Mel., 264 and 257. Queensland.

3. proiiiiiiula 'Schmidt 1905 Stett. E. Zeit., LXVI 180,
Queensland.

Plesfia Stal.

T. Ricania marginata Montrouzier, 1861, Ann. S. E. France,
(4) I, 73; figured by Melichar; PI. X'TII, f. 17 and PL XIV, f. i;
(also from Viti and Lcfu).

Nogodina Stal.

452

Cixiiis pallidipciiiiis Cnterin, 1838, Coquille II. i8q; floured b\'
Melichar, PI. XIV, f. 4.

New South Wales, Port Jackson; (also from X'anikoro,

Amboina, etc.)

Salona Stal.

I. Cixius panorpacpcmiis Ciuerin. 1838, Coquille, it)0; figured
by Melichar, PI. XIII, f. 2.

New South Wales, Port Jackson; I'asniania.

Pnciiia Stal.

Cixius pcUucidiis Cjuerin, 1838, Co(|uille, 189; and 1844 Icon.
R. Anim. 358, PI. 58, f. 4.

(Recorded also, probaibly in error, from India and Java).

Also the following of uncertain g-eneric position:

1. Flatoidcs apcricns Walker, 1858, Suppl., 103; Viti; Nauai.

2. Flatoidcs stipatiis Walker, 1851, List, 411.

The second group, Amphi.'^cepinae, is not found in the .Aus-
tralasian regions.

S ub f . P o e k i 1 1 op t e r i n a e .

This group of, usually, greenish or variegated, Fulgoroidea, is
probably fairly well represented in Australia, although only 1 1
Genera and 22 Species have, up to the present been recorded.
2 Genera and 17 Species are now added, and this number could
have been materially increased by tlie examination of my own
•collection, which, 'however, has not been possible. The sub-
family under the name of "Family Flatidae" has been mono-
graphed iby Melichar (1902 Ann. Nat. Mus., Wien. XVI, 178-258
and XVII, 1-253, Pis. 1-9).

All the Australian forms have short antennae.

NcouicUcharia Kirkaldv.

Neomclicharia Kirkaldy, 1903, Entom. XXXVI, 79.

Col gar Melichar, XVII, 107, (nee Kirkaldy).

A genus of insular forms, ranging from Java to Papua.

I. fuvtiva (Melichar).

? Colgar fnrtiva Mel. 115.

This applies fairly well to Melichar's description, except that
it is a quarter smaller, and the middle heel of the mesonotum is

\

453

obsolescent. The third segment of each of the tarsi is blackish,
while the apical margin and apical third of the costal and com-
missural margins are smoky, the tibiae apically more or less so.

Length: 15^ mill.

Ha'b: Queensland, Cairns (viii); Melichar records it from
Papua.

2. ? atoniaria (Walker).

This form, from Tasmania, is unknown to me.
Siphanta Stal.

Siphanta Stal, 1866, Hem. Afr. IV, 238; Melichar, 36.

Melichar has noted two species from Australia, Schmidt add-
ed one last year, and I have now added eight, but it is probable
t'hat there are more, even in the material I have examined, as
the species appear to run very close. They are difBcult to char-
acterize, as the only differences seem to be small, but constant,
points. Mr. Perkins tells me, however, that they are quite di.',-
tinct in the field.

I. galcata, sp. nov. (PI. XXXM, fig. 11).

Distin'guished from the other Siphajifas bv the narrow, elon-
gate vertex, etc.

Brig*ht green (fading to yellowish green partly or wholly),
greenish testaceous beneath; apical margin of tegmina and an-
terior margin of vertex narrowly sanguineous. Vertex longer
than pronotum. lateral margins roundly converging in a round-
ed acute angle. The eyes are much more prominent and the
pronotum more prominent anterolaterally than in 6^. acuta.
Tegmina very thickly set with small reddish brown granules,
leavin'g one small, naked spot of varying extent in the middle
of each reticulation. Reticulations very large; apical margin
subtruncate obliquely, sutural angle acutely produced.

Length: 9-1 1 mill.

:Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii). Nelson (vii).

I
2. acuta (Walker). (PI. XXI, f. 2).

Pacc'doptcra acuta Walker, T'851, List. Hom., 448.
Siphanta acuta Melichar, 37, PI. 3, fig. 13.

454

The sutural angle is more acute in some examples than in
others. The vertex is visually roundly angulate. sometimes it is
distinctly angulate. It is to be noted that in examination, the
insect must be kept horizontal, as the further the head is tilted,
the more angulate the vertex becomes to the view.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi); New South Wales, Syd-
ney (i-ii); introduced into the Hawaiian Islands. Melichar
records it, possiblv in error, from Tasmania also.

3. acitfipcmiis, sp. nov.

Closely allied to 5". acuta, but the reticulations are less granu-
late, and different in form; the sutural angle more acute. \'er-
tex more elongate and more truncate anteriorly, lateral mar-
gins more parallel. Disk of wings immaculate, except tliat
sometimes there are one or two tinv red specks.

Length: loj mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vi). Nelson (vii).

4. biri'iccps, sp. nov.

Allied to S. aciifipciuiis, but the vertex is shorter than the
pronotum (or at least not longer) and rounded anteriorly.
Bright grass green, granules of corium rather closer and more
numerous than in 5". acuta.

Length: 8| mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (vi).

5. toga, sp .nov.

Probably of same general form as ^". patrnclis Stal,* but the
vertex is longer and the pattern different. Grass green, paler
beneath; a yellow longitudinal oblique stripe on the tegmina.
Apex of vertex, tibiae more or less sanguineous.

Vertex and pronotum about the same length, the first named
forming a right angle anteriorly. Tegmina about three-fourtb
longer than wide, subparallel after the basal fourth, apical an-
gles rounded, not prominent.

Length: 9-9I- mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii). Nelson (vii), Bundaberg (vi).

The yellowish stripe is sometimes more or less blended with

*Stal states Manila as lialiitat ni pntme/is : Melicliar, wlii) .soeiiis to lia\e o.xamimii
tlip type, says 'Java'.

455

the ground color of the teg-mina. This species is strongly
granulate all over head pronotum, scutellum, clavus, etc.. Avith
scattered ones on corium; the taller are reddish brown, those
on t'lie clavus blackish brown.

6. Incindac, sp. nov.

Size and form of Scphcna ciiicrca; apparently close to S.
gmnulicoUis (Stal.) but larger and the color different; vertex
anteriorly angulate. Orange yellow, paler beneath ; head more
or less suffused with sanguineous; commissure and apical mar-
gin sanguineous, the latter chequered with the ground color;
tegminal granulations black.

Vertex anterior! v obtusangulate, scarcely extending beyond
the eyes, nearly twice as broad as long. Corium (excluding the
mafgins) with a'bout fifteen granulations.

Length: 6 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Lucinda Point (vii).

y. granidicoUis (Stal.)

Poeciloptera gnviuUcoUis Stal. 1859, Eugenics Resa. Ins. 282.
Siplvanta graiiiilicollis Melichar, 38.

Like S. Incindac but narrower, colored differently. With twice
as many granulations on the corium (excluding the margins).
Length: 5^-6^; (Melichar says 5, Stal 4!)
Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).
Melichar records also from Sydney.

8. subgranulosa, sp. nov.

Closely allied to 5". graindicollis, but granulations as in S.
Incindac.

Length: 6|-8 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii).

9. grannlata, sp. nov.

Close to vS". Incindac. but differently colored, and granulated
as in 6". grannUcoUis.

Pale brownish cinereous; head, pronotum and scutellum more
or less suffused with sanguineous or orange; commissure and

456

apical margin of tegniina more or less sanguineous. Tegmina
with a faint violet tinge; costa pallid.

Length: 6^ mill.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns (vii).

lo. rubra Schmidt.

Sip/huita rubra Schmidt, 1904, Stett. E. Zeit., 64, p. 358.
Hab: Queensland.
L^nknown to me.

Eurypluintia, gen. nov.

Vertex flat, laterally carinate, the keels extendin'g fairly
straight to a little above the eyes, then diverging, meeting api-
cally in a rounded obtuse angle; wit'h eyes narrower than the
pronotum. Lateral margins of frons sinuate, widened out
roundedly towards the apex with three internal carinae, the
lateral two of these meeting (on a higher, as seen in profile,
level than the exterolateral carinae) at the apex with the me-
dian carina in an acute angle, rounded exteriorly. Ocelli very
distinct. Antennae very small, scarcely extending laterally to
half the width of eye as seen from below. Clypeus not carinate.
Vertex carinate medially, the keel extending through pronotum
and mesonotum, the latter with su'blateral keels which unite pos-
teriorly, the median being obsolescent a trifle anterior to this.
Pronotum granulate; tegmina elongate, subparallel. irregularly
reticulate especially apically, apical matgin obliquely subtrun-
cate; apical angle rounded, extending a little further than the
sutural angle. The cubital vein is the only one forked in the
basal half of the tegmen, the forking taking place at about the
basal third of the tegmen. There are a few veins in the clavus.
but scarcely transverse. Costal cell about the same width
throughout and open apically; thickly set with tiny granu-
lations, as is also almost the whole of the tegmen, except the
•exterior claval area, and the two corial areas adjoining it. X'O
regular subapical transverse line. Posterior tibiae with one
spme.

I. ciiicrasccus. sj). nov.

More or less cinereous, the mesonotum brownish. Teg-
mina subhyaline, pale cinereous, reticulations tinged witli
brownish. Granulations brownish. Ocelli red.

Lengt^h: 8]- mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (vi).

I

457
Sephena Melichar.

Scphcua Mel.. XV'I, 197.

A genus of forms from I'apua and neigihboring islands.

I. rubida, sp. nov.

Vertex and frons dark purplish-ibrown, keels yellowish brown.
Pronotu'm and scutellum yellowish brown, keels of the latter
ferruginous. Tegmina pale rosy brown with mealy bloom, and
some darker spots. Wings milky white, veins 'brownish black.
Legs yellowish brown.

General form of Parafella iiiubriiiiargo.

Length: 7I mill.

Ha'b: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii).

Although this and the following have t'he characters of Sep-
Iiciia assigned by Melichar, tliey have more the appearance of
Pcira fella.

2. hyacintha, sp. nov.

Blackish, keels of head yellowish l)ro\vn. Tegmina opa(|ue,
bluish blade; costa more or less dirtv vellowish. Legs yellow-
ish brown.

Length: 7-9 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii), Brisbane (vi).

3. cinci'ca, sp. nov.

Smaller and narrower than -S". rubida, vertex narrower. Pale
brownish cinereous, immaculate. Eyes reddish.
Length: 6^ mill.
Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii).

4. argils, sp. nov.

Form and size of the preceding.

Head, pro'notum and scutellum pitchy; keels of vertex ochra-
ceous. Eyes reddish. Tegmina brownish with a faint violet
tinge, spotted and granulate with violet brown.

Length: 7 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

458
Colgar Kirkaldy.

Colgar Kirkaldy, lyoo. Entomologist. XXXIII 242.

Cnmma Melichar, XVII, 59 (nee Walker).

A genus from Australia and the neighboring isles.

1. peracuia Melichar.

? Croinua peracuta Walker, 1858, List. Horn. Suppl., 120.
Cromna peracuta, Mel. 62.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (vi), also recorded by Meli-
char from New South Wales and Aru Isle.

2. frontalis Melichar.

Cromna frontalis, Mel. 59.

Melichar records this from Queensland: Rockhampton (and
Palmerston County — ? Queensland or North South Australia).

Minwphantia Matsunmra.

Mimophantia Mats., 1900, Ent. Nachr. XXVI, 212; MeUchar,
XVII, 17.

A single species has been described from Japan.

I. anstralcnsis, sp. nov.

A little smaller than ^1/. niaritinia; the vertex is about one-
half longer than pronotum, which is not so acute anterolaterally,
and the points do not extend beyond the eyes laterally. Sutural
angle not so acuminate. Sternites blackish brown; posterior
margins pale.

Length: 4I-5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (vii-viii) on grass, Kuranda (viii).
Bundaberg (ix-xii).

Aphanophantia, gen. nov.

In Melidhar's tables, this runs down to Gyaria but differs b}'
the frons being carinate, and not much longer than wide. Head
and pronotum subporrect, not declivous as in Gyaria, vertex a
little longer than pronotum, conical, rectan'gularly prominent
anteriorly, truncate posteriorly. Pronotum roundly, widely

459

emarginate posteriorly, scutellum with a double keel medianly,
and a lateral one each side. Pronotum and scutellum feebly
carinate. Tegmina subcoriaceous, little longer than wide, pos-
teriorly roundly obliquely truncate; reticulate; costal cell gen-
erally broader than sub-costal cell, with many simple transverse
veins. Wings rudimentary.

I. citscitticida, sp. nov.

Pale testaceous or pale cinereous, tegmina a little smudged
in places sometimes, with pale sordid brownish; nerves w'hitish.
Abdomen blackish brown, posterior margins of segments pallid.

Length: 2-2^- mill.

Hab: New South Wales. Sydney (ii) on Cnscnta grass.

Massila Walker.

Alassila Walker 1862, Journ. Ent. J, 314.

Allied to Anidova Mel., but with differently formed tegmina,
etc.

Vertex very short, transverse, apically subtruncate, scarcely
extending beyond the eyes. Frons vertical, laterally rounded,
medianly carinate, width and length about equal, lateral keels
strongly elevated. Clypeus set somewhat deeply into the frons,
medianly carinate. Antennae very short. Ocelli distinct. Pro-
notum simple, wider than head and eyes, anteriorly truncate in
the middle, posterior margin roundly excavate. Mesonotum
longer than head and pronotum together. Tegmina elongate,
more than twice as long as broad, irregularly reticulate ; interior
margin of clavus strongly arched, basal f of costal margin arch-
ed, the apical third straight and subparallel with opposite mar-
gin of tegmina, apical margin subtruncate ; no subapical line.
Costal cell narrow. Posterior tibiae with one spine. Tvpe sicca
Walker.

There are two species very closely allied.

T. Cubital clearly forked near the middle, subradial also
clearly forked a little nearer the apex sidnica, sp. nov.

la. Subradial indistinctlv forked zvalkcri, sp. nov.

I. zvalkeri, sp. nov.

Agrees fairly well with the description of M. sicca, except that
the transverse veins in the tegmina. specks in the reticulations.

460

claval granules (at least in part) are pale sanguineous ; this is so
conspicuous that Walker could hardly have had this species be-
fore him when describing sicca, unless he had alcoholic material. •

Length : 7 mill.

Hab: Queensland. Brisbane (vi), Bundaberg- (ix-xii).

2. sidiiica, sp. nov.

Very close to the last but smaller and more reticulate. The
characters in the key also seem to distinguish it.

Length : 6 mill.

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (i-ii).

Of the two species previoiusly described, M. sicca has already
been referred to. M. iiiiicolor Walker (1862 Journ. Ent. i, 315)
does not seem to belong to the genus.

Jauiella, gen. nov.

Belongs to the Phalaenomorphini. but does not seem to be
closely related to any other genus.

Vertex short, three to four times as wide as long, subtruncate
anteriorly, carinate medianly. Eyes prominent. Frons a little
longer than wide, at about right angles to the declivous prono-
tum, basal half carinate medianly. Second segment of antennae
much wider apically than basally, obliquely truncate apically.
Pronotum anteriorly truncate, narrower there than the vertex,
anterior margin almost on a line with the anterior margin of the
eyes, lateral margins highly sinuate, posterior margin subrotund-
ately emarginate, somewhat obsolescently tricarinate. Soutel-
lum with three keels, the lateral ones sinuate. Tegmina sub-
horizantal, overlapping apically. Costa a little arched near the
base, costal rather wider than sub-costal cell; radial vein
forked near the base, cubital forked a little nearer the apex ; no
sL'bapical line. Tibiae with one spine.

I. australiac, sp. nov.

Testaceous ; tegmina pale cinereo-testaceous, veins, cross-
veins and tiny specks in many of the cells pale brownish, some-
times with a reddish tinge.

Length : 9-9^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

I

461

The following have also been recorded from Australia and
Viti :

JfJata Mei.

I. stall Mel. p. 8, PI. X'll, hg. 3. 6". Australia.

Microflata Mel.

1 stictica Mel. 10 PI. \ , fig. 2.

Euphanta Mel.

1. acuminata Mel. 39 Viti, Ovalau.

2. ruficcps Mel. 39.

3 muiida (Walker) Mel. 39 S. Australia.

4. luridicosta Schmidt 1904 Stett. Ent. Zeit., 359. Queensland.

5. ruhromarginata Schmidt, op. c, 360.

Para fella Mel.

1. nivosa (Walker) Mel. 121. Queensland.

2. fusconigra Mel. 121

3. funiaria Mel 122. Neiv South Wales,
s. inodcsta Mel. 122. Queensland. (Also from New Zealand,

probabh' a mistake.)

Da sea Una Mel.

1. aegrota Mel. 155, PI. \'LI. fig. 6. Queensland.

2. rcversa Mel. 155, fig. 15. "

3. alternans Mel. 155, fig. 15. "

4. eontorta Mel. 156, PI. IX, fig. 8.

Addenduin.

The original manuscript containing the descriptions of the
following forms having been lost, and therefore omitted in the
proper place, these are now added:

Fam. Tetigoniidae.

Subfamily lassinae.

Tribe Cephalelini.

Myrniecophryne, gen. nov.

This should probably be placed near Graphocraerus, Thomp-
son; it has somewhat the appearance of Xestoccphalus, \' an
Duzee.

462

Oval. Vertex transverse, declivous; rounded in front, as
viewed dorsally (eyes forming part of the curve), 'but actually
slightly emarginate. Frons short, laterally rounded, very de-
clivous to vertex, slightly convex. Clypeus little longer than
'broad, parallel-sided; genae rather long. Pronotum trans-
verse, lateral margins rather short, not carinate. Posterior
tibiae flattened, rather elongate. Tegmina broad, laterally
rounded, venation rather obscure, apparently not unlike that of
Graphocracrits; wings like Graplwcraeriis.

I. formiccticola, sp. nov.

Piceous; vertex with a short longitudinal line on each side
close to the middle, a short transverse line nearer the lateral
margins, about 3 specks near the anterior margin, testaceous.
Pronotum with about 12 specks 'and scutellum with 4, testace-
ous. Tegmina snbopaque piceous, with brownish testaceous
subhyaline spots. Abdomen piceous, legs sordid testaceous.

Male: Frons sordid testaceous.

Female: Frons piceous variegated with testaceous.

Length : (male) 2 ; (female) 2^ mill.

Plab: Queensland, Bundaberg, Sandhills, in an ant's nest (x).

Subfamily Pciithiiniinac.

This subfamily (Gyponidae or Scaridae of some authors) is
usually considered to be closely allied to the Tetigoniinae. but
r suspect that this view is due mainly to the ocelli being dorsal.

Thainiiafoscopns, gen. nov.

Allied to Gypona Germar; somevvhat of the form of Lcdropsis,
but more fragile, and shorter. Head a trifle narrower than the
anterior margin of pronotum; vertex transverse, foliaceous, pro-
dated well in front of eyes, very thin in profile. Ocelli small,
discal, situated just above the imaginary line joining anterior
margin of eyes. Pronotum transverse, lightly transversely
striate, middle three-fifths of anterior margin truncate, posterior
margin only a slightly sinuate. Scutellum transverse, lightly
transversely striate.

T. galcatns. sp. nov. (PI. XXX, tig. 8.)

Luteotestaceous; foliaceous part of frons orangered; the rest,
as well as the basal two-thirds of genae and the base of clypeus

4^3

and of lorae, black; rest of face, the rostrum, anterior and inter-
mediate legs, testaceous. Prosternum and 4 spots on the apicai
margin of the scutellum, black. Tegmina pale luteotestaceous,
more or less hyaline, veins opacjue, pale luteous. Wings dark
smoky. Abdomen yellowish, more or less suffused discally
with brownish, sparingly marked with black. Posterior femora
and tibiae mostly black.

Vertex and venation figured.

Female: Last segment transverse, apically bisinuate, tlie
short median prolongation very minutely notched.

Length: 7 mill., breadth 2| mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

I'^ultiinnis, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Thauiiiatoscopiis, but head only slightly foli-
aceous anteriorly; cells of tegmina irrorate. Type vidtunuis.

1. vidtuniits, sp. nov.

Pale orange, somewhat sordid, the pronotum somewhat suf-
fused with olivaceous. Scutellum with anterior angles and a
short slender median transverse line, olivaceous. Foliaceous
part of vertex, a spot on the disk and the lateral margins, of
the genae, etc., orange; rest of sterna, sternites, etc., testace-
ous. Tegmina subhyaline costally, mil'ky subopaque inwardly,
veins brown and yellowish, cubital area with many short trans-
verse veins, inner discoidal and the two inner subapicals closely
irrorate; clavus irrorate. Wings dark smoky. Vertex similar
in shape to Thauuiatoscopus, but shorter.

Fem'ale: Last segment transverse, bisinuate, slightly pro-
duced obtusel)- in the middle, last sternopleural segment tooth-
ed intero-laterally near the 'base. Ovipositor black.

Length: 4^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

Rctopioccphahis, gen. nov.

This remarkable genus is readily distinguished by the exceed-
ingly declivous pronotum, and the structure of the vertical head.
It is Cercopoid in appearance. Vertex apical, slightly convex,
transverse, head dorsally anteriorly with (what is probably) a
large part of the frons visible, forming a suboval plate in the

464

same plane as the vertex. Ocelli immediately basal of this, much
nearer the eyes than to one another. Frons excavate as in the
other genera, but the head not at all foli'aceous. Pronotum
roundly declivous, anterior margin rounded in front, posterior
margin roundly emarginate medianly. Tegminal venation ob-
scure, su'breticulate; with an appendix.

I. ■i'aiidii.':cci, sp. nov. (PI. XXX, figs. 6-7.)

Bluish black; vertex, pronotum and scutellum polished; be-
neath dull black. The whole surface more or less covered with
red powder, doubtless similar to the white flocculence of the
Fulgoroidea. The dorsal part of the irons, eyes, and small
false-ocellar spots on vertex, etc., are certainly red, and possi-
bly other parts, but it is impracticable (in the unique type) to
determine what is colour, what powder.

Length: 6f mill.

Hab: Queensland, Bundaberg (xi).

Subfamily Agalliinae.
Jpo, gen. nov.

Distinguished from Idioccnis by the quite different ventaion,
especially the constitution of the discoidal cells and the pres-
ence of 5 apic'als; there are also transverse veinlets towards the
apex of the subcostal (marginal) cell, and there are 2 transverse
veins standing on the cu'bital. The antennal ridges also extend
only about one-half of the distance from frons to eye, and are
shallow.

Very little of the vertex can be seen dorsally, 'and the eyes
are prominent, not forming part of the curve o.f the head; tlie
apical margin of the vertex is ventral and is emarginate round-
ly, to admit the base of the diamond-shaped frons; ocelli placed
a little laterally, right against the frons, close to the apical mar-
gin of the vertex. Frons with a very slight, ovate swelling in
the center, from base to apex. Clypeus o'blong, longer than
wide, lorae rhomboid, about as wide or a little wider, each, than
clypeus, slightly rounded posteriorly exterolaterally. Rostrum
about twice as long as clypeus. Antennae socketted on 'a level
with the posterior margin of the eyes, simple in 'both sexes.
Vertex and pronotum transversely, finely, but a little irregular-
ly, aciculate-punctate. Head and eyes distinctly wider than

465

prono'tuni, the latter transverse, roundly declivous anteriorly,
lateral margins obsolescent, 'anterior and posterior margins
meeting acutely. Costal margin arched; clavus punctured.
Membrane with an appendix. Wings with supernumerary cell.
Posterior tibiae deeply grooved, with a row of about 7 strong
setiferous spines. Type ainbifa.

I. ainbifa, sp. nov.

Head and pronotum pale testaceous, the vertex and prono-
tum strongly clouded with blackish brown, without definite
spots. Scutellum pale castaneous. Underside and the tergites
pallid, pleural region more or less crimson. Tibaei, tarsi and
apical parts of femora more or less blackish brown. Tegmina
hyaline, basal fourth clouded with 'black, two narrow transverse
stripes and apex of corium blackish-brown.

Male: \''alve in profile elongate, rounded apically. l^'rons
clouded also with black. Clypeus black.

Female: Last abdominal segment more or less straight me-
dianly; valve long, depressed in a wedge shaped manner at the
base.

Length: (male) 7^; (female) 94 mill; breadth across eyes
4t-5 mlW.

Hab: Oueensl'and (one male in my collection), Bundaberg
(3 females).

2. coiifcrfa, sp. nov. (PI. XXII. figs. lO-ii).

Smaller than the type, tegmina not narrowed so suddenly api--
cally. and the interior subapical cell very short. Pleural region
not reddish. Frons, clypeus, etc., concolorous, pallid in both
sexes; a narrow longitudinal pale line on head and pronotum.
Tegmina dark, mottled with whitish, with 'a broad undulating
discolorous 'band from nearly the middle of the subcosta to
lateral margins of scutellum; exteroapical third hyaline, veins
Iilack. Scutellum with anterolateral angles broadly dark.

Male and female: V'alve rounder and shorter than in I. aiiibita.

Length: 6-| mill.

Hab: Queensland (ni}- collection). Brisbane (.xi), Bundaberg
(ix-xii), Koebele's No. 2300.

The nymph has spineless legs.

466

3- honiala, sp. nov.

Smaller than /. coiifcrta, the head and eyes only slightly wider
than pronotum; tegmina narrow and not so rounded subcostal-
ly, venation more irregular. Frons, etc., pallid, median part
of the former clouded with 'blackish brown, lorae and clypeus
each with a dafk median mark, and the genae smudged with
black. Tegmina brownis'h 'hyaline, more or less colourless api-
cally; there is a curved whitish fasci'a on the basal half from
basal angle to nearly half the length of the subcosta, the curve
not nearlv touching the length of the subcosta, the curve not
nearly touching t'he commissure; veins partly whitish. Lorae
each about twice as wide as the clypeus and well rounded ex-
terolaterally. Genital segments on the plan of /. confcrta.

Length: 5^-5f mill.

Ha'b: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

4. acgrota, sp. nov.

About the same size as /. honiala, but the eyes are larger and
more prominent, especially laterally; teg^mina more narrowed
apically; lorae not so rounded exteriorly, little wider than the
clypeus.

Pale testaceous; vertex, pronotum and scutlelum more or
less clouded with 'brownish, no definite markings. Tegmina
hyaline, more or less tinged with yellowish, more or less ob-
scurely clouded with brownish and with an ill-defined whitish
fascia near the base.

Length: 6 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (viii).

Idiocerus, Lewis.

Idioccnts Lewis 1835 T. E. S. London, /I, 47, PI. VIII, fig. 2.
Van Duzee 1894 T. Anier. E, S. XXI, 260; Edwards
1896 Hem. Hom. Brit. Isl., 97, PI. I, f. 31, PI. XXI and
XIII, figs. 1-6; PI. XXIX, f. i; Osborn & Ball 1889 P.
Davenport A. N. S. VII, 124-38, PI. III.

Bythoscopus sirbg-. Idioccnts Burm. (1838?) Gen. Ins.
Bythoscopus, figs. 5, 6.

I. ipo. sp. nov.

About the size and form of /. nigroclypcaftis, Mel.

Bright greenish or greenish yellow, immaculate. Pronotum

467

(except lateral margins), scutellum, axillary cell of clavus, com-
missure, etc., crimson. Eyes black. Tegmina hyaline, tinged
with grenish basally and exteriorly; veins greenish. Pleural
region, etc., pale yellowish. Clypeus broad, fairly parallel-sided.

Female: L'ast segment very obtusangularly emarginate, valve
pale yellowish, transverse, apically truncate, sides rounded.
Ovipositor crimson.

Length: 4-5 mill.

Hab: Queensland, Brisbane (vi).

The following are species of Tetigoniidae described from
Australia, but unrecognizable 'by their descriptions:
I. Coelidia anstraUs Walker 1851 List. '856, referred to Bytho-
scopus auct. by Stal.

BytJwscopus rivularis Walker op. c, S6^:=dorsalis Walker
op. c, 86/ = rcphiiis Walker 1858 Suppl. 267.

B. fiik'us Walker 1851 List. 866=!atifrons 869.

B. angnlifenis Walker, op. c, 868.

B, transversus Walker, op. c, 869.

B. luridus Walker, op. c, 870.

B. cupreus, Walker, op. c, 871.

B. aiistralis, Walker, op. c, 872.

B. obliqitus Walker, 1858 Suppl, 267.

B. abscondcns, Walker, 1. c.

B. punctivcna, Walker 1858 Ins. Saund. Horn. 104.

B. inultistriga, W^alker, op. c, 105.

B. sigiiifroiis, Walker, op. c, 106.

B. fcsfaccus, Walker 1852 List. 1163.

Scaris aiistralis. Walker 1858 Suppl. 267.

lassiis dctrachts, Walker, op. c, 271.

Gypona nigra, Walker 1862, J. Ent., I, 319.

Trocnada dorsigcra, Walker 1858 Lis. Saund. Hom. 104.

Albclterns incarnatus, Stal 1865 O. V. A. P., XXII, 158.

Rnhria (Pcfaloccpliala) sail guinea Stal. 1. c.

R. carnosa, Stal, op. c, 159.

Macroccps fasciatus, Signoret 1880 A. S. E. Prance (5) X.
364. PI. 10, f. 89.

Ledromorpha vaginafa, Stal 1864 op. c, (4), IV, 68.

L. planirostris (Don.) — sec. Stal. (This has been previous-
ly referred to under ''Lcdra").
25. Lcdropsis coccinca, Butler 1874 P. Zool. S., London, 673.

9
10

II
12

13
14

15
16

17
18

T9
20,
21
22

23

24

468
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The literature on Leaf-hoppers is so extensive and scattered,
ihat only a very partial biblography is possible.

(a) Systoiiafic.

(i) Burmeister, H. "Genera Insectorum I Rhynchota" 18
Plates (with letter press.) Fulgoridae, Tetigoniidae
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(2) Spinola, M. "Essai sur les Fitlgorcllcs, sous-tribu de la

tribu des Cicadaires," Ann. Soc. Ent. France VIII 133-
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(3) Westwood, J. O. "Observations on the genus Dcrbc of Fa-

briciis," T. Linn. S. London XIX, 1-18, Pis. 1-2. (1842).

(4) Signoret, Victor, "Notice sur le groupe des Eurymelides,"

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(5) Walker, Francis "List of the Specimens of Homopterous

Insects," etc., 261-907 and 1133-1168. (1851-2) and
supplement, 1-369 (1858).

(6) Lacaze-Duthiers, F. J. H. "Recherches sur I'armure geni-

tale femelle des Insectes. Hemipteres," Ann. Nat. Sci.
France (3) XVIII, 105-56, Pis. T0-12. (1852).

(7) Walker, Francis "Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects

collected at Singpore and Malacca," etc.. J. Proc. Linn.
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(8) Walker, Francis, "Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects

collected at Sarawak. Borneo," etc., J. Proc. Linn. Soc.
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(9) Stal, C. "Hemiptera," Eugenie's Resa, Zool. 270-98, PI. 4.

(1859)-
(10) id "Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-traktens Hemipter-fauna II,"

K. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl., Ill, No. 6; 1-75. (1861).
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(12) Stal, C. "Novae vel minus cognitae Homopterorum for-

mae et species" Berlin. Ent. Zeitschr. VI, 303-15. (1862).

(13) id "Note sur le Catalogue des Homopteres du Museum

britannique," Ann. S. E. France, 589-94. (1862).

A translation of the original, with notes by Signoret.

469

(14) id "Synonymiska och Systematiska anteckningar ofver

Hiemiptera," O. V. A. F., XIX, 479-504. (1862).
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470

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(43) id "The Genus Pediopsis" op. c. 111-38. (1897).

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471

(45) Comstock, J. H., and Needham. J. G. "The Wings of In-

sects," Amer. INat. XXXII, 243-9, textfg. 14-20. (1898).

(46) Melichar, L., "Monographic der Ricaniiden," Ann* Nat.

Hofnuis. Wein XIII, 197-359, Pis. I-XIV; textf. i.
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(47) Gillette, C. P., "American Leafhoppers of the subfamily

Typhlocybinae." P. U. S. N. Mus. XX, 709-73 : textfgs.
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(48) P)all, E. D.. "A review of the Cercopidae of North America

north of Mexico," Rep. Iowa Ac. Sci. V. 204-6. (189S).

(49) Krueger, W., "Das Zuckerrohr und seine Kultur," 312-3

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(50) Osborn, Herbert, "The Genus Scaphoideus," Journ. Cin-

cinati Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, 187-209. (1900).
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(51) Matsumura. Shonen, "Uebersicht der Fulgoriden Japans."

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(52) Osborn, H., and Call, E. D., "A review of the North Ame-

rican species of Athysanus," Ohio Nat. II, 231-57 PI.
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(53) Ball E. D., "A review of the Tettigonidaae of North Ame-

rica north of Mexico," Rep. Iowa Ac. Sci. VIII, 1-41

(sep?) PI. I-VII. (1902).

(Zool. Record states pp. 35-75, Pis. I-V (?) ).

(54) Melichar, L., "Monographic der Acanaloniiden und Flati-

den," Ann. Nat. Hofmus, Wien. XVI, 178-258 and
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(55) Matsumura, S., "Monographic der Jassinen Japans," Ter-

mesz. fuzet.. XXV, 353-404; 29 figs. (1902).

(56) Coding ,F. W., "A monograph of the Australian Mem-

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(57) Kirkaldy, G. W., "Miscellanea Rhynchotalia No. 7," En-

tom. 'XXXVI, 179-81. (1903).

PcrkinsicUa saccJiaricida, gen. et sp. nov.

(58) Matsumura, S., "Monographic der Cercopiden Japans,"

Journ. Sapporo Agr. Coll. II, 15-52, textfs. 1-22. (1903).
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472

(60) Swezey, O. H., "A preliminary Catalogue of the described

species of the Family Fulgoridae of North America,"

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(61) Schmidt E., '"Neue und bemerkenswerthe Flatiden des

Stettiner Museums," Stett. E. Zeit. 64, pp. 354-81.

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Deutsch-Ost-Afrikas," Wien. Ent. Zeit. XXIV, 279-
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(b) Biological (excluding parasitism.)

(i) Geer, C. de "Alemoires," III, (1773)-

(I have only the German transl., annotated bv Goeze,
of 1780; Cercopidae, etc., on pp. 105-116.)

(2) Goudot, J., "On a remarkable phenomenon observed in

Madagascar," P. Z. S. London, 11-12. (1833).
Copious excretion of clear liquid by Ptyelits goiidofi.

(3) Westwood, J. O.. "An introduction to the modern claasi-

fication of Insects,'' II, pp. 234, 427-34, and X. (1839-40)
Ants and Leafhoppers, etc.

(4) Amyot C. J. B., and Serville, A., "Histoire naturelle des

Insectes Hemipteres," 483-588, Pis. 9-12. (1843.)
564-6 Ccrcopis metamorphoses etc., (mostly abstracted
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(5) Renter, O. M., "Remarques sur le Polymorphisme des

Hemipteres," Ann. S. E. France (5) V, 225-36. (1875).

(6) id "Till Kannedomen om miniska Hemiptera och deras

lefnads historia," Ofv. Finsk. A^etensk. Forh., 1-58.
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(7) Ratte, P., "On the Larvae and Larva cases of some Aus-

tralian Aphrophoridae," P. Linn. S. New South Wales
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(8) Murtfeldt, M. E., "Traces of Maternal affection in Eutilia

[Entvlia] sinuata Fahr,'' Entom. Amer., Ill, 177-8
(1887).

(9) Ashmead W. H. "The Corn Delphacid, Delphax maidis. '

Psyche V, 321-4; textfigs. (1896).

(10) Cotes, E. C. "White Insect Wax in India," Ind. Mus.
Notes, II, 919-7, PI. XVI. (1891).
Phromnia margincUa.

(] i) Marlatt, C. L., "The Buffalo Tree-hopper {Ccrcsa bubaliis,
Fab.)" Ins. Life, VII, 8-14, textfigs. 4-7. (1894). Life-
history, parasites, etc.

473

(12) Brongiiiart, C, "Note sur les Homopteres du genre Fla-

toides, Guerin, "Bull. Mus. Paris I, 94-7; figs. (1895).

( 13) Zehntner L., "Overzicht van de Ziekten van het Suikerriet

op Java TI," Arch. Java Suiker. V. No. 10, pp. ? (sep.

pp. 24-7.) (1897).

Notes on Phenicc maculosa, Dicranotropis vastatrix, etc.

(14) Breddin. C. "Nachahmungsercheinungen bei Rhvnchoten"

Zeitschr. f. Natnrwiss., LXIX \7-46. PI.' I. (1806).

Colour and pattern meaning.
(\$] Osborn H. and' Ball E. D., "Entomological Section,'

Bienn. Ren. Towa Agr. Coll. for t8q8 pp. 112-25. Plates

T-V. (1898).
(16) Lucger, Otto, "Bugs injurioius to our cultivated plants,"

Bull. Minnesota Agr. Exd. Sta. 6q, pp. 1-250. (1900).

Leafhoppers on 104-37 : Pis. III-IX and textfs. 99-120.
(17') Froggatt. W. W., "Entomological Notes on Specimens

received during 1899," Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales XT, 936-

51, 2 plates. (1900).

pp. 12-3 and fig. 6 — Pochazin ausfralis.
(iS) Melicliar ,L., "HomoDterologische Notizen TIT." Wien.

Ent. Zeit. XIX, 238. (1900).

Tetti^omctra : Imagines and nvmphs live in ants' nests.

(Other authors have recorded this.)
( ro) Fabre, J. H., "La Cicadelle ecumeuse," Souvenirs entom.,

VII, 219-33. (1900).

(20) Green, E. E., "N^ote on the attractive pronerties of certain

larval Hemiptera," Ent. Mo. Mag. XXXVT. 185, text-
fig. (1900).
Ants and the secretion of hoppers.

(21) Forbes, S. A. and Hart, C. A., "The economic entomology

of the Sugarbeet," Bull. Illinois Exp. Sta. (60) 397-532,
Pis i-ix, textfigs. 1-97. (1900).

Leafhoppers on pp. 410-28, Plate T. IT and ITT (partly)
and textfigs. 5-12.

(22) Buckton, G. B., "Monogr. Membracidae," Mon. Entom.

II, pp. i-xii and 1-296, Pis. 1-60. (1901-3).

Including notes on meaning of shapes and colours of

the Membracidae, bv E. B. Poulton on pp. 273-85.

(23) Sharp, D. "Insects, part IT," Cambr. Nat. Hist. VI, 574-8;

textfigs. 282-3. (1901).

(24) Ball, E. D. "The Foodhabits of some Aphrophora larvae"

Ohio Nat. I, 122-4, PI- 10. (1901).

474

(25) Porta, A, "Ricerche sull' Aphrophora spumaria L," Rend.

1st. Lombardo XXXIII, 920-8, PI. VII. (1902).

(26) Osborn, H., "An interesting case of mimicry," Psyche IX,

327. (1902).

Cephalclus infuuiatns mimicking spines of Dovca tectorum

in South Africa.

(26) Kerville, H. Gadeau de "L'accouplement des Hemipteres"

Bull. S. E. France, 67-71 textfigs. 1-4. (1902).

(27) Hinde, S. L., "The Protective resemblance to flowers

borne by an African Homopterous Insect, Plata ni^ro-
cincta. Walker," T. E. S. London, 695-7, Pis. XxVl-
XXVII. (1902).

(28) Swezey, O. H., "Lifehistory notes on two Fulgoridae,"

Ohio Nat. Ill, 354-7, PI. 6. (1903).
Amphisccpa biviftafa and Oniiciiis scptctitrionalis.

(29) Perkins, R. C. L., "The Leafhopper of the Sugar Cane,"

Bull. Comm. Agr. Forestry Hawaii I, pp. 1-38. (1903).
Perkinsiclla saccharicida .

(30) Niceville, L. de "Notes on Insect pests from the Entomo-

logical Section, Indian Museum, VII Insect pests of the
Sugar Cane," Ind. Mus. Notes V, 165-6, PI. V, fig. i.

(1903)-

Dictyophora pallida ; notes oil life history.

(31) Marlatt, C. L., "Applied entomology in Japan," Bull. U.

S. Ent., 40; 56-63, PI. 1-2. (1903).

Notes of Life-history of Selenocephalus (i. e. Nephotcttix)

cincticeps.

(32) Slingerland ^NI. V., "The Grapeleafhopper," Bull. Cornell

Univ. Exp. Sta. (215) pp. 79-T02; figs. 15-37. (^904)-
Erythroncura comes.

(31) Osborn, Herfbert "The economic status of the Fulgori-

dae," Proc. 25 Meet.'Soc. Prom. Agr. Soc, 32-6. (1904).

(32) Melichar, L., "Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schvitzfaerbung,

Mimikry, bei Homopteren," Kranchers Entom. Jahrb.
(sep?) 1-5. (1904).

(33) Brusse W., "Untersuchungen ueber den Krankheiten der

'Sorghum-Huse," etc., Arb. biol. Abt. Land. Kais.

Gesundh. Amt., IV, 319-422; 2 Plates and 12 textfigs.

(1904).

I 'have not seen t'his, hut it is said to contain a lengthy

discussion on ''Dicranotropis vastatrix."

475

(34) Van Dine, D. L., "A Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper in Hawaii,"
Bull. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Sta.. 5, pp. 1-2, figs. 1-8. (1904).
PerkinsicUa saccliaricida.
See also Sahlberg. 1871. Osborn & Bull, 1897, ^tc.

Description of Plates.

Plate XXI.

J. Tegmen of Scaly papa aust rolls.

2. The same of Siphanta acuta.

3. The same of Philadelpheia pandani.

4. The same of Laincnia kulia.

Plate XXn.

T
2

3
4

5
6

7
8

9
10

II
12

Phrviiophxes pari'itla. female.

The same in profile.

Face of the same.

Giffardia doliclioccphala, female.

Face of the same.

Maeroce ratogoii ia a urea, female.

Face of the same.

Anemochrea niifis. female.

Face of the same.

Ipo conferta.

Face of the same.

Aneono pulcherriuui.

Plate XXHI.

1. Tetigouia parthaoii.

2. Face of same.

3. Nymph of same.

4. EpipsyeJiidiou epipyropis.

5. Face of same.

6. Nymph of same.

7. Kosmiopelex varicolor.

8. Face of same.

9. Thamnatoscopus galcatus.
10. Face of same.

IT. Head of same in profile.

476

12. Folychactophycs serpididia, nymph skin in profile.

13. "Operculum" of the same.

Plate XXIV.

Rlwtidus flavomacnlatns, female.

Face of the same.

Nymph of the same.

Face of the same.

CcphaJchis britiuicns.

Face of the same.

Phrynophycs phryiiophyes, female.

Face of the same.

Tarfcssits syrfidis. face.

N'ymph of unknoAvn membracid.

Nymph of another unknown membracid.

Face of same.

Plate XXV.

Kyphocotis tcsscllata.

The same in profile.

Sfciiocofis plaiiiuscida, female.

Female of probably the same species.

Nymph of probably the same species.

Face of No. 3.

Apical sternites of the same.

The same of No. 4 in profile.

PI. XXVI.

Ova of Pcrkinsiclla saccharicida in situ, those at the sides

being- shown somewhat in profile and in section.
The same isolated.

Perkiiisiclla saccharicida, nymph of first instar.
The s'ame, second instar.
The same, third instar.
The same, fourth instar.
Face of the same.
Adult female of same, brachypterous form.

I

2

3

4

5
6

7
8

9

lO

II

12

13

47/
PI. XXVII.

Adult male of PcrkinsicUa saccharicida.

Face of same.

Genital segments of same.

Adult female of same, macropterous form.

Genital segments of same.

Nymph of Vamia viticnsis.

Face of same.

Nymphcase of Pcctinariophycs pcctinaria.

The same of Polychactophycs scrpulidia.

PI. XXVIil.

Phantasinatoccra viticnsis, head, etc.

The same in profile.

Tegmen o.f the same.

Sardis maculosa, head, etc.

Face of the same.

Tegmen of the same.

Vanua viticnsis, head, etc.

Face of same.

Tegmen of same.

Astorga saccharicida, head, etc.

The same in profile.

Face of the same.

Tegmen of the same.

Plate XXIX.

1. Gelastissiis albolincatus.

2. Head of same in profile.

3. Phaconcura froggatti.

4. Face of same.

5. Dardiis obbrcviatus; nymph.

6. Thyroccphalus kucoptcnis, head and nota.

7. Face of same.

8. Philadclphcia paiidani, head and nota.

9. Face of same.

10. Thaiiatodicfya Iicbc.

11. Nymph of an allied form.

478

PI. XXX.

1. Tctigoiiia pasiphac, vertex.

2. Gclastorrhachis diadciiia, pronotuni from in front.

3. The same in profile.

4. G. clavata, pronotum from in front.

5. The same in profile.

6. Ecfopioccpliahis fuiuJiicccI, vertex.

7. Head of the same in profile.

8. Thaiiiiiafoscopiis galcafus, head, etc.

9. PolycJwcfof^hycs scrpulidia, head, etc., in profile (slightly

tilted),
lo. S''d'c.':cyia lyriccit, head, etc., in profile.

Plate XXXI.

1. Thauiiiatoscapus galcatns, tegmen.

2. Aiieono piilcJicrrima, the same, (only the veins that are cer-

tainly visible are portrayed).

3. The same, more or less lestored; the venation is so ob-

scure in parts that it is difihcult to determine it cor-
rectly.

4. Issus ridicularius, tegmen.

5. Rliotidits inonstrum, the same.

6. Enptcryx JwcJiiatopfiliis, the same.

7. Ncsostclcs licbc, the same.
8. Rhotidus ingens, vertex.

y. R. informis, the same.

10. R. )iwnstrum, the same.

11. R. Icdropsifonnis, the same.

12. R. ■viridcscciis, the same.

13. R. horrciidiis, the same.

Plate XXXII.

1. Wing of a Tetigoniine.

2. The same of an Enpterygine. N. B. 'lo' is really the

submarginal. the Aving having undergone degeneration
apically.

3. Wing of an Agalliine.

4. The same of an Asiracid.

479

5- Claval and corial membranous appendages in Poly-
chactophycs scrptilidia .

6. Gclasfoccplialus ODiiflioidcs, head and nota.

7. The same in profile.

8. Nesostclcs hebc, head and pronotum.

9. A\ sangitiiiesccjis, the same.

10. Pcttya ancitioliia, the same.

11. Siphaiifa galcata, the same.

12. DryadoiiiorpJia pallida, tlie same.

13. The same in profile.

14. The same in profile, dorsally tilted.

('In 12-17, a=sensory pit, &=ocellus).

BULLETIN

PART 9

PLATE XXI.

BULLETIN L

PART 9.

PLAlt XXII

BULLETIN L

PART 9^

PLATE XXIIL

BULLETIN I

PART 9.

r-

PLATE XXIV,

BULLETIN

PART 9.

PLATE XXV.

BULLETIN

PART 9,

PLATE XXVL

PLATE XXVII.

BULLETIN

PARI 9.

PLATE XXVI M.

BULLETIN I.

PART

PLATE XXIX,

BULLETIN L

PART 9

PLATE XXX

BULLETIN

PART 9 ^

Kir kali I y del.

PLATE XXXL

BULLETIN I

PART 9.

iO *

Kiikaldy (hi

PLATE XXXII

^>

4 *>

• * ».• •

^^•'

♦ *

mi.

• «♦

«•»

» ft

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

PART 10

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf- Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. X. DRYINIDAE, PIPUNCULIDAE)

Supplementary

By R. G. L. PERKINS

HONOLULU, H. T.

MARCH I, 1906

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOQATION

TRUSTEES FOR J906

H. P. Baldwin President

E. F. Bishop Vice-President

W. O. Smith ...Secretary-Treasurer

E, D. Tenney F. M. Swanzy

W. Pfotenhauer S. M. Damon

Wm. G. Irwin F. A. Schaefer

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

W. M. GiFFARD, Chairman
E. D. Tenney E. E. Paxton

I

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

DIVISION OF

AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

S. S. Peck... Assistant Chemist

Firman Thomp3on Assistant Chemist

F. R. Werthmueller Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF

ENTOMOLOGY

R. C. L. Perkins. ..Director

A. Koebele Consulting Entomologist

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist

G. W. Kirkaldy Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry Assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

F. Muir Assistant Entomologist

DIVISION OF

PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

N. A. Cobb Director i

Li. Lewton-Brain.. .Assistant Direct©
E. M. Grosse Assistant

. GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 1

PART 10

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf -Hoppers and their
Natural Enemies

(PT. X. DRYINIDAE, PIPUNCULIDAE)

Supplementary

By R. O^i*,' PERKINS-^

HONOLULU. H. T.

MARCH, 1906

MAY 86 1£66

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Honolulu, T. H., January i/tli, 1906.

To the Committee on Experiment Station, H. S. P. A., Hono-
lulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — I herewith submit for publication the tenth part
of the Bulletin on "Leaf-Hoppers and Their Natural Enemies,"
which is chiefly supplementary to the first part, and deals with
observations made and material collected by Mr. Koebele in
Australia and Fiji. This material was not available until the
first part of the Bulletin had already been completed.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKLNS,
Director. Division of Entomoloev.

I

INTRODLXTORY REMARKS.

In Part 1 of this bulletin I detailed the habits of some Dryi-
nidae, and described a large number of species, obtained partly
as the results of Mr. Koebele's investigations in 'X. America,
and more especially, througli our researches in Queensland,
from June to December, 1904. I now have to record the addi-
tional material that Mr. Koebele secured after my return to
Honolulu, when he was continuing his researches for a few
months in Xew South Wales and Fiji. In my introductory re-
'm'arks on the Dryinidae I was onlv able to merely mention a
recent paper by Dr. j. J. KiefTer on these insects, but as this
paper throws light on some obscure points, and corrects several
errors of older observers, I shall allude to these matters below,
as well as making corrections of some clerical errors in my
former paper. I also add a full description of that very distinct
parasitic fly Pipuucnlus cntn'chodcs. In Part I A' of this bulletin
this species was omitted in the list of species on p. 131, and no
detailed description was given subsequently, but 'both sexes
were merely briefl\' characterized in the "Synopsis of Species"
on p. 133 and i35- .

As the first part of this bulletin dealing with the chief part of
our material, was altogether without figures, I have now made
drawings of many of the important structures therein described.

iGENiERAL REMARKS.

The number of new species of Dryinidae obtained in New
South Wales and Fiji was not large, four from the former State,
and the same number from the islands; in addition to which
I describe two new species from Queensland. It should be
mentioned that of the species already described from Bunda-
berg, Queensland, which is well outside the tropics, several
were afterwards found by Mr. Koebele at Sydney, such species
as Paradryinus kochclci and Ncodryinus raptor being common
'there. At Sydney 'both of these frequently attack Fulgorids of
much smaller size than those which are found infested at Bunda-
berg. Consequently the Sydney specimens are of very small
size as compared with the Queensland examples, but do not
otherwise noticeablv differ.

4^4

J have referred to the facts that a Gunatopns is said to have
been bred from the beetle Ptinus fur, a statement so remark-
able, as to need verification. Dr. Kieffer in the paper I have
cited tells us that this so-called Gonatopus probably belongs to
the .g-entis Ccphalononiia of the Bethylidae. He also states that
the genus Mystrophorus has chelate tarsi in the female, Foerster
liaving mistaken his specimens for this sex, when really they
were males. In my synopsis of genera in Pt. i, p. 33 of this
Bulletin Mystrophorus will therefore have to be removed from
the neighborhood of Antco>i, which will remain as the sole rep-
resentative of that section of Dryinidae, of which the species
hav^e simple front legs in both sexes.

I have still left undescribed the greater number of male
Dryinidae oljtained by us. It might be supposed that as nearly
all our male specimens were 'bred, there would be no difficulty
in determining the species to which these belong. This, how-
ever, is by no means the case, for most of the graminivorous
Delphacids and Jassids, from which these parasites are obtained,
are liable to be attacked by two or three different species, and
as males and females of the parasites are not reared from a sin-
gle in(hvidual hopper, but only one or other sex, the difficulty
of pairing the sexes is hardly lessened by the fact that the speci-
mens are bred. The matter is really quite complicated, for a
Dryinid sometimes attacks many species of leaf-lioppers, and a
given leaf-hopper may be attacked by a number of distinct
species of these parasites, even when all are collected in the
self-same locality. Occasionally even an individual hopper is
attacked 'by two, or even three, species of Dryinid parasites,
these usually belonging to at least two genera. It is quite com-
mon also to obtain Stylopid and Dryinid parasites from a sin-
gle specimen of the host, and Pipiiitculus is sometimes associat-
ed with one or other of these, but usually with the latter.

'Nearly all these difficult miales belong to what was once call-
ed the genus Labco. Ashmead shrewdly conjectured that Labco
was the male of Gonatopus, (sensu lat.) a conjecture partially cor-
rect. In Labco, however, he included male Dryinus, as well as
Gonatopus, although the latter are at once distinguished by their
short maxillary palpi, etc., etc. As colonies of Gonatopus and
its allies can easily be raised in confinement, there is no doubt
but that the sexes will ultimately be correctly associated and
the generic characters of the males properly established. In my
opinion the structure of the palpi, the condition of the parap-
sides of the mesonotum. and the antennal joints, will be of most
use for this purpose. Such, however, is rather the work of a

485

resident entomologist than of those on a temporary mission,
and I do not feel disposed to create a nmiiber of new species
on males of so-called Labeu, when many of these would ulti-
mately fall as synonymous with species that i have already de-
scribed from the other sex.

Additional material received from Koebele has shown no ex-
ception to the general rule that a species of Dryinid does not
attack Fulgorid and Jassid indiscriminately. Labco fyplilucybac
remains a most peculiar exception*, especially as the female (de-
scribed originally as Dryiiiiis onnenidis) of this species, of which
I received some two thousand cocoons, is apparently attached
only to certain species of one special group of the Fulgoridae.
In my former paper I have remarked that the comparatively
primitive forms of Dryinidae, having the stigma large and
ovate, attack jassids only. I have now met with a single ex-
ception to this rule. At Sydney on January 23rd, 1905, Koe-
bele found an adult male of the Fulgorid, Gaetulia chrysopoidcs,
a species frequently attac'ked in its nymphal condition 'by species
of Ncodryinus and Paradryimts, bearing Ijeneath the body at the
insertion of the hind coxae, the black sac of a Dryinid. The
sculpture of the sac itself and likewise its position is so similar
to that of Ncochclogyiuis that 1 can hardly doubt that it belongs
to this or some allied genus. Unfortunately the- mature parasite
was not bred.

I may say that the new species here described from Fiji and
New South Wales, the fauna in each case being largelv distinct
from that of Queensland, fall admirably into the genera previ-
ously characterized by me. I have some doubts as to the value
of my genus A^codryinits, as, having obtained Latreille's descrip-
tion of Dryiniis, I find that this gives 3 joints to the labial palpi
like the former, and four teeth to the mandibles. Dryimis, how-
ever, as interpreted bv various hvmenopterists, is, in mv opin-
ion, a composite genus, and I can not include such forms as
Dryinits ivncricaniis Ashm. and the European D. tarraconciisis
Marshall, which have distinct and pariallel parapsidal furrows, in
the same genus as D. onnoiidis, Ashm. and my several species
of Ncodryi>iiis. which are without such furrows, because I attach
the highest importance to the condition of the parapsides in the
classification of the Dryinidae.

As most of the figures that I have drawn refer to Pt. i of this
Bulletin rather than to the present, and necessarilv no reference

* I have now reason to believe that tliis is not a true exceiitimi, on whieli matter s(>e
mv remarks under Drvhius below.

486

to figures was given in that part, I have given the description of
the plates at considerable length, when necessary.

SYSTEMATIC.

LIST OF GENERA AND SPECIES HERE DESCRIBED OR DISCUSSED.

The species marked with an asterisk have had the month-
parts dissected out and mounted in balsam or glycerine.

DRY IN ID AE.

1 'seudogonatopus.

''' P. Jiiclaiiacrias, sp. nov.

* P. kicffcri, sp. nov.
P. pcrkinsi Ashm.

Haplogonatopus.

* H. z'itieiisis, sp. nov.
H. brcvicornis, sp. nov.

Gonatopus.

* G. kocbclci, sp. nov.
Neogonatopus.

* A^. I'ificiisis, sp. nov.
Eipig'onatopus.

* E. fallax, sp. nov.
Neodryinus.

Dry in us.

D. onncnidis Ashm.
Chlorodryinus.

C. pscndophaiics, sp. nov.
Xeochelogynus.

N. igiiotiis, sp. nov.
Prosanteon.

P. iiiclaiiosfigiiuis, sp. nov.

PIPUNCULIDAE.
Pipiiiiciihis riifricJiodcs. sp. nov.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.

Pscitdogfl)iafopiis.

On page 35 of Pt. i, in the Synopsis of Species of this genus,
the names P. junccionnn and P. sacchareforum should be trans-
posed.

487

Psciidogoiiatof'iis pcrklitsi, Ashm.

Gonatopus pcrkinsi, Ashmead, Faun. Haw. \'ol. J, pt. Ill, p.

293-

Hab: Moloikai, Maui, Hawaii, widely distributed, but not
abundant. I have found the larval sac on Delp'hacids on Piptunis
on the Island of Hawaii. There is little doubt that Labco lia-
li'tiiiciisis Ashm. is the male, as I iiave taken this Psciidogoiiafopits
in the same spot as the other.

PsciidogO)iafopiis uicUiiiacrias, sp. nov.

Black, the face, the legs and the basal three antennal joints,
pale, yellow or yellowish; the front femora more or less dark,
the intermediate and posterior ones sometimes to a less decree
darkened, the antennal joints, excepting the first three, black
or at least dark, the apical joint not pale. Thorax generally en-
tirely blac^v, except the lateral and posterior margins of Lhe
pronotum, which are yellow or ferruginous. In one example
the posterior lobe of the pronotum and the middle of the pro-
podeum are more or less of a dark brown or pitchy colour. Head
above dark brown or castaneous.

Antennae slender, the third joint long, twice as long as the
fourth; top of the head shining and smooth, and moderately
deeply concave. Pronotum with deep transverse furrow^ or con-
striction, the surface smooth and shining. Mesonotum very
narrow, the propodeum long, the lateral anterior angles effaced,
finely transversely rugose in front and posteriorly, and between
these areas smooth and shining. The thorax is without cloth-
ing of erect hairs. The abdomen is smooth and shining and
more or less yellow or brown just behind the petiole. Length
3 mm.

Hah: Suva, Fiji; bred from Delphacid on the grass Zoysla

piDlgCllS.

Pseiidogonafopiis kicffcii, sp. nov.

Head above, and abdomen black; the thorax and legs ferru-
ginous, the latter partly dark or black,, especially the coxae, the
middle and hind tibiae at the apex, and the tarsi on their apical
joints. Lower part of face pale; antennae with the second, third
and fourth joints, and the base of the fifth more obscurely, fer-
ruginous, the apical joint yellowish, the scape yellowish or
white, dark above.

488

Head very dull, with dense fine puncturation, the third anten-
nal joint very long, nearly twice as long as the fourth, and three
times as long as the second. Pronotum shining, with some
sparse indefinite punctures; the propodeum dull, and coarsely
rugose over its whole surface, the anterior lateral angles dis-
tinct, not so rounded off as to be effaced. The propodeal rugo-
sity is transverse in front, then becomes more irregular and
somewhat longitudinal, while posteriorly it is again regularly
transverse. There is no erect pilosity, and the legs have only
a very short and inconspicuous pubescence. The abdomen is
smooth, shining and glabrous. Length 4.5 mm.

This large and beautiful species is distinguished from any
other described by me by the very strong sculpture of the pro-
podeum.

Ha'b: Suva, Fiji; bred from a cocoon collected by Koebele
on a tree, on which many examples of a Fulgorid, Vainia viti-
ciisis, were noticed.

Haphgonatopiis.

In Pt. I, page 39, line 10 from the top, for 'preceding' should
be read 'following.' The mouth-parts of Haplogonatopits are
similar to those of Paragonatopus, not Psciidogoiiatopits. The
above correction was overlooked, when a rearrangement of the
genera was made before publication.

HapJogouatopus 7ificiisis, sp. nov.

Black, but in parts, especially the thorax, dark brown, the
legs obscure yellowish brown; two basal joints of the antennae
and the third more or less at its base, yellow, the face and man-
dibles also yellowish, the teeth of the latter dark.

Head very deeply concave, 'black a'bove, and with a very
dense minute puncturation or sculpture rendering the surface
dull. Antennae with the third joint less than twice as long as
the fourth, the apical one only obscurely pallid at the tip. Pro-
notum dark brown, smooth and shining, the transverse furrow
very obsolete; the mesonotum dull, rather paler than the pro-
notum, the propodeimi bare, transversely rug'ose in front and
posteriorly, and between these parts smooth and shining on
the dorsum, the anterior lateral angles effaced. Abdomen black
smooth and shining. Length 2^ mm.

489

Hab: Suva, I'iji; one female from a Delphacifl on Zoysia
pinigcns (Koe'bele 2377). IJred with Pseudogouatopns jiiclanacrias,
which it considera'bly reseml)les superficially.

Hal>log(>iiatopits brci'iconiis, sp. ^o\^

Head and thorax dark brown or castaneous, the mesothorax
and posterior part of propodeum paler, more yellowish brown;
the face, two basal antennal joints, the third more or less, and
the apical one, yellow or brownish yellow. Legs brow^nish fus-
cous, yellower in parts, the tarsi except the apical joints paler
yellow. Abdomen 'black.

Head deeply concave, smooth and shining, the antennae short,
the third joint about twice as long as the second, the seventh
hardly longer than wide. Thorax smooth and shining, glabrous,
and without evident sculpture, the propodeum strongly convex-
ly raised, and very smooth on its anterior portion in front of
the spiracles, posteriorly Avithout transverse rugulosity, at most
with very feeble indefinite sculpture. Legs without noticeable
hairs. Length 2 mm.

This species is oibviously distinct from H. apicalis by the
smooth shining propodeum, apart from many other characters.
Only a single specimen was bred, and, owing to the manner in
which it is carded. I have not dissected the palpi, but it is prob-
ably rightly referred to Haplogojiaiopus. The variegated larval
sac is like that of H . apicalis.

Ha'b: Tweed River, Queensland side. Koebele 2232.

Gonatopiis kocbcici, sp. nov.

Shining brown, abdomen and apical half of the antennae
black, the legs for t'he most part paler than the thorax, the basal
dilatation of the hind femora and their extreme tips noticeably
darker than the part between.

Head above deeply concave, smooth and shining; second joint
of antennae slender and quite elongate, the third longest of all
and very greatly longer than the fourth. Thorax ferruginous
brown, nearly unicolorous, or the mesonotum a little paler;
mesonotum and propodeum with fine and long hairs, the latter
finely transverslv rugose posteriorlv. elsewhere smooth and
shining like the pronotum. Legs clothed with fine, longish
hairs. Abdomen shining black, or slightlv brownish-tinged,
very sparsely pilose. Lentfth 3 mm.

490

This is a true Goiiafopns with 5-jointed maxillary palpi, three
distinct joints beyond the g-enicnlation.

Hab. Paramatta, Sydney. X. S. W. : bred from a Jassid ( Koe-
bele 2369).

Ncoi^oiiaiof^iis 'c'itii'iisis. sp. nov.

Black, the lower part of face, the mandibles, except the red-
dish teeth, and the three basal antenna] joints, yellow, the scape
darker above. Front legs with the trochanters entirely pale or
marked with fuscous, the femora black or dark brown and pale
at the tips, tibiae dafk above, the tarsi pale, yellow or brownish
yellow. Middle and hind legs prettily variegated with dark and
yellow, the trochanters, tip of femora and middle of tibiae l)eing
pale, the tarsi brownish, blacker towards the apex.

Head very little concave above, the surface not much shin-
ing, the microscopic sculpture excessively fine. Whole thorax
sparingly clothed with short erect grey hairs; the pronotum
more or less shining, the rest of the thorax duller, and densely
minutely punctate or shagreened; the propodeum elongate and
not at all abruptly raised in the spiracular region. Front tro-
chanters unusually short and robust, not with the usual long
stalk. Abdomen smooth and shining and verv sparsely pilose.
Length 3-3.5 mm.

This interesting species in the structure of the trochanters
and the shape of the iiead approaches the genus PacJiyi^omitopiis.

Hab: Suva, Fiji; bred from n small [assid on grass (Koebele
2378).

Epigoiiatopits f alias, sp. nov.

Black, the clypeus more or less yellowish, the mandibles white
with red teeth, three basal antennal joints yellow; the abdomen
behind the petiole slightly brownish or pitchy. Legs with the
apices of the coxae, the trochanters for the most part, the apical
thin part of the femora, except the tips of the hind ones, yel-
low; front tibiae and tarsi testaceous, niiddle and hind tibiae
dark at base and tips and paler 'between, the tarsi fuscous. The
superficial appearance of this species owing- to its black colour
and variegated legs is very like that of Neogonafopiis viticiisis.

Head deeply concave, and the sur!"ace shining, the third an-
tennal joint long and very slender, one and a half times as long
as the fourth. Pronotum smooth and shining, the rest of the

491

thorax duller, propodeuni elongate and not very high, very fine-
ly transversely rugulose at the sides and posteriorly, and with-
out clothing of erect hairs. Legs not noticeably hair}-. Length
3 mm.

This s])ecies differs greatly in superficial appearance from E.
solitariiis, which has a ferruginous thorax, hut structurally it is
rather closely allied.

Hab: Alittagong, X. S. W. : collected in grass, January i8th,
1905, by Koebele.

Ncodryiints.

This name in the list of species, on page 29 of Pt. i, three
lines from the bottom, is by error printed as Ncogoiuito[^i(s.

Dryiiiiis Latr.

The generic characters of female Dryiiiiis, as given by differ-
ent authors, disagree so in such essential points, that without
specimens or an adequate description of the type species, I can-
not fix these characters. Latreille in his characterization of the
genus in 1809 clearly confounded characters peculiar to Goiiato-
piis with those of Dryiiiiis. His original description in 1805 ^^
not accessible to me. Marshall in his paper describing D. tar-
racoiiciisis gives no c'haracters of use to me, but the figure
of this insect is useful for generic purposes. Haliday shows well
the distinction between the mouth-parts of Dryiiiiis and Goiiafo-
pus. I herewith give some of the diverse characterizations of
Dryiiiiis as given bv different authors.

Latreille, 1809.
Mandibles 4-dentate.
Maxillary palpi 5-jointed.
Labial 3-jointed or with 2

distinct.
Parapsides ?

Marshall. 1868.
Characters of mouth-parts

entirely omitted.
Parapsidal furrows distinct in

figure and parallel.

Haliday, 1833.
Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.
Other characters not men-
tioned.

Ash mead, 1893.
Mandibles 3-dentate.
Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.
Labial palpi 2-jointed.
Parallel parapsidal furrows
figured on plate.

492

True Characters of Dryiiiiis onnciiiciis Ashmead.

Mandibles 4-dentate.
Maxillary palpi 6-jointed.
Labial palpi 3-jointed.
No distinct parapsidal furrows.

Dryiuits onucnidis Ashm.

Dryiinis orntcnidis Ashmead, (female); Ent. News, XIV", p.
192.

Labco typlilocybac Ashmead, (male); loc. cit. ; not Labco typhlo-
cyhac Ashm. Mon. Proct. N. A. p. 89.

Swezey bred a number of males and females, determined as
above by Ashmead, from cocoons obtained from the Fulgorid.
Ormcnis pruinosa. He rightly concluded that they were sexes of
one species, as was subse([uently confirmed by breeding' hun-
dreds of both sexes from tocoons sent from N. America by
Koebele. Copulation was observed on many occasions. The
males retained 'by Swezey do not in any way agree in the struct-
ure of the antennae with Ashmead's description of these parts
in the original example of Lahco typhlocybac, bred by Riley from
a Typhlocyba on Celt is. If that description is correct, it is not
only utterly impossible that the type of L. typhlocybae can be-
long to the same species as the male of Dryiims omcnidis, but
further, it cannot be placed in the same genus in my opinion.

Ashmead's description of type
of Labco typhlocybac.
"Antennae lo-jointed";

"the pedicel is more than
twice as long as the scape ;
the first flagellar joint is two-
thirds the length of pedicel:
the fourth and fifth equal and
a little longer than the first."

Description of three males in
Swezey's collection.
The scape is stout and as
long or longer than the pedi-
cel, not shorter; the first flag-
ellar joint is very long, about
e(|ual to the scape and pedicel
together, and distinctly long-
er than the following joints
of the flagellum.

CJdorodryiiius p.s'cudopJianc.s', sp. nov.

Black, the antennae, the margins of the ])ronotum (more wide-
ly at the sides posteriorly) and for t'hc most ])art the front legs,

493

the tarsi, and the apical compressed abdominal segment, fer-
ruginous. Scape of antennae in front and the clypeus marked
with yellow, the mandibles yellow with red teeth. Wings with a
transverse smoky band through the basal cells and a large ante-
Head in front dull and very densely punctured. Pronotum
pubescent, shining, somewhat rugosely punctured; mesonotum
quite dull, except the smooth anterior constriction, very dense-
ly sculptured, being finely granulate or shagreened; scutellum
somewhat shining and punctured; propodeuin with fine and
close rugose reticulation. Abdomen smooth and shining.
Length 4 mm.

Agrees well generically with Chlorodryiinis paUidiis in the in-
completely margined head, the simple pronotum, the incomplete
parapsidal furrows, etc., and only its superficial appearance is
that of a Paradryimis.

Ha'b: Brisbane. Queensland; a single female was captured
by Koe'bele on low bushes.

Neochclogymis igiiotiis, sp. nov. _

Black, scape of antennae and front legs acIIow or ferruginous,
second and third joints of antennae obscurely reddish, the rest
black. Middle and hind femora and tibiae more or less brown
or dark-coloured, the tarsi except the apical joint pale yellow;
the mandibles pale.

Head large, densely rugose or rugosely ]nmctate, but the
sculpture is not coarse, and is still finer on the front, which is
clothed with silvery hairs. Pronotum rugose; mesonotum shin-
ing and sparsely punctate; fhe scutellum and post-scutellum
smooth and shining; propodeum finely irregulaily rugose, the
posterior median area well defined, somewhat smoother, dull
and rugulose. Wings with the stigma and radius fuscous, the
rest of the neuration pale. Abdomen black, shining and impunc-
tate. Length 3 mm.

This species in the sculpture of the head (which is much finer
than in most of the allied species) agrees with A^ nigricoruis,
the 'black antennae of the latter serving at once to distinguish it.

Hab: Sydney. N. S. W.; collected Feb. 2nd, 1905, by Koe-
bele.

Prosantcon nichuiosfigimts, sp. nov.

Black, the mandibles and scape of the antennae ferruginous,
the front tibiae and front and middle tarsi pale ferruginous or

494

yellowish, anterior femora and the intermediate and posterior
femora and tibiae mostly dar*k, 'black or pitchy, hind tarsi dark
above. Wings hyaline, stigma dark fuscous.

Head rugose from the coarse shallow puncturation, as also is
the pronotum; mesonotum smooth and shining, with a few fine
punctures; propodeum finely irregularly rugose, its posterior
median are a well defined, smoother, and in certain aspects
slightly shining. Length 3 mm.

Distinguished at once from P. cJielogyiwidcs by the dark stigma
and the colour of the legs.

Hab: Mittagong, N. S. W.; collected on Melaleuca, January
18th, 1905, by Koe'bele.

PIPUNCULIDAE.

Pipunculus ciitricJiodcs. sp. nov.

Head black, with the front and face covered with glistening
white tomentum, posteriorly with greyish w'hite at the sides,
and fuscous in the middle. Tn the female the head l^etween the
eyes in front of the ocelli is shining lilack. Antennae black,
third joint yellow (sometimes somewhat clouded) and distinctly
acuminately j^roduced at the apex. Thorax pilose, and clothed
with fuscous tomentum, at the sides in front and on the pleura
whitish; scutellum with long, fine, erect 'hairs; metanotum with
dense whitish tomentum. HaUeres vellow, dark at base. Legs
1)lack or piceous, tip of femora, tibiae, and tarsi yellow; the
tibiae more or less infuscate or blackish, as also the apical tarsal
joint. Abdomen black, shining, clothed with outstanding con-
spicuous longish ])u'bescence. the first segment with a whitish
tomentose band; the second in the female generallv noticeaWy
Avhitish, as also all the other segments at tbc sides in both sexes;
the basal segment is without any row of black bristles at the
sides; hypopygium less clothed than the other segments in the
male (but similarly in the female) and more or less impressed at
t'he base, with a smooth lateral lobe on the right side. Oviposi-
tor straight and rather short. Wings distinctlv smo!ky, stigma
obscure brown, about as long as the fourth costal segment;
neuration black or dark brc^wn. more or less pale at the base.
Length ^-;^^ mm.

Hab: Cairns district, Queensland. Not common.

495

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Plate XXXIir.

1 . liitkocbclcia iiiirabilis. female.

2. Bnichomorpha sp?, containing- the ruptured I'arval sac of
Eiikocbclcia. Several sacs are often found on a single hop-
per, and both nymjjhs and adults (long- and short-winged
ali'ke) are affected.

3. Phryiioplirycs sf^. ; the left tegmen and rudimentary wing
are displaced and show the empty sac, from wdiich Clial-
cogoiiatof>iis dccoraliis was bred.

4. Nyniph of Tarfcssiisl' in a much collapsed state, from the
sac on which was bred a female Prosantcon chclogyiioidcs.

Plate XXXIV.

T. Euriiioscoprts sf^., nymph in ventral aspect, showing the
emptv larval sac of a Ncocluiogynus destructor, inserted in
the usual position behind the posterior coxae.

2. Eulcimonios sp. with empty larval sac of Ncochclogymis
coriacciis inserted in the neck.

3. .Ithysaiiiis ciirtisii, with emptv sac of Xcogoiiatopus hnin-
ucsccus placed on the abdomen. The left tegmen is some-
what displaced by the parasite.

4. Libiinila sp. nymph, shrunken and distorted, bearing two
empty sacs of Haplogoiiatopiis aiiicricaiuis.

5. Collar pcraciitiis, nym])h much shrunken, with em)it\- sac
of Paradryiiiits koebcici Ibeneath the left tegmen.

6. Pcrkiiisiclla saccJiaricida, nymph much collapsed and dis-
torted, bearing two emptv sacs of Psciidogonatopus dich-
roinns. This hopper is an Hawaiian example, that was in-
fected by a parasite imported from Australia, w'hcre it at-
tacked small graminicolous Libiiriiia.

7. Stciiocraiius dorsalis, nymph with emptv sac of Psciidogona-
fopiis stciiocrani, attached between the bases of the teg-
minal pads.

8. Pn'"i'csa aphorphoroidcs? nymph much shrunken, and with
the long fan-like caudal fil'aments removed, bearing two
sacs of Paradryi)ius I'cnator, one beneath the tegminal, the
other beneath the alar pad. In life the beautiful fan-like
filaments are turned back over the 'body, the parasitic
sacs are only seen When the tail is depressed.

496

Dcitoccphalus sp., nymph shrunken and distorted, bearing
an empty larval sac of Ncoogonatopns dubiosus.

Plate XXXV.

Jdioccnis, nymph vvitli the abdomen much slu-unken, and
bearing an empty sac of Ahwchclogynus cogiiatus.
PcrkinsicUa saccharicida, nymph with sac of Echthrodclphax
fairchildii under the left tegmen.

Ipo confcrta nymph, much shrunken and collapsed, bear-
ing six empty sacs of Panuitcoit iiiyriiiccophilus. One of the
sacs is not visible in the dorsal aspect of the hopper.
Ncodryiinis raptor, cocoon, subdi'agrammatic. The two
larval skins which are pierced by 8 distinct spiracles on
eac'h side, and form nearly the whole of the sac. are spread
out as a roof over the middle part of the cocoon. This
middle part contains the pupa, t'he large outer part of the
cocoon serving for attachment to the leaf surface.
Ncodryinus koehelei cocoon. The inner of the two skins is
not pierced by evident spiracles, while those on the outer
skin are but seven in number on each side, the three stig-
mata, at one end of each series, being much larger than
the others. For the rest the cocoon is like that of .Y.
raptor.

Paradryiiiiis fJtrciiodcs, empty cocoon, the insect having es-
ca]:)ed bv cutting out a cap. as seen at one end. The
cocoon is denselv studded with rounded portions, gnawed
from the leaf-surface.

Paradryi)}us kocbclci, empty cocoon; the patches of leaf-
sul)stance are less thicklv strewm, and arc of more elon-
gate form.

Xcorhclogxniis dc.'ifructor: the subterranean cocoon is cov-
ered with particles of sand, so that the silken basis can-
not be seen; the insect has emerged from the hole at one
end of the cocoon, the cap having been entirelv detached.
Pro.wiitco)! chehgyiioidcs. female; chelae and adjoining tar-
sal joints.

TIiau)uatodryi)ius kocbclci: chelae and the three ]-)receding
tarsal joints. The two teeth before the apex of the chelar
claw, and the single lamellate spine near the tip, as well
as the two kinds (long and short) of lamellae, placed al-
ternately, on t'he fifth tarsal joint, are very remarkable in
this genus, and were not noticed in iny original descrip-
tion.

497

PLATE XXXVI.

Paradryiiiiis: six-jointed maxillary 'and three-jointed labial

palpi.

.WcodryiiiKs kocbclci: six-jointed maxillary and three-jointed

la'bial palpi.

Prosantcoii clicloi^ynoidcs; showing similar parts.

CJialcogoiiatopiis gigos, showing- the same.

Ah''oclicloi:;ymis iiii^riconiis\ maxillary |)alpus with 6-joints,

liukocbclcia inirahilis: maxillary ])ali)ns with six, labial with

three joints.

Paraiifcflii inyniiccof^hlliis, showing the same.

Gonatopus aiistraliac; tive-jointed maxillary palpu.«;.

Pscitdogoiiafo/^us aiiicricainis: fonr-jointed maxillary ])alpus.

Ncoi!;onafof>iis diibiosiis; fonr-jointed maxillary palpns.

Ha[>logonatopus amcricanus; two-jointed maxillary, and two

aspects of the two-jointed labial palpus.

Epigoiiatopiis solifariits: two-jointed maxillary palpus.

Echthrodclf^hax fai'rchildii: four-jointed maxillary palpus.

14. Paragonafof^iis nigricans: two-jointed maxillary palpus.

15. Pacfiygoiicfo/^KS incla)iias: three-jointed maxillary palpus.
All the above figures are 'are drawn wit'h camera Iiicida from
dissections mounted in balsam or glycerine; the very short
basal joint of the maxillary palpus in some cases is not
verv distinct. The labial palpus of all the forms of which
the maxillary palpi are represented by fig. 8-15. is very
short and two-jointed, and is drawn onlv in the case of
Haf^logfliiatol^iis (fig. 11).

3-
4-

5-
6.

/•
8.

9-
10.
1 1.

12.

T3-

Plate XXXVII.

Gonatopits atisfraliac, chelae.

Pseudogonatoptis dicJiroiiius. c'helae and preceding tarsal
joints.

Epigoiiatopiis solitariits, c'helae.
Paragonatopus nigricans, c'helae.
Chalcogonatopus gigas, chelae.
Haplogonatopus amcricanus, chelae.
P achy goiiat opus niclanias. chelae.
Echthrodelphax nigricollis, chelae.

Ncogonafopns 7'ificnsis. chelae and preceding tarsal joints.

It will be observed that fig. t. 3, 5, 7, q, show the simi-

laritv between the chelae of the forms of Gonalopus, scnsu

498

lat., which preys on Jassids, wliile fig. 2, 4, 6, 8, show
these parts in parasites of Gonatopus-Uke appearance,
which prey on Fnlgoroids, and which are also very simi-
lar to one another, bnt markedly distinct from those above
mentioned. The new genera into which I have divided
the old Gonatopns are easily determined by examination
of these chelae, together with the mouth-parts figured on
PI. XXXVI, fig. 8^-15.
JO. Paradryiiuis kocbclci, chelae and preceding tarsal joints.

11. Ncochclogynius, chelae and two preceding tarsal joints.

12. Ncodryiiiiis kocbclci, chelae, and three preceding tarsal
joints.

13. Faraiifcoit >iiyniiccopliiliis, chelae and three preceding tarsal
joints.

14. Eukocbclcia mirabilis, chelae. The single lamellate spine at
the tip. of the process of the fifth tarsal joint may be com-
pared with that in the same position on the chelae of
Thaumatodryinus.

15. Paradryiiuis kocbclci; pronotum in profile, showing its very
irregular outline.

16. CIdorodryiniis pallidiis; pronotum with almost regularly
convex outline.

17. Paradryiiuis: mcsonotum showing t'he parapsidal furrows.

18. Chlorodryiiuis; mesonotum showing the same.

19. Echfhrodclpha.v; mesonotum showing the same.

20. Ncocliclogyiuis: mesonotum showing the same.

All the figures 'are drawn from female examples.

PLATE XXXVIII.

I. Paradryiiuis kocbclci, showing the mode of disposition of
the long front legs, when at rest. The body is supported
on a part of the dorsum of the abdomen, which alone
touches t'he surface on which the creature rests. In the
case of the example figured the center of gravity is far
in advance of the point of contact between the abdomen
and t'he resting surface, but eciuilibrium is maintained by
t'he grip of the claws of the middle and hind feet. The
legs of the left side only iire figured, those on the right
side holding similar positions. In different species there
is some variation in tbe positions assumed at rest, but the
following genera, Ah^odryiiuis, Paradryiiuis, Chlorodryiiuis,
Thaiiiiiatodryiiuis, and Chalcogoiiafopiis, all rest on the re-
curved abdomen with the body suberect, or oblique, and

499

the front legs free, while the rest of the forms described
by me assume a normal horizontal position when resting.

2. Head of Echfhrmic/l^Iia.v nign'collls, male, showing its in-
crassate form.

3. He'ad of J^araa^oiii/of^iis /;/_i^r/V(7//.s', male, showing the usual
form in this sex of Gonafopiis scnsn lot.

4. Arrangement of ocelli in N^codryiinis. male.

5. Arrangement of ocelli in P.aradryniiis. male.

6. Ocelli of Echthrodclphax, female.

7. Antenna of female of Parautani.

8. Antenna of female Ncochelogyiius.

9. Pedicel and two first funicle joints of female of Thaitinato-
drxinus kochclci.

10. Two apical antennal joints o!" the same, still more highly
magnified.

11. Antenna of male of Echthrodclpha.v iiigricollis. showing its
extremely slender form, a generic character.

12. Antenna of male of Paragonatopits nigricans, showing the
less slender form of those organs in this and most of the
genera formerly included in Goii'.:topiis. This and the i)re-
ceding figure are drawn under similar magnification.

BULLETIN

PART 10.

Pel kins del.

PLATE XXXI M.

BULLETIN \.

PART 10.

Peiki)is del.

BULLETIN

PART 10.

Perkins del

PLATE XXXV.

BULLETIN

PART 10,

2

4

Perkins del.

PLATE XXXVI

BULLETIN I

PART 10.

Perkins del.

PLATE XXXVII

BULLETIN

PART 10.

Perkins del.

ERRATA.

It is requested that these corrections, when important, be made in
the text. It will be observed that, owing to deficiencies of the press, ac-
cents on foreign words are entirely omitted.

Page 29. line 25. for "Xeofioiinfopiix" read "Xfodii/iiiiiN."

Page 35. line 19, for "/*, jinirrtnrKin" read "/'. fiorrhiiflorum."

Page .S5, line 26, for "7*. Ndcchnrctonuti " read "/'. junrctoriim"

Page .'39, line 10. for "preceding' read "following."

Pa^e 69, line 1, for "Girard" read "Griard."

Page 164, line 15th from top, for "Dtibe" read "Dubr."

Page 166, diagram, for "ecdysis" read "instar."

Page 168. line 4th from top, for "and 2nd joint" read "the 2nd joint."

Page 168, line 6lh from liottom. for "even testaceous" read "seven

testaceous."

Page 176. line. 4th from bottom, for "nercules" read "nervules" for

"graduate" read "gradate."

Page 176, line 5th from bottom, for "nercures" read "nervures."
Page 180, line Sth from bottom, between "b" and "e" insert "c,

membranous area representing the Sth sternite; d, posterior chitinJzed

emarginalion of the Sth sternite;"

Page 229, line 3rd from bottom, for figs. "8-19" read "8-10."

Page 2.31, line 8, for "Unenla, Fabr," read "strigula (Boisd.)"

Page 232. line 8, for "Vernnia sp." read "Terania furcifera (Guerin.)"

We are indebted to Rev. T. Blackburn for these identifications.
Page 232, line 26, for figs. "1, 3" read "1-3."
Page 233. line 25. for "fig. 2," read "fig. 3."
Page 234, line 23, for "fig. 3." read "fig. 2."
Page 234, line 32, for Plate "xviii," read "xvii."
Page 236, line 5. for fig. "5," read "6, 6a."
Page 236, line 9, for fig. "6," read "5."
Page 236, line 15, delete, and read "Oechnlhi f/i'isiriis (P.urm.) *P1. xvii,

ligs. 5-7."

Page 248, after line 18, add "E. exitiosus sp. nov. et typ. gen."
Page 250, line 15, for "oblique line" read "oblique bare line."
Page 271, line 20. for "probocis," read "proboscis."
Page 273. line 12. for "abnormal." read "arboreal."
Page 273, line 4th from bottom, for "tho" read "though."

GENERAL INDEX.

IXTRODUCTION: General account of
work done in Australia, Fiji and
the United States i; Koebele's
mission to the United States i;
Mission of Koebele and Perkins
lo Australia lii; Mode of send-
ing over parasites v; Handling
of Beneficial Insects after arri-
val vii; fiffect of various na-
tural enemies in controlling
leaf-hopper xiv; Fungous dis-
eases xvii; On the necessity of
further distribution of parasites
in the cane-flelds xviii; List of
parasites and their hosts xxi;
Hymenoptera xxi; Coleoptera
xxvi; Diptera xxvi; Lepidoptera
xxvii; Summary of the Bulletin
xxviii; Concluding Remarks

XXX.

PART 1 DRYINIDAE— Introductory
remarks 3; Lifehistory of Ech-
throilrlphasp as typical form 7;
General habits 10; Economic
Value 13; Mature Larvae 15;
Cocoons 16; Larval Sac 17; Po-
sition of Larval Sac 18; Length
of time in cocoon 19; Compara-
tive study of generic character;?
20; Mouth parts 20; Thoracic
segments 22; Raptorial front

I legs 23; Natural position 26;

Systematic account 28; Biblio-
graphy 68.

► PART 2 EPIPYROPIDAE— Introduc-
tory remarks "'i; General ac-
count of lifehistory 76; Classifi-
cation 79; Synopsis of griiera SO;
Bibliography 84.

PART 3 STYLOPIDAE— General Re-
marks 90; Effect of attack on
their hosts 92; The genera Halie-
toitJuifjiLs and Eleiichus 93; The
larvae 95; The puparia 96; Some
relations of parasite and host
97; Classification 98; List of spe-
cies considered 99; General
structure 99; Thoracic segments
101; Descriptions of genera and
species 102; Supplementary notes
108; Bibliography 109; Descrip-
tion of Plates 110.

PART 4 PIPUNCULIDAE— General re-
marks 123; Larva and Puparium
128; Classification 130; List of
species described 131; Synopsis
132; Descriptions 137; Biblio-
.graphy 156; Descriiition of plates
157.

PART 5 FORFICULIDAE— General re-
marks 163; Chelisoches morio 164;
Ani-soltihis (iinniVipcfi 172; Biblio-
graphy 172.

HEMEROBIIDAE Chrysopinae
174; General remarks on Chnj-
Kdpa microfihjia 175.
SYRPHIDAE 177; Bibliography
ISO; Description of Plates ISO.

PART 6 MY'MARIDAE— Introduciorj
remarks 187; General account
of Panniiif/riis nptahilis ISS; Class-
ification 190; List of forms des-
cribed 193; Table of genera and
species 194; Descriptions 194;
Bibliography 203.
PLATY'GASTERIDAE 200; Ge-
nus and species described 200;
Biblography 203; Description of
Plates 204.

504

PART 7 Introductory Remarks 211—
LOCUSTIDAE, XiphHlimn mri-
primc. Distribution 212; Feeding
Habits, 212; Egg parasite, (i. e.,
Par(iph('Hniif< .rii>hkUi) 214; Life-
history 215; Description 215; Va-
riation 218; Xip1ii(Uii»i Jatifrons
223.

COCCINELLIDAE: CaUincda

tcfitudiiiaria 224; Lifehistory 225;
CoccincUa rcpanda, lifeliistory 228;
Parasite 229; Veraiiia frenata 229;
Lifehistory 230; liiieola. lifehis-
tory 231, sp. 232; MALACHII-
DAE, Collops quadrlmaculattiK 232.
REDUVIIDAE; Zehis perctirinus
232; Lifehistory 233; Rediinolm
hlnckhuriii 234; Lifehistory 235;
ANTHOCORIDAE; Triphlepft

persequeii.s. lifehistory; Physopleu-
irlla iinuiduhis 235; lifehistory
236; CIMICIDAE; Oeehalia grlscu
236; Literature cited 236; Ex-
planation of Plates 237.

PART 8 ENCYRTIDAE. EULOPHI-
DAE, TRICHOGRAMMIDAE—
General Remarks 241; Habits of
the paraisites considered 241;
Parthenogenesis 246; Classifica-
tion 246; Species and genera' des-

cribed or named 248; Descrip-
tion of genera and species 249;
Bibliography 265; Descriptions
of Plates 266.

PART 9 LEAF-HOPPERS— General In-
troduction 271; Biological Sur-
vey 273; Lifehistories 273; Flight-
organs 280; Maternal Affection
285; Stridulation 285; .Relations
with ants 285; Systematic posi-
tion and classification 287; Sur-
vey of previous systems 287;
System adopted 295; Outer
framework 297; Criticism of pre-
vious systems 303; Summary 309;
List of new genera and species
310; List of previously known
species so far as worked out 316;
Descriptions of genera and spe-
cies 317; Bibliography 468; Des-
criptions of Plates 475.

PART 10 INTRODUCTORY and Gen-
eral Remarks 483; List of Dryi-
nidae and Pipunculidae discuss-
ed, and Descriptions of species
486; Description of Plates 495;
Positions at rest of certain
forms 498.

SPECIAL INDEX.

N. B. — Species that are merely listedwithout being discussed are not as a
rule included in this index.

COLEOPTERA.

Bruesia 102, australensis, phaeodts 103.

stenodes 104.
Callineda testtidinaria 224.
CoccOicllidac 224.
Coccinella repanda 228.
Collops quadrimaculatus 232.
Deinelenchus australensis 107, 109.
Elenchus 94, 106 tenuicornis 106.
Halictojihagus 93, 104, americanus 105,

schwarzii 104 (see also Bruesia.)
]l(ihirhiidac 232.
Megalechthrus tryoni 106.
StDlopidar.
^^crania frenata 229 lineola 231 sp. 232.

DIPTERA.

Baccha monobia 179 siphanticida 177.

Pipunculus agamus 135, 141. anthracias
136, 146, beneficiens 133, 135, 143, ci-
nerascens 134, 135, 142, 262 comitans
134 141, cruclator 133, 135, 137, cry-
psichalcus 134, 146, dolichostigmus

134, 140. epichalcus 132, 150, erinys

135, 138, eucalypti 133, 138, eutricho-
des 133, 135, 494, fallax 134, 141. ha-
waiiensLs 136, 155, helluo 134, 135, 144.
heterostigmus 133, 135, 149, homoeo-
phanes 138, 148. hylaeus 134, 139.
juvator 136. 1.52, koebelei 134, 135. 144
lamellifer 134, 141, leimonias 132, 151,

microdes 135, 147. molokaiensis 136,
155, monas 134, 145, nigrotarsatus
136, 155. nyctias 133, 152, oahueusis
136, 153, picrodes 135, 145, pseudo-
phanes 133, 151, rotundipennis 136,
155, swezeyi 136, 154, synadelphu.s

132. 150, tri-ryi 136, 153. xanthocnemi.s

133. 136, 14S.

HEMIPTERA.

AcanLhuchus di'omedarius, obtusus 377.

ArhiUd'ac 417.

Achilus 417, riammeus 41S.

Aglena ornata. ornatula 319.

Aneipo diva, 425.

Anemochrea 329, mitis 330.

Anemolua hanuala 329.

Aneono 358, pulcheirima 359.

Anthocoridiiv 235.

Anyllis 386, leiala 387.

Aphanophaiitia 458, cuseuticida 459.

Argeleusa 418, kurandae 423.

Aristyllis 417, adippe 419, 420, aristylli.s,

omphale 419.
AsiiacUluc 404, metamorphoses 277
Astorga 391, saccharicida 395.
Athysanus sec Phrynomorphus.
A^uftdellus australensis 381.
Auflterna ptyeloides 382.
Basileocephalus 426, thaumatonotus 429.
Bathyllus albigutta 387.
Benella 418, aliena 420.
Bruchi)morpha 26, 495.
Cajeta singulai'is 391.
Calamister 396, obscurus 403.
Caroliis 396, crispus 401.
Centrotypus hospes 378.
Cephalclus 338, brunneus, mai-ginatu.s

339.
Ceraon sie Zanophara.
Cercopidur 379. iiiciuiiiorphoHcs 275.
Cicadula hisli-ionicula 361, vitien.sis 362.
Cimicidnc 236.

Colgai- frontalis 458, peracuta 458, 495.
Cythna 418, laon 423.
Daradax 413, 414.
Dardu.s 443. abbreviata, immaculatus

446.
Daunu.s sec Zanopliai^a.
Deltocephalus 496, perparvu.s 330.
Delphacode.s lutulenta see Ijiburnia.
Dcrhidac 425.

Desudaba aulica, circe. danae 390, 391,

maeulata, psittacus. 390.
Dicranotropis see Peregrinu.s and Per-

liinsiella.
Dikraneura- aneala honiala 360.
Dingkana 374, borealis 375.
Dorycephalus ianthe, subreticulalus 340,

trilineatu-s 341.
Doiydium nee Ceplialelus (nid Paiadoi-y-

dium.
Dryadomorplia 335. pallida 336.
Ectopiocephalus 463, vanduzeei 464.
Plctopiopterygodelphax eximiu.s 412.
Empoa australensi.s 363.
Epipsychidion 345, epipyropis 346.
Epithalamiuni aziola 451.
Erythroneura 364, honiala. honiloa, ipo-

loa 365, lubra, melanogastei* 364.
Epleimonios 342. 495. demittendus 342.
Euptei^yx haematoptilus 362.
Euricania tristicula 449.
Eurinopsyche obscurata 389.
Eurinoscopus 346, 495, dryas 348, lenti-

ginosus 347, molestia 348. pelamys

349, pelias, soboles 348, sontiates. 347.
Euronotobrachys 443, arcuata 446, plana

446. 447.
Euryaulax 380. callitettigoides 381.
Eurycercopis nigrofasciata 383.
Eurymela bicolor 354 lubra, plebeia 355.

rubrolimbata, rubrovittata 354.
Eurymeloides 350. bicinctellus 352. cu-

mulosus 351, hyacinthus 351, lenti-

ginosus 353. ornatus 352, pulchra 353,

rubrivenosus 353.
Eurymelops 350.

Eurynomeus 417, australiae 422.
Euryphantia cinerascens 456.
Eurystheus dilatata, 388, perkinsi 389.
Eutettix sellata 331.
Kiitroplstidae 413, metaiuniphoses 279.
Prancesca 417, saleminophila 424.
Fiihjoridac 388, metamorphoses 277.
Gaetulia chrysopoides 4.50, 485.
Gedrosia varia- 443.
Oelastissus 436, albolineatus 441, his-

trionicus. sufCusus 441, 442.
Gelastocephalus 396, ornithoides 402.
Gelastodelphax histrionicus 411.
Gelastopsis 443. in.signis 44S.
Gelastorrhaehis clavata. diadema 372.

373.
Giffardia dolicliocephala 336.

5o6

Hadeodelphax pluto 410.

Hasta 391, hastata- 394, paupera 395.

Heealus immaculatus 103, 126, 138, 151,

338, pallescens 338.
Heronax 426, pai'iias.siu.s 431 .sacchari-

vora 432.
Hysteroptei'um 436. dorsale. truncatel-

lum 439.
Idiocei'us 496, ipo 466.
Ipo 464, aegrota 466, ambita 465, con-

ferta 465, 496, honiala 466.
Issicluc 436.
Issiis 436 elongatvilus, ridieularius 438,

sidnicus, vulturnus 437.
.lamella australiae 460.
■■.lassids," larval sacs Tormfd by Bely-

tids.
Kaha 426, perfecta 434.
Kahaono hanuaia 361.
Kahavalu gemma 371.
Kosmiopelex 334, varicolor 335.
Kyphocotis 370, tessellata 371.
Lamenla. 403. hiva 404. kulia 403.
Ijevu 427, vitiensis 434.
Limotettix nee Eulelmonios.
"Liburnia" 13, 126, 149, 198, 495, lutu-

lenta 107.
Jjipocallia 436, australensis 441.
Lollius 436. acutipennis, angiistifrons.

australicus 439.
Lucinda lucindae 392.
Macroceratogonia 323, aurea 324.
Majella 417, majella 421.
Massila 459. sicca, .sidnica, unicoloi' 460.

walkeri 459.
Mciiihracidae 371. inctumorphosc.s 275.
Mimophantla australensis 458.
Myrmecophryne 461. formiceticola 462.
Neomelicharia atomaria 453, furtiva 452.
Nephotettix 331, contemptus 332, nigro-

picta 333, plebeius 331.
Xesosteles 343, glauoa 344. helje 343,

san.guinescens. sordidior 344, taedia

345.
Niculda anadyomene. hebe psyche, 392.

393.
Nisia 426. atrovenosus, grandiceps 427.
Oechalia grisea (-us) 236.
Oliarus 396, alexanor 398, 399, asaica.

felis 397, 399. kampaspe, laertes 397,

.398, .lubra, phelia. sponsa ,398, 400,

talunia 397, 398.

