©l|f 1. 1. Bill mtbrarg ^nrlb Olarnltna i^tatp (CoUpnf QK47 W874 >.'■ --*»^' NORTH CAROLINA SIATt UNI llli lllllj llllJlll S00503279 Q This book may be kept out TWO WEEKS ONLY, and is subject to a fine of ^Pl^ CENTS a day thereafter. It is due on the day indicated below: MAY 2 6 HI5 UN 4 ]i.f ^U Wf NOV 1 0 mi^ [EC 3 i m wov ^i 0tc2 7 50M— May-54 — Form 3 f rab5 mh $Ukm ; OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. The Mexican Sage,— the Pink,— Phlox,— Bell-flower,— Sweet Pea,— Lily,— Morning-glory, —Heather,— Rose,— Ear-drop,— Monk's-hood, &c.,— illustrating the several classes of corolla forms. See Lesson XV. pMMSi mi gkwm; OR, i;jECT LESSONS IN BOTANY WITH A FLORA. PREPARED FOR BEGINNERS IN ACADEMIES AND TUBIJC SCnoOI 9, BY ALPIIONSO WOOD, A.M., AUTHOR OF THE CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY, ETC. WITH 685 ILLUSTRATIONS. NEAV YORK: A. S. BARNES & CO., Ill & 113 WILLIAM STREET. TROY: MOORE & NIMS. 1870. THE NATIONAL SERIES STANDARD TEXTS IN THE SCIENCES. I.— NORTON'S FIRST BOOK IN PHILOSOPHY $1 00 PECK'S GANOT'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY 1 75 H.— PORTER'S FIRST BOOK IN CHEMISTRY 1 00 PORTER'S PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY 2 00 HI.— J ARVIS' PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY 75 JARVIS' PHYSIOLOGY AND LAWS OF HEALTH 1 75 IV.— WOOD'S OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 1 50 AMERICAN BOTANIST AND FLORIST. 2 50 WOOD'S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY 3 50 v.— STEELE'S FOURTEEN WEEKS IN ASTRONOMY.... 1 50 VI.— PAGE'S ELEMENTS OF GEOLOGY 1 25 VII.— CHAMBERS' ELEMENTS OF ZOOLOGY 1 50 thssie: standard works AEE FOE SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLEES, Or may be procured from the Pablislicrs by. Mail, postpaid, on !&• ceipt of price. A, S, SAUIVES *& CO., NEW YORK. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1860, By A. S. BARNES & BURR, Ii the Clerk's Office of tlie United States District Court for tlie Southern District of New Tork. PREFACE Amoxg tlie happiest days of oar childhood were those devoted to the study of Botany. Pure sunshine rests upon the memory of those rambles in the fields and woods, amid the opening flowers of Spring, and then in the gay profusion of advancing Summer, in which we made acquaintance with many a floral gem before unknown. "We love to think of that wild woodland lake w^here first we saw the sparkling Sundew, the quaint Sarracenia, and the fair Nymphtea, resting on the bosom of the waters ; or of that lowly dell by the brookside, where the Yellow Violet, the Hepatica, and the Bloodroot bloomed; or of that craggy mountain, where, among the rocks, the Columbine hung out its scarlet flowers. Then returning home with our gathered treasures, how we entered with a will upon the work of Analysis, toiling for hours as no schoolmaster could have compelled us to do, being attracted to the task by the very love of it alone. Here, then, we have at least one department in learning whose earnest pursuit is so congenial to the affections and tastes of the mind as to be no irksome task, but a pastime, — a perpetual feast; and this not only to maturer minds, but to the season of early youth even in a higher degree, since then the objects of nature are especially invested with the charms of novelty. Let it not be said, however, that Botany attracts such willing votaries because it requires no labor, no persevering effort. No science is more intricate or profound. It cannot be understood except by vigorous and persevering effort. Consequently, in its successful pursuit there is disci- pline for the mind as well as for the body ; and since the subject itself is replete with refinement and beauty, and fresh from the hand of God, its pursuit must also conduce to the invigoratiou of the moral nature. If, then, it be desirable to preoccupy the minds of our children with controlling ideas of purity, refinement, and moral beauty, — with exalted 27695 (5 PREFACE. thoughts of God, habits of mental activity, strength of judgment, and decision of character ; and, moreover, to do all this by means of a study whose path, in a double sense, is strown with flowers, then is the study of Botany desirable; and that labor is not in vain which is bestowed upon the preparation of a work designed, like the present, for primary classes, from the ages of ten to fourteen. As the title implies, we have aimed to represent to the eye nearly every subject or form treated of, or described in these Lessons. But, notwith- standing the copiousness of these illustrations, neither the teacher nor the pupil will be satisfied to rely upon their aid alone. Nature alone can afford the proper illustrations in the study of Nature's works, and it is only by comparison with the living specimen that eithjr the picture or the description becomes intelligible. Therefore let specimens in unlimited number accompany every botanical recitation. Most of the figures are original. Others have been derived from Maout,, Payer, Richard, Balfour, Lindley, and a few, by permission, from Darl- ington's " ^Yeeds and Useful Plants." Finally, to the children and youth of our country, gathered in schools of every name, this liumble volume is dedicated, with confident belief that it will prove to many of them a source of intellectual and moral culture as well as of pure and rational delight. Bkooklyk, N. Y., February 23, 1863. BOTANICAL APPARATUS. The Publishers have recently provided and have on sale a set of apparatus of the most approved form for the use of the student in hotanical pursuits, and as described in the Class- Book, page 15. It consists of a km'fe-ti'owel for dig.^ing and cutting specimens, a inicroscojie and tweezers for analysis, a tin-box for preserving them fresh, and a j/rcss for drying them. The Set, securely packed, will be sent by Express to order, at a moderate price. IN PRESS. " The Botanical Index,'' a work for Schools and Seminarfes, altogether neto and ^7ef (<'iar, in which the study of the entire flora of the country and city is reduced to the last degree of simplicity and precision. Its use will lighten the labors of the teacher and add still new pleasures to botanical pursuits for every one. It will be issued ia June or July. Also, in the domain of Science, the Publishers offer Steele's 14 Weeks' Course in Astronomy. " " " Chemistry (with Apparatus). " " " Philosophy (in Press). Most interesting and valuable Text Books. CONTExNTS. PAGE Preface 5 Lesson 1. The Leaf and its parts 9 2. Veins and Venation of tlie Leaf 11 3. Forms and Figures of Leaves 15 4. Forms and Figures of Leaves 19 5. Otlier Forms and Figures 23 6. Margin and Apex 26 7. Compound Leaves 28 8. Sessile Leaves. — Forms of Stipules 32 9. Arrangement of Leaves and Buds 35 10. Appendages, &c 38 11. Organs of tlie Flower 41 13. More about tlie Calyx and Corolla 43 13. About Adliesions 48 . 14. Forms of tlie Perianth 50 15. Concerning the Stamens 54 16. More about the Stamens 59 17. The Plan of the Flower 63 18. Of the Pistils 67 19. How the Leaves are folded in the Bud 71 20. How the Flowers are arranged on the Plant 75 31. The Inflorescence continued 78 33. Concerning the Fruit 83 33. Fruits continued 88 34. Concerning the Seeds 93 35. The Seed becoming a Plant 95 . 26. Life of the Plant, or its Biography 100 . 37. Of the Axis of the Plant 103 38. Of the Stem or Ascending Axis 106 29. Plants to be .arranged in Classes 113 8 CONTENTS. PACK Lesson 30. The Natural System 115 31. More about the Natural System 119 32. Of the Analysis of Plants 122 33. How to Analyze a Plant by the Tables 125 34. Various Suggestions and Cautions 128 Abbreviations and Signs 131 Analysis of the Natural Orders 132 The Flora. — Cohort 1. The Polypetalous Exogens 143 Cohort 2. The Gamopetalous Exogens 215 Cohort 3. The Apetalous Exogens 275 Cohort 4. The Conoids (omitted). Cohort 5. The Spadiciflorse 282 Cohort 6. TheFloridioe 284 Glossary of Botanical Terms 302 Index to the Names of Species, Genera, Orders, &c 309 .?*-^ OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. • LESSON I. THE LEAF, AND ITS PARTS. Fig. 1. Leal'uf Llic Quince. 1. "We have before us tlie picture of a Quince leaf, care- fully drawn and colored. It is of a rich green color, very pleasant to the eye. Its outlines are full, even, and grace- fully curved, and its upper surface is smooth and naked. Although it is indeed but one leaf, yet it seems to be made up of three parts — 5, j9, ss, 2. The upper part, 5, is broad and thin, and is called the 10 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. BLADE. The upper end of tlie blade is tlie ajpcx^ and the lower end is the hase. You see at once that the outline of this blade represents a certain form or figure, with an even margin, rounded, and broader at the base than at the apex, like the figure of an ^g^. So it is called an egg-shaped leaf: or, to use a softer word, ovate. 3. Now see how this blade is supported. At the base it is suddenly narrowed to a foot-stalk, which is properly called the PETIOLE. You see that this part of the leaf is narrow and slender, and in this leaf terete^ or cylindrical^ in form. But in some kinds of leaves it is flattened. Remember its name, — petiole. 4. Lastly, at the base of the petiole you notice a pair of little leaf-like bodies, one on this side and one on that. These we call the STiruLES. Stipules, then, are always in pairs, and placed at the base of the petiole. Their shape is quite various. 5. Thus, when a leaf is complete, it consists of a blade, a petiole, and a pair of stipules. But you will not find every kind of leaf complete. Many sorts have no stipules at all. Can you find stipules on the leaves of the Lilac? Some leaves, moreover, have not even a petiole. See the leaves of Phlox. Such leaves are said to be sessile^ that is, sitting. 1. What is tlie color of the leaf of the Quince bush ? What is the color of leaves generally ? Ans. Green, of lighter or darker shade. What of the outline of this leaf? — its upper surface? 2. What is the Uade ? — the apex ? — the hase ? What is the figure of the blade? 3. How is the blade supported? Describe the foot-stalk. Tell its real name. 4. Describe the stipules. 5. Now state the three parts of a complete leaf. Do all kinds of leaves have stipules ? Do the leaves of the Lilac ? — of St. Johnswort, &c. ? — of the VEINS OF THE LEAF. 11 LESSON II. VEINS AND VENATION OF THE LEAF. 6. The blade of the Quince leaf (Fig. 2) shows many veins running through it, and branching all over it. Examine blcide. Fig. 2. Leaf of the Quince, showing the veins. them. First, the petiole seems to be extended and continued right through, from the base to the apex, forming the largest vein in tlie leaf. This is the midvein, 7. lS[ext observe several large branches sent off from this midvein on both sides, right and left. These are the veinlets, Now, looking at these veins, their arrangement reminds us of a feather, and we call such leaves feathti'-veiJied. Therefore, Violet ? Do all kinds of leaves have petioles ? — of Plilox, for example 1 Wliat do you understand by sessile leaves ? 6. Describe the midvein of the Quince leaf. 7. Describe the veinlets. What is the feather-vcincd venation ? 12 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. we may say that the feather- veined venation consists of 07ie 7nidvein hranching iiito vei7ilets. This is very common. 8. Thirdly, the veinlets themselves send off little branches (branchlets) on their right and left, and we call these the veinulets. These again and again may divide, and finally, all the little divisions unite again, forming a complete net-work all over the leaf. Thus we learn what a net-veined leaf is. Fig. 3. The Willow leaf. Some of the veinulets are shown. 9. Here is a picture of the Willow leaf (Fig. 3). You can point out all its parts, and the three kinds of veins in it. In Fig. 4. Leaf of the Red-bud (Cercis). 8. What are the veinulets ? When is a leaf said to be net Yeinod! VENATION OF THE LEAF. 13 the next cut (Fig. 4), representing the Judas-tree or Red- bud leaf, you see a different venation. 10. At tlie base of the blade the petiole seems to divide all at once into five large veins, each rumiing tlirougli, one to the apex, and four to the margin. In tliis case the vein- ing (that is, the venation) is compared to the division of the hand (or j[)ahn of the hand) into fingers, and so named ^a^ Fig. 4 a. Leaf of Sweet-gum {Liquidamhar), mate venation. Therefore, you may say that the palmate venation consists of about five veins startins: towther at the base of the blade, each one branching into veinlets and veinulets. Fig. 4 - Ucal leaf, and give examples. Describe an oblong leaf, and give examples. 17. When will the figure of a leaf become obovate? Give examples of 18 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the egg inverted. A similar form, but narrower, is the db- Icmceolate ^ that is, tlie inverted lance-sliaped, like the leaf' of Papaw, or Fig. 19. Next, still narrower, is the spatulate^ a figure compared to the surgeon's spatula (Fig. 21); and lastly, the wedge-shaped, or cuneate^ tapering from a broad apex to a slender base, as in Fig. 20. Fig. 18. Obovate leaf of the Smoke-tree (Rhys cotula). Fig. 19. Oblanceolate loaf of MuhJetiburg's Willow. Fig. 20. Cuneate leaf of a Sundew (Drosera longifolia). Fig. 21. Spatulate leaf of a Sundew (variety of i>. longifolia). 18. Thus we have arranged these twelve forms of feather- veined leaves into three classes. Bucli leaves. Oblanceolate ? Sliow us examples. Spatulate ? Sliow us ex- amples. Wedge-sliaped, or cuneate ? Give examples. 18. Repeat the names of the four leaf-forms broadest at base ; — the four broadest in the middle ; — the four broadest towards apex. LEAF-FORMS AND FIQUKES. 19 LESSON IV. FORMS AND FIGURES OF LEAVES. 19. In many kinds of leaves we find the parts at the base more or less enlarged backwards, as yon see in this picture Fig. 22. The Morning-glory. of the Morning-glory leaf (Fig. 22). This is the lieart- ghaped, or, more properly, the cordate leaf. It is truly an 20 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. elegant figure in this and in the Lilac, &c. But sometimes this peculiar enlargement at base becomes excessive, and the figures more curious than elegant. Such is the arrow-shaped figure, called sagittate^ having long-pointed base lobes, as seen in the Arrow-head (Fig. 47), the Scratch Knot-grass, &c. (Fig. 26.) Fep-. 23. Eeniform leaf of Wild Ginger. Fig. 28. Fraser's Magnolia: obovate- Fig. 24, Eeniform leaf of Pennywort. spatulate, auriculate at base. Fig. 25. Peltate leaf of Penny wort. Fig. 29. Oblong leaf of the Toothed Fig. 26. Arrow-shaped leaf of Scratch Arabis. Knot-grass. Fig. SO. Three-lobed leaf of Liverwort. Fig. 27. Spatulate leaf of SileneVirginica. 20. In the common Sorrel leaf, and in Fraser's Magnolia leaf (Fig. 28), these base lobes remind one oi em^s, and such leaves are said to be auriculate (from the Latm aiiriGula^ an 19. Desci'ibe tlie cordate leaf, and give examples. The sagittate, and ex- amples. 20. Describe the auriculate form, and give examples. The reniform. Examples. LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 21 ear). In some leaves these lobes are very broad and round- ed, giving to tliem a kidney-shaped form, that is, reniform^ as you see in this Wild Ginger leaf (Fig. 23), and in the Pennywort (Fig. 24). ^\\.q jpeltate^ or shield-shaped leaf (Fig. 25 — another Pennywort) has its base lobes united, and its pet- iole iixed to the under side. See, also, IN^asturtion leaves. 