nN . ? ) . nN ‘ . \ s 4 bd ‘ 4 x . . N ‘ " ‘ . 4 ‘ 4 4 . . . : . . uA
A
3 ®
. ;
m 7
~ :
’ > \ ‘ . * . ~~
Kweege
ee
wy,
PAPAS ELALSSLEEPAABL ALL 4
SAPPY
x x > S . AN < . SN ae EES " . - * . < < . . S . sAQ . B SS ~ “SN . ‘ . 2% x ~
~~
Shelf AZ 15
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, |) ChapQ SAveiyringt Do.
> : =. - - - My + - 7 +, , - ' * . x ‘ rs ' ‘ a
4
rt a
Weahes and flowers:
OBJECT LESSONS
IN
mA ANY.
Nogsie Liverwort (Hepatica triloba, p. 14%): 1,a stamen seen in front; 2, in rear; 3, a pistil or carpel; 4, 5, the ovale pendulous, and anatropous, i. e., bent over on its stalk; 6, a section of the full-grown seed, showing the 2-cotyledoned embryo ‘at the end of the large albumen. (From ‘14 Weeks in Botany. ’’)
Leaves and Flowers;
OR,
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
A FLORA.
PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS,
By ALPHONSO WOOD, Pu.D.
AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC.
A. S. BARNES & COMPANY, NEW YORK AND CHICAGO. NIMS & KNIGHT, TROY, N. y.
, ad
WOOD’S BOTANY.
I. OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY,
Pleasing lessons for young learners.
II. BOTANIST AND FLORIST,
A thorough text-book, comprehensive and practical.
Ill THE NEW CLASS-BOOK,
A superb and exhaustive compilation and encyclopedia of the science.
IV. BOTANICAL APPARATUS, |
A complete field outfit, consisting of Portabie Trunk, Drying Press, Trowel, Lens, Tweezers, Etc., prepared under the supervision of Prof. Woop.
VWTHE STUDENT'S /} PLANT RECORD,
A book of blank forms, facilitating the azalysis of plants, and recording the results of such analysis, and the progress of the student.
*,* The Publishers will send either of above, postage or freight prepaid, on receipt of price. :
Copyright, 1888, by A. S. BARNES & CO.
| PREFACE,
Amone the happiest days of our childhood were those devoted to the study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those rambles in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in © the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance with many a floral gem before unknown. We love to think of that wild woodland lake where first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint Sarracenia, and the fair Nymphea, resting on the bosom of the waters; or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yeilow Violet, the Hepatica, and the Bloodroot bloomed; or of that craggy mountain, where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung out its scarlet flowers. Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could have compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as to be no irksome task, but a pastime,—a perpetual feast; and this not only to maturer minds, but to the season of early youth even in a higher degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the charms of novelty.
Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. No science is more intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci- _ pline for the mind as well as for the body; and since the subject itself is replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its pursuit must also conduce to the invigoration of the moral nature.
If, then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty,—with exalted
6 PREFACE.
thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and decision of character; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a study whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study of Botany desirable; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen.
As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every subject or form treated of, or described in these Lessons. But, notwith- standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature’s works, and it is only by comparison with the living specimen that eithsr the picture or the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited number accompany every botanical recitation.
Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maout, Payer, Richard, Balfour, Lindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl- ington’s “* Weeds and Useful Plants.”
Finally, to the children and youth of our country, gathered in schools of every name, this humble volume is dedicated, with confident belief that it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture as well as of pure and rational delight.
Brooktyn, N, Y., February 23, 1863.
BOTANICAL APPARATUS.
The Publishers have recently provided and have on sale a set of apparatus of the most approved form for the use of the student in botanical pursuits, and as described in the Class- Book, page 15, It consists of a knife-trowel for digving and cutting specimens, a microscope and tweezers for analysis, a tin-box for preserving them fresh, and a press for drying them. The Set, securely packed, will be sent by Express to order, at a moderato price,
THe PLANT RECORD.
‘*The Botanical Index,” a work for Schools and Seminaries, altogether new and pecu- liar. It gives blank forms, by which an Laan dirs record can be made of the plants and flora, the student may examine.
Also, in the domain of Science, the Publishers offer Steele’s 14 Weeks’ Course in Astronomy.
us 6 Me Chemistry (with Apparatus). ‘“ “ ot Philosophy (with Apparatus). “ +“ Me Geology (with Cabinets). .
4“ “ sf Physiology (with Models).
CONTENTS.
"aGE
oni Sait as be ehaiuan tS oce mS pay a oka a woth e de, am ete we 5 baeeeson 1. The Leaf and its parts ..... 00. saws wens eee BIO Sie ab. cata we. 9 9. Veins and Venation of the Leaf .............ceccccvee eee ae !
fae 3. Forms and Figures of Leaves o. ii. is .6 60s 2s00c cee pe eae 15 fee e Porms and Firures of Leaves. vc . << oi visiy seine sce shin sep ss 19 cee iter Forme and Picures.. 2. 60. secs oe ek ve ee cee eee 22 ee emir MN APGX 25. eins Se Wain sow ee eee he nee beeen 26 nT ARINC EVGAVES. ok 6. in on ees es ee te ee cee been snenaes 28 ———. 8. Sessile Leaves.—Forms of Stipules. ................2.008- 32 ——— 9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds. ............. 00-02 ce ene oo -_—— 10. Appendages, &&........... CEE 8, ERS pe ae Oe Ae ane, 38 prea APEPUME Ge GO) P IWEE ¢ Sie keene sp. .s ceca See ye eee es 4] i2. More about the Calyx and Corolla. ics... cli ee cee eee 43 OE gh oo a ee Se ae eS eae 48 eee oe. Worms Gf PUG ermemGlh |. 6 OK en SA a se een ne sew ece bos 50 ee ENT ales SOMEONES. Osc wrk ek lec eed wv dee ce ca ee aes 54
eee PROES Mit: bre) UMINCRE Ay, oars. Sis CRU wo She ce ete as’ 59
ee ee OE CE OWE ee pata wale es gs se daca wcarawss 62 NI BRI AM os ghee ein oo cr ye aS sia iwisi eo winnie. ne ve eetes se 67 ——_— 19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud...................- 71 ——— 20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant ............ epee (3. — 21. The Inflorescence continued ......... 0... cee cece cece eese 78 eae Memeceeeliverm: Cie MEM sre eae e's 83
—— 23. Fruits continued ......... cee eee cee eee eee eee ee eae 88 Renee, Coneerming the Sees. oo. coe cw cw cee we ce ets weeens 92 20. “The Seed becoming a Plant i. ..).5.. 2.260848. Laveen hoe 95
— 26. Life of the Plant, or its Biography ............. 0.02 ee eee 100 —— 27 Of the Axis of the Plant................ Be Siw Miva aoa sa heater 103 —— 28. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis .............. ceeceeee eee 106 —— 29. Plants to be arranged in Classes............... erg . 118
8 CONTENTS.
PAGE Leeson $0. The Natural System... ..00sccncesscces s-00s om eeeennn 118 31. More about the Natural System...... siewe tes ee an eae ————= $2, Of the Analysis of Plants... .....0060000+00n00 0b amen 122 —— 33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables ........ ook wee ee 34. Various Suggestions and Cautions ........ Per 128 Abbreviations and Signs . 4 1... 0s kisses ceeese se enas sons Seen as So | Analysis of the Natural Orders. ... 2.2.0... e005 sas 00s sic aoe © 132 Tne FLorA.—Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens..............e- 148 Cohort 2. The Gamopetalous Exogens...........0s0s: 215 Cohort 8. The Apetalous Exogens ........... Pipepiyoy ss) 275
Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted). Cohort 5. The Spadiciflora.. vo... i. 6sncce ane eee 282 Cohort 6. The Floridia ....... 0.0... .<+s 0s see 284 lonsary Of Botanical Terms... co... cc css onc wee neeceeee oa cemeene 302
Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, Wc..... ...seeseee- » BOD
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON I. THE LEAF, AND ITS PARTS.
fig. 1. Leaf of the Quince.
1. We have before us the picture of a Quince leaf, care fully drawn from nature. It is of a rich green color, very pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace fully curved, and its upper surface is smooth and naked. Although it is indeed but one leaf, yet it seems to be made up of three parts—4é, p, ss.
2. The upper part, 6,is broad and thin, and is called the
10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
BLADE. The upper end of the blade is the apex, and the lower end is the base. You see at once that the outline of this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex, like the figure of anegg. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf: or, to use a softer word, ovate.
3. Now see how this blade is supported. At the base it is suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called the prriotE. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and slender, and in this leaf terete, or cylindrical, in form. But in some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its name,— petiole.
4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of little leaf-like bodies, one on this side and one on that. These we call the strpuLes. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and placed at the base of the petiole. ‘Their shape is quite various.
5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all. Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some leaves, moreover, have not even a petiole. See the leaves of . Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sesszle, that is, sitting.
1. What is the color of the leaf cf the Quince bush? What is the color of leaves generally? Ans. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the outline of this leaf?—its upper surface?
2. What is the blade ?—the apex ?—the base? What is the figure of the blade?
3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real name.
4. Describe the stipules.
5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves have stipules? Do the leaves of the Lilac?—of St. Johnswort, &. ?—of the
- VEINS OF THE LEAF. : JA
LESSON II. VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF.
6. Tue blade of the Quince leaf (Fig. 2) shows many vein running through it, and branching all over it. Examine
Fig. 2. Leaf of the Quince, showing the veins.
them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest vein in the leaf. This is the mzdvein.
7. Next observe several large branches sent off from this midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veznlets. Now, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of a feather, and we call such leaves feather-veined. Therefore,
Violet? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles?—of Phlox, for example f What do you understand by sessile leaves?
6. Describe the midvein of the Quince leaf.
7. Describe the veinlets. "What is the feather-veined venation?
12 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
we may say that the feather-veined venation consists of one midvein branching into veinlets. This is very common.
8. Thirdly, the veinlets themselves send off little branches (branchlets) on their right and left, and we call these the veinulets. These again and again may divide, and finally, all — the little divisions unite again, forming a complete net-work all over the leaf. Thus we learn what a net-veoned leaf is.
Fig. 8. The Willow leaf. Some of the veinulets are shown.
9. Here is a picture of the Willow leaf (Fig. 3). You can point out all its parts, and the three kinds of veins in it. In
Fig. 4. Leaf of the Red-bud (Cercis).
8. What are the veinulets? When is a leaf said to be net veined ?
VENATION OF THE LEAF. : 13
the next cut (Fig. 4), representing the Judas-tree or Red- bud leaf, you see a different venation. 10. At the base of the blade the petiole seems to divide all at once into five large veins, each running through, one to the apex, and four to the margin. In this case the vein- ing (that is, the venation) is compared to the division of the hand (or palm of the hand) into fingers, and so named pal-
Fig. 4a. Leaf of Sweet-gum (Liguidambar).
mate venation. Therefore, you may say that the palmate venation consists of about five veins starting together at the base of the blade, each one branching into veinlets and veinulets. Fig. 4 a is a lobed leaf of the Liquidambar tree
9. Note the parts of this Willow leaf. Point out its midvein. Its veinleta —veinulets. : 10. Define the palmate venation What are the veins?
14 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
with palmate venation. Maple leaves are very familiar ex amples of the same. |
11. Our next figure (5) represents the ieaf of the Tulip. How very different is its venation! How smooth, even, and polished its surface! The veins all run side by side, from base to apex, in graceful and regular curves. They are so nearly parallel, that this kind of venation is called the parallel venation. Look at the grass leaves, the Corn leaves, and the Palm leaves, and see the same kind of venation.
q : \
Fig. 5. Leaf of Tulip. Fig. 6. Leaf of the Climbing Fern.
12. Let us examine one other kind of venation, and the list will be complete. Here is a cut showing the leaf of
11. Define the parallel venation. Mention examples. 12. The forked venation. Examples. Now repeat the names of the five or six kinds of venation.
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. | 15
Climbing Fern (Fig. 6). To say nothing of the five veins (which are palmate, as in the leaves of Sweet-gum, Fig. 4 a), you may notice the veinlets, how they fork and run to the margin, without uniting again to form a net-work. This is the forked venation. You will find this sort in nearly ail the Ferns.
LESSON III. FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.
13. You have already noticed that the form of the Quince leaf, and of most others, is a thin, flat expansion, presenting a large surface to the air. A few plants have thick, solid leaves, as the leaves of the Live-forevers and Ice-plants
Fig. 7. Represents a branch of J uniper, with awl-shaped leaves (rsubulate). Fig. 8. Leaves of the Fleur-de-lis (Jris); they are sword-shaped (ensiform). Fig. 9. Leaves of the Scotch Pine; they are needle-shaped (acerose).
Other plants have slender leaves, as the Pines. See Figs. 7, 8, and 9.
13. What is the general form of leaves? What plants have thick and solid leaves? What form of leaves has the Pine? the Iris? the Juniper?
16 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. |
14. We also spoke of the figure of the outline of the Quince leaf, which is ovate. But you must have observed that there is a very great variety in the figure of leaves, af- fording a very interesting study. First, we will examine, one
by one, the figures of the feather-veined leaves (Figs. 10-21.)
11 12 18
Fig. 10. Ovate leaf of the Pear-tree.
Fig. 11. Lanceolate leaf of the Flowering Almond.
Fig. 12. Narrow lanceolate leaf of the Weeping Willow. Fig. 18. Deltoid leaf of the White Birch.
15. The leaf of the Flowering Almond (Fig. 11) is lanceo- late. It is narrower than ovate, shaped like a lance, having the lower half wider than the upper. . This Willow leaf (Fig. 12) is narrowly lanceolate. The leaf of the Lombardy Pop- lar, or of the White Birch (Fig. 13), is so broad at the base as to form a three-sided figure. like the Greek letter (A) delta. Hence it is a deltoid leaf.
14. What is the figure of the Quince leaf? 15. Describe the figure of the leaf of Flowering Almond; of the Weeping Willow; of the Lombardy Poplar, & )
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 17
16. In the next four kinds of leaves you will notice that the broadest place is midway between the base and apex. Thus the orbieular (Fig. 14), or rounded, leaf is about as broad as it is long. The oval leaf (Fig. 15) is about one-third longer than broad. This Plum leaf is an example. The e?- leptical (Fig. 16) is about twice longer than broad, and the oblong (Fig. 17) is three or four times longer than broad. Here are examples. |
Fig. 14. Orbicular leaf of Winter-green (Pyrola). Fig. 15. Oval leaf of the Plum-tree.
Fig. 16. Elliptical leaf of Black Haw.
Fig. 17. Oblong leaf of a Willow.
17. We next have four varieties of forms which are broader towards the apex than base. First, the obovate (Fig. 18), like this leaf of the Smoke-tree. Its outline is like that of
16. When is the figure of a leaf called orbicular? Will you show me specimens? Describe an oval leaf, and give specimens. Describe an ellip tical leaf, and give examples. Describe an oblong leaf, and give examples.
17. When will the figure of a leaf become obovate? Give examples of
18 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the egy inverted. A similar form, but narrower, is the ob lanceolate; that is, the inverted lance-shaped, like the -eas of Papaw, or Fig. 19. Next, still narrower, is the spatulaie, a figure compared to the surgeon's spatula (Fig. 21); and lastly, the wedge-shaped, or cwneate, tapering from a broad apex to a slender base, as in Fig. 20.
Fig. 18. Obovate leaf of the Smoke-tree (Rhus Coétinus).
Fig. 19. Oblanceolate leaf of Muhlenbury’s Willow.
Fig. 20. Cuneate leaf of a Sundew (Lrosera longifolaa).
Fig. 21. Spatulate leaf of a Sundew (variety of D. longifolta).
18. Thus we have arranged these twelve forms of feather- veined leaves into three classes.
such leaves. Oblanceolate? Show us examples. Spatulate? Show us ex- amples. Wedge-shaped, or cuneate? Give examples.
18. Repeat the names of the four leaf-forms broadest at base ;—the four broadest in the middle ;—the four broadest towards apex.
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 19
LESSON IV FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES.
19. In many kinds of leaves we find the parts at the base more or less enlarged backwards, as you see in this picture
SSN
—=SS
Fig. 22. The Morning-glory.
of the Morning-glory leaf (Fig. 22). This is the heart shaped, or, more properly, the cordate leaf. It is truly an
20 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
elegant figure in this and in the Lilac, &c. But sometimes this peculiar enlargement at base becomes excessive, and the figures more curious than elegant. Such is the arrow-shaped figure, called sagzttate, having long-pointed base lobes, as seen in the Arrow-head (Fig. 47), the Scratch Knot-grass, &e. (Fig. 26.)
Fig. 28. Reniform leaf of Wild Ginger. Fig. 28. Fraser's Magnolia: obovate-
Fig. 24. Reniform leaf of Pennywort. spatulate, auriculate at base. Fig. 25. Peltate leaf of Pennywort. Fig. 29. Oblong leaf of the Toothed Fig. 26. Arrow-shaped leaf of Seratch Arabis. |
Knot-grass, Fig. 80. Three-lobed leaf of Liverwort.
Fig. 27. Spatulate leaf of Silene Virginica.
20. In the common Sorrel leaf, and in Fraser’s Magnolia leaf (Fig. 28), these base lobes remind one of ears, and such leaves are said to be awreculate (from the Latin auricula, ar
19. Describe the cordate leaf, and give examples. The sagittate, and ex amples.
20. Describe the auriculate form, and give examples. The reniform. Examples.
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. : 21
ear). In some leaves these lobes are very broad and round- ed, giving to them a kidney-shaped form, that 1s, reniform, as you see in this Wild Ginger leaf (Fig. 23), and in the Pennywort (Fig. 24). The pedtate, or shield-shaped leaf (Fig 95—another Pennywort) has its base lobes united, and its pet iole fixed to the under side. See, also, Nastirtion leaves. 91. We will next study a class of forms with deeply lobed or cleft blades, not well filled up between the veinlets.
32 33 84
Fig. 31. Bi-pinnatifid leaf of Pig-weed.
Fig. 82. Sinuate-lobed leaf of White Oak.
Fig. 83. Undulate-lobed leaf of Jack Oak.
Fig. 34. Lyrate leaf of Moss-cup Oak.
Fig. 35. Lobed leaf of Mulgediwm (Blue Milkweed).
First, look at this Liverwort leaf (Fig. 30). It is cleft in two places, rendering it three-lobed. The Sweet-gum leaf (Fig. 4 a) is five-lobed Oak leaves are lobed in many pat- terns, according to the kind. The White Oak has a sinuate-
21. What is the figure of the Liverwort leaf? What the figure of the Maple leaf? What kind of venation have these last two? eae the fig ure of the White Oak leaf. Of the Mossy-cnp Oak.
22, OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
lobed leaf (Fig. 32), the Mossy-cup Oak has a lyrate leaf, having its terminal lobe larger than any other (Fig. 34). 22. Fig. 35 is the leat of a kind of Milkweed, called Dfiil- y gedium, with chan lobes pro- / jecting at right angles to the midvein; and Fig. 36 is of the Wild Lettuce, with lobes peint- » ing or hooking backwards. Such leaves are called rwum- cinate. The Dandelion has also runcinate leaves. When a leaf has only shallow lobes, fig. 86. Leaf of Lactuea elongata, or aS you see in F ig. 33, it ap- Me Aen pears with a wavy outline, called undulate. It is a leaf of that beautiful tree called at the West, Jack Oak.
\
LESSON V.
OTHER FORMS AND FIGURES. |
23. Ir is now time to learn the difference between a sim- ple and a eompound leaf. The simple leaf has but one blade, as the Quince leaf, and all the leaves which we have hitherto noticed. We have now before us a compound leaf, one plucked from a Rose-bush (Fig. 39), consisting of several distinct blades on one petiole. It has also one pair of stip-
22. What of the figure called runcinate? Describe the undniate leaf What example? What kind of venation have the last four forms ? 23 What is a simple leaf? A compound leaf?
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. | 23
Fig. 37. Compound leaf of Red Clover. ) Fig. 88. Simple leaf of Willow (Salix lucida). 87. 38. Fig. 39. Compound leaf of Rose.
ules, like a simple leaf. This Clover leaf is also compound (Fig. 37), having stipules (s), as well as this simple leaf of the Shining Willow (Fig. 38).
24. But here is a leaf, the Celandine (Fig. 40), which is almost, but not quite, compound. The blade is feather- veined, and deeply divided into several parts, called segments. Such a leaf is called pennatifid. In Fig. 31, the leaf of a garden weed (Ambrosia), you observe that the segments are themselves pinnatifid, so that the leaf is twice or bi-pinnatifid
24. Please define the pinnatifid leaf. The bi pinnatifid.
24 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
25. But what form of leaf is this (Fig. 41) of the Fennel-flower, with such a multitude of nar- row segments? You may call it pen-nat-2-sect,a long word which signifies dzs- sected in a pinnatifid manner. The Thistle leaf is also pinnatisect, al- though quite different in form.
26. Fig. 42 represents a pedate leaf of a Pas- sion-flower. Observe its palmate venation, each of its veins bearing a seg- ig. 40. Pinnatifid leaf of Celandine. ment, and each lower Fig. 41. Pinnatisect leaf of Fennel-flower.
eegment double, so resembling a bird’s foot. Pedate means foot-shaped.
Sa Fig. 42, Pedate leaf of Passion-flower. Fig. 48. Laciniute leaf of Monk’s-hoca. —
25. What do you call such leaves as those of the Fennel-flower ?
LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. rigs 25
27. The singular leaf of Monk’s-hood ap- pears as if gashed with scissors, and may be called laciniate, or gashed (Fig. 43). _ 28. The parallel-veined leaves may have > figures similar to the net veined, as lanceo- ‘ late (Fig. 44), orbicular (Fig. 45), cordate (Fig. 46), sagittate (Fig. 47), &c.; but the most usual form is the dznear, like the Grass leaf (Fig. 48), which is long and narrow, with sides nearly parallel. The sword-shaped leaf, or enstform, differs from the linear in having its edges vertical, not horizontal as other leaves. See the Iris. 8.
26,27. Pedate? Laciniate? State the venation of the above forms.
28. What is a linear leaf? an en- siform? Define the word vertical
Lif ee Be Fig. 44. Lanceolate,—Lily of the Valley. Fg. 46. Cordate leaf of Pond-weed. Fig. 45. Orbicuiar,—Round-leaved Orchis. Fig. 47. Sagittate ieaf of Arrow-head Fig. 4S. Uinear leaves of Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium).
26 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON ¥ 4. MARGIN AND APEX.
29. In describing a leaf we are to consider the patterns of its border, or margin, which are quite various, and often elegant. Some of the leaves heretofore noticed have the
iy
“hi Lee, Wh AW mils Mee
SS S . } 4 | SS S \\ f /) ath il MY 4 p XY Hi WE Gy GMa 7 \} il ty v4) ut Y Uf 7 WZ YW; y “Hil 1 \) y ( 7 Yo WW, Za
Fig. 49. Scrrate leaf of Chestnut. Fig. 53. Repand leaf of Enchanter’s
Fig. 50. Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. Night-shade (Circea Lutetiana).
Fig. 51. Dentate leaf of Arrow- wood Fig. 54. Undulate leaf of Shingle Oak (riburnum dentatum). (Q. imbricaria).
Fig. 52, Crenate leaf of Catmint. Fig. 55. Lobed leaf of Chrysanthemum.
inargins entire and even, as in the Quince leaf, or the Lily, But most leaves are notched in various ways. For exaimple, 30. This Willow leaf (Fig. 3) is notched in the margir
29. When is the margin said to be entire ?
MARGIN AND APEX, | 97
like a saw, with the teeth projecting forward. Such a mar: gin is said to be serrate, or, if the teeth are quite small, ser- rulate. When the teeth point neither forward nor back- ward, but outward, we call the margin dentate, or toothed ; and if the teeth are quite small, denteculate. See Figs. 49, 50, 51, &e.
31. Some leaves are margined with rounded and blunt teeth, and we call them crenate (Fig. 52); or, 1f such teeth are very small, crenulate.
32. In Figs. 13 and 50, you see that the teeth themselves are again toothed, an arrangement called doubly serrate. So we may find leaves doubly dentate or doubly crenate. Thus we have described seven modes or styles of border- ing. Several other modes are found described in the larger
botanies. AP EK xX.
ONMOON OM. yi WD
0
~_—
m | Fig. 56. Apex of leaves: a, obcordate; 6, emarginate; c, retuse; d, truncate; 8, obtuse; f, acnte; g, mucronate; A, cuspidate; 4, acuminate. Fig. 57. Bases of leaves: 1, hastate; m,n, sagittate; 0, auriculate; p, cordate. J, rer iform.
30 When is the margin serrate? When serrulate? How joes the den tate differ from the serrate ?
61. What sort of teeth does the crenate imply? Crenulate?
32. Explain doubly dentate, &c
28 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
83. It is also necessary to be acquainted with the vari: ous forms of the apex of leaves. This diagran. (Fig. 56) will assist the memory. The apex may be acumznate, end- ing in a long, tapering point; or cuspzdate, suddenly con- tracted to a sharp, slender point; mucronate, tipped with A spiny point; acute, simply ending with an angle; obcuse, blunt.
34. Or the leaf may end without a point, being truncate, as if cut square off; retwse, with a rounded and slightly de- pressed end where the point should be; emargunate, having a small notch at the end; obcordate, having a deep inden- tation at the end. See also, and explain, the diagram of the bases of leaves (Fig. 57). |
LESSON VII. COMPOUND LEAVES.
35. A compounp leaf consists of several distinct blades borne on one petiole. (See Lesson V., first paragraph.) These separate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own foot-stalk, called petiolule, and its own midvein, &c.
36. The Rose leaf (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or sim-
33. What does the term acuminate imply? What sort of apex is cuspi date? mucronate? acute? obtuse?
34. When may we call the apex truncate? retuse? emarginate t obcor date? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves. | 35. Define a compound leaf. What is a leaflet ? bic, do you cal] the
foot-stalk of the leaflet ? ©
ee os
COMPOUND LEAVES. 29
ply pinnate, having several leafiets arranged along both sides of the com- mon stalk. This common stalk, an- swering to the midvein of a simple leaf, is called the rachis.
87. Among pinnate leaves, there are, at least, three important distinc- tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and 61. One of them ends with an odd leaflet, and is called odd-pinnate. Another ends with a pair of leaflets, and is egually pinnate. Another still has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate,
Fig. 58. Leaf of the Rose.
60 \ 2.
Fig. 59. Odd-pinnate leaf (Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony), Fig. 60. Equally pinnate leaf (Cassia). Fig. 62. Pinnately ternate (Desmodium). Fig. 63. Palmately ternate (Clover).
06. Define the pinnate leaf. What is the rachis?
37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and ejually pinnate. What leaf is interruvtedly pinnate ?
30 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
38. Every one knows that the number of leaflets in the Clover is three; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of the Desmodium leaf.. Such leaves are called ternate. But here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said to be pinnately ternate; in Clover, the odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the other leaflets; this is palmately ternate.
Fig. 64. Honey Locust. Fig. 65. Poison Hemlock.
39. Fig. 64 represents a bc-pinnate (that is, twece pinnate) ieaf of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have each become itself a pinnate leaf. And stili more compound is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being tra-pinnate, or thrice pin- nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we have 02-ternate and tri-ternate. |
38. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between the pin > nately ana the palmately ternate ?
39. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate? What is a bi-ternate leaf? A tri-ternate?
FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. — 3]
40. All the above forms of com- pound leaves, except the Clover, are founded on the pinnate vena- tion; but the palmate venation gives us the palmatelv ternate (Clover, already described); the guinate, with five leaflets; the sep- tinate, with seven leaflets, &e. See the leaves of Horse-chestnut, of Heimp, and of this Lupine (Fig. 66).
Fig. 67. Rose-bay (Rhododendron). Fig. 72. Sugar-berry ( Celtis Americana), Fig. 68. Alder (Alnus glauca). Fig. 73. Enchanter’s Night-shade (Cér Fig. 69. Knot-grass (Polygonun sagitta- cwa tutetiana).
tum). Fig. 74. Catmint (Wepeta Glechoma). Fig. 70. Papaw (Asimina triloba). Fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solidugo Canudvi
fig.71. Touch-me-not (Impatiens fulva). _ sis), a triple-veined leaf.
The pupils should be required to describe the leaves iv this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base.
32 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
fvg. 76. Potentilla anserina; leaf with five cut lobes, almost quinate.
Fig. 77. Potentilla tridentata; ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets Fig. 78. Jeffersonia diphylla; a binate leaf.
fig. 79. Lemon ; a simple leaf jointed to the petiole.
LESSON. VIII. SESSILE LEAVES—FORMS OF STIPULES.
41. We have already stated (Lesson I., § 5) that many ‘eaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. 80 (an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson Ill, § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be am- plexicaul (stem-clasping).
492, In the next figure (81, Bellwort) the leaves are ellipti- eal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing es if the stem passed through-the leaf; that is, perfoliate.
40. What kind of venation have all these forms? On the palmate vena tion what forms are founded ?
41. When are leaves said to be sessile? Define an amplexicavt leaf
42. Can you define a perfoliate leaf?
FORMS OF THE PETIOLE i 33
Fig. 80. Ampiexicaul leaves of Aster laevis. Fig. 81. Perfoliate leaves of Bellwort ( Uvularia perfoliata). Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens).
43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such are connate leaves.
44, The forms of the petiole, when the petiole exists, are also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender stem, but you will often find it flattened. Have you ever noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which sv easily flutters in the gentlest breeze? Its petiole is flattened vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-ward. Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed, and it must be very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at rest.
43. When are leaves said to be connate? 44. What is the usual form of the petiole? Carefully describe the petiole
ef the Aspen. 9%
34 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. <A sheath-
ung petiole embraces the stem with its winged edges like s sheath. You can find plenty of examples of these forms.
Hig. 88. Rose,—stipules adnate. Fig. 84. Violet (V. tricolor),—gashed stipules
46. Let us now study more particularly the varying forms of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les- son I., § 4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Rose and of a Pansy (Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former
VG
Fig. 85. Leaf of Conioselinum,—tri-pinnate, with sheathing petiole. Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, with its (s) ochrea. Fig. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint (7), leaf (2), ligule (s).
Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules.
45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole? Can you describe a sheathing petiole? Give examples of these three forms.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35
has its stipules adnate; that is, growing to the petiole. The Pansy has large stipules deeply cleft into many segments. 47. Figs. 85-88 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric peticle, and a pair of small, narrow stipules (s). Fig. 86 is a Knot grass leaf, with an ochrea (s); that is, a pair of stipules 5 joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a degule (s) supposed to be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing petiole. ,
LESSON IX. ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS.
48. Ir you carefully notice how the leaves are distributed over any plant,—the Corn plant, for example,—yonu will soon admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first view, we might suppose their positions all accidental; but it is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the plant de- pends upon this circumstance.
49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady’s-slipper (89), we find the leaves alternate,—that is, one on this side, the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in
=e
46. Stipules ; can you repeat the definition? Describe the stipules of the Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy. 47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass—what called? Stipules of Grass—what called? 48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental ? 49. Can you describe the alternate arrangement? How is this arrange ment more accurately described ?
36 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the Elm, Cherry, Willow, and many other plants. But it would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all these cases, is spiral. (See Olass Book, § 224.)
Fig. 89. Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium),—leaves alternate. Fig. 90. Synandra,—leaves opposite.
Fig. 91. Larch (Zaria Americana),—leaves fasciculate. Fig. 92. Indian Cucumber (Medeola),—leaves whorled.
50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of the Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are opposite ; that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the New England woods, have whorled or verticillate leaves; that is, several in a circle at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines, &e., whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, are fasciculate. :
teed
50. Define the opposite arrangement. The whorled ; fasciculate
/
VERNATION.—LEAF-BUD ; 37
51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna- tion of the leaves (from the Latin vernus, spring). In this condition the young leaves are closely packed in many curi- ous modes, which are described in the Class Took, §§ 209-214.
52. If we dissect and carefully examine a ewelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe in the midst of it a tender point of a growing pith, bearing and covered by many circles of little leaves and seales, packed as close as possible. Fig. 94 shows a twig with two buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting the pith, growing point, young leaves, and
Fig. 98. A twig,
scales. with two lateral 53. According to this figure and the next nae one terminal ua.
(94), buds are either tevmznal (2), situated at Fig. 94. Same, the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a), split through the situated on the side. But we must more care. “? ""**
fully define the position of the lateral buds. Should we tell you that they are awillary, or located in the aad of a leaf, you would not understand, until knowing that the ex ofa leaf is the upper angle between the leaf-stalk and the stem. (See 6, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may soon confirm by your own observation, that there zs a bud at the termination of every stem or branch, and in the acl of
every leaf. 51. What is the meaning of the term vernation # 52. Give a careful definition of a leaf-bud. 53. What is a terminal bud? What an axillary? Where are bude al ays found? 3
38 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON XA. APPENDAGES, ETC.
54. Tue fendril is a very common appendage. You have gcen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea-vine, the Greenbrier, &e It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved point — like a finger, until it touches some object; then it quickly entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines, are too weak to stand without support.
Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea,—tendrils at end of rachis, Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa,—apex ends in a tendril.
fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed.
55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Those of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in the place of stipules; those of the Grape-Vines are opposite the leaves, in the place of clusters. | 56. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or
~
es _—
54. What is the first appendage mentioned? Please describe the form and use of the tendril. | 55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea: Greenbrier ; Grape-vine.
APPENDAGES. | 39
prickles, as if in self defence. See the Thorn-bush (Fig. 99), where the long straight thorns come from the axils of the leaves, and are woody. The terrible thorns of the Honey Locust (Fig. 100) are branched. Those of the common Locust are in the place of stipules. Those last mentioned, and all others which originate with the leaves (as in Berberis, Thistle, &c.), are more prop- erly called spines.
57. As for the Rose and Bramble, they are armed with prickles, which are horny in substance, connected with the Thorns.—Fig. 99. Crategus parvifolia bark only, not with the wood, (thorns axillary). ig. 100. Honey Lo-
, cust (branched thorns). (See Fig. 101.)
58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled with a fragrant volatile oil; sometimes raised on a hair (Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liguid.
59, Stings are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base filled with an acrid fluid. When touched the tip breaks off, the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected intu the wound. (See Fig. 106.)
56. What is the habit of the thorns of the Thorn-bush? of the Honey Locust? of the common Locust? What of the habit of spines?
57. What of prickles?
58. Describe glands, the two. kinds.
59. What is the structure and action of stings?
20 OBJECT LESSONS [IN BOTANY
101 102 103 104 105
What do these figures represent ?—Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appears under a strong magnifier; “7g. 104, an unbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a hair with a gland on it; Fzg. 103, also, is a gland on the top of a hair; Fig. 101 represents the hooked prickles of a Rose-bush, not magnified; Fig. 106 represents a sting of a Nettle, much magnified.
60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on the leaves and other parts of plants. By this clething pecu- liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described as follows.
61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface pubescent when the hairs are short and soft ; vzd/ows, when rather long and weak; sericzous, or silky; tomentous, when matted like felt, &. ,
62. But thinly scattered hairs make the surface hzrsute when they are long; pilows, when short and soft; Azspzd, when short and stiff, &e.
60. How are plants clothed ? 61. Define the term pubescent; villous, &. 62. Define the term hirsute; hispid, &.
ORGANS OF THE FLOWER. : 4]
GESSON -AXT: ORGANS OF THE FLOWER.
63. To-pay we commence the study of the beautiful flower We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or. gans are large and perfectly distinct. Observe, in the first place, that its brighter colors form a striking contrast with » the soft green of the leaves. 7 The coloring, the structure,
a
Fig. 107. Meadow Lily (Lilium Canadensis).
Fig. 108. Wake-robin (TZrillium erectum).
Fig. 109. Stamens (8, s) and pistil (p) of the Lily.
Fig. 110. Stamens (g, s) and pistils (p) of the Trillium.
42 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
and the fragrance of the flower are all worthy of its Infinite Creator, and remind us of his wisdom and goodness.
64. As to the structure of tne flower, it is always com- pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, a). You may call the flower-stalk the peduncle, and the point of attachment (7) the ¢orus, or receptacle. The former is the better name.
65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose it are called sepals (s, s,s); The inner circle is the corolla, and the three pieces which compose it are called petals (p, p,p). In the Lily and some other flowers the calyx is colored like the corolla. But it is not so generally. In the * Rose, Strawberry, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin- guished by some brighter color.
66. Now, taking both calyx and corolla together as a whole, we call them the perzanth (a Greek word, meaning around the flower). This name is very convenient when we speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are not much different.
63. What is the subject of to-day’s lesson? What do you notice as to the color of the flower ?
64. What is said of the compound nature of the flower? Of how many pieces is the flower of the Lily composed? What is the peduncle? What is the torus?
65. Will you point out and define the calyx? sepals? Will you point | out and define the corolla? petals? What of the colors of these organs?
66. What is the use of the word perianth? Will you point out and define the stamens? What of their uumber? What is the pistil? How many?
OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. ~ 43
67. Next within the perianth of the Lily we find six long, slender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens. In the Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred) of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find but two. But the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn. ‘ng-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c.
68. Lastly, this ees club-shaped body (p), here as long as the stamens, but of totally different.structure, is the pisézd. Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which has two, tle Rose, which has many.
69. Thus, we have learned that the flower—at least this flower—is compounded of four kinds of organs, those of each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second circle, of petals, constituting the corolla; the third circle, the stamens; the fourth circle, the pistils.
LESSON ATL
MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA.
70. Ler us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the Strawberry (Fig. 111), the Crowfoot, the Single Rose. In either you observe five green sepals, and the same number of colored petals. Notice also the positions of those organs, —how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, but there are many exceptions.
, 67. Lastly, review the whole arrangement. "70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals? What is the rule as to their relative position, &c.?
i
14 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. | Fig. 112. Flower of the Pink. 3 Fig. 113. Flower of the Lily.
71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in the sepal, you ean distinguish two parts,—namely, the broad, expanded part above, called the Zamna, and the narrow part at base by which it is attached to the torus; this is the claw (Fig. 116, c). The petal of the Pink has along claw; of the Rose or eercus (Fig. 119), a short one.
72. The forms of the petal are almost infinite in variety, like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c., and some:
71. Will you define the lamina? the claw? 72 Please mention some of the forms of petals.
OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. — 45
times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is the form of the bifid petal of a Cerastium; Fig. 115, the flower of Mitella, with five pinnatifid petals; Fig. 117, the flower of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig. 116, fringed, long-clawed petal of Silene stellata; Fig. 118, many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its honey scale, or nec- tary, at base.
Fig. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: s, s, 8, s, 8, sepals; a, tne upper sepal spurred; c, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx.
Fig. 121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed: p, p, the two double petals; s, s, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur.
73. A nectary is found also in the petals of Columbine (Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &c., distorting them into grotesque shapes, called spurs.
74. Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The calyx (¢) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teeth at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals
73 Whatisanectary? Whatisaspur? Examples.
46 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs. 128, 144), the Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127), &c., show a similar cohesion (union) of their petals into a ube more or less complete.
SS
nl ——
a LiF ( UD Fig. 124. Flower of Tecoma radicans fig. 123. Pink: a, the five petals; (the Trumpet-creeper): ¢ is the calyx, 6, the calyx, composed of five united composed of five united sepals; ¢, the sepals, c, a bract; d, several bract- tube; 8s, the segments of the corolla or
lets. the petals, forming the lorder.
75. The calyx with united sepals is called monosepalous, and the corolla of united petals monopetalous (from the Greek monos, one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted of only one sepal, &c. Gamopetalous and gamosepalous are similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these terms are polysepalous and polypetalous (Greek polys, many).
76. The gamosepalous calyx or gamopetalous corolla, al- though composed of several pieces, is described as a single organ, and its lower part, formed by the united claws, whether long or short, is the tube (Fig. 124, ¢); the upper
74. Describe the calyx of Pink ; corolla of Phlox. 75. Meaning of the terms monopetalous, &c.? %6. Define the limb of a monopetalous corolla; the tube; the throat
GAMOPETALOUS COROLLAS. | 47
part, composed of the united lamine, is the zmd (Fig. 128, s); the opening of the tube above is the throat.
fig. 125. Flower of Saponaria (Bouncing-Bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct. Fig. 126. Phlox; claws united, with lamine distinct.
Fig. 127. Spigelia (Pink-root); petais still further united.
Fig. 128. Quamoclit coccinea; petals united throughout.
77. In the Figs. 125-128, you may see how the petals in different flowers are distinct, or in various degrees united. In the Bouncing-Bet, the petals, with their long claws, are entirely dastinct. In Phlox, the claws unite in a tube, while the lamine are distinct. In Pink-root, only the narrow tips of the lamine are distinct; and in Quamoclit, the lamine also are wholly united.
77. What is the condition of the petals in Pink Soapwort? What their condition in Phlox? What their degree of cohesion in Pink-root? What in Quamoclit ?
48 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON XIII. ABOUT ADHESIONS.
78. Tue pupil will here find discussions more important and intricate. But if he bring to the task eyes determined to gee, and a mind determined to understand, the difficulties will soon vanish.
79. Cohesion, as taught in the last lesson, implies the union of organs of the same kind, as sepals with sepals, petals with petals; but adhesion implies the union of one kind of organ with another kind.
180
Fig. 129. Section of the flower of the Golden Currant, showing its parts. Fig. 180. Section of the flower of Fuchsia. Fig. 181. Of Early Saxifrage.
80. For example, split a flower of Phlox, and you will sea the five stamens adhering to the inner side of the corolla. tube, appearing as if inserted into it.
eee EE SS TT
79. Can you state how adhesion differs from cohesion ?
CONCERNING ADHESIONS. ce: 49
Si. Now we take it for granted that all the organs of the flower have their starting-point or origin at the same one point, namely, at the torus (¢, Fig. 129), hence in this figure of the Golden Currant, it is understood that from ¢ to wu the | calyx, corolla, stamens, and pistil, adhere together; from 7 to v, the calyx, corclla, and stamens, adhere; and at v, al the organs are separate, that is, free. Observe the same structure in the Ear-drop (Fig. 130).
82. In this and like cases, the calyx is said to be superior, because it seems to stand upon the pistil (ovary) and fruit, but the more correct term is, calyx adherent.
Fig. 182. Section of the flower of Yellow Violet: ¢, the torus. The stamens are hypogynous.
Fig. 183. Section of the flower of Pear: c¢, c, sepals; p, p, petals; s, s, stamens, —perigynous; 0, ovary,—inferior or adherent.
83. There are two other terms used in similar cases, which, although hard to pronounce, you may as well become ac- quainted with now. When the stamens adhere to the calyx
81. What do we take for granted? Please show the adhesions in th Golden Currant. $2. When is the calyx adherent? When superior? 7 | 3
50 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
or corolla they are said to be perigynous a Greek word, meaning ‘around the pistil’). Otherwise, when free, they are said to be hypogynous, meaning “ under the pistil.”
84. Now study attentively these figures, or rather, the flowers themselves. The figures are sections, 7. ¢., show the flowers as if split. Fig. 132 (the Violet) shows the stamens hypogynous and the organs all free. Fig. 133 (the Pear; slows the stamens perigynous, adhering to the calyx. Fig. 131 (the Saxifrage) shows the stamens perigynous and the calyx half adherent. Do not fail to examine many flowers until these troublesome terms become familiar, for these distinctions are very important.
LESSON XIV. FORMS OF PERIANTH.
85. White all flowers agree in certain general characteris- ties, so that you are never at a loss to recognize any one of them as a flower, yet in form and fashion they appear in infinite variety, each form endowed with its own peculiar grace. It is impossible to describe or name every form, but we will endeavor to reduce them to a few classes of forms.
86. Notice first that all forms are either polypetalous or gamopetalous, as already described (§ 75). Again, they are either regular or wregular. Compare the flower of Flax
83 When are the stamens said to be perigynous? When hypogynous?
84. How are they in Saxifrage? in Pear? in the Rose? the Violet?
86. What is the first division of the corolla forms? What is the second division? When is a flower said to be regular irregular?
FORMS OF PERIANTH. Z Bi
Polypetalous corollas.—Fig. 1384. Wild Apple (Pyrus corenaria),—rosaceoun Fig. 135. Wall-flower,—cruciform. Fig. 186. Scarlet Catehfly,—caryophyllaceous. Fig. 137. Atamasco Lily,—liliaceous.
and Pea. The former is equally and similarly developed all around, and each petal is like all the other petals. It is a regular flower. The Pea flower (Fig. 138) is unequally developed, some of the petals differing in form and size from the others, as shown in Fig. 139; therefore it is erregular.
87. The figures at the head of this page represent four different styles of corollas which are polypetalous and regu- lar. Fig. 134 (Wild Apple) is a rosaceous corolla, that is, rose-like, having five short-clawed petals. Fig. 185 (Wall- flower) is a cruciform (cross-shaped) corolla, with four long clawed petals.
88. Fig. 136 (Scarlet Ge chin) is a caryophyllaceous corolla,
87. Name the four forms of polypetalous, regular flowers. Can you de scribe the rosaceous corolla? What sort of corolla is the Wall-flower Mescribe it.
88. Please describe the Catchfly or Pink. What sort is it? The Lily please describe. What sort of corolla is it?
52 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
pink-like; a form with five long-clawed petals. Fig. 137 (Atamasco Lily) is a diliaceous corolla, having a six-leaved
perianth, made up of three sepals and three petals, all colored alike.
\ ee ‘ Vy 3 — = hs Z - ta iy F SF “i
GF, i; re < iy y, p Zi, iN WW Sac /| IF j oe » yy
y f ‘ \
sf NN \\
140
Fig. 188. Pea,—an irregular flower. Fig. 189. Its five petals shown separate, viz., . vw, the banner; a, a, the wings; ¢, c, the keel-petals. Fig. 140. Flax (Linum grandifiorum),—a regular flower.
89. Fig. 1388 is the flower of Sweet Pea, an irregular corolla, called papzilionaccous, or butterfly-shaped, consisting of five petals, as displayed in Fig. 189, wz., one odd petal above, very large, called the banner, two smaller petals below (4), called the see/, and two lateral petals (a, a), called the wings. )
90. We next propose to examine the principal forms of gamopetalous corollas. Here we have a beautiful array of them. Among the regular forms is, first, the Aotate, wheel- shaped or star-shaped, having a very short tube, and a flat, epreading border; as Fig. 141 (Campanula Americana).
91. Campanulate, bell-shaped, having a wide tube and
ne ee
89. Can you describe the papilionaceous corolla? 90. Of monopetalous corollas, describe the rotate. 91. The campanulat:
FORMS OF PERIANTH s 53
; 141
Gamoretalous corollas.—Fig. 141. Campanula Americana,—wheel-shaped. F¥y 142. Campanula divaricata,—campanulate, or bell-shaped. F7%g. 148. Andromeda,— ureeolate. /%g. 144. Field Bindweed (Convolvudus),—a funnel-form corolla.
narrow border, as in the Bell-flower (Fig. 142), and in Canter. - bury Bells. 7
92. Urceolate, urn-shaped, an oblong or globular corolla with a narrow opening, as the Whortleberry, Heath (Fig. 143). |
93. Funnel-form, narrowly tubular below, gradually en- larging to the border, as Morning-glory (Figs. 22, 144).
24, rss”, S oS S a i) —— =
ae: a: ae 145 Pt Fig. 145. Petunia,—salver-form. Fig. 147. Dandelion,—ligulate. Fig. 146. Honeysuckle,—tubular. Fig. 148. Synandra,—labiate.
Fig. 149. Toad-flax,—labiate-personate.
-
92. The urceolate. 93. The funnel-form.
a4 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
94. Salverform, the tube suddenly spreading out in a horizontal border, as in Phlox, Petunia (Figs. 126, 145).
95. Zubular, when the corolla is nearly all a slender tube with a small border or none at all, as in the Trumpet Honey suckle (Fig. 146).
96. Lagulate (from the Latin ligula, tongue), as if formed by splitting the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly indicate the number of united petals which compose it, as also do the parallel seams. See the flowers of the Dan- delion (lig. 147), also of Cichory.
97. Labiate (Latin labtwm, lip), resembles the mouth of an animal. It is a very irregular corolla, having the petals of dissimilar shape and dissimilarly united. See (Fig. 148) a flower of Synandra, or Catmint, or Catalpa. In Fig. 149 (Snap-dragon), the mouth is closed and said to be personate, which means masked.
LHSS 0 Ny xX, CONCERNING THE STAMENS.
98. Sarery infolded within the perianth, we find a number of delicate, thread-shaped organs, quite unlike the sepals and petals. ‘They are arranged in one or more circles, and called the essential organs, because they are absolutely necessary to the perfection of the seed.
——___.
94. Describe the salver-form. 95. The tubular. 96. Ligulate.
97. Labiate. Now repeat the regular forms. Repeat the names of th irregular forms.
98. Where do we find the essential organs? How arranged? Why are they so called ?
OF THE STAMENS. : 55
Fig. 150. Tiger Lily. Fig. 151. Flower (enlarged) of Dodecatheon: a, pistil; 6, anthers; ¢, fiaments; p, petals.
99. Let us look at this picture of the Lily (Fig. 150), or at some real flower. The slender organs marked a, 0, c, are the essential organs of which we are speaking; and you see at once that there are two kinds of them. Those which
stand in the outer row next to the petals are the stamens.
%g 152. Rhododendron; only the torus (¢), the five stamens (s), and the pistil (p). Fig. 153. Buckeye, whole flower; .7 stamens, 1 pistil, 3 petals. Fig. 154. Hydrastis, split through the centre (a section), showing the torus, 2 se pals (s), many hypogynous stamens (8/), and several pistils in the midst.
56 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
The central organ (or organs) is the pistil. We now propose to notice the form of the stamens.
100. The stamen may
be comparcd to the leaf.
i Its slender, thread -like
7 - stalk is the filament, an-
swering to the petiole of
the leaf (7, p). Its head
f (2) is the anther, answer-
= 196 157 158 159 ing to the blade. i A leaf (Fig. 155), a sepal (Fig. 156), a petal > de. More
(Fig. 157), a stamen (Fig. 158), and a pod (pis- OVCT; the anther contains til, Fig. 159) of Draba arabizans, placed side within its cells many dust- by side for comparison. like partiel lled l. particles called po len. When the cells burst the pollen escapes. Thus it ap- pears that the stamen consists of three members. See them illustrated in this figure (161) of a stamen of the Morning- Glory.
101. The filament is usually of a thread-like form (as its name, from the Latin filum, a thread, implies), longer than the anther, and more or less elastic. But the filament is no more necessary than the stem of a leaf, and is often wanting,
102. The anther is an oblong body at the top of the fila- ment, consisting of two hollow lobes joined to each other and to the filament by the connectile (ec), which answers to the midvein of the leaf. The two lobes are usually marked along their outer edge by a seam, which at length opens into thie cells. This opening, however it takes place, is called the dehiscence. If there be no filament, the anther is sesseJe.
99. How many kinds? Situations of the two kinds respectively } 100. How does the stamen compare with the leaf? Specify the three mem bers of the stamen. 101. Describe the filament 102. The anther; tlhe dehiscence.
Pp
OF THE STAMENS. 57
168 167 161
162
Fig. 160. Frankenia, showing the five stamens (around the one style, which hag three stigmas at top).
Fig. 161. Stamen (adnate) of Morning-glory.
Fig. 162. Same, enlarged, with pollen-grains discharged: f/, filament; a, anther —two-lobed; c, top of connectile.
Fig. 163. Buttercup. Fig. 164. Same, cut across.
Fig. 165. Iris, cut across (extrorse).
fig. 166. Amaryllis,—versatile. /2gs. 167, 168. Larkspur,—innate.
103. But dehiscence takes place very variously. When all regular, it is a chink running lengthwise along the outer edge, as you see in this stamen of a Buttercup (Fig. 163). But here, in this stamen of Iris (Fig. 165), it appears on the back of the anther (looking towards the petals), and we say that the anthers are extrorse, that is, turned outwards. A term of opposite meaning is introrse, denoting that the lines of dehiscence turn inwards towards the pistil, or at least do not turn outwards. For example, the anthers of the Violet (Fig. 173).
104. Moreover, other modes of dehiscence besides chinks are occasionally found. The anthers of Berberis, Sassafras, &e. (see Figs. 171, 172), open by lids hinged at the top. The
103. When is the anther said to be extrorse? introrse? 104. Cen you distinguish the opercular and porous dehiseence ? : 3*
58 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
17 176 117 178 175
feculiar forms of stamens.—fig. 169. A stamen of Pyrola rotundifolia: p, twa dpenings (pores) at top where the pollen escapes. /%g. 170. Stamen of Bilberry (Vaccininium uliginosum): p, its pores at the top of two horns; it has also two spurs. 7g. 171. Berberis aquifolium, anther closed. Jig. 172. Anther open by two lids upwards. /%g.173. Anther of Violet with an appendage at top. Fig. 174. Oleander,—an arrow-shaped anther appendaged at top. Fig. 175. Catalpa,—lobes of anther separated. Fig, 176. Sage,—lobes of anther widely separated on stipes; 6, barren lobe without pollen. Fig. 177. Mallows,—anther one-celled. Fig. 175 Ephedra,—anther four-celled.
anthers of Huckleberry, Blueberry, Wintergreen, and others of the Heath family, open through two little tubes at the top. The former is opercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See Migs. 169, 170.)
105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at- tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- ment. Again, it is adnate, which means, attached by its back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced upon it. This is the versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166).
105. What three distinctions in the attachment of the anther? Describe that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses.
OF THE STAMENS. 59
LESSON XVI. MORE ABOUT THE STAMENS.
106. Tue careful student will find a great and interesting variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens. : In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian Shot only one. Some flowers have numcrous stamens, as the Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with
180
Fig. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow; the filaments (/) are united into a tube sheathing the styles.
Fig. 180. Floret of Dandelion,—anthers (a) united into a tube.
Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospermum, split open to show the four stamens (didyt a- nous) and the one style.
Fig. 182. Cardamine,—stamens six, tetradyn’amous. cee Eo RR mS SR eae
106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot? What in the Rose? Cactus? Apple? or in these flowers? Define “stamens definite ;’ “stamens indefinite.” 7
60 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
two hundred. Let us learn how to distinguish between flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite, when thev are not more than ten, indefinite, when more than ten, or not readily counted.
107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in the Lily, Rhododendron, &c. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow toyether, forming a tube around the pistil; in other words, they are monadelphous (Greek, monos, one, adelphos, brotherhood), The Pea, or Dielytra, is dzadelphous,—the stamens in two sets; and the St. Johnswort, polyadelphous,—in three or more sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan- delion (Fig. 180), where the anthers cohere while the fila- ments are distinct, 2. ¢., syngenecious.
108. In two cases we may definitely mark the relative length of the stamens. Didyn’amous stamens (as seen in the Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 181) are four in num-
Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead. Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same. Fig. 185. Begonia: a, staminate flower; 8, pistillate flower
107. Define “stamens monadelphous.” Give examples. Diadelphous. Cive examples. Polyadelphous. Example. Define “stamens syngenecious * Mention examples
IMPERFECT FLOWERS. | 61
ber, two long and two short. TZetradyn’amous stamens are six in number, four long and two short (as in the Mustard tribe, Fig. 182). Again, hypogynous stamens may be seen in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132; and perigynous sta- mens in the Rose tribe and Fig. 133. What is the differ ence? You need not be told the meaning of these words ($$ 83, 84).
109. Some plants have their essential organs se weet SO that the stamens are all found in one sort of flowers, the sterile, and the pistils are all in another sort, the fertzle. So
e 187
Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail (Saururus); it is perfect, but naked, 2. ¢., , with no fioral envelopes; stamens seven, pistils three. |
Fig. 187. Flower of Ash (Fraxinus),—naked, with two stamens and one pistil.
Fig. 188. Staminate flower of Willow,—made up of two stamens and a bract.
Fig. 189. Pistillate flower of the same,—merely one pistil and a bract.
it is in the Begonias (Fig. 185), and in the Willows (Figs. 188, 189). All such flowers are called <mperfect, and only the fer- tile bear fruit
110. A perfect flower is one that has both stamens and
108. In what two cases do we mark the length of stamens? Define “sta ens didynamous ;” “stamens tetradynamous ;’ “stamens hypogynous ;’ “stamens perigynous.”
109. What do you understand by “sterile flowers?” by “fertile flowers?’
110. What is a perfect flower? complete? imperfect ?
62 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
pistils. A complete flower has all the organs, v2z., sepals, petals, stamens, pistils. A naked flower lacks both the calyx and corolla.
111. A symmetrical flow- er has each of these several organs in an equal number or, at least, the same num- ber of pieces in each earcle of organs. Tor example, the Flax flower is symmet-
Fig. 190. A symmetrical, regular flower of rical, having sepals five,
Iceland Moss (Sedum acre); it has five sepals, petals five, stamens five, five petals, twice five (ten) stamens, and five Vigne h pistils,—all separate and distinct. and pistils five. The Lily
Fig. 191. House-leek (Sedum sempervivum), js also symm etrical ; havin g oe three sepals, three petals, six stamens (in two equal circles), and three pistils (which are combined in one).
LESSON XVII.
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
112. Ir is very instructive and delightful to study the symmetry of flowers in the way mentioned in the last lesson. We are thus led to the discovery of a truth in the science of botany at once beautiful and sublime,—worthy of the wis- dom of the Infinite Creator. That truth or prineczple is, that all flowers, though infinitely various in form and fashion,
111. What a symmetrical flower? How is the Lily symmetrical? 112. Please state the principle learned from studying the symmetry of the flower.
PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 3 65
are built upon one only plan, and that plan founded in the scicnce of numbers.
Fig. 192. Flower of Hippuris,—vune-parted. Fig. 193. Cireza Lutetiana; flower two- parted. Fig. 194. Yellow-eyed Grass (Xyris); flower three-parted.
113. Let us, then, examine the Flax. Here all the organs are in fives. The Circe has them all in twos; the Iris, in threes. And every plant is distinguished in this way by some number which we call the radical number, according to which its organs are parted. Now in the Mock Orange, or Philadelphus, although the stamens seem to be indefinite, still the radical number is four. The stamens occur in many circles, with four in each circle, so that these are also in fours. As for the pistils, they are evidently four, but so united as to form apparently but one. Examine also the Bloodroot. Its stamens will be found in fours, the radical number, and the stamens of the Apple will be found in fives. So the petals of Bloodroot are twice four (8), and of the Magnolia twice three (6), or three times three (9).
114. It is therefore a general law, that when any organ is
—
113. Can you define the radical number of the flower? What is it in Circe? Iris? Flax? How is it in Philadelphus? How in Bloodroot? 114. State the law of multiplied organs.
64 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
multiplied, its new number is only a repetition of the radical number.
115. Also, when any organ is diminished in number, we find generally that the deticiency is only apparent, and doeg not interfere with the law of the radical number. Thus in Philadelphus, the one pistil proves to be four growing to- gether. In the Lady’s-slipper, the radical number is three, and the sepals are three, although the two lower ones are united almost to the tip into what seems but one. Thus the true number is often curiously disguised by cohesions.
Fig. 195. Flower of Aconitum Napellus displayed ; , s, 8, 8, 6, the five sepals, the upper one hooded ; 2, 2, p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectarics covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute.
Fig. 196. Flower of Catalpa,—two-lipped, five-lobed.
Fig. 197. Corolla laid open, showing the perfect stamens and rudimentary.
116. Again, the five petals of Monk’s-hood (Fig. 195) are
apparently but two, while three of them are so very small as to be overlooked. In the Mint tribe, as Peppermint, Cat-
115. How does cohesion interfere with the radical number in Philadelphus How in the sepals of the Moccasin flower ?
116. How does suppression interfere in Monk’s-hood? In ‘ad Mint tribe Catalpa? Mustard? What tendency do you see in all these cases?
PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 65
mint, while five-parted, the flowers have generally but four stamens; but on close observation we often find a small rudiment of the fifth stamen in its proper place, as 2f its growth had been early stepped. And in Monarda and Catal- pa, only two stamens grow up to maturity, while three are mere rudiments (Fig. 202). Nevertheless, such flowers are said to be unsymmetrical. So the flowers of the Mustard tribe. The stamens are in two rows of four in each; but ot the outer row (or circle) two were checked in growth (or suppressed, as the botanists say) at the outset. (See Fig. 97.) The tendency to symmetry is manifest in all these cases.
117. We must carefully distinguish between the terms unsymmetrical and zrregular. The former refers to number only, the latter to form and size (Less. XIV.). The Mustard flower is unsymmetrical hut not irregular. The Orchis is irregular, but not unsymmet- rical. Snap-dragon is both irregular and unsymmetrical.
: IN \ t} ; a y & \ vi Wes } i ~ PAL NN } H f j A Foon. = , \\ iy ‘ _ — = Hi he = r, { ; = . = ull | , | Wig | ft Oj i)! HHH i S H Hf \ = tH eS As 2 ' Ny ga eae . wun) WN Niet Ope iii '11i eS Nea ate) rf] Hilt \ | i STR fy : i : WN | VIG if) 3 Ht ALIN THI fy <i} Hv i} HY UH TE }} Hall - VA / iff } '
el eg Bo He. a
fig. 198. Nymphea odorata Fig. 199. Petals gradually passing into stamens,
118. Here is a figure of the Water Lily (198), and a separate view of its sepals, petals, and stamens. Observe
117. What difference between unsymmetrical and irregular? Examples
56 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. how the form of the slender stamen gradually changes te the broad petal. the anther becoming smaller and smalLer. One can scarcely say where it ceases to be a stamen and begins to be a petal. So, also, the petals gradually pass into sepals, and in other plants, Peony for instance, the sepals just as gradually pass into leaves. (See Class Book of Botany, § 118.) 119. This transforma- tion of one sort of organ into another (always from stamen back to- wards the leaf) is quite common among culti- vated plants. It is in this manner that the Rose, Carnation, Peony, &e., become double, viz., by the stamens, and oft- en the pistils too, becom- ing petals: for in the : wild state these flowers i
have but five petals. Fig. 200. Flower of Crowfoot.
120. From these ex- /%g. 201. Double flower of the same; the sta- mens and pistils have become petals.
S 4, , - } E, » i pi) b 7 SS H AP vi)! ZA ay ? My: 2 jm = ‘a
i
amples and others like them, we conclude that the different organs of the flower, and the leaf also, although commonly very different, have all one common nature and origin; or, in other words, the organs of the flower may all be considered as transformed leaves.
118. Show the graduation of organs in Water Lily. 119. How do the Rose, Peony, &c., become double? 120 What great principle is derived from these facts ?
OF THE PISTILS. } 67
LESSON XVIII. OF THE PISTILS.
fig. 202. Section of flower of Strawberry,—ovaries many, on a raised torus. _ Fig. 203. Section of a Rose,—ovaries sunk into a hollow torus.
121. Tue pistils occupy the centre of the flower, at the end or centre of the torus. Their number varies in different plants from one to one hundred, or more. When they are several they stand arranged in a circle like the other organs. When they are many they are commonly heaped together in a spiral manner, and raised on the conical torus, as in Butter- cup, Strawberry, or sunk into the cavity of a hollow one, as in Rose. (See Figs. 202, 203.)
122. The pistil consists, plainly, of three parts, as may be seen in Fig. 204. At the top is the stigma (s), at base is the ovary (0), and between them is the style (sty). The style
121. In what part of the flower are the pistils situated? What is theit number? theirarrangement? How situated in the Rose?
122. Please describe the pistil and each of its parts. In what case is the stigma sessile ?
68 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
being a merc stalk. like the filament of a stamen or the petiole of a leaf, may, like them also, be wanting, » without loss to the pistil. In this case the stigma is sessile (sitting) upon the ovary, as in the pistils cf Anemone (Fig. 207), and of Trillium (Fig. 206).
205
Fig. 204. Pistil of Tobacco.
Fig. 205. Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalea.
Fig. 206. Trillium,—stigmas (d) and anthers (s) nearly sessile.
Fig. 207. Pistils of Rue Anemone (A. thalictroides),—stigmas sessile,
123. The ovary is a kind of sac or case, enclosing the ovules (see Fig. 215, where there is but one, or in Fig. 209, where there are five, and Fig. 202, where there are many ovaries.) When full grown, the ovary becomes the fruit, and the ovules the seeds.
124. It is very important to distinguish between the s¢mple and the compound pistil, for when there are several in the same flower they often grow together, forming a single body with members more or less distinct. As the petals grow
—
123. Describe the ovary and the ovules. 124. Name an important distinction in ovaries. When is the ovary or
pistil compound ?
OF THE PISTILS. | 69
Fog. 208. Simple pistil of Larkspur.
Fig. 209. The five simple pistils of Columbine, all distinct.
Fig. 210. The three pistils of a St. Johnswort,—ovuries united but styles distinet.
Fig. 211. Compound pistil of another St. Johnswort, the three pistils entirely anited.
Fig. 212. Flax,—the five ovaries united but the styles distinct.
Fig. 218. Pink,—the two ovaries united, styles distinct.
Fig. 214. Saxifrage,—the two pistils slightly united.
together, forming a monopetalous corolla, so the pistils may combine into a compound pistil. The parts of such a pistil are conveniently called carpels.
125. As to the extent of this union of the pistils, it is found in all possible degrees, always beginning at base and pro- ceeding upwards. For example, in Columbine (Fig. 209), the five carpels (pistils) are entirely distinct; in Early Saxi- frage (Fig. 214), the two carpels are united at the base; in Pink (Fig. 213), the two unite to the top of the ovary, leav- ing the styles distinct; so also in Flax (ig. 212); in Even- ing Primrose, the four pistils cohere to the top of the style, leaving the stigmas distinct; and finally, in the Lily, the three carpels are united throughout. (See Figs. 209-214.) 126. We may know the number of carpels in a compound
—EEEEEE
125. As to the cohesion or union of pistils,—how is it in Columbine? in Pink? in Early Saxifrage? Evening Primrose? Lily ?
70 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
pistil by the number of separate styles, or by the separate stigmas, or by the lobes of the stigma or ovary, or by the number of cells in the ovary, or (when only one cell) by the number of seed-rows. Thus the three-lobed stigma or ovary of the Lily indicates a triple pistil, also the three stigmas ct the Spring Beauty, and the three seed-rows in the Violet. (See Fig. 229.)
215 216
Fig. 215. Section of the flower of Alchemi_la, showing the stamens perigynous, the style single, simple, and lateral.
Fig. 216. Section of flower of Jeffersonia,—stamens hypogynous, pistil single, simple, with one seed-row.
127. But when the pistils remain separate and distinct we call each one a simple pistil. Thus in Columbine (Fig. 209) there are five simple pistils; in Anemone (Fig. 207), and in Buttereups, many; while in Cherry, Peach, Bean, Alchemilla, and Jeffersonia, there is just one simple pistil in each flower. Such a pistil is usually of an irregular form, with its style lateral (on one side), and only one seed or seed-row. (See Figs. 215, 216.)
126. Please tell us how you detect the number of carpels in the compourd ovary of Spring Beauty ; of Lily; of Violet. 127. What peculiarity in the form of a simple pistil ?
TWO KINDS OF BUDS. ? 71
LESSON XIX.
HOW THE LEAVES ARE FOLDED IN THE BUD
Astivation.—/ig. 217. Valvate calyx, as of Mallow. Fig. 218. Sepals of Holly- hock,—valvate-reduplicate. Fig. 219. Sepals of Clematis,—valvate-induplicate, Fig. 220. Petals of Flax,—contorted. Fig. 221. Petals of Wild Rose,—quincuntial.
Fig. 222. Petals and sepals of Lily or Tulip. /%g. 228. Petals of Wall-flower,— convolute. fig. 224. Petals of Pea,— vexillary.
128. Tuere is the leaf-bud, consisting of many scales and young leaves, folded up in such a manner as to occupy as little space as possible; and the flewer-bud, consisting of the organs of the flower in their early state, also closely packed. Now if you study the arrangement of the pieces composing the bud of either sort, you will be surprised and delighted with its variety and elegance. As each species of plant has the same invariable mode of folding in all its buds, this study well becomes a matter of science.
Less. XTX.—What is the subject of this Lesson? 128. Two kinds of buds; please describe each.
TY OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
129. With a sharp knife let us make a cross-section (that is, a cut square across) of a flower-bud just ready to open; we may thus obtain some such views as are here drawn. For example, in Fig. 217, we have the valvate arrangement. Here the pieces composing the cirele barely touch each other by the edges, as in the sepals of Mallows, petals of Lilac, valves of a seed-vessel. (See, also, Figs. 218, 219.)
130. In the Phlox, Flax, Oleander, we find a twisted or contorted arrangement of the petals (Fig. 220), where each piece overlaps the next, all in one direction.
131. The bud is said to be zmbricated, when some of the pieces are wholly outside, covering by the two edges others which are wholly inside. But this may take place in various ways. See how it is in the petals of the Eglantine, or Apple (Fig. 221). Here two petals are outside, two inside, and one partly both. In the Tulip, one sepal is outside, one inside, and one partly both. And just so with its three petals (Fig. 222). :
132. The bud is convolute when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia and Wall- flower (Fig. 223); and it is vewellary in the Pea tribe, where only the outside petal, larger than the rest, infolds them all (Fig. 224).
1383. The plicate arrangement is found in monopetalous flowers, as in Thornapple, Potato, where the corolla is folded in a manner somewhat like a fan.
129. How do we prepare a bud for examination? What do you under. stand by a cross-section? Define the valvate arrangement, with examples.
130. What zstivation do we find in Flax, Phlox, &c.?
131. What is the imbricated exstivation? Describe it in the petals of Tulip; Apple; Eglantine.
132. How are the petals arranged in the bud of Wall-flower?
138. How in the flower of Thornapple? or Potato?
VERNATION. | 73
134. The pupil should make himself well acquainted with these seven modes of @stwvation (so the botanists call it). Other modes are described in larger works. (Class Book of | Botany, p. 79.)
135. Also in the leaf-bud we find similar modes of fat folding (here called vernatzon, from the Latin vernus, spring. as e@stivaiion is from estivus, summer). The figures follow- ing represent cross-sections of various sorts of leaf-buds. In the bud of Sycamore the infolding scales are imbricate, but the young leaves within are somewhat plicate.
136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry (Fig. 230) we find the con- volute vernation, similar to the estivation of Wall-flower. The leaf-bud of Lilac (Fig. 231) gives us another form of imbricate.
228 229
Vernation.—Fig. 225. Unfolding leaf-bud of Tulip-tree,—reclinate. Fig. 226, Fern leaf-bud,—circinate. fig. 227. Sedge,—equitant. ig. 228. Sage,—obvoiute. Fig. 229. Iris,—equitant.
137. Fig. 229 represents the vernation of Iris, and Fig. 227, of a Sedge-grass. Both are eguztant (which means, in Latin,
134. What is the meaning of the word e@stivation ? 135. What is the meaning of the word vernation? Please describe the vernation in Sycamore leaf-bud. 136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry; Lilac. 187. What of the equitant vernation ? +
4 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
riding horseback). Each leaf, first on this corner, then on that, infolds or overlays all that is within it.
138. Obvolute vernation appears in the leaf-bud of Sage (Fig. 228), where each leaf infolds only half of the blade of its opposite leaf.
Vernation.— Fig. 280. Cherry leaf-bud,—convolute. ig. 281. Lilaec,—imbricate, Ftg. 232. Birch leaf,—plicate. Fig. 283. Dock,—revolute. Jig. 284. Balm-of-Gil- éad,—involute.
139. In the bud of Dock (Fig. 233) we find the young leaves revolute, or rolled backwards from both edges; but in the bud of Balm-of-Gilead (Fig. 234) they are zavolute, or rolled inwards from both edges. This is best seen under a microscope of one lens, 2. ¢., a single microscope.
140. In the bud of Tulip-tree (Fig. 225) each leaf is reedz- nate, being bent over forward and infolding all within it; and in the Fern (Fig. 226) it is cercznate, or coiled from the top downwards, like a watch-spring.
138. The obvolute? 139. What the vernation of Dock? of Balm-of-Gilead ? 140. Please describe the reclinate; the circinate.
INFLORESCENCE. £ 15
LESSON XX. HOW THE FLOWERS ARE ARRANGED ON THE PLANT.
.41. We may now devote one or two lessons to the arrange ment and position of the flowers upon the plant, a subject te which botanists give the name of inflorescence.
Fig. 235. Staphylea trifolia; a pendulous, paniculate cyme. Fig. 236. Catalpa; a panicle.
142. Every one has observed such facts as the follow ing, namely, that flowers are sometimes alone, and often in elusters; that they are sometimes raised on stalks, and some
141. What is the meaning of the word inflorescence ? 142. What common facts in inflorescence does everybody notice?
76 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
times sessile (or without stalks); and that they may arise from terminal buds, or from axillary. With the meaning of the words terminal and axillary you were made acquainted in Lesson IX.
143. The stalk which supports the flower, or the cletater of flowers, we call peduncle. Now the peduncle may be either simple, bearing a single flower, or divided into branches and bearing a cluster of flowers. In the latter case, the branches or branchlets are called pedicels. |
144. When the peduncle arises from terminal buds it seems like a continuation of the main stem, as in Foxglove, Horse-chestnut ; and when from axillary buds, it comes out from the side of the stem just above a leaf, as in the Cur- rant. Sometimes it arises from the root or some under- eround part of the stem, and then we generally call it a scape. ‘Thus the iow oecalle of Tulip is a scape; also of the Dodecatheon.
145. The flower is said to be solitary, not oniy when alone on the plant, but also when alone in the axil of a leaf, as in Fuchsia, Morning-glory, Petunia.
146. Among clustered flowers, you will often meet with the following twelve varieties of inflorescence, which we must now try to represent and describe. We begin with the spike, such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, Mullen, &c. We may define it thus: A long peduncle (called rachis), having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before we g0 ) farther with inflordsconieg, we must examine the a which accompany it.
148. Please define peduncle ; also pedicel.
144. When are the flowers terminal? axillary? Define scape. 145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &c.? 146. Défine a spike. Explain to us the rachis.
INFLORESCENCE. : t%
>> MY i m <LZZZdp Ze Sa bake a “ aoe fn SS ‘ % rs zi f° oi Rize
Lx}
Bracts (0, b, b). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored bracts. Fig. 238. Hepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. Fig. 239. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix.
147. Bracts are evidently of the same nature as leaves, differing only in their diminished size, and in their position on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some- times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in Balm. When several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the base of the cluster of flowers, an znvolucre is formed, such as we find in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Hig. 244). In the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is colored white.
148. Next in resemblance to the spike is the spadia, an inflorescence seen in the Calla (Fig. 237), Golden-club (Fig. 241), and Cat-tail. It may be defined as a thickened, club- shaped spike, often with a large bract (called spathe) at base, as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig. 241.
147. Whai sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any? Define bracts What is an involucre? How is it in Cornus?
73 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Fig. 240. Lady’s-tresses (Spiranthes),—flowers in a twisted spike. Fig. 241. Golden-club (Orontium),—flowers in a spadix with no spathe. Fig. 242. Birch (Betula),—flowers in aments.
149. An ament, called also catkin, is a more slender and delicate spike, filled with colored seales and flowers, and all falling together without separating, such as adorn the Birches (Fig. 242), Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The Hop
also bears aments.
LESSON XXII. THE INFLORESCENCE, CONTINUED.
150. Tux flowers of the Black Cherry, Currant, Foxglove Locust, and Moth-mullen are in racemes. ‘The raceme, then, is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels
148, 149. Can you define the spike? ament? spadix? and spathe? 150. Please name and describe the inflorescence of Black Cherrv.
INFLORESCENCE. | 79
(not sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often erect.
Fig. 242. Secund (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa. Fig. 243. Pendulous raceme of Currant.
151. The corymb differs from the raceme in having the lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn.
152. The wmbel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, «&c. It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Car- away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 244), the umbels are compound, as if each of the pedicels had become
151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme? 152. Please name and describe the inflorescence of the Milkweed How
80 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
itself an umbel. These secondary umbels we call wmbellets. At the base of the umbel there is usually a whorl of bracts forming an involucre (a), and often also at the base of each umbellet (4), when we call it an anvolucel.
158. The fine flowers of the Ca- talpa are in panicles (Fig. 235), also the flowers of Oats. We may describe a panicle as if a raceme should have its pedicels irregularly branched.
154. A cluster resembling a pani- cle, but more compact, such as you sce in Lilac, is called a thyrse.
155. A head of flowers, such as we see in Clover or the Button-bush, hardly needs description. We might say that the head is a reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the peduncle.
156. The great family of the Asterworts nde all its flowers in lieads, so dense and so nicely arranged as to be easily mis- taken for a single flower. But if you carefully examine such a head, say of an Aster, or especially of a Sunflower, you will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets. The florets of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to
Fig. 244. Compound umbe of Sweet Cicely ( Osmorhiza).
does that of Carrot differ? What is an umbellet? What the whorl of bracts at the base of the umbellets ?
1538. Please describe the panicle. 154. The thyrse. 155. The head.
156. What the inflorescence of the Asterworts? How is the head of Aster made to resemble a single flower? What the florets of the re id A What the florets of the disk?
INFLORESCENCE. 81
resemble the petals of one corolla, and the involucre, formed of many imbricated scales, resembles a calyx. This head is often called a com- pound flower. The outer flo- rets are the florets of the ray, the interior are the florets of the disk. See all this illus- trated in Figs. 245-250.
157. The forms of inflo- rescence heretofore described result from axillary buds; = but the three fullowing come 7% 245. Head of Blue Milkweed
: o _ (Mulgedium) ; all its florets are ligulate. from terminal buds. Cyme 1S Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain- the general name given to all ing on the receptacle. Fig. 247. A fruit sasit f+ a on crowned with its pappus.
a ae maa Fig. 248. Heads of Ironweed (Verno- cence. You may recognize nia); allits florets are tubular. Fig. 249. them by the order in which One of them remaining on the receptacle.
a . ig. 250. Fruit. the flowers open. ‘Thus, in the cyme, the terminal and central rlowers open first, but in the forms before mentioned, the low2r and outer flowers first.
158. When the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we cal] © it a cymous corymb, as in the common Elder; and when not level topped, it may become a cymous panicle, as in Chick. weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Staff-tree (Fig. 234).
159. The scorpoid cyme is a very remarkable form of in-
157. Are the forms hitherto described terminal or axillary? Please define the cyme. 158. Cymose MS Cymose panicle. 159. What is a scorpoid cyme? Name and describe the inflorescence of Gunch Pink ; the inflorescence of Catmirt. 4*
82 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Fig. 251. Cyme of Chickweed (Stellaria media). First, the terminal flower (a! epened; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arose two branches, and ter- minated in the flowers 6, 6; thirdly, from their highest axils arose the flowers ¢, ¢, e, c, from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on.
Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris).
florescence, as shown in Pink-root and Forget-me-not (Fig. 252). Before flowering it is coiled from the tip down- wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In its nature it is a half-cyme. The fasczcle is a densely packed cyme, as seen
259 260 258 257 256 255 254 253
Liagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass into each other. Jig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Raceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 256.
Ombel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. vg. 260. Head. Fig 249. Compound umbel.
OF THE FRUIT. | 83
in Bunch Pink or Pyenanthemum. The glomerule isa small, dense cyme appearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat- mint and the Mint tribe gererally.
160. The preceding diagrams may be carefully studicd. They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo- rescence, and how they are related to each other.
LESSON XXII. CONCERNING THE FRUIT.
161. Tue flower is of short duration. After a few hours er a few days of blooming beauty, it fades and disappears.
fig. 261, Fruit of Currant,—a berry. Fig. 262. Fruit of Mapie,—samara
160. Please explain the diagrams 253-260.
84 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
The stamens and petals have accomplished their work, and are dead. The sepals also, when colored like petals, are dead. But the pistil, especially the ovary, yet remains in its place, living and growing until the seeds which it contains are perfect. ‘
162. Thus the fruzt is the ovary or pistils brought to per- fection.
163. During the growth and ripening of the pistil, great and manifold changes occur, so that at last the fruit is very different in form, size, substance, and color. The little pistil in the flower of the Cherry must undergo a great alteration in becoming a plump Ox-heart!
“ig. 263. An umbel of Cherry blossoms,—namely, a bud, an entire flower, anda soxticn showing the one pistil and the perigynous stamens.
Fig. 264. The drupe, cut through to show the stone and one seed.
Fig. 265. 4 corymb of Strawberry,—flower and fruit. The achenia are seen on the surface of the 1ruit, which is only the overgrown torus. 3
161. Can you tell us what parts of the flower perish? What parts remain in place and still grow?
162. How do you define the fruit?
163. Mention some of the changes occurring from ovary to fruit.
OF THE FRUIT. 8&
164. In the fruit we see the end and aim of plant-life accomplished, accord- ing to the wise and good design of the great Creator. While it serves to re- produce and keep alive the plants upon the earth, it also serves as food for ani- mals and for man.
165. It is curious to observe how dif- Fa ee Ds ws tige ferent are the parts of the fruit which Cherry. in different plants become food. In the Se nce
é of Red Oak.
Appie, we eat the calyx which here
adheres to the ovary, and in ripening was thickened and en- larged by the nutritious substance. In the Strawberry, we eat the enlarged, pulpy torus, which bears, all over its surface, the little dry, seed-like fruit. In Peach, the luscious mor- sel is the outer coats of the ovary itself; and in the Orange, it is the in- ner coat. In the Nut,
: Fig. 268. Etxrio,—a Blackberry. Pea, Wheat, and most Fig. 269. Capsule of Violet, open.
plants, the nourishing
matter is laid up in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into
a dry fruit. | 166. The fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels
The word pericarp means the same as seed-vessel. When
164. Mention some of the uses of the fruit.
165. Can you tell us what part of the Apple is eaten? What part of the Strawberry is the eatable part? What part of the Peach? the Orange? In what part is the nutritious matter deposited in the Pea? Wheat? Almond?
86 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the pericarp is ripe, it may open in some special manner of itself and discharge the seeds; or it may have no prcvision or opening, and remain closed until it grows or decays
Sv
273
erg. 270. Achenia of Rue Anemone, in a head.
Fig. 271. Fruit of Caraway, consisting of two achenia.
Fig. 272. Kernel of Wheat,—a sort of achenium called cariopsis.
Fig. 278. Fruit of Thistle,—another sort of achenium, crowned with a pappus which serves as wings.
Fig. 274. Fruit of Elm,—a samara, or winged achenium.
fig. 275. Fruit of Beech,—two nuts, inclosed in the burr.
Fig. 276. The Peach (a drupe),—cut open, showing the seed inclosed in its stone, and the stone in the thick pulp.