Olonia 443, picea 445.

Ormenis 12, pruinosa 492.

0.ssa 413, formosa, venusta 414.

Paradorydium 104, 339, foveolatum 340,

menalus 339, pseudolyricen 340.
Pectinariophyes 386, metamorphoses 276,

pectinaria 386.
Pedioscopus 349, agcuor 3.50, philenor

349, polydoros 349.
Peltodiclya 413, kurandae 415.
Peregrinus maidis 407.
Perkinsiella 282, 404, graminicida 405,

406, saccharicida 199, 405, 406, 495,
496, inetamorphoseK 277, vastatrix 405,

407, vitiensis 405, 406.
Pettya anemolua 343.
Pctyllis australensis 382.
Phacalastor koebelei, pseudomaidis 408.
Phaciocephalus 426, vitiensis 428.
Phaconeura 426, froggatti 427, pallida

428.
Phantasmatocera 426, 430, arborea viti-
ensis 431.
Phenella 417, elidipteroides 422.
Philadelpheia 426, pandani 432.
Philagra parva 384.
Philya parvula 328.
Phrynomorphus 325, curtisii 495, fati-

gandus 327, longuinquus taedius 326.
Phrynophyes 327, 495, parvula ,328, phry-

nophyes 327.
Physopleurella mundulus 235, lifehintorn

236.
Platybrachys 443, chlorocephala 444,

oculata 443, sicca 444.
PoclilluiHeridae 448, metamorphoses 280.
Polychaetophyes 384, metamorphoses 276.

aequalior, serpulidia 385.
Privesa aphrophoroides 449, 495.
Pyrrhyllis 417, pyrrhyllis 421.
Pyrrhoneura 427. saccharicida 435.
Ifediiriidae 232.
Fleduviolus blackburni 197, 234. life-

hisiorti 235.
Ivhotana 427. chrysonoe. haematnneura

435.
Rhotidus 366. flavomaculatus 367, hor-

rendus .368, informis 367, ingens 366,

ledropsiforniis monstrum 367, viri-

des ens 368.
Rhinodictya 413. quaesitrix 417.
salemina 417, francescophila 424.

507

Sarantus nobilis 374.

Sardis 426, maculosa 433.

Sarnus 436, lucindae 440.

.Scaphoideus pristidens 333.

Scolypop.a australis 44!), kurandae 450,
scutata 450.

Sephena- argus eiiierea, hyacintha. lu-
bida 457.

Sextius assimilis, bipunctata 375. 376,
depressus 375, kuranda" 375, longi-
notum 375, 377, virescens 375, 376.

Siphanta, 14, 123, 203, 179, acuta 453,
acutipeiinis 454, breviceps 454, ga-
leata 453. granulata, granulicollis,
lucindae 455, rubra 4,56. subgianu-
losa 455, toga 454.

Simici'ocotis obscura 360.

Smicrotatodelphax 411, perkinsi 412.

Solonaima 396, solonaima 397.

Stenocotis plaiiiu.scula 369.

Stenocranus agamop-syche 409, dur.salis
18. 495, saccharivora 409.

Suva 426. koebslei 428.

Swezeyia 426, lyricen 430.

Tartessus 495, syrtidis 341.

Tereiitlus convexus 374.

Tetigonia {or Tettigoiiia) 103, 195, 196,
albida 108, 319, albomarginata 323,
aneinolua, coerulescens 322, ko-^be-
lei 319, parthaon 321, pasiphae 320,
pettimolua 321, quadrata 322.

Tctinoiiiidor 318, mc1<niiovvUo>iCS 274.

"Thamnotettix" 146.

Tbanatodictya 391, anadyomene, hebe,
392, 393, lucindae 392 praeferrata 392,
psyche 392. 393.

Tharra 324, labena .325.

Thaumatoscopus galeatus 462.

Thomsonia arcuatus 337, kirschbauniii
338. lineolatus 337.

Thyrocephalus 426, leuc-ojjterus 430.

Triphleps persequens, llfrhistoiii 235.

"Typhlocyba" see Empoa, Erythro-
neura and Eupteryx.

Viinua 413, 415, vitiensis 416, 488.

Vulturnus vulturnus 463.

Zanophara tasmania-e 373, vitta 374.

Zelus peregrinu.s 211, 232, lifrhintor!/ 233.

Zygina sec Erythroneura.

HYMEXOPTERA.

Alaptus immaturu.s 194, 197.
Anagrus 194, columbi, frequens 194, 198.
Anastatus pipunculi 262.
Aphanomerus bicolor 201, niger 201. 202,

pusillus 201. 203, rufescens 201. 202.
lUh/tidor fdrmiiifi larral sacs mi ./a.ssiil.s.

xxviii.
Centistes americana 229.
Chalcerinys 258, eximia 259.
Chalcogonatopus 31, 34, 46, decora tug 47,

495, gigas 47, 497, optabilis 47, pseu-

dochromus 48.
Cheiloneurus chlorodrjini. gonatopodis

261, swezeyi 243, 260.
Chlorodryinus 32, 34, pallidus 57, 498.

pseudophanes 492.
Dryinus 32, 491, ormenidis 492.
Echthrobaccha 253, injuriosa 254.
Echthrodelphax 32. 33, 48. 498, 499, lifr-

Jiislorif 7. 12. bifasciatus 49, fair-

childii 49, 496, 497, nigricollis 49, 497,

499.
Echthrodryinus 252, destructor 253.
Echthrogonatopus exitiosus 256, pa-

chycephalus 257.
Ectopiognatha 254. major, minor 255.
Epigonatopus 31. 45. fallax 490, solita-

rius 45, 497.
Eugonatopus 31. 46. i)seudochromus 48.
Eukoebelf-ia 32, 34, 59, 495, mirabilis 5'.»,

497, 498.
Fulgoridicida di chroma 250.
Gonatocerus 195, cinguhitus 194. 196.
Gonatopus 31. 33, 41, 491, australiae 41.

497, koebelei 489. 495. 497.
Haplogonatopus 31. 39, 488, americanus

40, 495, 497, apicalis 39, brevicornis

489, moestus 40. vitiensis 488.
Helegonatopus 257, pseudophanes 258.
I^abeo sec Gonatopus.
Labeo hawaiiensis sec Pseudogonatoi>us

perkinsi.
I.,abeo typhlocybac sec Dr.\iiui.^ oi-me-

nidis.
Liirral sacs on JoKsids fonncd hii liilifl i<hii\

xxviii.
Meniscoceplialus oxiniiu.'^ 249.

5o8

^s'eochflogynus 32, 34, 60, 49S, 499, eogna-
tus 61, 64, 496, eoriaceus 61, 65, 495,
destructor 61, 64, 495, 496, dimidiatus
60, 63, ignotus 493, leiosomus 60, 62,
nigricornis 60. 63, 497, iiitidus 60,
62, pailiditornis 60, 65, parvulus 61,
65, typicus 60, 61.

Xeacludia howardi 251.

X«-odryinus 32, 34. 50, 491. 497, 499, koe-
belei 51, 496, 498, nelsoni, raptor 51,
52, 496, raptor rar. umbratus 52.

Xeogonatopus 31, 42. brunnescens 42, 44,
495, dubiosus 42. 44. 490. 497, erythro-
des, ob.sourissimus, ombrodes 42, 43,
pallidiceps 42, 45, pulcherrinius 42,
44, vitiensis 490, 497.

Ooctonus australensls 194, 195.

Outetrastichus beatus 263.

Paehygonatopus 31, 45, melanias 46, 497.

Paradryinus 32. 34. 53, 497, 498, 499, gigas
54. 55, koebelei 53. 54. 495, 496 to 498,
leptias 54, 56, threnodes 54, 55, 496,
varipes 54, 56, venator 54, 55, 495.

Paragonatopui^ 31, 40, nigricans 41. 497,
499.

Paranagrus optabilis, pt-rforator 194,
199.

Paranteon 33, 34, 67. m>-rniecophilus 67,
496 to 499.

Paraphelinus xlphidii 264 (sec also 214
under 'Ei/ntmrasitc' ) .

Polynema reduvioli 194. 196, 235.

Prosanteon 33, 66, chelogynoides 66, 495
to 497, melanostigmus 493.

Pseudogonatopus 31, 34, americanus 35,
37, 497, dichromus 35. 37, 495, 497,
dubiosus 35, 39, juncetorum 35, 36,
486 kiefferi 487, kurandae 35, me-
lanacrias 487, opacus 35, 38, palustris
35, 36, perkinsl 487, saccharetorum
35, 36, 486, stenocrani 35, 38. 495.

Pteryg'ogramma acuminata 265.

Sai'onotum 259, americanuin, australiae
260.

"I'liaumatodryinus 32. 58. 499. koebelei
58, 496. 499.

I.EPIDOPTERA.

Agamopaycho SO, 83. threnodes 84.
TTf>teropsyehe 80. 81. dyscrita 82, 83, me-

lanochroma 82, micromorpha 82, 83.

poeoilochroma 81. 82. stenomorpha-

83.
Pahneoiisychc melanias 80.

NEUROPTERA.

Auonialoc'lirysa decejitor. ga>'i, raiilii-

dioides 174.
Chrysopa mierophya 174 to 177.

ORTHOPTERA.

Anisolabis annulipes 164. 172.

Clielisoches morio 167 to 171.

Labia pygidiata 164.

Xiphidium attenuatum, ensiferum 222,
fuscum 212, 222, latifrons 223, nigro-
pleurum. saltans, strictum 222, vari-
penne 212.

DATES OF PUBLICATIOX OF
PARTS.

Introduction. R. C. L. PERKINS, pp.

i-xxxii. (May 1st. 1906.)
Part 1, R. C. L. PERKINS ■Dryinidac."

pp. 1-69 (May 27. 1905.)
Part 2. R. C. L. PERKINS "Epipyropi-

dae. Lepidoptera." pp. 71-85. 3 figs.

(June 3. 1905.)
Part 3. R. C. I.. PERKINS, "Stylopidae"

pp. 86-111. Plates i-iv. (Aug. 8, 1905.)
Part 4. R. C. T.. PERKINS "Pipunculi-

dae." i)p. 119-57. Plates v-vii, (Sept.

9, 1905.)
Part 5. F. W. TERRY "Forflculidae.

Syrphidae and Hemerobiidae." ))p.

159-81. Plates viil-x (Nov. 13, 1905.)
Part 6. R. C. L. PERKINS "Mymari-

dae. Platygasteridae." pp. 183-205.

Plates xi-xiii (Nov. 13. 1905.)
Part 7. O. H. SWEZEY '-Orthoplera.

Coleoptera. Hemiptera," pp. 207-38.

Plates xiv-xvii. (Dec. 30. 1905-.)
Part 8, R. C. L,. PERKINS "Encyrti-

dae, Eulophidae, Trichogrammidae"

pp. 239-67. Plates xviii-xx (Jan. 6,

1906.)
Part 9. G. W. KIRKALDY. "Leaf-hop-
pers (Hemiptera)." pp. 269-479,

Plates xxi-xxxii. (Feb. 3. 1906.)
Part 10, R. C. L. PERKINS "Dryini-

dae, Pipunculidae. Supplementary."'

pp. 481-99. Pis. xxxiil-xxxviii (March

1. 1906.)
O. W. KIKKALDY "Index," p).. 503-S.

(May 1st. 1906.)

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. Ill

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

Leaf-Hoppers— Supplement

(HEMIPTERA)

By G. W. KIRKALDY

HONOLULU, H. T.

SEPTEMBER, 1907

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

To the Experiment Station Conimittet of tlie Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association, Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen: — I, herewith, submit for publication Bulletin HI
of the Division of Entomology. This has been prepared by Mr.
G. W. Kirkaldy, and is supplementary to and completes Bul-

tin I.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS,
Director, Divisiciii of Entomology.

Honolulu, T. H., April 29th, 1907.

ADDENDA.

P. 1 1 : TartcssHS iphis sp. n.

Vnltnrnus voecors sp. n.
P. 12: SipJiaiita scnsilis sp. n.

Ncsopoiupc (subg. n. of Ci.vius).

Ncsochlamys g. n.

A'^. vitieiisis sp. n.
P. 13: A number of spp. of "Delphax" have been misplaced,
also "P" dilpa should be "D."

INTRODUCTION.

In the present memoir, the determination and description of the
Leafhoppers collected by Prof. Koebele and Dr. Perkins, and
partially discussed in the ninth part of Bulletin I, are now com-
pleted,— together with those found by Mr. Muir in the Fiji Isles,
as well as two interesting" forms from China.

In the former contribution, 85 genera and 212 species were
erected as new, while 58 genera (and subg'enera), and 175 species
(and varieties) are now added, a total of 143 genera and 387
species, making a considerable increase in our knowledge of Ans-
tralo-Fijian Leafhoppers, as almost all of the new forms are from
these countries. At the same time, it must bs insisted that these
form but a small proportion of the total Leafhopper Fauna of
the Countries mentioned.

The Australasian (*) Region seems to embrace four sub-
regions :

1. The AusTROM^\L.\YAN (or Papuan), including that of the
same name of Wallace, but extending to include the tropical
forest of Queensland, New Caledonia and adjacent islands as far
a'^ the Fijian Archipelago.

2. The EuRONOTiAN (or Bassian). including the Soutl:eastern
third of Australia and Tasmania.

3. The Maorian, including New Zealand and adjacent isl-
ands.

4. The Westralian, or West Australia.

Nothing is known of the indigenous Hemiptera of Tahiti, Sa-
moa, the Tuamotus, &c., but they are probably a mixture of
various faunas. The Hawaiian Archipelago forms an unattach-
ed subregion of great antiquity. From the little that is known of
them, the Carolines and Marshalls and perhaps the Mariannes,
belong to the Austromalayan.

* I prefer this name of Huxley's to the usual "Australian" of authors. It is very
confusing to term the whole Resiion 'Australian.' as one ean then not understand
readily whether the mainland, or the region as a whole. Is intended.

I think therefore that Wallace's "Polynesian" Subregion should
be rejected.

Celebes is usually included in the Papuan, but is perhaps, at
present, best regarded as an unattached subregion.

The Fijian Isles seem to have a well marked affinity with New
Guinea and the neighboring groups, or with the first of the fol-
lowing Australian.

The Australian Continent seems to pc^ssess four principal
faunas :

1. The tropical forest, an impoverished extension of the Aus-
tromalayan, little known, and producing such forms as Neoiiieli-
charia, Aneipo and some fine Derbidae.

2. Eucalyptus-Forest, characterized by Eiirymcla, Eurinop-
syche and Platybrachys. This is typical of the Euronotian.

3. Western Australia, which stands apart from the others.

4. Grass-lands and coast lands, probably typical in another
way of the Euronotian, and characterized by common-place
Deltocephalns and Asiracidae'.

In the habitats, "K" stands for Prof. Koebele, "P'" for Dr.
Perkins, and "M" for Mr. Muir.

Mr. Muir's researches in Fiji were confined to Viti Levu.
Suva is on Suva Bay in the Southeastern part ; Naviia on the
river of the same name in the South-central ; Rcii'a, on the Rewa
river, a little east from Suva, and Ba (=:Mba) on the Ba River
in the northwest.

An expression of appreciation is due to Mr. W. E. Chambers,
who, has enriched this memoir with more than three hundred,
figures-. No work on Hemiptera has previously appeared, in
v.^hich such careful and detailed drawings of genitalia are given,
affording characters which are the final arbiters of "species" in
certain groups.

BIOLOGIC NOTES.

Stkidulation.

In my first memoir (p. 285) it was stated that though Per-
kuisicUa saccharicida had often been heard to stridulate distinct-
ly, by the Entomolcgists of this Station, researches on the phe-
nomenon had not yet been made

On his return from Fiji, Mr. Muir handed me the foUowing
notes, upon which it is scarcely necessary to enlarge :

"One hot, still morning, when collecting in Fiji, my attention
was attracted to a small palm, from which a distinct noise of
insects stridulating proceeded. I found the underside of the
leaves covered with hundreds of a small red leafhopper [Miiiria
stridula PI. 20 figs. 10-13). Their tegmina and wings were
erected above the back and occasionally gave caie or two rapid
movements; sometimes the abdomen was jerked up and down.
I recognized it as similar to one I had taken in Natal some years
ago, in which the wings were exceedingly small and used entirely
as stridulating organs. Upon examination I found the wings in
the present species were likewise used for that purpose. The
tegmina are about 6 mill, long, whilst the wings are only half a
millimetre, the anal lobe being larger than the rest of the wing,
thickened and corrugated on the hind margin of the upper side.

"The costal margin is turned Civer and catches into a fold
along the margin of the tegmina ; by this means it moves with
the tegmina. The corrugated surface is opposed to the anterior
angles of the abdomen where there are several white bristles sit-
uated.

"In another, {Proutista mocsta PI. 20 figs. 8-9) from Java,
the tegmina are about 5>4 mill, long and the wings 3 mill, the
anal area larger in proportion to the rest of the wing and corru-
gated on the upper side.

"In another, {Pyrrhonenra saccharicida PI. 20 figs. 6-7), from
biji. the tegmina are about 4 mill, long and the wings 3 mill,
the broad edge of the anal area being corrugated. The C(?.rru-
srations thin out erraduallv on each side, and one can see that

8

they are only a prolongation and intensification of the minute
corrugations that border the hind margin Cif the wing from the
end of the costal margin to the base of the wing.

"In another, {Lyriccn imfhiiini, PI. 20 figs. 3-5). from Fiji,
the proportional size of the tegmina to the wings is more normal,
about yy2 to 5^, and the anal areas c,f the latter are normal,
bearing a strongly corrugated patch near the basal edge.

"Upon examining the anal area of the wing of Perkinsiclla
saccharicida, an enlarging of the corrugation along the basai
portion of the edge can be seen. I am in doubt if this could be
the means by which they produce the sound."

(PI. 20 figs. 1-2 represents the wings cf Pyrrhoncitra citlia-
risfa). Mr. Muir, also, before leaving for the Orient, left me
some mounts of tegmina and wings, from which PI. 20 figs. 1-9
have been made.

I have examined a considerable amount of material and find
the stridulatory area developed as follows :

In most of the Derbidae and in some Asiracidae, this structure
is present, in both sexes. I cannot find it in any other Auc-
henorhynchi, nor in those Asiracids in which the wings are rudi-
mentary.

Since my last memoir, Froggatt has published "Australian
Insects" (1907), in which there are short biologic notes on sev-
eral Homoptera.

CLASSIFICATION.

I have nothing- to add to my general remarks on the distinct-
ness of the FnlgCfToidea, and their high place in the systsm. J
think however that the Cicadoidea and Tetigonioidea should be
merged, for although the former are less allied to anv of the
families of the latter, than these are among themselves, yet the
general structure is 'fundamentally similar.

The system of the AuchenorhynchrTrow adopted is as follows :

Superfam. i Cicadoidea

Fam. I Cicadidae

Fam. 2 Cercopidae

Subfam. i Cercopinae

2 Machaerotinae

Fam. 3 Tetigoniidae (embracing lo provisional tribes, viz.:
Ledrini, Stenocotini, Eurymelini, Phrynomorphini, Eupterygini,
Cephalelini, lassini, Macroceratogoniini, Penthimiini and Teti-
goniini).

F'am. 4 Membracidae

Superfam. 2 F'ulgoroidea

Fam. I Poekillopteridae

Subfam. i Lcphopinae

Subfam. 2 Tropiduchinae

(Tribes Troi)iduchini and Tambiniini)

Subfam. 3 Ricaniinae

(Tribes Ricaniini and Rladinini)

Subfam. 4 Poekillopterinae

(Tribes Poekillopterini and Phalaenomorphini )

Subfam. 5 Tcnginae

Fam. 2 Issidae

Subfam. i Issinae

(Tribes Caliscelini, Tssini)

Subfani. 2 Amphiscepinae

Subfam. 3 Eurybrachyinae

Fam. 3 Tetigometridae

Fam. 4 Fulgoridae

10

Subfam. i Cixiinae

(Tribes Cixiini, Achilini, Dictyophorinij
Subfam. 2 Fulgcrinae

(Tribes Fulgorini, Omalocepbalini, Aphaenini)
Fam. 5 Asiracidae
J-'aiii. 6 Derbidae

(Tribes Derbini, Nisiinij.

Tbis is however merely tentative, as onr knowledge of most
groups is still extremel}- superficial, and nothing satisfactory can
be done, till the nymphal instars of man\- species are described
and figured. •

There is no need to furnish characters again, separating the
Fulgoroidea from the Cicadoidea, and the various families, and
other divisions, are separated tabularly further on in their sev-
ral places.

In my horismclogy, 1 have substituted "brachial" for "cubital,"
for the name of the third main vein arising from the apex of the
l)asal cell, as there can be no doubt what "brachial" is, while
there is much difference of opinion as to what "cubital" is. Meli-
char for instance, terming "cubital" what T call "basal stem of the
radiomedian."

LIST OF SPECIES.

The following are the new or notable genera and species etc.,
described in the following pages: (*) signifies that the nymphs
are noted or figured.)

Fam. Cicadidae. Eogypoiia *
Cicadetta tyiiipaiiistria, sp. n. RJwtidus ''■ stall (n. n.)

Fam. Cercopidae Idloccnts kissels, sp. n.

N esaphresfes, g. n. /. iiyniphlas, s]:). n.

A^ dreptlas, sp. n. ''' /. orclas, sp. n.

N. ptysniatophlliis, sp. n. /. orodcniitlas, sp. n.

Nesaphrogeneia, g. n. /. .vaiif/10, sp. n.

A', vitiensis, sp. n. /. hylcorals, sp. n.

Fam. Tetigoniidae /. cup Ida, sp. n.

Stenocotls dlmorpha, sj). n . /. uapals, sp. n.

S. reticulata, sp. n. J. auloulas, sp. n.

Smicrocotls sldiilca, sp. n. /. uerelas, sp. n.

II

Eurymelias, g.n. (hyaciiif litis)

Ipo pompais, sp. n.

Macropsis oeroc, sp. n.

M. thymele, sp. n.

M. thyia, sp n.

M. thoantias, sp n.

Alseis, g. n.

A. osborni^ sp. n.

E pi psych id io n cp ipyropis

Oncopsis baUi, sp. n.

AceratagaUia, g. n.

(sangiiiiiolciitiis)
AgaUiopsis, g. n. (novcHiis)
Enrinoscopiis Iiainadryas, sp. n
Hybrasil, g. n.
H. brani, sp. n.
Dryadoniorplia lotopliagonini,

sp. n.
Tortor, g. n.
T. daulias, sp. n. *
Tartessus idyia, sp. n.
7 . itonias, sp. n.
7'. ma, sp. n.
7'. zo, sp. n.
7". iambc, sp. n.
7. iaiithe, sp. n.
7". ianassa, sp. n.
7'. iancira, sp. n.
7'. iokastc, sp. n.
Iberia, g. n. (bolivari)
Tliymbris, g. n.
7'. inachis, sp. n.
7 . iphianassa; sp. n.
Piitoniessa, g. n.
P. digiiissiina, sp. n.
XestoccpJiahis viticnsis, sp. n.
A'. paUidiceps, sp. n.
A'. /). var.coiifoi'fuplicatiis, n.
A'. /?. var. dcccinnotat'iis, n.
X. aiistralensis, sp. n.
A", pur pur asc ens, sp. n.

A", sidnicits, sp. n.

Eiitcttix inclaleucac, sp. n.

Deltocephaliis lotis, sp. n.

/J. polemon, sp. n.

Ty. Jiistrionicus, sp. n.

/J. liiciiidae, .sp. n.

Coiiosamis clilorippe, sp. n.

C . has pes *

Soracte, g. n.

5'. apolloiios, sp. n.

N e pilot rtti.v citrytus, sp. n.

Einiotcttix filicicola, sp. n.

jL. tacky porias, sp. n.

L. capitatiis, sp. n.

I'liainiwpliryiic, g. n.

7\ iiysias, sp. n.

Driotiira aristarche, sp. n.

Allygns lotopliagoruni, sp. n.

Eonatiira anstrina, sp. n.

Nesosteles dryas, sp. n.

TV. aurantiigcra, sp. n.

.V. phryne, sp. n.

A', chloe, sp. n.

Apheliona, g. n. (biocnlata)

Cicadiila Jiyadas, sp. n.

C. ciirypliacssa, sp. n.

C z'itieiisis.

Erythroneiira sidiiica, sp. n.

71. dor is, sp. n.

A', lalage, sp. n.

/i. IcHCothoe, sp. n.

Z:. reivana, sp. n. *

Dialecticopteryx, g. n.

Z^. aitstralica, sp. n.

Paradorydiiini brighami, sp. n.

( subg. Deltodorydiimi, n.)

P. ovidii, sp. n.

Tharra kalypso, sp. n.

T. ogygia, sp. n.

7'. kassiphone, sp. n,

r. nausikaa, sp. n.

12

T. sp? *
KUiireUa, g. n.
M. oxyomina, sp. n.
I'ulturnns vnltunius
I '. voltitmna, sp. n.
/ '. virgideinia, sp. n.
/'. vmidnzcei, sp. n
I'. vultnosHS, sp. n.
]'. vaedulcis, sp. n. '■'
/ . vappa, sp. 11.
l.eucopcpla, g. n.

{bitiibcrci(lala)
SyrUigophora, g. n. [brci'is)
Cynihalopns, g. n.

Fam. Menibracidae
'/Mnophara leda, sp. n.
Z alhovittata, sp. n.
Acanthuchus iasis, sp. n.

.^. ^MfJ/OM^, sp. n.

A. eurynomus^ sp. n.
Fam. Poekillopteridae
Eodryas, g. n. (inelichari)
Dolia, g. n. (zvalkeri)
Astorga saccharicida *
Siphanta gran ulicollis
S. acuta ''■

TliaiiatocJilainys, g. n.
7. tristis, sp. n.
Fam. Issidae
Apsadaropteryx, g. n.

(clongatulus)
Phacopteryx, g. n.
7-\ sidnicus *
Orinda, g. n. (liiciiukie)
Chlamydopfcryx. p;. n.
C . eiirobiiiiii, sj). n.
Tylaiia dyakana. sjx n.
T'ani. Fulgoridae
Oljariis liUnoc, sp. n.
O. tasmani
0. Iitbra var. 7'iticnsis n.

0. saccharicola, sp. n.

C/. melanesica, sp. n.

Urvillea, g. n.

Nesocliaiis, g. n.

A', kalypso, sp. n.

Myndus z'itic'iisis, sp. n .

Leiriocssa, g. n.

L. tui'tricuiiiorplia, sp. ii.

i.. vitioisis, sp. n.

Lcptochlaniys, g. n.

A. comprcssa, sp. ii.

DysthcatiaSj g. n.

/->. bcechcyij sp. n.

D. /?. var fuscata, n.

Aiistrahnia^ g. n.

.]. aiistrina, sp. n.

Ouirosia, g. ii.

(J. T'itieiisis, sp. n.

I'hcncUa sub. Nephdia, n.

/. (N.) bicuncata, sp. n.

i^. (N) tristis, sp. n.

Callinesia, g. n.

C. pulchra, sp. n.

C. oriiata, s]x n.

C«. venusta, sp. n.

C'. pusilla, sp. n.

CaUichhnnys, g. n.

C. iiniiri, sp. n.

C iDidiilata, sp. n.

Fam. Asiracidac

Ugyops viticnsis, sp. n.

Melanesia, g. n.

.1/. pacifica, sp. n.

.1/. />. var strigata, n.

Crioniorphus australiae, sp. n.

Dicranotropis andcrida, sp. n.

Z). arisioxenus. s]). n.

Z). miiiri, s]). n.

Pnrokita ariindinacea

l.cimonoditc, g. n. (beckeri)

PerkinsicUa sinensis, sp. n.

Z''. pseudoniaidis *

13

P. graiiiiiiicida *

/•. saccharicida *

F. viticnsis *

Hadcodclpha.v pcrscphon

H. pi It to var. pallid i or, n

D. dryopc, sp. n.

I), ochrias, sp. n.

//. niataiiitii, sp. n.

D. disonynios, sp. n.

D. hyas, sp. n.

D. gcraiior, sp. n.

D. kolophon, sp. n.

D. kaha, sp. n.

Z). ancinonias,' sp. n.

/>. pylaoii, sp. n.

Z) .albotrisfriatus, sp. n.

Tropidoccphala dryas, sp. n.

7. hainadryas, sp. n.

Ancctopia, g. n.

.<4. uiandane, sp. n.

.-/. igcriia, sp. n.

flaplodclpha.v, g. n.

7/. iiincicola, sp. n.

7/. naias, sp. n.

//. ciironotianiis, sp. n.

IMcgainelus proscrpina, sp. n

/l/. pcrsephonc, sp. n.

vlf. sponsa, sp. n.

"Dclphax'tliycstcs, sp. n.

D. ordovix, sp. n.

/). parysafis, sp. n.

//. OS for ins, sp. n.

Z). lasulis, sp. n.

/J. Iciuionias, sp. n.

D. a.y^3'ana.r/ sp. n.

f''. algebra, sp. n.

/'. off'//' a, sp. n.

Protcrosydne, g. n.
/'. arborca, sp. n.
Stcnocranifs pacific ns, sp. n.
•"^P- '1 6'. aganiopsycJic, *
Saccharosydne, g. n.
6'. saccharivora *
Fam. Derbidae
vSn7'a kocbclei

Basilcoccphalns fhaiiiiiatoiiotiis
Phaciocephalus iicsogonias,

sp. n.
/'. iicsodreptias, sp. n.
/'. miltodias, sp. n.
P. pullatus, sp. n.
". minyrias, sp. n.
Tliyrocephalus leucopterus
Rhotana Jialosydnc, sp. n.
Niphadodite, g. n.
A', insulicola, sp. n.
Pyrrhoneura saccharicida
P. citbarisfa, sp. n.
P. (Ncsoiiciira subg. n.)
/^. (A^) I'lficnsis, sp. nov.
Nesocore, g. n.
A'. Hdicina, sp. n. *
Pyricen, g. n.
L. imthitnii, sp. n.
Proiitista luuiholtzi
Ncsoiiiplias, g. n.
A'', insignissima, sp. n.
Philadclphcia pandani
Mtiiria, g. n.
^P stridula, sp. n.
Pluintasiiiatoccra arborca
Nesophantasma, g. n. (viticnsis)
Swczcyia lyriccn
Sikaiana ncsiopc, sp. n.

Superfamily CICADOIDPA.

This, after renewed investigation, appears to include the Teti-
gonioidca, thus embracing four famihes, which arc flistinguish-
able in the imago state as follows ;

14

I. Three subcontigiious ocelli; sensory origans on the two
basal segments of antennal flagellum very numerous ; fore
femora incrassate ; no arolia ; abdomen in the maVs with a son-
orous apparatus on each side ; venation very characteristic, teg-
men typically with 5 "discoidals" and 8 apical veins, which oc-
cupy its greater part i Cicadidae

la Two ocelli, sometimes functionless ; onlv a few sensory
organs on the basal segements of antennal flagellum ; fore femora
larely incrassate ; aroha large (2)

2 Antennal flagellum composed of a large subpyriform basal
segment and a slender seta ; hind tibiae with one or two strong
spines 2 Cercopidae

2a Antennal flagellum composed of numerous segments ;
hind tibiae unarmed ; or if spined, almost always with more than
2 strong spines ; usually seriately bristly (3)

3 Genae more or less dilated ; pronotum never prolonged
backwards 3 Tetigoniidae

3a Genae not or scarcely dilated; pronotum prolonged back-
wards in a process (except in a few forms of dubious position)
4 Membracidae

The ova are usually, (perhaps always), in all these families,
inserted in slits made in twigs or leaves.

The families may be distinguished in the nymjihal stages (or
at least the ultimate ) temporarily as follows : ( there are never
any ocelli, nor are there special sensory organs on the antennae,
h.ead or abdomen, etc.) :

I Frons with verv numerous, closeK- set bristles in the mid-
dle ; antennae with about 9 segments, decreasing in size fron.
the basal one. Fore femora enormously incrassate, with one or
more large spines l^eneath ; fore tibiae raptorial, with spines or
large tubercles beneath ; fore tarsi with 2 sfgments. the first
annulifc.rm, arising at about two-thirds of the length of the tibia
and directed backwards, second segment long, slender, cylindric,
with 2 uneven claws. Fore coxae not shorter than femora. No
arolia. Middle and hind tarsi with 2 segments, first very short
1 Cicadidae

la Frons not bristly. Fore femora rarely incrassate, not
spined beneath ; fore tibiae not raptorial ; fore tarsi bisegmentate.
of varying proportions, the basal segment arising from the apex of
the tibia ; 2 subeven claws. Fore coxae shorter, generally very

much shorter, than femora. Arolia present. ^Middle and hind tarsi
never foliaceous (except the head and perhaps the legs.... (3)

2 Dorsal surface more or less closely granulated, of very
varying- form, often foliaceous 3 Membracidae.

2a Dorsal surface not granulate. General form of the adult,
never foliaceous (except the head and perhaps the legs.... (3)

3 Legs not spined or bristly. Antennae with 7 to 9 well
marked. sul)C}lindric, segments 4 Cercopidae

3a Legs nearly always bristly. Antennae usuallv n arly as
in the adults 2 Tetigoniidae

The Cicadidae arc on the whole the most primitive of the Cica-
doidea, despite the specialization of the sonorous orgains in the
males. Their undeserved elevation to the front of the Homop-
tera is due to the latter circumstance and to their, usually, larger
size. Their primitiveness is displayed in their general fc.rm, and
especially in the structure of th? outennae in all stages, approach-
ing in this the Heteroptera. The three other families are rather
more closely allied among themselves than to the Cicadidae ; in
the nymphs, the antennae of the Cercopidae approach the condi-
tion of the Cicadidae, but are perhaps a little more specialized
in the adults than they are in the adult Tetigoniidae. Tn the
latter, the legs are almost always more specialized than in the
Cercopidae, which, on the wdiole, may be accorded the lower
rank. The Membracidae are simply sju'cialized Tetigoniidae. bv
way, probably of forms like Agallia.

Most authors persist in estiniating the Membracidae as a very
distinct group. Fowler (1894 Biol. Centr. Amer. Horn., II, p.
I ) says, for example, "The Membracidae, as a whole, form one
of the mo.st distinct and unmistakable groups of all insects." How
little this is the case is shown bv the fact that today the system-
atic position of Ulopa, Jcfholion and others is disputed, while
Fowler himself referred the Eurymelinc Gargaropsis (a .synonym
actuallv of Byflioscopus) to the Membracidae. A little, fantas-
tic, development of the pronotum and minor changes in the head
and legs are almost all that are necessary to change an Oncopsis
into a Membracid. The earlier nymphs of such Membracids as
Hntylia are essentially Tetigoniine in form and structure.

It may be useful to repeat that these 4 families, Cicadidae, Cer-
copidae, Tetigoniidae and Membracidae are closely elated, and
that it is very absurd to separate the first from the other three,
as do most authors, by the Fulgc.roidea; while still more absurd

16

is the usual order of CicacHdae. iNleinhracidae, Fulgoroidea, Cer-
copidae, Tetigoniidac.

Cicadidae.

The Cicadidae have been (Hvided l)y Distant into three sub-
iamiHes, characterized bv the tympanal coverings, but the divi-
sions do not seem natural, the Cicadidae being in fact remarkablv
homogeneous.

(k). Australian Species.

As previously remarked, the Australian Cicadidae were dis-
cussed by Coding & Froggatt (1904 P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales
XXIX, 561-670, Pis. XVIII-XIX) ; since then a number of sup-
p-osedly new genera and species have been described bv Distant
and enumerated in his "Synonymic Catalogue of Homoptera.
Part I Cicadidae" (1906. pp. 1-207). The Australisn fornis
added since Coding & Froggatt's Monograph are as follows :

1 Macrotristria iiigronervosa Distant 1904 A. AT. N. H. (7)

XIV 329 Queensland

2 Cicada graminea op. c. 428 Queensland

3 Diiiiditbia vagiuata (Fabr.) ] =;/u7;;/;//V;'a Stal]

(Tettigonia vaginafa Fabr., 1787 Mant. Ins. II 266), said
to be from Australia as well as India and the Malayan
Region, but doubtfully correctly.

4 Ahricta cJseyi Distant 1905 A. M. N. H. (7) XVI, 281

North Australia.

5 .-]. castanea op. c, 27 North Austraha.

6 A. hurgessi op. c, 28 Queensland.

7 Burhnnga inornata op. c, 29 W. Australia.

8 Gudanga houlayi op. c, 208 do.

9 Cicadefta wotcrlwiisci {McJampsalta) op. c, 271

S. Australia.

]o. C. lacfca (M) 1. c Victoria.

1 1 C. issoidcs (]\I) op. c, 272

New South Wales, W. Australia.

12 C. monfroiiaicri (Birrima) op. c. XVII 388

New South Wales.

13 Pauropsalta stigmatica 1905, op. c, XVI, 273. .S. Australia.

14 P. daineli 1. c. ■

'7

15 Urabuiiana sci^iiiciitaria op. c, 274 Queensland.

16 Cycloclilla I'irciis 1906 Entoni., XXXIX 148. .Queensland.
X. B. C. aiisfralasiac var. sf^rcta God. & F"rogg. was omit-
ted in Mr. Distant's Catalogue.

(b). Fijian Species.*

Only four species have been noted by Distant, and I can add
cniy 3, (2 from my own collection), one of which, however, is
new.

1 Cyclochila aiisfralasiac {Tcttigoiiia) Donovan 1805 Ins.

X^ew Holland, Hem. PI. 2. f. i ; a large male, expanding
120 mm. (in my collection). (**)

2 Macrotristria aiigiilaris (Cicada) Germar 1834 Rev. Ent.

II, 68; a large male, expanding 131 mm., with dark fer-
ruginous frons (in my collection). ('■*)

3 Cicada kuniduadna Distant 1881 Tr. E. S. London 645 ;

Waterhouse 1882 Ak\ ident. Ins. I, PI. C.

4 Sawda {?)_ fiticiisis Distant 1906 Entoni XXXIX, 12.

(Sait.'da is probably not distinct from CosmopsaJtria) .

5 Diccropyga distaiis (Diiiidiibia) Walker 1858 List. Horn.

Suppl. 10 (=^siibfascia (Dundiibia) op. c, 11), recorded
from Ovalau by Walker ; 2 males and i female, the larg-
est expanding 92 mill., taken at Rewa (March) by Mr.
Muir.

6 D. stuai'ti (Cosiiiopsaltria) Distant 1882 Pr. Zool S. Lon-

don 125 PI. \'II. f. 2;

Mr. Muir has taken 2 males at Rewa (March), which differ
from Distant's descriptions as fcJlows ; they are 37 mill, long to
the apex of the tegmen and expand /2 mil!, Iieing thus mucli
larger ; the frons is not so much produced basally as in Distant's
llgure, and (as somewhat shown in Distant's figure) tlie o])ercuIa
do not nearly reach two-thirds of the length of the abdomen.
I'^ulher, judging again l:)y the figure, the opercula are less diver-
gent during their first half, interiorly, and then mere obliquely
rounded.

* I employed the terms " Viti" and " Vitian" in my first memoir, but Dr. Brigham
assures me that " Fiji" and " Fijian" arc the correct terms to use.

* *Mr. Froggatt, wlio has examined these specimens, doubts very much that they
came from Fiji.

i8

Cicadetta Kolenati.

This is a large genus of about (me hundred described species,
about three-fifths lielonging to the Australasian Region. The
following species is the first recorded from the Fiji Isles, and is
the seventh Fijian Cicadid.

I. tynipamstna sp. nov.

PI. I, figs. 1-3.

Male. Ochreous ; ocelli narrowly and incompletely margined
with black. Eyes dark purplish brown. Pronotum with a median
stripe and the hind margin yellow ; six wedge-shaped black spots,
tl;e lateral ones rather irregular. Mesonotum a little embrowned,
with 3 irregular black sufifusions, the middle one somewhat dum.b-
bell shaped, with an incomplete yellowish-brown line down its
middle; tufted posteriorly with geklen yellow hair. Cruciform
elevation yellow, the ends of the arms more or less fuscous.
Metanotum yellow. Tegmina and wings milky hyaline, vena-
tion dark fuscous except the costal, subcostal, and sutural veins
of the former which are yellowish green. The base ami sides
of the first tergite black, rest c.f this, the 2nd and 3rd (the latter
narrowly dark apically) and basal half of 4th, yellow, the rest
more or less fuscous. The whole of the underside luteous ex-
cept as follows : antennal whip more or less fuscous ; labium,
tibiae and tarsi greyish-yellow ; spines on fere femora black-
tipped ; sides of first sternite widely fuscous ; apical three-fourths
of abdomen purplish fuscous. Vertex rather flat, scarcely pro-
minent before the eyes, about as wide between the eyes as the
width of an eye. Frons rather narrow, scarcely as wide at base
as the tempora together. Labium reaching just beyond middle
coxae. Pronotum widening sublaminately posteriorly, not tooth-
ed laterally. Fore femora with three spines, the ist the longest.
Opercula oblique, narrow, at least twice as long as wide, sub-
constricted medianly externally, not reaching to the apical mar-
gin of the first sternite. Metasternum produced medianly in a
small subvertical plate. Medioradial stalk elongate, complete-
ly fused, about as long as its first inferior branch ; first apical
cell a little louger than the second. Pygophor elongate, trans-
versely striate.

19

Length to apex of abdomen 1 1 mill., expense of tegmina 30
mill.

Hab. Fiji, Rewa. (M).

The colouring, venation and opercula separate this from any
Cicadctta known to me. It has an additional peculiarity in that
the membranal appendix to tegmina and wings is ci the slightest
possible description, being visible only where the cells in meeting
apically are very slightly notched.

Cercopidae.

The nymphs have, in all the forms I have seen, spineless and
bristleless legs.

Since my first memoir, I have acquired a copy of Westwood's
"Notice of a tube-making Homopterous insect from Ceylon"
(Tr. E. S. London 1886 pp. 329-33, PI. VIII), from which the
systematic position of the remarkable Machacrota is recogniz-
able. It is evidently closely allied to Polychaetophyes and Pectin-
ariophycs. I cannot recollect the exact appearance of Hindola,
of which I have now no specimens for reference. This is the
same as the preoccupied Carystus of Stal, and I do not think
that the Swedish author would have placed Carystus and
Machacrota in different subfamilies if the former had been the
same as Polychaetophyes. I cannot recognize Stal's subfamilies,
the characters he uses to differentiate the 'Cercopinae' from the
'Aphrophorinae' being to me of little value for that ])urpose.
Two subfamilies arc here accepted, and are separable as follows:

1 Subcostal vein of wing forked about the middle (or basal

of that), so that there is a "supernumerary" cell. [PI. i,

fig. 4]. Nymphs, so far as known, living in their own

frothv secretion Cercopinae.

2 Subcostal vein not forked, so that there is no supernumerary

cell; veins united near the apical margin. [PI. I, fig. 5].
Nymphs forming calcareous cases Machacrotinac

Cercopinae.

The Australian and Fijian genera are disposable as follows,
more for convenience than as an expression of their relation-
ships:

I Anterior margin of pronotum rounded (2)

20

1 a Anterior margin of proiiotum straight (6)

2 Head strongly narrowed near the ba e. elongate, sul)as-
cendant 5 Philagra

22L Head not longer than wide across the eyes, not snddenly
narrowed (3)

3 Tegmina very convex, httle longer than broad. .4 Bathylliis.
3a Tegmina little convex, at least twice as long as broad. .(4)

4 Vertex and pronotnm carinate i Ccrcof'is.

[=:Aphrop}iora].
4a \"ertex and ])ronotum not carinate (5)

5 Tegmina with level sniface. pubescent, not punctured

2 Euryccrcopis.

5a Tegmina irregularly raised and depressed, not pubescent,
but very closely punctured 3 Ncsaphrcstcs.

6 Ocelli nearer to one another than to the eyes (7)

6a Ocelli not nearer to one another than to tlie eyes

II Cosiiioscarta.

7 Frons sulcate (8)

7a Frons not sulcate (11)

8 Posterior margin of pronotum medianlv truncate

7 Aitfidclhis.

8a Posterior margin of pronotum emarginate (9)

9 Pronotum somewhat hairy, with 8 callous spots along the
anterior margin 8 Pcfyllis.

9a Pronotum with not more than two callous spots (10)

10 Tegmina subopaque. pale, yellowish-brown, veins broad and
clearly marked 9 Aniitcrna.

loa Tegmina opaque, coriaceous, black and red, veins narrow-
er, more obscure 10 Euryaula.v.

1 1 Scutellum longer than wide

12 Toniaspis (two Walkerian species").

1 1 a Scutellum equilateral 13 Ncsaphrogcncia

Ncsaphrcstcs gen. nov.

Allied to Clovia, but the clypeus is longitudinally carinate.
generally strongly, and the tegmina are much narrower. I
have no examples of Clovia now to examine, but comparing
with the rather poor fijiiire of C. birarciisis, Kirkaldy (in Tr. E.
S. London 1905, PI. XVH, f. 3,) the pronotum in Ncsaphrcstcs
is acute-angularly emarginate posteriorly, also the brachial
vein of the wing forks between the cross-vein and the apex,
(not at the cross-vein), and there are -:| apical cells in the teg-

21

men. Also allied to Eiirycciropis, but the tegmina are unevenly
impressed (principally longitudinally and along- the subcosta),
and are finely and closely punctured. Type uuiiri. There are
two species, distinguished by the size, colour. &c.

I. drcpfias sp. nov.

Vertex, pronotum and scutellum pale yellowish-brown, suf-
fused and transversely barred, brokenly and irregularly, with
darkish fuscous, or irregularly suffused; posterior angle of
scutellum pale yellowish-brown. Frons ventrally pale yellow-
ish-brown, with curved concentric dark fuscous lines radiating
from a median pale yellow line and practically attaining the
lateral margins. Apical third of frons, the clypeus, lora
coxae, sterna in part laterally, apical segment of labium
plcuritcs, &c., blackish. Tegmina coriaceous, fuscous, darker
on the corium, a spot on the extero-lateral margins near the
apex, and the apical and subapical veins, v/hitish. Fore and
middle femora blackish-brown, pale at the apex, hind femora
blackish brown; tibiae dark fuscous, annulate or marked with
])rownish-testaceous.

Female. Pygophor pale beneath, ovipositor dark.

Length 8-9^ mill.

Hab. \^iti Levu, Rewa (March, Muir's No. 165), on a native
tree "in the bush."

Nvmphs pale testaceous, hind tibiae polished, spineless. Fro-
bablv live in their own secretion.

2. pfysiiiatopliiliis sp. nov.

Brownish-ochraceous ; face, pro- and mesosterna laterally, and
tergites mostly, blackish; antennae ochraceous; sometimes a
faint pattern of radiating lines on frons towards the lateral mar-
gins. Tegminal veins pale yellowish or yellowish-fuscous. Ex-
terior half of basal third of corium suddenly and angularlv nar-
rowing on the middle third of exterior margin, blackish, a fus-
cous spot in the fourth apical cell. Legs yellowish-testaceous,
fore and middle femora dorsally blackish-brown in the middle,
fore and middle tibiae blackish-brown apically and basally.

Male. Sternites blackish, genital segments ochraceous.

Female. Pygophor ochraceous, ovipositor blackish.

Length (male) 5^-(female) 7^4 mill.

Hab. \'iti Lcvu, Rewa (Mar.-Apr., Al.).

22

Nesaphrogeneia gen. no v.

Allied to Locris, but is very feebly, if at all, carinate on the
frons, and the pronotum is angularly emarginate at the base
medianly. The head dorsally is much more obtusely and round-
ly angulate anteriorly. Pronotum and tegmina rugosely-
punctured, apical three-fourths of the former and the head
strongly declivous. Wing venation similar to that of L. vcs-
tigans and amanroptcra as figured by Breddin.

I. vitiensis sp. nov.

Head, pronotum anteriorly, scuteilum and body beneath, pale
yellowish-brown; base of frons ventrally, antennae, last segment
of labium dorsally, &c., dark fuscous or blackish-brown. Ocelli
rubid. Rest of pronotum pale yellow. Tegmina pale yellowish-
brown suflfused with rosy, especially laterally and apically, with
short, yellowish pubescence (especially on clavus); veins rosy,
at least the lateral and apical ones; wing-veins dark fuscous.
Legs pale yellowish-testaceous, tibiae more or less fuscous in
part. Sternites more or less fuscate.

Length 5^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Feb., Mar., M.)

Machaerotinae.

At the moment of going to press, I have received the first
part of the 68th Vol. of the Stettiner Ent. Zeit., containing a
review of this subfamily (*). The Australian genera may be
disposed as follows:

1 Scuteilum not sulcate; without an appendage (2)

la Scuteilum sulcate with an appendage. . .3 Pachyinachaerota.

2 Vertex almost perpendicular, very short. Nymph cases
elongate, subconical, more or less porrect, gradually widen-
ing from the base i Polychactophycs.

2a Posterior margin of 'head raised. Ocelli farther apart.
Frons more swollen. Pronotum less declivous, and longer
in proportion to head. Nymph cases smoother and slender-
er 2 Pectinariophyes.

The first two have been omitted by Schmidt. In Pachy-
machaerota he places Machaerota piigioiiata and sigiiorcti
(=11 pugionata Sign.).

* E. Schmidt " Monographie der Subfamilie Machaerotinae Stal ," pp. irir)-200,

figs. 1-8 (May, 1907.)

23

Tetigoniidae.

Further investigation has convinced me that the subfamiHes
proposed in my former memoir cannot stand. Search has fail-
ed to reveal any sharply limited characters to form subfamilies.
There is complete gradation from Tcfigoiiia to Eitryiiuia in the
position of the ocelli and in the form of the leg spines. Eiiry-
iiicla is remarkably Cercopoid, especially apparently as regards
the spines of the hind tibiae, but there is a fundamental dififer-
cnce. The spines in the Cercopidae are apparently solid, direct
projections from the leg, and have no value for springing pur-
poses, while in Enrymela and other allied forms, in which there
are strongly developed, solid-looking spines, each of these al-
ways emits a hollow bristle, Which is of value for springing in
proportion to its length and to the number on the leg. The
bristles in the more typical Tetigoniidae are also hollow and
not direct productions of the leo', but socketed. The dififer-
ence be'iween the spines of Tctigonia and Enrymela is that in
the former, the socket is small, the bristle long; in Enryuiela the
socket is large and the bristle short. [PI. XI, figs. 18-20.]

For convenience, the following tribes based on habitus, are
temporarily retained. I do not feel certain that, compared with
the divisions of the Fulgoroid families, the Cicadoidea ought
not to be divided into 2 families, Cicadidae and Tetigoniidae,
the latter forming three subfamilies, Tetigoniinae, Cercopinae
and Membracinae, but such a question is of minor importance,
so long as the relative values of the divisions are understood.

1 Legs always more or less spiny or strongly bristly. . . .(2)
la Legs unarmed or feebly bristly (10)

2 Ocelli on the dorsal part of the head, distinctly away from
its anterior margin (3)

2a Ocelli (if present) on the margin between vertex and
frons; or dorsally, practically contiguous with the margin; or
on the ventral side of the head (6)

3 Spines on the hind tibiae usually feeble except on one
edge where they are strong, with rather short bristles. Stout
forms, the head usually more or less laminate i Ledrini

3a Bristles on the hind tibiae strong and long, not spinose. (4)

4 Exterior discoidal area of tegmen undivided up to the apical
cells ; ocelli on the vertex anterior to the apical margin of the
eves 8 Macroceratogoniini

4a Fxterior discoidal area divided, so as to form an apical
cell (5)

24

5 Elongate forms ; ocelli basal of the anterior margin of the
eyes, on the vertex . lo Tetigoniini

5a Stouter forms; oci^lli apical of the anterior margin of the
eyes, on the vertex ((jvponidae auctt) 9 Penthimiini

6 Vertex raised perpendicularly at the sides and base. Ex-
terior discoidal area of tegmen undivided to the ai)ical cells
7 [assini

6a Vertex not raised at the sides and base. Exterior discoi-
dal area divided (in the long winged forms at least) (7)

7 Head exceedingly declivous ; ocelli on the vertex ventral
of the bend of the head ; spines and bristles on hind tibiae some-
what diverse in different forms

(Bythoscopidae auctt) 3 Eurymelini

7a Vertex usually more or less porrect ; ocelli (if present)
on the angular margin of the head (8)

8 Radial, median and lirachial veins very ob=cure basally,
(apparently springing independently from the basal cell or unit-
ing close to it, except Aiicoiio and Dial eel ico/^tcry.v^ ; ocelli ab-
sent or feeble 5 Eupterygini

8a Agnation normal (except in short winged forms, or if ob-
scure, then so all over) ; ocelli on the angular margin of the
head, or touching it dorsally, rarely obsolescent (9)

9 Vertex strongly emarginate basally, ocelli in pits on the
angular margin ; legs spiny 2 Stenocotini

9a Vertex rarely nuich emarginate basally. cc.lli never in
pits, (or if so, then the legs bristly, not spiny) . .4 Phrync-morphmi

10 Head laminate or at least elongately produced. X^enation
degraded 6 CephaLlini (restr.)

loa Head never elongatelv produced, never laminate

(incl. Kahavaluinae ) 1 1 Megophthalmini

Tribe Ledrini.

This tribe is nearly always characterized as having a folia-
ccous proncttum, owing to the fact that Ledra is the only Euro-
pean genus and that the tribe is not represented in North Ame-
rica. It is characterized by the more s])ecialize(l legs and bv
the dorsal position of the ocelli, but is not altogether natural.
Some forms, e. g., Rhotidiis, have a very close reseiublmce to
Phrynomorphine genera such as .] mild ion, but are distinguished
by the position of the ocelli.

25

Provisional Table of Genera.

la Head broadly laminate (3}

2 Claval suture obsolete : 1 Sichaca

2a Claval suture distinct 2 Titia

3 Pronotum with the lateral margins acute-angu.atelv pro-
J^'cting- (4)

3a Pronotum not as above (5)

4 Pronotum anteriorly in the middle and head, perpeadicu-
larly declivous 3 Proraiiiis

4a Pronotum and head a little declivous 4 Titiiria

5 Eyes exteriorly margined by part oi the vertex

5 Bcfsilconas

5a Eyes not margined exteriorly (6)

6 Hind tibiae dilated (7)

6a Hind tibiae cylindric ( 10)

7 Pronotum with a compressed auriform process sublate-
rallv 6 Lcdra

7a Pronotum normal (8)

8 Vertex anteriorly truncate, basally with 2 flat, r.mr-te tu-
bercles 7 Oclasina

8a Vertex not truncate, without the tubercles (9)

■9 Pronotum declivous 8 Platyhynna

9a Pronotum not declivous 9 Lcdromorpha

10 Tegmina short 10 Diisuiia

loa Tegmina normal (11)

1 1 Tegmina reticulate apically (12)

iia Tegmina not reticulate 13 Lcih-opsis

14 Confucius, 15 Rhofidus, 16 Ruhria.

12 Pronotum laminately ridged ii Jukaruka

12a Pronotum not ridged 12 Canipfclasmus

Distant has overlooked the fact that Pcfaloccf^liala is a syno-
nym of Caiiif^tclasmus.

In the ''Homoptera-Fauna von Ceylon," Melichar refers Gyf-
ona striata Kirby to Siva (=Krisiia), and G. f^rasiiia Walker to
Acropona, both Phrynomorphine genera. I cannot now refer to
the types, which are presumably in the British IMuseum, but it
was on a cotvpe of the former and a compared example of the
Ir.tter, that I founded my genus Eogypona (1901 Entom. XXXIV,
38, inexplicably treated by Melichar as unpublisherl !) apparently
a synonym of Caniptckisiuus (=PctaIoccphala), previously hav-
ing renamed G. striata, "kirbyi," and G. prasina, "walkeri," on

26

account of their preoccupation.

Moreover, I do net think MeHchar has correctly referred
Ledropsis. I Iiave not seen the types, but I beheve that Rlwtidus
and Riibria are synonymous with this, or very closely allied. The
nymphs of Eogypona (=^ ? Caniptclasuius ) and Rlwtidus ( := ? Le-
dropsis) are very different. The former are very flat, laminatelv
foliaceous. and exceedingly thin, while the latter are not unlike
the adults.

Rlwtidus (=? Ledropsis).

The female ultimate sternite is very similar in all the species
described by me. The posterior margin is slightly sinuate, with a
small median notch which is almost obsolete in ledropsifoniiis. In
viridescens, and inforuiis it is obtuse-angled or somewhat round-
ed; in horrendus it is similar but mere acute; in uwustntiii,
iiigeiis and flavouiaenlatus it is distinctly rounded.

Distant has described (1907 A. S. E. Belg. LI) :

13. aeqiialis op. cit. 193. Queensland, and has transferred here
Ledra tcJiforinis, navicula and cuspidata Walker. This preoccu-
pies the "Rhothidns navicula' of Stal, from Queensland, which
is obviously not that Oif Walker ; for the Stalian species, I propose
tile name of stali.

Ledropsis
Distant has described :
I. froggatti op. cit., 192 New South Wales

Distant has also described :

Jiikarnka (g. n.) typica op. cit. 190 Queensland

In the list of unknown Australian forms, I omitted Rubria
sidnica (XeropJiIoea) Stal 1859 Eugenie's Resa. Ins. 288 ( Syd-
ney.)

Tribe Stenocotini.

This tribe differs from the Ledrini only in the position of the
ocelli, which are situated in elongate pits on the margin connect-
ing the vertex and the frons, and by the great emargination of
the vertev hasally. T know only tlirpp gfenera. all Anstralian,
which have been analyzed on p. 368 of my former memoir.

27

Stenocotis (*).
I. dimorpha sp. nov.

Stenocotis plaiiiuscula Kirkaldy 1906 Bull. H. S. P. A. Ent.
I, PI. XXV, figs. 4 and 8 (=male, net of Stal.).

Male. Whitish, tessellated with pale ferruginous and blackish-
brown; frons pale with a longitudinal blackish median stripe
widening out sometimes apically, sometimes basally. Under-
side and legs mostly black (hind tibiae sometimes brownish).
Genital segments partly dark, partly pale. Tegmina hyaline,
with the veins blackish and white alternately; the basal fourth
blackish, closely spotted with testaceous and with some larger
white markings; there is also a transverse dark band just apical
of the middle. The apical veins are not reticulate.

Female. Pinkish-brown and yellowish-brown tessellated, or
brownish and dark fuscous tessellated. Underside yellowish testa-
ceous, nearly unicolorous. Tegmina nearly unicolorous (with-
in range of ferruginous and yellowish) with semireticulate
apical part. Ultimate sternite produced medianly, the produced
part rounded posteriorly. Ovipositor much lono'er than the
long pygophor which indeed extends distinctly beyond apex of
tegmina.

Length 15 (male) ; 22-3 mill, (female).

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Nov.) As it is just possible
that these sexes do not belciiig to the same species, the male is
selected as type.

N. B. In my former bulletin, p. 476, in the explanation of
PI. XXV, f. 4, for "female" read "male."

2. reticulata sp. nov.

Stenocotis phtninscnla Kirkaldy. 1. c. figs. 3, 6 and 7 (=fe-
male).

Females: like those of 6^. dimorpJia, but with a slender longi-
tudinal median blackish line on vertex; tegmina more reticu-

* Since this was in proof, I have roceived tlie Citli part of tlie A. S. E. Belg. LI (July
:!. 1907) containing Distant's " Contrilnitions to a KiKiwieiigc of the Ledrinae" (pp. 185-
97.) He disputes my citation of N. n7f((^( (=d(7>/'('N.s(( Walker) and proffers instead S.
plnnluscula. I cannot accept this. In 1.Ho4 Stal founded Steixicntix for 2 species, plani-
liscula and suhiHtt'''Ut. No type was mentioned and no comparison was made between
the species. In ISofi Stal redescribed the genus and redescribed suhrittata, figuring it.
I hold that this fixes the type as KiiJivittdtic if not, ^itlivittato is then the type, because
I was the next author to deal with the genus and lixed it. The argument put forward
by Distant, that plnnhiscnJa is the type because the first species mentioned by Stal, is
worthless and inconsistent with Distant's own method in other cases. I was aware
that Stal had cited xnitrHtiita as a synomym of riep»"e.«sa and quoted it as such on the
next page, overlooked Ijy Distant.

28

late apically. Pygophor almost as long as ovipositor, which is
not longer than the tegmina.

Length 20 mill.

Hab. Queensland. Brisbane (June).

Distant has recently described.

.S". uif!;rcscciis op. cit. 194. Queensland.

Siiiicrocotis.

I. obsciira

Female ultimate sternite nearly truncate ; pygophor almost as
long as the ovipositor which scarcely extends beyond apex of teg-
mina.

2. sidnica sp. nov.

Similar to the type, but the vertex is very short, ascendant,
rounded apically. Frons not lonoitudinally carinate in the mid-
dle. Pronotum not carinate. Testaceous (with a green tinge)
tessellated with yellowish, pinkish-brown and blackish-brown.
Face and sterna pale ferruginous-brown tessellated with black-
ish-brown and spotted with testaceous. Scutellum testaceous,
tessellated with pinkish-brown. Tegmina hyaline tinged with
cinereous, more or less feebly tessellated with dark and pale
brown, veins pale ferruginous-brown, infuscate in parts, not
reticulate. Legs subsanguineous. spotted with testaceous,
femora more or less marked with blackish brown. Abdomen
below blackish brown (except the apical margins very narrow-
ly).

Length (male) yy^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales. Sydney. (Jan.. K.).

This may be the male of one of the following species, but the
non-carinate pronotum probably separates it.

Distant has described:

3. pallcsrciis op. cit. 195, New South Wales.

4. iiifiiscafa 1. c.. Queensland.

5. project a ()]). cit. \()(\ New South Wales.

Kypliocotis.
T. tcsscUata.

Female: ultimate segment like that of Stcnocofis diiiiorpha,
ovipcsitor extending somewhat liryond' ])ygophor and a little be-
\()n(l apex of tegmina.

29

Distant has described :

2. fasciafa op. c.t. iy6, Queensland.

3. pan'it op. cit. 197, Queensland.

Tribe Eurynielini.

Although there is no sharply-drawn character separating- this
fi'oni the Phrynomorphini, it is convenient to reserve it for those
forms in which the ocelli are actually ventral, that is apical, of
the angulation of the head. It is in some of these forms that
the frons is strongly demarcated from the vertex, though of
course the "suture" is a false one and really only a de- p impres-
sion in the chitin. At first I thcaig'ht that this would prove a
divisional character, but unfortunately it is only specific.

Provisional Table of Genera.

Trociiada and Eiiryiiicloidcs are too vaguely diagnosed to ad-
mit of insertion. Igciiia is probably near Pcdiopsis, but I do
net now know the nature of the striation on the pronotum.

Sti'ongylomiJia and McIicJiarcUa are known only by their des-
criptions.

1 Ocelli absent i Stroiigyloniina

la Ocelli present (2)

2 Tegmen with an apjiendix (3 )

2a Tegminal appendix absent, or if present, very minute and

the head dorsally wider in the middle than at the sides (i. e.
Batracoiiwrphiis ) (6 )

3 Tegmina hyaline ; appendix entire (4)

3a Tegmina coriaceous, or at least the veins very strong:

a])pendix not reaching be\'ond about half the length of the apical
cells .^..: ^ (5)

4 At least one subapical cell in the tegmen 2 Idioccrus

4a No subapical cells 3 Pcdioscopus

5 Tegmina coriaceous, mostly dark with a white or coloured
pattern, venation feeble 5 Eiiryiiiclias

(=Eiiryiiicloidcs Kirkaldy 1906, apparently not of
Ashmead (*), type Iiyaciiithiis (Kirkaldy)
5a Tegmina subhyaline, dingily coloured, veins strong. .4 Ipo

* Ashmead says "a double row of very weak spines," and cites no type.

30

6 A keel between the dorsal and ventral parts of the head
6 MclichavcUa

6a No such keel (7;

7 Pronotum strongly striate obliquely (8)

7a Pronotum transversely striate, if at all ("''*) (f))

8 Anterior margin of dorsal part of head almost rectangu-
lar ; face flattish. (type vivcsccns) 7 Macropsis

8a Anterior margin roimded ; face cc»nvex (type tiliac) . . . .
8 Pcdiopsis

9 Ocelli immediately at the base of the ventral part of the
head 9 Epipsychidion

9a Ocelli well on the ventral part ( 10 )

10 Tegmina reticulate apically. Frons angulate in profile, as
also clypeus. Hind tibiae with 2 or 3 strong spines. Last or-
dinary sternite (female) bipartite ( i O

10a Tegmina not reticulate apically. Frons not angulate in
profile, nor clypeus. Hind tibiae multispinulose. Last ordinary
sternite (female) not divided (12)

11 Last ordinary sternite (female) reaching the lateral mar-
gins of the abdomen 10 Eiiryinclops

iia Last sternite not nearly reaching the lateral margins

.i II Eiiryiiicla

12 Lc,ra not nearlv touching the apical margin of the clvpeus

■ "(13)

12a Lora practically touching the apical margin (141

13 Frons separated basally ; legs more or less specialized. . . .
12 Alseis

J 3a Frons not se])arated basally ; legs normal

13 Oiicopsis. {■=Bythoscopus auctt ; type fknncollis) .

14 Frons separated basally. Antennae inserted in a feeble
cavity, their bases free (15)

14a Frons not separated basally. Antennae inserted in a deep
cavity, beneath a ledge (17)

] 5 Pronotum transversely striate ; nymphs not horned nor

dorsally serrate, (type sanguinolcntus Provancher)

14 (***) AccratagaUia

15a Pronotum not striate; nymphs horned and serrate. . . (16)

16 Posterior margin of vertex regularly curved, the vertex
being obsolescent behind the eyes. Nymph with two anterior

** Sometimes, in Ofirop.sis, the striation becomes a little oblique anteriorly.
*** These characters were pointed out an<I used ior divisional purposes by Osborn
and Ball in their treatment of Ayallia. They are good genera, in my opinion.

31

projections c,n the head, (type consobrina Curt\s=puncticeps

Germ.) 15 (***) Agallia

16a Posterior margin of vert-x emarginate, but margining the
eyes behind. Nymph with the entire posterior margin of the
vertex elevated, truncate as seen dorsally. (type novellus Say")
16 (***) Agalliopsis

17 Clypeus fused with frons ( 18 )

17a Clypeus not fused with frons ( 19)

18 Face longer than wide 17 N chela

i8a Face wider (between the eyes) than long

18 Thalattoscopns

19 Pronotum reaching beyond the anterior margin of the
eyes, first two wing veins apparently not confluent (23)

19a Pronotum not reaching as far as the middle of the eyes,
first two wing veins confluent towards the apex (20)

20 Head dorsally wider in the middle than at the sides ; a
minute appendix close to apex of clavus. . . .19 Batracomorphns

20a Head dorsally at least as wide at the sides as in the middle
(21)

21 Two subapical cells in the tegmen (22)

2ia Three subapical cells 21 Eurinoscopus

22 Lateral keel of pronotum not reaching the eye, but curving
far down onto the pleura. Head scarcely narrower than prono-
tum. Clypeus strongly convex, very broad at base, suddenly
strongly narrowed beyond the middle to the rounded apex....
20 Straganiopsis

22a Characters not as above (=^Macropsis auctt.. type laiiio.)
22 Bythoscopiis

2^ Head dorsally angulate anteriorly, and angulately emar-
ginate posterioily. Pronotinn sinuate posteriorly. Face about
as long as wide between the eyes 23 Sfoiiasla

23a Head anteriorly lightly rounded. Pronotum truncate be-
tween the scutellar angles. Face much wider than long. . . .
24 Macroccps

Idiocerus.

The venaticn in this large genus is very variable. The eleven
Australian species are separable as follows :

I Head spotted (2)

*** These characters were pointed out and used for divisional purposes Ity Osborn
and Ball in their treatment of AgaHla. They are good genera, in my opinion.

Z2

la Head iiiimaculate (4)

2 Vertex with 2 spots (3)

2a X'ertcx with 4 spots i kisscis

3 Tegmina hyahne tinged with greyish or greenish ; veins
of eorinni sanguineous 2 nyiiiphias

3a Tegmina hrownish fuscous, with two or three large trans-
hicent spots niechanly 3 oreias

4 Tegmina with a dark spot at junction, of clavus and mcm-
l)rane and another at the apex of the hasal part of the subcostal
cell 4 orodemnias

4a Tegmina with a longitudinal fuscous stripe (5")

4I) Tegmina immaculate (6 )

5 General colouring yellowish or orange 5 xaittho

5a General colouring creamy grey, sometimes rosy

6 hyl coral's

6 Tegminal veins clear; some at least sanguineous. ... (7 )
6a Tegminal veins more obscurely indicated ; testaceous or

pale greenish (8 )

7 More or less suffused with deep rosy, veins concolorous
7 ciipido

7a \'eins mostly clear green, some of the ajMcal ones sangui-
neous 8 ipo

8 Length over 6 mill y jiaf^ais

8a Length over 5 mill 10 aiiloiiias

8b Length 4 mill 11 ncrcias

I. kisscis sp. nov.

Head pale testaceous, vertex with 4 Ijlack spots, the larger pair
visible dorsall}- and nearer the eye than their own diameter:
apical of these a smaller pair, a little nearer together ; between
these 4 the vertex is sometimes suffused with rosy, , the tint
encroaching a little dorsally also. Pronotum greyish-rosy. Scu-
tellum rosy with 3 testaceous spots, 2 anteriorly subcontiguous
and one posterior. Tegmina pale olive testaceous, more or less
greenish-iridescent, a little smoky at the base internally. Clypeus
laterally sinuate, broader apically than at the base.

Male : tergites and valve more or less rosy, the latter trans-
verse, sinuate.

Female : pygophc.r long, but much shorter than the ovipositor.

Length 5>^ mill.

Hah. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug., P.).

N. B. The rosv hue mav be entirelv absent.

33

2. nyiiiphias sp. nov.

Greyish testaceous, vertex ventrally with 2 smaU spots ante-
riorly, almost concealed by pronotum. Scutelluni with 2 small
wedge-like spots anteriorly, partly concealed by the pronotum.
\ eins of corium sanguineous (sometimes brownish).

Length y/2 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan., K. ), Alittagong (Jan.,
K), Kocbele's No. 2356, on Melaleuca.

3 oreias sp. nov.

Differs from the preceding by the brownish fuscous tegmina
which have 2 larger and one smaller translucent spots at the mid-
dle in a transverse row, the innermost being on the clavus.

Length 3^2 mill.

Hab. New vSouth Wales, Mittagong (Jan., K. ), in poor condi-
tion.

4 ovodcmnias sp. nov.

Form of xantho, but the base of the pronotum is slightly
emarginate. Head, pronotum, scutellum and sterna greenish tes-
taceous, much discoloured, especially on the head. Tegmina
hyaline cinereous, a blackish or dark fuscous spot at junction of
clavus, corium and membrane, and an(_ithcr at th.c a]:)ex of the
basal ]:)art of the subcostal cell; veins greenish testaceous, parti}'
sufTused with dark fuscous. Legs greenish testaceous. Tergites
dark fuscous at least laterally.

Female : last sternite subtruncate, pygophor pale reddish-brown,
ovipositor dark.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug., P.).

5 .vaiilho sp. nov.

Head, pronotum, scutellum and sternites yellow or orange-
yellow. Sterna and legs yellowish testaceous. Tegmina hyaline,
subiridescent, tinged with cinereous, a darkish fuscous longitu-
dinal stripe down the middle of the tegmen and a fuscous spot
at the apex of the clavus.

Female : last sternite subtruncate.

Length 4-4^4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug., P.).

34

6 hylcorais sp. nov.

PI. 11, figs. 1-2.

Like aiiloiiias. l)iit smaller and narrower: a somewhat elongate
zigzag smoky line <l(wn the middle of the tegmina.

Female : last sternite suhtruneate, slightly notched in the mid-
dle.

Length 4% mill.

Ilab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec.. K.).

7 citpido s]). nov.

Form of xantho. Head, pronotum, scutellum and underside
pale yellowish often suffused with rosy. Tegmina jiale yellow-
ish testaceous suffused with rosy, veins rosy; subcostal cell, apical
cells, apex of subapical cells and appendix, hyaline.

Length 3 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan. -Feb., K.).

9 napais sp. nov.

Pale testaceoais, more or less tinged witli green, immaculate.
Eyes reddish-black. Tegmina hyaline, subcostal etc. greenish.

Male: pygophor long, narrow, apicallv acute, turned outwards
a little.

Length 6j/> mill.

Flab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Nov., P.).

10 aulonias sp. nov.

Close to kisseis, but pale creamy-grey in general colour, though
it may be more or less rosy or reddish. There are no head s])ots.

Male : valve triangularly notched in the middle ; pygophor
broader than in the last, ovipositor not so long as in the last.

Length 5^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.) ; Bundaberg (Sept.-
Dec, K.).

11 nereias sp. nov.

Pale greyish-yellow, more or less suffused with orange, subiri-
descent. Eyes fuscous. Flead and eyes much wider than, and
strongly decumbent on, the pronotum, vertex dorsally about as

35

wide in the middle as at the eyes, gently rounded anteriorly.
Frons rounded in profile, clypeus wider apically tlian at the base.
Teg-minal veins very feeble.

Female : last sternite slightly emarginate roundly.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney ( Jan.-B\'l)), Parramatta
(Jan. K).

12 — sp. no.v.

One immaturely coloured example from Mittagcaig (Jan. K)
of a new species.

Ipo.
I. aiubita.

Posterolateral margins of frons straight, ocelli at abuut the
middle of each, side ; lora and clypeus touching the reflexed
hind margin of the genae. First subapical cell longer than the
second. All these details are very similar in /. conferta.

3. Iioiiiola.
Posterolateral margins of frons sinuate.

4. acgrota
Posterolateral margins of frons straight.

5. poiiipais, sp. nov.

Form of / conferta but smaller and paler. Pale testaceous,
strongly, minutely and closely spotted with brownish fuscous ;
frons (and usually a thin longitudinal line from frons to base of
pronotum) pale testaceous. Scutellum pale ferruginous, antero-
lateral angles dark fuscous. Tegmina hyaline tinged with cine-
reous, suffused and mottled with light and dark fuscous ; an
undulating transverse narrow whitish stripe near the middle;
exterq-apical part of tegmina almost immaculate, one or two
whitish spots near the commissure. Beneath brownish testa-
ceous. Head nearly truncate anteriorly. Eyes projecting late-
rally distinctly farther than the pronotum.

j\Ialc : last segment roundly emarginate, pygophor subcon-
stricted near the base.

Length 5 mill, breadth 2J/4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Nelson (July P).

36

Macropsis.

Macropsis Lewis 1835 T. E. S. London L 4*) (div. A.)

=Pcdiopsis anctt. (part).
The four Australian species nia_\- l)e separated as follows:
I Only two subapical cells (the third beins^- mero-ed in one
of the apicals) i ocroc

1 a Three regular subapicals (2)

2 'Tegmina pale, unornamented 2 thyinclc

23. Tegmina with many dark markings (3)

3 Face evenly rounded; ]ironotum immaculate except for the
punctuation 4 thoantias

3a Face unevenly raised in parts ; prcnotum with a sublateral
dark line 3 thyia

I. ocroc, sp. nov.

Head, jironotum and scutellum pale ochraceous, closelv and
finely punctured with purplish-brown. Tegmina hyaline, pale
yellow brown, veins (except the subcostal) dark fuscous, multi-
annulate with W'hitish. apical cells and tcrgites more or less fus-
cate. Sternites paler. There are onlv 2 subapical cells; the ist
apical is verv small and the second is long, touching the base of
the first subapical.* (This is a constant character in 8 specimens).

Length 35^ mill.

Hab. Queensland. Kuranda (Aug., P.), Xelson (July P.).

2. thymcic, sp. nov.

Close to the last but the punctures are fainter, and the anterior
half of the pronotum is lightly keeled or at least there is a smooth
line there. Tegmina pale yellowish hyaline, nervures weaker,
concolorous, a fusccus speck at apex of sutural cell, another at
apex of clavus ; a transverse vein in the subcostal, and the 1st sub-
apical vein, &c., fuscous. There are three subapical cells.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. Queensland. Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec. K).

>.
3. thyia, sp. nov.

Resembles the first, but more ornate and there is an entire
smooth line on the pronotum. The face, unlike the 3 others, in
which it is regularly rounded, is unevenly raided cr ridged in

37

parts. Pronotum with a curved broken longitudinal blackish-
brown sublateral line. Tegniina hyaline, strongly punctured with
fuscous, the punctures rendering the clavus and base of corium
opaque ; an irregular band across the tegmina and the apical
sixth dark greyish-fuscous, veins fuscous nuiltiannulate with
whitish. Legs testaceous closely speckled with fuscou^, tibiae
nuiltiannulate with whitish. There are 3 subapical cells.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug.P).

4. fJioaiifias, sp. nov.

Resembles the last, but the face is not ridged and the prono-
tum is immaculate with dark punctures. Tegminal pattern more
obscure, a dark line across the base. There are 3 sul)apical cells.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan. K).

Epipsychidion.

According to the horismology now used, the tegmina have 3
subapical and 4 apical cells, and th^ subcostal is divided apically
by an oblique vein.

I. epipyropis.

(Bull. I p. 346, PI. XXIII, figs. 4-6.)

Female. The second subapical cell extends further apically
than the others. Last sternite truncate. The figure of the adult
(fig. 4) does not show the crossveins.

Male. What is probably the male of this species has a rounded
head, a little longer at the eyes than in the middle. Pale yellow-
ish testaceous, mottled and spotted rather obscurely with pale
l^rownish cinereous, veins not annulate. Vertex and pronotum
without black lines, but with traces of pale longitudinal lines.
Last sternite roundly emarginate, plates elongate.

Length (males) 5'4 (females) 6^ mill.

Fired from nymphs on Lcptosperiiium.

Alseis gen. nov.

Wrtex verv declivous, dorsally very short, wider laterally than
ill the middle ; eyes touching the base of the tegmina. Frons

38

s'Libcival, basally extending- beyond the apical margin of the ver-
tex ; antennal ridges straight, entire, nearly as wide as frons.
Vertex and pronotum transversely striate. Ocelli on a line with
the insertion of the antennae and the base of the frons, not touch-
ing the latter.

I. osboriii, sp. nov.

Whitish-testaceous, very finely mottled with brown, spotted
with dark fuscqus, a large suffused fuscous inverted arrow on an-
terior part of pronotum. Tegmina irregularly mottled and spot-
ted with fuscous. Fore and middle legs blackish-brown, ob-
scurely spotted with pallid ; hind legs fuscous, obscurely marked
with darkish.

Length (female) 8^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Brisbane (June P), Kuranda (July P).

Oncopsis.

Oncopsis Burmeister 1838 Gen. Ins. I, Bythoscopus, 3rd page.
=:Byfhoscopits auctt.

I. balli, sp. nov.

Bright yellow, closely punctured with brown on head and
pronotum. There is a laevigate horse-shoe mark on the face
near the clypeus, brc>ken at the base, and there are 2 smooth
pits nearer the base of the face. There is also a small smooth
area on the pronotum on each side anteriorly, and the striation
is fine and somewhat reticulate. The scutelhnn is punctured
closely only on the disk. Apical margins of clypeus and genae,
marks on legs, sterna, &c., blackish. Tegmina cinereous hyaline,
a blackish smudge near the base, veins strong, yellciwish brown,
sometimes blackened.

The head is not visible dorsally, except close to the prominent
eyes, nor is the anterior margin of the pronotum visible.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept.-Dec. K.).

I have great pleasure in naming the last two species after Pro-
fessors Osborn and Ball .whose work, conjointly or separate, on
the Homo])tera, especially the genera Dcltoccphahis, Agallia,
&c., forms a model for future research.

39

Eurinoscopiis.

The Australo-Fijian species may be disposed as follows. This
is a very difficult genus and I have been unable to deal satis-
factorily with several specimens, including Muir's Ncs. 112 and
1 57 ; the latter were off native trees and were heavily styl ipized.

1 Pronotum and tegmina freckled with brown (2)

la Pronotum, at least, immaculate (4)

2 Face spotted with black, tegmina strongly freckled...,

I lentiginosus (PI. II, figs. 7-8)

2a Head immaculate, tegmina more faintly freckled. ... (3)

3 Smaller, darker, frons less flat, &c 2 sontiates

3a Larger, paler, frons flatter 3 sobolcs

4 Tegmina cinereous, punctured with brqwn. .8 hamadryas
4a Tegmina yellowish or green (5)

5 Tegmina with brown freckles 4 dryas

5a Tegmina not freckled (6j

6 Uniform pale brownish yellow 7 pckvuiys

6a Bright green, head and scutellum, &c., often yellowish {"/)

7 Head dorsally as wide laterally as in the middle. .5 pelias
7a Head dorsally distinctly wider in the middle than laterally

6 inolcstia

8. hamadryas, sp. nov.

Cinereous, lora and clypeus often infuscate. Pronotum usual-
1\- clouded with fuscous, tlie posterior angle usually broadly
blackish. Tegmina with fuscous veins and obscure fuscous
I'uncturation. Legs more or less fuscous.

Length 434-4/^ mill-

Hah. Viti Levu, Rewa (March & Nov. M).

Tribe Phrynomorphini.

The genera in this are very hard to limit and define, and they •
are not always altogether natural. It is probable that future classi-
fications will be based largely upon nymphal characters. A num-
ber of groups may be formed, but cannot be altogether satisfac-
torily limited, for instance, the genera with the anterior margin
of the vertex deeply and completely channelled transversely,
merge gradualls' into those with simple head ; these again merge
iulo those with foliaceous or acute anterior margin of the vertex.

40

The venation is also often irregular, the characterization of the
Deltocephaliis-Plirynoiiiorphits-Thanniotcttix group heing in es-
pecial confusion. The extra-Oceanian material at han.l for com-
parison being entirely inadequate, I have preferred not to make
more new genera than could be heljjied ; at the same time it is
doubtful whether the recognized authorities o'l Cicadoidea (for
instance, Osborn, Ball, Van Duzee, or Melichar) would accept
the generic positions I have assigned to some of the species, or
would agree among themselves. The difficulty of sharply limit-
ing these genera is evident from the synonymy of several spe-
cies, accqrding to these various authors, during the past twenty
years, ex. gr. Deltoceplialus osbonii, Athysanus scminudus, Li-
motettix striola, and Thamnotettix striatula.

The study of the Phrynomorphini is not lightly to be under-
taken, but, more necessarily perhaps than in any other Cicadoid
group, the known species of the world must be revised by sctiiie
competent Hemipterist. It would be an immense advance in the
knowledge of the group, if Osborn & Ball, whose studies on the
North American forms have formed a model for future work,
WQuld undertake this task. The nymphs usually present very
important specific characters, as these authors have shown, bur
ill some genera at least, the number, colour, and disposition of
the abtlominal bristly hairs is specifically very valuable, a char-
acter neglected up to the present.

Stcgclytra.

It is evident that two quite different genera are confused under
this name ; they may be separated as follows :

(a) Vertex anteriorly rounded, angulate in profile; pronotum
anteriorly arched, posteriorly slightly emarginatc. Tegmina with
2 subapical cells Stegelyira (type alticeps.)

(b)\"ertex anteriorly subangulate, almost porrect in profile;
pronotum anteriorly truncate or subtruncate between the eyes,
posteriorly truncate between the scutellar angles. Tegmina with
4 subapicals, apicals reticulate Iberia noy. (type bolivari).

ThoDisonia.
3. kirscJibainnii.
Add to localities: Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec, K.).

41

Hybrasil gen. nov.

Clcsely allied to Thomsonia. Head strongly and completely
channelled on top. clypeus somewhat constricted at base. Pro-
uotum regularly roundly arched anteriorly. Tegmina with 2
subapical cells and 5 apicals, the first being in a line with the
subapicals, the fifth very large. Waive present in the male.

T. bra III, sp. nov.
(PI. II, fig. 18).

Male: vertex, pronotum, scutellum, antennae, legs and ] leuri-
tes pale yellowish green, including the channel on the top of the
head ; f rctiis and a very narrow border on the vertex basal of the
channel, sterna and abdomen, black. Tegmina pale smoky-yel-
lowish, hyaline, with a median smoky smudge down the middle;
veins more or less suffused with fuscous, except the pallid sub-
costal, radial and claval veins. Wings smoky, veins dark. Valve
very short, plates pale, together triangular, then suddenly acumi-
nate and produced apically, not as long as pygophor.

f cilia! c : head entirely pale yellow, except for 2 narrow black
Imes on either side of the channel. Underside pale yellow. Teg-
mina less fuscate than in the male. Seventh segment truncate,
pygophor broad, not as long as ovipositor.

Length (male) 4^ (female) 6 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar. Muir).

Dryadouwrpha.

In the unique type of D. pallida, it was not possible to inter-
pret the obscure venation, but apparently there were no cross
veins in the subcostal. Mr. Muir has collected a .species at Rew^a
which I place here. The venation is somewhat like that of
Platymctopius ; there are two discoidals. the medians being nearly
twice as long as the exterior and extending beyond it basally and
apically; there are 5 or 6 cross veins towards the apex: of the
subcostal, and 5 apical cells and an appendix. The wing cells
are also peculiar.

2. lotnphagoriiin, sp. nov.

Greenish-yellow, head and pronotum more or less mottled with
light fuscous, some more regular, rather darker, spots on the

42

lateral margin of the vertex anteriorly and on the lateral margins
of the frons. Tegmina pale yellowish hyaline ; interior half,
obliquely, of membrane, and the appendix, pale smoky ; apical
vein sordid whitish ; three dark fuscous spots on the commis-
sure ; apex of last apical cell acute, with a smoky spot. Legs pale
brownish testaceous, speckled with black granules. Sternites
greyish-fuscous. Lateral margins of prcnotum acuminate be-
hind the eyes.

Male : last segment very slightly roundedly emarginatc.

Fcuialc: last segment obtuse-angulately emarginate medianl)- ;
pygophor rather swollen laterally in the middle, flattisli.

Length 6-7 mill.

Hab. \'iti Levu, Rewa (Alar. -Apr. Muir).

Tor tor gen. nov.

Probably allied tq Dryadoniorpha; the vertex is however not
depressed and is more rounded anteriorly.

Vertex flattish, slightlv raised towards the middle from the
lateral margins, about as long as wide across the small eyes,
lateral margins converging anteriorly, apical margin roundly an-
gulate. Frons concave, raised laterally, clypeus more or less fus-
ed, lora minute. In profile the head is thin, the lateral margins
are flattened, narrowing apicalwards ; ocelli very indistinct rudi-
ments on this flattened part, at about half the length of the head.
Pronotum transverse, about three-fourths the length of the ver-
tex, longer than the scutellum. Tegmina elongate, subcoria-
ceous, veins very indistinct ; the radial appears to be undivided
almost till the apex of the tegmina. while the median is joined
to cubital at least 5 or T) times by sho.rt, transverse veins.

T. dauiias, sp. nov.

Pale golden yellow. Eyes greyish.
Length 9 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec).
The nymphs are not remarkable, being in general form and
colour like the adults.

Tartessus.

This is evidently a large genus, as 15 species are now known
from Au.stralia alone. The forms described form three groups :

43

(a) Veins of tegmen dark nmltiannulate with white; T. ia-
vMSsa.

(h) Veins unicolorous yellowish or brownish, sometimes more
or less fuscate, divided into :

(c) face wholly, or in large part, blackish; 7". io, iphis, and
ftdvus (part).

(cc) .face wholly, or in greater part, pale; T. iancira, iaiiflie,
■iainbc, io, ipJiis, issa, ifoiiias, idyia and fuli'iis (part).

I . fulviis.

Byt/wscopits fiilz'iis Walker 1851 List. Horn. 866
1 artcssiis aiistralicus Spangberg 1878 O. V. A. F. XXXV, I.
7^ ftdvus Signorct 1880 A. S. E. France 348 PI. 9 fig. 74.
var. T. syrtidis Kirkaldy 1906 Bnll. H. S. P. A. Ent. I, 341 PI.

24 f- 9-

This is a variable species ; a single female from New South
Wales, Sydney (Jan.) seems to agree with Signoret's description
and figures, except that the eyes in Signoret's figure of the insect,
are represented as not very decumbent on the pronotum and far
from contiguous with the base of the tegmina. Beside this there
are 4 males (not females, as wrongly stated in the description)
of the var. syrtidis^ a series of males and females very like the
type, but differing in the colouring- of pronotum, &c., (i. e., the
p^resence of 5 or 6 brown spots along the anterior margin) and in
the colour and pattern of the f rons ; it is unnecessary to bestow
on them a varietal name. The figure of the face (1. c, Pl. 24,
f. 9) c,f var. syrtidis gives a false impression (and refers rather
U: the type) as the whole of the face is black except narrow lines
on the frons, and the antennae. The venation varies very little,
sometimes there are 2 or 3 crossveins in the sutural area, some-
times these are absent. Subcostal cell divided by a somewhat
oblique transverse vein about the middle, a little variable, of the
first subapical (sometiiues by 2 clQse together.) The 3 subapical
cells extend apically about equally far.

Hab. New South Wales, Svdnev (!&"•) ; Queensland, Cairns
(Aug.).

var. syrtidis, Bimdabcrg (type, Oct.) Cairns (July) and Syd-
ney (Jan.) bred from Eucalyptus, on Sandhills.

The genitalia appear identical in these forms, nevertheless I
should have retained syrtidis as a good species, had not Dr. Per-
kins taken a male with a female of the second variety and a male

44

of the second variety with a typical female fitli'its. It is exceed-
ing common, and is one of the few leafhoppers that can he con-
sidered as a pest of Eucalyptus. It is parasitized extensively in
the ova-stage hy Ptcrygograniiua acuinniata and as an nymph by
Chalcogouafopus gigas. Nymphs of this or an allied form are
])arasitized by Frosaiifcoii chclogynoidcs and Pipiiuculus picroclvs
and cruciator.

2. idyia, sp. nov.

.P)lack ; base of vertex and basal half of posterolateral margin
of scntellnm, pale yellow ; a narrow line on the genae contiguous
with the lateral margin qf the frons, a similar one on the pronotum
contiguous with the posterior margin of the eyes, a tiny wedge at
anterolateral angles of scutellum, pale ferruginous ; labium,
fore and middle legs (excejjt basal two-thirds or more of fe-
mora) testaceous. Tegmina subhyaline, tinged wita ferrugi-
nous, veins (somewhat suffusedly in most of them), median third
or more of subcostal cell, blackish ; basal two thirds of aiitesub-
costal cell, whitish subhyaline. X'ertex rounded apically, strong-
ly striate transversely, formed as in T. fnlvus, but a little more
prominent anteriorly. Eyes as in T. fulvus. Frons basally
strongly striate transversely, apically aciculate punctate. Genae
with the apical margin less oblique than in T. fulvus, and clypeu.s
shorter than in that species. Tegminal venation much as in
T. flavipes but the crciss-vein on the brachial near the base, and
that towards the apex of the subcostal cell, are straight, not ob-
lique ; there are no cross veins in the clavus. Second subapical
cell extending apically beyond the others.

Male: genital segments apparently much as in T. pu'.chellns
but in all the specimens they are rather shrivelled.

Length 5^ mill.

Hab. Queensland. Nelson (July) type. Cairns (Aug.).

3. itouias, sp. nov.

Apparently allied to T. pulchellus, but difTering by the form of
the genitalia and by the vertex being obtuse-angular. Face
immaculate, borders of the pieces rather more obscure, lateral
margin of frons fairly straight. Sterna and st.rnites testaceous.
\'enation similar to pulchcllus, but the median (inner discoidaH
cell is longer, the crossvein in the subcostal straight; the first

45

snbapical cell is very wide apically, consequently the apical part
of the subcostal is very narrow and acute ; subapical cells extend-
ing about equally far apically.

Length (male) 8;^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns and Kuranda (Aug.).

4. issa, sp. nov.

Superficiall}- like the preceding but the vertex is roundly an-
gulate and wider at the eyes than in the middle. Appendix to
tegmina abqut as large, faintly smoky narrowly bordered in-
wardly with hyaline. Subcostal cell much wider and is subparal-
Itl beyond the transverse vein, apical margin oblique. Sub-
apical cells extending about equally far apicady.

Male : tegmina slightly suffused, veins partly dark. Genital
segment not unlike T. flavipes, but slenderer and more elongate.

Female : tegmina not suffused, veins pale. Genital segments
elongate, slightly, obtuse-angularly produced in the middle ; py-
gophor elongate, but much shorter than the ovipositor.

Length 6 (male) 83/ (female) mill.

Hab. Queensland, Nelson (July) Kuranda and C'^irns (Aug.).

Tn a female from Kuranda the crossvein at the bas-j of the
inner subapical vein is absent on both tegmina.

5. iphis^ sp. nov.

Male: vertex luteous, suft'used (except basally) with sangui-
neous. Frons pale luteous suffused with sanguineous, a curved
blackish band contiguous to the apical margin of the basal part
of the frons ; median third of length suffused w'th fuscous, with
curved ccaicentric fuscous lines extending over the yell')wish-red
ground colour. Genae (excluding a ]:)art of the apical margin
very narrowly), clypeus and lora blackish. Pronotum and scu-
tellum (except posterior third of latter which is paler) orange-
vellow. Tegmina pinkish brown, veins somewhat fuscate. some
of them dark fuscous ; commissure blackish ; apex of apical cells
(except the first sometimes) and the appendix, smoky. Sterna and
sternites blackish or subsanguineous. Fore and middle legs tes-
taceous, hind pair blackish. Head rounded in front, frons basally
and pronotum strongly striate transversely, frons aciculate. Cross-
vein on brachial sometimes absent ; second subapical cell extend-
ing beyond at least the third ; subapical crossvein oblique.

46

Female: like the male, hut the vertex (exciiuling the pale
greenish or luteous hasal margin) is hright redbrown; face black
except a small redbrown line on the genae on each side of the
Irons. Sterna and sternites mostly blackish. Pronotum and an-
terior two-thirds of the scutellum bright redbrown. Legs tes-
taceous ; fore coxae and hind coxae and femora blackish, hind
tibiae subapically more or less widely fulvous or pallid. Teg-
mina dull ferruginous, hyaline subapically, marked as in the
male. Last abdominal segment produced, ajncally subjugular,
ovifKisitor a little longer than the ]:>ygdphor.

Length (male) 7, (female) 73/2 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Nelson (July, type) Kuranda antl Cairns
(Aug.).

6. io, sp. ncv.

Allied to T. ipliis, but more robust and with different colour
and pattern.

Head, pronotum and scutellum sordid yellowish, frons with a
longitudinal submedian dark fusccius fascia (uniting basally acu-
tr.ngularly) with transverse, curved fasciae; sutures very narrow-
ly, base of genae around insertion of antennae, clypeus apicola-
terallv, sterna and sternites mostly, dark fuscous or blackish.
Tegmina pale ferruginous ; hyaline, sublacteous on subcostal cell
apical of the crossvein, and across the tegmina interiorly in the
middle; veins mostly dark fuscous. Legs testaceous, base of
femora (and the hind tibiae more or less) fuscous. Vertex
.scarcely rounded, wider at the eyes than in the middle. Frons
elongate, lateral margins sinuate ; clypeus strongly carinate. Pro-
notum stronglv striate. Crossvein on brachial nearly straight, on
subcostal oblique. Second subapical cell extending apically be-
yond the ethers.

Female: genital segments black, much as in T. fnlz'iis, but last
sternite more acute apically.

Length (male) 6>4 (female) 7^4 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan. K).

7. iaiiihc, sp. nov.

Allied to the last, but stouter and not so elongate ; paler,
tegmina milky cinereous, immaculate, except an obscure fus-
cous spot in some of the cells, veins fuscous, apex of ten-mina

47

iiifuscate. Second subapical cell extending beyond the others
apical])-; crossvein on brachial, nearly straight, in subcostal cell,
oblique.

Male: pygophor pale ferrugineo-testaceous, with blackish
bristles; plates elongate, apically acute.

Female: pygophcr coloured as in the male, formed as in
T. 10, but not nearly so acutely or far produced in the middle.

Length 6-7 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan. K).

This might be confused with T. io, but the stouter form autl
dififerent genital segment abundantly distinguish it.

8. ianthc, sp. nov.