21. We will next study a class of forms with deeply lobed or cleft blades, not well filled up between the veinlets. Fig. 31. Bi-pinnatifid leaf of Pig-weed. Fig. 32. Sinnate-lobed leaf of White Oak, Fig. 33. Undulate-lobed leaf of Jack Oak. Fig. 34. Lyrate leaf of Moss-cup Oak. Fig. 35. Lobed \ci\f of Mulgedlum (Bine Milkweed). First, look at this Liverwort leaf (Fig. 30). It is cleft id two places, rendering it three-lobed. The Sweet-gum leaf (Fig. 4 a) is five-lobed Oak leaves are lobed in many pat« terns, according to the kind. The White Oak has a simiate- 2L What is tlie figure of the Liverwort leaf? AYliat Ihe figure of the Maple leaf? What kind of venation have tliese last two? Define the fig- ure of the Wliite Oak leaf. Of the Mossy-cuj) Oak. OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. lohed leaf (Fig. 32), tlie Mossy-cnp Oak has a lyraU leaf, having its terminal lobe larger than any other (Fig. 34). 22. Fig. 35 is the leaf of a kind of Milkweed, called Muh gedium^ with sharp lobes pro- jecting at right angles to the niidvein ; and Fig. 36 is of the Wild Lettuce, with lobes point- ing or hooking backwards. Such leaves are called riin- cinate. The Dandelion has also runcinate leaves. When a leaf has only shallow lobes, as you see in Fig. 33, it ap- pears with a wav}^ outline, (tailed undulate. It is a leaf of that beautiful tree called at the West, Jack Oak. Fig. 36. Leaf of Lactuca elongata^ or Wild Lettuce. LESSON V. OTHER FORMS AND FIGURES. 23. It is now time to learn the difference between a sim- ple and a compound leaf. The simple leaf has but one blade, as the Quince leaf, and all the leaves which we have liitherto noticed. We have now before us a compound leaf, one plucked from a Eose-bush (Fig. 39), consisting of several distinct blades on one petiole. It has also one pair of stip- 22. What of the figure called runcinate? Describe the undulate leaf. What example ? What kind of venation have the last four forms ? 2.3 What is a simi)lo loaf? A compound leaf? LEAF-FORMS AND FIGURES. 23 Fig. 37. Compound leaf of Red Clover. Fig. 38. Simple leaf of Willow {Salir. lucida). Fig. 39. Compound leaf of Rose. ulcs, like a simple leaf. This Clover leaf is also compound (Fig. 37), having stipules («), as well as this simple leaf of the Shining Willow (Fig. 38). 24. But here is a leaf, the Celandine (Fig. 40), which is almost, but not quite, compound. The blade is feather- veined, and deeply divided into several parts, called segments. Such a leaf is called innnatifid. In Fig. 31, the leaf of a garden weed (Ambrosia), you observe that the segments ni'e themselves pinnatifid, so that the leaf is twice or hi-])innatifid. 24. Plense define tlie pinnatiCd loaf. Tlic bi pinnatifid. 24 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 25. But what form of leaf is this (Fig. 41) of the Fennel-flower, with such a multitude of nar- row segments ? You may call h jp{?i-?iat-i-secty if the long word does not try your short memory too much. The Thistle leaf is also pinnatisect, al- though quite different in form. 26. Fig. 42 represents a pedate leaf of a Pas- sion-flower. Observe its palmate venation, each of its veins bearing a seg- ment, and each lower Fiff. 40. Pinnatifid leaf of Celandine. Fi(/. 41. Pinnatisect leaf of Fennel-flower. segment double, so resembling a bird's foot. Fedate means foot-shaped. tig. i'i. Pedate leaf of Passion-flower. Fig. ^o. Laciniale leaf of Monk's-liood. 25. What do you call sucli leaves as those of the Fennel-flower ? LEAF-FOKMS AND FIGURES. 25 27. The singular leaf of MonkVliood ap- pears as if gashed with scissors, and may be called laciniate^ or gashed (Fig. 43). 28. The parallel-veined leaves may have figures similar to the net-veined, as lanceo- late (Fig. 44), orbicular (Fig. 45), cordate (Fig. 4G), sagittate (Fig. 47), &c. ; but the most usual form is the linear^ like the Grass leaf (Fig. 48), which is long and n arrow, witli sides nearly parallel. The sword-sbaped leaf, or ensiform^ differs from the linear in having its edges vertical, not horizontal as other leaves. See tbe Iris. 8. 26,27. Pedate? Laciniale ? State the venation of the above forms. • 28. What is a linear leaf? an en- siform ? Define the word vertical. Fig. 44. Lanceolate, — Lily of the Valley. Fig. 4G. Cordate leaf of Pond- weed. Fig. 45. Orbicular,— Kound-lcavcd Orchis. Fig. 47. Sajjittate leaf of Arrow-head. Fig. 48. Linear Laves of Bluo-oycd Grass {.Sin^rinvhium). 86 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON yi. MARGIN AND APEX. 29. In describing a leaf we are to consider the patterns of its border, or margin, which are quite varions, and often eleirant. Some of the leaves heretofore noticed have the Fig. 49. Serrate leaf of Chestnut. Fig. 50. Doubly serrate leaf of Elm. Fig. 51. Dentate leaf of Arrow-wood ( Viburnum dentatum). Fig. 52,. Crenato leaf of Catmint. Fig. 53. Kepand leaf of Enchanter's Ni-ght-shade {Circaa Lutetiana). Fig. 54. Undulate leaf of Shingle 0«k {Q. imhricaria). Fig. 55. LooLd leaf of ChrysuKthemvm. margins entire and even, as in the Quince leaf, or tlie Lily. But most leaves are notched in various ways. For example, 30. This Willow leaf (Fig. 3) is notched in the margin 29. When is the margin said to be entire ? MARGIN AND APEX. 27 like a saw, with the teeth projecting forward. Such a mar- gin is said to be serrate^ or, if the teeth are quite small, ser- rulate. When the teeth point neither forward nor back- ward, but outward^ we call the margin dentate^ or toothed ; and if tlie teeth are quite small, denticulate. See Figs. 49, 50, 51, &c. 31. Some leaves are maro^ined with rounded and blunt teeth, and we call them crenate (Fig. 52) ; or, if such teeth are very small, crenulate. 32. In Figs. 13 and 50, you see that the teeth themselves are again toothed, an arrangement called douUy dentate. So we may find leaves doubly serrate or doubly crenate. Thus we liave described seven modes or styles of border- ing- Several other modes are found described in the larsfer botanies. 56 APEX. 57 Flff. 56. Apex of leaves: or, obcordate ; 6, emarginate; c, retuso ; rf, truncate ; «, obtuse ; f, acute ; ^, mucronate ; h, cuspidate ; k, acuminate. Fig. 57. Bases of leaves: I, hastate; m, w, sagittate; o, auriculate ; p, cordate; 7, rcniform. 30. When is the margin serrate ? Wlien serrulate ? How ioes the den tate differ from the serrate ? 31. What sort of teeth docs the crenate imply? Crenulate? 33. Explain doubly dentate, &c. 28 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 33. It is also necessary to be acquainted witli the vari- ous forms of the apex of leaves. This diagram (Fig. 56) will assist the memory. The apex may be acmninate^ end- ing in a long, tapering point; or cusj>idate^ suddenly con- tracted to a sharp, slender point ; mucronate^ tipped with a S2>iny point ; acute^ simply ending with an angle ; obtuse^ blunt. 34. Or the leaf may end without a point, being truncate, as if cut square off; retuse, with a rounded and slightly de- pressed end where the point should be ; emarginate, having a small notch at the end; obcordate, having a deep inden- tation at the end. See also, and exphiin, the diagram ol the bases of leaves (Fig. 57). LESSON VII. COMPOUND LEAVES. 35. A COMPOUND leaf consists of several distinct blades borne on one petiole. (See Lesson Y., first paragraph.) These separate blades are called leaflets. You notice that in Fig. 39 each of the five leaflets has its own foot stalk, called petiolule^ and its own midvein, &c. 36. The Eose leaf (Fig. 58) is pinnately compound, or Eim- 33. What does tlie term acuminate imjDly ? What sort of apex is i uspi date ? miicronate ? acute ? obtuse ? 34. When may we call the apex truncate ? retuse ? emarginate V ohcor date ? Please name these several forms of the bases of leaves. 35. Define a compound leaf. What is a leaflet ? What do you call the foot-stalk of the leaflet ? COMPOUND LEAVES. 29 ply pinnate^ liaving several leaflets arranged along both sides of the com- mon stalk. This common stalk, an- swering to the midvein of a simple leaf, is called the r acids. 37. Among pinnate leaves, there are, at least, three important distinc- tions. Observe the Figs. 59, 60, and 61. One of them ends with an odd leaflet, and is called odd-joinnate. Another ends with a pair of leaflets, and is equally pinnate. Another still has its alternate leaflets smaller, and is interruptedly pinnate. Fig. 5S. Lciif ofthe Rose. Fig. 50. Odd-pinnate \iii.\^ {Tephrosia). Fig. 61. Interruptedly pinnate (Agrimony). Fig. GO, Equally pinnate \Qa^ {Cassia). Fig. 62. Pinnately ternate {Desmodium). Fig. 63. Paliiiately ternate (Clover). 3G. Define tlie pinnate leaf. What is the rachis ? 37. Give the distinction between odd-pinnate and equally pinnate. What leaf is interruptedly pinnate 'i 30 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 88. Every one knows that the number of Icallets in tlie Clover is three; also in the Bean, and in this figure (62) of the Desmodium leaf. Such leaves are called ternate. But here the pupil will notice another important distinction. In this Desmodium leaf, the odd leaflet is stalked, and is said to be ^:>?727i(2i5(?Zy ternate ; in Clover, the odd leaflet is nearly sessile, like the this \'$= ixdmately ternate. Fig. 65. Poison Hemlock. 39. Fig. 64 represents a li-jjmnate (that is, twice pinnate) leaf of Honey Locust. The simple leaflets seem to have eacli become itself a pinnate leaf. And still more compound is this Poison Hemlock leaf, being tri-jpinnate^ or thrice pin- nate (Fig. 65). In the same manner, we hav<3 M-ternate and tri-teimate. 38. How many leaflets in a ternate leaf? Difference between tliQ pin- aately and tlie palmately ternate ? 39. Can you define a bi-pinnate leaf? Tri-pinnate ? Wliat is abi-ternata teaf ? A tri-ternate ? FOllMS AKD FIGURES OF LEAVES. 31 40. AH the above forms of com- pound leaves, except the Clover, are founded on the pinnate vena- tion ; but tlie palmate venation gives us the palmately ternate (Clover, already described) ; the quinate^ witli five leaflets ; the sej}- tinate^ with seven leaflets, &c. See the leaves of Horse-chestnut, of Hemp, and of tliis Lupine (Fig. Fig. 60. A leaf of Lupine. 72 73 Fig. 67. Eose-bay {Rhododendron). Fig. 68. Alder {Alniis glauca). Fig. 69. Knot-grass {Folygonun sagitta- tian). Fig. 70. Papaw {Asiriiina triloba). Fig. 71. To\\Q\\-mQ- not {hnpatiensfulva). Fig. 72. Sugar-berry ( Celtis Americana). Fig. 73. Enchanter's Night-shade {Cir- ca-a lutetiana). Fig. 74. Catmint {Nepda GUclioma). Fig. 75. Goldenrod (Solidago Canaden- sis), a triple-veined leaf. The pupils should be required to describe the leaves in this cut, as to venation, figure, margin, apex, and base. 32 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY Ficj. 76. Potentilla anserina; leaf with five cut lobes, almost qninate. Fig. 77. Potentilla tridentata ; ternate, with palmate, three-toothed leaflets Fig. 78. JefFersonia diphylla ; a binate leaf. Fig. 79. Lemon ; a simple leaf jointed to the petiole. LESSON VIII. SESSILE LEAVES— FORMS OF STIPULES. 41. Y\^E have alreaclj stated (Lesson L, § 5) that many leaves are without petioles (foot-stalks), or, in other words, are sessile. The figures presented on page 33 exhibit some of the modes of attachment peculiar to sessile leaves. In Fig. 80 (an Aster) you see leaves of the form called spatulate (Lesson III., § 5), having large base lobes nearly clasping the stem at the point of attachment. Such leaves are said to be arrh- plexicaul (stem -clasping). 42. In the next figure (81, Bellwort) the leaves are ellipti- cal, parallel-veined, and not only clasp the stem at base, but the lobes there grow together on the opposite side, appearing as if the stem passed through the leaf; that i^., perfoliate. 40. What kind of venation have all these forms ? On the palmate vena- tion what forms are founded ? 41. When are leaves said to he sessile? Define an amplexicaul lea£ 42. Can you define a perfoliate leaf? FORMS OF THE PETIOLE. 33 Fig. 80. Amplexicaul leaves of Aster laevis. Fig. 81. Perfoliate leaves of Bellwort {Uvulana perfoliata). Fig. 82. Connate leaves of Honeysuckle {Lonicera sempervirens). 43. In Fig. 82 (Trumpet Honeysuckle) the leaves placed opposite are joined together by pairs, base to base. Such are connate leaves. 44. The forms of the petiole, Avhen the petiole exists, are also various. Generally, it is merely a rounded, slender stem, but you vill often iind it flattened. Plave you ever noticed the structure of the Aspen (Poplar) leaf, which so easily flutters in tlie gentlest breeze ? Its petiole is flattened vertically, so that its edges turn sky-ward and earth-ward. Such a form of leaf-stalk is called compressed., and it must be very nicely balanced in order to hold the blade at rest. 43. When are leaves said to be connate ? 44. What is the usual form of the petiole ? Carefully describe the petiole of the Aspen. ■ 2* 34 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 45. A winged petiole is flattened horizontally. A shccdh- ing petiole embraces tlie stem with its winged edges like a sheath. Yon can And plenty of examples of these forms. S3 .^4 Fig. 83. Eose, — stipules adnate. Fig. 84. Violet ( V. tricolor)^ — plashed stipules. 46. Let ns now study more particularly the varying forms of the stipules. We have already defined them. (See Les- son I., § 4.) Here is seen the leaf of a Rose and of a Pansy (Figs. 83, 84), both with quite showy stipules. The former 85 86 87 88 Fig. 85. Leaf of Coniosellnum,— tri-pinnate, with sheathing petiole. Fig. 86. Leaf of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, witli its (s) ochrea. Fig. 87. Stem of Grass, with joint 0"), leaf (^), ligule (s). Fig. 88. Leaf of Pear-tree, with slender stipules. 45. What difference between a winged and compressed petiole ? Can you describe a sheathing petiole ? Give examples of these three forms. ARRANGEMENT OF THE LEAVES. 35 has its stipules adnate j tluit is, growing to the petiole. The Pansy lias large stipules deeply cleft into many segments. 47. Figs. 85-88 are very instructive. Fig. 88 is a Pear leaf, with an ovate blade, a slender, cylindric petiole, and a pair of small, narrow stipules (s). Fig. 86 is a Knot- grass leaf, with an ochrea {s) ; that is, a pair of stipules so joined at the edges as to form a sheath around the stem Fig. 87 is a Grass leaf, linear, with a ligule {s) supposed to be the top of a doubled stipule. Fig. 85 is a very compound leaf of Conioselinum, having a broadly winged, sheathing petiole. LESSON IX. ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES AND BUDS. 48. If you carefully notice how the leaves are distributed over any plant, — the Corn plant, for example, — you will soon admire their order and exactness in this respect. At first view, we might suppose their positions all accidental ; but it is not so, and much of the peculiar aspect of the j)lant de- pends upon this circumstance. 49. In the Corn plant, or in this figure of Lady's-slipper (89), we find the leaves alternate, — that is, one on this side, the next one higher and on that side, and so on. So it is in 46. Stipules ; can you repeat the definition ? Describe the stipules of tlie Rose. Describe the stipules of the Pansy. 47. Describe the stipules of the Pear. Stipules of Knot-grass — what called ? Stipules of Grass — what called ? 48. Are the positions of the leaves on the plant accidental? 49. Can you describe the alternate arrangement? How is this arrango- nient more accurately described ? 36 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. the Elm, Clieriy, Willow, and many otlier plants. But it would be more accurate to say that the arrangement, in all these cases, is spiral. (See Class Book, § 22 i.) S9 90 91 92 Fig. 89. Lady's-slipper {Cypripedium)^ — leaves alternate. Fig. 90. Synandra, — leaves opposite. Fig. 91. Larch {Larix Americana)^ — leaves fasciculate. Fig. 92. Indian Cucumber (J/gJ^rv^a),— leaves whorled. 50. In the Maple, Lilac, Phlox, and in this figure of th( Synandra (90), a wild western plant, the leaves are Ojpjyosite that is, two opposite ones stand at each joint. The Meadow Lily, and this Medeola (Fig. 92) of the I^ew England woods^ hav' e tohorled or 'vei'ticillate leaves ; that is, several in a circle at each joint. Again, look at this Larch (Fig. 91), the Pines, &c., whose leaves, gathered in little tufts or bundles, are fasGiculate. 50. Define tlife opposite arrangement. The wliorled j fasciculate. VERNATION.