Fig. 277. Fruit of Pigweed,—a one-seeded pericarp called wtricle.
Fig. 278. Fruit of India Strawberry,—a fleshy torus bearing the achenia outside.
Fruits that open we will call dehzscent fruits, and those which do not open, wdehiscent. We will first study some of the forms of indehiscent fruits, arranged as follows: | |
167. First Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, dry; namely, AcHEntuM, Samara, GLans.
166. Of what two parts docs the fruit consist? What is a dehiseent fruit indehiscent ?
OF THE FRUIT | 87
Second Division: Fruits indehiscent, one-seeded, fleshy ; namely, Drops, Trrma, Erzrio.
Third Division: Fruits indehiscent, several-seeded ; naie- ly, Berry, Pero, Pome.
168. The achenzwm is such a fruit as we find in Butter- cups, Anemone, Sage. Usually there are several produced together from one flower. We must not mistake them for seeds. They are pericarps, each inclosing one seed, as you see inthe figures. The grain of Wheat or Corn (called cariop- sis) is much the same, but the one seed cannot be separated from the pericarp.
169. The samara 13 mere- ly an achenium with a wing, asin Ash, Elm, Maple. The latter fruit is a double sa- mara. f 170. A glans (or nut) is yp such a fruit as Acorn, Chest- nut, Hazelnut, much like achenium, but larger, and seated in a cup or invo- lucre. \\ ‘171. A drupe is such a 90 4/P fleshy fruit as the Cherry or Peach. It is well called Fig. 279. Maple,—a double samara.
2 . fig. 280. Pear,—a pepo. a stone-fruit. ‘The stone in- Fig. 281. Gooseberry, cut across; an en- closes the one seed, and is larged view, showing the seeds lying in
‘ ° ° ais the pulp. itself inclosed in a juicy Fig. 282. Fruit of Henbane,—a pyxis
pulp. + with its lid open.
279.
~ art eae
Pa $i BF
KORRR ERS
j SSke SSS as f
167. Please define our first division of fruits. What special fruits belong to it? the second, &.; the third, &c.
88 UBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
172. Zryma is the name for such fruits as Walnut, Cocoa- nut. Like the drupe, it has a stony seed-shell, but its outer coat is rather woody than pulpy.
173. Such fruit as the Raspberry or Blackberry we call etwrio. It consists of many little fleshy drupes growing fast together or to the torus. In the Blackberry they grow to the torus (Fig. 268).
174. The berry is a thin-skinned, pulpy fruit, holding its several seeds loose in the pulp, as Currant, Grape (Fig. 261). The Orange, &c., is much like a berry, but on account of its thick rind has been called by another name (hesperidium).
175. Pepo is such a fruit as Squash, many-seeded, with a hard, crusty rind.
176. Pome, the Apple, Pear, Haw, a fleshy fruit with sev- eral distinct cells. Here the fleshy calyx grows fast to the ovaries; while in the //p, or Rose-fruit, the fleshy calyx merely incloses the ovaries, as seen in Fig. 203.
LESSON xe eri. FRUITS, CONTINUED.
177. Tur dehiscent pericarp,—that is, those which open to discharge the seeds,—are generally dry fruits, known as pods. The various forms have the following names: Pyxis, Fottt- cle, Legume, Siriqur, CaPsuLr. ,
168-176. The student will now please define and name the fruit of Butter. cups, Corn, Ash, Maple, Oak, Hazel, Plum, Walnut, Raspberry, Grape, Orange, Squash, Pear, Haw, and Rose.
177. Please give the names of the dehiscent pericarps.
FORMS OF FRUITS. ; 89
178. The pyzvis is the most curious and singular of all pods. [It opens crosswise by a lid, like a snuff-box. Fig. 284 is the likeness of the pyxis of Rheumatism-root, common in Ohio, It is furmed of one carpel only. Fig. 282 is the pyxis of Henbane, formed of two carpels. So the pyxis of Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Anagallis, Fig. 344) is formed of several carpels.
Fig. 288. A follicle of Milkweed (Asc/lepias).
Fig. 284. A pyxis,—fruit of Jeffersonia, the Rheumatism-root.
Fig. 285. A pair of follicles,—the fruit of the Doghane ( Apocynum). Fig. 286. A legume, open,—fruit of the Pea-plant.
Fig. 287. A jointed legume, or loment,—fruit of Desmodium.
Fig. 288. A silicle,—fruit of Shepherd’s-purse.
179. Follicle is the name of such pods as those of Colum- bine (Fig. 208), Milkweed (Fig. 283), and of Dogbane (Fig. 985). They are formed 2f a single carpel, and open lengti- wise, on one side only. It is easy to see the resemblance between the follicle and a leaf, the leaf being folded so as to bring its two margins together. (See Fig. 207.)
180. Legume is the proper name of the Pea pod, Bean pod, &c., of one carpel, one cell, one row of seeds, and commonly
178. Give the character of the pyxis. How does the pyxis of Henbane differ from that of Jeffersonia ?
179. Can you describe and name the fruit of Columbine? How is its leafy character seen ?
180. Describe and name the Pea pod What is a loment?
99
OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
opening by two valves (Fig. 286). Such a pod is sometimes divided crosswise by joints (as in Fig. 287, Desmodium); we then call it a doment. |
181. Siligue is a two-carpeled pod, such as we find in Mustard. It has two cells, separated by a thin partition, and two rows of seeds (Fig. 291). A short silique, or one not much longer than wide, such as we find in Pepper-grass or Shepherd's-purse (Fig. 288), is called a szdicle. (See Fig. 290).
182. Capsule (the word means casket).
Fig. 290. Silicle of Draba (en- larged).
295
This name is applied to all other forms of dry, compound fruits, formed of several unit- ed carpels. In opening, they commonly split into several valves, as in Iris; or divide into several parts (carpels) like so many follicles, as in St. Johnswort; or they open by small pores, as in Poppy.
Fig. 291. A silique,—- fruit of Mustard.
Fig. 292. A capsule,—fruit of Scrophularia ; it is two-celled, two-carpeled, or two-valved.
Fig. 298. A three-celled cap- sule of Colchicum; it opens be- tween the carpels.
Fig. 294. Capsule of Iris, open- ing 2nto the carpels.
Fig. 295, Cross-section of the same, showing how it opens.
Fig. 296. Fruit of Geranium; its five carpels separate, and are carried up on the curving stvles (called a regma),
181. Mustard pod; describe its structure and name. What is a silicle? 182. What is a capsule? What three modes of opening are mentioned ?
COMPOUND FRUITS. ; 9]
183. We should not omit altogether to notice the aggre gated fruits, such as the Pine-cone (Fig. 300), Pine-apple, &e. These fruits are composed not merely of the pistil, but of the entire flower, or even of the whole inflorescence, bracte and all, grown thick, and consolidated into one fleshy mass. This is evidently the nature of the Pine-apple and of the Mulberry.
Fig. 297. Black Mulberry,—an aggregated fruit. fig. 298. Fig, cut open, showing the little flowers within.
Fig. 299. Hip of a Rose, eut open, showing the achenia within. Fig. 800. Pine-cone, composed of thick scales,
184, As for the Fig, it is a great hollow torus, having its innumerable flowers within the cavity, growing from the walls, end all together become a sweet, pulpy mass.
Fig. 301. A branchlet of the Canada Yew, showing the fruit,
183, 184. Mention some examples of aggregated fruits. Can you describe a Pine-apple? a Fig?
92 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
185. But there are some kinds of fruit almost or quite des- titute of a pericarp, consisting of naked seeds. On the pre- ceding page is a figure (301) of the Canada Yew, a trailing shrub of New England and Canada. The fruit is a singie naked black seed, seated in a fleshy, coralline-red cup. The coné (of Pine, Fir, &c.) is made up of thick woody bracts, each covering in their axils two or more winged seeds (Fig. 300). ©
LESSON XXIV. CONCERNING THE SEEDS.
186. Lasr and most important is the seed, the perfected ovule, containing the germ of a new plant like its parent plant. The seed consists of a kernel and its shell. Place a bean in water, and soon its softened shell or skin is easily separated from the kernel.
187. The shell of a seed may be of any color, as white, black, yellow, red, &c.; may be polished and shining, or dull and rongh; may be of any shape, as round, or oval, or egg- shaped; may be winged, as in Catalpa, or may be clothed with long hairs, called coma. The silk of Silk-grass (Asele- pias) is the coma of the seed, and cotton is the coma of Cotton seed. The seed of Poplar (cotton-wood) or Willow is also furnished with coma.
185. What plants have no pericarps? Please describe a cone of Pine
fruit of Yew. 186. What is the seed, and what does it contain? Of what two parts
does it consist ? 187. What do you remember concerning the color and shape? Describe
the coma of a seed
CONCERNING THE PAPPUS.
188. The learner must distinguish between the coma of a seed and the pappus of a fruit. delion is pappus, for the little fruit on which it grows is not merely a seed, but a pericarp (achenium), also containing one seed. In a word, the seed may be fledged with a coma, but the fruit is fledged with a pappus, both intended as wings to bear away the seed to distant places.
302. A seed of the Cotton-plant, with its tuft of coma, or cotton.
. 803. A seed of the Cotton-tree (Populus), with its silky coma. . 804. A winged seed of the Catalpa.
. 805. Achenium of Eclipta; it has no pappus.
. 806. Achenium of Horseweed ; scarcely any pappus.
Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.
807. Achenium of Sunflower; has two awns for pappus.
808. Achenium of Ageratum ; has five sepals for pappus.
809. Achenium of Blue Milkweed; has abundant pappus.
810. Achenium of Wild Lettuce; with pappus raised on a beak
Botany, § 485.)
a
188. What is the distinction between coma and pappus?
The down of Thistle or Dan-
(See Class Book or
——— ———————-:Ssd [—__"——_—-—-—Ownm"u'e ww" *
94 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
189. As to the seed-kernel, it may concist of two parts, namely, the germ and albu- men, or it may be all germ.
190. In the Bean (Fig. 311) 1 isallgerm. A better name for the germ is embryo. Now in all seeds, the embryo is, in fact, a miniature plant, consist- ing of three parts, viz., radi- _ ; cle, plumule, cotyledons. In seit; o, care the tao eawledenae nthe
this Bean, r is the radicle, Pp radicle; p, the plumule.
is the plumule, ¢, e, are the | 77-51% Seed of Wheat eu) ahamaias the albumen; c¢, the ove cotyledon; p,
cotvledons. plumule; 7, radicle.
814 315 816 317
Fig. 318. Seed of Four-o’clock ; embryo two-cotyledoned, coiled; a, albumen. Fig. 814. Seed of Heather, ig. 315. A section of the same, showing the curved
embryo, with two cotyledous, lying in albumen. Fig. 816. Seed of Onion. fig. 817. Section of the same, showing the coiled em:
bryo, one cotyledon, in albumen.
191 The radicle is the part destined to grow downwards
189. Of what two parts may the seed-kernel consist ? 190. Describe the parts of the seed of bean.
OF GERMINATION. 3 95
and become root. The plumule is the young bud destined to expand upwards and become stem and leaves. The cotyle- dons are two young leaves, thick and bulky, full of starchy matter to feed the embryo when it shall awake and begin to grow. : |
192. In the Wheat-seed (Fig. 312) we find, besides the
embryo, a white, mealy mass (a), well known when ground
into flour. This mass is evidently intended to answer the same purpose as the starchy cotyledons of the Bean—to nourish the embryo. The radicle (7), the plumule (p), the cotyledon (c), and the albumen (q), are clearly shown. Fig. 313 (seed of Four-o’clock) also shows albumen; here the em- bryo is coiled into a ring around the albumen. ‘Thus we see that the food of the young plantlet is laid up somewhere in
every seed, either in the bulky cotyledons of the embryo
itself, or in the albumen outside the embryo. 198. We have, then, seeds albuminous, and seeds exalbu- minous; seeds two-cotyledoned, and seeds one-cotyledoned.
LESSON XXYV. THE SEED BECOMING A PLANT.
194. We have seen that the ripened seed is a miniature plant, living, but sleeping; packed and sealed up for trans- portation. It may continue to sleep, perhaps, for years, if
191. Describe the nature and destiny of the radicle; of the plumule; of ibe cotyledons.
192. Of what does the Wheat-seed consist? What is the intention of tlie albumen? the position of it in Wheat? in Four-o’clock ?
193. What seeds are albuminous? exalbuminous? What seeds are two eotyledoned? one-cotyledoned ?
96 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
kept dry; but if exposed to moisture, it soon awakes and commences its wonderful course of development.
195. In the Spring of the year the melting snows or the warm rains supply the proper moisture to tLe seeds which have fallen to the ground, and they may be seen everywhere swelling, bursting, and growing. The young botanist must not fail to watch their development.
196. Beneath some Oak, for example, & buried in the old leaves, we find acorns @ in all stages of growth, showing at one * view all the steps in the process of ger- mination. Here is an acorn with its shell softened and its kernel a little swollen. We divide it length- § wise with a sharp knife, and the section (ig. 318) shows the thick cotyledons (¢ ¢) and the radicle (7).
197. In another acorn (Fig. 319) the cotyledons have ab- sorbed yet more water, and en- larged so much as to burst _. the shell, and the radicle growing, has come forth, ' a little root, directing its course downwards.
Fig. 818. Acorn, seed of the Oak, cut open,—showing g¢, ¢, the cotyledons; 7, the radicle.
figs 319, 820, 8321. Show the progress of germination: 7, radicle ; p, plumule.
318
194. Please tell us again what a seed is. In what condition is a secd When will it awake?
195. Condition of the seeds generally in Spring ?
——————————e rrts———
EEE NN ieee
OF GERMINATION. ) |
198. In the next stage of growth (Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle- dons (s, petioles, Less. I.), make their appearance, and from between them, at the top of the rootlet, the plumule shoots forth, a little stem with a bud at the top, directing its course up- wards. The rootlet, meanwhile, has grown longer, entered the soil, and divided itself into branches and fibres all covered over with fine white hairs. These hairs, called fibrils, may be seen under a microscope, as in Fig. 322, which represents the end of a Pics ah aa ig am fibre of Maple with its fibrils much ce sumteatetl et Aes magnified. ing the fibrils.
199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and bud have drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose; but now the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its numerous fibrils, which are so many little mouths, it is begin- ning to draw its nourishment from the earth.
200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later (Fig. 821), shows root and stem well organized, and the young Oak fairly started on its grand journey of growth and life. The root has descended deeper and spread its branches wider
195. What is the meaning of the word germination? Describe the sectic of an acorn in Fig. 318. 197. Describe that stage of growth seen in Fig. 319. 198. Describe the third stage, as represented in Fig. 320. 199. The first source of food forthe embryo? the second f 200. How does the plant appear in Fig. 321? 5
98 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
in the soil, while the bud has mounted higher, unfolding itself into stem and leaves, and spreading itself in the air and hght.
201. The young plant has now become independent of the seed, which will soon wither and perish. The cotyledons, in this case, are never able to throw off the shell, but perish
4 j f
328 326 325 : 824 Progress of germination in Maple.—Fig. 823. A seed (samara). Fig. 824, Ths same, Just beginning to grow; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the shell. /%g. 825. The leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem (s) and root (1) lengthening. /%g, 326. The terminal bud appears. Fig. 327. The first pair of true leaves expanded. Fig. 828. The second pair appear, &c.
together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple
(Fig. 825), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change
volor, and become leaves,—the first pair on the plant (¢). 202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the
201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple--how difter in development 7 fis
DEVELOPMENT OF BUDS. 99
top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the joints (called nodes and znternodes) of the stem, its outer scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from within. Thus the ascending stem, or avs, is always termi-— nated by a bud.
329 839
Fig. 329. Bud of Currant unfolding,—the scales (s) gradually becoming leaves. Fig. 330. Bud uf Tulip-tree,—the scales unfolding into stipules (8).
203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of each leaf. So long as the terminal bud only is developed, the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the growth of these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro- duced; and these branches, from thezr axillary buds, prodace branchlets, and so on.
202. What do you understand by the nodes and internodes? How is cube tis a' ways terminated ? 208. In what case will the stem be simple? How are branches psvduc!
100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
LESSON XXXVI. LIFE OF THE PLANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY.
204. Tur water which the plant imbibes by its roots be- cumes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the blood circulates in the animal frame. The leaves, by their broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which passes through them into contact with the air and light.
205. By this means the sap is changed into a nourishing food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part. | Thus the leaves are designed, not only as an ornamental robe, but as organs of heeecoe al digestion.
206. in the second stage of gr owih, when the plant depends no longer upon the seed for nourishment, it goes on increas- ing in stature and multiplying its leaves and branches. It now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves. These are called the organs of vegetation.
207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flowering. Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own nourishment and growth. Now it begins to live and act for - the continuance of its own kind after it upon the earth, according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i., 11. Some ot its buds undergo a striking change, and open each a flower instead of a leafy branch.
208. A flower is therefore a leafy branch transformed (as
204. What becomes of the water which the roots imbibe? What part de she leaves act?
205. What change takes place in the sap?
205. What is the second stage of plant-life? — 20%. The third stage? Whence come the flowers?
BIOGRAPHY OF THE PLANT. ~ 101
shown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undevelc ped. its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicate forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn the
face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit. |
209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit bearing. The flowers have gradually faded and disappeared, but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class Book of Botany, p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all the nourishing matter which continues to flow into it through the flower-stem, grows, and finally ripens into the perfected fruit and seed.
210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant is its hebernation (winter’s sleep), or its death. If the event of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second year of the lite of the plant, it is generally followed by its speedy death. In all other cases it is folldwed by a state of needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves, and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with renewed vigor, in the following Spring.
211. Accordicg to their different terms of life, we distin- guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an- nual herb completes its whole history in one year. In the Spring it gerrinates; in Summer it grows, blooms, bears fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. The Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such.
212. A biennial herb lives two years. During the first it
208. Please state the nature of the flower. 209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life. 210. The fifth stage. 211. In regard to their term of life, how are plants divided. Describe an annual herb. 212. A biennial herb.
102 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
germinates, grows, and bears leaves only ; and in its second year it blossoms, bears fruit, and dies. Such are the Beet and Itadish.
213. A perennial plant survives several or many years, There are herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. The herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs, are such as survive the winter only by their roots or their parts which grow underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop, Asvers, Violets.
214. Woody perennials survive the winter by their stems as well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow- ering, and thence flower annually during their existence. Accoiding to their size, such plants are trees, shrubs, under- shrubs. A ¢ree isthe largest among plants, having a perma- nent, woody stem, usually unbranched below, and dividing into branches above. The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil iar examples.
215. A shrub is smaller than a tree, usually growing in clusters from one underground mass of roots. The Lilaes, Roses, Alders, are shrubs. Small shrubs, about of our own stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call bushes. Very low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &c., are undershrubs.
—
213. Describe a perennial plant. Of what two sorts? Describe a peren. nial herb. .
215. A tree, a shrub, bush, undershrub,—how distinguished? 'To which of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong? 'To which the Hol. lyhock? the Balsamine? Four-o’clock? To which the Tulip? Golden rodi Lily? Pink? Quince? &c.
a 2 ent eat,
CONCERNING THE ROOT. | 1033
~ PSO UN AAV IT: CONCERNING THE AXIS OF THE PLANT.
216. Tur term axis ex- presses the central column or body of the plant around which the branches and other organs are arranged. As we have already no- ticed, the axis grows and extends in two directions, —upwardsand downwards. The ascending part is the stem, the descending part is the root. The former loves and seeks the air and light, the latter the dark, damp bosom of the earth.
217. The Root serves the twofold purpose of fixing the plant firmly in its place, and of imbibing the neces- sary food fain the soil. The food when thus im-
bibed is never in a solid <2 A : + N fy a fe ALS
Fig. 331. An entire plant (Shep- herd’s-purse), showing the axis (a tor). The part from ¢ to r is the descending axis, or root; frome toa the ascending axis, or ee: b, 4, branches, bearing racemes of flowers r and fruit. 831
104 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
state, but dissolved in water, and con- sists of certain earths, alkalies, and gases. (See Part II., Chap. 7, Class Book of Botany.)
218. It is the nature of the root to divide itself into branches, and the only organs which properly belong to it are - branches, fibres, and fibrils. It puts forth no buds nor leaves unless the plant be in some unnatural state.
219. The roots of woody plants, es- pecially, are branching roots. Year after year they multiply and extend in
A z i. as . : pr AE ina : \ Ufa fi a gd, e535 ‘ 1 iy re Tp ee pe Wt Genes == Wf y = Ges = AS ON oe /b in Fa SS SE aN Ee y } (2 ed aS { ‘ - ) \ ene ll S, Si rt ‘ all H . wo
7
s..
Fig. 383, A tuberous root (Erigenia). Fig. 834. Fibrous roots (Buttercups). Fig. 835, Branching root (Waite Clover), with tubere es,
Fig. 882 Branching roo branches and branchlets beneath the ofa young tree.
FORMS OF ROOTS. 108
ground, in prcportion to the growth of the branches and twigs of the stem above. The axis itself may not descend to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far exceeded in growth by its own branches which extend hori- zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the roots the more firm will be its hold upon the ground, and the great- er its capacity for drinking in liquid nourishment for the tree.
220. The roots of herbaceous plants take a great variety of A) forms. Some are tuberous, some SS) fibrous. The ¢wberous are such as SS - consist of a large axis or body, witn ~ (ae small branches; as in the Beet, Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and many other biennial plants.
221. The fibrows are such as con- sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely any axis; asin buttercups, Grass- es. In such cases the axis ceased to grow immediately after ger- mination, and long thread-like ig a eee me branches supplied its place. root of Beet.
999. The jibro-tuberous roots “9g. 387. Puberous and napiform
. root of Turnip. are such as have some of their fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dablia,
216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions does it grow?
217. What is the twofold purpose of the root? What does it imbibe! in what state is this food when imbibed ?
218. What is said of the nature of the root? What are its only proper organs? What is said of leaves or buds?
219. Describe the roots of woody plants, and their growth.
220-222. Describe tuberous roots; fibrous; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular.
5*
106 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Spireea. If little tubers here and there are attached to the fibres, the root is tubercular, as in Squirrel-corn.
Fig. 838. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony. Fig. 839. Fibro-tuberous root of Spires filipundula., Fig. 340. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium.
223. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu- berous, are filled with starch, deposited there in store, for use in the future growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots are described in larger works.
LESSON XXVIII. OF THE STEM OR ASCENDING AXIS.
294. Tur stem tending upward in its growth is often called the ascending axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise
223. What purpose do fleshy roots serve ? Lxss. XXVITI. What is the subject of this lesson ?
THE ASCENDING AXIS | 107
7 fb ith) Ny )
XA
‘
842 841
Fig. 341. Spotted Prince’s Pine, entire plant: the stem is a “leaf-stem.” Fig. 842. Diclytra (D. cucullaria), whole plant; it has a “‘scale-stem.”
in growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There- fore we have, besides erect stems, stems prostrate, procumbent, trailing, when running along flat on the ground, or over bushes, as the Partridge-berry, White Wintergreen (Fig. 343) ; and, also, stems decumbent, first arising and afterwards re clining on the ground, as the Poor-man’s-weatler-glass (Fig. 344).
225. There are, also, subterranean stems, never arising
224. What of the direction of the growth of stems? How does the stem of White Wintergreen grow? How the stem of Anagallis?
108 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
‘ig. 3438. Tne White Wintergreen (Chiogenes); it has a procumbent stem
above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip.
226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud, and as it grows it bears this bud always at the summit and produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf.
Ww z \ \ : WE \ \4 MA D) a be. =
Fig. 844. Poor-man’s-weather-glass (Anagallis) ; it has a decumbent stem.
227. The stem has nodes and internodes. The joints where the leaves severally come out are the nodes, and the portion of stem between, the znternodes. In the bud the internodes are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together; but as it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and the nodes with their respective leaves are separated.
228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and the axis never extends itself above ground, and covers itself
925. What of the stem of Tulip? 226. What the nature of the stem with respect to buds? 227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes.
FORMS OF STEMS : 109
f Ye if ,
He
\ <4
Wn ¢, \ i WY
Fig. 845. Corms of Putty-root (Aplectrum): a, of last year; 6, of the present year. Fig. 846. Scale bulb of White Lily.
Fig. 847. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel (Oxaks violacea).
with scales instead of leaves. Thus we have two classes of stems; namely, leaf-stems and scale-stems. These figures, one of the delicate Diclytra and the other (Fig. 341) of the
Fig. 348. Rhizome of Solomon’s Seal. a, fragment of the first year’s growth; 4, the second year’s growth; c, the third year’s growth, bearing d, the stem of the present year, which will leave a scar (the seal), like that of the others.
Fig. 349. Premorse rhizome of Trillium.
228. What two classes of stems-have we to consider? What is tlhe differ. nee between them? To which class does Diclytra belong? Prince’s Pine?
110 UBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
Prince’s Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of stems. |
229. Severai varieties of scale-stems must be distinguished ; as, bulb, corm, rhizome, creeper, tuber, &c.
230 The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily, have bulbs; you see (Figs. 346, 347), they consist of roundish masses of thick scales with a small axis—in fact, an overgrown bud. The corm is like it in shape, but has a fiuble axis with thin scales ornone. (Fig. 845.)
231. The rhizome, or root-stock, is a fleshy, underground stem, often scaly and marked with Scare, 28 in the Bloodrost, Solomon’s Seal (Figs. 348, 349).
Fig. 850. Creeper of ‘‘ Nimble Will,’ or Witch-grass: a, bud; 6, 6, bases of the stems which rise above-ground.
232. The creeper is more slender, much branched, many- jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch- grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is very tena- cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abouads.
233. The tuber, such as grows on the underground stems of the Potato-plant, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al: ways produces buds.
229. Name five sorts of ecale-stems. 230. Describe the bulb, the corm. 231. The rhizome. 282. The creeper. 233. The tuber.
FORMS OF STEMS. | 11]
934. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three kinds, the trunk, caulis, and vine. Zrunk is the name given to the stems of woody, erect plants, especially of trees. They are the representatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase, — lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the storm. ‘There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of a truer grandeur than the White Pine’s trunks of the North ern forests. aus
235 Caulis, is the general name given by botanists to the
Vines. Fig. 351. Passion-flower (Passiflora lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig 852. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. Fig. 353. Hop, twining from righ to left.
234. Name, next, three kinds of leafstems. Describe the trunk. 230. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent? acaulescent? Give ex amples of each.
112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
stems of herbs. From this word come two adjectives much used and quite convenient, viz., cawlescent and acaulescent ; the former denoting the presence of stems above-ground, the latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent ; the Garden Violet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Violet is acaulescent. . | 236. Vine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous. The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from right to left, as in Fig. 353. The Morning-glory, sade but it turns a left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the tendrils, of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker’s de- sign more truly than if by an audible voice.
236. Describe the vine. What their three varieties? What is the read mirable in the tendril ?
CLASSIFICATION 7 113
LESSON XXIX. PLANTS TO BE ARRANGED IN CLASSES.
PLANT may be studied by itself, as an individual, separate from other plants or objects; or it may be considered in its re- lations to other plants, as consti- tuting a part of a system. In this latter view we discover one vast design embracing the innu- merable millions of plants as one kingdom, leading us to adore the wisdom and goodness of him who planned and created the world. For we see that he has not only made each plant with so much loveliness and perfec- tion in itself, but has assigned to each its proper rank in the system, and endowed it with just that nature, habit, and style of beauty, which adapts :t to that rank.
238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now propose to do, is useful in two ways: first, it gives us a larger and truer conception of the Vegetable Kingdom; and
237. What two modes of studying the plant are mentioned? In the see ond mode what discovery is made? 238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages?
114. OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
secondly, it teaches us how to recognize by name the plants with which we meet, so as to avail ourselves of all that has been recorded concerning the same by botanists before us. 239. Sappose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single Wlax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- glass. It grows, filling the clear water with its silvery radi- sles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and finally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its history. 240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been sown in the fields, and from each, also, a plant has arisen. The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain in ocean blue. Now, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study over each of all these millions? Certainly not. He finds himself already acquainted with them, for each bears an ex- act resemblance to that which he has already described. His knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every- where. 241. In this manner we obtain the idea ofa Sprcirs. Thus, a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same kind, having descended from a common stock, and resem- bling each other and their common parent in every feature. 942. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is @ species ; the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Purple Flax of the gardens is another. The White Clover is a spe-
239. Can you give us an idea of an individual plant ?
240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need te study the others?
241. Please state your idea of a species.
242, Please illustrate your idea of a species.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. | 115
cies with its progeny of millions of plants; the Red Clover is another; the Yellow Clover another; the Buffalo Clover another. In like manner all the plants of the globe are grouped into species, and this is the first step in classification.
243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we may thus define: A Genus is an assemblage of species which are much alike; especially in their flowers and fruit. Thus, Fiax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned above, and other similar species. CLovER is a genus com- posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned. Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover, Red Clover, &c. Pine is a genus, embracing as species White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long leaved Pine, and many others.
244. Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat among themselves, and these differences constitute vardetzes. Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds of varieties although only one species. Jtoses differ in their form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va- rieties under each species. Probably no two plants of any species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is not a characteristic of Nature.
LESSON XXX. THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
245. Iy attempting to classify and arrange the genera ol plants, according to their natural resemblances and differ:
243. Can you nowdefineagenus? Please illustrate your idea of a genus 244. What isa variety? Illustrate your meaning.
116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
ences, botanists have formed a system ealled the Natural Sys tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification.
246. We have already stated that the plants of the globe are all created in species, and that this is the first step in classification. Then, in the second place, the species are grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000.
247. The third step in our system carries us forward to the Naturat Or' ERs. These are made up of genera. As we as- sociate similar species to form a genus, so we associate similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of orders described in the Natural System is about three hun. dred. For example, the natural order Crucifiree, or the Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage, Turnip, Radish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear resemblance to each other in many respects. |
248. How then shall we define a natural order? Itisa group of similar genera; or, a group of genera closely re- lated to each other. Therefore, individuals form species; species form genera; genera form orders. But how shall we classify these three hundred orders ?
249. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains. We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs. We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the mosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we see plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom.
cae ee
245. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ?
246, 247. What is the first step in classification? the second? the third ? W hat number of species known in all the vegetable world? What number of genera? of orders? (Ans. 303.)
248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps
249. Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. : 117
Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it into two subkingdoms. How shall we do it?
250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of these plants produce no flowers; as, e. g., the Ferns and Mosses. Let us then take all such plants and consider them as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the Frowrertess Piants All other plants will of course constitute the other sub-king dom, v2z., the FLrowrertne Puants. Botanists call the latter the Pheenogamia, and the former, the Cryptogamia (Greek words of the same import).
251. Now these two sub-kingdoms bave other distinctions besides flowering and not-lowering. See the fruit-dots growing on the back of fern leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters of hollow cases, and each case filled with a fine se yellow dust. Dut this dust is not seeds, with = embryo, radicle, &c. (Less. 24), but little sacs, containing a fluid, similar to the pollen grains
Wee Za ~
SEjsss= (Less. 15). We call them Spores. See, also, the Oy Ss
oN
= Shi 4
SS > <>
Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens
Some of the Cryptogams.—/%g. 355. A Fern, showing the fruit-dots. Figs. 356, 357 858, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance of any
200. Please distinguish the two subkingdoms. The meaning of Crypto gamia? Phenogamia ? 251. What about the Spores of Ferns, &c.‘
118 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
often, also, without stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp- togams that they are not only jlowerless, but seedless, and often leafless and stemless. |
252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the present and consider the Flowering Plants (Phzenogams), as one sub kingdom ;—how shall this be divided? Every one notices a striking difference between plants with parallel-veined leaves and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flowers two, four, or five-parted, &c.,—the former have seeds one-lobed (monocotyledoned, Less. 15), the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle- doned, Less. 15). Let us, then, divide the Pheenogamia into two provinces; as Nature has already done.
st BNe De ere cee Ce Seana. = ae cy Si 2e CSS ‘ = => oe: Gare. RG oF OS ‘ xa Slee: en: : 2 t SS
Si “a y Ne
Fig. 359. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two years growth: 1, the pith; 2, 8, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. /%ig. 360. Cross-section of an endoge- vous stem (Corn), showing no distinction of layers.
253. We may eall these two provinces severally, the Exo- gens and the Expogrns :—two Greek words denoting outside yrowers, inside-growers, referring to their modes of growth.
254. Now, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, we may distinguish them thus: The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con- centric rings, or layers, as seen in Fig. 360 ;—the outer ring
252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 253. Pleasé give the character of an Exogen; an Endogen. Mcaning of these two words?
ee eT
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 3 119
being the youngest; the leaves net-veined; the flowers sel. dom (or never completely) three-parted; and the seeds twe lobed. On the contrary:
955. The Endogen has its wood, if any, confused, the inner portions being the newest ;—its leaves parallel-veined ;- -its flowers three-parted ; and its seeds ore-lobed.
GEESSON XXX EE: MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
256. Tous Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined that you may know them as far off as you can see them. The next step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these provinces. First, as to the Exogens: We know that they generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seeds (ovules) inclosed in their ovaries. But there are exceptions to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &c., have no pistils at all, or, at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens: the naked-seeded and the vessel-seecded. The botanists call the lat- ter the AnciosprrMs (Greek, angzos, a vessel; sperma, seed) ; and the former, the Gymnosprerms (Greek, gymnos, naked).
257. Secondly, the Endogens: here consider the peculiar forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en- veloped in green, alternate scales, called glumes, instead of
204 Isthe Lilyan ExogenorEndogen? The Buttercup? The Maple, &c.?
206. What is the next step in the analysis? State the manner of subdi- viling the Exogens. What is the meaning and etymology of the word “ Angiosperms?” What of Gymrosperms? Give an example of each.
207. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petalifere{ What of the Glumifere ? Pili
120 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY.
the circles of petals common in other flowers. lence we have a class of Glume-plants and of Glumeless-plants, or, as. the botanists say, GLuMIreEr# and Prrarireraz. Thus we divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz.:_
1. Angiosperms ; Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels.
2. Gymnosperms ; Exogens with no stigmas, and with naked secds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses, Yews, &c.
8. Petalifere ; Endogens with no glumes and ordinary flowers.
4. Glumifere; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as the Grasses, Sedges, Grains.
958. Again, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into Cohorts, as follows: the Angiosperms are divided (not very naturally) into three cohorts, viz. :
1. The Dialypetale, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow- ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, Rose, Mustard. ie
2. The Gamopetale, having flowers with the petals united into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove.
8. The Apetale, having flowers without petals, either naked, or with only one circle of tloral envelopes (which must then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color); as Gin- ger-root (Asarum), Poke (Phytolacca), and Pig-weed (Cheno- podium).
4, Next, the Gymnosperms are regarded as forming one eohort, called the Conoids, having the fruit usually in cones.
(Less. XXIII.)
258. After the classes what is the next step in analysis? How are tle Angiosperms subdivided? Please define the Polypetalous Exogens; the Gamopetalous; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form? Why? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form? Define the fifth cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Glumiferous Endogens constitute ?
THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121
The Endogenous Petaliferse are divided into two cohorts, viz.
5. The Spadicijlore, having the flowers on a spadix, ag in the Egyptian Calla and Jack-in-the-pulpit.
6. The Floridiw, having the flowers separate, not on a spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus.
7. The Class Glamiferze constitutes the seventh cohort, ander the name Grumznozds, i. e., the Grass-like plants.
Six other cohorts are formed from the flowerless plants, but we cannot notice them in this work.
259. Lastly, the cohorts are themselves divided into, or composed of, the Natural Orders, which we defined in Les-
son XXX.
260. Taste I. Tasuniar View or THE Natural System. Kimgaom. Sub-kingdoms frovances. Classes. Cohorts. ‘ Dialypetalous, Ganopetalous, Angiosperms.. { Apetalous. ( Exogens.. Gymnosperms.—Conoids. \ Spadicifiore, Petalifers. .... ( Floridez. Phenogamia \ Endogens. Glumifere ....=-Graminoids. Vegetables. Cryptogamia (Its divisions here omitted.)
261 Taste II. View or tHe NaturaL System.
i. Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2.) PILE NOGAMIA, 1. Fowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) CRYPTOGAMIA 2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never quite 3-parted....8. ELXOG ENS.
2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 3-parted....4. ENDOG ENS.
8. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels....5, Angiosperms
3. Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines. Sprueces, &e.. .6. Gymnosperms
4. Flowers without glumes, naving petals, &c....7. Petalifere
4. Flowers witn green, alternate glumes. no petals ..2 Glumifera
259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided? Give us e:- _ amples of each of all these cohorts.” | 260 Explain the use of Table I 261 Of Table I
6
122 OBJECT LESSONS IN BO'LANY.
5. Petals distinct and separate. PoLYPETAL 5. Petals united more or less. GAMOPETALE, 5. Petals none. APETALE. 6 The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Conolrps
7. Inflorescence a spadix. SPADICIFLORA.
7. Inflorescence not a spadix. FLoRIDEz.
8. Grass-like plants. GRAMINOIDS.
9. Sucn as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Mushrooms al] omitted in this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter X1V::
262. Taste JIT. Anotner View or THE Natural SystEev
VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.: Sub-kingdom First, PHZENOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, eluding Province L., the EXOGENS, or Dicotyledons, including two classes Clase 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz.: Cohort A, PotypretaLovus Exogens (as Roseworts, &c.): Cohort B, GaMopEetatous Exogens (Phloxworts, &¢.1; and Cohort C, ApeTaLous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c.). Class 2, the Gymnosperms, with one Cohort, viz. : Cohort D, Conorps, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c.). Province 1l., the ENDOG ENS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes. viz. Class 3, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Uohorts; Cohort E, SpapviciFLor# (the Aroids, &e.); Cohort F, FioriweEz(Lilyworts, &e.). Class 4, the Glumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz. : Cohort G, Graminotps (Grasses, Sedges, &e.)._ Sub-kengaom Second, CRY PTOGAMIA the Flowerless Plants Province III, &c , &e
_———_ = 8 a
LESSON XxX XTi OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS.
263. To study any subject by the separate examination of
fhe parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis. For example, in Grammar, we analyze a sentence when we point out and separately consider the subject, predicate,
262. Of Table III. 263. What is the genera] meaning of analysis ? Illustrate
BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123
object, &c. In Chemistry, we analyze water when we sep- arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine each by itself.
264. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each particular organ composing the plant, but doing all this in connection w ith certain tables, in order to ) determine its name and history.
265 This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur- suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses half its pleasure and usefulness. The student can acquire a better knowledge of a species by the study ofa living specimen, than by memorizing the longest description found in books.
266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. If he is duly interested in his study, he will not fail to seize and analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons become acquainted with every species in his locality.
267. But we do not expect that all this will be accomplished by our young friends while using as their only text-book this little work. We only aim ow to furnish them with the means of making a fair beginning, so that they may be able, in future seasons, to advance rapidly with the “‘ Class Book,” or other works of that rank.
268. In the following pages we present the pupil with numerous tables, designed to conduct our inquiries in every process of botanical analysis; also accompanied by a plain, miniature Flora, or a partial description of all the flowering plants in the United States.
264. What is its signification in botany ?
124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
269. Specimens gathered for analysis should have flowers in full bloom, full-grown leaves, and also, if possible, the mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is well to have the whole. of it as the root and lower leaves often afford characters by ‘ which the species is known. Suppose you now have good specimens of some one unknown plant, gathered for analysis, ~how will you proceed with them ?
270. We first examine the several parts of the plant, begin- ning with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter- mining the character of each according to the definitions given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table commencing on page 121, entitled, “ Review of the Natural System,” and read, compare, and decide according to the directions contained in Lesson X X XIIT., in order to determine the Natural Order to which the specimen belongs. Having determined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter- mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables.
271. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows:
As to the plant—whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree.
As to the root—whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibro-tuberous.
As to the stem—whcether a scale-stem or leaf-stem; bul- bous, rhizome, or erect, &c..
As to the leaves—whether alternate or opposite; parallel- veined or net-veined; whether the figure be ovate, lanceo- late, oblong, &e.
269. What kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis?
270. Please state the first thing to be done with them. After you hav found the Order, what then?
271. What special care should be taken? As to character, what do we inquire concerning plants? What concerning the root? the stem? the leaves? the stipules? What concerning the flowers? the calyx? the coral la? stamens? ‘What concerning the pistil or fruit?
USE OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES, © 125
As to stipules—whether present or absent.
As to the fowers—whether symmetrical or unsymmetrical , regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent ; the petals, whether distinct or united; the stamens, whether hypogynous or perigynous, whether opposite to the petals or - alternate with them.
As to the pistil and fruit,—whether the carpels be more than one, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson
XVIL)
LESSON XXXITI.
HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES.
272. Our readers are already informed that the Flora which accompanies these instructions is not intended to make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will not expect to find in it any thing lke a full account of all our flora, but a few plain exercises by which they may trace every flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order, about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora with a class of pupils who have well studied the former part of the work, some method like the following would be inter- esting and profitable.
273. Suppose the class present, and each furnished with a spe- cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit.
Teacher. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let us find out to- gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. We will
commence at the “ Analysis of the Natural Orders” (page 182), and read the first pair of lines, which we will call a couplet.
126 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
John (reads). ‘‘ Plants bearing flowers (Phzenogamia).
“Plants not bearing flowers (Cryptogamia).” |
Teacher. To which of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong?
John. To the flowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit.
Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass.
John. To the second.
Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second couplet in the same manner.
Edward. “ Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-parted.
“Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net-veined). Flowers three-parted.” fhis specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves and five-parted flowers. It is, then, an Exogen. Pass to No. 3.
Teacher. Now let it pass along, and if a wrong decision is made, let the observer signify it by raising his hand.
Sarah. “Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels.
‘“‘Stigmas none. Seeds naked.” These flowers have pistils and stig- mas. I think itis an Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5.
Eliza. “ Oorolla with distinct petals.
“ Corolla with united petals.
“‘Corolla none; sepals sometimes none.” My specimen has five distinct petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Polypetalous. Pass over to A.
Jane. *‘ Herbs.
“Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs.” This plant is an herb. Pass on to No. 2.
Mary. “Leaves alternate or all radical.
“Leaves opposite, on the stem.” The leaves of the stem are alternate, but many are radical. Pass to No. 15.
Louisa. “Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume.
“Flowers irregular,” &c. I do not remember the legume. (Several hands are raised.)
Teacher. Edward will define a legume.
Edward. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod.
Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition ?
Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves ard one cell.
Louisa. But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17.
Nancy. “Stamens numerous.” &c. I count more than twenty stamens here. Turn to No. 21.
HOW TO ANALYZE. | 127
Lucy. “Stamens on the torus,” &c. I think they are on the torus, and not on the calyx. Next to No. 22.
Emily. “ Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles).
‘“Pistils (st}les, also, if any), completely united.” I see many litt'e green pistils, quite distinct, in the centre of the flower. Goto No. 23.
Caroline. “Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate,” & This flower has five petals, but Ido not know whether they are deczduous or not.
Teacher. Will some of yuu relieve Caroline’s doubts ?
Emily. I think they are deciduous, for they have already fallen off from several of my flowers.
Teacher. True. ‘Then what is Caroline’s decision ?
Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant belongs to the “ Order of the Crowfoots,” which is the first natural order.
Teacher. Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the genus of the plant. But before we look into the “ Aaalysis of the Gen- era,’ we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred in our conclusion. John will read aloud these characters, and the class will consider whether their specimens answer to each.
John (reads). ‘“‘ Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice” (&c., to the end).
Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the “Analysis of the Genera.” Edward, the first couplet.
Edward. “Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed.
“Sepals imbricate in the bud.” The sepals are imbricate. No. 2.
Sarah. “ Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit.
“Ovaries with two or more seeds.” I find one seed in each ovary, — indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed. Pass to No. 3.
Eliza (after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite diffcr ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d. |
Jane (after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on the stem, and a little scale with honey at the base of each petal, I must pro nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4.
Teacher. We now turn to that genus (page 147), and read its character fur the sake of confirmation and a better knowledge.
128 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
Mary (reads the character of the genus Ranunculus aloud).
Teacher, We are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is next.
Mary. “ Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers small. South.....
“‘ Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even.....
‘* Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise.” This spe cimen has smooth seeds and yellow petals. Pass to a.
Louisa. ‘‘ Leaves more or less divided,” &c. This second line cf the triplet describes the plant. Pass on to bd.
Nancy. ‘‘ Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate.
“Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base.
‘Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft.” Pass to ¢.
Lucy. “Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect.
“Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals.” The sepals are reflexed. Read Nos. 14, 15.
Emily, after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or Ranunculus bulbosus, in which conclusion all concur. :
--—— — oe —____
LESSON XXXLYV VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS.
274. ‘Tue work ot analysis is often attended with diflicul ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the young botanist. So it often is in the study of Algebra, or of Logic; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning His decisions may be wrong through a want of a thorough acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his knowl edge,—here, as well as in all other pursuits.
i
274. Mention two sources of error in the analysis of plants
DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. : 129
275. But the minuteness of the organs or parts to de
studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student,
inuch more to the careless one. To overcoine this, skill in vissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the
nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums
are herbs or shrubs; whether the flowers of Petunia are reg-
ular or irregular; whether the Pear leaf is ovate or oval,
_ &e. Experience will at length diminish this difficulty.
276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c., are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an Exogen or an Endogen? Its netted leaves indicate the for- mer, but its flowers being three-parted throughout, and its seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to be an Endogen. Again, is Spring Beauty an Exogen or an Endogen? Its leaves seem, at first, parallel-v aed: but as its flowers are aie es
it is an econ.
277. ee cherms will be readily distinguished from Gym-
_ nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever-
green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &c.
278. The industrious student will very soon find himself so well acquainted with the different characters of the cohorts that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table. This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the
275. What of the minuteness of the organs of some plants? What of the ambiguity of the plants themselves? What will soon diminish this difii-
_ culty? Mention examples of this ambiguity.
276. Are the limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c., always clear? How do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen? that Spring Beauty ue
- an Exogen? -
277. How may the Gymnospernis be quickly distinguished ?
§*
130 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY
characters of the five great orders following will prove a great saving of time and trouble.
279. The Crucirers are herbs with alternate leaves, cruci- forma flowers (§ 87), two stamens shorter than the other four, and two-celled pods. Example, Mustard.
280. The Praworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples, Pea, Bean.
281. The Umpetuirers have alternate leaves, small, regular, five-parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara- way
282. The Asrerworts are herbs with compound flowers, that is, with heads composed of many little five-parted flow- ers appearing together like a single flower. Asters, Sun- flower.
283. The Laziares are herbs with square stems, opposite leaves, Jabiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts Peppermint.
Among Endogens we oe two or three orders.
284. The Gan akes Herbs with very irregular and gro- tesque flowers, and stamens united to the style. Orchis.
285. The Sepers. Herbs with solid stems; linear, grass- like leaves (if any), on entire sheaths; and with green glumes and flowers.
286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves on split sheaths, and with green giumes and flowers.
279. Define the Crucifers 280. The Peaworts 281. The Umbellifers. 282. The Asterworis. 283. The Labiates. | * 284, Define also the Orchids.
285. The Sedges. 286 The Grasses.
= or.
2 en eae ee
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, | Often used in Descriptive Botany.
~
ach., acnema. jil., filament. pet., petals. @st., estivation. ji., flower; jis., flowers. | 7., rare, uncommon, atver,, alternate. Jr., fruit. recp., receptacle. anth., anther. hd., head; hds., heads. reg., regular. axill., axillary. hyp., hypogynous. - | rhiz., rhizome ¢., common. imbr., imbricate. rt., root.
cal., calyx. inf., inferior. sds., seeds. caps., capsule. invol., involucre. seg., segments. com., corolla. trreg., irregular. sep., sepals. decid., deciduous. leg., legume. st., stem.
diam., diameter. v9 leaf; dus., leaves. sta., stamens. emarg., emarginate. ifts., leaflets. stig., stigmas.
Ff. or ft., feet. ovd., Ovary. sty., styles.
Apr., April. Auwg., August. Dec., December. Fed., February. Jan., January. Jjl., July. Jn., June. Mar., March. Vov., November. Oct., October. Sepé., September.
N., Northern, that is, the northern portions of the United States.
NV.-£., New England, or the Northeastern States.
W.- W., the Northwestern States.
Z., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States.
W., the Western, or the States bordering on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. M., the Middle States or portions of the United States.
S., the Southern States.
S.-£., the Southeastern Stafes, and S.- W., the Southwestern States.
NY. Y., New York. Mass., Massachusetts. /a., Pennsylvania, &c.
7. (with or without the period), a foot. ‘ (a single accent) denotes an inch (a twelfth of 1 foot). *’ (a double accent) a second, a dine (a twelfth of an inch).
@ An annual plant. § (placed after), a naturalized plant.
@ A biennial plant. + (placed after), cultivated for ornament 2¢ A perennial plant. t (placed after), cultivated for use.
b A plant with a wuody stem. o Indefinite or numerous.
g A pistillate flower or plant. é A staminate flower or plant.
% A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers.
§ Monecious, or a plant bearing staminate and pistillate flowers.
9 4 Diccious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants.
¢ & 4 Polygamons; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fis, 9 (a cipher: signifies wanting or none, as, ‘ Petals 0.”
13
y _ LESSONS IN BOTANY
ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS,
Being a Key for the ready determination of the Natural Order of any plant native or cultivated, growing within any State east of the Mississippi river, or bordering on its western shore.
Worz.—A star (*) prefixed to the name of the Order, aenotes that that Order, with its
gen uot the
6.
era and species, is described in its place in the Flora. The Orders not thus marked are noticed in the Flora beyond this Table. The Orders are here numbered to correspond with “Class Book of Botany.”
CLASSES AND COHORTS
1 Flowering Plants... 2. Nub-kingdum, PH ANOGAMIA. 1 Flowerless Plants....Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms, Sea-weeds, &c. (not further noticed here). &ub-kingdom, CRY PTOGAMIA.
. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted ...3. EXOG ENS. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net veined). Flowers 3-parted....4. EVDOGENS. 8. Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in a seed- vessel... .5. Angiosperms, 8. Stigmas none. Seeds naked (Pines, Spruces, &c.).. .6. Gymnosperms. Flowers without glumes, colored or green....7. Petalifere FP’: wers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth....8. Glumifere 5. Corolla with distinct petals....A. Cohort 1. PoLYPETALOUS. 5. Corolla with united petals....B. Cohort 2. GAMOPETALOUS. 5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none .C. Cohort 3. APETALOUS, The cone-fruited piants (same as Gymnosperms)..D. Cohort 4. Conorbs. 7. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete..... Cohort 5. SpapiciFLor@. 7. Fls. compiete, perianth double. No spadix..F. Cohort 6. FLorIpEa& The grass-like plants (same as Glumifere). G. Cohort 7. GRAMINOIDE
A Orpers oF THE PoLiypeTaLous Exocens
1. Herbs....2. 1. Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. .3. Leaves alternate or all radical....15.
. Leaves opposite on the stem....11.
8. Flowers regular or nearly so....4.
8. Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume, § 180) ..87 Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more... 5. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer.. 7.
5. leaves opposite....60.
5. Leaves alternate. . 6.
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS | 133
6. Stamens on the torus or on the hypogynous (§ 83) petals... 63. 6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynons, § 83).. .63. 7. Ovaries simple, distinct or one only. Vines or erect shrubs....69. 7. Ovary compound....8. 8. Ovary inferior,—wholly adherent to the calyx....70. 8. Ovary superior,—free from the calyx, or nearly free....9. 9. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number....72. # . Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number....10 10. Leaves opposite on the stem... .73. 10. Leaves alternate, compound....76. 10. Leaves aiternate, simple....78. 1]. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more....47. 1]. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer....12 12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only....48. 12. Pistils united into a compound ovary....18. 13. Ovary free from the calyx. ..14. 13. Ovary adherent to the calyx. ..49. 14, Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number....51. 14, Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number... .52. 15. Flowers regular or nearly‘so. Fruit never a legume....17. 15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), or the fruit a legume... 16 16. Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals... .42. 16. Stamens few and definite, 5-12....48. 17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals....21, 17. Stamens few and definite....18. 18. Ovary free from the calyx,—superior... 19. 18. Ovary adherent to the calyx,—inferior....39. 19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple.. .30. 19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz..... 20. 20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles combined into 1....82 20. Carpels 3 or 4, united, the styles or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6....32. 20, Carpels 5, distinet or united, with 5 distinct styles....37. 20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined intol. .88, 21. Stamens on the torus (hypogynous)....22. 21, Stamens situated on the corolla at base....27. 21. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base... .28. 22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styies)... 23. 22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united... .24. 23. Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Orderofthe * Crowfoots, 1 23. Petals 3, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Wauter-shields. 23. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * Water-beans. & 24, Sepals 2 only....26. 24. Sepals 4, 5, or 6, mostly & ...25
134 LESSONS IN BOTANY
28. 28.
80. 380.
32. 32. 82.
25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. * Water Inlies. 9
25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leavestubuiar, * Water-pitchers. 10
25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts, * Rock-roses. 17
26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. * Purselanes. 22
26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud. * Poppyworts. 11
97. Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled. * Maliows. 24 Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§ 178). * Purselanes. 22.
Sepals 8 to 5....29. 29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruitalong pod. South. * Lendenblooms. 26
29, Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. * Roseworts, 47 29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. Loasads. 58 Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. * Berberids. 6 Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous. * Crowfoots, 1 31. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 108). Pods 2-celled. * Crucifers. 13 31. Stamens 4, or 8-12. Pod 1-celled. Capparids. 14 Sepals and petals in 3’s. Stamens 6. Small herbs. Limnanths. 36 Sepals and petals in 4’s. Stamens 8. Climbing. * Indian Soapworts. 41
Sepals and petals in 5’s....83. 33. Stamens definitely 5....84. 83. Stamens indefinite, 3-30....36 84. Stamens monadelphous. Stems climbing. * Passionwerts. 60 $4. Stamens distinct....35. 85. Stem climbing. Flowers greenish. * (Mexican vine.) Order 105 35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turnerworts. 5€ 85. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. * Sundews. 19 386. Flowers perfect, very many and small. * Lock-roses. 17 86. Fls. monecious. Plants woolly, seurfy, or downy. Order 112
87, Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts. 30
87. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. (Leadworts.) *Order 80 87. Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels. 382
87. Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. * Houseleeks. 56 88. Ovary l-celled. Leaves radical, spinous. 8. * Sundews. 19 88. Ovary 8-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, dotless. * Order %3
88. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate. Rueworts. 37
89. Style 1, but the carpels (§124)as many as the petals (2-6). * Onagrads. 52 89. Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals....40. 89. Styles 3-5....41.
40. Seeds several. * Saxifrages. 57 40. Seeds two only. * Umbelworts. 63 41. Sepals 2, with 5 petals. * Purselanes. 22 41. Sepals as many as the petals. * Araliads. 65 42. Ovaries many or few, rarely 1, always simple. *Crowfoots. 1
42. Ovary compound, 8-carpeled, open before ripe. Mignonettes. 15
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 135
43. Sepals awe e! Or more in number than the petals.... 44, 43. Sepals and petals each of the same number... .45. 44. Sepals 2 (or vanished) ; petals 4 (2 pairs), with lor2spurs. *Fumeworts.
44, Sepals 4, petals 2; the largest sepal spurred behind. * Jewelweeds. 44, Sepals 5, petals 8. No spur. * Milkworts. 45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Cappurids, 45. Flowers 5-parted....46. 46. Stamens & Spur slender. Trophyworts. 46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Violets. 46. Stamens 10 (or more). Fruit a legume. No spur. * Peaworts. 47. Pistils many, entirely distinct, simpue. * Crowfoots. 47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. Johnsworts. 47. Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. lce-planis. 48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 43. Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. * Houseleeks. 48. Pistils 2, covered up by the stamens Juice milky. * Order 49. Carpels as many as the sepals....49° 49. Carpels fewer than the sepals. ..50. 492 Anthers opening at the top. * Melastomes, 49; Anthers opening along the side * Onagrads. 50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. * Saxifrages. 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. * Araliads. 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Style 1 (double). * Cornels. 51. Style 3-cleft at the summit. * Purselanes. 51 Style and stigma 1, undivided. * Order 52. Leaves pinnate, with stipules between the petioles. Bean-capers.
52. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed....53. 52. Leaves simple, entire... .54.
58. Flowers cruciform, with 6 ssamens. * Crucifers. 53. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens * Geraniums. 54, Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. * Loosestrifes.
54. Petals on the torus (hypogynous)....55. 55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). * Milkweris, 55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. Water-pepper's.
55. Flowers regular, 5-parted....56.
56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *S¢. Johnsworts. 56. Leaves not dotted. * Pinkworts.
67. Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. * Peaworts. 57. Pistil compound, 3-carpeled....58 57 Pistil compound, 5-carpeled....59
58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. * Buckeyes.
58 Flowers monecious (§ 103). Leaves l-sided. Cultivated. Begoniads.
59. Stipules present. Piants half-shrubby. Cultivated. * Geraniums.
59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-shrubs. Native. * Order
tt OD Oo cr
<o bo Ht i ISAO woe
31 73
136 LESSONS IN BOTANY
. 60. 60.
63
Stamens on the torus, in several sets. Leaves dotted. * St. Johnsworts, Stamens on the calyx (perigynous, § 88)....61. ; . 61. Ovaries many, free, but inclosed. * Calycanths. 61. Ovary compound, free in the bell-shaped calyx. ¥* Loose-strifes. 61. Ovary compound, adherent to the calyx....62. ‘ 62, Leaves with a marginal vein. Myrtleblooms, 62. Leaves with no marginal vein. * Saxifrages. . Petals imbricate or va.vate in the bud....65.
Petas convolute in the bud....64. | 64, Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards, | * Mallows. 64. Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. South. Silk-cottons. 65. Ovaries distinct, many or few....66. 65. Ovary compound....67.
66. Petals 6, valvate (§ 129). Erect shrubs. * Papaws. 66. Petals 8-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. * Magnoliads. 66. Petals 6-9, imbricate. Climbing shrubs. Moonseeds. 67. Leaves dotted with pellucid dots. Orangeworts.
67. Leaves dotless. Sepals valvate. Fls. small.*Zindenblooms.
67. Leaves dotless. Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. * Zeaworts.
68, Style 1, with many stigmas, Green, fleshy shrubs Cactt), */ndian Figs. 68. Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees orshrubs. * oscworts. 69, Pistils many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbers. Schizanths.
69. Pistils 2-6, capitate on the short torus. Climbers, Moonseeds.
69. Pistil 1 only. Stamens opposite the petals. * Berberids. 70. Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens. * Onagrads. 70. Flowers 4-parted, with 4 stamens. * Cornels. 70. Flowers 5-parted, with 5, 10, or many stamens....71.
71. Ovary 5-carpeled, 5-styled. * Araliads.
71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves palmate-veined. * Currants,
71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves pinnate-veined. * Saxifrages.
72. Leaves opposite. Stem climbing by tendrils. *Vinewor'ts. 72, Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils.*Buckthorns. 78. Carpels 3-5....74. 75. Carpels 1 or2....75.
74, Styles short. Leaves simple. * Staff-trees. 74. Styles long and slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. * Soapworts. 75. Styles 2, slender. Samara double. * Mupleworts. 75. Style 1, short. (Drupe, or single samara.) * Order
76, Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bi-pinnate. Pride-of-lndia. (6. Filaments 5, distinct....77. 77. Leaves pellucid-punctate. Rueworts. 77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 1-seeded. * Sumacs. 77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 8-carpeled, 3 seeded. * Soapworts.
1g
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS lé
78. Petals 4, yellow. IWitch-hazels 78. Petals 4-7, cyanic....79. 79. Fruit becoming fleshy drupes....80. 79. Fruit becoming dry capsules....81. 80. Stigmas 3, but the drupe is 1-seeded. * Sumaces. 80. Stigmas 4-6, and the drupe 4-6-seeded. *( Hollyworts.) Order 81. Capsule 8-seeded. Seed with a scarlet aril. *Staff-trees 81. Capsule 2 or 8-seeded, seed not ariled. § 8. * Order 81. Capsule many-seeded. § 2. * Ord. 73, and Pittospores.
B. GamoretaLz, on MonoperaLous ExocEens
1, Stamens (6-100) more numerous than the lobes of the coroila....8. 1. Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes, or of the same number....2% 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube, that is, inferior....3, 2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, that is, superior....4 8. Stamens cohering by their anthers....11. 3. Stamens entirely distinct....12. 4, Flowers regular....5. 4, Flowers irregular....28. 5. Stamens as many as the petals... .6. 5. Stamens 2, fewer than the petas....26. 6. Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and free).. .14. 6. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla (rarely connate)... .7. 7. Shrubs, trees, with the stigmas or carpels 3 to 6... 15. 7. Herbs 1-10-earpeled, or shrubs 2-carpeled....16.
8. Stamens 6, united below into 2 equal sets. Herbs. = Order 8. Stamens 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. * Order 8, Stamens many, united into an entire tube around the styles. * Order 8. Stamens many, united only at the base into 1 or 5 sets....9.
8. Stamens entirely distinct....10.
9. Calyx of 5 leafy, imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees.*( Zeaworts.) Order 9. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, or truncate. Shrubs, trees. * St¢yracacee. 10. Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers all perfect. * Heathworts
10. Stamens 8 or 16. Fls. not ali perfect (dicecions). Persimmons.
11. Flowers in a compact head surrounded by aninvolucre. * Asterworts.
11, Flowers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. * Lobeliads.
11. Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. (Cucurbiis.) Order
12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. * Fellworts.
2. Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticillate. * Madderworts, 12. Leaves opposite. Stipules none....13 |
13. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-5-celled. * Honeysuckles.
18. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Valerians.
13. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Teazelworts.
138 LESSONS IN BOTANY.
14, Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. * Zeadu orts. 14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. * Primworts. 14. Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, l-seeded. Soapworits. 15 Style none. Drupe 4-6-seeded * Hollyworts. 12. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. Vervains. 15. Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, many-seeded. * Heathworts,
#6 Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. * Borrageworts. 16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamens....18. a6. Ovary 1, compound....17. 17. Ovary 1-celled....20. 17. Ovary 2-6-celled....22. 18. Stigmas united or connate. ..19.
18. Stigmas distinet. Flowers minute, yellow * Bindweeds. 19. Flower-bud with convolute pieces. * Dogbanes. 12, Flower-bud with valvate pieces. * Asclepiads. 20. .Seeds several....21. 20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. : * Order 21. Leaves cleft and lobed. * Hydrophylis. 21. Lvs. or lfts. entire. Fls. not spicate.*Gentianworts. 21. Leaves entire. Flowers spicate. Libworts.
22. Leaves opposite....23. 22. Leaves alternate....24. 23. Ovary 2-celled. * Loganiads.
28. Ovary 8-celled. Plants not twining. .... ‘ 24, Ovary 8-celled. Plants not twining. sess 24. Ovary 2-celled, 2-6-seeded. Twining * Bindweeds. 24, Ovary 2-ceiled, 4-seeded. Stem erect. * Borrageworts. 24. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded. ...25. 25. Styles 2. * Hydrophylls. 25. Style one. * Nightshades. 26. Herbs Corolla 4-parted, dry, scarious. Ribworts. 26. Shrubs....27. 27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Jasmineworis. 27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. * Oliveworts.
28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenta....29. 28. Ovary entire, of one piece....380 29. Leaves opposite. Stems square * Labiates. 29. Leaves alternate Stems round. * Borrageworts. 80. Ovary with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. Jervains. 80. Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4....381. 31. Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 81. Trees. Seeds wingless. * Paulownia, in Order 81. Erect shrubs. Seeds wingless. * Heathworts. 81. Herbs....82.
80 78 17 74 88 73 9¢
101
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS
82. Leatiess and without verdure,
* Broomrapes. 8%
32. Leaves only at base. Fls. spurred. * Butterworts. ~81 82. Leafy....33. Fruit 4 or 5-celled.
83. Fruit 2-celled....34.
84. Corolla convolute in bud. 84. Coroila imbricate in bud. 84, Corolla plicate in bud.
Pedaliads. 84
Acanths. 8&7 * Figworts. 86 * Nightshides. YA
C. Orpers oF THE APETALOUS EXOGENS.
1 Plants Nei Daceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115)....2.
1 Plants woody,—shrubs or trees... .22.
2. Flowers with a regular calyx or calyx-like involucre....3.
2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla...
. 20.
3. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire....8 3. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it....4. 4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-seeded. * Order 1
4. Ovary one only, simple or compound....5. 5. Style or stigma one only....6. 5. Styles or stigmas 2-12....7.
6. Ovary l-ovuled, bearing but one seed....11. 6. Ovary many-ovuled, bearing many seeds....12.
7. Ovary 1-8-ovuled, 1-3-seeded....13.
7. Ovary 4--ovuled, 4- »-seeded....17. 8. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas....9. 8. Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas....10.
9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1+. 9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. 10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. 10. Ovary 1 or 2-seeded. Style 1. 11. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4.
* Order 52 * Birthworts. 100 * Order 57 Sandalworts. 108 * Order 47
11. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored. * Marvelworts. 101
11. Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green.
Nettleworts. 115
12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. * (Loosesirifes.) Order 51
12. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. 18, Fruit 8-6-seeded, with 8 (often cleft) stigmas. 13. Fruit 1-seeded....14. 14, Stipules sheathing the stems. 14 Stipules none....15. 15. Calyx with scarious bracts outside. 15. Calyx double. Climbing. 15. Calyx naked....16. 16. Leaves alternate. 16. Leaves opposite.
* Order 78 Spurgeworts, 112
* Knot-grasses, 102
* Amarantis, 108 * Yexican Vine. 105
* Goosefoots. 108 $3. * Order 21
140 LESSONS IN BOTANY
17. Leaves opposite....18. 17. Leaves alternate....19.
18, Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. * Order 2%
18. Fruit a capsule, opening by 4 or 5 valves. * Order. 21
19. Fruit a capsule, 5-celled, 5-horned. * Order 56
19. Fruit a fleshy, 4- -seeded berry. * Lokeweeds, 103
19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. * Amaranths. 108
20. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. * Order 131
20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. Lizard-tatls. 128 20. Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants....21.
21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. Starworts, 124
21. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. Threadfoots. 125
21. Stamens 12-24. Leaves whorled, dissected. Hornworts. 126
22. Flowers, none of them in aments....23.
22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments....24.
22. Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments. ..35. 23. Leaves opposite....24. 23. Leaves alternate....27.
24. Stamens 2. * Order YY 24. Stamens 8. Parasites. Mistletoe— Lorantha. 108 24, Stamens 4-9....25. 25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. * Order 40 25. Fruit not winged....26. 26. Seeds 6. Lowshrubs. Boz. Spurgeworts, 113 26. Seed 1. Shrubs, Oleasters. 111
27. Style or stigmal. Seed 1....28.
27. Styles or stigmas 2....81.
27. Styles or stigmas 3-9... .82. 28. Calyx free from the ovary....29. 28. Calyx adherent to the ovary....30
29. Anthers opening by valves. * Laurels. 118 29. Anthers opening by slits. * Daphnads. 107 80. Seeds 2-4. Shrubs. Sandalworts. 109 80. Seed 1.. Trees. * Order 64 31. Stamens numerous. * Order 62 31. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. Elmworts. 118 82. Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. (Prickty Ash.) Order 817 82. Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Crowberries. 116 82. Leaves simple, not linear....33. 88. Flowers 8-parted. Fruit dry. . (Stellingia.) Spurgeworts. i1% 88. Flowers 4 or 5-parted. Fruit fleshy. *(Buckthorns.) Order 48 84, Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre, Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 119
84. Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. *Walnuts ; Hickoryworts. 117
ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS | 14]
85. Fruit fleshy, compound. Juice (sap) milky. Artocarps 114 85. Fruit dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery....36. 36. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled. (Liguidambar.) Order 62 86. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores 116 86. Aments cylindrical or oblong....87. 87. Ovary l-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 12) 87. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. * Birchworts. 121 87. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. * Willowworts. 12
D. Orpers oF THE Conolps.
Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Sterns branched. * Pineworts. 127 Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. * Fews. 128 Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-like. _ Cycads. 129
EB. ORpDERS OF THE SPADICIFLORA.
1. Trees or shrubs with palmately-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and
a branching spadix arising from a spathe. Palms. 180 1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple....2. 2. Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duckmeats. 132 2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil....3. 8 Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape. * Aroids. 13) 8. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy....4. 4, Fiowers with no peranth, densely packed. * Typhads, 182 4. Flowers with a perianth or not. In water. * Naiads. 133
E' Orpers OF THE FLORIDE.
1, Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head. ..17
~ 1. Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &c....2.
2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary....4.
2. Perianth free from the ovary....8 3. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147)....9 3. Petals and sepals similarly colored....12.
4 Flowers imperfect... .5. 4, Flowers perfect.. .6 5. Low herbs, 1n water * Fogbits. 1&4 5. Woody clinibers. Vamroots. 144 6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 188 6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. Arrowworts, 139 6. Stamens 8 to 6, distinct....7.
7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free. Blooaworte. 142 7. Perianth glabrous outside... .8.
142 LESSONS IN BOTANY.
8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned inwards. Burmaniads. 8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned outwards. * Irids, 8. Stamens 6. * Amaryllids. 9, Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. * Water-plantains.
9. Pistils 3, more or less united....10. 10. Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 8. * Zrilliads. 10. Leaves alternate....11. 11. Stigmas 3. Plants growing on other plants. Bromeliads, 11. Stigmas united into one. * Spiderworts. 12. Leaves net-veined, broad....13. 12. Leaves parallel-veined....14, 13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Sroomia— Rouburgs. 18. Flowers dicecious, 6-parted. , * Greenbriers. 14, Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1....15. 14. Styles and stigmas 3, distinct....16. 15. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). * Lélyworts.
15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 3-stamened, * Pontederiads. 15. Flowers greenish, glume-iike, or scarious. * Rushes. 16. Leaves rush-like. Ovary of three 1-seeded carpels, * Arrow-grasses. 16. Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6- -seeded. * Melanths. 17. Petals yellow, small, bnt showy. Leaves radical. Ayrids. 17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts.
-G. Orpers or THE GRAMINOIDS.
Flower with a singie oract (giume). Stem solid. Sheaths entire. Sedges Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Stem hollow. Sheaths split on one side. (frasses
187 143 140 187
147
141 1é2
146 136
148 135 151 137 149 153 154
155
156
THE FLORA:
OR,
SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany.
EXPLANATIONS.—The Tables in this work are designed to be complete, that is, each Ordinai Table includes all the genera belonging to that order known within the limits of the Flora (7. é., the States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includes, in like manner, adi its known species. The numbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to the descrip- tions immediately following. If no number be annexed, the pupil will understand that that genus is not farther noticed.
COHORT I.
THE POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS.
Lssential Character—Flowering Plants (PH#wnocamta), with their stems growing by additions to their outside in layers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a sced-vessel or peri- carp (AnatosPErMs), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals distinct (PotyrperaLz). (But to this last condition there are many exceptions.)
Orver I. RANUNCULACEA. The Crowfoots
Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice, with
leaves mostly alternate and much divided, without stipules; sepals 3-15, deciduous, distinct, and colored when apetalous; petals 3-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting ; stamens », distinct, hypogynots ;
pistils w (rarely 1 or few), distinct, becoming in
fruit either achenia, follicles, or berries,
144 THE FLOKA.
" La GH Wwitd ni ‘ { \\\WW \ MW I. f wp ‘
fi
/,
\ .
Fig. 361. Bulbous Crowfoot; 2, a petal, showing the honey-scale at base; 3, a single ovary 4, section of it, showing the ovule.
Fig. 365. Wild Columbine; 6, one of the hollow petals attached to the receptacle with the
stamens and styles; 7, a ripe follicle; 8, a seed; 9, section of it, showing the embryo. Fig 370. Plan of the flower.
Analysis of the Genera.
€ Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed....a § Sepals imbricate in the bud ...2- 2 Ovaries 1-seeded, achenia in fruit... .8 % Uvaries with 2 or more seeds....4 2 Corolla 0, or undistinguishable from the colored calyx. ...5 8 Corolla and valyx distinct either in color or form....d 4 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit dry....6 4 Sepals falling cff sooner than the stamens....K 4 Seyals persistent with the fruit. Petals very large....m 5 Sepals persistent with the stamens....b 5 Sepals caducous (falling) sooner than the stamens....¢
ORDER 1.—THE CROWFOOTS. | 145
6 Flowers regular....7 ¢ Flowers irregular....h 7 Petals none....e 7 Petals smaller than the sepals....f 7 Petals larger than the sepals....g a Petals none or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Virgin's Bower. CLEM aTis. 1 | b Stem leaves opposite, remote from the flower. Anem’one. ANEMONE. 2 b Leaves all radical. 8 bracts close to the flower. Liverleaf. HEpat’tca. £ @lowers mostly imperfect. Leaves compound. Meadow Rue. Tuaric’tRum. 12 e Flws. perfect. Lvs. simple, palmately lobed. Prairie Rue. TRAUTVETTE’RIA. a Leaves all radical, linear. Torus linear. Small plant. Mousetail. Myosv’Rrvs. d Lvs. cauline. Petals with a honey-scale at base. Crowfoot. Ranun’cuLus. 4 d Leaves cauline. No honey-seale. Petals red or yellow. Pheasant’s-eye. Apo’nis. 5
e Sepals white, 5in number. Leaves compound. False Rue. lsopy’Rum.
© Sepals yellow, 6-9. Marsh Marigold, Cau’tHa. 6 f Petals tubular at apex. Roots yellow. Gold-thread. Cop’tis. 7 f Petals tubular at base, 1-lipped. Globe-flower. TRou’Livs. 8 f Petals tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent. Hellebore. (LELLEB/oRUS, f Petals concave, 2-lobed. Flowers racemed. Yellow-root. ZANTHORHI’ZA.
zg Petals larger than the colored sepals, 3-lobed. Fennel-flower. NiGEL’La.
g Petals larger than the colored sepals, spurred alike. Columbine. AQuILE’eIA. 9
h Upper sepal spurred, inclosing spurred petals. Zarkspur. DELPHIN’IUM. 10 h Upper sepal hooded, covering 2 deformed petals. Monk’s-hood. Aconitum. 11
k Flowers numerous, in long, slender racemes. Bugbawe. Cimicrk’te@a.
&k Flowers many, in short racemes. Lerries simple. Baneberry. Actm’a. 13
k Flower one only. Leaves 2. Berry compound. Turmeric-root. Hypras’tis. 14 m Disk sheathing the ovaries. Very Showy. Peony. V #o0'NIA,
1. CLEM’ATIS. Virgin’s Bower.
Calyx ot 4 colored sepals, vaivate-induplicate in the bud. Petals none, or small and stamen-like. Stamens many, shorter than the sepals. Ova- ries many, styles becoming long and feathery upon the seed-like achenia. —2 Mostly climbing vines, with twisted petioles for tendrils, and with opposite, compound leaves.
§ Leaves verticillate. Outer stamens petal-like. Vine....No. 1 Leaves opposite. Petals none. Calyx colored....a a Erect herbs near 1 foot high. Flowers solitary....10, 11, 12 a Vines climbing... b 7
146 THE FLORA.
os
b Flowers clustered in panicles....2, 8, 4, 5 b Flowers solitary, large, showy....6, 1, 8,9 l Clem ’atis verticilla’ris. Purple Virgin's Bae Lee es ternate, 4 at each node Flowers purple, 2 at each node. Hills. N. W. 2 C. Virginia’na, Virginian V. Leaves ternate. Leafiets smooth, lobed, and tocthed. & CG holoseric’ea, Siiky V. Leaves ternate, leaflets downy or silky, entire. S. C Catesbya’na, Cutesby’s V. Lvs. bi-ternate, lfts. 8-lobed. Clusters axillary. 8S. i C.Flam’mula. Swee V. Lvs. pinnate. Lfts. entire, pointed. Fis. terminal. t 6 C.cylin’drica, Crisped V. Lfts. acute, thin, 3-15. Sepals wavy at edge, b-p. 8 7 C.reticula’ta, Veiny V, Lfts. obtuse at each end, thickish. Sep. wavy. b-p. § 8 C. Vior’na. Leuther-flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, pinnate. Sep. not wavy. P. 9 C. Viticella. Vine-Bower. Lifts. oval, 83-15. Sepals not wavy, obovate. P. 4 10 C. ochrolen’ca. Ground V. Lvs. iadirdedl ovate, entire, silky beneath. p-y. 1] C.ova’ta. Lgg-leavea V. Lvs. undivided, proud -neateel crniestli glaucous. p.S8. (2 C, Baldwin’ii. Buldwin’s V. Lvs. 8-cleft, the upper lance-ovate, entire. p. 8.
29. ANEMO‘NE. Anem/one, or Wind-Flower.
Calyx regular, of 5-15 colored sepals resembling petals. Petals prop- erly none. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pistils many, collected into an oblong or roundish head. Achenia generally without tails. Leaves mostly radical, palmately lobed, those of the stem opposite, forming a sort of involucre.
§ Carpels with long, feathery tails in fruit. Flower large....1 § Carpels without tails....a a Stem leaves (involucre) sessile....2, 3 a Stem leaves petiolate....b b Flower-stalk 1 or several, all Jeafless....4, 5, 6 b Flower-stalks 2-5, all but the first 2-leaved in the middle....7, 8 1 A. Nuttal/lii. Pusque-flower. Lvs. cleft into linear lobes, very hairy. Apr. N.-W. 2 A. Carolinia’na, Carolina A. Flower only one, with 15 sepals. 8S. W. 8 A. Pennsylvan’ica. Pennsylvanian A. Flowers 1-5, with 5 obovate, pure white sepals. Height 12-20’. N. W. 4 A. memoro’sa, Wood A. Flower 1, stalk 2 or 3’ long. Sepalerose-white. Apr. 5 A. cylin’drica, Gray’s A. Flowers mostly several, whitish, stalks 6-12’ long. Fruit heads oblong or cylindrical. May. N. W. A. thalictroi’des. Rue 4A. Flowers several or many, rosy or white, on short (1-2’) stalks. Leaves of the invol. 2, twice ternate. Apr. Common. 7 A. Virginia’na. Virginia A. Leaf-lobes, lance-ovate. Flowers greenish- white. Height 2-3 feet. Common. | R A. multiffida, Red A, Leaf-lobes linear. Flowers red. Height 6-12’. r. N
ORDER 1.—THE CROWFOOTS. : 147
3. HEPATICA. Noble Liverwort.
Calyx (generally called an involucre) of 3 entire, ovate, green sepals (or bracts), situated a very little below the corolla. Corolla of 5-9 petals, arranged in 2 or three rows. Achenia without tails.— 2 Pretty little plants blossoming in early spring. Leaves all radical, thick, 8-lobed, green through the winter. Flowers numereus, one on each scape, blue, roseate, or white. |
Fig. 371. Flower and leaf of H. triloba. 1 H.tril’oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals obtuse. Scapes hairy, several inehes high @ H.acutil’oba. Leaf-lobes and sepals acute. Fls. and scapes like the other.
4. RANUN’CULUS. Crowfoot. Buttercups.
Calyx of 5 ovate sepals. Corolla of 5 roundish, shining petals, each with a honeyed scale or pore at the base inside. Stamens 00. Achenia numerous, flattened, crowded in a roundish or oblong head.—A large
genus of herbs mostly perennial (2{) and with yellow flowers. Leaves di- vided or entire. Juice very acrid.
§ Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Fls. small. S....1,2 § Petals yellow. Seeds smooth and even ................... Z § Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise .. a Leaves all undivided. Plants growing in wet places....5-8 a Leaves more or less divided, not growing under water....b a Leaves in fine, thread-like divisions, growing under water....3, 4 b foot leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate....9, 10 b Lower leaves 3-cleft but not divided to the base. Height 1-2f....11-18 b Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft....¢ c Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect....14, 15 c Sepals spreading in flower, shorter than the petals....16-18 }) R. mourica’tus. Hough yruited C. Plant smooth. Seeds with large, stout, hocked beaks. Sepals spreading. Leaves 8-lobed and cleft. South. R parvifio’rus. Small-flowered C. Plant hairy. Seeds with a very short beak. Sepals finally reflexed. Leaves 3-lobed and cleft. South. 8 R aquat’ilis. Water Crowfoot. In ponds and rivers. The white petals with a cavity at base. Only the flowers above water. Summer. 4 R. Pursh’ii. Pursh’s Crowfoot. Instagnant water. The yellow petals with a scale at base. Floating leaves, 3-5-parted. Spring.
148 THE FLORA.
5 R. Flam mula. Spear-leaved C. Stems ascending (1- a Leaves all lanceoiata, narrow, entire, on sheathing stalks. Sum. 6 R. aig ine, Tiny C, Stems nearly erect. Leaves ovate and lanceolate. Petals mostly but 8, with about 10 stamens. May. 7 R.rep’tans, Creepiny C. Stems creeping and rooting (4-8’). Leaves lance-lir ear, and linear. Flowerlatanode. July. .Cymbala’ria. Boat C. Stems creeping and rooting (1 foot). Leaves all round cordate, crenate. Salé-marshes. June. 9 R. aborti’vus, Abortive C. Plant glabrous, 1-2f. high. Root leaves, round- cordate. Petals smaller than the sepals. Spring. c. 10 R. rhomboi’deus. Lhombic C. Plant hairy, bushy, 4-10’ high. Root leaves rhombic-ovate. Sepals spreading. N. W. 11 R. palma’tus. Palm C. Stem hairy. Seeds with a straight beak in a round head. Leaves palmately 3-5-cleft, with sinus closed. South. 12 R. recurva’tus. Hook-seead' C. Stemhairy. Seeds with a recurved beak in arcund head, Leaves all similarly 3-parted. Flowers small. Spring. 18 R. scelera’tus. Villuinous C. Stem glabrous. Seeds not beaked, in an oblong head. Flowers small, Leaves palmately 3-5-parted. June, July. 14 R. bulbo’sus, Bulbous C. Erect (6-12’) from a solid bul», Petals large Head of fruit round. Root leaves ternate. Spring. 15 R. Pennsylvan’icus. Bristly C. Erect (1-8f.), very hairy. Mead of fruit ob- long. Leaves ternate. Summer. 16 R. repens. Large creeping C. Stems first ascending, then creeping. Flower- stalks furrowed. Petals obovate, large. Wet places. June. 17 R. fascicula’ris. arly C. Stem erect. Root fibres thickened. Flower-stalks terete. Petals narrow. Leaves appear pinnate. May. 18 R.acris. Zuil Buttercup. Stem erect (2-8f.). Leaves palmately divided, and cleft. Petals roundish. Flower-stalk terete, calyx spreading. Summer. c. Tn the gardens, it becomes double-flowered.
res bg
5. ADO'NIS. Pheasant’s-eye.
Sepals 5, colored. Petals 5-15, with no scale on the claws. Achenia in a spike, egg-shaped, and pointed with the hardened, persistent style. Leaves numerously cleft into linear and very narrow segments. Flowers terminal, solitary, red or yellow.