Pale sordid 3ello\vish; vertex, pronotum and anterior two-
thirds of scutellum closely spotted with pale yellowish, these
spots being clearly but not deeply punctured. Face pale yel-
lowish, obscurely marked with brownish. Pronotum and scutel -
lu.m fuscate (sometimes the former on the disk only). Tegmina
pale yellowish hvahne, immaculate, basal veins pale, apical ones
subferruginous, appendix fuscate. Sterna and sternites mostly
pale. Tergites blackish along the middle, pale laterally. Head
rounded, nearly as long in the middle as laterally. Crossveins
on brachial vein and in subcostal cell, straight; subapical cells
extending apicallv about equally far, or the third not quite so
far as the others ; subcostal cell apical of the crossvein sub-
parallel laterally, apically oblique.

Male: valve practically obsolete, plates not unlike flavipcs.

Female : genital segments fulvescent above ,varyingly colour-
ed beneath; last sternite strongly produced, apically acute,
strongly carinate longitudinally, pygophor elongate (with yel-
lowish bristles), about as long as the ovipositor.

Length (male) 8- (female) 11 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Brisbane (June), Cairns (July-Aug.).

9. iaiiassa, sp. nov.

Female : form of the last, but vertex more emarginate basally
without being more produced anteriorly. Head, pronotum and
scutellum marmorate with yellowish-white, pale yellowish-
brown and brownish, paler on frons. Legs pale, femora and
tibiae annulate with brownish. Tegmina yellowish brown, veins

48

concolorous, crossveins .suffiiscd with dark fuscous ; longitudinal
veins (except subcostal and commissure), nniltiannulate with
dark fuscous, appendix fuscate. Crossveins on l^rachial vein
and in subcostal cell, ol)lique, the apical part of the subcostal
apically elongate and acute, reaching nearly to the apex of
tegmina; second subapical cell extending apically farther than
the rest. Last sternite nearly truncate, pygophor elongate (with
brownish ferruginous bristles), about as long as the ovipositor.

Male: narrower than the other sex. Pronotum not mar-
Uiorate, brownish yellow with pale, subpunctate spots. Face
nearly immaculate (except base of frons), legs almost so. Geni-
tal segments not unlike those of Sarpcsfus spcnilan's in form.
except that the apical margin of the last steru'te is wider.

Length (male) 8- (female) 9^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Jnh'-Aug.).

10. iancira, sp. no v.

Allied to T. iaiiibc. Pale yellowish 1)rown. scutellum often
tinged with ferruginous. Second subapical cell extending api-
cally beyond the others. Crossveins on brachial and in sub-
costal fairly straight.

Male : sterna and sternitcs somewhat fuscate ; face almost
immaculate; genital segments not unlike those of T. siibiiii:;cr.

Females Frons with a submedian pale fuscous longitudinal
line with transverse striae. Sterna and sternites pale; last
sternite produced, apically acute-angled, pygophor elongate with
yellowish-brown bristles.

Length 7 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Svdne\- ([an. -Feb. K), Parramatta
(Jan. K).

1 1, iokaste, sp. nov.

Not unlike T. iantlic, l)ut smaller, tegmina more pointed ajii-
cally, head more angulate. &c. Pale sordid yellowish-brown,
obscurely suffused here and there with green and sanguineous.
Pronotum obscurely spotted. \'eins sometimes dark fuscous,
sometimes subferruginous. Vertex obtuse-angular anteriorly,
longer at eyes than in the middle. Vertex, base of frons, and
pronotum transverselv striate. Second subapical, cell extend-

49

ing apically a little beyond the others. Crossveins on brachial
vein nearl}' straight, oblique in the subcostal cell.

Male as in T. iaiiassa.

Female: last sternite straight apically, medianly rather deeply
notched; ovipositor long, a little longer than pygophor.

Length 8 mill.

Hab. Queensland. Cairns and Km-anda (Aug.).

The following four species, unknown to me, have been dc-
.'^cribed from Australia:

12 T. siibiiiger Signoret, i88o, A. S. E. France (5) X 350,
PI. IV, f. 75 {male genitalia).

13 T. sahlbergii Signoret, op. c, 351, PI. IX, f. y6.

14 T. Havipes Spangberg; Signoret 1880 op. c, 360, PI. X,
f. 85 (Tasmania).

15 T. pidehcUns Spangberg; Signoret 1880 op. c, 362 PI. X,
f. 87.

Tliymbris gen. nov.

Allied to Tartessiis, but the vertex is convex and although
sharp anteriorly, is not channelled as in the latter. Head and
eyes wider than the pronotum; ocelli nearly as far from apex
of dorsal part of head as from eyes, on the extreme margin of
the head just on the dorsal side, but owing to the declivity of
the vertex, is not visible when the insect is horizontal. Eyes
not touching base of tegmina. Vertex and pronotum striate
transversel}'. Tegmina narrowed posteriorly, without an ap-
pendix.

I. inachis, sp. no.v.
PI. II, figs. 19-20.

Female: vertex, pronotum, scutellum and tegmina whitish
testaceous mottled with brownish. Beneath obscure testaceous.
\'eins dull ferruginous-brown, multiannulate with whitish. Fore
and middle femora and tibiae annulate dorsally with brownish.
\'ertex nearly rectangular medianly, longer than at the eyes.
Frons elongate, tempora wide, antennal ridges strong. Labium
reaching to the base of the middle coxae. Second sub-
apical cell extending apically well beyond the others. Trans-
verse veins on brachial and in subcostal cell, oblique, apical

part of the latter apically acute-angled. I>a.st sternite truncate,
transverse, pygophor flattened basally, reaching a little beyond
apex of tegmina, not so long as ovipositor.

Male: (of this species?) Head slightly roundly-angulate an-
teriorly, a little wider at eyes than in the middle. Last segment
roundly emarginate, valves about twice as long, elongate tri-
angular.

Length (male) 8- (female) ii| mill.

Hab. Queensland, Brisbane (Nov.. type), Bundaberg (Sept.-
Dec, males, female).

2. iphianassa, sp. nov.

Male: allied to the last, but differs as follows:

Extreme base of frons pale yellowish white, bordered apically
with blackish, narrowly. Tegmina not mottled, immaculate,
veins more sparingly annulate with whitish. Legs not annulate.
Vertex distinctly angulate, a little wider in the middle than at
the eyes. Labium reaching to apex of middle trochanter. Last
sternite dark fuscous, truncate, about one-fourth or one-fifth
of the length of the pygophor, which widens out a little apically.

Length 8| mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan.)

Piifoiiicssa, gen. nov.

\^ertex verv short, rather longer at the eyes than medianly ;
margin between this and frons angulate, but the top is actually
thickened and a little flattened, an obscure transverse, ventral
keel at about the middle of the' eyes, apparentlv forming tlie
limit. The ocelli are on this thickened and flattened part, about
as in TJiynibris, and although ventral in aspect, are I think, on
the "vertex." Frons narrow, elongate. Tempora wide, anten-
nal ridges rather strong. Vertex and pronotum transversely
striate. Clypeus and genac strongly angii'afc, the a'^ical part
decHvons. X^enation as in Thyinbris, but the a])ical part of the
subcostal cell is longer and reaches the apical margin of the
tegmen.

I. dignissinia, sp. nov.

Pale greyish cinereous mottled with fuscous. Face pale tes-
taceous, frons and clypeus mosth- dark fuscous, with pale

51

specks. Tegmina hyaline, tinged with cinereous, mottled with
light and dark fuscous; veins brownish, crossveins mostly whit-
ish. Femora blackish, at least basally and dorsally, fore and
middle tibiae annulated with dark fuscous at least dorsally.
Sternites dark fuscous, apically bordered with testaceous, nar-
rowly.

Length 8^-94 mill.

Hab. New South Wales: Mittagong (Jan. K).

This form is a complete link between the ''Jassidae" and the
"Bythoscopidae" and points the way to the Stenocotinae. It
is a melancholy satisfaction to name this in honour of the ven-
erable Dr. Puton, on whom affliction has fallen so heavily.

Xcstoccplialiis.

Xcstoccphalus Van Duzee 1892 Tr. Amer. Ent. Soc. XIX 298.

A genus noted from America, Ceylon and Japan ; I now add
two species from Australia and three from Fiji.

Van Duzee has placed it near Aphrodcs, but he has I think
been led astray by the degradation of the wing-venation, which
could surely arise independently. Its place seems to me to be
near PliryiioiiwrpJiiis.

I. vitiensis, sp. nov.

Pale yellowish brown, eyes dark fuscous. Tegmina irregu-
larly, brokenly fuscomarmorate, 2 dark spots on the subcostal
vein, one near the base and one near the apex of the clayus;
one or two of the apical veins sufifused at their apices. Wings
hyaline, iridescent, veins pale yellowish brown. Subapical cells
of tegmen all quadrilateral or 5-hedral, none triangular, the
interior cell a little the smallest, exterior slightly smaller than
tlie middle one. Submarginal wing-vein absent on the first
fold of the wing.

Female: 7th segment obtuse-angularly emarginate; pygophor
rather short, nearly as long as the ovipositor, with pale bristles.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu. Rewa (Mar., Muir).

2. pallidiceps. sp. nov.

Yellowish-brown, paler beneath. Tegmina yellowish hyaline,
faintlv marked with pale cinereo-fuscous, the exterior fourth

52

with 2 or 3 darker transverse lines and the apical margin pale
smoky. Wing-s hyah'ne. faintly smoky, veins pale.

Male : last segment apparently roundly emarginate, valve
scarcely apparent, plates elongate with concolorous bristles.

Length 2^ mill.

Hab. A'iti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Muir).

contortupUcatiis var. nov.

Like the type, but there is a double line of w^arm brown from
mid-vertex to mid-scutellum, lateral contortuplicate lines of
the same colour on pronotum and two blackish brown trans-
verse lines on anterior margin of head. Tegmina rather more
marmorate.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar.-Apr., Muir).

decciiniotatiis var. nov.

Pronotum with lo white spots. Tegmina as hi coiilorfiipHcafus.
Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Apr.. Muir).

These varieties may prove to be good species, but 1 have seen
only a single example of each.

3. aiistralciisis, sp. nov.

Like the last, but larger and yellower; tegmina with sparse
brownish markings.
Length 3^ mill.
Hab. Queensland, Kuranda and Cairns (Aug. P).

4. pnrpiirasccns, sp. nov. ■

Head and eyes pitchy brown with a purple tinge, inner orbits
narrowly pale. Ocelli pale, verv conspicuous. Pronotum and
scutellum dark ferruginous brown with a purple glint. Teg-
mina warm brown with a purple glint, a few irregular pale spots
and specks, not corresponding on opposite tegmina. Wings
pale smoky, veins fuscous. Labium and fore coxae pale, rest
of legs mostly pale fuscous, hind tibiae purpli'^h pitchy. Sterna
sordid testaceous. Abdomen purplish pitchy.

Female: pygophor with yellowish brown bristles; last seg-
ment notched in the middle.

Length 3 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Apr.. Muir). \

53

5- sidnicits, sp. nov.

Blackish-brown; legs pale brownish-testaceous, the hind
tibiae with a blackish apical annulus and the apical half of the
first and the whole of the second segment of the hind tarsi
blackish. Tegmina fuscohyaline, veins blackish, 2 or 3 thin,
curved transverse, fuscous lines on the apical fourth of the teg-
mina. Ocelli orange-brown. Vertex roundly angular in front,
one-half longer in the middle than at the eyes.

Length (male) 3I mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan., K.).

Eiitettix.

I. sellata.

Matsumura (1905 Tr. Sappcro N. H. S., I, 20), thinks this is a
synonym of Acocephalus discigutta Walker, a hazardous proposal
without seeing the type. Walker's species was from Borneo,
and Matsumura has added China and the Philippines.

2. nielaleucaej sp. nov.

Whitish (tinged with yellowish sometimes on vertex and
scutellum), minutely speckled with dark fuscous. Tegmina with
most of the veins pale yellowish-brown on head, face, nota, teg-
mina and legs, the apical ones darker, part of the apex nar-
rowly sufifused. Lora remote from the apical margin of the
genae. Vertex more rounded and a little shorter than in E.
sellata, nearly twice as wide as the length. Claval veins united
near the base by a cross vein, the anal vein slightly curved, meet-
ing the commissure at an acute angle.

Male: valve short, transverse.

Female : apical nmrgin of last sternite sublaterally emarginate,
also minutely emarginate medianly. Pygopher about 3 times as
long as last sternite, bristly, widened a little near the base, but
narrowing at the base.

Length 4-J- mill.

Hab. Queensland. Cairns (July), Nelson (July), Bundaberg
(Sept. -Dec.) on Melaleuca.

Neplwfcfli.r.

All pal?.eog^.eic species.
I Plead nnd nota not green (2)

54

la Greenish-yellow; males usually with a black spot on the
cerium 4 apicalis

2 Tegmina pale yellowish green grey i ciirytiis

2a Tegmina not tinged with grc^.'i 3

3 Blackish line on vertex straight (or very obtusely-angulate)
2 picbcius

3a Blackish line on vertex arched parallel with ihe anterior
mnrgin 3 contcnipfiis

ciirytiis, s]). now
PI. II, figs. 5-6.

Yellowish teslaceous, browner beneath. Tegmina pale yel-
lowish green grey, subopaque, immaculate ; membrane sub-
hyaline, pale yellowish, smoky. Vertex a little shorter than
the pronotum, about as wide as the eyes together, disk depress-
ed, anteriorly obtusely rounded, a little tumid medianly, a very
narrow straight transverse channel between the ocelli. Tern-
pora wide ; clypeus a little narrower at base than the apex of
the frons, a little constricted immediately apical, thence widen-
ing more to the apex. Genae sinuate apically, scarcely angulate
laterally, apex of lora practically contiguous with the apical
margin of the genae.

Length 5^ mill.

Hab : New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan.) one rather dam-
aged female.

2. plebeius.
PI. II, figs. 3-4.
Hab: add Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Muir).

4. apicalis.
PI. II, figs. 11-13.

=^Cicada bipiiiicfafa Fal^r. 1803 Syst Rhyng

(nee. Scopoli 1763.) (=male.)

=Prdi()psis apicalis Motschulsky 1859 Etud. Em. no

(=:female.)

=P. nigroinactilafiis Motsch. op. c, in (=:male.)

= T. nigropicta Stal 1870 O. V. A. F., XXVII 740 (^male).

55

=Sclciwccl^lwhis ciiicticcps Uliler 1896 P. U. S. N. Mus., XIX,
292.

Hab : Queensland, (Cairns), Philippines, Riukiu, Formosa,
China, Cochin China, Japan, the Malays, (Borneo, etc.), India,
Ceylon, Madagascar, German East Africa, Egypt and Morocco
on Oryca sativa and grasses.

On page 331 (of my former bulletin) I remarked that several
species had been confused and indeed, if all the forms before me
are one species only, it is very variable. Usually the tegmina
are immaculate in the female, and with a large blackish blotch
on the corium in the male; sometimes however the tegmina
are immaculate in the male, there being gradations between.
'Ilie genital segments are pale in the female, black in the male ;
they are however, pardy pale in the immaculate males. There
is usually a transverse, entire, black line between the ocelli;
sometimes this is absent, as in 2 Sinhalese females in my own
collection, but it is always present in the long Australian series
Ijefore me. The frons varies from almost entirely piceous 10
almost entirely testaceous. The vertex is usually obtusely
rounded, it is sometimes however, distinctly angulate.

Soractc gen. nov.

Probably nearest to Platyrnetopius, but the head is nc,t so
elongate, the tempora much narrower, the clypeus wider, the
lateral margins of pronotum obsolescent and the venation dif-
ferent.

V'ertex produced in front of the eyes, apically obtuse-angled,
but not quite so long as the maximum width, disk somewhat
depressed. Angulate in profile, the ocelli (which are large but
Hat and probably not functional) close to the eyes on the sharp
margin itself. Frons broad, slightly narrowing apically, lateral
margins feel)ly rounded, tempora almost obsolete. Genae
sinuate, lora remote from their apical margin. Clypeus broad,
narrower than the apex of the frons. Pronotum a little shorter
than the vertex, finely striate transversely, acute-angled lateral-
\y. Scutellum wider than long. Claval suture longer than the
mebrane, the latter with an appendix.

I. apollonos, sp. nov.

Brownish-olivaceous ; anterior margin of vertex, an upright
cross on the same, the lower limb dividing into 2 almost con-
tiguous limbs, 4 longitudinal lines (a submedian and a sub-

56

lateral on each side) and a median T-shaped line on pronotum, 7
spots on scutellum (2 with an olivaceous speck each in the mid-
dle) ; a median line and numerous concentric, curved, transverse
lines on frons; genae, clypeus, and lora (except some oliva-
ceous-brown markings), pale yellowish-testaceous. Abdomen
beneath mostly dark olivaceous brown. Tegmina subhyaline.
tinged with olivaceous, veins widely colourless, margined nar-
rowly with dark olive brown, sometimes a little suffused, es-
pecially the middle apical cell.

Female: last sternite roundly emarginate, the sides bluntly
l^rominent. Pygopher elongate, narrow, with blackish l:)ristles,

Length 4^ mill.

Hal) : Queensland, Cairns, (Aug., one female.)

DcJtocephalus.

This seems to be characterized by a long, pointed vertex, frcns
longer than wide, tempora narrow, often obsolete basally, vena-
tion more complex.

2. lotis, sp. nov.

Vertex piceous with a thin median longitudinal testaceous
line, basal half testaceous with two big piceous spots, a short
transverse testaceous line on middle of apical half. Face piceous.
frons with curved concentric lines on each side of the middle,
irregular apically. Legs mostly piceous, fore and middle tibiae
testaceous, suffused irregularly v^ith piceous. Tegmina testa-
ceous subopaque, with narrow piceous margins to the veins on
both sides. Abdomen above piceous with about 5 rows of tes-
taceous spots, below mostly piceous. Greatest width of ver-
tex about the same as the length, vertex flattish, nearly rec-
tangled apically, a little depressed basally. Vertex and frons
acute-angled in profiile. Tegmina reaching to about half the
length of the insect, o1)li(|uely transverse apically.

Length 3f mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan. K.) one female.

3. D. [>olcuio)i, 9.\). nov.

Closely allied to D. sylirsfris ( )sb. & liall, 1nit venation and
genital segments different.

Vertex testaceous, with a faint oHvaceo-fuscous stripe on
each side of the median line, terminating apically in a fuscous
speck. Face piceous, frons with 5 or 6 thin, concentric, curved,

57

inwardly abbreviated pale yellowish-brown lines. Pronotum
testaceous, with 3 longitudinal pale olive-fuscqus stripes on each
side, the innermost broad and continuing on to the scutelium.
Tegmina dilute yellowish cinereous, veins whitish testaceous,
narrowly and irregularly margined with fuscous, apical cells
mostly dark fuscous, the first and second apical veins whitish..
Sterna and abdomen mostly dark fuscous or piceous, marked
with pallid.

Male : valve short, triangular ; plates little longer than the
valve, the two taken together deeply emarginate angularly in
the middle ; pygophor more than twice as long medianly as the
plates.

Female : last sternite roundly emarginate, bluntly anguiate at
the sides ; apex of pygophor pale, with particoloured bristles
(yellow and dark fuscous.)

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns, (Aug.)

Sometimes the vertex and pronotum appear as though pale
olivefuscous with pale lines.

4. histrioiiicus^ sp. nov.

Vertex, pronotum and scutelium yellowish creamy, underside
and tergites with a brownish tinge ; anterior margin of head
with two intersecting black curves ; anterior two-thirds of pro-
notum (except laterally) suffused with ferruginous, a broken, an-
gular, fuscous line at the base of this suffusion. Scutelium with
a ferruginous spot at each anterolateral angle. Tegmina pale
creamy whitish, tinged with ferruginous along the corial half
of the clavus and on most of the apical half of the corium ; sub-
costal cell yellowish creamy with the following dark fuscous
markings, viz : a St. Andrew's Cross on the basal two-thirds
(the basal right and apical left limbs being irregular) subcostal
cell with 3 elongate spots, the third uniting with the St. An-
drew's Cross; on the apical third there is an oblique sinuate
line from near the apex of the clavus to near the apex of the
subcostal, then curving round the apical margin, nearly reach-
ing its starting point and enclosing a large spot. Wings hyaline,
veins pale.

Female: last segment slightly notched luedianly, ])ygO]:)hor
yellowish, apically marked with black.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. \^iti Levu (Mar. ATuir's No. 143), on a native tree in
the bush.

58

5- litcindae, sp. nov.

Male : white tinged with yellowish hrown ; frons with a dark-
suffused radiating pattern visihle dorsally as 2 oblongs and 2
specks on the anterior margin of the vertex ; margins of face
brown. Prqnotum and scutellum obscurely mottled. Legs an-
nulate. Tegmina much as in Coitosa)iiis hospcs. Abdomt^n beneath
pale medianly, dark laterally. A'alve pale, very large, semicir-
cular, nearly as long as the plates, which are apparentlv about as
long as the pygophor.

Female: (of this?) darker and more suffused. Alxloii en be-
low dark fuscous. Last segment dee]3lv roundh' excavate, py-
gophor dark speckled with ])ale, a little longer than the ovipo-
sitor.

Length (male) 3^8 (female) 5 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Lucinda (July K).

6. fla-i'idiz'eiifris,

Jassiis (Deltocephalus) flavidiventris Stal 185Q Eugenics' Resa
Tns. 294.

I do not know this species, laconically described from Sydney.

I agree with Van Duzee that his Deltoecphalus osbonii belongs
to this genus and not to Phrynoiiiorphns, as is indeed apparently
the case with all the species placed by Osborn & Ball in Com-
m el I us.

Phrynophyes.

Phrynoiiiorphns fatigandns cannot be placed in Phrynoniorphus
as restricted, it is nearer Phrynophyes. The elongate frons, ver-
tex longer than wide and acuteangled apically, remove it from
Phrynoniorphus (even sens, kit.), while the venation is too sim-
ple iovDeltocephalus. It has the characters somewhat of Stirellus
but is very different from 5^. ciirtisii, the only species I have for
examination ; moreover Sfirellns seems to merge gradually into
Deltoeephaliis.

D riot lira.
Dn'totnra O. & B., 1898, Proc. Davenport Ac. Nat. 5c. VII, 87.

59

I. arisiarchc, sp. nov.
PI. 11, figs. 9-10.

Probably allied to D. robnsta O. & B.., but the head is longer
and more angulate, and the tegminal reticulation coarser.

Male : vertex whitish-testaceous, heavily barred with piceous.
frons whitish-testaceous, with curved concentric lines, which arc
much broader than the interstitial paleness ; genae, clypeus and lora
whitish-testaceous with a large dark fuscous spot 011 each. An-
terior half of pronotum dark fuscous with a few tiny teslaceous
markings, pQsterior half whitish. Tegmina fuscous, veins mar-
gined both sides with piceous, apical margin broadly whitish. Fore
and middle femora piceous, multi-annulate with testaceous, hind
femora testaceous with irregular, longitudinal, fuscous stripes.
Abdomen piceous with 4 or 5 rows of tiny testaceous specks, last
tergite with the apical margin whitish-testaceous.

Female : head testacectus, suffused with pale fuscous. Vertex
not quite as long as wide, angulate, a large dark fuscous spot on
each side of the middle near the base, and interior to these a short
dark fuscous line on each side a little anterior. Pronotrm whit-
ish, anterior half testaceous with fuscous markings. Tegmina
whitish varying to fuscous with white apical margin. Abdomen
above fuscous and whitish testaceous, almost irrorate. Abdomen
below dark fuscous with a few testaceous markings. Frons
brownish testaceous with dark fuscous curved concentric lines
not touching medianly. Genae, lora and clypeus brownish testa-
ceous, each with a fuscous spot. Legs as in the male.

Length 2 (male) to 2^ (female) mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan.).

Phrynoinorphus.

This genus, in its most restricted sense, seems to be strictly syno-
nymous with Athysaniis Burmeister; the genus (for my pur-
poses) has a transverse vertex, which is not Iqnger than the pro-
notum, frons wide, wider at base than long, wide tempora and
simple venation. The males have a valve. P. faedius is, I think,
the only species of those I described in the first memoir that may
be considered to belong here (sens, strict.)

In the subgenus Conosanus, with different head form, may per-
haps be placed the following:

6o

2. Io}igiiiqiius.
3. hosl'cs.
PI. I, figs. 13-17.

Dcltoccphaliis hospcs Kirkald}- 1904 Entom. 177

Originally described as an immigrant into. Hawaii, it is now-
recorded from the whole of Eastern Australia (at least) and the
lowlands of Fiji.

The ova are not remarkable, b^ing of the usual Phr\nomor-
phine type of Grass-feeder and are inserted in the usual way in
the leaves of Cynodon dactylon (the "Dog's tooth grass " of Eng-
land, and the "Maniania" of the Hawaiians).

The last nymphal instar (PI. i., f. 13) is of the form of the
adult, pale testaceous, with 4 olive-brown longitudinal lines, the
2 lateral terminating anteriorly at the eyes. There are about 24
black bristly hairs, 3 on almost each segment, arranged in 3
longitudinal rows, one submedian, one sublateral and one lateral.
The anterior margin of the vertex is narrowly white with faint
fuscous marks and a very narrow anterior line of fuscous. Frcns
with fuscous transverse lines from a pale central line, on the basal
third. Clypeus faintly fuscous ; labium black-tipped, reaching to
the fore trochanters. Femora brokenlv banded with dark fus-
cous or blackish, tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous or blackish at base
of some of the bristles (especially the larger ones). The 2 or 3
apical abdominal segments laterally fuscous. Eyes greenish. An-
tennal flagellum reaching to about the middle cc.xa.

The other nymphal instars do not differ apprecial)ly except
that the frons is pale.

4. chhvippc, sp. nov.

Very similar in appearance to Dcltoccplidus abdoiiiiiialis
(Fabr/).

Bright yellow, tegminal veins concolorous. Frons pale
brownish, obscurely suffused with darker tint, and with slender,
concentric, curved, dark fuscous lines. Genae, lora, clypeus,
&c., pallid, the last named a little fuscate medianly. Metanotum,
sterna, (mostly) and basal half of abdomen above and beneath
(except the lateral margins) blackish. Basal half of fore and
middle femora blackish, hind femora dorsally black (except
apex), hind tibiae longitudinally lined with black. Vertex tri-
angular, as long in front of the eyes as behind, wider than long.

6i

su!culate entirely, flat. Ocelli remote from the eyes. Frons
longer than wide, with a small tubercle at the base medianly, a
little wider apically than the clypeus basally; lora nearly touch-
ing the genae apcally; tempora narrow. Tegmina short, with-
out appendix; not reaching apex of abdomen, apically rounded,
only one subapical cell.

Female: last segment ])roduce<l a little triangularh' (very
obtusely) in the middle ; the pale brownish ovipositor is much
longer than the elongate pygophor.

Length 3I mill.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec, Koebele).

Vars: the frons varies from piceous to pallid. This is a
pretty little species and rare.

Thaiiiiwf'Jiryiie, gen. nov.

Differs from its allies by the minutely but deeply, completely,
punctured pronotum; otherwise differs from Thainiiofcffi.v by the
\'ery short lateral margins of the pronotum.

I. iiysias, sp. nov.

Head pale brownish-testaceous; vertex irregularly suffused
with fuscous; frons with a few concentric curved fuscous lines
which are often much abbreviated towards the middle of the
frons, often almost obsolete. Base of genae (around the an-
tennae) dark fuscous. Pronotum dark fuscous, yellowish-brown
laterally, comparatively thickly, but irregularly,_punctured with
vellowish-brown. Tegmina milky hyaline, veins dark fuscous,
many of them more or less suffused, especially the crossveins at
the apex of the subcostal cell, and the apical veins apically.
Many of the cells with a more or less elongate fuscous spot in
the middle, the brachial cell with two. Legs testaceous,
liind tibiae with blackish spots at the base of the bristles.
Sterna and abdomen below mostly dark fuscous. A^ertex short,
rounded, apically, forming a curve with the eyes which are
rather wider than the maximum width of the vertex. Frons
longer than wide, tempora verv narrow, almost obsolete. Cly-
])eus as wdde basally as the frons apically, ccistricted a little
just apical of the base, widening as much towards the apex.

Male: genital segments strongly tufted.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales: Mittagong (Jan.)

62

A male example from Queensland. Bundaberg, with the teg-
mina more suffused w'th oHvaceous, and the genital segments
not tufted, may form another species.

Loiiafiira.
Loiiatiira Usborn & Ball 1898 P. Davenport Ac. Sci., Vll 83.

I. aiisfrina, sp. no v.

Closely allied to L. cafaliiia (which 1 presume to be the type),
but the head is distinctly longer and the tegmina only reach to
the base of the genital segment. Head, pronotnm and scutel-
lum pale yellowish, the frons with a pale ferruginous radiating
pattern. Tegmina pale olive-green, the veins a little yellow, a
broad smoky apical band. Abdomen black, the last segment
v/hite, pygophor white and black. Legs yellowish brown soiled
with fuscous.

Length is mill.

Hab. New South \¥ales, Sydney (Feb., K.); Queensland,
Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec. P).

This tiny species is allied to L. cafaliiia by the venation, Init
there is apparently no appendix: and to L. incgalopa bv the frons
being longer and basallv more angular and by being patterned,
also the lora are remote from the apex of the clypeus.

Allygus.

Allygiis Fieber 1875 Rev. Mag. Zool. (3) III, 410.

I. lofopliagoniin, sp. nov.

Yellowish-testaceous, marbled with olive-brown on pronotnm.
\>rtex with a mark and 6 spots in olive brown. Ocelli orange-
red, very conspicuous. Frons yellowish-testaceous, strongly and
broadly marked with a black radiating pattern. Genae yellow,
margined apically with black and a median black spot. Clypeus
and lora black, the former with 2 short pale lines, the latter
with a pale spot each. Tegmina milky hyaline, closely marbled
with olive-brown, but in parts only, so that there are 3 milky
spots along the commissure on the clavus, and 5 or 6 on the
corium, the latter less distinct; nodal veins suffused. Legs
black with pale bristles, apical half of fore femora black, the

63

fore and middle tibiae spotted with the same, all tiie tarsi partly
pale. Abdomen mostly black.

Male: genital pieces narrowly margined apically with whitish-
ttstaceous and with white bristles.

Female: pygophor black, with white specks and white bristles
on the apical half.

Length 3 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mch.-Apr., M), Ba (Jan., M.). A
jjretty little species.

JJinotettix.

On reconsideration, I think I have made a mistake in sinking
this name. The whole affair is in a great muddle, hinging largely
on the equally muddled Cicadiila, of which the type is really, as
ascertained in my former memoir, sinaragdula. Sahlb?rg's Li-
inofetfi.v was heterogeneous ; ai^art from one or two disputed spe-
cies, variously assigned to Phryiioiiiorphus, Deltocephalus &c.,
(all prior genera), it is comprised of two main sections, (i)=ra
section of the Thauimotettix of Puton's Catalogue (1899) and
{2)^Macrosteles Fieber (=Cicadiila Puton). As Woodworth
has declared the type to be qtiadriiiotafa (Fabr. ) i. e. of the spe-
cies of the first section, and as Edwards (1896) also uses it in
tlie same sense, it is perhaps proper to keep it so, with Eulei-
inoiiios as a synonym.

2. filieicola, sp. nov.

Pale luteous, paler lieneath, pronotum tinged with lirown. An-
terolateral margins of vertex broadly black (meeting angulately
at apex). Pronotum with 4 dark fuscous lines, the two middle
of which continue on to the scutellum. Tegmina with a nearly
entire, dark fuscous, longitudin.al median line, 2nd to 4th apical
cells hyaline, veins dark, apical margin of the first suffu'-ed and
a spot in the middle of the cell. Wings hyaline, vHns fuscous.
Abdomen above mcje or less fuscous.

^Iale : genital segments short, concolorous.

Female : last segment apically black, roundl\- eiuarginate ; py-
gophors pale brownish ferruginous, elongate ; ovipositor black,
much longer than the pygophors.

Length (male) 3 (female) 3>^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, (Nov. Muir's No. 15), Rewa (Apr. M.),
on tree-ferns.

64

3- tac/iypcrias, sj). nov.

Superficially somewhat like the last.

Pale 3'ellowish, tergites and the underside paler. Frons basally
and the lateral angles of pronotum blackish brown. Tegmina
hyaline with an entire longitudinal, blackish brown median stripe,
N'ertex rounded (slightly angulate) extending in front of eyes,
a trifle longer than wide at base.

Male: 7th segment subtruncate ; valve narro.v, semicircular;
plates pointed, lateral margin sinuate, scarcely as long as pygo-
phor.

Female ; 7th segment very slightly produced in the middle.

Length 3% (male) 4 (female) mill.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec. K.).

4. eapitafiis, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and scutellum pale yellowish brown ; vertex
with 2 large metallic blue black spots ; face tinged with ferru-
ginous; a blackish spot on each side just apical of the antennal
scrobes. Tegmina hyaline, faintly smoky, except the subcostal
and the 3rd and 4th apical cells. Wings hyaline, veins pale fus-
cous. Legs pale yellowish brown. L^nderneath dark fuscous or
blackish brown. External subapical cell longer than the interior.

Female : 7th segment roundly produced : ])ygophors fuscous
with shortish yellow brown bristly hairs ; ovipositor black.

Length 3 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns, (Aug. P.).

Pettya
I. anemolua.

The wingvcin is like rhat of Baleliitha, excejit that there is no
submarginal vein.

Nesosteles

The first two wings veins are confluent towards the apex. The
genus is very close to Balclutha.

I. hehc.

Add: Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Apr.. M.) and Navua (Feb. M),
and r think the same species is at Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec),

65

Cairns (July) and Lucinda F'oint (July) in Queensland, but
these species are difficult to separate.

2. glaiica.

The vertex is shorter than in A^. hebe, more convex and not
tiush with the j^ronotuni. 1 think this also occurs at Kuranda.

6. dryas sp. nov.

Allied to A^. sordidior, but smaller and paler. Head testaceous,
more or less suffused with pale crange-brown, a short longitudi-
nal suture and a lateral impression, reddish-brown. Pronotum
creamy, with 3 thin orange-brown longitudinal lines continued
(more widely) on to the scutellum. Tegmina creamy, veins
white, the first two apical veins margined with fuscoiis. Wings
milky hyaline, veins on tb.e apical third mostly fuscous. Sterna.
legs, and sternites creamy with a tinge C(f brown. Tergites
I'lack, last segment pale.

Male : Pygophor pale.

Female: last segment sinuatel}- angularly emarginatc. lateral
angles acute ; pygophor elognate.

Length 4^2 mill.

Hab. Queensland, RedKnch (July), Cairns (July, Aug.).
Jjundaberg ( Sept. -Dec. ) .

7. aiiraiitiigera, sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and scutellum pale greenish-yellow. Teg-
mina and legs orange-red, the former with conspicuous whitish-
veins, the apical cells hyaline. Wings milky. Tergites fus-
cous, hind margin of the segments pale yellowish. Vertex
rounded in front, less than half the length of the pronotum,
about as long medianly as at the eyes.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.).

The two followmg species probablv do not belong to Ncsos-
tcles, but as some of the species of that genus approach Baleliitha
(of which T know only one species), I prefer, for the present, to
include these two in Nesosfeles.

66

8. phryiie, sp. nov.

Creamy testaceous, basal four-fifths of abdomen dark fuscous.
Tegmina hyaline milky, veins creamy. Wing-s hyahne, veins on
apical half pale fuscous. This differs from typical Ncsostcles
by the radial vein being scarcely obsolescent, and by the vertex
being as long as wide between the eyes, nearly as long as the
proncitum, angularly produced, nearly twice as long in the mid-
dle as at the eyes.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan., K). «

9. chloe^ sp. nov..

Bright-green. Tegmina hyaline, veins green. Wings and wing-
veins hyaline. Vertex roundly angulate anteriorly, a little short-
er proportionately than in A^ phryne.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug.. P.) ; New South Wales,
Sydney (Feb., K.).

Euterygini.

Further study has necessitated the reduction of this group
from subfamily to tribe. T am unable as yet to give a circum-
scribed diagnosis, owing to the inclusion of Ancono and Dialcc-
ticoptcryx, but have not seen a specimen of any form where the
basal part of the tegminal venation is clearly interpretable ; ap-
parently, however, the 3 main veins either spring together out
of the basal cell, or the radial and median have a short stalk. (*)
There seem to be four apical tegminal-cells, but often the first
is obsolescent or even entirely absent. Aneono and Dialccticop-
teryx belong here by habitus, but have peculiar venation. The
following table seems to bear a closer approximation to the na-
tural afifinities of the forms than that in my first memoir.

1 The 3 main veins of the tegmen running separately to the

apical cells, or only joined quite close to the base. . . (2)
la Median and cubital veins united by a stalk apically. . . (13)

2 Face c,f the usual type (3)

2a Frons closed basally (12)

3 Three apical wing cells [Group A] (4^

* Woodworth's figure of an Eupterygine tegmen (1906, Techu. bull. Univ. California
Ent. I f. 61, is unlike any I have seen,

67

3a Two apical wing cells [Group B] ('^*) (6)

3b One apical wing- cell I Group C] ('^*) (11)

4 Tegminal appendix present (5)

4a Tegminal appendix absent, subniarginal wingvein present

^-^ ^- (10)

5 Submarginal wingvein present i Alebra

5a Submarginal wingvein absent 2 Protalebra

6 Submarginal wing vein present ; third apical wingvein fork-
ed (7)

6a Submarginal wingvein absent (9)

7 At least two of the apical cells of the tegmen arising from

the transverse veins (8)

7a Only one of the apical cells arising directly from the trans-
verse veins 5 Kahaono

8 Body long and slender 3 Dikraneura

8a Body short and robust ' 4 Erythria

9 First two wing veins subparallel 6 Enptcryx

9a First two wing veins confluent towards the apex

7 Erythronciira (^=Einpoa)

IV A^rtex twice as long as pronotum 8 Nirvana

loa Vertex shorter than pronotum 9 Eitalebra

11 Submarginal wing vein present. 10 Cicadula (=Eiiipoasca)
iia Submarginal wing vein absent 11 Typhlocybella

12 A^ertex wider than an eye, not produced anteriorly, form-

ing a curve with the eyes ; f rons not twice as long as

maxinunn width 12 Aphdiona

(type Hclioiia biocnla Melichar)
123. A-'ertex narrower basally than an eye, angularly produced
anteriorly ; frons elognate. mdre than 3 times as long as
maximum width ; lora elongate 13 Heliona

13 A^ertex not produced in front of eyes; radial and median

with a common apical stalk 14 Dialccticopteryx

13a A^ertex triangularly produced; cubital and median with a
common apical stalk 15 Aneono

It appears to. me that a form with three apical wing cells and
a tegminal appendix represents the most generalized, degradation
to two and then to one wing cell results in Groups B and C. the
former first having a submarginal wing vein, then losing that.

** Not counting the supernumerary cell.

68

Alcbra seems to represent very fairly the more ])rimitive forms
and I imagine it more likely that Protalcbra has lieen developed
from a form like Alcbra than z'icc rcrsa. .HcbraAike forms b\-
losing the submarginal vein that is to sa\-, the apical margins of
the apical veins, develop into Zygiiia, Eiiptcryx, etc. I have no
specimens now of Nirvana for examination, but judging from
Melichar's figures, it is very likely to be an Eupterygine genus.

Cicadula.

2. vificnsis.

Line 9 of description, for "with" read "wing."
Hab. Viti Levn, Rewa (Feb. Ivlar. Nov. & Dec.. AI.).
One example .is pale _vcllowish-green (instead of lemcn-yellow)
and the legs are green (instead of pale greenish) ; thi^, no doubt,
is the colour when alive. The last segment of the female is prac-
tically truncate apically. The ocelli are fairlv well p'-onounced
and lie within the pale oblong, bordered by the two dark trans-
verse lines, on the to]) of the head.

3. hyadas sp. no v.

Pale lemon yellow, paler beneath. E}es grevish-ltlack. Teg-
mina milky, a short dark fuscous line on the apical margin at the
basal internal angle and a greyish fuscous spot at the apex of
the tegmen. Wings milky, veins partly fuscous. A'ertex about
as long as the scutellum, shorter than the pronotum, nearly twice
as long medianly as at the eyes, angularly rounded in front.

Female : ovipositor black.

Length s}i mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Dec, M.).

4. enryphaessa sp. nov.

Allied to C. nifa (Melichar), but the head is longer, pronotum
shorter, legs pale, etc. Bright scarlet ; vertex pale testaceous
with a mediolongitudinal suffused scarlet stripe, which forks at
the base of the frons and extends all over the face suffusedly
(sometimes the red stripe is obsolete at the fork, the frons then
being entirely pale, only the genae and the clypeus, etc., red.)
Apical third of tegmina hyaline, iridescent, veins there pale yel-
lowish. Wings hyaline, iridescent, basal veins pale sanguineous.

69

1 ergitcs mostly sanguineous. Underside and legs pale testaceous,
the former sometimes a little suffusedly sanguineous. Vertex
longitudinally sulculate, anteriorly somewhat swollen, longer than
wide, roundly produced before the eyes. Pronotum scarcely
wider than the head and only about one-half of its length, short-
er than the scutellum, scarcely emarginate posteriorly, lateral
margins short. Tegminal venation that of C. nifa, except that
tlie interior branch of the first apical vein is curved.

Female : last sternite very slightly sinuate, the pale part longer
than wide.

Length 2}^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa ( Mar. -Apr. ) Xavua ( Feb. Muir's No.
53) oil a native tree, also on Saechaniiii ofiiciiianiin.

There is a purplish bloom on one example, giving it a super-
ficial resemblance to Erythroneiira doris,

Erythronenra.
6. sidyiica, sp. nov.

Pale yellowish, immaculate, paler beneath. Head shaped as
in E. dentata (Gillette), but more rounded and the eyes more
decumbent on the pronotum, which is posteriorly slightly emar-
ginate.

Length abt. 3 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan. -Feb.. K.).

In bad condition.

7. doris sp. nov.

Distinguished by the large pronc.tum and minute scutellum, as
well as by the colour.

Head, pronotum, sterna, legs, etc., pale testaceous. Pronotum
laterally from antero-lateral angle of the scutellum to the intero-
pcsterior angle of the eye, dark fuscous. Scutellum testaceous
tinged with pale purplish blue. Tegmina pale sanguinequs,
tinged with violaceous, basal two-thirds of subcostal and subradi-
al cells purplish, apical third of tegmina hyaline, veins pale san-
guineous. Wings hyaline, iridescent, tinged with fuscous, veins
dark. Abdomen dark fuscous. Vertex wider than long, extend-
ing nearly as far in front of the smallish eyes as basally, angularly
rounded apically. Pronotum large, a little wider than the head,

70

and longer than the vertex, about one-half wider than long, late-
ral margins long, anterior and posterior margins subparallel. Scu-
tellum minute, not one-half the length of the pronotum.

Length (female) 2^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Revva (Apr., Muir).

8. lalagc, sp. nov.

Allied to the last, but head shaped differently, scutellum long-
er and different colour. Head, sterna and legs pale testaceous,
the vertex with a large dark fusccus spot arising close to the base
and extending on to the frons nearly as far apically as in line
with the insertion of the antennae. Pronotum anteriorly ob-
scure purple, posteriorly dark fuscous, an obscure fuscotesta-
ceous line mediolongitudinally, extending on tc, the obscure-pur-
plish scutellum. Abdomen dark fuscous. Tegmina and wings
as in E. doris. Eyes a little larger ; vertex more rounded on the
anterolateral margins, wider than long. Pronotum as in doris,
but a little shorter and the anterior margin a little arched. Scu-
tellum at least three fourths c,f the length of the pronotum.

Female : base of genital segment obscurely pale.

Length 2^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Apr., Muir, t female).

9. leucothoe, sp. nov.

May be regarded as a "YAfgiiia," although there are three sub-
parallel apical veins, the first diverging a little outwards, and
being a direct continuation of the radial, more approaching Dik-
raneiira from which it differs only by the absence of the sub-
marginal. Pale whitish testaceous; tegmina milky white, (a
large opaque area occupying middle third of subcostal cell), veins
concolorous ; a blood-red spot at the base of the second apical
vein and a tiny blood-red speck at the apex of the clavus. Ver-
tex produced well in front of the eyes, about as long as wide,
roundly angulate. Pronotum anteriorly rounded, about as long
as the vertex and a trifle longer than the scutellum. Eyes not
liearly touching base of tegmina. Radial and median veins ap-
parently unite at about the apical margin of the basal third of the
tegmen.

Length (female) 2 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Navua (Feb., Muir).

71
10. rewana, sp. no v.

Yellowish-brown, paler beneatli. pronotum somewhat sordid,
abdomen blackish. Tegmina smoky hyaline ; clavus, sutural cell
of corium and subcostal cell, pale yellow smoky in parts ; veins
pale yellow ; a dark smoky spot at apex of tegmen. Wings smoky
hyaline, veins smoky. Vertex somewhat convex, roundly pro-
minent in front of eyes, but not so long as wide. Four apical
cells to the tegmen, the first very small.

Length 2^-2y2 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar. & Dec. iVL).

The yellow is apt to fade and become obscure.

Nymph : The ultimate stage (as far as can be judged from
the empty skin) is brcwnish-yellow. Head produced in front
of eyes at least as far as the length of the rather long eyes be-
yond them. Antennal peduncle elognate and conspicuous, flagel-
lum much longer than the body. There are a large number of
erect capitate hairs disposed as follows : 6 on the lateral and an-
terior margin of the vertex 4 on the pronotum, 8 submedian and
6 lateral on- the abdominal tergites, also a number on the meso
and metanotum, tegminal pads and legs.

Dialecticopteryx, gen. nov.

An aberrant genus, distinguished by the peculiar venation of
tegmina and wings.

Vertex transverse, declivous, anteriorly rounded, not (of
scarcely) prominent in front of eyes, longitudinally sulculate,
posteriorly marginate and raised from the pronotum. Pronotum
tiansverse, little longer than the vertex, lateral margins short,
carinate. Scutellum longer than wide, abc,ut as long as the pro-
notum. Tegmina (PI. i, fig. 7) sparsely punctured, venation
obscure ; the radial and median are united at the base, fork soon
after, but keep very close together till a little basal of the apical
calls when they reunite; cubital obsolete basally, only appearing
a little basal of the apical cells. The radiomedial reforks apical
of the subapical line, thus forming a triangular cell ; there are 2
quadrilinear cells interior of this (perhaps more if the apical
veins fork). No veins in the clavus and no appendix. The ex-
treme apex of the wing is unfortunately broken but enough re-
mains to show its peculiar character (see PI. i fig. 6). This
genus shows some relationship to Nesosteles, etc.

72

I. anstralica, sp. nov.
PI. I. figs. 6-7.

Orange-yellow, legs paler ; 2 large bluish-black round spots on
the vertex and a smaller one on the frons. Pronotum with an
inverted blue-black Y, connecting on the scutellum with an in-
verted A. Tegmina milky white, subcostal vein basally, radial,
median and commissure suffusedly smoky, extreme margins of
ttgmen here narrowly black; radiomedial (apical) and continua-
tion of the commissure apical of the clavus, smoky but not suf-
fused. Wings hyaline, iridescent, veins pale fuscous partly.

Male : plates long, triangular taken together.

Female : 7th sternite triangularly produced, pygophor yellow-
ish brown, Qvipositor dark fuscous.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, P.undaberg (Sept. -Dec, K.).

Tribe Cephaleliiii.

This is only a small part of the tribe of this name in my first
memoir. It is restricted to those forms in which the tibiae are
very feebly bristly ; owing to a degradation of the flight organs,
the tegminal and wing venations are usually much reduced. In-
cidentally the head is usually greatly elongate and foliaceous or
subfoliaceous.

Cephalclus, Dorycephahts, Paradorydiitin, and others not
known to me in nature, as Dorydiella, belong to this tribe.

Paradorydiiiui.
4. hrighamij sp. nov.

Distinguished from the other species by the short vertex.

Pale yellowish, closely punctured with light brownish, the punc-
tures being closer and darker on the basal half of the pronotum.
Head close around insertion of antennae, the labium, sterna, etc.,
dark fuscous. Sternites (except the last segment which with the
genital segments is pallid) infuscate. Fore femora ringed with
fuscous. Vertex acute anteriorly, lateral margins straight, Frons
anterior to the antennae diamond-shaped, then the lateral margins
parallel, the insertion of the antennae about on a line with the
apical margin of the eyes (instead of distinctly nearer the ante-

nor angle of the head) ; apical margin of clypeus minutely notch-
ed, extending apically distinctly beyond the apical margin of the
genae.

Male: vertex nearly twice as long as pronotum ; maximum
width greater than median length.

Female: vertex about twice and a half as long as the prono-
tum ; maximum width less than median length.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Alittagong (Jan., K. ).

This species, (which I name in honour of Dr. W. T. Brigham,
Director of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museiim in Honolulu,
whose "Index to the Islands of the Pacific" (1900 Alem. Bishop
Mus. I, 1-172) is of such great value to the student of Pacific
Faunas), seems very distinct frqm such Paradorydia as lanceo-
latnin, fovcolatnin, etc., but I can see no generic differences be-
\ond the nmch shorter head. On this and the straight lateral
margins of the vertex, 1 found a new subgenus Deltodorydium.

5. ovidii sp. nov.

Allied to the last, but the head more elongate, the head and
pronotum forming two-fifths of the entire length, and the lateral
margins are concavely curved, the species thus falling into the
ty]3ical subgenus. It differs from P. fovcolatuni Sign., by the
much less spatulate head and less pointed tegmina.

Length (female) 5 mill.

Hab. New .South Wales, Mittagong (Jan.).

Dorycephaliis.

3. trilineatus.

The exact habitat was "New South Wales, Sydnev ( |an.,
K.)."

Tribe lassiiii.

Van Duzee includes this as a tribe cf his Jassina. but it is far
more distinct from his 'Deltocephalini' than these are from his
'Subfamily Acocephalina.' The lassinae are characterized by
the vertex being perpendicularly raised at the sides and base,
the latter being practically truncate between the eyes, and dis-
tinctly narrower there than the apical margin of the scutellum.
Head and eves distinctly narrower than the pronotum. Frons

74

elongate. Wings with a supernumerary cell. There is qnly one
subapical cell in the tegmen (*). The ocelli are well-marked
and are on, or near, the apical margin of the vertex and are
visible dorsally. In the 3 genera known to me, the vertex is
obliquely striate, the pronotum finely granulate and the scutellum
very finely punctured. The female genital segments are of the
usual Tetigoniine type, but the male plates are very long and c)f
characteristic appearance; the valve is wanting.

The structure of the head, of the venation and of the male
plates distinguish this group very thoroughly. Macroceratogonia
has some affinity with these forms, but only females are known
at present; the interior discoidal cell is also divided by a trans-
verse vein in both the specimens I have seen. It has also great
affinity with the Tetigoniini and Penthimiini, but must at present
be relegated to a provisional tribe by itself.

Eight genera of lassini are known.

1 \^ertex more than twice as long as wide, triangular pro-

duced 3 Miiirella

I'd Vertex not longer than wide {2}

2 Fore femora and tibiae foliaccous

8 Gabn'ta (=Pctalopo(ia )*'■■■

2a Femora simple (3)

3 Pronotum keeled 7 Thagna

3a Pronotum not keeled .• • (4 '

4 \^ertex expanded posteriorly behind the eyes ; ocelli near the

apical margin of the vertex ; anterior and posterior mar-
gins of the pronotum subparallel 5 Tiiiohregnius

4a Vertex not expanded behind the eyes (S)

c; Ocelli near the eves ; anterior margin of pronotum rounded

'.. (6)

5a Ocelli remote from the eyes; anterior margin of pronotum
straight 6 NeocacUdia

6 Scutellum much shorter tnan pronotum 4 P aliens

6a Scutellum not shorter than pronotum (7)

7 Anterior tibiae curved 3 Terulia

7a Anterior tibiae straight (8)

8 Frcns rather flat, distinctly sutured ; tempora wide but short ;

antennae inserted near the intero-posterior angles of the
eyes I lassns

* It is true there are two in Tliarm hthrita. but in the aniquo type of this the
exterior discoidal cell is divided apical of its middle by a short transverse vein, which
is absent in the other species of the genus.

♦* There is nothing in the descriptions of these to keep them apart.

75

8a Frons raised, less distinctly sutured, tempora narrow and
very short, antennae inserted near the intero-anterior an-
gles of the eyes 2 Tharra

Tharra.

I separated this (Bull. 1 p. 324) from lassus by the possession
of two subapical cells and the absence of transverse veins in the
clavus ; the latter is of no value and the former is, I am inclined
to believe, accidental. It is possibly only a group of lassus, l;ut
for the present may be separated by the characters given in the
ke}-. Typical lassns also seems to have the apical margin of the
vertex forming more or less of a curve with the eyes. The only
species of lassus I have seen is represented by a pair of /. olitorius
Say, kindly given me by my friend, Mr. Van Dnzee.

In Tharra hibena, kassiphone, etc., the median and brachial
veins are generally united by a straight cross vein at their bases,
this being united to the radial by an outwardly inclined oblique
vein ; but in T. kalypso and ogygia there is usually a common
longitudinal stalk for the median and brachial, which is united
to the radial b}' the oblique vein. This however is not constant
and moreover sometimes the stalk vanishes, and the median and
brachial unite at an angle.

In all the species, the frons is not, or only faintly, medianly
keeled and the clypeus is not ampliate, though often a little widen-
ed, apically.

The species (all Australian and Fijian up to the present) may
l)e disposed as follows :

1 Vertex distinctly narrower at the base than at the anterior

margin of the eyes, not flush with the eyes, lateral margins
gradually divergent. Anterior and middle legs bright

orange yellow 5 kassiphone

la Vertex little wider (if at all) at anterior margin of eyes
than basally, flush with the eyes, lateral margins parallel
or subparallel as far as the anterior margins of the latter.
Legs pallid or black 2

2 Part of vertex produced before eyes not more than a third

of the length of the basal part 3

2a Part of vertex produced before eyes about two-thirds of the
length of the basal part 4 naiisikaa

3 Tegminal veins bright sanguineous t labcna

76

yd Tegminal veins pallid, sometimes faintlv sanguineous. .. .4
4 Tegmina yellowish brown ; head and pronotum n^ore or less

orange brown 2 ogygia

4a Tegmina pale testaceous, a pale fuscous l)and across the

middle 3 kalypso

I ass us detract us Walker, from Tasmania, is not includ.d.

I. labena.

I have little doubt that the division of the discoidal, in the uni-
que specimen, is an aberration. This single examj^le is a male,
not a female. The last segment is deeply, minutely, roundly
emarginate and the plates (not 'valve') are elongate, and covered
with long, curling, rather coarse, white hairs.

2. kalypso sp. nov.

Pale yellowish testaceous, a little paler beneath, vertex slightly
embrowned. Tegmina hyaline with colourless veins (sometimes
very narrowly margined with pale greyish fuscous), an irregular
pale greyish fuscous band across the tegmen, sometimes other
small sulTusions. Tibiae apically and tarsi fuscous. Tergites
more or less fuscous discally. A ertex much as in the type, per-
haps a trifle wider ; frons also in the type, but a little flatter,
clypeus scarcely so broad apically.

Female: last segment roundly, a little angularly, produced,
angularly emarginate narrowly, but sufficiently deeply, posterior-
ly ; medianly carinate ; the fuscous ovipositor is longer than the
pygophor.

Length 6>4-6>4 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Apr.. Muir).

3. ogygia sp. nov.

Form of the last ; cheeks a little marginate interiorly. Yellowish
brown, paler beneath, more or less suffused with rosy on head
and pronotum. Tegmina yellowish brown, veins concolorous, or
slightly tinged with sanguineous, apical cells apically (sometimes
niedianlv but obscurely) fuscous. Ajjical half of hind tibiae
dorsally fuscous. Tergites more or less fuscous discally.

Male plates elongate, with short pale yellowish grey bristly
hairs.

Female genital segments much as in the last.

Length (male) j/li (female) 6 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu. Rewa (Mar.-Apr.. Muir).

17
4- kassiphoiic sp. nov.

]Ialc: shining black; lateral margins of vertex, very narrow-
ly (and ending at the apical margin of vertex"), antennal pedun-
cle, and labium, pale yellowish. Tegmina very dark fuscous,
basally opaque black, shining. Fore and middle legs (except the
somewhat fuscous coxae and claws) bright qrange yellow; hind
tibiae pale at extreme apex. Appendix to tegmina pale. Wings
(lark fuscous, veins black. Vertex distinctly narrower at the base
than between the apical margins of the eyes, not flush with the
eyes at the former, diverging regularly towards their apical mar-
gin, scarcely one third extended in front of the latter. Antennae
inserted at about the middle of the interior margin of the eyes
(ventrally). tcmpora short, very narrow. Plates much as in T.
lahcna, but the hairs shorter and vellower.

Var. Clypeus, and apical margin, very narrowly, of genae,
pale.

Female. Larger than the male; a longitudinal elongate-oval,
])ale yellow line on the vertex, not attaining (as a rule) the apical
margin or the base; genae (except a trifle fuscous here and there
sparsely) and clypeus pale yellow, as also sometimes the extreme
base of the lorae. Tegmina with the subcostal vein right around
t,T the apex of the tegmina, a long oval snot near the base of the
subcostal cell and a long suboval stripe extcoapicallv on the
same, a small spot near the apex of clypeus and another at the
base of the tegminal appendix, pale yellowish brown. Fore
and middle femora, tibiae and tarsi etc., bright orange-yellow,
hind legs mostly blackish, at least dorsally Genital segment
35. in T. kalvpso. but scarcely emarsrinate medianlv.

Var. Sides of pronotum pale yellowish, narrowlv.

Length (male) 5 (female) 6 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Apr., Dec, Muir).

5. naitsikaa sp. nov.

Similar to the last, but less polished, fore and middle legs
l^alc yellc.wish, the yellow' of the head and pronotum browner,
the head longer, etc.

Male: black, with a strong, entire, wide, longitudinal pale
yellowish-brown, continued to the posterior angle of the scutel-
lum, the pale lateral margins of the head widening a little in front
of the eyes and meeting in a curve at the base of the frons ;

78

apical half of clypeus, the labium, fore and middle legs (except
the mere or less fuscous coxae and claws) pale; hind femora
dark, tibiae more or less pale, at least ventrally. Tegmina dark
fuscous, subcostal cells up to the oblique vein (except extreme
base), a spot close to apex of subcostal cell, apical of the oblique
vein, a spot at base of appendix, etc., pale. Vertex very little
wider at anterior margin of eyes than at base, the latter practical-
ly flush with the eyes, lateral margins subparallel as far as an-
terior margins of eyes, then suddenly diverging. Vertex ante-
riorly roundly angulate, nearly as long in fror^t of eyes as be-
hind their anterior margin ; frons rather narrower apically.

Vai'S . face entirely blackish or mostly pale ; there are some-
times 3 pale lines an the pronotum. Tegminal veins varying
from black to pale yellowish-brown, the latter sometimes a little
tinged with sanguineous. Tegmina varyingly spotted with pale
}ellowish brown. Scutellum sometimes immaculate, sometimes
posterior third pale.

Female larger than the male, and usually of the paler vars.

Extreme var. (male and female). paUidor nov. is pale cine-
reous above, with Cjuly scattered fuscous spots on the tegmina,
four fuscous lines on the pronotum, etc.

Length (male) 4^ -(female) 5 J- 2 mill.

Hah. Viti Levu, Rewa, (Feb., Apr., Nov., Muir), Navua.
(l<"eb.. Sept., JNIuir) ; Muir's No. 201 is an example of the less
ts'pical forms.

6. , sp.''

PI. II, fig. 14-15-

Only the nymph known so far.

Yellowish-white. Apical half of vertex; all the fac- except a
median longitudinal stripe in the middle, reaching the clypeus
but net the vertex ; pronotum, tegminal pad, apical margin lat-
erally of metanotum : two stripes down the abdomen, not quite
reaching posterior margin, joined basally and apically, extending
at these points to the lateral margins; apical half (except ex-
treme) of femora, basal third (except extreme) of hind tibiae;
sanguineous. Claws and arolia fuscous.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Apr., M.).

79

Miiirclla gen. nov.

A'ertex flat, elongate, a little declivous, and somewhat sloping
laterally, about twice and one half as long as wide at the trun-
cate base, lateral margins parallel for about three-fourths of their
length, then diverging outwardly to a little beyond the anterior
margin of the eyes, then converging strongly, forming a round-
edly acute angle. In profile the head is subconical. Ocelli
lateral, a trifle nearer to the eyes than to the top of the head,
visible dorsally. Frcns elongate, about twice and a half as long^
as wide at antennal scrobes. a little wider just basal of this, nar-
rowing apically and basally. basally acutely triangular, apically
subtruncate. Tempora very short and narrow. Genae deeply
impressed roundly in the middle. Clypeus not produced beyond
the apical margin of the genae, about twice as long as wide,
St rough' carinate on the basal half, a little wider than the lora
whicli do not touch the posterior margin of the genae. Labium
reaching to anterior margin of fore trochanters. Antennae in-
serted anterior to the middle of the eyes (viewed in profile), the
eyes extending posteriorly beyond the apical margin of the frons
(thus separating this genus from the others) and decumbent
nearly one-half, on the pronotum dorsally ; seta long, more than
half the length of the body. Pronotum transverse, lateral mar-
gins fairly long, somewhat feebly carinate ; posterior margin ob-
tuse-angularly emarginate. Scutellum wider than long. Teg-
mina with one subapical and 4 apical cells : the subcostal cell ob-
liriucly divided near the apex by a fork of the radial Wing with
a supernumerarv cell, which however does not nearlv reach th?
apical margin of the wing, the next of the apical cells being thus
short and broad.

I. oxy omnia sp. nov.

PI. TI, fig. 21-2.

Male, whitish testaceous (sometimes pale yellowish brown),
usually more or less suffused rosily. Face usually with a trans-
verse blackish band from eye to eye near the base ( lora and
clypeus, etc., often more or less fuscous). Prosterna, pleura
|;artly. a spot on fore coxae, etc., blackish. Abdomen mostly
biackish. Tegmina with the clavus, basal half of corium (except
subcostal cell) and a bifid band near the apex dark fuscous or
blackish (opaque basally), the rest yellowish brown. Veins bright
sanguineous. Wings dark fuscous, iridescent, veins black. Hind

8o

femora more or less blackish. Plates long, with loiii^ pale grey-
ish hairs.

Female : aJKiomen yellowish testaceous, partly suffused with
fuscous. Tegriiina yellowish brown, an obli'iue dark fuscous
band at base of apical third, a more obscure one basal of that ;
apical margin narrowly smoky, veins bright sanguineous. Hind
femora pale. 7th stcrnite sinuate, minutely obtuse-angled in the
middle.

Length (male) 6- (female) 6)4 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., the unique male, type, and
females) and Navua (Feb.) (Muir's Nos. n6 and 203).

Nymph : pale whitish testaceous, fuscate on pronotum and scu-
tellum, sparsely so on tergites ; some sparse orange-red marks on
tlie head. • Vertex, pronotum and scutellum carinate. the first
much of the appearance it has in the adult. Tergites with one
submedian and one lateral row of piliferous. punctured granules.
(PI. I. figs. 10-12).

I have pleasure in dedicating this genus and species to my
friend and colleague.

Tribe Penthimiini.
(=Gyponidae auctt. )

I can find no good characters to separate this tribe. It runs
into the Tetigoniini via Ez'acaiifhiis, into the Phrynomorphini
via ErrhomenelUis and Chiasmus : its forms are usually less elong-
ate, and the ocelli are usually on the disk of the vertex, but sit-
uated in front of a line drawn between the anterior margin of the
eyes ; this is however not the case in some species at present
attributed to Gypona.

The following genera are T believe all that have been described :

I The head dorsally with a large suboval ar:a separated off
anteriorly by a deeply impressed line. .1 Ectopiocephahis

1 a Head dorsally without a part separated off (2)

2 Tegmina very short, venation obscure (3)

2a Tegmina reaching at least as far as the base of the genital

segment, fully formed (4)

3 Clypeus extending well beyond the apical margin of the

genae, longer than half the length of the frons

2 ErrhomenelUis

3a Clypeus extending only as far as the apical margin of the
genae, not longer than half the frons 3 Chiasmus

8i

4 Pronotum prolonged posteriorly (more or less as in the

Cercopidae ) or at least distinctively longer than wide (5)
4a Pronotum wider than long (7)

5 Pronotum medianly truncate behind 4 Signorctia

5a Pronoitum angularly emarginate behind (6)

6 Vertex gently rounded in front ; frons subquadrate, truncate

basally 5 Bafhysinafophorits

6a Vertex suljangular in front; frons longoval, produced basal-
ly 6 XcropJiloea

7 Frons with a keel down the middle 7 Evacanthus

7a I'rons without a longitudinal keel (8)

8 Tegmen without an appendix (9)

8a Tegmen with an appendix ( 10)

9 Ocelli indistinct 8 Aglcna

9a Ocelli distinct 9 Uaelina

10 Tegmina apically subsinuately truncate 10 Jafar

loa Tegmina apically more or less rotundate (11)

1 1 Pronotum extending farther laterally than the tegmina,

which arch outwards beyond the subaparllel basal fifth

II PeiithiiJiia

iTa Pronotum not extending farther laterally than the tegmina,
which arch outwards from the base, if at all (12)

12 Scutellum distinctly wider than the head.. 12 Pciithiinidia
12a Scutellum not wider than the head (13)

13 Anterior margin of vertex in profile acute or subacute;

frons basally excavated ( 14)

13a Vertex not acute in profile, sometimes bluntly keeled; frons
not excavated (15)

14 Head laminate; tegmina hyaline 13 Thai(iiiatoscopus

14a Head scarcely foliaceous ; declivous; tegmina with numer-
ous ramose "false" veins 14 Viiltitnins

15 \"ertex declivous, sufficiently elongate 15 Gypona

15a Vertex very short, forming one curve with the frons. . (16)

16 Pronotum transversely striate 16 Scans

1 6a Pronotum not striate 17 Zinne'ca

I
18. Ncodartns, I do not know.

Vitlfiiniits.

Differs from Ti'icionafoscopiis principally as follows: vertex
more declivous ; clavus and the subcostal cells with numerous
transverse veins and usually the entire tegmen with numerous

^2

incomplete veins. There seem to be 8 good species in the Koe-
bele-Perkins material, separable as follows :

1 Margin of head Ijetween vertex and frons, acute ; anterior

part of head laminate (2)

la Head anteriorly siiblaminate, anterior margin thicker ed (4)

2 Length over 5J4 mill 3 I'irguiciiiia

2a Length under 5 mill (3")

3 Vertex a little longer than pronotum 1 vulturiiiis

3a Vertex not longer than pronotum 2 voltnmna

4 \'ertex ivory white, very sparingly speckled with palebrown

. .- 4 vanduseei

4a Vertex ivorv white, with a basal fascia of pale brown specks

• (5)

4]! Vertex dark, very closely speckled with pale yellowish . . ( 6 )

5 Larger, broader 5 vaccors

5a Smaller, more parallelsided 6 vultuosiis

6 Broader and paler 8 zxippa

6a Narrower and darker 7 vaedulcis

Div. I. Margin of head between vertex and frons acute, folia-
ceous.

I. z'liltiiniiis.

Head, pronotum and scutellum yellowish-brown, pronotum
more or less infuscate. Eyes dark, ocelli reddish. Foliaceous
part of frons and 2 spots on genae on each side, orange-red,
rest of face and the prosternum black (or the frons may be
entirely orange-red or entirely black except a narrow basal
line). Underside testaceous. Tegmina sordid whitish, mottled
with greenisli brown or pale greenish or bluish-black, veins
brownish yellow.

Vertex longer than pronotum, wider between the eyes than
long, distinctly reflexed anteriorly, lateral margins of vertex in
front of eyes short but very distinctly curved outwards before
joining the arched anterior margin. Hind legs usually more
or less dark.

Ma!e : last segment truncate, a little shorter than the sliort
pygophors.

Female : last segment slightly sinuate, a little produced me-
dianly and laterally; pygophors about 2^ times as long as last
segment, shghtly shorter than ovipositor.

Length (male) 4-4:^ mill; (female) 44-45 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.) ; Kuranda (Aug., P.).

83

2. zvltmmia sp. nov.

Closely allied to f. ■vuhurnus, but vertex a little shorter, not
longer than pronotuni, strongly hnpressed transversely in the
middle, basal part declivous, apical part slightly recurved, al-
most porrect instead of declivous as in V. vnltnrmts.

Vertex strongly, pronotum sparingly, mottled with blackish
brown; scutellum marked with same colour. Tegmina heavily
smudged with black. Underside black except the non-folia-
ceous part of frons and the basal margin (narrowly) of the folia-
ceous part, sordid orange. Anterior legs and bristles on the
others, yellowish testaceous.

Female. Genital segmer.t much as in V. viiUiinius.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab. Queensland. Kuranda, (Aug., P.).

3. T'irgidcmia sp. nov.

Vertex, frons. clypeus, pronotum and scutellum castaneous,
more or less clouded with blackish. Genae, lora, sterna. &c..
more or less black. Tegmina yellowish testaceous, apically a
little hyaline and more dilute, veins blackish brown, the colour-
ing being more or less blotchy; the clavus subirrorate; the cells
are mostly more or less marked with blackish-brown. Wings
smoky, veins black. Fore legs pale, other legs more or less ful-
vous, longitudinally striped with black. Sternites yellowish
brown, marked with darker brown.

Vertex about, or a little more than, twice as wide as long,
rounded anteriorly parallel to posterior margin, extended later-
allv in front of the eyes about as far as posteriorly.

Female: last segment produced a little medianly. pygophors
longer than ovipositor.

Length 5^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug., P.).

Div. 2. Margin of head blunt, subfoliaceous.
4. ■z'aiidu::eei sp. nov.

Allied to ['. vultitnitis, but the margin of the head is not acute
anteriorly, and the anterior margin immediately in front of the
eyes is not (or not noticeably) divergent, before curving up-
wards and inwards.

Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum ivory white, more or less
tinged with greenish, the vertex with a few scattered brownish

84

specks; pronotum obscurely mottled with greenish Ijrown, some-
times with a whitening medio-transversely. Face l)lack except
for a few rcdl)rown marks and the ivory- wh'te basal margin.
Sterna and pleura black (except for the more or less pale ex-
terior half of propleura). Tegmina ivory white tinged with
green, veins and in complete veins brownish. Fore legs pale,
others mostly blackish; bristles pale. Sternites and genital seg-
ment pale or dark varyingly.

Male: pygophors a little more than twice as long as last seg-
ment which is bisinuate.

Length 4-4^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan., K.).

The nymphs are not specially remarkable.

5^ vaecors sp.^ nov. *

Allied to the last, but the basal margin (except extreme pait)
with a transverse band of mhiute brownisij reticulations. Pro-
notum mottled with palebrown, with a well defined undulatinA,.
ivorywhite median fascia. >. ^»2v.

Male: genitalia much like those of the preceding species.

Length 4:1: mill.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept., Dec, K.).

6. viiltiiosits, sp. nov.

Very close to F. I'accors, but smaller, narrower and darker.
\'ertex a little shorter. Pronotum with a well marked white
fascia and some black marks as well as the pale brown mottlings.

Female : last segment with 2 tiny median notches.

Length 3^-4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.) ; Nelson (July, P.) ;
Kuranda (Aug., P.).

7. ■i'aedtilcis sp. nov.

Black; vertex, pronotum and scutellum thickly speckled with
pale yellowish brown. Frons margined basally with yellowish.
Tegmina pale yellowish brown heavily veined and marked with
black; apex of costal cell and of the adjoining subapical white,
spotshaped. Fore legs and bristles, &c., of the others, more

85

or less pale. Vertex not longer than pronotum, rounded in
front.

Length SS^ ni'l'-

Hab. Queensland; Cairns (Aug.. P.); Rundaberg (Sept.-
Dec); New South Wales, Sydney (Jan. -Feb., K.).

A^yinf^li: \'ertex laterally spinose just above the eves.

8. ■r'a/'/>a sp. nov.

Very close to J\ T'acdiilcis, but paler and broader. Tegmina
with a large colourless patch on the costa, &c.; apical parts
largely colourless.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan. -Feb., K.).

Tribe Tetigoniini.

In the Tetigoniini, the male genital segments are of simple
form. The last abdominal is probably the seventh. The pygo-
phor is sometimes not visible ventrally, being covered over by
the "Plates", which are not visible dorsally, except between
and below the pygophor ; apical of the 7th segment, there is dor-
sally a small semicircular plate, and ventrally a small triangular
plate, which is called the "Valve"; both these may be altogeth-
er absent and their absence or presence is probably of generic
value ; for example, taking the careful figures in Ball's Mono-
graph of the North American Tetigoniini, I find that the vak'c
is present in Dracculaccphala and HclocJiara, absent in Dicdro-
ccphala, Tctigoiiia, Honialodisca, Aulacizcs, and Oncoinctopia. I
am not sure that the Plates may not be absent sometimes.

In the females, the 7th segment is the last abdominal, the
(Sth is absent ventrally and only lateral margins can be seen,
basally at the sides, the 9th is divided and is generally shorter
than the ov'positor; the 7th is usually narrower than the pre-
ceding tergites and is very mobile, being lifted up from the
apex, at right angles, so that the ovipositor can have free play.

Tcfigonia.
There is no male valve in this genus (or if so, it is concealed).

I. o lb id a.
Add Viti Lcvu, Rewa (Apr., Muir).

86

2. kocbclei.

The 7th segment (female) triangularly (sides somewhat round-
ed) produced, the 8th segment attaining laterally about half the
length of the pygophor, which has sparse dark hairs along by
the ovipositor and at the apex, and very slightly exceeds the
ovipositor in length.

5 and 9. alboinargiiiata.
Tcttii^oiiia alboiiiai-^iiiata Signoret 1853 A. S. E. France (3) I,

347, pi. X, f. 4.

Tcttigonia pcttiinolna Kirkaldy 1906 Bull. Ent. H. S. P. A., I.
321.

At the time of writing my description, Signoret's 'Revue' was
unpurchasable, and I did not imagine that this species would
be described as 'alboinargiuafa ;" 1 have since been able to ac-
quire, for the Station, Signoret's work and to identify Signoret's
species. The colour of the tegmina, as indeed Signoret figures
them, is dark metallic green, not plumbeous-black, as he whites.
The species was found by Koebele on Sacclianii>t officiiianim.

7. cocnilcscciis.

For Signoret's reference, read: cocndcsccns Sign., 18^3 \. S.
E. France, (3), I, 672, PI. XXI, f. 16.

The vertex is subangulate, and the species is probably not a
true Tcttigonia. It is not coerulescent.

The genera of this tribe may be temporarily disposed as fol-
lows :

1 Jnga porrect, straight or slightly deflexed at the a])ex, dis-
tinctly interrupting the lateral curve of the vertex ; fore
tibiae distinctly sulcate or flat, sometimes dilated (2)

ir Juga suddenly detlexed or noticeably curved from the
base, never interrupting the lateral curve of the vertex ;
fore tibiae subcylindric (rarely otherwise) (26)

2 Pronotum distinctly sexangular (or more), lateral angles
distinct ; tegmina completely covering the sides of the
abdomen (3)

2a Pronotum transverse, quadrangular ; rarely feebly hex-
angular (in which case the lateral angels are rotundate) ;
tegmina often exposing the sides of the abdomen (8)

3 Pronotum normal; head not shorter than the pronotum. (4)

87

3a Pronotum crested or tuherculate or carinate. Head shorc-
er than the pronotum (6)

4 Vertex sulcate longitudinally without an articulated appen-
dix; fore tibiae a little dilated (5)

4a X'ertex not sulcate, longitudinally, but with an articulated,

elongate apical appendix ; fore tibiae not dilated

- I Dicstostcmma

5 Vertex prolonged hliformly; ocelli about as far from one
another as from an eye ; antennae short. Tegmina reti-
culate apically 2 Bascarrhiniis

5a X'ertex not prolonged filiformly ; ocelli about twice as far
from another as from an eye ; tegmina not reticulate. 3 Cictus

0 Pronotum crested 4 Zyzza

6a Pronqtum not crested (7 )

7 Pronotum with 2, compressed, tliverging horn-like append-
ages 5 Zyzzogctoii

7a Pronotum with 2 crescentiform tubercles

6 Lcncopcpla (type Tcttigoiiia bifiibcrciilata Sign.)

8 X'ertex triangular, strongly narrowed, with a filiform, non-
articulated, apical process (9)

8a X^rtex rounded apically (or if triangular, then not pro-
duced) (12)

8b X^ertex triangular, with a subfoliaceous (or foliaceous?)
process which curves back so as almost to touch the prono-
tum 7 IVolfcllar'

9 Vertex not gradually passing into the apical process, which
is much narrower than the apex of the vertex proper; fore

tibiae dilated 10 Rhaphirhiuus

9a Vertex gradually merging into the apical process ; fore ci-

biae scarcely, if at all, dilated (10)

. 10 X'ertical prolongation widening a little apically, not sulcate,

truncate ; vertex indistinctly sulcate

II Syn'iigoplwra (type Tcttigoiiia brcz'is Walker).

10a X'ertical prolongation narrowing to the apex, sulcate ; ver-
tex distinctly sulcate (11)

11 Pronotum posteriorly truncate 12 Acrobdus

iia Pronotum posteriorly emarginate 13 CafoiiJiorrhinus

12 Fore tibiae fiat or sulcate (13)

13a Vertex longitudinally sulcate; pronotum nearly always dis-
tinctly narrowed in front ; hind margin of propleura dis-
tinctlv rounded or produced (18)

* 8 Splonia and 9 PrniJ€tei< seem to be allied here, Ixit I have not the desoription of
the former and do not know either in nature.

88

14 Frons obtusely prominent, not longitudinally impressed ;
vertex not longer than its width between the eyes (15)

14a Frons nearly straight in profile ; vertex longer than its width
between the eyes (16)

15 Clavus with 2 veins (sometimes united in the middle for a
short space) 14 Oncomdopia

15a Clavus with one vein, which forks close to the apex and to
the l)ase 15 Diclirophlcps

iC> Vertex not shorter than the pronotum ; frons lightly con-
vex, not gibbous; clavus with 2 veins uniting medianly .(17)

16a \'ertex shorter than the pronotum; frons fairly convex or
gibbous basally ; claval veins distant 16 Cyrtodisca

17 Vertex triangular, apex narrowly rounded, sensibly nar-
rowed up to the apex in profile 17 Phcra

lya Vertex wider apically, semicircularly rounded there, sensi-
bly narrowed in profile, with the apex obtuse

18 Honialodisca

18 Fore tibiae simple (19)

i8a Fore tibiae dilated (22)

19 Clypeus strongly elevated, gibbous, angulate in profile. (20)
19a Clypeus convex, but not angulately gibbous, in profile. . . .

19 zJ ulacizcs

20 Pronotum and scutellum about equally long (21)

2ia Pronotum narrowed anteriorly, scarcely impressed an-
teriorly 22 Amhlydisca

22 Tegmina apically rounded 22, Proconia

22a Tegmina widely truncate apically (23)

23 Fore tibiae moderately dilated ; ocelli strongly distant

24 Acrocainpsa

23a Fore tibiae enormously roundly dilated ; ocelli rather

nearer to one another than to the eyes ^

25 Cyiiibaloptis (type Tcftli^oiiia bio^ibbosa Sign.)

24 Vertex much longer than pronotum, depressed, not sulcu-

late, lateral margins bidentate

26 Ochrostacta (type diadcma Burm.)

24a Vertex not (or scarcely) longer than the not (or scarcely)
transverse pronotum, lateral margins not dentate (juR^
slightly prominent near the eyes) (25)

25 One vein in the clavus 27 Pherodcs

25a Two veins in the clavus 28 Acrogonia

26 Tegmina hairy 29 Trichogonia

26a. Tegmina not hairy (27)

89

27 Tegmina apically reticulate ; vertex mostly longer than the
pronotum 30 Acopsis {=Di'acculaccphala.)

2/3. Tegmina not, or only very slightly, reticulate. Vertex rare-
ly as long as the pronotum (28)

28 Fore tibiae incrassate and compressed T,iLissflscai'ta.-''-

28a Fore tibiae not incrassate or compressed (29)

29 Vertex obtusely rounded anteriorly, not sulcate, frons in-
flated ; tegmina rounded apicallv, rarely slightly truncate.

•^ • ' '....'...: (30)

29a Vertex flat, sulcate, forming an acute angle with the lightly
convex front ; tegminally apically truncate or sinuate trun-
cate 7,2, Dicdroccphala

30 Wings deeply fissured at the anal area which forms a dilated
lobe. Vertex wider than pronotum 34 Dilobopfenis

30a Wings normal (31)

31 Second segment of antennae very long 35 Poochara

31a Second segment of antennae sliort 36 Tcfigoriiar"-''

Tribe ^Fegophthalmini.

The Megophthalmini contain apparenth- three genera, viz :

Mcgoplifhaliiiiis, Parof'Klopa and KaJicn'ahi.

Membracidae.

Since the publication of my first 'Memoir, I have acquired a
copy of Fairmaire's "Revue de la Tribu des Membracides" ***,
which has thrown a little light on one or two points. There
still remain, however, several species which I suppose belong to
Ccnfrofypiis, but cannot determine satisfactorily at ])resent.

Zanophara.

T. led a sp. no v.

=Z. fasmaiiiac (?) Kirkaldy (nee Fairm.).
Dififers from Z. fasmaiiiac (Fairm., God.) as follows:
Head concolorous with pronotum, reddish-pitchy. Tegmina
basally, subcostal cell, clavus, veins, &c., opaque reddish-pitchy,
apically subhyaline, yellowish-ferruginous. Legs reddish-

* 32 Sijline^-opoiiDiun ayniarentlv is allioil to this.

** With snhgenura Anihhiscintd (type iimth'std Fahr.) and Poec /(wcar^t, (type cardi-
nnlisFeihT.) :S7 Ci»ni(i<inia and :!s Sijhhictoiionia are allied to TetthiniiUi. I'lKirurhunin
I do not know.

*** 1846, A. S. K. France, (2) iv, 235-;!20 <fc 470-5:?!, Pis. ;i-7.

90

pitchy. Ocelli a trifle nearer to one another than to the eyes.
Both angles of the apex of the pronotal horns acute, the exterior
one more so, the horn distinctly longer and slenderer.

Female : abdomen beneath reddish-pitchv.

Length 8J mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Alittagong (Jan.) arboreal.

2. albovittata sp. nov.

=Z.z'itta ( ?) Walker, Kirkaldy.

Dififers from z'itta (Walk., God.) as follows:

Median keel of pronotum pitchy basally. Tegmina basally,
anal cell of clavus apically, subcostal cell, a stripe (entire, not
bifurcate) along the middle of the corium, &c., smokv ferru-
ginous, veins ferruginous. Ocelli practically equidistant from
one another and eyes.

[Third apical cell with a transverse venule on one tegmen.]

Length 6 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec, K.).

AcanfJiiicliiis.

As Coding remarks, the differences between Ccntvotypns &
Setiorius seem to be very feeble. In addition, I cannot draw
any dividing line between these and Acantluichus.

I. iasis sp. nov.

Dififers from Centivtyfiis occidcittolis and iiiiiiiifiis by the small
first "discoidal," and the upwardly elevated, not small, horns.

Reddish-pitchy, pronotal keel blacker on the disk. Tegmina
ferruginous, basal veins reddish-pitchy, apically ferruginous.
Tibiae, tarsi and apices of femora yellow-ferruginous. Ocelli
a tnifle nearer one another than to the eyes, yellow brown.
Horns placed much as in Zanophara leda, but acute and turned
outwards and upwards. Pronotal process reaches to apex of
tegmina.

Length 5-54 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug., type). Cairns (Aug.)

2. eiiryonc sp. nov.

Allied to the last, but less elongate and more robust. Redder,
the pronotal keel concolorous, process ferruginous. Ocelli dis-

91

tinctly nearer to the eyes than to one another, yellow brown.
Tibiae and tarsi reddish pitchy. Tegmina vitreous, scarcely
tinted, base and subcostal cell opaque, ferruginous; third apical
cell elongate, narrow, interior side curving a little towards the
exterior; first discoidal hemisphaerical, two-thirds the length of
the first. Horns a little farther apart basally than in A. iasis,
and a little shorter and blunter. The venation in some exani-
])les is irregular.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. New .South Wales, Sydney (Feb.).

3. ciiryiioiinis sp. nov.

Fairly clctse to the last, but the horns are shorter and more
depressed. Interior margin of third apical cell straight ; first
discoidal cell smaller, about half as long as the second. Legs
less yellowish-iervuginows.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Queensland, lUmdaberg (Sept. -Dec.)

4. ? bis pi nits Stal.

In the absence of species for comparison, several forms are
temporarily determined as above. It seems as much a Ccn-
trotypus as an Acanthuchus.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July-Aug.), Brisbane (Nov.)

CLASSIFICATKIX OF THE FULGOROIDEA.

Stal's classification of 1866, followed almost entirely by
authors since that date, although separating the various groups
fairly well, places the last seven in a parallel series, with more
or less overlapping characters, an obviously unnatural arrange-
m.ent. So many of the Fulgoroid genera are unknown to me
in nature, however, that I am prevented from any thorougli-
going revision and can only ofifer some hints.

Hansen has laid great stress on the structure of the antennal
sensory organs. My own researches confirm this, but at pres-
ent I do not think it is practicable. Selected forms display the
characters very sharply, but in a large number, it is impossible
to see anything definite at a magnification of i'88 diameters, and
it is impracticable to focus a compound microscope nearer, with-
out dissection, in the case of such minute antennae as those of

92

many Achilini, Ricaniinae, &c., and many forms are still known
only as uniques.

I have therefore used the venation principallv. especially the
condition of the costal vein.

I have given little value to one of Stal's principal characters,
viz: the running of the anal vein into the conmiissure or into
the apex of the clavus. as all intermediate stages are present
and it separates obvious allies.

The arrangement of sensory organs on the nymphs will prob-
ably be of great value, but from lack of certain definite material
1 cannot elaborate certain clues I seem to have found.

The following is an affciiipf at a more natural grouping:

Fam. 1. Poekillopteridae.

Costal vein fully developed, costal area nearly always with
cross veins (*). Pronotum nearly always truncate behind. Sul)-
apical transverse hne or lines on tegmina. (f)

Subfamily i. Lophopinae.

Head narrower than pronotum ; labium short, stout, the last
segment short. (The antennal sensory organs appear to have
an encircling of a few upright spines). Pronotum basally trun-
cate. Costal vein fully developed, costal area with cross veins.
No properly defined subapical transverse line or lines on the
tegmen. Clavus not granulate. Hind tibiae spinose. First
segment of hind tarsi short and stout.

Embraces 12 genera, the 7 established or confirmed by Stal,
as well as Asforga, Brixioidcs, Bisiiia, Jivatma and Pifoiiibara.
Distant describes species in Scrida and Zaiiiila, appearing to
have overlooked the fact that Stal has cited Zamila as a synonym
of Pyrilla, and stated that Scrida was not to be distinguished
from Lophof'S. The structure of the head and the venation ex-
clude Kiismiia, J'aruia and Padaiida placed here bv Distant.

Subfam. 2. Tropiduchinae.

Clavus not granulate. Pronotum tricarinate, emarginate be-
hind. Hind tibiae spinose, first segment of hind tarsi usually
somewhat long.

* Except 0.swr, Tamlnnia, and etc.
+ Except the LniilntiniKie.

93

Tribe i. Tanibiniini.

Costal area very narrow, not veinetl transversely. Isf^orisa,
Co/gonna, Ossa, Tanibiiiia and perhaps Paricana, &c.

Tribe 2. Tropiduchini.

Costal area broad, veined transversely. Kitsiima, ]\inna and
Banina (the two first placed bv Distant amono- the Lophopidae
to which they have no resemblance, superficial or otherwise);
Coiiiia, FJica, Rhofala. Daradax, Ficarasa and Epora : Stacota, and
Tropiduclius, Eodryas (*), Pclfodicfya, Vaiiiia, Rliiiiodicf\a and
^'Xs''\s<^ and Plcgmatoptcm, (the latter placed by Stal in the
Diictyo]:)horini!).

Subfani. 3. Ricaniinae.

Clavus not granulate. Pronotum unicarinate, emarginate be-
hind. Hind tibiae spinose, first segment of hind tarsi usually
rather short.

Tribe i. lUadinini (=:Nogodini auctt.)

Frons not wider than long, lateral margins of clypeus keeled.
This runs very close to certain Tropiduchini.

Tribe 2. Ricaniini.

Frons not longer than wide, lateral margins of clypeus keeled.

Subfam. 4. Poekillopterinae.

Clavus granulate; hind tibiae spinose. Cross veins in costal
area, and unusually a transvere line on the apical part of the
tegmen.

Tribe i. Poekillopterini (=:Flatinae).

Tribe 2. Phalaenomorphini (=:Flatoidinae).

Family 2. Issidae.

Costal vein usually developed, tegmina often coriaceous and
reduced; clavus not granulate. Sensory organs on antennae
not surrounded by spines.

* New name for Bporo Mel. 1903 nee Walker, 1857, which is allied to Kusuma
(Distant.) Melichar has described and figured it; type melichari

94
Subfani. i. Amphiscepinae.

Costal vein apparently not developed, tegniina Poekillopteri-
niform, much reticulated as a rule. Hind tibiae not spinose.
Frons not angulate laterally. There are onlv about 5 genera
in this little group, Aiii/^Jiisccpa (^=Acaiialoiiia), Chlorochani,
Thiscia, Philafis and Parathiscia.

Subfam. 2. Issinae.

Costal vein full_\ developed, or if not then the tegmen more
or less coriaceous, with reduced venation. Hind tibiae spinose.
Frons not angulate laterally.

This large group of nearly 80 genera runs very close to the
Amphiscepinae on the one hand and to the Poekillopterinae on
the other.

Subfam. 3. Eurybrachyinae.

Costal vein rarely not developed. Hind tibiae spinose. Frons
angulate laterally (except Gcdrosia). Tcgmina usually coloured
and opaque. Distant has placed an intrusive 'd' in this name :
and places the group next to the Fulgorinae, probably because
the tegmina are coloured.

Family 3. Tetigometridae.

This small family is usually placed among the Issinae. It
differs from all the preceding by the segmented antennal bristle,
the peculiar form of the antennal sensory organs and the gen-
eral Tetigonioid appearance.

Bnichyccps, Hilda, Egropa, Eurychila, Miiriccphaliis and Tdigo-
iiuira.

» * Family 4. Fulgoridac.

Claval vein not granulate ; costal vein not developed. Hind
tibiae nearly always spinose, without a mobile spur. Sensory
lobes present on antennae, bristle not segmented.

Subfam. i. Cixiinae.
Anal vein of wing not reticulate.

95

Tribe i. Cixiini.

Often 3 ocelli. Tegmina not reticulate apically, the anal vein
runs into the commissure.

Tribe 2. Achilini.

Doubtfully distinct from Cixiini and only retained for con-
venience. Two ocelli always ; the anal vein runs into the apex
of the clavus. Chroncba, Kirbyaiia and Mclandcva placed in the
'Cixiinae' bv Distant, do not agree with his characters, but be-
long here. Kiiinara and ParuzcUo perliaps belong here.

Tribe 3. Dictyophorini.

Not easily distinguished from the preceding by words, but of
different habitus. Tegmina usually reticulate apically.

Aiigila (placed by Distant in the Issinae), Lcitsaha and Moiiof^sis
(placed by Distant in the Tropiduchinae) belong here. In
Lciisaha. the anal vein runs into the apex of the clavus.

Subfam. 2. Fulgorinae.

Anal area of wings reticulate. Tribes Fulgorini, Aphanini and
Omalocephalini.

Fam. 5. Asiracidae.

Hind tibiae with a mobile spur ; antennal sensory lobes ab-
sent, bristle segmented; costal vein not developed, clavus not
granulate.

Fam. 6. Derbidae.

Clavus granulate (except in a few forms) ; anal area of wings
(in most forms) with a stridulatory area. Hind tibiae without
a mobile spur. Antennae often very remarkable, bristle not
segmented. Crystal vein not developed. Last segment of labium
rarely otherwise than annuliform.

Vckuiifa, placed by Distant in the Achilinae, is a Derbid.

"Hicracia" icalkcri Sign., is very evidently not a Hicrana at
all. I am of the opinion that it forms a group near there some-
what intermediate between Issinae and Tropiduchinae, together
with Kama, Arnforfas, Hicracia, Grynia, as well as Flavina and
Nilalohifa, (the two latter placed by Distant in the Issinae) and
perhaps Padanda (of Distant's Lophopidae !). Signoret's species
forms the new genus Dolia, distinguished from Hicracia by the

96

i,Teater number of tibial spines. It seems to be near Flavina,
but the face is very different ; it seems also near NilaloJiita, but
the clypeus is differently formed. Type li'alkcri Sign.

There seem to be therefore, in the Fulgoroidea, four principal
types : .

1. The Pockillopteroid, in which the costal vein is well de-
veloped. While such forms as Lophops and Plata seem little
allied, yet the Ricaniinae form a link which it is hard to break.

2. The Issoid, in which the costal vein is usually developed.
I think the Amphiscepinae (including Acanalonia, &c.) clearly
belong here and not to the Poekillopteridae. Tonga is a re-
markable form of uncertain affinities ; I placed it at first among
the Poekillopteridae. The Tetigcmetridac form a distinct family
of apparently "degraded" Issidae.

3. The Fulgoridae have the costal vein obsolescent except
basally. The Asiracidae are apparently developed from forms
like Olianis, but their many peculiarities render their separation
necessary.

4. The Derbidae are probably polyphyletic, Nisia, Laiiicnia
and some other forms approaching the Cixiini and Achilini.

The first and second groups apparently oviposit on the outer
surface of leaves, while the third make an incision in the leaf
or stem and place the eggs inside. Of the Derbidae, no eggs
have, I believe, been found in nature.

Mr. Distant has recently criticizt'd parts of my former memoir,
relating to the Fulgoroidea, in the A. M. N. H. (7) XIX, 395-416
(1907)'''. Those acquainted with Mr. Distant's works wi'l, I am
sure, wonder that Mr. Distant should complain of incomplete
and rudimentary descriptions in other workers. I have con-
sidered his synonymical propositions in their several places. I
may point out here however that Mr. Distant has so "carefully
studied" my memoir, that he has misunderstood the scope of the
entire work, the nature of which is plainly indicated even on the
title page of the parts.

Poekillopteridae.

Lophopinae.

Astorga.

Stal (1866 Hem. Afr. IV) places the "Lophopida" among those
groups in which the anal vein runs into the apex of the clavus

* See my reply op. eit., later.

\

97

or into the sutura clavi. Melichar (1903 Horn. Ceylon) incor-
rectly characterizes it as "Head and eyes together as wide as the
I'ronotum" (added to Stal's character of the anal vein running
into the claval suture), although he includes therein Elasmoscchs
radians and platypoda in which the head is much narrower than
the pronotum. Astorga bears a very close general resemblance
to Lophops, but the anal vein clearly runs into the commissure :
however, it is best located in the Lophopinae at present. It may
be distinguished from Loplwps by the form of the tegmen.

I. sacchai'icida.

Un PI. XXVIII, f. II, of my former contribution, an ocellus
should have been depicted between the apex of the antennae and
the anterior margin of the eye, a little inwards ; a nymph of this
species is figured on PI. I, figs. 8-9.

I do not regard Kiisiiina, Wirina and Padanda of Distant as
Lophopid.

Tropiduchinae.
The following are now figured :

Rhiiiodictya qiiaesitrix, PI. IX, figs. 12-13.

Pclfodictya kuraiidae PI. VIII. figs. 3-4.

Distant (1907 A. M. N. H. (7) XIX, 416) cites Peltodictya
as synonymous with Ficarasa Walker. In the latter, however,
the apical cells of the tegmina are reticulate, while there are no
cross veinlets at all in Peltodictya from the apical margin right up
to the subapical line.

It may be useful to point out that Mr. Distant's correction of
the misprint in the reference to the figures of Vaniia viticnsis is
itself incorrect. As mentioned in the 'Errata' at the commence-
ment of the volume, J' anna vitiensis adult is figured PI. XXVIII,
figs. 7-9 and the nymph on PI. XXVII, figs. 6-7.

The following have been described as Tropiduchinae :

Ficarasa anstralasiac Distant 1907, op. c, 287, Queensland (very

probably belongs to my genus Peltodictya).
Magia snboceUata Distant, op. c, 288, do.

I regard the following genera as Tropiduchine :

Plegmatoptera, placed in the Dictyphorinae by Stal,
Kiisuma and Varnia, placed by Distant in the Lophopinae. I
do not regard the following genera as belonging to tliis sub-

98

family, viz : Lciisaba, Hiracia, Kama and Paruzelia. 1 also fol-
low Ashmead and Swezey in placing Monopsis Spinola (:=No-
nopsis Distant) among the Dictyphorinae ; it certainly is not Tro-
piduchine as Distant pretends. (See A. M. N. H. (7) XVIII,
356).

Ricaniinae.

Euricania.
tristicula.
Hab. Viti Levu, (Mar., K.), Rewa (Dec, Apr., M.).

Plestia.
I. margiiiata.

Plestia do. (Montr.) Melichar 1898 Ann. ^Iiis. Wien. XlIT,
294, PI. XII, f. 17; PI. XIV, f. I.

Hab. Viti Levn, Rewa (Feb.-Apr., M.).

The parts described in previous descriptions as yellow, are pale
opaque green, in fresh examples.

Gactulia.