— LEAF-BUD. 37 51. In early spring, before the leaves are expanded, we find them folded up in the buds. This is called the verna- tion of the leaves (from the Latin vermis, spring). In this condition the yonng leaves are closely packed in many curi- ous modes, which are described in the Class Book, §§ 209-214. 52. If we dissect and carefully examine a swelling leaf-bud in early spring, we observe in the midst of it a tender point of a growing pith, bearing and covered by many circles of little leaves and scales, packed as close as possible. Fig. 94 shows a twig with two buds as if split through the axis, exhibiting the pith, growing point, young leaves, and scales. 53. According to this figure and the next (94), buds are either terminal (Q, situated at the end of the stem or twig, or lateral (a)^ situated on the side. But we must more care- fully define the position of the lateral buds, you that they are axillary, or located in the axil of a leaf, 3*ou would not understand, until knowing that the axil of a leaf is the upper angle between the leaf-stalk and the stem. (See h, Fig. 90.) Now, remember this rule, which you may Boon confirm by your own observation, that there is a hud at the terminatioii of every stem or branch, and in the axil of every lecf. 51. What is the meaning of the terra vernation? 52. Give a careful definition of a leaf-bud. 53. What is a terminal bud ? "SVhat an axillary ? Where are buds al- ways found V Fig. 93. A twig, with two lateral and one terminal bud. Fig. 94. Sanae, split through the two buds. Should we tell 38 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON X. APPENDAGES, ETC. 54. The tendril is a very common appendage. You have seen it in the Grape-vine, the Pea- vine, the Greenbrier, &c It is like a stout, green thread, reaching out its curved poin like a linger, until it touches some object; then it quickly entwines itself around it, and soon acquires a firm hold. We do not find tendrils on any plants except such as, like vines, are too weak to stand without support. Fig. 95. Leaf of Greenbrier, with tendrils in place of stipules. Fig. 96. Leaf of Everlasting Pea, — tendrils at end of rachis. Fig. 97. Leaf of Gloriosa, — apex ends in a tendril. Fig. 98. Air-bladder of Horn-pondweed. 55. But tendrils are quite various in habit. Those of the Pea (Fig. 96) grow from the extremity of the rachis. Tliose of the Greenbrier (Fig. 95), from the base of the leaf-stalk, in the place of stipules ; those of the Grape (Fig. 000) are oppo- site the leaves, in the place of clusters. h^Q. Many plants are armed with sharp thorns, spines, or 54. What is the first appendage mentioned ? Please describe the form and use of the tendril. 55. State the habit of the tendril of the Pea • Greenbrier ; Grape-vine. APPENDAGES. 39 prickles, as if in self defence. See the Thorn-bush (Fig. 99), where tlie long straight thorns come from the axils of the leaves, and are woody. The terrible thorns of the Honey Locust (Fig. 100) are branched. Those of tlie common Locust are in the place of stipules. Those last mentioned, and all others which originate with the leaves (as in Berberis, Thistle, &c.), are more prop- erly called spines, 57. As for the Rose and Bramble, they are armed with prirMes, which are horny in substance, connected with the bark only, not with the wood. (See Fig. 101.) 58. Glands are little wart-like bodies which secrete the peculiar fluids of the plant, sometimes imbedded in the leaf or the rind of the fruit, as in the Lemon, where it is filled with a fragrant volatile oil ; sometimes raised on a hair (Figs. 102, 103), as in Sundew, exuding a clammy liquid. 59. Stings are piercing hairs, having a bag at the base filled with an acrid fluid. "When touched the tip breaks off*, the hair penetrates the skin, and the poison is injected into the wound. (See Fig. 106.) Thorns.— i^/(7. 99. Crattsgus parvifolia (thorns axillary). Fig. 100. Honey Lo- cust (branched thorns). 56. What is tlie liabit of tlie tliorns of the Thorn-bush ? of the Honey Locust ? of the common Locust ? What of the habit of spines ? 57. What of prickles? 58. Describe glands, the two kinds. 59. What is the structure and action of stings ? 40 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 101 What do these figures represent ? — Fig. 105 represents a branched hair as it appeara under a strong magnifier; Fig. 104, an unbranched or simple hair; Fig. 102 is a hair with a gland on it; Fig. 103, also, is a gland on the top of a hair; Fig. 101 represents the hooked prickles of a Kose-bush, not magnified ; Fig. 106 represents n sting of a Nettle, much magnified. 60. Hairs of various kinds (Figs. 104, 105) are found on the leaves and. other parts of plants. By this clothing pecu- liar qualities are given to the surface, named and described as follows. 61. A dense coat of hairs will make the surface jpiibescent when the hairs are short and soft ; mllous, when rather long and weak ; sericious, or silky ; tomentous, when matted like felt, &c. 62. But thinly scattered hairs make the surface hirsute wdien they are long ; pilous, when short and soft ; 7iisj>id, when short and stiff, &c. 60. How are plants clotlied ? 61. Define the term pubescent; villous, &c 62. Define the term hirsute ; hispid, &c. OIJGANS OF THE FLOWER. 41 LESSON XI. ORGANS OP THE FLOAVER. 63. To-day, we commence the study of the beautiful flower. We have before us the Meadow Lily (Fig. 107), whose or- gans are large and j^erfectly distinct. Observe, in the first place, that its brighter colors form a striking contrast with tlie soft green of the leaves. The coloring, the structure, Fig. 107. Meadow Lily {Lilinm Canadei)&is). Fig. 108. Wiike-robin {TrilUum eredum). Fig. 109. Stamens (.f, *) and pistil {j)) of the Lily. Fig. 110. Stamens (.<-•, ^•) and pistils {j^) of the Trilliiii 42 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. and tlie fragrance of the flower are all wortlij of its Infinite Creator, and remind ns of his wisdom and goodness. 6i. As to the structnre of the flower, it is ahvays com- pound, being composed of several or many pieces nicely adapted to each other. In this Lily, for example, you may count thirteen pieces, or organs, attached in a close order to the summit of the flower-stalk (Fig. 113, d). You may call the flo^ver-stalk iha pedimcle, and the point of attachment {r) the torus, or receptacle. The former is the better name. 65. Two circles of leaf-like organs form the envelopes of this flower, and each circle consists of three pieces. The outer circle is the calyx, and the three pieces which compose it are called sepals {s, s, s). The inner circle is the corolla, and the three pieces wdiich compose it are called petals il'^P^P)' Ii^ ^^^® -Lily ^^^ some other flowers the calyx is colored like the corolla. But it is not so generally. In the liosc, Strawbcriy, Pink, and in this Trillium (Fig. 108), the calyx is green, while the corolla is almost always distin- guished by some brighter color. 66. Now, taking both calyx and corolla together as a whole, we call them the periaiith (a Greek word, meaning around the flower^. This name is very convenient when we speak of such flowers as this, where the calyx and corolla are not much different. 63. What is tlie subject of to-day's lesson ? What do you notice as to the color of the flower ? G4. What is said of the compound nature of the flower ? Of how many pieces is the flower of the Lily composed ? What is the peduncle ? What is the torus ? 65. Will you point out and define the calyx ? sepals ? Will you point out and define the corolla ? i)etals ? What of the colors of these organs ? 68. What is the use of the word perianth ? Will you point out and define the stamens? What of their number? What is the pistil? How many ? OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 43 67. JN^ext witliin the periantli of tlie Lily we find six long, Blender organs of peculiar form and color, called stamens. In tlie Rose you find a larger number (perhaps one hundred) of stamens, while in the Speedwell you find but two. But the most common number is five. Count them in the Morn- ing-glory, the Bellwort, Primrose, &c. Q%. Lastly, this central, club-shaped body (jp), here as long as the stamens, but of totally different structure, is thejnstil. Other flowers have more than one pistil, as the Pink, which has two ; the Hose, which has many. 69. Thus, we have learned that the flower — at least this flower— is compounded of four kinds of organs, those of each kind being arranged in a circle by themselves. The outer circle, of sepals, constituting the calyx; the second circle, of petals, constituting the corolla; the third circle, the stamens ; the fourth circle, the pistils. LESSON XII. MORE ABOUT THE CALYX AND COROLLA. TO. Let us examine the flower of the Pink (Fig. 112), the Strawberry (Fig. Ill), the Crowfoot, the Single Rose. In eitber you observe five green sepals, and the same number of colored petals, l^otice also the positions of those organs, — how the petals stand alternating with the sepals, and that they are all distinct and separate. This is the general rule, but there are many exceptions. G7. Lastly, review the whole arrangement. 70. What is the rule as to the number of petals and sepals ? What ia th« rule as to their relative position, &c. V 44 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 111. Flower of the Strawberry. Fig. 112. Flower of the Piuk. i^i(y. 11;3. Flower of the Lily. 71. Often in the petal, and sometimes in tlie sepal, yon can distinguish two parts, — namely, the broad, expanded part above, called the lamina^ and the narrow part at base by which it is attached to the torns ; this is the daw (Fig. 116, c). The petal of the Pink has a long claw ; of the Rose or Buttercup (Fig. 119), a short one. 72. The forms of tlie j^etal are almost infinite in variety, like the leaf; as ovate, orbicular, oblong, &c., and some- 71. Will you define the lamina ? the claw? 72. Please mention some of the forms of petals. OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA. 45 times very singular. See these figures. Fig. 114 is the form of tlie bifid petal of a Cerastinm; Fig. 115, the flower of Mitella, with five pinnatifid petals ; Fig. 117, the flower of Sweet Cicely, with five petals inflected at the point; Fig. 116, fringed, long-chiw^ed petal of Silene stellaria ; Fig. 118, many-cleft petal of Mignonette; Fig. 119, rounded, short- clawed petal of Crowfoot, showing its honey scale, or nec- tary, at base. *122 F/ff. 120. Larkspur, its petals and sepals separated: s, s, 8, s, 8, sepals; a, the upper sepal spurred ; c, the petals all united into one, and produced backwards into a spur which is sheathed in the spur of the calyx. Fit/. 121. Touch-me-not. Fig. 122. Its petals and sepals displayed : p, p, the two double petals ; s, s, s, y, the four sepals, y being in the form of a sack, with a spur. 73. A nectary is found also in the j^etals of Columbine (Fig. 361), Larkspur (Fig. 120), Touch-me-not (Fig. 121), &c., distorting them into grotesque shapes, called sjnirs. 74. Before us now is the flower of Pink (Fig. 123). The calyx (c) appears as a green tube, with five notches or teetli at the top. It is evident that this is made up of five sepals 73. What is a nectary ? What is a spur? Examples. 46 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. cohering (united) by their edges. The Convolvulus (Figs. 128, 144), tlie Phlox (Fig. 126), the Pink-root (Fig. 127), &c., show a similar cohesion (union) of their petals into a tube more or less complete. Fig. 123. Pink : a, the five petals ; 6, the calyx, composed of five united sepals , c, a bract ; (/, several bract- lets. Fig. 124. Flower of Ttconia radicans (the Trumpet-creeper) : c is the calyx, composed of five united sepals ; ^, the tube ; 5, the segments of the corolla or the petals, forming the border. 75. The calyx »with united sepals is called ononosejMloiis^ and the corolla of united petals monojpetalous (from the Greek raonos^ one), from the mistaken idea that this calyx consisted of only one sepal, &c. Gamojpetaloiis and gmnosejxiloiis are similar words, used in the same sense. Opposed to these terms 2ercular dehiscence, the latter porous. (See Figs. 169, iro.) 105. It is also interesting to notice how the anther is at- tached to the filament in various ways. Generally, it is innate, that is, seeming to stand erect on the top of the fila- ment. Again, it is adnate, which means, attached by its back to the side of the filament, as in Buttercups. And thirdly, it is joined by a single point in its back to the slender tip of the filament, as if lightly balanced ujDon it. This is the versatile anther, common in the Grasses (Figs. 150, 166). 105. What tliree distinctions in the attachment of the anther ? Descrihe that of the stamens of the Pink ; the stamens of Buttercups ; of the Grasses. OF THE STAMENS. 59 LESSON XVI. MORE ABOUT THE STAJVIENS. 106. The careful student will find a great and interesting variety in the number, arrangement, and form of the stamens. In regard to number, as we have already seen, the Lily has six stamens, the Pink has ten, the Speedwell two, the Indian Shot only one. Some flowers have numerous stamens, as the Rose with forty, fifty, or one hundred, and the Cactus with 179 ISO Fig. 179. Stamens and pistils of Mallow ; the filaments (/) are united into a tube sheathing the styles. Fig. ISO. Floret of Dandelion,— anthers (a) united into a tube. Fig. 181. Corolla of Lophospcrmum, split open to show the four stamens (didyn'i'.- mous) and the one style. Fig. 182. Cardamine, — stamens six, tetradyn'amous. 106. What number of stamens in Pink? Speedwell? Indian Shot? What in the Rose ? Cactus ? Apple ? or in these flowers? Define "stamens definite ;" " stamens indnBuite." 60 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTiVNY, two liuiidred. Let us learn liow to distinguisli between flowers with definite and with indefinite stamens. Definite, when thev are not more tlian ten, indefinite, when more than ten, or not readily counted. 107. The stamens are usually separate and distinct, as in the Lily, Ehododendron, &c. (Figs. 150, 152), while in the Mallow (Fig. 179), Pea, and other flowers, they grow together, forming a tube around the pistil ; in other words, they are monadeljpJwus (Greek, monos, one, adelphos, brotherhood). The Pea, or Dielytra, is diadel^Jioiis, — the stamens in two sets ; and the St. Johnswort,j^9oZy6^(^6/^:)/^^z^5, — in three or more sets. Another mode of cohesion is seen in the floret of Dan-, delion (Fig. 180), wdiere the anthers cohere while the fila- ments are distinct, i. e.^ syngenecious. 108. In two cases we may definitely mark the relative length of the stamens. Didyn' anions stamens (as seen in the Mint tribe, and in the Figworts, Fig. 181) are four in num- Fig. 183. Pistillate flower of Balm of Gilead. Fig. 184. Staminate flower of the same. Fig. 185. Begonia: a, staminate flower; &, pistillate flower. 107. Define "stamens monadelphous." Give examples. Diadelphous. Give examples. Polyadelplious. Example. Define " stamens syngenecious.'' Mention examples. IMPERFECT FLOWERS. 61 ber, two long and two short. Tetrad yn' amoiis stamens are six in nnmber, four long and two short (as in the Mustard tribe, Fig. 182). Again, hypogynous stamens may be seen in the Crowfoot tribe and in Fig. 132 ; and perigynoics sta- mens in the Rose tribe and Fig. 133. "What is the differ- ence? You need not be told the meaning of these w^ords (§§ 83, 84). 109. Some plants have their essential organs separated, so that the stamens aixi all found in one sort of flowers, the sterile^ and the pistils are all in another sort, iha fertile. So 1S9 1S8 187 1S6 Fig. 186. Flower of Lizard-tail {Sauriirus) ; it is perfect, but nahd, i. <;., with no floral envelopes ; stamens seven, pistils three. Fig. 187. Flower of Ash {Fraxinus), — Baked, with two stamens and one pistil. Fig. 188. Staminate flower of Willow, — made up of two stamens and a bract. Fig. 189. Pistillate flower of the same, — merely one pistil and a bract. it is in the Begonias (Fig. 185), and in the Willows (Figs. 188, 189). All such flowers are called imjperfect, and only the fer- tile bear fruit. 