1 A, autumna’lis. Late Ph. A fine, hard annual, from Europe, cultivated in gardens and naturalized in some places. Stem rather thick for its height, brancied Leaves pinnately ee with very numerous segments, Petals 5-8, ofa bright crimson color, 1%’ across.
A verna/lis, arly Ph. Petals 10-12, oblong, yellow, c2ntate. Upper leaves sessile, all much divided. Flowers large. Spring. t
ORDER 1—THE CROWFOOTS. | 149
6. CAL’THA. Marsh Marigold.
Calyx colored, of 5 roundish sepals resembling petals. Corolla 0. Sta- mens 00. Follicles 5-10, oblong, compressed, erect, many-seeded.—- 2 Smooth marsh plants.
C palus’tris. Cowslips. Marsh Marigold. In wet meadows. Root large, thiek. Stem about 1f. high, hollow, round, branched. Leaves large (4~6’ wide), roundish, cordate, crenate—lower on long, half-round petioles, upper sessile—
all of a dark, shining green, and very smooth. Flowers of a golden yellow in all their parts, 13° broad. Outer row of stamens club-shaped, long. Spring.
7. COP’TIS. Gold-thread.
Calyx of 5 or 6 oblong, colored sepals. Corolla of 5 or 6 small club shaped sepals, hollow and 1-lipped at top. Stamens 20-25. Follicles 5- 10, stalked, beaked, spreading, 4—6-seeded.— 2 Herbs with radical leaves, and long, creeping root-stocks.
C. trifo’lia. Gold-thread. Leaves 3-foliate, all radical, the divisions broad, 4-8”’ long, crenate, smooth shining, sessile. Petiole 1-2’ long. Stems nnderground, creeping extensively, bright yellow, and very bitter. Peduncles 3-4’ high, each 1-flowered. Calyx white. Petals yellow, much smaller than the sepals, barely distinguishable among the stamens by their color. May.
8. TROL’LIUS. Globe-flower.
Calyx of 5, 10, or 15 concave sepals colored like petals. Corolla of 5-25 small, linear petals, which are tubular at base. Stamens many, much shorter than the sepals. Pods many, each many-seeded.— 2£ sme rth, with palmately-parted leaves.
? T.laxus. American G. Sepals 5. Petals 15-25, shorter than the stamens. Grows in swamps, M. 7. Calyx yellow, greenish outside. June.
2T. Europe’us. European G. Sepals 10-15. Petals 5-10. as long as the stamens. Flowers globular, bright yellow. t+ - 2
3 T. Asiat’icus. Asiatic G. Sepals 10, orange-colored Petals 10, longer than sta- mens. t
9. AQUILE’GIA. Columbine.
Sepals 5, ovate, colored, spreading. Petals 5, tubular with a wide mouth, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the receptacle, and behind extended into a long, spurred nectary. Stamens 30-40, the inner
150 THE FLORA.
ones longer and sterile. Styles 5. Follicles 5, many-seeded.—y Leaves twice and thrice ternate. Flowers nodding.
1 A. Canaden’sis. American C. Spurs straight, longer than limb, Stamens exserted. Flowers scarlet. : A. vulga’ris. Huropean C. Spurs incurred, shorterthan limb. Stamers inelndee, Flowers purple. t¢
Fig. 372. Flower of Larkspur, displayed: 8, 8, s, 8, 8, the five petals; a, the spec sepal ; ¢, the two petals, spurred, which spur was sheathed in the spurred sepal.
Fig. 373. Flower of Garden Aconite, displayed: 8, s, s, s, 8, the five sepals; 9, D, D, Pp, P, the five petals.
10. DELPHIN’IUM. Larkspur.
Sepals 5, colored, the upper one spurred. Petals very irregular, the two upper ones extended behind into a tubular, honeyed spur, sheathed in the spur of the calyx. Styles 1-5. Follicles 1-5.—Showy herbs with the leaves mach divided. Flowers blue, red, or purple, never yellow.
§ Petals united into 1 piece. Pistil and pod 1....1, 2 § Petals 4, distinct. Pistils and pods 2-5....(a) a Leaves many-parted into linear segments....3 a Leaves divided into 3-7 wedge-shaped lobes....(b) b Tall (2-5f.), with slender, many-flowered racemes....4, 5 b Low (6-187), with few (6-12) flowered racemes....6-8 D. consol’ida. Field LZ. Fils. loosely scattered. Ovary smooth. Lwvs. finely ext. @ D. Aja’cis. Rocket L. Flowers covering the branches. Ovary pubescent. Leave finely cut. @ ft 8 D.azu’reum. Azure Z. Fils. in strict, slender racemes. Ovaries 8-5. 2 W. < 4 D. exalta’tum. Zall Wild LZ. Leaf-lobes 3-5, curvate. Spur straight. Af, Summer. 4 5 D.elatum. Bee LZ. Leaf-lobes 3-7, curvate. Spur curved downwards. ft
URDER 1.—CROWFOOTS. 151
6 D. tric’orne. Low Wild L. Leaf-lobes linear. Pods recurved. Height 6-12’. M.W.
7 D. vires’cens. Green-flowered LZ. Leaf-lobes lanceolate. Fils. greenish- white. S. W.
$ D.grandifiorum. Great-flowered L. Leaf-lobes §-7, linear. Fils. large, bj. 4
11. ACONI‘'TUM. Monk’s-hood. A’conite.
Sepais 5, irregular, colored, upper one vaulted or hooded. Petals 5 vs §, the two vpper on long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, re- surved and honeyed at top; the other 3 or 4 very small. Styles 3-5. Follicles 2 5.—2¢ Leaves palmately cleft or divided. Flowers odd and showy, in terminal spikes. |
1 A.uneina’tum. Wild M. Stemreclining, widely branched. Helmet conical. M.S. 2 A. Napel’ius. Garden A. Stem erect, nearly simple. Helmet semicircular. t
12. THALIC’TRUM. Meadow Rue.
Petals none. Sepals 4 or 5, petal-like, caducous, shorter than the stamens. Ovaries 4-15. Achenia either ribbed or inflated, short-beaked. 14f Leaves ternately compound, with stalked and lobed leaflets. Flowers in loose clusters, often imperfect, homely.
§ Flowers diecious, paniculate. Achenium subsessile....Nos. 1-3. § Flowers perfect, corymbous. Achenia long-stiped....No. 4.
1 T. Cornu’ti. Common M. Stem tall (8-4f.), its leaves sessile (no common petiole) ; leafiets 3-lobed, resembling those of Columbine; flowers white, in large panicles ; stamens clavate, erect. Meadows. June-August.
2 T. purpuras’cens. Purplish WM. Leaves as in No. 1, but the leaflets are thick, firm, with rolled edges ; flowers purplish-green; stamens drooping. Stems tall (3-6f.), purplish. Rocky woods and hills. Alay, June.
3 T. dioi’cum. arly M. Leaves all petiolate, leaflets thin, glaucous, 5-7-lobed ; flowers purplish-green, stamens drooping, capillary, none in the fertiie fis. 1-2f. Hilly woods. April, May.
T. clava’tum. Southern M. Leaves all petiolate, biternate. Flowers white, fewer; stamens clavate ; achenia 5-10, curved. Mourtains, South.
13. ACT ’A. Baneberry.
Sepals 4 or 6, caducous. Petals 4-8, spatulate, long-clawed. Filaments slender. Ovary 1, with a sessile, 2-lobed stigma. Berry with a lateral furrow, many-seeded. 2¢ Leaves ternately divided, leaflets ovate, cut- lobed and toothed. Flowers white, in a short raceme.
152 THE FLORA.
1 A. spica’ta. Red B. Common in rocky woods, Can. to Penn.andW. Plant smooth 1-2f., bearing 2 or 3 large bi- or triternate leaves and a short terminal raceme. Petioles 4-7’ long. Stems hollow. Pedicels slender, 9’ long. Berries cherry-red, oval, 6’. May.
ry
2 A. alba. White B. Foliage the same asin No.1. Stem solid. Raceme oblong, petals very slender. Pedicels in fruit as thick as the peduncle, red. Berries smaller 4-6”) milk-white, May.
14. HYDRAS’TIS. ‘Turmeric-root.
Petals none. Sepals 8, petal-like, soon falling. Ovaries 12 or more, be- coming a fleshy fruit resembling a raspberry. Acines 1- or 2-seeded. 2f Roots a tangled mass, yellow, sending up in spring asingle radical leaf, and a stem which is 2-leaved and 1-flowered.
H. Canaden’sis. In damp woods, Can. to Car. and Ky., rare eastward. Leaves palmately 3-5-lobed. Flower terminal, reddish-white. Fruit crimson. May, June.
Orver II. MAGNOLIA’CEHX. The Magnoliads.
Trees and shrubs with membranous stipules sheathing the buds, with _leaves alternate, leathery, simple entire, or lobed, never serrate ; flowers solitary, large and showy, mostly odorous and perfect ;
sepals 8-6, colored like the 6-12 hypogynous imbricated petals; stamens numerous, hypogynous, distinct, and many ovaries;
Jruit compound, composed of the united carpels.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Pistils arranged in a cone....2
§ Pistils whorled in a single row. Shrub. South. Star Anise. ILLIo 1M. 2 Anthers opening inwards. Maeno’, 1 2 Anthers opening outwards. LiR10DEN’DRON. 2
1, MAGNO'’LIA.
Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Anthers longer than the filaments, opening in- wards. Carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a hard, cone-like fruit. Seeds berry-like, suspended when ripe by a long seed-stalk.—A nuble genus of trees or shrubs, with large, fragrant flowers.
§ Native Magnolias, flowering with the leaves....a § Exotic Magnolias, flowering before the leaves expand....8
ORDER 2.—THE MAGNOLIADS. 153
a Leaves acute at the base (not cordate)....b a Leaves cordate or auriculate atthe base. Trees 8°-40f. high....5-7 b Leaves shining above, white or rust-colored beneath. Petals 9-12....1, 2 b Leaves dull green both sides, thin, deciduous. Petals 6-9....3, 4 » M. grandifio'ra. Big Luurel. Tree evergreen, 60-70f. high, Leaves thick, rust downy beneath. Flowers 8 or 9’ broad, white. S. M. glauca. White Bay. Shrub deciduous, 6-25f. high. Leaves very smocth glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-8’ broad, cream-color. Swamps. t+ 38 M. acumina’ta. Cucuwmber-tree. Tree large. eaves oval, acuminate, scat tered. Flowers small (3-4’ broad), petals obovate. M.S. 4 M.umbrel’la. Umbrella-tree. Tree small (20-30f.). Leaves wedge-lanceo late, whorled, very large, as well as the flowers. M.S. | 5 M.corda’ta. Yellow Cucumber-tree. Petals 6-9, yellow, with reddish lines. Lvs. broad-ovate, slightly cordate. Flowers 4’ broad. S. 6 M. Fra’seri. Har-leaved M. Petals 6, pure white. Leaves ear-shaped at base, cbovate-spatulate, near 1f. long. Spring. S. 7 M. macrophylla. Great-leaved M. Petals 6, white, each 6-8’ in length. Leaves 2-8f. long, obovate-spatulate, cordate. Tree 30-50f. high. S. W. t+ 8 M. conspic’ua. Yulan. Flowers in Spring, large, rose-colored or white, with
6-9 petals or sepals, nearly erect. Japan.
2. LIRIODEN'DRON. Tulip-tree. iB
Sepals3. Petals 6, in two rows. Anthers opening outwards. Car- pels 1-2-seeded, imbricated into —~\ @ cone, indehiscent, separating SIG from each other in fruit.—Trees with large and fragrant flowers.
L. tulipif’era. TZulip-iree. Whitewood. Poplar. This is one of the finest and largest trees of our forests, The trunk is generally straight and cylindric, dividing at the top rather abruptly in a few coarse and crooked branches. Leaves dark green, smooth, square at the end, with 2 lobes each sid, 3-5’ in length and
breadth. Flowers large and elegant, grecnish-yellow, orange within, 4-6’ broad. May, June.
SS
Fig. 374. Young branch of Tulip-tree, unfold: ing from the bud: 8, 8, stipules.
7
154 : ‘THE FLORA.
OrpER II]. CALYCANTHACEA. Calycanths.
Shrubs with opposite leaves, destitute of stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary, all the organs oO and arranged as in the following genus.
CALYCANTHUS. Sweet-scented Shrub.
Sepals and petals similar, imbricated on the tubular torus, which bears the short stamens on its top, the distinct achenia within, and becomes fleshy but green in fruit. Leaves entire. Flowers brown-purple, with the fragrance of strawberries. The species are native South. Aprd- SUN. 1G. flor‘ida. Garden Shrub. Leaves oval-elliptic, some pointed, downy beneath;
sepals and petals about 20, near 1’ long. Shrub 4-8f.
2 C leviga/tus. Smooth S. Leaves thin, oval, smooth and green both sides, 3 C. glaucus. Glaucous S. Leaves ovate, acuminate, glaucous beneath.
OrpDER IV. ANONACEA. Anonads.
Trees or shrubs with entire alternate leaves and no stipules ;
flowers, green or brown, axillary, polyandrous, hypogynous, valvate; sepals 3, petals 6, in two circles; pestdls several or many;
fruit fleshy or pulpy, of separate or united carpels, 00 - seeded.
ASIM'INA. Papaw. Custard Apple.
Outer row of petals larger. Stamens densely packed in a round mass. Pistils several, distinct, but few ripening and becoming large, oblong, pulpy fruits, with many flat seeds. Fls. solitary, brownish. We have only one species at the North.
* Flowers appearing before the leaves. Petals purple.... Nos. 1, 2. * Flowers appearing with the leaves. Outer petals yellowish....Nos. 3, 4.
1 A. tril’oba. Common Papaw. Leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate ; petals dark-purple the outer roundish, 3 or 4 times as long as the sepals.—A small handsome tree 10-80f. high, along streams, Middle, Western and Southern States. Leaves 8 to 12’ long, very smooth, on short stalks. Flowers 1’ broad. Fruit about 3’ long, and 1’ thick, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. (Fig. 70.)
2 A. parvifio’ra. Smaill-flowered P. Leaves obovate-oval, abruptly pointed ; petals oval, green-purple, the outer hardly twice longer than the sepals. Dry soils. South Shrub 2-8f. Leaves about 6’, flowers half an inch wide.
8A. grandiflo’ra. Large-flowered P. Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse, grayish-tomentous ; outer petals very large (2’ long), yellowish-white. Ga., Fla. 2-8f. Jlarch-Aprit.
4 A. pigme’a. Pigmy P. Leaves thick, evergreen, narrow, obtuse, smooth ; outer petal many times longer than the sepals, pale yellow. Shrub, 6-12’. 8.
ORDER 6.—_THE BERBERIDS. 3 155
Orper VI.—BERBERIDACE®. The Berberids.
Herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, with sepals imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows;
vetals opposite the sepals, also imbricated in two or more rows; stamens opposite to the petals, the anthers usually opening by two lids; ovary 1-celled, solitary and simple, forming a capsule or berry.
tg. 375. Section of the flower of Jeffersonia. Fig. 376. A leaf of the same.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Herbs, anthers opening by two valves hinged at top....a
§ Herbs, anthers opening by 2 slits lengthwise....b
§ Shruhs, with yellow flowers and acid berries. BER’BERIsS. ] a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds. Cohosh. LEon’TICE. a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4-seeded berry. Umbrella-leaf. DreHyLuer’a. a Stamens 8. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Twin-leaf, JEFFERSO’NIA.
b Stamens 9-18. Flower 1, with 2 leaves. May Apple. PoporayY.’Lum.
ao m
1. BER’BERIS. Barberry.
Sepals 6, obovate, colored, the 3 outer ones smaller. Petals 6, round- ish, with two glands at the base of each, inside. Stamens 6. Stigma ses- sile, disk-like, on the top of the ovary. Berry oblong, sour, 1-celled, 2~3-seed- ed.—Fine, hardy shrubs, with the wood, inncr bark, and flowers yellow.
Fig. 317. a, Flower of Berberis vulgaris; 0, the pistil (magnified), with the ovary cut open ¢, ¢, petals with stamens opposite; 9, a berry; 380, a seed cut open, showing the embryo.
156 THE FLORA.
1 B vulga’ris. Common Barberry-bush. A well-known, bushy, handsome shrub, im hard soils. Grows 8-8f. high. Leaves cval, near 2’ long, rounded-obtuse at apex, tapering to a petiole, with bristly serratures on the margin Flowers yellow, a dozen or more in each hanging raceme, with entire petals, Stamens irritable, springing against the stigma when touched. Berries red, very acur. June.
B. Aquifo’lium. Holly-leaved B. Leaves pinnate, of 7-13 thick, spiny-tootl ed leaflets. Shrub 38-5f. high. Cal. ft
9. JEFFERSO'NIA. Twin-leaf.
Sepals 4, colored, caducous. Petals 8, spreading. Stamens 8, with (inear anthers. Pod on a short stipe, opening by a lid.—2f Flowers and eaves from the root. Scape 1-flowered. (Figs. 375, 376.)
i, diphyl/la. Ywin-leaf. A very curious plant, acaulescent. Leaves each with two blades, about lf. high. Flowers same height, white. Root-stock black, with a thick mass of fibres, supposed good in rheumatism. M. W.
3. PODOPHYL’LUM. Mandrake.
Sepals caducous. Petals 6—9, obovate, concave. Stamens 12-18, with inear anthers, the lids scarcely opening. Berry large, egg-shaped, 1-celled, crowned with the solitary stigma.—Low, somewhat poisonous herbs, with one ur two leaves and one flower.
©. pelta’tum. Muy Apple. Wild Mandrake. A singular and interesting plant, in woods and fields. Height about 1f. The barren plants bear but a single leaf, which is 5-8’ broad, 5-7-lobed, and centrally peltate, The flowering plants have a pair of leaves, with the flower at the fork of the two petioles—the leaves not peltate, but with a deeply-hollowed base, about 7-lobed. Flower droop- ing, white, about 2’ across. Fruit yellowish, with the flavor of the Strawberry. ~ Muay.
Orver VIII—NELUMBIACKA. The Water-beans.
Herbs aquatic, prostrate root-stock, and radical, peltate leaves, with fowers large, solitary, on long, upright scapes, 4 or 5-sepaled ;
pelals numerous, arranged in many rows, as are also the many stamens; ovaries separate, each with a simple style and stigma, becoming in
fruit 1-seeded nuts, balf sunk in the hollows of the very large torus, the seeds with a very large embryo and no albumen.
ORDER 9.—THE WATER LILIES. 157
NELUM’BIUM. Nelumbo.
The character of the genus the same as that of the order.
Y luteum. Yellow Nelumbo. A magnificent flowering plant, frequent in the stag nant waters of the South and West, rare in N. Y. and Conn. The leaves are 1-2f. broad, round, entire, peltate in the centre, which is concave, and elevated above the water more or less on the long petioles. Flowers several times larger than the White Water Lily, but without fragrance. Petals concave, of a brilliant white at edge, becoming yellow towards the base. Nuts (called Water-beans) about as large as acorns, eatable. June, July.
Orper IX.—NYMPHAACEX. The Water Lilies.
Herds aquatic, with roundish leaves from a prostrate rhizoma;
flowers large and showy, the sepals, petals, and stamens gradually passing into each other, imbricated and arranged in many rows;
sepals few, colored inside, persistent ; st¢gmas radiating and crowning the
ovary, which in fruit becomes a capsule compound and 5-celled ;
seeds minute, numerous, with the embryo at the end of the albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Petals large as the sepals, white, red, or blue. Nympu2z’a, 1 Petalssmallerthanthesepals,stamen- __ like, yellow. Frog Lily. Nuruar.
TT
:
Ae
> N i \) SN \
383
i
Fig. 381. Nymphea odorata: a, the leaf; @ the flower; 0, the bud; d, e, fg, stamens grad ually changing into petals; h, a seed cut open showing the embryo in alittle sac. Fig. 383,
de ff g themany-rayed stigma; 384, cross-section of the 281 % many-cclled ovary
| ec j ; is
i if ING
if
158 THE FLORA.
NYMPH A’A. Water Lily.
Sepals 4 or 5, green outside. Petals in many rows inserted on the re- ceptacle beneath the ovary. Stamens inserted above the petals. Anthers slender, opening inwards, the outer filaments gradually widening and pass- fig into petals. Capsule ripening under water.
W odora’ta. White Water Lily. One of the loveliest of flowers, frequent in pond and sluggish streams. The root-stock is long and thick, running in the mud where the water is from 8-10f. deep, sending up leaves and flowers to the surface. Leaves 5-6’ long, roundish, cleft at the base to the centre, where the lony jetiole is inserted, margin entire. Petals lanceolate, 13-2’ long, of the most delicate texture and whiteness, often tinged with purple. Filaments yel- low. July.
Orper X. SARRACENIACE® The Water-pitchers
a (os RS “1S
SS
SSSR
os
SS LLL LEA —~— 5 SES SSSS SS ee eS 1
“| Re IY ata YN ie BN ie aN aah
Fig. 385. Sarracenia purpurea, with bud, flower, and fruit. Fig. 386. Section of the 5-celled ovary. Fig. 887. A seed (magnified), with small smbryo and large albumen.
ORDER 11—THE POPPYWORTS. 3 159
Herbs aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, and with the
‘eaves all radical, urn-shaped, hollow, and large flowers on scapes; sepals 5, with 8 little bracts at base; petals 5, clawed, incurved; stamens hypogynous; ovary 5-celled, with a single style, the stigma very broad, peltate, and 5-angled, crowning, in fruit, the capsule, which is 5-celled and full of minute, albuminous seeds.
SARRACE’NIA. Pitcher-plant. Trumpet-leaf.
Character essentially as expressed in the — Nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, are vrobably varieties, not species.
“| Leaf-blade inflected over the throat of the tube....7, 8 ‘| Leaf-blade erect, cr nearly erect; throat of the tube open... 2 a Leaf-tube pitcher-shaped, with a broad wing....1-3 a Leaf-tube trumpet-shaped, with a narrow wing....4-6 » S.purpn’rea. Purple Pitcher-plant. Flowers purple. Leaves all inflated alike, dark green with purple veins, 6-9’ long. Scapes 1-flowered, 1-2f. high. June. 2 S. heterophylla. Yellow Pitcher-plant. Fs. yellow. Lvs. pale, the outerslende- Jnr. 8. ala’ta. Warrow-winged P. Fis. yellow. Lvs. all more slender than in No.1. S.-W. 4S. (Grono’vii) flava. Yellow Trumpet-leaf. Flowers yellow. Leaves 18-386’ high, all yellowish green, veins not purple. 5 S. rubra. Red Trumpet-leaf. Fis. reddish purple. Lvs. (1-2f.) purple-veined. S. 6 S. Drummondii. Drummond’ sT. Fs. purple. Lvs.(18-86’) mottled with colors. 8. 7 §. psittacina. farrot’s Pitcher-plant. Fils. purple. Lvs. (8-5’) spotless, hooded. S. 8 S. variolaris. Mottled P. Flowers yellow. Lvs. (12-18’) spotted with white. S
Orper XI. PAPAVERACEA. The Poppyworts.
Herbs, generally with a colored juice, with alternate leaves ;
jiowers on long peduncles, solitary, never blue ;
_ sepals 2 or 8, falling off when the flower expands;
petals generally 4, sometimes 8; stamens 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20, &c. ; stigmas 2, or if more, star-like on the flat apex of the compound ovary ; fruit a pod-shaped or roundish capsule ; seeds numerous and minute.
Analysis of the Genera.
q Plants with a yellow juice. Petals yellow, crumpled in bud....a a Stigmas and placente 3, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid....¢ a Stigmas and placente 2 only. Capsule long, pod shaped....b
160 : | THE FLORA.
4] Plants with an orange-red juice. Bloodroot. Sanevina’Ria. } {| Plants with a milk-white juice. ie Poppy. Papa’ver. %
{ Plants with a colorless juice. Calyx a cap, falling off whole. Petals 4, orange-yellow. Lvs. dissected. California Poppy. KsouscnoLt’ 21a b» Pod 1-celled, smooth. Leaves pinnately divided. Fls. yellow. : Stamens 24-32, shorter than the 4 petals. Celandine, CHELIDO/NIUM % Pod 2-celled, rough. Leaves palmate. Stig. 2-horned. Horn Poppy. Guavu’cium c Style present, stigmas 8 or 4. Stem lvs. 2, opposite. Yellow Poppy. MEconor’sis e Style none, stigmas 4 or 6. Stem lvs. alternate. Prickly Poppy. Ar@uMo’NE
1. SANGUINA'RIA. Bloodroot.
Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 8-12, the outer longer. Stamens about 24. Stigma sessile, 1 or 2-lobed. Cap- sule pod-like, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, acute at each end, and many-seeded.—2 A low, acaulescent plant, with white flowers, and full of a red or orange-colored juice.
S. Canadensis. loodroot. An interesting plant, in shady, rich soils, flowering in early spring. Rhizoma thick, fleshy, and when broken or wounded exudes a blood-colored juice, as does every other part. From each joint of the root-stock springs a single large glaucous leaf, and a scape about 6’ high, bearing a single flower. Leaf kidney-shaped, with lobes separated by rounded sinuses between. Flower of a square outline, white, scentless, and of short duration.
Fig. 388. Sanguinaria Canadensis: 6, the pod; c¢, cross-section of it; d, seed cut open, showing the embryo.
2. PAPA’VER. Poppy
Sepals 2, caducous. Petals 4. Stamens 00. Stigmas many, united into a star-like crown, sessile upon the thick ovary. Capsule 1-celled, opening by pores beneath the edges of the stigma. Exotic herbs, mostly ©, with ¢ milk-white juice abounding in opium.
* Bristly or hairy. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers scarlet....2, 8 * Smocth, glaucous. Leaves cut-trothed, clasping. Flowers white .1
URDER 12.--THE FUMEWORTS. 161
1 P.somnif’eram. Opium P. Fis. large, often double. + Sumner. 2P.dspium. Small Red P. Pod club-shaped, smooth. Leaves coarsely divided. Flowers light red, smaller than in No.1. M.S. Summer. 2 P. Rheas. Corn P. Pod globular, smooth. Leaves more finely divided Flowers Jarge and brilliant, deep scarlet, often double. + Sum
Orvzr XIJ. FUMARIACE®. The Fumeworts.
Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems and watery juice ;
leaves usuaily alternate, many cleft or compound; ©
flowers irregular, purple, white or yellow; sepals 2, very small;
petals 4, more or less cohering, one or both of the outer saccate, the two inner inclosing the anthers in their coherent tips;
stamens 6, in 2 sets of 3 in each; pistil 1; pod 1-celled.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Corolla equally 2-spurred or 2-saccate at base....a * Corolla unequal, only 1 of the petals spurred....b a Petals slightly united or distinct, deciduous. Not climbing. DicEn’tTRA. 1] a Petals firmly united, persistent. Plants climbing. Mountain Fringe. ADLU’MIA. b Ovary with several seeds, forming a slender pod. Corydal, Coryp’auis. 2 b Ovary with 1 seed, becoming a globular nut. Fumitory. Fuma’ria.
1. DICEN’TRA. Ear-drop.
Sepals 2, very small, sometimes disappearing. The 2 outer petals alike, saccate at base, with spreading tips; the 2 inner alike, spoon-shaped, meeting face to face over the stamens and pistils. Filaments flat, separate or not. Middle anther of each set 2-celled, the outer 1-celled. Pod many-seeded.— 2¢
§ Low herbs (6’), with white flowers in simple racemes....1, 2 § Taller (1-2f.), with purple flowers racemed or panicled....3, 4 { D. cuculla’ria. White Ear-drop. Root bulb-like. Spurs of the flowers divergent acute, straight. Flower nearly as broad as long. Spring. : D Canaden’sis. Sgurrrel-corn. Root bearing yellow tubers as large as peas. Fls much longer than broad, spurs rounded, incurved. May, Jn. | 8 D.exim’ia, Wild Purple Har-drop. Racemes paricled. Flowers obloug with very short blunt spurs. Sepals manifest. M.S. t+ 8 D. spectab’ilis. Chinese H. Raceme simple. Flowers nearly as broad as long (1’), very fine and showy; sepals obsolete. t
162 THE FLORA.
2. CORYD’ALIS. Corydal.
Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, one of which is spurred at base. Fila ments with broad bases united into 2 sets, sheathing the ovary. Pod 2- valved, slender, many-seeded. Leaves twice ternate, on the stem. In rocky places. Spring.
C. glau’ca. Pink C. Erect. Fls. pink-yellow, panicled. Leaf-lobes obtuse. @ CG. au’rea. Golden C. Diffuse. Fls. yellow, racemed. Leaf-lobes acute. @
Fig. 389. Dicentra cucullaria, entire plant. Fig. 390. Enlarged view of a flower. Fig. 391. A rection of the same, Fig. 892. A flower (enlarged) of D. Canadensis.
Orper XII1. CRUCIFERA. The Crucifers, or Miustardworts.
Herbs with alternate Jeaves and no stipules, and regular flowers, with sepals 4 and petals 4, spreading in the form of a cross;
ORDER 18.—THE CRUCIFERS. | 163
stamens 6, 2 of them on opposite sides shorter than the rest; an ovary of 2 united carpels, forming in fruit a
silique or silicle, with 2 cells and few or many seeds ;
seeds without albumen, the large embryo variously bent and folded.
Notrr.— Under this large Order, as under others, we present to our young readers a complete analysis, by which they may trace to its genus any Mustardwort growing in the United States, But as the genera are so nearly alike, great care and close observation will be needful in avoid- ing mistakes. The piants for examination must be in fruit as wellas in flower.
Fig. 393. Flower of White Mustard. Fig. 394 Same, with its parts separated. Fig. 395. A silique, ripe and open. iy. 396. Craba verna. Fig. 397, A pod open.
Analysis of the Genera. * Garden plants cultivated for ornament or art
1 Fruit a silique or long pod (§ 863)....5 1 Fruit a silicle or short pod (§ 364)....2 2 Silicle 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds....3
2 Silicle 1-celled, with one seed only. Woad. Isa’tis. 8 Petals all equal....4 3 Petals unequal, the 2 outside ones larger. Candy-tuft. Ipx’/rts. | 4 Some of the stamens toothed. Gardens. Madwort. Auys’sum. 4 Stamens all toothless. Silicles very large and thin. Satin-flower. Luna’Rta. 5 Seeds flat. Stigma rounded or head-shaped. Wall-flower. Currran’tuvs. 5 Seeds flat. Stigmas 2-horned, spreading. Stock, Marrut’oua.
5 Seeds egg-shaped. Stigma with 2 converging lobes. Rocket. Hes’PEris
164 THE FLORA.
———
** Plants growing wild, or cultivated for food
flowers yellow....8—
flowers white, purple, &c.... 6
fiowers yellow....5
flowers white, purple, &c.....2 1 Fruit a jointed pod, with the partitions crosswise....11
2 Silicle flattened or turgid, with a broad partition....4
2 Silicle flattened contrary to the narrow partition....3
1 Fruit a silique, 2-celled lengtLwise,
1 Fruit a silicle, 2-celled lengthwise, 1
8 Silicle triang., seeds several in each cell. Shepherd s-puree. GAPSEL’LA.
8 Silicle roundish, with one seed in each cell. Pepper-grass. Lerip’tum. 4
3 Silicle double, with one seed in each lobe. 8S. Swine Cress. SeNEBIE’RA. 6 4 Silicle flattened. Leaves cauline or radical. Whitlow-grass. DRABA. 4 4 Silicle turgid. Leaves cauline. Horse Radish, ARMORA’CIA 4 Silicle turgid. Leaves all radical. r. Awlwort. SuBULA’RIA.
5 Silicle obovoid, 74. ¢., inversely egg-shaped, turgid. False Flax. CAMELI’NA. 5 Sil. globose, turgid, membranous. Style long. Bladder-pod. VeEsica’R1a.
5 Silicle oblong, turgid, and somewhat terete. Cress. NastuR’/TIUM. 6 Seeds arranged in two rows in each cell, not winged. Cress. NastuR’TIUM. 6 Seeds in two rows in each cell, wing margin. Tower-mustard, Tur’RITIs.
6 Seeds arranged in a single row in each cell....7 7 Sil. linear, flattish, each valve with 1 central vein. Rock Cress. Ar’asits. 7 7 Silique lanceolate, flat, the valves veinless. Tooth-root. DENTA’RIA. & 7 Siliques linear, veinless, terete. Flws. purple. alse Rocket. lopan’tHUs. 7 Siliques linear, veinless, flat. Fls. whitish. Cuckoo-jlower. Carpami’nE. 9 8 Seeds ovate or oblong....9 8 Seeds globose....10
8 Seeds flat, with a broad, winged margin. S., LEAVENWORTH’IA. 9 Calyx 4-open. Lvs. runcinate, or finely dissect. Hedge-musturd. SisyM’BRIUM. 9 Calyx closed, Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Winter Cress, BARBA’REA, 10 9 Calyx closed. Leaves lanceolate. False Wall-flower. Erys’mom. 11 10 Calyx spreading. Valves of the pod 1-3-veined. Mustard, Sina’pis. 12 0 Calyx mostly erect. Valves of the pod 1-veined, Cubbage, &c. Bras’sica. 11 Pods short, 2-jointed, with 1 seed in each joint. Sea-rocket. Caxki’L3E. 11 Pods with several transverse joints and cells. Radish. Rapu’anvs.
1. IDE'RIS. Candy-tuft.
The two outside petals larger than the two inside ones. Pods flattened truncate, emarginate, the cells one-seeded.-—Foreign, ornamental plants. 1 Flowers white. Plain about 1f. high....2-4 | 1 I. umbella’ta. Purple C. Fils. purple, in umbels. Lvs. serrate, upper entire, 2 Lama’ra. Bitter C. Corymbs lengthening into racemes. Lvs. sligatly tooth 2d. 8 I. pinna’ta. Wing-leaved C. Corymbs scarcely lengthening. Leaves pinnatifid. 4 I. saxat’ilis. Rock C. Corymbs not lengthening. Shrubby. Lys. linear, entire.
URDER 183.—THE CRUCIFERS. 165
2. LUNA’RIA. Satin-flower.
Sepals somewhat 2-lobed at base of the flower. Petals nearly entire. Stamens without teeth. Silicle oval or lanceolate, flat. usually very large, with a stalk. Seed-stalk adhering to the partition.—Foreign, ornamental plants.
L, redivi’va. Perennial S. Pods lanceolate, narrowed to each end. Lvs. sharp toothed. 2.
I, bien’nis. Biennial S. Pods broad-oval, rounded at each end. Lvs. blunt- toothed. @
8. CAPSEL'LA. Shepherd’s-purse.
Calyx equal at base. Silicles triangular, wedge-shaped at base, notched at top, compressed laterally, that is, contrary to the narrow partition. Valves boat-shaped. Style short. Seeds 00, oblong, small_—A common weed, with white flowers.
C. Bursa-Pasto’ris. Shepherd’s-purse. Found everywhere, in fields, pastures, and road-sides. Stem growing to a foot in height, hairy below, branching. Root leaves many (when the plant has room), half a foot long, deeply-lobed and toothed. Stem leaves much shorter, with two ear-shaped stem-clasping lobes at base. Flowers very emall, in racemes which become very long, and are suc- ceeded by the little purse-shaped pods. <Apr.—Sept. (See Fig. 331.)
4, LEPID’IUM. Pepper-grass.
Sepals ovate. Petals ovate, entire. Silicles roundish or oval, notched at the end, flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Cells 1-seed- ed. Valves boat-shaped, dehiscent. Flowers white, racemed, numerous.
1 Stem leaves undivided. Flowers from June to Sept... .2
1 Lsativuam. Leaves all divided and lobed. Pods round. Gardens. July. 2 LVirginicum. TZongue-grass. Pods round, wingless. Stem leaves toothed. 8 Lrudera’le. Pods roundish-oval, wingless. Petals 0. Stem leaves entire. W. 4 Lcampes’tre. Pods ovate, winged, rough-scaly. Leaves arrow-shaped. W
5. SENEBIE’RA. Swine Cress.
Silicle 2-lobed, appearing double. Valve somewhat turgid and inde hiscent. Cells each with 1 reundish and 3-cornered seed. Flowers white, in short racemes which stand opposite to the leaves.
166 THE FLORA
—
S. pinnatif’ida. A prostrate, weed-like plant, common at the South, in fields and oa
river-banks. Leaves divided in a pinnate manner, into oblong, toothed lobes,
_ Flowers obscure, with scarcely any petals. Silicles flattened, notched at apex, wrinkled on the surface. Feb.-—July. |
6. DRA’RA. Whitlow-grass.
Calyx equal at base. Petals equal. Filaments without teeth. Silicle val-oblong, entire, flattened parallel to the broad partition. Cells 2, many-seeded. Seeds not margined.—Low herbs, with small white or ycliow flowers in racemes. (See Fig. 396.)
§ Petals 2-cleft, white. Leaves all radical....1 § Petals entire or merely notched. Stems more or less leafy....a a Style present. DPlants perennial....2, 8 a Style none. Plants annual or biennial....b b Pedicels as long or longer than the pod....4, 5 b Pedicels shorter than their pods.... 1 D.verna. Spring W. Leaves oblong, hairy. Scape 1-5’ high. @ (See Fig. 396.) 2 D.arabi’sans. Aock W. Leaves minutely toothed. Silicle twisted, longer than the pedicel, oblong-lanceolate, 4-6’” long. Lake shores. (Figs, 155-159.) 8 D.ramosis’sima, Pushy W. Leaves with remote and slender teeth. Silicle as long as its pedicel, style half as long. Flowers white. Rocks. 4 D.nemora’lis. Wood W. Petals notched at end. Pod half as long as ita pedicel. Seeds near 30. Flowers yellowish-white. N-W. 4 D. brachycar’pa. Short-fruited W. Petals entire. Pod as Jong as pedicel, 1(¢-12-seeded. Leaves round-ovate. 8. W. March, April. 5 D. Carolinia’na. Leaves round-ovate, entire. Pods linear, in a eort of corymb. Flowers white. Plant hispid, 1-3’ high. E.8. Apral—June. 6 D. cuneifo/lia. Wedye-leaved W. Leaves wedge-oblong. VPods lance-oblong, 20- 80-seeded, racemed. Plant 8-8’ high. S-W.
7. AR’ABIS. Rock Cress. Sickle-pod.
Sepals erect. Petals clawed, entire. Silique linear, flattened, valves one-veined in the middle. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Flowers white. April—June.
§ Leaves all (or at least the radical) pinnatifid....1, 2
§ Leaves all undivided ; toothed or entire, often clasping....a & Siliques short (6-12’’) and straight. Seeds not winged....3, 4 a Siliques longer (1-27), straight or curved. Seeds not winged....5, 6 a Siliques long (3’), curved, hanging. Seeds winged....7, 8
at Nee
ORDER 13.—THE CRUCIFERS. 3 167
1A Ludovicia’na, Louisiana R. Alithe leaves feather-cleft. Seeds bor- dered. Plant slender, 6-10’ high. 8. Mar., Apr. 2 A. lyra’ta. Lyre-leaved R. Only the root leaves feather-cleft. Seeds not berdered. Plant 6-12’ Ligh. Pods 13-2’ long. $8 A. Thalia’na. Mouse-ear R. Stems erect. Leaves nearly entire. Petals twice longer than the sepals. Podserect. Plant dewny. May. 4 A denta’ta. Toothed R. Stems diffuse. Leaves sharply toothed. Petals scarce longer tha: sepals. Pods spreading. Rough. M. W. 5 A. patens. Patent R. Downy. Pods spreading and curved upwards, beaked with a distinct style. w. W.S. 6 A.hirsu’ta. Hairy &. Plant hairy. Siliques straight, erect. Style none. Leaves arrow-shaped. Fils. g 7 A. leviga’ta. Smooth Sickle-pod. Stem leaves arrow-shaped, clasping, narrow. Pod spreading. Plant glabrous, 2f. high. 8 A. Canaden’sis. True Sickle-pod. Stem leaves pointed at both ends, sessile. Pod eurved, pendulous. Tall, downy.
8. DENTA’RIA. Tooth-root. Pepper-root.
Sepals converging or closed. Silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless valves opening elastically. Seeds in a single row in each cell, ovate, not bordered.—Plants 2f. Rhizoma prostrate, jointed. Stem leaves but 2 or 3. Flowers white or purplish.
“| Stem leaves almost opposite or whorled... 1, 2,3
“| Stem leaves alternate or scattered. Root-stock moniliform....4, 5 1 D. diphyl’/la. TZwo-leaved P. Stem leaves 2 only, leaflets 3, ovate, toothed. 2 D. lacinia’ta. Cut-leaved P. Stem leaves 3, leaflets 3-5, linear, cleft. 8 D. multif/ida. Stem leaves 2-3, numerously divided into linear leaflets. S. 4 D. max’ima. Leaflets 3, ovate, cut and cleft. Lvs. 3-7. Fis. purple. M. 5 D. heterophyl’la. Lfits. 3, nearly entire; ofthe rt. lvs. round-ovate, toothed
9. CARDAMI'’NE. Bitter Cress. Calyx a little spreading. Silique linear, with flat, veinless valves which are narrower than the partition. Stigma entire. Seeds not margined, with a slender seed-stalk. Flowers white or purple.
* Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. April-June....1, 2 * Leaves simple or partly ternate. Mostly perennials....a a*Style slender. In low, wet grounds.. a Style none. In high mountains.... 1 C. birsu’ta. Pennsylvanian C. Smooth, bout If. erect. Leaves 5-11-foliate, th _terminal lobe largest, 3-lobed. Stigmasessile. Wet. @ c. 2 C peaten’sis. Cuckoo-flower. Stem simple, ascending, 1f. Leaves 7-15-foliate, with stalked, roundish leaflets Style present. Flowers large. Wet. 2
168 THE FLORA.
% C. rhomboid’ia. Lhombic C. Stems upright, bearing tubers at base. Pods linear-lanceolate. Leaves roundish and rhomboidal. w. orp. ¢. 4 C rotundifo’lia. /tound-leaved C. Stems decumbent, branched. fods l.near subulate. Leaves roundish, lower 3-lobed. w. By streams, _ | § U vulidifo’/lia. Daisy-leaved C. Leaves smooth, roundish. Pods erect. Heigh Re INS Ae § 3. spatu.a’ta. Spath-leaved C, Leaves hairy, spatulate. Pods spreading. 6’. S
10. BARBA’/REA. ‘Winter Cress.
Sepals erect, nearly equal at base. Silique columnar, 2—4-cornered. Valves concave or keel-shaped by means of a strong central vein. Seeds in a single row. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow.
B. vulga’ris. Winter Cress. Common in old fields, also brook-sides. Whole plant glabrous. Stem 1-2f. high, branching above. Leaves lyrate with the terminal lobe roundish, upper leaves obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate, or repand- dentate—all dark green, shining. Flowers showy, in racemes. Pods ob- scurely 4-cornered, slender, 3’ love. curved upwards. May, June. x
11. ERYS’‘IMUM. False Wall-flower.
Calyx closed. Silique linear, 4-sided. Stigma capitate. Seeds m a single row in each cell. Mostly @. Flowers yellow.
1 E. cheiranthoi’des. Stem ascending. Fls. small. Pods spreading, 1’in length. M. 2 EB, Arkansa’num, Yellow Phlox. Stem strictly erect. Flowers large (#’ broad). Pods 2-3’ long. River bluffs. A fine plant. W
12. SINA’PIS. Mustard.
Sepals spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Silique nearly terete, valves 3-veined. Style short. Seeds in a single row, globular.— ® or ® with yellow flowers. (Figs. 393, 394.)
1 8S. nigra. Slack M. Upper leaves lance-linear, entire. Pod 4-cornered, smooth. 2S. arven’sis, Field MU. Leaves all repand-toothed. Pods torose, smooth. 8 S. alba. White M. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid. Pods bristly, shorter than beak
Orpen XVI. VIOLA’CE. Violets. :
— Aerbs with simple (often cleft), alternate leaves with stipules ; flowers irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in 5's; | corolla spurred at base; anthers united: 2 of the filaments appendaged; |
ORDER 13.—VIOLETS. | 169
style 1, witl a one-sided stigma; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds many, with the embryo nearly as long as the albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sepals unequal, with ear-shaped lobes at base. Vioxa. -Bepals nearly equal, not appendaged at base. Green Violet. So’Lka.
1. VIOLA. Violet. Sepals 5, prolonged at base into two auriculate AK
lobes. Petals more or less unequal, the largest \_ <=S one spurred at base, the 2 cpposite ones at the sides equal, the 2 upper ones all equal. Stamens cohering by their anthers, 2 of them spurred at base. Seeds attached to the valves of the capsule. —v2f Low herbs, caulescent or acaulescent. Pe- duncles angular, solitary, 1-flowered, nodding at
the top. WN
* Acaulescent: leaves and flowers all radical....a Fig. 898. Violet No.1: section * Caulescent: stems leafy....d a Flowers blue....b a Flowers white....Nos. 2-4. a Flowers yellow....No. 1. b Petals beardless....5-7 b Petals bearded....c c Leaves divided....8, 9 [otic 22. ec Leaves undivided....10-12, and the Ex- d Pet. yellow. Stems leafy at the top only....13-15 d Petals not yellow, or but partly yellow....e e Stipules entire. Summer....16 e Stipules fringe-toothed. May, June....17-19 e Stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, very large....20-21 ig. 599. Ripe, open eap 1 V. rotundifo’lia. Larly Yellow Violet. Lvs. round-ovate, Sule of Violet. cordate, smooth. Sepais blunt. April. 2 V.lanceola’ta. Lance-leavedV. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to the base. Some bearded 8 V primulefo’lia. PrimroseV. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrupt at base. Fls. beardless 4V.blanda. Sweet Wild V. Leaves round-cordate. Fls. beardless, fragrant. Muy } V.palus’tris Bog V. Lvs. reniform-cordate. Spur very short. Stips. ovate. White Mts 6 V.Selkir’kii, Selkirk’s V. Lvs, round-cor. Spur nearas long as petals, blunt. dfuy. ? V.peda’ta. Foot-kaved V.Lvs. pedate, 5-9-part.,segm. narrow, entire. Root premorsc. 8 V. delphinifo’lia. ZarkspurV. Leavesin 7-9 linear, 8-cleft segments. W. Aprii. 9 V.palma’ta. Palm-leaved V. Leaves hastate-lobed. cordate. Variety of No. 10 8
170 THE FLORA.
10 V. cuculla’ta Hood-leaved V. Leaves reniform-cordate, base lobes involute. com. 11 V. villo’sa. Woolly V. Leaves round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, downy. M.S 12 V sagitta’ta. Arrow-lod. V. Lvs. lance-oblong, some sagittate or cut-toothed at base, 13 V.hasta’ta. J/ulberd-leaved V. Smooth. Lvs, hastate. Stip. ovate, minute. S. 14 V.tripar’tita. Zhree-cleft V. Hairy. Lvs. deeply 3-parted. Stip. lanceolate. 3 15 V.pubes’cens. Downy V. Downy. Lvs. broad-cordate. Stip. ovate, large. a 16 V. Canaden’sis. Canada V. Plant 1f. high. Leaves cordate, pointed, smooth. 17 V. stria’ta. Cream-colored V. Spur 4 the length of the corolla. Stip. large, oblong 18 V. Muhlenber’gii. Muhlenberg’sV. Spur } the length of corolla. Stip. lanceolate. 19 V. rostra’ta. Long-spurred V. Spur longer than corolla. Stipules lanceolate. 2) V. tric’olor. Pansy. Heartsease. Stipules as large as the leaves. Fils. three-cdlored. 21 V. grandiflo’ra. Great-floweredV. Stip. much smaller than the leaves. Purple. 4 22 V. odora’ta. Sweet English V. Stolons creeping. Lvs. cordate. Fragrant. 4
~OrpER XVII. CISTACEA. Rock Roses.
Herbs or low shrubs; leaves simple, entire, mostly alternate ; flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, lasting but a day ; sepals 5, unequal, the 3 inner contorted, all persistent ; petals 5, rarely 3, or 0, twisted contrary to the sepals ; ovaries 3, united, forming a 1-celled, 3-valved capsule ;
seeds many, on the parietal placentz. (See the Glossary.)
* Petals 5, yellow, larger than the sepals. Low shrublets. Hupsonlia. 1 * Petals 3, narrow, brown-purple, as short as the sepals. LECHEA. 2 * Petals 5, yeliow, large and showy, sometimes 0. HELIANTHEMUM. 3
1. HUDSO'’NIA. Hudsonia.
Little heath-like, very leafy and branching shrublets, growing in sands.
1 H.tomento’sa. Hoary-tomentous; leaves oval, appressed ; flowers subsessile. 2 H. ericoi’des. Downy; leaves subulate; loose; flowers pedicelled.
2. LECH’EA. Pinweed,
Perennial herbs, often woody at base, much branched, bearing the small obscure flowers in axillary clusters. Pods as large as a pin’s head, thcir 3 partial cells each 1-2-seeded. Summer. § Pedicels longer than the oval pod....Nos. 1, 2. § Pedicels shorter than the globular pod ...Nos. 3, 4.
{ L. minor. Lesser P. Leaves linear; 2 outer sepals ainute. 5’-15’ high.
2 L. Nove-Cesare’x. New Jersey P. Leaves elliptical; 2 outer sepals slender, oftes longer than the others. Aboutif. N Y andN J.
UR ee
OKDER 18.—ST. JOHNSWORTS. | 171
8 L. major. Larger P. Hairy; leaves elliptical; pods angular. 1-2f. 4 L. thymifo’lia. MBoary-pubernlent ; leaves narrowly oblanceolate; pods quite rounded, larger (near 1’’), polished. 10-20’ high.
3. HELIAN’THEMUM. Rock Rose.
Petals 5 (when present), crumpled in bud, fugacious. Stamens few or many. Stigma 3-lobed. Capsule triangular, 3-valved, opening at the top.
* Flowers of two sorts, the later ones apetalous. Stamens 3-10....Nos. 1, 2. * Flowers all alike, 5-petalled. Stamens © ....Nos. 3, 4.
}] H. Canaden’se. Flowers solitary, termiral, the apetalous flowers in axillary clusters; sepals acute; leaves lanceolate. acute, with rolled edges. In dry soil. Can. to Va, Stems 8-12’ high. Plant hoary-pubescent. July-August.
2 H. corymbo’sum. Flowers all terminal, crowded; sepals obtuse, woolly. N. J. and S.
3 H. Carolinia’num. Flowers subterminal, large; sepals acuminate. Sonrith.
4 H.arenic’ola. White-tomentous; leaves and sepals obtuse. 3-6’. Insand. S&S.
Orper XVIII. HYPERICACE. St. Johnsworts.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire, dotted leaves, and no stipules;
flowers mostly yellow, in cymes;
sepals unequal, 4-5, dotted; -
petals 4-5, twisted in the bud, dotted, and with the veins oblique;
stamens hypogynous, in 3 or more par- cels;
ovary superior; style 1;
fruit a capsule or berry, many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
Petals and sepals 5....2 Petals and sepals 4. Flowers yellow. St. Peterswort. As’/cyRUM. 2 Fis. yellow. St. Johnswort. Uyrer’icum. 1 2 Flowers purplish. ELope’a.
Fig. 400. Hypericum perforatum (Common St. Johnswort): stem, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 401. The stamens in 3 sets surrounding the ovary with 3 styles, Fig 402. Cross-section of the ovary
72 THE FLORA.
HYPER’ICUM. St. Johnswort.
Sepals 5, connected at base, nearly equal, leaf-like. Petals 5, obliyue, Stamens many (sometimes few and distinct), united into 3-5 parcels with no glands between them. Styles 8-5, either distinct or united at base. Capsule 1-celled, or 3-5-celled.—Herbs or shrubs, with branching stems, Dpposite, entire leaves, and yellow flowers. (Figs. 210, 211, 400-402.)
§ Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united into sets....a § Stamens 5 to 15, not at all united....g a Carpels (pistils) and styles 5 or more. Capsule 5-celled....Nos. 1, 2 a Carpels 8. Capsule 8-celled (the partitions meeting)....b a Carpels 8. Capsule 1-celled (the partitions not quite meeting)....¢ b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate....8-6 b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear....6, 7 | b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots....8-10 Shrubs. Styles united into1l....d Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1....e c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top....f d Flowers solitary or in 8’s, axillary. Stems 2-edged....11, 12 d Flowers clustered in a compound, terminal cyme....18, 14 e Flowers in a leafless, stalked cyme. Leaves obtuse....15, 16 e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute....17, 18 f Stem or branches 4-cornered or square....19, 20 f Stem and branches terete, not angular....21, 22 © g Flowers in corymbous cymes....23, 24 g Flowers racemed on the slender branches... .25, 26 1 H. pyramida’tum. Giant S. Herb 8-4f., flowers 2’ broad. Leaves lance-oblong. 2 H. Kalmia’num. Xalm’s S. Shrub 1-2f., flowers 1’ broad. Leaves lance-linear. 3 H. Buckle’yi. Buckley's S. Leaves obovate. Flowers terminal, solitary. 8 4 H. prolif’icum. Prolific S. Lvs. lance-oblong. Cymes compound. W, 5 H. galeoi’des. Bedstraw S. Lvs. lance-linear. Clusters axillary. S. 6 H. rosmarinifo’lium. Rosemary S. Lvs. petioled, shorter than internodes. S, 7 H. fascicula’tum. Clustered 8S. Lvs. sessile, longer than the internodes. S. 8 H. perfora’tum. Punctured S. Stem 2-edged. Lvs. small, light-dotted. e. 9 H.corymbo’sum. Corymbed S. Stem terete. Lvs. large, black-dotted. ¢. 10 H. macula’tum. Spotted S. St. terete. Ali over black-dotted. Sty. long. 11 H. au’reum. Golden S. Lvs. thick, obtuse, sessile, Fls. large (14”). Stam. 500! 8 12 H. ambig’uum. Di.bious S. Lvs. thin, acute, sessile. Fls. 8’’ broad. Pet. toothed. 8 13 H. myrtifo’lium. Myrtle S. Branches terete. Lvs. clasping. Cyme leafy. S. 14.H. cistifo’lium. Rockrose S. Branches 2-edged. Lys. sessile. Cyme leafless § 15 H-nnudifio’rum. aked-flowered S. Lvs. lance-ovate. Pod ovoid-conic. M.§ 16 H. spherocar’pon. ound-fruited S. Lys. linear-oblong. Pod globular. W.
Oo 0
ORDER 19.—THE SUNDEWS. | 173
17 H.adpres’sum. Closed S. Lvs. half-erect. Petals obovate, longer than sep 18 H. dolabrifor’me. //utchet S. Lvs. spreading. Pet. dolairiform, long as sep. 19 H.angulo’sum. Angled S. Lvs. ovate, acute. Style thrice longer than ovary. 20 H ellip’ticum. LEilipiie S. Lvs. elliptic, obtuse. Style as long as ovary. N. M. 21 H. grave’olens. Strong-scented S. Smooth. Lvs. oblong-ovate, clasping. 8. 22 H.pilo’sum. Huiry S. Hairy. Lys. lance-ovate, appressed. S. 2: H.mu’ticum. Dwarf S. Lvs, ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Cymes leafy. e¢. @ H.Canaden’se. Canada S. Lvs. linear, black-dotted. Cymes leafless. e¢. 25 H.Saro’thra. Pine-weed S. Lvs. awl-shaped, minute. Fls. sessile. 26 H. Drummon/’dii. Drummond’s S. Lvs. linear. Fls. stalked. W.
Orper XIX. DROSERACE®. The Sundews.
Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glands, with
leaves alternate, circinate (rolled from top to base) in the bud; flowers regular, of 5 persistent sepals and 5 withering petals ; stamens 5, distinct, and a single, compound ovary ;
styles 1-5, and fruit a 1-3-celled many-seeded capsule, and with seeds having a small embryo at the base of the albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Stamens 5. Dros’ERA. 1 coiled (circinate) in the bud. i Stamens 10-15. Dion#’a. & Leaves net coiled in the bud. Sterile stamens many. Parnas’sIa. 3
1. DROS’/ERA. Sundew.
Sepals 5, united at base, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens5. Styles 3-5, each deeply 2-parted, so that there seems to be 6-10. Capsule 8-5-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded.—2{ Small aquatic herbs. Leaves (all radical in the American species) clothed with long, reddish, gland-bearing hairs, exuding a clear, sticky fluid. Flowers in a raceme on a slender scape, which is at first coiled downward, but uncoils as the flowers open.
* Scape 4-6 times longer than the spreading leaves....1-3 * Scape 1-2 times longer than the ascending leaves....4-6 3D. rotundifolia Mound-leaved S. Leaves round, on long hairy stalks. Fls white, small (about 3’” broad), Scapes 5-8’ high. . 2D. minor. Lesser S. Lvs. wedge-obovate, on smooth stalks. Scape 3-6’. p. &, 8 D. brevifo’lia. Ziny S. Lvs. spatilate, on short, hairy stalks. Scape2-3’. p. §
174 THE FLORA.
4 D longifolia. Long-leaved S. Lvs. spatulate, on long, smooth stalks. 4-7’. White. (Fig. 20, 21.)
& [ linearis. Linear-leaved S. Lvs. linear, obtuse; stalks smooth. 3-6’. White.
é D. filiformis. Thread-leaved S. Lvs. filiform, long. Seape lf. Purple.
2. DION A’A. Venus’ Fly-trap.
Sepals 5, spreading. Petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins. Stamens 10-15. Style 1. Stig- mas 5, many-cleft. Capsule breaking irregularly in opening, 1-celled, many-seeded.—2 Glabrouns herbs. Leaves all radical, sensitive, closing con- vulsively when touched. Scape umbelled.
D Muscip’ula. A very remarkable plant, in sandy bogs, at the South, sometimes cultivated. Leaves spread- ing, the petiole broadly winged, ending in a roundish blade which is fringed with spines, instantly closing upon insects which alight upon it. Scape 6-12’ high, bearing an umbel of 8-10 white, handsome flowers. Apr., May. t
Fig. 403. Venus’ Fly-trap. ig. 404. Ovary and style. © Fig. 405. Section of ovary.
3. PARNAS’SIA. Grass-of-Parnassus.
Sepals 5. Petals 5, inserted on the calyx (pe- rigynous). Stamens also perigynous, in 2 rows, 405 42 408—t—“‘«iO the outer row of numerous sterile filaments, united in 5 sets, the inner row of 5 perfect stamens. Stigmas 4, sessile. Cap- sule 4-celled. Seeds very numerous.—2 Elegant herbs, with radical leaves and 1-flowered scapes.
1 P. Carolinia’na. Meadow G. Sterile filaments, 3 in each set. Leaves about 7-veined, broadly oval or ovate, radical ones on long stalks, cauline few, near the ground, sessile, clasping. Scape about 1f. high, bearing one flower at top, which is about 1’ across. Petals marked with green veins. July, Aug.
P asarifolia. Broad-leaved G. Sterile filaments, 8 in each set. Lvs. reniform. §, 8 Y palus’tris. Swamp G. Sterile filaments, 9-15 in each set. Lvs. cordate. N. W
é My All
>
OrpErR 21.—PINKWORTS. 1%
Orper XXL CARYOPHYLLACES. Pinkworts.
Py
Fig. 406. Pink (Pheasant’s-eye): b, the bracts; c, the tubular calyx. Fig. 407. The ovary with its 2 styles, Fig. 408. A petal of the Diurnal Lychnis, 2-cleft: ¢, the claw. Fig. 408 Arenaria stricta, showing the spreading eyme. Fig. 410. A flower enlarged, calyx not tubular
Herbs with the stems swelling at the nodes; opposite, entire leaves ; sepals 4 or 5, sometimes distinct and sometimes united into a tube; . petals 4 or 5 (sometimes 0), with or without claws, hypogynous ; stamens generally twice as many as the petals; styles 2-5;
fruit a 1-celled (rarely 2—5-celled) capsule with numerous seeds, and an embryo coiled around fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Stipules dry, scale-like, between the leaves at base... .6 § Stipules none....2 , 2 Sepals united intoatube. Petals with long claws....3 2 Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals sessile or none....4 3 Calyx with 2 or more bractlets at base....a 6 Calyx naked, 7. e., with no bractlets....b 4 Pad 1-celled and with several seeds. Petals generally present....5 4 Pod I-celled, with 1 seed. Petals none, calyx green....g 4 Pod completely 3-celled. Petals none, calyx white....h 5 Petals 2-parted or 2-lobed....¢ 5 Petals undivided and entire....d
176 THE FLORA
6 Styles or stigmas 8 or 5. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded....e 6 Styles or stigmas 2 or united into 1. Pod 1-seeded....f Styles 2. Petals varicusly notched or fringed. Pink. Dian’tnvs, 1 b Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed when open. Soapwort. SAPONA’RIA. b Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed when open. Silene. SILENE. 2 b Styles 5. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth short or long. Hose Campion. Lycunts. $ Styles 5. Pod opening at top by 10 teeth. Mouse-ear. CERASTIUM 4 Styles 3. Pod splitting into 6 valves. _ Chickweed, Starwort, STELLA’RIA, d Styles 8. Valves of the ripe pod 8, each 2-toothed. Sandwort. ARENA’RIA, d Styles 3. Valves of the pod 3, entire. Grove Sandwort. ALSI’NE. d Styles 4 or 5, always as many as the sepals. Peariwort. Saqi/na. d Styles 3 and 5. Plant fleshy. Disk 10-lobed. Sea Sandwort. HonKen’ya. e Styles 5. Leaves linear, whorled. Flowers white. Spurry. SPER’GULA.
e Styles 3 and 5. Luvs. linear, opposite. Fils. red. Sand Spurry. SPERGULA/RIA. e Styles 3 in all the fils. Leaves in 4’s. Stipules ovate. <Adl-seed. Potycar’ron,
e Styles 8 in all the fls. Leaves opposite. Stipules many- cleft. STIPULIC’IDA. f Sepals green, distinct or nearly so.... Nailwort. Paronycn’Ia, f Sepals white above, united into a tube below. SYPHONYCH’IA.
g Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube. Anavvell. ScLERAN’THUS. h Styles 8. Stamens 3 or5. Herb flat on the ground. Curpet-weed. Moriv’eo. 5
1. DIAN’THUS. Pink. Carnation.
Calyx tubular, cylindrical, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, um- bricated scales at base. Petals 5, with long claws, limb unequally notched. Stamens 10. Styles 2, with revolute stigmas. Capsule cylindrical, one
celled.
7 Bracts as long as the calyx tube....1, 2,3 4 Bracts much shorter than the calyx....4, 5, 6 iM 1D, Arme’ria. Wald Pink. Bracts erect. Leaves linear. Flowers small, pink-red in cymes of about 3. Stem 18-24’ high. In sandy fields. July. E. 2D. barbatus. Sweet William, or Bunch Pink. Bracts erect. Leaves lanceolate, cymes large, many-flowered. Red or variegated with white. May-July. 4 D. Chinen’sis. China Pink. Bracts spreading. J.eaves lance-linear. Flowera solitary, red, large. Plant evergreen, not glaucous. + | 4 D. caryophyl’lus. Carnation Pink. Bracts rounded, Petals crenate, beard- less. Whole plant glaucous. Many beautiful varieties. + 5 D. pluma’rius. Pheasant’s-eye. Bracts ovate. Petals fringe-toothed, beardcd Plant glaucous. Flowers solitary, white and purple. t 6. D.super’bus. Superb P. Bractsmucronate, ovate. Petals pinnatifid fringed, bearded, cymes level-topped. White. + |
ORDER 21.—PINKWORTS. 1%7
2. SILE’NE. Catch-fly. Campion.
Oalyx tubular, swelling, without scales at base, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ® cleft, the claws often crowned with a stiffscale. Stamens 10. Styles 8. Capsule partly 3-celled, opening by 6 teeth at top. (Fig. 116.)
* Petals many-cleft and fringed. Fils. white or roseate, large. Perennial....1-8 * Petals bifid or entire, not fringed....a
a Calyx inflated and netted with veins. Perennial....4, 5
a Calyx close upon the pod, not inflated....b
b Flowers spicate, alternate. Annual....6, 7 b Flowers not spicate....¢ ce Petals white, closed in sunshine....8, 9 c Petals red, purple, &c.,—(d) bifid....10, 11 —/(d) entire....12-15
1 S. stella’ta. Whorled C. Lvs. in 4’s. Calyx inflated. Fis, white, many. July. 2 S. ova’ta. Ovate C. Leaves opposite. Calyx not inflated. Flowers white. S. 8 S. Baldwin’ii. Baldwin’s C. Lvs. opposite, obovate. Fls. very large, roseate. S
4 S.infla’ta. Bladder C. Petals not crowned. Flowers few, white.
5 S.nivea. Snowy C. Petals with a little crown. Flowers many, white. 6 S. quinquevul’nera. Variegated C. Woolly. Petals entire, red, white-edged. 8S 7 8. moctur’na. Spiked C. Downy. Petals narrow, 2-parted, greenish-white.
8 S. Antirrhi’na. Snapdragon C. Sticky in spots. Calyx egg-shaped.
9 S. noctiflo’ra. Wight C. Viscid-downy. Calyx cylindric. Petals 2-parted. 10 S. Virgin’ica. Virginian C. Leaves spatulate. Fls. large (2’), crimson. M.S. i] S. rotundifo’lia. Aownd-leaved C. Leaves round, large. Fis. large, scarlet. W
12 S. Pennsylvan’ica. Perennial. Petals rose-purple, toothed at end.
13 S. re’gia. Moyal V. Perennial. Petals scarlet, entire, oblanceolate.
14 S.Arme’ria, Garden C. Annual. Stem sticky in spots. Flowers rose-p. 4
15 S. acau’lis. Stemless C. Annual. Scape 2’ high, 1-flowered. Mountains
3. LYCH’NIS. Cockle. Rose Campion.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, without scales at base. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, or 5-celled at the base, opening at the top by 5 or 10 teeth. Petals sometimes crowned.
* Petals broad, entire. Plants very hairy....1, 2 * Petals 2-cleft, crowned with 2 scales at top of claw....8, 4 * Petals gashed or 4-cleft. Plants nearly smooth....5, 6 L. Githa’go. Cockle. Sepals longer than the crownless, purple petals. L. Corona’ria. Mullein Pink. Sepals shorter than the stiff-crownei petals. + 3 L. Chalcedon’ica. Sweet William. Fils. scarlet, in a crowded, compound cyme. ¢ 4 L. diu’rmma. Diurnal LZ. Fowers light purple, in an open, loose cyine. + (Sce Fig. 406.) ; g*
19g THE FLORA.
5 L corona’ta. Chinese Z. Petals very broad, fringed with numerous teeth 6 L. Floscu’culi. Ragged Robin. Petals divided into 4 long teeth, crowned. +t
4, CERAS'TIUM. ‘Mouse-éar. ‘Chickweell
Sepals 5, ovate, acute. Petals 5, bifid or 2-cleft. Stamens 10, some times 5 or 4. Styles 5. Capsule cylindrical or roundish, opening at top by 10 tooth-like valves. Seedsnumerous. Fs. white,in cymes. (Fig. 114.
Petals about as long as the calyx. Plants hairy....1, 2 Petals much longer than the calyx. Plants hairy or downy....3, 4, 5 { C. vulga’tum. Common M. Lvs. obovate. Sepals acute. Fils. at first crowded. 2 C. visco’sum. Sticky M. Hairs sticky. Leaves lance-ovate. Sepals obtuse. 8 C.arven’se. Field M. Lvs. linear. Ripe pods as long as the calyx. N. &£. 4 C. oblongifolium. Leaves lance-obl. Pods longer than calyx. M. 8 C.nu’tans. Nodding M. Ripe pods curved, thrice longer than calyx. N W
5. MOLLU’GO. Carpet-weed.
Sepals 5. Petals 0. Stamens 3-5, opposite to the sepals. Styles &. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.—@ Low or prostrate herbs, with the leaves appearing whorled. | M. verticilla’ta. Stems slender, jointed, much branched, lying flat on the ground.
At each joint stands a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves of unequal size, usually about 5 in number, and a few flowers, each solitary on its stalk, which is shorter than the petioles. Flowers small, sepals white inside. In dry places. July-Sept.
Orper XXII. PORTULACACEA. The Purselanes. -
Herbs with thick, entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers; flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, open only in the sunshine;
stamens opposite to the petals when of the same number, often more; pistils several, with their ovaries united, free, or half-free, forming in fruit a pyxis (§ 178) or a capsule.
Analysis of the Genera.
{ Sepals five, Petalsnone. Fruita pyxis. Stamens, Sea Purselane. Sesu’vium. { Sepals 2. Petals 5....a a Stamens 5, opposite the petzls. Spring Beauty. Cuayto’nta, } a Stamens 8-30, on the torus. Pod 3-valved. Taui’Noum. a Stamens 8-380, on the ca.yx Pyxis opening by a lid. Portuna’ca. 2
ORDER 24—THE MALLOWS. 179
1, CLAYTO’NIA. Spring Beauty.
Sepals 2, ovate. Petals 5, emarginate or obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted ou the claws of the petals. Stigmas 3, on 1 long style. Capsule 3-valved, 2-5 -seeded.—They are small, fleshy, 2f, early-flowering herbs, arising from a small tuber.
1 C. Carolinia’na. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and petals obtuse. 2 C. Virgin’ica. Leaves linear or lance-linear. Sepals acute, petals obovate.
2. PORTULA’CA. Purselanes.
Sepals 2. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 8-20. Styles 3-6. Pyxis lid opening off near the middle.—Low and fleshy herbs. 1 P. olera’cea. Common P. Leaves thick, wedge-shaped. Stem fleshy, reddish, prostrate. Flowers sessile, small, yellow. A common weed. Summer.
2 P. grandifilo’ra. Great P. Leaves cylindric and fleshy. Stems ascending. Fils larg2, red or scarlet. Cultivated. June.
OrpeER XXIV. MALVACE®. The Mallows.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, stipulate, divided leaves, with the flowers showy, axillary, regular, often with an involucel at the base;
5 sepals valvate and the 5 petals convolute in the bud, hypogynous; stamens indefinite and monadelphous, the anthers splitting across; carpels several, united into a ring or forming a several-cel!ed capsule , seeds with a curved embryo in a little albumen.
Fig. 411. Hibiscus Trionum (Flower-of-an-hour); 2, cross-section of the flower, showirg the arrangement of its parts; 3, cross-section of the 5-celled capsule; 4, capsule open by its five valves; 5, Malva sylvestris; 6, its fruit, consisting of 10 earpels arranged in‘a circle; T, section of one of the carpels, showing the curved embryo.
Lada: THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Calyx naked, 7. ¢., having no involucel....b 3
§ Calyx furnished with an involucel as if a second calyx....2 2 Pistils and carpels more than 5....a 2 Pistils and carpels 5 only, each 1-seeded....¢ 2 Pistils and carpels 5 or 8, each 8-@-seeded....d
a Involucel of 6-9 bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Marsh M. AvtTuz'a.
a Involucel of 8 united bractlets. Carpeis 1-seeded. — Tree M. Lavate’ra.
a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1-seeded. Maliow. Marva, 2
a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded. Basket M. Mopr’oua. b Flowers dicecious. Stigmas 10, linear. Napea, Napm’a. b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or more, 1-seeded. Sida. Sra. b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, 8-9-seeded. Jndian UM. Axu’TiLon.
c Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, baccate, united. Glue M, Matvavis’cvs.
ec Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, distinct. Peacock M. Pavonta.
ec Stigmas 5. Carpels 5, dry, united into a pod. Marsh M. Koste.ets’kya. d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyx regular. Hibiscus. H1pis’cus. & d Involucel of many bractlets. Calyxspliton one side. Okra. ABELMos’cuUs. d Involucel of 3 incisely-toothed bractlets. Cotton. GossyP’IUM,
1. ALTHA’A. Hollyhock, &c.
Calyx surrounded at base by a 6-9-cleft involucel. Carpels o, 1-seed- ed, not opening, arranged circularly around the axis, stein
1 A officina’lis. Marsh M. Lvs. downy, entire or 3-lobed. Fs. rose-col., stalked. 2 A.rosea. Hollyhock. Leaves rough-hairy, roundish, 5-7-lobed. Flowers sessile. 8 A. ficifo’lia. Figeleaved Hol, Lvs. hairy, deeply 7-parted. Fls. orange- colored.
2, MAL’VA. Mallows.
Calyx 5-cleft, with a 3-leaved involucel at its base. Carpels and styles numerous. Fruit cheese-form, separating when ripe into many 1-seeded pieces, arranged circularly.
* Flowers white or rose-colored....1, 2, 8 * Flowers deep red or purple....4, 5, 6 4 1 M. rotundifo/lia. Cheese M. Stem prostrate. Lvs. round-cordate. Fls. small. 2 M.crispa. Crisp M. Stem erect, tall. Lvs. abundantly crisped and curled. ¢ M. moscha’ta. Musk M. Sts. ascend. Lvs. deeply 5-part. Fis. large, showy. ¢ 4 M. sylves’tris. Wood M. Lvs. roundish, lobed, Petals obcordate. 5 M. triangula’ta. Lvs. triangular-ovate. Petals wedge-obovate, N.-W. 6 M. papaver. Poppy M. Lvs. palmately parted. Petals erose. Stalks very Jong. S.-W.
ORDER 26.—THE LINDENBLUOMS. _ 18]
8. HIBIS’CUS. Hibiscus.
Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. Styles united, stigmas 5, distinct. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-many-seeded capsule. Flowers
large, often nearly a foot broad.
§ Or'yx, &e., hispid. Leaves palmately divided....1, 2 § Caiyx, &e., velvet-downy. Leaves undivided, angularly lobed....3, 4 # Calyx, &c., glabrous, 7. ¢., smooth....a a Leaves deeply lobed or parted....8, 6 a Leaves undivided or slightly lobed....7, 8 1 H. aculea’tus, Prickly H. Bractlets of involucel forked. Fils. sulph-yellow. S. 2 H.Trio’num. Flower-of-an-hour. Bractlets entire. Fls. chlorine-yellow. ¢« t+ 8 H. Moscheu’tos, Marsh H. Lvs. ovate, toothed. Sepals abruptly pointed. Rose-red. ¢. 4 H. grandifio’rus. Giant 77. Leaves cordate, lower 8-lobed. Sepals gradually pointed. p-~ S. § H. milita’ris. Sword H, Lvs. hastately 8-lobed. Flowers tubular-bell-shaped, flesh-eolor. W. 6 H. cocci’mus. Scarlet H. Lvs. paimately 5-parted. Cor. expanding, carmine-red. S _ % H,Carolinia’nus. Jost H. Herb. Lvs. cordate. Fls. purple. Very rare. 8. 8 H.Syri’acus. TZiee H. Tree 8-15f high. Lvs. wedge-ovate. w.p. +t
OrpDER XXVI. TILIACEK#. Lindenblooms.
Trees or shrubs with simple, stipulate, alternate, toothed leaves ; flowers perfect, axillary, with 4 or 5 sepals and petals; stamens many, hypogynous, commonly united in sets; pistils 3-10 united into 1, forming a dry or flesny fruit.
1. TIL’IA, Linden. Basswood.
Sepals 5, valvate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, oblong, obtuse. Stamens o indsets. Ovary 5-celled, but in fruit becoming 1-celled, 1-2-seeded.
_ Large handsome trees with a tough bark, and soft wood. Flowers in
small cymes, with the peduncle attached part way to the midvein of a large bract.
1 T. Europe’a. Linden or Lime-tree. Stamens slightly united and having no scales or staminodia (asin the next); leaves roundish, smooth. A fine shade-tree. 40f.
#T Americana. Basswood. Stamens having a petal-like scale, with each of their & sets opposite to the petals; leaves broad-cordate, pointed, green both sides, often downy beneath ; style as long as the blunt petals. A fine tall forest-tree. There is another species West.
=
182 THE FLORA,
OrpeR XXVII CAMELLIACE®. Teaworts.
2'vees or shrubs with alternate, simple, feather-veined exstipulate leaves ; flowers regular, showy, with sepals and petals imbricated ;
stumens very 0 , hypogynous, more or less united at their bases ;
fruit a woody pod, 3-6-celled, few-seeded.
* Exotics. Some of the inner stamens distinct and free ...Genus 1, 2 * Natives of the South. Stamens all conjoined at base....Genus 3, 4
1 CAMEL/LIA Japonica. Japan Rose. The free stamens numerous (or transformed inte petals). Leaves oval, pointed, serrate, thick, evergreen and shining. Flowers white varying to red, single or double. Beautiful shrubs of the greenhouse. Native of Japan.
2 THEA. Tea. The free stamens only 5 or 6. Sepals scarcely bracted at base. Petals 5 or 6, very concave, white. Shrubs 4-9f.; native of China. Leaves oblong to lanceolate, serrate, smooth and shining, and when cured or dried they form the various kinds of tea.
8 STUAR’/TIA. These are beautiful shrubs, with large deciduous leaves, large showy fragrant flowers (2-3’ broad), axillary, and nearly sessile. Stamens all united at base into 1 set. Styles 5, united or separate. 2 species.
4 GORDO/NIA. Loblolly Bay. Trees with large, white, axillary, stalked flowers. Leaver evergreen and shining (in G. Lasianthus) or deciduous (in G. pubescens), oblong. Stamens united below into 5 sets. Va.to Fla. May-Aug.
Orper XXX. LINACEH. The Flaxworts. —_ it |
420
Fig. 418. Common Flax. Fig. 419. Plan, showing the posi tions of the parts of the flower, the imbricated sepals, the con torted sepals, the 5 stamens, and the 5 carpels. Fig. 420. Crim - son Flax. .
oe
xe wt
ORDER 31—GERANIA 7 183
Herbs with entire, simple leaves and no stipules; with
flowers regular, symmetrical, perfect, and 5-parted ;
calyx imbricate, and corolla convolute in the bud;
stamens and styles each 5; capsule with 5 double-cells, 10-seeded. Our unly genus is
LI'NUM Flax.
The character is sufficiently indicated in the Order. The long, tough fibres of the bark constitute the Zinen of commerce.
§ Flowers blue or red, large (1’ broad),....Nos. 1-3 § Flowers yellow. Leaves linear. Sepals ciliate....4, 5 § Flowers yellow, Leaves lanceolate. Sepals entire....6-8 i L. usitatis’simum. Common F. Flowers blue, ina sort of corymb. Leaves lance-linear, acu*. The seed yields linseed ot]. Fields. 2L.peren’ne. Perennial F. Flowers blue, axillary and terminal. Leaves lin- ear, acute, scattered. Gardens. 8 L. grandiflo’rum. Crimson F. Flowers crimson, axillary. Leaves lance-elliptig acute, sessile. Gardens. 4 L.rig’idum. Aigid F. Sepals longer than the globular pod. Styles united at hase. 5 L. simplex. Simple /. Sepals shorter than ovate pod. Styles distinct. S.-W. 6 L. virginia’num. Stems and branches erect. Flowers 6’’ broad. e. 7 L, diffu’sum. Stems, branches, leaves diffuse. Flowers 2’’ broad. W. 8 L.trig’ynum. Three-styled F. Flowers large (1’) with 8 styles. +t
OrpeR XXXI. GERANIA’CE. Gerania.
Herbs or shrubby plants with the lower leaves opposite; with the flowers regular or irregular, terminal or opposite the leaves; with the sepals 5, persistent, and petals 5, clawed, twisted in the bud; the
_ stamens 10, monadelphous, and pistz/s 5, united; the carpels in
_ fruit separating and bending upwards on the elastic style, each with one
seed. Albumen 0. Analysis of the Genera
i Stamens 10, all of them perfect................ GERA’/NIUM.
regular. (Stamens 5 perfect, 5 imperfect................-. Ero’DIvuM.
forolla ‘irregular. Stamens7 perfect, 3 imperfect............. PELARGO/NIUM. GERA'NIUM.
Sepals and petals 5, regular: Stamens 10, all perfect. Fruit beeked:;
184 THE FLORA.
at last separating into 5, long-styled, . 1-seeded carpels. Styles smooth in- | side, finally curling from the base
‘upward, but still adhering at top to the axis.—Herbs with forked stems, much divided leaves. Flowers nostly purple.
Petals entire, twice as long as the
awned sepals....1, 2 Petals notched or 2-lobed, short. Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed. Pods_
hairy @....8,4
1 G. macula’tum, Spotted G. Erect. Lvs. palmately 3-5-parted. Flowers large (1’ broad), showy. Sepals mucro-
nate. Spring. c . 2 G. Robertia’”num. Herb Rohert. Dif- SN
use, weak. Lvs. primately 3-parted G ere to the base. Flowers small (7’’ 243 A broad). Sepals mucronate. June. ae 8 G. pusil’lum. Dwarf G. Diffuse. 1 Sepals veinless. Leaves parted into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes 8-cleft. Fields and hills. July. 4 G. Carolinia’num. Stems diffuse. Se- pals with an awn. Luvs. parted into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft lobes. Fields. Judy. 4 Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and fruit; 3, fruit enlarged, showing one carpel on
its elastic style; 4, cross-section of a seed, showing the large embryo filling the whole space; 2, the 10 stamens,
Observation.—The pupil will perceive by the table above, that the parlor ** gera niums” belong to the genus Pelargo’nium.
Orpver XXXII. OXALIDACE®. Wood Sorrels.
wow herbs with a sour juice, and alternate, compound leaves; with flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 6-petaled ;
ee
ORDER 34.—THE JEWEL-WEEDS. 18é
stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynous, the alternate ones longest ; carpels 5, united and forming in fruit a 5-celled pod; seeds albuminons,
OX'ALIS, Wood Sorrel.
Sepals 5, distinct or united at base, persistent. Petals much longer than the sepals. Stamens united at the base. Styles 5. Capsule roundish or > pod-shaped, cells several-seed- “ ~\_ ed. Herbs mostly 2, with S | ‘. trifoliate leaves.
1 O. Acetosel’la. Wood Sorrel. FIs. white, with purple veins. Plant acaulescent, arising from a creeping root-stock. c. N. Ju.
2 O. viola’cea. Violet W. Flowers violet-purple. Plant acaules- cent, arising from a scaly bulb. Scape with an umbel. May.