Distant (p. 394) states that the head is considerably narrower
tl;an the pronotum. This is incorrect as a generic character, for
in G. chrysopoidcs, the eyes project very slightly beyond the pro-
notum ; Distant's figure (203) also scarcely bears out his diagno-
sis, moreover the clypeus is not carinate, as indeed Stal also stales.

Poekillopterinae.
Siphanta.

The Australian species may be disposed as follows:

1. Vertex distinctly longer than wide i galcata

I a. Vertex not longer than wide 2

2. Vertex scarcely (if at all) wider than long; species 8 mm.
long (or more) 3

2a. Vertex nearly (or quite) twice as wide as long; [tegmen
with dark scattered granules! ; species not more than 8
mm. long 7

3. Reddish (or blackish) granules on tegmen, especially on
clavus 4

99

3a. No reddish (or blackish) granules on tegmen ('*') 6

4. Vertex angulate, sutnral angle of tegmen rounded 5

4a. Vertex rounded, sutural angle acute 2 acutipcnnis

5. Vertex longer than pronotum, frons scarcely longer than
wide (typically with a yellow stripe on tegmen) 3 toga

5a. Vertex and pronotum equally long, frons twice as long as
wide 3a patruelis

6. Anterior margin of pronotum entire (truncate or rounded)

4 acuta

6a. Anterior margin of pronotum notched minutely in the mid-
dle 5 breviccps

7. Species under 6 mm. long 6 granuJicoUis

7a. Species 6 mm. or over 8

8. Colour of tegmina pinkish testaceous 8 granulata

8a. Colour of tegmina orange yellowish 7 lucindae

8b. Colour of tegmina greenish or yellowish green .Q

9. Granules on cerium few, small and inconspicuous ; prono-

tum without a red line : disk of scutellum with one green
line 9 subgranulosa

9a. Granules large and conspicuous, pronotum with a red longi-
tudinal line, disk of scutellum with three green lines....
10 sejisiHs

N. B. rubra Schmidt remains unrecognizable to me.

I. galeafa.
PI. V, fig. 3 & PI. VI, figs. 3-4.

2. acutipcnnis.

PI. Ill, fig. I & PI. VI, figs. 1-2.

The reddish and blackish granules on the tegmen, as well as
some usually conspicuous crimson spots, distinguish this at once
from kS. acuta.

3. toga

PI. Ill, fig. 3 & PI. VII, fig. II.

The Rundaberg record should be deleted, and on p. 455 line 3,
for "tatter" read "latter."

• This does not refer to the exceedingly minute greenish, yellowish or brownish
granules numerous in each (or most) of the reticulations on the tegmen.

lOO

4. acuta.

PI. Til. figs. 2 & 4; PI. VI, figs. 13-14.

This species is also a little variable as regards the apical mar-
gin af the tegmcn. In some examples it is slighth- but distinctly
concavely emarginate, in others slightly convex, and it varies a
little as regards the prominence of the sutural angle. The ova in
sitn and the last nymphal instar are figured on PI. VI, figs. 17-20.

5. brcviceps.
PI. Ill, fig. 2.
Allied to acuta, not to acutipciniis.

6. graiiulicollis.
PI. IV, fig. 2 & PI. VI. figs. 7-8.

The vertex, in what I suppose to be this species, is usualK- 0I)-
tnse-angled. but varies from that to being distinctly rounded.
The scutellum is shorter than in the other species, the disk is
typically brownish-red with one longitudinal green stripe.

Length: 5 to 5% mill.

Hab. New South Wales. Sydney (Jan. -Feb.) Alittagong (Jan.")

The 6". iniinita of Melichar is perhaps a varietv of this, intro-
duced into Saint Helena. In all the species of Siphanta I have
seen, the apical margin of the tegmen is always spotted with
crimson, though sometimes extremely faintly, as probably is the
case with S. niinuta.

7. lucindae.
PI. l\\ fig. 3 & PI. VI. figs. 5-6.

8. granulata.

PI. IV, fig. 4.

Very close to the last, but yellower, and more granulate on the
corium.

9. subgranulosa.
(=zgranitUcoUis Kirkaldy olim. nee Stal)
PI. V, fig. I & PI. VI. f. 12.
Hab. Queensland. Cairns (July- Aug.. P.). Bundaberg (June
P.). This possibly =S. rubra Schmidt.

lOI

lo. scnsilis, sp. nov.
PI. IV, fig. I, & PL VI, figs. 15-16.

Allied to grainilicoliis. Init larger, the corium with more gra-
nules which are also larger individually. Pronotum green with
one red stripe. Disk of scutellum brownishred with three green
stripes.

Length 6 to 6^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July-Ang.).

Thanatochlaiiiys gen. nov.

Allied to Siplianta, but the vertex is short, narrow, flattish but
a little swollen along the middle, very slightly ascendant, not
granulate. Frons elongate, with 5 strong keels. Clypeus not, or
obtusely, keeled at the side. Pronotum granulate, stronglv keel-
ed medianly. Scutellum shining, not granulate, flattish though
a little inclined to be swollen anteriorly. Venation dififerent,
angles of tegmina not prominent. Tibiae with one spine.

I. tristis sp. nov.
PI. V, fig. 4 & PI. VI, figs. 9-10.

Vertex and pronotum olivaceous with paler keels and granules.
Frons and scutellum fuscous with paler keels. Clypeus, legs,
abdomen beneath, etc., fuscotestaceous. Clavus olivaceous with
blackish granules, corium dark fuscous with paler veins and
blackish granules basal two thirds of exterior margin paler.

Length 7^4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July).

Phantiopsis.

Phantiopsis Melichar 1905 Ann. Mus. Hung. Ill, 474.
=^Aphaiioplja)itia Kirkaldy 1906, op. c, 458.

I. aiistraJiaca.

PI. VII. figs. 4-6.

fliaiitiopsis auslraliaca Mel., 1. c, 475.
:=Aphanophaiitia citsciificida Kirk., 1. c, 459.

I02

Issidae.

This family contains three subfamihes :
I Face not laterally angulate (2)

1 a Face laterally angulate 3 Eurybrachyinae

2 Hind tibiae with a spine or spines i Issinae

2a Hind tibiae spineless in adults (but spinose in nymphs) ....

2 Amphiscepinae

Issinae.

The following- table is amended from the first memoir :
I Tegmina reaching at least to apex of abdomen, clavus
sutured off from corium (2)

1 a Tegmina in the form of narrow, elongate straps, reaching far

beyond the apex of the abdomen ; wings rudimentary ;

hind tibiae vvith two spines 10 Alleloplasts

lb Tegmina abbreviated, clavus not sutured off from corium:

wings rudimentary ; hind tibiae with one spine

9 Gclastissit.':

2 Wings reaching at least to apex of abdomen (3)

2a Wings absent or rudimentary (6)

3 Appearance Cercopoid ; wings deeply incised apically. . . (4)
3a Appearance Poekillopteroid ; wings not incised apically....

4 Tylana

4 Frons longitudinally carinate, sometimes feebly ; inner fork

of radial vein practically forming a straight line with the

basal stalk of the vein (5)

4a Frons polished, not carinate ; inner fork of radial fornung an
obtuse angle inwardly, with the basal stalk of the vein ....
3 Phaeopteryx

5 Tegmina less than 2^ times as long as broad, inner fork of

radial vein not reforking till just basal of the apical margin

I Clihiuiydoptcvyx

5a Tegmina over 3 times as long as broad, inner fork of radial

reforking well basal of the apex of the clavus

2 Apsadaropteryx

6 Hnd tibiae with i spine 5 Lipocallia

6a Hind tibiae with 2 spines (7)

7 Hind margin of pronotum straight (8)

7a Hind margin of pronotum widely emarginatc 6 Bilbilis

8 Frons basally truncate, with a keel along the middle

7 Hystcroptcrum

I03

8a Frons medianly emarginate at base, with a median and a cir-
cular keel 8 Orinda

Chlamyduptcryx gen nov.

Allied to Sariiiia Mel., but the venation is different. Head and
pronotum not at all flush. Circular keel of frons continuous and
the apico-lateral part of frons a little lobate. Frons granulate
around the keel. Fore tibiae somewhat widened. Type zndtnr-
niis.

I. viilturnus.

PI. VII. figs. 15-16.
Issiis 7'iilfiiniits Kirkaldy.

2. ridicidarUis.

PI. VII, figs. 12-14.

Iss]ts ridicidariiis Kirkaldy.

In both these species, part of the frons is visible dorsally. the
base of the rounded basal carina being visible above as a straight
keel ; vertex almost truncate basally. The outer branch of the
radial vein is strongly arched basally. In C. ridicularius, the
clypeus is striate, a character however probably not very im-
portant.

5. ciirobiitin sp. nov.

Allied to the last, but the colour is browner. Vertex more
transverse, the apical margin almost truncate, frontal keels very
feeble. Outer branch of radial angularly bent near the base,
as seen from above.

Male : pygciphor as in C. ridicularius.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (August).

Apsadaropte-ryx gen. nov.

Allied to Sarinuh but the subcircular keel of the frons is con-
tinuous except at the apical margin and the clypeus is slightly
striate; the veins of the tegmen are strongly marked and the
inner fork of the radial vein reforks well basal of the apex of the
clavus. Fore legs not widened.

104

I. eloiigatitlits.
PL VII, figs. 9-10.
Issiis clongatnlus Kirkakly, 1. c.

Phacoptcryx gen. nov.

Differs from the above by the exterior branch of the radial
vein being ahnost rectangularly bent near its base ; the subcostal
cell apical of this bending is very narrow, with numerous trans-
verse veins. Frons broader than long, convex medianly, no keels
except the transverse basal one. but the lateral margins are flat,
posterior margin emarginate. Base and lateral margins of frons^
the pronotum, &c., strongly granulate.

I . sidnicns.

PI. VII, figs. 20-1.

The nymph of this is figured (figs. 17-19).

Orinda gen. nov.

Allied to Hystcroptcniin, but the frons basally is emarginate
v.dth acute lateral angles, and the venation is quite different. Ver-
tex transverse, truncate apically and basally. Costal margin
roundly dilated at the base, then subconstricted. Wings rudi-
mentary.

I. lucindae.
Saniiis lucindae Kirkaldy, op. c, 440.

Tylana.

I'yiaiia (Stal) Melichar 1906 Abh. Zool. hot. Ges. Wien III
(pt. 4) p. 198.

I. aciitipcnnis.

PI. VII, figs. 1-3.

LoUius acutipenrus Kirk.

This is not Tylana acutipennis Mel., which is differently colour-
ed and has the submedian frontal keels uniting with the median

105

well apical of the base of the frons (and not almost at the base)
and more arched laterally. (*)

2. aiignstifyons.

LoUiiis angtistifroiis Kirkaldy.

Tylaiia coiispiircata Melichar, 1. c. 2O3.

Of unrecorded Australian forms, I now add Bilbilis modcstmii
Stal, from "Nqrth Australia" and New South Wales.

Mr. Muir did not collect any Issinae in Fiji, but the following
are noted by Melichar :

Tylana intrusa Melichar, and T. oriciitalis Mel.., from Ovalau,
and T. picciis (Walker) from V'iti Levu, the last named also from
Aru and Papua. The Genus Tylana has an interesting distribution
viz.: North America (i sp.), Borneo (i sp.), Celebes (2 sp.),
Papua and neighboring isles (6 sp. ), New Caledonia and Lifu
(3 sp.), Australia (2 sp.), l^'iji (3 sp.), Samoa ( i sp. ). and the
Mascarene Isles (2 sp.).

In Bulletin I\' of this di\ision (1907), I described one new
Issine from North America, and doubtedly identified another. I
have been able since to confirm these by Melichar's Monograph,
Bruchomorpha inoniio being allied to B. pallidipes Stal, but quite
unicolorous, except part of the legs, as described. Piciinina ova-
ti pen II is may be confirmed.

Eurybrachyinae.

I must leave my former notes in the same unsatisfactory state,
as I still do not know what Stal meant to define precisely by
b.is genus Platyhrachys.

Recently (1906 A." M. N. H. (7) XVHI) Di.^tant has des-
cribed one genus and 3 species from Queensland, as new. Yarrana
206, seems to difi^er from Dardus Stal, only by the much longer
tegmina.

1 sinnata 207; Queensland, Townsville, Karanda (sic!) and
Cairns.

2 coiitinuata 207; Queensland. Townsville.
Olonia Stal.

6 marginata 206 ; Queensland.

Distant (1907 op. c, XIX, 415) very confidently synonymizes
Dardus inimaculatus Kirkaldy with D. obscnrns Distant. The

* For Ti//rM((M(ri(/(;«'?()(i.v Mfl.. wbicli is a Bornean syicpies, I propose the name
T. (hialidna.

io6

latter however has the face and legs pale sanguineous, while in
the former the face is uniformly dark brown (except for some
pale and clypeal specks), and the hind femora only are sangui-
neous, the rest of the le^s being piceous except as indicated in my
description.

Fulgoridae.

Cixiinae.

Distant, following Alelichar, places Kirbyana in the "Cixiinae,"
despite the fact that the anal vein reaches the apex of the clavus,
that there are only two ocelli and that the clypeus is laterally
carinate, a combination of characters which according to Distant
himself, would place the genus in the "Achilinae." He also ]jlace,^
the genus Kinnara in the "Achilinae," but there are three ocelli
here and the anal vein scarcely reaches the apex of the clavus ; it
therefore belongs to the "Cixiinae."

Tribe Cixiini.

The Australo-Fijian genera fall into groups as follows:

1 Antennae elongate, distinctly visible beyond the lateral mar-

gins of the head 4 Soloiiaima

la Antennae minute (2)

2 Scutellum with 5 keels (3)

2a Scutellum with 3 keels (4)

3 Vertex extending but little beyond the eyes, face not folia-

ceous I Oliarus

3a Vertex extending well beyond the eyes, face subfoliaceous

laterally .' '■ 2 Urvillca

4 Frons with 3 distinct ocelli (5)

4a Frons with 2 ocelli (6)

5 Tegmina widely rounded towards the apex 6 Lcinocssa

5a Tegmina long and narrow 5 Myndiis

6 Head produced in front of eyes, vertex elongate (7)

6a Head scarcely produced, vertex not elongate ( 10)

7 Tegmina of usual C/.r;;/5-form (8"*

7a Tegmina (as seen dorsally ) strongly compressed ....(9)

8 Tegmina not granulate 3 Ncsocharis

8a Tegmina strongly granulate 7 ^ aroliis

107

9 Genae very clearly separated posteriorly, lateral margin of

frons remote from eyes, ocelli and antennae

8 Gclastocephalus

gi' Genae much narrowed posteriorly, lateral margin of frons
close to eves, ocelli and antennae 9 i\ csochlainys

10 Head dorsally doubly carinate transversely. . lo Lcptochlmuys
Toa Head not carinate transversely below the front margin. • (ii)

1 1 Tegmina of usual 0'.rn/^"-form 1 1 Calamistcr

iia Tegmina strongly compressed (as seen dorsally) (t2)

12 Base of vertex slightly emarginate 12 Australonia

12a Base of vertex truncate ( 13 )

13 Pronotal emargination anteriorly nearly touching base of

vertex 13 Dysthcafias

13a Pronotal emargination not nearly touching base of vertex. .
14 Oiiirosia

0 Hants.

Four species are now added, 3 from Fiji, and i from Queens-
land. I regret that I have not had time to study the genitalia of
the species, as these present good characters. The following table
comprehends the 12 Australo-Fijian species now known.
I Apices of the first and second segments of the hind tibiae
each with about twenty small spines which do not (or at
least only one or two of them) extend beyond the apical
margin of the segment (subgenus Nesopoinpc nov.) . . (2)

1 a Apices of these segments with from 5 to 8 (according to the

species) larger spines which mostly extend well beyond
the apical margin of the segment ( Olianis sens. str. ) . . (3 )

2 Tegmina hyaline (type of subgenus) 11 felis

2a Tegmina hyaline, the apical fourth smoky. . . .12 saccharicola

3 Axillary vein of tegmen running into anal vein, basal of the

middle of the latter (4)

'^a Axillarv running into anal at. or apical of. the middle of the
latter '. (8)

4 Axillary very short, not quite half (taken from its curving

Or angulation at the commissure) the length of the stalk

of the anal i la^rtcs

4a Axillary long, more than half the length of the stalk of the
anal (5^

5 Tcgminal veins more or less thickly granulate (6)

5a Tegminal veins not. or obsolescently, granulate. .2 kainpaspc

io8

6 Veins basal of the membrane dark 3 asaica

6a Veins basal of the membrane pale, with dark granules. . (7)

7 Head and scutellum pale 4 talunia

ya. Head and scutellum black and castaneous 5 lilinoc

8 Vertex much narrower at the base than an eye (9}

8a Vertex scarcely, or not, narrower at the base than an eye

(10)

9 Lateral margins of vertex forked at the anterior margin of

the eyes, so that the anterolateral margins of vertex do
not reach the apical margin and are connected therewith

by 2 very short, parallel, keels 6 tasniaiii

9a Lateral margins of vertex forked well below the anterior
margins of the eyes, the inner margins meeting acutely
below the anterior margin of the head dorsally and con-
tinuing thereto 7 alcxanor

10 Tegminal veins granulate 9 sponsa

loa Tegminal veins not granulate 11

Ti I'egminal cross veins thickened, but not widely suffused..

9 Inhra

iia Tegminal cross veins strongly and widely suffu-ed

10 t/ielia'-'-

5. Uliiioc sp. nov.

Like a large, dark talunia, but the venation is different. Differs
from O. laerfes by the veins of the tegmen basal of the mem-
brane being pale (with dark granules), not dark, consequently
the dark hue of the suffused cross veins shows up more promi-
nently ; also by the greater length of the axillary vein. It is
allied to 0. asaica, but is much smaller, the tegmina are paler
and the vertex is much narrower. Frons and clypeus dark fus-
cous, median keel and lateral margins pale ochraceous. Scutel-
lum dark fuscous; the median keel, the lateral keels and the space
between them, and the extreme lateral margins ferruginous.

Length 534 mill.

Hab. Queensland. Cairns (July. P.).

6. tasmani sp. nov.

Allied to 0. alexanor, but the head form is different and the
tegminal granules feebler. Blackish, keels dark ferruginous,

* Distant has recently described two species. O. diunkniia and (). hihni from
Queensland (1907 A. M. N.H. (7) XTX, 282), but It is not possible to identify tlieni from
the descriptions. N. B. Since the above Mas in proof. Distant lias renanie<i his \\li/hra,
"(Hcerfrt,"' an excellent name judging by his description.

109

frons ferruginous, sometimes suft'used with f'lscous. Pronotuni
pale, lateral margius fuscous. Tegmiua hyaline, veins mostly
pale with fairly closely set but not prominent fuscous granules.
Subcostal vein yellowish fuscous ; stigma dark fuscous ; apical
veins and subapical transverse veins suffusedh- dark fuscous.
Wings hyaline, veins dark fuscous. Legs bright yellow, obscure-
ly annulated with fuscous. \'ertex as in 0. alcxaiior, but the
lateral margins are forked at the anterior margin of the eyes,
so that the anterolateral margins of vertex do not reach the
apical margin and are connected therewith b\' 2 very short paral-
lel keels. Labium reaches the hind coxae. Thee are 6 spme,s"
each on the apex of the ist and 2nd segments of the h'nd tarsi.

Male : .sterna and abdomen more or less piceous, hooks, &c.,
pale.

Length (male) 5^^ (female) 6]/% mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Muir).

The scutellum is sometimes ferruginous between the keels.

The species is named after Tasman. who discovered the Fijian
aichipelago.

9. Inbra.

PI. \'III, figs. 7-9.

A rather smaller race, the males measuring as little as 6 mill..
lias been found in \'iti Levu by ATuir (Xo. 7) in Ba (Jan.), Rewa
(Mar.-May) and Navua (Feb.) on Breadfruit. (Artocarpits in-
cisa) : they may be termed var. z'itieiisis.

TO. phclia.

PI. Vin, figs. IO-T2.

T I . fclis.

PI. vnr, figs. 5-6.

12. saccliaricola sp. nov.

Allied to 0. fclis Init distinguished by the smoky apical fourdi
of the tegmina.

Blackish ; keels of vertex, lateral keels of frons and clypeus,
legs, &c., pallid ; hind femora more or le^s fuscous : keels of
scutellum (usually) and median keel of frons ferruginous. Pro-

no

notuin pale, latral margins fuscous. Tegmina milky hyaline,
apical fourth smoky, veins of basal two-thirds pale, not granu-
late, veins of apical third darker, with dark fuscous granules.
Wings smoky hyaline, veins fuscous. Abdomen more or less
blackish.

Length (male) 4^ mill.

Hab. Mti Levu (Muir No. 81), Rewa (Dec. M.), on Sac-
channn officinanirii.

Urvillca gen. nov.

The characters of Olianis, but the vertex extends well beyond
the eyes ; frons and clypeus apparently fused but there is an
ocellus in the middle of the facial keel ; the face is ampliate and
foliaceous in the middle laterally. Tegmina not granulate.
Superficially like Occlciis but the posterior femora are spined,
and the venation is Oliarine. This genus the type of which is
U. mclancsica, is named after the celebrated traveller Dumont
d'Urville, who made the first chart of the Fijian group.

I. mclancsica, sp. nov.

Black ; head keels (blackened at anterior margin ) . tlie foliaceous
part of the face, labium (except the blackisli fourth segment),
legs (except the tarsi which are partly dark), tegulae, &c., yellow
or brownish-yellow, lateral margins fuscous. Scutellar keels dark
ferruginous. Tegmina hyaline, veins on basal two-thirds
l)rownish-yellow, subcostal and those on apical third dark fus-
cous; cross veins a little suffused, apical margin narrowly smoky,
stigma dark fucous. Vertex parallelsided, nearly four times as
long as the basal width extending in profile nearly one-half the
length of an eye in front of the latter. First segment of hind
tarsi with 6 teeth apically, second with 5. Labium reaching to
hind trochanters.

Length (male^ 7- (female) 8 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar.- Nov., M.).

Ncsocharis, gen. nov.

Apparently not very closely related to any known Cixiine. Tt
differs from Ci.viiis by the venation and the simple legs. From
Occlciis it d'iffers by the basal cell emitting 3 veins.

Vertex excavated, posterior margin acute angularlv emar-
ginate. Face elongate diamond-shaped (flat), more than twice
as long as wide, widest about the antennae, subconstricted at the

Ill

fiontocl}peal suture which is a Httle obsolescent; no vertical fos-
settes. Pronotum acute-angularly emarginate posteriorly.
Scutellum with three straight keels. Subcostal margin of teg-
mina sinuate near the base and also a little apical of the middle.
Internal cell of clavus granulate.

I. kalyf^so, sp. nov.

(Text figure i).

Black; head keels (anteriorlv blackened), face, antennae,
pronotum, sterna and legs whitish. Tegmina hyaline tinged
with yellowish, subcostal vein near the base and from the stig-
ma apically, radial vein and its forkings, stigma, apex antero-
obliquely, claval vein apically &c., smoky often a Httle sufifused-
1}'. Vertex extending- a little in front of eyes, lateral keels
somewhat convergent anteriorly, forking about the apical mar-
gin of the eyes. Labium reaching nearly to apex of hind femora.

Length (female) 4^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu. Rewa (Mar. M.).

Soloiiaiiiia solonaima.
PI. VIH. fs. 13-15.

Myiidus.

Myndits Stal. 1862, Berlin Ent. Zeit. VL

A North American genus, the Japanese species described by
LThler being, according to Matsumura, an Oliarus. The species
now described is possibly not a true Myndus, but agrees in all
apparent essentials.

I. z'iticiisis sp. nov.

Blackish; vertex soiled brownish-yellow, pronotum whitish;
keels and lateral margins of scutellum sordid ferruginous. Teg-
mina sordid hyaline, basal veins pale, subcostal vein and apical
third with veins dark fuscous suiTusedly, and with 2 curved dark

112

fuscous streaks. Sterna and legs sordid brownish yellow. Ab-
domen blackish brown. Vertex with lateral margins slightly
converging apically. extending a little in front of the eyes.
Frons as broad as long, lateral margins strongly reflexed.

Length (female) ^i mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Navua (Feb., M.).

Lciriocssa gen. no v.

Apparentl}- allied to Brixia, but the vertex is liroadcr than
an eye and well produced anteriorly. Antennae not exserted,
second segment globular. Pronotum of very different struc-
ture. Tegmina apically rounded, distinctly widening towards
the apex. Hind tibiae with 3 larger and sometimes one or two
smaller spines. Type forfricofiwrpha.

1. tortriconwrpha sp. nov.
PI. XXM I, figs. 9-21.

husco-testaceous, irregularly sufTused with fuscous. Disk of
scutellum tinged with ferruginous, a pale line down the middle,
darker fuscous outside the lateral keels. Ocelli ruby-i ed. Teg-
mina subhyaline, veins pale with dark granules and an ashy
fuscous band, etc., as in the figure.

Length of body, 4^ mill; expanse of tegmina nearly 11 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug.), Kuranda (Aug.)

2. I'itiensis sp. nov.

Differs from the above by the more elongate and differently
patterned tegmina.

Head, pronotum and scutellum sordid piceofuscous, underside
and antennae pale, 3rd ocellus rubid. Fore and middle femora
fuscopiceous (except the extreme apex and base), tibiae of the
same suffused with fuscopiceous. Tegmina hyaline tinged with
cinereous, veins cinereous whitish, basal half with blackish-
brown granules, apical half not granulate (except a few inward-
ly); two or three blackish-brown markings near the base and a
transverse band across the corium a little basal of the middle.
Wings milky hyaline, veins pallid. Labium reaches well beyond
hmd coxae.

Length 5i| mill.

Hab. \'iti Levu, (Mar., Muir's No. 142), on a native tree in
the bush.

113

Lcptoch/aniys gen. nov.

Somewhat allied to Calamistcr, but the head is different and
the tegmina are strongly compressed.

X'ertex transverse, scarcel}- extending so far as the anterior
niargin of the eyes, part of the frons visible dorsally. Head
laterally stronglv carinate (a little f(jliaceously on the frons),
frons and cl}peus strongl}- keeled niedianly, vertex strongly
keeled anteriorly transversely, and there is a transverse keel be-
tween this and the base but no longitudinal keel. Antennae very
short. Ocelli present. Pronotuni deeply emarginate poster-
iorly. Scutellum with 3 keels.

coiiipirssa sp. nov.
PI. VIII. figs. 1-2.

Brownish testaceous, a little browner on the scutellum. Be-
neath testaceous. Tegmina subhyaline testaceous, veins mostly
concolorous (except the darker marginal), feebly granulate, apex
of subcostal eel! and adjacent apical cells, interoapical (round-
ed) angle, etc., smoky.

Length 4^4-5 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July), Kuranda (Aug.)

Dysfhcafias gen. nov.

Allied to LcpfocJilajiiys but the vertex is only slightly trans-
verse and extends beyond the eyes anteriorly; there is only one
cross keel between vertex and frons. Vertex truncate behind,
the pronotuni almost rectangularly emarginate, nearly touching
base of vertex. Frons apically angularly emarginate, 3rd ocel-
lus absent. Tegminal veins strongly granulate, the granules
piliferous.

I. becchcyi sp. nov.

Pale testaceous; face (and scutellum except the keels and the
apical fourth) irregularly suffused with pale purplish-brown, and
four lateral spots at union of frons and vertex. Posterior angle
of scutellum whitish. Tegmina hyaline milky, veins whitish
with pale hairs, the cross-veins on apical half suffusedly fus-
cous; tegmina strongly and prominently granulate with dark

114

fuscous, an oblique da/k fuscous band on apical half and several
short irregular markings; apical veins subsufTused. Legs pale,
with brown annulations.

Female : abdomen short, tegmina extending about as far be-
yond the abdomen as the length of the hopper.

Var. fiiscata, nov.

Like the type, but scutellum not suffused with fuscous; teg-
mina much darker and sufifused all over with fuscous.

Length 5^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Muir).

Named after Captain William Beechey who voyaged in the
Pacific in the "Blossom."

Aiistraloiiia gen. nov.

Somewhat like Kiiiuara (which is a Cixiine, not an Achilid),
but there is no third ocellus, the pronotum is more deeply emar-
ginate, and the scutellum, much longer ; the venation diflferent,
etc. Vertex nearly square, margins elevated, disk greatly de-
pressed, basal margin slightly emarginate. Frons shaped much
as in Kinnara, but a little wider basally. Tegmina vertical.
Hind tibiae spineless.

I. a us tr ilia sp. nov.
PI. VIII, figs. 16-18.

Testaceous, tinged with ferruginous, paler beneath. Ocelli
ruby-red. Tegmina hyaline, veins pale with brown granules, a
few dark marks near the edge of the tegmen, as shown in the
figure.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug.)

Qnirosia gen. nov.

Allied to Aiistraloma but the vertex is much smaller and nar-
rower, anteriorly is angular, and has two small pit-like depres-
sions anteriorly, base truncate. Frons as in DystJicafias. Teg-
mina! venation not importantly different from that of Aiistra-
loma.

Named in honor of P. F. de Quiros, voyager in the Pacific.

115

I. I'ificiisis sp. nov.

Sordid testaceous. Tegmina hyaline, tinged with sordid yel-
lowish, veins and stigma paler, grannies on anal vein dark.
Wings hyaline, veins fuscous.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Revva (Mar., M.).

Ncsoclilaniys gen. nov.

Differs from Gclastoccplialus by the quite different head and by
the not so strongly compressed tegmina. Frons acutely carinate
medianly.

I. I'ificiisis sp. nov.

Fuscous, the head keels yellowish. Clypeus, labium and legs
whitish. Pronotum and scutellum dark fuscous, the hind angle
of the latter minutely white. Clavus yellowish-brown, the
apex fuscous, rest of tegmen dark fuscous or blackish except a
semi-circular spot near the apex, from the subcostal margin to
the middle of the legmen. Abdomen mostly dark fuscous.

Length 35-4^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar. Apr. Nov., M.), Navua (Feb.,

The following have also been described from Australia:
Brixia migratoria Distant 1907 A. M. N. H., (7) XIX, 279,
Queensland.

Cixiits iiicnila Distant, op. cit., 284. Queensland.

Achiliiii.

As stated elsewhere, I regard Kiiiiiara as a Cixiine; Vckinifa

is certainly an Issine and has nothing to do with Achilini.

Mr. Muir 'has collected 2 genera and 8 species in Fiji.

The following table will separate the Australo-Fijian genera:

I Pronotum produced apically as far as the apical margin of

the eyes; subcostal cell dilated; length 11 mill. .14 Ancipo

1 a Pronotum not produced apically nearly as far as the apical

margin of the eyes; subcostal cell not dilated; length not
over 7 mill (2)

2 Frons strongly impressed transversely; not (or very obso-
lescently) carinate; an opaque vVhite band on the face. . . .
13 Aristyllis

ii6

2a Frons not transversely impressed; more or less strongly
carinate medianly (3)

3 Lateral keels of frons meeting at its base and forming an
angle there (4)

3a Lateral keels of frons not meeting directly at its base,
which is more or less widely truncate (or slightly produced
laterally { 5 )

4 Vertex not longer than the eyes; genae foliaceous; eyes
not nearly touching the lateral margins 12 MajcUa

4a Vertex longer than the eyes, genae not foliaceous; eyes
practically touching lateral margins ii CaUichlainys

5 Vertex longitudinally impressed, with a further circular
impression in the middle 10 Franccsca

5a Vertex often longitudinally impressed (ent-relv, or between
the keels) but not further impressed circularly (6)

6 Two opaque white bands across the face (7)

6a Face not banded (8)

7 Vertex not carinate medianly, very transverse, apical mar-
gin not nearly touching-^ apical margin of head dorsally
and not connected therewith by keels 9 PyrrhyUis

7a Vertex carinate medianly, not transvere, apex touching
the apical margin of the head dorsally 8 BcncUa

8 Vertex transverse 7 Achilus

8a Vertex not transverse. (9)

9 3 to 4 middle apical cells of tegmina distinctly longer than
wide (10)

9a 3 to 4 middle apical cells of tegmina not (or scarcely)
longer than wide 6 Salcniiiia

10 Frons basally slightly angularly produced laterally

^ A rgclcusa

loa Frons basally truncate (or if very shghtly produced angu-
lately at the sides, then also similarly in the middle). .(11)

11 Vertex very lightly impressed longitudinally on each side
of the middle keel, wdiich is strong .(12)

iia Vertex deeply impressed longitudinally, not (or feebly)
keeled 4 CalUncsia

12 Lateral keels of vertex anterolaterally obtuse angled

3 Eiirynoiiicus

12a Lateral keels of vertex meeting anteriorly acutely or
roundly-acutely (13)

13 Apical cells of tegmina distinctly declivous, tegminal veins
granulate 2 Cyfhiia

117

I3a Apical cells not (or very slightly) declivous, tegminal veins
not granulate i PJicncUa

Phciiclia.

Mr. Muir has collected two species which I place provisional-
ly here. PhcncUa seems to form two subgenera:
I Vertical keels very strong, intracarinal areas very narrow ;

lateral keels of vertex meeting acutely

(a) PhcncUa sens, str., type cUdiptcroidcs

la X'ertical keels feebler, intracarinal areas wide; lateral keels

meeting roundly-acutely anteriorly. (b) Ncpliclia, type

biciiiicata.
The two species of Ncpliclia, are easily separable by the
colour :

I Tegminal veins pallid 2 bicnncata

la" Tegminal veins blackish 3 frisfrs

2. biciiiicafa sp. nov.

Male . Brownish-yellow, abdomen and body beneath paler.
Tegmina yellowish hyaline with 2 subopaque yellowish wedges,
very narrowly bordered with fuscous, near the apex of the sub-
costal cell and a blackish-brown speck in the second apical cell ;
veins pale except the stem and inner fork of the radial vein,
the claval veins, &c., which are yellowish-brown. Vertex about
2I times as long as the pronotum, produced before the eyes.

Length sJ's mih.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa ('Mar., M.).

3. trisfis, sp. nov.

^Malc : form of the last, but the vertex shorter, scarcely pro-
duced in front of the eyes. Pitchy, paler below. Tegmina dark
smoky, with 2 black-bordered white wedges near the apex of
the subcostal cell.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. \'iti Levu, Rewa (Apr., M.).

Eurynomcns. '

This may possibly he the genus Tangiiia, but the frons is later-
ally sinuate and the radial vein is forked apically. I am in-
clined (o think Melichar's figures faulty.

I . australiac.

PI. IX, figs. 7-8.

ii8

Calliiicsia gen. nov.

This genus is very close to PhcncUa and Eurynomcus, but is
distinguished by the structure of the vertex as stated in the
analytical table of the Achiline genera. A black spot always
present on the mesopleura. Type piilclira. The four species —
all from Fiji — are separable thus :

1 Clavus and corium bright red striped with yellow. . i pitlcJira
la No bright red stripes on the tegmen (2)

2 Clavus and corium yellowish with pale brownish stripes :
clypeus pale (3)

2a Clavus and corium greenish yellow with silver-grey or
brownish stripes ; clypeus black 2 ornata

3 Clavus and corium yellow with broad pale fawn bands

3 vcnusta

3a Clavus and corium yellowish with narrow orange brown
lines 4 pusilln

1. piilchra sp. nov.
PI. TX, fig. 17.

Yellow, legs and beneath paler; junction of vertex and frons
with a black horseshoe, a black dot on the vertex laterally. Eyes
black. Pronotum with a sanguineous spot anteriorly. Scutel-
lum with an angulate sanguineous stripe which passes over on
to the base of the tegmina, which are sanguineous with the fol-
lowing bright yellow marks ; a broad basal stripe, running from
the middle of the basal margin to the subcostal margin ; an
elongate straight spot from commissure (at posterior angle of
scutellum) half way across the tegmen; an oblique entire me-
dian stripe runing subparallel to the basal margin, and 3 lateral
or sublateral spots apical of that, the apical one at least being
Uiargined interiorly with fuscous. Apical and subapical cells
hyaline (some of the outer ones sufifsued sanguineously) with
sanguineous veins. Vertex deeply impressed, middle keel ob-
solescent. Labium reaching to middle coxae.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab. A^iti Levu, Rewa (Mar.-Apr.).

2. ornata sp. nov.

Fulvescent or yellowish testaceous, the head marked as in C.
pulcJira. Eyes and clypeus black. Posterior two-thirds of scu-

119

tellum intracarinally black (or silvery grey.) Tegmina fulves-
cent or yellowish, with fulvous veins, an oblque silvery grey (or
brownish) oblique band near the base and a large spot of the
same colour near the middle exteriorly. Apical cells smokv sil-
very. Wings parly smoky, partly margined very narrowly with""
canguineous, veins smoky. Sternites black, pleurites margined
with sanguineous. Head as in C. piilchra.

Length 4-2-4^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rev/a (Mar.-Apr., Muir).

3. vciiiista sp. nov.

Ivory coloured, vertex with a tiny black streak on each side of
the middle keel anteriorly and a black speck on the gena close to
the eye. Eyes reddish or pinkish. Pronotum with one and
scutellum with 3, orange brown spots on each side of the middle
keel. Tegmina with two more or less well formed pale fawn
transverse bands and one or two lines ; one or two blackish lines
on and beyond the subcostal cell apically. Wings hyaline,
veins blood-red. v^ertex a little less deeply impressed than in the
preceding, middle keel clearer.

Length 4-4^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Muir).

4. pusilla sp. nov.

Orange testaceous, paler beneath ; vertex with a black V an-
teriorly, and 3 black specks on the gena. Eyes red. Pronotum
with an orange-brown spot on each side ; scutellum with 2 in-
terrupted narrow transverse orange-brown lines. Basal half of
tegmen pale yellow with a transverse hyaline band and about
live undulating orange-brown transverse lines. Apical half of
legmen smoky hyaline, veins whitish, some a little tinged with
blood-red. Subcostal cell basally yellow, apicallv hyaline with
2 yellow wedges, basally bordered with black very narrowly.
Wings hyaline, veins very pale sanguineous. Head as in C.
piilclira.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu. Rewa (Mar., Muir).

Francesco.
Franccsca salciiiiiiopliila is now figured. (PI. Yll, figs. 18-19.)

120

Calliclilai)i\'s <^en. nov.

Apparently allied to Ciiidiis by the elongate-oval eyes ; has
somewhat the appearance of PscndohcUcoptcra.

Vertex narrowing gently towards the rounded apex, flattened
along- the entire length and niedianly carniate. Eyes elongate
oval, not as long as the vertex and decumbent on the pronotuni
Frons sinuate laterally, medianly carinate; clypeus small, lab-
ium reaching to about the base of the middle coxae. Proaio-
tum anteriorly subtruncate, posteriorly angularly emarginate.
Pronotum and scutellum tricarinate. The radial vein forks a
trifle nearer to the base than the brachial ; subapical cells pre-
sent ; apical cells elongate. Hind femora with a small spine.

There are two species :

I Vertex more than twice as long as an eye i iiiuiri.

la Vertex scarcely longer than an eye 2 iiiidiilata

I. inuiri sp, nov.
PI. IX, fig. 20.

Sordid whitish, vertex with 2 subcontiguous dark fuscous lines
on the apical half, clypeus fuscate. Pronotum and scutellum ros-
ily suffused discally. Tegmina hyaline, tinged with yellow, suf-
fused with sanguineous especially on the subcostal and radical
cells and clavus, also on the apical half of the apical cells ; veins
sanguineous ; the nodal veins fuscoiis, the basal one bordered
with yellow and a dark fuscous spot at the base of the second
apical cell.

Length 4i-5i^ mill.

Hab. \^iti Levu, Rewa (Alar. -Apr., Muir's No. 204).

2. nndnlata sp. nov.

Male: head, pronotimi and scutellum pale yellow; 2 subconti-
guous blackish elongate narrow spots (sometimes merging) close
to apex of vertex ; clypeus brownish ; 2 brown spots on pro-
notum ; 4 brown spots (2 in a row each side of middle line) on
scutellum between lateral keels, scutellum laterally brownish.
Tegmina whitish, very narrowly margined at least apically with
dark sanguineous, with about 4 oblique, partly a little obscure,
interrupted, brown rows of stripes ; subcostal cell with 2 yellow
wedges near the apex, margined with brown. Apical cells

121

smoky, veins partly pale. Legs mostly yellowish-white. Ster-
nites black.

Length 4 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., M.).

AristyUis.

The following species are now figured :
A. aristyllis, PL IX, figs. 3-4.
A. onipJialc, PI. IX, figs. 1-2.

A. adippc, PI. IX, figs. 5-6 (the type is a little immature, con-
sequently the frontal structure is a little obscure.

Aneipo.

Ancipo Kirkaldy.

=:Tiidca Distant op. c, 290.

I . diva.

A. diva Kirkaldy.

= T. pictiirafa Distant, 1. c.

The following have been described as Achilinae :
MaJiuna coiispcrsa Distant 1907, op. c. 290 Queensland.
Oiizvca doddi Dist., op. c, 292, do.
Talaloa pallcscais Dist., op. c, 295, do.

Dictyoplioriiii.

Distant has recently described the following:

Dicfyophara (sic!) prognaflia 1906 A. M. N. H. (7) XVIII, 352.
Queensland. He also (probably incorrectly) confirms a species
of Walker's in the same genus, viz :

D. concolor Walker 1851 List 322; Distant 1. c, North Aus-
tralia, Queensland and South Australia.

Distant, following Stal, incorrectly places Lciisoba in the
Tropiduchinae ; the absence of a well developed costal vein,
however, and the running of the anal vein into the commissure
just basal of the apex of the clavus, places this genus in the
Dictyophorinae. The genus Augila placed by Stal and Distant
in the Issinae, certainly has no place there ; it probably belongs
to the Dictyophorinae.

In the A. M. N. H. (7), XIX, 415. Distant boldly synonymizes
Thauatodidya hicindac Kirk, with Dicfyophara hifasciafa Dist., and

122

T. aiiadyomciic Kirk, with D. iiisignis Dist., but he rather unfair-
ly omits to mention that the hkehhood of these synonyms was
indicated by me at the same time. I thing the latter pair are
likely to be united, though they could not be from Distant's des-
cription. In the case of the former, D. bifasciata is said to have
ochraceous sternites, while in 7". lucindac, they are almost black,
in both sexes and in a good series. For the present, therefore,
I decline to accept Distant's synonym. In any case, the refer-
ence of these forms to the genus Dictyophora (or DictyopJiara as
Distant incorrectly cites it) is absurd.

Fulgorinae.
Eitrystheiis pcrkinsi.
This species was taken on a species of Castiariiia.

Enriiiopsycltc.

I unfortunately said (p. 389) that the tegmina are decumbent ;
on the contrary they are scarcely tectiform, it is the tegmina in
Eurysthcus that are subdecumbent. E. obsciirafa was taken from
"Queensland native plum."

Three new species have since been described from Australia
by Distant, who has indeed included them in Eurysthcus, but
as he compares t'hem with E. dilofafa, it is to be presumed they
belong to Euriiwpsychc.

2. doddi Distant 1903 A. M. N. H. (7) XVHI, 19 (Quc:ns-
land.)

3. dementi 1. c. (West Australia.)

4. paUesceus op. c, 20 (West Australia.)

Distant has also (26-9) described from Australia two sup-
posedly r.ew genera with three species, viz :

1. Galela parva (West Australia.)

2. G. abdoDiinalis (Colony not stated.)

3. Erilla turncri (Queensland.)

N. B. Dcsudaba macidata and the other species in Distant's
])aper cited (390 etc.), were publis'hed 1893 (Jan.), not 1892
(Dec).

On PI. VII, figs. 7-8, a nymph of a Fulgorine is figured. The
adult is unknown. In fig. 8 the sublateral keels are shown a
little too strongly and the anterior sensory organs have been
omitted.

123

Asiracidae.

The most obvious character of this family is the mobile spur
at the base of the hind tibiae. Its most primitive form is prob-
ably seen in Ugyops, Asiraca, &c., in which it is awlshaped, the
margins not serrate or dentate. There are two further types,
as mentioned further on.

The Asiracidae probably — almost certainly — are derived from
Cixiinae, but the mobile spur and the nature of the antennal
sensory organs necessitate the maintenance of a special family
for them.

Head.

In all known Asiracid nymphs, the frons has two keels
down the middle^ and the entire head is studded with sensory
pustules. In the adult Achorotile, both these characters obtain,
and this genus is therefore reasonably considered to be the most
primitive known Asiracid. The first step of importance in the
development of the family is in the fusion, almost wholly or m
part, of the median keels of the frons ; in some forms, they are
completely fused almost to the connecting keels, in others, only
as far back as the apical margin of the eyes. Laccocara has the
nymphal pustules, but has partially fused frontal keels. These
are the only two Asiracid genera known to me which have punc-
tured pustules in the adults. Of other head characters, the
most obvious is the form of the antennae ; in the majority of
forms, the first segment is short and cylindrical or annuliform.
the segment being subcylindrical and not, or not noticeably, fur-
ished with sensory organs ; in others they are varyingly flatten-
ed and dilated, elongate, and so forth.

The clypeus is sometimes carinate, sometimes not. The
genal keel sometimes meets the frontal keel acutely at the apical
margin, sometimes does not meet it. In one form, Paraiida, the
vertex is smoothly rounded in front, not (or feebly) carinate,
and this must perhaps be regarded as a more or less degraded
form.

Thorax.

Great stress has been placed on the lateral keels of the prono-
tum, two categories being supposed, viz. :

124

1. Lateral keels straight, meeting- the hind margin,

2. Lateral keels curved, not meeting the hind margin.
Very often however the keels fork near the hind margin, one

fork reaching the hind margin while the other curves outwards.
The scutellum of the mesonotmn may be i, 3, 4 or 5 keeled;
this is useful for generic separation.

Venation.

The venation is of comparatively little importance, as it is
often very variable, especially in the apical cells. The brachial
and radial are nearly always forked near the subapicnl line.
The median vein continues direct to the apical margin of the
tegmen in Asiraca, Conomcliis, Crioinorphiis, Tropidoccfliala and
Mctropis, but ends at the subapical line in Jassidaeits, Dclphacodcs
and its allies. The wings have (generally in the long-winged
forms at least) a small stridnlatory area. (See 'Tntroduction.")

Legs.

The legs afTord good characters.

In Asiraca, and Phyllodiiius, the fore pair are dilated, in other
genera, however, thev are cylindric.

A good character is afforded bv the mobile spur of the hind
tibiae, which has not up to the present ])een fullv utilized. There
are three principal forms:

(i) probably the original, in which it is simple, awl-shaped.
not provided with a fringe of teeth, but only one apical tooth.
This occurs in Asiraca, Melanesia and Ugyops.

(2) the usual form; large, bilaminate, with a row of many,
very feeble, minute teeth ; the species are probable grass-feeders.

(3) solid, subcultrate, elongate, narrow and strongly com-
pressed, with a row of a few, large, strong teeth. This form is
that of all the endemic Hawaiian species, but otherwise only
known to me in Protcrosydne, an Australian genus.

As the Hawaiian forms are all arboreal, this may be the char-
acteristic spur of arboreal species.

Genitalia.

The genitalia in the male are the final test of a species and
even afford generic criteria.

125

(a) Male i^enital segments.

The terminal segment in the male is in the form of a chitinons
cylinder, whose profile often affords good specific characters;
this is the pygophor. On Looking at this from behind, it is
seen to be divided into two parts, a smaller dorsal cavit\', the
anal tnbe ; and a larger ventral one, the genital tube.

The anal tube contains the uiobile anal style,* while the geni-
tal tube contains the following:

(i) the mobile genital styles which are articulated near the
ventral margin, being situated more or less horizontally on look-
ing into the tube.

(2) the oedeagus, which is situated about the middle of the
])\gophor and is more or less vertical on looking into the tube, so
that the ]n'gophor must be tilted to observe the former properly.
It is perforated by the muscular, protrusible, penis ;

(3) the lateral margins of the pygophor are often thickened
and dilated and also interiorly produced into hooks or spines.
There are also hooks or spines close to, or proceeding from, the
wall between the anal tube and the genital tube, and also on the
I)osterior margin of the pygophor.

The following is a partial synonymy of the parts :

1 Pygophor =:Pygofer Ed\va.r(\s^Affcrtraegcr VwhQr=^ri(l-
I'lir appendix Signoret=IIyp^pygittiii Kolenati.

2 Anal Tube=.^;;frr/or part of tlic segment Sharps A fterrohr
Rfelichar..

3 Anal Sty\e^=Rectal caiida Sharp=.lfferstielelieii Fiebcr.
This is the termination of the alimentarv canal.

4. Diaphragm =ir/? (7 transverse deflected wall separating the
anal tnbe from the genital tnbe (Sharp).

5 r)edeagus=rPorfr penis F\^hcr=^Penistrager Melichar. This
is the "part of the male organs through which pass the mem-
branous structures connected with the ejaculatory duct."

6 Genital Sty]es-= Lateral accessory pieces Sharp=.S"/3'/(' and
Criffel Fieber^Cfrrz of some authors.

7 \'entral Margin of Pygophor=Po.y/(';-/tir edge of segment=:
Lip Sharp.

The various hooks are not speciallv named.

* This has sometimes been omitted in the drawings.

126

In almost all the species hereafter described, the male pvgo-
phor is briefly described, but the figures should also be referred
to. In connection with both descriptions and figures, it must be
remembered that the pygophor is not always, or even often,
straightly truncate apically, that the different pieces do not
necessarily lie in the same plane, and, moreover, that thev are
partly mobile. Consequently when comparing with suspected
specimens, the latter should be carefully examined from several
points of view. The figures have almost all been drawn when
the genital styles, usually the most important part, are as flat
to the eye, as possible.

(b) Female Genitalia.

1 have not specially studied these, and have not used them
in the descri])tions, but they appear to present slight specific dif-
ferences in the lengths of the segments.

The Australo-Fijian Genera may be disposed as follows:

I Tibial spur awl-shaped, with concave sides, and one (apical )
spine (2)

I a Tibial spur bilaminate, or at least tectiform, with several
feeble spines on the lower edge (3 )

lb Tilnal spur subcultrate, solid, elongate, strongly compress-
ed with 8 strong spines 3 Protcrosydm

2 Antemiae very long, second segment one half longer than
the first, frontal keels uniting about the middle cii the
frons I U gyops

2a Antennae shorter, with the second segment 3 times longer
than the first, frontal keels uniting close to the base of
the frons 2 Melanesia

3 Antennae cylindric : male pygophor not spined on the ven-

tral margin (4 )

3a I'^irst segment of antennae flattened and much widened api-
call}' ; male pygophor with 2 spines on the ventral margin
7 Perkiiisiclla

4 Frons with 2 outwardly rounded keels, uniting at base and

apex (if at all ) 4 Crioinorpliiis

4a Frons with 2 keels uniting not apical of the lower margin
of the eyes ( 5 )

5 Head dorsally at least twice as long as wide (6)

5a Head dorsally less than twice as long as wide (8)

6 Hind margin of head sinuate 8 Steiiocraiiiis

6a Hind margin of head truncate (7)

127

7 No connecting (transverse or oblique) keels-on vertex. . . .

10 Tropidoccphala

7a Transverse or oblique subniedian keels on the vertex....
9 Hadeodclphax

8 Frontal keels uniting apical of one-fourth of the length of

the eyes f rontally (9 )

8a Frontal keels uniting not apical of that ( 1 1 )

9 Head rounded anteriorly, keels on frons very feeble. . . .

II Ancctopia

9a Head with strong keels (10)

ic Lateral keels of pronotum straight, or curving verv slightK-
inwards, reaching the posterior-margin ; male pygophor
without spines on the ventral wall of the anal tube. . . .
5 Peregriniis

loa Lateral keels curving outwards under the eyes; male pygo-
phor with spines on the ventral wall of the anal tube
6 Dicranotropis

1 1 Lateral margin of vertex roundly arched, not carinate, meet-

ing anteriorly roundedly, the central dorsal area long

triangular, strongly keeled 12 Haplodclphax

iia Lateral margins of vertex more or less straight and keeled

• (12)

12 Male pygophor with the ventral margin deeply emarginate

3 or 4 times 15 Megamcliis

1 2a Male pygophor not emarginate on the ventral margin more

than once 13 Gclas-

todclphax, 14 Smicrofatodclphax and 16 Dclphacodes

Ugyops.

Ugyops Guerin 1834 Voy. Belanger Zool. IV 477.

This genus is distrilnited over the Oriental Region and one
species was described from Ponape in the Carolines ; a new spe-
cies is now added from Fiji.

I. viticiisis, sp. nov.

Pale sordid stramineous, suffused in places with a rosy hue,
apical half of second segment of antennae infuscate. Keels of
head and scutellum very narrowly dark. Pronotum discally
fuscous. Tegmina hyaline, tinged with a smoky hue in parts,
subcostal vein pale, other veins dark fuscous, occasionally annul-
ate with yellowish white ; apical cells sparsely fuscous in parts,

128

especially aiMcall)' ; claval veins irregulaii\- suffused. Wing hya-
line, veins blackish brown, apical margin fuscate. Tergites mark-
ed with fuscous. Wrtex deeply emarginate, the truncate base be-
ing apical of the middle of the eyes (dorsally). b'rons much as in
Stal's figure of i^. kiiibcrgi, Init the central keels are not so pro-
minent basally and are less distant ; the lateral margins are more
evenly rounded towards the clypeus which is clearlv sutured off
from the frons. Second segment of antennae one-half longer
than the first. Labium long, reaching to about the hind coxae.
Tibial spur awl-sha]ied with 3 hollow sides, onlv one (an apical)
sjiine.

Female: pygophor pale x'cllowish ; ovipositor apicallv fuscous,
alx^iut as long as the nota and the rest of the abdomen.

Length 9-)4 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu (No. 133 Muir Mar. '06) arboreal.

]\fclanc<<ia, gen. nov.

Head dorsally a little longer than wide, vertex transverse,
irregularly shaped, with two fairlv dee]D but obscurel}- defined
foveae ; frons about twice and a half as long as wide, apically
and -basally truncate, a single filiform keel forking close to the
base, lateral margins widening a little towards the apex but nar-
rowing slightly at the apical margin. Genae not carinate. Lab-
ium reaching beyond the fore coxae. Antennae long and
reaching to about the middle of the clypeus, somewhat flattened,
Vvith few circular sensory organs, l)ut many short bristles ; second
segment three limes as long as the first ; which is rather wider
apically than basally. Pronotum very transverse, lateral keels
curving under the eyes. Scutellum four times as long as the
])ronotum, with 5 keels. Tegmina with the radial vein forking
much closer to the base than the brachial, reforked basal of the
subapical transverse line ; somewhat apical of the middle, the
tegmina are bent in and there is a cross vein which cuts across
the longitudinal ones, turning oft' oblif|Ucly towards the apex
about the middle and turning off again, close to the ape.x of the
clavus, into the commissure. Tegmina closely and finely granu-
lated both on and between the shortly piliferous veins ; there are
ic apical veins, 4th and 5th reforking, 7, 8, and q having a com-
mon base. Hind tibiae longer than the tarsi, with a basal spine
and another basal of the middle; spur much as in I'gvof^s: basal
segment of hind tarsi much longer than the other two together.

129

I. pacifica, sp. nov.
PI. XVII, figs. 13-14.

Vertex, pronotum and scutellnm yellowish fuscous, keels a little
darker ; face yellowish, lateral keels ver}- narrowly blackish-
brown ; antennae, labium legs, sterna, &c., brownish-yellow, the
fore and middle tibiae obscurely biannulate with fuscous ; apices
of first and second segments of hind tarsi, more or less dark.
Tegmina brownish-yellow, a small dark spot about the middle of
the clavus ; apical margin dark and often the subcostal also.

Male : sternites more or less ferruginous ; last segment deepl_\'
rotundately emarginate ; pygophor elongate, very sinuate in pro-
file ; anal tube elongately produced in a horizontal direction. Geni-
tal styles contiguous inwardly for a third of their length, then
curving outwards and recurving, apices acute, nearly contiguous.
The entire male pygo])hor is very peculiar and very difficult to
describe, but the figures show clearly the salient characters.

Female: sternites yellowish-brown, sutured with black, few
last segments deeply acute-angularlv emarginate. ovipositor dark,
much longer than pygophor.

Var. strigafa nov.

Female : a broad blackish-brown stripe down the tegmen from
base to apex, slightly outside the middle.

Length 6>4-6>4 mill.

Hab. Fiji (March, JMuir's Nos. iii, 114 and 14.S), Navua
(Feb. M), Rewa (March M), arboreal.

Purohita Distant.
1906 Faun. Ind., Rh. Ill, 465 & 470.

This genus must be placed in the neighborhood of Asiraca on
account of the structure of the antennae and tibial spur, though
the latter shows some alliance with Perkiiisiella &c. The hopper
has a close superficial resemblance to Olianis.

I. arundinaeea Distant.

1907 E. M. M., XLIII, 10.

I am obliged to Messrs. Mann and Antrim for specimens of
this pretty little hopper. Beyond the greater length of the sec-

130

ond segment of the antennae, it differs from P. cervina by the
radial and brachial veins of the tegmen being forked at about
the same distance from its base, while in P. cervina the radial
is forked much nearer the base. I still further supplement Dis-
tant's superficial descriptions by figures of the male genitalia ;
male pygophor of irregular shape, very deeply and elongately
emarginate ventrally ; the anal tube forms a kind of hood, cover-
ing over the genital stves. which are acutelv elongate. (PI. XV,
figs. 6-8).

Protcrosydync, gen. nov.

Distinguished by the absence of connecting keels on the ver-
tex, the very large eyes, and the peculiar tibial spur.

Vertex subtriangular (the anterior and posterior halves of the
lateral margins very obtuse angled, so that, although the vertex
is really 5-hedral, it may be said to be triangular), with no me-
dian or connecting keels; lateral keels not quite contiguous api-
cally, almost enclosing an elongate exceedingly narrow space be-
fore imiting about the apical margin (frontally) of the eyes.
Between the apex of the vertex and this forking, the head is
highly polished and the keels rather obscure, otherwise the keels
are all well marked. The median keel reaches the apical margin
of the frons, which is a little emarginate roundedly. Vertex
deeply concave, about as long as wide and does not extend as
far anteriorly as the yes, thus displaying a rcunded frontal mar-
gin. Frons rather narrow, elongate, subparallelsided. slightly
rounded exteriorly. Middle keel of genae meets lateral margins
of frons at an acute angle at the apical margin of the frons ;
clypeus rather feebly tricarinate. Head not decumbent on the
pronotum anterolaterally. Eyes very large, about as wide as
vertex, longer than wide. Antennae subcylindric, long, reaching
almost to apex of clypeus, second segment scarcely more than
twice as long as the first, a little wider apically than basally,
flagellum much longer than peduncle. Pronotum longer than
vertex, narrower apically than the vertex basally, strongly tricar-
inate, lateral keels straight, reaching posterior margin, not conti-
guous anteriorly ; posterior margin slightly, obtuse-angularly.
emarginate posteriorly. Scutellum with anterior three-fourths of
disk roundly convex and polished, posterior fourth flat, rather ob-
scurely tricarinate, middle keel not reaching the flat part. Teg-
mina (brachypterous form only known) granulate, reaching be-

131

yond apical margin of last pleurite. Wings rudimentary, reach-
ing very little beyond base of metanotum. Hind tibiae with
2 spines (i basal), nearly one-half longer than tarsi; spur solid,
elongate, narrow, with 8 spines. First segment of hind tarsi
longer than the others together.

I. arbor ea sp. nov.

PI. XVIII. figs. 11-12.

Basal part of vertex, the clypeus, pronotum, scutellum antero-
laterally and basally, metanotum, sterna, legs, etc., pale yellow-
brown. Apical part of vertex, basal two-thirds of frons, a large
round spot on disk of scutellum, polished black. Antennae pale
brown, second segment more or less infuscate. Apical third of
frons whitish. Tegmina hyaline, basal half tinged with yellow-
ish-brown, a large hyaline spot in the middle (with a short, dark,
transverse stripe at base), which, when the tegmina are closed,
discloses the tiny, opaque white wings. Tergites blackish, basally
reddish testaceous, apically with a pale yellow-brown, elongate
wedge ; apical margin of last three tergites sanguineous.

Female : sternites pale brown, ovipositor blackish. Last tergite
longer than the proceeding segment, apically roundly produced.

Length 2^ mill.

Hab. Queensland. (Koebele 2302).

Only a single female, unfortunately, of this very distinct form.

Ci'ioniorphiis.

Criouiorpliiis Curtis 1833 Ent. Mag I, 195.

Stiroina Fieber 1866 ^^erh. Zool. hot. Ges. Wien XVI
( ?=subgen.)

Ditropis Kirschbaum 1868 Jahrlx Nass. Ver. Nat. XXI-XXIT,
p. II.

Eurybrcgiiia Scott 1875 E. M. M. XII, 92.

A somewhat heterogeneous assemblage, some of the forms of
which seem not far from being directly in the line of descent of
Dicranotropis. The pygophor is destitute of spines or hooks
on the ventral margin.

I. australiae sp. nov.

Differs from most of the other species included in Cnoinor-
phus by the frontal keels being separated, though close together,

132

during their entire length; the antennae reach beyond the base oi
the clypeus. Dark fuscous or pitchy, frons and legs a little
paler, the former with 5 or 6 tiny paler spots on each side ; clypeal
keels and lateral keels of frons, antennae, markings on legs, &c.,
brownish testaceous. Tegmina hyaline.

Male : pygophor pitchy.

Length 3J mill.

Hab. Queensland, Brisbane (Nov., P.).

Peregrinus.

Peregrinus Kirkaldv 1904 Entom. XXXVII, 175 and 1906
Bull. H. S. P. A. Ent.' I, 407.

=Pundahioya (pt.) Distant 1906 F. B. I, III, 467.

This genus agrees with Dicranoiropis in the forking of the
front, in the antennae, in the non-contiguity of the frontal and
genal keels apically, in the ocelli not nearly touching the lateral
keel of the frons, but being situated close to or touching the
eyes, and in the form of the tibial spur. It differs chiefly in the
tegminal and alar venation in the macropterous forms, and in the
lateral keels of the pronotum which practically reach the hind
margin and curve inwards here rather than outwards. The second
and third apical veins have a common stalk, the latter being re-
forked. The pygophor has no spines or hooks on the ventral
margin in the males, nor on the ventral wall of the anal tube.

■^ I . maidis.

PI. XII, figs. 7-8 & PI. X. f. 14.

This has further been recorded from the Antilles by Ballnu. from
Ceylon (under the names of Liburnia psylloidcs and Piindalitoya
sinipHcia) by Distant, and Mr. Muir has taken it from grass in
Fiji, Rewa (Mar.-Apr.-Nov., No. 6). Mr. 'Van Deventer has
sent it to me from Java.

Dicranotropis.

In the males, the ventral margin of the pygophor is without
hooks, but there are some on the ventral wall of the anal tube.

The 5 Australasio-Oriental sj^ecies known to. nie may be dis-
posed as follows :

133

(a) Longvvinged forms :

I Tegmina maculate (2}

1 a Tegmina practically immaculate (3 )

2 Tegmina strongly granulate, apically with a semicircular

stripe and 2 short, straight stripes 3 koebclci

2a Tegmina feebly granulate, apically with a straight stripe. .
4 imiiri

3 Apical veins dark, slightly infuscate i aiuh'rida

3a Apical veins pale 2 arisfoxciiiis

(b) Shortwinged forms.

I Tegminal veins pale, not granulate i aiidcrida

1 a Tegminal veins with large, dark granules (2j

2 Frons apparently concolorously fuscotestaceous, fore tibiae

black (?) 5 nigropunctatus

a Frons blackish brown with pale yellowish specks ; fore tibiae

brownish black, pallidly annulate 3 kocbelei

Many of the European genera seem to be but little differen-
tiated from Criomorpkus, for ex., in the form of the frons, Dicran-
otropis Jiainafa seems much nearer to Dclphacodcs than it does
to Dicranotropis beckeri. (*)

anderida sp. nov.

Differs, beyond the points already mentioned, from any other
Dicranotropis, by the head keels not being bordered at all with
Ijlackish, except D. nigropnnctata Melichar, which has dark genae
and dark lateral parts to the nota, &c. Orange brown, the keels
of vertex and nqta, and the parts exterior to the lateral keels of
the nota mostly, pale yellowish testaceous. Frontal keels very
narrowly bordered with pale yellowish orange, frontal specks the
Scime colour. Antennae pale orange testaceous, apex of first seg-
ment dark fuscous. Tegmina pale yellowish hyaline, veins of
basal two thirds mostly pale, of apical cells fuscous somewhat
suffusedly. Frons elongate, narrower, subparallel, a little con-
stricted basally, forked a little basal of the apical margin of the
eyes. Tegminal veins very feebly granulate.

* I propose a new genus for this last species, viz. : Leimonodite. characterized by
the frontal keels beiiiK separate till nearly the apical margin. From Ci'iomorphiis it
differs by the longer and narrower frons, whose median keels are stalked apically. If
this genus cannot be sustained, then Dclijhncixha, <''rii)m()rpliiis. DicronntropiK and
several others, must be thrown together.

134

Shortzinnged form : tegmina much as in D. hamata, the apical
cells, or at least one of them, fuscous.

Female : abdomen more or less infuscate laterally.

Length 2j/^ (brachyptercus), 4}^ ( macropterous) mill.

Ilab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.), Redlynch (July, P.).
Brisl)ane (June, P.); Fiji, Rewa (Muir's No. 160, Mar.-Apr.),
Ba (Jan., M.), Navua (Feb., M), on grass. 1 have seen females
only.

2. aristoxeniis, sp. nov.

Very close to the last, but a little smaller and coloured dififer-
ently.

Pale yellowish testaceous, without orange colouration and the
frons not (at least noticeably) maculate.

Tegmina pale yellow hyaline, veins uniformly pale testaceous,
not granulate. Lateral margins of frons very slightly more
rounded laterally and more constricted basally.

Length 35^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.).

I have seen females, only, of this also.

3. D. kochelei (Kirkaldy).
PI. VJII, figs. 9-10 & PI. XVH, figs. 8-9.

PhacoJastor kochelei Kirkaldv 1906 Bull. H. S. P. A. Ent. I,
408.

Since my original description, I have seen a shortwinged
female.

Dark fuscous ; keels, spots on frons, second segment of an-
tennae, intermediate and hind legs more or less, &c., yellow-
ish testaceous. Tegmina cinereous (granulations dark fuscous),
reaching to about half the length of the abdomen, apically round-
ed. The male pygophor is subtrotundate viewed end-on, the
ventral margin projecting acutely in profile.

Length 2^ mill.

Hab. Fiji (March, K.).

4. iiiuiri sp. nov.

PI. XII, figs. 4-6.

Pale cinereo-testaceous, metanotum posteriorly vellow. Sternites
blackish, laterally variegated with yellowish-brown, medianly sub-

135

sanguineous. Genital segments pale. Tegmina hyaline, veins
whitish ; second longitudinal apical cell smoky, apices of apical
veins infuscate, also a short fuscous line near apex of commis-
sure. Keels of frons forked about the middle of the eyes.

Male: pygophor beneath very deeply emarginate basally. Anal
tube with a strong spine on each side overlooking the genital
tube. Genital style elongate reaching from end to end. The
oedeagus is remarkably long and is subhorizontal.

Length 43^ mill.

Hab. China, Wei Chou (Sept.).

I have great pleasure in naming this species after its dis-
coverer.

Perkinsiella.

Perkinsiclla Kirkaldy 1903 Entom. XXXVI, 179 and 1906
Bull. H. S. P. A. Ent. I, 404.

Fliacalastor Kirkaldy op. c, 408. (part)

A derivative of Dicraiiotropis from which (& Pcrcgri)iits) it
differs by the antennae being flattened and dilated, the apical
margin of the first segment being much broader than the base ;
the genal and frontal keels meet acutely apically. The venation,
and the form of the head and pronc.tum are similar to those of
Dicraiiotropis. In the male the ventral margin of the pygophor
has two hooks or spines of varying length and form, according
to the species. The males of the six species known to me are
easily distinguishable by the form of the pygophor, otherwise
the species may be separated as follows: (*)

I Frons with a more or less uniform ground colour, with
transverse pale dots, &c (2 )

1 a Frons basally brownish, apically whitish, the two areas well

contrasted, the former with pale dots (3 )

2 Frons pale brownish, with whitish dots basally and apically

5 vastatrix

^2?. Frons piceous with brownish-yellow transverse dots, &c.
I pseudomaidis

3 Males (4)

3a Females (7)

* Perkinxiclln is also closely relatpd to t)ie Anierioan Stnhaera, but in the latter the
head is distinctly narrower tliau the ]ironotiun and the pygophor has no spines on the
ventral margin in the male.

136

4 Scutellum laterally broadly dark brown (5 )

4a Scutellum concolorous (6 )

5 Tegmina feebly granulate 3 saccliaricida

5a Tegmina strongly granulate 6 sinensis

6 Antennae sborter, granulation dark and stronger

2 graiiiinicida

6a Antennae longer, granulations paler and feebler. .4 I'iticiisis

7 Longwinged forms (8)

7a Shortwinged forms (9)

8 Tegmina almost immaculate, some of tbe apical veins lightly

suffusedly infuscate 4 vitiensis

8a Median cell sometimes smoky, also 5th and 6th apical cells
(except small hyaline spots at apex} 3 saccliaricida

9 Antennae longer and stouter, tegminal granules compara-

tively feeble and paler 3 saccliaricida

9a Antennae shorter and less stout, tegminal granules stronger
and darker 2 graminicida

Table of known nymphs of the genus PcrkinsieUa.

1 Ground colour of frons darkish-brown with white marks :

a dark brown stripe across the base of the tegminal and

wing pads, apex of tegminal pad dark brown

I pscndoniaidis

la Frons dark basally with pale marks, pale apically ; tegmina
not striped transversely as above (2)

2 A conspicucius black spot at apex of abdomen on each side ;

tibial spur fuscous 2 graminicida

2a No spot (or very inconspicuously) at apex of abdomen on
each side ; tibial spur pale (3)

3 Base of ist segment of hind tarsi brown; clypeus blackish-

brown 4 vitiensis

3a First segment of hind tarsi entirely pale ; clypeus pale fus-
cous 3 saccliaricida

The nymph of sinensis is not yet known ; that of vaslatrix has
been briefly described by Breddin, but not so as to be included
in the table.

I. psendomaidis.

PI. XII, figs. 1-3.

Phacalastor pscndoniaidis Kirkaldy 1. c.

This species tends to connect typical PcrkinsieUa with Dicrano-
fropis, but still has the widened antennae. Mr. Muir has now

137

taken it in Fiji (Mar., Muir's No. 131), on Sacchanim offici-
naruni. The male pygophor has two, somewhat short, ventral
spines, and in profile the ventral margin is acutely^ produced.
The genital styles are somewhat twisted. The ventral wall of
the anal tube has 4 spines, the dorsal being longer than the ven-
tral. The ccaitents of the pygophor have been drawn from 'i
specimen in whicji they were not in repose.

2. gmmiiiicida.
PI. XII. figs. 14-15.

The male pygophor has two very short spines on the "lip,"
and two long curved tusks from the ventral side of the anal tube.
The genital styles are apically bispinose and the oedeagus is
rather small.

3. saccharicida.

PI. VIII. figs. 5-8. PI. XII. figs. 11-13.

Dr. Van Dcventer has kindly sent me examples from Java.
In PI. 17, fs. I and 4 of my former memoir, the obscure median
keel of the scutellum was omitted.

The male pygophor has two broad spines, acuminate apically,
on the "lip," and two upward curved tusks on the ventral side
of the anal tube. The genital styles are broad and rather flat,
bispinose apically. The oedeagus is rather long and has a trian-
gular process on the middle of the "back."

4. vi Hen sis.

PI. XII. figs. 9-T0.

The "lip" spines in this are slender and very long. The geni-
tal styles are mcdianly branched, as well as bispinose apically.
The oedeagus is long and broad. The spines on the anal tube
are bifid.

5. vastatrix.

PI. X. figs. 12-13.

Dr. Van Deventer has sent me a male of this from Java, where
however it is apparently not the commonest species, this being

138

P. saccharicida., (*) The male just mentioned agrees with Bred--
din's description, whereas the one sent me years ago hy the lat-
ter was a D'xcranotropis, not agreeing with his description. The
females then sent hy Dr. Breddin were true vastatrix. The
spines cai the "lip" are very long and hroad in profile. The geni-
tal styles are very remarkable, being much branched and ap-
parently somewhat basin-like. The oedeagus seems to emerge
nuich nearer the anal tube than usual. The spines from the lat-
ter are triangular and rather broad basall}'.

6. sinensis sp. nov.
PI. X, figs. 14-15.

Male {macro pteroiis) : differs from saccharicida by the strong-
ly granulate tegmina and the genitalia. The clypeus is mostly
dark brown. The paler and darker hues are brighter and more
contrasted. The pygophor has long tusklike spines on the "lip,"
the genital styles are curiously twisted with a crumpled spine
apically, the oedeagus is not unlike that c,f viticnsis, but rather
shorter. The spines on the anal tube are long and slender.

Female (brachypteroiis) : tegmina with pale veins strongly
granulate with dark brown ; a dark brown spot at the base of the
apical cells in the middle and one at the apex of the clavus.

Length (male) 4^8 (female) 3J4 mill.

Hab. China: Wei Chou (Sept., Muir).

Stenocranus.

= ? Sogata Di.stant 1903 Faun. Ind. Rh. Ill, 465 and 471,
f. 258.

I . agamopsyche.
PI. XI, figs. 1-4. and PI. XVII, figs 6-7.

This species is nearest to dor sails (Fitch). The radial vem
forks nearer to the base than the brachial, and there are 8 apical
cells, the 4th and 7th being pedicellate.

The male pygophor is emarginate sul)dorsally and the outline
is sinuate. The anal tube has an acute tooth on either side.

* See Kirkaldy "Descriptions et remarqiK's sur quelqnes Hoinoptercs vivant [s

sm- la caiine a snore" A. S. E. Belg., L I, 123-7 (1907),

139

The genital styles are large and of peculiar form. The oedeagus
seems to be double, or at least to have two hook-like processes.
The nymph is figured on PI. XI, figs. 3-4.

2. paclficiis sp. nov.
PI. XV, figs. 4-5.

Pale yellow, a broad whitish median line down the middle
from head anteriorly to hind margin of scutellum very narrowly
bordered with orange-yellow. Frons, between the rather broad
whitish keels, fuscous, this being visible dorsally. Mesopleuron
with a black dot. Tegmina hyaline, tinged with yellow, veins
pale yellow, fuscous at the apices of the apical veins. Eyes red-
brown. Head much shorter than in 5". agamo psyche, dorsally
very slightly longer than the pronotum medially.

Male : pygophor yellow, emarginate ventrally.

Profile sinuate. Anal tube prominent, with a downwardly
directed spine on each side far down. Genital styles contiguous
at base, diverging thence, spined apically. Oedeagus elongate,
subascendant, with a recurved process near the apex.

Female: pygophor yellow, ovipositor sheath paler.

Length (male) 4, (female) 4^8 niill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., M.), Navua (Feb., M.), Ba
(Jan., M.), (Muir's Nos. 54 and 140), on Saceharum offlcinarum
and grass.

Saceharosydiie, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Sfejiocraitiis, but whereas, in the latter the
radial vein forks nearer to the base than does the brachial, in
Saceharosydiie the reverse is the case, the radial fork in the lat-
ter being very short. There are 7 apical cells, the 4th being
pedicellate. The head dorsally is very similar to that of Sfeno-
craiiits, but is angular in profile, the latter being rounded. In
profile, the head is very similar in appearance to that of Tropi-
docephala. but the latter is at once separated by the absence of
cross keels on the vertex. Tibial spur broad, usual type with
many small teeth. Type saecharivora (Westwood).

I. saecharivora.

Aphis sacch-ri (p.) Anon., 1833 Mag. Nat. Hist.. VI 407, f.
54b. [incorrect] — not described.

140

Delphax saccharwora Westvvood, op. cit. 409, figs. 54a and c
[incorrect] ; and 1834 op. cit., \'I[ 496 and 610: Rallou 1905 W.
I. Bull., VI. 41 . '

Stenocraiiits (?) saccharizwiis Van Duzee 1897 Bull., Buffalo
Soc, V, 2T,2 and 1907 op. cit.

S. saccliariz'om Kirkaldy 1906 Bull. Ent. H. S. P. A., I, 409.

This species was originally confused with an Aphis (probably
A. sacchari Zehntn., but I liave not seen specimens).

It is easily recognized by its immaculate pale green colour;
spur-spines, &c., black spur with 18-20 spines.

The nymphs differ but little from the adult, excepting the
usual manner, and have 2 parallel keels on the frons, close to-
gether and not uniting.

Hadeodelphax.

There are at least two Australasian species :

I Head in profile extending almost or quite the length of the

eye in front of the latter i pluto

la Head in profile scarcely as much as half of the length of the
eye, in frcnt of the latter 2 perse pliouc

I. pluto.
PI. XVII, fig. 12.

Macropterous form: the posterior angle of the scutellum is
Vv^hite, and the median keel of the pronotum is sometimes pale.

Male : pygophor sinuately rounded viewed from the end. The
genital styles are recurved and broadly bifid at their ends.

Length (brach.) -^Yj, (macr.) 4% mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns, (July-Aug., P.)- Lucinda Point
(July, P.); Fiji, (Feb., K.). Navua (Feb., M.). Ba (Jan., M.),
Rewa (Apr. and Dec, M.).

var. pallidior no v.

I hesitate to describe this as a species, as I have seen only
females, and H. pluto is certainly subject to natural decoloration.

Macropterous form: Testaceous, frons piceous brown, more
or less paler laterally; pronotum obscurely marked with pale
brown and scutellum with an obscure longitudinal stripe on each

141

side of the middle. Tegmina faintly smoky, hyaline, veins most-
ly dark, first and second apical cells more or less colourless,
fifth to eighth more or less dark smoky. Sterna paler than in
the type.

Brach}'pterous form: Pale brownish testaceous, paler be-
neath; tegmina narrowly smoky apically. commissure whitish,
brown near the apex of clavus.

Length (brach.) 23-4, (macr.) 4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P.); Fiji, (March, K.), Ba
(Jan., M.). Rewa (Apr. and Dec, M.).

2. pcrscphonc sp. nov.
PI. XVII, figs. lo-ii.

Black; vertex, frontal keels dorsally, keels of pronotum and
sides of the latter, central keel and posterior angle of scutellum,
commissure (interrupted in the middle), whitish. Antennae and
legs whitish or whitish testaceous. Tegmina dark smoky, first
and second apical cells and the apex of the subcostal cell, hya-
line, veins blackish-brown; wings hyaline, veins blackish-brown.
The pronotum and scutellum are often more or less decolored
(sometimes there arc 2 black specks on apical margin of vertex).
The vertex proper (basal compartment) does not extend an-
teriorly so far as the apical margin of the eyes.

Male: genital segments dark brownish. Inside margin of
pygophor sinuate. The oedeagus serrate marginally. The
genital styles are very irregular in form.

Female : genital segments dark brownish, ovipcsitor-sheath
paler.

Length (brach.) 3. (macr.) 3^-4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July-Aug., P.).

Tropidocephala.

Tropidoccphala Stal. 1853 O. V. A. F.. XT 226 (type //az'/rf/'.O.

Nephropsia A. Costa 1862 Ann. 'Mus. Zool. Napol. I 76 (type
elc stalls).

Conicoda Matsumura 1900 Ent. Nachr., XXVI 258 (type
p'auiinca).

Orchcsina Melichar 1903 Houi. Ceylon 94 (type marginepimc-
fafa). "

Ecfopioptcrygoddpha.v Kirkaldy 1906 Bull. H. S. P. A. Ent. I.
412. (type eximins.)

142

Siiiam Distant 1906 Faun. Ind. Rh. III. 478. (t3^pe fcstiva).

I tliink these are all synonymous. Tibiae apically with 5 short,
black, equal spines as viewed ventrally ; spur short, broad- a
little concave on one side, without teeth.

Male : pvgophor with one spine on or near the lip in the mid-
dle.

There are about a dozen species, distributed from Southern
Europe to South Africa and to Australia and Japan. The three
Australian forms may be differentiated as follows: (in all three,
the tegminal veins are granulate and more or less hairy).

1 Nodule near the apex of median vein conspicuous, much
larger than the one near the apex of radial, the median no-
dule split into two small ones which are not contiguous.
Tegmina more or less dark with hyaline spots (2)

la The brachial nodules seem a little uncertain. Tegmina pale,
concolorous. Nodules are small, not very conspicuous. . . .
3 hamadryas

2 A'ertex about twice as long as pronotum. clavus dark-
smoky 2 drycis

2a Vertex little longer than pronotum. Clavus dark smoky
but widely pale greenish along the sutural margin, i cximiiis

I. r.r////f/^.y (Kirkaldy).
PI. XII. f^gs. 5-7, and PI. X\'1I. figs. 15-16.

Add: Clavus more or less widely pale greenish along the
sutural margin. Tegmina granulated with whitish, with short,
stiff hairs. Genae black, clypeus pale. Antennae pale, marked
with black.

The ma'e pygophor is figured (PI. XV'II. figs. 15-16), but
neither the artist nor myself has been quite able to make out the
structure and I think the interior is partly filled with excretion.
I have not had sufficient material for dissection. The lateral
margins of the pygophor are greatly sinuate, being produced
about the middle and also very curiously towards the dorsum.
There is one rather blunt spine near the lip. The genital styles
are slender and curve inwards somewhat. There are also two
smaller spines dorsal of these, which seem to be appendages
of the oedeagus.

Length 3I-4 mill.

Hab. Queensland. Cairns (July-Aug., P.).

143

2. dryas sp. nov.
PI. XII, figs. 1-4. and PL XVII, figs. 4-5.

Allied to c.riiiniis, but differs as follows:

Frons dark apically and basally, clypeus pale. Pronotum with
a black spot at the side (sometimes obscurely indicated in
c.viviiiis). Clavus concolorous, dark smoky. Vertex about twice
as long as pronotum, frons narrower than in cxinuiis, longer
and curved in profile.

The male pygophor is very different in appearance from that
of T. cxiurins, though the generic character of the single ventral
spine is present. The form is more o'blong' the sides sinuate
and rather bluntly toothed laterallv on the ventral margin. The
genital styles are very long and curve twistingly near their apex.

The oedeagus seems to arise near the anal tube, and is long and
slender, and a little curved.

Length 34-4 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July-Aug.), Bundaberg (Sept.-
Dec), Kuranda (Aug.).

3. haiiiadryas sp. nov.

Head formed as in dryas, but colour different and instead of
the large dark median nodule, there are 2 non-contiguous- much
smaller, pale ones. It is a rather hairier species. Pale greenish,
a thin black line on either side of the median keel of the vertex
apically. Antennae pale green, annulated with black. Tegmina
hyaline, the smoky pattern much as in dryas, but very faint; a
few scattered darker specks on the apical third. Legs pale
testaceous.

Female : genital segment testaceous.

Length 4^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug.).

Anectopia, gen. nov.

Closely allied to Riirysa Fieber, but the veins of the tegmina in
the long-winged form are more complicated apically and the
bracial is forked apically.

Head dorsally transverse, not extending apically beyond the
eves ; vertex transverse, its two compartments each having a
puncture in the middle. Frons broad, median keel almost abso-

144

lete {niaiidaiic) or clearer {igcnia). Antennae scarcely reaching
to apical margin of frons, second segment about twice as long
as the short first. Pronotum shorter and a little wider than the
head, lateral keels turning more or less outwards ; there is a
puncture on each side of the middle keel. Tibial spur liroad at
base, foliaceous, with about 40 small, closely-set teeth.

I. iinvidaiic sp. nov.
PI. XI, figs. 11-13 and 17; PI. XIV, figs. 4-6.

Loiig-zciiigcd form. Vertex, genae, pronotum, antennae, legs,
etc., more or less dark testaceous ; frons and clypeus dark fus-
cous ,the former gradually deepening to black towards the apex.
Sterna, scutellum and abdomen, very dark fuscous or blackish,
except the base of the abdomen a1)ove (as also most of the
metanotum) and abdomen below partly, orange sanguineous.
Tegmina hyaline, second apical vein suffui-edly, and 5th and 6th
(and apex of 4th) apical cells, fuscous; tegminal veins pale, feeb-
ly granulate.

SJiorf-wiiiged female. Ovcid, the whole surface shining. Y&v-
tex, antennae, frons, pronotum, scutellum, sterna, legs, etc., tes-
taceous more or less tinged with fuscous. Tegmina more or
less dark fuscous, subojiaque, a little paler internally. Abdo-
men blackish and fuscotestaceous. Tegmina somewhat convex,
not quite reaching so far as the base of the genital segment, ai)i-
cally rounded.

Slwrf-U'iiiged male like the long-winged form of the same sex,
but the frons paler fuscous ; tegmina subopaque, pitchy, noi
reaching to the apex of the abdomen.

Jllale ]\vgophor, Wp produced suberectly, margin doubly notch-
ed close to th.at point. Genital styles broad at the base, narrow-
ing apically, the apex being acute. The oedeagus is horizontal,
projecting between the blunt ventral projections of the anal
lube.

Length male, female (macr.) 4, male (brach.) 2 mill.

Hab: Queensland. Cairns (July-Aug.,), Kuranda (Aug.).

2. igcnia sp. nov.

Dark furcous or blackish-brown ; frons a little paler. Anten-
nae fusco-testaceous ; legs testaceous.

145

Similar to the genotype, but the frcntal keel is distinctly more
pronounced, though the frons is still highly polished, and the
legmina are much shorter and less convex.

Length i| mill.

Hab : Queensland, Bundaberg.

Only a single female unfortunately.

Haplodcll^ha.r gen. nov.

Allied to Mvgaiiicliis \ characterized by the structure of the ver-
tex and by the radial vein not being forked.

Head dorsally longer than wide, produced in front of the eyes,
apically rounded, the lateral and anterolateral keels being just
interior to the apparent margins ; within this is a keeled triangle,
the acute anterior angle touching the anterior margin of the
head ; there is also a median keel which forks a little anterior of
the middle, the short branches meeting the sides of the triangle
a little anterior of its middle. Frons nearly twice as long as
wide, lateral margins gentlv rounded ; there is a strong median
keel which meets the base without forking ; apical margin an-
gulate ; basally a little of the vertex is visible laterally. xA.nten-
nae short, subcylindric, not reaching apex of clypeus, second
segment about twice as long as the first. Genae triangular, the
apex blunt, that is to say, the median keels do not touch the
lateral keels of the frons apically. Clypeus tricarinate. Pro-
notum tricarinate, lateral keels fairly straight, diverging pos-
teriorly, usually not quite reaching the posterior margin. Scu-
tellum tricarinate. Dimorphic as regards the tegmina ; with the
brachial vein in the long-winged form, forking close to the sub-
apical line, the radial not forked ; there are 6 apical cells, the
first small .sometimes divided. Tibiae apically with 5 spines of
irregular size: spur of usual form, with 10 spines. First seg-
ment of hind tarsi longer than second and third together.

There are two species, of which I have seen only females. H.
iuncicola is the genotype. The brachypterous forms may be se-
jmrated as follows :

I Tergites vellowish. faintly marked with pale brown

I iuncicola

la Tergites brownish, marked with black and yellowish. 2 naias
jb Tergites immaculate yellowish 3 eni'onotiann.^

146

I. iwicicola sp. nov.
PI. XII, figs. 8-9.

Brownish testaceous, Irons with scattered yellower specks.
Tegmina hyaline, veins brownish or pale yellowish ; wing veins
dark brown. Tergites yellowish, obscurely spotted submedian-
ly, in a row, with pale brown, in the short-winged form ; in the
macropteroiis form, the tergites are more or less suffused with
blackish-brown. Tegmina not granulate, not piliferous.

Female ovipositor black.

Length : 3^ (macropterous), 2I mill (brachypterous).

Hab : Queensland, Childers (Koebele's No. 2264 in part, on
Jiiuciis) Bundaberg (Sept. -Dec).

2. naias sp. nov.

The brachypterous females differ from those of the genotype,
by being darker. The tergites are brown with a very narrow
yellowish median line ; there is a submedian and a lateral stripe
on each segment, both being narrow and black, and the former
is bordered internally by a narrow yellowish stripe-, and exter-
nally on the apical three tergites by a similar one, etc.

Length : 3 mill.

Hab: Sydney, New South Wales (Jan., K.).

3. eitroiiofianiis sp. nov.

Separable from H. iiaias by the. smaller size, paler colour and
longer vertex.

Pale yellow, immaculate; Eyes grey-black. Head dorsally
one-half longer than wide between the eyes (in naias it is only
between ^ and l).

Female cvipositor sheath greyish fuscous.

Length 3 mill (brach.)

Hab: New South Wales, Sydney (Feb., K.).

I have seen females only.

Gclastodclphax.

I. histriotiicns.

PI. XVI, figs. T-3 and PI. XVITI fig. 16.

The male pygophor is very remarkable. The lip is strongly
produced on each side., and there are two smaller projections

147

between these. The genital styles are elongate and bent at the
apex. The oedeagus is horizontal and is subcultrate with, ap-
parently, a long projection from one side.

Smicrotatodclphax.

I . pcrkiiisi.

PI. XVI, figs. 14-15 and PI. XVIII fig. 14.

The male pygophor is roundly angular at the lip, and curvedly
produced in a somewhat hollow manner dorsally at the sides.
The genital styles bear some little resemblance to those of
PerkinsicUa saccharicida, but are more attenuated at the base and
thickened inwardly there.

Mcgainclns.

I have temporarily retained this group as distinct from Dcl-
phacodcs. The species included have the head distinctly pro-
duced before the eyes, the junction of the frontal keels almost
on the top of the head, the pronotal keels not turning upwards,
the first segment of the hind tarsi longer than the other two
together. They have a common facies of a broad median longi-
tudinal pale stripe, and dark lateral margins.

It seems to be a generic character that the ventral margin of
the male pygophor is deeply emarginate 3 or 4 times ; it is so at
least in M. notula, pcrsc phone and proscrpiiia.

I. proscrpiiia sp. nov.

PI. X, figs. 5-7 and PI. XII. figs. 19-21.

Blackish fuscous with a broad, pale, ivory white band from
ape.x of vertex to apex of abdomen, usually interrupted broadly
on the middle of the abdomen, the pale colour of the abdomen is
also rather yellower. Frontal keels paler fuscous. Sterna
and sternites largely blackish fuscous; labium, antennae and
legs pale, the antennae tinged with brownish ; fore tarsi and
first segment of hind tarsi blackish fuscous. Tegmina sub-
hyaline, blackish fuscous, paler internally and exteriorly, great-
er part of commissure ivory white. Wing veins blackish fus-
ccus. Antennal segments subequal. Tegminal veins not or
scarcely granulate.

148

Male : the anal tube has two strong spines proceeding f roni
the ventral wall in the middle ; the pygophor is deeply quadri-
emarginate on the ventral margin. Genital styles broad at the
base, tapering and curving towards the apex ; oedeagus rathei
small.

Length 4 mill.

Hab: Fiji, Suva (Mar., K.).

pcrscplwitc sp. nov.
PI. XIY, tigs. 7-9.

This is scarcely separable except by the genitalia, from [>ro-
scrpina, but whereas all the specimens of the former I have seen
are macropterous, the present species is known to me only in
its brachypterous form. The tegmina extend to about half the
length of the abdomen ; truncate apically, slightly obliquely.

The male pygophor is 5 times emarginate apically, the central
production being emarginate. to allow the egress of the elongate
oedeagus, which is widely bifid basally. the projections being
slender and acute. The anal spines are not very dissimilar to
those in proscrpina, but are longer and more divergent apically.
The genital styleps are somewhat like those of proserpina.

Length : 2^ mill.

Hab: Queensland, Cairns (July-Aug.).

3. sponsa sp. nov.
PI. X. figs. 8-9.

Pale ferruginous, a broad ivory white stripe from apex of
head (dorsally) to apex of abdomen. Beneath pale ferrugino-
testaceous, legs testaceous, frons medianly rather broadly ivory
white. Tegmina subhyaline, tinged with yellowish, subcosta and
commissure, ivory whitish. Head slightly produced in front
of eyes. Antennae reaching well beyond base of clypeus. first
segment nearly as long as the second. Tegmina reaching a
little beyond apex of abdomen, but membrane scarcely formed.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns fJ^l^O-

I have seen only brachypterous females.

149

"Delphax"

Kclisia Fieber, 1. c. type gnttida (Germ.)

Chloriona, Fieber, 1. c. type uiiicolor (H.-S.)

Delphax Fieber, op. c, 520, (nee Fabr. )

Delphacinus Fieber, 1. c. type niesoinelas (Beh.)

DelpJiacodcs Fieber, op. c. 524 type iiiiilsaiiti Fieb.

Libnniia auctt. nee Stal.

Chlorionidea Loew 1885 Verb. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien XXXV^
356 type flava Loew.

Delphax Fieber, op. c, 520 (nee Fabr.)

Delphacissa Kirkaldy 1906 Entom, type uncinata.

Sogata Distant 1906 Fann. Ind. Rbynch. Ill, 465, type dohertvi
Dist.

NUaparvata Distant 1. c. type greeni Dist.

The above citation does not mean that I consider all these
groups to form one genus- but simply that I cannot yet arrange
the Australian and Fijian species under them, on the char-
acters proposed for them. One difficulty lies in the large propor-
tion of forms known only in a brachypterous state. Then again
I place little reliance on many trusted characters.

Distant has used the length of the head, both dorsally and
ventrally, as a principal character; this I cannot admit. The
fact that the head is longer than wide dorsally as opposed to
not longer than wide, if unaccompanied by other strong char-
acters, is to me of no generic value. The same, in perhaps a
rather less degree, with the frons- and also in this case as
regards the contour. The comparative length of the cylindric
antennae is also, within certain limits, not I think, of generic
value.

Great stress is laid on the lateral keels of the pronotum, ex-
cept by Distant, who disregards them. This seems to me a
somewhat variable character and in anv case a very difficult
one to appreciate. In a few forms these keels are no doubt
sharply separable into two categories, viz: (i) those which are
straig'ht' scarcely divergent posteriorly and reach the posterior
margin of the pronotum, and (2) those which curve under the
eyes and never reach_^ the posterior margin. There are a large
number of forms however which are intermediate, which pro-
ceed straightly in fact but fork not far from the posterior mar-
gin and proceed obscurely in two directions, under the eves and
obscurely to the posterior margin. There are also intermediate

I50

forms between the two. Moreover in forms in which these
keels curve under the eyes in long-winged forms, there seems
to be a tendency towards a straightening of the keels in the
short-winged forms. The venation is of comparatively small
value. The relative proportion of the first segment of the
hind tarsi to the other two together is used as a character of
high importance by many authors, but I cannot so regard it.

The characters which appear to me to be of generic value in
this section, lie in the genitalia and the tibial spur, though 1
am not prepared, without the examination of a large series of
European and American forms, to formulate genera based on
them. ,

I have therefore thought it best to include all the Australo-
Fijian species belonging to these "genera", in 'Dclphax', there-
by obviating future synonymic difBculties, as Delphax is a syno-
nym and has no generic value. It should be noted also that
'Libiiriiia often used for Dclphacodcs< is a strict synonvm of
Embolophpora.

The Australo-Fijian species of this complex are disposed arti-
ficially as follows:

1 Head, pronotum and scutellum fuscous or black with a
more or less sharply contrasted pale longitudinal stripe. . (2)

la Head, &c., without such a stripe (7)

2 Ground colour of head, pronotum and scutellum fiavo-
fuscous (3)

2a The same blackish-brown (6)

3 Long-winged forms: tegmina with internal half of mem-
brane smoky ( 4 j

3a Short-winged forms (5)

4 Narrower and longer, keels more pronounced. .13 gcraiior
4a Broader and stouter, keels less pronounced. ... 12 Wolophon

5 Tegmina dark apically, with separate round black spot at
apex 14 kaha

5a Tegmina dark apically. without separate round black spot.
15 Iciiuoiiias

6 Long-winged form: tegmina more or less hyaline:

A. Head dorsally not longer than wide 16 ancmouias

AA. Head dorsallv distinctly longer than wide. 22 eupompe

6a Short-winged form : tegmina dark, with a narrow white

border 17 pylaon

7 Frons yellowish, pale fuscous, or subsanguineous. prac-
tically concolorous (8)

7a Frons with the lateral keels paler than the ground colour.

(II)

8 Frons dull yellowish or testaceous (9)

8a Frons shining, fuscous or subsanguineous (10)

9 Hind margin of pronotuni vvdely angulately emarginate.
3 parysatis

9a Hind margin truncate 2 ordovix

10 Middle keel on face- especially on clypeus, paler than the
ground colour 9 hyas

10a Middle keel concolorous with the disk 10 disonymos

1 1 Ground colour of frons pale yellow (12)

iia Ground colour dark yellow (15)

12 Tegmina blackish 8 uiatanitii

12a Tegmina yellowish hyaline (13)

13 Head dorsally longer than wide. 11 ochrias

13a Head dorsally not longer than wide (14)

14 Male: pygophor blackish 7 lasiilis

14a Male: pygophor yellowish 6 dryopc

15 Head distinctly produced in front of the eyes (16)

15a Head not, or scarcely, produced in tront of the eyes. • .(18)

16 Tegmina dark fuscous, whitish opaque apically

5 alhotristriatiis

16a Tegmina hyaline or cinereous or fuscous, immaculate.. (17)

iy Frons long and narrow, lightly and gradually narrowing

basally; lateral keels of pronotum not curved under the

eyes, but reaching posterior margin of pronotum. 4 ostoriiis

17a Lateral margins of frons slightly sinuate, a trifle broader

apically than basally; lateral keels of pronotum curving

outward- not reaching posterior margin of pronotum

1 thycstcs

18 Long-winged forms. (19)

i8a Short-winged forms (20)

19 Scutellum black 19 astyanax

19a Scutellum with the hind angle white 18 pncUa

20 Apical margin of tegmen very narrowly white (21)

20a Apical margin not continuously white 20 algebra

20b Apical margin rather broadly white 17 astyanax

21 Tegmina deep fuscous 21 dilpa

2ia Tegmina pale, partly smoky 18 pucUa

152

1. thycstcs sp. nov.
PI. X, figs. 12-13.