110. A perfect flower is one that has both stamens and 108. In what two cases do we mark tlie length of stamens ? Define " sta- mens didynamous ;" " stamens tetradynamous ;" " stamens hypogynous ;" " stamens perigynous." 109. What do you understand by " sterile flowers ?" by " fertile flowers ?" 110. What is a perfect flower? complete? imperfect? 62 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. pistils. A complete flower has all the organs, vlz.^ sepals, petals, stamens, pistils. A naked flower lacks both the calyx and corolla. 1 1 1 . A symmetrical flow- er has each of these several organs in an equal number or, at least, the same num ber of j)ieces in each circle of organs. For example, the Flax flower is symmet- rical, having sepals Ave, petals five, stamens five, and pistils five. The Lily is also symmetrical, having three sepals, three petals, six stamens (in two equal circles), and three pistils (which are combined in one). 190 191 Fig. 190. A symmetrical, regular flower of Iceland Mosd (.S'fc'f^Mm acre)\ it has five sepals, five petals, twice five (ten) stamens, and five pistils, — all separate and distinct. Fig. 191. House-leek {Sedum sempefvlvum), — twel ve-parted. LESSON XVII. THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 112. It is very instructive and delightful to study the symmetry of flowers in the way mentioned in the last lesson. We are thus led to the discovery of a truth in the science of botany at once beautiful and sublime, — worthy of the wis- dom of the Inflnite Creator. That truth or principle is, that all flowers^ though infinitely various in form and fashion^ 111. What a symmetrical flower? How is the Lily symmetrical? 112. Please state the principle learned from studying the symmetry of the flower. PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 63 are huilt iij?on one only jplan^ and tJiat jf^an founded in the science of numbers. Fig. 192. Flower of Ilippuris, — one-parted. Fig.\^Z. Circtea Lutetiana; flower two- parted. Fig. 194. Yellow-eyed Grass {Xjji'is) ; flower three-parled. 113. Let US, then, examine the FLix. Here all the organs are in lives. The Circe has them all in twos; the Iris, in threes. And every plant is distingnished in this way by some number which we call the radical number., according to which its organs are parted. ]^ow in the Mock Orange, o» Philadelphus, although the stamens seem to be indefinite, still the radical number is four. The stamens occur in many circles, with four in each circle, so that these are also in fours. As for the pistils, they are evidently four, but so united as to form apparently but one. Examine also the Bloodroot. Its stamens will be found in fours, the radical number, and the stamens of the Apple will be found in fives. So the petals of Bloodroot are twice four (8), and of the Magnolia twice three (6), or three times three (9). 114. It is therefore a general law, that when any organ is 113. Can you define the radical number of the flower? What is it in Circe? Iris? Flax? How is it in Philadelphus ? How in Bloodroot? 114. State the law of multiplied organs. 64 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. multiplied, its new number is only a repetition of the radical number. 115. Also, wlien any organ is diminished in number, we find generally that the deficiency is only apparent, and does not interfere Avitli the law of the radical number. Thus in Philadelphus, the one pistil proves to be four growing to- gether. In the Lady's-slip)per, the radical number is three, and the sepals are three, although the two lower ones are united almost to the tip into what seems but one. Thus the true number is often curiously disguised ly cohesions. 195 s 196 197 Fig. 195. Flower of Aeonitum Napellus displayed ; s, s, s, «, «, the five sepals, the upper one hooded ; p, p^ p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries covered by the hood, and the three lower very minute. Fig. 106. Flower of Catalpa,— two-lipped, five-lobed. Fig. 197. Corolla laid open, showing the perfect stamens and rudimentary. 116. Again, the five petals of Monk's-hood (Fig. 195) are apparently but two, while three of them are so very small as to be overlooked. In the Mint tribe, as Peppermint, Cat- 115. How does coliesion interfere witli the radical number in Pliiladelplius How in the sepals of the Moccasin flower ? 116. How does suppression interfere in Monk's-hood ? In the Mint tribe Catalpa ? Mustard ? What tendency do you see in all these cases ? PLAN OF THE FLOWER. 65 mint, while iive-parted, tlie flowers have generally but four stamens; but on close observation we often find a small rudiment of the fifth stamen in its proper place, as if its grovjth had heen early stopped. And in Monarda and Catal- pa, only two stamens grow up to maturity, while three are mere rudiments (Fig. 202). l!s"evertlieless, such flowers are said to be unsymmetrical. So the flowers of the Mustard tribe. The stamens are in two rows of four in each ; but ot the outer row (or circle) two were checked in growth (or suppressed^ as the botanists say) at the outset. (See Fig. 97.) The tendency to symmetry is manifest in all these cases. IIT. We must carefull}^ distinguish between the terms unsymmetrical and irregidar. The former refers to number only, the latter to form and size (Less. XIY.). The Mustard flower is unsymmetrical, but not irregular. The Orchis is irregular, but not unsymmet- rical. Snap-dragon is both irreo^ular and unsymmetrical. k h g / e Fig. 198. Nymphsoa odorata. Fig. 199. Petals gradually passing into stamens. 118. Here is a figure of the Water Lily (19S), and a separate view of its sepals, petals, and stamens. Observe 117. What difference between unsymmetrical and irregular? Examples. 66 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. liow the form of the slender stamen gradually changes to the broad petal, the anther becoming smaller and smaller. One can scarcely say where it ceases to be a stamen and begins to be a j^etal. So, also, the petals gradually pass into sepals, and in other plants. Peony for instance, the sepals just as gradually pass into leaves. (See Class Book of Botany, § 113.) 119. This transforma- tion of one sort of organ into another (always from stamen hack to- wards the leaf) is quite common among culti- vated plants. It is in this manner that the Rose, Carnation, Peony, &c., become doichle, vi^., by the stamens, and oft- en the pistils too, becom- ing petals : for in the wild state these flowers have but five petals. 120. From these ex- amples and others like them^we conclude that the different organs of the flower, and the leaf also, although commonly very different, have all one coininon naUire and ovicjin', or, in other words, the organs of the flower may all be considered as transformed leaves. 118. Show tlie graduation of organs in Water Lily. 119. How do the Rose, Peony, &c., become double? 120. What great principle is derived from these facts ? Fig. 200. Flower of Crowfoot. Fig. 201. Double flower of the same ; the sta- mens and pistils have become petals. OF THE PISTILS. 67 LESSON XVIII. OF THE PISTILS. Fig. 202. Section of flower of Strawberry, — ovaries many, on a raised torus. Fig. 203. Section of a Kose, — ovaries sunk into a hollow torus. 121. The pistils occupy the centre of the flower, at the end or centre of the torus. Their number varies in different plants from one to one hundred, or more. When they are several they stand arranged in a circle like the other organs. When they are many they are commonly heaped together in a spiral manner, and raised on the conical torus, as in Butter- cup, Strawberry, or sunk into the cavity of a hollow one, as in Rose. (See Figs. 202, 203.) 122. The pistil consists, plainly, of three parts, as may be Been in Fig. 201:. At the top is the stigma {s\ at base is the ovary (p), and between them is the style {sty). The style 121. In wliat part of tlie flower are the pistils situated ? Wliat is their number? their arrangement ? How situated in the Rose? 122. Please describe the pistil and each of its parts. In what case is the Btigma sessile ? 68 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. T being a mere stalk, like the filament of a stamen or the petiole of a leaf, may, like them also, be wanting, without loss to the pistil. In this case" the stigma is sessile (sitting) npon the ovary, as in the ]3istils of Anemone (Fig. 207), and of Trillium (Fig. 206). 205 207 Fig, 204. Pistil of Tobacco. Fig. 205. Pistil, stamens, and calyx of Azalea. Fig. 206. Trillium,— stigmas {d) and anthers (5) nearly sessile. Fig. 207. Pistils of Eue Anemone {A. t7i,alict)'oides),— stigmas sessile. 123. The ovary is a kind of sac or case, enclosing the ovules (see Fig. 215, where there is but one, or in Fig. 209, where there are five, and Fig. 202, where there are many ovaries.) AVhen full grown, the ovary becomes the fruit, and the ovules the seeds. 124. It is very important to distinguish between the simple and the compoimd pistil, for when there are several in the same flower they often grow together, forming a single body with members more or less distinct. As the petals grow 123. Describe the ovary and the ovules. 124. Name an important distinction in ovaries. When is the ovary or pistil compound ? OF THE PISTILS. 69 Fig. Fig. united Fig. Fig. Fig. 211 212 213 208. Simple pistil of Larkspur. 209. The five simple pistils of Columbine, all distinct. 210. The three pistils of a St. Johnswort, — ovaries united but styles distinct. 211. Compound pistil ©f another St. Johnswort, the three pistils entirely 212. Flax, — the five ovaries united but the styles distinct. 213. Pink, — the two ovaries united, styles distinct. 214. Saxifrage, — the two pistils slightly united. together, forming a monopetaloiis corolla, so the pistils may combine into a compound jpistll. The parts of such a pistil are conveniently called carpels. 125. As to the extent of this union of the pistils, it is found in all possible degrees, always beginning at base and pro- ceeding upwards. For example, in Columbine (Fig. 209), the iiv^e carpels (pistils) are entirely distinct; in Early Saxi- frage (Fig. 21-i), the two carpels are united at the base; in Pink (Fig. 213), the two unite to the top of the ovary, leav- ing the styles distinct ; so also in Flax (Fig. 212) ; in Even- ing Primrose, the four pistils cohere to the top of the style, leaving the stigmas distinct ; and finally, in the Lily, the three carpels are united throughout. (See Figs. 209-21-1.) 12G. AVe may know^ the number of carpels in a compound 125. As to the cohesion or union of pistils, — how is it in Columbine? iu Pink? in Early Saxifrage f Evening Primrose? Lily? '0 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. pistil by tlie number of separate styles, or by the separate stigmas, or by the lobes of the stigma or ovary, or by the iinraber of cells in the ovary, or (when only one cell) by the number of seed-rows. Thns the three-lobecl stigma or ovary of tlie Lily indicates a triple j)istil, also the three stigmas of the Spring Beanty, and the three seed-rows in the Violet. (See Fig. 229.) 215 216 Fig. 215. Section of the flower of AlchemLla, showing the stamens perigynous, the style single, simple, and lateral. Fig. 216. Section of flower of Jefl'ersonia, — stamens hypogynous, pistil single, tjimple, with one seed-row. 127. But wlien the pistils remain separate and distinct we call each one a siuiple pistil. Thus in Columbine (Fig. 209) there are five simple pistils ; in Anemone (Fig. 20Y), and in Buttercups, many ; while in Cherry, Peach, Bean, Alchemilla, and JefFersonia, there is just one simple pistil in each flower. Such a pistil is usually of an irregular form, with its style lateral (on one side), and only one seed or seed-row. (See Figs. 215, 216.) 126. Please tell us liowyou detect tlie numher of carpels in tlie compound ovary of Spring Beauty ; of Lily ; of Violet. 127. What peculiarity in the form of a simjole pistil ? TWO KINDS OF BUDS. LESSON XIX. HOW THE LEAVES ARE FOLDED IN THE BUD 221 218 iEstivation.— i^i^. 217. Valvute calyx, as of Mallow. F'>g. 218. Sepals of Holly- hock,— valvate-reduplicate. Fig. 21 f. Sepals of Clematis,— vaivate-induplicttte. Fig. 220. Petals of Flax,— contorted. Fig. 221. Petals of Wild Kose,— quincuntial. Fig. 222. Petals and sepals of Lily or Tulip. Fig. 223. Petals of Wall-flower,— convolute. Fig.^2i. Petals of Pea, — vexillary. 128. There is the leaf-hud^ consisting of many scales and young leaves, folded up in such a manner as to occupy as little space as possible ; and the flower-lmd., consisting of the organs of the flower in their early state, also closely packed. Xow if you stndy the arrangement of the pieces composing the bud of either sort, you will be surprised and delighted with its variety and elegance. As each species of plant has the same invariable mode of folding in all its buds, this study well becomes a matter of science. Less. XIX — What is the subject of this Lesson ? 128. Two kinds of buds ; please describe each. 72 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 129. AYitli a sharp knife let lis make a cross-section (that is, a cut square across) of a flower-bud just ready to open ; we may thus obtain some such views as are here drawn. For example, in Fig. 217, Ave have the vallate arrangement. Here the pieces composing the circle barely touch each other by the edges, as in the sepals of Mallows, petals of Lilac, valves of a seed-vessel. (See, also. Figs. 218, 219.) 130. In the Phlox, Flax, Oleander, we find a tvv^isted or contorted arrangement of the petals (Fig. 220), wdicre each piece overlaps the next, all in one direction. 131. The bud is said to be hiibricatcd^ wdien some of the pieces are wholly outside, covering by the two edges others which are wholly inside. But this may take place in various ways. See how it is in the petals of the Eglantine, or Apple (Fig. 221). Here two petals are outside, two inside, and one partly both. In the Tulip, one sepal is outside, one inside, and one partly both. And just so with its three petals (Fig. 222). 132. The bud is convolute when each leaf wholly involves all that are within it, as do the petals of Magnolia and Wall- flower (Fig. 223) ; and it is vexillary in the Pea tribe, where only the outside petal, larger than the rest, infolds them all (Fig. 224). 133. The plicate arrangement is found in monopetalous flowers, as in Thornapple, Potato, where the corolla is folded in a manner somewhat like a fan. 129. How do we prepare a bud for examination ? What do you under- stand by a cross-section ? Define tlie valvate arrangement, with examples. 130. What aestivation do we find in Flax, Phlox, &c. ? 131. What is the imbricated aestivation? Describe it in the petr.ls of Tulip ; Apple ; Eglantine. 132. How are the petals arranged in the bud of Wall-flower ? 133. How in the flower of Thornapple ? or Potato ? VERNATION. 73 13J:. The pupil sliould make himself well acquainted with these seven modes of cestivatlon (so the botanists call it). Other modes are described in larger works. (Class Book of Botany, p. 79.) 135. Also in the leaf-bud we find similar modes of leaf- folding (here called vernation, from the Latin ver?ius, spring, as cestivatlon is from cestivus, summer). The figures follow- ing represent cross-sections of various sorts of leaf-buds. In the bud of Sycamore the infolding scales are imbricate, but the young leaves within are somewhat plicate. 136. In the leaf-bud of Cherry (Fig. 230) we find the con- volute vernation, similar to the mstivation of Wall-flower. The leaf-bud of Lilac (Fig. 231) gives us another form of imbricate. 225 226 227 223 229 Vernation.— ^/^. 225. Unfolding leaf-bud of Tulip-tree,— reclinate. Fig. 22G. Fern leaf-bud,— circinate. Fig. 227. Sedge,— equitant. Fig. 228. Sage,— obvoiiite. FJfj. 220. Iris,— eqnitaut. 