8 O. stricta. Yellow W. Flowers yellow. Plant with leafy stems, weak, branched. Flowers um- belled. Grows everywhere. 495
Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella. In the plan of the flower, 0, the 5 carpels in the centre 8, the 19 stamens in two rows; p, the 5 petals; c, the 5 sepals, Fig. 426. The ripe pod.
Orprr XXXIV. BALSAMINACEX. The Jewel-weeds.
Herbs annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves; flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical; calyx spurred; stamens 5, on the torus; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves,
IMPA’TIENS. Touch-me-not.
Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest (y) enlarged into asac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2 double ones (p, p). Stamens 5 short, the anthers united over the pistil.
Fruit a pod of 5 strong elastic valves which break and coil at the slightest touch when ripe, scatter- ing the seeds. Stem ten- der, thickened at the nodes.
2 I, pal/lida. Pale Jewel-weed. Lvs. oblong-ovate. Fs. pale yellow, sparingly
dotted, with a very short,
recurved spur.
fulva. Tawny Jewel-weed. leaves rhombic-ovate. Flowers deep orange,
21.
Leaves alternate. Ass
THE FLORA.
ee ee ee ee
Fig. 428. Flower of the Pale Jewel-weed. Fig. 429. Ite parts displayed: s, s,s, y, the four sepals, the latter spur- red; 7, p, the 2 petuis, each double.
thiekly spotted, with a long ciose-reflexed spur. 38 I, Balsami’na, Balsamine. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers very large and showy, white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, &c. t+ |
ORDER XXXVIII.
ANACARDIACEAL. Sumacs.
Shrubs or trees, with a resinous or miiky caustic juice ; leaves alternate, without stipules or pellucid
dots ;
flowers small, regular, pentandrous, com-
monly imperfect.
RHUS. Sumac. Poison Oak.
Sepals, petals, and stamens each 5. Styles 3 Fruit a smal. 1-seeded, roundish, dry Flowers greenish. Flowers perfect (or all abortive by
drupe.
§ Leaves simple. cultivation)....Nos. 1, 2.
§ Leaves compound. Flowers poiygamous....(a) a Flowers in clustered spikes preceding the
3-foliate leaves....No. 8.
a Flowers in axillary panicles with the 3-13-fo- Poisonous....4-6. a Flowers in terminal thyrses with the 9-31-fo-
liate leaves,
hiate leaves....(b)
Fig. 429’, Rhus venenata, leaf and panicle. 2. Astaminate flower. 3. Section of a fertile flower. .
ee
OrnvDER 40.—THE MAPLES. 3 187
b Common petivle winged between the leafiets....No. 7%. b Common petiole not winged....Nos. 8-10.
1 R Cot’inus. Venetian Sumac. Smoke Tree. Leaves obovate, entire, thick. Flowers mostly abortive, pedicels diffusely branched, hairy. Italy.
? R. cotinoi’des. Leaves oval, obtuse, acute at base. Flowers minute. Mts. §S..
8 R. aromai’ica. Sweet S. A small aromatic shrub, 2-6f. Leaflets sessile, ovate Flowers yellowish. Drupes globular, woolly, red, sour. May. Not poison.
4 R. venena’ta. Frison S. Dog-wood. Very smooth; leaflets 7-18, oval, pointed, vers entire. Drupes greenish yellow, smooth. A small tree, 10-15f. high, in swamps June. The most venomous of the species. (Fig. 429’.) ~
5 R. toxicoden’dron. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect or declining, 2-8f. Leaflets 3, variously toothed or cut-lobed, downy. Drupessmooth. June.
6 R. radi/cans. Climbing Ivy. Stems climbing trees, etc.; by innumerable radiating tendrils. Leafiets ovate, smooth, entire. Reputed poisonous. June.
% R.copalli‘na. Mountain Sumac. Shrub, 1-6f. Leaflets 9-21. July.
8 R.pu’mila. Creeping S. Leaflets 9-17, coarsely toothed. Poisonous. Carolina.
9 R. typh’ina. Stag-horn S. Branches and petioles woolly. Leaflets 11-31, lance-ob. long, downy beneath. Drupes red, acid ; wood yellow. June. Shrub 10-20f.
10 R. glabra. Smooth S. Smooth ; leafiets lanceolate, whitened beneath. Shrub 6-15f. high. Flowers in terminal, dense panicles, greenish red. Fruit clothed with crim- son fur which is excessively sour to the taste. Bark used in tanning.
Orper XL. ACERACEA. The Maples.
Trees or shrubs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves; the flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the petals 5, hypogynous, sometimes 0 ; the stamens mostly 8, and the
Jruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
Leaves simple, palmate-veined. Very common. Maple. AcER. 1 Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. Leaflets 83-5, toothed. Loxz-Elder. Neeunpo,
1. ACER. Maple.
Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 0. Styles 2. Stamens 6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed. Flowers mostly polygamous.
§ Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees....1, 2 § Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Large trees....3,: § Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves....5-7 1A dasycar’pum. White M. Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver- white a beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large, Petals 0. Tree 50f.
188 THE FLORA.
Fig. 430. Red Maple (Acer rubrum), a leaf and several samara. Fig. 481. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharinum), leaf, flowers, and fruit.
2 A,rubrum. Sted M. Swamp M. Leaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneatn Petals linear-oblong. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40to100f. Flowers red. 8 A. sacchari‘num. Jock M. Sugar Ul. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep, rounded openings between. Bark light gray. g-y. 4 A.ni/grum. Black M. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed, roundish, with 3 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray. y.
5 A.spicatum. Mountain-Bush M. Racemes erect, thyrse-like. Shrub 10-15f ©
high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g. § A, Pennsylvan/icum, Striped M. Whistle-wood. Racemes drooping. Tree smasl, with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 3-lobed. g. A, Pseudo-Plar/anus. Sycamore M. Racemes long, drooping. A large tree, in parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded. Flowers green.
et, pe ie ee
OrpER 41.—INDIAN SOAPWORTS. 3 189
Orpver XLI. SAPINDACEZ. Indian Soapworts.
Plants of various habit, mostly with unsymietrical flowers ;
sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud ;
stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ; fruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded.
The Order includes the following three Tribes. Analysis of the Genera.
§ 1. THE Bockrrr Trise. Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled....a a Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Leaves digitate. Buckeye. ZEs’curts, 1 § 2. THe Soapserry Trise. Leaves alternate. Carpels l-ovuled....b b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. SaPin’pts. b Herbs climbing with tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large, inflated, 3-carpeled pod. Balloon-vine. CARDIOSPER’MUM.
§ 3. Tae BLappEr-NnuT Trize. Leaves opposits, pinnate. STAPHYLE’a. $
Fig 434. Branchlet of Bladder-nut, with 2 ternate leaves and a hanging cyme. 435. The stamens and pistil enlarged. 486. A flower of Ohio Buckeye.
1. AES’CULUS. Buckeye.
_ Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petais, Stamens 7, distinct, unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, but only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in termina)
panicles. — E
190 : é THE FLORA.
§ Fruit covered with prickles. Petals 4 or 5, spreading....1, 2 § Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of them dated. rs 1 4. Hippocasta’/neum. -Horse Chestnut. Leaves of 7, obovate leaflets Petals § E Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome. + 2 #8. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill scented. Flowers yeilowish. Seed mahogany-color. W. 3 4. fla’va. Lig Buckeye. A large tree, with pale-yellow flowers. Leaflets 5-7 Petals very unequal, longer than stamens. W. 4. Pa’via. Red-fwwered B. Shrub 3-10f, Fis. large, red, in a a racemes, Very handsome. S. ft 5 46. parviflo’ra. White B. Shrub 2-3f. Petals 4, somewhat alike, spreading, thrice shorter than the stamens. S%.
2, STAPHYLE’A. Bladder-nut.
Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored like the 5 petals. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Capsules 2 or 3, with thin, inflated walls.—Shrubs. 1. S. trifo’lia. Ternate B. A handsome shrub, 6 Sf. high. Leaves ternate, leaflets ovate.
Racemes pendulous. Petals ciliate below. Fruit very large, 8-celied, inflated like a bladder.
OrpDER XLII. CELASTRACEA. Staff-trees.
Shrubs or small trees, with simple leaves; flowers small, 4 or 5-parted, with imbricated sepals and petals; stamens perigyncus, alternate with the petals. Style 1; Fruit 2-5-celled. Seeds enclosed in a fleshy aril. 1 Staff-tree. Shrubs climbing and twining. Leaves alternate, oblong, acuminate, serrate. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds with a scarlet aril. CELAS’TRUS. 2 Burning Bush. Erect or trailing. Leaves opposite, serrate. Flowers
— —
perfect, greenish or purplish. Pods lobed, red ; arils scarlet. EUON’YMUS.
ORDER XLII] RHAMNACEA. Buckthorns.
Shrubs or small trees, with simple mostly alternate leaves ; calyx valvate. Stamens opposite to the small petals, both perigynous. Fruit 2-5-celled, cells each 1-seeded.—We have 4 genera.
Buckthorn. Leaves alternate. Petals shorter than the calyx or none. Flowers axillary. Fruit blackish, drupe-like, seeds 2-4. RHAMNOUS. 2 Jersey Tea. Leaves alternate. Petals longer than the calyx, clawed, : white in ourspecies. Flowers in dense terminal clusters. CEANO’/THTS. 38 Supple Jack. Leaves alternate. Petals not clawed. Flowers in small terminal panicles. Drupe purple. Shrub climbing, twining, _ BERCHE MIA. 4 A slender trailing shrub with opposite leaves and spiked fis. South. SAGER BE’ TIA.
OrDER XLIV. VITACHEA.. Grapevines.
Shrubs climbing by tendrils; flowers small, regular, clustered ; calyx minute, with scarcely any limb ; petals valvate, caducous ; stamens Opposite to the petals, ovary 2-celled, berry 4-seeded.
Fig. 436’. \ y, VITIS. Grapevines.
§ True Vitis. Petals cohering at top and falling off without expanding. (Fig. 436’.} (al § Cissus. Petals free, expanding before falling. Tendrils coiling....Nos. 6, 7, 8 § AmPeLopPsis. Petals free, expanding. Tendrils with an adhesive foot....No. 9 a Leaves beneath clothed with a whitish or rusty wool....Nos. 1, 2,3 a Leaves glabrous except the veins, and green both sides.... Nos. 4, 5, 10 1 V.labrus’ca. For G., Catawba, Isabella. Berries large, pafe-green, or amber. 2 V. zxstiva’lis. Summer G., Clinton G. Berries small. deep-blue. Clusters slender. 3 V. Caribea. Caribean G. Berries medium size (¥ inch) Downy allover. Florida. 4 V. cordifo‘lia. Frost G. Clusters large, loose; berries small, blackish, in Nov. 5 V. vulpi’‘na. Muscadine. Clusters small; berries large. Leaves shining. 8. 6 V. indivi’sa. Leaves simple, angular or entire; berry smal! (2). Swamps. 8. 7 V. bipinna’ta. Leaves bipinnate, cut-serrate. Tendrils none, or few. Berries black. 8 V. inci’sa. Leaves 3-foliate, thick, jobed; berry 1-sceded. Florida to La. 9 V. quinquifo’lia. Virginia Creeper. Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets, 10 Y. vinife’ra. Huropean Wine-grape. Leaves not shining. Berries large, variable in form, size, and coior.
Orper XLV. POLYGALA- CEA. The Milkworts.
Plants without stipules, bearing very irregular flowers ; stamens 4—8, diadelphous ; anthers opening at the top, 1-celled; Jruit a flattened, 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, free from the calyx. _ Fig. 437. Polygala polygama: a, the radical flowers; 8, P. paucifolia; the crest on the _ lower petal; 9, the stamens in 2 sets, and the Style seen beneath the hooded lower petal. fig. 440. The ovary and the style: 1, seed of
P. sanguinea, with its 2-lobed caruncle; 2, seed of P. Nuttallii.
POLYG’ALA. Milkwort.
Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of thern ‘wings) wing-shaped and coiored.
Uf
A IP
My
S/R
192 THE FLORA.
Petals 3, the lower one boat-shaped, and often tipped with a crest. Sta mens united by the filaments into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the claws of the petals. Fruit a small 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, flattened on the sides and notched on the top. Seeds with an appendage at one end.—Low, bitter herbs (sometimes shrubs), with simple entire leaves, sometimes bearing underground flowers. (fig. 487, a.)
* Leaves al. alternate and scattered....a * Teaves whorled, at least the lower ones....e a Flowers purple, or reddish, or white....b a Flowers yellow or yellowish green....d b Flowers solitary or in racemes, purple....Nos. 1-3 b Flowers in spikes which are oblong or slender....¢ c Leaves lanceolate, large, pointed at each end....4 ce Leaves linear, 1 to 2’” wid3....5-7 ec Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-shaped....8-10 ad Spikes solitary, large, thick. Biennial....11, 12 d Spikes numerous, egal a small. Biennial....18, 14 e Spikes acute, slender....15, 16 e Spikes obtuse, thick.. ay 18 \ P. paucifo’lia Showy M. Fis, 2 or 3, large (root fis. small). Lvs. ovate. (Fig. 438.) 2 P. grandifio’ra. Fls, racemed, eee Lys. lance-ovate. S. . 3 P. polyg’ama. Flowers Be S crested, Lvs. linear-oblong. (fig. 487.) 4 P.Sen’ega. Seneca Snake-root. Fis. white, in slender spikes. Stem 1f. high 5 P. sanguin’ea. Bloody M. Spikes oblong, obtuse, dense. Wings sessile. 6 P. fastigia’ta. Roofed M. Spikes roundish, loose-flowered. Wings clawed. 7 P. Nuttal/lii, Nuttall’s M. Spikes roundish, acute, dense. Wings elliptic. 8 P. incarna’ta. F'lesh-colored M. Lvs. few, subulate. Pet. much longer than calyx. 9 P. seta’cea. Naked M. Leaves very minute. Petals longer than calyx. S. 10 P. Chapman’ii. Chapman's M. Jvs. subulate. Calyx long as petals. 8. <1 P.lu’tea. Yellow M. Tall (8-12’), with orange-yellow flowers. M.S. 12 P.na’na. Dwarf M. Low (3-5’), with greenish-yellow flowers. 8.
18 P. cymo’sa. Cyme-flowered M. Lvs. mostly cauline. Seed not bracted. S —
14 P.ramo’sa. Branching M. Lvs. mostly radical. Seed bracted. S&S. 15 P. verticilla’ta Whorled M@. Lvs. linear. Wings roundish. Fls, greenish. W {6 P. Boykin’i., Bvykin’s M. Lvs. lance-obovate. Wings round-obovate. S&.
17 P.crucia’ta. Cross M. Spikes obtuse, thick, sessile. Wings pointed.
18 P. brevifo’lia. Sh rt leaved M. Spikes obtuse, loose, stalked. Wings acuta
Orper XLVI. LEGUMINOS. Leguminous Plants.
Plants with alternate, mostly compound stipulate leaves, with 4-5 sepals; 5 petals, more or less papilionaceous, sometimes regular
9 gt PE or rae
ORDER 46—LEGUMINOUS PLAN'S. | 193
about 10 stamens, monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct ; a single, simple pistz/, producing a legume in fruit, and with no albumen in the seeds,
Hig. 443. Flower of the Pea. Fig. 444 Its petals displayed; v, the banner; @, a, the winxs‘ ¢, c, the 2 keel petals. ig. 445, A legume (pea-pod).
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Flowers papilionaceous (§ 89). Upper petal (banner) covering the rest in bud...2 § Flowers nearly regular, or upper petal covered by the rest in bud...-t ¢ Flowers regular, in dense heads. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves bipennate ...u 2 Stamens 10, all distinct....s 2 Stamens 10, all or 9 united....3 8 Leaves cirrhous (772g. 96), the rachis ending with a tencril....r 8 Leaves not cirrhous....4 4 Pod a loment (§ 180), 2. e., jointed between the seeds ...¢ 4 Pod a legume, 1, 2, or o seeded, not in joints....5 5 Erect (or if prostrate, with palmately 8-foliate leaves)....7 5 Trailing or twining vines, leaves pinnately compound....9 6 Flowers yellow....q . 6 Flowers cyanic (not yellow)....p 7 Leaves simple, with yellow flowers....0 7 Leaves palmately 5-15-foliate (rarely simple) . .u 7 Leaves palmately 3-foliate....m 7 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate....k 7 Leaves pinnate with no odd leaflet, 15-25 pairs. ..b 7 Leaves pinnate with an odd leaflet....8
9
194 THE FLORA. ies.
8 Leaflets dotted with dark glands....g 8 Leafiets not dotted. Herbs....f § Leaflets not dotted. Shrubs or trees....e 9 Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliate....d 3 9 Leaves pinnately 8-(rarely 1-) foliate. Flowers yellow....e 9 Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Flowers cyanic....10 10 Calyx 4-toothed or entire....b 10 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft....a a Keel with the stamens and style spirally coiled. Bean, Puase’orvs. a Keel obtuse, on short claws. F's. very large, blue. 8, Blue Banner. CENTROSE’MA. a Keel acute, on long claws. Fls. very large, roseate. Butterfly Pea, CLITO’RIA. b Calyx 4-cleft, supported by 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Milk-vine. Gavac’Tia, b Calyx 4-toothed, with 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Sds. flattened. Do.’icHos. b Calyx 4-toothed, without bractlets. Fls. pale p. Hog-Peanut. AMPHICARPH’A.
b Calyx entire. Flowers and seeds scarlet. S. fed Bean, ERYTuHRI’NA.
-c Legumes 5-seeded. S. Via/Na.
ec Legumes 1-2-seeded. S&S. RuYNCO’SIA.
d Herbs. Keel (straight in Galactia, 2) spirally twisted. - Pea-vine. Aptos. d@ Shrubs. Keel curved. Fils. blue, in hanging racemes. t WiIsTA‘RIA, e Flowers white or red, in racemes. Locust. Rowptn’ta,
s Flowers yellow, few in a cluster. Pods inflated. Bladder Senna. CoLu’TEA.
t Pod 2-celled lengthwise, turgid. _ Milk Vetch. AstRa@’ ats. * Pod half-2-celled lengthwise. Bastard Vetch. Puaca, f Pod 1-celled. Style hairy outer side. Goat’s Rue. 'TEPHRO’SIA. f Pod 1-celled. Style not hairy at all. 8S. Indigo. IxpiGo’FERA.
]
g Shrubs. Fls. spicate, only 1 petal (the banner). W.S. Zead Plant. AMOR’PHA.
g Herbs. Flowers with 10 stamens, bluish, spicate. W. Da’LEa. g Herbs. Flowers with 5 stamens, white or red, capitate. W. PETALOSTE’MON. h Pod 1-2-seeded, valves double. Tall, with yellow flowers. §. GLOTID’IUM. h Pod many-seeded, very long. Tall, with yellowish flowers. S. SesBa’nta.
k Pod few-seeded. Flowers scarlet in ERYTHRI’NA. k Pod few-seeded. Flowers white or yellow. Melilot. Me.ito’tus, k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers yellow. Leaves resinous-dotted in Ruywncosta. k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic, Leaves dark-dotted. Psora’LEa. k Podl-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves notdotted. Meldlot. ME.iLo’tus. m Herbs with curved or spiral pods. Medic. MEpica’Go. m Herbs with small 1-4-seeded pods not coiled. Clover, 'TRIFO’LIUM m Tree with ycllow flowers in hanging racemes. +t Golden Chain. Lapur’/NuM n Stamens all united. Calyx 2-lipped. Lupine. Lupi’nvs n Stamens all but 1 united. Calyx bill-shaped. PsoRa’LEA, © Shrubby. Keel oblong, straight. Scotch Broom. GENIs’TA. 6 Herbs. Keel curved, acuminate. fvattle Pod, CROoTALA’RIA. p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Umbels stalked. CoRONIL’LA.
p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Racemes stalked. Vt Hrpyrs’aRUM
ORDER 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 13
p Lys. pinn’ly 8-fol., stipellate. Pod 8-7-jointed. Tick Trefual. DEsmo’p1um. p Lys. pinn’ly 8-fol. Stipels none. Pod 1-jointed. Bush Trefoil. LuspEpE’za.
q Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stamens ald united. ZOR’NIA, q [eaves pinnate, 7-49-foliate. Stamens 9 united. ALSCHY NOM’ENE, q Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base. STYLOSAN’THES, Q Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Rod gibbous at base. Peanut. AR’acuis. r Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-seeded. Chick Pea. CicER. r Leaflets entire. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Pea. Pisum. t Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy most inside. Sweet Pea. Latu’yrvs, r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch. Vic’ta. 8 Pod legume fiat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs. pinnate. Tree. 8. W. Ciapas’Tris. s Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at tase). Lvs. 1-3-foliate. Baprtis’1a, t Fils. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. CERcIs. t Fis. perfect, yellow. Lvs. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia.
t Fils. imperfect, green. Sta.5. Treesthorny. Honey Lecust. GLEpITS’cHIA.
t Fis. imp., 2 greenish. St. 10. Trees unarmed. Ky. Coffee-tree. GyYMNoc’LADUS, u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. Sensitive Plant. Mro’sa. u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. Sensitive Brier, ScHRAN’KIA. u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. S. Sponge-tree. VacHEL’/LIA. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Stam. 5-10. Herbs. Desman’tuvs. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. S. Julibrassin. Aca’ota.
1. PHASE’OLUS. Bean, &c.
Calyx 5-toathed or cleft, the 2 upper teeth half united. Keel in- cluding the stamens and style, and i te i i (i with them spirally coiled or twisted. Zee » Legume straight or curved, many- G7 seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney- shaped.—Herbs twining or trailing. Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate. June—Oct.
a
0
10
* Native species, growing in fields and Fig. 446. Section of flower of the Bean woods....a showing the spirally coiled stamens and style
* Exotic species, growing only by culti- the simple ovary, &e. vation ,...b a Flowers racemed. Pods curved....1 a Flowers 1 or few ina head. P-ds straght. ..2-4 b Stenis climbing... ie 2 Stems erect, bushy....
196 THE FLORA.
1 P. peren’nis. Perennial Wild-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes in pairs. 4-7f. p 2 P. diversifo’lius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-3-lobed. Peduncle longea than leaf. . | 8 F_hel’volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Pedunele $ 4 times longer than the leaf. M.S. 4 F. pauciflo’rus. Kew-flowered W. Leaflets linear-oblong, hairy. Pedunele longer than the leaf. W. )
6 F vulga’ris. Common Garden-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes solitary,
shorter than leaves. § P. multifio’rus. Scarlet Pole-bean. Fs. scarlet, showy. Root tuberous. Pedicels opp. ¢ 7 P.luna’tus. Lima BL, Flowers white. Lfts. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large. 8 P.na’nus, Lush-bean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute. t
2. A’PIOS. Ground-nut.
Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete, the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base-—Twining, smooth herbs. 2¢ Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate.
A. tubero’sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length. Leaflets mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Racemes axillary, solitary, dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur- ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets and shady woods. July, Aug.
3. ROBIN’IA. Locust.
Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less anited. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded.—Trees and
shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers showy,
in axillary racemes. April, May.
"'R. visco’sa. Clammy Locust-tree. Racemes rather compact, rose-white, erect. Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South. R Pseudaca’cia. Common Locust-tree. Racemes rather loose, drooping, white, fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well as the branchlets. R. his’pida. Mose Acacia. Shrub 4-9f. high, hispid, with clusters of large, pu pl flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval.
4, MELILO’TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover.
Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than the others. Of the 10 stamens 9 are united, one separate. Pod 1 or few-
in —-—
Be ar
fin
+
prt
AP Awe nee at) oe ere ee
ORDER 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 197
seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. Leaves pinnate.y trifoliate
Flowers in racemes.
1 M. officina’lis. Yellow VW. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 8f.
9 M.alba. White M. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. Pud 2-seeded. NHeight4-6f. Very fragrant.
5. TRIFO’LIUM. Clover. Trefoil.
Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist- . ent. Petals more or less united at the base, persister.t and withering. Banner longer than the wings, which are also longer than thekeel. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume short, membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-—6-seeded, mostly indehis- cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate
leaves. Leaflets straight-veined. Flowers aT |
in heads or spikes. <Apr.—Sept. "Gea 449 Sete
* Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads. 150 >
Pod 1-seeded....1, 2
* Flowers cyanic (not yellow)....a Fig, 447. Red Clover,—a head of
; Z . flowers. Fig. 448. A single flower. a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and Fig: ae Aspe) Gis wipe Oa
finally defiexed....b ‘ calyx. Fig. 450. A seed, cut open. a Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de- Ree also Fig. 87. flexed... .¢ b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer....3, 4 b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer....5, 6 c Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla....7 e Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla... .8-10. . T.procum’bens. Jellow C. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 3 or 4 times shorterthanthepod. Headsovate, 4in. thick. Stems prostrate. May. Q T. agra’rium. Lurger Yellow C. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about as long asthe pod. Heads oblong,#in. thick. Stemsascending. June, July. 8 T. Carolinia’num. Southern C. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer than its tube. Legume 4-seeded. Scarcely formsaturf. W.S. 4 T. repens. White C. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. Fls. white. ¢. T.reflexum. Buffalo C. Lifits. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as che red ccrolla., 6 T. stoloni’ferum. Prairie C. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as tke white corolla. W.
198 THE FLORA.
7 T.aven’se. Rabbit-foot C. Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lfts. narrow obovate 8 T.praten’se. Hed C, Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers rose-red, or white. ¢« ¢ (Figs. 447-456.) 9 T.me’dium. Zigzag C. Lufts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. Fls. deep purple. 7 40 T incarna’tum. Lose Trefoil. Lfts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. Fils. rose-red. *
6. LUPI'NUS. Lupine.
Oalyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and globose. Pod leathery and knotted.—Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15- foliate, rarely simple.
1 L, peren’ais. Common L. Root creeping, perennial. Stem erect, 1-2f. high, hairy. Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, 14-2’ long, broadest above the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to white. It is often called Sun-dial, from the fact of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night.—Several other species are cultivated in gardens. May, June. (Fig. 66.)
2 L. villo’sus, Mullen L. Stem erect, 1-2f., terminating in a showy raceme. Leaves simple, clothed in a dense coat of silky wool as well as the stem. 8.
7. LESPEDE’ZA. Bush Clover.
Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume .ens-shaped, small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening.—2f Leaves “innately trifoliate. Flowering in Aug., Sept.
{| Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner....1, 2 7 Fis. racemed, &c., violet or purple. Some of the fls. with no corolla....a a Stem prostrate, trailing, diffuse. Leaflets oval....8 a Stem erect and mostly branched, 1-8f. high....4, 5 1 L. capita’ta. Head B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves, Stem nearly simple, 2-4f. 21. hirta. Hairy 6. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves Stem branching, very hairy. | 3 L. repans. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves which is always smooth. Stems slender, many. 4 L. viole’ce' Violet B. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying tc sblong and linear obirse, tcronate. Corolla 3-4’’ long. Varies greatly. 5 L, Steu“vi. lant velvety or downy. Lfts. round’sh-obovate. Variable.
eR 46.—LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. _ 19y
s..PPSUML Pea:
Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 10, diadelphous (9 &1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, bearded on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid. Seeds globose.—Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end- ing with a branching tendril.
P sati’vuam. Common Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4. ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than the leaf- \\ lets (2-3’ long), ovate, half-cordate at base. Flow- ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white. Pods 2 or 8’ long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable leguminors plant, all over smooth and glaucous, There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 443.)
9. BAPTIS’IA. Wiid Indigo.
Calyx 4-5-cleft half way. Petals of about equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, Kin Uae. Ten: notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- s, the large stipules; p, the uous. Pod inflated, many-seeded, raised on a pod: f the flower; 4 the stalk in the persistent calyx.—2f Large herbs ‘™dtsun the end of the leat with leaves paimately 8-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes. Leaficts mostly oblong, broadest above. Apr.—Sept.
§ Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (38 species far South, omitted.) § Leaves 8-foliate....a Flowers blue, in a few long racemes....1 a Flowers white, in a few long racemes....b a Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes... .¢ b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles....2, 3 b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles....4, 5 c Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx....6, 7 c Flower-stalks much longer than the calyx. 8S. Omitted. 1 B. austra’lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts. obovate or oblong. Fils. large. W.S. ¢ 2 B.leucophe’a. Whitish W. Stipules large, ovate. Racemes nodding. W. 3 B. villo’sa. Woolly W. Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. S. B. ieucantha. Stipules lance-linear, about as long as petioles. W.S. ft B. alba. Stipules and bracts minute, early falling off. S. 6 B. lanceola’ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. S. 7 B tincto’ria. Leaflets small, round-obovate. Racemes terminal. Common.
200 - THE FLORA.
10. CAS’/SIA, Senna.
Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded.—Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow. July, Aug.
‘| Racemes axillary. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect....1, 3 ‘| Racemes above the axils. Anthers all perfect. Stem 1-2f. high....4,5 1 C, obtusifo’lia. Blunt S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem 1-8f. high. S. 2% ©. occidenta’lis, Western S. Leaflets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. high, S. 8 C. Marilan’dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate. Stems 5f. high. 4 C, Chamecris’ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. Fils. large. Lfts. 16-24, 5 C. nic’titans, Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. Fis, small. Leaflets 12-30,
11. MEDICA’GO. Medick.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla deciduous. Banner free and remote from the keel. Legume variously curved, coiled or twisted. Leaves pinnately d-foliate, denticulate. From Europe. May-July.
* Pods smooth, not spiny....Nos. 1, 2, 3. * Pods spiny, spiral; spines in a double row. Fs. yellow....Nos. 4, 5, 6. 1 M. sati’va. Lucerne. Smooth, erect. Fils. purple, large. Pods s;iral. 2 M.lupuli’na. None-such. Downy, prostrate. Fls. yellow. Pod reniform. 3 M. scutella’/ta. Snails. Fls. yellow. Pod coiled like a snail-shell. 4 M. denticula’ta. Leaflets obovate. Stip. bristly, gashed. Pod loose-coiled. 5 M. macula’ta. Leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot. Pod close-coiled. 6 M. intertexta. Hedge-hog. Leafletsrhombic. Stipules gashed. Spines close.
12. LATH’YRUS. Vetchling.
Calyx lobes short. Style flat, bent, widened laterally above, bearded along the inner side (next the free stamen). Pod oblong, several-seeded. Trailing or climbing. Leaves equally pinnate, produced into tendrils.
Peduncles axillary. * Leafiets a single pair. Garden species, from Europe....Nos. 1, 2.— * Leaflets commonly 3-pairs....Nos. 3, 4, 5. * Leaflets commonly 5-pairs. Peduncle many-flowered....Nos. 6, 7.
1 L. latifo/lius. Zverlasting Pea. Stem winged. Flowers large, pink, many ¢m each long peduncle. A variety has white flowers. 2
2 L cdora’ius. Sweet Pea. Peduncle 2-flowered, flowers red and white. 3 L. ochroleu’cus. Flowers cream-white, 7-10. Stipules half-cordate. 4 L. palus’tris. Flowers blue-purple, 2 or 3. Stipules half-sagittate. 5 L. myrtifo/lius. Flowers pale-purple, 5 together. Stipules ovate, entire.
“
are
ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 20]
6 L. mari’timus. Beach Pea. Stipules large, half-has‘ate. Shores. 7 L. veno’sus. Stipules small, half-sagittate. Purple. Shady banks.
18. VIC’IA. Vetch.
Style filiform, bent, bearded all around at the upper end beneath the stigma. Pods 2-co-seeded. Seeds round. Leaflets ending in a tendril.
* Peduncle 1-2 flowered, shorter (in flower) than the leaves....Nos. 1, 2. '* Peduncle 4-8-flowered. Stipules deeply toothed. Leaflets 10-14.. .No. 3.
* Peduncle 3-20-flowered. Stipules entire, small. Flowers bluish....Nos. 4, 5, 6. ] V.sati’va. Vetch, Tares. Leaflets 10-14, notched at end. Flowers purple, large _2V.tetrasper’ma. Four-seeded V. Leaficts 8-12, obtuse. Fls. whitish. Pod 4-seeded 3 V. America’na. Leaflets very obtuse. Flowers purplish, 8 or 9’ long. 4 Y.Carolinia’na. Leaficts 12-16, linear-oblong, obtuse. Flowers small, scattered. 5 V. Cracca. Downy. Leaflets 20-24, acute, mucronate. Flowers small, close § V. hirsu’ta. Hairy. Leaflets 12-16, truncate. Pods hairy, 2-seeded.
OrperR XLVII. ROSACEA. Roseworts.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs with stipules mostly, and alternate leaves ; with
flowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous; with
_ 5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many bractlets outside ;
5 petals (rarely 0), which are perigynous as well as the stamens ;
l-o pistils, which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the calyx tube; fruit various; seeds with no albumen.
202 THE FLORA. ;
Fig. 452. Flowers of the Great Red Cherry: 0, section, showing the perigynous stamens, the single ovary, &c. Fig. 453. Section of the cherry, showing the seed lying in the stone and pulp. Fig. 454. Section of the flower of Lady’s-mantle (Class Book, p. 825), with the simple ovary, lateral style, &c. Fig. 455. A flower of Strawberry. Jig. 456. A section of the same
showing the perigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on the large torus. F%g. 457. Section of a Rose, showing the many simple pistils sunk in the hollow torus, &e.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs....a § Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees....2 § Flowers with 2—wo pistils....3 2 Style lateral, ¢.¢., arising from the side of the ovary....0 2 Style terminal, 2. ¢., arising from the top of the ovary....c¢ 8 Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome....@ 8 Pistils (carpels) 2-50, free, in an open or closed calyx....4 4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia inclosed in the calyx tube....e 4 Carpels 1-seeded, achenia dry or pulpy in an open calyx....5 4 Carpels several-seeded, pods in an open calyx....k 5 Styles persistent on the dry achenia....f 5 Styles falling off with the rest of the flower....6 6 Calyx entirely bractless. Flowers never yellow....g 6 Calyx with bractlets beneath it as if donble....h
a Stamens 14. Style lateral. Fls. scattered. Lady’s-mantle, ALCHEMIL’LA.
a Stamens 4. Style terminal. Fls. in dense spikes. Burnet. SANGUISOR’BA.
a Stamens o. Style terminal. Flowers in spikes. Burnet. Pote’R1um, b Stamens about 20. Drupel-seeded. S. Cocoa Plum. Curysopaa’nvs.
¢ Stone globular, smooth. Fruit not glaucous. Cherry. CER’asus. 1
e Stone flattened, smooth. Fruit glaucous or downy. Plum. Prv’xvs.
¢ Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit pulpy. Peach. Psr’stca.
6 Stone roughened with pits and furrows. Fruit dry. Almond. Amy@’DALts. d Petals spat.-oblong. Pome with 5 dble.-cells. Shad-bush. AMELAN’CHIER. 2 d Petals roundish. Pome with bony, 1-seeded cells. Thorn. CRaTz’G@vs. d Petals roundish. Pome with thin, 2-seeded cells. Apple. Pyrus. & d Petals roundish. Pome with 5, many-sceded cells. Quince. Cyvo/nta. 4
ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 208
e Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Flowers often double. Rose. Rosa. 5 e Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, prickly calyx. Agrimony. AGRDMO/NIA.
f Petals and sepals 8 or 9. A small, rare plant on mountains Dryas.
f Petals and sepals 5. Achenia numerous. Avens. GEUM. 6 g Sepals equal. Fruit a heap of pulpy achenia. Fls. cyanic. - Bramble. Rusts. 7 g Sepals unequal. Stems creeping. Flowers white. Fulse Violet. Datipar’Da. $
h Torus small, dry. Flewers yellow. Bractlets minute or 0. WatpsTE1’NIa. 9
h Torus small, dry. Fls. mostly yellow. Bractlets large. Cinqueforl. PoTENTIL’LA. 10:
h Torus becoming very large and juicy in fruit. Strawberry. Fraea’ria. 11 h Torus becoming large and spongy. Fls. purple. Lvs. pinnate. Com’arum. k Petals obovate, not yellow. Stamens very long. Steeple-bush, Sprrm’a, 12
k Petals lance-linear, not yellow. Stamens very short. Jndian Piysic. GILLE’NIA. k Petals multiplied, orange-yellow. Pods 1-seeded. Shrubs. Guelder Rose. KER’R1a.
1, CER’ASUS. Cherry.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular, deciduous. Petals 5,much spreading. Stameny 15-80. Ovary with 2 ovules. Drupe globular, very smooth, destitute of a glaucous bloom. Stone also globular and smooth.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves folded in the bud. Flowers early, white. May. (Fig. 452.)
§ Leaves evergreen, leathery, entire....1 § Leaves deciduous, thin....@ a Flowers in umbel-like clusters from side buds. Drupes red....b a Flowers in racemes leafy at base. Cherries black or blackish....2, 3 b Shrubs or trees growing wild, native....4, 5 b Trees cultivated, not native....6, 7 1 C. Carolinia’na. Cherry Laurel. Flowers in dense, short racemes. Fruit black, poisonous. Splendid in cultivation. 2 C.sero’tina. Wild Black C. Trees with lance-oblong, blunt-toothed leaves. 8 C. Virginia’na. Choke VC. Shrubs with oval-obovate, slender-toothed leaves. 4 C. pumila. Sand C. Shrubs trailing, with lance-obovate, acute lvs. Fr. egg-shaped. 5 C. Pennsylvan’ica. Wild Red C. Trees. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate. Fr. roundish. 6 C. A’vium. Orheart C. Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, hairy beneath. 7 C. vulzga’ris. Great Red C. Leaves lance-ovate, acute, narrowed to base.
2. AMELAN’OHIER. June-berry.
Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong-ovate and oblanceolate. Stamens short. Styles 5, somewhat united at base. Pome 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, — each nearly divided into two 1-seeded divisions.—Small trees or shrubs with simple, serrate leaves, and white early flowers in racemes.
204 THE FLORA.
A. Canaden’sis. Shad-berry. June-berry. A small tree or shrub found in woods, with a dark-grayish bark. Flowers large white, in racemes at the ends of the branches, appearing in April and May, while the forests are yet naked. Fruit round, purplish, well-flavored, ripe in June. The plant is very variable in size, and in the leaves, &e.
3. PY’RUS. Pear. Apple.
Calyx urn-shaped, limb 5-cleft. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 00. Styles 25. Pome fleshy or berry-like, containing 2-5 cartilaginous (thin and elastic) carpels, each with 2 seeds.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple or pinnate. Flowers showy, white or rose-colored, in cyme-like umbels. May, June.
§ Leaves pinnate. Fruit as large as peas, scarlet when ripe... .6, 7 § Leaves simple....@ a Wild shrubs, 5-8f. high. Flowers small, in compound clusters....5 a Trees wild or cultivated. Flowers large, in simple clusters....b b Flowers white. Pome bell-shaped, acute at base....1 b Flowers rose-white. Pome with a pit at base....2-4 1 P.commu/nis. Pear. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Styles 5, distinet. ¢ (Fig. 280.) 2 P. malus., Apple. Leaves ovate, not lobed, the veinlets incurved. (Fig. 1838.” 8 P. corona’ria. American Crab. Leaves ovate, often lobed, cut-serrate, straight veined. (Fig. 454.) 4 P. angustifo’lia. Narrow-leaved C. Leaves lanceolate, scarcely veiny. 5 P. arbutifo’lia. Choke-berry. Leaves obovate or oval, with glands on mid-vein. 6 P. America’na, Mountain-Ash. Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, pointed. 7 P. Aucupa’ria, Lnglish M. Leaflets lance-ovate, acute. Fruit larger>
4, CYDO’NIA. Quince.
Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals5. Styles5. Stamensmany. Pome with 5 parchment-like cells, each with several seeds.—Shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster.
1 C. vulga’ris. Common Quince. Leaves downy beneath, broadly ovate, acute, en- tire, with small, half-ovate stipules. Flowers roseate, solitary terminal. Fruit large, obovate, highly esteemed in preserves, &c. (Fig. 1 )
©, Japon’ica. Japan Quince. Leaves glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate. Stipules reniform. Flowers red, side clusters, opening early.
5. RO’SA. Rose.
Calyx tube urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the throat, limb 5-cleft +e sepals generally with a little leaf at tip Petals 5 (greatly multiplied
ORDER 47 —ROSEWORTS. : 208
by culture); achenia o, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the in side of the fleshy calyx-tube.—Shrubby and prickly plants. Leaves tn- syually pinnate. Stipules attached to the petiole, or often free.
In the table, the first ten species are found growing wild in this country, and scmetimes also cultivated. The other species never grow wild here.
Styles growing together into an inserted column, Climbers....h { Styles not cohering into a column....a _-a Stipules nearly free from the oe and falling off....g a Stipules adhering to the petiole.. b Plant armed with curved or aa8 prickles, erect....d b Plant armed with straight prickles....¢ c Wild, native Roses, 1-3 f., ee 205-7 : ec Cultivated exotics climbing (No. 20) or erect....21-28 a4 Leafiets glandular and fragrant beneath....f d Leaficts not at all glandular. Shrubs erect....¢ e Wild, native Rose, flowers single....8 e Cultivated exotics, mostly double-flowered....18, 14 f Flowers single. Wild....9,10 _ f Flowers double. Exotic, cultivated....15-17 g Leatfiets 5-9. Flower-stalk enveloped in bracts....4 g Leaflets 3-5. Flower-stalk bractless, very smooth....2, 19 h Leaflets 3-5, mostly 3. Native and cultivated....1 h Leaflets 5-9....k Stipules and sepals mostly entire....11,12 k Stipules fringed, sepals entire....3 k Stipules entire, sepals pinnatifid....18 1 BR. setig’era. Michigan R. Flowers in corymbs, rose-colored, changeable. W. + 2 R. leviga’ta. Cherokee R. Lfts. very smooth, ellip. Fls. solit., white. S. 4 8 R. multifio’ra. Japun FR. Lfts. soft, wrinkled. Fls. corymbed, double. S. + 4 R. bractea’ta. Macartney FR. FIs. solitary, with large bracts beneath it. S.-W. 4 5 R.lu’cida. Shining FR. Lfts. 5-9, elliptic, shining. Prickles few. Calyx hispid. 6 R.nit’ida, Wild &. Leaflets 5-9, narrow-lance, shining. Prickles numerous, 7 R.blanda. Bland Rk. Lfts 5-7, cblong,dull. Prickles verytew. Calyx smooth : 8 R. Caroli’‘na. Swamp Rk. Stems 4-7f. high. Flowers in ecrymbs. Dnll green, 9 R. rubigino’sa. Sweet Brier. Sepals persistent. Some of the prickles awl-shaped. 10 R.micran’tha. Lylantine. Sepalsdeciduous. Allthe prickles hooked alike. Fils, : small. 11 R. sempervi’rens. Evergreen Fh. Prickles alike. Lfts. evergreen, leathery. 12 R.arven’sis. Ayrshire hk. Prickles unlike. Lifts. soft, deciduous. t 1é R. cinnamo’mea. Cinnamon Fk. Stipules broad, pointed, iovolute, wavy. + 14 BR cani’na. Dog &. Stipules broad, serrulate. Sepais fail off after flowering. + 16 R. centifo’lia, Cabbage R. "Moss f. Sepals spsezd in flower, often very glandular. t+
206 THE FLORA.
1€ R.damasce’na. Damask hk. Monthly R. Sepals reflexed in flower. Flowers very double. t+ Ste
17 R. alba. White R. Sepals pinnatifid, spreading. Fls. corymbed, large. ft 18 R. moscha’ta. Musk R. Leaflets lanceolate, pointed. Fls. panicled, large, white. +
19 R. In’dica. Chinese Monthly. Bengal R. Tea Rose, dc. Lfts. ovate, pointed. ¢ 30 R Alpi’na. Boursault &. Litts. 5-11, obovate, sharp-serrate. Stipules narrow. ¢
21 R. eglante’ria. Yellow Rose. Lfts. broad-oval. Petals obcordate, fugacious. 4
22 R. Gal’lica. French &. Leaflets elliptical. Petals large, spreading. ft
28 R. Pimpinellifo’lia. Burnet A. Lfts. small, roundish. Flowers small. ¢ —
6. GE’UM. Avens.
Calyx 5-cleft, usually with 5 alternate bractlets outside. Petals 5. Stamens many, collected on a dry receptacle, and bearing the long, per- sistent style-—2 Leaves pinnate or lyrate.
§ Style bent and jointed near the middle....a § Style straight and not jointed, wholly persistent. Rare plants....6, 7 a Head of fruits quite sessile, with the styles finally hooked....b, 1 a Head of fruits stalked in the calyx more or less....4, 5 b Petals yellow, longer than the calyx....2, 3 1 G. Virginia’num. Petals white, as long as the calyx. Receptacle hairy. 2 G. macrophyl’lum. Mowntain A. Lvs. ending with a very large roundish leaflet, 8 G. stric’tum. Yellow A. The end leaflet but little larger than the rest. Height 3-5f 4G,.vernum. Head-stalk A. Petals yellow, small. Stalk as long as head. W. 5 G. riva/le. Water A. Whole flower dark purple, large, nodding. 6 G. triflo’rum. Bractlets longer than the calyx or purplish petals. Fils. 8. W. 7 G. Peck’ii. Peck’s A. Bractlets minute. Pet. yellow. Stem almost leafless. Mts..
7. RU’BUS. Bramble. Blackberries and Raspberries.
Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5, deciduous. Stamens o. Ovaries many, tecoming many pulpy, drupe-like achenia (grains) united into a compound fruit.—Half-shrubby plants with 2f roots and @ stems, armed with prickles. Flowers mostly white. In the Blackberries the pulpy receptacle constitutes a part of the fruit, but in the Raspberries it does not.
* Leaves simple, 8-5-lobed. Flowers large....1-3 * Leaves compound, of 3-7 leaflets....a a Stems stout, upright, often recurved at top....b @ Stems weak, trailing or prostrate....7 b The side leaflets stalked. Prickles strong, recurved....8 b The side leaflets sessile. Prickles weak, nearly straight....4
ORDER 47.—ROSEWORTS. 207
feaspberries. 1 R. odora’ms. ose Flowering. Petals round, purple. Stalks hairy-clammy. 2 R. Nutka’nus. Whiteflowering. Petals broad-oval, white. Fls. several. M&.-W. 38 R. Chamemo’rus. Cloud-berry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts. 4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx....5, 6 4 R.Ideus. Garden Raspberry. Petals shorter than the calyx. 5 R strigo’sus. Wild Red Raspberry. Corolla cup-shaped, single. € R rosefo’lius) Sridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated. 7 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains....11 7 R. triflo’rus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grains. 8 R. occidenta’lis. Thimble-berry. Pl. glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark 8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals. ...9, 10 Blackberries. 9 R.villo’sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leafiets ovate. 10 R. cuneifo’/lius. Sand Si. Fils. 1-3 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate. M.S. 11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or braets....12, 18 11 R. Canaden’sis. Dewberry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts. 12 R.his’pidus. Hispid, Running Bil. Flowers small, with spreading sepals, 13 R. trivia’lis. Low Bush Bi. F'owers large, with reflexed sepals, S.
8. DALIBAR’DA. False Violet.
Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 3 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta- mens many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like achenia.—2{ Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white flowers on each stalk. North.
D.re’pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches to a
foot in length. Leaves roundish-cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear. Petioles 1-3’ long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. June.
9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry.
Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract- lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle.—2{ Acaulescent herbs with lobed or divid- ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes.
W, fragarioi’des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Root-stock thick, scaly, blackish, Leaves trifoliate, on pet‘oles 8-6’ long; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above, Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which arc 3’ across. June.
W. loba’ta. Lobed D. Along rivers,-&c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gener ally 3-5-lobed, &c. April, June. S.
aha — jy rane o# . a
208 THE FLORA.
10. POTENTIL’LA. Cinquefoil.
Calyx deeply 4—5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets outside. Petals 4-5, obcordate. Stamens o. Achenia o, collected in a head on a small, Ac receptacle.—Herbs or shrubs with compan learas aud (mostly) yellow flowers. (Figs. 76, 77.) j
* Leaves palmately compound... a * Leaves pinnately compound....6-8
a Leaflets 3 only in each leaf....1
a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining....4, 5 1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous....2, 3 1 P. tridenta’ta. Trident C. Fls. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., 3-toothed atend. N.
2 P. Norve’gica. Norway C. Erect, many-flowered. Petals short. N. M.
8 P.min’ima. Ziny C. Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet. longer than sepals. Mts 4 P.Canaden’sis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong. 5 P. argen’tea. Silver C. Leaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid,
6 P. frutico’sa. Shrubby C. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. :ieight 1-2f. N.
7 P. Anseri’na. Goose-grass. Stemless herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical.
8 Herbs with leafy stems. (8 rare species omitted.)
11. FRAGA’RIA. Strawberry.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out- side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens o. Achenia many, fixed to the surface of the large, conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle.—Low 2 plants with trifoliate leaves. (igs. 265, 455, 456.)
1 F. Virginia’na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on scapes. Root-stock sending out runners which take root and form new plants.
2 F.In’dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 8-lobed. Petals yellow. Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. S. ¢ (272.)
12. SPIRAA’A. Meadow-sweet. Hard-hack.
Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 10-50, exserted. Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1-celled, several-seeded pods. Styles terminal.—2¢ Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May, Aug.
* Shrubs 4-9 f. high....a * Herbs with the leaves once cr thrice pinnate....7
2 Stipules present....1, 2 a Stipules none. Leaves simple and undivided ...b
ORDER 51.—LOOSESTRIFES. | 209
b Flowers in panicles, Leaves lance-ovate....8, 4 b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate....5, 6 1 S. opulifo’lia. A%ne-bark, Leaves simple, 3-lobed. Corymbs umbeliate. N, 2 S. sorbifo’lia. Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles. 38 S. tomento’sa. Hard-hack. Lvs. with a rusty white dense wool beneath. 4 8, salicifo’lia, Willow-leaved. Lvs. nearly smooth. Shrub 8 or 4f. high. 6 S corymbo’sa. Corymb very large, terminal, flat-topped. Height 1-2f. S. & S. hypericefo’lia. Sv. Peter's Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated. 7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk....8, 9, 10 7 8. Arun’cus. Goat’s Beard. Lvs. thrice-pinnate. Fls.inslenderspikes. M 8 S.loba’ta. Queen of the Prairie. Flowers purple: Side leaflets 3-lobed. W. 9 S. filipen’dula. Dropwort. Fils. white. Lifts. pinnatifid-serrate. Gardens. 10S Ulma’ria. Meadvw-sweet. Flowers white. Lfts. doubly-serrate. Gardcns.
OrvbER L. MELASTOMACEA. Wrelastomes.
Plants with square branches, and opposite, simple, 8—7-veined leaves ; flowers with adherent calyx tube, twisted petals, and definite stamens. anthers opening by terminal pores. Fruit a capsule or berry.
RHEX’IA. Deer-grass.
_ Perennial herbs, with showy flowers. Leaves 3-5-veined. Calyx tube prolonged and narrowed above the ovary, 4-cleft. Petals 4. Anthers 6, l-celled. Style declined. Capsule 4-celled, 0 - seeded.
* Anthers curved, Jinear, appendaged at base. Flowers purple....(a) * Anthers straight, oblong, not appendaged. Maryland to Fla....Nos. 5-7. a Stem square, winged. Lvs. ovate to lanceolate, bristly-serrate....Nos. 1, 2. a Stem terete or teretish. Leaves lanceolate to linear....Nos. 3, 4. 1 R. Virgin’ica. Meadow Peauty. Plant 12-18’ high, with scattered hairs, sessile leaves and a large cyme of bright purple flowers. Wet grounds. 2B. stricta. Plant 3-4f. high, smooth, calyx smooth, tube very short. S. 3 R. Maria’na. Hairy. Leaves on short petioles, bristly-serrate. 1-2f. 4R. glabel’la. Glabrous. Leaves sessile. Calyx hispid. Damp woods. S&S. 5 R. cilio’sa. Leaves broad-ovare, bristly ciliate. Petals purple. Souztn. 6 R. serrula’ta. Leaves small, round-oval, serrulate-ciliate. Flowers purple. S, 7 R. lu’tea. Leaves oblong-linear. Flowers panicled, yellow. Woods. S.
OrpDER LI. LYTHRACE®. Loosestrifes.
Plants with entire, exstipulate, mostly opposite leaves; calyx tubular, bearing the 4-7 petals and 4-00 stamens on its throat. ovary and style compound. Fruit a capsule, or fleshy ; many-seeded
210 THE FLORA.
§ Shrube, with alternate leaves, co stamens, and 6 purple, crisped petals on claws. Lvs.round-ovate. smooth. E. India. Crape Myrtle. LAGERSTR@’MIA, § Shrubs, with opposite, oblong, shining leaves, oo stamens, and an ad-
herent calyx tube. Flowers scarlet. Fruit crimson. Pomegranate. Pu’NICA § erbs growing wild. Stamens 4-14. ...(a) a Flowers irregular. Calyx inflated, gibbous at the base. Stam. 12. Cu’PHEA. a Flowers regular. Calyx cylindrical, striate, with 5 minute horns. LYTHRUM. 1 a Flowers regular. Calyx bell-form, with 5 teeth and 5long horns. Stam. 10. Petals 5, rose-purple. Fls. showy, elustered. Com. NESz’A.
1LYTHRUM. Loosestrife. § Stamens as many as the petals. Flowers axillary, solitary....Nos. 1-3. § Stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers spicate, or racemed....No. 4. 1 L, hysopifo/lium. Grass Poly. Petals 5 or 6, pale purple. Lvs. obtuse. 6-12’. 2L. linea’re. Petals 6, whitish. Leaves linear, obtuse. Swamps, N.J.andS. _ 3 L. ala’tum, Petals 6, crisped, deep purple. Lvs. acute. Stem winged. 2. 1-2f. W. 4 L. Salica’ria. Tall (2-5f.), with lanceolate cordate leaves and terminal long spikes (or racemes ?) of purple or rose-purple fis. N. E. and N. Y., and cult.
Orver LII. ONAGRA’CEA. Evening Primroses.
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves ; and with the parts of the flowers generally in 4's, sometimes in 3’s, 2’s, or 1’s; with the sepals united below into a tube, valvate in the bud; the
petals and stamens inserted into the throat of the calyx;
ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx; becoming in the
fruit a 2-4-celled capsule or berry with many seeds.
Fig. 458. Flower of Ginothera fruticosa. 9. Planof the flower. ig. 460. Section of th 4-celled capsule of GE. biennis. 1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2. Its flower, with 1 stamen, | ovary, 2style. 8. Vertical section of its 1-seeded fruit. 4. Circeea Lutetiana. 5, The flower en. larged. 6. Plan of the flower. 7. Vertical section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Flowers 4 or 5-parted (that is, with 4 or 5 petals, sepals, &e.)....2 * Flowers 8-parted, i. ¢., with 3 sepals, 3 stamens, &c. (no petals)....¥
ee ae
ORDER 52.—EVENING PRIMROSES. 21]
# Flowers ? parted, with 2 sepals, 2 petals, &e..... f * Flowers 1-parted, with 1 stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed (no petal)....h 2 Flowers perfect (that is, having both stamens and pistils)....3 2 Flowers monecious (some with stamens, some with pistils)....° 8 Stame.s 8, twice as many as the sepals....4 8 Stameas 4, same number as tue sepals....d | : 4 Calyx tube much prolonged above the ovary....5 4 Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary....a 5 Garden exotics, with showy purple flowers....¢ . 5 Wild, native herbs, rarely cultivated....b a Seed comous with a tuft of silky hairs. Fls. purplish. Willow Herb. Epito’srem. a Seed not ecomous, &e. Fis. large, yellow. Southern. Yellow Jessie. Jussim’a. . b Petals equal, not clawed, yellow. Pods w-seeded. Evening Primrose. CENOTHE’RA,. 2 b Petals hardly equal, clawed, red. Pods 1-+-seeded. Gaura. GAURA. ¢ Herbs from California. Calyx tube short. Petals clawed. Clarkia. CLar’x1a. ¢ Shrubs from Chili. Cal. tube long, enlarged. Fils. hanging. Hur-drep. Fucu’sta. d Petals yellow, sometimes minute or 0. Lvs. entire. Seed Bor. Lupwie’1a _e Petals greenish or none. Leaves many-cleft. Water-plants. g Water Milfoil. MyRiopHyt’LuM. f Delicate herbs with small, pale flowers. nchanter’s Nightshade. Crrcm’a. 2 g Small herbs in wet places, with pinnatifidlvs. Mermaid Weed. PRosERPIna’ca. h In water, rare. Leaves linear, whorled. Murés Tatil. Hirrv’ris.
baa
1. EPILO’BIUM. Willow-herb
Calyx tube not prolonged above the ovary. Limb deeply 4-parted, de- ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma often with 4 spreading lobes. Ovary and capsule linear, 4-cornered, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds crowned with a tuft of long hairs.—2 Flowers purplish or white.
E. angustifo’lium. Narrow-leaved Willow-herb. Rose-buy. A tall, showy herb (4- 6f. high), common at the North. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, with @ vein running along the margin. Flowers large, all parts pale purple or white, in along, terminal spike. Style and stamens declined. Stigma with 4 long
lobes. July, Aug. Our four other species, with small flowers, and a club- shaped, undivided pistil, we omit.
2. @NOTHE’RA. Evening Primrose.
: : |
Calyx tube prolonged beyond the cvary, deciduous: segments 4, re- | flexed. Petals 4, equal, obcordate or obovate, inserted into the top of the , @alyx tube. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved. Stigma 4-lobed. | ‘Seeds not tufted— Herbs with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers (in all the following species). May, Aug. . |
212 THE FLORA.
§ Flowers opening by night. Pods rounded at the corrers, sessile....1, 2 § Flowers opening by day. Pods club-shaped, sharply ‘cornered. 2208 a Stems erect, 1-3 feet high. Flowers large (1-2 across).. ; : #« Stems half-erect, 6-16’ long. Flowers small (5-8’’ plies: ea ‘ed if 1 G, bien’nis. J.vs. slightly toothed. Pods oblong. Fls. 1’ or more wide. 2% C&.sinua’ta. Leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Flowers ¢’ wide. S, 5 Pods scarcely winged on the 4 sharp angles. Leaves narrow....4, 5 3 Ch. frutico’sa. Pods with the 4 angles distinctly winged. Leaves lanceolate. 4 C&. ripa’ria. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers finally racemed. 8S. M. 5 Ci. linea’ris, Leaves linear. Flowers on the ends of the branches. S. M. 6 CE. pum’ila. Flowers straw-yellow. Pods almost sessile. Common. N M., 7 Qk. chrysan’tha. Fils. orange-yellow. Podsdistinctly stalked. Rare W -W.
3. CIRCA’A. Enchanter’s Nightshade.
Calyx tube a little prolonged above the ovary, lobes 2. Petals 2, ob cordate. Stamens 2, opposite the sepals. Fruit reflexed, inversely egg: shaped, with hooked hairs, 2-celled, 2-seeded.—2f Small, tender herbs,
ES A gl “tle “amet
with opposite leaves and terminal racemes of small, reddish-white fuwers.
C, Lutetia’na. (See the figure.) Stem 1-2f. high, sparingly branched, pubescent Leaves dark green, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. Pedicel: without bracts, bent down after flowering. Fruit clothed with bristly hooks June, July.
O. alpi’na. Stem 5-10’ high, very smooth. Leaves pale green, broad corda.e, thin
slightly dentate. Common in rocky woods atthe North. July.
Orver LV.—GROSSULACA. Currants.
Small shrubs, often prickly, with alternate, lobed, plaited leaves ;
flowers in axillary racemes, regular, 4 or 5- parted, small;
vetals inserted into the throat of the calyx, small, distinct, and the
fruit a 1-celled, many-seeded, 2-carpeled berry.
Fig. 463. A flower of the Red Currant cut open; o, th? ovary and ovules; st, the style ¢, the calyx tube; p, the petals; 8, the stamens. Fig. 469. A berry cut open, showing the twa placer+e and seeds. Fig. 470. A seed cut open, showing the little embryo.
tl atin eon
ORDER 60.—THE HOUSELEEKS. | 215
RIBES. Currants and Gooseberries.
_ The character of the genus is about the same as of the Order.
_ § Currants. Stems without prickles or thorns....a _ §$ Gooseberrics. Stems armed with prickles or spines....¢ a Leaves rolled in the bud (convolute). Fils. bright yel....1 a Lys. plaited (plicate) in the bud. Fils. not yellow....b b Fruit hairy....2, 3. . b Fruit smooth....4-6. ¢ Fruit hispid....7, 8 e¢ Fruit smooth....d d Stalks of the fiower or fruit long....11, 12 d Stalks very short....9, 10 18. au’reum. Missouri Currant. Shrub 6-8f., with smooth, Fég. 471. Missouri a 8-lobed leaves (Fig. 471). W. ¢ Currant,—flower di- y 9 R.sanguin’eum. Oregon C. Flowers bright red, showy. Vided. 2 Leaves 3-5-lobed. ft ‘8 BR. prostra’tum. Skunk C. Fis. striped with red. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Mts. N. M. : 4 R.ro’brum. Common Red C. Leaves not dotted, downy beneath. Berries glob- 5 ular, red or white, in pendulous racemes as well as the fls. (Figs. 248, 261.) 5 8. flor’idaum. Flowering C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries obovate, black. 6 R.nigrom. Black C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries roundish, black. Petiole : shorter than the blade. Racemes loose, partly nodding, Gardens, . 7 R. Cynos’bati.. Prickly Gooseberry. Racemes 2 or 3-flowered. Styles united. (Fig. 281.)
8 R. lacus’tre. Swamp G. Racemes 5-8-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berry small. 9 R. hirtil’lum, Smoothish G. Stems not prickly. Calyx tube bell-shaped. North. 10 R. oxycanthoi’des. Hawthorn G. Stems very prickly. Calyx tube cylindric,
North. 11 R. rotundifo’lium. Found-leaved G. Calyx cylindric. Stalk 1-8-flowered. 12 R. Uva Cais'‘pa. Garden G. Calyx bell-shaped. Stalk hairy, 1-flowered. {
: Orpver LVI. CRASSULACEA. The Houseleeks.
| Thick, juicy plants, with simple, mostly entire leaves ; with ©
| flowers perfectly symmetrical and regular; the petals, sepals, and pistils being of the same number (8-20); and the
| stamens either uhe same or twice as many; the
follicles (as many as the ovaries) distinct or somewhat united.
}
214 THE FLORA. ;
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Pistils (follicles) entirely distinct and separate....2 § Pistils 4 or 5, ynited into a 4 or 5-celled capsule... .4
2 Stamens twice as many as the pistils, petals, or sepals....3
2 Stamens as many (3 or 4) as the pistils, &c. Herb 1-3’ high vr. Tau’.
Flowers 5 (rarely 4)-parted. Stamens 10 or 8. Stone- crap. S¥'puM. | Flowers 12 (or 6-20)- parted. Stamens 12-40. Houseleek, SEMPERVI/VUM, 4 © Herb 2-4’ high, fleshy, with 4-parted flowers. S. D1aMoR’PHA,
4 2% Herb 10-16’ high, not fleshy, with 5-parted flowers. ¢. PENTHO’RUM.
\e W/W 4 474 by s Fig. 472. A flowering branch of Sedum acre. /ig. 473. A flower of 8. acre, — Pi 3. y/ natural size. Fig. 474. A flower (12-parted, symmetrical, regular) of Semper- NY ') vipum (Houseleek). aN | Xt 1. SE‘DUM. Stone-crop. COrpine. A F STs
Sepals and petuls 5, sometimes 4, distinct. Stamens 10 or N 8. Pods 5, sometimes 4, distinct, many-seeded, with an i entire scale at the base of each.—Mostly 2 herbs, with 5-parted flowers in cymes, or in one-sided clusters. ‘ SQ :
1 Flowers white, or purplish, or rose-colored... .2 Ny 1 S. a’cre. Iceland Moss. Fis. yellow. Plant in low tufts. Gardens. .
2 Leaves scattered, 1-3’ long....8-5. (Figs. 472, 478.) ! y )
2 S.terna’tum. Stone-crop. Leaves in whorls of 3’s. Flowers white, in a 3-spiked cyme. 3 S.telephioi’des. Hasse O. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, nearly entire. M.S. 4S. Tele’phium. Common O. Leaves oval, serrate, obtuse. Flowers purplish. 5S. pulchel/lum. Handsome O. Lvs. linear. Fils. in an umbel of spikes, purp. §
Orpen LVI. SAXIFRAGACEA. Saxifrages.
Herbs or shrubs with the pistils fewer than the sepals of the flower; the petals as many as the calyz sepals (4 or 5), and together with the
_ (Class Book, page 371). Fig.476. Ovary and pistils,
_ diphylia; 8, a flower, magnified; 9, the frnit pods _ open. showing the black seeds. Fig. 480. Cross-sec- _ tion of the ovary; 1, seed cut open, showing the long embryo.
ORDER 61.—SAXIFRAGES. | at
5-10 stamens inserted on the calyx; the
styles 2, distinct, with their
2 eraries more or less united below, and either free or adhering to calyx;
vods capsular, many-seeded ;
embryo slender, in albumen.
476 Fig. 475. Section of flower of-Early Saxifrage
eut across to show the two cells. Fig. 477. Mitella
Analysis of the Genera.
3 § Herbs. Petals imbricated in the bud....a § Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute (twisted) in bud....e
a Flowers with 10 stamens....b a Flowers with 5 stamens....d b Petals 4-6, usually 5, entire....¢
b Petals 5, all pinnatifid. Stamens 10. Mitrewort. Mirey’ta. 1 b Petals 0. Low, prostrate, in wet places. Water Carpet, CHRYSOSPLE’NIUM. c¢ Pods 2-celled. Leaves simple, mostly radical. Saxifrage. SAXIF’RAGA. 5 c Pods 2-celled. Leaves bi-ternately compound, cauline. S ASTIL’BE. ¢ Pods l-celled. Leaves palmately lobed. Fulse Mitrewort. Tiarri’La. 2 d Styles 2, pod 2-celled. Scape reclined, 8-12’ long. W. SULLIVAN’TIA. d Styles 2, pod i-celled. Scape erect, a foot or more. M. W. Hrv’cHERA. d Styles 3, pod l-celled. Herbintufts}’ high. S. LEPUROPET’ ALON. e Leaves opposite, simple....f e Leaves alternate. Shrub 4-Sf. erect. Racemes white. M.S. Irz’a. { Shrub climbing trees, &c. Flowers white, fragrant. S. DEcUMA/RIA. Shrubs erect. Cymes not radiate—all the flowers perfect. PHILADEL’PHts. ? {Shrubs erect. Cymes radiate. Stamens 8-10. HyDRAN’GEA. 4
1. MITEL’LA. Mitrewort. Calyx 6-cleft, bell-shaped. Petals 5, pinnatifid with linear divisions
are
216 THE FLORA.
inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved.—2 Small, slender herbs, with roundish, lobed, and cordate leaves, mostly from the root. Flowers small, in a slender raceme. N.
i M. diphyl’la. Scape 12-20’ high, with 2 opposite leaves nearly sessile, and many white flowers above with curiously eleft petals. May, June. (See Fig. 477.) 2 M nu’da. Scape leafless, thread-like, 5-7’ high, few-flowered. May, June.
Both species send out runners from the base.
9. TIAREL’LA. False Mitrewort. Gem-fruit.
Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse: Petals 5, entire, the claws in- serted on the calyx. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles 2. Cap- sule 1-celled, 2-valved, 1 valve much larger.—2{ Fls, white. N, Ol,
T. cordifo’lia. Scape about 107 high, sometimes bearing a leaf, the flowers white in all their parts, forming a cylindrical ra- ceme. In rocky woods, with
the AMitrewort, very common at the North. May, “une.
8. PHILADEL’PHUS. False Syringa.
Caiyx 4~-5-parted, tube ad- herent to the ovary, persistent. Corolla 4—5-petaled. Styles 4, more or less united. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Handsome flowering shrubs, with opposite
leaves. Petals convolute in Fig. 482. “Radiant” panicle of Oak-leaved Hydraz the bud. gea; the larger flowers neutral. |
ORDER 61.—SAXIFRAGES. : 217
P. grandifio’rus. Large-flowered Syringa. A very showy shh, 6f. nigh. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-veined. Stigmas 4, styles united into 1. Flowers large, in umbels of 2-7, white nearly inodorous. Cultivated, but wild at the South. June.
P. corona’rius. Mock Orange. Stems 5-8f. high. Leaves oval and ovate, short- pointed, feather-veined. Styles and stigmas 4, distinct. Flowers numere.3, white, handsome, very fragrant. Cultivated. June.
*. ITYDRAN’GEA. Hydrangea.
Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones generally barren, with the sepals much enlarged (that is, the cymes are radiant). The fertile flowers are
_ small, calyx about 4-toothed, petals 4, stamens 8 or 10; capsule 2-beaked.
many-seeded.
i H.arbores’cens. Big Wild H. Leaves ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, nearly smooth. Cymes flat. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high. M.W. Cultivated.
2 H. quercife’lia. Oak-leaved H. Leaves deeply sinnate-lobed. Cymes in the form ofa panicle. South. Cultivated. (See fig. 482.)
8 H. radia’ta. Silver-kaved H. Leaves ovate, clothed with a silvery-white down beneath. Cymes flat. Shrub 6-8f. high. S. ft
4 H.horten’sis. Changeable H. Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, smooth.
Cymes mostly all barren, changing from green to white, pink, blue, &e.
5. SAXIF’RAGA. Saxifrage.
Calyx 5-cleft, either free, or adherent to the base of the ovary. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 2-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks, many-seeded.
§ Leaves opposite (small) on the prostrate stem. F-:owers purplish....No. 1. § Leaves alternate on the ascending stem. Flowers yellow or white....Nos. 2-4. § Leaves rosulate at the base of the mostly leafless scape....(a)
a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (inferior)....Nos. 5-7.
a Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary (half superior)....Nos. 8-10.
1 S. oppositifo’/lia. A small plant with large fis. Cliffs, Willoughby L., Vt. and N.
25. aizoi’des. Petals yellow, spotted. Lvs. narrow. With No. 1, and West.
8 8. rivula’ris. Petals white. Root leavesreniform. White Mts. and North.
45%. tricuspida’ta. Petals yellow, dotted. Lvs. 3-cusped at apex. L. Superior. 5 S. erosa, and two other species, on Mts. Penn. and S. (See Betanist and Flor.)
8 S. Aizo’on. Leaves evergreen, thick, spatulate, bordered with white teeth. Petals obovate, cream-white. Rocks, Willoughby Mt., and W.
95. Virginien’sis. Zarly Saxifrage. Lvs. oval-spatulate with a broad petiole. Scape paricled, 4-12’ high. Petals white, oblong, much longer than the calyx. Flowers many, in Apri/ and May. Grows on rocks, common.
10S. Pennsylva’nica. Swamp S. Leaves lance-oblong, acutish, narrowed to a short
stalk. Scape 1-2f., branching inte a diffuse panicle of small, greenish homely flowers. Petals narrow, scarce longer than the reflexed sepals. Swamps.
10
218 THE FLORA.
ORDERLVIIL CACTACEA. Indian Figs. -
ca ie
Plants with green, fleshy, angular or jointed, nearly leafless stems, armed with numerous prickles and terrible spines. Flowers often showy. —
We liave at the North only one native species. Many are cultivated. OPUN’'TIA. Indian Fig.
Caiyx tube not produced above the ovary. Stock composed of fleshy, —
inostly flattened joints. Sepals, petals,and stamens indefinite, at the top of the ovary. Style 1, with 4-10 stigmas. Leaves minute, alternate, with tufts of prickles in their axils.
O. vulga’ris. Grows or dry rocks. Joints several, 4-6’, obovate. Flowers large (8-4’
broad). Petals 7-10, yellow. Fruit egg-shaped, crimson, eatable
OrpDER LX. PASSIFLOPRACEA. Passionworts.
Plants often woody, climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves anc
leafy stipules. Flowers perfect, of wonderful structure, as seen in
PASSIFLO’RA. Passion-flower. Calyx colorea within, deeply 5-parted, bearing a complex crown ol
colored filaments on the throat, and the 5 petals above them. Ovary
raised on a stipe, with the 8 stigmas and 5 anthers. Fruit a pulpy berry.
4
Oxper LXIII. UMBELLIFERZ. The Umbelworts.
Herbs with hollow, furrowed stems, simple or compound leaves ;
no stipules, but with a broad sheathing base to the petioles ;
the small flowers in umbels, and the calyx wholly adherent to the ovary,
the petals and stamens 5, standing on the top of the ovary ;
the styles 2, and the fruit dry, its 2 carpels seed-like and separating marked outside by ribs and furrows running lengthwise.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Plants growing wild, some of them cultivated for the eatable root....2 * Plants never wild, but cultivated for their fruit, &..... q 2 Flowers white, rarely rose-colored or cream-colored....3 2 Flowers yellow, or (in one instance) dark purple....4 3 Umbels simple, leaves simple. Little creeping wet plants....a 3 Umbels regularly compound, the flowers not sessile....c 38 Umbels irregular, flowers in crowded heads, sessile... b 4 Fruit decidedly flattened on the back....p 4 Fruit flattened on the sides or not at all....0
ORDER 63.—-UMBELWORTS. * 919
a Fruit flattened. J.eaves roundish. Pennywort. UypRoco’TyLe. | 2 Fruit globular. Lvs. linear. Fis. pedicelled. Height 1-2’. 7, CrantT’zra. _» Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Heads small, 2-4. ce. Saniele. Santc’uLa. 1 b Fruit clothed with seales. Heads often near 1’ thick. W.S. ¢ Eryn’eium. e Umbels not radiate (§ 255, a, outer flowers not larger than the rest)....d c¢ Umb. rad. very large. Huge heros, 4-8f. high. ¢. Cow Pursnip. Herac’LetM. 8 Leaves simple lluear petioles without blades. S. TIEDMAN’NIA. 4 93 Leaves only once divided, pinnately or ternately....e € Leaves twice or thrice compounded....g . e Fruit flattened or contracted, more or less, on the sides....f
-e Fruit much flattened on the back. M.S. = Archemore. ARCHEMO’RA.
f Leafiets 3, ovate, doubly serrate. Stem 1-2f. high. Honewort. Cryptotz’nia. 4% _ f Leaflets 3, long, linear, grass-like. Rare. S. Nerveleaf. NEUROPHYL’LUM. _ £ Leafiets 5-11, lanceolate or lance-linear. 2-6f. Water Parsnip. S1’tm. % Leafiets 5-9, bbicas: Stem procumbent. S. Marsh UOmbel. Viz vosctap’1um.
g Bracts of the involucre (not involucel) ear ey |
_g Bracts of the involucre cleft and divided....
; g Bracts of the involucre none or almost none....m
_h Fruits bristly, club-shaped, few. Stem 1-2f. high. Cicely. OsmMorui’Za. 3 _ hk Fruits smooth, flattened on the sides, ribs wavy. Poison Hemlock. Cont’uM. 4 h Fruits smooth, flattened on the back, ribs winged, straight. 7. ConlosEL1’NUM.
_ & Fruit smooth, terete, not flattened, ribs straight. Lovage. Lieus’Ticcum.
k Fruits bristly, short, numerous. Often cultivated. Carrot. Dav’cvs.
k Fruits smocth. Stems and leaflets thread-like. Rare. DISCOPLEU’RA.
k Fruits smooth. Stem 3-6’ erect, bulbous. W. Pepper-and-Sult. Eriernr’a. 5 _m Fruit flattened on the back. Steins large. ¢. Angelica. ARCHANGEL’ICA. -m Fruit flattened on the sides....n _™ Fruit terete, not flattened. Poison. N. Rare. Fool's Parsley. AETHU’sa.
n Calyx 5-toothed. Stems diffuse, slender. W. Chervil. Cu zRoPHYL’LUM. n Cal. 5-toothed. Umbels stalked. Sts. erect, very slender. S. Leprocav’Lrs. n Calyx teeth none, fruit strongly ribbed. Poison. Water Hemlock. Cicu’ta. 6 n Calyx teeth none, fruit scarcely ribbed. W. Rare. Crest Umbel. Ev’Lorutus. _ © Involueels leafy. Leaves perfoliate, simple, entire. Modesty. BurLev’RuM. 2 Involucels minute. Seed with 5 winged ribs. Golden Alexanders. Tuas’pium. 7 © Involucels minute. Sced with 5 ribs not winged. Alexanders. Ziz’ta. § p Involucels minute. Fruit corky. Leaves bi-pinnatifid. PoLyT#’NIA, p Invoiucels none. Fruit thin. Leaves pinnate. Parsnip. Pastina’oa. 4 Flowers white. Involucre 0 or of 1 entire bract....r 4 Flowers white. Involucre of a few cleft bracts. Parsley. PETROSELI’NUM. Flowers yellow. Leafsegments very narrowand many. Fennel. Fanic’c.um. { r Umbeilets radiate. Fruit round. Lvs. finely cut. i cepgae CoRIAN’DRUM. r Umbellets not radiate (the flowers all similar).. s Frnit flattened on the sides, roundish. Lf. segm. w ee form. Celery. A’PIUM. 's Fruit flattened on the sides, oval. Leaf segments lincar. Caraway. Ca’RUM. Fruit egg-shaped. not flattened. Leaf segments linear. Anise. PiwPINEL’La
220 THE FLORA.
Fig. 483..Golden Alexanders, with its compound, naked umbel, &e. 4. A flower enlarged o. The fruit with its thread-shaped ribs and two persistent styles. 6. Cross-section, showing the two carpels with the oil-tubes and flat inner face. 7. Umbel of Sweet Cicely, in fruit. 8. A flower enlarged. 9. The fruit with the two carpels separating from the base and supported by a two-cleft stalk. Fig. 490. Summit of the fruit of Bitter Cicely. 1. Fruit of Poison Hemlock, with the undulate-crenulate ribs. 2. Cross-section, showing the grooved inner face and involute albumen. 3, Radiate flower of Coriandrum. 4. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing the minute embryo.
1, SANIC’ULA. Sanicle.
Flowers polygamous. Calyx teeth leafy, tube bristly. Petals obovate, erect, with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs.—2 Plants 1-2f. high. Umbel with a few capitate umbellets. Involucre of few cleft bracts, involucel of several, entire. June—Aug.
} 8. Marylan’dica. Long-styled S. Sterile flowers many, pedicellate; fertile flower sessile. Styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Leaves 5-7-parted. Common.
8 S. Canaden’sis. Short-styled S. Sterile flowers few, much shorter than the fertile. Styles shorter than the prickles. Leaves 5-parted, upper 8-parted. Umbels (or heads) small. Woods. Common
Orver 63—UMBELWORTS. | 221
2. CRYPTOTA’NIA. Hone-wort.
Calyx teeth obsoiete. Petals with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-ob long or ovate-oblong. Seeds with 5 obtuse ribs, contracted at the sides —2f A smooth herb with 3-parted leaves. Umbels compound, with very unequal rays, white flowers, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels.
C Canaden’sis. St. 1-2f. high, erect. Leaflets large, the side ones often 2-parte i —oerlobed. Common in moist woods. July.
38. OSMORHI'ZA. Cicely.
‘Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, clnb-shaped, tapering to the base, crowned with the conical styles; carpels each with 5 equal, acute,
bristly ribs, and a deep groove on the face.—2, Leaves bi-ternately divid-
ed, with the umbels opposite. Involucre few-leaved; involucel 4~7-
leaved. Flowers white. Fruit an inch in length. Height about 2f.
May, June. (Figs. 244, 487-9.)
O. longis’tylis. Sweet C. Styles thread-like, nearly as long as ovary. Plant downy The root has an agreeable spicy flavor.
O. brevis’tylis. Bitter C. Styles conical, 5 times shor‘zr than ovary. Plant hairv. Less interesting than No.1. (See Fig. 490.)
4, CONI'UM. Poison Hemlock.
Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened on the sides, each carpe, with 5 wavy-crenulate ribs on the back, and a deep narrow groove on the inner face.—@ Herbs with large, decompound leaves, with very many -eafiets. Involucre and involucels of 8-5 leaves, the latter one-sided.
Flowers white. (Figs. 65, 491, 492.)
C. macula’tum. Stem spotted with purple, glaucous, about 4f. high. Leaves bright green, leaflets small, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal, the involucela with the inner half wanting. June, July.
5. ERIGENI’A. Pepper-and-salt.
Calyx limb wanting. Petals flat, entire. Carpels (half-fruits), 3-ribbed, contracted on the face, forming together a fruit much broader than long, —2 Root tuberous. See Fig. 338.
222 THE FLORA.
£ bulbo’sa. A small, early-flowering herb, Western N. Y.to Mo. Stem arises from a roundish tuber deep in the ground. The root leaf is thrice ternate. The involucrate leaf twice ternate. The dark-brown stamens with the little white petals suggest its common name.
6. CICU’TA. Water Hemlock.
Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, wttle contracted on the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds with 5, flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them on the margin.—2 Poisonous herbs with compound leaves and perfect umbels of white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or 1. Involucels many-leaved.
} C. macula’ta, Spotted Water-Hemlock. Stem streaked with purple, 3-6f. high, smooth, striate, hollow. Lower leaves triternate and tripinnate, segments lan- ceolate, serrate. Umbels 2-4’ broad. Fruit 10-ribbed. Involucels of 5 or 6 short, slender, acute bracts. Common in wet meadows. July, Aug.
2 C. bulbi’fera. Narrow-leaved Wuter-Hemlock. Stem green, striate, slender, with little bulblets in the axils of the branches. Leaves bi-ternately divided. Leaf- lets linear or lance-linear, 2-4’ long, with distant teeth. In wet meadows and Rwamps. Aug.
“T, THAS PIUM, Alexanders.
Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, roundish across, not flat- tened either way, seeds each with 5 winged ribs.—2f Leaves divided. Involucre none, involucels few-leaved. The species resemble the Zizias except in their fruit. J/ay, June. (Figs. 483-6.)
1 Root leaves simple, cordate, stem leaves once-ternately divided....2 1 T. barbino’de. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, lfts. cut-serrate. St. hairy at joints. 2 T.au’reum. (Golden A. Fruit oval. Flowers yellow. Stem 2-8f. high.
® T.atropurpu’reum. Purple A. Fruit roundish. Flowers dark purple. Stem 2-8f, high. 8S. M.
8. ZIZ’IA. Alexanders.
Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ovate, flattened at the sidex s0 as to appear somewhat double. Seeds each with 5 ribs which are not winged, but thread-like.—2 Smooth, with divided leaves and yellow flowers. Umbels compound, with no involucre or involucels.