Fuscous or blackish-brown, head and keels yellowish fuscous.
Antennae and legs fuscous. Pronotum and scutellum dirty
yellowish-grey, middle keel and posterolateral margins of the
latter sometimes very narrowly pale, two obscure pale longi-
tudinal stripes.

Head dorsally longer than wide, produced a little in front
of the eyes, vertex with a keel down the middle. Frons a little
broader apically than basally, keels distinct, but filiform. An-
tennae reaching beyond the base of the clypeus, segments nearly
subequal in length. Pronotum with lateral keels fairly straight
but very divergent, not reaching the liind margin, but continu-
ing parallel with it in the form of 2 or 3 granules, hind margin
very obtuse-angularly emarginate. Tibial spur with about 16
well developed spines, first segment of hind tarsi longer than
the other twQ.

Loiig-iviiigcd fonii: Scutellum about twice as long as prono-
tum. Tegmina hyaline cinereous, with 7 apical cells, generally
unforked (this varying in the same individual), veins feebly
granulate, pale yellowish fuscous.

Short-winged form: Scutellum shorter than pronotum. Teg-
mina reaching to about one-half of the length of the body, hya-
line cinereous, apical margin su'bcrescentiformly pale with a
dark fuscous spot (this may be obscurely marked) ; not quite
contiguous apically, apical margin subtruncate, a little rounded.

Length 3 (brach.)-4^ (macr.) mill.

Hab. Queensland' Bundaberg (Nov.), Brisbane (June).

Only females have been seen.

This species does not fit into any described genus, being per-
haps partly Chloriona, partly Ddphacissa.

2. ordoi'ix sp. nov.

This short-winged form is similar in appearance to that of D.
thycstcs, but the vertex is shorter and narrower, the frons yel-
lowish fuscous, concolorous, polished and shining, parallelsided,
the keels filiform and not prominent. First antennal segment
about three-fourths the length of the second. Lateral keels of
pronotum curved under the eyes. Tegmina apicallv rounded,
shining, obscure yellowish fuscous, apex of clavus with a dark

153

spot. Tibial spur with about 30 niiuute spines ; first segment of
hind tarsi longer than the (^ther two.

Length 3 mill

Hab. Queensland. L'risbane (June, No. 2264 in part.).

I have seen only one female.

This species is apparently a Dcl[>hacodcs.

3. [>arysalis sp, nov.

PI. X, figs. lO-IT.

Allied to the last, but the legs, &c., are testaceous, and the
pleura are not noticeably marked or spotted. Head dorsally
scarcely as long as broad. Pronotal keels as in fhycstcs. Tibiae
and tarsi as in ordovix.

Loug-zviiiged form : tegniina hyaline tinged with yellow, apical
veins infuscate and a small dark lanceolate spot near the apex
of the clavus. Scutellinn about two and a half times as long as
the pronotum which is obtuse-angularly emarginate.

SJwrf-u'i)igcd form : allied to that of ordovi.r but the legs &c.,
are testaceous, and the pleura are not noticeably spotted or
marked. Pronotum about as long as scutellum.

Length (Macr.) 4f, (brach.) 3I mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug.).

Only females, unforttmately, of this species which is more or
less a Dclplmcodcs.

4. osfnriiis sp. nov.

PI. X\'l. figs. TO-IT.

Head dorsally longer than broad. \'ertex with a keel down
the middle. Scutellum about twice as long as pronotum. Tibial
spur with about 23 spines, hind tarsi as in the last.

Long-zviiigcd male: Dark fuscous or blackish brown, with pale
keels, legs, etc. Tegmina dark fuscous, subhyaline, immaculate,
with 7 apical cells, the third apical vein being also forked, veins
very feebly granulate.

Short-7viiigcd female : Similar in appearance to D. fhycstcs, but
the frons is long and narrow, slightly and gradually narrowing
basallv. Lateral keels of pronotum not curved under the eyes,
but reaching posterior margin of pronotum. Tegmina imma-
culate, apically broadly rounded, reaching to about one-half of

154

the entire lengtli of the insect. First antennal segment abouc
ono-half of tlie length of the second.

Male pygophor rounded at the end, the dorsal margin pro-
duced at each side, the produced part flattened and bent over at
the end. The genital styles are compressed, the apices some-
what acute and bent.

Length 2% (brach.) 4 (macr.) mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., 2264 in part).

5. albofristriaius sp. nov.
PI. XX, tigs. 15 and XIV, figs. 1-3.

Shortzvinged form allied to thycstcs.

Dark fuscous, or blackish, a little less dark on the vertex. Eyes
castaneous or fuscocastaneous. Antennae, keels oa frons and
clypeus, legs, etc.^ fuscotestaceous. Pronotum (except ven-
trally), posterolateral margins of scutellum, subcostal vein, ajn-
cal margin of tegmina broadly, last two or three tergiles, etc.,
opaque whitisb.

Keels all strong, even on the clypeus. Head dorsally longer
than wide, prodticed a little in front ; frons widening curvedly to-
wards the apex but narrowing very slightly at the apical mar-
gin. Pronotal keels divergent, not curving under the eyes and
not reaching the hind margin. Scutellum shorter than prono-
tum. Tegmina nearly square, extending to about half the length
of the abdomen, subtruncate apically and contiguous along the
commissure. Tibial spur with about 16 well developed spines,
tarsi as in the last.

Male pygophor apically rotundate oval, the rim thickened
about the anal third and produced there in a short spine. Geni-
tal styles broad, bifid apically.

Length 2} 2% mill.

Hab. Queensland, Brisbane and Bundaberg (Nov.).

I have seen males only.

6. dryopc sp. nov.
PI. XVI, figs. 12-13.

Somewhat like D. osbonii.

Yellowis'h testaceovis, frontal and clypeal keels whitish-yellow,
the former very narrowly bordered internally with dark fuscous,
(in the males the keels are less broad and less whitish). Pro-

155

notal keels whitish yellow, a dark fuscous spot on each side
anteriorly. Scutellum medio-longitudinally pale with a pale
brownish-}'ellow sinuate line on either side. Underneath pale
testaceous, a fuscous spot on each mesopleuron. Tegmina hya-
line, veins pale except the apical ones, which are fuscous. La-
teral margin of frons subparallel, slightly narrowed basally, a
little more so in the male than in the female, keels rather flat-
tened. Antennae not reaching beyond base of clypeus, second
segment nearly twice as long as the first. Pronotum as in
osborui. Tibial spur with about 2j spines. Tegmina with 8 or 9
apical cells, the 4th, 7th being pedicellate.

Male pygophor pale yellowish : subrotundate viewed end-on,
the lateral margins thickened and produced into a short spine
near the anal tube Anal tube with a elongate, strong, down-
ward directed tooth from its ventral wall on each side, and about
5 tiny spines between oedeagus subhorizontal, elongate. Genital
styles divergent, apically bitid.

Female abdomen beneath more or less fuscous.

Length (brach ) 2^ (macr. ) 4)-^ mill; both sexes are dimorphic.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug.) Redlynch (July) Kuranda
(Aug.): l^iji, Rewa (Dec, Muir).

I. laculis sp. nov.
T'l. XVIII, figs. 1-3.

I can distinguish this from the last described only by the
rather smaller size, by the blackish pygophor in the male and
different genitalia in that sex I think the females would be
very hard to tell apart froiu those <:)f dryope. I have seen only
brachypterous forms.

Male pygophor blackish, subrotundate viewed end-on, the
lateral margins somewhat sinuate; anal tube with a projection
on each side, pointing downwards. Genital styles not unlike
those of dryope, but the outer apical angle blunter.

Length i j4, mill-

Hab Queensland, Cairns (Aug.), Redlynch (July).

8. nuitanitu sp. nov.

PI. XVI, figs. 4-5: & PI. XVIII, fig. [5.

Pale brownish-yellow, or yellowish-testaceous, keels of frons
slightly paler.

156

Tegmina black. Head dorsally scarcely extended before the
eyes. Pronotal keels curvedly divergent. Spur with 15 or ih
spines.

Male: pygophor in profile greatly cmarginate ventrally. (ieni-
tal styles divergent, the apices truncate and thickened.

Length 2 mill, (brachypterous ).

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Dec. M.), Ba (fan. ,1\[.). Xavua
(Feb., M.).

The vertical cross keels are obscure and are not shown on
fig. 15 of PI. XVIII.

9. Iiyas. sp. nov.

Somewhat like dryopc, but the keels of the frons are only very
slightly lighter than the pale ochraceous disk ; antennae not
reaching to base of clypeus. Tegmina hyaline, veins pale yellow,
tending to pale fuscous on the membrane, granules pale fuscous.
Spur with 22 spines.

Afale : pale ochraceous ; tergites broadly fuscous medio-trans-
versely, orange basally. Sternites more or less dark fuscous
partially, pygophor suffused with fuscous beneath.

Female: almctst uniform, more or less pale ochraceous.

Length 3^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Redlynch (July). Kuranda (Aug.).

10. disonyuws sp. nov.

PI. xvni, fig. 4.

Allied tC( the last. Pale yellowish testaceous. Head very
slightly produced before the eyes ; lateral margins of frons sub-
parallel, slightly narrowed basally, keels iiattish. Antennae not
reaching beyond base of clypeus. Lateral keels of pronotum
curving outwards. Tegmina with 6 unforked apical cells. .Spur
with 16 spines.

Male : pygophor rounded, sul)transverse viewed end on. The
genital styles are elongate, gradually widening a little towards
the apex, where they are truncate.

Length 3% mill.

Hab. Fiji, Rewa (male, Apr., M.). Suva (female Mar.,K.).

157
II. ochrias sp. nov.

Has the head form of Chloriona.

Ochraceous or testaceous. Sterna, legs, etc., paler, a narrow
somewhat paler median line down the tergites (and in the
macropterous form, the space between the lateral keels of prono-
tum and scutellum is ])aler). Antennae not reaching to apex of
frons, first segment scarcely longer than wide.

Long-winged forms : veins feebly granidate.

Short-zvinged forms : tegmina narrowly rounded, reaching to
about half the space between the tegulae and the apex of the
abdomen.

Length 3^^ (macr.). 2^/^ mill, (brach.).

Hab. New South Wales, Sydney (Jan., Kcebele's No. 2232),
Fiji (Mar., K.), Rewa (Mar.,' M.)".

Koebele & Perkins collected one imperfect macropterous and 15
brachypterous adults and 3 nymphs, all females. The type is a
macropterous female from Fiji, taken later by Muir.

To this species probably also belong some forms in which the
ochraceous is replaced (as is sometimes the case in other ochra-
ceous species) bv orange-sanguineous or sanguineous.

Hab. Queensland, Bundaberg (Sept. -Nov.), Brisbane (June)
Cairns (Aug.).

12. kolophon sj). nov.
PI. XV, figs. 9- II.

Testaceous, somewhat paler on pronotum and scutellum me-
dianly ; frons, between lateral keels and central keel, sometimes
pale fuscous. Pronotum and scutellum more or less fuscous ex-
terior to the lateral keels.

Tegmina hyaline, veins pale ; interior two-fifths smoky, the
veins o.n this fuscous ; subcostal vein smoky, commissure wdiitish.
Antennae not reaching to apical margin of frons, second seg-
ment twice as long as the first.

Male. Tergites, including pvgophor, dark fuscous or blackish-
brown, a transverse Aellowish-brown. or orange, sanguineous
band near the base. Sterna and sternites mostly dark fuscous,
the latter basally yellowish-brown, with a spot or two laterally.
Pygophor subtrotimdate, viewed end on, the outline sinuate. Anal
tube with 2 elongate spines from the middle, directed downwards.

158

almost embracing the upwardly directed oedeagus. Genital styles
broad basally, subconstricted just before their bifurcation, the
forks being long and acute.

Female. Sterna and abdomen pale yellowish-orange ; tegmina
not so smoky as in the male. Pronotum and scutellum scarcely
fuscous laterally.

Length 3 mill.

Hab. Queensland, Redlynch (July), Cairns (Aug.), Kuranda
(Aug.).

The keels are not very prominent.

13. gcranor, sp. nov.
PI. XVI, tig. 3.

Superficially like kolopoJui, but narrower and longer ,keels
more pronounced, etc. : median longitudinal stripe from head to
scutellum whiter. Frons intercarinallv fuscous. The male geni-
talia are also very different.

Male: pygophor rather elongate viewed end-on, and thickened
inwardly at the sides. The anal tube has a lateral spine on each
side directed downwards and apparently 2 downwardly and out-
wardly directed spines between the above. Oedeagus of remark-
able form (shown in the figure). Lip produced somewhat in the
middle. Genital styles contiguous longitudinally at base, diverg-
ing their lateral margins angulatc in the middle, apically trun-
cate, the apical angles on each side being acute.

Length 3-^ mill.

Hab. Queensland. Cairns (July).

14. kaha sp. nov.
PI. XAT. figs. 8-9.

Dark brownish-black, a whitish median stripe on head dorsalh'.
])ronotum and scutellum. Commissure basallv the same. Fron-
tal keels, antennae, legs, spots on pleurites, etc.. yellowish testa-
ceous. Tergites orange-yellow, more or less marked with fus-
cous, especially lateral. Spur with 15 teeth. Pronotum with
lateral keels curvedly divergent.

Long-zvinged: tegmina milky hyaline and dark fuscous (as
shown m figure).

159

SItort-zviiigcd : tegmina fuscous, commissure whitish, a blacl<
spot on apical margin of tegmina.

Male : pygophor with sinuate outHnc. Lip produced. Anal
tube without spines. Oedeagus with a curious angularly b:nt
appendage. Genital styles rather small, obliquely truncate basal-
ly, nearly touching apically.

Length 3 (Mar.), 2 (brach.) mill.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug.)-

15. Icimoiiids sp. iv')\.

Short-7viiigcd form : closely allied to the last, brit tegmina dark
fuscous subhyaline, apically opaque, margins ivory-white, broken
in places by the dark tint. Median keel of frons and clypeus
ivory-white. Tergites dark fuscous, medianly white.

Length 2^ mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug.).

I have only seen females.

16. aiiciiioiiias sp. nov.
PI. X, figs. 1-2 and PI. XM. figs. 1-2.

Dark brownish black. Head dorsally, pronotum and scutel-
ium with a broad median, ivory-white stripe. Commissure and
frontal clypeal keels narrowly, lateral and posterior margins of
the ventral part of the pronotum, tegulae, etc., white. First
segment of the antennae blackish brown, second dark fuscous.
Lateral keels of pronotum and scutellum narrowly obscurely
ferruginous. Tegmina hyaline, veins pale fuscous except the
very pale subcosta, outer fork of radial, etc. Femora more or
less dark fuscous, tibiae and tarsi testaceous. Pleurites bor-
dered pallidly, more or less. Head not extending anteriorly in
front of eyes. Lateral keels of pronotum curvcdly divergent,
.'■^.pur with 19 spines.

Male pygophor apically truncate in profile. Oedeagus horizon-
tally projecting near the anal tube. Genital styles broadening
towards the apex, which is truncate, inner margins irregularly
sinuate.

Length 3 -J mill.

Hab. Queensland, Redlynch (July), Cairns (July-Aug.), Ku-
randa (Aug.).

i6o

17. D. pylaon sp. no v.
PI. XV, figs. 12-14.

Close to the last, but the lateral keels straightly divergent,
and spur with 19 spines.

Long-zviiigcd fonii (male) tegmina much shorter. Ground
color of pronotum and scutellum paler fuscous, lateral keels
white; the mesosterna bordered exteriorly with white.

SJwrt-zciiigcd form (female of same species?) ; blackish-brown,
lateral keels of pronotum white. Tegmina subhyaline, dark fus-
cous, rather broadly (comparatively) bordered exteriorly from
exterobasal angle to interobasal angle w^ith ivery-white. Ter-
gites with a median line of ivory white and a lateral and two
sublateral, similar (but more broken up) lines.

Male pvgophor triemarginate towards, and at the ventral
margin. Genital styles widening out towards their apex, which
is subtruncate. the angles rather rounded, the inner margins
on the apical half, irregularly sinuate. Oedeagus arising close
to the ventral wall of the anal tube and bending outwards and
downwards' a little over the genital styles. There are no spines
on the anal tube ventrally.

Length 2^ (macr.), 2| (brach.) mill.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (July). Brisbane (June).

18. puclla.
PI. XV, figs. 1-3.

Libuniia puclla Van Duzee; Forbes and Hart 1900 Bull. Illi-
nois Agr. Sta. 60 p. 416. PI. I, f. 2.

Hab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug.), Redlynch (July); Fiji.
Suva (M'ar.. K.).

Also from North America, New Jersey. New York, Towa and
Mississippi (A^an Duzee), Ohio, Kentucky (Swezey), Illinois
(Forbes & Hart), on grass, grains and sugar beet.

The basal segment of the antennae varies from testaceous to
blackish. The middle keel of the frons in the Australasian in-
dividuals is usually blackish, though sometimes paler fuscous; the
Americans are usually whitish. The snur has about 20 spines.

Male pygophor oval ; anal tube cleft ventrally, with 2 diverg-
ing spines. Oedeagus a little swollen apicallv. Genital styles
small and laterallv arched, nearly meeting apicallv. This species
is very close to albicollis, but is a little larger, the posterior angle

i6i

of the scutelliim white, the frons is coloured differently and the
male pygophor different. T am indebted to my friend Mr. Van
Dnzee for a pair of his piicUa. *

19. astyanax sp. nov.

PI. X, fig. 20; PI. XIV. figs. 13-15. **

Closely allied to D. piicUa, but smaller, the genae and scutel-
lum entirely black, and the lateral margins of the frons more
rounded laterally. In the short-winged form, the tegmina are
subtruncate, and broadly margined with white apically. Spur
with about 14 spines.

Male pygophor exceedingly remarkable. The anal tube is
elevated and shaped somewhat like a square hood. The lateral
margins of the pygophor close to the anal tube project acutely
and somewhat curvedly. Genital styles truncate apically. the
angles being acute and jirominent. The oedea.gus has a crown of
4 long spines (or is apically elongately quadrifid in other words).

Length about i]/^ (brach.), 2'4 (macr.) mill.

Hab. New South Wales. Mittagong (Jan., K.).

20. algebra sp. nov.

PI. X, figs. 16-17: PI. XV, figs. 15-16.

Closely allied to D. puella but (in the short-winged forms at
least ) the tegmina are deeply fuscous and more opaque ; basal
half of commissure and a tiny spot near the apex internally
whitish. The median keel of the frons is rather thick and whit-
ish, and the lateral keels of the pronotum are straight and reach
the hind margin. Spur with 33 spines.

Male pygophor suboval, broadly produced near the anal tube,
w^hich has 2 projections from the ventral wall. The genital styles
are widened and truncate apically, the outer angles rounded, the
inner acutely produced.

Length 1% mill (brachypterous form only known).

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda (Aug.), Cairns (July-Aug.).

* Dr. Meliphar kindly sent me some years rro a male of the Sinlialese amv<>ms
Motschoulskv, the male pygophor of which is figured PI. 14 figs. 10-12. It is >*ubyotun-
date viewed end on and has a flat projection on each side near the anal tube, t>irni"S
a little outwards and very conspicuous in profile. The anal tube has no spino&e pro-
jections. The oedeagus i's apparently short. Genital styles less arched than in pmlia
and dilated apically, being shortly bifid, the angles acute.

** PI. 10 f. 20 is not quite accurate, the lateral margins of the vertex should be more

concave.

1 62

21. dilpa, gen. nov.
I'l. X, figs. 18-19; PI. XVI, figs. 6-7.

Sliort-wiiigcd form similar to algebra, but the white apical mar-
gin of the tegmina is very narrow, and the male genitalia are
very dififerent.

Male pygophor suboval, margins sinuate. Oedeagus horizon-
tal, elongate. (Genital styles inwardly curved, the apices trun-
cate, angles prominent and acute, or subacute.

Length i^ mill.

Hab. New South Wales, Mittagong (Jan., K.).

The vertex in PI. X, fig. 18 is a little too prominent.

22. cnpouipc sp. nov.
PI. X, figs. 3-4; PI. XII, figs. 16-18.

Superficially like a Mcgainchis, but the male ])ygophor is not
of the Mcgaiiichts-iy\:>e. Perhaps a Kclisia.

Dark fuscous or blackish ; vertex, antennae, ])ronotum antl
scutellum, between the lateral keels, legs, commissure, vellowish-
white.

Tegmina dark fuscous, first and second, and the outer ])art of
3rd and 4th, apical cells, a little paler. Veins closely but flatly
granulate. Frons laterally acute and subreflexed, gradually nar-
rowing towards the base ; the central keel strong but rather flat :
antennae short, first segment scarcely half the length of the short
second. There are 9 apical cells, 4 and 7 being pedicellate. Tibial
spur with 13 spines.

A/alc pygophor somewhat diamond-shaped, and is thickened
internally at the middle laterally, anal tube with 2 median, strong,
straight spines, between which arises the upward and outwardh'
directed oedeagus. The genital styles are divergent, elongate,
acute, not bifid.

Length 3 mill.

Hab. N^ew South Wales, Sydney (Jan.) ; Queensland, Can-ns
(Aug.), Bundaberg (N^ov.) ; Fiji, Suva (Mar., K.).

The cross keels on the vertex in PI. X, fig. 3 were inadver-
tently omitted.

1 63

Derbidae.

This family contains the most dehcate and remarkable forms
of the Fulgoroidea, or even of the Auchenorhynchi. While such
forms as N^isia and PItiladclphcia seem to have little in common,
there are numerous intermediate forms which render sharp group-
a! separation difficult. There seem to be two main subfamilies,
viz : ( I ) Misiinae. represented hyNisia in which the last segment
of the labium is comparatively elongate, and the anal vein of the
clavus strongly granulate, and (2) Derbinae represented by
Pliiladclphcia, in which the last segment of the labium is annuli-
form, generally a little wider apically than basally, and the anal
vein not granulate, the latter division being much more numerous
in genera and species. Unfortunately in the genera Thyroccpha-
his, BasilcoccpJiahis and Phacioccphahts. we have a small inter-
mediate group in which the anal vein is granulate and the last
segment of the labium annuliform.

In the following table of Australo-Fijian genera. I have en-
deavoured to include those recently described by Distant. As the
latter mentions the shortness of the apical segment of the labium
as a character of the (sub-) family in the Oriental forms, (he
includes Nisia in which it is comparatively elougate!). I have sup-
posed that his Australian genera have the same character.

I Last segment of labium somewhat elongate, (anal vein and
head granulate ) ' -)

1 a Last segment of labiuiu annuliform (4)

2 Head strongly carinate along the middle. . . .3 Pliaconcwa
2a Head not medianly carinate (3)

3 Lateral keels of frons parallel i Nisia

3a Lateral keels of frons narrowing basally as seen from below

2 Suva

4 Anal vein of tegmen granulate (* ) (5 '

4a Anal vein simple ( * ) ( 7 )

5 Pronotum more or less norm.al ; vertex anteriorly truncate

6 Thyrocephalus

5a Pronotum laterally laminate, sinuate, recurved, partly en-
closing antennae; vertex not truncate anteriorly. ... (6)

(*) Distant has not mentioned in anv of his descriptions a most important charac-
ter, viz.; The granulation of the elaval veins and of the head, etc., so that I have
arranged his genera under the second division, except Urabuntia, in which his artist
seems to have recognized the importance of the elaval granulation, and which is only
a synonym of BnMlruccohalus.

1 64

6 Lateral keels of frons continuing acutely to apical margin

4 BasUcoccphalns

6a Lateral keels of frons flattening out apicallv

5 Phaciocephahis

7 Antennae not projecting beyond the anterior margin of the

head (in profile or dorsally) (8)

7a Antennae projecting beyond the anterior margin of the head

• (23)

8 Antennae scarcely more than twice as long as wide. ... (9)
8a Antennae more than three times as long as wide (20)

9 Wings developed ( 10)

9a Wings rudimentary 19 Muiria

10 Head narrower than pronotum ....(ii)

loa Head wider than proncttum 18 Philadclphcia

I y Subcostal vein of tegmen simple (12)

T I a Subcostal vein of tegmen granulate 17 Ncsoniphas

12 Tegmina broader and less elongate, or if elongate then

strongly widening apicallv ; wings longer in proportion

•••: ' ^•••■•- (13)

12a Tegmina narrow and elongate; wings much shorter....
16 Proutista

13 Vertex transverse, apically truncate, separated from frons

by a transverse keel, scarcely extending before the eyes

7 Lamenia

13a Vertex more or less elongate, distinctly not transverse. (14)

14 Vertex elongate, apically truncate, tegmina widening very

strongly towards the apex 15 Lyriccn

14a Vertex with lateral margins acute and parallel, not separat-
ed from the f reus by a cross keel 8 Rhotana

14b Vertex elongate, angulate, extending in front of the eyes

^ ^- • -• (15)

15 Antennae not (or very feebly) tuberculate (16)

15a Antennae subrotundate, strongly tuberculate 13 Kaha

16 Head sublinearly elongate as seen dorsally, more than four

times as long as an eye 14 l wait a

1 6a Head not as above ( J[7 '

17 Lateral margins of vertex narrowly (or not) reflexed, clos-

er at base, feebly sensorized (18)

17a Lateral margins of vertex more reflexed. w^ell separated at
base, usually strongly sensorized (19^

18 Antennae short 9 Levii

i65

i8a Antennae elongate, flattened and compressed, elongate-oval
in profile lo Niphadodite

19 Genae simple 11 Pyrrhoneura

19a Gena.' with a small subrctnndate, laminate appendage....

12 Ncsocorc

20 Antennae, snbcylidric, granulations feeble. . . .20 Heronax
20a Antennae more or less flattened, with very conspicuous gra-
nulations (21 )

21 Head not longer than the nota, lateral margins of vertex

not sinuate 21 Ncsophantasma

21 a Head longer than the nota, lateral margins of vertex sinuate

^. (22)

22 Head in profile only slightly ascendant, only slightly sinuate,

broad 22 Phautosiiiatocera

22a Head in profile curved and recurved, subascendant, narrow
2^ Stveaeyia

23 Wings very little shorter than the tegmina, vertex elongate

24 Kiiranda

23a Tegmina twice as long as the wings, head comparatively
short (24^

24 Antennae cylindric ; tegmina subparallel, apically subob-

liquely truncate 25 T^oraida

24a Second segment of antennae deeply constricted near the
apex ('*) ; tegmina widening at the middle, apically sub-
angulately rounded 26 Sikaiana

Nisia.

I . afrovcnosiis.

Add: Fiji, Rewa (March- Apr., M.), Ba (Jan., M.), Navua
(Feb., M.). Melichar has also recorded it from Abyssinia, Haro-
Bussar (1904 Verb. Zool. hot. Ges. Wien LIV 34) and Distant
from the Indian mainland (Faun. Ind. Rh. HI, 309, fig. 150).

Suva.

The tegminal venation is very similar to that of Nisia, but there
are two obliquely transverse veins in the subcostal cell (in the
apical half), the median apical vein is forked (though this would
probably vary in a long series, as it. does in A^isia) , and the lower
apical part of the tegmen is more venose, more as in Kermcsia.
The head is depicted on PI. TX, figs. 14-16.

* Distant erroneously treats this as two segments.

i66

Basileoceplialus.

Basileocephalus Kirkaldy.

= Urabii)ina Distant 1907, op. c, 414.

The care with which Mr. Distant has really studied my descrip-
tions, is shown by his appreciation of my genus Basileocephalus.
Although I specially remarked on the curious laminate recurved
lateral margins of the pronotum, Mr. Distant supposes that this
genus is closely allied to his Sikaiana, in which the pronotum
bears no conceivable resemblance to such a description, while
the latter fits that of his Urabunna. Mr. Distant has neglected
to notice the sensory organs on the vertex and the granulated
anal vein of the clavus, though the latter character has been no-
ticed and included by his acute artist.

I. tlmuinafouotus.
PI. IX, figs. 9-TI. and PI. XTX, fig. 20.

B. thaumatonotus Kirkaldy.

^=^U . lineata Distant, 1. c, fig. 7.

I imagine Distant's species to be a synonym of the above, but
he does not mention that the tegniinal veins are noticeably coral-
red.

Phacioceplmlus.

I inadvertently placed
this genus among those
with the last segment of
the lal:)ium fairly long ;
it is. however, suban-
nuliform.

The venation of the
tegmen and wing is
shown in the text figure
attached CNo. 3).

The six species, all Fijian, are separable as follows:

1 Tegmina with red or orange markings (2)

ia Tegmina not marked with red or orange (3 )

2 Inner half of tegmen reddish with 2 long yellowish spots on

the margin ; tegmen not at all smoky 4 uiiltodias

2a Inner half of tegmen reddish, the inner margin creamy
(sometimes interrupted by the ground colour close to the
apex of the clavus), this inner half largely smoky, espe-
cially apically 3 iicsodrcptias

3 Tegmen creamy with a greyish brown longitudinal stri]:)e (4)
3a Tegmina whitish with the veins grevish-black and broadly

marked 6 iiii)iyrias

T,]: Tegmina pitchy, subcostal cell yellowish wliite ptillatiis

4 Tegmen with the greyish black stripe not connected with the

commisure by a dark cross-streak 1 I'iticnsis

4:1 Tegmen with the dark stripe connected with the commisure
by a dark cross streak ncsogoiiias

I. vitieusis.

PI. XTX, figs. 12-14.*

Mr. Muir has taken specimens (measuring up to 6 mill, long)
in Fiji, Suva (No. no), arboreal.

2. ncsogoiiias, sp. nov.

Head and pronotum creamy, a little darker laterally. Scutel-
lum dark blackish-brown, sometimes paler medianly. Tegmina
milky, a broad, blackish-brown stripe down the tegmen, forking
close to the base, also broadly touching the sutural margin at the
middle and at the apical part. Wings milky, veins dark. Legs
pale, apices of segments blackish.

Length 5 mill.

Hal). Fiji, Rewa. (Mar., Apr., Nov., Muir).

3. nesod rep tins sp. nov.

Head and middle fourth (longitudinally) of pronotum. legs,
sternites, &c., yellowish white, sterna tinged with orange. Rest
of pronotum and the scutellum orange-red. Tegmina yellowish-

* On PI. 19 f. 12, the sublateial koels of the vortex are not clearly shown.

1 68

white, with an orange-red stripe much as in P. ncsogonias, the
veins on this part being blood-red.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. Fiji, Rewa (Mar. & Nov., Muir).

Var: The orange on the tegmina narrower and bordered ex-
teriorly with smoky, or almost replaced by it. Pronotum with
two blackish-brown spots and scutellum with two to four antero-
laterally. The orange hue may be crimson.

4. niiltodias sp. nov.
PI. XIX, fig. 20.

Whitish yellow, pronotum laterally, scutellum (except some-
times medianly), orange-sanguineous. Pattern of tegmina as in
P. nesogonias, but the colouring different, the blackish being re-
placed by 0:range sanguineous. Legs yellowish-white, apices very
narrowly dark.

Length 4-4J/2 mill.

Hab. Fiji, Rewa (Mar. & Apr, Muir No. 137), arboreal.

The sulcate median part of the vertex is not shown.

5. piiUatiis sp. nc.v.

Head and pronotum brownish-yellow ; vertex sordid, lateral
margins very narrowly dark fuscous. Scutellum piceous. Teg-
mina piceofuscous, basally opaque, subcostal cell (except basally)
yellowish, apical margin very narrowly sanguineous. Wings
smoky hyaline, veins dark. Forelegs dark fuscous, the others
brownish-yellow.

Length 6 mill.

Hab. Fiji, Rewa (Mar. Muir's Nos. 128 and 132). aboreal.

6. minyrias sp. nov.

Head pale fuscous of various tints, pronotum whitish ; sterna
and legs soiled whitish ; scutellum orange fuscous, with 3 large
brown wedges. Tegmina milky, the veins thickly blackish-
brown, except the whitish basal two thirds of the subcostal cell.

Length 5>< mill.

Hab. Fiji, Rewa (Apr.).

169

TJiyvoccphalns.

I. leucopterus.
Pi. XVIII, fig. 8.
(See also text fig. 2 on p. 166).

Lanienia.

In my last memoir, I placed this doubtingly among the Cixii-
nae ; it should however, I think, be placed here, although some-
what aberrant.

Rhotana.

I now add a Fijian species, which may be distinguished from
the Australian forms as follows :

I Veins of tegmina pale yellow (*) i chrysonoc

1 a Veins sanguineous (2)

2 Tegmina largely dark smoky 3 liacmatoneura

2a Tegmina hyaline 3 halosydnc

3. halosydne sp. nov.

Similar in structure to the two previous species. Whitish tes-
taceous. Eyes brownish. Tegmina hyaline testaceous, immacu-
late, veins on basal fourth pale, on the rest bright sanguineous.
Wings hyaline, veins sanguineous.

Length 53^ mill.

Hab. Fiji,, Rewa (Apr.. M.).

* Since tliis was in proof. Distant has published descriptions of five species as new,
all apparently allied to chinisonoc. Imt as the length of the head is not stated, they can-
not be determined without seeing the types. They are as follows:

ranitdfo.srt p 409, f roji.siwrsa, p. 410, o/m7?i»((, p. 410, steiAemmaciHaiav--^'^^- a"fl quct-
drimaculata p. 411.

170

Levu.
I . vitiensis.
Add: Inji. Rewa (Mar., Apr.. Dec. AL).
Kiphadoditc, gcn. nov.

Allied to Pyrrhonciira but differs by tbe form of the antennae.
Also somewhat similar to Hcronax, but differs l)y the form o\
the antennae.

Lateral margins of vertex widely separated at the base, con-
vergino- anteriorly, fonning an acute angle. Frontal keels almc^st
ccntiguous throughout, except just at their apices. Clypciis basally
ividc, extending laterally as far as, or farther than, the outside
])art of the antennal insertion. Antennae elongate, extending
nearly as far as the head anteriorly, flattened and compressed,
elongate oval in profile ; head in ])rofile extending anteriorly
nearly twice as far as an eye's length. Tegmina not unlike those
of Hcronax, but obtuse-angularly produced beyond the clavus.
somewhat as in Lyriccn. Type insuUcoJa.

I. insiilicola sp. nov.

Yellowish-testaceous, paler beneath. Eyes greyish- black. Last
segment of labium and the metanotum greyish fuscous. Tegmina
subhyaline. yellowish testaceous, veins in part tinged with pale
oranged. Apical cells partly faint smoky, and a few scattered
fuscous spots on the rest of the tegmina. Labium reaching to
about the middle of the abdomen.

Length 7^2 mill.
Hab. Viti Levu, (Mar. Muir's No. 130), arboreal.

Pyrrlwiicitra.

Pyrrhonciira Kirkaldv 1906.
Makiila Distant, op c, 408.

I. saccharicida.

4

X 1;!

(fig. annexed, of tegmen. No. 4).

171

Add: Fiji, Rewa (Mar.. Apr., Nov., Dec, Muir's No. 48)
"common on certain native trees in the Bush and at times very
common on Sugar Cane, turning the leaves yellow in streaks
Vk^here they feed."

The stridulatory area is figured on I'l. NX, figs. 6-7.

2. citharista sp. nov.

The lateral margins of the vertex are rather more widely re-
tlexed than in the type species. Testaceous, posterior angle of
scutellum brown, genae partly suffusedly with rosy. Tegmina
cinereotestaceous, veins concolorous, two transverse bands of grey-
brown, at their base and on the basal third, the latter dividing
into two at the radial vein, the lower branch (which is actually
a spot on the subcostal cell ) curving apical-wards and dividing
into two bands which proceed irregularly to the apical parts of
the tegmen. Wings hyaline, veins partly fuscous, a longitudinal
fuscous stripe on the apical third near the middle.

Length 5 mill, to apex of clctsed tegmina.

Hab. Fiji, (March, Muir's No. 106,) arboreal.

The stridulatory area is figured on PI. XX, figs. 1-2.

3. oninta.

Makula ornata Distant, 1. c, fig. 5.

Hab. Queensland.

This dififers from the preceding two species by having apparent-
ly a few more veins at the lower apical part, and usually in the
A'itian forms, there is a cross vein in the first wing cell, but this
is sometimes absent in P. citharista. The eyes are also a little far-
ther from the dorsal margin of the genae in P. ornata.

Ncsonciira subgenus nov.

Close to typical Pyrrlwiiciira, but the eyes are placed more as
in P. ornata and the head in profile is subangulate anteriorly,
while it is distinctly more elongate dorsally, being medianly ex-
tended farther in front of the eyes than with them.

4. 7jiticnsis sp. nov.

Testaceous ; the eyes and a small spot on each frontal keel at
its base and the same at its apex, sides of pronotum narrowly,
liasal half of subcostal cell, blackish., Tegminal veins white, an oh-

1/2

liqiie, very obtusely angulate, band across the outer half cf the
apical half, part of the apical margin apical of the claval apex,
and some obscure elongate spots more in the centre of the teg-
men, fuscous.

Length 4^ mill, to apex of closed tegniina.

Hab. Yiti Levu. Rewa (Apr.. AJV).

Nesocore, gen. nov.

Superficially scanewhat like PhacioccpJviliis but the antennae
are more elongate, obliquely subtruncate apically, and the lateral
keels of the frons continue sharply to the apical margin.

From Pyrrhoneura it differs (as also from other genera) prin-
cipally by the possession of what appears to be a small, subro-
tundate laminate appendix to the genae, on each side, roughly at
right angles to the genae themselves.

I. fidicina sp. nov.

Testaceous ; the vertex with a pink tinge, lateral margins of
frontal keels dark at least basally ; lateral margins of nota, the
abdomen above basally, &c., pale fuscous. Genal lamina milky
white. Tegmina hyaline, a pale fuscous streak along the interior
half, a conspicuous blackish speck near the apex, apical margin
narrowly dark, part of some of the veins near the apex sangui-
neous. Wings milky hyaline, some of the veins fuscous.

Length 6 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Apr.. Muir's Nos. 151-4). "ri-
der bark of an old tree much attacked by fungus.

Nymphs dark fuscous, the legs and sensory organs paler.
(PI. XVIII. figs. 9-10).

Vivaha.
Vivaha Distant 1906 Faun. Ind. Rhynch. TIT 395, fig. 148.

I . saniosa.

V. saniosa Dist., 1907 A. M. N. H. (7) XIX 405.
Hab. Queensland.

Lyriccn, gen. nov.

Vertex elongate, narrow, well produced in front of the eyes,
posterior margin scarcely posterior to the anterior margin of the

173

eyes, apically narrowly truncate, longitudinally impressed, keeled
medianly somewhat feebly ; the head not impressed at the junc-
tion of vertex and frons and so separating them. Frons elongate,
longitudinally niipressed, basally constricted, apically truncate.
Antennae short, subcylindric, subbifid apically, surrounded by a
lobe of the pronotum. Pronotum deeply angulately emarginate
Hi the middle : scutellum elongate, diamond-shaped. Tegmina
elongate, apicallv ampliated and rounded.

I. imthnrni sp. nov.
Pis. XIX, figs. 1-3 and PI. XX, figs. 3-5.

Fuscous, grading to blackish in parts especially on the basal
two-thirds of the scutellum ; keels, foliaceous part of pronotum.
(Src, pale brownish-yellow. Scutellum with a yellowish line down
the middle, broadening a little at the posterior angle. Legs testa-
ceous, fere and middle femora faintly fuscous apically, hind fe-
mora faintly fuscous, annulated with testaceous ; fore and middle
tibiae fuscous apically. Abdomen dark fuscous, marked with
sanguineous and testaceous. Tegmina cinereo-testaceous, veins
concolorous , margined irregularly with fuscous, some of the api-
cal cells mostly fuscous, apical margin very narrowly blood-red.

Length of body 4 mill., to apex of tegmina Q mill, widest
breadth of tegmen 5 mill., narrowest about 3 mill.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Mar., Apr., Nov., M.).

The male genitalia are figured ou PI. XIX, figs. 1-3.

In accordance with a request from Mr. Muir, I name this inter-
esting form after His Excellency Sir E. F. im Thurn, Governor
of Fiji, a zealous naturalist and well known traveller, who afford-
ed Mr.' Muir great facilities and showed him much kindness dur-
ing his researches in the Fiji Isles.

Proutista.

Froutista Kirkaldy 1906 Entom. XXXVII 279.

= \\Assamia Buckton 1896 Ind. Mus. Notes W. p. i.

=Sardis Kirkaldy 1906 Bull. Ent. H. S. P. A. I 426.

=Phenicc Distant 1906 Fam. Ind.. Rh. Ill 295' (not West-
wood ) .

Distant cities fritillans (Boh.) as the type of Phcnice, but the
true type is fascioJata (Boh.). T am aware that Westwood con-
sidered that the first species in a genus should as a rule be the

174

type, but he explicity stated that this was only the case when oth-
er reasons were absent (''•). Now, Dcrbc fritillaris Boh. is the
first species described, but D. fasciolata is figured and the figures
taken as the basis of the generic description. I therefore main-
tain that fasciolata is the type of P he nice and it certainly not a
Pheniee in a Distantian sense.

1. lunihoJt.':.i Kirkaldy.
PI. XIX, figs. 6-8.

Sardis rnacnJosa Kirkaldy 1906 PI. 28, figs. 4-6 (not Pheniee
maculosa Krueger)**

Proutisfa hnnholtzi Kirkaldy 1907 A. S. E. Belg., LI. 126.

Head and pronotum testaceous, a speck at the base of the frons
and another on the clypeus, and some sufifusions apically on the
pronotum, blackish brown. Mesonotum castaneous ; a median
keel, a rough W in the middle, and the hind margin medianly.
testaceous. Metanotum dark, whitish medianly. Legs testa-
ceous : fore coxae, apex of tibiae, &c., blackish. Abdomen testa-
ceous and blackish confused. Tegmina hyaline, marked with
blackish brown less closely than in niocsta.

Length ylA, expanse of tegmina 15 mill.

Plab. Queensland, Cairns (Aug., P. & K. ) on Saccharnni
offieiuarunt.

The remarkable male genitalia are figured (PI. XIX, figs. 6-8).

2. austral is.

Pheniee anstralis Distant, oj). c, 397.
Hab. Queensland. I'nknown to me.

Nesoniphas, gen. nov.

Vertex and pronotum raised and swollen vertically, the lateral
margins of the vertex (as seen dorsally) rounded and apically
produced linearly between and beyond the eyes which are ver\'
large. Frons linear, narrowly channelled medianly, widened anr]

* "I do not here insist npon the necessity of placing a typical species at the head of

a genus but I do insist that where an author does not state the particular

species wtiich he regards as the tvpe of his genus, we are bound to suppose that he
would place it at the head of his genus." Westwood, April 1837 Mag. Nat. Hist. n. s.,
I, 170.

** Through the courtesy of Dr. Van Deventer, I have examined some .Javanese
examples of PrmitMa moeka (—tnaculom), a species different from the Australian
one. The stridulating area of mnesta is figured on PI. XX, flgs. 8-9.

175

flattened apically. Antennae very short. In profile the head and
pronotuni are about equally raised but there is a deep cleft between
the two down to their meeting- place. Pronotum posteriori)
cmarginate in tlie middle, scutellum flat, not carinate.

I. insignissima sp. nov.
PI. XIX, figs. lo-ii.

Whitish testaceous, whiter above; frons margined with fus
c(^us. Ocellus black. Eye dorsally with an interior black line
w hich is continued on to the pronotum laterally. Tegmina milk\,-
li_\aline, a dark fuscous line on the basal half of the subcostal
vein, the tegmina also spotted elongately with gre\ish, veins
white. Wings white, veins concolorous.

Length 5 mill.

Hab. A'iti Levu, (Muir No. 55), Rewa Mar.-Dec), on Zin-
giber rjcniinbet (wild ginger).

PhiladclpJicia.

I. pandani.

The male genitalia are figured PI. XIX, fig. 9.

Mniria gen. nc.v.

Distinguished from other Dcrbidac by the rudimentary wings.
! lead and ])ronotum vertical, vertex very small, triangular, and
pr(Kluce(l linearly anteriorly, projecting well beyond antericr mar-
gin of e3'es. the latter being subcontiguous at about half their
length. Frons linear, acute. Antennae elongate, first segment
suliannulate but prominent, second four times as long as maxi-
mum width, about equal in length to the fore femora, obliquely
truncate apicall\-. the flagellum arising at the short end of the
truncation. Pronotum very narrow, deeply emarginate angular-
1\ . Scutellum rather feebly tricarmate.

I. st rid Ilia sp. nov.
PI. XIX. f. 4-5 and PI. XX. figs. 10-13.

Sanguineous; legs and genital segments (in ])art ) paler; an-
tennae testaceous. Tegmina hyaline, veins pale fuscous, costal
and subcostal veins, apical margin, &c., sanguineous.

Length of body 2 mill., to apex to tegmen 51^ mill.

Hab. Viti Levu. Rewa (Mar., Muir's No. 159), oft:' a low,
native palm.

176

I have much pleasure in naming this remarkable genus after
my friend Mr. Muir. His interesting remarks on the stridula-
tion will be found on p. 7.

PI. XX, fig. 13 does not depict the vertex quite accurately being
too broad basally and not excavated. The scutellum of the meso-
notum should be represented as feebly tricarinate.

Herona.v Kirkaldy.
=Fcinialia}a Distant, op. c. 412.

1. paniassiiis.

H. paniassiiis Kirkaldy.

F. iiifiiscata Dist., 1. c. fig. 6.

1 think this synonymy is correct.

2. rnbrUiervis.

F. ruhrineri'is Dist., op. c, 413.
Hab. Queensland, Cairns.

3. saccharivora.
H . saccliarh'ora Kirkaldy.

4. juno.

F. juno Dist., 1. c.

Hab. Queensland, Kuranda.

This is evidently very close to saccharivora. but the colouring,
as mentioned bv Distant, seems a little different.

5. paUcscens.

F. pallescens Dist., 1. c.
Hab. Queensland.

177

Phantasmatocera.

Phantasmatoccra Kirksldy.
=:Arunta Distant^ op. c, 406.

I. arborea.

P. arborea Kirkald}-.

A. rubroi'enosa Distant. I. c. fig. 3.

Distant has led himself astray by not noticing that it was not
the generic type that was fignred, but a second species, which in
fact is not congeneric.

Nesophantasina gen. nov.

Dififers from Phantasuiatocera by the shorter head, whose late-
ral margins are only slightly sinuate, and by other structures well
seen in the respective figures ; by the shorter antennae which do
not reach in profile to the apex of the eyes ; the tegmina more
rounded at the apex, and the apical areas larger and less in num-
ber. Type viticnsis.

I. vitiensis.
Pliaiitasiitatoccra z'iticiisis Kirk., PI. XXVIII. figs. 1-3.

Sivezeyia.
I. lyric en.
PI. XIX, figs. 15-19.
Mr. Muir has taken this in Viti Levu, Rewa (March).

Kuranda.
Kuranda Dist., op. c, 407.

I. notata.

K. notata Dist., 1. c, fig. 4.
. Hab. Queensland.

Not unlike Niphadodite except that the antennae are very dif-
ferent.

178
Zoraida.

\\Thracia Westwood 1841 A. M. N. H._, VI 478.
Zoraida Kirkakly 1900 Entom., 242.

Distant has described five species as belonging- to this genus,
from Queensland, viz. : —

1 cycnoptera p. 401.

2 enpoccila, p. 402.

3 consanguinca, 1. c.

4 cydista, 1. c.

5 picta, p. 403.

Sikaiana.
Sikaiaiia Distant, op. c, 399.

I. ncsiope sp. nov.
PI. XVIII, fig. 13 (tegmen).

Testaceous, eyes black. Antennae fuscous. Tegmina milky,
two or three sanguineous specks on the costal margin, veins con-
colorous, very delicately marked with fuscous. Wings milky,
veins concolorous, one or two fuscous specks.

Length 1J/2 niill to apex of body, 4^ mill, to apex of tegmina.

Hab. Viti Levu, Rewa (Apr., Muir No. 167; i example in
bad condition.

It seems close to S. hyaJinata Dist. but it is smaller, the general
hue of the venation is milky-white and the tegminal pattern is
dififerent. Distant has described two Australian species, S. hyali-
itata p. 399, fig. I., and S. maculosa, 1. c, Queensland.

DESCRIITION OF PLATES.
Plate I.

1. Cicadctta tyinpanistr'ui.

2. Male genitalia of the same, in profile.

3. Operculum of the same.

4. Philagra parva, wing, (a little diagrammatic).

5. Polychactophycs scrpiilidia. wing (do.).

6. Dialcctoptcryx australica, wing (the dotted lines show the
restored parts).

7. The same, tegmen (do.V

8. Astorga sacchan'cida, nymph.

9. The same in profile.

10. Mnirclla oxyoinina, n}inph.

1 1 . The same in profile.

12. Face of the same.

13. Coiiosaiiiis liospcs, nymph.

14. Long- winged adult of the same.

15. Short-winged adult.

16. Tegmen of long- winged form.

17. Tegmen of short- winged form.

Plate IL

1. Idioccnis liylcorais, vertex.

2. Face of the same.

3. Ncphotcttix plchciiis. vertex &c.

4. Face of the same.

5. A^ ciirytus, vertex &c.

6. Face of the same.

7. Eurinoscopiis Icnfiginosiis, vertex &c.

8. Face of the same.

9. Driotura aristarchc.

10. Face of the same.

11. Nephotettix apicalis, tegmen.

13. Face of the same.

14, Than-a sp., nymph in profile.

i8o

15. Dorsal view of the same.

16. T. nausikaa.

17. Face of the same.

18. Hybrasil hrani, vertex &c.

19. Thymbris iiiachis, female.

20. Face of the same.

21. Miiirella oxyomma.

22. Face of the same.

Plate III.

I. Siphanta acuiipeunis.

21 S. acuta.

3. S. toga.

4. S. acuta (var. ).

Plate IV.

1. Siphanta sensilis.

2. S. granulicollis.

3. S. lucindac.

4. 5". gramilata.

Plate V.

1. Siphanta suh granulosa.

2. 5". hrcviccps.

3. S. gale at a.

4. Thanatochlauiys tristis.

Plate VI.

1. Siphanta acutipennis. vertex &c.

2. Face of the same.

3. 5'. galcata, vertex &c.

4. Face of the same.

5. S. lucindae, vertex &c.

6. Face of the same.

7. 5". granulicollis (var.) vertex &c.

8. Face of the same.

9. Thanafochlamys tristis, vertex &c.
10. Face of the same.

I«[

11. Siphanta graniiiicollis, vertex &c.

(N. B. — The median keels are omitted).

12. >S. stibgraunlosa, vertex &c.

13. S. acuta, the same.

14. Face of the same.

15. 6^. scnsilis, vertex &c.

16. Face of the same.

17. S. acuta, last nymphal instar.

18. Face of the same.

19. The same in profile.

20. The same, egg-mass in situ.

Plate VII.

1. Tylana acutipennis, tegmen.

2. Vertex &c. of the same.

3. Face of the same.

4. Phantiopsis australiaca.

5. Vertex &c. of the same.

6. Face of the same.

7. Nymph of an unknown Fulgorine.

8. Face of the same.

9. Apsadaroptcryx clougatulus.

10. Face of the same.

11. Siphanta toga, vertex &c.

12. Chlauiydoptcryx ridicularius, vertex &c.

13. Face of the same.

14. Tegmen of the same.

15. C. vulturnus.

16. Face of the same.

17. Phaeopteryx siduicus. nymph.

18. Face of the same.

19. The same in profile.

20. The same, adult.

21. Face of the same.

Plate VIII.

1. Leptochlamys comprcssa, vertex &c.

2. Face of the same.

3. Pcltodictya kurandac

182

4- Face of the same.

5. OUanis fclis, vertex &c.

6. Face of the -same.

7. 0. lubra, vertex &c.

8. Face of the same.

9. Tegmen of the same*.

10. O. phelia, vertex &c.

11. Face of the same.

12. Tegmen of the same.

13. Solonaima solonaima, vertex &c.

14. Face of the same.

15. Tegmen of the same.

16. Aitstraloma austrina, vertex &c.

17. Face of the same.

18. Tegmen of the same.

19. Leirioessa tortricomorpha, vertex &c.

20. Face of the same.

21. Tegmen of the same.

Plate IX.

1. Aristyllis oniphale, vertex &c.

2. Face of the same.

3. A. aristyllis, vertex &c.

4. Face of the same.

5. A. adippc, vertex &c.

6. Face of the same.

7. Enrynomeus aiistraliac, vertex &c.

8. Face of the same.

9. Basilcocephalus thaiimatonotns, vertex &c.

10. Face of the same.

11. The same in profile.

12. Rhinodictya qnaesitrix.

13. Face of the same.

14. Sjiva kochelei, vertex &c.

15. Face of the same.

16. The same in profile.

17. Callinesia pnlchra.

18. Francesca saleniiiiophila.

19. Face of the same.

20. CaUichlarnys muiri,
2\. Face of the same.

i83
Plate X.

1. Delphax aneuwnias, vertex &c.

2. Face of the same.

3. D. eupompe, vertex &c.

4. Face of the same.

5. Mcgamclns proscrpiiia, vertex &c.

6. Tegmen of the same.

7. Aberrant!}' veined tegmen of the same.

8. M. spoiisa, vertex &'C.

9. Face of the same.

10. Delphax parysatis.

1 1 . Face of the same.

12. D. thy est es.

13. Face of the same.

14. Pcregriuns iiiaidis.

15. D. albotristn'atiis.

16. D. algebra.

17. Face of the same.

18. D. dilpa (N. B. — The vertex is too much produced),

19. Face of the sahie.

20. D. asfyaiiav.

Plate XI.

1. Steuocraitiis againopsyehe. vertex &c.

2. Face of the same.

3. Face of the same^ nymphal instar.

4. Nymph of the same.

5. Perkinsiella saecharieida, face,

6. Profile of the same.

7. Antenna of the same.

8. Hind tibial and tarsus of the same.

9. Dicraiwtropis koebelei, face.

10. Hind tibia and tarsus of the same.

11. Anectopia mandane, brachypterous form.

12. Face of the same.

13. Profile of the same.

14. Dicranotropis psendoiitaidis.

15. Nymph of the same.

1 6. Face of the same.

17. Aiieetopia luandatic, macropterous form.

1 84

i8. Hind tibia and tarsus of TcHgonia parthaon.

19. The same of Eurymclias hyacinthus.

20. The same of Philagra parva.

Plate XII.

I
2

3
4

5
6

7
8

9
10
II
12
13
14
15
16

17
18

19
20
21

Tropidocephala dryas, vertex &c.

Face of the same.

The same in profile.

Hind leg of the same.

T. exiniius, vertex &c.

Face of the same.

The same in profile.

Haplodclphax iitncicola, vertex &c.

Face of the same.

Hadeodclphax pliito, vertex &c.

Face of the same.

PerkinsicUa vastatrix, male pygophor (end on),

The same (three-quarter view).

P. sinensis, the same (end on).

The same (three-quarter view).

Delphax eiipompe, the same (end on).

The same (three-quarter view).

The same in profile.

Meganielus proserpina, the same (end on).

The same (three- quarter view).

The same in profile.

Plate XIII.
Male pygophors of Asiracidae, in two or three views.

1-3. PerkinsieUa psendomaidis.

4-6. Dicranotropis muiri.

7-8. Peregnniis maidis.

9-10. PerkinsieUa viiiensis.

11-13. P. saccharicida.

14- 5. P. graminicida.

Plate XIV.

The same as the preceding :

1-3. Delphax alhotristriatus.
4-6. Anectopia mandane.

i85

7-9. Megamelus persephone.
10-12. Delphax albicoUis.
13-15. D. astyanax.

Plate XV.
The same as the preceding :

1-3. Delphax puella.

4-5. Stenocranns pacificus.

6-8. Piirohita arundiuaccu.

9-11. Delphax kolophon.

12-14. D. pylaon.

15-16. D. algebra.

Plate XVI.

The same as the preceding :
1-2. Delphax anemonias.

3. D. geranor.
4-5. D. niatanitu.
6-7. D. dilpa.
8-9. D. kaha.

lo-ii. D. ostorius.

12-13. D.dryope.

14-15. Suiicrotatodclphax perkinsi.

Plate XVIT.

Of the same nature as the preceding.

1-3. Gelastodelphax histrionicus.

4-5. Tropidocephala dryas.

6-7. Stenocranns aganiopsyche.

8-9. Dicranotropis kocbclei.

lo-ii. Hadeodelphax persephone.

12. H. pluto.

T3-14. Melanesia pacifica.

15-6. Tropidocephala exiniuis.

Plate XVIII.

1-3. Delphax lazidis, male pygophcr.

4. D. disonymos, the same.

5. Lyric en imfhnrni, profile.

6. Head and nota of the same.

1 86

7. Face of the same.

8. Thyrocephalus leucoptenis, tegmen.

9. Nesocore fidicina, nymph.

10. Face of the same.

11. Frofcrosydnc arborea.

12. Face of the same.

13. S'ikaiana iicsiope, tegmen.

14. Suiicrotatodclpkax pcrkiiisi.

15. Dclplia.v inatanitu.

lO. Gclastodelpha.v hisfrioiiiciis.

Plate XIX.

1-3. Lyricen imthnrni, male genitalia.

4-5. Miiiria stridiila, the same.

6-8. Proutista hiinholtzi, the female genitalia.

9. Philadelphcia paiidaiii, the male genitalia

10. Nesoiiiplias insigiiissitiia head and nota.

11. The same in profile.

12. Phaciocephaliis viticiisis, head &c.

13. Profile of the same.

14. Face of the same.

15. Szi'e::cyia lyricen, head and nota.

16. Face of the same.

17. The same in profile.

18. Antenna.

19. The same enlarged.

20. Phaciocephaliis inilfodias

Plate XX.

1. Pyrrhoneiira citharista, wing.

2. The same, stridulatory area.

3. Lyricen imthiirni, wing.

4. Stridulatory area of the same.

5. Variant venation of N^o. 3.

6. Pyrrhoneiira saccharicida, wing.
7- Stridulatory area of the same.

8. Proutista nioesta, wing.

9. Stridulatory area of the same.

10. Miiiria stridiila, profile.

11. Base of flight organs in same.

12. Wing of same.

13. Dorsal view of same.

INDEX.

Acanthuchus bispinus 91, eurynomus,

euryone, iasis 90.
Aceratagallia 30.
Achilini 95, 115.
Acopsis 89.
Agalliopsis 31.
Allygus lotophagomim 62.
Alseis 30, 37; osbomi 38.
Amphiscepinae 94.
Anectopia 127, 143; igerna, mandane

144.
Apheliona 67.
Apsadaropteryx 102, 103; elongatulus

104.
Aristyllis adippe, aristyllis, omphale

121.
Asiracidae 95, structure 123.
Astorga 96, saccharicida 97.
Australasian Subregions 5.
Australoma 107, 114; austrina 114.
Basileocephalus thaiimatonotiis 166.
Bladinini 93.

Briichomorpha mormo 105.
Callichlamys 116, 120; muiri, iindulata

120.
Callinesia 116, 118; ornata, i)ulchra

118; pusilla, venusta 118-9.
Cephalelini 24, 72.
Cercopidae and Cercopinae 19.
Cblamydopteryx 102, 103; eurobium

103.
Cicadetta tympanistria 18.
Cicadidae, Australian species 16, Fi-
jian 17.
Cicadoidea, classification 13.
Cicadula euryphaessa, hyadas, vitien-

sis 68.
Cixiinae 94, 106.
Cixiini 95, 106.
Classification of Cicadoidea 13, Ful-

goroidea 91.
Conosanus chlorippe, hospes 60.
Criomorphus australiae 131.
Cymbalopus 88.

Dardiis immaculatus 105.

Delphax 149; alblcollis 161, albotri-

striatiis 151, 154, algebra 151, 161.

anemonias 150, 159, astyanax 151,

161, dilpa 151, 162, disonymos 151,
156, dryope 151, 154, eupompe 150.

162, geranor 150, 158, hyas, 151, 156,
kaha 150, 158, kolophon 150, 157!
laziilis 151, 155, leimonias 150, 159,
matanitu 151, 155, ochrias 151, 157,
ordovix 151, 152, ostorius 151, 154,
parysatis 151, 153, piiella 160, py-
laon 150, 160, thyestes 151, 152.

Deltocephalus 56; histrionicus 57 lo-

tis 56, liicindae 58, polemoii G6.
Deltodorydium 73.
Derbidae 95, 1G3.

Dialecticopteryx 71, australica 72.
Diceropyga stuarti 17.
Dicranotropis 17, anderida 133, aris-

toxeniis 133, 134, koebelei 134, mvi-

iri 133, 134.
Dictyophorini 95.
Dolia 95.

Dorycephalus trilineatus 73.
Driotiira aristarche 59.
Dryadomorpha lotophagorum 41.
Dystheatias 107, 113; beecheyi 113,

fuscata 114.
Eodryas 93.
Eogypona 26.

Elpipsychidion epipyropis 37.
Erythroneura doris 69, lalage, leuco-

thoe 70, rewana 71, sidnica 69.
Eupterygini 24, 66.
Euricania tristiciila 98.
Eurinopsyche obscurata 122.
Eurinoscopus hamadryas 39.
Eurybrachyinae 94, 105.
Eurymelias 29.
Eurymelini 24, 29.
Eurynomeiis australiae 117.
Eurysthens perkmsi 122.
Eutettix melaleucae, sellata 53.

Fauna of the Pacific Isles 5.
Fijian fauna 6.
Francesca saleminophila 117.
Fulgoridae 94, 106.
Fulgorinae 95.

Fulgoroidea, classification 91.
Gaetiilia chrysopoides 98.
Gelastodelphax histrionicus 146.
Genera, list of, 10.

Hadeodelphax pallidior, 140, perse-
phone 141, phito 140.
Haplodelphax 127, 145; euronotiamis,

iuncicola, naias, 145, 146.
Hybrasil brani 41.
lassini 24, 73.
Iberia 40.
Idioceriis 31; aulonias, cupido, hyleo-

rais 32, 34, kisseis 32, napais, nere-

ias 32, 34, nymphias, oreias, oro-

demnias, xantho, 32, 33.
Ipo aegrota, ambita, conferta, honiala,

ponipais 35.
Issinae 94, 102.
Kyphocotis tessellata 28.
Lamenia i69.
Ledrini 23, 24.
Ledropsis 26.
Jjeimonodite 133.
Leirioessa 106, 112, tortricomorpha,

vitiensis 112.
Leptochlamys 107, 113, compre^sa 113.
Leucopepla 87.
Limotettix capitatus, filicicola, tachy

porias 64.
List of genera and species 10.
Lonatura austrina 62.
Lophopinae 92, 96.
Lyricen 163, 172; imthnrni 8, 173.
Machaerotinae, 19, 22.
Macropsis oeroe 36, thoantias 36, 37,

thyia, thymele 36.
Macroceratogoniini 2.
Megamelus 147; persephone 148, pro-

serpina 147, sponsa 148.
Megophthalmini 24, 89.
Melanesia 126, 128; pacifica, strigata

129.
Membracidae 89.
Muiria 164, 175; stridula 175.
Muirella 74, 79; oxyomma 79.
Myndus vitiensis 111.

Nephelia 117.

Nephotettix apicalis 54, eurytus 53,

plebeius 54.
Nesaphrestes 20; dreptias, ptysmalo-

philus 21.
Nesaphrogeneia 20, 22; vitiensis 22.
Nesocharis 106, 110; kalypso 111.
Nesochlamys 107, 115; vitiensis 115.
Nesocore 165, 172; fidicina 172.
Nesoneura 171.

Nesoniphas 164, 174; insignissinia 174.
Nesopompe 107.
Nesosteles 64; aurantiigera 65, cliloe

66, dryas, glauca 65, hebe 64, phryne

66.
Niphadodite 165, 170, insulicola 170.
Nisia atrovenosus 165.
Nymphs of Cicadoidea, classification,

14.
Oliarus 107; feiis 109, lilinoe 108, lu-

bra 109, melanesica 110, phelia 109,

saccharicola 107, 109, tasrnani 108,

vitiensis 109.
Oncopsis balli 38.
Orinda 102, 104.
Pacific Isles, Fauna of, 5.
Paradorydium brigharai 72, ovidii 73.
Peltodictya kurandae 97.
Penthimiini 24, 80.
Peregrinus maidis 132.
Perkinsielki 135; table of nymphs 136;

graminicida 137, pseudoniaidid 136,

saccliaricida 8, 137, sinensis 136,

138, vastatrix, vitiensis 137.
Petty a anemolna 64.
Phaciocephalus 166; miltodias, miny-

rias, 167, 168, nesodreptias, nesogo-

nias 167, pnllatus 167, 168, vitiensis

167.
Phaeopteryx 102, 104; sidnicus 104.
Phalaenomorphini 93.
Pliantasmatocera arborea 177.
Phantiopsis australiaca 101.
Phenelia bicuneata, tristis 117.
Pliiladelpbeia pandani 175.
Phrynomorphini 24, 39.
Phrynomorplius 59.
Phrynophyes 58.
Picumna ovatipennis 105.
Plestia marginata 98.
Poekillopteridae 92, 96.

Poekillopterinae and Poekillopterini

93.

Proteroyydne 126, 130; arborea 131.

Proutista 173; Uimholtzi 174, moesta
7, 174.

Furohita arundinacea 129.

Putoniessa dignissima 50.

Pyrrhoneura citharista 8, 171, saccha-
ricida 7, 170, vitiensis 171.

Quirosia 107, 114; vitiensis 115.

Region, Subregions of Australasian, 5.

Kliinodictya qiiaesitrix 97.

Rliotana halosydne 169.

Rhotidus stali 26.

RIcaniinae 93, 98.

Ricanlini 93.

Riibria sidnica 26.

Saccharosydne saccharivora 139.

Sikaiana nesiope 178.

Siphanta acuta 100, acutipennis 99,
breviceps 100, galeata 99, granulata,
grannlicollis 100, luclndas, miuuta
100, sensilis 99, 101, subgranulosa
100, toga 99.

Smicrocotis obscura. sidnica 2S.

Smicrotatodelphax perkinsi 147.

Solonaima solonaima 111.

Soracte apollonos 55.

Species, list of, 10.

Stegelytra 40.

Stenocotini 24, 26.

Stenocotis diniorpha, reticulata 27.

Stenocranus agamopsyche 138, pacifi,
cus 139.

Stridulation 7.

Subregions of the Australasian Re-
gion, 5.

Suva koebelei 165.

Swezeyia lyrice'n 177.

Syringophora 87.

Tambiniini 93.

Tartessus 42; fulvus 43, iambe 46,

ianassa 47, ianeira 48, ianlhe 47,

idyia 44, io 46, iokaste 48, iphis,

issa, 45, itonias 44.
Tetigometridae 94.
Tetigonia albida 85, albomarginata,

coerulescens, koebelei 86.
Tetigonildae 23.
TetigoniinI 24, 85.
Thamnophryne nysias 61.
Thanatochlamys tristis 101.
Thanatodictya 121.
Tharra 75; kalypso 76, kassiphone 75,

77, labena 76, nausikaa 75, 77, ogy-

gia 76, sp.? 78.
Thomsonia kirschbaumii 40.
Thymbris 49; inachis 49, iphianassa

50.
Tortor daulias 42.
Tropidocephala 141; dryas 143, exi-

mius 142, hamadryas 143.
Tropiduchinae 92, 97.
Tropiduchini 93.
Tylana acutipennis 104, angustifrons,

dyakana 105.
Ugyops vitiensis 127.
Urvillea 106, 110; melanesica 110.
Vulturnus 81; vaecors 84, vaedulcis

82, 84, vanduzeei 82, 83, vappa 82,

85, virgidemia, voltumna 82, 83, vul-

tuosus 82, 84, vulturnus 82.
Xestocephalus australensis, contortu-

plicatus, decemnotatus, pallidiceps, .

purpurascens, 52, sidnicus 53, viti

ensis 51.
Zanophara albovittata 90, leda 89.

BULLETIN III.

PLATE I.

JULLETIN III,

PLATE II.

BULLETIN III.

PLATE III

BULLETIN

PLATE IV.

5ULLETIN III.

PLATE V.

iULLETIN II

PLATE VI.

BULLETIN IM,

PLATE VIL

PLATE VIM.

iULLETIN III.

PLATE IX.

iULLETlN III.

PLATE X.

PLATE XI,

BULLETIN

PLATE XII,

BULLETIN 111.

PLATE XIII

BULLETIN IM.

BULLETIN IIL

BULLETIN III

PLATE XVI.

PLATE XVII.

5ULLETIN III.

PLATE XVIII.

BULLETIN IN.

PLATE XIX,

SULLETIN III

"-''*^^4si_^^— " ' *=-:^-«.,;

PLATE XX.

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 4-

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' association

Parasites of Leaf-Hoppers

By R. C L. PERKINS

Leaf-Hoppers

By C W. KIRKALDY

HONOLULU, T. H.
MAY 1, 1907

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCI/\TION

TRUSTEES FOR 1907

E. F. Bishop President

P. A. ScjiAEFEK Vice-President

W. O. S.MiTii. . Secretary-Treasurer

E. D. Texney E. M. Swanzy

W. Pl'OTEiMlAUEK S, Mt-DaMOX^ ^

Wm. Gr. Ikwix II. p. Baldwix

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

\V. ^1. Gii-EAKD, Chairman.
E. 1). Texney E. E. Paxtox

EXPERIMENT STATION S'I;aFF

DIVISION OK AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY

C. F. Eckart Director

E. G. Clarke Agriculturist

S S. Peck Assistant Chemist

R. S. Norris Assistant Chemist

F. R. Werthmueller Assistant Chemist

A. E. Jordan - . . . . Assistant Chemist

T. Lougher Field Foreman

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGV

R. C. U Perkins Director

A. Koebele (Consulting Entomologist

Alex. Craw Consulting Entomologist

G. W. Kirkaldy Assistant Entomologist

F. W. Terry /assistant Entomologist

Otto H. Swezey Assistant Entomologist

F. Muir , Assistant Entomologist

DIVISION OF PATHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY

i\. A. Cobb JDirector

L. Lewton-Brain Assistant Director

E. M. Grosse Assistant

GENERAL

W. E. Chambers Illustrator

C. H. McBride Cashier

DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY BULLETIN NO. 4-

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' association

Parasites of Leaf-Hoppers

By R;^'L'. C PERKINS

Leaf-Hoppers

ByCfW- KIRKALDY

HONOLULU, T. H.
MAY 1, 1907

MAY 26 t^SS

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL-

To the Experiment Station Committee of the Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association. Honolulu, T. H.

Gentlemen : — I, herewith, submit for publication Bulletin IV
of the Division of Entomology. This is based almost entirely on
the parasites and leaf-hoppers recently collected and studied by
Mr. Koebele in Arizona. It has been prepared by Mr. Kirkaldy
and myself.

Yours obediently,

R. C. L. PERKINS.
Director, Division of Entomology,

Honolulu. T. H., April 3rd, 1907.

GENERAL REMARKS ON PARASITES OF LEAF-
HOPPERS.

In Bulletin I of the Division of Entomolog^y an extensive
account of leaf-hoppers and their natural enemies was prepared
by the members of the staff, and in Bulletin II some additional
observations were recorded by Mr. F. Muir, who visited Fiji,
for the purpose of investio^ating- leaf-hoppers and other insects
in that g-roup. In the present Bulletin a large number of parasites
observed and collected by Mr. Koebele. chiefly in Arizona, are
recorded, as well as such of their hosts as can be at present deter-
mined. .\ considerable amount of material, consisting of leaf-
hoppers themselves, left over from Mr. Koebele's and my own
expedition to Australia and from Mr. Muir's to Fiji has also been
worked out and is ready for publication. In addition to these
collections my work on the parasites of leaf-hoppers has been
g^reatly aided by other specimens received from Mr. Koebele.
In the summer of 1905 he visited Germany on a vacation trip,
and during this vacation was so good as to collect for me a con-
siderable amount of European material. These European speci-
mens have been of the greatest service in working out the Ameri-
can species, and enable me to correct a number of errors in my
former papers on the Dryinidae. Mr. Koebele not only sent over
specimens of these and other parasites bred or captured by him-
self, but also a number of cocoons and puparia, that he had ob-
tained there. It was very satisfactory to breed here, in these
islands, species of European Gonafopns, Chelogynus, .liitcon
and others of the Dryinidae, as well as species of Pipnncnhts with
Verrallia aiicta and xnllosa of the Diptera, and to be able to
examine all these alive. In addition to Mr. Koebele's consign-
ments I have also examined some material recently received from
China, collected by Mr. Muir. It will therefore be seen that the
work done on the subject of leaf-hoppers, and their enemies,
both in the field and study, has 1)een of a very extensive character
and it is possible to come to some general conclusions, as to what
enemies keep the countless species of leaf-hojipers — all of which
are potentially injurious — in check, throughout a large part of
the world. One is at once struck with the fact, that whether in
Europe, Asia, Australia or .America, the parasites or predators

6

that destroy leaf-hoppers, in each country t/clong n.ostly to the
same groups. Egg-parasites are everywhere present Anagrus
of the Mymaridae attacks the eggs of the Delpliacidae ahke in
Europe, America, Australia, Fiji and China, and even the species
hardly differ in these countries ; while Paranagrns has been found
in Fiji, Australia and China, and Ootetrastichits of the Chalcid
flies in the same countries. Other Mymarids of several genera
attack the Jassid hoppers, some of which are also periodically
decimated by the excessively minute Chalcids of the family
Trichogrammidae, both in America and Australia. These latter
likewise destroy the eggs of the allied Alembracidae. Such Ful
gorids as lay their eggs on the surface of plants have different
egg-parasites. In Australia they are attacked by Proctotrupids,
and also by Encyrtidae of the Chalcid group, but in other coun-
tries their enemies have not been investigated. A foremost place
amongst beneficial insects must be assigned to all these egg-
parasites, as by destroying the egg they kill the hopper before it
arrives at a stage, when it can do injury. Of the other Hymenop-
tera, Dryinidae are no doubt ubiquitous throughout the world,
and they attack many species of hoppers both in the Fulgorid
and Jassid groups, and have also been reported as attacking
Membracids. Cercopidae are, so far as is known, not attacked
by them, but the young of these are, as is well-known to every
field-worker, a favorite prey of various Fossorial Hymenoptera,
e. g. Harpactus and Gorytcs. The Fossors likewise yield species
that prey on Jassids ; amongst the minute Crabronidae, for in-
stance, we have found the cells of the European Crossoccrus
gO)iager Lep. filled with a species of Typhlocyha that infests
beech trees. In these islands, one may see a Mimesid (Nesomi-
mesa hawaiicnsis) hawking for various species of Fulgorid leaf-
hoppers, but these are not its usual prey, which consists of certain
Limnobiine Diptera. It is interesting to note that its attempt
to seize the Fulgorids is usually a failure. As all the other
known Hawaiian species of Nesomifiicsa prey on the Diptera
mentioned, it would appear as if it were comparatively recently
turning its attention to the Homoptera. The singular head-
structure of the female wasp probably aids it in some way in
capturing the flies, while ineffective for holding the other prey.
The Dipterous Pipunculidae are also ubiquitous, and attack both
Jassids and Fulgorids of various groups, alike. On the whole
they appear to chiefly parasitize Jassids, but the Hawaiian species,
so far as is known, are all parasitic on Fulgorids, in fact on Del-
phacids only.

The Stylopidae parasitize very diverse gTOiips both in the
Jassid and Fultjorid series. The little Elciichus seems to attack
the Delphacidae in all localities, where these have been specially
examined, and the specific characters of these parasites seem to
be almost if not quite identical in widely separated countries ; at
least there is very little if any real difiference between Elencliiis
tenuicornis of Europe and the examples found in Australia, Viti,
and North America, that I refer to it. It is proper to state in this
connection that one of the species of Libnrnio attacked by Elen-
cliHS is found to be itself common to both Australia and North
America and it would not be surprising to find that it also inhabits
Europe, where, in any case, there are very closely allied species.

The Chalcids seem rarely to attack hoppers, after they leave
the egg, but in Australia are two fine species of Encyrtidae,
Mciii'SCoccphalus c.viiiiiiis and Ncocladia hoivardi, which are bred
from nymphs or adults of a Jassid (Enrinoscopus), and recently
]\[r. Aluir has bred the latter parasite from quite another Jassid
in China. Recently from a Jassid nymph in Arizona Mr. Koebele
bred another distinct form of Encyrtid, described in this bulletin
under the name Thysanomastix Koehclci. This species differs
in habits from the others above mentioned, in the fact that several
of the parasites emerged from a single host, and it is remarkable
that the latter (Oncomctopia lateralis) survived its injuries for
several days after their emergence, when one considers the size
of the parasites.

Of predaceous insects it may ])e noticed in passing that the
larvae of various Alalachiid beetles, both in America and Europe,
destroy the Delphacid hoppers that live on grasses, and some
of them appear to be very voracious, so that on one occasion,
'Sir. Koebele had many parasitized leaf-hoppers destroyed by these
beetle larvae, accidentally included in his breeding jars.

Of the parasites enumerated in this Bulletin, it was not attempt-
ed to introduce any into the Hawaiian islands, excepting the
minute egg-parasite, Tricho gramma hclocharac. An attempt was
made to breed this on the eggs of PerkinsieUa, but, as Mr. Koebele
and mhself had expected, without success. I was. however, able
to establish it at large on the eggs of a common introduced Jassid,
and have, since it was liberated some six or nine months ago.
frequently met with it. The fact that Jassid leaf-hoppers abound
in cane fields of other countries whence cane has frequently been
imported into these islands, while in the event of any of these
showing up here, we have practically no natural enemies which
would destrov them, made it worth while to establish the Tricho-

gramma here. It is a very effective enemy of its proper host,
for though I bred scores of the parasites from the leaf-hopper
eggs sent here from CaUfornia, not one single leaf-hopper
emerged, and Mr. Koebele had just the same experience in that
State.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT.

New species and genera of Hymenoptera here described.

DRVINIDAE.

Apterodryimis gen. nov.

torvus sp. nov.
Chalcogonatopiis Perk.

leptias sp. nov.

paraleptias sp. nov.

euprepes sp. nov.

euprcpoides sp. nov.

argyrias sp. nov.

rapax sp. nov.

frcquens sp. nov.

solitaritts sp. nov.

echo sp. nov.

herbarum sp. nov.

xestoccphalns sp. nov.

unicus sp. nov.

simulator sp. nov.

koebelei sp. nov.

pcrdcbilis sp. nov.
Eucaiiiptoiiyx gen. nov.

testaccns sp. nov.
Agonatopns gen. nov.

pallidicornis sp. nov.

var. diibiosiis var. nov,

ferrugineus sp. nov.

picesccns sp. nov.

innitidus sp. nov.

hcterothorax sp. nov.
Agonatopoides gen. nov.

synchromiis sp. nov.
Ncogonatopns Perk.

Pseudogonatopns Perk.

arisoiiicus sp. nov.

aufoxeiiobiiis sp. nov.
Neodryiniis Perk.

arisonicus sp. nov.

dnbiosns sp. nov.
Paradryin us Perk.

luexicauus sp. nov.
Hesperodryinus gen. nov.

auiphiscepae sp. nov.

aricouicus sp. nov.

audax sp. nov.
Perodryinus gen. nov.

ainoenus sp. nov.
Eukoebeleia Perk.

ariconiea sp. nov.
Deinodryiiiiis gen. nov.

paradoxus sp. nov.

quercicola sp. nov.
C/ielogyuus Hal.

hisus sp. nov.

fuiiesfus sp. nov.

luelauacrms sp. nov.
Auteon Jur.

arizonensis sp. nov.
Aphelopus Daliii.

ar iconic us sp. nov.

2'iditus sp. nov.

puchcrrimus sp. nov.

microleueus sp. nov.

9

mimus sp. nov. ENCYRTIDAE.

minwidcs sp. nov. Thysanomastix gen. nov.

Gonafopits Ljting. kocbclci sp. nov.

haplothorax sp. nov. TRICHOGRAMMIDAE.

Tricliograin ma West,
hclocharac sp. nov.

DRYINIDAE.

Table of some genera of Dryinidae.

1 (48) Tarsi of the front legs always with the fifth joint

more or less modified, and with one claw unusually
developed, and so articulated with the fifth joint as
to be capable of closing back on this, and with it
forming more or less perfect chelae or pincers.

2 {22)) Mesonotum forming a narrow bridge or stalk between

the large pronotum and the propodeum ; species en-
tirely wingless.

3 (12) Chelar claw armed with well-developed lamellate den-

ticles of the same nature as those on the fifth tarsal
joint beneath, and with a tooth* on its lower edge near
the apex (Fulgorid parasites).

4 (7) Labial palpi three-jointed.

5 (6) Maxillary palpi six-jointed -iptcrodryiiiits.

6 ( 5 ) Maxillary palpi five-jointed Eiicainpfoiiy.v.

7 (4) Labia! palpi two-jointed.

8 (9) Maxillary palpi four-jointed Pscii(ioi:;oiiato[>iis.

9 (8) Maxillary palpi two-jointed.

10 (11) Pronotum divided by a distinct transverse

Parai^oiiatopiis.

10 (II) Pronotum divided by a distinct transverse impression

12 (3) Chelar claw not armed with well developed lamellate

denticles, but almost unarmed, or with small pointed
spinules or spinose hairs projecting lietween two
ridges, which ap])ear as a convex edge, when the
claw is viewed laterally ; very rarely with an ante-
apical tooth near the tip ( Jassid parasites ) .

13 (16) Labial palpi three-jointed.

14 (15) Maxillary i)alpi six-jointed Clialcoi^unatopiis.

15 (14) Maxillary palpi five-jointed .li^onafopus.

16 (13) Labial palpi two-jointed.

17 (20) Maxillary ])alpi four or five-jointed.

* This tooth is absent in Eufaniptonyx.

10

i8 { 19) Maxillary palpi five-jointed Gonatopus.

19 (18) Maxillary palpi four-jointed Ncogonatopus.

20 (17) Maxillary palpi two or three jointed.

21 (22) Maxillary pal])i three-jointed; head not distinctly

concave above Fachygoitafopiis.

22 (21) Maxillary palpi two-jointed; head concave

Epiguiiatopus.

27, (2) Mesonotuni wide, not forming a narrow stalk, species
wing-ed or with rudimentary wings.

24 ( 25 ) Front wings with a parastigma, radius complete,

reaching the tip of the wing Lonchodrxinns.

25 ( 24 ) Front wings without the above characters.

26 {^7) Posterior lateral angles of the pronotum not attaining

the tegulae.

27 (28) ]\Iaxillary palpi very short, four-jointed; labial palpi

two-jointed; (parapsidal furrows distinct, but fine,
meeting posteriorly and enclosing a narrow triangular
area ) Eclithrodclphax.

28 {2y) ^Maxillary palpi long and conspicuous, often extending

to or behind the posterior margin of the head beneath,
six-jointed; the labial palpi three-jointed.

29 (30) Postscutellum extremely short, transversely linear,

vertex of head not convex, generally more or less con-
cave Ncodryinus ( ?=Dryi}ins)

30 (29) Postscutellum, well developed, usually about half as

long as the scutellum, vertex of head convex.

31 (32) Head posteriorly acutely wedge-shaped, its hind mar-

gin well rounded, posterior ocelli placed far behind
the hind margins of the eyes Hcspcrodryinus.

2,2 (31) Head posteriorly not acutely wedge-shaped, nor well-
rounded behind, but straightly transversely margined
or nearly so ; posterior ocelli usually almost on a line
with the hind margins of the eyes ( if placed behind
these the vertex is straightly margined posteriorly).

2)2) (36) Chelae long, the chelar claw being well developed.

34 (35 ) A^ertex distinctly margined posteriorly and the margin

continued round the occiput Paradryintis.

35 ( 34) Vertex indistinctly margined, the margins failing to-

wards the sides CJwlorodryinus.

36 (ZZ^ Chelae very short, the chelar claw simply a strong

spine, with dilated base for articulation Pcrodryimis.

37 (26) Lateral angles of pronotum attaining the tegulae.

11

3^ (39^ Antennae extremely long; and filiform, the third joint
sube(|ual to, or somewhat shorter than, the fourtli,
which is more than twelve times as long as wide
Tliau>initodryimis.

39 (38) Antennae without the ahove characters.

40 (41) Eyes hairy; mandibles tridentate, or with an exces-

sively minute fourth tooth intercalated between the
first and second, abdomen with a short but distinct

pedicel, reaching^ to apex of hind coxae

linkocbclcia ( l^Bocchus)

41 (40) Eyes not hairy; mandibles with four \vell-develope<l

teeth, abdomen petiolate or subpetiolate. but not pedi
cellate.

42 (43) Fourth tarsal joint of front legs very long and slender,

twice as long as that part of the fifth which lies be-
tween its articulation with the fourth and its true
apex, i. e., not less than twice as long as the fiftii
excluding its basal process ; stigma narrowly elongate-
ovate, the radius long, bent or angulated at about the
middle of its length Dcinodryiniis.

43 (42) Fourth tarsal joint of front legs at most about as long

as the tifth, excluding its backward basal process,
sometimes much shorter still ; stigma more widely
ovate, sometimes very large, the radius in many species
hardly continued beyond its bend or angulation.

44 (^45) l^^ourth joint of front tarsi elongate, much longer than

the third, and articulated to the fifth at, or not far
from, the middle of the whole length of this joint,

including the backward process

Chcloi^yiiiis {:i=Ncochc!ogyiius)

45 (44) I-"ourth joint of front tarsi small, and articulated to

the fifth near to its free extremity, much nearer to this
than to the apex of the joint ; or in other words the
backward process of the fifth is very short, much less
than half the length of the whole joint.

46 (47) Antennae becoming wider towards the apex; the ]iro-

podeum l)ounded Ijy a raised line at the truncation,
and generally with a more or less defined median area
on its posterior face 4ntcon (:=:ProsaiitC()ii )

47 (46) .Antennae simply filiform, propodcum without the

al)Ove characters Puraiitcon.

48 (i) Tarsi of front legs normal not cliclate \phclopns.

12
On the genera of Dryiniclae allied to Gonatopus.

In my former papers (Bull. I Pt. i and lo) I divided the in-
sects that are usually assigiied to Gonatopiis into a number of new
genera. It is with some reluctance that one breaks up a genus
of insects so similar in general form and strikingly distinct from
any other, but there are very good reasons for this division. In
the first place my studies have convinced me that the species
assigned to Gonatopiis have been derived from winged forms,
which would themselves universally be assigned to distinct genera,
and that the great superficial resemblance of species dilTering in
most important characters is due to convergence from similarity
of habits and does not indicate their true phylogeny.

Further, it is obvious that the genus Gonatopus (s. 1.) is a
difficult one, and the difficulties are such as will be likely to in-
cease, as species are added to it. Obviously the species are ex-
tremely numerous. In a few limited localities, and these by no
means rich, as compared with some now known to us, Mr. Koebele
and myself were able in a short time to collect some thirty-five
new species. Most are of limited range or local. The species m
Sydney, X. S. W. are generally dilTerert from those found at
Brisbane and Bundaberg, Queensland, and the species in Arizona
are certainly mostly distinct from the Californian. The genus, in
its wide sense, appears to be ubiquitous, and even occurs naturally
in such remote oceanic islands as the Hawaiian group, while it
is well represented in the Viti islands.

Recently in an area of a few square miles in Arizona Mr.
Koebele bred and collected at least twenty-five species in a short
time. These facts, and the consideration that many species have
been described by others from caught specimens, lead me to
estimate the number of species of Gonatopus (s. 1.) at fully one
thousand, and probably several times this number may eventually
be found. I therefore believe that students of the Dryinidae will
sooner or later be very glad to adopt in the main the characters
employed by me for the division of the genus Gonatopus, although
to examine the mouth-parts accurately requires a considerable
amount of labor, and a trifling amount of skill, if the specimens
are to he dissected without mjaterial injury.

I have still thought it better at present to neglect the classifica-
tion of the males, and have avoided describing numbers of possibly
new species in this sex, the names of many of which would have
to be eventually sunk as synonyms. Whether it will be easy to
find generic characters for the comparatively unspecialized males

13

■ — characters, I mean, to correspond with those given by me for
the females — I cannot at present state. In some cases I know
the mouth parts of the males and females agree entirely in the
number of joints of the palpi. At any rate at present the matter
is not of much importance, nor will it become so until most of
the species are bred. In field collecting few males of Goiiatopiis
(s. 1.) are ever met with. In Mr. Koebele's collection from
Arizona there are few or no captured males, though he bred a
number of examples of some species. Further in some, and prob
ably in many species, males are very difficult to obtain even by
breeding ; perhaps in some this sex does not exist. For economic
purposes, we have bred brood after brood of a Vitian Haplogona-
iopus and have distributed the females in numbers to many plan-
tations to help in controlling the sugar cane leaf-hopper, but in
all this time only two or three males have ever been bred. In
many species, when bred, the males appear to be of such weak
and delicate constitution, that one doubts whether, exce])t under
particularly favorable circumstances, they can take any part in
the propagation of their species.

In dividing Gonatopus T first separate the species into those
which parasitize Jassids and those which attack Fulgorids. This
can be done with the greatest ease by examining the chelae of the
front legs, wdien one has become familiar with their structure,
which T have elsewhere described. Each of these groups is then
divided into numerous genera on the number of joints in the palpi,
the labial palpi being always formed of two or three joints, the
maxillary having from two to six. In my opinion the genera
with three-jointed laliial palpi are essentially different from those
with two joints and this remark applies to l)oth females and males.
The use of the number of joints in the palpi for the subdivision
of Gonatopus appears to me exactly comparable with that in the
genus of wasps Syiuii^ris, but it is more necessary in the former
on account of the much greater number of species that exist. The
main facts concerning Synagris ( s. 1.) can be found in the works
of de Saussure by those interested.

Considerable caution is necessar\- in dealing with the si)ecific
value of color, and even of sculpture, in specimens of the Gonato-
pus grou]). .As I have elsewhere stated, in some species, in which
when freshly emerged the abdomen is black, after they have lived
some days or weeks, the color becomes entirely ferrugnous.
Others in which the abdomen is ferruginous, after a week or two
become black in color. The color of the antennae and of the
thorax and legs is variable in many species, and even the sculp-

14

ture is far from constant. Cameron in dealing with the Central
American species has long since allowed considerable variability
in the Dyrinidae in most of these respects, and from the fine
collections and many bred specimens, I have handled, I can fully
confirm his opinion.

Aptcrodryiniis gen. nov.

General form as in Goiiafopiis and its allies, mandibles with four
teeth, maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial 3-jointed. Pronotum dis-
tinctly emarginate in front, no distinct transverse impression or
constriction, strongly compressed into an acute raised median
carina posteriorly ; mesopleura forming a raised outstanding line
separating them from the propodeum. Fourth tarsal joint of front
legs, about as long as the first ; fifth seen in profile nearly parallel
sided for the most part, very little curved on the lower edge, chelar
claw with a regular row of distinct spinules (not lamellate)
reaching well beyond the mliddle from the base and with a very
distinct anteapical tooth. This genus is a derivative of some sucii
winged form as I have called Neodryinus, the thorax becoming
modified, as in the other wingless forms included in Gonatopus s. I.

Apterodryiiins iorvns n. sp.

Black, the front of the scape and the mandibles except the teeth,
white ; the clypeus round the margins, sometimes a mark above
this, usually a broad line along the inner orbits, Vk'hich bears dense
silvery pubescence, yellowish or brownish yellow ; apical two joints
of antennae generally clear testaceous or yellow, sometimes only
the apical joint pale, sometimes one or more of those preceding
the two apical ones are pale, though generally more or less sordid,
but the three last may be concolorous. Tarsi brown, rarely dark
brown, stalk of anterior trochanters sometimes pale, posterior
femora sometimes with the thin apical part except at the tip
yellow, sometimes obscurely pale, or entirely black.

Head moderately strongly transverse, evidently concave above
between the eyes, very densely evenly punctate, or shagreened,
antennae decidedly slenderer in some examples than in others, in
one, carefully measured, the third joint was one and two-thirds
the length of the fourth, the latter rather more than three times
as long as its greatest width. Pronotum sculptured like the head,
smooth in front of the middle about its lateral margins ; propo-
deum in profile strongly rounded, but not at all abruptly raised.

15

g-enerally smoother, and sometimes shining-, on the disc, clothed
with scanty, short, pale hairs, finely transversely rugose in front.
at the sides, and posteriorly, the wrinkles stronger and more ex-
tended in some examples than in others. Front trochanters with
a longish thin stalk, chelar claw slender, nearly parallel-sided,
moderately curved. The lamellate denticles of the fifth tarsal joint
beneath form two rows closely set together. Abdomen polished
and very sparsely hairy, except the declivous basal part which is
very finely rugulose, and bears more abundant grey pubescence.
Length 4-4.5 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona; on weeds in September; two speci-
mens were bred in Honolulu from larvae obtained by Mr. Koebele
and sent me in cocoons. The vials containing them were num-
bered 251 1 and 2481. Under the latter number and from the
same host, Koebele himself bred male and female of Hespcrodry-
iiins arisonicns, the host being the same. The species is no doubt
parasitic on various Poecilopterine Fulgorids having been bred
from MistJuirnophantm sonoraua and the Issid, Aiiiphisccpa im-
maculata.

Clialcogonatopus Perk.

When I characterized this genus in Bulletin I, p. 46. I knew
only three Australian and one American species and formed a
subgenus (Eugonatopus) for the latter. The generic characters
there given require slight alteration, as in some of the species now
described the head is not concave above, and there are some inter-
mediate forms between Chalcogonatopiis proper and its subgenus,
so that the latter is no longer necessary.

In the table of species C. perdebilis is omitted, as the specimens
were overlooked until after it had been completed, but- the fol-
lowing diagnosis will distinguish it from any other: Testaceous,
abdominal petiole black, hind femora variegate, l:)eing paler on the
thin than on the basal thick part, the tips darkened ; fifth tarsal
joint beneath with a short row of denticles, which occupies only
about half the length between the articular cavity and the terminal
hook; size small 2.5-3.25 mm.

Tables of species of Chalcogonatopiis.

I (22) Pronotumi in dorsal aspect very conspicuously divided
into a transverse anterior, and an elevated longer pos-
terior lobe ; in profile the dorsal outline is conse(|Ucntly
very irregular in nearly all the species.

16

2 (3) Abdomen with very conspicuous clothing of decum-

bent silvery hairs C. argyrias.

3 (2) Abdomen at most with very sparse clothing of short

inconspicuous hairs ; or if the hairs are long and con-
spicuous, they are erect.

4 (11) Trochanters very long and with a thin basal stalk, at

least nearly as long as the thickened apical part.

5 (6) Pronotum very distinctly emarginate in the middle of

its anterior margin C. Icptias.

6 (5) Pronotum not distinctly emarginate in front.

7 (8) Head and pronotum largely black or very dark in

color C. paralcptias.

8 ( 7 ) Head and pronotum bright brown or ferrugmous.

9 ( 10) Front femora and tibiae clear testaceous. .C. ciiprcpcs.

10 (9) Front femora and tibiae mostly pitchy.. C cnprcpoidcs.

11 (4) Trochanters not very long, dilating from, or close to,

the base, so that there is no long slender basal stalk.

12 (13) Whole insect with clothing of fine, long, erect, pale

hairs, those on the middle and hind femora and tibiae
long like the thoracic hair C. rapax.

13 (12) Whole insect not so clothed, the middle and hind

femora and tibiae with at most very short and gen-
erally inconspicuous hairs.

14 (19) Posterior femora concolorous, except that the tips are

sometimes dark.

15 (16) Fifth tarsal joint beneath with onlv a very short row

of elongate hyaline lamellar denticles, this row begin-
ning beyond the middle of the length of the joint
from its base C. freqiicns.

16 (15) Fifth tarsal joint beneath with row of lamellate den-

ticles very long and reaching to. or almost to, the
articular concavity.

17 (18) Head scared} concave above, very dull, and exces-

sively densely sculptured, third joint of antennae only
about twice as long as the second ; propodeum and
abdomen reddish C. soUtoruis.

18 (17) Head very distinctly concave above, scidpture indis-

tinct, nearly effaced, third antennal joint more than

twice as long as the second; propodeum and abdomen

black C. echo.

19 (14) Posterior femora with the apical thin part conspicu-

ously ])allid (as compared with the basal mcrassate
part ) being pale yellow or whitish.

17

20 (21) \'ertex of head dull, appcarin^S^ very densely, minutely

punctate or shag^reened all over C. Iicrbanti>i.

21 (20) Vertex shining-, almost smooth C. xcsfoccphahis.

22 (I) Pronotum in dorsal aspect not conspicuously divided

into a transverse anterior and an elevated posterior
lohe. at most with a feeble or obsolete impressed line
dividing these ; in strict lateral view the dorsal outline
is at most only faintly indented at that point, or in
some species it even forms a regular curve throughout.