137. Fig. 229 represents the vernation of Iris, and Fig. 227 vf a Sedge-grass. Both are equitant (which means, in Latin, 134. Wliat is the meaning of the word cestivatlon? lo5. What is the nicauing of the word vernation f Please describe the "vernation in Sycamore leaf-bud. 130. In the leaf-bud of Cherry ; Lilac. 137. What of the equitant vernation? OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY riding horseback). Each leaf, first on this corner, then on that, infolds or overlays all that is within it. 138. Ohvolute vernation appears in the leaf-bud of Sage (Fig. 228), where each leaf infolds only half of the blade of its opposite leaf. Vernalion. — Fig. 230. Clierry Icuf-bnd, — convolute. Fig. 231. Lilac,— iiubncate. Fig. 232. Birch leaf,— plicate. Fig. 233. Dock,— rcvolute. Fig. 234. Balm-of-Gil- ead, — involute. 189. In the bnd of Dock (Fig. 233) we find the young leaves revoliUe^ or rolled backwards from both edges ; but in the bud of Balm-of-Gilead (Fig. 234) they are involute.^ or rolled inwards from both edges. This is best seen under a microscope of one lens, i. e.^ a single microscope. 140. In the bnd of Tulip-tree (Fig. 225) each leaf is recU- nate^ being bent over forward and infolding all within it; and in the Fern (Fig. 226) it is circinate^ or coiled from the top downwards, like a watch-spring. 138. The obvolute ? 139. ^Vliat the vernation of Dock ? of Balm-of-Gilcad ? 140. Please describe the reclinate ; the circinate. INFLORESCENCE. 75 LESSON XX. now THE FLOWEES ARE ARRANGED ON THE PLANT. x41. Wk may now devote one or two lessons to tlie arrange ment and position of tlie flowers npon the plant, a subject to which botanists give the name of inflorescence. Fig. 235. Stapliylea trifolla; a peruhilous, paniculate cyme. Fig. 236. Catalpa; a panide. 142. Every one has observed such facts as the follow- ing, namely, that flowers are sometimes alone, and often in clusters ; that tliey are sometimes raised on stalks, and some 141. What is the meaning of the word inflorescence? 142. What common facts in inflonpconcc docs everybody notice? 76 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. times sessile (or without stalks) ; and tliat tliey may arise ■ from terminal buds, or from axillary. With the meaning of the words terminal and axillary you were made acquainted in Lesson IX. 143. The stalk which supports the flower, or the cluster of flowers, we cslW pedu7icle. ISTow the peduncle may be either simple, bearing a single flower, or divided into branches and bearing a cluster of flowers. In the latter case, the branches or branchlets are csilled pedicels. 144. When the peduncle arises from terminal buds it seems like a continuation of the main stem, as in Foxglove, Horse-chestnut ; and when from axillary buds, it comes out from the side of the stem just above a leaf, as in the Cur- rant. Sometimes it arises from the root or some under- ground part of the stem, and then we generally call it a scape. Thus the flower-stalk of Tulip is a scape ; also of the Dodecatheon. 145. The flower is said to be solitary^ not only when alono on the plant, but also when alone in the axil of a leaf, as in Fuchsia, Morning-glory, Petunia. 146. Among clustered flowers, you will often meet with the following twelve varieties of inflorescence, which we must now try to represent and describe. AYe begin wdth tlic spike^ such a cluster as we see in the Plantain, Mullen, &c. We may define it thus : A long peduncle (called o'achis)^ having sessile flowers arranged along its sides. But before we go further with inflorescence, we must examine the Iracts which accompany it. 143. Please define jpecZMWc?^/ 2I&0 pedicel. 144. When are the flowers terminal ? axillary 1 Define scape. 145. Why is the flower called solitary in Fuchsia, Petunia, &c. ? 146. Define a spike. Explain to us the rnchin. INFLORESCENCE. 77 237. Bracts (J, 5, b). Fig. 237. Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of four colored biacts. Fiff. 23S. Ilepatica triloba, with an involucre of three green bracts. Fiff. 289. Calla palustris, with a colored spathe of one bract, inclosing the spadix. 147. Brads are evidently of the same nature as leaves, difiering only in tlieir diminished size, and in their position on the flower-stalks, or near the flowers. They are some- times colored as brightly as flowers, as in Painted-cup, or in Balm. AVhen several bracts are arranged in a whorl at the base of the cluster of flowers, an involucre is formed, such as we find in Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 2J:-i). In the Flowering Dogwood the large involucre is colored wliite. 148. Kext in resemblance to the spike is the sjpadix^ an inflorescence seen in the Calla (Fig. 237), Golden-club (Fig. 241), and Cat-tail. It may be defined as a thickened, club- shaped spike, often with a large bract (called sjjathe) at base, as in Jack-in-the-pulpit, or without a spathe, as in Fig. 241. 147. What sort of leaves grow on the peduncles, if any ? Define bracts What is an involucre? IIow is it in Cornus? 78 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 240. Lady's-tresses (Spii-anthes), — flowers in a twisted spike. Fig. 241. Golden-club (Orontium), — flowers in a spadix with no spathe. Fig. 242. Birch {Betula), — flowers in aments. 149. An ament^ called also catMn^ is a more slender and delicate spike, filled with colored scales and flowers, and all falling together without separating, such as adorn the Birclies (Fig. 242), Willows, and Poplars in early spring. The Hop also bears aments. LESSON XXI. THE INFLORESCENCE, CONTINUED. 150. The flowers of the Black Cherry, Currant, Foxglove, Locust, and Moth-mullen are in racemes. The raceme, then, is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple pedicels 148, 149. Can you define the spike ? anient ? spadix ? and spathe ? 150. Please name and describe the inflorescence of Black Cherry. 1^'FL0RESCE^'CE. '9 (nut sessile, as in the spike). It is often pendulous, often erect. 242rt 243 Fig. 242. Secund (one-sided) raceme of Andromeda racemosa. Fig, 243. Pendulous raceme of Currant. 151. The corymh differs from the raceme in having the lower pedicels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to about the same level, as in the Yarrow or Wild Thorn. 152. The umhel appears in Milkweed, Onion, Ginseng, tfec. It consists of several pedicels of similar length, all arising from the same point at top of the peduncle. But in Car- away, Carrot, and most of the Umbelworts (Fig. 24:-i), the umlels are comj^ound^ as if each of the pedicels had become 151. How does a corymb differ from a raceme? 153. Please name and describe the inflorescence of the Milkweed. How 80 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. itself an umbel. These secondary umbels we call umlellets. At the base of the umbel there is usually a whorl of bracts forming an involucre (a), and often also at the base of each umbellet (J), Avhen we call it an hivolucel. 153. The fine flowers of the Ca- talpa are in panicles (Fig. 235), also t]ie flowers of Oats. We may describe a panicle as if a raceme should have its pedicels irregularly branched. 154. A cluster resembling a pani- cle, but more compact, such as you see in Lilac, is called a thyrse. 155. A head of flowers, such as we see in Clover or the Button-bush, hardly needs description. We might say that the head is a reduced umbel, having its flowers all sessile at the top of the peduncle. 156. The great family of the Asterworts has all its flowers in heads, so dense and so nicely arranged as to be easily mis- taken for a single flower. But if you carefully examine such a head, say of an Aster, or especially of a Sunflower, you will see that it is composed of many little flowers or florets. The florets of the outer row are enlarged and open, so as to Fig. 244. Compound iimbel of Sweet Cicely {OsrnorMza). does tliat of Carrot differ? Wliat is an umbellet? Wliat tlie ^ylLorl of bracts at tlie base of tlie umbellets ? 153. Please describe the panicle. 154. Tlie thyrse. 155. The head. 156. What the inflorescence of the AsterT^'orts ? How is the head of Aster made to resemble a single flower ? What the florets of the ray ? What the florets of the disk ? INFLORESCENCE. 81 resemble the petals of one corolla, and the involncre, formed of many imbricated scales, resembles a calyx. This head is often called a com- 2?ound flower. The outer flo- rets are the florets of the ray^ the interior are the florets of the dish. See all this illus- trated in Figs. 2i5-250. 157. The forms of inflo- rescence heretofore described result Irom axillary buds ; but the three followino^ come from terminal buds. Cyme is the general name given to all the forms of terminal inflores- cence. You may recognize them by the order in which the flowers open. Thus, in Fig. 245. Head of Blue Milkweed {Mulgedlitm) ; all its florets are ligulate. Fig. 246. A view of one of them remain- ing on the receptacle. Fig. 247. A fruit crowned with its pappus. Fig. 248. Heads of Ironweed {Verno- nia) ; all its florets are tubular. Fig. 249. One of them remaining on the receptacle. Fig. 250. Fruit. the cyme, the terminal and central flowers open first, but in the forms before mentioned, the lower and outer flowers first. 158. AVhen the cyme is spreading and level-topped, we call it a cymous corymb^ as in the common Elder ; and when not level- topped, it may become a cijmovs panicle^ as in Chick- weed (Fig. 251), Spergula, and Stafi'-treo (Fig. 234). 159. The scorjooid cyme is a very remarkable form of in- 157. Are the forms liitlicrto described terminal or axillary ? Please define llie cyme. 158. Cymoso corymb ; Cj-mose panicle. 159. What is a scorpoid cyme ? Name and describe the inflorescence of Bunch Pink ; the inflorescence of Catmint. 4* 82 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 251. Cyme of Cliiekweed {Stellaria media). First, the terminal flower {a) opened ; secondly, from the axils of its highest leaves arose two branches, and ter- minated in the flowers h, b ; thirdly, from their highest axils arose the flowers c, c, c, c, from whose axils a fourth set is seen to start, and so on. Fig. 252. Scorpoid cyme of Forget-me-not {Mijosotis palustris). florescence, as shown in Pink- root and Forget-me-not (Fig. 252). Before flowering it is coiled from the tip down- wards, and it uncoils as it blossoms. In its nature it is a half-cyme. The fascicle is a densely packed cyme, as seen IMagrams of the forms of axillary inflorescence, showing how they gradually pass .iito each other. Fig. 253. Spike. Fig. 254. Eaceme. Fig. 255. Corymb. Fig. 25^. Jmbel. Fig. 257. Panicle. Fig. 258. Compound corymb. Fig. 260. Head. Fig. 250. Compound umbel. OF THE FRUIT. 83 in Bunch Pink or Pjcnantliemum. The glomenile is a small, dense cj'me a\>pearing in the axils of the leaves, as in Cat- mint and the Mint tribe ger. erallj. 160. The p-eceding diagrams may be carefnlly studied. They will convey a general idea of all these forms of inflo-' rescence, and how they are related to each other. LESSON XXII. CONCERNING THE FRUIT. 161. The flower is of short duration. After a few hom-s or a few days of blooming beautj^, it fades and disappears. Fig. 2G1. Fruit of Currant, — a berry, Fig. 262. Fruit of Maple, — samara. 160. Please explain th* diagrams 253-200. 84 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. The stamens and petals Lave accomplisliecl tlieir work, and are dead. The sepals also, \Yhen colored like petals, are dead. But the pistil, especially the ovary, yet remains in its place, living and growing nntil the seeds wliich it contains are perfect. 162. Thus the fruit is the ovary or pistils bronght to per- fection. 163. During the growth and ripening of the pistil, great and manifold changes occur, so that at last the fruit is very different in form, size, substance, and color. The little pistil in the flower of the Cherry must undergo a great alteration in becoming a plump Ox-heart ! 263 ■ \ 265 Fig. 263. An umbel of Cherry blossoms, — namely, a bud, an entire flower, and a section showing the one pistil and the perigynous stamens. Fig. 2C4. The drupe, cut through to show the stone and one seed. 7'?^. 265. A corymb of Strawberry, — flower and fruit. The achenia are seen on the surface of the fruit, which is only the overgrown torus, 161. Can you tell us what parts of tlie flower perisli ? What parts remain in place and still grow ? 162. How do you define the fruit ? 163. Mention some of the changes occurring from ovary to fruit. OF THE FRUIT. 85 266 207 Prnpe, — a ripe 104. In the fruit we see the end and aim of plant-life accomplished, accord- in o; to the wise and good design of the great Creator. While it serves to re- produce and keep alive the plants upon the earth, it also serves as food for ani- mals and for man. 165. It is curious to observe how dif- ^- 266 ferent are the parts of the fruit which Cherry. in different plants become food. In the ^'^- ^-^''- Tryma -acora Apple, we eat the calyx winch here adheres to the ovary, and in ripening was thickened and en- larged by the nutritions snbstance. In the Strawberry, we eat the enlarged, pnlpy torus, which bears, all over its surface, the little dry, seed-like fruit. In Peach, the luscious mor- sel is the outer coats of the ovary itself; and in the Orange, it is the in- ner coat. In the ISTiit, Pea, Wheat, and most plants, the nourishing matter is laid np in the seeds, while the carpels ripen into a dry fruit. 166. The fruit consists of the seeds and the seed-vessels. The word pericarp means the same as seeappus raised on a beak 188. The learner must distinguisli between tlie coma of a seed and the pappus of a fruit. Tlie down of Thistle or Dan- delion is pappus, for the little fruit on which it grows is not merely a seed, but a pericarp (aehenium), also containing one seed. In a word, the seed may be fledged with a coma, bnt \\\e fruit is fledged with a pappus, both intended as wings .0 bear away the seed to distajit places. (See Class Book of Dotany, § 485.) 188. Wliat is the distinction bct'.veen coma iind paijnis? 91 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. 189. As to the seed-kernel, it may consist of two parts, namely, the germ and albu- meii, or it may be all germ. 190. In the Bean (Fig. 311) it is all germ. A better name for the germ is emhrijo, Kow in all seeds, the embryo is, in fact, a miniature plant, consist- ing of three parts, viz., radi- />7zj rrn,^,n^^n ^ ,^v. 1 J T ■^^9- ^H- Seed of Beau, without its cLe, plumule,^ cotyledons. In ,1,^11 : c, c are the two cotyledons ; ., the this Bean, r is the radicle, j) radicle; p, the plumule. is the plumule, C, C, are the ^'^•■■'^^- Seed of wheat, cut open : a is -IT the albumen; c, the one cotvledon ; j>, cotyledons. ph.mule; r, radicle. Fig. 313. Seed of Four- o'clock ; embryo two-cotyledoned, coiled; a, albumen. Fig. 314. Seed of Heather. Fig. 815. A section of the same, showing the curved embryo, with two cotyledons, lying in albumen. Fig. 316. Seed of Onion. Fig. 317. Section of the same, showing the coiled em- bryo, one cotyledon, in albumen. 191. The radicle is the part destined to grow downwards 189. Of what two parts may the seed-kernel consist ? 190. Describe the parts of the seed of bean. OF GERMINATION. 95 and become root. The plunuile is the yoinig bud destiued to expand upwards and become stem and leaves. The cotyle- dons are two young leaves, thick and bulky, full of starchy matter to feed the embryo when it shall awake and begin to grow. 192. In the Wheat-seed (Fig. 312) we find, besides the embryo, a white, mealy mass ((2), well known when ground into flour. This mass is evidently intended to answer the same purpose as the starchy cotyledons of the Bean — to nourish the embryo. The radicle (r), the plumule (^), the cotyledon (c), and the albumen (a), are clearly shown. Fig. 313 (seed of Four-o'clock) also shows albumen ; here the em- bryo is coiled into a ring around the albumen. Thus we see that the food of the young plantlet is laid up somewhere in every seed, either in the bulky cotyledons of the embryo itself, or in the albumen outside the embryo. 