%. integer’rima. Entire-leaved A. Root and stem leaves bi- and tri-ternate, leafiet entire. Plant 1-2f. high, in rocky woods. May-July,
7
§ \ s
q
¥
Pies (pigs pled dene
* Las (Pers x 2a te eal » ee Va —_. A my Side ”
>
THE FLORA. 223
Orper LXIV. ARALIACEZX. Araliads.
Plants much like the Umbelworts in their lvs., fis., and inflorescence; pistils 2-5, united below into 1 ovary with 2-5 cells; fruit a capsule or berry, with 2-5 seeds. Petals not inflected.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Styles5. Umbels many. Leaves alternate, pinnately compound. ARALIA. } * Styles Zor 3. Umbelil. Leaves whorled, palmately compound. GINSENG. 3 * Style 1.° Climbing vine. Leaves simple, alternate. European Ivy. HEDERA.
1, ARA’LIA. Wild Sarsaparilla.
Calyx superior, 5-toothed. Petals 5, ovate, spreading. Stamens 5 on the ovary with the 5 styles. Fruita berry. Herbs or shrubs with alier- nate pinnately compound leaves. Umbels white or greenish. Swmmer.
* Plants low (1-2f.), with few (8-7) umbels corymbously arranged.... Nos. 1, 2 * Plants taller (3-12f.), with numerous umbels in racemes....Nos. 3, 4 1A. nudicau’lis. ‘Stem underground, sending up 1 long-stalked leaf and a scape a foot high, bearing 3 umbels. Plant smooth. 2 Rocky woods. E. and W. 2A. his’pida. Wild Elder. Stem shrubby and prickly at base, herbaceous above. Leaf- lets ovate, cut-serrate. Umbels abont3. Berries blue-black. Fields.
3 A.racemo’sa. Pettymorrel. Herbaceous, smooth, branched, 3-5f. Leaves larce, deeempound ; leaflets ovate, serrate. Umbels small, very many, in a panicle of racemes. Root highly aromatic. Woods.
4A. spino’sa. Angelica Tree. Hercules’ Club. Shrub or tree prickly, stem simple, bearing all the leaves and panicles at the top. Leaves bi- or tripinnate.
2. GINSENG. Ginseng.
Diecious and polygamous. Calyx-tube adherent, limb obsolete. Petals 5, ovate, obtuse. Stamens 5. Styles 2 or 3, erect (none in the ¢ flowers). Fruit berry-like, 2 or 3-seeded. 2¢f Root tuberous. Stem simple, bearing 3 leaves in a whorl, and 1 umbel. Fs. white.
1G. trifo’lium. Ground-nut. Roota round tuber deep in the ground, connected with the stem by a short screw-like ligament. The stem arises 3-6 above the surface, smooth, slender, simple At thetop is a whorl of 3 cempound leaves, and a cen- tral peduncle bearing a little umbel cf pure white flowers. Leaflets generally 3. Barren and fertile flowers on separate plants, the latter with 3 styles and 0 stamens, the former with but one style. Damp woods. Jay.
=? 3. quinguifo/lium. True Ginseng. Root fusiform, fleshy. Stem round, smooth, if
high, with a terminal whorl of 3 compound leaves and a central stalk bearing a simple umbel of yellowish-white flowers. The fertile flowers have 2 styles, and are usually separated from the barren, on different plants. Berries bright scarlet In rocky or Lilly woods. June-August.
>
224 ORDER 65.—CORNELS.
Orper LXV. CORNACE-%. Cornels.
Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, with sim- ple, mostly opposite leaves ; with
flowers 4-parted, arranged in cymes; the 4
petals valvate in the bud; and with the 4
stamens stauding on the top of the 2- celled |
ovary, which is adherent to the calyx- tube; styles united; |
fruit a1 or 2-seeded drupe.
Fig. 495. Low Cornel; b, the 4-leaved involucre surrounding the head of flowers.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Petals4. Drupe 2-celled. Corneil. Cornve, 3 § Flowers imperfect, 5-parted. Petals often 0. Drupe 1-celled. Trees with small, green flowers in side clusters. Fruit plum-like. Tupelo. Nyssa.
CORNUS. Cornel, Dogwood.
Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Flowers in cymes. Sepais, petals, and stamens each 4, with a double pistil.
§ Cymes with a 4-leaved white involucre. Drupes red....Nos. 1, 2 § Cymes naked (no involucre). Leaves mostly alternate, oval....No. 3 § Cymes naked (no involucre). Leavesall opposite. Flowers white (a) a Twigs and cymes pubescent. Fruit light blue. Shrubs 5-9f. ...Nos. 4,5 a Twigs and cymes glabrous. Leaves white-downy beneath....Nos. 6, 7 a Twigs and cymes glabrous. Leaves smooth, taper-pointed....Nos. 8, 9. 1 O. Canaden’sis. Low Cornel. A low herb in damp woods, with a simple stem bearing 2 opposite, and 4 or 6 whorled ovate leaves. May, June. 8G. flor’ida. Flowerir-z7 Dogwood. A smali tree with opposite ovate leaves. Cymes compact, leaves of the involucre obcordate, large, showy. May. 3 C, alternifo’lia. Shrub or tree 8-20f., flat-topped. Drupes blue-purple. 4G. seric’ea. Leaves ovate-oblong, silky-downy beneath. Sepals lanceolate. Common. Q. asperifo’lia. Leaves lance-oval, scabrous above. Sepals minute. W. and 8. 6 C. circina’ta. Leaves round-oval, large. Drupes light blue. 6-10f. June. 4 C. stolonif’era. Fed Osier. Shoots red and straight. Leaves broad. ovate, acute Drupes lead-white. Shrub in clump, 6-10f. E.and W. Jay. & C. stricta. Branches erect, brown. Cyme loose. Anthers and fruit bluish. S. 8 O. panicula’ta, Branches gray. Cymes somewhat panicled. Fruit white. June.
OrpDeR 66.—HONEYSUCKLES. ; 225
COHORT I[L
THE GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS.
FEsssentiid Character. — Flowering plants (PH#NOoGAMIA) with their stems growing by additions to the outside in lay- ers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp (AnctosPEeRMs), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals united (Monoreras).
Orver LX VI. CAPRIFOLIACEX. Honeysuckles.
Shrubs and herbs, often twining, with opposite leaves ; with
flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular; corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate ;
stamens on the tube of the corolla, often one less than its lobes;
ovary adherent to the calyx; style 1; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule; | embryo small, in fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.-
] Corolla tubular. Stigma capitate, on a slender style....2 1 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, sessile. Shrubs....¢
= cGrOS:...a
2 Shrubs....b a Stamens 4, capsule 8-celled. A trailing evergreen. Twin-flower, Linnz’a | a Sta. 5, drupe bony, 3-5-celled. Erect, unbranched. Fever-root. Trios’TEum
b Cor. bell-shaped, reg’r. Berry glob., 4-celled, 2-seeded. Sympuoricar’pus. 2
b Cor. tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-celled, few seeded. c. Lonicr’Ra. 8
b Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. ¢. Drervit’/ta 4 e Leaves pinnate. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Elder. Sampu’cus 4 e Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-seeded. Handsome shrubs VIBUR’NUM 6
1. LINNA’A. Twin-flower.
Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous, with 2 bractlets at base. JoroLa bell-shaped, limb a little irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 longer han the other 2. Capsule 3-celled, but only 1-seeded, 2 of the cells being empty.—-A trailing evergreen herb, dedicated to Linnzeus, the first and
greatest of botanists. 3 10*
226 : THE FLORA.
L. borea’lis. The only species, a fine little plant, found in mcist woods in ecol eh. mates. It has long, thread-like, creeping stems, rooting at the joints, the up- right branches about 3’ high. Leavessmali, roundish. Flowers in pairs, rase- colored, nodding, at the top of the slender stalk. June.
2. SYMPHORICAR’PUS. Snow berry.
Calyx tube globose, limb 4~-5-toothed, Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed regular. Stamens 4-5, short. Fruit a globose berry, 4-celled but only 2-seeded, 2 cells being empty.—Small erect shrubs with oval, entire leaves, zose-white flowers in short clusters.
* Stamens and style included (2. e., not longer than the corolla)....1, 2 * Stamens and bearded style exserted (extending out of the corolla)....3
1 S.racemo’sus. Cult. Fis. in loose, leafy racemes. Berries snow-white, large.
2 S. occidenta’lis. Wolf-berry. Fls. in dense, nodding spikes. Berries white. N.-W. 8 8. vulga’ris. Coral-berry Fis. in axillary heads. Berries red. M.S. W.
3. LONICE’RA. Honeysuckle.
Calyx tube globular, limb 5-toothed, very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, 1imb 5-cleft, irregular or almost regular. Stamens 5.. Ovary 2 or 8-celled. Berry tew-seeded.—Climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves (that is, their bases growing together around the stem), entire on the margins.
§ Stem climbing, flowers sessile, whorled (in pairs in one species)....a & Stem mostly erect, leaves never connate, flowers in pairs....2 -a Upper pair or pairs of leaves united (con- nate) at base....b a Leuves all distinct, corolla ringent, (In gardens only.)....7, 8 b Corolla tube gibbous (swelled out on one side) ; at base, limb ringent....5, 6 Fig. 496. Trumpet Honeysuckle. b Corolla tube equal and slender(not gibbous) Flowers and the connate leaves. at the base....1 Bs 1 Corolla ringent, lower lip linear, upper 4-lobed....2—4 1 L. sempervi/rens. Zrumpet H. Cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, scarlet.
oO of al
a ae eee 7 é a
ee Nee eT ea ae ee ee .
ORDER 66.—HONEYSUCKLES. 227
2L.flava. Wiid-yellow H. Flowers in a terminal, 2 (or more)-whoried spike, pale yellow. Leaves glaucous. W.S. 3 L.grata. Wild-sweet #. Fis. in terminal and axillary whorls, reddish white. 4 L. Caprifo’lium. /ialian H. Fils. ina single, terminal whorl, red, yel., and white. 5 L. parvifio’ra. Small-fl. H. Leaves oblong, smooth and g:aucous beneath, Flowers 1/ long, yellowish and purplish, or crimson. ; 6 L. hirsu’ta. Hairy H. Leaves broad-oval, hairy and downy, green (not glaucous). Flowers sulphur-yellow. N. 7 L.Periclym’enum. Woodbine H. Fils. whorled, capitate, red and yellow, sweet scented. Leaves deciduous. Berries red. + 8 L.Japon’icum. Japan H. Flowers in pairs,- axillary, sweet-scented, deeply two-lipped, reddish. Leaves evergreen. + 9 Corolla gibbous at base, lobes more or less irregular. Wild....10-12 9 L. Tartar’icum. TZartarian H. Corolla scarcely gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, rose-color, handsome. Leaves cordate, obtuse. + 10 L. cilia’ta. Fly H. Corolla lobes short, erect, nearly equal. Berries red. 11 L. obdlongifo’lia. Swamp Fly H. Corolla deeply ringent. Pedicels long. Berries double, purple. Shrub 3-4f. high, swamps. N. 12 L.ceru’lea. Blueberried H, Corolla lobes short, subequal, yellow. Pedicels very short. Berries double, blue. N.
4, DIERVIL’LA. Bush Honeysuckle.
Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft. Corolla twice as long, limb 5-cleft and uearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsular fruit 2-celled, many-seeded.— Small erect shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary flowers.
D. trif’ida. Stem about 2f. high, branching. Leaves ovate, serrate, ending ir a
long, narrow point. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, the ovaries slender, about half ss long as the greenish-yellow corolla. Hedges and woods. June.
5. SAMBU'OCUS. Elder.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla regular, rotate, 5-cleft into obtuse lobes. Stamens 5. Stigmas sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded.—Shrube (5- 6f. high) or perennial herbs with pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves, Flowere (white) in cymes.
S. Canaden’sis. Sweet E. Leaflets 7-11. Cymes fiat. Berries dark-purple. swne 5. pu’bens. Red #. Leaflets 5-7. Cymes oblong, panicled. Berriesred. May.
228
THE FLORA.
6. VIBUR’'NUM.. Viburnum.
Calyx superior, small, persistent. Corolla rotate, limb 5-lobed, lubes obtuse. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1-3, sessile. Fruit a stony nut covered with soft pulp, that is, a drupe. Shrubs and trees with simple leaves Flowers white, in compound fiat cymes.
1V.
2V.
BV. 4V. 5 V. 6 V. TV.
8 V.
QV.
10 V. 11 V.
12 V.
§ Cymes radiant,—the outer flowers sterile and showy. Lvs. stipuled....Nos. 1,92 § Cymes not radiant,—the flowers all alike perfect. ... (a). a Leaves 3-lobed, palmately 3-5-veined, with setaceous stipules....Nos. 3, 4 a Leaves not lobed,—coarsely toothed, straight-veined. Cyme stalked..Nos. 5-% —finely and sharply serrate. Cymes sessile....Nos. 8, 9: —entire or nearly so....Nos. 10,11. Exotic,.... No. 12. lantanoi’des. Hobdle Bush. A handsome shrub some 8f. high, in rocky woods. Shoots often reclined and rooting again. Leaves round-cordate, serrate, downy on the veins ana petioles. Cyme sessile. Drupes ovate. May. Op’ulus. Lfigh Cranberry. Shrub 8-12f., in borders of woods, all smooth. Leaves 3-lobed, 3-veined, rounded at base, lobes pointed. Cymes peduncled. Fruit bright red, very acid, often used in sauce. June.
Variety, ro’seum. Snow-ball. Flowers all neutral, in globular cymes. Cult. acerifo’lium. Dockmackie. Leaves subcordate, 3-veined, lobes pointed, acutely den- tate, downy beneath. Stamens exserted. Drupes purple. 4-6f. Woods. paucifio’rum. Lvs. 5-veined at base. Stamens included. Drupes red. Mts, Rare. denta’/tum. Arrow-wood. Shrub 8-12f., with straight shoots and branches, all smooth. Leaves round-ovate, acutely toothed, on slender petioles. Fruit blue, with a concave-convex nut. Damp woods. June. pubes’cens. Leaves ovate, broad-dentate, hairy beneath. Shrub 2-3f. molle. Poison Haw. Downy throughout. Leaves broad-oval. acute, crenate- dentate. Fruit blue, nut grooved. In woods, Ky. to Fla. 10f. J/ay.
Lenta’go. Sweet Viburnum. Tree 10-20f., in racky woods. Leaves ovate and long-pointed, serrate ; petiole long, with wavy margins. Fruit at last glaucous- black, oval, eatable when ripe, in Autumn. Flowers in June.
prunifo’lium. Slack Haw. Sloe. Tree 16-20f., common in hedges and woods. Leaves shining, ova!, obtuse or barely acute, finely serrulate ; petioles short, scarcely margined. Fruit oval, green, then scarlet, then blue-black, sweet. J/ay.
Variety; ferrugin’eum, Possum Haw, has tasteless dripes. Leaves rusty
beneath. Southern. : nudum. Leaves oval varying to oblong and lance-oval, not shining: petioles not winged. Cymeson short stalks. Drupes blue, eatable. 10-20f. April-June. obova’/tum. Leaves small (1’ or less), obovate, obtuse, subsessile, dotted. Cymeas many, small, sessile. Fruit black. 12f. River banks. S | April. Tinus. Lauristine. Leaves lance-ovate, entire, thick and shining. China
Lz. ae
Ps ee Oo orc
Slate tS pete POA MORSE oie
ORDER 67.—THE MADDERWORTS. _ 229
Orver LXVII. RUBIACEA. The Madderwortg.
Plants with opposite, sometimes whorled, entire leaves ; the stipules between the petioles; the calyx adherent to the ovary; sorolla regular, inserted on the calyx tube;
_tamens inserted on the corolla and as many as its lobes;
aries 2, united; with the 2 styles more or .ess united.
Analysis of the Genera. § Leaves whorled. Herbs with square stems....a § Leaves opposite, with small] stipules between the petioles... .2 2 Ilerbs, with the flowers habitually 4-parted....3 2 Shrubs or trees....d 8 Fls. twin (always in pairs)....b 8 Flowers single (not twin)....¢ a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twin, fleshy, berry-like. Madder. Ru’sua. a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, dry, separable nuts. Sedstraw. Ga’Lium. b Two fis. on one ovary. Creeping stens. Partridge-berry. MITCHEL’LA. ce Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both never open- ing. Fils. axillary, solitary. D1o’pta. ce Carp. 2, 1-seeded, one never opening. Fls. axillary, clustered. SPERMACO’CE. ce Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla much exserted. Luets. Hotsto’nta., ‘ e Carpels 2, many-seeded. Cor. scarce exserted. Greenhead. OULDENLAN’DIA, d Flowers 4-parted, in globular hds. Button-hush. CEPHALAN’THUS. d Fis. 5-parted, cymes radiant with scarlet sepals. S. PincKner’ya
1. MITCHEL’LA. Partridge-berry Sy) Flowers 2 on each double ovary. Ca- Ao 4 lyx 4-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, oe See
hairy within. Stamens 4, short, insert- Fig. 497. Mitchella repens, whole
-edonthe corolla. Stigmas 4. Berries plant, with flowers and fruit. a, cross-
section of the dcuble fruit, showing the
composed of the 2 united ovaries. Jn. two ovaries.
24 ols EE LORA:
M. re’pens. Common in woods. Leaves round-ovate. Flowers white or pinkish Berries red, remaining through the winter.
2. HOUSTO'NIA. Bluets.
Calyx tube round egg-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular, much exceeding the calyx, limb 4-lobed, spreading, filaments 4, on the corolla.
:
Style 1. Capsule 2-lobed, half-free.-—Herbs. Stipules connected to the
petiole. Flowers never yellow.
$ Corolla salver-form, glabrous. Peduncles 1-flowered....a § Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles many-flowered, cymous....b a Flowers terminal. Small, delicate herbs....1, 2 a Flowers axillary. Small, delicate herbs....3, 4 b Leaves lance-ovate. Cymes terminal... .5 b Leaves lance-linear. Cymes terminal....6, 7. 1 H.ceru’lea, Dwarf Pink. Stems very numerous, upright, 3-6’. Root leaves ovate-spatulate. Flowers pale blue. May, June. 2 H.serpyllifo’lia. Thyme-leaved B. Stems thread-form, decumbert, 6-12’. Leaves round-ovate, petiolate, fringed. Flowers on long stalks, paie. S. 38 H.min’ima. Tiny B. Leaves linear-spatulate. Stems 1-38’ high. Prairies, 4 H. rotundifo’lia. Mound-leaved Lb. Lvs. roundish. Stems 2-5’. §. Mts. 5 H. purpu’rea. Prairie Innocence. Stems upright, much branched, 1f., with numer- ous clusters of roseate or white, very delicate flowers. W.S. 6 H. longifo’lia. Long-leaved J. Stems 4-10’, erect. Leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to end. 7 H. angustifo’lia. Narrow-leaved I. Stems 1-2f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowers numerous. W.S.
Orver LXX.—COMPOS IT. Asterworts.
An immense family of herbs or shrubby plants, with compound flowers, that is, the flowers (or florets) collected into close heads upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by an znvolucre of many bracts (called scales), with 5 stamens which have their anthers united into a tube around the
style, with the calyx tube closely adhering to the 1-celled ovary (an ache- —
nium in fruit), and the calyx limb crowning the ovary in the form ofa rappus consisting of scales, awns, bristles, or hairs, or else entirely want- me; the corolla consisting of 5 united petals, either strap-shaped (ligulate or tubular, and the style 2-cleft at the top.
In this Order the pupil witl remember that the heads are called radiate, when the outer flurets only have rays or are ligulate (see Fig. 498); radi-
OrDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. : 231
ant, when all the florets are ligulate (Fig. 504) ; discoid, when ali the florets are tubular, there being no rays (Fig. 509). The receptacle is the broad top of the stalk on which the florets sit (Fig. 499). Itis chaffy when there
are scales or bracts growing among the florets, and naked when none.
et or. =" e"
The tubular florets constitute the disk, and the ligulate, if any, the ray ; the disk is generally yellow, while the ray is about as often cyanic (that is, blue, red, white, or any color except yellow) as yellow.
Fig 498. A Sunflower.—head radiate. 9, Vertical secition of the head, showing the scales of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. Fig. 500. A per- fect disk-flower magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of the pappus, the 5-toothed tu bular corolla, the 5 stamens united around the branched style, and the chaff-scale at base. 1. Hea (radiate) of Solidago cesia. 2. A pistillate, lignlate flower of the ray. 8, A perfect disk-flower 4 A (radiant) head of Dandelion. 5. A perfect, ligulate flower. 6. Achenium, with its long beak and feathery pappus. 7. A (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimus. 8. A flower. 9. Zappa (Burd ck), head discoid. 10. A flower. 11. One of the hooked seales. 12. A (discoid) head of Eupatorium purpureum. 13. A flower. 14. Ambrosia (Pigweed). 15. Staminate head enlarged. '6& Pistillat- involucre enlarged. 17. The fertile flower.
232 THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sub-order First, TUBULIFLOR A, having all the perfect flowers tubular (§ 95), the ligulate fic vers, if any, imperfect
§ Heads of flowers radiate, with yellow rays....2 § Heads of flowers radiate, the rays not yellow....2 iTeads of flowers discoid (no rays). These genera, about 50 in number, such. as the Zansy, Wormwood, Boneset, lronweed (Figs. 248-250), Everlasting, Burdock (Fig. 509), Thistle, Hogweed (Fig. 514), and even Bachelor’s-button, are all, for want of room, omitted. (See Class Book of Botany, p. 410, &c.)
2 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leat'y stems....4 2 Leaves opposite or whorled on the stems, or all radical... .6 3 Leaves alternate or scattered on the leafy stem....7 3 Leaves opposite or whorled oa the leafy stem.. 3 Leaves all radical and the flowers on a scape....y 4 Receptacle chaffy (with bracts growing among the florets)....5 4 Receptacle with deep, horny ceils, like a honeycomb....e 4 Receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely convex....a 4 Receptacle not chaffy, conical or globular....f 5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle conical or columnar....g 5 Rays sterile, disk fertile. Receptacle flattish. Fruit flattened on the sides....h 5 Rays fertile, disk sterile. Receptacle flat. Fruit flattened same way as scales... .F 6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays sterile, disk fertile....0 6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays fertile, disk sterile....p 6 Receptacle chaffy. Rays fertile, disk perfect....q 6 Receptacle naked or destitute of chaffy scales....m 7 Receptacle not chaffy, naked of scales....8 7 Receptacle chaffy with scales among the florets. Lvs. finely divided....v 7 Receptacle chaffy with scales, &c. Lvs, undivided, merely toothed....w 8 Pappus of numerous bristly hairs....9 | 8 Pappus of 2 or 8 awns and minute hairs. Glabrous plants....t 8 Pappus wholly wanting, or only a membranous-margin....u 9 Involucre of unequal scales, imbricated in several rows....10. 9 Involucre scales nearly equal, narrow, and almost in one row....t 10 Pappus simple, the bristly hairs abundant and about equal....r 10 Pappus double, the outer row of hairs extremely short....s a Involucre scales imbricated in several rows....b a Involucre not imbricated, the outer scales very short or none SENE’CIO, | a Invol. not imbr., outer scales equal tothe inner. Marigold. CALEN’DULA. a Involucre not imbricated, outer scales longer than ye S. GaAILLAR’DIA b Pappus simple, the bristles all equal and of one kind.. b Pappus double, the outer very short and chaffy. Lvs. Land W.S. Curysop’sis b Pappus doniie 3 in the disk, none in the rays. Lvs. tcothed. S. HeteroTue’ca
de ae a oe
(FAS A Oe arr wre
URDER 70—ASTERWORTS. : 933
¢ Heads small, rays few (2-15)....d c¢ Heads quite large, rays narrow, about 30. Tall. ¢ Elecampane. IN’ULa. d Pappus scaly, very short. Root lvs. cordate. Rays4or5. 8. Bracuycu2#’Ta.
d@ Pappus abundant bristly hairs. Root lvs. not cordate. Goldenrod. Soxipa’eo. |
d lap. of a single row of equal bristly hairs. Ped. long, slender. S. Isopap’rts. e Involucre about 4-rowed. Rays 20-30. Head solitary. 8S. Batpwin‘tra. e Invo_zcre about 2-rowed. Rays 8-10. Heads corymbed. 8S. ActrnosPER’MUM. iM.y florets pistillate. Leaves decurrent. Sneezewort. WELE/NIUM. f Ray florets neutral. False Sneezewort, Lertor’opa. g Fruit (achenia) 4-angled. Heads large, showy. Cone-flower. RuDBECK’TA. g Fruit flattened, winged. Headsshowy. Rays droop. W.S. LeEp’acuys. n Achenia wingless. Pappus of 2 deciduous scales. Sunflower, HELIAN’TYUS.
h Achenia winged. Pappus of 2 persistent awns. Lvs. often decurrent. W.
Rag-Sunflower. ACTINOM’ERIS. k Achenia wingless, in more than 1 row. Coarse herbs with large heads. M. W. Leaf-cup. S1L’Puium. k Ach. winged, in only 1 row. Small, with middling hds. 8. Bertanpix’Ra. m Stems leafy, erect, about 2f. (or 1-3f.) high....n
-m Stemless plants, leaves radical, appearing after heads. Colt’s-foot. Tusstta’eo.
n Seales 5, united in l row. Leaves pinnate. French Marigold. TagE’Tes. n Scal, in 2 rows, the ont. united. Lvs. pinn. W.8. False Deg fennel. Dyso’pia, n Scales in 1 or 2 rows, all distinct. W.S. Arnica. AR’/NICA.
_ o Involucre imbricated in 3 or more rows of scales. Sunflower. HELIAN’THUS.
o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus of downwardly hispidawns. Burr Marigold, Bivens. o Invol. 2-rowed. Pappus upwardly hispid ifatall. Zick Sunflower. CorEop’sis, p Achenia wingless. Rays 5-12. Herbs viscid, 2-10f. high. S. Potym’nta, p Achenia wingless. Rays 5. Herbs 2-10’ high, at first stemless. Flowers \
early in Spring. W.S., CHRYSOG/ONUM.
p Achenia broadly winged. Rays 12-25. Coarse, tall herbs. M.S. W. Resin Weed, Polar Piané. SiL’PHicm. q Herbs 3-6f. high. Rays 1-5. Recept. flat. S.-W. Crown Leard. VERBEsI’NA. q Herbs 2-3f. high. Rays 6-9. Receptacle convex. S.-W. TrrracoNnoTHE’ca. q Herbs 2-6f. high. Rays 10-15. Recept. conical. False Sunflower. Heuiop’sis. q Shrubs 3-10f. high, with solitary heads. S. ‘_ Borricw’IA, r Ach. very silky, biggest at top. Rays about 5. False Aster. SrRIcocaR’PUs. r Achenia smooth or smoothish, flattened. Rays 6-100. Starwort. AsTER. s Wild plants 1-4f. high, with middle-sized heads (about 1’ broad), Dretopap’pts, s Garden plants 1-2f. high, with very large heads. China Aster, CaLLis’TEPAUS. t Herbs 2-8f. high, very smooth. . Leaves lanceolate, entire. W. Botto’nta. t Herbs 2-9f. high, hairy or rough. Rays 20-200. White-weed. Erie ERON. a Involucre bread and flattish. Pappus 0. Rays white. Ox-eye. LeucAN’THEMUM. u Involucre hemispherical. Pappus a membranous margin. Cult. Pyre’THRuM.
_ a Involucre hemispherical. Pappus 0..Lvs. lobed. Cultivated. Curysan’THEMUM. _u tiny. bell-shaped. Pappas 0. Lvs. entire. Rays violet-purp. W. ¢ Daisy. Bev’ us.
m CO kD
234 THE FLORA.
v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays pistillate. Camomile. ANTHEM’IB, v Disk florets yellow, perfect. Rays neutral. . May-weed. Marv’ta. v Disk florets white, perfect. Rays pistillate. Yarrow. ACHIL’LEA, w Rays short, white, 3 or4. W.S. Crown-beard, V ERBESI’/NA, w Rays very short, white, 5, ear-shaped. W. M. PaRTHE’/NIUM. w Rays very large, purple, pendulous. Purple Cone-flower. Ecutna’cka, x Leaves pinnately divided. Inner irvolucre of 8 united scales. ¢ Daw’tta. x Leaves simple. Receptacle conical with large chaff. t ZIN’NIA, x Leavessimple. Receptacle flat. Rays rose-color. Tick-seed. Corzop’sis. x Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays white, short. W. Ecuip’ta. ¥ Heads in corymbs. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. +r. Narpos/MIA. y Heads solitary. Disk florets regularly 5-toothed. S, Daisy. Bev’ xis.
y Hds. solitary. Disk fits. 2-lipped, outer lip 3-toothed, inner2. 8S. CuHapta’Lta
Sub-order Second, LIGULIFLOR&A, having ail the florets ligulate (§ 96) and perfect, z. ¢., the heads radiant.
2 Flowers bright yellow....3 2 Flowers eream-color or purplish....5 2 Flowers blue. Stems leafy, erect....e 8 Pappus none. Involucre of about 8 equal scales....a 3 Pappus double, the’outer of scales, inner of bristles....b 8 Pappus wholly of feathery bristles....f 8 Pappus wholly of hair-like bristles, generally abundant....4 4 Fruit bearing the pappus on its slender beak....¢ 4 Fruit not lengthened into a beak, pappus sessile....d 5 Pappus consisting of equal, feather-like bristles....f 5 Pappus of simple, hair-like bristles, abundant....g a Leaves all alternate. Heads panicled. 7. Nipplewort. LAaMPsa’Na. a Leaves partly opposite. Heads solitary or umbeled. Pappus 0, 8. Apo’eon, b Leaves all radical, pinnatifid-toothed. Pappus scales 5, with 5 bristles. ¢. Dwarf Dandelion. Krie’ta. b Lvs. all or mostly rad., seldom pinn. Pap. scal.and brist. many. Cyn’raHia. c Stemless leaves runcinate. Pappus white. Dandelion, Tarax’acum. c Stems leafy or not. Pappus reddish or tawny. S. PYRRHOPAP’PUs. ce Stems leafy, leaves runcinate. Pappus silky-white. . Lettuce. Lactu’va. d Pappus brownish Stems mostly leafy, with many heads. e. Hauwkweed. Hrera’crum. d Pap. silky white. Stemless; scapes each with one head. W. TRox’mon. d Pappus silky white. Stems bear prickly leaves. ¢ Sow Thistle. Son’cuvs. e@ Pappus of many small scales. Branched stems 2f. high. Heads axillary, large. Common. Eastward, Succory. CicHo’RIUM. e Pappus of many hair-like bristles. 3-8f. Blue Lettuce. Muiex’pium. f Leaves on the stem linear, entire. Purpl. t Vegetable Oyster. TRagopo’@on. f Leaves all radical, toothed. Flowers yellow. Fruit taper-beaked. Hawkbit. Vrox’topon
B
ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. : 935
g Ach. with along beak, pap. silk-white. Heads erect. ¢. Wild Lettuce. Lactu’ca _ g Achenia not beaked, pappus dull-white. Hds, nod. ¢ Drop-flower. Nap’atts
3 10 _ “g Achenia not beaked, pap. dull-white. Hds. erect, purple. S. 7. Lyeoprs’ uta
520 518 522 Achenia of Asterworts, showing the varying pappus. Fig. 518. Acheniam of Eclipta, no pappus. Fig. 519. Horseweed (Ambrosia trifida). Fig. 520. Sunflower; pappus 2 teeth
__ Fig. 521. Ageratum,—5 scales. Fig. 522. Blue Lettuce,—many hair-like bristles. ig. 523. Wild _ Lettuce, pappus raised on a beak.
1. SOLIDA'GO. Goldenrod.
Heads few-flowered, the rays 1-15, pistillate, disk florets perfect. In- _ volucre oblong, imbricate, with close-pressed scales. Receptacle alveo- late, narrow. Pappus simple, of equal, hair-like, rough bristles.—Herbs, _ very abundant in the United States. Stem erect, branching near the top. Leaves alternate. Heads small, florets all yellow (in S. bicolor, whitish), _ opening from August to October. (See Figs. 501-503.) 4 Shrub woody, 1-8f. high. Heads with 1-8 rays. S....1 _ 4 Herbs. Heads without rays (discoid). S....2,3 - { Herbs. Heads with rays (1-15, generally small)....a = a Seales of the involucre with recurved, leafy, green tips....4, 5 J a Seales of the invsiucre erect, tips scarcely at all green....b D Heads (white or yeilow) in axillary, close clusters or short racemes....6-9 b Heads in terminal racemes forming a close or a spreading panicle....¢ b Heads in terminal compound corymbs....n c Racemes erect, not one-sided. Leaves feather-veined....d c Racemes spreading or recurved, the flowers all on one side.... d Alpine species (growing only on mountains). Heads quite large....10-12 _ d@ Not alpine—growing in plains or low grounds. Heads not large....e ____ e Plants very smooth, at least the stem and leaves.
Rays 4-7....18-15 e Plants downy or hoary with very close sofs hairs.
| Rays 9-12... 16, 17 _ f Leaves 3 or l-veined. Very smooth salt-marsh Lerbs....18,19
= Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c....g _ £ Leaves not veiny, thick, subcutive....27-29
_ € Teaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate ..k ? {
. a]
tng
236 THE FLORA.
# Leaves entire or very nearly so....20, 21 g Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous... ..22-24 g Leaves serrate. Stem roughish-pubescent....25, 26 k Stem downy or hairy. Leaves rough or not....30-32 x Stem smooth and glabrous. Leaves smooth or rough....m m Rays 6-12. Racemes close, forming a compact panicle....38—40 m Rays 6-12. Racemes distant, loosely or scarcely panicled....36, 37 m Rays 2-5. Racemes, or the panicle, long and slender... .33-35 n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem smooth....44-46 n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem rongh-downy....41-43 n Leaves linear, entire. Stems much branched, smoothish....47, 48 1 S. pauciflosculo’sa. Shrubby Goldenrod. Bush 2f. high, very smooth, with lanceolate leaves and the 5-flowered heads in erect, panicled racemes. 8S. 2S, discoi’dea. FraylessG. Disk florets 10-15. Racemes erect, panicle slender. S. 8 8. brachyphyl’/la. Chapman's G. Florets 5-7. Racemes spreading, one-sided. §. 4 S. squarro’sa, tagged S. Rays 10-15. Scales stiff, with spreading, green ' tips. Heads large. N. 5 S. squarrulo’sa. ough S. Rays 6-10. Scales awl-shaped, with slender, loose tips. S. 6 S. bi’color. Creamy S. Rays about 8, creamy-white. Plant hairy. Luvs, elliptic. 7 8. Buck’lyi. Buckly’s S. Rays 4-6, yellow. Plant woolly. Leaves oblong. 8. 8 S. latifo’lia. Broad-leaved S. Rays yellow. Plant smoothish. Leaves broad lanceolate, coarse-toothed. Seed downy. «. 9 S.ce’sia. Polished S. Rays yellow. Plant smooth and glaucous. Lys. lin.-lance- olate. Stem flexuous, tall, slender, A beautiful Goldenrod. Woods. ¢. 10 S. thyrsoi’dea. Thyrse G. Leaves ovate, long-stalked. Tall, 1-3f. nen Heads large. Coarse, showy. In mountain woods. 11 S.Virgau’rea. True G. Leaves oval, short-stalked. Low, 2-3’high. Heads about 30-flowered, few, often only one. 12 S.hum/ilis. Mountain G. Lvs. oblanceolate. High 6-12’. Heads about 12-flwd. 13 S. virga’ta. Vérgate G. Heads all in one raceme at top. 14 §S. stric’ta. Upright G. Heads in a panicle, which is narrow and erect. 15 S. specio’sa. Showy G. Heads in a thyrse-like panicle, large and very showy. Pedicels shorter than the involucre, pubescent. Leaves very broad. 16 S.verna. arly S. Whitish-downy. Lower leaves ovate. May, June. 8, 17 S. puber’ula. Dusty S. Dusty-puberulent. Lower leaves oblanceolate Panicle long, compound, dense. Scales acute. Aug. N. 18 S. sempervi’rens, Evergreen S. l.vs. lanceolate, thick, obscurely 3-veined & 19 S. angustifo/lia. Narrow-lv. S. Lvs. lance-lin. 1-veined, thick. Hds. small. 8 ~ 20 S.nemora/lis. Wood S. Plant dusty,roughish. Lvs. acute. Raysshowy. ¢ 21 S.rupes’tris. Rock S. Plant smooth. Lvs. acuminate. Rays very short. W 22 S. Missourien’sis. Missourie G. St. 1-2f. All glabrous. Panicle dense. W 23 S. sero’tina. Late G. Stem 3-6f. Leaf veins hairy beneath. Panicle loose 24S, gigan’tea. Giant G. Stem8-8f. Branchlets hairy, Leaves lanceolate
4 ee ee eh En
ORDEK 70.—ASTERWORTS. Rot
25 S. Canaden’sis. Canada G. Leaves pointed, rough. Panicle broad. ¢. 26 S. Short’ii. Short’s G. Leaves acute, very smooth. Panicle long, narrow. W. 27 S. pilo’sa. Hairy S. Hairy, 4-7f. high. Leaves remotely serrulate. N.-J. S$. 28 S. odo’ra. Sweet S. Stem downy in lines, slender, 2-8f. high. Leaves very en- tire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots. Fragrant. e. 28 S.tortifo’lia. Twist-lv.S. Stemrough. Lvs. often twisted, not punctate. 8. 86 S. altis’sima, Tali S. Stem hairy, 4-6f. Lvs. veiny, rough. Scales acute. ¢ 81 S. Drummon/dii, Drummond's S. Stem 1-2f. Lvs. velvety. Scales obtuse. W 82 S.rad’ula. asp-lv. S. Stemrough-downy. Lvs.oblong-spatulate. W. 88 S. ulmifo’lia. Him S. Branchlets hairy. Scales acute. Rays 3 or 4, disk fiow- erss3or4. N. W. saa $4 5. Boot’ii. oott’s S. Branchlets bairy. Scales obtuse. Rays 2-4, disk flowers 8-12. S. 85 S. linoi’des. Flux S. Smoothallover. Scalesobtuse. Rays1-4. 12-20’, N, 86 S. Mublenber’gii. Muhlenderg’s S. Lvs. large, thin, notched, smooth both sides. Heads 15-flowered. N. 37 S, pat’ula. Spreading S. Lvs. large, thick, very rough on the upper side. Stem 2-4f, branches leafy. Heads 20-flowered. N. 88 S. ellip’tica. Marsh S. Very leafy. Lvs. elliptic. Panicle dense, pyramidal. B9 S.argu’ta. Saw-lv. 3. Leaves few, elliptic, sharply serrate. Panicle spreading, 40 S. neglec’ta. eglected S. Leaves few, serrate, lin.-lanceolate. Panicle narrow. 41 S. Ohien’sis. Ohio S. Smooth all over. Lvs. obtuse, flat. Corymbed. W. 42 S. Riddel’lii, iddeli’s S. Branches, &c., dust-downy. Lvs. acute, concave. Heads corymbed.. W. 43 S. corymbo’sa. Corymbed S. Branches corymbed, hirsute. Outer secund. 44 S. Houghto’nii. Houghton’s S. Hds. few, very large. Otherwise like No. 41. N.-W. 65 S.rig’ida. Stiff S. Lvs. rigid. Heads verylarge. Scalesobtuse. Height 3-5f. 46S. Spithame’a. Dwarf S. Leaves thin, sharp-serrate. Scales acute. Height 6-12’. Mountains. 8. 47 S, lanceola’ta. Lance-lr. S. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-5-veined. Raya minute, about 17. Corymbs crowded, fragrant. ¢. 48 S.tenuifo’lia. Linear-lv. S. Leaves narrow-linear, one-veined. Rays short, about 10. More slender, with thinner clusters. .
2. HELIAN’THUS. Sunflower.
Heads many-flowered, rays neutral, disk-florets perfect. Scales of the involucre in several rows, more or less imbricated. Torus flat or convex, the chaff persistent, embracing the 4-sided, flattened achenia. Pappus of 2 chatfy awns, deciduous.—Herbs, mostly 2f, rough. Leaves opposite, the apper often alternate, mostly 3-veined. Heads mostly large, the disk
_ from half an inch to 1f. broad. Rays yellow, disk yellow or purple. July- Oct. (Figs. 498, &c.)
238 } THE FLORA.
§ Disk with its corolias and paies dark purple....a § Disk with its corollas and pales yellow....c iced a Herbs annual. Leaves chiefly alternate....1, 2 a Herbs perennial. Leaves opposite....b b Scales of the involucre acuminate....3-5 ~ b Scales of the involucre obtuse....6, 7 ¢ Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined....8-11 ec Leaves chiefly opposite and 3-veined or triple-veined ...d d Scales of involucre erect, closely imbricated....e d Seales loosely spreading. Heads large, 9-li-rayed....f d Scales loosely spreading. Heads small, 5-8-rayed....22- 25 e Plants green, rongh....12, 18 e Plants whitish, downy....14, 15 f Scales lance-linear, longer than disk, Leaves thin....16, 17 f Scales lance-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves thick....18-21 1] H.an’nuvs. Common S. Stout and tall (3-10f.). Heads large 6-10 across, nodding. Achenia (seeds) glabrous. A variety has all the flowers ligulate. 2 H.deb’ilis. Slender S. Slender, decumbent. Ileadssmall. Seedsdowny. S. 3 H. Rad/ula. Rasp-lv. S. Leaves roundish, rough, obtuse. Rays 7-10 ornone. §S, 4 H. heterophyl/lus. Jeaves oval, lanceolate, &c. Rays 12-18. Pales acute. S. 5 H. angustifo’lius. Leaves lance-linear, pointed. Pales 8-toothed. N.-J. S. 6 H.rigidus. Rigid S. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed. Scales ovate, acute. Rs. 12-20. W. 7 H. atrorubens. Livid S. Leaves ovate, obtusish. Scales oblong, obtuse. S. 8 H. gigan’teus. TZal/ S. Hairy, rough. Lvs. lanceolate, pointed, serrate. ¢. 9 H. tomento’sus. Velvet S. Very downy. Lower lvs. ovate, nearly entire. W.S. 10 H. grosse-serra’tus. Coarse-toothed S. Stem smooth. Leaves lance-pointed, sharp-serrate. Rays 15-20. W. 11 H.tubero’sus. Artichoke. Cultiv. Lvs. 8-veined, lower cordate-ovate. 12 H. letifio’rus, Laughing S. Branched. Leaves lance-oval, short petioled. 18 H. occidenta’lis. Western S. Stem slender, simple, mearly leafless above. 14 H. mol’lis, Svft S. Leaves ovate, cordate, sessile. Plant woolly. W. 15 H, cine’reus. Ashy S. Lvs. ovate-oblong, tapering to base. Ashy-downy, O. 16 H decapet’alous, Ten-ruyed S. Rays 9-12. Leaves all opposite. Stem 3-4f. N. M. 17 H, tracheliifo’lius. 7Zrach-leaved S. Rays 12-15. Branch lvs, alternate. 4-8f. W. 18 H. doronicoi’des, ulse Tiger-bane. Leaves petiolate, ovate, and lance- ovate, upper alternate. Scales longer than disk. Rays 12-15. W.S. 19 H. strumo’sus. Warty S. Leaves short-petioled, lance-ovate, all alike. Scales equalling the disk. e¢. A double-flowered variety is cultivated. 20 H. hirsu’tus. Hairy S. Leaves petiolate, hairy beneath. Scales hairy. W. 21 H, divarica’tus. Furked S. Leaves sessile, very rough, opposite or ternate. ¢. 22 H, microceph’alus. Smali S, Stem smooth, much branched. Lvs. narrow. W. 23 H Schweinit’zii. Schweinitz’s S. Stem downy, rough. Leaves white, downy. Car. 24 H. leviga’tus. Polished S. Stem and leaves very smooth. Not branched. 8S. Mts. 25 H. longifo’lius. Long-lvd. 8. Leaves lance-linear, acnte, smooth. Rays 8-10. Ga
ee
ORDER 70.—ASTERWORTS. | 239
8. BI'DENS. Burr-Marigold.
4 Involucre scales nearly equal, double, the outer generally large and leafy. Rays few (8-8, or sometimes none), neutral, disk perfect. Recep- tacle chaffy, flat. Achenia flattened or 4-sided, crowned with 2—4 awns shbich are hispid backwards.—Leaves opposite. July-Oct.
Rays inconspicuous or none....a # Rays quite showy, yellow....4, 5 a Achenia flattened, broadest at top....1-3 a Achenia slender, 4-sided....6, 7 1 B. frondo’sa. Leafy B. Leaves pinnately 3-5-fol., divisions distinct. Rays 0. 2 B.conna’ta. Leaves simple, lower ones sometimes 8-parted. Rays 0. _ 8 B.cer’nua. .Vodding B. Leaves simple, scarcely connate. Rays few or 0. : 4 B. chrysanthemoi’des. J/ud B. Lvs. narrow-lance., equally serrate, connate. 5 B. Beck’ii. Beck’s B. Lvs. mostly under water and very finely divided. M. 6 B. leucan’tha. White B. Heads small, with white rays. Lvs. pinnate. S. 7 B. bipinna’ta. Spanish Needles. Rays very short, yellow. Lvs. bi-pinnate
4. COREOP'’SIS. ‘Tick-seed.
Involucre many-flowered, double, each of 8-13 scales, the outer leafy,
_ the inner membranous. Receptacle flat, the chaff falling with the fruit.
_ Achenia flattened, often winged, emarginate, each commonly with 2 teeth
_ or awns which are not hispid downwardly as in Bipens.—Leares gener-
ally opposite. Heads showy (rarely without rays).
_ * Heads discoid (withont rays)....1, 2
_ * Heads radiate, rays showy....a
| a Disk yellow, rays also yellow, mostly entire....b
a Disk yellow, rays rose-colored, 3-5-toothed at the end....20, 21
a Disk purple, rays yellow with a purple base, toothed....18, 19
a Disk purple, rays wholly yellow, toothed at the end....14-17
_ bd Leaves petiolate, compound, with lanceolate, teothed divisions....3-5
bd Leaves petiolate, compound, with linear, entire divisions... .6, 7
b Leaves petiolate, simple, or some of them eared at base....8-10
____ Leaves sessile, 8-parted, divisions entire or not often, seeming whorled.., 11-i8
| : 1 C. discoi’dea. aylese T. Leaves on long petioles, ternately divided. W. @ 2 C. bidentoi’des. Leaves on short petioles, toothed, lance-linear. Penn. +. : C au’rea. Golden T. Leaflets 3-5. Outer scales about 8. Achenia 2-4-toothed. & _4C.trichosper’ma. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales about 8. Ach. slender, 2-'oothed
, 5 G.aristo’sa. Leaflets 5-7. Outer scales 10-13. Achenia 2 or 4-awned. W.
| = 6 C. trip’teris. Stem 4-8f. high. Hds. on short stalks. Rays 3’ long, entire. W.8
j 7 C. grandifio’ra. St. 1-2f. high. Heads on long stalks. Rays 1’ long, 4-5-eleft. &
$857 38
240 THE FLORA.
8 C. latifo’lia. Stem 4-6f. high. Rays entire. Leaves ovate, serrate. S.
9 C auricula’ta. Stem 1-3f. high. Rays 2-5-toothed. Lvs. often eared at base. 8 10 © lanceola’ta. Stem 2-8f. high. Rays 4-5-toothed. Lvs. lanceolate, entire. S. 11 C senifo’lia. Leaf divisions all entire, appearing in 6-leaved whorls. S.
12 C, verticilla’ta. Leaf divisions all again divided into narrow-linear lobes. W. 13 C. palma’ta. Lvs. deeply 3-cleft, wedge-shaped, lobes linear, not whorled. W. 44 C delphinifo’lia. Leaves sessile, 8-parted, the divisions cften lobed. S. 15 © gladia’ta. Swerd-lv. C. Leaves petioled, lance- olate, sometimes divided. Stem round. S. 16 C. angustifo’lia. Narrow-lv. VC. Leaves petioled, narrow-spatulate, entire. Stem square. S. a7 C. Gim‘leri. Ginler’s C. Leaves petioled, lance- ovate, entire. Stem round below. S§8. 18 GC. Drummon’dii. Drummond's C. Lys. pin- nately 3-5-foliate, divisions oblong oval, entire. t 19 C. tincto’ria. Dyer’s C. Leaves pinnately much divided, divisions linear, entire. t+ 20 C. ro’sea. Lose C.. Stem leafy, leaves narrow- linear, entire. Rays rose-white. E. 21 C. nuda’ta. Leafless (. Stem few-leaved, leaves awl-shaped, entire. Rays rose-red. S.
5. ASTER. Starwort.
Ileads many-flowered. Scales of the invo- lucre generally imbricated in two or more rows, and with green tips. Disk florets tubu- lar, perfect, rays fertile, in one row, oblong, revolute when old. Receptacle flat, marked with pits. Pappus simple, hair-like, rough. Achenium usually flattened. —A large genus of 2f herbs, very abundant in the United States, flower- ing in late summer and autumn. Leaves alternate; disk florets yellow, changing to purple; rays blue, purple, or white, never yellow.—The ape cies are very variable, and many of them are hard to distinguish.
Fig. 524. Aster levis,
* Radical and lower leaves cordate and petiolate....a * Radical leaves never cordate....c a Heads in locse corymbs. Rays white or whitish....1, 2 a Heads in racemes or panicles, clue or bluish....b 3% leaves evidently serrate; rays light blue, about 12, spreading ?’ ...8, 4 b Leaves entire or nearly so; rays bright blne, spreading near 1’....5-7 e Involucre scales tipped with green, or the outer ones wholly green....d ¢ Involuere scales with scarious margins or wholly searious....f
a
Orver 70.—ASTERWORTS. 24]
_ d Stem leaves c.asping, with a cordate or auricled base....e _ d Stem leaves sessile, rarely clasping, never cordate or auricled....19 e Involucre scales close, in several rows, outer ones gradually shorter....8, 9 e Involucre scales loose, nearly equal, outer ones often wholly greex....10-12 _ f Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, more or less rough....13-15 ¢ Leaves linear, fleshy, very smooth, entire. Salt-marsh herbs....16-18 1 A. corymbo’sus. Corymbed S. Slender, with thin, serrate leaves. 2 A. macrophyl’/lus. Big-led. S. Stout, with large, thick, ser., rough lvs. 18-rayet 8 A. cordifo’lius. Heart-leuved S. Involucre scales close, obtuse. Lvs. sharp-serrate. 4 A. sagittifo’lius. Arrow-leaved S. Scales awl-shaped, long, loose. Lvs. blunt-serrate. 5 A.azu’reus. Azure S. Stem leaves sessile, rough, lanceolate, and linear. 6 A. undula’tus. Stem lvs. on winged stalks, with rounded clasping bases, wavy. 7 A. Shor’tii. Shori’s S. Stem leaves on naked stalks, all cordate, pointed, entire. € A.patens. Patent S. Plant rough-downy. Leaves entire. Scales pointed. 9 A.levis. Polished S. Plant smooth and glaucons. Scales broad, acute. 10 A. prenanthoi’des. Lvs. sharply cut-serrate, with a long, slender, entire base. 11 A. punic’eus. Aed-st. S. Lvs. sparingly serrate, lance. Stem hairy, often red. 12 A. Nove-Anglie. New-England S. Leaves entire, rough, numerous. Rays . nearly 100, 3’ long. Stems 4-6f. high. A fine species, often cultivated. 13 A acumina’tus, Jeli S. Leaves coarsely-toothed, broad-lanceolate, long-pointed, often clustered. Rays white. In dark woods. N. 14 A. nemora’:is, Wood S. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, nearly entire, acute, with edges revolute. Heads 1-3. In damp woods. N. M. | 15 A, ptarmicoi’des. Sneezewort S. Leaves entire, stiff, acute. Heads corymbed. 16 A. flexuo’sus, Zigzag S. Heads large, with showy rays. Stem flexuous. 17 A, linifo’lius, Flax S. Heads numerous, with very short rays in 2 rows. 18 A. subula’tus, Heads with showy blue rays. Scales in2or3 rows. S é 19 Many species, very variable, here omitted. (See p. 420, Class Book.) & 4
4
6. ERIG’ERON. Fleabane. Whiteweed.
Heads many-flowered, mostly hemispherical, rays very numerons
_ (20-200), narrow, linear, pistillate ; disk flowers perfect. Receptacle flat, : naked (no chaff or pits). Scales of the involucre nearly equal and in one row. Pappus generally simple.—Herbs with alternate leaves. Rays white, blue, or reddish. Flowering from May to September.
| Rays showy, longer than the involucre. Heads large (3-1’ broad)....a : Rays obscure, shorter than the involucre, whitish. Heads very small....1, 2 | a Rays parple, very numerous. Heads loosely corymbed....3-5 a Rays white or whitish. Heads loosely panicled....6-8 | 1, Canaden’se. Canada F. Erect, hairy. Leaves lanceolate. Heads panicle i ) 2 E. divarica’tum Prostrate F. Low, diffuse. Lvs. linear. Heads corymbed. W
249 THE FLORA.
8G. bellidifo’lium. Daisy #. leaves nearly entire. Rays 50-80, bluish-p. 4 B, Fhiladel’phicum. Leaves nearly entire. Rays 150-200, reddish-purple. 5 E. quercifo/lium. Oak-lv. F. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid-toothed. Rays 100-200. 8 6 B.an’/nuum. Annual F. Stem leafy, 3-5f. high. Leaves coarse-toothed. 7 BE. strigo’sum, tough F. Stem leafy, 2-3f. high. Leaves nearly entire. 8 E. nudicau’/le. Waked F. Stem leafless, 1-2f. high. Rays about 30. 8S.
”. ACHILLE’A. Yarrow. Millfoil.
Heads many-flowered, rays few, fertile; receptacle flat, chaffy ; achenia flattened, margined, without a pappus.—2{ European herbs with small, 4-12-rayed heads in corymbs. J/une-Sept.
1 A. millefo’lium. Leaves twice pinnatifid with fine segments. Rays4orsd. ec. 2 A. Ptar’mica, Sneezewort, Leaves undivided, lance-linear, serrate. Rays 8-12. r.
8. TARAX’ACUM. Dan’delion.
Involucre many-flowered, double, the outer of small scales much shorter than the close, erect row of the inner. Receptacle naked. Achenia pro- duced into a long beak crowned with copious white, hair-like bristles of the pappus.—Acaulescent herbs with runcinate leaves. (Figs. 504-506.)
T Dens-leo’nis, Dan’delion. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed. Leaves run cinate, smooth, dentate.—In all open situations, blossoming at all seasons ex- cept winter. Scape round, hollow, lengthening after flowering, and bearing a globular head of seeds and seed-down, whose light and airy form is 4 very famil iar sight to all.
9. HIERA’CIUM. Hawkweed.
Involucre more or less imbricated, egg-shaped, many-flowered. Ache- nia not prolonged into a beak, striate. Pappus of rough, brittle, numerous tawny bristles in a single row.—2 Leaves alternate, entire, or toothed Florets yellow. July—Sept.
* Involucre and stalks smooth or nearly so....a * Involucre, stalks, &c., rough with glandular hairs....b a Heads with 50 to 60 florets....1 a Ileads with 10 to 20 florets....2, 8 b Heads with 40 to 50 florets....4 b Heads with 20 to 30 florets....5, 6 1 H. Canaden’se. Canada H. Stem leafy, corymbed at top. Leaves sharp toothed. N,
SES TE LER TAT IO LS FS ee OS
» ~
gL, hn ARIE pT RE TE Cel ly
OrvDER 71.—LOBELIADS. | 2495
2 H. panicula’tum. Panicled H. Stem leafy, widely panicled. Leaves fine-toothed,
8 H.veno’sum. Jovbin's Plantain. Stem almost leafless, corymbed. Lvs. entire. 4 H, scabrum, Rough H. Headscorymbed. Plant stiff, rough-hairy.
5 H. longip’ilum. Long-haired H. Plant clothed with straight bristles 1’ long. W
§ H. Grono’vii. Gronovius’ H. Plant slender, quite hairy below.
10. NAB’ALUS. Lion’s-foot.
Involucre cylindrical, double, the inner of many linear scales in one row, the outer of a few short scales at base. Receptacle naked. Achenia sinooth, striate, not beaked, crowned with a copious, straw-colored or brownish hair-like pappus.—Erect herbs, with a thick, tuberous, bit- ter root. Heads 5-18-flowered, white or straw-colored, often purplish. Aug.—Oct.
* Heads glabrous, pendulous. Leaves multiform in the same plant....a * Heads hairy, erect or nodding. Leaves reniform, undivided....7-9 a Tall (2-4f. high). Heads (8-12-fiowered) in a corymb-like panicle....1, 2 a Tall (2-6f. high). Heads in a long, raceme-like panicle....3, 4 a Low (5-10’ high), Heads racemed. Found only on high mountains....5, 6 1 N.al’ba, White Z. Pappus cinnamon-color. Leaves hastate, often lobed. 2 N. Fra’seri. Fraser’s ZL. Pappus straw-color. Leaves deltoid, often cleft. 8 N. altis’simus. Zuli Z. Heads 5-flowered. Leaves divided, or cleft, or entire. 4 N. virga’tus. Rod LZ. Heads 8-12-flowered. Lowest leaves pinnatifid 5 N.na’nus. Dwarf LZ. Outer involucre of short-ovate, close scales. 6 N. Boot’tii, Boott’s Z Outer involucre of linear, loose seales. 7 N.racemo’sus. acemed LZ. Heads nodding, 9-12-flowered. W. M. 8 W.crepidin’eus. Crepis Z. Heads nodding, 25-35-fiowered. W.S. 9 N.as’per. Hough L. Heads erect, 11-14-flowered. Panicle racemed. W.
SG: UXXl LOBELTACHAL.. Lobeliads.
Herbs with alternate leaves, scattered flowers, and often milky juice ; calyx superior ; cerolla irregular, 5-lobed, tube split down to the base; stamens 5, united into a tube both by the filaments and anthers; grary adherent to the calyx tube ; styles united into one;
ligma fringed ; fruit a 2-3-celled, many-seeded capsule.
LOBE’LIA. Cardinal-flower. Indian Tobacco.
The two upper lobes of the irregular corolla are smaller than the three
—
a4 THE FLORA.
lower. Stamens united into a curved tube. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule opening at top. Seeds very small—Flowers axillary, generally forming leafy or bracted racemes. July—Sept.
Stems leafy.. Stems leafless, on nearly all crowded at the root, under water....11, 12 a Flowers eee red or scarlet, large and showy....1, 2 a Flowers blue, varying to ginink: white....b b Stem stout, 2-3 or 4f. high. Flowers large, oe i” oe AP) b Stem slender, 6’-2f. high. Flowers small (2-3’ long).. e¢ Stem branched, racemes several, ioose, or flowers mS a c Stem generally simple, bearing a ae raceme....8—10 ] L. cardina’lis. Cardinal-fjwr. Stem smooth. fics oblong-lanceolate, acute. 2 L. ful’gens, MYexicun. Stem downy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, long-pointed. f 3 L. puber’ula. Leaves obtuse, denticulate. Raceme one-sided. Plant downy, 4. L. syphilit’ica. Blue C. Luvs. acute, slightly toothed. Racemes equal, hairy. 5 L.ame’na. Pretty C. Leaves acuminate, toothed. Racemes one-sided, smoothish. §8. 6 L. infla’ta. /ndian Tobacco. Hairy. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Pod inflated. 7 L. Kal’mii. alm’s C. Smooth. Leaves linear-spatulate, entire. Fls. blue-white. 8 L. Nuttal/lii. Nuttall’s Z. + Pedicels twice as long as the flowers. Leaves linear, extremely slender. 8S. M. | 9 L. spica’ta. Spiked LZ. Pedicels as long as the flowers. Racemes dense, Leaves oblong. | | 10 L. leptostach’ya. Slender-spiked I. Pedi. none. Lvs, lance-oval, smooth. Ww 11 L. Dortman’na. Water Z. Root leaves linear, terete, hoilow, fleshy. Scape long. -12 L. paludo’sa. Marsh LZ. Root leaves linear-oblong, flat. Stem tall. 8.
g 5
Orpver LX XII. CAMPANULACEX. Bellworts.
Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves ;
flowers mostly blue and showy, with a superior
calyx; aregular and mostly campanulate 5-lobed corolla ; with thé 5
stamens usually separate, and ovary adherent to the calyx arate ; and with the 2—5-celied pod crowned with the remains of the calyx.
Analysis of the Genera.
Calyx tube very short (below the flower). 7 _CAMPAN’ULA, 1 ‘Calyx tube long and three-angled. SPECULA’RIA
wana
:
z : bs we: = * % »
< 4 “
_ vessel, 2 placentz in each cell. 9. Seed cut
ORDER 72.—BELLWORTS. 245
CAMPAN’ULA. Bell-flower. Harebell.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or wheel-shaped, its 5 lobes valvate in the bud, closed at the base inside by the valve-like ( bases of the 5 stamens. Pod open- ing on the sides——2f Herbs with axillary or terminal flowers. June- October.
ELL Llores
va
Bey
Fig. 526. The Harebetl, the whole plant. 7. Ovary of Canterbury Bells, with 4 a broad filament, s,an anther, and 7, the hairy style. §. A cross-section of the curious 5-celled seed-
open, showing the large embryo. Fig. 530. Flower of American Bellwort. Fig. 531. Flower of Patent Bellwort.
§ Corolla wheel-shaped, flat, in leafy spikes....1, 2 § Corolla bell-shaped, &c., broadly or narrowly....a
a Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or panicled....b a Flowers sessile or nearly so. Stem erect. Gardens....7-9
b Flowers large (6-12’’ broad). Root leaves unlike the stem leaves....3, 4 b Flowers small (2-5’’ broad). Leaves all similar in form....5, 6 1 C. America’na. American B. Stem tall (2-4f.). Leaves pointed at ends, smooth.
_ 9 C. planiflo’ra. Stem low (7-12’), simple. Lvs. thick, shining, obtuse, or acute. {
4 |
8 C. rotundifo/lia. arebell. Stem weak. Root lvs. roundish, stem lvs. linear, 4 ©. persicifo/lia. Peach 6. Stem erect. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers very broad. + | C. aparinoi’des. Bedstraw B. Stem reclining, rough backwards. Flowers white, 6 C. divarica’ta. Patent B. Erect. Panicle wide. Leaves toothed. Fls. blue. S, 7 C.glomera’ta, Flowers crowded above, funnel-shaped. Plant smooth. t 8 C.me’dium. Canterbury B. Flowers distant, very large, obtuse at base. t+ 9 C.lanugino’sa. Woolly B. Flowers scattered, rather large, acute at base. 4
Kitna
tab
246 THE FLORA.
-
Orper LX XIII. ERICACEH. Heathworts.
Herbs, or more generally shrubs, with simple, often evergreen leaves ; jlowers regular or nearly so, 4 or 5-parted; etals rarely almost distinct; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, and the anthers oddly appendaged and generally opening by two terminal pores; the style 1, and the ovary 4—10-celled, with albuminous seeds.
fig. 582. Azalea procumbens. 8. A flower enlarged. 4. A stamen, much enlarged, showing the lengthwise opening of each of the cells. 5. Cross-section of a 5-celled capsule of Rhododen- ‘dron, showing the inflexed margins of the valves. 6. Pyrola secunda. 7. A flower enlarged 8 A stamen enlarged, showing the terminal tubes and pores. 9. Cross-section of a 5-celled, many-sceded capsule. Fig. 54). Checkerberry (@aultheria). 1. A flower enlarged. 2. A berry. 8 Vertical section of the ovary, showing the free, fleshy calyx. 4 Anther of the Vaccinium Vitis-I[dez. 5. Stamen of Bearberry (Arctostaphylos). 6. Awned stamen of a Blueberry ( Tae- cinium),
ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. 0 949
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Shrubs or trees, or shrublets....2 § Herbs evergreen, with green herbage and leaves....m § Herbs leafless, without verdure. Bracts scale-like....n 2 Calyx adherent, crowning the berry in fruit....a 2 Calyx free from the ovary, or inferior....3 8 Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla....4 8 Petals entirely or very nearly separate and distinct ...5 4 Flowers 4-parted. Stamens 8....b 4 Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 5 or 10...._ 5 Pods 2 or 8-celled, cells only 1-seeded. Southern....k 5 Pods 3-celled, cells many-seeded....g 5 Pods 5 or 7-celled, cells many-seeded....h 6 Corolla urn-shaped (oval or globular), lobes small....¢ 6 Corolla not urn-shaped, open or spreading....e a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and 10-seeded berries. Huckleberries. GaYLussa’cia. a Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and w-seeded berries. Blueberries. V accry’ttm. a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, reflexed. Fr. red. Cranberry. Oxycoc’cts. a Trailing shrublets. Corolla 4-cleft, spreading. Fruit white.
Boxberry. Cutoe’ENEs. vb Leaves linear-acerose, whorled or crowded. Cultivated. Heath, ER’tca. b Leaves oval-lanceolate. Shrub, 4f. high. Penn. S. Miike Tsk Wie
c Pod dry, opening bet. the cells. Lvs. lin. N. c¢ Pod dry, opening into the cells....d
[camel
ce Drupe fleshy, 5-seeded. Shrubs trailing. Bearberry. ARCTOSTAPH’YLOS. |
c Berry fleshy, many-seeded. Little shrublets. Checkerberry. GAULTHE’RIA. a4 Shrublet moss-like, on high Mts. Leaves linear. Moss Andromede. Casst’oPx.
d Shrubs with ample leaves. Pod-valves entire. Andromede, ANDROM’EDA.
d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes. Sorrel-tree. OXYDEN’DRUM. e Corolla saucer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits. Laurel. Kav’Mta.
e Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing. Muy-flower. Epviaa’a. |
e Corolla funnel or bell-form, with spreading lobes....f t Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small. Mts. N. H. Lrerose.evu’rta. f Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-exserted. Corolla funnel-form. AZaA’LEA.
f Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), exserted. Corolla bell-form. Bay. RuopopEN’prRon,
g Leaves alternate, deciduous, serrate. Flowers racemed. CLE’THRA g Leaves mostly opposite, evergreen, entire. Flowers umbeled.
Sand Myrtle. LEIoPHYL LUM.
h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla regular. Labrador Tea. LE’/pum, h Flowers 5-parted. Corolla irregular. RhHopo’RA.
h Flowers 7-parted, regular. Stamens 14. 8. Bera’RIa.
at
248 _ ‘THE FLORA.
k Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 8-seeded pod. §&. Evtrot/t1a.
k Flowers 5 parted, with 5 stamens. Leaves lanceolate, entire. 8. CyryL’ua.
k Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. Lvs. lanceol., entire. 8. My Loca’ryvum. m Flowers racemed, many. Perennial, low, smooth, erect. Pyr/’oLa, m Flower solitary, one only. Perennial, small. N. 7 Moner’sEs. t Flowers corymbed, few. Leaves evergreen, thick. Pipsissiwa. CHIMAPH’II A. 9
n Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish, &c. Jndéian Pipe. Monot’ropa.16
n Corolla gamopetalous, bell-shaped, in a short spike. S&S. ScHWEINIT’ZIA.
n Corolla gamop., egg-shaped, in a loose rac. Albany Beechdrops. PrERos’PoRA.
1. OXYCOO’CUS, Cranberry.
Calyx superior, 8-cleft. Corolla 4-parted, with lance-linear, reflexed segments. Stamens 8, anthers tubular, 2-parted, opening by oblique pores. Berry globular, 4-celled, many-seeded.—Trailing and very slen- der, with woody stems, alternate, thick, narrow, entire leaves, and acid, eatable fruit. Flowers purplish. June.
1 O, palus’tris. Bog C. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves ovate, 2-4’’ long. Pedicels terminal, 1-flowered. 2 O, macrocar’pus, Market C. Stems thread-form, trailing. Leaves oblong, 4-6” long. Pedicels axillary, 1-flowered. 8 O. erythocar’pus, bush C. Stems 1-8f. high, erect. Leaves oval, pain ser: - rulate. Petals not reflexed at first. S. Mountains.
2. CHIOG’ENES. Boxberry.
1 C. hispid’ula. Running B. A little woody creeper, 4 to 6’ long, in old woods, northward. Leaves many, small, oval. Flowers white, 4-parted. Berry white. Plant tastes like Checkerberry. (Fig. 547.)
wr i \
(D 0 Ose TAS an . ni 2
Fig. 547. Boxberry, the entire plant,
8. GAULTHE’RIA. Checkerberry.
Calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bractlets at base. Corolla urn-shaped, the limb of 5 short, revolute lobes. Stamens 10. Capsule 5-celled, invested by the calyx, which becomes a pulpy berry.—Little shrubby or half-sbrubby plants, with alternate, evergreen leaves. (Figs. 540-542.)
ORDER 73.—HEATHWORTS. | 249
_ @, procum’bens. Common Checkerberry, or Wintergreen. Branches ascending 3’
from the prostrate, slender root-stock, which is usually concealed. Leaves obovate, and few nodding flowers, all clustered at top of the stem, and spicy 1n flavor. Berries scarlet. Flowers in Summer, white. —
4, KAL’MIA. Calico-bush. Mountain Laurel.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with 10 prominences beneath, and 10 corre- sponding pits within, holding the 10 anthers. Filaments recurved. Bor- der with 5 shallow lobes. Capsule 5-celled, many-seeded.—Beautifu shrubs, with entire, evergreen, leathery leaves, Flowers white and red,
- inracemed corymbs. May-June.
1 Flowers in terminal coryrmbs. Leaves smooth, thick....2, 3 1 Flowers in lateral corymbs. [eaves rusty or downy beneath....4, 5 1 K. hirsu’ta. Hairy LZ. Flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, red. Plant hairy. Leaves mostly scattered, acute, sessile. 1-2f. 8S. 2 K. latifo’lia. Great L. Leaves scattered, green bothsides. Corymbs large, rose white, numerous and very showy. 3-20f. 8 K. glau’ca, Polsshed LZ. Leaves opposite, glaucous-white beneath, revolute on the margin. Corymbs small, lilac. 2-3f, 4 K, cunea’ta. Wedge-leaved LZ. Leaves scattered, wedge-oblong. Corymbs small, roseate, each of 4-6 flowers. Plant 3-df. S. 5 K. angustifolia. Sheep-poison. Leaves opposite and in 3’s, blunt at each end. Corymbs small, deep purple. 38-4f.
5. EPIGZA’A. May-flower.
Calyx large, 5-parted, with 3 bracts at base. Corolla salver-form, tnhe hairy within, limb of 5 spreading lobes. Stamens 10. Anthers open by slits. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Little trailing shrubs.
E. repens Trailing Arbutus. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Corolla tube cylin- drical. Stems slender, flat on the ground, 10-15’ long. Leaves evergreen, rounded at the end, 2’ or more long. Flowers tinged with red, very fragrant. April, May.
6. AZA’LEA. Azalea.
Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, somewhat irregular, with § spreading lobes. Stamens 5, and, with the 1 style, long exserted, curved toward the lower side, Anthersopen by pores. Capsule 5-celled,
5-valyed.—Erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, deciduous, entire. Flowers
large, showy, fragrant, clustered. April—July.
1i*
t
250 THE FLORA.
§ Lobes of the calyx all (rarely 1 excepted) very short or miaute....1, 2 § Lobes of the calyx all oblong, and of conspicuous length....3-5
1 A. visco’sa. Clammy Swamp Pink. Flowers very viscid, appearing wth the full-grown leaves, the tube much longer than the segments. Shrub 4-7f White or roseate.
2 A.nudiflo’ra. Pinxter Bloom. Clusters naked, appearing with or before the young leaves. Corolla tube downy, scarcely longer than the segments. Branches often whorled. Colors pink, purple, white, buff, &e. +
6 A calendula’cea. Flaming Pinxter. Young branchlets downy, corymbs aearly or quite leafless. Tube of the corolla hairy, shorter than the ample lobes.
Common. Penn. 8.& W. Flowers very many, fiame-color, bright red, saffron-
yellow, &e. +t
4 A. arbores’cens. Tee Azalea. Branches smooth. Leaves glaucous beneath.
Corymbs leafy with full-grown leaves. Corolla tube longer than the lobes, not
viscid. Height 10-20f. Mountains. S.
5 A. Pon’tica. Asiatic A. Flowers viscid, with full-grown leaves. Tube wida-
mouthed, as long assegments. All colors. t
7. RHODODEN’DRON. Rose Bay.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broad, campanulate, regular or slightly irreg- ular, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly declined, anthers opening by pores. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.—Shrubs with alternate, entire, evergreen leaves. Flowers umbeled, splendid.
§ Calyx lobes large, leaf-like. Exotic....7 § Calyx lobes small, scale-like....a a Leaves small, obtuse at each end. Mountains....1,2 a Leaves large, acute, rusty or silvery beneath....5, 6 a Leaves large, acute, glabrous beneath....3, 4 1 R.Lappon’icum. Lapland R. - Shrub 5-10’ high. Luvs. sealy, elliptic. N. 2 R. Catawbien’se. Catawba &. Shrub 3-5f. high. Leaves smooth, oval. S. 3 R.max’/imum. Great &. Leaves oblanceolate, acute, paler beneath. Flowers in large umbels, white, with yellow dots. Rocky woods, 4 R.Pon’ticum. Aszatic &. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, not paler beneath. Flowers large, purple, variegated. 6 R. puncta’tum. Dotied-lf. k. Lvs. with rusty, resinous dots beneath. Mts. 8, § RB. arbo’reum. TZree k. Leaves with silvery spots beneath. Asia. ft % R.In’dicum, Jndian &. Leaves rough, wedge-lance. Fls. few together. +
8. PYR/OLA. False Wintergreen.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, equal. Stamens 10, anthers large, turned outwards, opening by 2 pores at the obtuse top. Style thick. long; stig-
EE
OrvER 73.—HEATHWORTS. | 25)
mas 5, often projecting like rays. Pod 5-celled, 5-valved, opening into the cells, many-seeded.—2{ Low, evergreen herbs, almost woody, with the leaves generally radical, and the scape bearing a raceme of nodding flow- ers. Mostly northern. June, July. 2 Stamens ascending, style declined and curved....a § Stamens and style straight and erect....5, 6 a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or z:ose-colored....1, 2 a Leaves green, not shining. Flowers greenish-white....3, 4 1 P. rotundifo’lia. Hound-leaved P. Lvs. orbicular. Mostly white petals. (Fig. 14., 2 P. asarifo’lia. Heart-leaved P. Leaves round-cordate. Rose-colored petals. 8 P.ellip’tica. Pear-leaved P. Leaves large, thin, elliptical, on short petioles. 4 P. chloran’tha. Green-fl. P. Lvs. small, thick, roundish, shorter than petioles. 5 P.secun’da. One-sided P. Raceme with the green- white flowers all on one side. 6 P. minor. Lesser P. Raceme spike-form, with small, globular, white fls. Mts.
9. CHIMAPH'ILA. Pipsissiwa.
Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, spreading, round. Stamens 10. Anther cells lengthened above into tubes. Style very short, thick. Capsule 5-celled.—Small evergreens, with oblong, ser- rate, clustered leaves, and terminal flowers. June, July.
1 C. umbella’ta. Prince’s Pine. Leaves wedge-lance- olate, in 4’s-6’s. Umbel 4-7-flowered, on an erect stalk, July.
2 C. macula’ta. Spotted P. Leaves lanceolate, acumi-
nate, marked with ‘vhitish streaks along the midvein. Flowers 2ur3. (See Fig. 548.)
10. MONOT’ROPA. Pine Sap.
Ualyx of 1-5 bract-like sepals. Petals 4 or 5, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla. Stamens 8-10. Capsule 4~5-celled, 4~-5-valved.—Low herbs growing on the juices of other plants, all white or tawny, with scales instead of leaves.
1™. uniflo’ra Jrdiar Pipe. Sepals 1-8. Flower \ solitary, scentless. Stem 6’ high, common in 7 woods. Whole plant white. Summer.
2 M. Hypop’itis. Pine Sap. Downy, tawny. Sepals 4,5. Flowers racemed, fra grunt. Stem d-8’ high. Root a tangled ball of fibres. Aug.
548
252 : THE FLORA.
OrpDER LXXIV. AQUIFOLIACEA. Hollyworts. Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves without stipules ; ; flowers small, axillary, sometimes polygamous, with a minute free calyx; corolla 4-6-parted, hypozynous, imbricate in the bud ; stamens on the very short tube of the corolla alternate with its petals; ovary free, becoming a drupe-like fruit with 2-6 stones or nutlets.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Flowers habitually 4-parted. Drupe with 4 bony, sulcate nutlets. | ILEX. 3 § Flowers habitually 4-parted. Drupe with 4 horny smooth nutlets. Shrub 4- 6f., with oblong entire leaves. Pedicels slender. Drupes red. NEMOPANTHES.
§ Flowers habitually 6-parted. Berry with 6 (7, 8) smooth cartilaginous seeds. Prinos. 2
1. ILEX. Holly.
Flowers 4- (rarely 5-) parted, mostly perfect but many abortive. Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Petals 4, slightly united at base. Stamens 4. Stigmas 4 or united into 1. Drupe red, the 4 bony nutlets ribbed and fur- rowed on the back. Flowers white, single or clustered in the axils.
I. opa’ca. American Holly. A handsome evergreen tree, 15-30f. high, in woods, Mass. to Florida. It has thick, smooth, oval, toothed leaves, spinescent at apex and margin. Flowers clustered, June. Drupes ripe in late autumn.
The other species, 6 in number, are very rarely found growing N. of Maryland.
2. PRINOS. Winter-berry.
Flowers perfect but often fruitless. Stamens 6 (rarely fewer in the bar- ren, rarely more in the fertile flowers). Berry 6-seeded, seeds with a smooth cartilaginous testa. Shrubs with small white flowers.
1 P. verticilla’tus. Black Alder. A shrub %-12f., very ornamental in fruit, found in wet places. The bark is nearly dlack. Leaves small, elliptical, pointed, pubescent be- neath. Berries scarlet, in close bunches as if verticillate, all winter.
2 P.glaber. Ink-berry. Shrub 3-4f., with thick, shining, wedge-lanceolate, evergreen leaves toothed at the end. Berries black. The other (4) species are less common.
ORDER LXXV. STYRACACEA. Storaxworts.
Trees and shrubs with alternate simple leaves, perfect flowers, 4—8-parted ; stumens 2-5 times as many as the petals and inserted on their united bases style 1. Ovary adherent. Fruit 1-5-seeded. Mostly Southern plants.
Analysis of the Genera. 1 STYRAX. Storax. Shrubs in wet erounds (Va. to Fla.), with drooping racemes of wh.te showy flowers. Stamens twice as many as the petals. April-May. 2 HALE’SIA. Snow-drop Tree. Trees 10-50f., in woods, Va. to Fla., oftencult. Fls peo dulous, white, showy, earlier than the abrupt!y pointed paved: Two kinds. § SYM’PLOCOS. Small tree. 10-20f. Fis. yellow. Stamenso. Fruit 1-seeded. S.
is seb 2H
ORDER 78.—PRIMWORTS. | 253
Orpen LXXVIII. PRIMULACEX. Primworts. |
Fig. 549. Primuia Mistassinica, the whole plant. Fig. 550. The corolla cut open, showing the stamens on the tube. 1. The plan of the flower, showing the stamens opposite the petals. 2. The calyx and ovary. 3. The fruit cut open, showing the seeds on the central placenta. Fig. 554. Dodecatheon Meadia, whole plant. 5. A single flower, natural size. Fig. 556, Fruit (jz xis) of Anagallis, with its lid open, showing the seeds
Herbs low, with the leaves either radical or mostly opposite; with the flvwers 5 (rarely 4 or 6)-parted; the corolla monopetalous, regular; the -stwmens inserted on the corolla-tube and opposite to its lobes; the ovary 1-celled, with a free, central placenta; style 1; stigma 1; the capsule 1-celled, many-seeded; seeds with fleshy albumen.
204 ‘THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Stemless. Leaves all radical, scape bearing an umbel....a * Stems leafy. Flowers yellow, corolla wheel-form (tube none)....b * Stems leafy. Flowers whits, red, &c., never yellow....2
& J.eaves whorled, at least those near the flowers. Corolla white....¢
8 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary....d
@ Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers white....e a Cor. tube egg-shaped, lobes short, spread. Dwarf’ Primrose. ANDROSA’CE. a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes spreading. Primrose. Prim’tna. 1 a Corolla tube cylindrical, lobes reflexed. American Cowslip. DoprcatH’zoN, 2 b Corolla 5- parted, without intermediate teeth. Loose-strife. Lystmacw’ta. &
b Corolla 6-parted, with 6 intermediate teeth. Racemes axillary. NauMBER’GIa. ce Fils. 7-part. Lvs. entire, in a single whorl. Chick Wintergreen. Trienta’.is, 4 ¢ Els. 5-parted. Leaves finely pinnatifid, in water. Feather-foil. Horro’nta.
d Plant prostrate, with scarlet corollas. Pimpernel. ANAGAL’LIS. 5 d Plant erect, with no corolla, but white calyxes. Black Saltwort. Guaux. e Fis. 5-parted, panicled. Plant 8-15’ high. Water Pimpernel, Sam’ouvs.
e Fls. 4-parted, axillary. Plant 1-2’ high. Deoarf Pimpernel. CENTUN’cUUUS.
de PRIMULA. Primrose. Auricula.
Calyx angular, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, or often rather funnel- shaped, with 5 entire, or notched, or bifid lobes. Stamens 5, included. Pod opening at the top, many-seeded.— 2 Herbs with the leaves all rad- ical, and the flowers showy, in an umbel on a scape.
* Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants wild, rare....1, 2 * Corolla salver-form, limb abruptly spreading. Plants cultivated....3, 4 * Corolla funnel-form, limb gradually spreading. Cultivated....a a Leaves hairy, rugose, toothed, or crenate, or wavy at edge....5, 6 a Leaves smooth, plane, entire, or sometimes crenate....7, 8 1 P. Mistassin’ica. Mistassins P. Smooth, green, 3-8’ high. Flowers 1-8, flesh-colored. On lake shores. N. First seen on L. Mistassins. 2 P.farino’sa. Bird's-eye P. Mealy, 8-10’ high. Flowers 8-20, lilac-yellow Shores of the great lakes. N. P grandiflo’ra. Common P. Petals obcordate, notched, yellow, purple, &e. 4 F purpu’rea. Purple P. Petals obtuse, entire, dark-violet, never yellow. ft 5 P. officina’lis. Cowslip P. Lvs. hairy. Outer fls. nodding, border concave. ¢ 6 P.eia’tior. Oxlip P. Leaves smooth above. All fls. nodding, border flat. 4 7 P Auric’ula, Auricula. Lvs. and calyx mealy-glaucous. Bracts very short. ft 8 P.calvci’na. Cup P. Lvs. white-edged, calyx inflated. Bractslong. Purpl. ¢
ORDER 78._PRIMWORTS. 255
2. DODECATH’EON. American Cowslip.
Calyx 5-parted, reflexed. Corolla tube very short, limb rotate, 5-parted, with the limb reflexed. Stamens 5, inserted into the throat of the corolla, filaments short, anthers long, acute connivent at apex, but shorter than the style.—2 Leaves all radical, oblong, scape erect, bearing an umbel of nodding rose or white flowers. May, June. (Fig. 554.)