23 (24) Posterior femora darkened at tips; 6 apical joints of

antennae dark, black or blackish C. unicus.

24 {2;^) Posterior femora not dark at tips: antennae not color-

ed as above.

25 (26) Antennae pale, joints 7 and 8 dark, the two apical ones

clear yellowish-testaceous C. kochclci.

26 (25) Antennae pale, but with the four a])ical joints black,

or suffused with lilack C. snnulator.

I. Clialcogoiiafopiis Icptias sp. nov.

Black, the mandibles except the teeth, the face below the an-
tennae, a line along the inner orbits above these, and the scape
in front, yellow. The antennae, except the apical three joints
and sometimes more or less of the one preceding these, Vv'hich are
black, clear yellowish testaceous. Front legs with the apex of
the coxae, the trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi yellow
or brownish yellow, some parts being darker than others, the
femora dark brown or piceous ; middle femora, tibiae and tarsi
yellow, or in parts light brownish yellow, the incrassate part of
the femora dark, their extreme tips slightly darkened.

Head strongly concave above, .smoother and more shining in
front of the anterior ocellus, behind which it is quite dull, with
densely roughened surface. Antennae quite slender, the third
joint one and a half times the length of the fourth, the latter nearly
six times as long as its width at apex. Pronotum with well
marked transverse furrow, the front division smooth and shining,
distinctly emarginate in the middle in front, the posterior division
very densely punctate ; mesonotal constriction narrow, longer than
wide, densely sculptured and with a tendency to a median carina-
tion ; propodeum distinctly pilose, narrow, elongate-ovate, smooth
and shining on the disc, finely transversely rugose posteriorly.
Front legs very slender and elongate, as compared with C. frc-
ijucus and others, the fenidra being relatively much less strongly

18

dilated basally, trochanters very long, haying a long thin basal
part, about as long as the stouter apical half ; first and fourth tarsal
joints not differing much in length, the chelae very long and slen-
der; the fifth tarsal joint beneath with long rows of lamellate den-
ticles, the denticles becoming longer and more distant from one
another towards the articulation of the claw ; in lateral aspect the
sides of this joint are almost parallel, and nearly straight, except
of course at the modified apex ; chelar claw curved on its apical
third, its lower edge on basal part slightly curved. Abdoniicn
dull, clothed with sparse white hairs, the surface having a very
minute and close, longitudinal rugulosity. Length 3.5 — 4.5 mm.
HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; on weeds and grass in August.

2. Chalcogonatopus haralcptias sp. nov.

Form and general appearance that of C. leptias, the legs and
chelae being similar. The clypeus however is only pale round
the edges, the antennae have the fifth and sixth joints clear yel-
low, the two or three following these sordid or obscurely yellow-
ish, the fourth also more or less sordidly pale, scape and second
joint dark brown above, the third black. The anterior m.argin of
the pronotum is not distinctly emarginate in the middle, it is
more or less pale at the sides, as also is the mesonotal constric-
tion ; the front femora and tibiae are dark, black or nearly so, and
the first two tarsal joints are dark pitchy. The hind and middle
femora are black or pitchy on the dilated part, yellow on the
slender apical portion, but the tip of this is conspicuously dark
in the hind legs; the tibiae are brown, the tarsi clear pale brown-
ish yellow.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; on oak in August.

3. Chalcogonatopus cuprcpcs sp. nov.

A narrow slender species like C. leptias and paralcptias in
form, the front legs very long, the trochanters with long basal
stalk, and the chelae as in those species.

Head, pronotum and mesonotal constriction bright brown ;
miandibles except the teeth, the front of the scape, and a line on
the inner orbits, yellowish-white, the latter covered with glitter-
ing silver hairs. Antennae clear yellow, the three apical joints
infuscate, the last being the blackest. Front legs clear testaceous,
the trochanters paler, the basal joint of the tarsi (excepting its
apex) alone dark; middle legs similarly coloured, but the coxae

19

with a (lark spot outwardly, the femora with a dark line ahove
on the dilated portion ; hind legs like middle, but the tips of the
femora distinctly darker than the pale preceding part, tibiae some-
what darkened at base and apex.

Head deeply concave, more shining and smoother in front of
the anterior ocellus than behind ; third antennal joint one and
two-thirds the length of the fourth, the latter five times as long as
its apical width, or rather more. Front lobe of pronotum not
noticeably emarginate in front, smooth and shining, except at
the sides, the posterior lobe duller, minutely and closely punct-
ured, smoother posteriorly ; propodeum sparsely and shortly
pilose, in front and at the sides and posteriorly dull, and with
fine transverse wrinkles, but with a smooth and shining area on
the disc. Abdomen dull, the surface with excessively fine longi-
tudinal rugulose sculpture, and bearing some sparse, short, pale
hairs. Length 4 mm.

HAB. Nogales. Arizona ; a single example was taken ofi:' oak
on Sept. 2nd, 1906.

\'ar. a. Like the type in structure but the fifth, sixth, and
seventh joints of the antennae are only very sordidly yellowish,
while the prothorax at the sides, and the mesonotal constriction,
are more conspicuously yellowish. This individual is larger than
the type. Length 4-5 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona; taken on oak, Aug. 1906.

4. C/ia!cogonafo(^iis cuprcpoidcs sp. nov.

Same form and structure as the preceding, of which it might
be a variety. It differs however too greatly in colour to be con-
sidered identical unless connecting links be found.

Scape of antennae dark posteriorly, third joint also more or
less sordid except at base and apex, following three joints clear
yellow, seventh somewhat sordid, the three following dark, but
more or less yellow-tinged. Front coxae with a dark spot, the
front femora and tibiae dark brown, or piceous behind or above,
as also the whole of the basal tarsal joint, a dark line on the
chelar process of the fifth tarsal joint above near the extremity.
Middle and hind legs with the coxae black, except the extreme
apices ; the thickened part of femora and their apices, the hind
tibiae for the most part, and the base of the middle ones all dark.
Otherwise the colouration is like that of the preceding. Lengt'i
3.5 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona : one example on oak.

20

5- ChaJcogoimtopus argyrias sp. nov.

Yellowish-brown or ferruginous, the abdomen and four apical
joints of the antennae black. Slender apical part of all the
femora pallid yellow ; base of middle and hind tibiae widely
blackish, the apices of the latter widely brownish, darker than the
middle part.

Head long- and concave on the vertex, its length in dorsal
aspect along the middle line about equal to that of a line drawn
from eye-margin to eye-margin through the front ocellus, and
as long as one and a half times the distance between the eyes at
the extreme front of the vertex ; in front of the anterior ocellus
the surface is manifestly smoother than posteriorly, and is less
dull. Third joint of antennae equal to one and two-thirds of the
fourth, the latter four times the length of its apical width.
Pronotum with distinct transverse furrow, the surface for the
most part not much shining, being finely and feebly punctured ;
mesonotal constriction narrow and elongate, the propodeum dis-
tinctly pilose, finely punctured and more or less shining on the
disc, posteriorly (and at the sides miore or less) transversely
rugose. Legs with only short hairs, the front ones long and
slender, but the thin stalk of the trochanters is less elongate than
in the four preceding species, though it is distinct ; first and
fourth tarsal joints subequal, fifth beneath with a row of close-set
regular denticles beginning at only about the middle of the
length of the whole joint from its articulating cavity, between
the latter and the series of denticles only some setae and one or
two isolated denticles not belonging to that series are present.
The abdomen is dull with dense surface sculpture and bears also
large feebly impressed punctures. It is conspicuously clothed
with appressed silvery hairs. Length about 3.5 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; on weeds in September.

6. Clialcogoiiatopiis rapax sp. nov.

Head, prothorax and mesothorax ferruginous, the abdomen
and propodeum black, the latter reddish on the disc in front ;
scape of antennae in front, and the mandibles except the teeth,
which are reddish, yellow, side-pieces of the pronotum with
black border above, the anterior margin of the pronotum black
in the middle. Front legs ferruginous, the femora and tibiae
being more or less obscured in parts, the basal tarsal joint darker
than these, the following joints clearer and more yellow. Middle
and hind tibiae blackish, the femora dark above, but vellowisii

21

brown or ferrng-inous helow, the tarsi clear ycllo\visli-tcstaceoi;<,
with the basal joint darker brown.

Antennae long and slender, slightly longer than the whole
thorax, all the joints elongate, the very long third joint being
one and two-thirds the length of the fourth, the latter above five
times as long as wide, the penidtimate joint fully twice as long as
its greatest width ; only the scape pale-coloured. Head conspic-
uously concave above, dull, with excessively dense minute punct-
uraticn ; raised median line extending forward from the front
ocellus, distinct. Pronotum with very minute close punctures,
the transverse sulcature deep, the anterior of the two divisions
so formed, not half as long as the posterior one : mesonotal con-
striction slender, elongate, about twice as long as its greatest
width, densely minutely punctate or shagreened, posteriorly with
some fine transverse wrinkles ; the whole thorax with conspicu-
ous, scattered, erect, pale hairs. Front legs with the basal and
fourth tarsal joints nearly equal, chelae of the usual type of
Jassid parasites, the lamellate denticles of fifth tarsal joint well-
developed nearly reaching the articular cavity ; the claw mod-
erately curved with some widely separated, pointed denticles
projecting from the median groove between the ridges. All the
legs are conspicuously, but not densely, clothed with pale erect
hairs. Abdomen very dull, impunctate. clothed with longish
erect sparse hairs like those on the thorax. Length 5 :5 mm.

HAB. Xogales. Arizona ; larva pupated from parasitized
Jassid nymph on willow 14.IX.06: bred 20.XI.06; numlier 2480.

7. Clialcogoiiatopiis frcquciis sp. nov.

Ferruginous, the apical alxlominal segments sometimes darker
brown or blackish, posterior and intermediate femora concolorous
throughout, not black apically, antennae more or less pale on the
basal joints, the first three generally yellow, but sometimes only
the second is distinctly yellow, the scape and third joint being
brown, the fourth and following may also be obscurely yellow-
ish, the apical joints being black. Abdominal petiole alwavs
black.

Head dull, with close minute puncluration, the antennae
slender and of moderate length, no joint being transverse, the
third joint one and two-thirds the length of the fourth, the
penultimate one and a half times as long as its width. Pronotum
smooth and shining, with very sparse, short, erect hairs in fresh
examples, mesonotal constriction longer than broad, propodeuin

22

variable in sculpture, dull and with close sculpture very distinct
in some, in others with the surface smoother and shining, pos-
teriorly with some excessively fine transverse wrinkles. The sur-
face is always pilose, the hairs being short, sparse and fine, but
erect or suberect. Front leg-s wnth the first and fourth tarsal
joints not ditTering much in length, the chelar claw very strongly
curved; row of lamellate denticles of fifth tarsal joint occupying
only a short ridge, which begins about the middle of the length
of the joint from the articulation of the claw, and is not one-third
of the whole length of the joint beneath; outside there is a row
of a few shorter and stouter teeth, variable in number, one or
two of which are placed nearer to the articulating cavity, while
starting from the apex of this cavity there is a sharp raised ridge.
As usual, setae are present in addition to the denticles, and there
is the usual cluster of the latter on the curved tip. Abdomen
smooth and shining. Length 2.5 — 4 mm.

This species varies considerably in size as the above measure
ments show. The depth of colour also varies. In sculpture it
does not vary much, except that the propodeum is distinctly shin-
ing in some examples, dull in others, and there are intermediate
conditions. The form and armature of the chelae is alike in
specimens exhibiting the above variations.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona; a fine series was captured on weeds
at the end of August and in September.

8. Chalcogonatopiis solitarius sp. nov.

Dull, reddish brown, the several apical joints of the antennae
black, the three basal joints clear ferruginous, the two or three
following more or less obscurely pale ; abdominal petiole black ;
basal joint of front tarsi concolorous with the tibiae or almost
so; posterior femora concolorous (at most a little darker at
extreme apex), their apical part not being pale yellow.

Head very little concave above, the eyes not very strongly
convergent towards the front, dull, with excessively dense and
fine rough sculpture, which vmder the microscope appears to be
formed of a mixture of rugulosity and the usual dense punctura-
tion. Antennae shortish, the third joint equal to one and a half
times the length of the fourth, the latter subequal to the second,
and hardly more than twice as long as wide at apex : penultirr.ate
joint scarcely longer than wide. Pronotum dull and closely
punctate in front of the transverse furrow, and aho immediately
behind this, where is a somewhat flattened area, the posterior
lobe being broader than in most species, and smooth and shining

23

on its posterior jiart ; mesonotal constriction short, as wide or
wider than long-; propodeum shortly pilose, as is the pronotum,
dull, with dense minute puncturation or surface sculpture, pos-
teriorly transversely rugose, a very faint median impressed line
on the disc. Front legs stout, the femora very strongly ddated,
the trochanters dilating from the base and so without a distinct
basal stalk. Abdomen with sparse pale hairs, the apical nuirgms
of the segments paler than the ground color. Length 4 mm.

HAB. Nogales. Arizona ; one female collected from weeds in
September.

9. CJialcogoiiatopiis echo sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and legs ferruginous or testaceous, two basal
and more or less of the third joint of the antennae yellow, rest
of thorax and abdomen black, pronotum more or less darkened
at the sides, posterior tibiae darker apically.

Head moderately, but distinctly, concave above, the surface
hardly shining, the sculpture being extremely minute ; antennae
long and slender, all the joints elongate, the third one and two-
thirds the length of the fourth, the latter being about four times
as long as its apical width. Thorax long and slender, formed
much as in C. rapa-v, and with sparse, pale, erect hairs ; the
pronotum densely and finely punctured, somewhat shining in
front of the transverse sulcature, the propodeum quite dull and
very densely and evenly sculptured, with only a few fine trans-
verse wrinkles just above the base of the abdomen. Front legs
very similar throughout to those of C. rapax ( but clothed
with only a few short and inconspicuous hairs) the trochanters
dilating from close to the base and without a long thin stalk and
the chelae also similar. Abdomen with scattered erect hairs, in
some aspects the surface having a slightly metallic lustre. Length
4 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona: collected on weeds in Septembei.

10. Chalcoi^onatopiis hcrbannii sp. nov.

Yellowish-red to brownish or dark red, the abdominal petiole
black, four to six of the basal joints of the antennae, usually
ferruginous or yellowish, the fourth, fifth and sixth generally
dark above, sometimes all but the basal two joints are dark,
though in this case the third to the fifth are usually more or less
rcddish-timred at least beneath. Middle and hind femora with

24

a pale yellow or whitish Ijand between the middle and the apex,
which is black or dark, the apices of the tibiae also dark.

Head distinctl}-, but not strongly, concave above, dull, with
excessively minute close sculpture. Antennae moderately long
all the joints being elongate, the penultimate being at least one
and a half times as long as its greatest width, the third joint one
and two-thirds the length of the fourth. The pronotuni is
smooth and shining, but is punctate, the transverse division very
distinct, the mesonotal constriction moderately elongate. There
are a few short hairs on the thorax above, and the usual long
ones just behind the mesothoracic constriction beneath. The
propodeum is dull, with very fine sculpture on the disc near the
spiracles, the whole posterior surface regularly transversely
rugose, the wrinkles finer in some examples than in others, and
in front of the spiracles and laterally the surface is also rugo.-e.
Legs formed as in C. frcqnens and others, at most with v^ry
short and inconspicuous hairs; first and fifth tarsal joints of
front legs subequal, or with the latter slightly the longer,
the lamellate denticles in a long row, the trochanters with short
basal stalk. Abdomen shining, smooth, with hardly perceptible
sculpture. Length 4-5 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona ; a series of specimens taken on weeds
in August and September.

11. CJialcogonuiupits xcsioccphahis sp. nov.

Extremely like C. Jicrbannn. the chelae being similarly formed,
the lan-^ellate denticles reaching to, or almost to, the basal articu-
lating cavity of the fifth joint beneath. The legs have a
similar pattern, the thin apical part of the femora being con-
spicuously paler (whitish yellow) than the basal part, and with
dark tips ; the posterior tibiae also darkened at the apex. Tro-
chanters of front legs dilating from close to the base, there Dting
no long thin stalk.

Head, thorax, legs (except as noted above) and the haso of
the abdomen l^ehind the petiole brown, in some parts darker in
some more yellowish ; mandibles except teeth, and the scape be-
neath pale yellow. Four basal antennal joints ferruginous or
testaceous, the fourth more or less darkened, the following also
obscurely pale, the apical joints black. Abdomen except near
the base black. Head slightly concave, with the sculpture of the
surface so feeble that it is shining, and bears also some sparse and
excessively feeble punctures. Proiiotum smooth and ])olished

25

above, but at the sides, especially ])osteriorly, it is dull and densely
sculptured. Propodeum with a faint impressed median line on
the disc, where the surface is dull, or at least very little shining-,
posteriorly and at the sides it is very conspicuously transversely
rugose; it is distinctly piloJ^e, though the hairs are short and
sparse. Abdomen smooth and shining, with very sparse pale
hairs, most noticeable on the basal declivous portion, the punc-
tures very remote and feeble, but some of them rather large ;
behind the petiole the abdomen is brown at the base, and the
apical margins of its intermediate segments and the compressed
apex, are more or less obscurely ferruginous. Length 4 mm.
HAB. Xogales, Arizona ; one female on weeds in September.

12. Clialcogoiiatoptis iniiciis sp. nov.

Ferruginous, the six apical jonits of the antennae black, or
nearly so, the one preceding these obscurely pale, the rest pale,
the two basal joints being clearer than the third. /\pices of
middle and hind femora and of the tibiae blackish, basal joint of
anterior tarsi dark brown. Petiole of abdomen black.

Head distinctly concave above, verv dull, the sculpture, which
may be considered as either a very dense fine puncturation, or
a close microscopic reticulation of the surface, very even through-
out the vertex and front. Antennae longer than those of C. soli-
tarins, the third joint being much more than twice as long as the
second, the fourth rather more than three times as long as wide
at the apex. Pronotum punctate In front, pubescent, more shin-
ing posteriorly, transverse furrow very feeble, obsolescent, so that
in lateral aspect, the outline of the pronotum is not much inter-
rupted thereby, the posterior lobe also being somewhat compressed
into a subcarinate form ; propodeum dull, pilose, densely and
finely punctulate on the disc, posteriorly with a few very fine
transverse wrinkles. Lamellate denticles of fifth tarsal joint of
front legs reaching to the articulatory cavity, the trochan-
ters dilating from close to the base, so that there is no distinct
slender basal stalk. Abdomen with sparse pale hairs, the surface
dull or hardly shining, its sculpture being quite distinct, though
extremely fine, in addition to which sparse feeble punctures are
easily seen. Length about 4 mm.

HAB. Xogales. Arizona; a single example taken on weeds in
September.

26

13- Chalcogonatopiis simulator sp. nov.

Ferrng-inous, abdominal petiole, four apical joints of the an-
tennae, and the mandilndar teeth Hack or dark.

Head dull, appearing very densely and minutely punctate, or
shagreened ; third joint of antennae nearly four times as long as
the second, the fourth about four times as long as its greatest
width. Pronotum not or hardly at all shining, but minutely and
ciosel}- punctured, the posterior part very little raised, the trans-
verse division being obsolete ; propodeum very dull, sparsely but
distinctly pilose, very densely punctate or granulated on the disc ;
posteriorly with distinct transverse wrinkles. Chelar claw ex-
tremely strongly curved, its lower edge strongly curved towards
the base, first and fourth joints of front tarsi not differing much
in length. Abdomen smooth and shining along the apical mar-
gins of the segments, duller and closely sculptured elsewhere on
the intermediate segments, clothed with very sparse pale hairs.
Length 5-5.5 mm.

This species is allied to the following. C. kocbelci, with which
in most respects it agrees in structure. It is easily distinguished
by its smaller size, differently colored antennae and by the pro-
podeum being m|ore strongly rounded above, as seen in profile,
rising up more strongly from the mesonotal constriction.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona : collected on weeds in September.

14. Clialcogoiiatopus kocbelci, sp. nov.

Ferruginous, seventh and eighth joints of antennae, black or
sufifused with blackish, the sixth also generally more or less
suffused ; abdominal petiole black ; teeth of mandibles dark red
or brown. Thin portion of femora concolorous with the basal
dilated part.

Head strongly concave above, dull or almost so. with very
dense minute puncturation or granular appearance ; third an-
tennal joint four times the length of the second ; penultimate
joint elongate, about twice as long as wide. Pronotum simple,
no trace of a transverse impressed line or furrow, densely sculp-
tured like the head in front, but posteriorly smoother and more
shining ; mesonotal constriction and propodeum with similar dense
sculpture and dull, the latter very long-ovate, the sides gradually
narrowing in front to the width of the mesonotal constriction ;
the whole thorax sparsely but distinctly pilose. Front trochanters
dilating from close to the base, so that there is no elongate basal

27

stalk, first and fourth tarsal joints subequal ; fifth with two long
rows of lamellate denticles beneath, of which, as in various other
species, one row extends further back than the other, its denticles
nearly reaching; the articular cavity, towards which they
are set more widely apart from one another ; the other row
shorter. Chelar claw very strongly curved. Legs thinly pilose,
the hairs on the posterior tibiae as long as these are thick. Abdo-
men shining and smoother along the apical margins of the inter-
mediate segments, which elsewhere are densely minutely sculp-
tured, and bear also somie feeble largish punctures, from whicii
the sparse hairs spring. Length 6 mm.

Hab. Nogales, Arizona ; in August on oak.

15. Chalco(^oiiafol>iis pcrdcbilis sp. nov.

Testaceous, the abdominal petiole black, the antennae yellow
or testaceous, but towards the apex they become more or less
smoky, even strongly so in some specimens. Hind and middle
femora distinctly variegate, paler on the thin apical part than on
the basal, and the extreme tips darkened.

Head not very strongly transverse, deeply concave, and with the
surface smooth and shining, the space between the eyes anteriorly
much shorter than the length of the head along the median
dorsal line. Antennae with the fourth joint longer than the
second, and three or more times longer than its greatest width.
Pronotum behind the transverse groove closely punctate or
sculptured, and not shining, the mesonotal constriction dull,
elongate : the propodeum more or less shining on the disc, pos-
teriorly rugose, and with some short hairs. Front legs with the
first and fourth joints of the tarsi not differing much in length,
the fifth beneath with a short row of lamellate denticles occupying
about half the length of the underside of the joint between the
articular cavity and the terminal curved portion or hook, the den-
ticle nearest the articular cavity much the longest, chelar claw
slender, moderatelv curved. .Abdomen shining and smooth.
Length 2.5-3.2 mm.

This description is mainly drawn up from the type specimen.
Of the several examples seen none seemi quite identical m sculp-
ture, form, etc., and it is possible that there is more than one
species before me. One of these appears to have longer antennae
and legs, the front trochanters with longer and thinner stalk
and two minute projecting angles just behind the mesonotal
constriction. The propodeum may be little, or not at all. shining.

28

The material is not sufificient for an understanding of the Hmits
between variation and specific distmction.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; collected from weeds in September.

Eiicaiiipfoiiyx gen. nov.

General form as in Gonatopus ; mandibles with four teeth,
maxillary palpi 6-jointed, labial 3-jointed; pronotum with strong
transverse constriction ; front trochanters long, with basal thin
stalk, chelar claw nearly straight and parallel-sided for most of
Its length, towards the apex suddenly and strongly bent, this
bent part flattened, beneath armed with well-developed lamellate
denticles, but without an anteapical tooth.

Not related to Apterodryinns, but rather to Agonatopoides,
which has only 5-jointed maxillary palpi and the chelar claw
normal for a parasite on Delphacids.

Eiicaiivptoiivx tcstaccus sp. nov.

Testaceous or ferruginous, the head being darker than the
abdomen and legs, the abdominal petiole black, the apical six
joints of the antennae being infuscate or sordid on the left side,
but much less so on the right in the unique specimen.

Head above very strongly transverse, twice as wide as long
in the middle, the eyes extremely wide apart in front, the surface
dull, very densely punctate, distinctly concave. Antennae slender,
the third joint about one and a half times the length of the
fourth, the latter four times as long as its apical width or rather
more. Front lobe of pronotum shining, the posterior one sub-
carinate, densely sculptured like the head, the mesonotal con-
striction elongate, the propodeum very strongly rounded above,
smooth or hardly sculptured on the disc, finely transversely
rugose behind ; front legs with the fourth tarsal joint subequal
to the first, or not much shorter, fifth with the lamellate denticles
not nearly reaching the articular concavity, the chelar claw with
four or five lamellate denticles. Abdomen smooth, but scarcely
shining, with hardly visible surface sculpture even under a very
strong lens. Length nearly 4 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; a single specimen taken on weeds
in August.

I

(8)

2

(5)

3

4
5

(4)

(3)

(2)

6

7
8

(7)
(6)

(I)

29

Agoiiatopiis g'en. nov.

Disting^nished from C/ialcogonatopiis b\- havinj::: only five joints
to the maxillary palpi, two before and three beyond the genicula-
tion.

Table of species of Agoiialof^iis.

Pronotum with strong- constriction, dividing^" it into
two lobes, the posterior not compressed, cariniforni.
Lamellate denticles of fifth joint of front tarsi be-
neath not reaching back to the articular cavity.
Abdomen ferrugii^ous or testaceous. .A. pallidicoriiis.
Abdomen mostly black. ..-J. paUidicornis var. diibiosiis.
Lamellate denticles of front tarsi almost reaching the
articular cavity of the fifth joint beneath.

Insect almost wholly ferruginous A. fcrnigiiiciis.

Insect largely dark brown and black. ../. piccsccus.
Pronotum compressed into a median carina on the
posterior part, which is only fain.tly separated from

the anterior ./. hctcrotJiorax.

A. iiiiiitidiis was bred after the construction of this table,
where it would be placed with A. paUidicornis var. diibiosus,
from which the dull abdonu'u would at once sejjarate it.

I. Agonafopiis paUidicornis sp. nov.

Yellowish-brown or testaceous, the abdominal ])etiole l:)lack,
tips of the front femora, the thin part of the hind and intei-
mediate ones pale' yellow, the tips of the two latter being
slightly, but noticeably, darkened. Mandibles yellow, the teeth
dark, reddish or brown. Antennae concolorous or almost so,
sometimes subinfuscate apically, but never black. Head dis-
tinctly concave, long above, not at all strongly transverse, com-
pared' with many other forms, the inner margin of the eyes
strongly convergent anteriorly, the surface shining, the sculpture
being extremely feeble. Antennae with the third joint rather less
than twice the length of the fourth, the latter about four times
as long as its greatest width. Pronotum with strong transverse
constriction ; behind which it is very smooth and shining ; mesono-
tal "constriction dull, longish ; proi)odeum elongate, almost evenly
curved above in profile, the sculpture on the disc very fine, the
surface in some examfi^les being somewhat shining there, but not

30

always ; posteriorly, transversely rugose, the hairs very sparse,
in some examples only one or two being visible, but these are no
doubt more or less abraded. Anterior legs with the basal thin
stalk of the trochanters not long, basal and fourth tarsal joint
not dififering much in length, the lamellate denticles on the fifth
joint beneath not nearly reaching the articular cavity, the denticle
nearest to this loeing twice the size of those at the other end of
the row, but the setae, which are fine and long, extend back to
the cavity. Abdomen nearly smooth, bearing a very few short
hairs, and some excessively faint, obsolete punctures. Length
4-4.5 mm.

Agonatopus paUidicornis var. dubiosus.

Like a small example of the above in structure, the third and
apical joint of the antennae being somewhat darkened or infus-
cate, the abdomen shining black, pale only immediately behind
the petiole, and on the compressed apical segment. Length 3 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; on weeds in September.

2. AgoiiatopHS fcrntgiiiciis sp. nov.

In form and color like A. paUidicornis, but readily distinguish-
ed by the black apical joints of the antennae, of which the first
two joints are always and the third usually, entirely pale, while
one or two of the following may be concolorous with these.
Front tarsi generally more or less dark or infuscate, the basal
joint being usually largely or entirely pale. The head appears
to vary in intensity of sculpture, but this is not strong enough
to prevent the surface being somewhat shining, at least in most
examples. Structurallv this species may be at once separated
from the preceding by the armature of the chelae, the fifth tarsal
joint having its lamellate denticles reaching nearly to the articula-
tory cavity, the head is decidedly more transverse, and in fresh
specimens the propodeum is probably more pilose, but easily
abraded. The sculpture of the latter seems to vary similarly
in each species. Length 4-5 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; on weeds and grass in August and
September.

3. Agonatopus picesccns sp. nov.

Like the preceding in structure, but differs greatly in color.
Head dark brown, pronotum and mesonotal constriction paler

31

than the head, propodeum black, red-tinged on the (hsc. Abdo-
men black, brownish just behind the petiole and on the com-
pressed apical segment. Legs dark-brown or pitchy, but the tarsi
for the most part and the trochanters, the front tibiae inwardly,
the middle of the posterior and intermediate tibiae are paler,
yellowish or testaceous. Mandibles, except the teeth, the thin
part of the hind and middle femora, except the dark apices, pale
yellow. Two basal joints of antennae yellowish brown, but the
scape is darker above, the third also brownish, the rest black.
Length 4 mm.

This will probably prove to be an extreme color variety of
the preceding and there will be intermediate conditions m colora-
tion. I can see no structural distinction.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; on grass in August.

4. Agoiiatopiis iiniitidits sp. nov.

Testaceous, the abdomen black, as also the antennae except the
basal joint and the second, the latter partly infuscate ; front tarsi
to a large extent sordid ; propodeum brownish, darker than the
pronotumi, tips of the front and middle femora white, the pos-
terior ones widely white at apex, middle and hind tibiae black
at base, and the latter also at the extreme apex.

A slender species, the head not strongly transverse, dull, with
excessively fine close sculpture, hardly visible; antennae slender,
the second joint elongate, as long as the fourth, the third much
longer than these, the eighth about twice as long as wide. Whole
thorax appearing densely punctate, from the nature of the sur-
face sculpture, mesonotal constriction long and slender, the
mesopleura well separated from the other elements of the thorax,
the propodeum strongly and nearly evenly rounded above when
viewed in profile, and clothed with sparse pubescence. Front
legs with the trochanters long, and with long thin basal stalk, first
and fourth tarsal joints subequal ; lamellae of fifth joint extend-
ing throughout its length to the articulating cavity beneath,
chelar claw slender and lightly curved. Abdomen dull, coria-
ceous, or microscopically shagreened, bearing sparse short pale
hairs. Length 2.5 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona; larva on a very small Jassid found
on grass (the larval sac on abdomen, and very large), pujiated
on the first of October ( Koebele under Xo. 2506); parasite
emerged in Honolulu on March ^rd. Kp;. The species is very
<listinct from anvthing else in the genus by iis color combined

32

with the sculpture of the abdomen. The maxillary palpi have
the three terminal joints unusually short.

5. Agonatopus hctcrothorax sp. nov.

Black, the three basal joints of the antennae brown, the second
paler, the scape whitish in front. Clypeus and mandibles (except
the teeth) testaceous or yellowish, the former dark on the disc.
Pronotum along the sides, and the front coxae beneath, brown-
ish. The legs are largely dark colored, or nearly black, the an-
terior femora and the thin part of the middle and hind ones more
brownish-pitchy, as also the hind tibiae in the middle, the tarsi
of middle and hind legs mostly paler, sordid yellowish, the chelar
claw yellow. Abdomen brownish-tinged near the base.

Head moderately strongly transverse, lightly concave above,
dull with the appearance of very dense puncturation or shagreen-
ing, due to excessively dense reticulate surface rugulosity, as
seen under high powers of the microscope. Mesonotal constric-
tion and propodeum similarly sculptured and dull. Third an-
tennal joint equal to the fourth and fifth together, the fourth
about two and a half times the length of its greatest width. Prono-
ttim ovate, well rounded in front and at the sides, the transverse
impressed line hardlv visible, in front of this line sculptured like
the head, as also at the sides, but shining in the middle behind it,
where it is compressed and cariniform. Head and thorax with
short pale pubescence, the propodeiun posteriorly with very little
evidence of transverse wrinkles. Front trochanters short and
stout, dilating at once from the base, the femora very robust,
first and fourth tarsal joints subequal, the fifth beneath with
very long row of close-set hyaline lamellate denticles, which
reach to to articular cavity and convergent with these
towards the free extremity of the joint is a second row of about
7 or 8 stronger and more hyaline denticles, which are set wide
apart from one another. Chelar claw moderately curved, with
the usual armature of Jassid parasites. Abdomen dull, with very
minute reticulate rugulosity of the surface, pilose, and with very
faint, sparse punctures. Length about 4 mm.

This species has no relationship with any of the preceding,
and will, no doubt, subsequently be separated generically.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; a single female was bred in Hono-
lulu on January 17th, 1907 from a cocoon obtained from a large
dark Jassid nymph found on grass, the larval sac being placed
on the underside of the abdomen (2495).

33

Agonatopoidcs gen. nov.

General form of Goiiatopus, the labial palpi three-jointed, trie
maxillary palpi five-jointed, there being three joints beyond the
geniculation. front legs with chelae armed for catching Fulgorids,
the chelar claw having well-developed lamellate denticles, and
a minute but distinct tooth near the apex.

Agonatopoidcs syiichroiniis sp. nov.

Ferruginous or testaceous, the abdominal petiole black, the
antennae infuscate after the two basal joints, those towards the
apex more yellow-tinged than the intermediate ones.

Head concave between the eyes, the surface nearly smooth and
somewhat shining, the sculpture being vers^ indistinct. Antennae
slender, the third joint about twice as long as the fourth, which
is more than three times as long as its greatest width at the apex.
Pronotum with fine close puncturation or sculpture, wliich is not
very definite ; mesonotal constriction dull and narrow ; the pro-
podeum long-ovate, its upper edge in profile very slightly curved,
till it is rounded ofif at the posterior declivous portion, in no wise
rising at all abruptly from the mesonotum. The sculpture on
the disc is very fine and in some examples evanescent, posteriorly
there are very fine transverse wrinkles and few or no hairs are
present. The abdomen is hardly visibly sculptured. Trochanters
of front legs rather long and slender, there being a distinct, thin
basal stalk, the first tarsal joint is as long or rather longer than
the fourth, the fifth has two rows of convergent lamellate den-
ticles, those nearest the articular cavity being the longest, and
not far distant from the cavity ; chelar claw with six or eight
denticles. Length 4 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona; collected on weeds and bred (2473)
from a Delphacid, Cochise apachcanns, nymph and adult, found
on grass.

Neogonatopiis Perk.

1 (2) Chelar claw with a tooth near the apex. . . ..V. minins.

2 (i) Chelar claw without such a tooth .V. mmioides.

I. Xcogonatopus iiiiiiiiis sp. nov.
Ferruginous or testaceous, abdominal petiole black, al)domen
often darker than the thorax or brown, the first two and usually

34

the third joint of tlic antennae altogether or for the most i)an..
clear testaceous, the rest black or nearly so ; mandibular teeth
dark.

Head strongly transverse, distinctly impressed along the middle
line; in front of the ocelli smooth and shining, but l^ehind these
dull and with dense minute sculpture ; antennae shortish and
stout, the fourth joint being only as long as the second and hardly
twice as long as its greatest width at apex, the third joint rather
more than one and a half times the length of the fourth. Prono-
tum shining, smooth or almost so, the lobes very distinctl}
divided, mesonotal constriction dull and rather short, propodeuni
very feebly sculptured on the disc and sometimes dull, l3Ut usually
more or less shining, posteriorly transversely rugose, with short
and very sparse erect hairs. Front legs with the chelar claw
with a minute tooth close to the apex beneath, the trochanters
dilating from close to the base; fourth tarsal joint shorter than
the first, the fifth with the modified free extremity much less
hooked than is usual in Jassid parasites, the lamellate denticles
not reaching back to the articular cavity but towards this re-
placed by bristles. Abdomen nearly smooth, with scattered hairs.
Length 2.5-3 mm.

This species, resemlbling in color so many others of allied
genera from Arizona, is distinguished by the sculpture of the
head, the short antennae and the chelae. The latter more nearly
resemble those of a Fulgorid parasite than is the case in any
species known to me of the Gonatopus s.l. group. However,
even had it not been bred, it would have been placed, as certainly
a Jassid parasite, by any one familiar with the various forms of
the chelae.

HAB. Nogales. Arizona ; collected on weeds and bred from
Jassids (numbers 2448 and 2448-1). ).

2. A'eogoiiafopiis ntiinoidcs sj). nov.

Ferruginous or testaceous, the petiole black, the mandibles
pale yellow with dark teeth. Thin part of posterior and middle
femora distinctly paler than the dilated basal part, the tips
darkened. Antennae with the three basal joints pale, the rest
black or nearly so. Except for the slightly variegated color of
the legs almost like the preceding, but more slender and elongate
and very distinct by many points of structure.

Head not very strongly transverse, the eyes much closer to-
gether in front than those of A', iiiiiiius, distinctly concave, and

35

the surface smooth and shiniiiQ-. with at most a very indefinite
sculpture. Antennae slender and longer than in A', mimiis, the
fourth joint longer than the second, and ahout three times as long
as its greatest width, the third one and two-thirds the length
of the fourth. Pronotum with well-marked transverse constric-
tion, shining, very minutely punctate, or sculptured, and with
sparse short hairs ; niesonotal constriction longish, the sides
forming an almost regular outline with those of the propodeum,
the latter narrow, in no wise strongly or abruptly raised in front
of the spiracles, closely and minutely punctured or shagreened
on the disc, posteriorly transversely rugulose, sparsely pilose.
Front trochanters dilating from close to the base, the first and
fourth tarsal joints subequal, the fifth with long row of lamellate
denticles beneath, chelar claw moderately curved, of the usual
structure of Jassid parasites, there being no anteapical tooth.
Abdomen smooth, shining, sparsely, but distinctly, pilose. Lengtli
3 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona ; on weeds in September.

Gonatopus Ljung.

The single species descrilocd difi:'ers from those I have exam-
ined from Europe and Australia in the simple, undivided prono-
tum.

Gonatopns Jiaplothorax sp. nov.

Testaceous or ferruginous, the abdominal petiole black, the
abdominal segments with some pale yellow or whitish bands or
maculae, rarely absent. Antennae with 3-5 basal joints pale, the
apical ones being black. Legs not variegate.

Head rather strongly transverse, somewhat concave, l)eing
more deeply impressed in the middle, nearly smooth and shining
in front of the ocelli, but posteriorly dull and minutely and
densely punctured. Antennae longish, fourth joint much longer
than the second, about four times as long as its apical width.
Pronotumt simply convex, not transversely divided, finely punc-
tured and subpubescent in front, posteriorly smoother and shin-
ing. Propodeum long, ovate, narrowing gradually into the
mesonotal constriction, in profile rising gently from this and not
at all abrupt, densely minutely sculptured and with (piite evident,
but short, white pul^escence. Fnint trochanters stout, thickened
from the base : lamellate denticles in a long even row on the

36

lower edge of the fifth joint of tarsi, and reaching to, or almost
to, the articulating cavity, chelar claw moderately curved. Ab-
domen smooth, not or hardly sculptured, in fresh specimens with
sparse pale hairs. Length about 3 mm.

One example has no evident pale markings on the abdomen,
but probably this is chiefly due to post mortemi changes of color.
The above species will, I suspect, be subsequently and properly
separated from Gonatopus, as a distinct genus, but as in some
of the allied genera intermediate conditions between a simple and
a transversely divided pronotum are found, for the present it
may be associated with the Jassid parasites, that have a five-
jointed maxillary and two-jointed labial palpus. Length 3.5 mm.

H AB. Nogales, Arizona ; collected from weeds in August and
September.

Pseudogoiiatopiis Perk.

1 (2) General color black 1 P. aufo.vciiobiiis.

2 (i) Testaceous, the abdominal petiole black. .P. ariconicus.

I. Psciidogoiuifopiis ari::onicus sp. nov.

Testaceous or ferruginous, abdomen sometimes brownish, the
petiole black, the apical seven joints of the antennae darkly in-
fuscate or blackish, mandibular teeth dark.

Head distinctly concave above, narrow between the eyes an-
teriorly, the distance between their margins anteriorly being
mluch less than the length of the head dorsally along the middle
line, the surface nearly smooth and more or less shining, but
duller and more sculptured behind the line of the ocelli ; antennae
quite distinctly clavate, the fourth joint rather longer than the
second and more than three times as long as its greatest width,
the third being about one and two-thirds the length of the fourth.
Pronotum distinctly transversely divided, on the posterior part
closely and finely punctured, mesonotal constriction longish, be-
hind which the thorax is strongly widened ; propodeum strongly
convex, rising quite abruptly from the mesonotum, as seen in •
profile, very densely and finely sculptured, dull or almost so,
transversely rugulose posteriorly, without pilosity ; front tro-
chanters long and rather slender, first tarsal joint somewhat
longer than the fourth, the fifth with the usual two rows of
lamellate denticles, convergent towards the tip, the one row longer
than the other, chelar claw with onlv about four denticles, and

37

with a distinct tooth near the apex. Abdomen nearly smooth
and very sparsely pilose. Length 2.5-3 ^i'""'''-

H.\r>. Xogales. Arizona; bred from nymph and adult of the
Delphacid (Stobacra sp?) numbers 2475 ^^"^ 2452.

2. Psciidogoiiatopiis atito.vcitohiiis sp. nov.

Black, face yellow or brownish yellow, occiput also brown, as
also the pronotum, more or less, posteriorly; two basal joints of
antennae pale, abdomen more or less brown in parts, at least api-
cally and near the base ; the femora are black or pitchy, the thin
part of the middle and hind ones pale, tibiae brown, varying ni
depth of colour in different parts, tarsi paler, yellowish ; the tro-
chanters are pale, the front ones slightly embrowned, the front
coxae light brown with a dark mark.

Head very strongly transverse, densely punctate or shagreened,
strongly concave, the antennae slender, the fourth joint much lon-
ger than the second, about four times as long as its greatest width,
the third more than one and a half times the length of the fourth.
Pronotum strongly divided transversely, densely punctate or sha-
greened, considerably more strongly sculptured than the head,
the mesonotal constriction elongate, behind which is a sutural
transverse line ; the propodeum dull, very densely sculptured all
over, appearing punctate or shagreened, posteriorly also trans-
versely wrinkled, and without haiis. Anterior trochanters with
a longish basal stalk, which is, however, not very well marked,
fourth tarsal joint long, but less so than the first, lamellate den-
ticles of fifth in two long and dense rows, of which one reaches
to the articular cavity, the chelar claw with four or five lamellate
denticles and a distinct anteapical tooth. Abdomen smooth, with-
out sculpture, but not very shining. Length with abdomen ex-
tended 4.5 mm.

HAB. Xogales, Arizona; bred from the same Delphacid, an
adult. ( Stobacra sp. ) as the preceding ; number 2463.

Ncodryi)iiis.

I have retained this name for the present in my table of genera,
though it may be synonymous with Dryiiiits, of which T have not
a satisfactory dcscrii)tion, nor any authentic European examples
W comparison It is certain that Dryinus oriiicnidis Ashm.
comes very near to my Ncodryiiiiis, but in that species, if the
thorax be viewed from in front, the position of the parapsides 'S

38

disting:uisha1)le, ihoug^h the furrows are almost effaced. In Nco-
dryimis proper there is no trace of these furrows. The very re-
markahle habit of the larva of Ncodryiuiis in coverins: its cocoon
with the ruptured larval sac, which it removes from the leaf-
hopper, is not found in any other genus of Dryinidae, nor does
it occur in the case of D. ormcnidis. To the Australian species of
Ah'odryiinis, I now add two new species from Arizona. One of
these was bred, and its cocoon o-reatly resembles those of the
Australian species, as also does the mature insect. Dry in us alfi-
cola and D. inaculicornis of Cameron, from Central America, are,
I suspect, closely allied to these Arizona species.

I. Ncodryiinis aricoiiiciis sp. nov.

Black, the hind and middle tarsi, the fourth, tifth and more
or less of the apical part of third joint of the antennae, clear tes-
taceous or ferruginous ; scape of antennae dark fuscous, yellowish
beneath. Front femora inwardly with a rufescent line on the
apical part and continued throuo-hout the length of the tibiae.
Front tarsi more or less brown, the chelar claw whitish. Wings
pale at the extreme base, then with a wide transverse smoky
band, reaching apically to the transverse median vein, a second
oblique fascia or spot reaches about half across the wing, arising
beneath the apical half of the stigma.

Head strongly transverse, hardly concave on the vertex, the
ocelli in a triangle with the basal side widest, the surface dull,
or almost so, and with a fine, close reticulation of wrinkles. Anten-
nae with the third joint almost twice as long as the fourth, the
latter about four times as long as its greatest width. Pronotum
with a strongly raised posterior portion, in front of which the
sculpture consists of very fine and close oblique striae on each
side. Mesonotum more longitudinally rugose, but not regularly ;
propodeum with stronger longitudinal wrinkles, but more or less
connected transversely so as to form reticulation. Lamellae of
fifth tarsal joint elongate, closely set together, and reaching, or
almost reaching, the articulatory cavity, the chelar claw curved,
not armed with lamellate denticles, but with at most a few bris-
tles, and a small angle or obscure tooth close to the apex. Abdo-
men smooth, shining, impunctate. Length 4 — 5 mm.

HAB. Nogales. Arizona; bred (no. 24^0) from nymphs of
Orniniis scptcntrionalis on Oak.

39

2. Ncodrviiiiis diihiosiis sp. nov.

This may l)e a variety of the precechng", and ])Ossil)l\ will be
found to he parasitic on another si)ecies of F'tilj^^orid. It diiTers
from A'. ari::;oiiicus in having- the first, third, fourth and fifth
joints of the antennae ferrug^inous, the sixth is also partly red-
dish, the small second joint being dark brown. The front fe-
mora are more extensively reddish brown, the tiioiae almost en-
tirely so, the middle femora are reddish at the tips, the posterior
ones more widelx so, the base of the hind tibiae being of the
same colour. The reticulate rugositv of the head is stronger and
the surface appears to be rather more shining.

HAP). Xogales, Arizona; a single female was captured on an
oak tree in Augtist.

Faradryiiius Perk.

The s]:)ecies here described agrees, on the whole, with the Aus-
tralian species in its generic characters.

Paradryliiits iiic.ricaiiits sp. nov.

Ferruginous, the head of a rather redder colour than the abdo-
inen, legs, &c. : mcsonotum, propodeum and mesopleura black, as
also the abdomen on its apical half or more and the petiole ;
miiddle and hind tibiae, and the hind femora inwardly, brownish ;
apex of abdomen ferruginous.

Head convex on the vertex, seen from in front the hind mar-
gin almost straightly transverse, dull, with very dense punctura-
tion or shagreening; antennae with very slender third joint, wdiich
is about one and a three-quarters the length of the fourth ; the lat-
ter about seven times as long as wide, the following being some-
what wider than this. Pronotum rather strongly rounded laterally,
compressed at the sides posteriorly, transversely constricted at the
apex, raised on its hinder portion, but not strongly; the surface
is dull, the sculpture excessively fine, hardly visible under a
strong lens, and much finer than I hat of the head. Mesonotum
dull, except the polished neck, which may be concealed beneath
the pronotum, the surfpcc very minutely shagreened, the parap-
sidal furrows fine, slightly convergent posteriorly almost reach-
ing the hind margin ; propodeum very densely reticulatcly rugose.
Wings with an infuscation in the basal cells, extending a little
bevond the transverse median vein apically, and a se:ond one

40

orioinating- lit-ncath the stigma and in tiie radial cell and forming
a transverse fascia. First joint of front tarsi very long about
twice as long as the elongated fourth, second very small, third
larger than this* but still small, the fourth being much longer than
the preceding two together. Abdomen smooth and without defi-
nite sculpture. Length 4 mm.
HAB. Mexico (? Pazcuaro).

Hcspcrodryimis gen. nov.

This new gerus is proposed for three slender and elongate
species, evidently allied to Paradryiiius. All are of a ferruginous
or testaceous colour, with short, but functional, wings, which
are banded. The head is of peculiar form, being acutely wedge-
shaped posteriorly, the hind margin when the head lies back,
resting over a considerable part of the pronotum and entirely
concealing the prolongation of the prothorax in front of the
pronotum. Consequently, when seen from in front, the hind mar-
gin of the head is well rounded and extended far back behind the
eyes, the posterior ocelli being placed well behind an imaginar}^
iine joining the hind margins of the eyes. In Paradryinus, when
the head is viewed from in front, the hind margin is nearly
straightly transverse and the posterior ocelli generally about on a
line with the hind margin of the eyes. The pronotum is strongly
compressed at the sides posteriorly, so that it is there bluntly
cariniform, its sculpture and that of the head is very dense and
minute, the surface being quite dull. Otherwise the genus greatly
reseml:)les Paradryiiiiis, the maxillary palpi with four long joints
be}ond the geniculation, the two Ijasal ones, as usual, less dis-
tinctly divided, the basal apparently less chitinized and perhaps
more or less fused to the maxilla. Labial palpi three-jointed, the
apical one very long and cylindrical. The front legs are formed
much as in Paradryinus, but are rather stouter; the second joint
of the tarsus is very small, the third much longer, but still much
shorter than the fourth ; the chelar claw of one species differs re-
markal)ly in structure from that of the others ; the lamellate den-
ticles of the fourth joint are well developed and reach or nearly
reach back to the articular cavity.

The males of two species are known, and these mlay be easily
distinguished from those of Paradryinus by the eyes having com-
])aratively few and short hairs, hardly noticeable under a strong
lens, and by the much less conspicuously hairy antennae. In
both species the femora and tibiae are black, while in all the

41

known males of Paradryiiiiis the leg's are ferruginous or testa-
ceous. Type of g;enus H. arisoniciis.

Table of species of ni'sperodryiiiiis.

1 (2) Clielar claw in lateral view nearly parallel sided,

hardly curved except at the tip, near which is a dis-
tinct prominent tooth H. ainphisccpac.

2 (i) Chelar claw well curved, and without a tooth near

the apex.

3 (4) Propodeum rather finely reticulately rugose about

the middle dorsally, on each side of this with mi-
nute shagreening or surface sculpture. . .//. arizon'icus.

4 (3) Propodeum with strong longitudinal wrinkles all

over its upper surface H. aiidax.

I. Hcspci'odryiniis aiiif^hisccpac sp. nov. *

Ferruginous, abdominal petiole black, the apical segments often
more or less infuscate. Three basal joints of antennae concolor-
ous with the head, the fourth and fifth white or whitish with a
dark line, or the usually dark part may be concolorous with .the
preceding joints, following joints dark or sordid, the apical one
usually paler.

Head dull, excessively finely and closely sculptured ; second
joint of antennae about half as long as the fourth, the third twice
as long as the latter, dull and microscopically sculptured like the
head, without any transverse division, but strongly compressed at
the sides so as to be bluntly cariniform on its posterior half or
two-thirds. Mesonotumi more or less finely and sometimes vague-
ly longitudinally rugose, the surface minutely granulate or cori-
aceous, the parapsidal furrows easily seen when the thorax is
viewed from in front ; scutellum minutely punctate or shagreen ed :
propodeum reticulately rugose, but at the sides with dense minute
surface sculpture only, about as long as the mesonotum and the
two scutella together. Front trochanters short and stout, lamel-
lae of fifth tarsal joint in a long line extendir.g to, or nearly to.
the articulating cavity : this line of denticles appears to consist of
two rows or more, which are more or less confused ; chelar claw
with the denticles more spinose, and set further apart, the ante-
apical tooth distinct. .Abdomen smooth, without any definite
sculjiture. Xeuration mostly pale, yellowish, the transverse ner-
vures being more or less dark, and with a dark transverse cloud
along them, a second transver.'^e cloud extends across the wing

42

from about the middle of the stigma, but fades out before the tip,
stigma yellowish or fuscous, white on the basal part. Length
4-6 mm.

Male black, the front tibiae rufescent, the extreme tips of all
the femora also pale, basal joint of middle and hind tarsi and the
second more or less, white. Head, mesonotum, and scutcllum all
similarly sculptured, and pubescent, the sculpture appearmg as a
dense rugosity or rugose puncluraiion ; scape of antennae aboiu
as long as the fourth joint, the second ovate, the third rather
more than one and a half times the length of the fourth, and
fully three times as long as wide. Towards the apex of the anten-
nae the joints become gradually more slender. I'arapsidal fur-
rows mdistinct, but, if examined from the front, they can be
traced as converging lines to the hind-margin of the mesonotum,
where they are still widely separated ; propodeum strongly rugose.
Wings with the stigma blackish fuscous, the radius angulated
before th'e middle and reaching only about half way from its
base to the tip of the wing. Abdomen ovate, very finely punctur-
ed, and clothed with short hairs, basal segment angularly bent
about the middle, its basal face impressed. Length 3 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; collected on grass and bred from
nymphs of AnipJiisccpa bivittata. .The larval sac is placed beneath
the tegmen or wing ; number 2446.

2. Hcspcrodryiiiiis ari::oiiicits sp. nov.

Colour, form, size and for the most part the sculpture, as in
the preceding species, fourth and fifth antennal joints entirely
white or with a dark line, the antennae no doubt varying in coloui,
as they do in H. amphisccpac ; propodeum with loose reticulate
rugosity about the middle of the dorsum. Chelae quite unlike
those of H. ainphisccpae, the fifth joint v;ith a curved edge be-
neath, bearing the lamellate denticles, the chelar claw well and
almost evenly curved, its lower edge on the basal half somewhat
serrate and with a few spinose bristles and with no trace of a
tooth near the apex.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona; bred from the nymphs of Misfhar-
ncphantia soiioraiw ; the larval sac is black and placed beneath the
wing or tegmen. I cannot certainly decide whether the males
under the number 2481, belong to this species wholly or in part,
or to the preceding. They do not agree altogether in details
amongst themselves and the possibility of either species of the
parasite attacking both of the hosts is so great, that the male I

43

have assipied to H. auipJiisccl'ac mav really belon.c: to //. arico-
niciis.

3. Hcspcrodryiinis audax sp. nov.

Colour, form, and sculpture g^enerally, almost as in the pre-
ceding^ two species. This is, however, of larger size, the third
antennal joint is black, pale only at the Up ; the mesonotuni is
regularly and closely longitudinally rugose, the propodeum is
also strongly longitudinally wrinkled, with very little reticulation,
at least on jthe dorsal surface. Chelae formed and armed almost
as in H. arizonicns: just beyond the most apical of the spinose
bristles there is a slight elevation of the lower edge of the chelar
claw, hardly to be considered as a tooth. Leneth 8 mm.

HAP). Nogales, Arizona ; one example was caj^turcd on an
oak tree.

Pcrodrxiniis gen. nov.

General form and structure of Paraciryiinis. but with tlic front
tarsi very different. The basal jomt is long and slender, as long-
as the four following together, the second small, the third and
fourth subequal. the backward process of the fifth reaching to the
base of the fourth, and densely armed with lamellate denticles ;
the chelar claw a simple spine with dilated base for articulation,
the chelae being extremiely short. Pronotum longer than the
mesonotum. compressed posteriorly, but without a transverse di-
vision ; mesonotum without parapsidal furrows, with dense ru-
gose-punctate or reticulate sculpture.

Male like that of Paradryinus but the eyes are bai-e, there are
no parapsidal furrows, the radius is short, falls far short of the
wing margin, and is bent at about its middle.

Pcrodryiinis ainocinis sp. nov.

P>lack. anternae, the clypeus. the pronotum and the legs fer-u-
ginous, the antennae subinfuscate apically. The mandibles except
the teeth, the basal half of the ])osterior tibiae, the basal joiiit
more or less of the middle and hind tarsi, whitish; ti])s of hind
femora black.

Head and mesonotum very densely rugose-punctate or retic-
ulate; third antennal joint long, twice as long as the fourth. Pro-
notum rugulose and with ]>ale pubescence : scutellum rather
smoother than the mesonotum, the ])rnp()demn shining, reticulal;.-

44

rugose, much less closely sculptured than the mesonotum, poste-
riorly with a raised line or carina on each side of the middle.
Wings clear hyaline, stigma yellow at base, dark fuscous on
apical part, costal and sub-costal nervures dark, as also the
transverse ones, the latter subinfuscate, and a rather narrow in-
fuscate band crosses the wing from about the middle of the stig-
ma. Abdomen glabrous and shining, the whole thorax having
short grey pubescence. Length 4 mm.

Male black, the two basal joints of the antennae, the front
and middle legs except the coxae, yellowish brown or testaceous.
Hind tibiae pale on basal half, the tarsi still paler. Antennae
attenuated towards the apex, the third joint about one and a half
times the length of the fourth, the joints (except as previously
noted ) blackish, but tinged with yellow. Thorax sculptured like
the same parts in the female, the abdomen shining, very finely
indefinitely punctured, and impressed at the base. Wings h}'a-
line, costal, sub-costal and radial veins dark, stignija dark fuscous
except at base. Length 3 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona; bred from nymphs of Amphisccpa
bivittata. The number attached is 2426, clearly an error, for 2446,
under which number it is mentioned that two parasites were bred,
viz.: the present one and Hcspcrodrylnns aiiiphisccpac. The lar-
val sac, placed beneath the wing, is variegate, dark fuscous and
yellowish.

Eukocbcleia Perk.

This name is practically a duplication of Eukocbclca already
in use. I do not think it advisable to suggest any substitute at
present, because I have some doubt whether the g^juus is not
synonymous with Bocchns of Ashmead. As, however, the char-
acters of the mouth-parts, as given for Bocchns, are quite diflfer-
ent from those of my two species of Enkocbeleia, and further
the description of the tarsal generic characters does not agree,
while Dr. Ashmead's characterization is confirmed by Brues, I
must consider the two genera distinct. The fact that the follow-
ing species is fully winged will require some modification of the
original generic characters, as given by me.

Eukoebclcia arizonica sp. nov.

Generally like E. inirabilis, the Larsal structure similar, but the
winTs are well-developed and there is an infuscate transverse
fascia, narrowed below, placed beneath the radial vein.

45

Black, the trochanters, the front tibiae and all the tarsi pale,
yellowish brown to testaceous. Two basal joints of antennae
clear yellowish (the apical joint is wantin<^ in the example de-
scribed). Mandibles yellowish, the teeth dark, the inner one con-
siderably smaller than the two well-developed outer ones. Legs
except as above described, pitchy to black, the middle and front
femora beino^ lighter than the hind ones.

Head and thorax very denselv and evenly shagreened, dull, the
scutellum more shining, the propodeum distinctly areolated, and
the surface rugose. Abdomen ovate, very smooth and polished.

The sculpture of this species is almost as in E. mirabilis, the
dense surface sculpture of head and mesonotvim giving them the
appearance of being closely and evenly punctured. The raised
lines on the propodeum are stronger in E. ariconica, and the areo-
lation therefore more definite. The postscutellum is as feebly de-
veloped in the winged as in the subapterous species. Length
3 mm.

H,AB. Xogales, Arizona ; one female collected on weeds in
September. Many parasitized Bnichomorpha were found on
grass in this locality, at the same time, but from the cocoons ob-
tained ( no. 2483 ) no adults have as yet emerged.

Dciiiodryimis gen. nov.

Head and thorax of large size, much more robust than the
abdomen : head greatly produced behind the eyes, the sides there
being convergent, the vertex strongly and straightly margined ;
ocelli in an equilateral triangle or almost so, and placed far in
front of the posterior margin, distant from it by more than the
length of the triangle that thev form ; vertex slightly convex or
at least not at all im)pressed ; mandibles with four strong teeth ;
maxillary --'ini six-jointed, labial three-jointed, third antennal
joint at least one and a half times the length of the fourth. Pro-
notum elongate, hardly rounded at sides, transversely impressed
in front, its lateral posterior angles attaining the tegulae ; meso-
notum and scutellum together about as long as the pronotum, the
former with deep, subconvergent parapsidal furrows, which fail
before reaching the hind margin : propodeum moderately long, not
at all areolated. Front legs with extremely stout femora, the
first tarsal joint rather short, much shorter than the fourth, the
second minute, transverse, the third much longer than this and
not verv much shorter than the first, the fifth very long and slen-
der. Chelae well developed, freely extensible, row of lamellate

46

denticles of fifth tarsal joint long, the chelar claw simply curved,
with oblique g-rooves on each side of its lower edge, and without
any subapical tooth, the whole being evidently adapted for catch-
ing Jassids. Stigma of front wings long, narrowly ovate, radius
bent or angulate near the middle, where the ( almost obliterated )
transverse cubitus would originate. In the two species known
the wings are bifasciate.

The male in this genus is very different superficially, being
much smaller, black, with clear wind's, but in many respects re-
sembles the female. The head is more transverse, less produced
behind the eyes, but otherwise rather similar, the ocelli being
remote from the hind margin. The pronotum is as usual not or
hardly visible in dorsal aspect and there are the other usual sexual
differences. The most important characters appear to be the
bare eyes, and the clothing of the antennae, these bearing long
curved hairs, several times as long as the width of the elongate
joints, the hairs tending to form whorls. The scape is clothed
like the following joints, but the hairs on the apical ones become
shorter, and the tenth joint has quite short ones. The posterior
ocelli are distant, each from the nearest eye-margin by a space
greater than that which lies between them. The mesonotal par-
apsides are like those of the female.

This is a remarkable genus and appears to me to be interme-
diate in character between the sections of Dryinidae with large
ovate stigma and those with a narrow elongate one. It is. how-
ever, to be associated with the former section and comes near
to Chclogynns.

Table of Species.

1 (2) Head in front densely and more or less ruguiosely

punctured D. paradoxus

2 ( I ) Head in front for the most part with fine sparse

punctures D. qucrcicola

I. Dciiiodryiiius paradoxus sp. nov.

Ferruginous, extreme base of abdomen black, apical two or
three joints of the antennae black or blackish, and one or two of
the preceding joints sometimes subinfuscate.

Head with feebly impressed, coarse, rugose punctures on the
vertex, between the antennae and the front ocellus the sculpture
is finer and dense, more or less ruguiosely punctate. Third joint
of antennae one and a half times the length of the fourth or

47

rather more, the latter three or more times as long as wide, fifth
wider than the fourth, hut of nearly equal, lens^th. Pronotum
irregularly punctured, the punctures of unequal size ; mesonotum
smooth and shining-, very sparsely punctured, the suture between
It and the almost or quite impunctate scutellum, deep and con-
sute ; propodeum finely transversely rugose, pilose, and subim-
pressed medially on its posterior portion. Legs shortly, but dis-
tinctly, pilose; the tarsi pallid; wings distinctly, but not deeply
I)ifasciate, the stigma yellow. Abdomen smooth and ]:)olished,
impunctate or almost so. Length about 5 mm.

Male black, the antennae, clypeus for the most part, mandiljles
except the teeth, antennae, front and middle tibiae testaceous or
ferruginous, apical joint of antennae more or less black, the tarsi
pale, whitish. Head coarsely rugose-punctate, pilose like the
thorax; the antennae with all the joints elongate and for the
most part not dififering much in length, the apical joint acuminate
and one and a half times the length of the preceding, the third
four times as long as broad. Mesonotum and scutellum shining,
sparsely punctured, propodeum short, irregularly rugose, or with
close reticulation. Wings hyaline, stigma blackish. Abdomen
small and narrow, subclavate. Length about 4 mm.

HAP). Nogales, Arizona; collected on oak and cocoons ob-
tained in August and September ; the female bred in October
(2466). I bred male and female (under the same number") in
Honolulu at the end of February from cocoons obtained m Sep
teml)er at Xogales. It is parasitic on a large green jassid on
Oak.

2. Dciiiodryiinis qucrcicola sp. nov.

Form, size and colour like that of the preceding species, from
which it is easily distinguished by the colour of the antennae, the
fourth to the tenth joints being dark, black or blackish, though
the more basal of these are yellow- tinged, the third joint is also
more or less infuscate. The extreme apex of the middle tibiae.
the extreme base and apex of the hind ones, and the extreme
base of the hind tarsi, are dark.

The general sculpture is for the most part like that of D. par-
adoxus, but that of the head is quite different, since its surface
is smooth with only very fine and fcattered ])unctures. and in no-
wise rugose. Only for a very short space, immediately above
the antennae, is the sculpture dense and somewhat as m the pre-
ceding species.

48

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; a single example was captured be-
neath an oak tree in September.

Clu-logyiius Hal.

A'coc/iclogyiiiis of Bull. I is synonymous with this, as a com-
parison of European species shows, and the characters of the
mouth parts are as described by me under that name. It is at
once separable from Anteoii by the partially extensile chelae and
the different position of the articulation of the fourth and fifth
tarsal joints, to which this mobility is due. Chciogymis at pres-
ent includes insects with great differences in structure and will
unquestionably be itself broken up.

Table of Species described.

1 (2) Apical joint only of the antennae dark C. liisns.

2 (i) More than one antennal joint dark.

3 ( 4 ) Coxae mostly dark, pronotum with some transverse

rugulosity C. funcstus.

4 (3) Coxae altogether pale C. mclanacrias

I. C/iclogyiiiis fiiiicsfus sp. nov.

Black, the basal joints (usually about four) of the antennae
ferruginous, the apical ones black. Some of the basal joints may
be more or less darkened, the nunaber of those that are red is
not constant and the red often gradually merge into the dark
apical ones. The front femora are sometimes pale, but may
be nearly black, the middle and hind ones are generally black or
at least pitchy-brown, and their tibiae are also dark, but noticeably
pale on the basal part to a greater or less extent ; hind coxae
always black or dark, except that the extreme apex may be pale.
?klandibles yellow, the teeth dark ; neuration yellow, stigma dark
fuscous.

Head and face cjuite dull, very densely and minutely sha-
greened or rugulose, the antennae with the flagellum subclavate,
the scape about as long as the three following joints together,
second joint subequal to third, which is slightly longer than the
fourth, the fifth decidedly wider than the preceding, but none of
the flagellar joints are transverse. Pronotum with some extreme-
ly fine transverse rugulosity ; the mesonotum more or less shin-
ing, at least never dull like the head, and with at most a few

49

verv' shallow punctures ; scutellum shining and smooth, propo-
deum truncate, rugose, the truncation l)ounded by a raised line,
posteriorly densely minutely shagreened and without any definite
area. Fifth tarsal joint with well-developed lamellate denticles
in two rows and with series of long setae at the side, chelar claw
with long seta on the subbasal angle beneath. Abdomen smooth
and shining. Length 2-5 mm.

]\Iale black, anterior tibiae and tarsi testaceous, the middle and
hind tarsi also more or less pale or brown, otherwise the legs
nearly wholly black. Neuration iirown. stigma dark brown or
blackish fuscous. Head sculptured as in the female, and with
faint traces of feeble punctures ; antennae as long as the head and
thorax, the scape fully as long as the two next joints, which do
not differ much in length, the flagellum being submoniliform,
with the joints nearly similar, clothed with hairs not shorter than
their width; nore of the joints are as wide as long. Mcsonotum
more shining than the head, with very feeble surface sculpture
and traces of hardly visible punctures, scutellum polished; pro-
podeum as in the female. Abdomen smooth and polished. Length
2 mm.

HAB. Tucson, Arizona : bred from nymphs of a Jassi'' found
on a small bush ( no. 2420 ) and probably the same species, with
the legs paler generally, the posterior femora brown with black
apices, was bred (no. 2461 ) and captured at Nogales. Mr. Koe-
bele's note states that the host and probably the parasite from
Xogales are the same as his Tucson specimens. The variation is
considerable, and the description of the male and ftinale is pri-
marilv based on two specimens bred from one individual of the
hopper.

2. Cheloi:;yinis nielaiiacrias sp. nov.

Black, mandibles (except the teeth) whitish, antennae clear
testaceous on the basal joints, the four apical ones being black
(at least above) one or two of those preceding these generally
subinfuscate. Legs concolorous with the basal antennal joints,
even the coxae entirely pale, the tips of the tarsi and the apices
of the hind femora black or dark fuscous, the apical part of the
hind tibiae sometimes infuscate.

Head dull, densely and minutely shagreened, the antennae with
the second, third and fmu-tli joints differing very little in length,
tlie third being a little longer than the fourth, the fifth and follow-
ing wider than the latter, the seventh rather longer than its great-
est width. Pronotum somewhat transversely rugulose anteriorly.

50

the mesonotum less densely sculptured and less dull than the
head, and with only very feeble sparse punctures ; scutellum pol-
ished; propodeum rugose before the truncation, posteriorly clull,
with very dense and fine close ru2:ulosity and generally some fine
transverse wrinkles, but without any defined area. Lamellate
denticles of chelae much as in the preceding. Stigma blackish
fuscous, otherwise the neuration pale, except the radius. Abdo-
men smooth and shining. Length 2-2.5 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; captured on weeds in September.

3. Chclogynus liisus sp. nov.

Black, the mandibles (except the teeth) wdiitish, the antennae
except the apical joint concolorous and lestaceous. legs concol-
orous with these, but the hind femora are to a large extent black
or blackish (the base being paler) and the apical part of the hind
tibiae is also dark.

Head dull, densely minutely shagreened and with sparse traces
of obsolete punctures. Antennae formed much as in the preced-
ing, the apical joint alone dark. Pronotum very densely sculp-
tured like the head, and dull, and I cannot detect any trace of
the transverse rugulosity observable in the two preceding spe-
cies. ^Mesonotum dull with very fine surface sculpture, and a
few nearly effaced punctures ; scutellum polished ; propodeum as
in the preceding. Stigma blackish fuscous, radius also dark,
otherwise the nervures are pallid. Chelae much as in the preced-
ing. Abdomen smooth and shinnig. Length 2 mm.

HAB. Tucson, Arizona ; bred from the same species of hop-
per and at the same time as C. funcstns, of which it might be a
sport, but the colour characters are very difl^erent and the sculp-
ture also dift"ers (no. 2420).

Ant con Jur.

The single species, which I refer to this genus, is congeneric
with examples I have examined from Germany, having a similar
structure of the chelae, and my Prosantcon from Australia is
synonymous with it. In the European, Australian and American
species the mouth-parts are as given by me in my characterization
of Prosantcon in Bulletin I of this Station, and not as given by
Ashmead in his Monograph of the Proctotrupidae and later writ-
ings. T consider the genus quite distinct from Chclogynus on
account of the non-extensile chelae, the fourth tarsal joint being

51

short and articulated to the fifth much further from the apex of
the latter.

Aiitcon ariconcnsis s.p. nov.

Black, the mandibles (except the teeth) yellow, the antennae,
except the subinfuscate apical joint, and the legs, testaceous ; the
middle coxae have a basal dark spot, the hind ones are black
except at the apex, the middle femora have a dark line beneath
and the posterior ones are dark brown or pitchy except at the
extreme base and apex ; stigma blackish fuscous, the radius also
dark, the rest of nervures pale yellow.

Head shining, closely subrugosely punctured. Imt sparselv punc-
tate about the ocelli, the antennae with the second and fourth
joints subequal, the third considerably longer than the latter, the
seventh, eighth and ninth wider than this, and short, being not
much longer than wide. Pronotum finely rugulose ; the mesono-
tum polished, with a few punctures in front, the furrows very
short ; scutellum impunctate ; propodeum rugose and bounded
posteriorly by a raised line, posteriorly dull and shagreened to-
wards the sides, the median area, defined by very fine raised lines,
smoother and somewhat shining. Abdomen smooth and pol-
ished. Fifth tarsal joint with fine bristles beneath, those near
the articulatory cavity longest, the other extremity of the joint
having short spinose ones. Length 2.5 mm.

The male of this species is smaller, under 2 mm. long, black,
with whitish mandibles, the front and middle tibiae and tarsi tes-
taceous, the rest of the legs to a large extent blackish or sordid,
the knee-joints of the hind legs noticeably pale. The antennae
have the basal four joints black, after which they shade into testa-
ceous, the apical joints being clear or almost so.

Head somewdiat shining, with somewhat coarse and indefinite
puncturation, vaguely channeled in front of the anterior ocellus ;
scape of antennae about equal to the two following joints to-
gether, the second ovate, but longer than wide, about as long as
those following, which do not differ much in length, the whole
being somewhat moniliform-filiform. the hairs somewhat curved
and in general about as long as the width of the joints. Mesono-
tum shining, with punctures like those of the head, but much
more sparse, scutellum and postscutellum polished and impunc-
tate, propodeum closely rugose, posteriorly smoother hardly more
than shagreened even at the sides, the median area being defined
by very fine lines, but quite observable on careful inspection. .\b
domen smooth and polished.

52

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; bred from a medium sized, rather
scarce Jassid nymph, on wihow (no. 2467). Mr. Koebele remarks
that the parasite is hard -to raise.

Aphclopus Dahn.

In a male specimen of this genus dissected by me the maxillary
palpi are very long and five-jointed, the first four joints subequal-
ly elongate, the second much stouter than the third, the fifth
nearly one and a half times the length of the preceding. I can-
not detect any division of the long first- joint, such as forms the
basal one in Anteon and other genera, and the labial palpi are
only two-jointed, with the second one elongate-oval and mucn
more developed than the first.

The larval sac of Aphelopus is easily distinguished from those
of the other Dryinids by its elongate form, which resembles that
of Emboleminae, and probably the genus would be better referred
to that subfamily, which forms similar sacs on Orthoptera and
has simple tarsi, if it be considered distinct from the Dryininae.
A yellow Belytid also was bred from similar elongate sacs on
Typhlocybines, sent over to me from Germany by Koebele. It
is very curious that these small Typhlocybines can be as readily
seized and parasitized by the non-chelate Aphelopus as by the
rather im^perfectly chelate Chejogyniis or the perfectly chelate
and highly evoluted Pachygonafopiis. Many Typhlocybine Jas-
sids were found parasitized bv Aphelopus in Germany by Koebele,
but either the larvae died on the way to Honolulu or the climate
of the islands proved fatal, for the cocoons yielded no mature
insects. The latter are difficult to sex ; in some examples, which
are certainly males, the abdomen in dry specimens is so com-
pressed as to be laminate ; but this is, I believe, due to post mor-
tem collapse of the abdomen. In others the females are simi-
larly compressed. In one species, of which males and females
were both bred, the face of the former is largely white, in the
latter black, and in other two species, which from, the antennae
I judge to be males, the face is conspicuovisly ornamented with
white. Ashmead, however, describes a species in which the white
preponderates in the female sex, so that the sexes cannot be de-
termined ofif-hand by the facial coloration.

Synopsis of species of Aphelopus.

I (2) Head with the mandibles alone white

A. arizoiicus ( female j

2

(I)

3

(4)

4

(3)

5

(6)

6

(5)

7

(8)

8

(7)

5;}

Head with white facial markings.

Clypeus alone white A. uiicrolciicus.

More than the clypeus white.

White facial markings extending a little above the

antennae A. vidmis.

White facial markings extending at least as far as
the anterior ocellus, along the eye-margins.

Mesonotum entirely black A. arisomcus (male)

Meson otum white externally to the parapsidal fur-
rows i. pulcherrvmus

I. Apliclopiis arizonicus sp. nov.

Pilack, the mandibles except the teeth pale yellow, the basal
two joints of the antennae yellow or yellowish brown ; front and
middle legs except the apices of the tarsi, the hind coxae, tro-
chanters, and basal joint of tarsus, testaceous ; the hind femora
and tibiae black or pitchy ; stigma blackish fuscous, the radius
curved.

Head and mesonotum dull, densely minutely shagreened, the
parapsidal furrows of the latter distinct, strongly convergent pos-
teriorly, visible behind the middle of the mesonotum, but not
reaching the posterior margin. Antennae subclavate, the 3rd,
4th and 5th joints slender, elongate and subequal, the seventh,
eighth and ninth much wider than these, but none of them as
wide as long, apical joint one and a half times the length of the
preceding ; scutellum decidedly more shining than the mesonotum ;
propodeum finely reticulately rugose, posteriorly with a large
smoother and shining area defined by raised lines. Abdomen
smooth and shining. Length 2 mmi.

!Male like the female in sculpture, but the two basal joints of
the antennae are darker brown, the face below is yellow, with
the yellow colour continued upwards along the inner orbits to
the height of the anterior ocellus, the legs, except the tips of
the tarsi, are entirely clear testaceous ; the stigma is pallid brown,
with darker margin. Antennae more elongate and less noticeably
subclavate, the eighth and ninth jomts short, hardly twice as long
as wide, and shorter than the fourth and fifth. Propodeum not
shining posteriorly.

HAR. Xogales, Arizona; bred from a species of Dikranciira?
(no. 2454).

54

2. Ap/iclopiis z'idiiiis sp. nov.

Male, black, the lower part of the face and the mandibles, ex-
cept the teeth, pale yellow or cream-coloured, this colouring
reaching- about half way from the mandibles Lo the anterior ocel-
lus and not being noticeably carried upwards along the mner or-
bits. Front and middle legs pale yellow, the tarsi for the most
part infuscate, the hind femora tibiae and tarsi pitchy.

Head and mesonotum dull, densely shagreened and the latter
with the parapsidal furrows distinct and like those of A. ariconi-
ciis. Antennae long, slender and filiform, the first two joints
dark brown or pitchy, but with the extreme base of the scape
yellow, third joint rather shorter than the fourth, which is shorter
than the fifth, seventh and eighth almost equal, slender, longer
than the fourth or fifth and more than twice as long as wide,
tenth joint very slender and elongate. Scutellum, at least poste-
riorly, and the postscutellum smoother than the mesonotum, the
propodeum reticulately rugose, a posterior area being defined
by raised lines and smoother. Abdomen smooth and shining,
stigma dark brown. Length about 2 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; collected on weeds in September.

3. AplicJopiis puJchcrrinius sp. nov.

Black, the whole face creamy white, this colour reaching almost
to the anterior ocellus and at the sides is continued upwards as
far as the posterior ocelli along the orbits, the outer orbits being
also of the same colour ; scape of antennae and all the legs whit-
ish or pale yellow ; also the whole of the mesonotum is cream-
coloured exteriorly to the parapsidal furrows, and likewise the
whole thorax beneath and the pleural portion. Antennae, except
the scape, testaceous ; wnngs with brown stigma.

Head and thorax sculptured as in the two preceding species,
posterior area of metanotum dull, minutely shagreened. Anten-
nae with the second and third joints shortish, not dififermg much
in length, but the fourth is rather longer than the third, and suIj-
equal to the fifth. Abdomen smooth and shining. Length
1.5 mm.

Owing to their delicate nature the antennal joints have more or
less collapsed and I cannot exactly make out the true shape 01
some of them, nor am I certain of the sex of the single example.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; bred from a species of Typhlocyba
(Zytriiin) no. 2455.

55

4- Aplwlopus iiiicrolciiciis sp. nov.

Male. l:)lack, the clypeus and mandibles (except the red teeth)
white, the two basal joints of the antennae dark brown or pitchy,
all the coxae and trochanters pale yellowish-white or white, the
front legs testaceous, but the feniiora are somewhat sordid and
the tarsi except the basal joint infuscate ; middle legs (except as
above noted) still more darkly sordid and the hind legs almost
black ; stigma blackish fuscous.

Sculpture of head and mesonotum as in all the preceding, but
the parapsidal furrows are efifaced ; propodeum reticulately ru-
gose, this sculpture extending on to its posterior face also, where,
however, there is a small smoother area. Antennae simple, fiU-
form. first three joints subequal, shortish, not much longer than
wide, the third on its wide face subtriangular, fourth and follow-
ing nearly parallel-sided, the fifth, sixth, seventh subequal and
longer and more slender than the fourth : seventh and eighth twice
as long as wide, or more. Abdomen smooth and shining. Length
under 2 mm.

HAP). Xogales. Arizona : bred from a species of Typlilocyha
( Zygiiia ) no. 2456.

EXCYRTIDAE.

A remiarkable Encyrtid was bred from larvae feeding inter-
nall\- in the body of a Jassid {Oncomctopia latei'alis) several
l)arasites emerging from the host, which after their emergence
lived for a week.

Following Ashmead's classification this species belongs to the
tribe Encyrtini and I have felt some doubts whether it might not
be referred to Alayr's genus Prlonomostix, but the frons is so
very wide that I have been obliged to consider it as a new one,
and it is quite possilile that in reality it is not at all allied to the
other, which is unknown to me.

Thysanojuasfi.v gen. nov.

Head strongly concave behind, the ocelli in a triangle with
very wide base, but though so widely separated, the posterior one.s
are as far removed from the eye-margins as from one another, the
frons being very broad. Head in front view widely subtriangular,
strongly convex, the antennae inserted high up near the middle,
the space between the eye and base of mandible abr)ut as long as

56

the eye, the lalirum exposed, the clypeus not defined, ^there being
only an mipression or fovea on each side just above the labrum.
Mandibles truncate, one of the apical angles being- more acute
than the other, which is followed by minute microscopic ir denta-
tion, but there are no true teeth, and the edge under high powers
of the microscope is very finely serrulate. Antennae elongate,
the scape long, clavate, extending above the vertex by about half
its whole length, which is equal to that of the following two or
three joints, the pedicel subtriargular about equal to the second
joint of funicle, the first funicle joint very long, about five times
as long as wide, and with the second clothed on one side with con-
spicuous erect hairs, wdiich are curved and dilated apically, with
acute tips : rest of antennae with inconspicuous subappressed hairs,
the third to the sixth joints of the funicle not dififering much in
length, being barely one-third as long as the first, but wider than
this, club not evidently segmented, rather small, subequal to the
three preceding joints only. Thorax with the acute tips of the
axillae meeting inwardly, the scutcllum very convex, compressed,
so as to be obscurely carinate in the middle, the propodeum
sparsely pilose at the sides. Wings with dark markings, the
neuration very difficult to see in part, but the marginal vein 'S
short, the stigmal moderately long, very oblique (i. e. more lon-
gitudinal than transverse), the oostmargiral as long as the stig-
mal or a little longer. Hind tibiae apparently with no trace of
a second spur, the calcar of the mUddle legs not so long as the
first tarsal joint. Ovipositor not prominent.

TJiysanoinastix koebclci sp. nov.

Dark brown, inclining to black in parts, antennae except the
scape black or nearly so, abdomen also very dark or black, with
the faintest trace of metallic tinge in some aspects ; the insect
generally being not at all metallic.

Head somewhat shining, there being a microscopic surface
sculpture and some very feeble fine punctures, most noticeable
on the front, about the eyes. Mesonotum slightly shining, clothed
with short pale hairs, and having a feeble indefinite puncturation ;
scutellum with sparse longish hairs at the apex, where it extends
over the propodeum, which is smooth and shining on the convex,
or somewhat protuberant, sides. Wings mostlv hairless on about
the basal half ; two-thirds from the base of this hvaline portion
apically is a narrow transverse dark bar. densely hairy, extending
from the submarginal vein, but not touching the costa. nor reach-

57

ing the opposite niiarg-in ; apical nortion of wing hairy and large!;
occupied hy a large blackish fuscous cloud, the stigmal, marginal
and postmarginal veins still blacker, but the postmarginal appears
to extend a little beyond this black area. Abdomen as long as
the thorax, but much smaller in bulk, shining, depressed above,
as is usual in dead Encyrtids. this being a usual post mortem
change. Length 1.5 mm.

HAB. Nogales, Arizona ; lired, no. 2444.

Saronofiini Perk.

This hyperparasite was bred (no. 2448b) from the cocoon of
Neogonatopits uiimits and appears to be almost or quite identical
with the Australian form. I am therefore inclined to think that
Saronotnm aiiwricainini and S. ousfraliae are one species, my orig-
inal example of the former being merely a variation of the latter.
Mr. Koebele captured what might be the male of Saronotnm. It
has longer antennae and only rudimentary wings and dififers in
other characters, such as are probably only sexual. Other in-
stances of Chalcids that are parasitic on other Hymenoptera hav-
ing flightless males and fully winged females are known to me,
but I should hesitate to describe the specimen in question as a
male of Saronotum without further evidence.

EULOPHIDAE.

When in Australia, the possibility of the Tetrastichine. Oote-
trastichus beaftis, being hyperparasitic at once suggested itself
to us, but the idea was discarded. Later on, lireeding of the spe-
cies in confinement for several generations made it appear cer-
tain that it was a primary egg-parasite, and not bred at the ex-
pense of the Mymiarids. Subsequently Dr. L. O. Howard called
my attention to the fact that theoretically it ought to be a hyper-
parasite. Ashmead has recently described certain Tetrastichines
as being parasitic on Mymaridae, but without valid proof of the
relationship. Accordingly T carried out some further experiments
w-ith Ootctrastichns bcatns, raising cane-j)lants indoors in covered
glass jars, then introducing leaf-hoppers and finally specimens of
the oarasite. Tn the two jars employed, everv leaf-hopper Qgg,
that was laid in the leaves was destroyed by the Ootctrastichns.
When young the larva lives within one of the hopper's eggs, like
a Mymarid. but later on emerges and destroys the other eggs in
the egg-chamber : then usually bores a gallery for some length

58

in the midrib of the leaf, and pupates at the end of this. Whether
the Chalcid would spare or pass by eggs parasitized by the My
marids is uncertain, but it certainly readilv destroys luiparasitized
eggs of the leaf-hopper.

TRICHOGRAMMIDAE.

Trichogrannna hclocliarac sp. nov.

Yellow, or in life more or less green ; head with a black trans-
verse line on the occiput ; thorax with slight dark markings, the
chief of these in dorsal aspect of the insect being a marginal line
on each side in front of the tegulae, a spot on each side just behind
them, the front and hind suture of the scutellum more or less,
and a spot at the hind angles of the propodeum. The pleura are
considerably more infuscate or blackish-marked than the dorsum.
Abdominal segments with a dark latero-marginal line more or
less distinct. Wings with the marginal vein infuscate and a dark
spot (including the stigmal vein) extends from it about half
across the wing. Four or five of the hair lines are more distinct
than others, those between the more distinct ones being mosth
somewhat confused and indefinite, or only short.

Antennae with the scape about equal to the pedicel and funicle
together, the pedicel twice as long as the two funicle joints to-
gether, the first of the latter lorger than the second and sometimes
showing signs of transverse division near the base, as if to form
a second ring-joint, club longer than the pedicel, ring-joint and
funicle joints together. Length .6 mm.

HAB. Alameda, California, and elsewhere in that state ; bred
from eggs of Hclochara coinniuins, no. 2440.

STYLOPIDAE (Coleoptera)

In Arizona at Nogales Koebele bred males of HaUctopJiagus
from three species of leaf-hoppers, of which two belong to the
Jassidae and one to the Delphacidae. The parasites themselves
are very closely allied to and greatly resemble the Australian
(and ? Vitian ) Halictophagus schzvarzii, but can be distinguished
by the characters of the genital segments, though these are quite
similar in general plan to those of the Australian species. I may
note that this is the first time Halictophagus has been bred from
a Dcl])hacid, the common parasite of which is EJcnchus. I should
add also that since my former paper on the Stylopidae was writ-

59

ten, I have found the latter genus to freely attack arboreal Del-
phacids as well as the graminivorous* species. The species found
most numerously stylopized in Arizona was Oncomctopia later-
alis in the nymphal stages (no. 2445) ; the second Jassid affected
by Halicfophagits was Ccratas,allia bigcloz'iac no. 2522; the Del-
phacid that yielded the parasite is a species of Sfolnuva no. 2523.

EPIPYROPIDAE ( Lepidoptera)

Mr. Koebele found Epipyrops barbcriaiia Dyar very common-
ly in Arizona affecting Issine. Amphiscepine, and Poecilopterine
leaf-hoppers. This species differs verv greatly in neuration from
the Australian forms, though like them superficially. In the hind
wings, veins la, ib and ic are well developed and veins 2-8 are
all present. In the Australian genera one of the veins 2-8 is
always absent and of these forms onlv Palaeopsychc has all the
veins from 1-12 in the forewings. The cocoon of this moth is
very similar to those of some Australian species, and has similar
erect processes or lamellae on the dorsum, these processes being
variable in number or form, as in the others.

PIPUNCULIDAE (Diptera)

In Arizona at Nogales a parasitized Jassid (no. 2469") was
found, from which a Pipitncitbis larva emerged and pupated on
the twenty-ninth of September and vielded the fly on the twenty-
ninth of October. It is a large snecies. quite resembling the .Aus-
tralian species of Div. T (TUdl. I. p. 130) in all characters, except
that the third antennal joint is hardly perceptibly produced at the
apex, though somewhat pointed there. A second species of Pi-
punculus (female) quite distinct from this and belonging to my
Section II of the .Australian species was bred from Arnphisccpa
bk'ittata, no. 2447. It differs from any of these in having the
third antennal joint only slightlv produced at the apex, though
acute. Koebele also procured other puparia of Pipunculidae, but
from these no flies have emerged. In my introductory remarks.
I have alreadv recorded the breeding in Honolulu of the Euro-
pean Vcrrallia aucta and I'illosa from German puparia. as well
as species of Pipunciilus, all from Jassids. Koebele found the
latter verv common in meadows in Germany ard many species
were obtained.

60
HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA.

By G. W. KlRKALDY.

The few Heiniptera discussed in the following pages were col-
lected merely on account of their being the hosts of certain para-
sites and were indeed not always in the best condition for describ-
ing, being parasitized by Dryinidae, and often dried up.

The thirteen specimens belong to twelve species, eleven genera,
and five families. Two genera and seven species are apparently
new to science.

The species are as follows :

1 Gypona rainosa sp. nov.

2 Oncometopia lateralis (Fabr.)

3 Ccratagallia bigcloviac (Baker)

4 Poblicia thanatophana sp. nov.

5 Scolops cockerelli (Fowler)

6 Oliarits pinia sp. nov.

7 Cochise apacheaniis g. and sp. nov.

8 Amphiscepa bivittata (Say)

9 A. immueidata sp. nov.

10 Briichomorpha monno sp. nov.

11 Picumna ovatipennis (Walker) ?

12 Mistharnophantia sonorana g. and sp. nov.

TETIGONIIDAE.

Gypona Germar.
I. ramosa sp. nov.

Allied to G. marmorata Fowler, as regards the position of the
ocelli, the condition of the head and tegmina, &c.

Pale green, or greenish-testaceous; vertex with a short, nar-
row, longitudinal, brownish-yellow line on each side from the
ocelli almost to the apical margin. Ocelli brownish-yellow. Pro-
notum with a transverse, sinuate pale fuscous line, also a black-
ish dot in the middle on each side below the eyes. Tegmina
greenish testaceous, subhyaline, reticulate, all the areas ramose ;
veins green, margined narrowly with yellowish-testaceous ; outer
margin yellowish-testaceous, apical margin from apex of clavus
to a corresponding point on the opposite side, very narrowly
blackish.

01

Vertex transverse, produced nearly as far in front of the eyes
in the middle as its basal len^ih, sul)angulate, a little shorter than
the pronotum, longitudinally sulculate in the middle. Ocelli placed
m the middle of the vertex, about as far from the eyes as from
one another. Head in profile, acute anteriorly and sublaminate.
Tegmina apically acute, without appendix.

Female: ultimate segment somewhat deepl\- bisinuate. the cen-
tral projection also notched.

Length 84 mill.

HAB. Arizona, Nogales ; (Koebele's no. 2466).

The only specimen before me is carded, but the metapleura
appear to be lobately ampliate ( rot at all in the same plane as
the subventral pleurites). a character I do not find mentioned in
descriptions of the genus.

Oiicoiihcfopia Stal.
I. lateral is (Fabr.).

O. lateralis (Fabr.) Ball 1902 P. Iowa Ac. Ylll, 45.

This species is distributed "from the Mackenzie River and
Nova Scotia south throughout the whole continent, and to north-
ern South America at least."

HAB. Arizona, Xogales (Koebele's no. 2445. August).

Ccratagallia Kirkaldy.

1 bigcloTiac (Baker).

Agallia bigcloviuc Baker. 1896 Psyche VH, suppl. 26.

A. bigcloz'ia Osborn & Ball, 1898 Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci. VH,

62.

Previously described from New Mexico. Mexico and California
baja. The single specimen is distorted by parasitization. but 1
think the determination is correct.

HAB. Arizona. Xogales; (Koebele's no. 2457).

FULGORIDAE.

Poblicia Stal.

I thainitd/^liaiia sp. nov.

Allied to P. palli(locoiisf>crsa Distant, but the head is jiarily
ixale and the tegmina are colored and conspersed differently.

62

Black ; apical margin of vertex and basal margin of f rons,
testaceous. Sterna and legs minutely speckled with white, the
latter with a few larger white spots, also the bases of the lateral
spines on the tibiae. Subcostal cell and apical third of tegmina
with numerous (mostly transverse) minute hyaline spots. Wings
apically hyaline, veins blackish, apical margin narrowly smoky,
basal third opaque black, base pale blue. Abdomen laterally, and
above (except basally), red, the pleurites spotted with black.

Length 14 mill, to apex of tegmina, closed.

HAB. Arizona, Nogales ; ( Koebele's no. 2519).

Scolops Schaum

Scolo'ps Schaum 1850 Ersch. & Grub., Cycl., Art. Fulg.
Oriiifhissus Fowler 1904 B. C. A., Hom. II, 114.

Fowler has redescribed Scolops and wrongly placed it in tlie
Issidae.

I cockcrcUi (Fowler).

Oniithissiis cockercUi Fowder op. c, 122, PI. 12. f. 14.

Previously recorded from Juarez on the northern frontier of
Mexico. Fowder has omitted mention of the fuscous marks on
the tegmina, but figures some.

HAB. Arizona, Nogales; (Koebele's no. 2487 Sept.).

Olianis Stal.
I pima sp. nov.

Blackish, keels of head and pronotum more or less ferruginous.
Pronotum (except laterally), tegulae, antennae, the lateral ex-
tension apicalwards of the frons, etc., ferruginotestaceous. Teg-
mina hyaline, veins dark-brown, closely and minutely studded
with blackish granules, some of which bear black hairs ; subcostal
vein ferruginotestaceous, narrowly bordered within with black ;
stigma black, whitish basally ; there is a black spot, or rather
suffusion, at the first forking of the brachial vein, and there is
some brownish suffusion on parts of the apical third, both of cells
and veins. Penultimate segment of rostrum, tibiae and tarsi,
posterior margin of sternites, etc., dark ferruginous.

Vertex longer than wide, feebly carinate medianly, scarcely
extending in front of the eyes : lateral margins forking at about
three-fourths of the length of the eyes, the inner forks connected

63

with frons by short lonq-ittuhnal keels l)efore nieetin.Q', the fos-
settes thus lieino- pvriform. rather laroe, and partly visible dors-
ally. The frons is much shorter than the clypeus medianlv. but
is produced laterally nearly as far apically as the middle len,Q:th of
the frons, the apical marqin thus beinj;^ deeply emarginate apically
in a rounded manner. Axillary vein of clavus, taken from its
curving- at the commissure, about three-fourths of the length of
the stalk of the anal, running- into the anal, basal of the middle
of the latter. I'rachial vein forked distinctly nearer the base than
is the radial. Stig-ma narrow, elongate triangular. First and
second segments of hind tarsi each with 5 uneven, rather larg;e
spines.

Length 8 mill.

HAli. Arizona, Xogales ; ( Koebele's no. 2518 Sept.).

Fam. ASIRACIDAE.
Cochise gen. nov.

\ertex very transverse, keels oJDSolescent, impressed trans-
versely on the basal marg-in, about one-fifth wider than an eye ;
with the eyes very distinctly wider than the pronotum. Frons
medianly impressed transversely by a deep line, the basal part
with 2 widely separated keels (a puncture between them m the
middle), uniting on the middle of the apical part, which narrows
concavely towards the apex, where it is truncate, (ienae almost
obsolete. Antennae arising almost at the exterior apical ocular
angle, flattened and carinately foliaceous, one-third longer than
the maximum width of the frons, first segment wider apically than
basally, second five-eighths longer than the first. Clypeus rather
swollen, carinate medianly. Pronotum scarcely longer medianly
than the head, hind margin obtuse -angularly emarginate, niedian
i-ceel entire, a puncture on each side ; lateral keels distant apically
and basally, arising anteriorly at the interior margin of the eye,
curving at an acute angle near the hind margin to meet the eye
again, enclosing a puncture. Scutcllum with the lateral keels
obsolescent. Legs simple. Tegmina with the radial forked a
trifle nearer the base than is the brachial ; 7 apical cells ; the
second and third apical veins have a common base, the third
reforking near the apex. Hind tibiae with a srnall s])ine near the
base, four uneven, large spines at the apex ; the spur large and
broad, three-sided, each side flat not foliaceous, there are a num-
ber of verv minute spines, scarcely visible, on one e<\i::^c. The

64

first segment of the hind tarsi is longer than the others together
and has about 6 spines.

I apachcauus sp. nov.

Yellowish, browner on the frons. Clypeus and longitudinal
lines on the fore and middle legs dark fuscous, hind legs testa-
ceous. Metanotum and tergites subsanguineous. Tegmina hya-
line testaceous, veins and granules concolorous ; an elongate spot
at apex of clavus, the inner margin broadly of apical third of
tegmen, curving around to apex and a long sufifused smudge on
second apical vein, dark fuscous, but although the veins on these
suffused parts are fuscous, the granules remain testaceous.

Pygophor long and narrow, lateral margins parallel.

Length 5 mill.

HAB. Arizona, Nogales ; (Koebele's no. 2478).

Unfortunately only a single female, in bad condition owing to
parasitization, of this interesting form. It is allied to PcrkinsicUa
Kirkaldy and Aracopiis Spinola, but is very different from any-
thing hitherto described.

ISSIDAE.