193. We have, then, seeds albuminous, and seeds exalbu- minous ; seeds two-cotyledoned, and seeds one-cotyledoned. LESSON XXV. THE SEED BECOMING A PLANT. 191". Wh have seen that the ripened seed is a miniature plant, living, but sleeping; packed and sealed up for trans- portation. It may continue to sleep, perhaps, for years, if 191. Describe the nature and destiny of the radicle; of the plumule; of the cotyledons. i 192. Of what does the Wheat-seed consist ? AVhat is the intention of the albumen? the position of it in Wheat? in Four-o'clock ? 193. What seeds are albuminous? exalbuminous ? What seeds are two- cotyledoned ? one-cotyledoned ? 90 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. kept diy ; but if exposed to moisture, it soon awakes and commences its wonderful course of development. 195. In the Spring of the year the melting snows or the warm rains supply the proper moisture to the seeds which have fallen to the ground, and they may be seen everywhere swelling, bursting, and growing. The young botanist must not fail to watch their development. 196. Beneath some Oak, for example buried in the old leaves, we find acorns in all stages of growth, showing at one view all the steps in the process of ger- mination. Here is an acorn with its shell softened and its kernel a little swollen. We divide it leno;th- wise with a sharp knife, and the section (Fig. 318) shows the two thick cotyledons (c c) and the radicle (r). 197. In another acorn (Fig. 319) the cotyledons have ab- sorbed yet more water, and en- larged so much as to burst the shell, and the radicle growing, has come forth, a little root, directing its course downwards. pro^rre< Fig. 318. Acorn, seed of tlie Oak, cut open, — showing c, f, the cotyledons ; r, the radicle. Figs 819, 320, 321. Show tlie of germination: r, radicle ; _p, plumule. 194. Please tell us again Avliat a seed is. ,^-_ .,, - In what condition is a seed? Wnen wiU it awake ? 195. Condition of the seeds generally in Spring ? OF GERMINATION. 97 ^/<^^^m^ 198. In the next stage of growth (Fig. 320) the two stalks of the cotyle- dons (.9, petioles, Less. I.), make their appearance, and from between them, at the top of the rootlet, the plumule shoots forth, a little stem with a bud at the top, directing its course up- wards. The rootlet, meanwhile, has grown longer, entered the soil, and divided itself into branches and fibres all covered over with«fine white hairs. These hairs, called fibrils, may be seen under a microscope, as in Fig. 322, which represents the end of a ^^ i? nr 1 •l.^ V xiT, •! 1 of a rootlet of Maple, greatly fibre of Maple with its fibrils much „,,^„5fi,,i under a lens, show- magnified, ing the fibrils. 199. Up to this stage, the growing rootlet and bud have drawn all their nourishment from the store of food laid up beforehand in the thick cotyledons for this very purpose ; but novr the rootlet has reached the soil, and by means of its numerous fibrils, which are so many little mouths, it is begin- ning to draw its nourishment from the earth. 200. Another acorn, or the same one a few days later (Fig. 321), shows root and stem well organized, and the young Oak fairh^ started on its grand journey of growth and life. The root has descended deeper and spread its branches wider Fig. 322. The extreme end 196. Wliat is the meaning of the word gerininntion ? Describe the section of an acorn in Fi. 323. A seed (samara). Fig. 324. The same, just beginning to grow ; the rootlet descends, the cotyledons have burst the shell. Fig. 325. The leaf-like cotyledons (c) nearly open, the stem («) and root {r) lengthening. Fig. 326. The terminal bud appears. Fig. 327. The first pair of true leaves expanded. Fig. 328. The second pair appear, &c. together with it. In other plants, however, as in Maple (Fig. 325), the two cotyledons escape from the shell, change color, and become leaves, — the first pair on the plant {c). 202. The bud, which we called plumule, is still seen at the 201. When does the seed perish? Cotyledons of Oak and Maple — how differ In development ? DEVELOP^IENT OF BUDS. 90 top, arising higher and higher, as it unfolds its axis into the joints (called nodes and internodes) of the stem, its outer scales into leaves, and is itself continually renewed from within. Thus the ascending stem, or axis^ is always termi- nated by a bud. 329 Fig. 329. Bud of Currant unfolding, — the scales (s) gradually becoming leaves. Fig. 330. Bud uf Tulip-ti-ee,— the scales unfolding into stipules (s). 203. Soon other buds appear. There is one in the axil of each leaf. So long as the terminal bud only is developed, the plant grows up a simple stem. But by the growth of these axillary buds, if they grow at all, branches are pro- duced ; and these branches, from their axillary buds, produce branchlets, and so on. 202. What do you understaud by the nodes and internodes? How is the axis always terminated? 20u. In what case will the stem be simple? How are branches produced 100 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. LESSON XXVI. LIFE OF THE PLANT, OR ITS BIOGRAPHY. 204. The water which the plant imbibes by its roots be- comes sap in the stem, and circulates in every part as the blood circulates in the animal frame. The leaves, by their broad, thin forms, serve as lungs, to bring all the sap which passes through them into contact with the air and light. 205. By this means the sap is changed into a nourishing food, fitted to sustain the growth of the plant in every part. Thus the leaves are designed, not only as an ornamental robe, but as organs of breathing and digestion. 206. In the second stage of growth, when the plant depends no longer upon the seed for nourishment, it goes on increas- ing in stature and multiplying its leaves and branches. It now consists of three parts, namely, root, stem, and leaves. These are called the organs of vegetation. 207. The third stage of plant-life is the period of flowering. Before this period, all its activity was devoted to its own nourishment and growth. Now it begins to live and act for the continuance of its own kind after it upon the earth, according to the Divine decree in Genesis, i., 11. Some of its buds undergo a striking change, and oj)en each a flower instead of a leafy branch. 208. A flower is therefore a leafy branch transformed (as 204, Wliat becomes of tlie water wliicli the roots imbibe ? What part do the leaves act ? \^, What change takes place in the sap ? /i06. What is the second stage of plant-life ? r-07. The third stage? Wlience come the flowers? BIOGRAPHY OF THE PLANT. 101 sliown in the Class Book, p. 23), having its axis undeveloped, its leaves in crowded circles, moulded into more delicate forms and tinged with brighter colors, not only to adorn the face of nature, but to prepare the way for fruit. 209. The fourth stage of plant-life is the period of its fruit bearing. The flowers have gradually faded and disappeared^ but the pistil, having received the quickening pollen (see Class Book of Botany, p. 148), remains in its place, holds fast all the nourishino^ matter which continues to flow into it through the flower-stem, grows, and finally ripens into the perfected fruit and seed. 210. The fifth and last stage in the biography of the plant is its hibernation (w^inter's sleep), or its death. If the event of flowering and fruit-bearing occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant, it is generally followed by its speedy death. In all other cases it is followed by a state of needful repose, wherein it is commonly stripped of its leaves, and gives few, if any, indications of life, until awaked, with renewed vigor, in the following Spring. 211. According to their difi*erent terms of life, we distin- guish plants as annuals, biennials, and perennials. An an- nxLol herl) completes its whole history in one year. In the Spring it germinates ; in Summer it grows, blooms, bears fruit; and in Autumn its work and life are ended. The Mustard, Maize, and Morning-glory are such. 212. A biennial herb lives two years. During the first it 208. Please state the nature of the flower. 209. Please describe the fourth stage of plant-life. 210. The fifth stage. 211. In regard to their term of life, how are plantg divided ? Describe aj annual herb. 212. A biennial herb. 102 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. germinates, grows, and bears leaves only ; and in its second year it blossoms, bears frnit, and dies. Sucli are tlie Beet and Radisb. 213. A perennial plant survives several or many years. There are herbaceous perennials and woody perennials. The herbaceous perennials, or perennial herbs^ are such as survive the winter only by their roots or their parts which grow underground. These in Spring send up leaves, flowers, and and often stems, all of which perish in Autumn, leaving only the parts underground alive as before. Such are the Hop, Asters, Yiolets. 214. Woody jperennials survive the winter by their stems as well as roots, and usually grow several years before flow- ering, and thence flower annually during their existence. According to their size, such plants are trees, shrubs, under- shrubs. A tree is the largest among plants, having a perma- nent, woody stem, usually unbranched lelow, and dividing into branches above. The Oaks, Elms, and Pines are famil- iar examples. 215. A bhrub is smaller than a tree, usually growing in clusters from one underground mass of roots. The Lilacs, Roses, Alders, are shricbs. Small shrubs, about of our own stature, as the Currants, Brambles, we call lushes. Yery low shrubs, as the Blueberries, Box, &c., are under shrubs. 213. Describe a perennial plant. Of what two sorts ? Describe a peren- nial herb. 215. A tree, a slirub, bush, undershrub, — bow distinguished? To which of the above-mentioned sorts does the Cabbage belong ? To which the Hol- lyhock? the Balsamine ? Four-o'clock? To which the Tulip? Golden-rod? Lily? Pink? Quince? &c. CONCEKNING THE ROOT. loa LESSON XXVII. CONCERNING THE AXIS OF THE PLANT. 216. The term axis ex- presses the central column or body of the plant around which the branches and other organs are arranged. As we have already no- ticed, the axis grows and extends in two directions, — upwards and downwards. The ascending part is the stem, the descending part is the root. The former loves and seeks the air and light, the latter the dark, damp bosom of the earth. 217. The E.00T serves the twofold purpose of fixing the plant firmly in its place, and of imbibing the neces- sary food from the soil. The food when thus im- bibed is never in a solid Fig. 831. An entire plant (Sliep- lierd's-ptirse), sliowing the axis (a to r). Tlie part from c to r is the desccndiDfj axis, or root ; from c to a the ascending axis, or stem; A, by branches, bearing racemes of flowers and fruit. 831 104 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY state, but dissolved in water, and con- sists of certain earths, alkalies, and gases. (See Part II., Chap. 7, Class Book of Botany.) 218. It is the nature of the root to divide itself into branches, and the only organs wliich properly belong to it are branches, fibres, and fibrils. It puts forth no buds nor leaves unless the plant be in some unnatural state. 219. The roots of woody plants, es- pecially, are hranching roots. Year after year they multiply and extend in branches and branchlets beneath the m^^ F^g. 832 Brandling root of u voung tree. lij. 333. A tuberous root (Erigenia). Fig. 334. Fibrous roots (Buttercups!. Fig. a35. Branching root (White Clover), with tubercles. FORMS OF ROOTS. 105 ground, in proportion to the growth of the branches and twigs of the stem above. The axis itself may not descend to any great depth, and after a few years may be found far exceeded in growth by its own branches which extend hori- zontally in a better soil. The greater the growth of the root? the more firm will be its hold upon the ground, and the great- er its capacity for drinking in liquid nourishment for the tree. 220. The roots of herbaceous plants take a great variety of forms. Some are tuberous, some fibrous. The tuberous are such as consist of a large axis or body, with small branches ; as in the Beet, Ground-nut, Spring Beauty, and many other biennial plants. 221. Ti\Q fibrous are such as con- sist mostly of fibres, with scarcely any axis ; as in Buttercups, Grass- es. In such cases the axis ceased to grow immediately after ger- mination, and long thread-like ^. „„„ ^ , a ^ -^ ' , ^ Fig. 836. Tuberous and fusiform branches supplied its place. root of Beet. 222. The fihrO-tulerOUS roots ^'^- ^S^- Tuberous and napifonn ^ 1 /> ,1 . root of Turnip. are such as have some of their fibres thickened and fleshy, as seen in the Peony, Dahlia, 216. Please explain the meaning of the term axis. In what two directions does it grow ? 217. What is the twofold purpose of the root? What docs it imbibe ? In what state is this food when imbibed ? 218. What is said of the nature of the root? Wliat are its only proper organs ? What is said of leaves or buds ? 219. Describe the roots of woody plants, and their growth. 220-222. Describe tuberous roots ; fibrous ; fibro-tuberous ; tubercular. 5* 106 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Spirsea. If little tubers here and there are attached to the fibres, the root is tubercular^ as in Squirrel-corn. Fig. 838. Fibro-tuberous root of Peony. Fig. 339. Fibro-tuberous root of Spiraea filipundula. Fig. 340. Fibro-tuberous root ef Mourning Geranium. 223. All these fleshy forms, whether tuberous or fibro-tu- berous, are filled with starchy deposited there in store, for use in the future growth of the plant. Many other forms of roots are described in larger works. LESSON XXVIII. OF THE STEM OR ASCENDING AXIS. 224. TiiK stem tending upward in its growth is often called the ascending: axis. It does not in all cases continue to arise 223. Wliat purpose do fleshy roots serve ? Less. XXVIII. What is the subject of this lesson? THE ASCENDING AXIS 107 Fig. 341. Spotted Prince's Pine, entire plant; the stem is a "leaf-stem." Fig. 342. Diclytra (Z>, cucullana), whole plant; it has a "scale-stem." Ill growing, but often becomes oblique or horizontal. There- fore we have, besides erect sterns^ stems pj'ostrate, procumbe7it, trailing^ when running along flat on the ground, or over bushes, as the Partridge-beny, "White Wintergreen (Fig. S-iS) ; and, also, stems decumbent^ first arising and afterwards re- clining on the ground, as the Poor-man's-weather-glass (Fig. 344). 225. There are, also, siibterranean stems, never arising 224. What of the direction of the growth of stems ? How does the stem of White Wintergreen grow ? How the stem of Anagallis ? 108 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Fig. 343. Tne "White Wintergreen {Chiogenes)\ it has a procumbent stem above the ground at all, but only sending up leaves and flowers with their stalks, as the Tulip. 226. It is the nature of the stem to produce buds, as it is of the root to produce none. At first the stem is itself a bud, and as it grows it bears this bud always at the summit and produces a new bud in the axil of every new leaf. Fig. 344. Poor-man's-weather-glass {A?iagalus) ; it has a decumbent stem. 227. The stem has nodes and intemodes. The joints where the leaves severally come out are the nodes^ and the portion of stem between, the intemodes. In the bud the internodes are quite undeveloped, and the nodes close together ; but as it develops into a regular leaf-stem, the internodes grow, and the nodes with their respective leaves are se]3arated. 228. But in some plants, the nodes only are developed, and the axis never extends itself above ground, and covers itself 325. What of the stem of Tulip ? 226. What the nature of the stem Avith respect to buds ' 227. Please tell us what are nodes and internodes. FORMS OF STEMS. 