D Mea’dia. Pride of Ohio. A striking and elegant plant, in prairies throughout tlre Western States. Scape 1-2f. high. Petals white or pink. Stamens yellow. t
3. LYSIMACH’IA. Loose-strife.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tube very short, limb 5-parted, spreading. Stamens 5, on the base of the corolla, filaments often united. Pods 5-10- valved. Seeds several or many.—2 Leaves opposite or whorled, entire. Flowers mostly yellow. June, July.
sa ~ 4% rs | Se Pee
‘ § Erect Peduncles several-flowered, or flowers panicled....a § Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers racemed....8, 9 § Erect. Pedicels 1-flowered, flowers axillary....1 § Prostrate, creeping. Pedicels (or umbels) axillary....10, 11 a Leaves thick, rather obtuse, with the edges rolled back....4, 5 a Leaves thin, acuminate, with the edges not rolled....6, 7 1 Leaves mostly opposite, on petioles fringed with hairs....2, 3 1 L. quadrifo’lia. Whorled Z. Leaves whorled in 8’s, 4’s, and 5’s, sessile. 2 L. ciliata. Fringe-lf. L. Leaves ovate, often cordate. Stems mostly branched. 8 L.hib’rida. Hybrid LZ. Lvs.lance-oblong, opposite or whorled. Stems branched 4 L. asperifo’lia. Rough-lf. Z. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Panicle bracted. S. 5 L. longifo’lia. Long-lf. Z. Lvs. lance-linear. Fls. large, scarcely pan. W. 6 L. lanceola’ta. Lance-lf. Z. Lvs. whorled in 4’s, lance. Upper fis. racemed. S. 7 L. Fra’seri. Fraser’s ZL. Leaves opposite, ovate, often cordate. Panicle large. S, 8 L. stric’ta. Strict Z. Leaves nearly opposite, narrow-lance., with bulblets. 9 L.Herbemon’ti. Herbemont’s LZ. Lvs. whorled, in 4’s or 5’s, lance., acuminate. 8. 10 L.rad’icans. Rooting LZ. Branches rooting atthe end. Leaves lanceolate. 11 L. Nummula’ria. Moneywort. Stem simple. Leaves roundish, very obtuse
4, TRIENTA'LIS. Chick-wintergreen.
Calyx and corolla 7-parted. Stamens 7. Pod many-seeded.—y Stern _ low, simple. Pedicels 1-flowered. T. America’na. American C. A pretty little plant, common in woods northward.
Stem 3-5’ high, bearing several lanceolate teases in a sort of whorl at tcp, and from their midst, 1 or more white, starlike flowers. May, Juve.
| \3
296 THE FLORA.
5. ANAGAL’LIS. Pimpernel.
Calyx and corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5. Pod globular epening by a lid all around (i. ¢., a pyxis).—Herbs with square stems and opposite leaves. (Fig. 556.)
A arven’sis. Scarlet P. Poor-man’s-weacher-glass. A small, trailing plant, in fields, roadsides, &c. Leaves sessile, broad-ovate. Pedicels 1-flowered, axillary. Flower red, rarely blue. Opening at 8 a. m., closing at 2 Pp. m., and in damp weather not opening at all. (See the figure, 557.)
Ss gy
* oe ————
OrDER LXXX. PLUMBAGINACEA. Leadworts. Herbs or undershrubs. eaves alternate or all clustered at the root ; fiowers regular, 5-parted, with a plaited, persistent calyx ; stamens hypogynous, opposite to the petals or inserted on their claws , styles 5, ovary free from the calyx. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Style 1, with 5 stigmas. Pod opening by valves. Leaves cauline. PLUMBAGO, 3 § Styles distinct, at least above. Utricle not valvate. Leaves radical....(a) a Styles glabrous, with slender stigmas. Scape branching. STATICE. 1 a Styles plumous, with slender stigmas. Scape simple, capitate. ARMERIA.2 .
1. STAT’ICE. Marsh Rosemary.
Cale funnel-form, limb scarious, 5-nerved and 5-parted. Petals almost distinct. Ovary crowned with the 5smooth slender styles. Utricle open- ing crosswise. 2f Herb with the scape branching, the flowers each 3-bracted.
18. Limo/nium. Plant 8-15/ high, in salt marshes. Leaves all radical, oblong to oblan
ceolate, acute, tipped with a bristle, long-stalked. Scape paniculate, flowers blue- purple, separate or in pairs, on the upper side of the branchlets. July-Oct.
PO ia ee a ei el he ae ee eee ee
Be * I ’ -
OrvER 81—BUTTERWORTS. Rae
ARME'RIA vulga’ris, Thrift, is another sea-coast plant, sometimes cultivated, hay: ing a tuft of linear leavesat base, and a bunch of rose-colored flowers at top of the scape.
PLUMBA’GO Capen’is, Leadwort, has pale blue fis. resembling Phlox. Cultivated.
OrDER LXXXI. LENTIBULACEH. Butterworts.
Herbs growing in water or wet places with bilabiate flowers on scapes; calyx of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla with a spur behind, throat bearded ;
stamens 2, included. Styles, 2, ovary free, capsule many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Leaves broad, entire. Corolla throat open. Calyx i-parted. Growing in wet rocky places, chiefly South. Butterwort, PINGUICULA. §$ Leaves finely dissected, sometimes 0. Corolla throat closed. UTRICULARIA. 1
1. UTRICULA’/RIA. Bladderwort.
Calyx 2-parted. Corolla irregularly bilabiate, spurred. Stamens 2. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod round, 1-celled. Plants loosely floating or fixed in the mud. Leaves mostly present, furnished with little sacks (utricles) filled with air which floats them. Scapeerect. Summer. (Fig. 98.)
-* Flowers purple....Nos. 1,2
* Flowers yellow....(a) a Plants rooting in the mud....Nos. 3-5 a Plants floating in the water....(b) b Plants buoyed by a whorl of inflated petioles....No. 6 b Plants buoyed by air-bladders on special branchlets....Nos. 7, 8 b Plants buoyed by air-bladders on the leaves.... (ce) c Flowers of 2 kinds, the Zipless down on the stems....No. 9 c Fiowers all alike and borne on the scapes....(d) d Flower-stalks 2-12, nodding in fruit, on each scape....Nos. 10, 11 d Flower-stalks 1-5, erect in fruit on each scape.... Nos. 12-15 1 U. purpu’rea. Leaves whorled, on the long floating stems. Fls. 6’ broad. Ponds. 2 U. resupina’ta. Leaves scattwed on the creeping stems. Flowers 4’. Muddy shores. 3 U.cornu’ta. Scape tall (8-12’), scaly, 2-5-flowered. Fils. large, spur decurved. 4 U. subula’ta. Scape 2-5’ high, very slender, flowers few, small. Spur inflexed, 5 U. biparti’ta. Scape 2-3’, flowers 1-3, on slender pedicels. Lower lip of the cor olla entire. South. § U. infla’ta. Floating stem long. Scape 6-10’ high, flowers 4 or 5, 8’’ broad. 7 U.interme’dia. Leaves crowded, in 2 rows, rigid. Fls. 2 or 3, spur conical. 8 U. Robbin’sii. Leaves alternate, thread-like. Fls. 4-7, spur fusiform. 9 U. clandesti’na. Stem-fiowers solitary, bud-like. Scape with 2 or 3 fis. seldom seen. 10 U. vulga’ris. Scape with 5-12 fis. Corolla throat closed. Spur conical. 11 U. minor. Scape with 3-6 fis. Corolla throat open. Spur blunt, very short
258 7°) SPE FLORA,
ed
12 U. stria’ta. Scape 1f., with 2-6 fis. Cor. upper lip striate with red ; lvs. forked. 18 U. biflo’ra. Scape 5’, with 2 fls. Lvs. root-like, capillary, with many bladders. (4 U. gibba. Scape 2-3’, with 1-2 fis. Lvs. hair-like, with few bladders. Spur giddous.
_Orper LXXXII OROBANCHACEA. Broom-rapes.
Herbs without green foliage, growing on the roots of other plants ; flowers irregular, monopetalous, with 4 (didynamous) stamens ; vary free from the calyx, 1-celled, with 2 or 4 parietal placente ; capsule enclosed within the withered corolla, with very many seeds.
Genera.
1 EPIPHE’GUS Virginia’na. Beech-drops. A smooth, dull red, leafless plant, Jf., with sessile flowers all along the branches. Upper fis. sterile. Grows in Beech woods.
2 CONOPH’OLIS America’na. Sguaw-root. A simple, thick, short stem covered with scales, the flowers in the axils of the upper. Calyx split down in front. Yellowish.
38 PHELIP#’A Ludovicia’na. A branched, thick. scaly, downy stem 6-12’, with the fis. all perfect, in crowded spikes. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla lips subequal. Tilinois.
4 APHYL’/LON. Broom-rape. Stems underground, sending up peduncles or scapes 5’, each bearing a nodding purplish flower, with a curved tube and spread limb.
OrperR LXXXIII. BIGNONIACE.X. Trumpets.
Plants with opposite leaves, destitute of stipules, often climbing ; flowers gamopetalous, irregular, 5-parted, showy ;
stamens 5, but only 2 or 4 of them perfect, and didynamous ;
ovary 2-celled, with 1 style, forming a dry pod with winged seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition contrary. Leaves pinnats. TEoo’IA. 1 Stamens 4. Pod valves and partition parallel. Leaves binate BIgNO’NIA. Stamens 2. Pod straight, cylindric. Trees Leaves simple. CaTAL’PA. 2
1. TECO’MA. Trumpet flower.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla trumpet-shaped, with a 5-lobed, nearly regular limb. Stamens didynamous, 4, with the 5th a small rudi- ment. Pod with the partition contrary to the valves.—Trees or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves digitate or pinnate. Flowers red.
@ ‘Spat eae
OKDER 83.—TRUMPET'S. | 259
Fig. 558. Flower of Catalpa. Fig. 559. The Corolla cut open. showing the 2 perfect stamens and the 3 rudiments of stamens Fig. 560. A 2-winged seed of Catalpa. Fig. 561. Flower of the Trumpet Creeper.
| T.radi’cans. Trumpet Creeper. Climbing by radicating tendrils, Leaflets 9-11, ovate, acuminate, toothed. Corollatube thrice longerthan thecalyx. Stamens included. A weli-known, splendid climbing vine. Summer.
2 £.Capen’sis. Cape 7. Climbing.: Leaflets 7-9, round-ovate, serrate. Stamens aud style exerted. Corollatube curved. + S. Afriva.
8 T. grandifio’ra. Chinese T. Climbing. Leaflets 9-11, pointed, ovate, toothed. Two glands on the nodding pedicels. Corolla tube scarce longerthan calyx. 4
2. CATAL’PA. Catalpa.
Corolla unequally bell-shaped, 4 or 5-lebed. Stamens 2 perfect, with 3 rudiments. Capsule long, cylindric, with 4 thick partition.
» ©. bignonioi’des. Trees with large, broad- ovate, cordate, velvety leaves, and ter- minal panicles of showy, white, varie- gated flowers. Common.
Fig. 562. A panicle (size much diminished) of Catalpa. x
260 THE FLORA.
Onver LKXXV. LOGANIACES.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with the
stipules small or mere ridges connecting the base of the petioles ; flowers 4 or 5-parted, gamopetalous, regular ; | sowry free; fruit 2-celled, many-szeded, or few-seeded
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Corolla tubular, lobes 5, valvate in the bud....a
§ Corolla bell-shaped, lobes 4 or 5, imbricate in the bud....b a Styles wholly united into 1. Corollatube long. W.S. Srigu’Lia. | a Styles distinct, with the stigmas united. Fls. small, white. S. Mrrre’ona.
b Flowers 4-parted. Diffuse, low herbs. M.S. Polyprenum. PoLyPRe’MUM.
b Flowers 5-parted. Slender climbing shrubs. S. GELSEM’INUM. 2
1. SPIGE’LIA. Pink-root.
Calyx segments linear-subulate. Corolla narrowly funnel-form. Stamens 5. Capsule 2-celled, few seeded.—Herbs with the flowers — in a terminal one-sided coiled spike.
S. Maryland’ica. Maryland P. Stem square, erect. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceo- late. Corolla 4 or 5 times longer than the calyx, scarlet June.
Fig. 563. Spigelia; the spike uncoils as the flowers open. Fig. 564. A flower, natural eliza
ee
ORDER 86 —FIGWORTS. | 261
2. GELSEMI’NUM. ‘Yellow Jessamine.
Calyx lobes oblong. Corolla funnel-bell-form, with 5 short, roundish lobes. Filaments 5, on the corolla. Stvle thread-form with 2 double stigmas.
G. sempervirens. A shrub very common, South; with long, wiry, twining stems, ascending bushes and hedges. Leaves evergreen, shining, lanceolate. Corolla tube 1 inch long, golden-yellow.
Orver LXXXVI. SCROPHULARIACEHX. Figworts.
a
570
YQ i \\/ 6 :
Fig. 565. The Yellow Foxglove (Dasystoma pubescens). 6. Mature fruit. 7. Cross-section of the 2-celled capsule. 8, A stamen enlarged. 9. Monkey-flower (Mfimulus vingens). Fig. 570. Calyx with the corolla partly removed, showing the didynamous stamens in pairs, with the stigme Above the highest pair. 1. Sections of the 2-celled, many-seeded capsule. 2. Plan of the flower, showing the position of the fifth rudimentary filament. 3. Linaria vulgaris, leaf, aud personats bi-labiate, spurred flower. 4. A winged seed.
262 THE FLORA.
aes
Plants mostly herbaceous, with unsymmetrical flowers, without fragrance calyz mostly 5-parted, free from the ovary, persistent;
corolla bi-labiate or otherwise irregular, lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens on the corolla tube, 1 or 3 of the 5 usually imperfect or minute; wary 2-celled; style 1; stigma 2-lobed; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical....2 * Herbs with the leaves opposite or sometimes whorled....4 * Trees with large cordate leaves and large blue panicles....a 2 Flowers diandrous, having but 2 perfect stamens....¢ 2 Flowers didynamous, having 4 stamens, 2 of them longer....8 2 Flowers pentandrous, having the 5 stamens all perfect....b 8 Corolla bi-labiate, with the throat closed (personate)....d 8 Corolla bi-labiate, throat open, upper lip arched....e 3 Corolla rather bell-shaped, with 5 nearly equal lobes....f 4 Flowers with only 2 perfect stamens....g 4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens, the 5th scarcely appearing....5 4 Flowers with 4 perfect stamens and a Sth sterile distinct filament....m 5 Corolla 2-lipped, the limb quite irregular....6 5 Corolla limb nearly regular, with 4 or 5 me ain, spreading fobeas: ~6 Stamens included in the tube of corolla, eeneraliae in vasa ¥ 3 6 Stamens ascending beneath the arched upper lip....m 6 Stamens descending into the sack-shaped lower lip....h a Corolla trumpet-shaped, stamens arched downwards. Fragrant. ¢ PAvLow’Nia. b Corolla wheel-shaped, stamens declinate. Scentless. Mudlesn.VERBAS’cuM. 1] Corolla 4-lobed, minute, white. Plant small. Lvs. radical. 8. AmpHiaNn’THUS. Corolla 4-lobed. Fls. spiked. Lvs. mostly radical. Scape 1f. N.-W. Synrui’ris. ec Corolla deeply many-cleft, variously colored. Lvs. cleft. f ScuIzan’THUS. d Corolla protracted into a spur behind. Racemes leafy. Zoad-flax. Lrya’Rta. d Cor. swollen intoa sack behind. Rae. leafy. + Snap-dragon. ANTIRRHI’NUM. e Bracts lobed, generally colored. Anth.-cells unequal. Painted-cup, CASTILLE’JA. e Bracts and leaves entire, green. Flowers purplish. Chaff-seed. SOHWAL’BEA. e Bracts and leaves serrate, green. Flowers yellow. Lousewort. PEDICULA’RIS. f Tall, erect, with large, nodding flowers. Gardens. oaxglove. Dierra’.is. f Low and minute. Corolla equally 5-cleft. In mud. AMudwort. LimosEL’La. f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, gibbous at base. + Mexico. MAURAN’DIA. f Climbing, slender. Corolla large, equal at base. ¢ Mexico. LopnosPER’MoUM. g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments minute or 0. GRaTI’oLA. 38 g Corolla labiate. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filam. forked. Mud-flower. ILysan’THus, g Corolla labiate. Calyx 4-parted. Flowers very small. Semi-flower. HEMIAN’TRCS. g Corolla rotate, with 4 nearly equal lcbes, lower smallest. Speedwell. Vuron’Iva. 4
Q ©
Le)
<he
a ee el ee ee Bed Bo el! |
ae
ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 263
h Handsome herbs, 1-2f. high, with flowers blue and white. | Innocence. Coiutn’sta. E k Leaves serr. Sts. square. Palate of lower lip prominent. Monkey-fl. Mr’utvs. ¢ k Leaves many-cleft into fine divisions. W. Conobea. COoNno’BES. k Leaves entire. Coroila protracted into a spur behind. Toad-flax. LINa’ria. 2 Leaves entire. Cor. not spurred. Small, obscure weeds. W. M.S. HeERpEs’tis, m Fis. yellow, in a terminal, one-sided spike. Yellow-rattle. RuINAN’THUS. m fls. white, small, in a term. one-sidedspike. Mts. Zye-bright, Eupnra’sia. m Fls. yellowish, axil., or in a leafy, equal spike. Cow-wheat. MELAM’PYRUM.
n Sterile filament shorter than the rest, smooth. Snake-head. CueLo’ne. 7 n Sterile filament long, projecting, bearded. | Beard-tongue. PENTSTE’MON. n Sterile filament a scale on the brown corolla, figwort, SCROPHULA’BIa.
o Corolla purple, in along, slender spike. Leaves lance-ovate. Biue-hearts. BucHNE’RA. o Cor. purp. or rose-white, axillary. Lvs. narrow-lin., entire. GERaAR’DIA. 8 o Corolla yellow, and 5-lobed as well as the calyx....p p Stamens scarcely longer than the tube of the corolla....q
- p Stamens long-projecting, with very large anthers. S. MACRANTHE’RA
q Stamens guite unequal in length. Sepals very short. Dasys’toma. 9 g Stamens about equal in length, anths. all perfect. Sep. long.W. SEYME’RIA.
1. VERBAS’CUM. Maullein,
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, slightly irregular. Stainens 5, all perfect, filaments woolly, at least the three upper ones. Pod round- ish egg-shaped, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Mostly © herbs. Flowers in spikes, or panicles, or racemes. Leaves alternate. June-August.
1 V. Thap’sus. Common UM. Tall, woolly. Leaves decurrent. Flowers spiked, 2 filaments smooth.
2 V. Blatta’ria. Muth M. Branched, smooth. Leaves serrate. Flowers racemed. Filaments violet-woolly.
8 V. Lych’nitis. White M. White-downy, branched. Leaves crenate. Flowers panicled. Filaments white-woolly.
2. LINA’RIA. Toad-flax.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate with the throat closed by the prom- inent palate, upper lip reflexed, lower 3-cleft, tube inflated and spurred behind. Pod 2-celled, bursting below the top.—Herbs with the lower leaves generally opposite, the upper alternate. Flowers solitary, axillary, often forming leafy racemes. June—September.
1 L. vulga’ris. Sutter and Eggs. Leaves lance-linear. Flowers large, yellow anc orange, in a close raceme, Erect.
264 THE FLORA.
® L. Canaden’se. Canada T. Leaves linear, obtuse. Flowers small, blue, loosely racemed. Stem erect. ;
8 L. Blat’ine. Pointed 7. Leaves ovate-hastate. Flowers small, yellow, and puar- ple. Stem prostrate.
38. GRATI‘OLA. Hedge-hyssop.
Calyx nearly equally 5-parted. Oorolla upper lip entire or slightly — 9-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, mostly with 3 sterile filaments. Pod 2-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.—Low herbs with opposite leaves. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, usually with 2 bracts near the calyx June-August. § Flowers on peduncles. Plants weak, smooth, or viscid....a § Flowers sessile or nearly so. Plants rigid, bristly-hairy. S....8, 9
a Sterile filaments thread-like, tipped with a small head....b
a Sterile filaments none, or very minute and pointed....5-7
b Leaves entire or nearly so. Plants smooth....1, 2
i$ Cagis
b Leaves toothed. Plants generally viscid-downy. Flowers white....3, 4 ;
1 G. officina’lis. Offcinal H. Stem erect. Leaves clasping. Fls. whitish. 8.
2G, au’rea. Golden H. Stem ascending, branched. Leaves sessile. Flowers yellow, showy.
8 G. visco’sa. Viscid H. Leaves ovate-lanceolate. Sepals and bracts lanceolate. S
4 G.ramo’sa. Branching H. Lvs. linear-lance. Bracts minute. Sepals linear. 8.
5 G. spherocar’pa. Jound-fruited H. Peduncles not longer than calyx. Pod
globular. W. [ealyx. 8.
6 G. Florida’na. Florida H. Peduncles long. Corolla four times longer than the
7 G. Virginia’na. Virginiun H. Peduncles long. Cor. twice longer than calyx.
8 G. pilo’sa. Hairy H. Leaves ovate, toothed. Corolla scarce longer than calyx. 8.
9 G. subula’ta, Awl-lv. H. Leaves narrow, entire. Cor. thrice longer than calyx. 8S.
4, VERONICA. Speedwell.
Ualyx 4-parted. Corolla with a wheel-shaped, spreading, 4-cleft bor- der, the lower segment smallest. Stamens 2, inserted into the tube, pro- jecting. Sterile filaments 0. Pod flattened, mostly obtuse or notched at the apex, 2-celled, few or many-seeded.—Mostly herbs, with opposite leaves. Flowers small, solitary, axillary, or racemed, blue, flesh-color, or white. March—September.
§ Erect, tall (14#-4f.). Flowers in dense terminal spikes....1, 2 ¢ Low, weak (3-12”). Leaves opposite. Corolla tube very short....a a Racemes mostly opposite, from the axils of the leaves, sky-blue....3, 4
a Racemes mostly alternate, from the axils of the leaves, light-colored....5, @ a Racemes terminal, or the flowers axillary and not raeemed....b
ee
ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. ? 265
b Fldral leaves like the rest, not longer
than the recurved peduncles....7-9 Aa, b Floral leaves bract-like, longer than the HS, erect flower-stalks....¢ ie
¢ Perennial. ' Flower-stalks equalling or Wy
exceeding the calyx....10, 11. | e Annual. Flower-stalks shorter than aie the calyx, or none....12, 18 yo 1 V. Virginia’na. Culver’s Physic. Leaves | whorled. Corolla tube longer than limb. 2V.spica’ta. Spike-flowered S. Leaves op- posite. Corolla limb longer than tube. t \S 3 V. Anagal’lis. Water S. Leaves ses- \ sile, cordate-clasping, ovate-lance. 4 V. America’na. Brooklime. Leaves S " [=
petiolate, oblong-ovate, base round-
: ish or cordate. _ 5 V.scutella’ta. Marsh S. Leaves linear. ) ' Riucemes very slender, few-flowered. Af = as
6 V. officina’lis. Common S. Lvs. obovate- 515 a,
elliptical, finely serrate. Racemes dense. Fig, 515. Speedwell ( Veronica serpylli- 7 V. Buxbaum’ii, Luxdaum’s S. Lvs, folia), whole plant. Fig. 576. Plan of the roundish-ovate, Pod triangular-ob- ower: 0, is the 2-celled ovary; 8, the 2 cordate. Fields. KE. stamens; 7, the 4 petals; sp, the 4 sepals. 8 V. agres’tis. Neckweed. Lvs. cordate- Fig. 577. Cross-section of the pod, show
. ovate. Pod roundish, «cutely notch- ing its 2 cells, &c. . ed. Fields. E.
9 V. hederefo’lia. Jvy-leaved S. Leaves cordate, roundish, 3-5-lobed. Capsule 4-seeded. M. Rare. [than long. «¢.
10 V. serpyllifo’lia. Thyme-leaved S. Flower-stalks longer than calyx. Pod broader 11 V. alpi’na. Alpine S. Fl.-stalks as long as the calyx. Pod obov. Hairy. White Mts. 12 V. peregrina. Purslane S. Smoothish. Leaves petiolate, oblong, few- toothed, fleshy. . 18 V. arven’sis. Corn S. Hairy. Lower leaves ovate, crenate, petiolate; upper lanceolate, sessile, entire. Stem 2-6’ high. In fields. Cormmon.
5. COLLIN’SIA. Innocence.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped, throat closed, upper lip bifid, lower lp trifid, with the middle segment keel-like, holding the style and 4 stamens in a kind of sack. Capsule roundish.—Annual herbs.
1 C.verna. arly Collinsia, or Innocence. Corolla 2 or 8 times longer than the calyx
Plant 8 to 18’ high, tender and delicate. Leaves lance-ovate, dentate, opposite Flowers variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. M. W.
a
266 THE FLORA.
2 O.parviflo’ra, Smaill-flowered I, Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, blue. Plantsmall. N.-W. ~
=
lower lip spreading, with a prominent palate, S74 | S-lobed. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded.— Herbs ps N “Ss prostrate or erect, with square stems, opposite | Za ( WW ies leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. July. N Wa * Species from California, cultivated in gardens....3, 4 ; * Species growing wild, in fields, road-sides, &c. Fis.
bine ....1, 2 578 !
1 M.rin’gens. Ringent M. Stem not at al} winged. Fig. 578, Collinsia verna Leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than the %g-579. Section of a flowes, flower. ¢. full size.
2M. ala’tus. Wing-stem 2f. Stem slightly winged. Leaves petiolate. Pedun- cles shorter than the calyx. 8 M. lu’tea. Yellow M. Flowers yellow, often spotted. Leaves round-ovate. 4 4 M. cardina’lis. Cardinal M. Fs. scarlet, large and brilliant. Leaves ovate. ¢
7. CHELO’NE. Turtle-head.
Calyx deeply 5-parted, or the sepals distinct. Corolla inflated, upper lip broad, concave, lower 8-lobed, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, woolly, with a 5th sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds many, broadly wing-margined.—2 Plants about 2f. erect, with opposite serrate leaves. Aug.—Sept.
1 C purpu’rea. Purple T. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers purple. Probably a variety of the next. W. M.
2 C.gla’bra. White T, Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white 1 purplish. By brooks and wet places.
8 O. Lyo’ni. Laon’s T. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, rarely cordate. Fls. purple or ‘vhite. 8.
8. GERAR’DIA. Purple Gerardia.
Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Corolla tnbular, swelling above, with 5 unequal, spreading lobes, which are shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, quite unequal by pairs, included, hairy. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded.—@® Erect and branching herbs, with opposite, sleuder leaves, and large, showy, purple or rose-coivred flowers. July--Serl
ORDER 86.—FIGWORTS. 267
§ Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers very smali. W. (Omitted., § Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal....a a Corolla bi-labiate, upper lip very short, erect. S. (Omitted.) a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading; throat usually hairy....b b Leaves almost none; opposite scales instead. S. (Omitted.) — b Leaves all alternate, filiform. S. (Omitted.) b Leaves opposite....¢ ec Peduncles not longer than the calyx. Leaves linear....1, 2 ec Peduncles much longer than the calyx. Leaves linear, long....4 d Flowers large, about 9’” long....3, 4 d Flowers small, about 6’” long... .5, 6 1 G. mariti’ma. Sea-side G. Leaves linear, fleshy. Fls. small, their stalks scarce as long as the truncate calyx. Cor. upper lobes fringed. Salt marshes. E, 2 G. purpu’rea. Purple G. Leaves linear. Peduncles shorter than the calyx, which is a truncate tube with setaceously aeute teeth. Flowers 1 long. Common. 8 G.as’pera. Rough-lv. G. Pedune. twice longer than calyx, which has teeth. W. 4 G. linifo’lia. #lax G. Peduncles many times longer than the toothless calyx. 8. 5 G. tenuifo’lia. Slender G. Leaves linear, 1’ long. Peduncele 1’, longer than the corolla, which is purple, with spots inside. Slender, branched, 6-127 high. e. 6 G. seta’cea. Brisile-lv. G. Leaves linear-setaceous, the floral ones much shorter than the very long peduncles. Plant 12-18’ high. Flowers rose-color. W.
9. DASYS’TOMA. Woolmouth.
The characters are the same as in Grrarptia, except that the calyx is 5-cleft, and imbricated in the early bud; the corolla yellow, with tuba longer than the lobes, and woolly inside; the leaves rather large, and
. mostly pinnatifid, and the root 2f. Flowers very showy. Plants 2—4f. high. July—Sept. (Figs. 565-568.)
§ Sepals finely toothed. Leaves all pinnatifid, with toothed lobes... .4, 5 § Sepals entire. Leaves entire or mostly once pinnatifid-toothed....1 1 Glabrous. Jeaves acute at apex, lanceolate in outline....2, 3 1D. flava. Downy W. Downy. Leaves obtuse, entire, except the lowey. Sepals obtuse. Common in woods. & D. quercifo’lia. Oak-leaved W. Glaucous. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Corolla 2’ ir length. Calyx segments lance-acuminate, longer than its tube. 8 D. integrifo’lia. Hntire-leaved W. Green. Leaves lanceolate, entire. Stalks shorter than calyx. Flowers 1’long. In woods. Ohio, W. 4 D. pedicula’ria. LZousewort W. Smoothish or downy, branched. Flower- stalks longer than calyx. Leaves lance-ovate, twice pinnatifid. 5 D. pectina’ta. Combed W. Very hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pectinate-pinnat- ifid. Stalks shorter than calyx.
ee ee
268 THE FLORA.
Orper LXXXIX. LABIATA. Labiate Plants.
Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic leaves ;
flowers axillary, in verticils, sometimes as if in spikes or heads;
gevolla labiate (rarely regular), the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, cverlapping in the dud the lewer 3-cleft lip; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2;
ovury deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 hard nuts or achenia.
ou 586 595 591
fig. 580. Monarda didyma. 1. An anther enlarged. 2 Flower of Hemp Nettle (Galeop eis). 5. One of its stamens much enlarged. 4. The calyx opened, showing the 4 achenia 5. Flower of Sage (Salvia). 6. Flower of Ocimum basilicum. 7. Flower of Nepeta Glechoma, 8. A pair of the anthers forming a cross. 9. Flower of Physostegia Virginica seen from beneatn. Fig. 590. One of its stamens. 1. Its ovaries with the rudimentary filament. 2. Flower of Teu crium Canadense. 3, Flower of Catnep (Nepeta Cataria). 4 One of its anthers. 5. Dittany (Cunila Mariana). 6. A calyx and style. :
a oe
re oe
TT oy) SE Te Se ee a a ee
>a of )
ee me nite
966
‘ OrpER §9.—LABIATE PLANTS. . 255
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Flowers wth only 2 perfect stamens....7 § Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens all ae to the lower lip.. € Flowers with the 4 perfect stamens erect or ascending to the ne lip. er 2 Stamens of equal length. Corolla almost regular, 4 or 5-lobed....¢ 2 Sta., the upper pair longer than the lower (outer). Calyx 13-15-veined....k 2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair....3 8 Stamens diverging apart, mostly straight and exserted....6
8 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side....b
$8 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip....4 4 Calyx 13-veined, 5-toothed, and somewhat 2- ee ae 4 Calyx 5-10-veined or irregularly netted. . 5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip oie Sek in ne 5 Calyx not labiate, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit.... 5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth not ated sat 5 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth ending in sharp spines....q 5 Calyx unequally 8-10-toothed....s : 6 Calyx hairy in the throat, mostly labiate....f 6 Calyx naked in the throat, mostly equal, 5-toothed....e
7 Stamens ascending beneath the galea (upper lip). Anthers l-celled....h
7 Stamens exserted, distant. Anthers 2-celled....d
a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish. ft Sweet Basil. O’cymum. a Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed. S. Hyptis. Hyptis.
a Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, long, lilac. t+ Lavender. Lavan’puta. b Stamens exserted throngh a fissure in the tube. Blue Curls. TricHos’TEMa. b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla. Germander. Tev’crium. e Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short. Blue-false-Gentian. Isan’tHUs. ¢ Corolla limb 4-lobed, the broadest lobe notched. Peppermint, &c. MENTHA. d Cor. nearly reg., 4-cleft. Calyx naked in throat. Water Hoarhound. Lyc’orts. d Corolla labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. straight. Déttany. Cunt’ua. d Cor. labiate, eyanic, throat naked. Stam. ascend. Fennyroyal. HEDE’oMa.
d Corolla labiate, yellow, throat hairy. Stamens long-exserted. Horse-balm. CoLLInso’Nia,
e Fis. yel. Coarse herbs not fragrant, with large lvs. e Fle. bright blue. Handsome herbs. Calyx 15-veined. + Hyssop. Hys’sopus. e Fs. pale blue, in dense hds. Calyx 10 or 13-striate. Wild Basil. Pycnan’THEMUM. Fs, pink-colored, axillary. Lvs. linear, small. ¢ Swmmer Savory. Sature’sa. € Corolla reach pink-color, racemed. Leaves linear, smooth. Stem If. S. DIcERAN’DRA.
f Corolla short as calyx, pele parpis: Bracts roundish, colored.
Marjoram. Orie’anuM., f Corolla short as calyx, blne-purp. Bracts minute, grcen. Thyme. Tuymts.
Oo DD Fe
970 THE FLORA.
g Cor. tube straight. Lvs. small, subcrenate or entire. Calaminth. CALAMIN’THA. 9 g Corolla tube curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate. Balm. MELIs’sa. h Anthers halved, the halves widely separated, each 1-celled. Sage. Sau’via. 5 h Anthers halved, one half present, 1 celled. Filaments toothed. Slurub. +¢ ; Rosemary. RosMaRi’/Nvs. h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx subsequally 5-toothed. Mountain Mint. Monar’pda. h Anthers whole, 2-celled. Calyx labiate, teeth bristle-shaped. Biepnii’ta. k Leaves serrate. Stamens diverging. Fils. spiked. TZudl Hyssop. LoPpHAN’THUS. k Lvs. serrate. Stam. all ascend. Fils. capitate. Dragoniead. DracocEPH’aLuM. k Lvs. crenate, cordate or reniform. Corolla smooth inside. Catmint. NrEp’ETa, k Leaves crenate, cordate. Corolla tube very broad, hairy inside. CepRonrL’La. m Calyx lips toothed. Filam. forked. Fls. spiked. Self-heal. Bruneu’ta. 8 m Calyx lips entire, the upper appendaged on back. Skullcap. ScuTEtia’Ria. 9 n Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Corolla large, purplish. 8. Macsri’pEa. n Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, upper pair, connate. White. W. SYNAN’DRA.10 o Cor. tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Tall. Lion’s-heart. PuysostE’eta.11 o Cor. tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lvs. roundish. Hendit. Lam’1um. o Corolla infiated in the broad concave upper lip. Jerusalem Sage. PHLoMIs. © Corolla not inflated, short....p p Calyx salver-form, 10-veined. Black Hoarhound. Bawuo’ta. p Calyx broad-campanulate, netted. Molucca Balm. Mouuvuccer’ba. q Lvs. serrate. Anth. open crosswise. Nuts truncate. Hemp Nettle. GaLror’sis. q Leaves serrate. Anth. open lengthwise. Nuts obtuse. Hedge Nettle. Stacuys.
>
if
Leaves lobed. Nuts truncate at top, 3-angled. Motherwort, Leonv’Rvs, s Cor. white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid. Hoarhound. Marrvu’sium. s Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. S. LeEvoas.,
s Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest. Lion’s-ears. LEono/’t1s.
1, MEN’THA. Mint.
Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, tube included in the calyx, border 6-cleft, the upper lobe mostly notched. Stamens 4, equal, straight, erect, distant.— Aromatic herbs, with the pale purple or white flowers in close axillary clusters, or forming spikes.
* Whorls of flowers remote, axillary, not in spikes. Leaves petiolate....1, 2 * Whorls of flowers approximate, forming terminal spikes....3, 4 1 M. Canaden/’sis. Weald Mint. Plant grayish, fragrant. Lvs. acute at each end. 2 M. arven’sis, /ied M. Plant green, ill-scented. Lvs. frequently obtuse at base. 3 M. piperi/ta. Peppermint. Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes few, thick, short. Stems 2-3f. high. 4 M. vir’idis. Spearmint. Leaves sessile, lance-oblong, acute, serrate. Spikes many, slender, long. Stems 1-2f. high.
ORDER 89.—LABIATE PLANTS. 271
2. LYC’OPUS. Water Hoarhound.
Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, tube as long a3 the calyx, stamens 2, distant, diverging the length of the straight styk. —2 Low herbs, with deeply toothed or pinnatifid leaves, and remot axillary whorls of small, whitish flowers. July, Aug.
L. Virgin’icus. Stem obtuse-angled. Leaves sharp-toothed. Calyx 4-cleft, blunt. L. Europe’us. Stem sharp-angled. Leaves sinuate-toothed. Calyx 5-cleft, spiny.
38. CUNI’LA. Dittany. (Figs. 595, 596.)
C, Maria’na. Maryland D. Stem branched, 1-2f. high. Leaves ovate, serrate, nearly sessile. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbous, stalked. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pale-red. In rocky woods. N. Y. to Ga. Summer.
4 GALAMIN'THA, Calaminth
Calyx 18-veined, tubular, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-clers. Corolla tube straight, exserted, throat enlarged, upper lip erect, subitive, lower lip spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, lower pair longer.— 2¢ 1 C “linopo’dium. Wild Basil. Herb hairy, 1-2f. high. Leaves ovate, subserrate.
Flowers many, in dense, axillary whorls, with subulate bracts. Calyx bent. 2 C.Nep’eta. False Catmint. Herb hairy, 2f., much branched below. Luvs. broad- ovate, petiolate. Whorls few-flowered above. Calyx straight. Hills. Va. 8 C.glabel’la. False Pennyroyal. Herb smooth, half erect, 6-12’, branched. Lvs. oblong, those of the runners ovate. Cor. pale-violet. Fragrant. June. M. 4 C.canes’cens, Hoary C. Shrub10’ high. Lvs. linear. Fls. opposite, roseate. 8. 5 C.coccin’ea. Scarlet C. Shrub with narrow obovate leaves, large scarlet fis. 8. 6 C. Carolinia’na. Carolina C. Shrublf. Leaves ovate, serrate-crenate. Flowers rose-purple. §.
5. SAL’VIA. Sage.
Calyx striate, labiate, throat not hairy. Corolla ringent, upper lip straight or falcate, lower spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens 2. The connectile is placed transversely on the filament like the letter T, bearing at each end 1 lobe of the halved anther. (See Figs. 585, 176.)
§ Herbs native, in woods, &c....a
§ Herbs or shrubs in gardens, with blue flowers....7, 8 § Shrubs from Mexic», cultivated, with large scarlet flowers....9, 10
979, THE FLORA.
a Calyx slight*y 2-lipped, obscurely 3-toothed, equal. South....1-8 - a Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-toothed, lower lip longer... .4-6 ] S.azu’rea. Azure S. Leaves linear-oblong. Fls. downy, azure-blue. Summer 2 S. urticifo/lia, ettle-lvu. S. Lvs. rhombic-ovate. Coroiia smooth, blue. May. 8 S. coccin’ea. Scarlet S. Lvs. ovate, cordate, hoary. Corolla red,smooth. July 4S. Clayto’ni. Clayton’s S. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, cauline. Fls. small. 8, 5 S. obova’ta. ‘ Obovate S. Lvs. broadly obovate, entire. Flowers blue. S. 6 S.lyra’ta. Lyrate S. Leaves all radical, oblong, lyrate, erose-dentate, 1 or 2 on the scape, bract-like. Fls. 1’ long, violet-purple. M.S. Spring. 7S Scla’rea. Clarry S. Lvs. ample, broad-ovate. Corolla upper lip large, high- arched. t (Fig. 585.) 8 S. officina’/lis. Common S. Lvs. not large, lance-oblong, rugous. Corolla upper lip scarce longer than the lower, some vaulted. Shrubby. 9 S.ful’gens. Stem weak. Lvs. lance-ovate, long-stalked. Calyx scarcely colored. 10 S.splen’dens. Stem erect. Leaves broad-ovate, staked. Calyx scarlet also.
6. MONAR’DA. Mountain-mint.
Calyx tubular, lengthened, 15-ribbed, nearly equal!y 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, long, the lips linear or oblong, lower reflexed, 3-lobed, upper erect, entire, involving the filaments. Stamens 2, with rudiments of more, — —FErect, fragrant herbs, with rather large flowers in bracted whorls or heads, the bracts generally tinged with the color of the flowers July- Sept. (Figs. 580, 581.)
§ Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish....1, 2 § Calyx naked inthe throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow....3, 4 1 M. fistulo’sa. Wild Bergamot. Stem acutely angular, 2-4f. Leaves laneu- ovate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large, dense, terminal. 6. p.w. M. W. 2 M. Bradburia’na. Lradbury’s M. Stem simple, 8f. Leaves lance-oblong, subsessile, hairy both sides. Heads few, large, purple. W. 8 M. puncta’ta. Horsemint. Stem branched, 2-38f. high. Leaves lance-oblong, tapering to a petiole. Bracts longer than the pale yellow flowers. M. W.S. 4 M. did’yma. Mountain Balm. Stem branched, 2-3f. Leaves broad-ovate, acu- minate. Heads large, with long crimson flowers and bracts. t+
7. NEP’ETA. Catmint.
Calyx striate, obliquely 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla notched or 2-cleft, lower 8-lobed, middle lobe largest, throat naked and widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip.— 2 Lvs. crenate.(Figs. 587, 588.)
1 N. Cata’/ria. Catnep. Tall. Cymes dense, terminal spikes. J.eaves cordate. 2 N. Glecho’ma. Gili. Trailing. Cymes loose, axillary. Leaves round-reniform
. os Ss oe eee
ORDER 89.—LARIATE PLANTS. : 273
8. BRUNEL’LA. Blue-curls.
B. vulga’ris. Common B. Stem simple, ascending 8-18’. Leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, toothed. Whorls close together, forming an oblong, dense spike. Coroila blue, upper lip truncate, with 3 awns.
9. SCUTELLA’RIA. Skullcap.
Calyx campanulate, lips entire, with an appendage on the back and closed after flowering. Corolla with a long, ascending tube, the upper lip vaulted, nearly entire, middle lobe of the lower lip wide, spreading. Sta- mens approximate in pairs, ascending beneath upper lip.—Bitter herbs, not aromatic. Flowers generally blue. MMay—August.
§ Flowers large (7-13’’ long), racemed above, with bracts....a § Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary in the axils of the leaves... .8-10 € Flowers small (3’’ long), in slender, axillary, 1-sided racemes....11 a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short....1, 2 a Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolate....b a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessiie....7 b Helmet (upper lip) ofthe corolla longer than the lower....3, 4 b Helmet of the corolla not longer than the lip....5, 6 1S. versic’olor. Varieguted S. Floral leaves sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate Corolla lower lip scarcely longer than the upper, blue above. M. W. gS. saxati’lis. Rock S. Weak, branched, ascending. Upper leaves oval, obtuse. Corolla lower lip twice longer than the upper, blue above, tube pale. Rocks, W.S. 8 S. eanes’cens. Hoary S. Tall, downy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or ovate Flowers canescent, tube gradually enlarged. M. W. «. 48. villo’sa Woolly S. Stem woolly. Corolla tube slender, enlarged only at the throat. Helmet much larger than the lip. S. 5 S. serra’ta. Saw-lf. S. Nearly smooth. Leaves acuminate, both ends. W.S. 6 S. pilo’sa. Hairy S. Plant hairy. Leaves rhomb.-ovate, obtuse. M.S. 7 S. integrifo’ha. Lntire-leaved S. Erect. Leaves ovate-lance., entire, sub- sessile. M. @ S.mervo’sa. Nerve-lf £. Lvs. broad-ovate, 3-5-veined. Stem 8-15’. M. W 9 S.par’vula. Pigny S. Lvs. oblong, ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile. Stem 3-6”. M. W. ( 4. galericula’ta. Common S, Leaves lance-cordate, crenate-serrate. Flowers 1’ long. ¢. Yl S. lateriflo’ra. Mad-dog S. Branching, smoothish. Lvs. ovate-lancec late, acuminate, serrate, petiolate. Racemes lateral, leafy. «.,
uae © a
274 THE FLORA’
10. SYNAN’DRA. Synandra.
Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lips of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower in 3 unequal, obtuse lobes. Throat widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip, the two up- per anthers cohering.. (Figs. 597, 96.)
18 grandiflo’ra Great-flowered S. Grows in woods, West. 6-8’ high. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate, toothed. Fls. few, 1’ long, upper lip very large. June.
11. PHYSOSTE’GIA. Lion's-heart.
F Virginia’nii. Virginian L. Stem square, erect 2-8f., with very smooth, sessile leaves in four rows, and a terminal, 4-rowed spike of large, showy, purplish-white flowers. Aug., Sept. (Figs. 589-591.)
Orper XC. BORRAGINACEA. Borrageworts.
yes Spit | [IF ss iy Apts IS j \\
SG
a
Mid
i
Fig. 598. Borrage (Borrago officinadis). 9. The four nuts with the st One of the nuts cut open, showing the seed, embryo, &c. 1. Puccoon (Lithospermum canes eens). 2 Corolla laid open, showing the stamens. 3. Pistil of Comfrey, consisting of the deeply {-lobed ovary with the slender style arising from between the lobes and near their base.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with round stems and branches ; leaves alternate, generally rough with stiff hairs; stipules none ;
, ea a
i PE 6 eae
ee eee ae ¥
ORDER 90.—BORRAGEWORTS. ; 275
jlowers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (circinate) inflorescence ° sepals 5; petals 5, united below, almost always regular ;
stamens 5; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded nuts or nutlets, generally without albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
$ Ovary not 4-lLLed, but separating when ripe irto several achenia....a $ Ovary 4-lobed or parted, becoming 4 achenia around the style....2 2 Corolla irregular, with unequal lobes or a bent tube....b 2 Corolla perfectly regular....3 } 3 Achenia or ovary prickly. Corolla throat closed with 5 scales....f 8 Achenia and ovary not prickly....4 4 Corolla throat closed by 5 seales....¢ 4 Corolla throat open, no scales, sometimes 5 ridges....d a Corolla tube with open thruat. Achenia4. Heliotrope. Turnsol. HELIOTRO’PIUM. 1 a Corolla tube with constricted throat. Achenia 2. Fulse Helio. HELIoTROPH’YTUM. b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed. Throat open. Blue. Véiper’s Bugloss. Ecu’tum.
b Corolla with the slender tube bent, closed. Blue. Bugloss. Lycop’sis. ¢ Corolla wheel-form, anthers exserted. Blue. Borrage. Borra’eo. ¢ Corolla tubular bell-form. Style exserted. White. Comfrey. SYM’ PHYTUM.
a Uor. tubular, with erect, acute lobes. White. False Gromwell. ONosMo’DIUM. d Corolla lobes rounded, spreading,....e e and imbricated in the bud. White or yellow. Gromwell. LitHosPER’Mum. 2 e and imbricated in the bud. Purple or blue, large. MERTEN’SIA,. e and convolute in the bud. Blue or white, small. Myoso’tis, 4 f Corolla salver-form. Ach. prickly on the edge. Burr-seed. EcHINOSPER’MUM. € Corolla funnel-form. Achenia prickly all over. Hound’s-tongue. CynoeLos’sum. 5
(oN)
1. HELIOTRO’PIUM. Turnsol. Heliotrope.
Corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube. Anthers sessile. Style short, terminal. Ovary entire, splitting at length into 4 achenia.—Herbs or shrubs. Flowers in one-sided, coiled spikes.
1 H. Euvrope’um. Wild H. Herb downy. Leaves oval, obtuse. Spikes single or forked. White. S. _ [oltuse. Blue. W,
2 H.curassav’icum. Glaucous H. Herb smooth, glaucous. Lvs. linear-lanceolate,
8 H. Peruvia’num. Common H. Shrubby, whitish-downy. Spikes many, clus- tered. wp. t .
2. LITHOSPER’MUM., Gromwell or Grammell.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, the limb 5-lobed, throat open, naked or with 5 projections. Stamens included. Achenia
276 THE FLORA.
bony, ovate, smooth or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base —Herbs generally with thick, reddish roots. Flowers spiked or racemed, with leafy bracts. May-July. | § Flowers white, small....a Flowers yellow, showy. Achenia smooth, polished....5-7 a Achenia roughened with wrinkles....1 a Achenia smooth and polished....2—4 L. arven’se. Wheat-thief. Root @, red. Leaves lance-linear. Plant 12-18’ high, hairy. ¢. [tube. N. M. 2 L. officina’le. Gromwell. Root 2%. Lvs. lanceolate. Calyx equal to corolla 8 L. latifo’/lium. Broad-leaved G. Root 2%. Leaves lanze-ovate, sharply acumi- nate. Sepals longer than the corolla, spreading in fruit. Stem 1-2f, 4 L, angustifo’lium. Varrow-lv. G. 4 Lvs. linear, stiff, edges some revolute. M.W. 5 L. canes’cens. Puccoon. Soft-velvety, canescent. Lvs. oblong-linear. Tube of the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. Plant 8-12’ erect. W. &c. 6 L.hirtum. Hairy P. Rough-hairy. Lvs. lance-linear. Cor. long as calyx. W.S. 7 L. longiflo’rum. Long-flowered P. Rough-ashy. Lvs. lance-linear. Corolla tube four times as long as the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy. W.S.
3. MERTEN’SIA. Lungwort.
A short, 5-cleft calyx; a tubular corolla, slender below, suddenly en- larged above, limb 5-cleft; the 5 stamens inserted at top of the tube, and with smooth achenia.—2{ Plants usually smooth, with terminal racemes. 1 M. Virgin’ica. Virginian LZ. Very smooth, 12-18’ high. Root lvs. large, stalked;
stem lvs. sessile. Fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, blue-lilac, very fine. May. W. 2 M. marit’/ima. Sea Z. Smooth, diffuse. Leaves ovate, fleshy. Corolla limb longer than the tube, which shows 5 folds in throat, blue-purple. E. 8 M. panicula’ta. Punicled Z. Rough. Leaves cordate, acuminate, veiny. Calyx hispid, thrice shorter than the tube, bel. ferm, blue-white corolla. N.-W.
4, MYOSO’TIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass.
Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes slightly notched at the end, throat closed with 5 short, concave scales. Nuts smooth, ovate, with a small cavity at base.—Little herbs slightly wool- ly. Racemes finally becoming long. May—Aug.
M. palus’tris. True FY. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Plant smoothish, 6-12’ high. Leaves linear-ovlong, Fig. 604. Forget-me-not, = obtuse. Flowers blue with a yellow centre. & pair of scorpeid cymes
Ca re a
ni ee eee
ee i
ORDER 91.—THE HYDROPHYLLN. 277%
2 M.arven’sis. Field F. Fis. in 2-sided, leafless racemes. Plant hairy. Pedicels twice as long as the open, equal calyx. Lvs. oblong-lance., acute. Rare. w.
8 M. stric’ta. Rough F. Flowers in 2-sided racemes, which are leafy at their base. Pedicels as long as the closed, 2-lipped calyx. Leaves oblong. w.
5. CYNOGLOS’SUM. Hound’s-tongue.
' Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 obtuse scales, lobes rounded. Nuts depressed, covered with short, hooked
_ prickles, fixed laterally to the base of the style.—Coarse herbs, strong-
scented, with the flowers in leafless, panicled racemes. June, July.
C. officina’le. Common H. Velvety. Stem leafy (1-2f.). Flowers reddish purple. C. virgin’icum. Stalked H. Hairy. Stem leafless above (2f.). Flowers pale blue. C. Morriso’ni. Morrison's H. Hairy, leafy (2-3f.), wide-spread. Flowers whitish.
Orver XCI. HYDROPHYLLACES. The Hydrophylls.
Mostly herbs with alternate lobed leaves, and regular bluish flowers ; calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent;
corolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base ; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, with a single bifid style ;
ovary simple, free, 1-celled, with 2 usually projecting several-seeded
placentez. Analysis of the Genera. 1 Corolla with 10 honey scales inside, extending lengthwise... .2 1 Corolla destitute of honey scales. Stamens equalling corolla. Cosman’tHus. 2 2 Fis. in coiled cymes, without bracts. Placente large, fleshy. HyprRopuyL’Lum. 1 2 Flowers in one-sided racemes, bractless. Placentz linear. PuHace’LIA. 2 Flowers (mostly) solitary. Calyx very large. Leaves pinnatifid. ELuis’1a.
1, HYDROPHYL’LUM. Water-leaf.
Sepals slightly united at base. Corolla campanulate, with 10 linear honey scales running lengthwise, folded inward so as to form 5 gruoves.
_ Stamens exserted. Pod globular, 2-celled, 14-seeded, with large, fleshy
placentz.—Handsome herbs, with the root leaves on long petioles, and the flowers in clustered cymes, bluish or white.
- § Calyx not appendaged. Stamens much exserted....1-8
§ H. appendicula’tum. Appendaged W. Calyx appendaged at the clefts, Stamens not exsertecd. W.S.
278 rHE FLORA.
1 H. macrophyl’ium. Great-leaved W. Lvs. mean Slt and lobed, rough hairy. Peduncles long. W.S.
2 H.Virgin’icum. Virginia W. Leaves pinnately-veined and lobed, smocth Pedunceles long. .
8 H. Canaden’se. Canada W. Leaves palmately-veined and lobed, smooth Peduncles shorter than petals. r,
Fig. 605. A flower of Virginian Water-leaf. Fig. 606. The Ovary and “Style. Fig. 607. Corolla cut open, showing the honey grooves. Fig. 603. A seed, cut, showing the embryo.
2. COSMAN'THUS. Miami Mist.
Corolla broad-campanulate, soon falling off, throat not appendaged, limb of 5-fringed lobes. Ovary 1-celled, the two projecting placenta each 2-seeded.—@® Delicate herbs with alternate leaves, long, bractless racemes, and small, white or pale-blue flowers.
1 C. Pur’shii. Pursh’s UM. Nearly smooth. Leaves pectinately pinnatifid, lobes oblong-acute. Sepals lance-linear. Height 8-12’. Penn., S. and W. Pale blue.
2 C. fimbria’tus. Fringed C. Downy. Leaves pinnate, segments rounded er ob- long, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, oblong-spatulate. Mts. Tenn. S.
OrverR XCII. POLEMONIACEA. Phloxworts.
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves, and regular, showy, 5-parted
flowers ; calyz free from the ovary ;
corolla of 5 united petals, twisted and imbricate in the bud;
stumens 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes ;
ovary 3 celled; styles united into 1; stzgma 3-cleft ;
capsule 3-celled, 8-valved, with few or many albuminous seeds.
—— Ss
Ce
a a one
North American herbs. Leaves generally opposite,
ORDER 92.—PHLOXWORTS. 279
Analysis of the Genera.
Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequal. Leaves simple. Phlox. Purox. j Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. Leaves dissected. Gilia, Gi’Lia. Corolla beil-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate. Polemony. PoteMo’NiuM. 4
1. PHLOX. lLychnidea
Oalyx angular, deeply 5-cleft, corolla sa.ver-iorm. the tube more or less curved. Stamens quice unequa..
inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle. Capsule 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. — Ver) beaxtiful
sessile, simple, entire. Flowers varying from pur ple to white. April—July.
Fig. 608. Flower of
* Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end....10-12 °F & Phlox. * LoLes of the corolla notched or bifid at the end....a a Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered....1, 2 a Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer....b o Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube....3, 4 o Plants hairy. Calyx teeth very slender, larger than its tube....¢ c Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so....5, 6 ec Leaves broad, ovate, lanceolate, &c....7-9 1 P. panicula’ta. Panicled ZL. Garden P. Tall. Leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at each end. Calyx-teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the tube. W.S. + 2 P.macula’ta. Spotted L. Stem purple-spotted. Leaves lance-ovate, upper cor- date. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, half as long as its tube. Fields. W.S. + 8 P. Caroli’na. Carolina Z. Stem ascending. Leaves lance-ovate. W. S. 4 P, glaber’rima, Polished Z. Stem erect, simple. Leaves lance-linear. W. 8.
6 P.pilo’sa Hairy Z. Leaveslance-linear, acute. Calyx segments bristle-subulate,
—— * '
much longer than its tube. Stem slender, 1-2f W.S. p.-w. 6 P.involucra’ta. Cup-fl. Z. Hoary-downy. Luvs. linear oblong, obtusish at each end, the floral crowded beneath the densecymes. p.-r. S. 7 P.rep’tans. Creeping L. Stolons creeping. Stem oblique. Lvs. obovate, <cocuse. W.S. 8 P Laphamii. Zapham’s P. Slender, erect. Lvs. ovate, acute, thin. W. § P. Drummondii. Drummond's P. Annual, branched, hairy. Leaves mostly alternate. Calyx segments revolute. Corolla purple, withastar. S. + 10 P. divarica’ta. Wald LZ. Low, diffuse, downy. Lvs. lance-ovate, acute. Pan icle corymbed, loose. Corolla grayish-blue. ¢. (No. 8, may be the same.) 11 P. bi’fida. Beck’s L. Low, diffusely branched. Lvs. lanceolate, stem-clasping.
12 P.subuila’ta. Moses Pink. Prostrate, much branched. Luvs. linear-subulate.
growa in dense tufts, covered over with rose-colored flowersin May. #¢
230 THE FLORA.
2. POLEMO’NIUM. Polemony.
1 P.ceru’leum, Blue FP. creek Valerian. Stem erect, 1-2f. high. Lvs. pinnate with 11-17 leaflots. Capsule 12-20-seeded. Sometimes wild. ft
P.rep’tans. Creeping P. Stem weak, diffuse. Leaves pinnate, with 7-11 leaflets Capsnie 4-6-seeded. Woods, common. Light blu».
?
Orpen XCIIi. CONVOLVULACEX. Bindweeds.
Herbs twining or traiing, with alternate teaves : flowers showy: eavyx with 5 much imbricated sepavs, versistent:
corolla reguiar, 5-iobed or entire, piaitec anc twisted in the.pud: stamens 5, and style singie ; ovary free, pecoming in
fruit a pod which is 2-4-celled and 2—6-seeded ;
embryo large and leafy, with thin mucilaginous albumen.
The suborder, CuscuTine#, consists of small orange-colored, leafless
plants, living on other plants (parasites), gee with small flowers, and no cotyledons x iy Ds
(Cusoura, the Dodder). *
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Ovaries 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles....f § Ovary 1, open. when ripe by 2-4 valves....2 2 Ovary 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded....3 2 Ovary 8-celled, 8-valved, 6-seeded....b 2 Ovary 4-celled, 4-valved, 4-seeded....a_ 8 Styles 2, distinct....e 8 Styles united into 1....4 4 Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts....d 4 Calyx naked....¢
Fig. 610. Entire-leaved Cypress-vine (Quamoclit coccinea.)
a Stamens exserted. Cor. small (scarce 1’ broad). + CypressVine. Quam’oc it. 1 a Stamens included. Corolla large (2’ broad). ft Sweet Potato. Bata’tas. 2
b Beautiful twining vines. Cor. bell-funnel. + Morning-glory. Puar’BITIs. 3 ¢ Stamens included. Stigma capitate. False Bindweed. Troma’. 4 c Stamens included. Stigmas 2, linear. Bindweed. Convou’veuts, & e Stamens exserted. Corolla tube slender. t Good-night. CALYNYC’TION.
d Stigmas 2, obtuse. Corolla bell-form. + Rutland Beauty. Carysten’ata, 6 e Peduncles longer than the leaves. Soft-downy. Stylisma. STYLIs’MA
f Capsules 2, each 1-seeded. Plant very small, prostrate. S. Dicnon’pra.
eee ee ae es ee ee
= SS) a Te
oo ie ee) a OOS ee a a
ee a Se oe ae
ORDER 93.—BINDWEEDS. 231
1. QUAM’OCLIT. Cypress Vine.
1 Q vuiga’ris True C. Leaves pectinate-pinnatifid. Fls. searlet, crimson, &c. S, 4Q coccinea Fnitire-lv. C. Lvs. undivided, cordate, acuminate. Crimson W S.
9. BATA’TAS. Sweet Potato.
i B. littora’lis. Sea-side B. Peduncle 1-flowered, as long as the sinuate, cordate leaf. S, Pee B, macrorhi’za. Wild Potato. Peduncle 1-5-fowered, shorter than the lobed or entire leaf, which is downy beneath. Flowers purplish-white. S. . B ed’ulis. Sweet Potato. Peduncle 8-5-flowered, shorter than the palmate or pedate-lobed leaf. Flowers showy, rose-purple. t+
3. PHAR’BITIS. Morning-glory. (Fig. 22.)
1 P. purpu’rea. Common M. Leaves entire, cordate. Peduncle 2-5-flowered. t 2 P. Nil. Jndigo M. Lvs. 3-lobed, cordate. Ped. 1-3-flwd. Sepals long. M.S. ¢
4. IPOMA#’A. False Bindweed.
A large genus. Some of its tropical species are shrubs and trees; and are all trailing or climbing herbs, chiefly at the South. We mention but one species.
«. pan’durata. Wald Potato. Leaves broadly cordate, often fiddle-shaped (panduri- form). Corolla large (near 3’ long), 4 times longer than the calyx, white, with a purple centre. Root very large. Sandy fields, West and South.
5. CONVOL’VULUS. Bindweed.
1 C. arven’sis, Field B. Leaves sagittate. Fls. white, with a tinge of red, small. 2 C.tri’color. Tri-colored B. Leaves lance-obovate. Fls. yellow, white, blue. +
6. CALYSTE’GIA. Bracted Bindweed.
1 C.spithame’us. rect B. Stem ascending, 8-10’,\aspan). Leaves lance-oblong Peduncele as long as the leaves, bearing 1 large, white flower. Fields.
2C. Sepium. Autland Beauty. Stem twining, long. Leaves cordate-sagittate Flowers numerous, large, white, sometimes double in cultivation.
® € Catesbeia’nus, Catesby’s B. Plant downy, twining. Flowers purple. 8,
282 THE FLORA.
Orper XCIV. SOLANACER. Nightshades.
Fig, 611. A flower of Bitter-sweet (Solanum Dulcamara). 2. Cross-section of the berry. 38. A seed cut open, showing the long, curved embryo. Fig. 614. Flower of Petunia
Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with alternate leaves; and with flower-stalks often opposite to the leaves; and the
pedicels without bracts; calyx generally persistent, 5-lobed ; corolla 5-lobed, mostly regular, valvate and plaited in the bud; ovary free, 2-celled (rarely 3 or 4-celled), many-seeded ;
style and stigma single; fruit a capsule or berry, with many seeds; embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Corolla wheel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent....a § Corolla bell-shaped, the broad tube includii.g the erect anthers....b $ Corolla funnel-form, tube long, and—(2) 2 The limb somewhat irregular....c¢ 2 The limb perfectly regular... .3 8 Stamens exserted....d 8 Stamens included....e
a Anthers connate, opening by slits Berry lobed Tomato. LycosPER’s1ouM. a Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Berry rouna. Potato. Soua’num. “ a Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Pod angular. Pepper. Cap’sicum.
b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enveloped in the calyx. Apple Peru. N1can’pRa.
b Corolla yellowish. Berry fleshy, inclosed in the calyx. Ground Cherry. PHyYs’auts. b Corolla purplish. Berry black, in the open calyx. Belladonna. AtT’ROPA. e Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid. Henbane. Hroscy’amus. ¢ Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves. Petunia. Petu‘nta,
- a ”
Sp = Sa ee ee ee eS ee ee
*o- pa fev,
ae
el le aa tl ee hn
ORDER 94.—NIGHTSHADES. 2838 @ Stamens growing to the summit of the tube. WVeiremberg. NEIREMBER’GiA. d Stamens growing to the bottom of the tube. Matrimony. Lxo’tum. e Calyx 5-angled. Capsule spiny or smooth, Thorn Apple. DaTU’RA e Calyx terete. Stigma capitate. Herbs coarse. Tobacco. Nicotta’Na.
e Calyx terete. Stigma 2-lobed. Delicate shrubs. ¢ False Tamarisk, FaBia ‘Ne
SOLA’NUM. Nightshade.
Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, limb spreading, tube very short, limt plaited in the bud, 5-lobed. Anthers erect, slightly united or converging, each opening at top by 2 pores. Berry globular or depressed, 2-celled. —Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly. Leaves often 2 together, a large and a small one. Flowers generally lateral. May-July.
§ Plants not prickly. Anthers short, blunt....a § Plants prickly. Arthers long, linear, and pointed....b a Herbs with pinnatifid leaves, shorter than the racemes....1 a Herbs with undivided leaves, longer than the racemes....2-4 a Shrubby plants, erect or climbing. Berries red....5-7 b Peduncles exceeding the leaves, many-flowered....8, 9 b Peduneles shorter than the leaves, few-flowered....10, 11 1 S.tubero’sum, Potato. Segments of the leaves unequal, some very small, Co- rolla hmb 5-angled. ‘Tubers on the underground branches. 2 S.nig’rum. Black Nightshade. Smoothish. Leaves ovate, toothed, and wavy. Flowers small, white, in iateral umbels. Berries black, 8 S. nodiflo’rum. Knot-flowered VN. Quite smooth. Leaves ovate, entire. Flowers minute, white, the stalk arising froma knot in the stem. S. 4S. pyenan’thum, Stem hispid. Leaves ovate-acuminate, wavy. Peduncle 2 or 3-flowered. S. 5 S. Duleama’ra. Ditier-sweet. Stem flexuous, climbing. Leaves ovate, cordate, upper ones lobed or gashed. Flowers purple, in lateral cymes, drooping. (Fig. 611.) 6 S. Pseudo-cap’sicum. Jerusalem Cherry. A small, handsome, erect shrub, 2-4f. +
4S. sempervirens. Evergreen N. Climbing. Leaves thick, cordate, elliptic, oh-
tuse, with a blunt cusp, very smooth and shining. Panicles terminal. f 8 S. Carolinen’se. Horse Nettle. Leaves angular-lobed. Racemes leafless. w, 9 S Virginia’num. Virginia N. Leaves pinnatifid. Racemes leafy. Pale. 8. 10 S.mammo’sum. Apple of Sodom. Woolly and prickly. Leaves roundish-ovate, lobed. Fruit inversely pear-shaped. Flowers violet-colored.
41 8 esculen’tum. Lgg-plant. Leaves ovate, somewhat sinuate, downy. Flower
6-9-parted. Fruit egg-shaped, from the size of an egg toa water-n.clon. +
?
284 THE FLORA.
Orper XCV.—GENTIANACE®. The Gentianworts.
Herbs with opposite, entire, smooth leaves, and showy regular flowers ;
corolla usually twisted in the bud, with as many lobes as
stamens, and alternate with them, mostly persistent and withering ;
stigmas 1 or 2;
ovary 1-celled, superior, be- coming a 2-valved
pod with many seeds.
We \ Hy if {| fi . HN Y/ Hi \\ I Hy \ ay /ff Hay . y : iV \\ F, ' \\ - i \ \
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Leaves opposite or whorled, sometimes minute. Corolla mostly twisted in bud....2
§ Leaves. alternate or radical. ; Corolla valvate in the bud |, 815 weed Fig.615. Gentiana Andrewsii. 6. The calyx and
2 Corolla witha glandular spot capsule. 7. The corolla laid open, showing the folds on each lobe, sometimes (2-lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens with spurs....¢ attached at base. 8. Capsule cut across. 9. Seed
oS Maraila aeithout slandulse magnified, with its large, loose testa. oO
spots or spurs....3 8 Corolla tubular, the tube longer than the limb....a 8 Corolla deeply cleft, mostly wheel-shaped, tube very short....b a Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla fringed, or with folds between lobes. Anthers straight. Bee GENTIA/NA, a Sepals4 or 5. Anthers spiraily twisted. — European Centaury. ERYTHRA’A, a Sepals 2, leaf-like. Cor. 4-cleft, white or purplish. Pennywort, OBOLA’RIA, b Leaves very small or mere bracts. Fls. 4-parted. Screw-stem. Barro’nia. b Leafy. Fis. 5-12-parted. Anthers curved. American Centaury. SarBa’TIA. ¢ Corolla 4-parted, with 4 spurs beneath at base. Spurred Gentian. HaLE’NIA. ce Cor. 4-parted, without spurs. Tall, with whorled leaves. Columbo. Fra’sEra. d Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliate, on long stalks. Buck-bean. MENYAN’THES. 4 Corolla smooth inside. Leaves simple, floating. Floating Heart. LiMNAN’THEMUM.
ve a ee ee ee s ave
ORDER 95.—_THE GENTIANWORTS. _ 285
1. GENTIA‘NA. Gentian.
-. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4—5-lobed, regular, usually with plaited folds between the lobes. Stigmas2,style short ornone. Pod oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded.—Leaves opposite. Flowerssolitary or ineymes. Aug.—Oct,
‘Corolla with folded appendages between the 5 lobes. Anthers cohering....b Corotia with no appendages between the lobes. Anthers separate....a & Segments of tue corolla entire, pale-blue, 5 in number....1 a Segments o1 tne corolla fringed, mostly but 4, bright blue....2, 3 o Flowers solitary, terminal, blue or white....4 » Flowers cizstered, yellowish or cream-white....5, 6 1 Hiowers clusiered, blue....7-9 * G.quinguefio’ra. 2ve-laved G. Clusters about 5-flowered. Corolla lobes bristle- neinted. 2 G. crini’ta. Fringed G. Leaves lanceolate. Corolla conspicuously fringed. Height 1f. 3 G. det’onsa. Shorn G. Lvs. linear. Corolla lobes crenate-ciliate. Height 1f. 4 G.angustifo’lia. Sand G. Slender, lf. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowerlarge. 06. orp. 5 G.ochroleu’ca. Pule G. Lvs. lance-oval, narrowed to the sessile base. Corolla greenish-white, a third longer than the sepals. S. M. § G.alba. Whitish G. Lvs. lance-ovate, clasping with the broad base. Coroila cream-white, 4 times longer than sepals. W. M. 7 G. Andrew’sii. Closed BlueeG. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined. Uorolla never opening, the lobes equalling the 5 fringed folds. (Figs. 615-619.) 8 G. Sapona’ria. Soapwort G. Plant smooth. Leaves rough-edged, linear-lanceo- late. Corolla open, the lobes twice longer than the cleft folds. 9 G. puber’ula. Rough G. Plant scabrous. Lvs. ]ance-ovate, very rough at edge. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, folds very short. W.S.
2. SABBA’TIA. American Centaury.
Calyx 5-12-parted. Corolla rotate, limb 5-12-parted. Stamens 5-12. Style 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled—Beanutiful biennials, with mostly ro. seate flowers.
§ Corolla mostly 9 (rarely 7-12)-parted....1, 2 § Corolla 5 (ravely 6)-parted....a a Branches alternate or forked....b a Branches opposite. Flowers with a central star.. .¢ b Flowers white or nearly white....38, 4 b Flowers rose-red, with a central star....5, © ec Flowers white, corymrbed....7, 8 c Flowers rose red, paniculate....9. 10
786 tpi THE FLORA.
1 S, gentianoi’des. Gentian C. Leaves linear, rigid, longer than the internodes Flowers 8-10-parted, bright flesh-color, clustered. §8. 2S. chloroi’des. Chlora (. Leaves lanceolate. Branches few, alternate, eack bearing at top a solitary, 7-12-parted, bright purple flower. E. 8 S. calyco’sa. Cup 0, Calyx leafy, as large as the 5-6-parted corolla. 8. 4 8. panicula’ta. Punicled C. Sepals linear, half as long as 5-;arted cor. 8. S gracilis. Slender C. Leaves ovate to linear. Sepals bristle-form, as long as the corolla. M.S. | stella’ris, Starry C. Leaves lance-obovate. Sepals linear, much sLorter thas corolla, ¢. 7 S. corymbo’sa. Ccrymbed 0. Leaves lanceolate, 8-veined. Calyx segments linear, thrice longer than its tube, halfas long as the corolla. N.-J. §. 8 §, macrophyl’la, Leaves 5-veined, cusp-pointed. Sepals shorter than calyx tube. 8. 9S. angularis. Angled C. Stem square, with winged angles. Leaves ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Flowers many, rose-red, the star greenish. Wet. ¢. 10 S, brachia’ta. Prairie C. Stem square, slender, joints 2-4 times longer than the sessile, lance-linear leaves. Panicle oblong. Corolla 6-parted, the star yellow. W.S.
ud
OrperR XCVI. APOCYNACEA. Dogbanes.
Plants with a milky juice, entire and mostly opposite leaves ;
flowers 5-parted and regular, with the corolla twisted in the bud; stamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers sometimes slightly ont ovaries 2, distinct, but with their stigmas united at top of the styles; Sruit 2 follicles containing several or many albuminous seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Herbs erect, 2-4f. high, the flowers in cymes....a * Shrubs twining or trailing, with opposite leaves....b * Shrubs erect, 3-6f. high, with the leaves in whorls of 3....¢ | a Cor. bell-shaped, whitish. Style none. Sds. silky. Dog’s-bane. Apoc’ynum. 1 a Corolla funnel-form, bluish. Style 1. Lvs. scattered. -Amson. AMso’KIA. Fls. solitary, blue. Throat 5-angled. Lvs. evergreen. + Periwinkle. Vin’oa. Flowers in cymes, yellow, small. Lvs. petiolate. Wet. South. Forstrro’ny1a. ce Leaves thick, evergreen. Flowers large, rose-colored. Olear der. NE/RIUM,
APOC’YNUM. Dog’s-bane.
Stamens shorter than the corolla, arising from its base, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth. Anthers arrow-shaped, cohering to the stigmas
ORDER 97.—ASCLEPIADS. | 287
by the middle. Follicles long, slen- der, separate. Seeds with a tuft of long, silky down. Jwne-August.
1 A. androsemifo’lium. Tutsan-leaved D. Coroila rose-white, much longer than the calyx. Leaves ovate. Plant smooth, elegant, about 3f. high.
A.cannabi’num. Hemp D. Cor. green- ish-white, scarce longer than the calyx. Leaves oblong. Bark tough as hemp.
Fig. 620. Common Dog’s-bane. 1. A flower of the natural size. 2. The flower cut open, showing the peculiar stamens. 3. The 2 styles and stigmas. 4. The plan of the flower. 5. The 2 follicles. 6. A seed with its tuft of silk.
OrperR XCVII. ASCLEPIADACEA. Asclepiads.
Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky juice ;
leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered), entire, without stipules; flowers generally umbeled, 5-parted, regular; sepals and also the petals united at base, both commonly valvate in the bud;
stamens united into a fleshy mass with the two stigmas;
pollen cohering in masses; ovaries 2, forming follicles in fruit
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Plants erect. Stamen-mass crowned with 4 little hoods....2 § Plants twining or prostrate....8 2 Iloods each with a little projecting horn....a 2 Hoods destitute of horns....b 8 Flowers dark purple....c 3 Flowers whitish or flesh-eolored.... t Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, horns incurved. Silkgrass. Milkweed. Asciz e143. } b Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, adnate to the anthers. ACERA’TES, b Petals spreading, green. Hoods free from the anthers. S. ANAN’THERIX. b Putals erect, yellowish. Mass of anthers stalked. S. Popostie’mMa
288 THE FLORA.
ec The 5 filaments distinct. Pollen masses 5, N.-Y. PERIPLO’GA,
¢ Filaments united as well as the stigmas. Pollinia 10, GONOL’OKUR d Petals spreading. Hoods erect. Leaves linear. Coast, 8. SENTE’RA. d Petals spreading. Hoods flat, spreading. t Waz-plant. Hoy’a,
d Petals erect, white. Hoods erect, 2-awned. S.-W. Common. Ensrn’nia.
ASOLE'PIAS. Silk-grass. Milkweed. (We have many species of this genus, blooming in the Summer months. Begin rors will find them difficult to distinguish. We omit them here, referring the reade to the Class Book.) ,
Orper XCIX. OLEACE#. Oliveworts.
Trees and shrubs with opposite leaves, with
flowers 4-parted, regular, sometimes witliout petals;
corolla (when present) valvate in the bud; stamens 2, rarely 4; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruié fieshy or dry.
P Analysis of the Genera.
§ Leaves pinnate. Fruit a dry, winged samara....a § Leaves simple. Fruit a dry, 2-celled pod (capsule)....b § Leaves simple. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry... .2 2 Corolla present. Stamens included. White....c 2 Corolla present. Stamens exserted....d 2 Corollanone. Fruit an oblong drupe....e 4 Trees with imperfect flowers and odd-pinnate leaves. Ash, FRax’INUs.
b Corolla salver-form, with short, white or purple lobes. + Zélac. Syrin’@a. 1
b Corolla bell-form, with long, yellow lobes. + Forsythia. Forsy’tata. e Corolla with long, linear, pendulous lobes. Virginia Fringe-tree. CHIONAN’THUS. e Cor. with short lobes. Panicle dense. Berries black. Privet. Prim. Lieus’TRUM.
d Style 2-parted. Leaves serrate. Shrubs. + Osmemth. OsMAN’THUS. d Style simple. Panicles axillary. S. American Olive, OLEA. a Style simple. Panicles terminal. Trees. + Vistan. Vista’Na.
¢ Flowers very imperfect, dicecious. Shrubs. Wet. W.S. Adelia. Foresti’ ERA.
SYRIN’GA. Lilac.
1S vuiga’ris. Common L. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Flowers lilac-purple.
2S. al’ba. White Lilac. Flowers pure white. Shrub taller. (Variety of No.1.)
8 S. Per’sica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, entire or cleft. Flowers in loose panicles, lilac-blue. Apr. May.
Pe
— a S_—_—Sa.— — {aang
———————————
ORDER 101—MARVELWORTS. 289
COHORT IIL
THE APETALOUS EXOGENS.
Essential Character.—F lowering plants (Pa#nocamia), with their stems growing by additions to the outside and the wood in circular layers (Exogens), with the seeds inclosed in _seed-vessels (AnciosPERMs), and the flowers destitute of petals (APETALz).
Orper C.—ARISTOLOCHIACEX. Birthworts
Low herbs or climbing shrubs with alternate leaves, large flowers ; calyx adhering to the ovary, valvate in bud, brown or dull colored; stamens 6-12, at top of the 6-celled, many-seeded ovary.
Analysis of the Genera. _ Calyx bell-form, regular, 3-cleft. Stamens12. Herbs with creeping,
underground stems. Wild Ginger. Asa’RuM, 1 Calyx tubular, bent, irregular. Anthers6. Shrubby, erect or climbing, with very odd flowers. Birthwort. ARisToLo’oHta.
ASARUM. Wild Ginger. 1 A Canadense. Canada W. Leaves in pairs, broad-reniform, with the single flower between the petioles scarcely above-ground. May-July. ec. 2 A.Virginicum. Virginia W. Leafsolitary, round-ovate, cordate, the single flower much shorter than the petiole. Sepals obtuse. Mts. Va.S. April. 8 A.arifol’ium. Arum-lv. W. Leaf solitary, broadly hastate, with long, angular lobes at base. Calyx throat contracted, lobes very short. Va. 8. April.
Orper CI—NYCTAGINACEX. Marvelworts.
Herbs (shrubs or trees) with swelling joints; entire, opposite leaves ; jeewers surrounded by an involucre (which is, of course, calyx-like when the flower is solitary): eclyz often colored like a corolla, tubular or funnel-form, breaking off above the 1-celied, 1-seeded ovary. 13
241) THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
Involucre just like a calyx, involving a single, large flowcr. Calyx funnel-form corolla-like, the limb entire. Four-o-clock, Miran’ tuts. .
Invclucre involving 2-5 small, rose-red flowers. W.S. OxyB’aPHUs,
nvolucre none, or minute bractlets. Flowers minute. S. BoErHaa’VIA.
<
MIRABILIS. Marvel-of-Peru. Four-o-clook.
1 M. Jala’pa. Peruvian F. Leaves ovate, subcordate. Fis. stalked, with a targe border, infinite in variety of color, opening about 4 o’clock, Pp. 4. +
2M. dichotoma, Mexican F. Erect, smooth. Calyx with a small norder. t+
8 M. longiflo’ra. Long-fl. F. Diffuse, viscid. Calyx tube downy, ve.y long. + Mex.
Orper CII.—POLYGONACEA. Knotweeds.
Herbs with alternate leaves, swollen joints, and with
stipules sheathing the stem above the joints ; flowers racemed, perfect; calyx persistent ; sepals 4~—6, imbricated, distinct or united at base; stamens 4~12; ovary 2 or 8-styled, 1-celled, 1-seeded in fruit.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Calyx 4-parted, regular. Stamens 6. Styles 2, Mountain Sorrel. Oxy¥r’ia.
* Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Sepals all similar. Enubarb. Ruseum. * Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 6. Inner sepals large. Dock. Sorrel. Rvuex. * Calyx 5-parted (irregularly 4-parted in one species)....a
a Sep., the 3innerfringed. Fis. solitary. S. Fringe Knotweed. THYSANEL’LA. a Sepals not fringed, entire or nearly so....b 0 Pedicels solitary. Sep. all open or 3 closed on the fruit. M.S. Potye@one.’La.
=
b Pedicels usually clustered. Sepals all closed on the fruit. PoLy@’onuM. i b Pedicels clustered in the bract. Sepals all open. Buckwheat, Faeory’RouM.
POLYG’ONUM. Enotweed.
Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, colored or corolla-like, the sepals all erect and inclosing the fruit. Stamens 4-9. Styles 2 or 3. Nut lens-shaped or 8-cornered.—Herbs with swollen, sheathed joints. Flowers small, white, red, or greenish. May-—Aug.