Brttchoinorplw Newnnan.
I inornio sp. nov.

Black, partly with a brassy gleam. Legs yellowish, coxae anrl
femora partly at least suffused with blackish. Vertex sublinear.
Frons not very long, not extending outwards farther than tlie
abdomen, in profile. Head nearly one-half higher than its width
at the base between the eyes ; sublateral keels of frons enclosing
an oval, curved but not sinuate laterally. Puncturation much as
in B. oculata Newman ( probably generic ) . Tegmina formed
much as in the latter species, or a trifle shorter, truncate apically,
venation almost obsolete.

Length (female) 3 mill.

HAB. Arizona, Nogales; (Koebele's no. 2483).

The coloring agrees with the laconic description of B. iiasula
Stal, but the frons is apparently much shorter.

65

Piciimiia Stal.

I ? ovatipcnnis (Walker).
? P. ovatipciuns (Walker) Fowler 1905 B. C. A. Horn. II 120,
PI. XII. f. 29.

A sing-le male may be this, but seems to have a loni^^er vertex
and scutellum. Fowler o;ives no structural details and has con-
fused at least two species, for his var. ( f . 30 ) is certainly not
conspecific.

HAB. Arizona. Xog'ales ; ( Koebele's no. 2524).

Aiiipliisccpa Germar.

iNlelichar. in iiis monooraph. does not clearlx- differentiate be-
tween this and .Icaiialoiiia Spinola. wliich I liclieve to he synony-
mous.

I hkiffata (Say).

HAB. Arizona, Xof:^ales: ( Koeliele. Sept.). Widely distri-
buted from Canada to Mexico.

2 iiiiniaciilata s]). nov.

Brownish-yellow, tegmina and legs greenish, wings milkwhite
witli fuscous veins. Head dorsally twice as broad as long, gently
tounded anteriorly, the vertex sublinear. separated from the
frons by a transverse keel. Frons apically subrectanglarly (a
little acutely) emarginate. not nearly so deeply, however, as in
A. bivittata. Xo median keel on the frons, lateral margms acute-
ly keeled, fairly straight for over half the length. Scutellum with
2 sublaterai keels, but no trace of a middle one. Costal margin
of tegmina arched.

Length 6.1 mill.

H.\B. .\rizona. Xogales ; (Koebele).

Distinguished from any other ".Inipliisicf^a" by the absence of
stri])es or spots, and from any ". Icaiialoiiia" by the short heaii
and absence of a middle keel.

POfiKILLOri liRiP.lR.
M isthanioplidiitiii gen. nov.

\ ertex transverse, about as w'dc as the eyes together, sub-
truncate a])icall\'. carinate in tlu' nn'ddk', kateral margins sub-

66

parallel, scarcely extending- before the eyes. Frons medianiy
keeled, and (with the exception of narrow, laterally rounded,
lateral margins which are a continuation of the lateral margins
of the vertex ) raised, sloping flatly backwards and upwards, a
part of the base, nearly as long as the vertex, being visible dor-
sally in front of the latter. This dorsal part of the frons is
semicircular and impressed entirely within the margins, and. as
iniiplied above, is narrower than the vertex. Antennae small.
Pronotum transverse, wider and a little shorter than the head,
roundly arched anteriorly, slightly emarginate posteriorly. Scu-
tellum bicarinate. Tegmina strongly decumbent, medianiy con-
vex, reaching posteriorly much farther than the abdomen. Costal
cell broad, with cross veins; the radial ard median springing from
a common, short stalk, close to the brachial, but soon forking,
the radial almost immediately refoiking. The venation is rather
obscure and ill-defined m places. There is no proper subapical
line. The costal vein runs almost at right angles to the body,
then curves roundirgly to form the apical margin, almost at right
angles again, meeting the commissure at, apparently, a very acute
angle. Wings rudimentary ( ?). Hind tibiae with one spine.

I sonorana sp. nov.

Brownish testaceovts ; a broad, dark fuscous stripe running from
apex of head (dorsally) to hind margin of scittelium. Tegmina
opaque, coriaceous, pale brownish yellow, veins partly concolor-
ous, partly dark fuscous.

Length about 3^ mill.

HAB. Arizona, Nogales ;( Koebele's no. 2498).

Only one specimen in bad condition, unfortunately, of this
curious form ; it is parasitized.

It is very Issine in appearance, but the granulation of the clavus
and the structure of the head proclaim it to be Poekiliopterine.
It is probably allied to Hypancyhis Fowler, which that author
places, apparently incorrectly, in the Lssinae.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES. BULLETIN No. 9

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

On Some New Species of Leaf-Hopper
(Perkinsiella) on Sugar Cane*

By F. MUIR

HONOLULU, HAWAII.
DECEMBER 16, 1910

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION

OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES FOR 1911.

E. D. TENNEY President

T. OLIVE DAVIES Vice-President

W. O. SMITH Secretary-Treasurer

L. J. WARREN Assistant Secretary-Treasurer

GEO. H. ROBERTSON Auditor

J. W. WALDRON J. P. COOKE

S. iVI. DAMON E. F. BISHOP

J. M. DOWSETT W. PFOTENHAUER

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

E. E. PAXTON, Chairman
J. W. WALDRON J. M. DOWSETT

A. GARTLEY A. W. T. BOTTOMLEY

L. J. WARREN, Secretary

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

C. F. ECKART Director :

R. C. L. PERKINS Entomologist .^

NOEL DEERR Sugar Technolo^st

H. L. LYON Pathologist >

S. S. PECK Chemist

FRANK EVANS Agriculturist

A. KOEBELE.... Consulting Entomologist

R. S. NORRIS Assistant Chemist

F. R. WERTHMUELLER Assistant Chemist

A. E. JORDAN Assistant Chemist

W. J. HARTUNG Assistant Chemist

F. W. TERRY Assistant Entomologist

OTTO H. SWEZEY Assistant Entomologist

F. MUIR , Assistant Entomologist

L. D. LARSEN Assistant Pathologist

J. H. WALE Assistant Agriculturist

D. C. BRODERICK Field Foreman

G. H. TUTTLE Cashier

W. R. R. POTTER Illustrator

A. WARREN Clerk

J. F. MELANPHY Fertilizer Sampler

ENTOMOLOGICAL SCRIC5. BULLETIN No. 9

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

On Some New Species of Leaf-Hopper
(Perkinsiella) on Sugar Cane*

By F. MUIR

HONOLULU, HAWAII.
DECEMBER 16, 1910

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL*

To the Experiment Station Committee of the
Hawaiian Sugar Planters" Association,
Honohihi, Hawaii.

Dear Sirs : 1 herewith sulimit for pubHcation, as Bulletin Xo.
9 of the Entomological Series, a paper ]M-ei)are(l by Mr. E. ]\Iuir,
entitled: "On Some New Species of Leaf-Ho[)per ( Perkinsiella)
on Sugar Cane."

Yours very truly,

C. F. ECKART,

Director.

Honolulu. Hawaii, October 1'', l')10.

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF LEAF-HOPPER
(PERKINSIELLA) ON SUGAR CANE.

Perkinsiklla Kirkakly.

This genus was erected by Kirkakly for saccliaricichi in VJ03.
It differs from Dicranotropis in the first joint of antennae being
l)roader at the apex than at the base and both joints somewhat
flattened, not cyhndricak akso in the presence of two spines on
ventral margin of pygophor. The genus is particularly attached
to sugar cane (Sacchaniiii ofpciiiantiii), only occasionally going
on to other grasses. The thirteen known species are distributed in
the following manner : —

New Guinea 6, Amboina 3, Ceram 1, Java 4, Borneo 3. Aus-
tralia 2. Fiji 2, Hawaiian Islands 1 (introduced), China 1.

From this it appears that it is a Malayan genus with its center
in New Guinea. Considering the amount of sugar cane taken
from island to island in native boats, it is surprising that some of
these species have such a restricted range.

The males are best distinguished by the genitalia, otherwise the
species may be separated as follows :

1. Frons concolorous. 2
Frons darker between eyes than below. 5

2. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum lighter than

frons and clypeus. ftiscifruiis

\'ertex, pronotum, and scutelhuu not lighter
than frons and clypeus. 3

3. X'eins on tegmina apparently white, sparsely

granulated. •zvsfafrix

^'eins on tegmina apparently dark, closely gran-
ulated. 4

4. Median, radial, and cul)ital cells clear ; longi-

tudinal markings on femora ver}' faint. aiiiboiiicnsis

Median, radial, and cubital cells dark ; longi-
tudinal markings on femora plainer. lalokcnsis

3. Spur on liiiid Ici;' same color as tibia. 6

Si)ur oil hind le"" darker than tibia. 9

(^. 'I'ej^niina divided into two longitudinal parts bv

the ine(h'aii, .Mh cubital, and all cells posterior

to them (including- clavus ) being' dark; all

anterior clear. hicoloris

Tegniina not so colored. 7

7. Tattern on tegniiiia formed b\- brown and vellow

on clear cells. 7'arii\i:^ala

rattein on tegniina f(irme(l bv brown on clear
cells ( no \-ellow ) 8

8. Tattern on tegmina on 3 and () ai)ical cells.

granules on veins ])allid and fine. soi-charicidii

Pattern on tegmina on 6 and at each end of 3
apical cells, making curved ])attern ; gran-
ules on veins dark and coarse. siiiciisls

9. Scutellum concolorous. 10
Lateral ])arts of scutellum darker than middle. 11

10. Tegmina almost immaculate, some of apical veins

lightly infuscate; granules inconspicuous and
very s])arse. rific'iisis

Tegmina with granulation darker and coarser

(all females brachyptenms ). i^raiiiiiiiilchi

11. Antennae concolorous, dark. f>af^iiciisis
.\ntennae not concolorous. 12

12. 1 lead and thorax light, veins on tegmina

s])arsely an<l tinely granulated. j^aUidula

I lead and thora.x dark, granules on tegmin;d

veins closer and coarser. rattici

1. saccharicida Kirkakly. VH)?>, Kntom. .\.\X\1., 17').

I have one male specimen from \'iti Levu. b'iji. i)robal)ly im-
])ortccl from Queensland with cane. It is possible that New
(iuinea s])ecies will eventually be recorded from the same localitw
as much sugar cane has been imi)orted direct from that locality.

2. 7'i/irnsis Kirkaldv, I'XK., Hull. II. .S. I'. .\. hint. 1. 406.

a

3. i^nviiiiiicida k'irkaldy. 1906. l^.iill. H. S. P. A. Ent. I., 406.

4. sinensis Kirkakly, 1907. liuU. H. S. P. A. Ent. III.. 138.

I have one macropterous female specimen from Telok Ayer, West
Horneo, that agrees with the Chinese males, except that the dark
mark runs down apical cell 6 instead of 5.

5. paUidiiJa sp. nov.

Eemale macropterous. Antennae, frons hetvveen eyes, clypeus,
lateral edges of pronotum. and scutellum. light brown ; frons be-
low eyes, vertex, pronotum. and scutellum between lateral keels,
and rest of thorax and legs yellowish. Pleural spot very
faint. Anterior and intermediate tarsi, band on anterior au'l
intermediate femora, and spur, blackish. Abdomen, yellow-
ish. Tegmina. hyaline ; clavus. light brown ; dorsum, white
with dark spot before end of anal vein ; dark brown at base and
near apex of 5, and greater part of 6 and 7 apical cells, leaving a
light spot near apex of these cells ; veins, light, sparsely studded
with brown granules. Length of female 3 mm. 4 mm.*

Habitat, Pontianak. Porneo, on sugar cane. This comes near to
P. sinensis, but I have specified it. as it is much more uniform and
light in color. The presence of a dark band on the femora, and
not longitudinal marks, and the black spur distinguish it. The
granules on veins are less distinct than in sinoisis, but more so
than in saccharicida.

6. rattici s]). nov. ( Fig. 1. )

*First measurement front of vertex to end of abdomen, second
measurement to end of tegmina.

Alalc iii;icni])ler()us. Head, antennae, and thorax, brcnvn :
frons between eyes, el_\pens, lateral ed.^es, pronotuni, scntel-
Inni, and distal part tirst antennal joint, darker; keels
and s])()ts on frons, lii^hter. Anterior and intermediate tarsi,
hand on tihiae and spur, dai k : also long'itudinal marks on
femora, pleural spot, ])lain. Dorsum, inner mart^in or ed.<;e
of clavus, abdomen, hlaek with brown markini^s alon^- sides.
Teo^mina, hyaline, suffused with lij^ht brown. Radial and
median cells, dark brown, running" into central part of subcostal
cell. Apical cells 2 to S, dark brown with light spots in 2 to 4 and
(> to 7. also in radial and median. \'eins closely granulated.
.\nal tube with claw-like, curved spine; genital styles, large
antler-like, reaching beyond middle of pygophor, basal part thick
and slightly concave, with small protuberance in middle, distal part
tlattish provided with blunt prong on outer side and apex drawn
out into two flat prongs. Ventral .spines, thin, smooth, cone-
shaix'd. curved, touching in center, but not at base or tips.

h'emale macropterous, somewhat lighter in color than male.
esi)ecially the abdomen. Dark marks on tegmina confined to along
the apical veins, especially the distal part, and along base of 5 to
6 apical cells. Length, female, 4.5 mm, (> mm; male bri)ken.

Habitat, Laloki River, Hritish \ew (iuinea. on sugar cane.

This species comes near to hilokciisis and amboiiiciisis, hul the
light frons below the eyes makes it easy to distinguish.

7. bicoloris sp. nov.

bemale macropterous. .\ntennae, frons between eves, elypeus,
lateral margins of ])ronotum, and scutellum, piceous brown,
with light s]X)ts on frons; frons between eyes and ai)ex
of ch'peus, white, with dark >ul)-apical line across former;
vertex and jjronotum and scutellum between lateral keels, yelhnv-
ish. Legs, light; ])osterior and interme(liate tarsi and Ixuid on
tibiae, piceous, with longitudinal markings on femora. IMeural
dark s])ot. ])lain. .\bdomen, dark, marked with light brown.
Tegmina, hvaline ; dark on clavus; median, discoidal and .^ to ()
a])ical cells, dark along 1 to 4 ajjical veins. \'eins finely granulate.
( )nly females taken, length ,^ mm, 3 mm.

I labitat. Laloki River. I'.ritish New (iuinea. on sugar cane.

(S. 7'01'ici^afa sp. nov. (Fig. 2.)

Male macroptcrous. WMtex, ])ron()tum, and .scutellum, yellow-
ish brown, broadly whitish along keels ; antennae, frons be-
tween eyes, and clypeus brown, former with light spots;
frons below eyes and apex of cly])ens, white. I-cgs. white ;
anterior and intermediate tarsi and band on tibia, dark ;
dark longitudinal mark on femora ; spur, light. Pleural spot,
small. Abdomen, piceous, marked with brown. Tegmina,
hyaline : yellowish between dorsum and axillary veins and across
distal part of subcostal cell ; between anal and axillary veins, basal
half of median and spreading into radial. 5 to 8 apical cells, also
along apical vein 2 to 4, dark brown ; white spot at edge of 5 to
7 and across middle of 5 apical cells. A'eins, light, granules ex-
ceedingly fine and sparse. Anal spines curved, pointing distally.
(lenital styles large, reaching past middle of pygophor, horn-
shaped and twisted, without any lateral prongs. Ventral spines
large, reaching about to middle of pygophor, sub-c\lindrical and
rounded at ends, swollen about middle, from which point they
divaricate. The pattern on wings and large ventral spines dis-
tinguishes this species.

Female macro])terous, similar to male, except the abdomen,
which is lighter. Length : male 2.? mm, 4 mm ; female, 3.5 mm,
? mm.

llabitat, Laloki River, British Xew Guinea, on sugar cane.

9. /^a/^iiciisis s]). nov.

Female macropteroiis. Antennae, frons between eyes. clyi)eus,
lateral eds^es oi ])ronotuni and scntellum, black, witb li<>bt s])()ts
on frons between e}es ; frons below eyes and apex of eh'pens,
w bite : snb-ai)ical dark marks between keels on frons; vertex,
proimlnm, and scntellnm, yellowisb between wbite keels. 1a\^s.
whitisb : anterior and intermediate tarsi, band on tibiae, and spnr.
black; dark longitndinal marks on femora. Large black ]denral
spot. Abdomen, black. Tegmina. byaline, sniTnsed witb brown
on clavns ; dorsvnn, wbite; black dot at end of anal vein; apical
cells 3 to 8, and rnnning into discoidal and median cells, dark
brown, also along apical veins 1 to 4 ; wdiite spot at apex of 5 to S.
and center of 5, apical. X'eins, tliickl}- stndded witb dark grannies.

Tbis is a very distinctly contrasted species represented only by
a female. Length, 3.5 mm, 6mm.

Habitat, Laloki River, British New Guinea, on sugar cane.

10. ■rasfafri.v (llreddin).

1 have specimens of both sexes of this species from Java, West
Borneo, Amboina, Piroe (Ceram), and Laloki River (British New
Guinea). There is a distinct darkening of the wing pattern as we
pass eastward.

The spine on anal tube is bifurcate.

11. lalokciisis s]). n(jv. (big. o.)

10

Males niacroptcrous. Head, antennae, thorax, and let^s, Ijrown,
with small lighter spots on frons. Apex of first antennal joint.
I)lack. Lateral margins of pronotnm and scntellum. dark. Large,
hlack pleural spot. Anterior and intermediate tarsi, and apex of
tibiae, banded with black. Tegmina. hyaline, sutfused with brown.
Dorsum, white to end of clavus ; black spot on apex of anal vein.
Apical cells 4 to 8, and along apical veins 1 to 3, dark brown, con-
tinuing into distal part of radial, median, and inner discoidal cells;
light spot in distal cells 6 to 8. \'>ins. dark, finely granulated.
Anal tube large, with a pair of straight, somewhat bulbous spines
reaching beyond middle of pygophor. Genital styles, broad, fiat-
tish, distal end cut ofif square, outer edge giving cnit blunt prong
half way down and inner edge small blunt knob. \'entral spines,
thin, touching from base to tip.

Female dimorphic, macro])terous forms similar to male, except-
ing abdomen which is lighter ; brachypterous forms lighter with
the spot at apex of anal vein and a spot at end of radial cell.
Length, males 3 mm, 5 mm; females. 5 mm, 6 mm; brachypterous
females 4..^ mm, 4 mm.

Habitat, Laloki River, British New Cniinea, on sugar cane.

12. ainboiiicnsis sp. nov. (Figs. 4 and 5.)

Males niacro]:)terous. markings on head and thorax similar to
lalokcnsis, but lighter, especially the legs. Tegmina, brownish
h}-aline. Apical cells 4 to 7 and base of 3 dark, also along apical

11

\-eins 2 to v\ lis^lu spot in ai)ical cells 4 to 7. Doisiim. whitish to
end of clavus, spot at end cf anal vein, faint. \'eins. dark, finelv
granulated.

Pyg"ophor approachini;- hilokciisis, anal tnbe with a pair of
curved, claw-like spines pointing" distall}'. (ienital styles, broad,
riattish ; distal end and prong on outer edge less scjuare than in
lalolcciisis. \'entral spines, thin, diverging near apex.

Female macropterous ; tegmina often slightl}^ darker than male ;
light spot in apical cell 4 sometimes missing. Length, male,
3 mm, 4.5 mm ; female. 4 mm. 6 mm.

Habitat. Island of Amboina, on sugar cane.

13. fitscifroiis sp. nov.

l*ronotum and scutellum. light brown, darker on lateral edges,
keels whitish. X'ertex and frons, brown, slightly lighter be-
tween eyes than below ; keels, small spots on frons, and a line
across apex, whitish ; clypeus darker than frons. h^ront and
intermediate tarsi and bands on tibiae, dark; femora, dark. lUack
pleural spot. Tegmina, hyaline, }ellowish between axillarv vein
and dorsum; dark spot at end of anal vein; dark along tips of
apical veins; base of ai)ical cell 5 and across apical cell (). ( )u\y
females taken. Length, 2.5 mm. 4 mm.

Habitat, Lsland of Amboina. on sugar cane.

The frons and cly])eus darkening towards the a])ex, together
with the light dorsal and dark ventral aspect, distinguishes this
species.

l'll.\( AI.ASroR.

PJiacalastor pscndouiaidis Kirkaldy. I'W), Hull. II. S. P. A. Ent.
]. 40S. was placed by its author in the genus J'crkiiisiclla ( l')0"
I'.ull.. II. S. P. A. Ent. 111.. 13r., IMate Xill., JMgs. 1-2) on ac-
count of the i)air of ventral spines, but the specimen examined
and figured had the oedeagus abnormally extruded and laying on
the prolongation of the ventral edge of the ingophor. the two
spines .seen belong to the oedeagus. This pygophor is of the same
type as P. kocbclci Kirkaldy, so T place them together again in
that genus.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES BULLETIN NO. 12

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

On Some New Species ol
Leaf-Hoppers

BY GI'W,! KIRKALDY and F. MUIR

HONOLULU, HAWAII
JANUARY. 1913

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS' ASSOCIATION
OFFICERS AND TRUSTEES FOR 1913

J. P. COOKE President

E. F. BISHOP Vice-President

W. O. SMITH Secretary-Treasurer

L. J. WARREN Assistant Secretary- Treasurer

GEO. H. ROBERTSON Auditor

F. A. SCHAEFER JG. D. TENNEY
A. W, T. BOTTOMLEY F. KLAMP

J. M. DOWSETT F. M. SWANZY

EXPERIMENT STATION COMMITTEE

E. D. TENNEY, Chairman
J. W. WALDRON JOHN WATERHOUSE

A. GARTIxEY F. KLAMP

GEO. F. DA VIES A. W. T. BOTTOMLEY

L. J. WARREN, Secretary

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF

C. F. ECKART Director

R. C, L. PERKINS Entomologist

NOEL DEERR Sugar Technologist

H. L. LYON Pathologist

S. S, PECK Chemist

H. P. AGEE Agriculturist

R. S. NORRIS Technical Chemist

F. R. WERTHMUELLER Assistant Chemist

A. E. JORDAN Assistant Chemist

A. KOEBELE Consulting Entomologist

OTTO H. SWEZEY .Acting Entomologist

F. MUIR Assistant Entomologist

L. D. LARSEN Assistant Pathologist

AIiDEN T. SPEARE Assistant Pathologist

W. P. NAQUIN Assistant Agriculturist

D. C. BRODERICK Sub-Station Superintendent

G. H. TUTTLE Cashier

W. R. R. POTTER Illustrator

H. B. CAMPBELL Bookkeeper

A. WARREN Clerk

SARAH J. CUNNINGHAM Stenographer

J. F. MELANPHY Fertilizer Sampler

ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES BULLETIN NO. 12

REPORT OF WORK

OF THE

EXPERIMENT STATION

OF THE

Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association

On Some New Species of
Leaf-Hoppers

BY G. W. KIRKALDY and F. MUIR

HONOLULU. HAWAII
JANUARY, 1913

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL,

To the Experiment Station Committee of the
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association,
Honokdu, Hawaii.

Dear Sirs : — I herewith submit for pubHcation as Bulletin No.
12, of the Entomological Series, a collection of notes by the late
Mr. G. W. Kirkakly and by I\Ir. F. Muir, entitled : "On Some
New Species of Leaf-Hoppers."

Yours very truly.

C. F. FCKART,

Director.

This Bulletin consists of descriptions of some of the new specie3
of Fulgoroidea in the collection of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters'
Experiment Station, collected by Mr. Koebele and myself during
our investigations abroad.

The first part is from manuscript notes left by the late Mr. G.
W. Kirkaldy. 1die delay in publishing these descriptions is to
be regretted, as some of the names may now be synonyms, but
the illness and sudden death of Mr. F. W. Terry, who had the
disposing of the library and papers of his former friend and col-
league, has been the cause of the delay, and now the doubly sad
task falls to me. I publish Kirkaldy 's notes as he left them, un-
corrected, as my present knowledge of some of the families he
deals with is not sufficient to allow me to correct his work.

The second part is by myself, with a few of Kirkaldy's descrip-
tions incorporated. It deals only with tlic family r)erl)idae.

F. M.

PART I.
By the Late G'. W. Kirkaldy.

FAMILY CICADIDAE.

(The following are not arranged phylogenetically.)

Cicada poiitianaka Distant.

Hab. Borneo, Pontianak Aluir. Previously recorded also from
the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and Sulu. The two males
before me agree generally with Distant's figures and descriptions,
except that either they difi^er a little as regards the pygophor, or
else his figures are bad.

Plat y pleura caiicscciis (Walker).

Hab. Larat (Aluir). Previously also from Sumatra, Banda,
Timor Laut, and Aru.

P. nobilis (Germar).

Hab. Borneo, Telok Ayer (Aluir). Previously from India,
Assam, Java, and Sumatra.

P. lyriccii sp, nov.

Male and female closely allied to ciliaris (Linneus). Pale
greenish-ochraccous ; vertex with a large median piceous suflfu-
sion which is continued to the margins by broad lines as follows :
two lateral on each side (the second actually on the fastigia),
and five basal, so that the vertex seems to be piceous with about
six marginal pale areas ; frons more or less piceous basally, some
markings on legs, the tarsi, a]:)c.\ of labium, etc., blackish. IVo-
notum with a blackish line down the middle reaching to the ante-
rior margin of the hind refiected ])art. and two or three short
obli(|ue lines on each side of this. Mesonotal markings much as
in ciliaris, anterior half or so of the urotergites dark piceous. the
last two or three segments mostly so. I'rotergites more or less
clouded uilli fuscous. Tegmina whitish tinged with fawn, with
pale golden-yellow pubescence; veins pale yellow, green and red;
clavus and base of corium dark, a fuscous oblicjue band from the
exterior margin to the a])ex of the clavus. on basal third ; the
middle third and a little apical of that has a numl)er of dark

8

(thinly margined) rings in two or three rows (which in one
doubtful female are almost absent), the apical margin is irregu-
larly fuscous. Wings dark orange-brown, marked much as in
cilian's, but much more strongly and clearly cut, with blackish
brown.

Structurally this species differs from ciliaris in the male by
the opercula being remote inwardly, the inner margin, in fact,
not extending quite so far inwardly as the hind coxae ; they are
transverse, and the spine of the hind coxae is long and acute. The
male pygophor is bluntly carinate beneath down the middle, api-
cally truncate, very slightly emarginate, broadly sulcate, this sul-
cation widening in the middle.

Length 9-12 mm.; width of pronotum 10^-11 mm.; expanse
of tegmina 60-67mm.

Hab. Ambonia (Aluir).

Bacfiiria coirc'k'o (Stal).

Hab. Amboina and Larat (Aluir). Previously from Papua
and almost all the Austromalayan Islands. Doubtfully distinct
from B. cxJiaiisfa (Guerin)

Scicroptcra splciididiila (Faliricius).

Hab. Java, Pekalongan, Borneo, Moewong (Muir). Pre-
viously recorded from throughout the Oriental region, except the
Philippines. The examples before me are intermediate between
splcndidula and crocca; they differ from the latter, to which they
are more immediately referable, by the immaculate black head,
the pale bronzy-fuscous tegmina, with the cells medially paler.

Huccliys vidua (A. White).

tlab. Borneo, Moewong (Aluir). Previously from the Malay
Peninsula.

H. sauguiiiolciifa (Fabricius).

Hab. Macao (Muir). Distributed over almost the whole Ori-
ental region as well as Sumbawa and Timor Laut.

Prasia clcgiDis sp. nov.

Female bright yellowish-green ; the apical margin of the head
dorsally, narrowly, the base of the vertex, its porterolateral angles
broadly, a large ])ortwinc glass-slia])ed mark on the mcsonotum.

all the mesonotal mari^ins narrowly (excluding' the basal eleva-
tion), and two submedian wedges, velvety-blackish. The head
dorsally with s]:)arse, short, black hairs. Abdomen al)Ove brown-
ish-orange basally and laterally (irregularly) blackish. .\ sil-
very pubescent spot basolaterally and a percurrent stripe of sil-
very pubescence across the fifth urotergite. Beneath blackish
with sparing pubescence of mixed silvery and pale golden pube-
scence. b\ire and middle coxae dark crimson, margined nar-
rowly with ])lack, femora black with a broad red stripe inwardly ;
tibiae and tarsi crimson. Hind legs yellowish testaceous, femora
and coxae more or less sanguineous. Tegmina hyaline, basal half
of subcostal and radical veins on basal fifth yellow, shading to
green up to about the middle, the rest black. Wings hyaline, sub-
costal and the base green, rest black.

Head dorsally slightly longer than wide between the eyes,
vertex produced a little in front of the eyes, apical margin, where
not interrupted by the frons, truncate ; dorsal j^art of frons nearly
or quite as long as the vertex medially, the latter deeply rotund-
ately emarginate to receive it. anterolateral angles of the middle
part of the vertex acute, prominent. Pronotum as long as, or
slightly longer than, the head.

Length 15 mm.; width of base of ]ironotum 6 mm; expanse
of wings 46 mm.

Habitat, West Uornco (^^luir).

Cosinof^sallria alticohi Histant.

Hab. Borneo, Pontianak (Muir).

\"ariety Poiitiaiuilca now This agrees generally with Distant's
description, exce])t that the ajiical veins have each an infuscate
spot near the apex.

C. spiiiosd ( i''al)ricius ).

Hal). I'.orneo. Pontianak (]\Iuir). The basal sides of the first,
second, third, fourth, fifth, and seventh apical cells are infuscate,
and the male opercula extend nearly to the apical margin of the
fifth urosternite, not of tlie fonrtli, as fignrcr] l)y Distant, otlier-
wise these examples accord.

(". (Iininiiii ( Walker ).

Hab. r.orneo, I'ontianak (Miiir). Previously also from the
Malay Peninsula.

I.rf'ldf'sdllriii prxcri \)\^\;{u{.

Hab. Borneo. Telok A\er (Muir).

10

Poiiipoiiia iiiipcratoria (Westwood).

Hab. Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir). Previously also from Malay
Peninsula, Java, and Sarawak.

FAMILY CERCOPIDAE.

Subfamily Machacrotiiiae.

I consider that the Machacrotiiiae are simply Ccrcopidae with
simplified venation, both of tegmina and wings, and with more
or less produced nota ; they are a side branch of the Ccrcopidae,
and in no way a link between them and the Mcuibracidae, which
are a development of the Tctigoniidae (or "Jassidac") and lie
right on the other side of the latter. The Mcuibracidae are simply
Tctigoniids with modified face and legs, and with a more or less
ornamental nota. This development is merely analogical be-
tween the MacJiacrotinac and Mcmbracidac, and in no zvay homo-
logical, as in the former it is mesonotal, in the latter pronotal !

Pcctinariophycs Kirkaldy.

The hind tibiae are bispinose, but the basal one is minute.

Polychaetophycs Kirkaldy.

This genus is very close to Machacropsis Melichar, and may
prove identical. The head, however, is much shorter and broade-",
and very much more declivous, the face is broader and shorter,
the scutellum is scarcely, or not at all, grooved mediolongitudi-
nally, and the apical cells of the tegmen are four or more, though
two or more of these are small.

Machacrota nwJuccana sp. nov.

Apparently allied to M. cnsifcra Burmeister, but the scutellum
is tricarinate, its process much more arched, and the pronotuin
is not striped.. Purplish piceous ; the pronotum browner along
the posterolateral margin, and the scutellum with a short whitibli
longitudinal streak basally on each side; the process is brownish -
yellow. The face is unicolorous, but has thin, lateral, silvery,
radiating lines. Fore and middle legs brownish-yellow ; hind legs
brownish-piceous. Sterna and base of abdomen beneath partly
pale. Tegmina yellowish-hyaline, veins brownish-yellow, the
costa and subcosta darker for the greatest part of their length.
Wings hyaline, veins blackish-brown. Vertex scarcely, though
very nearly, as long as in cnsifcra, rounded anteriorly, rather
longer than wide between the eyes (or at least as long). Vena-

11

tion of clavus much as in cnsifcra. The rest of tcgmen agrees
fairly well with that of cnsifcra as fii^ured hy Schmidt, though not
by Distant. The scutellum is more arched and the posterior
margin is vertical and nearly as long as the distance between it
and the pronotum ; it is strongly compressed and tricarinate along
the top, the lateral keels being evanescent anteriorly, the middle
one evanescent posteriorly ; the process is arched and rounded,
the posterior being deflected. Head and pronotum slightly cari-
nate longitudinally.

Length to apex of abdomen 6i4 mm. ; to apex of process in
straight line 9^4 nim. ; to apex of closed tegmina 8^ mm.

Habitat Amboina ( Muir, Nov., 1907).

FA^HLY FULGORIDAE.

The type of the genus Fiils;ora has been wrongly determined by
all recent authors. The genus was erected by Linneus in 1767
( Syst. Xat. (Ed. 12) I 703), and the type was fixed by Sulzer in
1776 (Abgek.Gesch. Ins. 85), as cnropaca Linneus. This being
the earliest genus, the superfamily and family take their names
from it. For Fulgora auctt. (type latcrnaria Linneus), the name
Lafcniaria Stal 1866 should be used. The subfamily formerly
known as "Fidgorinac'^ should be known as Lystrinac .

Subfamily Lystrinac.

C\rp()ptns snai'is Stal.

Habitat IVIexico, Cuernavaca (Koebele). The males are as
figured in the "Riologia," but the females have the orange-yellow
of the tegmina and wings replaced by sanguineous; the head,
pronotum and scutellum are i)ale reddish-brown and the tergites
dark orange-brown, in the latter sex.

Firclanfis s]).

A somewhat immature specimen from .Xniboina (Muir). may
be dclibiifa Stal (from Ternate), but I can not obtain the de-
scription; it is not dcccns or pallcsccns. If this specimen is. as T
supjwse, a Birdantis, then Stal was right in sup]K)sing that it
ought to be placed in his "54" division, as the "claval vein" nuis
into the commissure before the ai)e\ of the clavus.

Scaniandra nicropc sp. nov.

Apparently near S. licciiha. but differently colored. The uj^jper
surface dark greenish-brown ; metanotum and underside, with

12

leg's, mostly blackish-brow!i, the femora very obscurely spotted
with brown. Tegmina bright red-brown on basal three-lifths,
rest yellowish-brown ; an irregular, non-continuous blackish fascia
across the tegmina just basal of the division ; there are also one or
two obscure spots on the basal part. A'eins mostly concolorous with
the ground color; the costal vein, basal cell, etc.. blackish. Wings
scarlet ; a basal spot bluish-black ; apical third continuous with
hind margin and anal area, yellowish-brown, paling gradually to
anal area. The red discal color is bordered apically with blackish.
Two large spots on the vertex ; the scutellum ; abdomen above
especially basally ; some specks on the gastropleurites ; and the
tegmina largely, as well as some specks on the wings, covered
with a cretaceous exudation. The frons is longer than wide, and
there is a rather obscure sublateral keel (on each side), and an
obscure median one only extending about one-third of the length.
Apical half of clypeus keeled.

Length 18 mm. ; expanse 53 mm.

Hab., Telok Ayer and Pekalongan (Muir).

Eiirinopsychc arborca sp. nov.

Differs from obscurata by the size of the eyes, which in the
latter are small, but in arborra occupy almost the whole height
of the head in profile. The head is rather shorter than the
abdomen, and the labium extends to the apex of the latter.

Length 20i4-21 mm.

Hab.: Queensland, Brisbane, and Bundaberg (Perkins); ar-
boreal.

Subfamily Fiilgoriiiac {^Dictyoplwrinac Oliv.)
Udngania splciidciis (Germar).

I refer to this species some examples from Macao (Muir; .iiso
in my collection from J. C. W. Kershaw). It has also been re-
corded from India, Ceylon, Burma, Philippines, and Java. The
sexes are somewhat dissimilar in size and color. The examples
before me may take the varietal name tibialis, the fore and middle
tibiae being distinctly bi- or triangulate with brownish.
a character not apparently mentioned in any descriptions of the
typical form. Melichar adds Dictyophora indiana Walker as a
synonym, a name which Distant ignores.

Elcctryonc gen. nov.

Differs from Piitala Melichar by the vertex being regularly
narrowed towards the apex, while in Piifala it is suddenly nar-
rowed before the eyes ; the hind margin of the pronotum is ob-

13

tuse-ang'ulaiiy emar^inate. \\hilc in the latter it is somewhat
rounded; the seuteHum is rather Hattisli, while in Piilahi it is eon-
vex. Type macaonica.

E. iiiacaoiiica sp. nov.

In appearance very similar to Pittala maculafa Distant, which
apparently belongs to this genus, but differs as follows :

\'ertex much shorter, scarcely longer in front of the eyes than
the rest of the vertex, and more rounded apicallv ; the radial vein
very distinctly forked a little nearer the apex than is the medial
vein ; otherwise the venation is very similar ; tegmina apically
more fuscate. ' Frons much shorter, basal of the eye scarcely
longer than a half of the rest; there are three keels (within the
lateral keels), one median and two submedian, the latter meeting
l)asally subroundedly.f Coxae and a])ical third of front tibiae
dark piceous.

Length 8 mm. to apex of alxlomen, 10 mm. to apex of tegmina.

Hab. : Macao (Muir; also in my collection from Kershaw).

Miasa siiiarai!;diliiica (Walker).

Hab.: Borneo, Aloewong (Muir). Previously recorded from
Tenasserim and ]\Ialacca. The examples agree fairly well with
Distant's redescription and figure (1906 Faun. Ind.Rh., III. 248,
f.l08), except that the frons is unicolorously ochraceous, and the
clypeal band, etc., are creamy white. Beneath, the abdomen is
orange-brown, the apical margins of the segments narrowly
greenish, the lateral margins dark fuscous; the pygophor more
or less dark fuscous.

Acania sp.

Hab.: Borneo, !Moewong (Muir). Probably new. but unfor-
tunately I have not seen some of the Stalian descriptions in this
genus.

Fuli^ora Linneus (^ Dictyof^liora Gcrmar).

This genus is decidedly heterogeneous and l^adl}' in need of
revision. Ncrsia Stal is not, as Distant says, synonymous with
DictxopJiora (i. e., Fitli^ora), boz'ina may be taken as its tyjie.

F. Iicrhida i Walker).

Ilab. : Mexico: C'uernavaca (K()el)ele). The two s])ecimens
agree very fairly with Walker's description, but not so well with

Distant's figure must be faulty, an it sIkiws only twii UckKs within the hilcriil

14

Distant's figure in the "Biologia,"' as the mesonotum is actually
greenish ; the stigma, moreover, is not represented in the figure
and the venation does not quite correspond. For these two speci-
mens, I found the subgenus Cticrnavaca, separable from Fulgora
(type europaea) as follows:

Vertex scarcely extended before the eyes, the lateral keels
meeting roundedly in front ; the middle keel visible only near
the base. Pronotum very obscurely keeled, anterolateral margins
somewhat rounded. The lateral keels of the scutellum are arched
outwardly. The frons scarcely extends backwards from the eyes
and is somewhat rounded basally ; the lateral margins diverge
towards the apex, but narrow again just before it ; the sublateral
keels form an elongate oval, not touching the other margins at
any point, the middle keel being percurrent within them. Clypeus
feebly carinate. Tegmina much less reticulate ; stigma four-
celled. As in Fulgora, the hind coxae are acutely spined ; the
hind femora are four-spined ; the labium reaches to the hind
trochanters.

In the following species the hind margin of the pronotum is
minutely, but very distinctly, notched in the middle, whereas in
F. curopa it is notched almost imperceptibly.

Fulgora nereides sp. nov.

Belongs to, or near, the typical subgenus. Head green, the
vertex between the lateral keels, the dorsal part of the genae and
th middle keel (suffusedly) of the frons, red. Clypeus yellow,
the basal half of the keel red. Underside yellowish. Pronotum
and scutellum reddish (or sometimes sordid yellowish-green), the
keels (suffusedly on pronotum") green. The main veins of the
hyaline tegmina are more or less orange-yellow, those on the
apical third yellowish-fuscous, the rest greenish. Legs yellowish-
red, greenish on coxae and at base of femora ; extreme apex of
femora, apex of tibiae and apical segment of tarsi, blackish. Ver-
tex not quite so long as the scutellum, ascending a little in front
of the eyes at about 45 degrees, the lateral keels arched outwards
at first to a little beyond the eyes, thence converging acuminately,
so that part of the obliquely-lying genae is clearly visible dorsally ;
at the extreme apex, a part of the frons is also visible dorsally.
The frons is very elongate, the lateral margins strongly narrowed
towards the base, and slightly widened at the apical margin;
medial and lateral keels of frons and clypeus strong, but the sub-
median keels of the former are obsolete on the apical half ; the
lateral keels are not visible, ventrally, at the base itself. The hind
femora have five spines ; hind tibiae about two and a half times
longer than the femora. Antennae small, l:)ut larger than in

15

citropaca, second set^ment subglobose, apically oblique, the flagel-
lum not arising- from the apex.

Length 13 mm. to apex of ab .omen; 17 mm. to apex of teg-
mina.

Hab. : Amboina (Muir) ; Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir).

F. glaiicidcs sp. nov.

Superficially not unlike F. nereides, but the head is much less
ascendant, and there are eight femoral spines.

Head and prothorax green, rest of the thorax and abdomen
more or less yellowish, mostly rather pale. A percurrent stripe
from base of pronotum to apex of vertex, another from base of
frons to apical margin, another from anterior angle of genae to
base of propleura (interrupted by the eye), a sublateral oblicjue
(more obscure) stripe on pronotum, sanguineous. Scutellum
more or less sufifused with green. Middle keel of clypeus pale
sanguineous. Costal vein fuscate, tinged with sanguineous at
base ; other veins inore or less greenish on basal third, shading
into tawny on middle third, and into fuscous on apical third, but
all a little intermixed. Coxae, femora, and hind tibiae, greenish ;
fore femora and hind tibiae more or less tinged with brownish on
apical half or so (varyingly). Head very little ascendant, about
as long as the scutellum. 3i^-4 times as long as width between the
eyes ; lateral margins subparallel to about a little in front of the
anterior margin of the eyes, thence acutely converging ; tlie
rounded outline of the obliquely lying genae is visible dorsally ;
also the actual apex is rounded, owing to pRVt of the frons being
visible. The frons is very similar to that of nereides, except that
it is a little less elongate, and more rounded anteriorly, and no/-
so elongate after the disappearance of the genal keels. Apical
venation much as in nereides. Hind tibiae about 3 tiiiies as long
as the femora, with eight spines, the five basal small but distinct,
the three apical large.

Length 12 mm. to apex of al)domcn. 17 mm. to apex of tcgmina.

Hab.: llorneo, Telok Ayer (Muir).

/•■. bonieides sp. nov.

Scarcely separable from F. ciiropaea by color and ])attern.
Structurally it may be separated as follows :

Vertex slightly longer, and the lateral n-iargins almost straight,
less acute apically : the genal margins as seen dorsally are more
arched outwardly. The claval veins unite in the same line as
the forking of the brachial, instead of distinctly basal of it ; the
cells formed by the forking of the main veins are distinctly longer.

16

and the teg'mina themselves are much longer ; also the apical third
is less reticulated. Frons rather longer and narrower, more
rounded basally, apical margin very slightly narrower than base
of clypeus. Antennae a little more globose.

Length 10 mm. to apex of abdomen, 16 mm. to apex of tegmina.

Hab. : Borneo, Moewong (Muir).

Amboi)ia gen. nov.

Superficially like a long-headed Hasta, but distinguished, from
all the old-world Fnlgoriiii near the typical genus, by the lack of
a stigma, and the comparatively long antennae.

The general characters are those of Hasta, but it differs as fol-
lows : The head anteriorly widens but a little at the apex ; it is
distinctly narrowed and constricted between the eyes. The eyes
are comparatively large and prominent and well rounded exte-
riorly. The antennae, though short, are yet not of the microscop-
ical size usual in this division, but are distinctly visible from
above. The pronotum is much longer medially, being about half
the length of the scutellum. The frons is five-carinate, the sub-
median keels being obsolete between the base of the clypeus and
the constriction. The clypeus is very obscurely keeled. The
labium reaches the hind trochanters, the third segment being
much longer than the fourth. Tegmina more closely reticulated
on the apical third, more as in typical Fulgora; stigma lacking",
but there are about eight suboblique veins on the apical third of
the exterior area. The legs are all long and slender, the hind
tibiae being more than three times as long as the femora ; the
latter have five spines, but the basal one is very obscure. Fore
femora spineless. Abdomen elongate. Type iiioluccaiia.

A. niolitccaiui sp. nov.

Male grass green, shading off in parts into pale yellowish-
green ; metasternum whitish ; lateral margins of vertex very nar-
rowly sanguineous. Head nearly twice as long as the pronotum
and scutellum.

Length 19-19>4 mm.

Hab.: Amboina (Muir).

Orodictya gen. nov.

Dift"ers from TJiaiiatodictya as follows : the elongate vertex is
not sulcate (the lateral keels being obsolescent) except between
the eyes. The disks transversely rugulose, as also beneath and
laterally. (The middle keel is apparently only between the eyes
as in Thaitafodicfya.) The vertical process is very slightly en-

17

larg-ed at the tip wliere it is rounded. The five frontal keels are
all percurrent. Eyes elongate, not rounded laterally. Hind tihiae
with seven to nine spines. Lateral keels of i)ronotuni obsolescent.
Apical margin or tegmina broadly niultireticulate.

Superficially rather like Acarna Stal, but the front is not angu-
lately ampliated ; the pronotum is rather deeply emarginate, the
fore tibiae are not at all dilated and the hind tibiae are at least
quadrispinose apical of the middle.

O. iiio)iticola sp. nov.

Pale olivaceous-brown. Keels most greenish (or pale yellow-
ish). Beneath pale yellowish, tinted in parts with greenish or
brownish. Fourth segment of labium blackish. Legs very pale
greenish, apical one-third of the whole tibiae darker green, basal
two-thirds yellowish, apex of hind tibiae and the hind pairs, red-
dish. Tegmina hyaline, veins dark crimson red (except the
green costal). ( )n the apical one-third of tegmen, the crossveins
are infuscate, and the apical margin from near the claval apex
to the base of the stigma, is broadly ( irregularly ) reddish fer-
ruginous. The stigma has five or six cells, but is rather confused
apically. Wing veins blackish, the apical margin infuscate.
Length from tii) of h.ead to apex of closed tegmina 22 mill.,
length of head 5j/^ mill.

llab. : liorneo, !Moewong (^Nluir).

RTCAXIIXAE.

Aniuicia hyaliiuita (Donovan).

Hab. : .\mboina (.Muir). Treviously also from Xcw South
Wales. Papua. Solomon Islands and Tcrnate.

Ricaina spcciiliDii (Walker).

Hab.: Borneo, I'ontianak, and Telok Ayer (Muir). I're-
viouslv also from India, Assam, Ceylon, Piurma. Tenasserim, ( )ri-
ental China, I'hilipi)ine Islands, and Java, ^lelichar adds ( l)ut
])erhai)s tlu-ough mistaken synonymy) Waigiu, Mores, Singhai)ur,
Siam and Sumatra.

Rican'm iitohiccaiia s]). nov.

Sootv ; labium and legs yellowish-brown, femora, apices of
tibiae, etc., dark fuscous, .\bdomen ])iceous. Tegmina dark
smokv. i)artly with a i)ur])lish submetallic glint ; a small round
purplish metallic s])ot near the middle of the corium, a series of
vellow specks at the end i>\ each costal veinlet as far as the stigma.

18

also a series of smaller hyaline specks along" the apical margin.
Vertex very transverse. Keels of pronotum, scutellum and frons
very distinct. Fonr veins arise from the basal cell, the radial
and subradial running parallel. Shape of tegmina much as in
decorata, but the apical margin rather longer and the hind margin
rather shorter in proportion.

Length of body 4 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 14 mill.

Hab. : Amboina (Muir).

This appears to belong to Ricanoptcra, which I can regard only
as a subgenus of Ricaiiia.

Ricania iiidicata Melichar.

Hab. Amboina (Muir). Also previously recorded from Ke
and Timor Deli.

Ricania stigmatica var. bonicciisis nov.

Hab.: Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir). It has no white stigmal
spot. R. stigmatica was recorded from Java.

Ricania laratica sp. nov.

Apparently near eximia. Head pitchy brown, vertex and genae
partly browner. Pronotum, scutellum, pro- and mesosternum
sooty. Tegmina dark smoky, veins blackish, a pale ocellate stig-
mal spot, and a white wedge-shaped spot on the costal margin near
the apex, and another similar one near the apex on the apical
margin. A small obscure hyaline speck about the middle. The
basal third of the costal margin speckled with yellowish. Abdo-
men more or less brownish-pitchy. Legs brownish-yellow, more
or less dark fuscous on femora and apex of tibiae. The tegmina
are sprinkled more or less with greenish-yellow.

Length of body 6 mill.; expanse about 18 mill.

Hab.: Larat (Muir).

The three specimens before me are practically identical. The
keels are well marked, the submedian ones on the scutellum being
rounded from the apical margin instead of being sinuate, as in
indicata.

Pochacia fuscata (Fabr.).

Hab.: West Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir). Previously from
India, Burma, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java.

Sassitla dyakana sp. nov.

This species differs from sororcula by the radial vein not being
forked; from osniyloidcs by the different venation.

19

The spotting' of the vertex and nota is not nnhke that of suror-
cula; the frons has three short, dark, lanceolate lines at the base
between the four keels ; there is also a dark s])ot on each side
(inside the lateral keels), near the antennae, and another at the
apex of each submedian keel just apical of the basal margin ; there
is no other specking" or spotting" on the frons, which is distinctly-
wider and shorter apically of the antennae than in osmyloidcs, and
the lateral margins are more sinuate. The costal area is distinctly
wider than the subcostal area ; there are two spots on the subcostal
area near the base. The venation of the corium is very much like
that of sororcula.

Length 10 mill. ; expanse of tegmina 33 mill.

Hab. : Borneo. Telok Ayer (?iluir).

Gactidia nii^rovciiosa Melichar.

Hab.: Java (]\luir). Previously recorded from India, Assam
and Tenasserim.

Xunindcria clir\'sof'oidcs^= GactuUa chrysopoidcs Kirkaldy.

Distant has (1909 A. M. N. H. (8) I\'.337 ) erected the genus
Xunindcria for this species.

Miiidiira obsctira (Fahr.) .=siiudaiia Kirkaldy.

Hab.: Amboina (Muir). Previously found in Java and South
India.

.Xo_Q;odiini pal!idi/->ciiiiis (duerin).

Hab.: Amboina (Muir). Previously also from New South
Wales and X'anikoro.

IT.ATINAE.

.'liii/^hisccpa bii'ittaia (Say).

Hab.: Mexico. Morelos (Kocbcle). I'reviously recorded also
from Canada and the I'nited States.

.1 iiiphisccpd immacnlota Kirkaldy.

Hab.: Mexico, ( )rizaba. Previously from .*^outli Arizona.

Xcoiiu'licharid ;j:^\(ttuhila (.^tal).

Hab.: Aml)oina (Muir). I'reviously known from Piiru.

The ground color ot" tlu' trgmina may \)v milky or yellowish-
green. The anteroa])ical angle of tlu' tegmina i^ often black, as
also a spot at the ai)ical angle of the cLivus and another near base

20

of the same interiorly. The pattern is exceedingly variable. The
forms which have milky-white tegmina (this does not appear to
be a post-mortem chang'e) may be called var. lacteal is.

Ah\)}iiclicliaria occlUfcra (Walker).

Hab. : xA.mbonia (Muir). Previously known also from Ceram
and Java.

Colgar chlorospilus (Walker).

Hab.: Amboina (Muir). with vars. decolor, etc. Previously
reported from Papua and lUrara.

Colgar larafieus sp. nov.

Green, paler beneath, scutellum yellower. A rather broad
stripe from apex of vertex to apex of metanotum, all the margins
of the tegmina (except the extreme base of the costal), fore and
middle tibiae, the frontal keels very narrowly basally, etc., bright
crimson ; tegmina otherwise immaculate. Vertex very slightly
longer than pronotum, rather more sharply keeled than in the
other species of this genus (as also on pronotum and scutellum),
thus approaching Phyllyphaiifa. Frons with three keels, much as
in chlorospilns. Anteroapical angle of tegmina acute, posteroap-
ical angle rectangular, slightly rounded.

Length of body 7 mill. ; expanse of tegmina about 18 mill.

Hab.: Larat (Muir).

In immature individuals, the red is replaced by pale orange. It
is possible that this is only a var. of siir recta, which I do not
know.

Colgar grainihitiis sp. nov.

Very similar to laraticus, but the tegmina are distinctly broader,
especially basally ; the red stripe is absent, only the apex of the
head being a little reddish. The red margination of the tegmina
is very narrow and obscure. The ground color of the tegmina
is yellowish-green, the veins being suffusedly greener, and espe-
cially on the apical half being excessively minutely granulated
with purplish-brown.

Length of borly 8 mill. : exj^ansc of tegmina 20-21 mill.

Hab.: Larat (Muir).

Colgar surrecfits CSleWchav).
Hal).: Larat (Muir).

21

Pliyllyf'haiita prodiicta ( S]mii(i1:i ).

Hab. : T>orneo, Telok Aver (Muir). I'revionsly known from
Sumatra, Uanguey. Java, Celebes, and Cochin China.

Saluniis kcrsliawi sp. nov.

Head, pronotum and scutellum pale orang'c-brown, the (Hsk of
the pronotum and of the scutellum pale greenish-yellow, the for-
mer with a red-brown strii)c down each side of the middle, the
latter with an outwardly curved submedian ])ale brown stripe,
lueeting" apically and basally. A broad fuscous stripe down the
middle of the vertex, a fuscous spot at middle of the a])ical margin
of pronotum and of scutellum. Sterna and abdomen pale, the
latter more or less yellowish above. Tegmina pale yellowish-
green, the veins suffusedly pale fuscous, the commissural margin
suffusedly so. Wings milky white. Legs testaceous, tarsi, fore
tibiae, etc.. pale yellowish-brown. A'ertex about half as long as
the pronotum. scarcely half as long as the width of the head
between the eyes. Anterior margin of pronotum rounded, sub-
truncate in the middle. Tegmina costally strongly arched, ajiical
angle rounded, posteroapical angle acute. ])rominent. Xo sens(^r_v
granules on corium.

Length of body 7 mill.; expanse of tegmina 1*' mill.

Hab.: Macao (Muir; also in my collection from I. I". W .
Kershaw ) .

There are two sublateral, outwardly arched, keels on scutellum.
and between these, on each side of the middle, a more obscure
one. This species is very similar to iiiari^iiiclliis. but is yellower,
and the vertex distinctly shorter, and the ])ronotal keels more dis-
tant. It seems to lead tlie way to SipJiaiita.

Sahiniis iiHir:^iiiclhis ((luerin).

Hab.: I'.orneo, Telok Ayer (Muir). I'reviously recorded also
from India. Tenasserim. Malacca. Cochin China. Shanghai.
Kiang-Sin, and Xico])ar Nlands.

Sipliaii/d ja:\uia sj). nov.

This has the characters of acuta (Walker), but is distinctly
smaller with the anteroa])ical angle of the tegmina less jirominent,
and is distinguishable at once by the numerous tubercles on the
tegmen. It is smaller than acittif^ciiiiis Kirkaldy and has a dis-
tinctly shorter vertex. It is separable from l^alnichs. the other
Javan species, by the rounded vertex and narrower Irons.

Length .^ mill.: expanse of tegmin.i .about IX mill.

Hab.: fava. I'ekalongan (Muir).

22

Miinoplianfia maritiuia ]\Iatsiimura.

Hab. : Amboina (Muir). I cannot see any difference of im-
portance between these Moluccan specimens and the descriptions
of those from Japan.

Phyllodryas gen. no v.

Vertex very short, its apical margin touching the apical margin
of the pronotum in the middle. Frons about as long as wide,
lateral margins rounded, acute, reflexed ; with a median keel which
is not quite percurrent apically. Pronotum not, or very obscurely,
carinate. Scutellum with three very obscure keels. Tegmina
scarcely twice as long as their middle width, outer fork of the
brachial vein joined to the inner fork of the median by two or
three short, transverse veins ; a regular, transverse, subapical line
close to the apical margin, apical angles well rounded. Hind
tibiae with one spine. Type calamantina.

This genus has some resemblance to Parafclla, which, however,
has no subapical line and has different venation ; it differs from
Hila-vrita by the unispinose hind tibiae ; from Petntsa by the teg-
mina having one subapical line ; and from Tcjasa by the presence
of a number of transverse lines basal of the subapical line. From
all these, moreover, it differs by the presence of a few veins in the
clavus, but does not come near any of the other genera thus char-
acterized. It has considerable resemblance to Odyxa tniitcataf
Distant (not Melichar), but has only one subapical line; Distant
figures none, in the supposed Linnean species, but says that it
might well be placed in Crypto^ata, i. e., Plata Fabr., but the latter
has more than one subapical line, according to its founder, though
not according to Distant, and has two femoral spines.

Melichar's species has evidently, from the description, nothing
to do with the supposed Linnean type, the shape of the tegmina
alone showing this, and may be renamed uwlichari.

Phyllodryas calaiiiiiia sp. nov.

Male and female pale greenish or testaceous ; tegmina creamy,
apical margin (apical of the submarginal line) and the commis-
sural margin in part, pale yellowish fuscous.

Length of body 5 mill.; expanse of tegmina 17 mill.

Hab.: Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir).

Ncphcsa rosea (Spinola).
Hab.: Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir).

23

A'cplicsa aurora sp. nov.

Pale brownish-testaceous ; apical margin of the second seg-
ment of the antennae, third segment of the hind tarsi, etc., fus-
cous. Tegmina pale rosy, the apical margin and the apical half
of the hind margin, pale orange-brown ; wings milky. Vertex
very short and transverse, the rounded frons partly visible dor-
sally. Middle keel of pronotum very obscure. Tegmina elon-
gate, apical margin very oblique, apical angles rather prominent,
rounded.

Length of the body 12 mill. ; expanse of the tegmina S3 mill. ;
lengths of the fore, apical and hind margins, respectively, of the
tegmina, about 25, 13 and 18 mill.

Hab. : Amboina (Muir).

Ncphcsa coroiiiaiidelica (Spinola).

Hab.: Borneo, Telok Ayer (Muir). Previously known from
Java. The South Indian record is perhaps incorrect.

Hansciiia kirbyi Melichar.

Hab.: Borneo, Pontianak (Muir). Previously known from
Ceylon. Distant (1906 r'aun.Ind.III.411 ) synonymyzes this with
glauca (Kirby), apparently incorrectly.

Oniiciiis dolobrata h'owler.

Hab.: Mexico, Morelos (Koebele).

Onnciiis plcbcia sp. nov.

This species has the general ai)])carance of dolobrata, but dif-
fers as follows :

The vertex is distinctly narrower and the eyes smaller; the
frons is much less narrowed towards the apex and is scarcely a
fourth narrower at the apex than at the base ( instead of about
one-half) ; the frontal keels are very obscure, and instead of being
truncate, the apical margin of the frons is slightly emarginate. In
dolobrata the hind margin of the pronotum is obtuse-angulately
emarginate; in plcbcia it is roundly so, and the hind angle of the
scutellum is much less elongate and prominent. The pronotum
and scutellum are pitchy-brown, the head ])aler, frontal keels yel-
lowish-brown. In the tegmina the pale s])ot is much less clear
and the apical third is rather more closely reticulate. The clavus
is distinctly more strongly granulate. Legs browner.

Lengths of l)(>(ly C)y, mill.: to a])ex of tegmina '^ mill.

Hab.: Mexico, C'uernavaca (Koebele).

24

ISSINAE.

Hem isphacrius Schaum.

This genus is in a very unsatisfactory state, despite the re/i-
sions of Butler and MeHchar. These revisions have been made
practically entirely on color and pattern, which are, judging from
the material before me, somewhat variable, certainly rendering
invalid Alelichar's preliminary divisions of dark and pale forms.
At the same time I have inade a new species on color and pattern,
as I have not the necessary material in other species to form an
opinion as to what structures are valuable for specific purposes.

Hciiiisf>Iiacriits iiioluccaiius sp. nov.

Male and female not very shining. Vertex, basal margin of
frons, a transverse stripe on the frons at the apical margin, an-
tennae, pronotum, scutellum, legs, etc., ochraceous. Clypeus and
rest of frons, genae, and most of the abdomen beneath, dark
piceous. Tegmina ochraceous, very closely lined irregularly
longitudinally (and shortly furcately) and specked with pale
greenish. Vertex more than twice as wide as its length, not
longer ( scarcely as long) than an eye, with two pits.

Length to apex of tegmina 4 mill.

Hab. : Amboina (Muir).

Heinisphacrius javcnsis ^Nlelichar.

Hab.: Larat (Muir). Previously recorded from Java. One
example is sufifused with rosy. This species also varies as fol-
lows . The tegmina from uniform pale green to piceous, there
l)eing intermediate forms. The frons from immaculate green to
blackish with a pale green transverse stripe at the apical margin.

The nymph is like the adult, except that the hind tibiae are
rather dilated ; the clypeus is pale green.

The nymph has a double row of oblique granules on the prono-
tum, the apical the longer. The large development of the teg-
mina makes the hopper very wide. The hind tibiae are flattened
and widened and have one median spine.

The coloring is pale greenish, yellower on head and pronotum,
the urotergites very closely specked with brown. Legs brownish-
yellow, femora more or less infuscate. Stcrnopleurites mostly
fuscate.

HcmispJuierius tristis Stal var. lincafalis nov.

Hab.: Amboina (Aluir"). The type was from Batchian.
This agrees with the descri])tion of frisfis, as far as it goes.

25

except that the pronotum is ahnost entirely ochraceous (this
varies somewliat ) . and there is a generally percurrent ochraceous
line down the scntellnni.

Gclastissits alholiiicatiis Kirkaldy.

Hab. : Aniboina. Previously from Queensland.

G. liistrioiiciis Kirkaldy.

Hab. : Aniboina. Previously from Queensland.
G. suffustis Kirkaldy is merely a variety of this ; one of the
Amboina specimens lias the a])ical jx'irts of the tegmina piceous.

LoUius furcifcr Stal.

Hab.: Amboina (]\luir). Previously from Timor, P.atchian,
Ke, Solomons, Fiji, and the Nicobars.

Tliacbciia stali, Alelichar.

The type of this genus, which Alelichar could not trace, was
fixed by Stal as retractus (Walker). The present species differs
from that, by the frons being much longer than broad, while the
head pronotum, frons, etc., are the same color, viz., reddish-
ochreous. From T. stall IMelichar (typical) it differs only by the
lateral margin of the vertex diverging emarginately, roundly, to-
wards the base which is wider than tlic a])ical margin. It is
slightly wider at l)asc than long.

Hab.: Ilornco, Aloewong (Muir). Previously from Singa-
pore.

Capcloptcrnm blmacuhilum Alelichar.

Hal).: Amboina (Muir). Pa]')ua.

Aphcloiicina vcspcrtliia sp. nov.

.Xllied to ,-/. nii^osa ( liall ). l)ut the cly])(.'us has no pale median
line, and the vertex pro])er is roundly triangular.

r*ale yellowish-testaceous, lateral margins of the vertex pr()])er,
of the pronotum, and of the flat part of the scutellum, ])ale ])ice-
ous, the sloping sides of the scutellum dark ])iceous. I'rons
slightly clouded with fuscous on its flat disk, outside the circular
keel it is almost entirely dark piceous, as also are the genae be-
tween the eyes and antennae, and clyptnis (except at extreme
base). Tcgmina ])ale, laterally indefinitely ])ale fuscous, vena-
tion white. I'rotergites medially pale olivaceous, a very narrow
white undtdating line separating this from the dark ])ice(nis hue

26

which suffuses most of the lateral part, especially towards tlie
middle. The median part might be flecked with pale purplish-red.
Beneath dark piceous with a few irregular yellow spots ; coxae
mostly dark piceous ; tibiae with dark piceous bands, etc. ; anten-
nae black. The pustules are pale and well marked on the frons
outside the circular keel, and on the pronotum, scutellum, and
urotergites laterally. The vertex is as long as the pronotum, and
is roundly triangular, the parts of the frons outside the circular
keel being thus visible from above. Tegmina are formed much
like those of ritgosa. The outer keels of the frons form a circle,
which does not touch the clypeus, but touches the vertex.

Length 3.5 mill.

Hab. : Mexico, Chapultepec (Koebele).

Bniclwmorpha dorsata Fitch.

Hab.: Mexico, Morelos, Cuernavaca (Koebele). Previously
recorded from all over the United States.

The nymphs have very much the same form and coloring, ex-
cept that the face is declivous.

BnicJwniorpha incxicana sp. nov.

Pale yellowish-cinereous ; vertex with four not perfectly de-
fined blackish spots ; frons pustulate, irregularly, blackish outside
the oval keel, and of the same suffusion laterally and basally In-
side it ; Genae mostly blackish ; hind margin pale ; pronotum very
thickly pustulate anel slightly clouded. Disk of scutellum slightly
fuscous towards the hind angle ; oblique sides thickly ]:)ustulate
and more or less blackish-brown. Tegmina pale brownish-oliva-
ceous, veinings pale. Urotergites thickly blotched and spotted
with blackish-brown. Sterna pale brownish-yellow, most of the
ambulacra of the middle legs black. Urosternites pale brownish-
yellow, laterally blackish, this almost meeting basally. Legs pale
brownish-yellow, irregularly marked with dark fuscous. Labium
the same ground color, extreme apex dark.

The frontal keels are very strongly marked, the curved keels
forming an oval, truncate basally, and roundly acute apically, the
whole not so elongate apically as in dorsata. The frons is almost
horizontal to the vertex, and the clypeus is apically horizontal to
the frons, which is about one-half longer than its basal width.
The tegmina are formed much as in paUidipcs.

Length of female 3 mill., breadth 1.75 mill.

Hab.: Mexico, Cuernavaca (Koebele). Aery different to any
other Bruchomorpha.

27

Hystcrol^tcruiii }ii(>iifc::itnia sp. nov.

Differs from H. montanitm by the much shorter vertex, the
angulate (or at least medially deflected) clypeus, the color, etc.

Testaceous, irregularly and obscurely, clouded more darkly.
On the frons there are two transverse, obscurely indicated, pale
bands, the rest minutely and thickly speckled. Tegmina greyish-
testaceous, a broad blackish wedge from hind angle of scutcllum
to near the costal margin, as the base, the third angle about the
middle of the tegmen a little inward; the two third angles (on
each tegmen) are joined by an obscurely indicated dark, sinuate,
transverse bands. The rest of the tegmen is closely specked more
darkly. Abdomen and legs yellowish-testaceous, irregularly
marked with black. Although the vertex is short, yet the frons is
distinctly longer than wide, and there is a median percurrent keel
which tliickens in the clypeus. Pronotum nearly twice as long
as the head. Scutcllum rather obscurely tricarinate.

Length 4.25 mill. ; breadth 2.8 mill.

Hab. : Mexico, Cucrnavaca and Yantei)ec (Koebele).

28

PART II.

By F. MuiR.

DERBIDAE.

t

INTRODUCTION.

HA p. ITS.

The species described in this Bulletin (except a few specially
indicated) were collected during the time I was in Fiji and the
Malay Archipelago, investigating insects injurious to sugar-cane.

Many species of this family are to be found in great numbers
on sugar-cane, but only in the adult stage ; the young and eggs I
have never found on this host-plant. I am not acquainted with
any record of the life-history of any species of this family, and
I have never come across the eggs, but I have taken the nymphs
of several species, all having similar facies and habitat. All these
nymphs were living in rotten tree trunks, were dark in color,
flattened horizontally, with wide faces, even in such forms as
Zoraida; both in appearance and habitat they are similar to
many species of Oliants, but the females do not possess the large
wax-plate at the end of the abdomen. Although the adults of
some species collect in such numbers in cane fields, where they
are very conspicuous on account of the habit they have of often
sitting near together, in Indian-file, with their long wings over
their backs, yet they never do any considerable damage ; this nnist
be attributed to the habit of the young of not feeding on sugar
cane, for if they did their number, which is much greater than
that of the adults, would cause considerable damage.

Another strange feature of these swarms of Derbidae is that
they generally consist of only one sex and at such times it is very
difficult to find the opposite sex.

That this interesting family of leaf-hoppers has been greatly
neglected is shown by the fact that we know so little about their
life histories and that I, although only collecting them inciden-
tally, have been able to add 16 genera and 96 species to it. My
collection is by no means representative as, confined to the culti-
vated areas by my special work, I collected but little in the natural
forest where these forms are most numerous and diversified.

None of this family exists in the Hawaiian Islands, and even
if one or more species should ever become established here, the
fact of the young living in rotten timlxM- would confine tlicm to
very limited areas.

29

CLASSIFKATIOX.

Among- the characters which Stal ascribes to this family, the
short, or very short, apical segment of labium is the most dis-
tinctive. Xisia, Sitz'a and Phaconcnra all possess a long apical
lal)ial segment ; many of the species of these genera also possess
a median facial ocellus and a large wax plate at the end of the
female abdomen, characters which belong to the Cixiiiiac; the
neuration of their tegmina is also very .different from any Derbid.
I'"or these reasons I exclude them from the family Dcrbidac, but,
inconsistently, have included them in this Bulletin because sev-
eral of our greatest authorities on Homoptera have considered
them as Derbids. There is no doubt that Kcnncsia is closely al-
lied to these three genera and will also have to be removed from
the Dcrbidac, although, according to Distant, it has a minute
apical joint to the labium.

I have used the neuration of the tegmina for dividing the
family into groups, and again for redividing the grottps ; it thus
becomes necessary to use a more definite nomenclature than is
usual with many workers in Homoptera. The terminology of Com-
stock and Xeedham has been employed as it is the one that is most
generally known. To make sure of the different systems of
nerves 1 have followed the develoj^nient of the tracheal system
in the tegmina of the nymph of several groups of Homoptera.
The contention that without studying the development it is some-
times difffcult. or impossible, to decide to which group the vein
belongs, is no argument against the use of this system, as the
same disaclvantage is attached to any system. When we do
know the development of a greater number of forms. I 1)elieve
we shall be able to divide the I-'ulgoroidea into better defined and
more numerous families. 1 have not used the neuration of the
wings, as in so many forms they are so covered with waxy se-
cretions that only by taking them off and cleaning tlu-ni can the
neuration be seen with any certainty, an oi)eration thai many
workers would not ])erform with many of the small, delicate
s])ecies. which are at present so rare in collections. Next to
the tegmina the head and thorax present the best characters. In
many forms there is a well-dcvcl()])ed process below the antenna.
the subaiitciiiial f^roccss, either in the form of a deep keel or
plate, or a mcjre or less sjjatulate organ. The best characler on
the pronotum is the absence or presence of the "shoulder keel"" :
this is a large carina, or flange, running from the anterior margin
behind the eves to the hind margin, with which it often amalga-
mates, forminsj'. together with tlu- lateral e(Ige~~. which are some-

30

times curled forward, a "post-antennal chamber." The short-
ness of the pronotum is oftimes more apparent than real, on ac-
count of the median portion standing nearly perpendicular, being
bent in the middle and fitted into the emargination of the vertex.
The absence or presence of carinae on pronotum or scutellum
is a very uncertain character, as many small light-colored species
appear to have carinae on account of the three dark longitudinal
marks, indicating the attachment of the thoracic muscles.

For specific distinction it is necessary to compare the genital
armature in certain groups. The present study shows that very
few species have a wide distribution among the Malay Islands,
but certain of the species are difficult to separate except by the
genitalia.

The family can be divided into four groups :

1. Tegmina exceptionally long and narrow, wings less than half

the length of tegmina, sometimes very minute. .Group III

Tegmina not long and narrow, wings more than half the

length of tegmina 2

2. Cubital veins not reaching to hind margin of tegmen, but

ending in the extended claval vein ; third claval cell open,
extending along hind margin to last apical median cell ....

Grou]) II

Cubital veins ending in hind margin of tegmen, third claval
cell closed, not extending to last apical median cell 3

3. Cubitus simple or furcate, not running into first median

sector Group I

Cubitus with three or more branches ( or the cubitus con-
nected with the first median sector, forming an angular
or diamond-shape cell) Group IV

The first, or Ccnchrca, group is a natural one, and the forms
included in it are closely allied ; in many of the genera the sys-
tems of neuration are all separated from the base of the tegmina,
such forms being the most generalized of the Dcrhidac. Phaci-
occphaliis niilfodias and P. piilhitits are of interest as showing
the commencement of the modification which distinguishes group
two, namely, the opening of the third claval cell and the failure
of the cubital veins to directlv reach the posterior margin. (PI.
I f. 22, PI. Ill f. 16.)

The second, or Otioccnis, group is also a homogeneous one
and follows naturally after group one ; it contains some of the
most fantistically shaped insects of the familv, such as S2i'c::c\ia

31

with its bizarre shapctl head, and Mi\i:;atn)l^is, with its wonderful,
separate head-keels.

The third group is distinctly divided into two subgroups, the
relationshi]:) between theni being very indistinct and uncertain.
The Sikicvia subgroup consists of delicate little creatures, with
wings apparently wholly devoted to sound production ; the Zo-
raida subgroup also has very small wings with large anal areas,
devoted to sound production, but never so greatly reduced as in
the Sikiana section. It is among the Zoraida section that the
most conspicuous forms of the family are to be found, and from
whence the forms generally chosen to illustrate the family are
taken. Among the genera of this section Zcui:^uia stands apart
as possessing both shoulder keels and subantennal processes and
demonstrates the uselessness of the structure of head and thorax
for primary divisions. Diostronibus and Comma are the two
forms which approach nearest to the Sikiana section.

The last group is not a natural one ; it consists of Dcrbe and
Mysidia, which approach the Zoraida section of group three, the
Rhotaiia section, which is somewhat aberrant, and the Nisian
genera, which are not true Derbids. There is a touch
of irony in the fact that Dcrbc, the type genus of the family, is
not truly characteristic of any of the main groups. By discard-
ing Xisia and its allies, and placing Dcrbc and Mvsidia in the
Zoraida group, the small Rhotaiia group could remain unat-
tached.

Unfortunately there arc certain genera of which the descrip-
tions are not com])lete enough to enable me to include them in
my tables. Working in a place away from large collections and
libraries, one is dependent upon one's friends more fortunately
situated, ^fy thanks are due to the United States National Mu-
seum for sending me specimens for examination, and to Mr. W.
L. Distant of the I'ritish Museum, for specimens, answers to
many questions and nmch valual)le information.

Rohan and Pekalongan are in Java. Telok Ayer. Pontianak
and Mowong in I'orneo. and Laloki in Pritish Xew (aiinea.

When working with small and delicate injects like this family
I use a Greenough binocular, as a single hand-lens is not suitable
to recognize carinae. etc.

The measurements are horn front of head to end of pygophor,
not including the genital styles, and from base to apex of one
tecrmcn.

32

GROUP I.

1. Subcosta and radia separate from near base of tegmen

( subcostal cell long ) 2

Subcosta and radia contiguous to middle or beyond middle
of tegmen ( subcostal cell short ) 8

2. Subantennal process absent or very small 3

Subantennal process well developed 7

3. Shoulder keels absent, or only slightly developed 4

Shoulder keels well developed 5

4. In profile face and vertex angular ; lateral keels of face

not contiguous Goncohara

In profile face and vertex rounded ; lateral keels of face
contiguous to near apex Cyclokara

5. Vertex wide, length subecjual to width of base 6

Vertex narrow, much longer than wide. . . .Basilcoccphahis

6. Face with central, longitudinal keel Syntamcs

Face without central longitudinal keel Phacioccphalus

7. Face distinctly centrally keeled Eoccnclirca

Face not centrally keeled Ccdiisa

8. Media forking from radia one-third from base of teg-

men -^Ccnclirca, -^Hcrpis? "^Pcrsisf

Media and radia separate from very near base 9

9. Subantennal process present 10

Subantenal process absent 11

10. A'ertex and face in profile forming a curwo.. .Cyclomctopiim
In profile head angular at junction of face and vertex. . .

-'"La III cilia, Thyroccpliahis

11. Vertex and face narrow, subparallel, apex of face nar-

rower than base of clypeus '''-Doii'iiaria

Vertex about as broad as long, apex of face as wide as
base of clypeus 12

12. Clypeus triangular, medianally and laterally keeled

J\'kiiiifa

Clypeus moderately convex and centrally keeled

'-''Paraiidciiiiia

Goncokara gen. nov.

Type, pull II III.

Pronotum wider than head. Vertex wider at base than long,
base with fine keel, obtusely angularly emarginate ; narrowing
evenly but slightly to the truncate apex ; sides very broadly keeled,

* Indicates in tliis and tlic fdlliiwinf; tal)les that I have not seen specimens of
the genus.

33

stiuklecl with wax pits : face and vertex distinctly se])arated l)y
transverse keel ; face slightly narrowed in middle, widening at
base, sides deeply keeled, keels with wax pits ; clypeus flattened,
tricarinate, the lateral ones joining' the facial keels ; a very small
subantennal process ; male antennae with second joint globular,
a little longer than wide, slightly enlarged toward apex, female
antenna smaller and not so globular ; pronotum short, broadly
angularly emarginatc behind, shoulder keels very small : scutellum
longer than broad, tricarinate, the lateral carinae fading out on
basal half; tegmina fairly short and broad, neuration near to Cc-
ditsa: granulate on first claval vein and costa. The head and
thorax of this is as in J\'kunfa. but the tegmina is very (hfiferent.

(1 ) (i. f^iillmii sp. nov. ((5 9).
Pis. I fig. 21 and II fig. 6.

Vertex, abdomen and notum fuscous brown, face, clypeus,
rostrum, legs, and ventral side of thorax lighter brown; tegmina
fuscous brown, a small yellowish-white stripe across the apex of
costal cell, tips of apical veins whitish ; wings fuscous, dark-
veined.

Length of body 3 mm. ; tegir.en 4 mm.

Habitat, Telok Ayer.

Cyclokara gen. nov.

Type, C. :^irdlcstoni.

In profile vertex and face forming continuous curve, eyes
large, round, slightly emarginate below, antennae small, cylin-
drical, not reaching to edge of gena, about twice as long as broad ;
no subantennal process. X'ertex small, acutely triangular, base
angularly emarginate and keeled, laterally finely keeled ; face
very narrow, slightly broadening apically below eyes, sides finely
keeled, keels contiguous to near a])ex ; clypeus tricarinate ; prono-
tum of medium length, broadly and roundly emarginate behind,
medianly keeled, shoulder keels nearly obsolete, a fine transverse
carina from middle to the posterior end of slmnlder keel : scutel-
lum tricarinate, broader than Inng, rnnnded anterinrly. lateral
angles behind middle, posterior margin subangular ; a])ex nf liind
tibae with one large s])inc on outer and a gmup or four to five
si)incs on inner side. Tegmina long, a])ically i)()inted. second
cubitus vein branched, first median sector arising well beyond
middle, costa distinctly granulated along basal tliird. The >hape
and neuration of this tegmina distinguishes this gemi> : it comes
into the Basilcoccphalus group.

34

(1) girdlcsfoiii { $ ) sp. nov.
Pis. II fig-. 13, III fig. 4.

Head, thorax, and leg's yellowish tinged with red, abdomen red.
brightest above, with a black mark in middle of dorsum ; genital
styles yellow on basal third, black on apical two-thirds ; tegmina
fuscous, red-veined, a black mark over base of radio-apical and
first three medio-apical cells ; wings uniformly fuscous, red-
veined.

Length, body 2 mm., tegmen 4.5 mm.

Habitat : Mowong. I take the pleasure of naming this little
insect after Mr. L. Girdlestone, to whom I am indebted for many
kindnesses during my stay at his house at Mowong.

(2) fiih'uui ( $ ) sp. nov.

Head, thorax, legs, and abdomen dirty yellow, a small black
triangular mark on dorsum and a small black dot on each side of
abdomen, genital styles pale yellow, eyes deep chocolate brown ;
tegmina hyaline, opacjue with waxy secretion, yellow-veined, ir-
regularly marked with fuscous at base of subcostal cell, continu-
ing over apex of radial cell to hind margin and to apex, all apical
cells more or less fuscous, being darkest on the cross-veins from
subcostal to third radial vein ; wings fuscous, dark-veined.

Length of body 2.2 mm. ; tegmen 4.5 mm.

Habitat : Mowong.

Pliacioccphahis Kirk.
(1) fiaz'ocoUaris sp. nov. { $).

Dififers from z'iticnsis hy its slightly shorter pronotum and less
pronounced scutegial carinae. Head, pronotum, tegulae, and
legs reddish-yellow ; scutellum and the sides of abdomen tinged
with red, anal tube fuscous, genital armature yellowish, last tar-
sus and labial joint fuscous ; tegmina fuscous brown, darker at
base, veins slightly darkened, a dirty white, transparent spot on
costal border at end of costal cell.

Length, body 3.5 mm. ; tegmen 5 mm.

Habitat : Tuloc Ayer.

(2) raitlci sp. nov (39).

\^crtex a little longer than type; tegmina as in f^idlafits. Head,
body, thorax, legs, and tegmina yellow inclined to salmon ; poste-
rior half of tegmina, including clavus, more distinctly salmon, a
small fuscous mark at end of subcosta, with a reddish mark be-

35

hind it, the fuscous mark sometimes running into the sahnon-
colored streak, making- it fuscous ; wings white and white-veined.
Lateral edges of genital clas]iers subparallel to near tip, where it
becomes spatulate and rounded.

Length, body 4 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

I take the pleasure of naming this pretty little insect after ^Ir.
F. Rattle, with whom I liv^ed during my two visits to the Laloki
district of Papua.

(3) concolor sp. nov. ( <5 ).

Vertex and tegmen as in piiUatus. Like the proceeding, but
uniformly light reddish-yellow. Besides the absence of the color
on the inner half of the tegmen, the male genital claspers separate
this species, being longer, widest about one-third from base,
where it is produced into an obtuse point on upper edge, and
then narrowed to a fine, uinvard-turned point at the apex.

Length of body 4 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat: Laloki.

(4) funcbris ^^. nov. ( <5 $ ).

\'ertex perceptibly shorter than wide ; tegmen peculiar in hav-
ing the first medial sector forked from near its base. Dorsal as-
pect dark fuscous brown, ventral aspect and legs yellowish-brown ;
tegmina and wings fuscous, dark-veined. The whole insect, in-
cluding wings and tegmina, generally covered with flocculent
waxy secretion. Genital clasjicrs short, produced into curved,
pointed process on upper distal corner, and into a short round
process on lower distal corner.

Length of body 3.7 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

Ccdusa, Fowler.

Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhyn.. v..l. I. i). 112. i'l. 11, l-ig. 28.

( 1 ) C. fiiiicsta ( ty])e I. i'"()\vler, t. c. ]). 112.

(2) C. iriiosii, [•"owler. I. c. ]). 112.

(3) C. riil^^aris { I-"itcli ).

Pocciloptcra vnh^aris. I'itcli. IS.^7. Cat. X. V. Insects.
Laiiioiia z'lilifaris. LIiKt 1SS4 an<l niliers.

36

(4) C. knlia (Kirk).

Lamcnia kiilia. Kirk., H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. 1, p. 400. This
species has the face wider at apex than in 7'itlgaris.

(5) C. bornccnsis sp. nov. {$ ).

Light brown, inclining to yellow on ventral side. Tips of ros-
trum fuscous ; dorsum of abdomen dark brown ; eye castaneous ;
tegmina yellowish, slightly fuscous over apical half, veins slightly
darker ; wings light yellowish with slightly darker veins. Ventral
edge of pygophor truncate, lateral edges slightly convexly curved ;
and segment about twice as long as broad, parallel sided, rounded
at apex, anus on basal third ; styles subquadrate, ventral edge
slightly convexly curved, apical edge turned slightly inward, a
strong inwardly curved spine on dorsal apical corner.

Length 2 mm. ; tegmen 3.5.

Habitat : Teloc Ayer.

This species agrees in neuration and structure of head with C.
kulia, the only other species at present known from the Malays.

Stal figured his type of Lamcnia on Plate IV of "Eugenics
Resa" in a very careful manner ; the neuration is quite distinct
and plainly shows that the subcosta and radia are joined, and
that the vertex is longer than broad. It is very near to Thyroce-
phalits, Kirk., but until I can examine L. caUginca I keep them
distinct. L. vulgaris can be placed in Cedusa, the other Ameri-
can forms I have not examined, L. kitlia also belongs to this
genus.

I am not acquainted with Hcrpis, which Stal synonymized with
Lamcnia. It is possible that it does not agree with my restricted
Lamcnia but with Cedusa, in which case these forms will have to
be placed under Hcrpis.

Eoccnclirca gen. nov.

Type E. maorica Kirk.

In profile vertex and face gradually curved, very slight angula-
tion at junction of vertex and face. Vertex about half as long
as broad, base and apex nearly truncate, slightly narrowed at
apex, excavate in middle, transverse keel separating vertex from
face ; face laterally angulate and broadest about one-fourth from
a]:)ex, then narrowing to apex, lateral keels deep, distinct median
carina ; large subantennal process from angle of face to back of
gena ; antennae oval, small ; lateral ocellus beneath eye ; clypeus
large, flattened, tricarinate, lateral carinae large ; pronotum short,
shoulder keels very small ; scutellum as long as broad, lateral

37

angles about middle, indistinetly triearinate, especially the lateral
ones. Tegmen with long subcostal cell, four median sectors, the
first furcate.

Ccncliarca dorsalis, \W\st., has a very short subcostal cell and
the media arises from the radia about one-third from the base
of the tegmina ; the figure of this species also shows an antennal
chamber formed by the pronotum ( shoulder keels being large
and the subantennal process absent ) ; therefore ]iiaorica cannot
be included with dorsalis. Laiiiciiia luva Kirk, agrees with mao-
rica, but the facial keels are not so deep. The presence of the
median facial keel also divides this genus from Cciichrca. or La-
iiieiiia.

(I) EoccncJirca iiiaorica (Kirk.).

Ccnchrca iiiaorica Kirk. Proc. Haw. Ent. Soc. II. 2. p. 80.

(2) EoccncJirca hk'a Kirk.

Lamcnia Jiiva Kirk. H. S. P. A. Ent. TUill. I. p. 404.

J'ckiinta. Dist.

Tcnicsa, ]\Ielich. Hom. h^aun. Ceylon, p. 40 Xom. praeocc.
Veknnta, Dist. Eaun. Brit. Ind. Rhyn. Ill p. 287. n. nom.*
This genus was placed by Alelichar among the Cixiidae, but
was considered by Kirkaldy to be a Derbid. My two species,
which conform to Melichar's generic characters and have a sim-
ilar tegminal neuration, possess a short apical labial joint. The
absence of a distinct subantennal j^-ocess separates this genus
from Thyroccphalns.

( 1 ) hyalina s]). iiov. { $ ).

V\. 1 fig. 7.

Pale yellow ; lateral third of scutellum fuscous, darkest on
hind margins ; dorsum of abdomen fuscous ; a round black si)ot
on meso])leura, another on meta])leura : tegmina hyaline, tinged
with light fuscous-yellow on distal half: dark fuscous over costa,
along hind margin a narrow mark from radial cross-vein to ape.x,
apical edge and veins fuscous; wings hyaline, light-veined. Gen-
ital style narrow for basal tliird. then roundly widened to near
the truncate ajie.x ; one-third from base there is a short thick bi-
lobed i)rocess, with small hooks on the lobes and near base, also
a small curved s])ine a little way beyond this jirocess.

Length of body 2>.2) mm. ; tegmen 4.4 mm.

Habitat: Tav;i.

* In Mr. Distanfs description of this Kcniis I think "fiici'" in tlii' fir^l
should read "vertex" and "vertex" in the fourth line "face."

38

(3) badia sp. nov. ( S 9).

Face slightly wider than in hyalina and keels not so deep. Dark
brown, inclining to black on dorsum ; legs, rostrum and antennae
yellowish, except the last tarsal and labial joints, which are dark;
tegmina dark brown, a small yellowish patch at end of costal cell,
reaching from costa to media, with a dark spot in the middle of
it ; wings brown, dark-veined.

Length of body 2.4 mm. ; tegmen 3.8 mm.

Lamcnia Stal.

Eugenics Resa, p. 277. PI. IV fig. 5-5b.

Tvpe Dclphax caliginca Stal. Ofv. af. K. Vet- Ak. Forh. 1854,
p. 246.

Habitat : Taiti.

For reasons stated under Ccdtisa, I have separated this species
from such forms as Lamcnia viiU^aris. I consider it likely that
Thyroccphahis Kirk, will eventually be sunk into this genus.

Thyroccplialus Kirk.

H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I. 429. Bull. Ill 169, text fig. 2.

The type of this genus (leticoptcrus), owing to a defective
specimen, was characterized as having a 5-carinate scutellum and
so illustrated ; it has only a central carina. The tegmen figured
in Bull. Ill has the first cubitus vein abnormally approaching the
media (media-cross vein very small), another specimen has it
absolutely touching. This genus is near to Stal's Lamcnia and
may be eventually synonymized therewith.

(1) T. fiavo-monilc sp. nov. (5 5).

Pronotum, head, legs and ventral side of thorax and abdomen
yellow, scutellum dark brown, distal portion of facial keels, cly-
peus, mark on metapleura, anterior and middle tibiae and upper
portion of obdomen fuscous ; tegmina hyaline, slightly opaque,
brown veined, the brown spreading out broad toward base of
veins, filling most of the clavus ; wings hyaline, brown-veined.
Tegmina, wings and body covered with white flocculent waxy
secretion. Genital style with fairly long, pointed and curved
apex ; anal segment narrowly rounded at apex.

Length of body 4.6 mm. ; tegmen 4.7 mm.

Habitat : Amboina, Ceram, and Larat.

The nymph of this species has a broad face, the sides outwardly
curved, narrowest at apex and base, a wide area, about a fourth,
along each side being beset with wax pits.

39

(2) T. fla-c'o-iiiaciilafiis sp. nov. ( S 9 ).
PI. I fio-. 1.

Head, thorax, abdomen and tegmina black or brownish black;
legs yellowish, last tarsal and labial joint and two bands on front
tibiae fuscous ; a yellow spot tinged with red on costa at end of
costal cell, wings fuscous, dark-veined ; base of tegmina and wings
reddish ; genial style long, narrow, curved at tip and pointed,
apex of anal tube sharply pointed, sides of pygophor produced
into a curved point.

Length of body 3 mm. ; tcgmen 4.6 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

(3) T. laratciisis sp. nov. { $ ).
IM. I fig. 3.

Similar to Havomaciilatus, but yellow spot on tegmina smaller.
The genitalia shows that this is quite distinct from flavoinacula-
tns; the genital style is longer, thinner and more curved at apex;
the anal segment bluntly rounded at apex and the side of the
pygophor bluntly produced.

Length of body 2.6 mm. ; tegmen 4 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(4) T. pscitdolarafcitsis sp. nov. { S ).
PI. I figs. 2, 24.

This species is like laratciisis except for the genitalia, the apex
of anal tube being emarginate and the a])ex of genital st}le thin
and curved.

Length of body 2.8 mm. ; tegmen 4.3 mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

(5) T. crocciis sp. nov. ( S).

Safifron color; pronotum. vertex and tegulae lighter than scu-
tellum ; legs lighter than body; last tarsal joint and a])ex of tibia
blackish ; face ( esi)ecially the keels ) and dorsus of alxlomen fus-
cous ; eyes dark brown ; tegmina hyaline, veins pale yellow, the
whole tliickly covered with waxy secretions, making it opacjuely
white, subcostal and first and second medial apical cells fuscous ;
wings white, light veined. Anal lulie tkittened toward apex,
curved downward anfl emarginate at a])ex. sides of pygophor ob-

40

tusely angularly produced, the apex pointed ; genital styles
straight along lower edge, pointed at apex which is outwardly
curved, a spine-like process situated on inner side near base.

Length of body 3.6 mm. ; tegmen 4.8 mm.

Habitat : Teloc Ayer.

(6) T. fiiscorostratns sp. nov. (S 9 ).

Vertex slightly shorter than in croccus, making angle between
face and vertex slightly greater ; keels on face not so large. Head
and thorax dark yellow, facial keels, front of clypeus, margin of
tegulae, last labial joint fuscous; abdomen dorsally dark, ven-
trally light ; tegmina hyaline, yellowish, a long triangular fuscous
mark in second radial and radio-apical cells, the distal portion of
last medial and two cubital veins fuscous, slightly fucous on base
of costa and along claval veins ; wings slightly fuscous, dark
veined. This species is near croceiis, but the genitalia is distinct,
the genital claspers being slightly narrower and the apex of anal
segment rounded, with a large downward pointing spine on each
side near apex.

Length of abdomen 3 mm. ; tegmen 4.6 mm.

Habitat : Telok Ayer.

(7) T. vitrcns sp. nov. (5).

Facial keels fairly deep, perceptibly converging about middle.
Light yellow, facial keels, dorsum of abdomen and last lab'.al joint
fuscous ; a round black spot on metapleura ; tegmina vitreous,
claval and distal ends of cubital veins smoky ; wings smoky vi-
treous, dark-veined. Anal segment rounded at apex ; genital
styles slightly spatulate at end, rounded at apex.

Length of body 2.5 mm. ; tegmen 3.8 mm.

Habitat: Roban, Java.

(8) T. pscudotypicus sp. nov. { $).
n. I fig. 5.

Head, pronotum, legs and abdomen testaceous, face (especially
keels ) fuscous ; abdomen dorsally blackish ; tegmina hyaline,
opaquely white through waxv secretion, a fuscous mark in apical
subcostal and first apical median cells. This species is very close
to the type of the genus (Icucoptcnts), but the genitalia is very
distinct. A genital style of each is figured as that is the more
easily observed part of this structure, but the penis presents more
marked dififerences.

I,ength of body 3 mm. ; tegmina 4 mm.

1 labitat : Teloc Ayer.

41

(9) T. obscurus sp. nov. { $).
PI. I lio-. 6.

Only by the genitalia am I able to distini^uish this species from
leucoptcnis with any certainty. The anal tube is pointed at apex,
the g^enital clasper is fi_<2^nre(l.

Length of body 2.5 mm. ; teginen 3.5 mm.

Habitat : Teloc Ayer.

(10) T. fnlkmayi sp. nov. { $).

Brown ; keels of face and vertex and subantcnnal process
lighter brown, antennae, borders of pronotum, legs (except front
and middle coxae, which are brown) and metasterna yellow, front
and apices of middle tibiae fuscous, pleurae of abdomen yellowish,
hind margins of abdominal segments reddish ; tegmina brown,
costal border and a large spot at end of costa yellow ; wings fus-
cous brown with dark veins ; both tegmina and wings more or
less covered with white waxy secretion.

Male pygophor truncate on ventral edge, sligluly and roundly
produced at sides ; length of anal segment slightly more than
twice the breadth, anus slightly before middle. Widest slightly
beyond anus, narrowing to the rounded apex, lateral edges on
basal half turned down, roundly ])ro(luced about middle. (lenital
styles long and narrow, reaching be}-ond end of anal segment,
apex turned inward and upward, ending in a fine spine ; U])per
edge straight, lower edge straight to near curve where there is a
small angular projection ; two small ])rojcctions on inner side
near base.

I^eng^h 2.7 mm. : tegmen 4.4 mm.

llab. : Island of (iuam. Mr. 1). T. I'"ulla\va\'s collection, no.
1219.

This comes nearest to laratciisis. but is easily distinguished by
the styles being narrower and not drawn out into such long spines
at apices and the sides rounded and not so nuich produced, also
by the downward-turned lateral edges of the anal segment being
larger.

Cycloiiictof^iiin gen. nov.

Type aiiihoiiintsc.

\'ertex and face in ])r()file forming a continuous curve; suban-
tcnnal ])rocess large, circular, attached to gena beneath the an-
tenna ; antennae subovate. not reaching to middle of eye ; lateral
ocelli ])resent ; vertex slightly broader at base than long, slightly
narrowed at apex, base widely angularly emarginate. with narrow

42

keel, sides with broad keels beset with w^ax pits ; transverse keel
dividing- face from vertex ; face subparallel with large lateral
keels beset with wax pits on inner side ; clypeus broad at base,
tricarinate, lateral carinae very distinct, wider apart at base than
keels of face. Pronotum short, widely angularly emarginate be-
hind, shoulder keels very small ; scutellum as long as broad, lat-
eral angles about middle, distinctly tricarinate. Tegmina very
near to Thyrocephalus, the radial cross-vein very short, media
with two sectors, cubitus furcate.

This genus is separated from T/iyroccpholus by the rounded
profile of the head and the circular subantennal process.

(1) C. ainboiiiciisc ($) sp. nov.
Pis. I fig. 25, II fig. 12.

Shiny black, the tip of clypeus, labium and legs yellowish.

Tegmina and wings black, a minute red spot at end of sub-
costal cell.

Ventral edge of pygophor truncate, lateral edges sinuous, anal
segment about three times the length of the width of base, anus a
little beyond middle, in profile it is swollen, apex angularly
emarginate forming two downward-pointing points ; styles long,
narrow, subparallel sided, reaching to end of anal segment, dorsal
edge slightly curved, ventral edge with small rounded projection
about a third from apex, apex forming an inwardly turned point.

Length 2.8 mm. ; tegmen 3.6 mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

GROUP II.