100 Flg.Uh. Conns of Putty-root (.4/9Zfci/7m): «, of last year ; 6, of the present year. Fig. 346. Scale bulb of White Lily. Fig. 347. Scale bulb of Violet Sorrel {Oxalis vlolacca). with scales instead of leaves. Tims we liave two classes of stems ; namelj, leaf -stems and scale-stems. These figures, one of the delicate Diclytra and the other (Fig. 341) of the Fig. 348. Ehizome of Solomon's Seal: a, fragment of the first year's growth ; J, the pocond year's growth; c, the third year's growth, bearing d, the stem oftho present year, which will leave a scar (the seal), like that of the others. Fig. 349. Premorse rhizome of Trillium. 228. What two classes of stems liave we to consider? "SVliat is the diflfer- ence between them ? To which class does Dicly tra belong ? Prince's Pine ? 110 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. Prince's Pine, make a fine contrast of the two kinds of stems. 229. Several varieties of scale-stems must be distinguished ; as, bulb, corm, rhizome, creeper, tuber, &c. 230. The Tulip, Hyacinth, Onion, Lily, have lulls ; you Bee (Figs. 31:6, 347), they consist of roundish masses of thick scales with a small axis — in fact, an overgrown bud. Th eorm is like it in shape, but has a thick axis with thin scales or none. (Fig. 31:5.) 231. The rhizome^ or root-stock, is a fleshy, underground stem, often scaly and marked with scars, as you see in the Bloodroot, Solomon's Seal (Figs. 348, 349). Fig. 350. Creeper of "Nimble Will," or Witch-grass: a, bud; i, i, bases of the Btems which rise above-ground. 232. Tlie creeper is more slender, much branched, many- jointed and many-scaled, as seen in this figure of the Witch- grass. It sends out rootlets from its joints, and is \qvj tena- cious of life, binding the soil into turf wherever it abounds. 233. The tuler^ such as grows on the underground stems of the Potato-plant, is evidently a stem (not a root), for it al- ways produces buds. 229. Name five sorts of scale-stems. 230. Describe the bulb ; the corm. 231. Tlie rMzome. 232. The creeper. 233. The tuber. FORMS OF STEMS. Ill 234. Of the leaf-stem class we must describe three kinds, the trunk, caulis, and vine. Trunk is the name given to the stems of woody, erect plants, especially of trees. They are tlie rej^resentatives of loftiness and strength, in poetic phrase, lifting their summits to the skies and doing battle with the storm. There are, indeed, few objects in nature possessed of a truer grandeur than the White Pine's trunks of the North- ern forests. 235. Caulis^ is the general name given by botanists to the Vines. Fig. 351. Passion-flower {Passijiora lutea), climbing by tendrils. Fig S52. Morning-glory, twining from left to right. Fig. 353. Hop, twining from right to left. 234. Name, next, three kinds of leaf-stems. Describe the trunk. 235. The caulis. Meaning and use of caulescent? acaulescent? Give ex- amples of each. 112 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. stems of herbs. From this word come two adjectives much used, and quite convenient, viz., caulescent and acaidescent ; the former denoting the presence of stems above-ground, the Latter of only underground stems. Thus the Buttercup is caulescent, while the Pitcher-plant is acaulescent ; the Garden Yiolet or Pansy is caulescent, while the wild Blue Yiolet is acaulescent. 236. Yine, as every one knows, denotes a slender stem, too weak to stand alone, and supporting itself by the aid of other plants or objects. Some vines are woody, some herbaceous. The Hop twines itself around its supporter, turning from right to left, as in Fig. 353, The Morning-glory, also, but it turns from left to right (Fig. 352). Thirdly, the Grape and Passion-flower (Fig. 351) climb by special organs, the tendrils^ of wonderful adaptation, showing their Maker's de- sign more truly than if by an audible voice. 236. Describe tlie vine. What their three varieties ? What is the read- mirable in the tendril ? CLABSIFICATION. 113 LESSON XXIX. PLANTS TO BE ARRANGED IN CLASSES. PLAXT may be studied by itself, as an individual, separate from other plants or oljjects; or it may be considered in its re- lations to other plants, as consti- tuting a part of a system. In this latter view we discover one vast design embracing the innu- merable millions of plants as one kin2:doni, leadinoj ns to adore the wisdom and goodness of him who planned and created the world. For we see that he has not only made each plant with so much loveliness and perfec- tion in itself, but has assigned to each its proper rank in the system, and endowed it with just that nature, habit, and style of beauty, which adapts it to that rank. 238. To study plants as constituting a system, as we now propose to do, is useful in two ways : first, it gives us a larger and truer conception of the Yegetable Kingdom ; and 237. Wliat two modes of studying tlie plant are mentioned ? In tlic sec- ond mode what discovery is made ? 238. In the systematic study of plants what two other advantages? 114 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. secondly, it teaches us how to recognize by name the plants with which we meet, so as to avail ourselves of all that has been recorded concerning the same by botanists before us. 239. Suppose the pupil, in his study, has dropped a single Flax-seed on a lock of cotton floating in water in a bulb- glass. It grows, filling the clear water with its silvery radi- cles, while its stem shoots upwards covered with leaves and finally blooming with flowers. This is an individual plant. He studies its organs, colors, portrait, and carefully writes its history. 240. Meanwhile, other Flax-seeds, by thousands, have been sown in the fields, and fix)m each, also, a plant has arisen. The student finds them in flower, tinging all the plain in ocean blue. I^ow, shall he, as a botanist, repeat his study over each of all these millions ? Certainly not. He finds himself already acquainted with them, for each bears an ex- act resemblance to that which he has already described. His knowledge of one individual Flax-plant, therefore, avails him for each and all the myriads of Flax-plants growing every- where. 241. In this manner we obtain the idea of a Species. Thus, a species of plants consists of many individuals of the same Mnd^ having descended from a common stock, and resem- bling each other and their common parent in every feature. 242. The common Blue Flax, of which linen is made, is a sj^ecies f the wild Yellow Flax is another; and the Purple Flax of the gardens is another. The White Clover is a spe- 239. Can you give us an idea of an individual plant ? 240. Having studied one individual Flax-plant, why do we not need to udy the others ? 241. Please state your idea of a species. i42. Please illustrate your idea of a species. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 115 cles with its progeny of millions of plants ; the Red Clover is another ; the Yellow Clover another ; the Buffalo Clover another. In like manner all the plants of the globe are grouped into species, and this is the first step in classification. 243. The second step carries us to the genus, which we may thus define : A Genus is an assemblage of species which are much alike ; especially in their flowers and fruit. Thus, Flax is a genus made up of the several species mentioned above, and other similar species. Clover is a genus com- posed of 150 species, some of which we have just mentioned. Every one notices the resemblance between White Clover, Hed Clover, &c. Pine is a genus, embracing as sj^ecies White Pine, Yellow Pine, Pitch Pine, Long leaved Pine, and many others. 244. Individuals of the same species may differ somewhat among themselves, and these differences constitute varieties. Thus Apple-trees differ in their fruit, and there are hundreds of varieties although only one species. Poses differ in their form, color, and fragrance of their flowers, forming many va- rieties under each species. Probably no tw^o plants of any species were ever exactly alike. Sameness, or monotony, is not a characteristic of Kature. LESSON XXX. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 245. In attempting to classify and arrange the genera of plants, according to their natural resemblances and differ- 243. Can you now define a genus ? Please illustrate your idea of a genus. 244. What is a variety ? Illustrate your meaning. 116 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. ences, botanists liave formed a system called the Xatm-al Sys- tem. Let us now briefly notice this system of classification. 246. We have already stated that the plants of the globe are all created in species, and that this is the first step in classification. Then, in the second place, the species are grouped into genera. Now the number of species of plants already known is about 100,000, and the genera 20,000. 247. The thh'd step in our system carries us forward to the Natural Ordeks. These are made up of genera. As we as- sociate similar species to form a genus, so we associate similar genera to form the natural orders. The number of orders described in the Natural System is about three hun- dred. For example, the natural order Crucifirge, or the Crucifers, embraces such genera as Mustard, Cress, Cabbage, Turnip, Kadish, Wall-flower, which every one sees to bear resemblance to each other in many respects. 248. How then shall we define a natural order ? It is a group of similar genera ; or, a group of genera closely re- lated to each other. Therefore, individuals form species; species form genera ; genera form orders. But how shall we classify these three hundred orders ? 249. Suppose we take an excursion into the mountains. We walk beneath the forest trees, and among the shrubs. We tread upon the lesser herbs, the matted grasses, and the mosses and lichens which cover the rocks. Everywhere we lee plants, and behold the domain of the vegetable kingdom. 245. What is the subject of this Lesson XXX. ? 246, 247. What is the first step in classification ? the second ? the third ? What number of species known in all the vegetable world ? What number of genera ? of orders ? (Ans. 303.) 248. Define a natural order. Please review these three steps. 249. Show how we may divide the vegetable kingdom. THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 117 Now viewing this as one grand whole, we want to divide it into two subkingdoms. How shall we do it ? 250. Every attentive observer has noticed that some of these plants produce no flowers ; as, e, g.^ the Ferns and Mosses. Let us then take all such plants and consider them as forming one sub-kingdom, viz., the Flowkrless Plants All other plants will of course constitute the other sub-king dom, viz.<, the Flowering Plants. Botanists call the latter the Phaenogamia, and the former, the Cryptogamia (Greek words of the same import). 251. Now these two sub-kingdoms have other distinctions hii^i^o,^ flowering and notfloicering. See the fruit-dots growing on the back of Fern leaves. The microscope shows them to be clusters of hollow cases, and each case lilled with a fine yellow dust. But this dust is not seeds, with v-^'- S embryo, radicle, &c. (Less. 21), but little sacs, ^ ^jr^^l^ containing a fluid, similar to the pollen grains ^^^^'j?^^ (Less. 15). AVe call them Spores. See, also, the '^^/t=sfel. Mushrooms having no leaves, and the Lichens 355 35C 357 853 Some of the Cryptogams. — Fig. 35"). A Fern, showing the fruit dots. Fi'js. 356, "57 85S, are Lichens, some appearing to have stems, and some with no appearance of any 250. Please distinguish the' two subkingdoms. The meaning of Crypto- gamia ? Pha'uoga :2.')1. Wliat about the Spores of Ferns, kcA 118 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. often, also, witliout stems. Hence we may say of the Cryp- togams til at they are not only flowerless^ but seedless^ and often leafless and stemless. 252. We will now dismiss the Cryptogams for the pi-esent, and consider the Flowering Plants (Ph sen ogams), as one sub- kingdom; — how shall this be divided? Every one notices a striking difference between plants with parallel-veined leaves and those with net-veined leaves. The former have their flowers three-parted, while the latter have their flowers two, four, or five-parted, &c., — the former have seeds one-lobed (monocotyledoned. Less. 15), the latter, two-lobed (dicotyle- doned, Less. 15). Let us, then, divide the Phsenogamia into two provinces ; as Natui-e has already done. Fig. 359. Cross-section of an exogenous stem (Elm), of two years growth : 1, the pith; 2, 3, two layers of wood; 4, the bark. Fig. 360. Cross-section of an endoge- nous stem (Corn), sliowing no distinction of layers. 253. We may call these two provinces severally, the Exo- GENS and the Endogens: — two Greek words denoting: outside growers, inside-growers, referring to their modes of growth. 254. l^ow, taking such an Exogen as the Apple-tree, and such an Endogen as the Indian Corn, w^e may distinguish them thus : The Exogen has its wood, if any, arranged in con- centric rings, or layers, as seen in Eig. 360 ; — the outer ring 252. Show how the Flowering Plants are divided. 253. Please give the character of an Exogen ; an Endogen. Meaning of these two words ? THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 119 being the youngest; the leaves net-veinecl ; tlie flowers sel- dom (or never completely) tliree-parted ; and the seeds two- lobed. On the contrar}^ : 255. The Endogen has its wood, if any, confused, the mner portions being tlie newest ; — its leaves parallel-veined ; — its flowers three-parted ; and its seeds oi:e-lobed. LESSON XXXT. MORE ABOUT THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 256. Thus Exogens and Endogens are so clearly defined that yon may know them as far off" as you can see them. The next step in the analysis is, to subdivide each of these provinces. First, as to the Exogens : We know that they generally have pistils in their flowers, with the young seeds (ovules) inclosed in their ovaries. But there are exceptions to this rule. The Pines, Yews, &c., have no pistils at all, or, at least, no stigmas, and produce naked seeds, not inclosed in seed-vessels. Hence, we have two classes of Exogens : the naked-seeded and the vessel-seeded. The botanists call the lat- ter the Angiosperms (Greek, angios, a vessel; sperma, S(3ed) ; and the former, the Gymnospkrms (Greek, gymnos, naked). 257. Secondly, the Endogens : here consider the peculiar forms and flowers of the Grasses. Their flowers are all en- veloped in green, alternate scales, called ghinies^ instead of 254. Is the Lily an Exogen or Endogen ? The Buttercup ? The Maple, &c. ? 25G. What is the next step in the analysis ? State the manner of subdi- viding th3 Exogens. What is the meaning and etymology of the word " Angiospenns T What of Gyranospemis ? Give an example of each. 257. Show the subdivision of the Endogens. What of the Petaliferaet What of the Glumiferoe ? 120 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY. tlie circles of petals common in other flowers. Hence we have a class of Glume-plants and of Glumeless-plants, or, as the botanists saj, Glumifer^ and Petaliferje. Thus we divide all the Flowering Plants into four Classes, viz. : 1. AngiosjKrms I Exogens bearing stigmas and seed-vessels. 2. Gymnosperms ; Exogens with no stigmas, and with naked seeds, as the Pines, Firs, Larches, Cedars, Cypresses, Yews, &c. 3. Petaliferce j Endogens with no glumes and ordinary flowers. 4. GlumifercB ; Endogens with glumes instead of petals, as the Grasses, Sedges, Grains. 258. Again, each of these Classes are to be subdivided into Cohorts, as follows : the Angiosperms are divided (not very naturally) into three cohorts, viz. : 1. The Dialypetalce, or Polypetalous Exogens, having flow- ers with the petals distinct and separate, as in the Buttercup, Pose, Mustard. 2. The Gamopetalce^ having flowers with the petals united into one piece, as in the Phlox, Morning-glory, Foxglove. 3. The Ajpetalm^ having flowers without j^etals, eitlier naked, or -with only one circle of floral envelopes (which must then be considered as sepals, whatever be the color) ; as Gin- ger-root {Asarwn\ Poke {Phytolacca\ and Pig- weed {Ckeno- podium). 