§ Stems climbing, with reversed prickles. Leaves cordate-sagittate....19, 20
§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate....17, 18 § Stems erect or decumbent, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate....a
ee! Tee | ee eee ee we ~~
ORDER 102.—KNOTWEEDS. 291
a Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, long, deflexed....16 a Calyx equally 5-parted. Styles erect....b b Sheaths with a spreading border. Stamens7. Plant tall....15 » Sheaths not bordered. Stamens 5, 6, or 8....¢ ¢ Flowers in leafiess, terminal, spike-like racemes....d ¢ Flowers axillary, or rarely forming a leafy raceme....f d Raceme one, dense. Stems decumbent at base....13, 14 d Racemes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed....11, 12 d Racemes several. Sheaths bristly fringe-ciliate....¢ e Style 2 (or 8)-cleft. Achenia flat or lens-shaped....8-10 e Style 3-cleft. Achenia sharply 3-cornered. Wet....5-7 f Achenium protruding beyond the calyx, 3-angled....3, 4 f Achenium included in the calyx, 8-angled....1, 2 1 P.avicula’re. Bird K. Prostrate or erect. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acutish at each end. Achenia striate, dull. Very common. 2 P.ten’ue. Slender K. Slender, rigidly erect. Leaves Jance-linear, erect, acute. 3 P. marit’/imum. Sea A. Prostrate, diffuse, glaucous, close-jointed. Leaves linear-oblong, fleshy. Achenia smooth, shining. E, 4 P. ramosis’simum. Lake K. Erect, much branched, 2-38f. high. Leaves lance-oblong or linear. Achenia smooth, dull. W.
5 P.hirsu’tum. Hairy K. Hairy-tawny. Leaves lanceolate from a blunt base. S., ¢ P. hydropiperoi’des. Mild Water-pepper. Stem smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, not acrid, tapering at both ends. Spikes slender. Calyx dotless.
7 P.aere. Sharp W. Stem smooth. Leaves biting, dotted as well as the calyx,
lanceolate, pointed. Spikes very slender, thread-form. 8 P. hydropi’per. Water-pepper. Smooth. Leaves very biting, dotted. Spikes short, nodding. Calyx dotted. Achenia roughened. 9 P. Car’eyi. Carey's K. Plant hairy. Spikes nodding, on very long stalks. 10 P. Persica’ria. Lady’s-thumb. Leaves marked with a brown spot. Spikes short, dense, erect. Achenia shining, flattened. 11 P. Pennsylvan’icum. Pennsylvania K. Spikes oblong, dense, with glandular- hispid stalks and pedicels. Achenia with flat sides. e. 12 P.incarna’tum. Filesh-red K. Spikes linear, nodding, the stalks and branches glandular-dotted. W.S. 18 P. amphib’ium. Hater K. Stem ascending from a prostrate, rooting base. Leaves lance-oblong. Stamens 5d. Spikes large, dense, rose-red. 14 P.vivip’arum. Alpine Bistort. Creeping at base. Lvs. lance-linear. Mts. N. 15 P. orienta’le. Prince's Feather. Stem stout, tall, with large, drooping spikes. + 16 P. Virginia’num. Jip-fl. K. Leaves large. Racemes slender, flowers remote. 17 P. convol’vulus. Knot-Bindweed. Roughish. Racemes axillary. Fruit dull. i8 P. cilino’de. Bearded DB. Sheaths with a hairy ring. Panicles axil. and termiral 19 P.dumito’rum. Hedge B. Calyx with the 3 outer sepals acutely wing-keeled. 20 P. sagitta’tum. Scratch-grass. Lvs. lance-sagittate. Stamens 8. Styles S. 31 P. arifo’lium. Arum-lv. S. Lvs. pointed, with pointed lobes. Stam. 6. Sty. %
292 THE FLORA.
Orver CIII. PHYTOLACCACEA. Pokeweeds.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and flowers racemed ;
sepals colored, 4 or 5; petals none; stamens few or many;
geary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming 7 berry in fruit; ce/ls as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded; |
gmbryo curved around the fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sepals 5, roundish. Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Puytoxao’oa. 1 Sepals 4, persistent. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and 1-seeded. S. Rrvi’Na.
PHYTOLAC’CA. Poke.
Character expressed in the Analysis.—Tall and stout per- ennials, with greenish flowers and purple berries.
P. decan’dra. Plant 5-8f. high, very smooth, bushy. Leaves large, ovate, acute at each end, petioled. Racemes at first terminal, finally opposite to the leaves. Berries oblate, of arich dark purple. July—Sept.
Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit. 8. A flower, natural size. 9. Its stamens and ovary. Fig. 630. Cross-section of the ovary. 1. A seed cut open, showing the em- bryo coiled around the albumen.
OrDER CV. CHENOPODIACE®. Goose-foots.
Ilerds, mostly homely weeds, more or less fleshy, with alternate leaves ; stipules none, scarious bractsnone. flowers apetalous, small, greenish ; stamens opposite the sep.s or fewer in number than they ;
ovary 2-styled, forming a 1-seeded utricle or caryopsis.
Embryo coiled or spiral in the seed.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Stem wining and climbing. Flowers in many racemes, white....(d) § Stems erect. Leaves none, or fleshy and terete, often spinescent....(@) § stems erect. Leaves flat, neither fleshy nor spinescent. Flowers greenish... (2)
ORDER 106.—AMARANTHS. 293
2 Flowers all perfect and alike....(b)
2 Flowers of two sorts, moneecious or dicecions....(c) au Leaves ovate, cordate, petiolate, thick. 22 S. Am. Mexican Vine. BoUssINGAUl’TIA b Pericarp rough and corsy. Root fusiform, fleshy. Lvs. large. @) Beet. Beta.
b Pericarp smooth, thin. Calyx bractless, not appendaged, 5cieft, enclos-
ing the utricle which is lens-shaped and horizontal. Fls. minute, in panicled spikes. @ 2¢ Pigweed, Oak-of-Jerusalem, etc. CHENOPO’/DIUM
b Pevicarp smooth, thin. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, often becoming berry- like in fruit. Fls.glomerate. @ Strawberry Blite. BLITUM.
c¢ Fruit enclosed in & hardened calyx without bracts. Styles 4. Leaves has- tate-lanceolate, to sagittate, petiolate. Fls. axillary. Spinage. SPINA/CIA.
c Fruit naked (no calyx) between 2 bracts. Styles 2. Herbs (sometimes
shrubby) often mealy or scurfy. Lys. sometimes opposite, triangular,
etc. AT’RIPLEX. d Stems jointed, leafless, having the flowers at the joints. Stamens 1 or2. Fleshy, herbs with opposite branches. Seaside. Samphire. SaLicor’NIa.
d Stems with leaves linear fleshy, and profusely branched. Flowers mi-
nute, sessile, clustered. Stamens 5. @) In salt marshes. Glasswort. CHENOPODI’NA. d Stems with terete awl-shaped leaves tipped with a spine. Calyx-wing-
ed on the back, wings persistent and purplish in fruit. Saliwort. Sau’soua Kali.
Ornver CVI. AMARANTACEA. -Amaranths.
Herbs very similar to the Goose foots, but with an imbricated involucre of 3 dry scarious bracts added to the flowers. Style 1. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle, caryopsis or berry. Flowers very small and numerous.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Anthers 2-celled. Ovary with oO ovnies, utricle 0 -seeded. Cockscomb. CALO’sIa, § Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled, utricle 1-seeded. Leaves alternate....(b) § Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled, utricle 1-seeded. Leaves opposite... .{a)
* Flowers monecious or polygamous, all with a calyx and stamens. AMARAN’TUS. 1
* Fls. diecious, the pistillate with neither calyx norstam. Water Hemp. Acni’DA. a Sterile stamens 5, the 5 fertile joined into a tube. Heads axillary. South. TELANTHE RA. a Sterile stam. 5, the 5 fertile in atube. Spikes terminal and axillary. W. FROELICH’IA. - a Sterile stamens none.—b Flowers paniculate, white. River banks. W. TRESI’NE, —b Fis. capitate, crimson, &c. Glebe Amaranth. GOMPHRE’NA.
1. AMARAN’TUS. Amaranth.
Calyx of 5 or 3 sepals, with 3 bracts at base. Stamens 3-5. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle which is regularly circumscissile, or tears open, or does not open at all—wWe find 11 species (see Botanist and Florist, . D. 285), among which are the White Pigweed and other weeds of the gar den, and a few showy herbs like the following :
294 THE FLORA.
A hypochondri’acus. Prince’s Feather. Smoothish. Leaves lance-oblong, some red dened. Spikes very obtuse, the terminal one much the longest. Flowers deep pur- ple, 5-parted. Fields and gardens. 3-6f. From Mexico.
A. panicula’tus. Pubescent, pale green or purplish. Leaves lance-ovate. Spikes slen- der, acutish, numerous, all subequal, reddish green, or in the variety sanguineus, crimson. Bracts awn-pointed. Calyx 5-parted. Fields and garlens. 2-3f, ;
OrnpEerR CVII. THYMELACEH. Daphnads.
Shrubs with a very tough bark, entire leaves and perfect flowers ; calyx colored, tubular, regular, 4-parted, bearing the 4-8 stamens ; ovary free, forming a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe in fruit.
1. DIRCA. Leatherwood.
Calyx colored like a corolla, its limb obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, exserted. Style 1. Flowers opening before the leaves, 8 from each bud.
D. palus’tris. Shrub 3-5f. high, along streams, with pendent, yellowish flowers in April and May. Drupes small, oval, red. Lvs. oblong-obovate.
2. DAPHNE. Daphne.
Calyx colored, funnel-form, limb spreading, 4-parted. Stamens 8, not exserted. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded. Exotics. 1 D. Meze’reum is a shrub, 2-3f., with very smooth lanceolate leaves appearing later than
the side clusters of rose-purple, sweet-scented flowers.—Two or three other species are found in the greenhouse. Europe.
OrpER OXVII JUGLANDACEA. Walnuts.
Trees with alternate, pinnate exstipulate /vs. and monecious flowers ;
sterile flowers in aments with an irregular perianth ; fertile, solitary, &c. ;
2 calyz regular, 8-5-lobed. Fruit a tryma (9 172) with a fibrous epicarp (shuck) and a bony endocarp (shell) ;
seed large, with lobed, often sinuous, oily cotyledous.
Analysis of the Genera.
Sterile aments solitary, simple. Epicarp persistent on the tryma. Joeuans 1. Sterile aments ed, latet1l. Epicarp 4-valved, separating. CaRyYA. 2
—— ae
ORDER 118—LAURELS. , 295
1. JUGLANS. Walnut.
é Calyx scale-like, 5 or 6-parted, with about 20 stamens. @ Caiyx ter- minal, 4-parted, with 4 greenish petals and 2 fringed stigmas.
1 J. cine’rea. Butternut. White W. Tree 40-50f., with wide-spread branches. Leaflets 15-17, lanceolate. Fruit oblong-ovoid. Kernel with two great lobes, rich and swect. The wood is used in ornamental work.
2. nigra. Black W. Tree 60-SOf., with a tall straight trunk. Leaflets 15-21, lance ovate, subcordate. Fruit globular. Wood dark purple, used in cabinet-work, very valuable. Seed rich in oil.
2. CAR’YA. Hickory.
é Calyx scale-like, 3-parted, with 4 or 5 stamens. ¢@ Calyx 4cleft; na petals. Shell smooth and even. Timber very strong.
* Leaflets 13-15, scythe-shaped. Nut oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet....No. 1 * Leafiets 7-11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel....Nos. 2,3 * Leaflets 5-9. Nut roundish, hard-shelled, sweet and eatable....(a) a Valves of the epicarp distinct to the base. Bark with loose plates... Nos. 4,2! a Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark solid, firm... Nos. 6-8 1 C. olivefor’mis. Pecan Nut. Tree 60-90f., in river bottoms, W. and S.W. 2 C. ama’ra. Biiter Nut. Tree 20-40f. Leaflets sharply serrate. Nut white. 3 C. aquat’ica. Tree 30-40f. Leaflets subentire. Nut reddish. Swamps, S. 4 C. alba. Shagbark. Tree 40-50f. Leaflets 5, the 2 lower smaller. Common. 5 C. sulca’ta. Thick Shelibark. Tree 40-80f. Leaflets9-11, the odd one subsessile. Fruit large, oval, 4-furrowed ; nut pointed at both ends, shell thick. 6 C. tomento’sa. Mocker Nut. Tree 40-60f. Lfts. 7-9, rough-downy. Little meat 7 C. porci’na. Pignut. Tree 60-100f. Leafiets 5-7, smoothish. Fruit somewha pear-shaped, 8 C. microcar’pa. Tree 60-S0f. Leaflets 5-7, glabrous. Nut small as a nutmeg.
ORDER CXVIIL LAURACEAR. Laurels.
Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves ; sepals colored, 4-6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ; anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many valves; ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit; no albumen.
Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreel....a § Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous....b 2 Trees. Lvs. thick, lance-oblong. Fls. umbeled. 8. Bay Galls. Per’sra.
296 THE FLORA.
b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras. Sas’saFRas. ] b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-valved.’ Shrubs. — =‘ Spice-bush. Bun’zoin. b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-valved. Shrubs. S. Pond-spice. TETRANTHE RA.
SASSAFRAS. Sassafras.
Flowers dicecious, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers.
S, officina’le. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or 8-lobed and acute at base. Tree aromatic, 10-30f. high.
Orper CXIX. CUPULIFERAH. The Mastworts.
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules , flowers monecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ; stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx;
ovary in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, but becoming ir fruit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr, or sac).
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Sterile flowers in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 8 together....2 § Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose and large....¢ 2 Involucre 1-flowered, cup-like, composed of many little scales....a 2 Involucre 2 or 8-flowered, composed of few large valves....b a Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10. Fertile flowers, con- sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn, 1- celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by their peculiar fruit, called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 23 species are described. (See Figs. 82-34, 267.) Oak, Quercus. 1 b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a burr with 4 valves, Sterile aments slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens; 38 fertile flowers in each involucre, which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the other a shrub. Timber excellent. The fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See Fig. 277.) ‘Chestnut. CASTA‘NEA t Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments head-like, sus- pended by aslender stalk. Calyx 6-cleft. Two flowers in each burr, which is covered by weak spines. Nuts sharply 3-angled. They are tall, valua- ble forest-trees. Beech. Faaus b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top. Sterile flowers in a slender ament. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut in each involucre. Fluzel, Cor’ ¥1us.
—
ORDER 121.—GALEWORTS. | 297
e Involuere a closed, inflated sac, one-flowered, many together in the pendnu-
lons, hop-like cluster. Small trees, with very compact, strong timber, called Hop Hornbeam. Lron-wood. Lever-wood, Os’TRYA.
¢ Involucre an open, 3-lobed leaf, 1-flowered, Small trees, with a strong, heavy timber. Hornbeam. Carpi’Nts,
1. QUERCUS. Oak.
§ Leaves mostly entire, the ends subequal. petioles very short....Nos. 14 } Leaves 3-lobed and dilated above, awnless when full-grown. Fruit @... Nos. 5, 6 § Leaves 3-9-lobed or pinnatifid, broad ; the lobes bristle-pointed. Fruit @....(a) § Leaves 5-9-lobed, lobes obtuse, never bristle-pointed. Fruit @, sessile....13-15 § Leaves 9-25-toothed, obovate, downy beneath, awnless. Acorn @, sweet....16-17 a Leaves at base cuneate, short-petioled. 3-5-lobed. Shrubs or small trees....7, € a Leaves at base abrupt or truncate, mostly long-petioled, 7-9-lobed....(b) b Nut one-third immersed in the saucer-shaped, fine-scaled cup....9, 10 b Nut near half immersed in the hemispherical, coarse-scaled cup....11-12 1Q. virens. Live Oak. Tree 40-50f., often smaller. Lvs. elliptic-oblong, obtuse, rarely with a fewteeth. Peduncle longer than acorn. Timber excellent. Va. and S. 2Q. cine’rea. Upland Wiliow O. Shrub 4-20f. Lvs. asin No. 1. Peduncle short. Va. andS. 8 Q. imbrica’ria. Shingle O. Laure O. (Fig. 33.) A handsome tree 40-50f., with dark. shining, lance-oblong, wavy leaves. Nut ruundish,on a short peduncle. W.andS. 4Q. Phellos. Wil ow O. Tree 38-60f. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, often some teeth. N. J. and 8. 5 Q. aquat’ica. Water O. Tree 20-40. handsome. Leaves glabrous. acute at base. S. 6Q. nigra. Black Jack. Barren O. Treesmall (8-25f.), gnarled. Leaves rust- downy beneath. Lobes obtuse. or in var. triloba with a few awned teeth. M. W.S. 7 Q. Catesbe’i. Turkey O. Tree 20-25f Leaves large, narrowly and irregularly lobed. S. 8 Q. illicifo’lia. Scrub O. Shrub 4-7f. Lvs. regularly 5-lobed, white-downy beneath. 9Q. rubra. Red QO. (Fig. 267.) Tree 50-70f. Lvs. (not deeply) 7-9-lobed, dark-red in autumn. Cup 9-12’ broad. nut 1‘, oblong-ovoid. 10 Q. palustris. Pin QO. Tree 60-80f. Lvs. deeply 5-7-lobed, russet-brown in autumn. Cup 5-7” broad. nut ronnd-oval, 9’ long. (Fig. 318, etc.) 11 Q. falea’ta. Spanish O. Tree 60-70f. Lvs. ashy-pubescent beneath, lobes falcate. S. 12 Q. cocci’nia. Scarlet O. Treevery larze (80f.). Lvs. much like No. 9, but turn dbright- red in autumn, glabrous, often widening above. Nut half covered by the cup. 13 Q. alba. White O. (Fig. 32.) Tree 30-60f. or more, with light-colored bark. Lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, lobes subequal. Nut #immersed. Timber excellent. 14 Q. obtusi/loba. Post O. Three upper lobes broader, 2-lobed. Nut $ immersed, 15 Q. macrocar’pa. Moss-cup O. (Fig. 34.) Lvs. deepest lobed in middle. Cup fringed, nearly enclosing the globous nut. 16 Q. bi’color. Swamp White O. Lvs. whitened beneath. Acornsin pairs, long-stalked. 17Q. Prinus. Chestnut 0. Treeorshrub. Lvs. crenate or serrate. Nut subsessile.
OrDER CXX. MYRICACEX. Galeworts. Analysis of the Genera and Species.
§ Leaves lance-linear, pinnatifid, fern-like. Fertile aments globular. Ovary surrounded by 6-8 long linear scales. Nut ovoid, smooth. A low (2-3f.) bush with peculiarly fragrant leaves. Sweet Fern. CamprTo’ Nita 13*
298 THE FLORA.
§ Leaves undivided. Fertile aments ovoid. Drupes gobular, coated with
wax or resinous grains. Shrubs growing along shores. Myrica (* * M. cerife’ra. Bayberry. Lvs. oblanceolate. Drupes coated with white wax.
*M.Gale. Sweet Gale. Lys. wedge-oblong. Drupes winged, reddish.
Orver CXXI. BETULACEA. The Birchworts.
Trees or shrubs, with deciduous stipules, with the alternate leaves simple, having the veinlets running straight to the margin; flowers moncecious, both kinds contained in scaly catkins, 2 or 8 under each bract; calyz and corolla hardly any ; ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but becoming in fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded nut, by the suppression of the other seed and cell. Analysis of the Genera.
6 bracts with 12 stam. each; 2 bracts with mostly 8ovaries. Birch. Bet’uta. 1 é@ bracts with 4-8 stam. each; @ bracts with 2 ova. or fis. each. Alder. ALNus.
BET’ULA. Birch,
$ in a cylindrical cat- kin, bracts each with 8 { tetrandrous flowers be- \ neath it. ¢ in an oblong or egg-shaped catkin, bracts 3-lobed, each with 3 2-styled ova- ries or flowers, with no calyx. Samara flattened, broadly winged.—Trees and shrubs, mostly with the outer bark in thin layers with horizontal fibres. Oatkins ap- pearing in early spring before the leaves.
633
§ Trees with a yellowish bark, and heart-ovate, serrate leaves....1 § Trees with reddish-brown bark, and ovate, doubly serrate leaves... .2, 3 § Trees with white bark and long-stalked, long-
Fig. 632. Sweet Black Birch (Betula lenta), with staminate and pistillate catkins: a, a scale with staminate : flowers; 0, with pistillate flowers. ig.
pointed leaves....4, 5 633. a, A winged samara ent length- § Shrubs with brownish bark, and roundish, wise, showing its fertile and abortive
erenate leaves. .6,7 cell; 0. the same cut across.
ORDER 122.—THE WILLOWORTS. 299
1 B. excel’sior. Yellow Birch. Tree 50-80f. Fertile aments erect, oblong, 1 inck in length, erect, sterile 2-4’, pendulous, clustered. ¢« N. 2 B.lenta. Black B. Suwset B. Tree 40-60f. Fertile aments erect, oval, obtuse, stalked; sterile 2-3’, pendulous. Inner bark sweet-spicy. M. N. 8 B. ni’gra. ed Birch. Tree 30-50f. Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute at both ends, obscurely lobed. Fertile aments sessile, ovoid. M.S. W. 4 B. populifo’lia. White B. Tree 30-40f. Leaves triangular, long-pointed, smooth, unequally serrate. Sterile aments iong, pendulous. N. 5 B. papyra’cea. Canoe Birch. Tree 50-70f. Leaves ovate, pointed, doubly- serrate. All the aments nodding. Hillsand mountains. N. 6 B. pum’ila. Dwarf B. Shrub erect, 2-6f. Branches warty. Leaves obovate, ob- tusely serrate above. Fertile aments cylindric. Mountains. N. 7 B.na’na. Ziny B. Shrub low, trailing, smooth. Leaves round, crenate. Scales of fertile ament deeply 3-parted. 3-12’. Mountains. N.-H.
Orper CXXII. SALICACEH. The Willoworts.
Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, and stipules usually present; flowers dicecious, naked, both kinds in aments, each with a bract;
%
ovary 1 or 2-celled, with 2 short styles; capsule many-seeded ; seeds with a coma and no albumen.
Fig. 634. A fertile flower of a Willow, consisting of a pistil and a bract. ig. 635. Sterile flower, 2 stamens and a bract’ Fig. 636. A sterile flower of Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candi- €ans); many stamens. Fig. 637. A fertile flower, consisting of a fringed scale, a calyx holding & double ovary.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Aments cylindric, bracts entire. Stamens 2 or more. Capsule 1-celled, 2- valved, the seeds very small, clothed with silky hairs. Trees or shrubs. Leaves often long and narrow. (Figs. 12, 17, 88.) We have about 27 spe- cies. Willow. Osier. Sa. x
§ Aments Sindein bracts fringed. Stamens 8 or more. Capsule 2-celled, 2- valved. Calyx an entire cup. Buds varnished with a fragrant resin. Leaves broad, large. Trees. Poplar. Aspen. Porvtus
300 ‘THE FLORA.
OO HAS Tas THE CONOIDS. |
OrpER CXXVII. CONIFER. Pimeworts.
Trees or shrubs, mostly evergreen, abounding in resinous juice ;
leaves scattered or fascicled, mostly linear, parallel or fork-veined.
jlvwers moneecious or dicecious, naked, in aments and cones.
& Stamens 1, or several united. ¢ Ovules 1-co naked in the axil of the scale
No pistil, calyx, or corolla.
Fruit a strobile or cone with the scales woody and distinct, or berry-like with the scales fleshy and coherent. Illustrated in Figs. 7, 9, 91, 300, &c.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Scales of the cone each with a bract beneath and 2 seeds above... .(a) § Scales bractless. Ovules and seeds 1-9. Lvs. scale-like or awl-shaped. ..(b)
a Leaves evergreen, linear, 2-5-together in each fascicle. Pine. Pints. 1 a Leaves evergreen, linear, solitary, scattered. Spruce, &c. ABIES. 2 a Leaves deciduous, linear, in fascicles of many together. Larch. Lartx. 3 b Cones berry like, consisting of the fleshy coherent scales. Juniper. JUNIPERUS. 4 b Cones dry, scaies imbricated. Leaves scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed. THUYA.
b Cones dry, globular ; scales angular, valvately closed until ripe....(c¢) c Leaves scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed. Cones small (3). White Cedar. CUPRESSUS. c Leaves linear, alternate, deciduous. Cones 1’ diameter. Cypress. TAXODIUM.
1. PINUS. Pine.
§ Leaves in 5s. Scales spineless, scarcely thickened at the end....No.1 § Leaves in 3s.—a Cones oblong, with small recurved spines....2, 3 —a Cones egg-shaped, with weak or strong spines....4, 5 § Leaves in 3s.—b Scales tipped with spines or prickles....6, 7 b Scales without spines....8, 9 1 P. Strobus. White Pine. A majestic tree 100-170f. in the forests. Leaves needle shaped, 4-5’, not rigid. Cones pendulous, oblong 5-7’. Timber of great value. 2 P. austra/lis. Long-leaved P. Tree 60-100f.. very resinous. Leaves 10-15’ long, crowded. Cones 1f. long. S. Excellent for timber, turpentine, or fuel. . 2P. Teda. Lobdlolly P. Tree 50-90f. Leaves 6-10’, with long sheaths. Cones half ae long as the leaves, with small but strong spines. Excellent fuel. Va. and 8. 4 P. sero’tina. Pond P. Tree 30-50f. Lvs. 5-8’, rigid. Cone as large as a goose egg, smooth and shining, nearly spineless. Grows in wet woods, South. | 5 P. rig/ida. Pitch P. Tree 30-70f., with very rough bark. Leaves rigid, 46. Spines stout, recurved, cones clustered, ovoia-conic, 2-3’. In sandy barrens. 5 F. mitis. Yellow P. Spruce P. Treeof slow growth, 30-60f. Leaves often in 3s, Dual mostly in pairs, slendcr, 3-5’. Cone scarcely 2’, ovoid-conic.. Timber goud.
Onper 128.—THE YEWS. : 301
7 P. pungens. Tree 20-30f., with crooked branches. Lvs. about 2’, stout, crowded. Cones ovoid, 3’, with stout spines 3’’ long. Mts, Pa. and 8S. S$ P. inops. Jersey P. Scrub P. Tree 15-25f., rough and crooked. Leaves rigid, obtuse, 2-3’. Cones ovoid-oblong, 2-3’, with straightish prickles. Barrens. 9 P. resino’sa, Norway P. Red P. Tree 60f., with smoothish bark. Lvs. 5-6’, slender, with long sheaths. Cones ovoid-conic, 2-3’. Dry woods, northward. 16 P. Hudso’nica. Bank's P. A straggling shrub 5-25f. Lvs. 1’ long, curved and stiff, the cones some longer, recurved, smooth. Rocks, Me.and W.
2, ABIES. Spruce. Fir. Hemlock.
§ Fir. Cones erect, the scales deciduous. Lvs. flat, spreading two ways....Nos. 4, 5 § Spruce. Cones nodding. Leaves 4-sided or ensiform, pointing all around....2, 3 § Hemlock. Cones hanging. Leaves flat, mostly spreading two ways....No. 1
1 A. Canaden’sis. Common H. Tree 50-S80f., elegant while young. Leaves short- linear (6-8’’), glaucous beneath. Cones ovoid,terminal, as lung as the leaves. Scales concealing the bracts. Rocky woods. Timber inferior, but useful.
2 A. nigra. Double S. Tree pyramidal, 50-80f. Leaves 6-7’, dark-green. Cones ovoid
1-2’, scales erose-denticulate. Damp mountain woods, northward.
3A. alba. Single S. Tree 30-80f., pyramidal. Leaves 6-9’’, glaucous. Cones decidu- ous, cylindrical, 2’, with the scales entire. Common in rocky woods.
4 A. Fra’seri. Double Balsam Fir. Tree small, 15-30f. Bark dlistercd with reser- voirs of balsam. Lvs. 8-10’’.. Cones oblong 1-2’; bracts long-pointed, reflexed. Mountains. This and the next are handsome and often cultivated.
5 A. balsa’mea. Balsam F. Tree 30-50f. Barkas in No.4. Lvs. 8-10’, obtuse, silvery beneath. Cones 3-4 by 1’, cylindrical; bracts scarcely exserted. s
3. LARIX. Larch. Tamerac.
1 L. America’na. American L. (Fig.91.) A beautiful tree, 70-100f. Leaves filiform. soft, 1-2’. Cones 6-10’’, dark-purple, the few rounded scales each with 2 winged seeds. Var. pendula has slender, drooping branches.
2 L. Europez’a, A large tree with flattened leaves, and cones 12-18” long. From Eur.
4, JUNIP’ERUS. Juniper.
§ Leaves all subulate and in 8s, spreading, jointed to the stem, 1-nerved... No.1 § Leaves scale-form, opposite, 4-rowed, appressed, some of them aw]l-shaped....2,3 $<. commu/’/nis, CommonJ. (Fig.%.) Shrub or low tree, often prostrate. Leaves crowded, pungent-pointed,.6-8’’. Fruit small (2”), dark-purple, sweetish. Woods and mountains. .
2 J. Virginia’na. Red Cedar. Tree 30-40f., dark-green. Early leaves, awl- shaped, 3-4’’", some spreading ; later ones scaleform. Fruit blue-white. Rocky soils. Timber red, durable, used for posts or lead-pencils.
3 J. sabi‘na. A trailing shrub. Fruit larger (3’’), nodding, dark-purple. Rocka, N
via irs:
ORDER OXXVIIL, TAXACEA, The Yews, is represented
in our flora by the genus Taxus, and species T. Canadensis, Yew, a low, w prostrate shrub. (Fig. 301.)
302 THE FLORA.
COHORT V.
SPADICIFLORA, OR THE APETALOUS ENDOGENS.
Orper CXXXI. ARACE# Aroids.
Chiefly herbs with a fleshy rootstock of corm; leaves sometimes net-veined flowers mostly without calyx or corolla, arranged on a spadix;
stamens few or many, hypogynous, very short; anthers turned outwards ovary free; stigmas sessile; fruit a dry or juicy berry, and the
seeds with or without albumen. Growing in wet places.
ZZ
642 638 639 640
Fig. 688. Wild Calla (Calla palustris), a leaf, and a spadix of flowers, with its spathe (6), Fig. 639. The same enlarged. Fig. 640. A flower enlarged. Fig. 641. One of the berries cut, showing the 6 cells. Fig. 642. Golden Club (Orontiwm aquaticum); its spadix (s) is without 8 spathe.
Analysis of the Geneva.
* Spadix ezveloped in a spathe....2 fpadix destitute of a spathe. Sepals 4-6....d _ 2 Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth 0....a 2 Flowers covering the whole spadix, monecious. Perianth 0....b 2 Flowers covering the whole spadix and perfect....¢
ORDER 131.—AROIDS. 303
Spathe rolled in at base. Top of spadix club-shaped. Dragon-root. Arisz*ma. 1
b Spathe rolled inwards the whole length. Arrow-lvd. Dragon. PELTAN’DRA. % b Spathe rolled backwards ahove, white. Egyptian Calla. Richar’pia. ¢ Perianth 0. Spathe open, flattish, white. Lvs. cordate. Wild Calla. Catua. e Perianth.regular. Spa. shell-form. Lyvs.large. Skunk-cabbuge. SympLocaRr’Pus, ad Flowers terminal, yellow. Scape terete. Golden Club. OronTIUM.
d Ficwers lateral, green. Scape leaf-like. Sweet Flag. A’oorvs. 3
1, ARISA/MA. Arum. Indian Turnip.
Spathe rolled inward at base. Spadix covered with flowers below, naked and club-shaped above. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each a clump of 4 stamens. Fertile flowers each a 1-celled ovary, with a flat stigma. Berry red, with 1 or several seeds——Odd-looking plants, with scape arising from a corm or rootstock, and sheathed with the radical leaves. Taste very acrid.
1 A. triphyl’lum. Jack-in-the-Pulpit. Leaves usually 2, trifoliate. Spathe bent and inflected above, covering the obtuse spadix, striped.
2 A. quina’tum. Five-leaved Jack. Leaves in pairs, one or both quinate. 8.
3 A. Dracon’tium. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly solitary, pedate, 7-11-foliate.
2. PELTAN’DRA. Arrow Dragon.
The sterile flowers consist of 8-12 anthers attacked to the border of a shield-shaped (peltate) connectile.—Root fibrous. Leaves sagittate.
1 P, Virgin’iea. Virginia A. Spathe green, incurved, long, wavy on the margin. Leaves many, large, hastate-sagittate, very smooth, dark.
2 P.glau’ca. Glaucous A. Spatha wi ite, entire, gradually unrclled and widened above. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the base lobes large. S.
3. AC’ORUS. Sweet Flag.
Spadix cylindric, sessile, issuing from the side of a leaf-like scape with- out aspathe. Perianth of 6 sepals. Stamens 6. Fruit capsular, 3-celled, o-seeded. 2» Rhizome thick, aromatic. Leavesall radical, linear-sword- shaped like the scape.
A. cal’amus. The Sweet Flag grows in swampy places throughout the country. The loug sword-shaped leaves are marked by a ridge running their whole length (2-3f.). Spadix about 3’ long, yellowish-green, borne midway of the length of the leaf-like scape. Root a thick, creeping rhizome, much valued for its warmly pungent qualities.
304 THE FLORA.
OrpER CXXXII.. TYPHACEA. Typhads.
Herbs growing in marshes and ditches, with rigid, sword-shaped leaves; jlowers monecious, arranged on a spadix or in heads with no spathe; perianth of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0; stamens 1-4, slender; oviry 1-ovuled, nut-like and 1-seeded in fruit.—Comprises 2 genera.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Cat-tail. Reed-mace. Spadix long-cylindric, brownish green, the sterile flowers above, the fertile innumerable, packed solid in the lower part. Stem with its terminal spa-
dix 3-4f., the leaves 4-5f, long. TYPHA. § Burr-reed. Spadices or globular heads many, the lower fertile ; pistils sessile, each with 3-6 scales for a calyx. Upper heads staminate. SPARGA’/NIUM
OrpDER CXXXIII. NAIADACE#. WNaiads.
Water planis, with sheathing petioles or stipules, and jointed stems; flowers often perfect, with a perianth, or imperfect and naked ; with stamens definite, ovaries free, sessile, and 1-sceded indehiscent fruit.
The Naiads grow in rivers, lakes, or seas. They have linear, grass-like leaves, and some of the Pondweeds have broad or oval leaves beside.
Potamoge’ton (Pondweed) is the principal genus. Its flowers are perfect, greenish, clustered on spike-like spadices which arise just above the water while in bioom. The gtamens, sepals, and ovaries are each 4, and the fruit 4 achenia. We have about 20 species, all in fresh water. Eight of these have two kinds of leaves; the submersed linear, the floating elliptical. The other species have all their lvs. submersed and Lnear. (See Botanist and Florist.)
COHORT Vi. FLORIDEE, OR THE FLOWERING ENDOGENS.
OrprR CXXXIV. HYDROCHARIDACEA. Frogbits.
Aquatic herbs with regular, imperfect flowers growing from a apathe ; pertanth 8- or 6-parted, the inner segments petaloid; stamens 3-12; gvary adherent, 6—9-celled ; frwzt indehiscent, many-seeded.
Ts
ee me ee 1 ee 1
URDER 136.—GREENBRIERS. 30E
Analysis of the Genera.
1 Frogs-bit. Leaves all radical, ronnd-cordate, spongy beneath, floating in stagnant waters. Flowers diccious, white, the fertile on short, the sterile on long (3’) peduncles. Berry many-seeded. LIQNo’BIUM.
2 Ditch-moss. Leaves crowded on the long submersed stems opposite or whorlec, linear- oblong. Periantk white, 6-parted, its base extended into a capillary tube 4-10 long! Stigmas 3. In brooks and rivers. ANACH’ ARIS,
? Eel-grass. Leaves all radical. grass-like in water. Flowers diccious, the fertile white one on each long spiral thread-form scape; the sterile in clusters at the root, but breaking away and arising to the surface to open and shed their pollen.
VALLISNE’RIA spira’lis,
OrpER CXXXV. PONTEDERIACEZ. Pontederiads.
Aquatic herbs with more or less irregular perfect flowers, with the pervanth colored, tubular, 6-parted, stamens 8 or 6, and style 1; ovary free; capsule 3 or 1-celled, x» or 1-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Stamens 6, unequal. Perianth blue, 2-lipped. Utricle 1-seeded. PONTEDERIA. ] * Stamens 3, unequal, the lower one sagittate. Capsule 3-celled, O0-seeded. Perianth white or blue, 6-parted, with a slender tube. HETERANTHE’RA
* Stamens 3, equal. Capsule i-celled, CO-seeded. Perianth regularly 6-parted, yellow, its tube very long (2-3’) and slender. Leaves grass-like, growing wholly under water Water Siar-grass. ScHOL’LERA.
1. PONTEDE’RIA. Pickerel-weed.
Large showy herbs growing in patches extending from the shore te deep water. Leaves radical, long-stalked. Stem or scape bearing 1 leaf and a terminal spike of showy flowers lasting but a day.
1 P. cordifo’lia. Leaves between heart-and arrow-shaped, blunt, very smooth, and shin ing. Scape stout, arising 1-2f. above the water. Flowers violei blue, very irregular, in a spike 2 or 3’ long. After flowering the corolla roJls downward from the top,
persisting and withering on the 1-seeded fruit. Common. July. 2 P. lancifo’lia. Leaves lance-oblong to lance-linear, rather acute at each end. South.
ORDER CXXXVI. SMILACACE. Greenbriers.
Herbs or shrubs often climbing. eaves reticulate-veined. //s. dicecious; nerianth 6-parted, regular, free from the 3-celled ovary. Fruit a berry. 1. SMILAX. Greenbrier.
Leaves palmate-veined, entire, petiolate, with a pair of tendrils in the place of stipules. ‘See Fig. 95.) Flowers greenish, in axillary umbels
306 THE FLORA.
1 8. herba’cea. Carrion-flower. Stem herbaceous, erect or reclined, without prickles. Lvs. ovate-oblong, 7-veined. Flowers 8-50 on each Jong peduncle, ill-scented.
2 8. rotundifo’lia. Common Greenbrier. Vine green, strong and thorny, somewhat 4-an- gled. Leaves round-ovate, 5-7-veined, cusp-pointed. Peduncles a little longer (6-7’% than the petioles, Berries bluish-black. Thickets. 1-30f.
3S. hispida. Vine teretc, bispid with weak prickles if any. Lvs. thin, ovate, cuspidate Peduncle twice as long (1’) as the petioles. Berries black. Thickets.
OrDER CXXXVITI. ALISMACEKA. Alismads.
Herbs growing in water, with the leaves parallel-veined, and with the flowers regular and not on a spadix ; the perzanth consisting of sepals and petals, 3 of each, the former always green ;
ovaries free, 3 or more, separating into as many 1-seeded achenia.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Both the calyx and corolla greenish. Lvs. rush-like (Arrow-grasses)..... b § Corolla colored, white. Leaves mostly with a lamina....a a Fis. §. Sta. 6. Carpels whorled. Water Plantain. AtIsMaA. 1 a Fls. 3. Stamens 9-24. Carpelsina head. chinodore. Ecurnoporvs. a Fils. 9. Sta. many. Carpels ina head. <Arrow-head. SaqitTaRia. 2 b Lvs. radical. Anthers ovate. Carpels 1 seeded. Trigloch. TRIGLOCHIN. b Leaves cauline. Antherslinear. Car- pels 1-2-seeded. ScHEUCHZERIA.
1. ALISMA. Water Plantain.
Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Ova ries and styles numerous, collected into a whorl, becoming in fruit many dis- tinct, flattened achenia.—2¢ Stemless herbs, the leaves all radical. Flowers
in a panicle. Fig. 643. Sagittaria sagittifolia (com-
mon form), leaf and flowers. 4 One A. planta’go. A common,smooth, handsome 6 the pistils enlarged. 5. The pistil of
inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves _—Ajisma cut open, showing the seed and oval or ovate, abruptly acuminate, 7-9- —eurved embryo.
—_’ = "=
“eee ea errr _ s = . wey > ' ©
ORDER 138.—THE ORCHIDS. i 307
veined, entire, on long petioles. Scape 1-2f. high, branching in whorls, bearing nr merous purplish-white flowers, in July.
9. SAGITTA’RIA. Arrow-head.
Flowers moneecious, rarely diwcious, the 6 with about 24 stamens, the ¢ with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as many compressed, margined achenia.—2f Stemless plants, leaves radical, generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3’s, the sterile ones above the fertile. ,
S. variab’ilis. A curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the scape simple, with the stalks 1-flowered. The leaves are generally arrow- shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, sometimes lanceolate, and sometimes even consisting ofa petiole only. Aboutlf. high. July.
Orver CXXXVIII. ORCHIDACEH. The Orchids,
Herbs perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, parallel-veined leaves ; flowers very irregular, but the perianth consisting always of 6 parts, viz., of 3 sepals and 3 petals, all usually colored, the lower petal called the
lip differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base ; stamens 3, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the
style and forming what is called the column ; anthers 2, 4 or 8-celled; pollen powdery, or waxy, or granulated ; ovary 1-celled, many-seeded.
Analysis of the Genera.
* Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves....2
_* Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves....d
* Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and no leaves, or a late one....¢ 2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like....a 2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like....8 8 Corolla prodnced into a spur behind....b 8 Corolla destitute of a spur... .4 4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless....¢ 4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, beardless....f 4 Flowers showy, purple or yellow, few or 1 only....g a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers2. Lady’s-slipper. CyPRIPE’DIoM. 1 a Rootacorm. Lip 3-lobed, 2-spurred. Anther 1. Calypso. Cal ¥P’80.
308 THE FLORA.
651 es BAW. Fig. 646. Lady's-slipper (Oypripedium acaule), whole plant, with its 2 leaves, scape, and curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower; s, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united; p, the petals; 1, lip (lower petal); e, the anthers, upper one sterile; 0, the 3-celled ovary. 8. The column seen rom beneath, with the pistil, two stamens. and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of Jrchis spectabilis. Fig. 650. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1. Arethusa bulbosa; ff he flower. 2. Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses reneath.
b Fis. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lvs. 1-o. Orchis. Orcuts. 2 b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaf lonly. TZipuda. Treuna’ria. s Root coraline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs, none. Coral-root. CoRALLORHI ZA.
ce
c Root2 corms. Spurnone. Leaf 1, late, radical. Puity-root. APLECTRUM, d Flowers 1 only, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa AReTHU’sA, 4 d Fls. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. 0 or few.) Bletia, Buetta,
e Leafl. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros'tylis. Micros’TYLIs.
e Leaves 2, radical. Lip flat, ascending. Column winged. Jiparis, Lip’aRis. © e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Tway-blade, LisTERA .
ORDER 188.—THE ORCHIDS. | 309
f Leaves all green. Lip obtuse, erect. Ladies’ Tresses. Serran’THES, 5 f Leaves netted witn white. Lip pointed, reflexed. | Rattlesnake Plantain, Goopyk’Ra. f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis, POUTHIEVA. z Lip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaflinear. Grass Pink. CaLopo’aon. 6 z Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera)....h h Coiumn free from the lip. Flowers purplish. Beard Pink, Pogo’nta. 7 h Column growing tothelip. Yellow. Ontrees. 8. Zvee Orchis. Epipen’pRuM.
1. CYPRIPE’DIUM. lLady’s-slipper.
The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Column terminated by a petal-like lobe (which is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2.—Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few May-July.
* Flowers yellow, oae or more. Stems leafy....5, 6 * Flowers white or rose-purple....1 1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more....2-4 1 C.acau’le. Stemless L. (Figs. 642-644.) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base. and 1 large flower at top. c. 2 C. can’didum>~ White L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 only, smaller, white. W.S. 7. 8 C. spectab’ile. Showy Z. Two lower sepals united. Flowers few, very large, purplish. e. 4 C. Arieti’num. Ram’s-Head L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower J only, small, purplish. 7. 5 C. pubes’cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin Fl. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip flattened at sides, pale yellow. ¢. (Fig. 89.) 6 U. parviflo’rum. Smaller yellow L. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat abeve and below, bright yellow. c.
9. ORCHIS. Orchis.
Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar; all, or all but two, ascending and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lubed, produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy grains.—F lowers genevally showy, in spikes orracemes. June—Aug. mostly.
Notr.—Under this genus we include two others, viz.: Gymnadenia and Platarthera The beginner would find it difficult to separdte them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 682, &c. No.1 is the true Orchis. Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gymnadenia, and all the others belong to Plutanthera
310 ‘THE FLORA.
§ Leaves radical and only 2 (rarely 3). Flowers on a scape....1-8 § Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, on a scape....4, 5 § Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts....a a Corolla lip entire, neitaer lobed, fringed, nor toothed... .6—9 a Corolla lip 2 or 8-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish....10-12 a Corolla lip cleft into a fringe at the edge, but not divided....13-15 Corolla lip divided into 8 parts, which are fringed or not....b b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 iong bristles, the 2 side petals 2-parted 5... 16,47. b Flowers white, the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed....18, 19 b Flowers purple, numerous, showy; lip raised on a ciaw....20-22 1 O. spectab’ilis. Showy Orchis. True Orchis. Fls. few, pink-purple, handsoms, Leaves oblong-oviate. Height 4-7’. (Figs. 649, 650.) 2 O. orbicula’ta. Round-lv. O. Fils. whitish, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves round. Scape bracted. 8 O. Hook’eri. Hooker's O. Fiowers green, spiked. Spur long as ovary. Leaves round. Scape naked. 4 O. obtusa’ta. Blunt-lv. O. Leaf obovate, obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8’. r. 5 O.rotundifo/lia. Small Round-lf. O. Lf. round. Lip, mid. lobe obcord. 6-97. 7. 6 O.hyperbo’rea. Northern O. Flowers greenish. Lip, petals, leaves, and bracts, lanceolate. ; 7 O. dilata’ta. Broad-lip O. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombic at base, 8 O.niv’ea. Snowy O. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S. 9 O. nigra. Black O. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong. 10 O, tridenta’ta. Trident O. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary 11 O. bractea’ta. Bracted O. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long. 7 12 O, fla’va. Small yellow O. Lip obtuse, with a tooth each side, spur long. 18 O. crista’ta. Crested yellow O. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur, 14 O.cilia’ris. Large yeliow O. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur. 15 O. Blephariglot’tis. Ox-tongue O. Fils. white, large; 2 ride petals cut-toothed. 16 O, Michauxii. Michauxz’s O. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary. 17 O.re’pens. Five-bristled O. Leaves lance-linear. Spurshorter than ovary, 18 O.leucophe’a. White Prairie O. Bracts shorter than the ovaries. Lip fan- shaped, 3-parted, fringed. Spur clud-shaped, twice longer than ovary. 19 O.lac’era. Ragged O. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end. — Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary. 20 O.amena. Prairie O. Flowers dark-purple. Lip broad, lobes toothed, not fringed. M. W.S. ec. 21 O. Psyc’odes. Fringed O. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2 petals merely toothed. . 22 O. grandifio’ra. Great-fl.O. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, luge. 2 petals fringed. rv. 2 |
se”:
ORDER 138—THE ORCHIDS. oll
8. CORALLORHI’ZA. Coral-root. Dragon’s-claw.
Flower ringent. Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch- ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique-—Herbs without green herbage, leafless, with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May—Sept.
1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base....2, 3 1 C. multifio’ra. Muny-flowered C. Spur manifest. Lip 3-lobed (the side lobes smail), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. . Height 10-15’ 2 C. odontorhi’za. Dragon’s-claw. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip crenulate, spotted. Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14’. 8 C.inna’ta. Lesser C. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-6’.
4, ARETHU’SA.
Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to the petal-like column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen cells like a lid. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell.—Small plants, 1-flowered, in wet places.
_ Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths.
A. bulbo’sa. A beautiful plant 6-12’ high, invested with about 3 long loose sheaths with lanceolate points (hardly leaves), At the top is a large, frag-ant purple flower, in June. (See Figs. 651, 652.)
5. SPIRAN’THES. Ladies’ tresses,
Flowers in a spiral spike, semewhat ringent. Petals and sepals nearly . erect, all tending to the upper side opposite the lip. Lip raised on a short claw, concave, entire, widened at top and furnished with 2 callous pro- cesses at-base. Column arching, pollen-masses 2.—Stem leafy below or nearly naked, bearing a spike of small, white flowers, which are bent sideways and horizontal. July—Oct. (Fig. 240.)
* Fis. in a single row on one side, and but little twisted. Lvs. radical....1, 2
* Fis. in several rows all around the short spike. Lvs. on stem below....3, 4
1S. gracilis. Slender L. Leaves ovate, varying to lance-oblong. Lip dimeaka wavy-crisped.
2S tor’tilis. Twisted ZL. Leaves linear, early w thering (like first). Lip 3-lobed, finely crenate.
312 THE FLORA.
8 S latifo/lia. Broud-lc. L. Leaves oblong-lance. 2-4’ long. Spike dense Lip oblong, blunt, crisp. :
4 S.cer’nua. Nodding L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-10’ long. Spike dense Lip oblong, round, crisp.
6. CALOPO’GON. Grass Pink.
Flower with the sepals and petals similar, spreading, distinct. Lip on the upper side of the flower, stalked at base and bearded above. Column winged at the summit. Pollen-masses 2.—Leaf sheathing the base of the scape, which is bulbous at base. Flowers several. (Fig. 655.)
C pulchel’lus. A handsome plant, common in moist meadows and in bogs. Scape slender, 1-2f. high. Leaf sword-shaped or broad linear, long. Flowers pink-
purple, remarkable for having the lip on the upper side and the column below. uly.
Fig. 658. Pogonia verticillata. Fig. 654. Pogonia ophiglossvides. Fig. 655. Calopegon pulchellus
ORDER 140.—THE AMARYLLIDS. 313
7. POGO'’NIA. Beard-flower.
Flower with its sepals and petals distinct and somewhat spreading. Lip bearded inside, sometimes 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless ; anther terminal, pollen-masses 2, mealy.—Leaves 1-5, on the stem. Flowers purple. June—Aug.
* Sepals linear, spreading, much longer than the petals....1, 2 * Sepals and petals nearly equal, similar, and nearly erect....3, 4 1 P. verticilla’ta. Whorl-leaved B. Leaves 5, in a whorl near the 1 brownish flower. Sepals 2’ long. r. (Fig. 693.) 2 P. divarica’ta. Spreading Bb. Leaves 2, alternate, distant, lance-oblate. Lip 3-lobed, crenulate. §&. 3. P. ophiglossoi/dos. Adder-tongue B. Leaves 2, distant, upper bract-like. Flowers terminal, pink-colored. (Fig. 694.) 4. P. pen/dula. Nodding B. Leaves 3-4, alternate, with as many pink-white, drooping flowers.
Orper OXL. AMARYLLIDACEA. The Amaryllids.
Herbs perennial, mostly bulbous, with linear leaves, with the flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, hexandrous ; perianth of 6 similar pieces united below and adherent to the ovary, Which is 3-celled, with the styles united into 1 ;
fruit a capsule or berry, with albuminous seeds. (Fig. 137.)
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube....a
§ Perianth destitute of a crown... .2 2 Segments united into a tube above the ovary. ...b 2 Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding....3 3 Perianth irregular. ...c 3 Perianth regular....d a Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens. S. PANCRA’TIUM. a Crown a firm cup containing the stamens. Narcissus. Narcis’sus. 1 b Fir. solitary. Perianth-tube straight, erect. Atamasco lL, ZEPHYRAN’THUS. b Flowers many. Perianth-tube straight. American Aloe. AGAVE. 2 b Flowers many. Perianth-tube curved. Tuberose. POLYANTHUS. ec Stamens declined and curved. Scape with 1. Jacobea Lily. SPREKELIA. d Sepals all white, larger than the petals. Snow-drop. GALANTHUS. d Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petals. Snow-flake. LEUCOJUN. d Sepals and petals equal, yellow. Star-grass. HYPoxIs.
14
314 | THE FLORA.
1. NARCIS'SUS. Jonquil. Daffodil.
_ Perianth regular, crown of one piece, funnel-form or bell-form, consist-
ing of a whorl of sterile petal-like filaments united by their edges, within which the fertile stamens are inserted.—A beautiful genus of bulbous plants with sword-shaped leaves and yellow or white flowers. None here native. + April—June.
~* Seape bearing 1-3 large flowers....2-4 ' *N. Tazet/ta. Polyanthus. Scape many-flowered, sep. white, crown yellow, short.
2 N. Daffodil. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged. Sepals whitish. Crown ycllow, long and large.
3 N. Jonquil/la. Jonquil. Seape terete. Crown yellow, much shorter than the yellow sepals.
4 N. poet’icus. Foet’s Narcissus. Scap2 terete. Crown variegated, rotate, short; sepals mostly white.
2. AGA/VE. American Aloe.
1 A. Virginica False Aloe. Scape simple, 5-6f. high. Flowers in a spike, green- ish-yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Penn. §.
2 A. America’na. Century Plant. Scape branched, 15-25f. high, bearing 1 vast panicle of yellow flowers, after many years. Leaves very thick, lance- olate, spinous-dentate, often striped. t+
ORDER CXLIIJ. IRIDA’CE. The Irids.
Perennial herbs, arising from bulbs or thickened roots ;
leaves 2-rowed ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, spathaceous ; perianth of 6 petal-like segments; stamens 3; anthers turned outwards ; ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 style and 8 stigmas, becoming in
Sruit a 3-celled capsule with many albuminous seeds.
Analysis of the Genera.
1 Flowers regular, 3 petals unequal to the’3 sepals....2
1 Flowers regular, petals and sepals alike....3
1 Fls. irregular, stamens ascending. Sds. winged. + Corn Flag. GLADI/OLUS. 2 Stamens separate. Stigmas petal-like. Petals erect. Sepals reflexed. Inr1s. 2 Stamens united. Sepals very large. Pets. spreading + Tiger-flower. TIGRID’IA.
3 Flowers blue, small, rotate. Leaves, &c., grass-like. (Fig. 48.)
Blue-eyed grass. SYSIRYN’CHIUM. 3 Fils. purp., white or yellow, tube very long, sessile on the bulb. t Cro’cus. 3 Fils. yellow, red spotted, tube short. Height 3-sf. ¢ Jvia. PARDAN’THUS.
ORDER 147—THE TRILLIADS. | 315
IRIS. Flower-de-luce.
Perianth 6-parted, the 3 outer divisions (sepals) reflexed, or spreading, the 3 inner (petals) erect. Stamens 3, distinct. Style short. Stigmas 3, petal-like, covering the stamens.—Perennial herbs with thick roots or — reotstocks, sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, and large showy flowevs. Aprii-July.
§ Stems leafy, tall (1-2f. high), mostly bearing several flowers....a § Scapes leafless, low (1-6’ high), mostly bearing but 1 flower....¢ a Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics in gardens, &¢..... 11-18
a Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants, hardly ever cultivated....b b Leaves linear, grass-like, less than half an inch wide....1 b Leaves sword-shaped, nearly 1 or 2’ wide....2-4 c Sepals or perianth bearded, beard crested or not crested....8-10 c Sepals and petals beardless, but sometimes with a crest....5-7 1 I. Virgin’ica. Boston £, Stem slender. Ovary and pod acute, sides 2-grooved Flowers yellow-blue. E. [als obtuse, large. «. 2 I. versic’olor. Blue Flag. Stem 1-angled. Flowers blue-yellow-white. Pet- 8 I. tripet’ala. Stem terete. Flowers blue. Petals very small, 8-toothed. S. 4 I. cu’prea. Copper-col’d I. Stem terete. Fls. orange-yellow. Sepals notched. S. 5 I. lacus’tris. Lake J. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue and yellow. Lvs. lance. W. 6 I ver’na. Early [. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue. Leaves linear, very long. S. 7 Lochroleu’ca. Cream-colored I. Scape 3-flowered, flowers yellow. Lvs. sword- shaped. Pod 6-angled. ft 8 I. crista’ta. Crested 1. Scape 1-flowered, 2-4’ high, flower blue and yellow. Leaves lanceolate, 3’ long. S. [obtuse. Leaves ensiform. + 9 I. pum’ila’ Dwarf /. Scape 1-flowered, 6-10’ high, flower deep blue. Petals 10 I. Chinen’sis. China [. Scape many-flowered, flattened, flowers pale blue. Stigmas Jagged. t+ 11 I.sambuci’na. Common Flower-de-luce. Stem many-flowered, flowers blue or whitish. Petals and sepals notched. c« t+ 12 Il. German’ica. German F. Stem many-flowered, flowers deep blue, spathes als colored. 7. + 7 18 IL. Susia’na. Chalcedonian Iris. Stem 1-flowered, fl. striped. Petals deflexed. ,
Orper CXLVII. TRILLIACEM. The Trilliads.
Herbs with tuberous roots, simple stems, and whorled, net-veined leaves, with the flowers one or few, terminal, and mostly 3-parted; with the sepais green, and the petals more or less colored; with the
stamens 6-10, awl-shaped filaments and linear anthers; with the
scary free, 8-5-celled, becoming in fruit a juicy, many-seeded pod.
316 THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
Plants with 1 whorl of leaves and 1 flower. Pod many-seeded. Wake- Robin. Trit’tium. 1 Plants with 2 whorls of leaves and several greenish flowers. (Fig. 92.) Indian Cucumber. Mepe’oua.
Fig. 656. Trillium erythrocarpum, with the parts of its flower as if separated: s, the 3 sepais; p, the 3 petals; st, the 6 stamens; 0, the 3 carpels.
TRIL’LIUM. Wake-Robin.
Character as expressed in the Order above. —2£ Low herbs with a simple stem, bearing at top a whorl of 3 leaves and a single large flower. Apr.—June. (Figs. 108, 110, 656.)
§ Flower sessile, petals dark purple....1, 2 § Fl. on a peduncle, raised above the leaves....a § Fl. on a peduncle, recvrved beneath the lvs...7-9 a Lyvs.ses., rhomboidal or rhomb.-ovate...5, 6 a Leaves petiolate, rounded at the base... .3, 4 1 T. ses’sile, Aicket W. Lvs. sessile. Sepals erect, % as long as the linear-lanceolate petals. 2 T. recurva’/tum. Bech s W. Lvs. petiolate. Sepals recurved, long as lance ovate petals. 656 3 T. nivale. Snowy W. Stem 2-4’ high. Leaves obtuse. Petals obtuse, wavy, snow-white. The smallest species. W. 4 T. erythrocar’pum. Smiling W. Stem 8-12’ high. Leaves and petals pointed, wavy, white, tinged and penciled with purple. 5 T. grandiflo’rum. Great-flowered W. Petals lance-obovate, recurved, twice larger than the sepals, rose-white. Large and showy. M.W.S. 8 T.erec’tum. Buth Flower. Petals ovate, acute, much broader (not longer) than the sepals, dusky purple (or white, W.), ill-scented. 7 T.pen’dulum. Pendant W. Style searcely any. Leaves rhombic. Petals lance-obovate, short-pointed, flat, scarce larger than sepals. w. M.S. W. — 8 T.cer’‘nuum. Nodding W. Style scarcely any Leaves ovate, petiolate Petals lanceolate, wavy, recurved, much larger than calyx. Rose-white. 9 T. stylo’sum. Style-bearing T. Style manifest, as long as the stigmas, S.
ORDER 148.—LILYWORTS. ol?
Orpen CXLVIII. LILIACEHX. Lilyworts.
Herbs with parallel-veined leaves, bulbous or tuberous stems ;
flowers perfect, regular, generally large and richly colored ;
perianth 6 (rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from the ovary ; stamens 6 (rarely 4); anthers fixed by a point and turned inwards; style single ; ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled; seed with fleshy albumen.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody stem (caudex)....2 § Plants with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots....4 2 Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower....d 2 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube....3 38 Stem (or caudex) leafy at least below, few or many-flowered....h 3 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower....a 8 Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered....¢ 4 Stamens bent to one side, curved-ascending. Flowers showy....e 4 Stamens straight, and equal in position....5 5 Perianth segments united to near the summit....f 5 Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube....6 6 Flowers in terminal, leafiess clusters, small, whitish....g 6 Flowers axillary, or terminal and solitary....7 7 Leaves thread-form, &c....h 7 Leaves ovate, &c....K
a Flowers nodding. Wild plants. Frythronium. ERYTHRONIUM. 1 a Flowers erect. Garden plants. ft Tulip. Tu’irra. b Nectary a linear groove at the base of each segment. Lily. Linrm. 2
b Nectary a round cavity at base of each seg. + Crown Imperial. FrrtTILLa’BIA. tb Nectary none. Flowers panicled, large. Seedsmany. + Yucca. Yucca. b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, small. Seeds 1-8. S. Nolinu. Nouw’na. c Flowers in racemes, blue or purple. t Squill. Scriua. ¢ Fls. in racemes or corymbs, yellow or white. Star- Bethlehem. ORNITHOG’ALUM. c Flowers in umbels, white or roseate. Stamens straight. Garlic. AL/LiuM. § e Fils. in umbels, blue. Stam. declined and curved. ¢ Love-flower. AGAPAN’THUS. d Perianth-limb revolute, as long as the tube. + Hyacinth. Hyactn’tutvs. d Per.-limb spreading, much shorter than tube. t Grape Hyacinth. Musca Rt. Segments distinct. Stamens at base valve-like. + | Asphodel. AsPHoD’ELUS. e Segments half-united. Stamens perigynous (§ 83). + Day Lily. HemERocat’.s. e Segments half-united. Stamens hypogynous. t White Day-Lily. Fun’xta. 4 f Fl. tubular-oblong, greenish, axillary. Jointed Solomon's Seal. PoLyeGona’tuM. f Fl. broad bell-shaped, white, racemed. Lily-of-the- Valley. ConvaLLa/Ria.
318 THE FLORA.
g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 6-parted Solomon’s Seul. Smiraci’Na. &
g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-seeded. Clintonia. CLinTo’NIA, 6 zg Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. Flowers 4-parted. TJway-leaf. Masan’THEMUM.
h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red. ASPAR’AGUS. k Filaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Twist-foot. STREPTO’PUS. k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. Prosartes. Prosar’TEs. k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. Bellwort. Uvuna’Ria,
1. ERYTHRO’NIUM. Dog-tooth Violet.
Perianth bell-form, se- a-- pals recurved, the 3inner 27; ones usually with a callous tooth each side near the base, and a groove in the middle. Pod a little stalked. Seeds egg-shap- ed.—Stem a bulb deep in the ground. Scape bear- ing a single flower, its base sheathed by the base of the two smooth leaves. Apr., May.
Fig. 657. The Dog-tooth Vio- let (HZ. Americanum). 8. The bulb. 9. The flower spread open, showing the 2 teeth in each petal. also the position of all the parts. 660. The ovary, style, and stigma. 1. A cross-section of the ovary. 2. The plan of the flower: a, the 8 sepals in the outer circle; 0, the 8 petals next; c, the 6 sta- mens; and d, the 3-celled ovary.
E. America’num. Yellow #. Flower yellow. Scape without a bract. Petals toothed. Leaves spotted, nearly equal. Common.
E. bractea’tum. Bracted H#. Flower greenish-yellow. Scape bearing a bract, Leaves very unequal. Mountains. Vt.
E albi’dum. White H. Flower white. Scape without a bract. Petals not toothed Rare in N.Y. and W.
ORDER 148.—LILYWORTS. 319
2. LILIUM. Lily.
Perianth bell-shaped, segments mostly recurved, each with a groove running lengthwise within from the middle to the base. Stamens shorter than the style. Valves of the pod connected by latticed hairs.—Herbs with bulbous and leafy stems. Leaves whorled or scattered, sessile Flowers terminal. June, July. (See Figs. 107, 150.)
§ Plants bearing bulblets in the axils. Flowers orange. Gardens....6, 7 § Plants not bulbiferous in the axils of the leaves....a a Flowers erect, orange-red. Sepals raised on claws....4, 5 a Flowers nodding, white. Sepals sessile. Gardens....8, 9 a }‘lowers nodding, yellow or orange. Sepals sessile. Wild plants....1 1 Sepals orange-red, strongly revolute, almost into rings....2, 3 1 L, Canaden’se. Common Meadow Lily. Sepals yellow, merely recurved, spread- ing above middle. ec. 2 L, super’bum. Superb L. Turk’s-cap. Flowers 3-80, very showy. Leaves lanceolate, lower whorled. ¢« M.W.S. 8 L, Carolinia’num. Carolina L. Flower generally but 1. Leaves wedge-lance- olate, partly whorled. S. 4 L. Philadel’phicum. Philadelphia ZL. Upper leaves in whorls, Flowers 1-3, pur- ple-spotted. c. 5 L. Catesbz’i. Catesby’s L. Lvs. all scattered. Fl. 1, red and yellow-spotted. S. 6 L.-bulbif’erum. Oronge L. Flowers erect, rough within, bell-shaped. Leaves 8-veined, scattered. t+ 7 L. tigri‘num. Tiger Z. Flowers nodding. Sepals strongly revolute. Leaves 8-veined, scattered. + § L. can’didum. White Lily. Flowers in a raceme, smooth, large. Lvs. scattered. + 9 L. Japon’icum. Japan Lily. Flower 1 only, very large. Sepals refiexed at end. ¢
3. AL’LIUM. Garlic, Onion, &c.
Flowers in a dense umbel with a 2-leaved spathe. Perianth deeply 6- parted, colored, usually spreading, persistent. Stamens 6. Ovary angu- lar. Style thread-like. Pod 3-lobed, containing 1 or 2 black seeds in eact. cel]l.—Strong-scented, bulbous, stemless herbs, the leaves radical and the umbel on a scape, sometimes bearing bulblets instead of flowers. May July. p
§ Leaves flat, lanceolate, but perishing before flowering....1
§ Leaves flat, lanceolate or linear, present with the flowers....a
§ Leaves terete and hollow, or tubular....¢ a Filaments simple. Ovary with a 6-leaved crown. Leaves linear ...b a Filaments 3-forked. Leaves lance-linear. Gardens....
320 THE FLORA.
bd Stamens longer than the sepals. Umbel nodding....2 b Stamens equalling the sepals. Umbel with bulblets or flowers. .8, 3 b Stamens shorter than the sepals. Umbels with flowers only... 5, 6 c Stem leafy half way up. Filaments 8-forked....7, 8 ec Stem naked. Filaments simple.... ¢ ] A, tricoc’cum. Lance-leaved Garlic. Umbel lf. high, with a thin spathe, 12-20 flowered. Flowers white. Plants strong-scented. Woods. N. W. 2 A. cer’‘nuum. Nodding G. Leaves longer than the 4-angled scape. Rose- colored flowers, 12-20, in the handsome, nodding umbel. M. W.S. 8 A. stella’tum. Star G. Umbel erect when in flower (nodding in bud), with many rose-colored flowers. Western. 4 A, Canaden’se. Canada G. Umbel a dense head of bulblets and some flowers, Bulblets sessile, bracted, 12-18’ high. 5 A. mutab/ile. Changsable G. Leaves bristle-form. Scape terete. Flowers many (20-40). S. 4 A. stria’tum, Striate G. Leaves striate, linear. Scape 8-angled. Flowers few (3-7). 7 A. sati’vum. Common G. Bulb compound. Umbel bearing bulbs. ft 8 A. porrum. Leek, Bulb simple. Umbel bearing numerous flowers. t+ 9 A.venea/le, Crow G. Sta. exserted. Umbel with bulbs. Slender. M.W. 10 A. Schzenopra’sum. Cives, Leaves rush-like, as long as the scape. Stamens included. 11 A. fistulo’sum. Welsh Onion. Leaves thick, as long as the swollen scape. 12 A. cepa. Common Onion. J.eaves thick, much shorter than the swollen scape.
4, FUNKIA. Day Lily.
t F. ovata. White D, Flowers white, funnel-form, many in the raceme. Leaves broad-ovate, more or less heart-shaped. + Japan.
2 F.ceru’lea. Blue D. Flower blue, rather bell-form. Leaves vee not at all heart-shaped. + Japan.
5. SMILACI’NA. Solomon’s-seal.
1 S. racemo’sa, Clustered S. Raceme compound. Stamens longer than the peri- anth. Stem recurved, 14-2f. Flowers numerous, small, white. 2 S.stella’ta. Stellate S. Flowers few, in asimple raceme. Leaves many. N. S. trifolia’ta, Three-leaved ‘S, Leaves 3 or 4, lance-elliptic, Flowers few, ra ceemed, N.
ORDER 149.—_THE MELANTHS. © 321
= WA De 6. CLINTO'NIA. Clintonia. Ww 1 0. borea’lis, Northern C. Leaves broad, oval- 7, om A RZ lanceolate. Fiowers white, 2-5, nodding in Wj aK SIN the erect, bractless umbel. Common in woods. RS <) 5 N. @ OC. multifio’ra, Many-flowered C. Leaves oblong- |
lanceolate. Fiowers spotted, 12-30 in the co- rymb, erect or spread. Plant downy. Woods. M.S.
7. UVULARIA. Bellwort.
Perianth 6-parted. Sepals linear-spatulate or lanceolate, with a honey-cavity at the pase of each. Filaments very short, anthers half as long as the sepads. Style 3-cleft. Pod (or berry) 3-celled, cells few-seeded.— \ Root-stock creeping. Stem leafy and usually branched. Flowers mostly solitary, straw- jculow, pendulous. May.
1 Leaves perfoliate (§ 220). Pod obovate, 3- lobed at end....3 Fig. 663. Clintonia borealis Fig. 664. A berry cut across to
y ; ] = al 1 Leaves sessile. Sepals cream-colored, ob ty a tances
tusish, ovate, 3-angled....2 2 U. sessilifo/lia. Wild Oats. Leaves glabrous, glaucous beneath. Pod raised on a little stalk. Stem 6-10’ high, divided. . 2 U. puber‘ula. Downy B. Leaves fine-downy, shining green both sides. Pod sess'e. Stem 8-12’ high. Mountains, S. 3 U grandifio’ra. Great-flowered B. Sepals smooth within and without, 14 long. Anthers obtuse. Stem 1f, high. 8 U. perfolia’ta. Mealy B. Sepals granular-roughish within, scarce 1’ long. Anthers pointed. Stem If. high.
Orper CXLIX. MELANTHACEAX. The Melanths.
Herbs perennial, often poisonous, with parallel-veined leaves ; perianth double, of six similar pieces, green or colored alike, persistent; stamens 6, with their anthers turned outwards (extrorse) ; goary 3-celled, the styles nsually distinct, a capsule in fruié. 14*
322 THE FLORA.
Analysis of the Genera.
§ Perianth segments united below into a long tube....a § Perianth segments distinct, not forming atube....2 2 Anthers 1-celled, cordate (shield-form when open)....8 2 Anthers 2-celled. Flowers in simple racemes....d 3 Flowers in a panicle, that is, a compound raceme....b 3 Flowers in a simple raceme or apike....¢ a Leaves and flower arising from an underground corm. Colchicum. Cou ’cHicual. b Sepals clawed, each claw bearing a stamen. MELAN’THIUM. b Sepals clawed, claw free from stamens, Ligadene. Zi’GADENUS. b Sepals not clawed, base bearing a stamen. _ Poke. Vera’tRvum. 1 ce Flowers white, in racemes. Stamens on the sepals. Fly-poison. AMIAN’THIUM. e Flowers greenish, in a spike. Stamens free from sepals. SCHANOCAU’LON, d Fls. perfect. Filaments widened at base. Ovary 6-ovuled. XEROPHYLLUM. d Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary o-ovuled. HEtonias. d Flowers diccious, white. Stem leafy. Blazing Star. CHAMALIR’IUM.
VERA'TRUM. Poke. False Hellebore.
Flowers polygamous by abortion in the same plant. Sepals united at base, colored, spreading, sessile, and without glands. Stamens 6, shorter than the sepals, wanting in some of the flowers. Ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive. Pod 3-partible, many-seeded.—Stems leafy more or less. Flowers panicled. June, July.
§ Stem stout and very leafy throughout....1
§ Stem slender, nearly naked....2 2 Sepals rather blunt. Leaves oval and lanceolate....2, 8 2 Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear... .4
V. viride. Green-fl. P. Lvs. large, oval, pointed. Coarse plant with green fis.
2 V. Woodii. Wood’s V. Scape 8-6f. Leaves lanceolate. Fls. nearly black. W 8 V. parvifio’rum. Smali-fi. V. Stem 2-5f. Lvs. oval. Fis. dingy green. Mts. S
4 V.angustifolium. Grass-lv. V. Very slender, 3f. Lvs. long. Fls. greenish-white. W
Orver CLI. JUNCACEZ. Rushes.
LTerbs generally grass-like, often leafless, with small, dry, green flowers ; perianth of 6 glume-like pieces, whorled in two circles (sepals and petals) stamens 6, rarely 2, on the torus; style 1;
onary 8-celled; seeds few or many.
ORDER 152.—SPIDERWORTS. 323
Analysis of the Genera
§ Perianth greenish outside, yellow inside. Stamens 6. Stigma 1. Seeds many. Leaves sword-shaped. Scape nearly naked. Narthecium, NaRTuEcruM.
§ Perianth green orbrownish. Stamens 6. Stigmas 8. Capsule 3-celled, 8-seeded. Stems leafy, jointed.
Leaves linear. Wood Rush. Lu’zuta.
3 Perianth green or brownish. Stamens 6, rarely 8. Stigmas 3. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves terete, or linear, or none. Rush. Bullrush. Jon’cus.
Fig. 665 Flower of Luzula, much magnified: p, the green peri- anth; 8, the 6 stamens; @, the 3 stigmas.
Orver CLIT. COMMELYNACEZ. Spiderworts.
Herbs with flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base; perianth of 2 circles, outer of 3 green sepals, inner of 3 colored petals ; stamens 6, on the torus; ovary 2 or 3-celled; style and stigma 1; capsule 2 or 8-celled, with few seeds.
Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers irregular, clustered in a heart-shaped floral leaf. CoMMELY’NA.
§ Flowers regular, clustered, floral leaf like the rest. Spiderwort. TRapEscan’ttA. 1] § Flowers regular, solitary, axillary. Stamens 8. Moss-like herbs. 8S. Maya/’ca.
TRADESCAN’TIA. Spiderwort.
Flowers regular, in terminal, close umbels, subtended by 2 or 3 leaf-like bracts. Petals broad, larger than the sepals. Filaments clothed with jointed hairs. Juice viscid, spinning into cobwebs.
§ Leaves linear, sessile, not narrowed at the base, smooth....1, 2 § Leaves ovate or lanceolate, narrowed at base, hairy....3, 4 1 T. Virgin’ica. Common S. Leaves broad-linear. U:nbel many-flowered, ses- sile, terminal, with 2 leaf-like bracts. Petals large, blue or white. 2 T.ro’sea. Foseate S. Leaves linear, long. Umbel few-flowered, with 2 sub- ulate bracts. Petals twice longer than sepals, rose-colored. Penn. §S. T. pilo’sa. Hairy S. Leaves lanceolate, .ong-pointed. Umbels both terminal and axillary, mauyflowers. Petals small, bluish-purple. W. 4 T. crassifo’lia. Thick-lWw. S. Leaves ovate, some petiolate, acute, woolly beneath, Flowers small, rose-purple, terminal. Stem weak. Leaves striped. ¢
INDEX AND GLOSSARY:
Containing Definitions of Botanical Terms, together with references to those paragraphs in which they are defined in the foregoing Lessons.
—___ =e @——___—
4 (in composition) signifies without; as apetalous, destitute of petals.
Abbreviations, p. 131
Abortive, imperfect, useless.
Acaulescent, 235.
Acerose, needle-shaped.—Fig. 9.
Achenium, 168.
Aculeate, armed with prickles.
Acuminate, pointed, 33.
Acute, sharp-angled, 33.
Adherent, 82.
Adhesion, 79.
Adnate, growing to or upon, 105.
Adnate stipules, 46.
Aistivation, 184, 135.
Aggregate, assembled close together.
Aggregated fruits, 183.
Albumen, Albuminous, 189, 192.
Alburnum, white-wood or sap-wood ; outer layers of the trunk.
Alternate, 49.
Ament, 149.
Amplexicaul, stem-clasping, 41.
Analysis, 2638.
Ancipital, two-edged.
Angiosperms, 256, 257.
Annual, yearly, 211.
Anther, 100.
Apetale, 258.
Apetalous, without petals,
Apex.—Fig. 56.
Apex of the leaf, 2.
Appendage, some unusual part added.
ie pis pressed closely to something else.
Aquatic, growing in water.
Arhorescent, tree-like. :
Arid, dry. ey.
Aristate, bearded; as the glumes of bar-
Armed, furnished with spines or thorns, as if in self-defence, 56.
Aromatic, strong-scented, spicy.
Arrangement of !eaves.—Lessor 9.
Ascending, arising obliquely.
Ascending axis.—Lesson 28.
Attenuate, made slender or thin.
Auriculate, ear-shaped, 20.—Fig. 28,
Awned, tipped with a bristle-shaped ap- pendage, as the beard of Barley, &c.
Axil, 53.
Axillary, growing out of the axils, 53.
Axillary buds, 53.
Axis, the stem or central column, about which the organs are arranged, 216.
Baccate, berry-like; covered with pulp.
Banner, 89.
burk, the external covering of woody stems.
mcg hard, short point, like that of
ird.
Bearded, with long, stiff bristles or hairs,
Berry, 174.
Bi (in composition), twice; as in
Bi-cuspidate, with 2 points.
Bi-dentate, with 2 teeth.
Biennial, of 2 years’ duration, 212,
Bifid, 2-cleft.
bifoliate, 2-leaved.
Bifurcate, 2-forked.
Li-labiate, 2-lipped.
Binate, 2 grown together.
Bi-pinnate, twice pinnate, 39.
Bi-pinnatifid, twice pinuate-cleft, 24 Fig. 81.
Bi-saccate, with 2 tumors or sacs.
Bi-ternate, twice ternate, 39.
Bi-valved, 2-valved.
Biography of the plant.—Lesson 26.
Blade of the leaf, 2.
potanica, analysis, 264.
Bracteate or Bracted, having bracts.
Bractlets, little bracts.
Bracts, 147.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY. ) o2
Branches, 203.
Branching root, 219.
Branchiets, small branches.
Bristles, stiff hairs.
Ibnd, 52.
Pulb, 230,
Bulblets, little bulbs borne above ground. Lvibous, having bulbs.
Sushos, 215.
taducous, falling off early.
Valyculate, having bracts resembling an outer, additional calyx.
Calyx, 68.
Campanulate, bell-shaped, 91.
Cunescent, whitish with fine hairs.
Capillary, very slender, hair-like.
Capitate, head-shaped, globular.
Capsule, a pod, 182.
Carinate, keel-shaped.
Carpels, 124.
Cartilaginous, gristly.
Caryophyllaceous, 88.
Curyopsis, grain or kernel.
Catkin, 149.
Cuudate, with a tail.
Caulescent, 235.
Cauline, 146..
Caulis, 235,
Cellular, composed of cells.
Cernuous, nodding.
Chaffy, with chaff.
Character, marks which distinguish a spe- cies, genus, &e.
Chartaceous, of the texture of writing- paper.
Cilae, hairs, like those of the eye: lashes.
Ciliate, furnished with cilia.
Circinate, 140.
Circumscissile, opening like a lid.
Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril.
Classification.—Lesson 29.
Clavate, clitb-shaped.
Claw, 71.
Climbers, 54, 236.
Climbing fern, 12.
Cochleate, resembling the shell of a snail.
Cohering, connected.
Cohesion, 79.
Cohorts, 258.
Colored, not green.
Column, the consolidated stamens and pistils of the Orchis.
Coma, a tuft of hairs, 187, 188.
Complete flower, 110. :
Compound flowers, 158.
cw
Compound leaves, 23-35.
Compound petiole, 44.
Compound pistil, 124.
Compressed, flattened lengthwise.
Cone, the same as strodile, 183, 185.
Confluent, joining together.
Conjugate, joined in pairs,
Connate, joined together at base, 48.
Connectile, 102.
Connivent, converging together.
Conoids, 258.
Contorted, twisted, 180.
Convex, rising spherically.
Convolute, 1382.
Cordate, heart-shaped, 19.
Coriaceous, leathery, thick and tough.
Corm, 230.
Cornute, Corniculate, horned.
Corolla.—Lesson 12.
Corona or Crown, the expanded, cup-like disk of Narcissus, &e.
Corymb, 151.
Corymbeus, arranged like a coryn b.
Costate, ribbed.
Cotyledon, 190, 191.
Creeper, 232.
Crenate and Crenulate, 31.
Crisped, Crispate, with excess of margin.
Cristate or Crested, with raised ridge.
Cruciform, 87.
Cryptogamia, 250.
Cucullate, hcod shaped.
Culm, the stem of grasses,
Cuneate, wedge-shaped, 17.
Cupule, cup of the acorn, &e.
Cuspidate, with a small abrupt point, 38,
Cuticle, the epidermis, scarf-skin.
Cyme, 157.
Cymous, like a cyme.
Decandrous, with 10 stamens.
Deciduous, falling off in autumn.
Decompound, more than once compcund- ed, as bi or tri-pinnate.
Decumbent, 224,
Decurrent, extending down the stem ag do the leaves of Mullen.
Decussate, crossing at right angles.
Deflexed, bent downwards.
Definite, 106,
Dehiscence, 102.
Dehiscent fruits, 166.
Deltoid, 15.
Dentate, Denticulate, 30.
Depressed, flattened from above,
Descending axis.—Jesson 27.
326
Dialypetale, 258.
Di (in composition), two; as in
Diadelphous, 107.
Jxandrous, with 2 stamens.
Dichotomous, forked, branched by two equal divisions.
Didynamous, 107.
Diffuse, spreading loosely. [lobes.
Digitate, finger-shaped, with narrow
Dieciwous, staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants, as in the Willow.
Dixcoid head, the florets all tubular, as in Burdock, Lronweed, 156.
Disk flowers, 156.
Lissected, cut into 2 parts.
Dissepiment, a partition in a pod.
Distinct, not united, 77. .
Divaricate, spreading in a straggling manner,
Dodecandrous, with 12 stamens.
Dorsal, on the back,
Double flowers, 119.
Doubly dentate, 32.
Downy, clothed with soft hairs.
Drupe, 171.
Duramen, inner wood of the trunk.
E, or He (in composition), destitute of. Lchinate, beset with prickles. Elliptical, 16. Elongated, exceeding the common length. Emarginate, 34. Embryo, 190. Endogens, 258, 255. Enneandrous, with 9 stamens. Linsiform, sword-shaped, 28.—Fig. 8. Fintire, even-edged, 29. po esate lasting but a day. pidermés, the outer skin. Lpigynous, standing on the ovary. Kies, plants growing on other plants. Equally pinnate, 37. Equitant, 187. Erect stems, 224. rose, jagged, as if gnawed. Eterio, 1738. Exogens, 253. Ficotic, not native, foreign. Exserted, projecting out of. Exsiccate, dried up. Eustipulate, without stipules. Lxtrovse (anthers), facing outwards, 108.