1. Media not arising from radia, or arising before forking

of subcosta and radia 2

Media not separating from radia until after forking of
subcosta and radia 28

2. First median sector arising before apical third of tegmen. . 3
Median sectors confined to apical third or tegmen, first

culiitus often joining second, enclosing second cubital
cellt \ ! 22

3. Forking of subcosta and radia at or before the mitldle of

tegmen (subcostal cell long) 4

Forking of subcosta and radia beyond the middle of teg-
men (subcostal cell short ) 19

t In Robigux the first median sector is l)ef()re the apical third, ))ut it comes into
this group.

43

4. Antennae with first joint well developed and flattened. . .

Patara*''

Antennae with first joint very small 5

5. Antennae peetinated DcvadiUida'^

Antennae not pectinated 6

6. Genae withont subantennal processes 7

Genae with subantennal processes 13

7. \"ertex extending well beyond eyes, in profile more or less

angular between vertex and face 8

Vertex and face forming curve, not angular or greatlv
extending in front of eyes Pyrrhonciira

8. Antennae reaching to anterior margin of head or beyond

Kiiraiuia^, .Ijiofiaj

Antennae not reaching to anterior margin of head 9

9. Antennae having one or more "])al])iform'" appendages at

base Ofioccnis^j^

Antennae without such a])i)en(lages 10

10. Face not spatulate at base 11

Face spatulate at base 12

11. \'ertex curved and recurved in j)rofile Kampniokara

\'ertex straight or with only one curve 9 Pliantosiiiafoccra

12. Vertex slightly narrowed before apex but keels never

touching S Phaiifasiiiatoccra

Keels of vertex meeting about two-thirds from apex

SzK'Cccyia

13. With distinct shoulder keels 16

With no, or very light, shoulder keels 14

14. Head round in ])rofile, vertex not ascending Xcsocora

Head in profile with vertex ascending 15

15. In i)rofile with vertex ascending and curved l)ack\vard. . .

\'rs())iif^Iias

In ])r(ifile vertex slightly ascending but not curved back-
ward Xcsoitcnra

16. Subantennal ])rocess spatulate, attached to gena by slender

stalk 17

Subantennal ]irocess not s])atidate. attached to gena by
broad base 18

^ Arrha is placed by Distant near to KuniiuUi.

t My knowledge of Annlia is too limited for ine to give n eharaeter constant in
all the species. Amalopota differs from both Anntia and Kiranila by possessing
ocelli.

!)§ O. rubescenK Fowler, is not an Oliorfnix but the fitrure and description does
not allow me to place it with accuracy.

Triopsis Sign, and A nliicriri'phdln Montr, are stated to be allied to Oli'inriin.

44

17. Face produced well in front of eyes, antennae small with

sensory organs very large Kalia

Face not greatly produced in front of eyes, antennae larger
and sensory organs not very large Nesohaha

18. Vertex truncate at apex, keels on vertex and face not con-

tiguous Lyviccn

Vertex acutely angular at apex, keels meeting at apex of
vertex, contiguous on face to near apex. . . .Poralyriccn

19. In profile face not forming angle with vertex Jllakiila'"

In profile face forming an angle with vertex 20

20. In profile face very strongly curved, especially on apical

half Eosaccharissa

In profile face not so strongly curved 21

21. Vertex "angularly widened between eyes" Tapoosa'^

Vertex "conically rounded anteriorly" Kauicndaka

Vertex with "its apex angulated" ClwpriiicV'

22. Head projecting in front of eyes twice the length of scu-

tellum r^/T'a/m*

Head not so greatly produced 23

23. In profile head produced to an acute angle at point of

meeting of vertex and face Iiitcrramma'^'

In profile vertex and face not acutely angular 24

24. Antennae large, flat and broad Lcptalcoccra

Antennae cylindrical 25

25. Antennae long, reaching to anterior margin of head

Dcvibkr'^

Antennae not reaching to anterior margin of head 26

26. Vertex very acutely angular, base narrow, head much nar-
rower than pronotum Niccrta

Vertex not acutely angular 27

27. Vertex truncate at apex, broad at base, head nearly as

wide as pronotum Mcgatropis

Head distinctly narrower than pronotum, lateral margins
of pronotum ampliated, costal margin broken by a raised
portion at end of costal cell Robii:;i(s'^'

28. Subantennal process present Ncocycloiuctopuin

Subantennal process absent 29

29. Antennae distinctly longer than face Platoccva

Antennae not larger than face

Hcroiia.v, '■■''Xiphadoditr. ■■PhraX

t The tvpe of this genus is not in the H. S. P. A. follection and the descriiition
d<ies not allow me to locate it with any eertaintv.

t Distant refers this eenus to Fi-niinliala (Heronnx) . My knowledge of it does
not permit me to detine it.

45

Pyrrlicjiciira, Kirk.
H. S. P. A. Ent. r.ull. I 4.U.

The absence of a sul)antcniial process separates this !j;enus from
A'csocora, and the circular shai)e of vertex and face in ])rofile (Hs-
tinguishes it from the females of Pliaiitasmatoccra.

(1) P. iiiiiiiaciilata sp. nov. { S 9 ).

PI. Ill f. 5.

In profile vertex and face round, subparallel to the margin of
the eye. Stramineous; silghtly fuscous across the base of face;
tegmina hyaline, slightly opaque with waxy secretion, veins yel-
lowish ; wings white, light- veined.

Hind margin of last abdominal segment produced angularly in
middle, with a pair of contiguous, blunt, downward-pointing pro-
cesses at apex. Male pygophor slightly emarginate on ventral
edge, rounded slightly on the sides, with a small angular projec-
tion from the inside ; anal segment long, with anus at apex, a
small downward-turned, truncate process beyond anus ; a little
before middle the sides produced into small angles ; styles as
long as anal segment, curved along the lower edge, sinuous along
upper edge, apex turned upward.

Length 2.? mm. : tegmen 4 mm.

Hab. : Amboina.

( 2 ) P. ntbida sj). nov. { $ ).

The keels on face contiguous on basal half, thus being nearer
to citharista than saccJiaricida. Dark red; facial keels, labium
and legs yellowish; tegmina uniforndy fuscous with red veins,
wings higher fuscous with red vein^; l)uili wings ami irgmina
opa(|Ue with waxy secretion.

Length 2 mm. ; tegmen .14 mm.

Habitat: Rewa, I'iji.

/\ciiit[>til(ikarii gen. nov.

Tvpe cariiosuni.

Head slightly narrower than ])r()n(itum. In profile vertex
curved and recurved; face sinuous; jjointed at junction of vertex
and face ; antennae cylindrical, set low down on gena, reaching
to top of eye; eye round, slightly emarginate below. I'.a-^e of
vertex wide, roundly emarginate. without keel; sides with wide
keels beset with wax pits, vertex narrowing towards apex, which
is slightly emarginate ; face slightly widening to apex, keels shal-

46

low at base, deepening" toward apex ;clypeiis tricarnate, median
one obscure ; pronotum short, sinuously, angularly emarginate be-
hind ; scutellum a little longer than wide, lateral angles slightly
behind middle ; central carina obscure ; lateral carinae well ele-
vated in middle, appearing as two small, longish tubercles. Teg-
mina differing from Phaiifasiiiafoccra in having the first median
section forked and the cubitus simple. This genus comes near
to Sz'.'cj:cyia and Pliantasinatoccra.

(1) D. cacnosuui sp. nov. ( ? ).

PI. II fig. 4, 4a, PI. Ill fig. 7.

Stramineous, fuscous mark across gena, lateral portion of pro-
notum and scutellum, eye black; tegmina and wings hyaline,
opaquely white with waxy secretion, white-veined ; radia, media
and cubitus tinged with black, slightly fuscous in clavus.

Length of body 2.5 mm. ; tegmen 3.8 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

Pliant asmatoc era. Kirk.

H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I 430. Bull. Ill 177.
Arunta Distant, A. M. N. H. (7) XIX 406.
Ncsophantasma Kirk. Ent. Bull. Ill 177.

Kirkaldy erected this genus for two species, arbor ca (type) and
viticnsis : subsequently he erected a new genus, Ncsophantasma,
for the latter species.. I now have two species which agree with
Pliantasinatoccra, all the specimens being males, and nine species
which agree with Ncsophantasuia, all the specimens being fe-
males, two of which agree in all details, except the shape of the
head, to P. arhorea and P. nigromaciilata. The two species, la-
lokcnsis and papitcnsis, are only represented by females and the
shape of the head is intermediate. I believe that this is a genus
with slight sexual dimorphism in the shape of the head and that
Kirkaldy was correct in his original decision, which I revert to.

(1) P. arborca Kirk. (5 $ ).

PI. I f. 10-a.

Arunta riibrorcnosa, Dist. A. AI. N. H. (7) XIX 406.

( 9 ) The marking agree with the male. Vertex very slightly
narrowing toward apex, sides very slightly sinuous, face subpar-
allel sided, antennae reaching slightly beyond eyes, smaller than
in male ; ])osterior margin of last ventral abdominal segment
widely angidar, the apex produced into two small points, turned
somewhat ventrally, in profile angular near base.

47

(1) P. iiii^roiiuiciihifd (39), sp. nov.

(S ) Face not (|uite so spatulatc at l)ase as in tyi)c, antciniae
longer and flatter, reaching to front of head. Stramineous, a
broad fuscous band from base of face, through eye, sides of pro-
notum and scuteHum ; clypeus, antennae and apical ])ortion of
face fuscous, posterior ventral portions of abdomen fuscous ; tcg-
mina opaquely white with waxy secretion, with nine or ten black
spots as follows : one in clavus, base of media, middle of cubitus,
end of cubitus, base of three median sectors and at base of third
apical median cell, the dots spreading out along nerves in some
cases ; wings hyaline, light-veined, opaquely white with waxy se-
cretion.

( 9 ) Slightly lighter in color than male ; antennae reaching
in length beyond eyes ; vertex very slightly sinuate along sides, face
nearly parallel sided. Posterior margin of last ventral plate
roundly produced in middle, finely cleft in center.

Length of abdomen 2 mm. ; tegmen 3.7 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(3) P. lalokciisis sp. nov. ( 9 ).
PI. I f. 17.

Vertex narrowing slightly toward apex, face subparallel sided ;
antennae reaching slightly beyond eyes. In coloration body and
head as in nii;;)'omaciiIata. Tegmina hyaline, o])a(|uely white with
fuscous secretion, veins in apical half tinged with red, fuscous in
base of clavus, two s])ots in cubital cell, fuscous along the sides
of media and spreading into apex of subcostal cell, black spot at
base of third, and fuscous in last two apical, median cells; wings
hyaline, opaquely white with waxy secretion, veins in middle
wing red. Plind margin of last abdominal segment widely angu-
lar, the apex finel}- cleft.

Length of bod\' .■! mm. ; tegmen 4 mm.

Habitat: Laloki.

(4) P. papmuia s]-). nov. ( 9 ).
PI. I f. ir..

Sides of vertex more sinuous than in Idh'hriisis, face narrower.
Color as in lalokensis, but darker, the wlmK' al)di)men being dark
fuscous. Te!/mina a-^ in laloki'iisis, but the fuscousness much less

48

diffused. Hind margin of last abdominal segment drawn out into
a long broad process in middle, with two rounded contiguous
points at apex.

Length of body 2.7 mm. ; tegmen 4.2 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

(5) P. riticiisis Kirk. ( $ ).
PI. I f. 15.

PJiantasniatoccra viticnsis. Kirk. H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I.

Nesopliantasina -dtioisis, Kirk. H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. HI.

Vertex shorter than in last four species, very slightly narrowed
toward apex ; lateral margins of face subparallel ; very slightly
narrowed toward apex ; profile of head squarer than in arborca,
antennae reaching slightly beyond eyes, yellowish Hind margin
of last ventral abdominal plate gradually produced niedianly, the
apex forming two rounded lobes.

(6) P. uiwpiiiictata sp. nov. ( 9 ).

PI. I fig. 12.

In profile head slightly longer, narrower and more ascending
than -c'iticiisis. Stramineous, faint fuscous mark on gena through
eye to lateral angle of scutellum ; clypeus and ventral portions of
abdomen not fuscous ; antennae reaching slightly beyond eye, yel-
lowish ; tegminae opacjuely white from waxy secretion ; veins red-
dish, especially on apical half, a fuscous mark running longitudi-
nally through tegmen, darkest at base ; a black spot at base of
second and third apical median cells. Hind margin of last ven-
tral abdominal segment angular, the apex angularly emarginate.

The male I associate with this species has the head very greatly
produced, the keels of vertex meeting together before the ex-
panded apex, thus approaching the genus Siveseyia ; the antennae
reach beyond eyes and have the sense organs along the edges
dark ; the coloration is the same as the female. Male pygophor
with a small, angular, lateral projection, anal segment about twice
as long as broad, widest at base, truncate at Qn(\, anus situated at
apex ; styles long, reaching slightly beyond anal segment, broad-
ened and curved at apex, with a small emargination on dorsal
edge near apex.

Length of body 2.6 mm. ; tegmen 4 mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

49

(7) P. palllcioconiis sp. iu)v. ( 9 ).
IM. 1 f. 13.

In profile head approaching z'ificiisis, but narrowed anteriorly.
StramineoiLS, antennae of same color, mark on gena to scutellum
indistinct ;tegmina hyaline, opaque with waxy secretions, two fus-
cous marks in culiital cell, along sides of media and apex of sec-
tors, apical cells cluudw l)lack spot at base of second and third
apical median cells. Hind margin of last ventral abdominal plate
like I'lficnsis, but not so much produced.

Length of body 2.3 mm. ; tegmen 3.3 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(8) P. pscitdopdlidocoriiis sp. nov. ( 9 ).
PI. 1 f. 14.

I have s]:)ecimens from Queensland which I can only distinguish
from palidoconiis with certainty by the last ventral abdominal
plate, which is more roundly producetl, narrower, and the ventral
lobes ( sheaths ) narrower.

Length 2.4 mm. : tegmen 3.S mm.

Habitat : Queensland.

(9) P. iiii^ricoDiis sj). nov. ( $ ).
IM. I fig. 9.

In ])rofile head between iiiiopmictata and pallidoconiis. Stra-
mineous, the dark mark on gena, through eye, to lateral angles
of scutellum, plain : antennae dark, beset wdth darker sense or-
gans ; tegmina hyaline, o]ja(|uely white with waxy secretions,
tinged with yellow on basal half, veins yellowish, anterior half of
media and bases of sectors blackish, small black spot at base of
second and third apical median cells : wings opaquely white, yel-
low-veined. Hind margin of last abdominal ventral plate pro-
duced in middle angularly, the apex i)roduced into two contig-
uous, ])ointed jjroccsses, standing out at an angle to surface of
plate.

Length 2..^ mm. ; tegmen 3..^ mm.

I fabitat : Larat.

(10) /'. psnid()iii_!:;ricontis sp. nov. ( 9 ).
IM. 1 t. S.

This differs from iiii^n'coniis in having the central half of the
last ventral abdominal i)Iate steeply ])roduced and angularly eniar-
ginate at the apex.

Length 2.4 lum. : tegmen 3..S mm.

Habitat: Larat.

50

(11 ) P. auibigua sp. nov. ( 9 ).
PI. I fig. 11.

Head in profile near to I'iticnsis, but slightly shorter and
broader. Stramineous, fuscous mark on gena, through eye, to
lateral angle of scutellum ; antenna light, with darker sense or-
gans ; tegmina hyaline, slightly clouded and partly opaque with
waxy secretion, distal portion of radial, median and cubital sys-
tems red, fuscous in clavus, dark spot at base of second and third
apical radial cells. Wings opaquely white, reddish veined. Hind
margin of last abdominal plate fairly steeply produced in middle,
roundly bilobed at apex.

Length of abdomen 2.4 mm. ; tegmen 3.5 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

Szvezcyia, Kirk.
H. S. P. A. Ent. P>ull. I, 430.

(1 ) 6". laratica sp. nov. ( S ).
Pis. I fifl9, 19a, HI f. 11.

This species dififers from the type (lyriccii) in having the an-
terior part of the head in lateral view broader and not upwardly
curved; it stands between vS". lyricen and Phantasmatoccra. Con-
sidering the great range of the shape of head in allied genera, I do
not consider it advisable to genericly separate this species, al-
though it dififers so considerably from >S. lyricen. Head, thorax,
legs and abdomen stramineous, a fuscous mark across gena,
through eye and sides of pronotum, and scutellum; tegmina hya-
line, opaquely white with waxy secretion, infuscate down center
and on apical cells, a dark mark at base of third apical median
cell ; wings hyaline, white-veined.

Length of body 2 mm. ; tegmen 3 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

Ncsocora, Kirk.
H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. HI 172.

(1) A', crocca sp. nov. {$).

Keels on face not contiguous. Safifron, keels of face and
dorsum of abdomen fuscous ; tegmina hyaline, opaque with waxy
secretion ; centrally irregularly sufifused over greater portion with
fuscous, veins yellowish red; wings fuscous, dark-veined.

Length of abdomen 2.3 mm. ; tegmen 3.7 mm.

Habitat: Fiji, on sugar cane.

51

(2) A', coccinca •>\). nov. { $).

Keels of face contiguous to near apex (in fuiicimi Kirk, they
are not contiguous ) scarlet, antennae, clypeus, legs and genital
style yellowish ; tegniina fuscous hyaline, scarlet-veined, except
basal half of subcostal, radia, and radial cross vein, which are
white, a dark s])ot at base of third apical-median cell.

Length of abdomen 2.6 mm. : tcgmcn 3.8 mm.

1 include this species in the genus, altlnnigh it has the facir.l
keels contiguous.

Ncso'Acura, Kirk.

Subgenus of Pyrrhoneura, 11. S. P. A. Ent. lUill. HI j). 171.
The presence of a sub-antennal process, and the shape of hc.id
in ])rofilc, separates this as a genus from Fyrrhoiicitra.

Xcsokaha gen. nov.

Type pirociisis.

In profile angulate at junction of vertex and face, vertex
slightly convex, base of face very slightly concave, then evenly
and convexly curved to ape.x ; vertex triangular, roundly and
shallowly emarginatc at base, which is without keel ; sides slightlv
longer than base, with deep keels meeting at apex, studded witli
wax pits along edges; face very narrow, keels contiguous to near
apex ; clypeus rounded, tricarinate at base ; antennae about twice
as long as broad, sense organs well elevated above surface ; sub-
antennal process spatulate, with narrow stalk ; gcna beneath eyes
twice as broad as in front of eyes; pronotum fairly short, angu-
larlv emarginate behind, shoulder keels well developed ; scutel-
lum about as long as broad, lateral angles about middle, tricari-
nate on anterior half. Tegmina ])ointed at apex and am])liate(l
beyond clavus. neuration as in KaJia, but with two more apical
median veins.

(1 ) A'. piroc)\sis sp. nov. ( 9 ).
Pis. 11 f. 7. Ill f. 13.

TTead and thorax df)rsally reddish brown, ventrally yellowish,
including antennae and legs. Tegmina o])a(|uely fuscous, red
veined, which are brightest towards apex of tegmina; some
light and more transparent spots in clavus, cubital and median
cells, wings fuscous, dark-veined.

T,ength of body 2.6 mm. ; tegmen 4.5 mm.

Habitat: Piroe, Ceram.

52

Kuha, Kirkaldy.
( 1 ) K. c.vfrciiia sp. nov. ( $ ) .

Reddish brown, upper portion of face reddish brown, lower
portion white, semitransparent ; tegmina hyaline, fuscous, red-
veined, lighter across clavus and middle of median cell ; a series
of five small, triangular, white marks through apical portion of
costal cell, a black mark over bases of second and third apical
median cell, wings fuscous, red-veined.

Length of body 2.7 mm. ; tegmen 3.7 mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

(2) K. media sp. nov. ( 2 ).
PI. II f. 11.

Head as in cxtrcma, but processes on antennae not so long.
Reddish brown ; genae semitransparent, dark round lower portion
of eye, extending as three angular markings to edge of face ;
clypeus and legs lighter ; light streak down middle of scutellum ;
tegmina fuscous, markings as in c.vfrcina but darker, wings fus-
cous, red-veined.

Length of body 3 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat : Mowong.

(3j K. ccraiiicnsis sp. nov. { S ).

Agreeing in structure with type {pcrfccta), head in lateral
view not extending" so far as in media. Upper half of face black,
lower half transparent ; clypeus and apex of face black, antennae
light yellow ; pronotum and scutellum reddish-brown with broad
yellowish mark over keels ; legs and genital styles yellowish, ab-
domen fuscous ; tegmina and wings as in media.

Length of body 1.8 mm.; tegmen 3 mm.

Habitat : Ceram.

Paralyrieen gen. nov.

Type jepsoni.

Head in profile projecting in front of eye, subovate in outline;
antennae short, elongate ovate, about twice as long as broad ;
subantennal flange large, stretching from back of gena to near
facial keels ; eye broader than deep, emarginate on lower edge.
Vertex projecting beyond eyes, narrow, acutely angular, hind
margin roundly emarginate with fine shallow keel, sides evenly
converging to apex where the deep lateral keels meet ; face very
narrow, keels contiguous from base to near apex ; clypeus slightly

53

loilL^er than face, llattcned, (listinctly tricarinate ; pronotuin very
short, perpendicular in middle, shoulder keels very large, forming
very complete antcnnal chamher. posteriorly deejily angularly
emarginate in middle ; scutellum slightly longer than wide, the
lateral angles slightly behind middle, without carinae or with
three very obscure carinae (three light marks on some specimens
look superficially like distinct carinae ) . Tegmina as in Lyriccn,
a little broader in proportion to length. Lyriccn differs from
this genus in having a subparallel-sided vertex with a truncate
apex, lateral keels of face never contiguous, face widening from
vertex to below eyes, then subparallel ; clypeus conspicuously flat-
tened on sides, long and narrow in fr(Mit, distinctly tricarinate.

( 1 ) P. jcpsoni sp. nov. {69).

Pis. 11 f. 10, 111 f. 9.

Head, body and legs light yellow, fuscous on gena in front
of the dark brown eye ; tegmina and wings hyaline with white
veins, sometimes suffused with fuscous over apical cells, both
opaquely white wdth waxy secretion. Hind margin of last ab-
dominal ventral plate of female angularly produced, the side of
the produced ])ortion being evenly and concavely curved and
starting from tlie lateral angles of the i)late. Male genital styles
narrow, sinuous, subparallel sided, rounded at apex.

Length of body 3 mm. ; tcgmcn 5 mm.

Habitat: iMJi. 1 take the i)leasure of naming this little inject
after Mr. !•'. je])S()n of l-'iji.

(2) P. kturwlcsi i $ ).

Head, body and legs reddish-yellow, tlu'cc distinct carinae on
scutelkmi. tegmina yellowish hyaline with darker \eins. wings
hyaline with yellowish veins; tegmina and wings slightly ()pa<|ue
with waxy secretion. Male genital styles evenly curved along
edge, roundly exi)anded on ajiical two-thirds of upper edge, with
a small round emargination about middle, apex ])(Mnted.

Length of body 2.5 mm. ; tegmen .^ mm.

Habitat: I'iji. T take the i)lea.sure of naming tliis little insect
after Mr. C. II. KnowleN of Suva.

Rosace liar issa Kirkaldy.

An. Soc. Ent. I'.elg. LI. 126.

Type P. Jai'ana Kirk.

I cannot find the t}'])e of this genus among Kirkaldy'^ collec-

54

tion. but my specimens of jai'uiia were taken in Java on sugar-
cane and conform to his description. I have recharacterized the
genus and figured the head of laratica.

In profile vertex flat, projecting sHghtly beyond base of face;
face curved sHghtly at base, more strongly at apex ; vertex an-
gular, sides with wide, slightly curved keels, beset with wax pits,
base roundly shallowly emarginate, unkeeled ; face between eyes
narrow ( keels contiguous ) , thence widening ; antennae less than
the length of an eye, largest at apex ; clypeus rounded, laterally
carinate at base ; pronotum short, deeply angularly emarginate
behind ; shoulder keels very small ; scutellum longer than broad,
lateral angles behind middle, tricarinate. This genus dififers
from Karncndaka in having its vertex projecting slightly beyond
base of face and the apex of face strongly curved.

( T) E. javana { $ 9).

Habitat : Pekalongan, Roban, Piroe and Amboina, on sugar-
cane.

(2) E. laratica sp. nov. ( S ).

PI. I f. 18.

Stramineous, fuscous on gena round ocellus and on dorsum of
abdomen ; eyes dark castaneous ; tegmina hyaline, opaquely white
with waxy secretion, apical portion of veins yellowish, light yel-
low spot in clavus, another at base of radia, a band from apex
of clavus to base of first median sector, a spot in middle of costal
and subcostal cells, all more or less obscured by waxy secretion ;
wings hyaline, opaquely white with waxy secretion, dark-veined.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 3.8 mm.

Habitat : Larat, on sugar-cane.

(3) E. obscura sp. nov. ( ? ).

Stramineous, fuscous on clypeus, ventral portion of thorax and
abdomen ; front tarsi and marks on tibiae and femora fuscous ;
tegmina hyaline, opaquely white with waxy secretion, veins yel-
lowish, a light yellowish mark over base of radial and medial
cells, apical half of tegmina sufl:"usely light yellow, first and
second median ai)ical cells fuscous ; wings hyaline, opaquely white
with waxy secretion, dark- veined.

Length : 2.5 mm. ; tegmen 3.8 mm.

Habitat : Larat, on sugar-cane.

It is possible that this is the female of laratica.

55

(4) E. sordida ( $ ) sp. nov.

Antennae smaller than in lavatica. Stramineous, lej^s li,L;liter ;
fuscous band across gena to the castaneous eye; teginina dirty
brown, lighter along costal and apical margin, veins slightly
darker; wings fuscous, dark-veined; wings and tegmina u])a(|ue
with waxy secretion.

Length 2 mm. : tegmen .v5 mm.

Habitat; Pekalongan, on sugar-cane.

Kamcudaka, Distant.
Faun. L'.rit. Ind. Rhyn. Ill ]). 310.

( 1 ) A', (iiistralis sp. nov. { 9 ).

In profile vertex slightly ascending, keels on face contiguDus
basal two-thirds; tegmina pointed at region of first three apical
median veins, otherwise agrees structurally with description of
type. Stramineous, reddish on vertex and on clyiKnis ; eyes red-
dish-brown ; tegmina hyaline slightly opaquely white with waxy
secretion, veins yellowish, irregular stramineous markings from
costa across base of radial cell to hind margin, broad along the
hind margin and over the ajiical portion of radial cell, fuscous
in subcostal, radial-apical, second, third and fifth median apical
cells and two black spots in costal cell ; wings hyaline, white-
veined, opaquely wdiite with waxy secretion.

Length 2.5 mm.; tegmen 4.0 mm.

Ilal)itat: Cairns, on sugar-cane. (Perkins and Koebele coll.)

(2) A', jaiviia sp. nov. { 6 )■

In profile vertex slightly shorter than aitstralis. Face very
narrow but keels not contiguous. Stramineous ; dorsum of alnlo-
men slightly fuscous, eye castaneous. tegmina hyaline tinged with
yellow, which is mostly confined to posterior half, a round black
dot in third median apical cell.

Length 2 mm. ; tegmen 3 mm.

Habitat; Java, on sugar cane.

( 3 ) A', vcrsiador s]). nov. { $ ).

\'ertex slighth- more ascending than in aiislralis, angulation
of vertex with face more acute, face very narrow but keels not
contiguous.

Stramineous; dorsum of abdomen fuscous also across anterior
coxae; tegiuinae hyaline, opacjuely white with waxy secretion,
vellow-veined. irregular stramineous, markings in base of claval,
middle of medial, middle of costal, and radial cells, apex of

56

medial and claval cells, also across apical portion of tegmina,
black marks in two of the radial-apical and two of the medial-
apical cells and some irregular fuscous markings on the stramin-
eous bands.

Length 2 mm. ; tegmen 3.3 mm.

Habitat : Amboina, on sugar-cane.

(4) K. aiiiboiiicnsis sp. nov. { S 9 ).

Pale yellow ; in male the dorsal surface of abdomen fuscous ;
vertex and basal portion of facial keels fuscous, reddish patch on
gena between base of face and eye ; tegmina hyaline, opaquely
white with waxy secretion, veins yellowish, a fuscous mark
through middle of costal and apex of radial and medial cells, a
dark spot in apex of clavus.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 4.6 mm.

Habitat : Amboina, on sugar-cane.

This species is somewhat like spectra Dist., but the first and
second median sectors arise very near together, and the apex of
the tegmina are angularly produced from first to fourth apical
median veins.

A'iccrfa, Walker.

Jour. Lin. Soc. London I 159, pi. 8, figs. 5-5a.

(1) A^ cnicnta sp. nov. ( ? ).

In profile head conically produced in front, slightly ascending.
Head much narrower than pronotum ; vertex long and narrow,
base roundly emarginate, without keel, sides deeply keeled, meet-
ing at apex ; face very narrow, composed of contiguous keels
which do not part at apex ; clypeus shorter than face, well
rounded, without carinae, labium shorter than clypeus, reaching
to hind coxae ; antennae cylindrical, slightly constricted in middle,
extending slightly beyond eyes. Tegmina long and narrow, cos-
tal, radial and median cells long, extending along two-thirds of
the tegmen, forking of cubitus beyond middle, three median sec-
tors in apical fourth of tegmina.

Yellow, eye reddish-brown, red streak across gena, genae
around antennae and antennae tinged with red, an irregular
blood-red streak across base of tegmina, another across middle of
clavus to cubitus, through middle of costa to media, two small

57

spots on basal half of costa, a s]X)t at base of first median sector,
and several small red marks in apical cells ; wing's hyaline, opaque
Avith waxy secretions, yellow-veined.

Length ^.7 mm. ; teg'mcn 6 mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

This ai)])ears to come near to A', fcrrciis. \\'alker.

Mi\<:;afropis nov. gen.

Type coccincoliiica.

In profile head semicircular to oblong, gena wide or very wide
in front of eye. liead slightly narrower than pronotum, vertex
broad at base, roundly emarginate, without keel, apex trimcate,
half the width of base, sides straight, evenly converging to apex,
with deep keels, beset along edge with wax ])its ; face narrow,
parallel sided to apex, keels of vertex continued down sides of
face, the edge of the keels sometimes touch one another but are
not contiguous at their bases ; clypeus shorter than face, wide at
base and rounded, very obscurely tricarinate ; labium (beyond
clypeus ) half as long as clypeus. Antennae cylindrical, simple,
with a rt)und projection, or a distinct ])rong, at base, distally
notched or slightly bilobed where arista is articulated; pronotum
very narrows shallowly and widely emarginate behind, median
portion fitting into the emarginate vertex ; scutellum slightly
broader than long, lateral angles a little before middle, anteriorly
rounded, posteriorly angular. Tegmina about four times longer
than broad ; subcosta and radia forking before the middle, culiitus
forking about same distance from base, three median sectors in
apical third of tegmen, end of clavus beyond middle of tegmen.

I separate this genus from Xiccrtii on the width of the head.
vertex and face, also on the nature of the facial keels, it may
represent some species of Walker's lutcrauiuia. Init a'- 1 aui
imable to recognize his forms I shall consider Melichar's /. nihro-
fasciata as the representative of that genus. ( )f the genus Dc-
ribia 1 onl\- know D. (.Inotia) cocciuca ( iuer. tlirough Cuvier's
Iconog. and (iirard"s Trait, d'bjit.

(1) M. coccincoliiica s]). nov. ( S 9 ).

Fig. I'l>. I! t. 2. MI I". 14.

Uniformly very ])ale yelU)w. e\es i!;irk brown, a tinge of red
on gena in front of ex'C : tegmina liyaline. opa(|U(.'ly white with
waxv secretion. ;i crim^un lint.' frum ])a^e to apex through middle

58

of tegmen, anterior apical margin tinged with red; wings hyaline
opaquely white with waxy secretion. Antenna reaching slightly
beyond eye. cylindrical, slightly constricted in middle, without
any projection or fork at base.

Length 3.8 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat : Alowong.

(3) .1/. ijiniiacitlata sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Structurally agreeing with type. Pale yellow, eyes brown,
gena tinged with red before eye, tegmina and wings hyaline,
opaquely white with waxy secretion, tegmina tinged with yellow,
yellow-veined. Hind margin of last ventral abdominal plate
roundly and bluntly jjroduced.

Length 3.3 mm. ; tegmen 5.4 mm.

Habitat : Amboina ; Teloc Ayer.

(3) M. pallida sp. nov. ( S 2 ).

Antennae a little longer than head, a very short prong, or big
tubercle, projecting from the base. Hind margin of last ventral
plate of female angularly produced, centrally depressed or lipped
(like on a jug). General facies as in imuiaculata.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 5 mm.

Habitat : Teloc Ayer.

(4) M. Hcxicornis sp. nov. ($).

This has the general facies of the last two, but the prong of
the antennae is nearly as long as the main branch, the two form-
ing a horse-shoe-shaped organ. The genitalia separates it from
the male pallida, the genital styles being narrower and the anal
tube produced into a blunt, ventral, median process.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 5 mm.

Habitat : Pontianak.

(5) M. rubella sp. nov. ( $ ).

Head nuich more produced in front than in the type, prong of
antennae two-thirds the size of main branch, lying alongside of
it. Vertex, upper portion of gena, middle of pronotum and scu-
tellum, tinged with scarlet. Hind margin of last ventral plate
roundly produced.

Length 4 mm. ; tegmen broken.

Habitat : Amboina.

Only one specimen with tegmina in bad condition.

59

Lcptalcoccra gen nov.

Type coccinca.

In profile vertex and face forming two curves ; eyes long and
narrow, the hind margin being deeply emarginate ; edge of face
subparallel to edge of eye. W^rtex narrow and angular, base
roundly emarginate, without keel; sides with very deep keels
meeting at apex ; face linear, keels contiguous right up to ai)ex ;
clypeus about as long as face, rounded, obscurely carinate in
middle, no lateral carinae ; labium short, about one-third the
length of clypeus ; antennae large, flat, thin, slightly thickened
round edges ; pronotum very short, projecting well into excavated
vertex ; scutellum about as long as broad, rounded anteriorly, ob-
tusely angular behind, lateral angles behind middle, no carinae.
Tegmina long and narrow, subcosta and radia forking well be-
yond middle, subcostal cell small, cubitus forking ])efore middle,
four median sectors in apical third of tegmina. last one very
small.

(1 ) L. coccinca s]). nov. {i ).
Pis. 11 f. .^ III f. 15.

Thorax, legs and abdomen reddish-yellow, eyes black; tegmina
and wings scarlet, some darker and more opaque spots in cells
between end of clavus and subcostal cell, also in apical median
cells.

Habitat ; Teloc Ayer.

Length of body ?).7 mm. ; tegmen. 5.4 mm.

I fcroiiax. Kirkaldy.

H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I 431.

Fcmiahala, Distant. A.^I.X.IT. (7). XIX 411.

(1 ) //. f>aniassiiis Kirk. ( 9 ).

This species, which is the type of the genus, has the base of
face slightly convex, the point of junction of face and vertex an-
gulate in profile. Hind margin of la.st abdominal ventral i)late of
female obtusely angular, the sides of the production starting from
lateral margin, slightly sinuous, ajiex finely i)ointed and turned
upward, finely grooved from ai)ex to near basal margin, the an-
terior styles long and finely ])ointed. I'ntil I know the shai)e of
the last abdominal ventral ])late and the profile of the head of //.
(Fciiuahala) infi(scata Distant, 1 cannot acce])t Kirkaldy's .sy-
nonymy of it with f>ani(issiiis.

60

(2) H. saccliarivora Kirk. ( ? ).

This species has the vertex somewhat elevated hut there is
no angulation between vertex and face ; the last abdominal ven-
tral plate produced angularly in middle half, without groove
down middle ; anterior genital styles shorter and not so pointed
as in paniassius.

(3) //. lalokciisis sp. nov. ( S 9 ).

Head in profile with vertex and face forming one curve, an-
tennae nearly as long as head, broad, flattened. Male genital
styles about three times as long as broad, subparallel sided,
slightly angular in middle, apex with small, curved point, anal
segment with a downward curved point at apex ; sides of pygo-
phor acutely angularly produced. The last abdominal ventral
plate of female with hind margin widely angularly produced, with
a deep medial groove down apical third. Stramineous ; tegmina
and wings hyaline with yellow veins, subopaque with waxy secre-
tion ; two circular broad yellowish bands across tegmina, the first
passing over the median crossvein and the other over the bases
of second and third median sectors ; irregular yellowish spots in
apical cells and on basal third.

Length 2.3 mm. ; tegmen 5.4 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

Platoccra gen. nov.

Type anil 111 i pes.

In profile head conically projecting at junction of vertex and
face ; vertex ascending, face gradually curved ; gena at middle of
face about half the width of an eye. Vertex narrow, acutely an-
gular, base roundly excavate, not keeled, keels along lateral mar-
gins deep, meeting at apex, beset with wax pits ; face very nar-
row, keels contiguous to near apex ; clypeus large, rounded, ob-
scurely tricarinate ; antennae very large, flat, thin, subequal in
width throughout, truncate at apex, conspicuously angularly bent
at base, forming a disk-like base at right angles to distal portion ;
])ronotum very short, no shoulder keels ; scutellum distinctly
shorter than broad, lateral angles situated behind middle, without
carinae. Neuration of tegmina near Ilcronax. first median sec-
tor leaving media at junction of media and radia. Xipliadodite
Kirk, was founded u]:)on a unicjue which is missing from the
collection. It appears to be near this genus, especially to nigro-
frons.

61

(1 ) P. antuiU['cs s]). nov. { S).
Pis. II f. 9, HI f. 3.

Stramineous, fuscous aloiii^ sides of face and a])ex of ciypeus ;
front and middle legs with two black rin.^s on tibiae, and a black
streak down femora, hind let^s with apex of femora black ; apex
of labium black ; teginina hyaline with yellowish veins, a broken
fuscous mark across tegmina about middle of clavus and another,
less broken, at first median sector ; a series of fuscous marks in
costal cell, apical veins fuscous.

Length 2.o mm. ; tegmen Z.7 mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

(2) P. Ill i^rif runs sj). nov. (S).

Antennae not quite so large as aiiiuilipcs, narrowed at base and
apex, the basal disc not being so large, appearing more as a
swelling at base ; media with four sectors. Face, antennae, ciy-
peus, ventral aspects of thorax and abdomen and sides of pro-
notum and scutellum fuscous, legs, vertex, median portion of
pronotinn and scutellum and dorsal aspect of abdomen fuscous
yellow. Tegmina hyaline, slightly opaque with waxy secretion,
yellowish veins spotted with black, the black spreading into cell
in clavus, and at base of second median sector; wings hyaline with
yellowish veins, slight opaque with waxy secretion.

Length 2.3 mm. ; tegmen 5. 4 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

Xcocycloiiictdf'iiiii gen. nov.

Type sordid mil.

In profile vertex and face rounded, the apical portion of face
being slightly flattened; sul)antennal flange rising from round the
base of antennae, large and foliaceous ; antenna subtriangular,
just reaching to eye. \'ertex acutely triangular, base fairly
broad, roundly, shallowly emarginate, without keel; lateral keels
deep, obscurely beset with wax ])its, converging towards apex and
continuing down face, where they are contiguous for some dis-
tance ; clyi)eus slightly larger than face, flattened, esjiccially at
sides, obscurely tricarinate ; pronotum ver\- short. ])er])endicular
in middle, widely, angularly emarginate behind. :'M)ulder keels
large; scutellum about as wide as long, lateral angles well behind
middle, without carinae. Tegmina near to Platoccni, but with
four median sectors, the median cross-vein joining miilia sji-july
before the forking of radia and media.

62

(1) iV. sordidinn sp. nov. {$).
PL II fig. 3.

Antennae flattened, subtriangular, attached to head at one of
the angles, the edge grooved, appearing as if the antenna was
composed of two plates. Dirty yellow, genae, antennae, clypeus
and lateral portions of pronotum fuscous, scutellum fuscous with
three indistinct yellowish longitudinal marks, ventral aspect of
abdomen fuscous ; genital styles yellow ; tegmina hyaline, with
irregular markings along veins, several fuscous spots in costal
cell ; wings dirty hyaline, dark veined ; both tegmina and wings
semiopaque with waxy secretions.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(2) A^. borncocnsis sp. nov. { $ 9 ).

In profile gena not so wide as in sordida, face not so flat in
profile, antennae conical, widest at base, a little longer than wide.
1-^uscous yellow, face, antennae, legs and basal ventral portion of
abdomen fuscous ; tegmina and wings hyaline, yellow-veined,
slightly opaque with waxy secretion, tegmina reddish along costa.

Length 2.5 mm. ; tegmen 5 mm.

Habitat : Mowong.

GROUP III.

L Subcosta and radia contiguous to near their ends, sub-
costal cell very short or absent, eyes in front reaching

to the base of the clypeus 2

Subcostal cell long, sometimes very narrow, eyes in front
not reaching to base of clypeus 4

2. Antennae flat, as long as from apex of vertex to end of

scutellum Muiria

Antennae not so long 3

3. Radial cell reaching to middle of tegmen or beyond, very

narrow Leomelicharia

Radial cell not reaching to middle of tegmen, not very
narrow Sikaiana

4. Shoulder keel large, subantennal process present. .Zcui^iiia
Shoulder keels not large, no subantennal process 5

5. yVntennae large, longer than face 6

Antennae not lonefer than face 8

63

6. Antennae cvlindrioal Zoraida

Antennae ilat 7

7. Scutcllum without carinae Pc\L:;}:;ia*

Scutcllum with three carinae Pcj^i^iof^sis

8. Head as wide, or wider than, ])ronotum

Philadelphia, Fcscciiiiia ?*

Head not as wide as pronotum 9

9. h'ace centrally carinate Paniaiidaiii:;a*

Face not centrally carinate 10

10. Head in profile ])rojectin_<;' angularly in front of eyes. . . .

fada'^, Hclcita ?*

Head in profile not ])rojectini^- ant;ularly in front of eyes. . 11

11. Clypeus rounded, carinae indistinct 12

Carinae on clypeus very distinct 13

12. Subcosta and radia forkins^- at or beyond middle of te^;--

men Diosfroiiibas

Subcosta and radia forkinj^' before middle of tesjjnien . . . .
Cajiriinf'"

13. Face slightly widened apically (carinae diverging), teg-

men truncate at apex Ifaka''''

Face with carinae contiguous to apex, tegmen not truncate
at apex 14

14. Face longer than clypeus ; \\yc median sectors, first fur-

cate Phciiicr'^

Clyi)eus longer than face 1.^

15. Media with five or six imbranche<l sectors Proutista

Media with six sectors, the third furcate Parapvoutista

Sikaiana 1 )istant.

A. M. X. IT. (7) XIX ]). y)^.

Mr. Distant suggests that this genus may be allied to Basilco-
ccphahis, but ai)art from the tegmina. which ])laces it in a different
section of the Dcrbidac, the pronotum alone would sej^arate it very
distinctlv. Miiiria and Lcoiiirlicharia are very closely allied to it.
None of the species that I place in thi> genus have carinae on
the clypeus.

(1 ) S. fnlva sp. nov. ( $ ).

Head, thorax and abdomen light stramineous fuscously mot-
tled, legs lighter; tegmina vitreous, iridescent, costa red, broken
up into minute s])ots by small ])atches of wax ; veins brown, red
tow^ar'.s apex, a small brown streak across extreme base, another
across costa and radial cells a little higher u]), a larger mark
through middle of costal and radial, and apex of median, cells.

64

continued as a hairstreak to hind margin, a hairstreak through
costal and radial cells near apex, apical veins bordered with fus-
cous brown, leaving" white spots in middle of cells ; wings very-
short reaching hind margin of second abdominal segment, trun-
cate at apex, large anal area with stridulating surface.

Length 1.5 mm.; tegmen 3.4 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(2) S. strain ill ca sp. no v. ( S 9 ).

Head, thorax and abdomen stramineous, eyes dark castaneous ;
tegmina hyaline slightly opaque ; veins yellowish, costa and apex
of subcosta, radia and media reddish, irregularly and faintly fu'-
cous along veins ; wings reaching nearly to end of abdomen, cost i
with apical half emarginate causing angulation in middle, apically
pointed ; anal area large with stridulating surface.

Length L5 mm.; tegmen 3.8 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(3) S. caciiosa sp. nov. (' 9 ).

Thorax, legs and dorsal surface of abdomen dirty 3TII0W, head,
antennae and ventral surface of abdomen darker, eyes dark cas-
taneous ; tegmina hyaline, iridescent, veins yellowish, fuscous spot
at base of first median sector, a small one near base of media
and another on second cubital vein ; wings about three fourth
length of abdomen, costa strongly angular a little before middle,
apical half narrow, apex rounded, anal area large, with stridu-
lating surface.

Length 1.5 mm.; tegmen 3.S mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(4) S. iiii^riiiiaciiliifa sp. nov. ( $ ).

Dirty yellow ; head, pronotum and three longitudinal marks on
scutellum lighter, abdomen with darker brown markings, eyes
castaneous ; tegmina hyaline, slightly opaque, a round black spot
at base of first median sector, wings a little longer than abdo-
men, costa slightly angular one third from base, apical portion as
broad as liase, apex subtruncate with black spot in middle of
aj^ical area.

Length 1.5 mm.; tegmen 3.S mm.
Habitat : Larat.

65

(5) |.V. clyiiicnc s\\ nov. (Kirk.)

Pale luteous, the antennae and the nicsonotnm laterally rather
darker. Beneath, and the Ic^e^s, testaceous, extreme a])ex of the
hind tibiae l)lackish ; extreme apex of the antennae fuscous.
Tegmina hyaline, iridescent, veins pale yellow, three percurrent
transverse, ashy yellowish, narrow bands (two on the basal third,
one 'List apical of the middle), also two not extending to the
middle of the tegmina interiorly (between two and three, and
three and the apex), the radial and median veins are also the
same color on their apical two-thirds, and the apical veins are all
more or less similarly suffused ; costal vein pale, speckled closely
with sanguineous. Wings hyaline, veins yellowish.

Length IK mm.; expanse abotit 10 mm.

Habitat: Larat ( Muir).

G. W. K.]

Locmclicharia gen. nov.

Type nifoi'ittata.

Head in ])rofile with vertex flattened and face curved, face
projecting very slightly in front of eyes, gena of equal width all
round eyes, eyes large, reaching to apex of face, deeply emargi-
nate behind ; antennae large, slightly flattened, constricted about
middle, indented at side of apex where the arista arises. \'ertex
triangular, base nearly as wide as length, angularly emarginate,
keeled ; sides keeled, keels meeting at apex ; face very narrow,
keels contiguous to apex, clypeus short, broad, rounded, without
keels ; labium very short ; pronotum long, roundly, broadly and
shallowlv emarginate behind, with median carina ; scutellum dis-
tinctly shorter than broad, lateral angles well behind middle, hind
margin very broadly angular. Tegmina near to Sikaiajia, but
the median basal cell is very narrow and reaches to middle of teg-
mina or beyond, the meclian cross-vein parallel to meclia,
and the subcostal cell is absent : wing ver_\' small, with stridulating
surfaces on anal areas. In the male genitalia the dorsohiteral
margin of the ])ygophor extending as two large, broad s])ines.
much longer than the genital styles.

I have taken the liberty of naming this genus after Dr. Leopold
Melichar.

(1) L. nifoi'ittata sj). nov. (S 9 ).

Head, thorax and abdomeii bright red; legs, ])osterior edge of
scutellum and i)Ost scutellum yellowish; tegmina vitreous; iri-
descent, costal, radial and meclian cells red, a])ical veins red. a])i-

66

cal portion of tegmina black, continuing" along media as narrow
black mark to median cross-vein, a black mark at the forks of
cubitus ; wings red, very minute, not reaching to hind margin of
second abdominal segment, triangular in shape, with large stridu-
lating anal area. In this species the narrow median cell extends
two-thirds from base of tegmen.

Length 2 mm. ; tegmen 5 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

(2) L. fiiscoz'ittafa sp. nov. ( 9 ).
PI. Ill f. 12.

Head, antennae, scutellum, abdomen and anterior half of pro-
notum fuscous, posterior half of pronotum and the postscutellum
yellowish, legs yellowish ; tegmina hyaline, iridescent, a fuscous
band from base, along costa, covering the costal, radial and me-
dian cells, and extending round to past the second cubital vein ;
apical veins red ; wings fuscous, in shape and size as in nifovittata.

Length 2 mm. ; tegmen 5 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

Zeugma Westwood.

This has a neuration near to Zoraida, the cubitus having four
veins and the media eight sectors, the first, furcate, sector being
joined to cubitus, the cross-veins of cubitus and first two media
sectors contiguous at end after which they are a short distance
apart (gradate), subcosta and radia separate from a little before
middle of tegmina, subcostal cell narrow, radia with five small
branches in upper fourth of tegmina ; the face and vertex forming
one curve, broad and parallel sided; antennae pyriform, pointed
end forming apex, and attached to head by the side and not by the
center of larger basal end ; subantennal process present, narrow,
attached more behind than under antenna ; pronotum long, shal-
lowly and roundly emarginate behind, shoulder keels large and.
together with subantennal processes, form distinct postantenal
cavities. This is the only genus of this group which possesses
subantennal processes and shoulder keels.

Z. iiioiiticola sp. nov. Kirk.

[Head, pronotum, sterna and legs orange-yellow, the two lat-
ter more obscurely ; a small spot at the base of the tegmina and
another close to the hind angle of the mesonotum. blackish; la-
bium, abdomen (mostly), basal and apical third in fore and of

67

middle tibiae, apex of hind tibiae, third segment of tarsi, etc.,
more or less fuscous. Tegniina hyaline, tinged with cinereous, a
fuscous line covering- cubital and median cross veins, another
over media and a third through subcostal cell to apex, a black line
over apical cross veins.

Length 4.5 mm. : tcgmcn 9 mm.

Hab. : Parit lUmtar (Malay Peninsula), Mowong .-ind Peka-
longan ( Muir ).

This ma}' i)ossibl_\- l)e W'estwodd's Z. ritfata. the localiU' of
which is unknown, but he omits all mention of the conspicuous
spots at the base of the tcgmina and on the mesonotum : and the
antennae are shaped quite dififerently, so much so. in fact, that if
I did not think W'estwood's description and figure of them ( the
antennae) erroneous, I should have founded a new genus on that
character alone. (i. W. K.j

The pygophor ])ro(luce(l on ventral edge into a small median
rounded projection, the side into a broadly triangular plate, with
])ointed apex reaching nearly to apex of genital stvle ; anal tube
large, slightly longer than genital styles, anus about one-third
from base, apex angularly emarginate : genital styles long and
narrow, slightly broader at base than at ai)ex. a])ex with sharp
point turned upward and inward. Hind margin of last abdom-
inal plate of female evenly and widel\- emarginate in mid<lle. the
lateral ])ortion of margin being slightly raised above median
portion.

Zoraida Kirk.

Ill rue ia Westwood. ])reoc.

This genus ap])arently has four or five cubital veins, and four
sectors to the media ; the first sector, which has two branches, ap-
pearing as belonging to the cubitus.

( 1 ) Z(ir. sii/^crhd s]). nov. ( S ).

Antennae longer than face, cylindrical, sense organs small,
light-colored. Posterif)r median cdi^c of ])ygoi)hor produced into
small triangular i)late, a little longer than width of base, sides pro-
duced into small angles, not half as long as genital style: anal
tube very long, reaching be\ond styles, anus about one-third from
base, apex wide, deeply, angularly emarginate: basal fourth of
genital stvles narrow. a])ical three-fourths wider, convex outside.
apex truncate with .m inwardly curved s])ine on lower ;ipic;d
angle.

TTcad. thorax and abdomen reddish-brown, keels yellowish,
pronotum and abdomen beset with sm;dl light-colored tubercles.

68

legs and genital organs yellowish ; tegmina uniformly brown ex-
cept the narrow costal, subcostal and basal half of radial cells
which are light yellow, veins reddish, the three veins entering
truncate apex with a faint dark spot at base of the small whitish
tips, cross veins slightly fuscous ; wings reaching to first median
sector, fuscous, reddish-veined.

Length 5 mm. ; tegmen 13 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

(2) [Zor. sylz'icola sp. nov. Kirk.

Head and appendages, sterna, sternites, and legs, orange-
yellow, the fore and middle tibiae and tarsi more or less fuscous,
except at the extreme base. Nota pale piceous, the pronotum
and keels of mesonotum darker, the mesonotum paler, the ele-
vated margin of the mesonotum, metanotal keels, etc.. pale. Uro-
tergites, pygophor, etc., black. Tegmina and wings hyaline ;
veins dark brown or black ; costal, subcostal, radial, and median
veins (but not the forks of the latter), suffusedly sooty, the suf-
fusing broadening near the apical margin, so as to occupy nearly
one-third of it. Some of the other veins are sometimes a little
sufifused. Pronotum scarcely granulate. Antennae cylindrical,
sense organs medium sized, light colored.

Length 3 mm.; tegmen 11.5 mm.

Habitat: Telok Ayer (Muir). G. W. K.]

Ventral edge of pygophor angularly produced in middle, base
of produced part narrower than length ; sides broadly, angularly
produced, the rounded apices reaching about the middle of anal
tube ; anal tube slightly longer than broad, anus near base, apex
roundly truncate ; styles not reaching to end of anal tube, ovately
spatulate. slightly convex on upper side. Last abdominal ventral
plate of female slightly wider than long, hind margin broadly,
angularly produced from sides to middle ; and tube about as broad
as long, anus near base, sides convexly curved, apex deeply,
angularly emarginate.

(3) Zor. psciidosyhi'icola sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Yellow, light on ventral side, inclining to brown on dorsal side,
especially on abdomen. Tegmina hyaline, brown-veined, the tips
of the four veins entering apical margin colorless, subcostal and
radial cells brown. This is the same coloring as in syh'icola but
lighter.

The median fjurth of the posterior edf^c of last ventral plate

69

produced into a broad, hluntl^-poinlcd process, its width at base
about half its length ; anal tubes not reaching;- to end of styles,
lanceolate, anus near base. The production on last set^nient and
shape of anal tube separates this species from sylz'icola.

Length 3 mm.; tegmen 11.5 mm.

Habitat : Telok Aver.

(4) [Zor. iiisulicola sp. nov. Kirk. ( S 9 ).

Head and nota brownish-testaceous, keels paler. Antennae,
sterna (mostly), legs, etc., pale yellowish-testaceous; antennae
cylindrical with closely set brown-ringed sensory organs. Pro-
notum with many pale granules. JMesonotum smudged with fus-
cous near the base. Abdomen brownish-testaceous, closely
speckled above with purplish-brown or black. Tegmina with fine
cubital veins, hyaline, so closely suffused with fuliginous that they
have the asi)ect of being fuliginous, minutely spotted with hyaline
( princi])ally along the veins ) ; apical half of costal parts clearer,
nevertheless spotted with fuliginous ; veins crimson. Wings hya-
line, veins fuscous. Sometimes the tegmina are more or less
maculate with black at the base, along the costal area, and api-
cally.

Length 4.25 mm. ; tegmen 10 mm.

Habitat: Amboina (Muir). G. W. K.]

\'entral edge of ])ygophor cordately produced in middle the
pointed end apical, and, in lateral view, base swollen ; sides very
slightly and roundly produced ; anal tube of medium length, anus
behind middle, in dorsal view sides to anus parallel, then grad-
ually tapering to ])ointed apex, which is curved downward, in
lateral view of even width to turned down a])ical ])ortion. which
is thin ; genital styles not (juite as long as anal tul)e. narrow at
base, the broader apical three-fourths with sinuous. ])arallel edges.
apex rounded ; last ventral abdominal ])late of female longer than
broad, moderately angularly ])ro{luced from sides to middle ; anal
tube small, little longer than broad, anus near l)ase. gradually nar-
rowed to bluntly-pointed zpex, beset with long hairs along edge.

(5 ) Zor. cydisia Distant.

A. AI. X. 11. {7) XIX 402.

Two females from Laloki which .agree with the description ;
the white of postscutelhun and dorso-ei'ntr;d .abdominal mark is
due to waxy secretion. Aiitrnn.n' exiindrieal with tine light-
colored sense organs. l.aNt ventral abdominal plate longer
than broad, gradually and >lightly produced in middle; anal tube

70

reaching' abfwt half way along" styles, little longer than broad,
ovate in outline, anus near base, with a small process from middle
of previous dorsal plate projecting over base.

One male from Amboina also agrees with these, but the yellow
is more reddish, the markings on tegmina lighter and the an-
tennae slightly longer and more slender. \^entral median edge
of pygophor obtusely angularly produced, sides angularly pro-
duced as far as middle of anal tube, the ventral edge of angulation
about twice the length of the dorsal e(}ge ; styles somewhat
hatchet-shaped, base narrow, UDper edge straight, apex broadly
truncate, ventral edge deeply and roundly emarginate at base, with
a deep cleft half-way along the broad apical part : anal tube
reaching to end of styles, narrow, bluntly rounded at apex, anus
about middle.

(6) Zor. fiilii^iiiosa, sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Antennae long, cylindrical, beset with small, light-colored sense
organs. Length of anal segment about twice the width of the
base, narrowed on distal half, apex roundly pointed, anus near
base, a small truncate, median process from anterior dorsal plate
projecting over base; last ventral abdominal plate slightly and
evenly produced ; the lateral portion of the anterior styles pro-
duced into an acute point. Fuliginous, pronotum and abdomen
lightly irrorate, keels of head and scutellum and the legs vellov.dsh
tegmina fuliginous, dark-veined, except costa, distal half of sub-
costa, radia and apical tijxs of median veins, which are yellowish-
white : three small white dots in basal half of costal cell, the apical
half along with subcostal cell and tips of extreme apical cells
white, a minute black dot near ends of radial and first three me-
dian veins, all the veins more or less irrorated with white spots
along side ; wings fuliginous, dark veined. This species comes
near Z. consanf:;uiuca Distant.

Length 4 mm. : tegmen 10.8 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

(7) Zor. hiloh'CJisIs s]>. nov. (9)

llinfl margin of last abdominal ventral plate exceedingly
slightly and evenly produced (nearly truncate), plate longer than
wide, a transverse depression two-thirds from base, the basal two-
thirds convex in middle : a small round process projecting from
last dorsal plate over base of anrd tube; anal segment ovate,
reaching half-way along styles, anus near base : antennae cylin-
drical, thickly beset with large sense organs. Stramineous, eyes

71

brown, antenna brown, sense origans darker, legs slightly infus-
cate, ventral ])art of abdomen, especially the jiosterior i)late, dark
fuscous ; tegmina and wings hyaline, Ijrown-vcincd. costal, sub-
costal and radial cells fuscous yellow.

Length 4.4 mm.; tegmen 12.25 mm.

Habitat: Laloki.

(8) Zor. larafac sp. nov. { S 9 ?).

Medio-ventral edge of pygophor produced into small turbinate-
shaped process ; sides nearly straight ; anal segment very long,
narrow, with angularl\- emarginate apex, the apical third turned
down, forming less than a right angle with basal two-thirds,
anus in middle of basal, unbent i)ortion ; styles long and narrow,
not quite reaching to bend in anal segment, irregularly spatulate,
apex truncate and bent inward, a small conical projection near
the base of the lower edge. Antennae long, slightly tiattened,
with small sense organs. Stramineous, brown eyes, abdominal
segments Avith a few red s])ots on dorsum, slightly infuscate at
base of scutellum ; tegmina and wings hyaline, with fuscous yellow
veins, costal, subcostal and basal portion of radial cells yellowish,
the extreme tips of radial and first three median veins colorless
with small spots wdiere the color ceases, a dark mark covering
cross-vein in radial cell near ai)ex. 1 have a female from Am-
boina slightlv lighter in color. In it the last abdominal i^late is
subtruncate ( slightly convex ) ; anal segment slightlv longer than
broad, broadly rounded at tip, with the anus at base.

Length 3 mm. : tegmen ''.5 mm.

Hal)itat : Larat ; Amboina ?

(9) Zi)r. ja-i'iinica \\\'stw(^od ( S 9).

Aledio-ventral edge of ])ygophor j^roduced into a lanceolate
l)rocess ; sides truncate ; anal segment very long, apex acutely
pointed, ai)ical third turned down at right angles to basal two-
'thirds, straight basal ])ortion narrowest at base, with anus in its
middle, genital style subspatulate, lower basal edge turned in-
ward, formed into a two-lobed process, a])ex of right style sub-
truncate, with the upper corner produced into a long, curved s])ine,
left style with ai)ical s])ine small and ai)ex more rounded. An-
tenna as long as liead and thorax, cylindrical, thickly studded with
small sense organs.

The female I associate with this male has the stramineous ]>or-
tion light .salmon red and the fuscous portion much darker, the
tegmina and veins also more fuscous. Ilind margin of last ab-

72

cloniinal segment broader than long ; anal segment broadest
slightly beyond base, pointed at apex, sides curved, anus near
base, the previous segment being produced in middle over the base
of anal tube into a small rounded process. Two specimens from
Roban. Java.

Pcggiopsis gen. nov.

Type nifiis.

Antennae longer than head and thorax together, flat, upper edge
of apex slightly emarginate where seta situated, narrowed at base,
margins thicker than disk ; vertex and face perceptibly below the
level of the eyes, which are round and bulging ; clypeus longer
than face, narrow, tricarinate. Pronotum and scutellum as in
Zoraida, the scutellum being distinctly tricarinate. Cubitus fur-
cate, media with five sectors, the first furcate and joined to the
cubitus, its base appearing as median cross-vein. Hind tibiae
with a minute basal, large sub-apical and one large and three
small apical spines. This genus appears to be very near to Pcggia
Kirk. (Ncbrissa Stal), but the round bulging eyes, sunken face
and the distinct tricarinate scutellum distinctly separates it.

( 1 ) P. nifa sp. nov. ( c5 9 ) .

Light red, eyes and tips of genital styles black ; tegmina and
wings hyaline with reddish-brown veins, costal and lower portion
of radial cells yellowish, the narrow subcostal cell fuscous. Ven-
tro-median edge of pygophor produced into a truncate-tipped pro-
cess, the base nearly twice as broad as tip, the sides slightly sinu-
ous, the base in profile gibbous ; anal segment as long as styles,
subspatulate, the base being constricted below anus ; genital styles
very narrow at base, gradually widening to the nearly truncate
apex, the upper corner of which is produced into a small rounded
process which is turned inward, near the base of upper edge there
is a small spine.

Female with last abdominal plate longer than broad, hind mar-
gin broadly, angularly produced ; between the plate and the gen-
ital styles there projects a small conical-shaped plate; anal seg-
ment nearly as wide as long, ovate in outline, with a small emar-
gination at apex, anus situated at base. The one female speci-
men from Amboina has a much deeper emargination at apex of
anal segment, and the small ventral plate between last segment
and styles is more ]:)ointed. I expect the male will show it to be a
distinct species.

Length 3.6 mm. ; tcgmcn ').S mm.

Habitat : Piroe, Amboina.

73

Pro It fist a Kirkaldy.

\^\r. Distant has persisted in s}-nonymizing this with Phciiicc,
hut the two are diiYerent. In Proutista the clypeus is distinctly
longer than the frons ; while in Phcnicc the frons is longer than
the clyiK'us, or. at least, not shorter ; and the venation of the wing
is much simpler in the Aethiopian genus than in the Australasio-
Oriental one. h^jrnierly I was willing to adopt Mr. Distant's
views, as I have never seen a Phcnicc. and it was possible that
the figures of I)oheman and Westwood might be somewhat inac-
curate, but Mr. Distant's own figures, in the "Fauna of India" and
"Insecta Transvaaliensia." drawn by the same careful artist in
each case, of "Plioiicc inocsfa" and of '^Phcnicc ahdominalis,"
show that I was justified in my original contention that Proutista
is not a synonym of Phcnicc. G. W. K.]

I'ntil 1 can examine African specimens of Plicnicc I shall re-
tain the genus Proutista. It is verv distinct from allied genera
(excluding Phcnicc which I have not examined) in the reduction
of the female genital styles, which are represented by minute tu-
bercles. In this genus the cubitus has two branches and the
media five or six simple sectors, the median cross-vein being near
base of first sector so that the cubitus appears as three veined and
the media to have but four sectors.* Hind tibiae without basal
and submcdian s])ine. There is a large grou]) of species of similar
facies to iiiocsta and hunholtzi which will only be finally straight-
ened out by a study of the genitalia. Some of the following
species may prove to be synonymous, but I must leave it to those
who have the original types to describe or figure the genital
organs.

(1) P. himholtzi Kirk.

A. S. E. Belg. (1007) LI 126.

Aledio-vcntral QiV^*^' of pygoi)hor ])r(iduced into a ])aralk'logram-
ical i)roccss. longer than broad, the sides and ai)ex being slightly
concave, in jirofile the base i)rojecting: lateral edges slightly
rounded ;anal segment long, bent downward at rightangles l)efore
the middle, the basal, straight portion sub])arallelsided. length
about three times the breadth, anus one-third from base, the distal
bent portion forming a long, finelv-pointed s])ine ; styles j^rojecting
to bend in anal segment, breadth slightly more than half the
length, margins rounded. a])ex ])roduced into a fincly-i)ointcd, in-

* Westwood's figure of Phenice fanriolnta shows five median sectors, tlu' liist
furrate; the costa. subocsta and general shape of tegmina also differ in these two
genera.

74

wardly-tiinicd spine, on upi)cr mari^in near base there is another
small spine. Last abdominal plate of female in profile excavate in
middle, the medio-basal portion produced into strong", short spine,
the posterior edge produced regularly in middle.
Habitat : Queensland and Amboina, on sugar-cane.

(2) P. i:;r!iiijia sp. nov. ( S ).

Similar in markings to htuiJioltrsi, the dark markings on tegmina
slightly more expansive. Anal segment very small, length about
twice the breadth, basal two-thirds parallelsided, then ])ointed,
anus situated in distal third ; ventral edge of pygophor truncate ;
styles reaching slightly beyond anal segment, irregularly diamond-
shaped, the broadest part nearest the base, apex forming a small
inwardly-curved point. The genitalia dififers so greatly from
himholtzi that there can be no confusion between them.

Length 2.3 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

(3) P. kocbclci sp. nov. ( $ ).

This has the same markings and general appearance as gcniiiia.
but the genitalia is very distinct.

Ventral edge of pygophor truncate ; lateral edges between style
and anal segment produced into triangular plates ( subequilat-
eral) ; anal segment small, projecting very slightly beyond apices
of lateral triangular edges, cylindrical, amis situated at apex ;
styles slightly longer than broad, broadly rounded at apex, upper
edge irregularly produced, a small spine on lower edge of apex.

Length 2.5 mm. ; tegmen 6 mm.

Habitat : Queensland. Coll. Koebele No. 2270.

I take the pleasure of naming this species after Air. A. Koebele.

(4) P. 1110 est a Westw.

Specimens from Malay Peninsula, Java, Pontianak, Makassar
and Amboina agree with the description of this species. Tlie
male genitalia are identical in all these specimens. \'entral edge
of pygophor truncate, lateral edges slightly curved ; anal seg-
ment long, bent at less than a rightangle a little beyond middle,
straight basal portion with curved sides, broadest about middle,
where anus is situated, bent portion narrow, pointed ; style reach-
ing to bend in anal segment, length a little more than twice tlio
breadth, edges subparallel, apex drawn out in fine point which is
turned inwards, the upper edge near base produced into a small
angular ])rocess.

( 5 ) P. jin'ciisis sp. nov. ( S 9 ).

Yellowisli-brown ; antennae, keels on face and clypeus. niickllc
of pronotum and scutelktm, legs and genitalia lighter yellow ; teg-
mina hyaline with yellowish veins, fuscous brown over subcostal
and radial cells, four or five small dark marks through costal ceV.,
bases of cubitus and radial sectors fuscous, fuscous over median
cell, extending into clavus, a dark mark at apex of cubital veins
and at end of each radial sectors, fuscous on each side of gradate
cross-veins of media; wings hyaline, with fuscous markings over
veins. \'entral and lateral edges of pygophor truncate ; anal seg-
ment about as long as styles, the apical third turned down at right
angles to basal portion, which is about twice as long as broad, with
the anus about the middle, the apical third narrow, pointed at
apex ; styles projecting about one-fourth beyond bend of anal tube,
narrow, edges subparallel at base, narrowing toward the blunt,
round apex, the apical third being cylindrical. Last ventral ab-
dominal plate of female short, a deep, longitudinal depression
down the middle, the posterior edges forming two crescent-shaped
ridges below the very small genital styles, anal segment minute.

Length 2.5 mm. ; tcgmen 7 mm.

Habitat: Java.

(6) P. pcrkijisi sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Light brown ; face, middle and lateral edges of pronotum. me-
dian line on scutellum and sides of abdomen light yellow, dark
dorsal portion of abdomen spotted with light yellow, labium and
tarsi dark brown ; tegmina subhyaline, costa. subcosta and base of
media and cu])ital veins yellowish, rest brown, subcostal and radial
cells light fuscous brown, extending at base into clavus, also over
apical half of cubitus, tips of median sectors and gradate median
cross-veins bordered with fuscous ; last ventral abdominal plate
angularly produced, apex deeply but narrowly emarginate, deeply,
longitudinally depressed along middle and sides, leaving two keels
between tlie de])ressi()ns. anal segment and genital styles exces-
sively small.

Length 2.7 mm. : tegmcn 7.7 mm.

Habitat: Oueensland. Coll. Messrs. Perkins and Koebele.

I take the pleasure of naming this insect after Dr. R. C. L.
Perkins.

(7) [/'. calyl'so >\). w>y. Kirk. { S 9 ).

I'al(j lut<.''iii>. more or le^s suffused with orange; beneath testa-
ceous; sterna and ahdomeii l)asally more or less suffused with
orantre ; antennae, labium and ]e"s testaceous; labium and fourth

76

segment of labium, etc., black: apex of hind tibiae, second and
third segments of the tarsi, dark fuscous. Tegmina hyaline ;
radial and median veins, and veins on basal third testaceous, rest
fuscous, spotted with fuscous. Wings hyaline, veins fuscous.

Length 2.7 mm. ; tegmen 6.3 mm..

Habitat: Larat ( Afuir). G. W. K.]

Medio-ventral edge of pygophor produced into small angular
process, about twice as long as the base is broad ; lateral edges
rounded ; anal segment medium size, constricted slightly before
middle, anus situated in middle, bluntly rounded on apex ; styles
large, in lateral view somewhat boatshaped, the upper edge being
nearly straight and produced into a rounded point, the bottom edge
rounded, curving up to point, the inner edge of the rounded point
being drawn out into a short sharp inwardly turned point. Anal
tube of female very small, genital area below tube large and swol-
len, embossed across middle, genital style exceedingly small, lat-
eral edges of last abdominal segment straight, ventral plate de-
pressed along the middle near posterior border, the edges of the
depression slightly projecting behind. In this species the first
median sector approaches the cubitus and appears as if belonging
to that system, the median cross-vein being very small.

(8) P. sfraniiiica sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Stramineous ; tarsi and tip of labium fuscous, dorso-lateral por-
tion of abdomen brown, spotted with lighter dots ; tegmina and
wings subhyaline, veins dark brown. Basal median portion of
last abdominal ventral plate produced into a blunt point, posterior
edge into two flattened processes ; lateral edge of last segment
produced into a small triangular piece. The two median pro-
cesses on the last ventral plate are very distinctive.

Length 3 mm.: tegmen 5.8 mm.

Habitat: Laloki.

(9) P. liirida sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Stramineous ; tips of clypeus, labium, tarsi and hind tibiae fus-
cous, abdominal segments slightly fuscous ; tegmina subhyaline,
covered with waxy secretion, veins yellowish, cross-veins fuscous,
several narrow brown marks through costal cell, apices of veins
fuscous, which slightly extends into the cells : wings subhyaline
with brown veins ; lateral margins of last abdominal segment pro-
duced into a flattened spine with a rounded apex, reaching to end
of genital segment ; ventral edge not produced.

Length 3 mm. : tegmen 7.7 mm.

LTabitat: Laloki.

17

Tlie approximation of the first median sector to the cubital sys-
tem is very conspicuous in this species.

(10) P. hitca sp. nov. { $ ).

Stramineous, dorso-lateral reddish marks down pronotum and
scutellum and on ]:)leurae. cly])eus and labium fuscous, median keel
on clypeus and facial keels yellowish, sides of abdomen fuscous ;
tec^mina light fuscous brown with a broad hyaline patch down
apical half, gradate median cross-veins fuscous, small marginal
white marks between veins ; wings fuscous, yellowish-veined, fus-
cous cross-veins. Ventral edge of pygophor produced into a
small, median, spatulate process ; lateral edges sinuous, produced
into a small triangular plate beside anal segment ; anal segment
long, narrow, basal half j^arallel-sided, apical half thinning to fine
])oint. anus about a third from base ; styles reaching to end of anal
segment, widened on up])er basal half, gradually thinning to fine
point at ajicx which is turned inward.

Length 3 mm. : tegmen 7 .7 mm.

Habitat : Laloki.

Faraproiifisfa gen. nov.

Type ceramcnsis.

This genus dififers from Proiifisfa in the neuration of the teg-
mina, the cubitus l)eing two branclicd and the media having six
sectors, the third being furcate, the first three angular near their
bases, the first one ai)pearing to belong to the cubitus. Hind
tibiae with basal, submedian and apical spine, also several smaller
apical s]:)ines. I'emale genital styles exceedingly small.

(1 j Par. ccraniciisis sj). nov. (39).

]'\. m f. 2.

Dark brown; keels on face, antenna, legs, lateral edges and
middle of pronotum, keels and ])osteri()r <.'i\i^c of scutellum yel-
lowish, a few yellowish spots on abdomen ; tips of labium, tarsi and
tibiae fuscous; tegmina hyaline greatly suft'used with fuscous,
veins brown, the subcostal, radial and median cells fuscous, ex-
tending across middle of cubitus and fdurtli and tifth median sec-
tors to posterior border, cubital veins and median sectors irregu-
larly bordered and s])otted with fuscous, dark marks in costal cell
breaking it u]) into s])ots.

.\nal segment very small, rounded, shorter llian the widlli of
the base, anus at apex ; lateral edges of i)vgo])hor produced angu-
larly; ventral edge broadly angular; styles attached well within

pygopher, little longer than broad, ronndcd along lower edge and
at apex, a small depression along upper edge, with a small angular
projection pointing outward near apex. Genital area of female
flattened, anal tube very small, styles abortive.

Length : 8 mm. ; tegmen 9 mm.

Habitat: Piroe ; Laloki.

(2) [Par. ismciic sp. nov. (Kirk.).

Brownish-yellow; clypeus. labium, pronotum (except down the
middle), abdomen in part, brownish piceous ; frons, antennae,
legs, testaceous ; apex of hind tibiae, second and third segments
of tarsi, darker blackish. Tegmina dark fuliginous, veins bright
sanguineous, hyaline spots all along the costal area on the clavus
and along the inferior margin. Wings fuliginous, veins dark
fuscous with hyaline spots ; hind margin of mesonotum and uro-
tergites basally in part clear luteous. The head-keels are fairly
separated basally ; third segment of labium short ; pronotum not.
or scarcely, granulate. ^Mesonotum greatly declivous, carinae dis-
tinct. Abdomen variable beneath, sometimes sanguineous.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 7.7 mm.

Habitat : IJorneo. Moewong ( Muir ). G. W. K.]

This species stood under Proiitista in Kirkaldy's manuscript.
Ventral edge of pygophor truncate, with a small conical eleva-
tion at each corner ; lateral edges slightly and roundly produced ;
anal segment long, anus situated in basal third, which is parallel-
sided, apical two-thirds narrow, cylindrical, pointed ; length of
styles about twice the breadth, straight on the lower edge, bluntly
pointed at apex, the basal part of upper edge produced at right
angles to main portion. Last abdominal ventral plate of female
longer than broad, hind margin produced in middle into angular
projection, reaching well beyond end of body, in profile concave
in middle, base globose ; anal segment very small ; styles abortive.

(3) [Par. aiitiiioiic sp. nov. ( S ) Kirk.

Castaneous. the keels and the pronotum medially yellower, the
clypeus and the abdomen more or less suli'usetl with sanguineous,
l^ronotum laterally more or less olivaceous, with pale yellowish
granules. Antennae, sterna and legs testaceous, leg spines tipped
with black, but the tarsi are scarcely at all fuscous ; labium and
fourth segment of labium fuscous. Tegmina dark fuliginous,
bluish-brown basally ; costal, subcostal, radial, and median veins.

79

almost entire!}' dark saiii^uinccjus, other veins dark fuseons, in
places bluish-black, a few scattered hyaline spots. Hind tibiae
with two distinct spines, one at the base. Wings fulit^inous, veins
])lack. Clyjieal keels very distinct.

Leni^th 3.8 mm. ; tegmen 9.0 mm.

Habitat: Telok Ayer (Aluir). G. W. K.]

This species stood tnider Pioiitisia in Kirkaldy's manuscript.

Ventral edge of pygophor truncate ; lateral edge sinuous, pro-
duced into small triangular plate beside the anal segment ; anal
segment broad on basal two-thirds, the apical third tapering to
fine point, anus about middle ; styles nearly square, not reaching
to apex of anal segment, lower edge straight, apical edge slightly
concave, upper edge produced into a large curved process on
basal half.

(4j Par. media sp. nov. { $ ).

PI. HI f. 1.

Light l)rown ; legs, labium and antennae yellowish, pronotum
and abdomen with many small yellowish granules ; tegmina hya-
line, costa, subcosta and radia red, cubitus and median sectors
brown ; costal, subcostal and radial cells fuscous, costal having a
series of white spots, radial with three large ones in upper half,
fusciness spreading over apex to tip of fifth metlian sector ; wings
hyaline, reddish-brown veins, basally fuscous. Anal segment
long, tapering to a point, anus one-third from base ; lateral edges
of pygophor slightly and roundly produced ; ventral edge trun-
cate; styles bnjadly angular, not reaching to apex of anal seg-
ment, lower edge straight, ujjper QiVj:^^ sinuous, the apex pro-
duced into an inwardly-curved spine.

The neuratiim of this s])ecies is of interest, and is ])erhaps of
generic value; the angulation at the base of the first three sectors
is very acute and sends a sj)in- backward Id join the ])receding one.
this causes the cubital to appear six-veined, the meclia to have but
three sectors, and as if there were four cross-veins between the
median and cubital .systems.

Length 4.^) mm. ; tegmen '^ mm.

Habitat: I'iroe.

(5) I\ir. cdcciucovcnosa s]). nov. (69).

Clypeus crimson with tuscmis a])ex, head and ihnrax ])ro\\nish-
yellow, the legs, keels of face and scutellum and antennae lighter,
abdomen crimson : tegmina and wings pale brown with crimson

80

veins, a series of wiiite spots along costal margin, reaching to
first median vein. V entral edge of pygophor truncate ; sides
narrowly and angularly produced, the apex reaching about middle
of anal tube ; length of anal segment about three times the width
of base, subparallel-sided to near the pointed apex, anus situated
in middle ; styles as long as the anal segment, the lower edge sin-
uously rounded on basal half, then concavely curved to the in-
wardly-turned apex, the upper edge rounded on basal half, then
convexly curved to inturned apex. L^emale styles abortive, a
small triangular plate on each side of the minute anal segment.

Length 3 mm. ; tegmen 7 .Z mm.

Habitat: Malay Peninsula.

Diosti'oinbiis Uhler.

Proc. Nat. Mus. U. S. 1896, p. 283.

Droiia. Distant. Faun. Brit. India. Rhynchota III p. 305.

Through the kindness of the authorities of the National Mvt-
seum, Washington, I have been able to examine a female cotype
of this genus, and cannot separate it from Distant's Drona. The
figure of D. carnosa (Fauna British India, Fig. 146) I believe
to be of a female, and the description of the type of Diostrombus
appears to be from a female ; the male is not likely to possess
the forceps-like processes arising from the posterior edge of the
pregenital ventral plate.

( 1 ) D. pciuuifiis Distant.

Faun. Brit.. India. Rhynchota III p. 306.

I have one female specimen from Java that agrees in all the
specific characters with this species ; the keels on vertex and
face are not nearly so well defined as in canwsus or politus, and
the "forceps" on last ventral plate are luuch smaller than in the
type species.

GROUP IV.

1. Radial and median basal cells subequal in length, ending

same distance from base of tegmen 2

Radial and median basal cells not ending same distance
from base of tegmen, unequal in length 6

2. Face strongly carinate along middle Phacoiiciira

Face not carinate along middle 3

3. Lateral margins of face convex Siti'a

Lateral marpins of face not convex 4

81

4. 7 (or 9 )* niedio-cubito-apical veins 5

5 (or /)* medio-cnbito-apical veins Xisia

5. I'^ace not very narrow,, parallel-sided -'Kenucsia

Face very narrow, widening" at apex ''■'Alara

6. Veins of cubitus running straight to hind margin 7

\'eins of cubitus irregular, forming one or more angular

cells, sometimes in conjunction with first median sec-
tor '. 8

7. Cubitus 3-4 veined Mysidia

Cubitus 10-11 veined Dcrbe

8. Lateral keels of face contiguous to near apex 10

Lateral keels of face not contiguous, face not linear .... 9

9. \'ertex narrow, about twice as long as broad ; in dorsal

view keels of face projecting about half the length of

eyes Dichotropis

\'ertex as long as broad ; in dorsal view keels of face
projecting about the length of eyes Decora''''

10. Xo triangular cell at base of first median sector (or radial

cross-vein ) 12

Triangular cell present at base of first median sector (or
radial cross-vein ) 11

11. Shoulder keels well developed Lcz'it

Shoulder keels not developed Rliofaiia, Gcncstia'''

12. I'ace longer than clypeus, eyes reaching below middle of

genae Siimaiii!;ala'''

Face not longer than clypeus, eyes confined to upper ])or-
tion of genae Mccyiiorhynchiis

A'isia ]\Ielichar.

A', atrot'cnosa Lcth.

There are s])ecimens from IJorneo and I'iroe which I cannot
separate from this species. 1 am unaljle to separate this genericly
from Mccnoplns afbosi^^natiis.

Siri'ii Kirkaldv.

Text figures 3 and 3a in 11. S. I'. A. I'.nt. I'-nll. Ill ]). 166 are
of .S". kocbclci Kirk., not l^hacioccphahis : it has one more a])ical
vein than Xisia.

Pliacoiiciira Kirkaldw
(1) P. laratica s]). nov. { S 9).

Dirty yellow, abdomen, including genital styles, dark fuscous;
tegmina hyaline, broadly bordered with fuscous, the fusciness

Depends upon wlictlicr tlic fiiKt fDikcil vein lie CDiisidi'i-cd a.s rudiiil or niodiiin.

82

being' chiefly along second clavial vein, over all the cubital and
costal cells, and over all apical veins, leaving the media veins and
center of tegmina clearer. Median ocellus present, although small
and difficult to see in some specimens.

Length of body 2 mm. ; tegmen 2.7 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

There is a single specimen of female in which there is no fusci-
ness on tegmina and which differs slightly in the pregenital seg-
ment.

MccyiioyJiyiichiis nov. gen.

Type kcrsliawi.

Head in profile semxicircular, eye in upper half near to vertex,
gena in front of eye narrow, below eye broad. Antennae cylin-
drical, about twice as long as broad, situated on lower part of
gena; subantennal processes large, from apex of facial keels to
back of gena. Vertex very small, acutely angular, angularly
emarginate at base, sides with keels which meet at apex ; face
very narrow from base to well below eyes, then widening to junc-
tion with subantennal processes, thence slightly narrowing to
apex, keels large, contiguous to well below eyes ; clypeus very
long and pointed, the apex reaching third coxae, lateral carinae
large, median obscure ; labium long, reaching to end of abdomen,
distal joint minute; pronotum very short, vertical in middle and
fitting into emargination of vertex, hind margin acutely angu-
larly emarginate in middle, shoulder keels large ; scutellum
broader than long, anterior margin rounded, the rounded lateral
angles about middle, posterior median portion angular, without
carinae, but a pair of slight grooves run down the anterior third.
Tegmina fairly broad, the neuration differs from Rhotana in hav-
ing the subcostal and radial cells longer and broader, the costa
evenly curved, not sinuate, the absence of the small triangular
cell at the base of first median sector.

it/, kcrsliawi sp. nov. ( 5 ).

Pis. H f.f. 1-la, PI. HI f. 10.

Plead and legs stramineous, vertex and face tinged with claret
red, eyes brown, pronotum and scutellum fuscous claret, tegmina
fuscous, red along costa, veins darker, red at apex. Male genital
styles very short, spatulate.

Length of body 2 mm. ; tegmen 3.4 mm.

Habitat : Mowong.

I take the pleasure of naming this pretty little insect after my
friend ^Ir. ]. C. Kershaw.

83

K/iotaiia Walker.
J. Linn. Soc. Zool. L 160.

7v. latipciiitis Walker.

My specimens from Teloc Ayer agree both with Wal-
ker's short description and his figures. Shoulder keels
slightly developed; subantennal processes large, stretching
from the apex of the facial keels, of which they appear to be con -
tinuations, to back of gena. Rhotaiia I'ifriccps Stal does not ap-
pear t(^ he congeneric with lafipcniiis.

(.iciicstia Stal.

Ofr. A'et. Akad. Forh. XV p. 450 (1858).

The type of this genus, vitriccps, cannot be placed in Rliofaiia,
but as I only know it by the description and Melichar's figure I
cannot separate it with certainty. The neuration of the tegmina,
as shown in ]\Ielichar's figure, differs considerably from R. lati-
pciinis \Va\k.

Dicliofropis gen. no v.

Type amhoincnsis.

In profile vertex and face curved, without angulation where
they meet ; gena in front of eye about half the width of eye, eye
about twice as broad as deep, shallowly cmarginate on lower
border ; subantennal process large, the l)ase stretching from facial
keels to back of gena ; antennae small, barely reaching to eyes,
pyriform, the narrow end a])ical. Vertex small, not reaching to
anterior margin of eye, about twice as long as broad, base very
slightly broader than apex, acutely angularly emarginate. without
keel, sides straight, slightly converging toward apex, keeled, a
transverse keel dividing apex from face ; face gradually broad-
ening from base to aliout one-fourth from a])cx, where the sides
are angular and slightly narrowed to apex, lateral keels deep ;
clypeus about as long as face, distinctly tricarinate, lateral carinae
contiuuons with lateral facial keels, l^ronotum very short, hind
margin angularly emarginate in middle, shoiddcr keels large.
Scutellum as long as broad, lateral angles slightK' before middle,
tricarinate. I'egmina having wider radial cell than Rlioiaiia,
practically the same as Lcini.

This genus is near to Pccora r)ierm.

84

(1) D. amboiiiciisis sp. nov. ( S 9).
Pis. I f. 20, III f. 6.

Stramineous, abdomen slightly fuscous ; tegmina and wings
hyaline, slightly opaque with waxy secretion, veins yellowish, a
fuscous mark on hind margin a little beyond clavus.

Length of body 2.3 mm. ; tegmen 4 mm.

Habitat: Amboina ( <5 9 ), Larat ( S ) and Laloki ( 5 ).

(2) D. chrysoiioc Kirkaldy.
Rhofana chrysoiioc Kirk. H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I, 435.

(3) D. hacmatoiicura Kirkaldy.
Rliofcnio hacmatoncnra Kirk. H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I, 435.

Lci'u Kirk.

H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. I, 434.

Walker's error in numbering the figures on his plate caused
Kirkaldy to refer this to Paricaim; it is related to Rhofana, from
which it differs in the shorter pronotum, angularly emarginate
behind, and the greater development of the shoulder keels, char-
acters which I do not think will hold good with the increase of
specific forms.

(1) L. -c'ificiisis Kirkaldy.

(2) L. halosydiicy (Kirkaldy).

Rhofana halosydnc Kirk. H. S. P. A. Ent. Bull. Ill, 169. This
is typical of Lci'u and if the genus is retained must be placed
therein.

(3) L. amboiiiciisis sp. nov. ( $ ).

Stramineous, eyes castaneous ; tergmina and wings hyaline,
subopaque with waxy secretion, veins yellowish ; tegmina with
fuscous mark from media to cubitus across median cross vein,
and another a little beyond to hind margin, a small dark spot at
ajiical fork of radia and media. The structure of head and thorax
and neuration of tegmina is typical of genus.

Length of body 2 mm. ; tegmen 3.S mm.

Habitat : Amboina.

(4) L. siifflava sp. nov. ( 9 ).

Yellowish, reddisli along keels of face : tegmina hyaline, sub-
opa([ue with waxy secretion, veins on basal half white, on ajiical

85

half .slii^htly infuscatc, a black mark at aj^ical fork of media. The
emargination of pronotum is not so deep or so angular as in the
type and the branch of cubitus is missing.

Length of body 2.2 mm. ; tegmen 4.6 mm.

Hal)itat : Mowong.

(5) L. rubra sp. n. ( 9 ).

This differs from the type in having the vertex slightly flat-
tened, the junction of face and vertex being angular; the ])rono-
tum is less angularly and deeply emarginate behind and the tcg-
mina differ in the cubital veins.

Red ; the legs and tip of abdomen somewhat paler ; tegmina
hyaline, red-veined, slightly fuscous along clavus veins ; wings
hyaline, reddish-veined.

Length of body 2 mm. ; tegmen 3.5 mm.

Llabitat : Amboina.

(6) /.. laraiica sp. nov. ( 5 $ ).

Li structure of head and neuration of tegmina this agrees with
rubra.

Stramineous ; keels on face and a spot on gena in front of eye
red ; tegmina hyaline, veins yellowish, cells besides veins infus-
cate, especially the transverse veins from radia to cubitus.

Length of body 1.5 mm.; tegmen 3 mm.

Habitat : Larat.

86

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

1. T/iyroccplialiis Haz'omaculatiis, lateral view of pyg'ophor.

2. " pscudolaratensis, " '' "

3. " knatcnsis, " " "

4. " Icucoptcnis, external view of left genital

style.

5. " psciidotypicns, external view of left genital

style.

6. " obscunts, external view of left genital style.

7. J\'kiii'.fa Jiyaliua, internal view of left genital style.

8. Phaiitasniatocera pscndonigricornis, ventral view of last ab-

dominal segment of ? .

9. " mgricornis, ventral view of last abdominal

segment of 2 .

10. " arhorca, ventral view of last abdominal

segment of $ .

11. " larafcnsis, ventral view of last abdominal

segment of 5 .

12. " ' imopunctata, ventral view of last al^dominal

segment of ? .

13. " paUidocornis, ventral view of last abdom-

inal segment of 9 .

14. " pscitdopallidoconiis, ventral view of last

abdominal segment of ? .

15. " I'iticnsis, ventral view of last alxliMiiinal

segment of 9 .

16. " papttano, ventral view of last abdominal

segment of 9 ..

17. " lalol'cnsis, ventral view of last abdominal

segment of 9 .

18. Eosaccliarissa larafica, lateral view of bead.

19. Szvczcxia larafica, dorsal view of bead and tborax.
19a. "■ " lateral " " " "

20. Dichotropis ainboiiteiisis, front view c^f bead.

21. Goiicokara piiUiiin. tcgmcn.

22. PJutcioccphahts iiiilfodias, tegmen.

23. Basilcoccphaliis flnntiiiafonofus, tegmen.

24. Thyi'occpliahis larafcnsis, tegmen.

25. Cyclomcfopum amhoincnsis, tegmen.

Plate 1.

PLATE II.

1. jllccyiiorliyiicliiis kcrsliaz^i. front view of head,
la. " " lateral " " "

2. AIci!;atropis cocciiicoliiiea, " " " "

3. Ncocyclouictopum sordidiiiii, " " " "

4. Kampiilokara cacnosuui, front view of head.
4a. " " lateral " "

5. Lcptalcoccra coccinca, " " " "

6. Goncokara pulliiiii, " " " "

7. Ncsokara pirociisis, " " " "

8. Eocenchrca iiiaorica, front view of head.

9. Platoccro anniiUpcs, lateral " "

10. Paralyriccii jcpsoiti, " " " "

11. Kaha media, " " " "

12. Cvcloijictopiiin aiiiboiiiciisis, lateral view of head

13. Cyclokara girdlcstoni, " " " "

PlatL' II.

90

PLATE 111.

1. Paraprouiista media, tes^men.

2. " ccraiiiciisis, tegmen.

3. Platoccra aiiiiiilipcs

•I. Cydokara girdlcstoni.

5. Pyrrhoncura immaculata,

6. Diclwtropis ainboi>icnsis,

7. Kampulokara cacnosnm, "

8. Eoccnchvca niaorica, "

9. Paralyriccii jcpsoiii.

10. Mccyiiorhyjiclius kcrslui'cci,

11. Szccccxia laratica,

12. LcomcUcharia fuscovittata ''

13. A'Csokaha pirocnsis, "

14. Mci!^atropis coccincoUnca, ''

15. Lcptalcoccra coccinca,

16.. P]\acioccpliahis piillafus, "

c sc r

joJ ^ ' m fi rn4-

mo

c2 m5

Folate III.

INDEX TO GENERA.

Acariin
Afaka .

PAGE

13, 17
. . . 63

Alara 81

Amboina 16

Amphiscepa 19

Aiiotia 43

Ai)lieli)nema 25

Areha

Armaeia

Arunta

Aulaeoeephala . . ,

Baeturia

Basileocephalus 3J, 38

Birdantis

Bruchomorpha

Camilla

Capelopterum

Cedusa 32, 33, 35

Cenchrea 30, 32

Chaprina

Cicada

Collar

Corania

Cosmopsaltria

Cryptoflata

Cuernavaca

Cyclokara 32,

Cyelometopiim 32,

Cyrpoptus

Dawnaria

Decora 81,

Delphax

Derbp 31,

Deribia 44,

Devadaiula

I>ic-liiitro])is 81,

I)ictyoi)li()ra i-~>,

Uiosti'ombus 31, 63,

Drona

Electryone

Kocenchrea 32, 36.

Kds.-iccliarissa 44,

Eui'iii(i])syche

Ffiiu:iliala 44,

I-'csccnnia

Plata . .

Fulgora .
Gaetulia .
Gelastissus
Genestia .
Goneokara
Hansenia .
Hasta . . .

.11, 13, 14,

Tlflcita

Hi^mispliaerius

Herona.K 41, 59,

Hei-pis 32,

Hilavrita

HiK'chys

TTy.stor()))ti>riim

Intoranima

.Tada ■ ■ ■

Kaha 44, 51,

Kaiiiciidaka 44,

Kimipiilokara 43,

Kcniicsia 29,

Kuraii da

Tiamenia ..32, 35, 36, 37,

liatei'iiaria

Tjpomelioharia 62, 63,

Tjeptaleocera 44,

Tjpptop.saltria

T'Pvu 81, 83,

Lollius

Tjvriopn 44,

Machaprota

Maknla

Mopyiiovhvnclius 81,

MpRatropis ,S1, 44,'

Miasa

Mimophantia

43

17

46

43

8

63

11

26

63

25

, 38

, 37

44

7

20

31

9

14

33

, 41

11

32
83
38
81
57
43
83
13
80
80
12
37
53
12
59
63
22
16
19

25
83

32

23

16

63

24

60

36

2*?
8

27

44

63

52

54

45

81

43

38

11

65

59
9

84

25

53

10
44

57
13

PAGE

Mindura 19

Muiria (V2, 63

Mysidia 31 81

Nebrissa . ... 70

Neocyelonietopum 44, 61

Neonipl it'll aria 19 20

Nephesa 22, 23

Nprsia

Nesoeora 43 45

Npsokaha .' . 44^

NesoiiPiira 43'

Nesonipha.s .'

Nesophaiita.sma 46,

Nicerta 44]

Nipbododite 44'.

Nisia 29,

Nogodina

Nuruiideria

Odyxa '..'.'.'.'.'.'.

Olearu.s

Ornipnis

Orodictya

Otiocenis 30,

Paiiiaiulaiiga

Paralyrifen 44,

Parandeiiina

Paraprouti.sta 63,

Paratplla

Paricana

Patara

Pectiiiarioi:hyes

Peggia

Peggiopsis 63,

Persis

Petriisa

Phacioc-pphalus 30. 32, 34,

Phaconeui-a 29, 80,

Phantasmatoc'pra 43, 45, 46, 48,

Phpnice 63,

Philadelpbia

Phra

Phyllodryas

Phyllyphaiita 20,

Platocera 44, 60,

Platypleura

Poeciloptpra

Pochazia

Polyehaetophyes

Pompon ia

Prasia

13
50
51
51
43
48
56
60
81
19
19
22
28
23
16
43
63
52
32
77

.63, 73,

Proutista

Putala

PvrrboTipura 43, 45,

Rhotaiia 31. 81, 82. 83,

Rieaiiia 17,

Ricanoptera

Robigus 42,

Sahiriiis

Sassida

Scamaiidi'a

Seiprnjitpra

Sikiana 31, 62,

Siphaiita

Sumangaba

Suva 29, 80,

Swpzeyia 31, 43, 46,

Svntaiiip.s

Tapoosa

Tp.iasa 22

84
43
10
63
72
32
22
81
81
50
73
63
44
22
21
61
7
35
18
10
10

a

79
12

51
84
18
18
44
21
18
11
8
63
21
81
81
50
32
44

Tpiiipsa

Thapbpiia

Thanatodictya

Thracia

Thvroppphahis 32, 37, 38,

Triop.si.s

Udugaiiia

Vekunta 32, 33,

Vivaha

3 7

Zeiif

•S

31, 62,

.28, 31, 63, 66, 67,

16
67
42
43
12
37
44
66
72