Faleate, sickle-shaped, linear and curved. Fascicle, 159. Fasciculated, 50.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Fastigiate, having a flat or level top. Feather-veined, 257.
Ferruginous, rust-colored.
Fertile, fruit-bearing, 109.
Fibrils, 198.
Fibro-tuberous, 222.
Fibrous, 221.
Fig, 184.
Filament, 101.
Filiform, thread-shaped. Fimbriate, bordered with a fringe. Fistulous, Fistula, tubular, hollow. Flecuous, bent in a wavy manner.
| Florets, the flowers in a compound flow
er, 156. Floridiz, 258. Flower-bud, 128. Flowering Plants, 250. Flowerless Plants, 250. Foliaceous, having the texture of leaves. Follicle. 179. Footstalk, the stalk of either flower or leaf Forked venation, 12. Forms of leaves.—Lessons 8, 4. Free, not adhering, 81. Fringed, the same as jimbriate. Frwit.—Lessons 22, 28. Frutescent, shrubby. Fugacious, soon perishing. Funiculus, the seed-stalk. Funnel-shaped, 98. Furcate, forked. Fusiform, spindle-shaped.
Galea, the arched upper lip of a labiate corolla.
Gamopetale, 258.
Gamopetalous, 75.
Gamosepalous, 75.
| Geminate, in pairs.
Genus, Genera, 248.
Germ, the ovary, 189.
Germination, 196.
Gibbous, swelled out, protuberant.
Glabrous, smooth, without hairs.
Glands, the organs of secretion, 58.
Glandular, gland-bearing.
Glans, 170.
Glaucous, sea-green: pale, bluish-green, with a powder or bloom.
Globous, Globular, round or spherical.
Glomerate, crowded together.
Glomerule, 159.
Glume, the outer chaff, enveloping the flowers of the Grasses.
Glume Plants, 257
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Glumeless Plants, 257.
Glumifere, 257.
Graminoids, 258. [grains.
Granular, formed of, or covered with
Grooved, furrowed or channelled.
Gaymnosperms, 256, 257.
Gynandrous, having stamens and pistils combined into one body.
Habit, the general appearance of a plant.
Habitat, the place where a plant grows.
Hairs, 60.
Hastate or Halbert-shaped.—Fig. 57, J.
Head, 155.
Heart-wood, same as duramen.
Helmet, same as galea.
Heptandrous, with 7 stamens.
Herb, a plant not becoming woody, 211.
Herbarium, a collection of dried plants.
Hexandrous, with 6 stamens,
Hibernation, 210.
Hip, 176.
Hirsute, 62.
Fispid, rough with stiff hairs, 62.
Hooded, curved or rolled into the form of a hood.
Hybrid, partaking of the nature of two species.
Hypogynous, inserted under the ovary, 88.
Imbricated, 181.
Imperfect flowers, 109.
Incised, deeply gashed or cut.
Indefinite, variable in number and too many to be counted, 106.
Indehiscent, not opening.
Indehiscent fruits, 166.
Indigenous, native of.
Inferior calyx, calyx free.
Inferior ovary, ovary adherent.
Inflated, tumid, as if filled by wind.
Inflexed, bending inward.
Infiorescence, 141.
Innate, 105.
Inserted, growing out of.
Internode, 202, 227.
Interruptedly pinnate, 37.
Introrse, 108.
Involucel, involucre of an umbellet, 152.
Involucrate, surrounded by an
Involucre, 147.
Involute, 139.
Irregular flowers, 86.
Keel, carina, 89. ct Keelel, ridged and curved beneath, like a
327
Labiate, 2-lipped, 97.
Laciniate, 27.—Fig. 43.
Lactescent, milky or juicy.
Lamina, blade, 71.
Lanceolate, 15.
Lateral, on the side, 58.
Leaf.— Lessons as:
Leaf-bud, 128.
Leaflets, 35.
Leaf-stems, 228.
Legume, 180.
Leguminous, bearing legumes.
Lenticular, shaped like a double conve- lens.
Liber, the inner bark.
Ligneous. woody.
Ligulate, strip shaped, 96.
Ligule, 47.
Liliaceous, 88.
Limb, 76.
Tine (’’) the 12th part of an inch.
Linear, 28.
Lobate, or Lobed.—Figs. 80, 35.
Loment, a jointed legume, 180.
Lunate, crescent-shaped.
Lyrate, 21.—Fig. 34.
Marginal, on the margin.
Medulla, the pith.
Membranous, or Membranaceous, thin and soft, like a membrane.
Midvein, 6. [set.
Monadelphous, stamens united into one
Monandrous, with one stamen.
Monecious, stamens and pistils in sepa- rate flowers on the same plant.
Monopéale, corolla with united petals.
Monopetalous, 75.
Monosepalong, 75.
Mucronate, 33.
Mulberry, 188.
Multifid, many cleft.
Muricate, with hard, sharp points.
Naked, a relative term, signifying deste tute of.
Naked fiower, 110.
Naked seeds, 256.
Napiform, tuberous root wider than long
Natant, swimming. [sons 30, 381.
Natural System; Natural Orders.—Les
Nature of the flower, 208.
Nectariferous, producing honey.
Net-veined, 8. | tils
Neutral flowers, without stamens or pis
Nodding, in a drooping posture.
328
Node, 227, 202.
Aormal, regular, according to rule. Number of Genera, 246.
Number of Species, 246.
sVut, a simple, 1-seeded, hard fruit.
Ob (in composition) implies inversion ; as Obcordate, nversely heart-shaped, 84. Oblanceolate, 17.
Oblique, unequal, one-sided Oblong, 16.
Obovate, 17.
Obsolete, indistinet, as if worn out. Obtuse, blunt, 38.
Obvolute, 138.
Ochree, 47.
Odd-pinnate, 37.
Offset, a short, thick runner. Opercular dehiscence, 104. Opposite, 50.
Orlgader. rounded, 16.
Orders, 247.
Ordinal, relating to the orders. Oval, 16.
Ovary, 121, 128.
Ovate, 2.
Ovoid, egg-shaped.
Ovules, 123.
Pales, the inner chaff of grass flowers.
Palmate, hand-shaped.
Palmate venation, 10.
Palmately ternate, 38.
Panduriform, fiddle-shaped.
Panicle, 1538.
Papilionaceons, 89. [cesses.
Papilious, with small, gland-like pro-
Pappus, 188. |
Parallel venation, 11.
Parasite, a plant living on other plants.
Parietal, of, or adjoining the wall; as
Parietal placentee —Fig. 269.
Pectinate, comb-like, with long, narrow segments.
Pedate, foot-shaped, 26.
Pedicel, 148.
Pediceliate, furnished with a pedicel.
Peduncle, 148.
Pellucid, transparent.
Peltate, 20.—Fig. 25.
Pendulous, drooping, hanging down.
Pentandrous, with 5 stamens.
Pepo, 175.
Perennial, enduring 3 years or more, 213.
Perfect flower, 110.
Perfoliate, 42
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Perianth, 66.
Pericarp, 166. —
Perigynous, inserted into the ealyx, 88.
Persistent, permanent, not falling off.
Personate, 97.
Petal, 65.
Petaliferee, 257.
Petaloid, resembiing petals.
Petiole and Petiolate, 3.
Petiolule, 35.
Phenogamia, 250.
Pilous, 62.
Pine-apple, 183.
Pinne (wings). segments of a pinnate leaf,
Pinnate, 86.
Pinnately ternate, 38.
Pinnatifid, 24.
Pinnatisect, 25.
Pistil, 68.— Lesson 18.
Pistillate, bearirg pistils.
Pith, the central cellular substance of the stem.
Placenta, a lobe or fleshy ridge bearing the seeds.
Plaited, same as Plicate.
Plan of the flower.— Lesson 17.
Plicate, folded like a fan.
Plumous, feathery or feather-like.
Plumule, 190, 191.
Pod, dry fruit; as capsule, legume, &e.
Pollen, 100.
Poly (in composition) signifies many; as
Polyandrous, with many stamens.
Polyadelphous, 107.
Polygamous, having perfect flowers, with staminate or pistillate flowers on the same plant.
Polypetalea. See Dialypetale, 258.
Polypetalous, 75, 258.
Polysepalous, 75.
Pome, 176.
Porous dehiscence, 104.
Premorse, abrupt at end, as if bitter off.
Prickles, 57.
Process, any projection from the surface,
Procumbent, 224.
Prostrate, 224.
Pubescent, 61.
Pulp, the soft, juicy parts of fruits.
Punctate, ree as if with pointe.
Pyriform, pear-shaped.
Pyxis, 178.
Quaternate, growing in fo irs. Quinate, growing in fives, 40.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY. : 329
Raceme, 150. Sessile, 5.
FRacemous, resembling a raceme. Setaceous or Setous, bristly.
Rachis, 36, 146. Sheath, lower part of the leaf o1 leaf-stalk Radiate and Radiant,-pp. 219, 220. which surrounds the stem. Radiate-veined. See Palmate-veined, 10. | Shrub, 215.
Radical, from the root. Silicle and silique, 181.
Radical number, 113. Simple, not compound, of one piece. Radicle, 190, 191. Simple pistil, 124.
Ranial, of the branches. Sinuate, 21.—Fig. 32.
Hameus, branched. Sinus, arounded recess between the lobes Ray, Ray-flowers, 156. of the leaves, &e.
Receptacle, 64. Solitary, 145.
Reclinate, 140. Spadiciflore, 258.
Recurved, bent or curved backward. Spadix and spathe, 148.
Reflexed, curved back and downward. Spatulate, 17.
Regular fiower, 86. Species, 241.
Reniform, kidney-shaped.—Figs. 23, 24. | Spike, 146.
Repand.—Fig. 43. Spine, 56.
Reticulute, netted. Spinescent or Spinons, 187.
Retuse, 34. Spiral arrangement, 49.
Revolute, 139.
Rhizome, 231.
Rhomboid or rhombic, oval, with angular sides,
Fb (costa), ridge caused by raised veins.
Ringent, gaping, as when a labiate coroila
Spores, 251.
Spur, 78.
Sguarrous, of a ragged appearance; as, with crowded, spreading bracts o1 leaves, &e.
Stamens, 67.
has an open throat, Staminate, with stamens only, barren. Root.—Lesson 27. Stellate, whorled. Root-stock, 231. Stern.—Lesson 28, Rosaceous, 87. Sterile, 109. Rostrate, with a beak. Stigma, 122. Rotate, 90. Stings, sharp. poisonous hairs, 59. Rudiments, 116. Stipe, the stalk of a pod, &e. fugous, wrinkled. Stipitate, borne on a stipe. Runecinate, 22.—Fig. 36. Strpule, 4. Runner, a slender branch striking root, | Stipulate, with stipules.
as in Strawberry. Stvlon, a branch which striker root at the
end, producing a new plant,
Saceate, bag-like, or sack-like, Stoloniferous, bearing stolons. Sugittate, arrow-shaped, 19. Straight-veined, wher the principal veins Salver-form, 94. pass direct to the margin. Samara (a key), 169 Striate, slightly furrowed with streaks. Sap, 204. Strigous, clothed with short, stiff, and Scabrous, rough. close-pressed hairs. Scale-stems, 228. Strobile, same as cone, 183. Scape, 144. Style, 122. Seurious, dry, thin, scale-like. Sub (in composition) denotes the quality Scorpoid eyme, 159. in a lower degree, as, Sec.nd, all turned to one side. Sub-entire, nearly entire. Seed.—Lesson 24. Submersed, under water. Segments, parts or divisions. Subterranean stems, 225, Sepal, 65. Subulate, awl-shaped, Fig. 7. Septinate, 40. Succulent, thick, jnicy, fleshy. Sericious, 61. Superior, 82. Serotinous, late in the season. Supra-axillary, arising from above the
Serrate and Serrulate, 30. axil, as do the flowers of Potato.
330 INDEX AND
Suture, a seam; the line of cohesion. Symmetrical, 111.
GLOSSARY.
Turgid, swollen.
Syngenecious, having the anthers united | Umbel, 152.
into a tube, 107,
fendril, 54, 55, 236.
Terete, rounded or cylindric, 8.
Terminal, borne at the summit, 53.
Terminal bud, 53.
Ternate, 88.
Testa, the outer seed-coat.
Tetradynamous, 108.
Tetrandrous, with 4 stamens,
Thorn, 56.
Throat, 76.
Thyrse, 154.
Tomentouns, 61.
Toothed, dentate, 30.
Torus, the receptacle, 64. | 224.
Trailing, creeping or lying on the ground,
Tree, 214.
Triandrous, with 8 stamens.
Tri-cuspidate, having 8 points.
Tri-dentate, 8-toothed.
Trifid, 3-cleft.
Lrifoliate, 8 leaves or leaflets composing one leaf.
Tri-pinnate, thrice pinnate.
Triternate, thrice ternate, 39.
Truncate, blunt, as if cut square off.
Trunk, 234.
Tryma, 172.
Tube, 76.
Tuber, 238.
Tubercular, 222. |
Lubertferous, bearing tubers.
Tuberous, thickened like a tuber.
Tuberous roots, 220.
Lubular, hollow like a tube, 95.
fulip, 11.
Tunacated, coated, as an onion.
Furbivate, shaped like a tor,
Umbellet, 152.
Unarmed, without thorns, prickles, &e,
Uncinate, hooked attheend. —
Undershrub, 215.
Unduiute, wavy, 22.—Fig. 33. -
Unguiculate, with a claw, 71.—Fig. 116.
Urceolate, urn-shaped, 92.—Fig. 148.
Utricle, a one-seeded fruit, like that ¢ Pigweed.
| Valvate, 129.
Valves, the parts which open.
Variety, 244.
Veinlets, 7.
Veins, 6.
Veins of the leaf, 6.
Veinuleta, 8.
Velvety, clothed with thick, soft down. Venation, 10.
Ventral suture, the front seam. Ventricous, swelling out on one side. Vernation, 51, 135.
Verrucous, warty.
Versatile, 105.
Verticil, a whorl of flowers. Verticillate, 50.
Vexillary, 132.
Vexillum, the banner, 8¥.
Villous, 61.
Vine, 236. |
Virgate, wand-shaped, terete and slender.
Wedge-shaped, see Cuneuate, 17. Wheel-shaped. see Rotate, 90. Whorled, see Verticillate, 50. Winged, as if furnished with wings. Winged petiole, 45.
Wings, 89.
Woody plants, 214,
INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS,
BOTH LATIN AND ENGLISH :
Also, full references to the Illustrations.
Abdelmoschus...... Paz? a 2 eS see TE cdgc eas eons $80 SS a a 195 eee: pas: 322-3238 ....... 187 aoe ee 187 ESS ene ax 3 ice YS Serra 242 eee 293 Aconite, jig. 195, 375.... 151 Se 151 ae ae ee 303 ee os winic win wince 151 Aememere ..-........ 233 Actinospermum ........ 233 eee 161 oe 148 fféschynomene...... ... 184 ol. re 189 Lo Ee Apepanthus ~............ 317 +) io eee ae 814 Agrimonia, fig. 61 ...... 203 Avrimony, fig. 61 ....... 203 Albany Beechdrops .... 248 Alchemilla, fig. 215..... 202 Alder, fig. <a 298 Alexanders. Jig. 483-6 .. 222 Alisma, Alismacez..... 306 = See 319 All-seed ........ Pia on 176 i ee eee 202 Alnus, fig. 68 298 Oe 314 Alpine Bistort.......... 299 US eee 176 eee ae ee ae 163 Amarantace®........- oe 290 a 293 Amarautus ......... ee ee Amaryllidacez.......... 313 oo a a er 313 alanis. Jig. 514-17. Amelanchier... ....... 203 American Aloe......... 314 American Centaury..... 285 American Cowslip...... 255
American Olive ... ..., 288
—___—__——=§ 0 g—__-
Appar -¢. 22S SS 822 PENS fio PS oe al ee 194 Amphianthus..... ..... 262 Amphicarpeea .......... 194 AWMISOMIS <=: 2 oss oc S8 286 PYAMIS Shee wom 202 Anacardiacee .......... 186 AMAENRIIe.. © Soo 305 Anagallis, fig. 556-7..... 255 WRABMETIX oT. Ses 287 ay ae Jig. 242 a,
Bere se ee Le ee 247 ANGLOEATE. cS. Sic ez > 254 PT 8 rk cee 146 MOM fo. se ues 219 An gelica ny go = Sep ee ita 224 Anise rer Se eet been ae 219 PMO oe as See oe 154 PMI SS oa 5 ate 134 POP OMNES 5S Swe ee oe 234 Amtirrhinum 2... 22.2. < 262 INS on aie cc 258 PEM isc wenn es oes 0, 195 be 1 ge ow mene epee 219 PCCM Fo oa nee > 308 PPSOCYUSCE ow... <s- > 26 Apocynum, fig. 285..... 2386 PRONE Re coe 234 fe gs, a 204 Apple of Sodom.. . 283 Peg Sa 282 Aquifoliaceze ........... 252 Aquileia... .5..--2-.6% 149 PE JY 3 Oo wis ao am ae 167 Perret a A a oe 302 (dor ny. aa ne Sy tage a 195 PR eo bn AS pro aca oe 224 Araliaces® ........ 224 PRE oo iio wie Pe ws 224 ATChaaPeles: . oc... ..- 219 Pee Tis lahat eee ees 219 Arctostaphylos ......... 247 Arenaria, fig. 410 ....... 176 Arethusa, Jig. 651-2..... 311 Argemone Oo ch ee ia 160 PF, Re Sem |S ATINGOIOENSE ina c cas 289 Aristolochiacee ........ 289 ATINCE Oo iseicecees 257
mieneeict AGUERM cke"agsy Se .. 164 PORES oo cts ON hn co one 233 PURO ae ee cae 302 Arrow Dracon.......... 308 Arrow-head Se Pee fe 307 Arrow-wood es Kot: Bs ic eee Artichoke . sc? eee LO Bie age eae Sed 303 POCGUPINEEE MF ee 289 Asclepiadacer.......... 287 1: 0S 2) | bs daa a ei a 287 Asclepiag, fig. 283....... 288 LE £5 pale ee Ramee 171 ee oy Sears 288 yoy 1, ee Re ene i ee ASpaTACUH. >... = 20s oan eee LS De RES et sce tae ee 299 Aspkodel, Asphodelus.. 3.7 pEbere yg. Wot 2. ee 240 Asterw ETE Stee wae 230 fs OSM DS AE RS ale A ee is 5 215 PREIS 8 o'ate 194 Atamacco ei Jig. 1387.. 313 Atriplex... .. . 293 WRONG Sct eee 282 SMT SMe ets io eee 254 Hg) Ls gee lt Ae eee pape ant OS 2U6 WI WOL ot ee » oot Azalea, fig. 205, 532-4... 249 Feaisiwati tle... ee 232 Balloon Vine............ 189 Ballota,-Balm... .... <.; 270 Balm-of-Gilead, Sig. 636- he cece ee staat 299 Balsaminaces........ . 185 Balsamine: yo. 22.0025: 186 Bane-berry.....5--2-.-. 151 Apres... 525. oe Soe Bees Barbarea:.-.< 2. 3<Gubene 168 Boarberry..o 535.2. eae es 155 TeriGwiny. i, cok. ee 284 Base wood...) 6 oo eee: 181 Batatas.<.. 32 tha ee 281 ESP GEG. oo ae ates 298 eay-Pals oo eae ee 295 Beach Pets. 2.2 201 Bean, fig. 446, 311....... 195 Bear-berry, Jig. A5...... 247
339 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS.
Beard-flower............ 313 | Brooklime...... Ament 789) 265 Beard-LOnZue.. «065 s2<s 2 2 a0o | PTOGUITADC..ciessace een 258 Bedettaw.. Syne coke 220 | rnella so) 5. So.5 ae sane 273 Beech, fig. Wa.2 oes oe os 296 | Buchnera.. ......; Bie a 263 DECCHOTOPRAs anu... 2 28} Buck bean Secs sae 284 Beet, fig. 336, Beta...... 293 | Buckeye, fig. 153........ 189 Bvtara. 2) Voces ee 2407 Backthorms7 27 03.22. e00 190 Bevonia, fig. 185. Buckwheat... - o.1.2.620- 290 Belladonnas. 1... ac oc a eas woe ft OMAN). ei ks aden alain 145 Bell-HOWe?. «se cs= 2 oes wad | HPIORS) 6 os sinus ace sane e lee Bevis sawiuk yoo ewok ae moe 1 DUIOSS So. spa poke wae 323 Bellwort, jig. 530-1, 81. Buplewrints Ses oe 219 244, 321 | Burdock, fig. 509-11. I CWZOUN 5 uid ines wits. debe 206 T PsMEneks” icc ue coe 202 Berberidaces’... oca. 6..« 155 | Burning Bush .... i: ee Bervertde cc jae eae eee 155) Burr Marigold... Martek 233, 239 Berberis, 7. 171-2, 37'%-80. 155 | Burr- PO ese a 304 Berchtemia ooo he ssc se ws 190.) Eeart-SC000 2 Soca gots ne 275 Berlandiera ..5 5 es. 2 Saat 233 | Bush Clover............ 198 | AYES, IR oe oe aa 298 | Bush Honeysuckle... ... 227 PSeLMIACC Ie. eine wees 298 | Butter and Egeys........ 263 PSE OBIS 26 02s hare ater Bir 239 | Buttercups, fig. 163, 334. 147 ele LOAN i Raymarine 153 | Butterfly Pea............ 194 PAP UOMUA:. (a nels weld «ot ia 280 1 DULCEMMEEB. c . 02 ccs news 295 Bien@uiaceds coc oakeenn: Oe} SUELEP WOE 6s ook obs wie 257 Bilberry, fiq. 170. Button-boashl:.. 2. dein' eee 229 Bindweeds, fig. 144. . 280, rae Birch, jig. 18, 682-8...... CRDDSOC 20 ll. ad heen 164 Birth worten, | oe sac secwe 589 A AICCE RES. sue. . wenoranien 218 Bitter Cress. wee eas « LGR 8 s(n le rere tc OEE 164 bitter-sweet, fig. 611-13. one Calaminth, Calamintha.. 271 Blvele Mager I. yes WOCTCLUUIE «o's carn ane ales 232 Blackberry. jig. 268...... 506 Calicanthacese.......... 154 Black Haw, fig. 16...... a0 P ACAA TCAD NS. 5.5 a aca0 soe me eis 154 Black Saltwort;; .1..... 254 | Calicanthus......... .. 154 Bladder-nut, fig. 484..... 190} Calieo-Dueh: 50 5.655 ae 249 Biadder-pod ys... eeles 164 | Calla, jig. 237, 638-41.... 303 Bladder SONA. 6 c-cs 2 194 | Callistephus.... ..-:... 253 BlagderwOrse..oc5, os scene 257 | Calopogon, fig. 655...... 312 Pa VALP CAE oe. cme ons Oe AL’ fe whee kee wees 149 POUR, soc ate ee» eta 270 | Calynyetion...... .. .. 280 TRON 5. Secs ters ee a ta BUS | ROMEO. 2s sk eg ewe ees 307 TOOG-2O0G ise aes vee TORN ary Aer ian. 3.0 ecaolrwae 281 Bine-hanwmer oie 28a sue 194) Camelia... ok a wor ene 164 Blue-berries, fig. 546.... 247 | Camellia................ 182 De Curls se ie an 269, ia + Camelliaces...... iscaes) 10 Blue-eyed Grass, fig. 48.. 314 | Camomile............... 234 PCA 2s Sole in osm vs 315 | Campanula, fig. 142..... 245 Blne-Nesrtsie es axe <63 | Campanulacee.......... 244 Blue Lettuce, /. 35, 245-7, CAMPION. od 2 Pa aie Yor wale ty 1s AGS > bie Ona pa saree oR BEET ig a ath, Mors permet teed RCS Sores ho eae ana g 230 ee ees fas: 8. Sd, iat EQOTHARV Ie ailss ow acineme 290 ‘ OTL ORIN 5s 0 amen tit 233 Dapeiilinee: ae pa umecon oka 225 Borrage, Borrageworts.. 215 | Capsella, fig. 331....... 165 POlMAgiMACEB. 1 .o saseuiv« Pie | APA DETCRIN ok ope Wncern sie 282 Borrago, fig. 598-600 .... 275 | Caraway, fig. 271....... . 219 BOT CMAYA ore non en 3 be | 933 Cardamine, ffg. 182..... 167 Boussingaultia.......... 293 | Cardinal-flower......: ... 248 Boxberry, jig. 547....... 248 | Cardiospermum......... 189 BOX DIET os scs cover ck 190 | COBATION, ooo ace so eanns 176 Brnchy Citas oc. o6 anise 233 | Carpet-weed..........2.. 178 Bramble. 02 oc sas 206 | Carpinus.... ..... .. «. po ESE DSBS: .. Cine tie Se maie'e at 164 | Carrion-flower.......... 306 Bridal Rose....... 5 MOREL: cas eee cies 219
Carain .. .s.ssac0 ees 219 Carya... unsure ee geee 295 Caryophyllacew....... 195 Cassia, fig. 60........ 200 Cassiope. .i22.2anoeee - 247 Castaned.< 7. 2a 296 Castilleja: 3 ee . 262 Catalpa, fig. 196-7, 236... 259 Catchily, fg. 198) 17% Catmint, fig. 52, 593-4... 272 Cattall... 13 tes ce> eee 304 Ceanothus...) oe. see Cedronellé 5) 3252 1» 20 Celandine, fig. 40........ 160 Celastracem. ..; 2.2uea5 5a Celartriié. a0 05 pub eee 190 Celery... 320. yceeueeeeee 219 Celosia.. v2 .sta eee 293 Celtis, fig. 72. : Centaury. <. . ae 284, 285 Centrosema.n .0ehs pee 194 Centunculis.. 36. ccecn aoe Century Piatt... 314 Cephalanthias: 5... icccue6 229 Cerastium, fig. 114...... 178 Cerasia; icc, cee <i Cercis, fig. 4... (ocean 195 Cherophyllum,.... .. .. 219 Chafl-eeed ae -eaeee 262 Chameelirium, 2o35. aceee 322 Chaptalia.. | -.2)- don. cere 234 Checkerberry, jig. 540-3. 248 Cheiranthus. ..2.cn0aeae 163 Chelidoniwuy 2.2. cieee 160 Chelone’.... . d...0 secu 266 Chenopodiacez... ...... 292 Chenopodium . 2.7 cans 293 Chenopodina... ...«ss 293 Cherry, fig. 452-3....... 203 . Chervil. )..54 esa 219 Chestnut, jig. 49........ 296 Chick-pea <9 05, eS A 195 Chickweed. fig. 21.. 176, 178 Chick-wintergreen ..... 255 Chimaphils.... 2.2 aeeeee 251 China Asterl...7 .7oe 233 Chiogenes, ae 3 Bust cex 248 Chionanthus.. ane eee Chokebertry .....ge..3a9e 204 Chrysanthemum, jig. £5. 233 Chrysobalanus ......... 202 Chrysogonum.........+« 233 Chrysopsis......~-. sae 232 Chrysosplenium ........ 215 aed Jig. 487-90... ... 221 Cicer . 2.0.20. 195 Cichoriaml,, .). .<2cueeee 234 . Cicuta, Jig. Gc .cueeese 222 Cimiciftga... ..s.<seaeeeee 145 Cinquefoll. .2. ese 208 oe Jig. si 73, 193, «+670 see 211 pies aa ionhioaata wae 170 CIVES . . . . scs'sisiee ee 320 Cladastris . : 5. ass mane 195
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS.
Se et. ea BM RE ae 179 Clematis. jig. 219.. . 145 _ _ =e 247 - Climbing Fern, Jig. 6. Clintonia, RG. Cs 25 321 0 Se 194 Derry _.........c2.. 207 Clover, f. $7, 63, 335, 447- [eae 197 |S en renee i | ecea-plam..:.........- Qi = 3) 195 eae 155 a a Collinsia. fig. 578........ 265 ee 269 2 ee 233 Columbine, jig. 365-70... 149 reer 284 ee 194 2 eee 203 Comfrey, fig. 603........ 275 Commelyua, Commely- 2 2 eee 323 Comporits ............. 230 Cone-flower ...........- 233 2 300 Coniosclinum, fig. 85... 219 Conium, jig. 65......... 221 LL eee 263 Eonopholis ............- 258 Se ee 317 Convolvulacez..... .... 280 Convolvulus, fig. 144.... 281 Seer 149 Coral-berry eta a Se oe 2 226
Corallorhiza, Coral-root. aH Coreopsis 234. :
Coriander Coriandrum, dai 493-4... 319 Cornaceez.. .. < e Cor:-el, fig. X39 ...
Cornus fig. 495... Coronilla
seer er eeteerseeee
Corylus
Cow-parsnip............ Cowslip...... Rentaaitas <a Crab oases eeeseeeeeees PERMCTEY........+- ia i a alee ea Ey) | ee (rassulacee ........... Crategus, fig. 99 SNE Rr oo. So pcine
Crowfoots, fig. 200-1.... 143 Crownbeard....... 233, 234 Crown Imperial......... 317 Ue 2 eee 162 pe os eS eae 162 Cryptotenia...... Sisal wie 220 Cuckoo-flower.......... 167 Cucumber-tree.......... 153 Culver’s Physic......... 2H5 Cunila, jig. 595-6........ 27 oT Ee eae art or 210 SPORES co 2 5 oat on 300 bette s 5 Sn 6 sen es 296 Currant, jig. 243, 261, 329. 213 Custard-appie........... 154 Sent S47 tot tee 204 Cynog!ossum........... 277 UTE es em immee | ONG on occ wen ada s -. 300 Cy PTess-VINC |<. 2... ses 281 Cypripedium, fig. 89, 646-
We ee Sos ee wate wii 309 SOUINUN on hie os Neale woos 248 LETT) See a oie Paes 314 I Caen ewe Snes 234 Daisy - 233 BORMAN Ge Bee Nc cng os 194 Pit Saar eee 207 Dandelion, jig. 147, 189
Bs hilt och a eats 242 | a aoe ne aan 294 eee San Se 294
Dasystoma, fig. 565-8...
WRG oor. 5 ccm a 283 TT espe ees le Ae cee 219 Pree iily =... os. sacl ee RTE, oo eS eé Pom 215 Deer-grass .. 209 Delphinium. fig. 168, 208. 150 [) i: eee a ee ee 167
Desmanthns .......... Desmodium, jig. 62, 287.
DCW OCI: os las ce ba 7 OC is Li er 214 DeRREINS So Sk cic 176 Dicentra, fig. 389, 392... 16 SCCTORATA 2 5= on ok 269 PGROMNIG: =... 66 deck cis 280 PIETY cod concekos-s 227 PRIA: eo fo unas 262 Diodia . 229 Dionea.. ~ Ral oe A ae eee 174 Diphylleia....... ae uetii 155 Diplopappus............ 233 Cg. gt Oe SIREN Nea ET 294 DPrsceoplegra os cannes le Bisel Ns oe oe ce 305 Dittany. fig. 595-6...... 71 jo {- ae 290
ae at 223
Batak Jig. 285, 620-6. 286 Dogtooth Violet 318
Dogwood 187, 228 DRAENOR os oe eh SSS 194 Draba. fig. 300-7 ........ 166 Draba arabizans,f 255-59. Dracocephalum......... 270 Dragon-root ........... 303 Dragon’s head.......... 270 Dragon's claw.. ite Drop-fiower .. sine see Drepwort? 23. c.se scene 209 PIMECTA:)D ccteeeaeicumas 17 DIpseraGged, 5.0 kaeeet 1%: Dryas.... acs) ee Dry Straw berry. EES Re QF Dwarf Dandelion ....... 234 Dwarf Pimpernel....... 254 Werk Pia oes: 230 SD os ec kee Mardrop. 3-5 se os 161, 211 PORTAGE oes wakes 234 Echinodorus.-.......... £06 Echinospermum.... ... 275 PEO tS isch Sans 27 Eclipta, fig. 305 ......... 234 Eel-grass ..... . 805 Ege-plant wee Peo” 283 Wb me oo Fc se ae Ud Egyptian Calla ......... 303 BRIE re eck So ae 227 HMiccampane 5.5. ...\5scxe 233 MOU OTLIA: Ls. wae eee ae 248 slags Ee aR gee Se 277 Elm, jig. 50, 274, 359.
Riadese 55 Sete 171 Enchanter’s Nightshade,
Ps Geke Toon, toeek 212 Ranier oc: os. once Lina eee Ephedra, jig. 178. Epidendrum,. ..... .... 309 Uy ero. 249 Repiohiawe 2 ok aes 211 Epiphegus........ .-e2. 200 GR eid foes BER eee 2 = ICRC wos pctaeenee 246 Erigenia, jig. 333.. ..... 221 ie Fg: ae eee 25 241 Breen: Sass 3254 183 Eryngium ana Sree eee SEryeee,; ooo cae n nan -- 168 jeg: . {eer © cer: | erytiwimasl . ooh cs . 194 Erythroniun, fig. 657 .. aoe ee Escholtzia~ ... 00.00% -- 160 Eulophas 5 ics..:- dgedex 219 Euonymus ............. 199 wea Jig. 512-13. Euphrasia ......... 263 Evening Primrose... 210, 211 Everlasting Pea, fig. $6. 200 Pevelrtes yo aaSshat Sacre 263 WAUWRUS: ire nic temas 283 Pacopyrnil 5. isaac ae 200 Pares ni... s+ i ceseeeee Qu
334
False Aster...... . .... 233 False Bindweed ........ 281 False Catmint #35. 2322.4. Pare | False Dog-fennel ....... 233 Halse Hiag. Suse 164 False Gromwell ........ Q75 False Mitrewort ........ 216 False Pennyroyal....... 271 Fulse Rocket... ss 0206s 164 False Sneezewolt....... 233 False Sunflower ........ 233 False Syringa:...cee2. 3 216 False Tamarisk......... 283 Valse: Violet <o.oe : 207 False Wall-flower....... 168
False Wintergreen... .. 2
Featherioil . 2... <0. ae: 244 fe 81s) Gee eee yarn 9 219 Fennel-flower, fig. 41... 145 Fern, jig. 226, 355. POVET-TO0Gs 5.6 ssa eee 225 Fig, jig. 298. Aa GA cE SEs v4 261, 263 eee BOL mae fig. 18-20. S71. 183 Biaxworts |... 2-405) )0kk 182 PICs Dae soe oer es 241 Floating: Heart 2.00.62 .. 284 Flower-de-luce ........ 315 Flowering Almond, fig. 11. Flower-of-an-hour...... 181 F29-POISOR . 54 fe ee eS 322 PRCOICW MIN, Bosc eek 219 Fool’s Parsley’ ........ 219 Worestiera coc eink: 42 Abs 288 Forget-me-not, jig. 604.. 276 Forsythia RN 8 ge A 288
Four-o’clock, fiy. 318... Poxslowre <oc8 9s, Syren es Fragaria. fig. 202, 265...
Frankenia ve: 160.
WPARBEEAR cil ceca steers 284 Fraxinus, figs 131.005 206. 288 French Marigold ....... 233 Fringe-tree. ... 22... ++ -, 288 Brithiarin. cn 2st) ek 31% Prelichia..é.3<..<< doe SS POO DIB 5/026 ee od 304, 805 Fuchsia, fig. 1380 ........ 211 Ace? gC Sa en mM Bee 161 Fumariacee ........... 161 Fumeworts ..........+6. 161 PRMHOry... pasate: Oe 161 HOME oo sedcen eae eee 3820 Gasllardia..238 aes 932 Galatta. 2.4 oge2-orver ee Galanthus. os.ie0. 2 eee 313 Galeopsis, fig. 582-4 270 PEATUME, Soke devon ee 229 Garden Shrub.......... 154 PRONE. ce, Sens oe ies 319 Gali heria oa <5 acc cee 248 GEGEA.s otoacn eae Bone tt Gavitiesacia. ........6..2: 247
Gelseminum.......... 2 Rt Cemn-LrOlts< 22k ciessedons 216 Genists +....212 62 46. oo. 194 SOM PATA. .Siuleat. cee bo 285 Gentiana, fig. 615-19..,.. 285 Gentmnace®............ 284 Gentianworts.... ...... 284 ASOPARIA es Cae ee 183 Geraniacese......... ... 183 Geranium, fig. 296, 340
Seu ciakenes ti. deme 183 GOTArtia ci mine cusee ee 266 Germander......... .... 269 GOuiie wie ee sue eee 206 SOP eke i ot ee eee 279 Gill, fig. '%4, 587-8.. Bi Gillenia. s Da.8 SE eee iets 203 GINSENG... 458 vs Ate 224 Giadioles. oo So. hice ees 314 GIES WOFE osc. seas cee ee 295 Ginette. 35065 ee 160 SUS 69 5 Ss Gee 254 Gleditschia vs: sek cae 195 Globe Amaranth........ 293 Globe-flower............ 149 Clatigivm. ao eset 194 Goat’s-beard............ 209 Goars Bae 205. s.0i dee: 194 Golden Chain.. . 194 Golden-club fig. 642 .... 303 Golden-rod, ‘Hig. WO gee 235 Gold- thread en Scey iet See et 149 Gomphrena., . Sth lam ee Good-wigit.. sagialee ‘ae. 280) OOCY Eft soo Sa Bak 809 Gooseberry, jig. 281.... 213 Goose-foots..........--- 292 GOOse-Prass.i 4d. Ee 208 Gerdouts. 2... %.60. Seve 182 GOSS¥ PEM cic. ve 2 oda 180 Grape Hyacinth........ 317 Grupe Vine...) S20.e00s 191 Grass Parnassus ....... 174 Grass Pink. ¢.cs4200e2 312 GYASE-DOLY 5.0 one Bk we 210 Tahoe. sk oke dees 264 Greek Valerian. ........ 280 Greenbrier, fig. 95....... 305 Green Draron.:.... <2: 303 Green Heads ..5.4 20S 229 Gromiwell.. i. c.0..88 See 275 Grossulacem.... ........ 212 Ground Cherry ....... . 282 Ground-nut..... ....196, 224 Grove Sandwort......... 176 Guelder Rose... ........ 203 Gymnocladus........... 195 Pralenia. 0, tie ee le 284 Pisleeias os cS ee eke es O52 arenack ok eee ks 208 Hare-bell Jig. * G20. 4 see 245 Hawkbit pia WS eee Hawkw mas is ee x Cee 242 PARC) fs oS eS 296
INDEX TU NAMES OF PLANTS.
Heath, fig. 314-15... ... WT ‘| Heathworta .-. 232 246 Hedeoma.;;'s 25254 suena 269 Heders.. .c 5. sa2ehceeeee 224 Hedge-hos.... i. 22.5 2: «. 200 Hedge Hyssop.......... 264 Hedye Mustard......... 164 Hedge Nettle. ... ae ee Hedysarum..... rh Helenuiis 1. <.23. Saat 233 Helianthemum.......... 171 Helianthus, fig. 807..... 237 Heliopsis.: ao cceceeen en 2233 Heliotrope.. ...cage Wee 275 Heliotrophytum......... 215 Heliotropram.... 2 2429 275 Hellebore, Helleborus... 145 Helonias.:.c6/scccae eee 822 Helosciadium...usgsse seen 219 Hemerocallis..... gveuee 317 Héemianthus.. .../.)cs.0) ae Hemlock...: . 22% i.e 301 Hemp Nettle, jig. eres 270 Henbane, fig. 282. . 282 Henbit. 00 see 270 Hepatica, fig. 238, os 147 Heracleum.. 219 Herb Robert, tg. 421.... 184 Herspestie: .ictens oe ee 263 Hesperis........ pane’ 163 Heteranthera....... 305 Hetcrotheta: )....2uc sees 232 Heucheta.. 2... 215 Hibiscus, jig. 411-14..... 181 Hickory. cee 205 Hieraciumi., os eeueeree 242 High Cranberty....+22-2 228 Hippuris, fig. 461-3...... 211 Hoarhound,. 2 ees 270 Hobble Bushiisss. tees 228 ae Peanuk, oe ee 194 Holly... dei eee eee 208 Hollyhock, asthe Ab pe 180 Hollyworts... 20 ee Honewort, «2. .2-20eaeae 221 Honey Locust, jig. 64 J veee doe 195 Honeysuckle, g. 82, 146, Perri 3D, 226 Honkenya:.... 22: 7.ceeeees 176 Hop, fig.. diawoce cee aneae 111 Hornbeeiti., 442502 297 Horn Pondweed, jig. 98. 257 Horse Balm... -4c2ecres £69 Horse Chestnut......... 190 Horse Mint... ~...taee 271 Horse Nettle............ 283 Horse Radish........... 164 Hottonia, ... 6.2.5.0 2eeeee 254 Hound’s-tongue..... .. Pare Houseleek, fig. 474..... 214 Houseleeks , Jig. 191..218, 214 Houstonia,.<:..ccesmeans 230 HOya.i 5 cueee tee ose oon Huckleberry...... wo» OST
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS.
eee 170 Hyacinth, Hyacinihus.. 317 Hydrangea, fig. 482..... 217 Hydrastis, fig. 154....... 152 Hydrocharidacez Res ee 304 Seyerocotyle.... .2...... 219 Hydrophyllaceer......... V7 ee ym, Jig. 605- ae Se ee ee ee ié Hyoscyamus ........... 282 oe = as i71 Peeerrenim.. 5 c....... IR Hypoxis....... ede ces 313 DUE s mee sic saan 269 Hyssop, Hyssopus. .. 269, 270 _ 2. 1 ee aaa 164 Lowy ae 252 See 152 eee 22 Impatiens, fig. 71, 428... 185 Indian Corn, jig. 360. 118 Indian Cucumber, fig. 92. 316 PINUS Sr 218 Indian Physic .......... 203 Indian Pipes............ 251 Indian Soapworts....... 189 Indian Tobacco. ....... 243 Pein Tormip.....:.... 303 SS eee 194 Indigofera........... .. 194 gt eee 252 LS ee 265 Le 233 a eee 164 _ Lee 281 LS Alea . Zon eee, frids-......... 314 Tris, fig. 165, 229, 294-5.. 315 Iceland Moss, fig. 190.... 214 Tron-weed, fig. 248-50.... 81 is 297 _ 269 _. OS Sa eee 163 Lo a ee 233 ae 145 _o, Sie 2i5 a ee 224 __ sh nese 314 Jack-in-the-pulpit....... 303 BET ol i: a |) A 313 Japan Quince..... ecey.. Pee Japan Rose.. . 182 Jeffersonia, fag. 254, ¢ 275- 376... . 156 Jersey Ten.. Sah Jernsalem Cherry. Metres we 283 Jerusalem Sage......... 270 sewel-weed...........-. 186 Se 314 Judas-tree. fig. pd Sag 195 Juglandacew ........... 294 SmGIanS...........: pimps 295. Julibrassin.......... ..
a —— ————————————
WRHERRCR Oe Nee Juncus.
see eeeeseeereeeee
UME DECTEY: . > ok can eee
euniper, fig. %: - 2 sos SUBIPCIDS -.<. 2.ce eee issih ost cee are
Knot-weceds, jig. 69.. Kosteletskya hrigia
Lactuca., fig. 36.. Ladies’-tresses, fig. 240 - Lady’s-mantle . fig. 454... Lady’ s-slipper, fig. 89.. Lady’s-thumb Lagerstreemia Laminm Pampa 0s es sn Lappa, fig. 509-11. Larch, fig. 91; Larix....
Larkspur, Jig. "120, <7 ¢ ee
Ler Ua | aS Seppe ecaleint Lauracee, Laurel Lauristine Pe eh eee Lavandula. Lavender... Lavatera Lead-plant .. : Leadworts....... .. ].eaf-cup Leather-flower
Lechea
Leiophyllum....... ...
Leioseleuria..... Eb Waki ie Lemon py: TO... Leutibulaces. .......... SMS. oo RON IIEe Sn oaons POuriete Sek os Leouurus..... say Wega 2 je) £ Seely ee aie DCIpRE So ow 9 o ne «
DE PROCRRNE: Ce. occu eas
DEAT MME So occ » Lepuropetalon.......... RICE os 5 coe cyt
eT ERR se toni a te
EON Sen res ss Lev eI 50 oe
vee we eee eee ee
eeeeteneeece ereeeseerese
ser cereer fee et eevee
eer tee ee ee eeene
aoe |) Laer usticum. 6s. 2. ess 219 S| SIPRSOI: 22. SL. Se 288 Wey dalee. fig. 231.505 35s. 2h 282 Sit | SESS eds Sa own 217 301 | Lilium, jig. 107, 113.. ... 819 SE ey ng. SAG 2S. s2 319 Lilyworts ... 317 249 | Lily-of-the-v alley, fig. 44. 317 Ss) Sane “UTES i ee aces 181 176 | Limnanthemum......... 284 aT} RIMS T HIN. oS ok ok Oe 3805 < Sasi smiOnen aC ts Se 262 the) Ane ee ee 182 234 | Linaria, fig. 5634....... 263 PPLE 2, TO Ae Bese es LO 225 Al DanPOND se te oe, See 181 968 | Lindenblooms........ .. 181 PELs PAM Ke. CR. Oo. oath Soa ak 1&3 Te Lon’ s-O8Teo oo oo cok 270 35 Ot Oe SA OOR, ko se 243 oi) | ean B-Weare.s oo oS ooo 274 eer GAPARIGS ote ck. oe De 308 . 809 | Liqnidambar, fig.4@... 13 Oats Tariegenniron,. <2. 5. cen2 153 ASAT SESE RE eee the ee 308 70 | Lithospermum, jig. 601- 234 7 de be ee ey aR a 27 Liverwort, fig. 30........ 147 301 | Lizard- tail. Jt TSS, oss 61 Tate) Oe oo co 243 200 | Lobeliacez.,........-... 243 oe 4 Lobeliaas oo css nee 9 228 | Loblolly Bay............ 182 po A 5 Sn ee o 196 180} Lovanticer ....° 2.22.02: 260 194 | Lonicera, fig. §2........ 226 957 | Loosestrife.......... 255 2 | Lophanthus’ 2... 2.0 <2 70 146 | Lophospermnm, fig. 181. 262 4 DEC WORE 2.2 25S 262 9b OM VARE Lo ce wen seen en 219 170 | Love-flower............. 317 Agel ECCTRe. os oe eee 20€ Te Ed Wie ee ee 211 B90. 1 STORES o's 2 on ee ee 16E Mts RMN WOPE © 00) Wo uok ees 276 247 | Lupine, fig. 66........... 198 ae | lmpings Ag GG 0... 198 257 | Luzula, fig. 665 ......... 323 Di) gone 6 oo ee 275 155 | Lychnis, fig. 408 .... ... 177 Sat | CPOE So Lae wine «83 Sekt LVCBPRIS 00... otsenees 275 Ske) AVOODOE joc. ons ee ee 165 | Lycosper gicana oa) 282 219 | Lyeodesmia ... 2. sikee 235 OS: + LySimaehia, oe occa . 255 Sih | oy trees co... occas . 209 Tae Ey iene eo ees . 210 234 FT MAC bees. Ouro coe 270 270 | Macranthera. ...2. 32... 263 ceaek | Seer: 2 oe aad! oe 229 297 | Madderworts.......... 22% 117 : Madwort......... 16)
336 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS.
Magnolia. fig. 28... .... 152 | Mitreola... .. sesevee 200 | Nicotiana...) eee Magnolinces............ 152 Mitrewort, “fig. ie 215 | Nigella: .4..c.c = eee 245 Majanthemum... ...... S18} Mudesty sie ecg Fo ‘2.9 | Nightshales ........ 282, 283 Mallows, jig. 177. 217.179, 180 | Modiola............. 180 | Ninebark.; 2... 2cce . 209 Malva, jig. a 7 ee £90 7) MUO ooo 5 eos, ew cree 1%8 See on bin eee Malvacea: 003. 20255." 179 | Molucca Balm, Molucella 270 | Nolina ............-. sient ee MalvavisCus .. 3c Sec5c8: 180 | Monarda, jig. 5s0-81.... 272 | Nonesuch ........-0-+-- aX INGA ae oo) oe 156 | Meneses’ >. 225. ..s: cee 218 | Nuphar.. 20 eee 1t% Maples, Jig. 262, 430-81.. 18% | Moneywort ............. 255 | Nyctaginaces .......... 286 Mare’s-tail os sc. et es 211 | Monkey-flower, jig. 569- Nymphvea, fig. 198-9, 381 158 Marigold EM seers © as 232 ees ric a, paar 266 | Nymphacesz ....... .. 15% Blarjorain. oss oo. oe 269 | Monk’s hood, fig. 43.... 151 | Nyssa ..... cay ey eee Pra UbiGi | oo oe 20) MIOHOLEODA | Ac sodas . 251 Marsh Mallow .......... 180 | Morning-glory, jig. 22, Oak. fig. 32-4, 54, 318-21, 297 Marsh Marigold. ....... 149 161, 462, 352....... . 261 | Obolarin, eam 284 Marsh Rosemary ....... 256 | Moss Andromeda....... 247 | Ocymum, fig. 586....... 269 Marsh Unibel. 2.3 ccs S10 Ose Pinks: 6. vies <8 279 | Genothera, fig. 458-9.... 211 rie Se ae eee 234 | Motherwort ............ 270 | Okra... Steere 180 Marvel-of-Peru ......... 290 | Mountain Ash.......... 204 | Oldephindia .2..4, 5. 229 Marvelworts ........... 289 | Mountain Fringe ....... 161 | Olea... i... eee 288 IN ABEMOTIS 20.5 «dent a8 ajo 4 2:6 | Mountain Heath........ 247 | Oleaces ....0: aan eae 288 Reatrimaany 2 re 283 | Mountain Laurel........ 249 | Oleander, fig. 174 ....... 286 Mlavthigha «, circa 2 wauesie 163 | Mountain Mint......... 242 | Oliveworta... 7. ee eeee 288 Mavrawidia 66252 ko 262 | Mountain Sorrel........ 200 | Onavraces _. 5 ..0ueeeees 210) MAME ACH ois Sh ie ee ote | MOUSE-E4T lOve bcs Seckey 178 | Onion, jig. 316-17....... 319 Nay Apple. 2 eek te. 156 | Mouse-tail .......... . 145 | Onosmodium....... ee, Oe Nay -NOWEFr +. 2. cece wes 2419 | Mud-ower .. oo oi knee 262 | Opultig: + oo faeee eee 218 DFA =WeCd a oe sik bed OSA) Niialwort: ssa ot ..-. 262 | Orchidat@ess 2.7 eee 07 Meadow Beauty ........ 209 | Mulberry, fig. 297.. 91 | Orchids, fig. 45... ..2..,. ae Meadow Lily, fig. 107-9. 319 Mulgedium, Jig. 35, 245-7. 234 | Orchis, Jig. 649-50. ...... 309 Meadow Rue .......... {oi haem \ 0 263 | Origanimy ).2)ae eens 269 NM 2adow-sweet..... wore Oey Sellen Pinks, ese. os. 177 | Ornithegulum’2...2e.ce . B17 Meronoueis |... occ 5c es LOOT MICCARIMG ooo Se ss yo we 191 | Orobanchacee ......... £58 Medeola, fy. 92 2... ..... B1D | DURCR 5. Gs ua ae 317 | Orontium, fig 642 ...... 303 Medicago Si ema 200 | Mustard, fig. 291, 393-5.. ‘168 | Orpiiie, 20 o0s- on eee 214 PONE ss ake cae ... 200 | Mustardworts .......... 162 | Osler’... 00a ae 299) Melampyrum.... ...... 263| Myloearyum. .. 2. cca .<. 248 | Osmanthus............. 288 Melanthacese, Melanths. 321} Myosotis ............... 276 | Osmorhiza.... ease 221 Miclanthitins oe os aac 322 | My@surue .. nc 04cce5 5 os 145 | Ostrys .. 25. cs eee 297 Melastomacee ......... Bt Se EW 2 cl ster sa whicc San ot 293 | Oxalidaces:.72. eae 184 Melastomes”. 26220 cos Sue | ARTICECCR 8c. ek 29% | Oxalis, fig. 425 ........ 185 MEMIOUIE. ¢ 0 30a. eee ae 196 | Myriophyllum......... 211 | Ox-eye 3.2 oe 233 Metrasa so Sree se eden 270 Oxybaphw@s, Jo. 2... a..eeeee DUNST 0 1S SR geet eae Rea A 270 | Nabalus, fig. 507-8...... 243 | OxycoeCus 2.2... ioeaues 248 Moenyanthes oo s<'s.s sce Perl | and aCee 2. as 2a oe sa 304 | Oxydendrul .. 2... 247 Menmieeie oo A aac Be LEER oss ol eeece eine a 1%6 | Oxyria. .... ee eee 20 Merm.id-weed ......... EA PAN CURIAM isco a be aati ae 180 Mertensia 2.665 fee ce OO.t IN aero sok oh ws socal 314 | Peeonia. fig. 338. ....... 145 Mexican Vine .......... 203 1 Mardosmiiad oo wcsaeeeee 234 | Painted-cup <lgeeeeceeee 262 Miami-mist. ose dacn. 20S} Are beCw Me oes see eee 323 | Pancratitim ga25. eee 313 BEV CRORt GT oe oc Veaee SOS INasturi he. cd oo fen 164 | Pansy, Ag. 64 2 2ee5 aes 170 Mignonette, fig. 118.. 44+ Nati DERBI) ies acs sams 254 | Papaver tas seen eee 160 Milk" Vetchs. co. ' 194 | Neckweed....... beng 265 | Papavericew | ateecee 159 Mrlk-vime (oo os eee 1A INCH oo Foo. See oe 187 | Paps ywyfe, a ee 154 Milkweed. jig. 283... .. 208 | Neirem bergia 2.2.5. 226¢ 283 | Pardanthus..... ia ia £14 Miblcwtr’ 8.0 Lecides eens 191 | Nelumbiaces,.......... 156 | Parnaesia) Soo. eee 174 VEL GUS oo on ice 942) Nelam pret Ve oe ss 157 | Paronyenig.:... oaeeeee 176 IE AIAISA es abs scene Tay Meine? tteia odes 157 | Parsley; -ci,an.6 eee 219 Mimulus Sg. 569-72 .... 266 | Nemopanthus .......... 252 | Parship..-2. Jose . 219 Mint. .. 270 | Nepeta, jig. 74, 537-8.... 272 | Partheniam ... ....... 234 Mirabilis... . 22. sce. st ED oS ek wc a renee 286 | Partridge-berry......... 229 Missouri Currant, fig. a, eS Aaa a 210 | Pasque-flower ... ...... 140 TA aed es dee 3138 | Nettle, fig. 106. Passifloraces®..... -.--- 218 Mitchella. fig. 497. . 229 | Neurophyllum.......... 219 | Passion-flower, jig. 42,
Mitella, fig. 47 a oe BLS: (NTORMGPA sie oi on 3) a 282 351 54000 eee 218
INDEX TO NAMES OF - PLANTS. | oot
Pastinaca............... 219 | Podostigma............. 987 | Quercus ............ ee 297
ra 262 | Pogonia, fig. 6538-4...... 313 | Quince, jig. 1, 2.. . “204 _ SSA eee 180 | Poison Haw............ 228 : Pea, jig. 286, 443-5, 451.. 199 | Poison Hemlock, jig. 491 Radish...... =A 164 a & e 202 eI. Stee on uae 221 | Ragged Robin.......... 178 “= ie Pee), EP OIBU WV ss occ sae 187 | Ranunculacee.......... 143 Pear, fig. 10, 88, 133, 280. 204 | Poison Oak......... 186, 187 | Rapuneulus............. 147 PeerIWOrl .. 2.5.6. ..<70. aE ORB. Sy n'a wo OeR 292 | Raphanus........ wenger bd 164 Pemewiaris. ... 2... ...- oe *Pokeweeds ..........0.. 992 P Raspberry. «cic cisces se 206 Peireoniim .... 22.2... 183 | Polar-plant....... ...... 283 | Rattle-pod.. . 194 oo Ee 303 See feria ongdad bet scsetes 278 | Rattlesnake Plantain... 309 ee 269 | Polemoninm........3..'. 280 | Red: Beand., 2. cc2e. Je 194 Pennywort, jig. 24, 25. Polyanthus... 2. .....- 313, 314 | Red Cedar... .22.5.0-..2. SO 219, a Poelycarpons |. /..) cc. <% 1%6 | Reed-mace............. 504 4 Polygala, jig. 487-38..... 191 | Resin-weed............. 233 5 268 Polygalacese .......... =, 18T | Rhamnaces.... 6:2 352.2. 180 ory: Jig. v2 ae ie 145 Polyzonacez poe eae oS SOG) Mhamnus .é o...s ecacacs es Boe 1 LS ee eres 282 | Polygonatum............910 | Rheum....... siete & oue eee 290 Pepper-and- 2 NP gal} Polysonella. oc3 25.25 ac08 ORG P RRORIS <5 6555 cians ieee Pepper-grass............ 164 | Polygonum, fig. 69, 86... 290 | Rhinanthus............. 263 Peppermint. -........¢.. Mies. Polymnial sc 2525655 5 233 | Rhododendron, jig. 152, Pepper-root........... 2 S08 POLYPrempni,. . oc. «<<. 260 DAES Sauce an cea eeee * Periwinkle.............. ‘ae .| POlytenia....< ics. cocks Bi | Rhogure: soo cise cae 247 2 eee 295 | Pomegranate ........... 210? BRabards2 i -cc oot os 290 oo ee 202 | Pondweed, jiy. 46....... Sw a Sener ere 186 Petalostemon........... 194 | Pontederia... ..... sos Sor GP ERP VBCOMIA: os ceice lee ew'd 134 Petroselinum ........... 219 | Pontederiacee.......... ER SIDES. e205 2s dees a eee oo ae = Wp) See See ee 153, 299 | Richardia............... 303 Perum ag. 145,614. .>. 282 | Poppy ..-..........2.... Pi RVING: 6 55 cic S22 os o- 292 = 194 | Poppyworts............. Py Heviniag 2 he. ores a. sted 196 WePOGT oe isn cuca eee at il Se cc. SE eee 299 | Robin’s Plantain..... eee EN. Woo, occ oe | Portulaeas so. 6. elsk 3}. 179 | Rock Cress ......%... -- 166 i 195 | Porte sence. 2< ... soos VIG (OCC he 2 oak eee cok 163 Pheasant’s-eye, fig. 406- Potamogeton........... 304 | Rock Roses......... 170, 171 __ oS ee 148, 7G [POO e.) Seis cas F220 cise S 283 | Rosa, fig. 221, 299....... 204 4 rrr 258 | Potentilla, fig. 76-7..... 208 | Rosacer......... 2.2... 201 Philadelphus............ SiG t POLennms . oo! ssc ecl es 202 san iia 39, 58, 83, 3, 101, RURLOUMER, Ooo. eos ca des 270 | Pride of Ohio....... be ae re le cor Sa ene 204 Phiox, fig. 126, 609...... og a ee 2 Rose pare eval ekeees 196 Phioxworts..... aoe SiG d PHMEORE oo: asc. cas 5 254 | Kose Bay, jig. 67........ 250 Physalis.. ... . 282 | Primula, fig. 549, 553.... 254 | Rose Campion ......... 177 Physostegia, fig. "589-91. 274 | Primulacez............. 253 | Rosemary .............. 270 Phytoiacca, fig. 627-31.. 292} Primworts.............. 253 | Boseworte... 0 ek. Woe. wry) 3 Phytolaccacez.......... 292 | Prince’s Feather....291, 294 | Rosmarinus............. 270 Pickerel-weed.... ...... 305 | Prince’s Pine, jig. Sie Sek | Hablas, oc32. L5. BP 229 see ah. 277... . 293 | Primos... 2.202 .c0.ceees 252 | Rubiacesw.......- Jag hin een Pumpersel. 2. ........ Bet EUIVEL ods cets cana ie ale Mee Rea Bw ol od koe eee -- 206 | aes in |} PEQSSHeH.7 0 abs eos tes ai8 | Radbeckia. 2.0 osc. 2223 233 a eee 229 | Proserpinaca... oc... 2.4 211 | Rue Anemone, jig. 207.. 146 Pine, jig. 9, 300.. ION EEOMUN so. a sacs sd da, Oe 1, HOMES ot... ee 290 Pine-sap / aor | FaOTales .o.. c. owes seeks IO) MMCReS yo 725. Je é Pie 323 eee 257 Sides ewe Bees deca wd oe 248 | Rutland Beauty......... 21 Pink, 4 176 | Puccoon........ esos Sere: 276 Pak root = SS - aoe} PeNIGE ech coe Seat woenk 216 | Sabbatine.-s'0. dn. tenen 285 Pinkworts.............. MS | Pursclane: o. scocc... 178, 179 | Sage, jig. 176, 228, 585... 273 ae oS 300 | Putty root, fig. 345...... 308 Saseretia.. set en dae as -- 190 ee .- 170 | Pycnanthemum......... 269 | Sagi, 0. .-2)'. 5 Siok 176 oe Se aap} E yrethrumst . 2%. .<25%.85; 233 | Sagittaria, fig. 648-45... © Pipsissewa, fis. 548..... 251 hele I. 14, a, 536- Salicaceze, Salix, jig. 19. 299 EE SE ed eae. ieee me 250. | Salicorni@.. =< iis cve< suse 293 Pitcher-plant........... 159 aes tooth bare ae O44 Salsola. ..0-154 Suencewen 293 eet, Ae. 15 ee Ek toe | Pyrus,fig. 134% sch. i... St i: Sati worte si. 2 sea 293 Plumbaginacez......... 256 Salvia, fig. 585.......... 27) TS ee 7 Quamoclit, jig: GIO)... PBL) Sambucus..u:.5%.c.0ces 227 Podophyllum. ......... 156 | Queen-of-the- Prairie.... 209| Samolus................ 254
15
338 INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS.
PAMIPTIPE «oi ss «pcb vaaie'e 293 ome 5 oe eee heat gg a. 111, 278, Sand Myrtle 2). os ase « even Bae t AAU 52 n< dni sede aitien 6 eee 2 a laksaaian SAMMIWORE <5 oins'eicie cies ack eC Skullcap. Ws saath saan atest 273 Steng bores Blite... Helse: .. 293 Sanguinaria, fig. 388..... 160 | Skunk Cabbage... ..... 203 | Streptopus.....cece-eue . 318 Sanguisorba we algntaiaa =: shite 202 | Smilacacez.............- 305 | Stuartia....... pr Sanicle ot et te ede alia gta ade 220 | Smilacina........<.cccscws OOO | OLY USE. sees ot is Su CWIA 6. ck dcie es Shiale aici! SEE I ag eee Sac fae 305 | Stylosanthes............ 196 - Sapindaceze = seieie ce ainiake --- 189 | Smoke. tree, Oe Aas we 187 | Styracacese............ . 252 Sapindus ........-... wien NOSE A IRRURI So on aoe ortad atonal 200. | Styrax...> jGeceeeeeeeee 52 Saponaria, id. Ia. os oo aG | BapP-raron. oi. geos0s or 262 | Subulafis...... Jee 154 Sarracenia, fig. 385-87... 159 | Sneezewort.......... 2233, 242 | Succory., 2. eee 234 Surraceniace® .......... $58] Bnow-ball. oo i nec snows 228 | Sullivantia... .... . pis 215 Sreasmcal PAB: 35 Sisco. esis ool Se 1 BROW DEITY. 3. 0 coed auas 996 | SuiieGs..-4. 2 oa 186, 187 SAlin-MOWEL 2.0 esos a. 165 | Snow-drop tree......... 252 | Summer Savory........ . 269 Sntureja...:... --ee. 269 | Snowflake.............. 313 | Sundews, jig. 20, 21... . 1% Saururus, jig. 186. SOADWOL. 5 osc os sivicas 176, 189 Sunflower. Jig. 498-500 .. 237 Saxifraga” Sa we ogee PAZ | MOIANACES §. ckcccacees 282 | Supple Jak. 3, oe 190 Saxifragaces bait ce aeenees 214 | Solanum, jig. 611-13..... 283 | Sweet Basil. ic laseeaee 269 Saxifrage, jig. 131, 214 . 0289 | Soles. oo. on abe ae 169 | Sweet Brier......... oes. ae Benenocainlon. 2 ic /.6%4 322 naked Jig. (5, 501-3... 235 | Sweet Clover... eee 196 Schenchzeria ...... 2.62.22 306 | Solomon’s Seal, ‘fig. 348. Sweet Flac, ... .cenewean 803 SeChIZANthuUs... ssa. oben 262 317, 320 | Sweet Gals. ... cee 298 CHT ANIA!) 56.sc es cee 185: | SORCHUBY 2. coven. santens 234 | Sweet Peas....ccccsseee 200 Rehwalbeai os. sc aban aie V ORT Oly io). . wugy cineca 290 | Sweet Potato... . 2.05. 281 MebweinltZid. 6... s. os 248 | Sorrel-tree.............. 247 | Sweet-scented Shrub.... 154 Me i OS oars waaay 317 | Sow-thistle.,........... 234 | Sweet William...... 176, V7 SCEFAULAUS, ,.. oo nin omen 176 | Spanish Needles........ 239 | Swine Cress ........ ce 165 BCCMICP Bee oo sign ee Battle 305 | Sparganum ............. 304 | Symphitum......... ona eae Scorpion-grass.......... iO | SPCCHIATIG j../5) 5s sien 2 244 | Symphoricarpus........ 22 Scorch Broom’... <.. :.c'¢a 194 | Speedwell, fig. 575-7%... 264 | Symplocarpus .......... 303 SCratch Crass, 7. 20... oe Ode | PETOUIO. ca i ons oe oe dain 1%6 | Symplocos, osc. oe: wel 252 BETEWH-StOM ... cc sud asian d 284 | Spergularia.. -« «a» 196 | Syuandrea, ae 90, ee Seropiwlariay..- .... «acs 263 | Spermacoce............ » 229 4 eee eee Scrophulariaces ........ 261 | Spice-Dush.,.. . ccacee save 296 | Synthiris,.i. s.0se<eewee * 262 POMECHATIA ou. 2% « Saag Pio | PPMCTWOTE sc. eeas ooen's 323 | Syphonychia........-.s- 176 CM TIC Obi caine aan omwinie 164 | Spigelia, fig. 563-64..... 960 | Syrii@a. -aneeuaee ee Sea Ne ee TUG £ SPMacr 206. os. Cee kes 293 Sedge, jig. DOINAGC oc. ve ehick we ..o- 293 | Tagetes... 2... «seems eee 233 Sedum. Ig. arab. ashok 214 | Spiranthes, fig. 240...... 311 | Talinum....dsaeees2 eee 178 Seed-box.. (AR EV OR o) ncniae take olienebier 208 | Tamerac..<.:..,. aaa 301 MET NGA)... 5. «weenie o« 270 | Sponge-tree......5..5.. 195 | Taraxicomiiuc.<:.sseeee . 242 SemMIMOWECL...<.. os se awe Be | Sprekeliaw, : ccaceae ates 313 | Taresi:.: d.es sn an eee 201 Semipervivitiil, <5 < 5 eens 214 | Spring Beauty.. ... Jc9 | Takacs. cee cai 801 Pa sia/ala'a 2 ilots es cielat ARMED (ABOUT oo ai ant adits ee 301 | Taxodiuml..... ....Geauee 300 Senecio.. sili eaan wot COREE AOR. iehea ois care Coa 1%6.| Pee.os onoe nee ee Senna.. wikeacpae aaptageecoe UML PRL ANY BOGE. esas oecdce sre 258 | Teaworts .....+ssseeueen 182 Sensitive Brier ......... POE SUI. wccine ocd wane eee ne 21% | Tecomia, fig. 124. ..csuee 258 Sensitive Plant......... 195 | Squirrel-corn,... 0... 2s 161 | Telananthera, ... eseee 293 BENICOCRT IMIG. 0.5 ae o'eiwalecs Ora hh ERC W Sy cin, «seed erawmaieeais 270 | Tephrosia, fig. 59.. .... 194 WORD ATI Ls alesis seme dies 194 | Stad-tree s0.06 sc. secs ware 190 Tetragonotheca pia 0 wren 23% SOSUVIE Fogo tienes six vs dois 1%8 | Staphylea, fig. 235...... 190 | Tetranthera ............ 296 Se VIENNA oo. dia cue <iaatwe 962 | Star Anise... ooo. s sacs ies 152 | Teucrium, jig. 592....... 269 SNAG-UETEY. Saas <a. ncews 204 | Star-grass.............6 313 | Thalictra@my.-. 2.0 ‘ose Shagbark...... 020000000 290 | Star- of-Bethlehem...... 317 | THaSpHiel chee oweee ov aoe SHaAmrocks. 2:57, ie packs ¢ 197-) Star wort, ....... 176, 233, 240 | Thea. <..... tienen nee .. 182 Sheep-poison............ PAG St MeOO 2 NG AL. Books g 256 | Thimble berry .. <c.ceus « 207 Shepherd’s - purse, 49. Stellaria, fig. 251....... 176 | Thorn 75. .2..~e5 eee 202 ads tt aa Baahe as ihe eagiacga Oe Stipnlicida litre a ile ol eet 1%6 | Thorn Apple.....¢.. ons 283 Sickle DOs 5 <n jsust ew xe’ 166 | St. tain Jig. 210- Thrilt . nena g:00 Sau SS elaine as ek amen 180 abt; 172 | Thuja... wa2ninn ng ee Silene, fig. 116.. re ss Stock: sok asd ata wie eieelsn 4.6 . 163 | Thymelaceez.......... o- 294 Silkweed, Silk-grass.... 2582) PIOMECTOD.. caved ees» ot 214 | Thyme, Thymus........ 269 Silphinm’ Lines c teh aetin ete Pee | RMT AR oes a eich cla cclat eoee. 252 | Thysanella ..sscces css cee Sinapis......... iS ehearaie RAS 168 | St. Peterswort........ . 171 | Tiarella.....<c.<ssenegeeee
Sisym brig. ....c2.0 ees. 164 | St. Peter’s Wreath.. ... 2091] Tick-seed ......... 234, 239
INDEX TO NAMES OF PLANTS. © 309
Tiedmannia ........ craw oto | Umbeliferz.......... .-. 218) Whistle-wood .......... 188 Tiger-flower. eeacr ees IN MCRWOFES. ....ccnacanca 2k WUE DAY wcnninais cots . 154 'Ticer Lily, Fig. i ee 319 | Umbrella-leaf..... sacces Joa; Wine Cedar... 2522.2. 300 Weerwie ........ Josuecee aia )-Omprella-tree... ..<.s<'e< 153 | White-weed........ 233, 241 ES lke mas Giada wea eee, CCFIeUlaria. .. 26655505504 257 | White-wood............ 153 oS eee 181 | Uvularia, fig. 81........ . 3821 | Whitlow-grass ......... 166 1 Ee eee 214 Wild Apple, fig. 1384. .. 204 Tipularia, Tipula....... 808 | Vaccininm, Jig. 1 170; 544. 247} Wild Basil... ..2c5-. 269, 271 Toad-fiax, fig. 149...... 263 | Vachellia. . js Lea Redd Wilder :c.2.0850. 03 224 Tobacco Ag. a ae 983 | Vallisneria... ....-..... 305 | Wild Ginger, fig. 23..... 289 eee 282 | V egetable Oyster. s2c..-32 234.| Wild Indivo.c: .sc24 5: 199 7 TS 167} Venus’ Flytrap, jig. Wild Lettuce. fig. 36, 310. 235 Touch-me-not, f. 71, 121, BU Soe waca kGaseres 174 | Wild Gatesuoc2.. 2: ck cee 321 oe TST). Veratrum: = coc50< ria See 1 Wild Potato. <6 S25 cess 281 Tower Mustard.... .... 164} Verbarcam. cs ic5:s-. 263 | Wild Sarsaparilla....... 224 = $23 | Verbesina :.......- 233, 234 | Ww ilow, fig. 3, is 38, SIeeeEpOrOn............ 234 | Veronica, fig. 575-77..... 264 = ESS eg teats 299 Trailing Arbutus..... Ge, ek BWR PEIN et hak ide 164 | Willow-herb............ 211 Trautvetteria,.......... 145 | Vetch. Fits Sale da eel, EEE ee TOMI ES coerce cs 6 ui 299 eee OrGhis .......0.5-.- 309 Vetchling .. sais. Sabena were 200:| Wind-flower. .........<..-=-. 146 __ ee Phe PoE h VAUDREREYR. . oo dieicccc au ce 228 | Winter-berry........... 252 MPIGHOBLEMS. 5.0... bss meee Weis a is atelier aus 201 | Winter Cress. iaenkey eee oe Pe | WN ss os wa cis as wae ae 194 | Wintergreen, fig. 14... 249 eerie 2... ~ 197 | Vinca .. (DS eee Wintenia..2:-0.- sxe ccs 194 eS ae 306 | Viola, fig. 398-99........ 169 | Witch- “grass, fig. = ereeeee Js... 5 .--- 315 | Violacee.... .. ea 168 | Woad.. wees 163 Trilliads, jig. 110, 206, Lo ee ae. ee 169 | Wolf- berry . wee eee eee ees 226 EE eo a 315 | Violets, fig. 132,173. .. 168 | Wood-rush ...........-. 3223 Trillium, jig. 108, 656... 316 | Viper’s Burioss: ........ 203) Wood-correl... .... 184, 185 Wreetedm....... ...... 225 | Virginia Creeper........ 191 | Woolmouth.....<....... 267 Lo ree 149 | Virgin’s Bower......... 145 2 YEA VAPVEN MG ce ces, Suid oo8 6 se 288 | Xerophyllum..... ees 322 Trumpet-flower, fig. 561. 258 | Vitacewz ................ 191 | Xyris, fig. 194. Trumpet-leaf........... eae tN Seo, cna Bas ears 191 ee 258 BEI eS lsc a Swen a 242 eee 313 | Wake Robin.......... .. 816 | Yellow-eyed-grass, fig. ce Sey Sh |e PRE 207 194, Tulip-tree ‘7 225,330, 374. 153 | Wall-flower, jig. 125, 223. 163 | Yellow Jessamine...... 261 Tupelo Sa a a iia oa 1° Walnuts. 2s. 3. .2.0% 294, 295 | Yellow Jessic........... 211 Turk’s-cap eRe . of9 | Water-beans............ 1561 3 Cline. Pole. . oe. ous 168 Jurmeric-root.......... doa Water-carpet .. i... 23.5 6s Bib Yellow Rattle. .. 2.25. 28s Bermip. AG. Sat......-... Water Hemlock ........ 222 | Yellow-root............. 145 IS 275 | Water Hemp............ wes | Veu. fay s01 55. Sans 301 Li ete les | Water itasruound 0.52. 27t |, YOeCCa oio) oc ee neene 317 Werte head...) ....... 206:) Waterleatl. Ao. 605-6 2:2. SUF OXY Galt oc ewan dae se cee cis 153 lS eee eas) Water Lily. o3. 2. fai, 155 Tway-blade ee aus | Water Pepper. « .< "os. | Zanthorhiza, oo... i. 145 ie ee 318 | Water Pimpernel....... 254 | Zephyranthus, jig. 166.. 313 Twin-flower............ 225} Water-pitchers......... 158 | | ZIPRRCHRG ooo. oak ts ce ee S22 | ee 156 | Water Plantain......... 306 | init 2 te a 234 de OD See S18} Wes-DIAR. . - oscks ce cvins O88 | 1, re ee 2 bob ain a ayaa 2223 >. See 304 | Wheat, fig. 272, 312. WORM buss: kaaven untae ae aos, Typhads.... 304 | Wheav-thief............ 26
g Ne r a . ‘oF a ~ < . p ) “ ms ‘ P: 4
ar q eae th hes, Wape eae pe Rents “ad
* : ¥ yA 28 a Ve " : Sf h ahd ~) 5 4 a a Ly x ‘ . of hy e Saar f + - _ » x J a « + . & " , 6 mY : ‘ ‘ a QF yg ES = ” a y . 4 ~ 7 ‘
APPENDIX.
THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
**Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers,
And tell of the wish of thy heart in flowers.” | PEROIV AEs
Acacia, Kose (Robinia hispida, 319*). Friendship.
Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, 205). Sad remembrances.
Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope.
Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition.
Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty.
Amaranth, Globe (Gomphrena globosa, 619). I change not.
Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Coquetry.
Andromeda (Andromeda, 487). A cruel fate has fixed me here.
Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation.
Angelica (Archangelica, 381). These are idle dreams.
Arbor-vite (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death.
Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for thee.
Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility.
Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave
Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age.
* Refers to the page in the Class-Book of Botany, where may be found a more full and complete account of the species or genus than could be consistent with the limits of an elementary treatise. Reference to page and place in this work may be
made through the Index. |
342 | THE. LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud: Bachelor’s Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness. Balm (Melissa, 548 ; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy. Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 656). You have cured my pain Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not. 3 Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil. Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes. Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet. Bluets (Houstonia ceerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty. Box (Buxus, 632). Constancy. I change not. Broom (Genista, 310). Humility. Broom Corn (Sorghum saccharatum, 709). Industry. Bulrush (Scirpus, 7388). Indecision. Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don’t come near me. Buttercups (Ranunculus, 205). I cannot trust thee.
Cactus (the Cactacez, 359). You terrify me.
Canterbury Bells (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). A haughty spirit before a fall Catchfly (Silene, 256). I am a willing prisoner.
Cedar (Juniper Virginiana, 664). I live for thee.
Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude.
China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). I’ll think of it. Chrysanthemum (458). I love.
Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry.
Clover, White( “ . ). Truth needs no flowers of speech Clover, Yellow( “ i ). Slighted love.
Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up. Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears. Corn Cockle (Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than werth Coxcomb (Celosia, 616). You are a fop.
‘rocus (700). What an enigma thou art.
Cypress (Cupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement Despair. Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self-esteem. ©
THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. | 343.
Dahlia (429).. Forever thine.
Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 473). You intrude.
Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood.
Dogwood, Flowering (Coruus florida, 890). False pretensions. Eglantine Rose (Rosa rubiginosa, 335). I wound to heal.
Egyptian Calla (Richardia Athiopica, 669). Modesty.
Enchanter’s Nightshade (Circea, 556). I shall beware of your enchantmenta Fennel-flower (Nigella damascena, 209). Love inamist. Perplexity. Fig (Ficus Carica, 635). It is a secret.
Fir Balsam (Abies Balsamea, 661). Time will cure.
Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 275). Domestic industry.
Fleur-de-lis (Iris, 697). I bring you a message.
Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity.
Foxglove (Digitalis, 526). My heart acknowledges your influence. Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 278). A bridal decoration.
Geranium maculatam (277). You burn with envy.
Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium quercifolium, 279). There is nothing ina Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [name Geranium, Rose (P. graveolens, 278). Thou art my choice
Goldenrod (Solidago, 430). Encouragement.
Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation.
Heart’s-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not.
Hibiscus Syriacus (270). Thy beauty soon will fade.
Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable.
Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion.
Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal.
ilolly (Ilex opaca, &c., 496). Am I forgotten‘
Hollyhock (Althea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show. Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer
Hop (Humilus lupulus, 638). You do me injustice.
Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 712). Jealousy.
Hydrangea hortensis (878). Vain boasting.
Ice-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks are freezing.
344 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Indian Tobacco (Lobelia inflata, 477). Away with your quackery.
Ivy (Hedera Helix, 890). Nothing can part us. 7
Japonica, Red (Camellia Jap. 278). Pity may change to love.
Japonica, White (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness.
Jessamine (Jasminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me.
Jenquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love. |
Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 801). Unbelief. Treachery.
Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee.
Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium, 581). Caprice.
Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). Fickleness.
Uaurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &c., 485). Falsehood.
Lavender (Lavandula,541). Owning her love shesent him Lavender Shaki Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion.
Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love.
Lily, White (Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and sweetness.
Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 819). My heart is buried. Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation. :
Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue’s cause. Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity.
Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty.
Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241). Moral worth superior to beauty. Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Conquer your love.
M; ..letoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence.
Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thes Monk’s-hood (Aconitum, 211). Deceit. Your words are poison. Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness.
Myrtle (Myrica ceriera, 650). Thine is the beauty of holiness.
Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love’s offering.
Narcissus, Poet’s (Narcissus poeticus, 693). Egotists are agreeable only « Nasturtion (Tropzolum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves Nettle (Urtica dioica, 686). Thou art a slanderer.
Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death.
Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism.
THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. o+td
Oak (Quercus, 642) Thou art honored ebove all.
Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms me.
Oleander (Nerium Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion
Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace. |
Orange Flowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274). Bridal festivity.
Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient.
Parsley (Apium petroselinum, 388). Thy presence is desired.
Passion-flower (Passiflora, 363). Let love to God precede all other love
Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview.
Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference.
Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation.
Peony (Pzonia, 212). A frown.
Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Your wit is too keen for friendship
Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past.
Phlox (567). Our souls are one.
Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy.
Pine, White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism.
Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love.
Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). Artlessness.
Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal.
Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure.
Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). °Twixt life and death.
Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence.
Primrose, Evening (Cinothera, 352). Inconstancy.
Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation.
Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette!
Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections.
ltose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 837). Gentle and innocent.
Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretensicn. Such aa } -am receive me. Would I were more for your sake.
Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me.
Rose, Moss (R. centifolia, B., 336). Thou art one of a thousand. 15*
346 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS.
Rose, White (8. alba, 336). My heart is free.
Rose, White, withered (336). Transient impressions — [you Rose, Wild (R. nitida, 385). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive Rue (Ruta, 282). Disdain. [ virtues,
Sage (Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domest Saap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me.
Snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life.
Snow-drop (Galanthus, 694). I am no summer friend. [friend. Sorrel (Polygonum acetosella, 606). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous © Speedwell (Veronica, 526). My best wishes.
Spiderwort (Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content? Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710). Look heavenward.
Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles.
Sumac (Rhus, 283). Splendid misery.
Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus, 304). Must you go?
Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345). Benevolence. [villain too. Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be 4 Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy.
Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt.
Thyme (Thymus, 547). The prize of virtue.
Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken.
Tulip, Yellow (707). I dare not aspire so bigh.
Venus’ Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee. Vervain (Verbena hastata, 537). I see thy arts, and despise them.
Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 243). Faithfulness. I shall never forget. Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found Virgin’s Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection.
W all-flower (Cheiranthus, 282). A friend in need 1s a friend indeed.
Water Lily (Nymphea odorata, 220). Be silent.
Weeping Willow (Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning for friends departed Zinnia (444). To the prude.