4. E'ext, the Gymnosperms are regarded as forming one cohort, called the Conoids^ having the fruit usually in cones. (Less. XXIIL) 258. After tlie classes, wLat is tlie next step in analysis? How are the Angiosperms subdivided ? Please define tlie Polypetalous Exogens ; the Gamopetalous ; the Apetalous. What cohort do the Gymnosperms form ? Why ? What two cohorts do the Petaliferous Endogens form ? Define the fifth cohort. Define the sixth cohort. What cohort do the Glumiferous Endoffens constitute ? THE NATURAL SYSTEM. 121 The Endogenous Petalifera3 are divided into two cohorts, vis. : 5. Tiie SjMdlcifiorcB, having the flowers on a sj)adixj as in the Egyptian CalLa and Jack-in-the-pulpit. 6. The Floridice^ having the flowers separate, not on a spadix, as in Tulip, Gladiolus. 7. The Class Glumiferee constitutes the seventh cohort, under the name Graminoids^ i. e., the Grass-like plants. Six other cohorts are formed from the flowerless plants, but we cannot notice them in this work. 259. Lastly, the cohorts are themselves divided into, or composed of, the Natural Orders, w^hich we defined in Les- son XXX. 260, Table I. Tabular View of the Natural System. Kingdom. Suh-kinqdoms Pi'ovtnce^. Classes. Cohorts. 'Dialypetalous. ^ Gamopetalous, t Anijiospcrms. . ( Apctalous. r Exogcns. . 1 Gymno?penns.=Conoids. \ Spadicifloroj, 1 retalifenx! ( FloridccT. Phainogamia. LEiidogens. ( (Jlumiferaa . . . .=Graminoids. Vegetables. | Cryptogami.'u (Its divisions liero omitted.) 2G1 Table II. Yiew or the Natural System. 1. Flowering Plants. (Next pass to No. 2. ^ PH^NOGAMIA. 1. Flowerless Plants. (Pass to No. 9.) CRYPTOGAMIA 2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never quite 3-partod 3. EXOGEXS. 2. Leaves parallel-veined. Flowers 3-parted 4. ENDOGENS. 8. Stigmas present. Seeds in seed-vessels.. ..5. Angiosperms. 3. Stigmas none, seeds naked. Pines. Spruces, &c.. .6. Gymnosperms. 4. Flowers without glumes, naving petals, *fcc 7. Petaliferae 4. Flowers witn grccn, alternate glumes, no DCtals. ..S GlumiferaB 259. Finally, into what are the cohorts themselves divided? Give us ex- amples of each of all these cohorts. 260 Explain the use of Table I 2G1 Of Table II. * OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTA^^Y. 5. Petals distinct and separate. PoLYPETAL^f: 5. Petals united more or less. Gaiiopetal.e. 5. Petals none. Apetal^. 6. The cone-bearing plants. Cedars, Larches. Conoids 7. Liflorescence a spadix. Spadiciflor^. 7. Inflorescence not a spadix. Floride^. 8. Grass-like plants. GpvAminoids. 9. Siicn as Ferns, Mosses, Lichens, Sea-weeds, Muslirooms all omitted :n this book. (See Class-Book, Chapter XIV. .. 262. Table III. Another View of the Natural System VEGETABLE KINGDOM, divided into two sub-kingdoms, viz.: Suh-lc'mgdom First, PH^NOGAMIA, the Flowering Plants, mchiding Piovince /., the EXOGENS^ or Dicotyledons, including two classes Class 1, the Angiosperms, having three Cohorts, viz. *. Cohort A, PoLYPETALous Exogens Cas Rose worts, &c.) : Cohort Jj, Gamopetalocs Exogens (Phloxworts, &c.'i; and Cohort (7, Apetalous Exogens (Pokeworts, &c.). Class 2, the Gymnosperms, witli one Cohort, viz. : Cohort i>, CoxoiDs, or cone-bearing plants (Pineworts, &c.). Province 11., the ENDOGEXS, or Monocotyledons, two Classes, viz. Class 3, the Petaliferous Endogens, having two Cohorts ; Cohort E, Spadiciflor^ (the Aroids, &c.) ; Cohort F, Floride^ (Lily worts, &c.}. Class 4, the Glumiferous Endogens, one Cohort, viz. : Cohort G, Graminoids (Grasses, Sedges, &e.). Suh-Hngdom Second, CKYPTOGAMIA the Flowerless Plants Province 111. Szc , &c. LESSON XXXII. OF THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 263. To study any subject by the separate examination of thd parts of which it is composed, is a process called analysis. For example, in Grammar, we analyze a sentence when we point out and separately consider the subject, predicate, 262. Of Table III. 2G3. Wliat is the general meaning of analysis ? IllustratB. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. 123 object, &c. In Clicmistiy, we analyze water when we sep- arate its two elements, oxygen and hydrogen, and examine each by itself. 264. In Botany, however, we use the word analysis in a wider sense. It implies not only the separate study of each particular organ composing the plant, but doing all this in connection with certain tables, in order to determine its name and history. 265 This kind of analysis is the constant and delightful pur- suit of the active botanist. Without it, the study of books loses lialf its pleasure and usefidness. The student can acquire a better knowledge of a species by the study of a living specimen, than by memorizing the longest description found in books. 266. During the flowering months, he will often meet with species in blossom which are yet unknown to him. If he is duly interested in his study, he will not fail to seize and analyze each new specimen, and even extend his walk in search of more. In this manner, he may in a few seasons become acquainted with every species in his locality. 267. But we do not expect that all this will be accomplished by our young friends while using as their only text-book this little work. "We only aim now to furnish them with the means of making a fair beginning, so that they may be able, in future seasons, to advance rapidly with the " Class Book," or other works of that rank. 268. In the following pages we present the pupil with numerous tables, designed to conduct our inquiries in every process of botanical analysis ; also accompanied by a plain, miniature Flora, or a partial description of all the flowering plants in the United States. 2G4. What is its signification in botnny? 124 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY 269. Specimens gathered for analysis slionld have flowers in full bloom, full-grown leaves, and also, if possible, the mature fruit. If it be an herb, it is w^ell to have the whole of it, as the root and lower leaves often aiford characters by which the species is known. Suppose yon now have good specimens of some one unknown plant, gathered for analysis, — how will you proceed with them ? 270. We first examine the several parts of the plant, begin- ning with the root and ending with the pistil or ovary, deter- mining the character, of each according to the definitions given in the former lessons. After this, we refer to the table commencing on page 121, entitled, " Review of the Natural System," and read, compare, and decide according to the directions contained in Lesson XXXIII., in order to determine the Natural Order to which the specimen belongs. Having determined the Order, we next turn to that Order, and deter- mine the Genus and Species by means of other similar tables. 271. In examining the specimen, previous to the use of the tables, the first inquiries may be somewhat as follows : As to the plant — whether it be an herb, shrub, or tree. As to the root — whether tuberous, fibrous, or fibro- tuberous. As to the stem — whether a scale-stem or leaf-stem ; bul- bons, rhizome, or erect, &c. As to the leaves — whether alternate or opposite; parallel- veined or net-veined ; Avhether the figure be ovate, lanceo- late, oblong, &c. 269. Wliat kinds of specimens are to be preferred for analysis ? 270. Please state the first thing to he done with them. After you have found the Order, what then ? 271. What special care should be taken? As to character, what do we inquire concerning plants? What concerning the root? the stem? the leaves ? the stipules ? What concerning the flowers ? the calyx ? the corol la? stamens? What concerning the pistil or fruit? USE OF THE ANALYTICAL TABLES. 125 As to stipules — wlietlier present or absent. As to tlie flowers — whether symmetrical or nnsymmetrical ; regular or irregular; whether the calyx be free or adherent; the petals, whether distinct or united; tlie stamens, whether hypogynous or perigynous, whether opposite to the petals or alternate with them. As to the pistil and fruit, — wdiether the carpels be more than one, and whether distinct or united. (See Lesson XYIIL) LESSON XXXIII. HOW TO ANALYZE A PLANT BY THE TABLES. 272. Our readers are already informed that the Flora which accompanies these instructions is not intended to make them acquainted with the plants of the country, but simply to teach the pupil how to analyze. Hence they will not expect to find in it any thing like a full account of all our flora, but a few plain exercises by which they may trace every flowering plant in the country to its Natural Order, about one in every two to its Genus, and about one in every five to its Species. In conducting an exercise in this Flora with a class of pupils who have well studied the former part of the work, some method like the following would be inter- esting and profitable. 273. Suppose the class present, and each furnished with a spe- cimen of some one unknown species, both in flower and fruit. Teaclier. Are you all ready? Turn to the Flora and let us find out to- gether the family relations and the names of this fine plant. Wo will commence at the "Analysis of the Natural Orders" (page 132), and read the first pair of lines, which \vc will call a couplet. 126 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY John {reads). "Plants bearing flowers (Plitenogamia). " Plants not bearing flowers (Cryptogaraia)." Teacher. To w^hich of these sub-kingdoms does your specimen belong? John. To the flowering plants, for it has both flowers and fruit. Teacher. Now tell us to which couplet we shall next pass. Joh^n. To the second. Teacher. Very well. Edward, you may read and determine the second couplet in the same manner. Edward. " Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely three-parted. "Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net- veined). Flowers three-parted." This specimen seems to answer to the first line, having net-veined leaves and five-parted flowers. It is, then, an Exogen. Pass to No. 3. Teacher. Now let it pass along, and if a wrong decision is made, let the observer signify it by raising his hand. Sarah. " Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels. " Stigmas none. Seeds naked." These flowers have pistils and stig- mas. I think it is an Angiosperm. Pass to No. 5. Eliza. " Corolla with distinct petals. " Corolla with united petals. " Corolla none ; sepals sometimes none." My specimen has five distinct petals, and five sepals. It is therefore Folypetalous. Pass over to A. Jane. "Herbs. "Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs." This plant is an herb. Pass on to No. 2. Mary. "Leaves alternate or all radical. "Leaves opposite, on the stem." The leaves of the stem are alternate, but many are radical. Pass to No. 15. Louisa. "Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. "Flowers irregular," &c. I do not remember the legume. (Several hands are raised.) Teacher. Edward will define a legume. Edward. A legume, sir, is a fruit like a pea-pod. Teacher. Can Mary improve this definition ? Mary. The legume is a simple, or one-carpeled fruit, with two valves and one cell. Louisa. But this plant has regular flowers, in any case. See No. 17. Nancy. " Stamens numerous." &c. I count more than twenty stamens liere. Turn to No. 21. HOW TO ANALYZE. 127 Lucy. "Stamens on the torus," &c. I tliiiik they are on the torus, and not on the calyx. Next to No. 22. Emily. "Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles). "Pistils (styles, also, if any), completely united." I see many little green pistils, quite distinct, in the centre of the flower. Go to No. 23. Caroline. "Petals five or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate," &c. This flower has five petals, hut I do not know whether they are deciduous or not. Teacher. Will some of you relieve Caroline's douhts? Emily. I think they are deciduous, for they have already fallen oflf from several of my flowers. Teacher. True. Then what is Caroline's decision? Caroline. I suppose, then, that the plant helongs to the "Order of the Crowfoots," which is the first natural order. Teacher. Well done. This brings us to the order of which our plant seems to be a member. Let us now turn to that order and learn the genus of the plant. But before we look into the " Analysis of the Gen- era," we should carefully compare our plant with the characters of the order, so that we may be sure that we have not erred in our conclusion. John will read aloud these characters, and the class will consider whether their specimens answer to each. John {reads). "Herbs, rarely shrubs, with a colorless, acrid juice" (&c., to the end). Teacher. Since we are now confident that we have a plant belonging to the order of the Crowfoots, let us commence the "Analysis of the Genera." Edward, the first couplet. Edward. "Sepals four, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. "Sepals imbricate in the bud." The sepals are imbricate. No. 2. Sarah. " Ovaries one-seeded, achenia in fruit. " Ovaries with two or more seeds." I find one seed in each ovary, — indeed, the ovary is itself like a little seed. Pass to No. 3. Eliza {after reading the couplet). The greenish sepals are quite diflfor- ent from the yellow petals. Go to the triplet marked d. Jane {after reading the three lines). As this plant has leaves on tho stem, and a little scale with honey at the base of each petal, I must pro- nounce it a Crowfoot, genus No. 4. Teacher. Wc now turn to that genus (page 147), and read its character for the sake of confirmation and a better knowledge. 128 OBJEr-T LESSONS IN BOTANY Mary (rends the character of tlie genns Raimnculus aloud). Teacher. Wc are now ready for the analysis of the species. Mary is next. Mary. " Petals yellow. Seeds (carpels) rough with prickles. Flowers small. South " Petals yellow, seeds smooth and even "Petals white (claws yellow). Seeds wrinkled crosswise." This spe cimen has smooth seeds and yellow petals. Pass to a. Louisa. " Leaves more or less divided," &c. This second line of the triplet describes the plant. Pass on to h. Nancy. " Root leaves neither divided nor cleft, merely crenate. "Lower leaves three-cleft, but not divided to the base. "Leaves all ternately divided and much cleft." Pas^ to c. Lucy. " Sepals reflexed in flower. Plants erect. " Sepals si)reading in flower, shorter than the petals." The sepals are reflexed. Ptcad Nos. 14, 15. Emily., after reading both descriptions, finally concludes that she holds in her hand a specimen of the Bulbous Crowfoot, or llanunculus bulbosus, in which conclusion all concur. LESSON XXX LV VARIOUS SUGGESTIONS AND CAUTIONS. 274. The work of analysis is often attended with difficul ties which severely try the skill and perseverance of the young botanist. So it often is in the stndy of Algebra, or of Logic ; indeed, in nearly every valuable branch of learning His decisions may be wrong through a w^ant of a thorough acquaintance with botanical terms, or through his ignorance of the real characters of his specimens. Of course his success will always be in proportion to the accuracy of his knowl edge, — here, as well as in all other pursuits. 274. Mention two sources of error in the analysis of plants DIFFICULTIES IN ANALYSIS. 129 275. But tlie minuteness of tlie organs or parts to be studied is often discouraging even to the accurate student, much more to the careless one. To overcome this, skill in dissection and a dauntless courage in observation are indis- pensable. Moreover, there is often much ambiguity in the nature of the subject. For example, whether the Geraniums are herbs or shrubs ; whether the flowers of Petunia are reg- ular or irregular; whether the Pear leaf is ovate or oval, &c. Experience will at length diminish this difficulty. 276. The exact limits between the classes, the cohorts, &c., are not always easily defined. For example, is Trillium an Exogen or an Endogen ? Its netted leaves indicate the for- mer, but its flowers being three-parted throughout, and its seeds with one cotyledon, prove it to be an Endogen. Again, is Spring Beauty an Exogen or an Endogen? Its leaves seem, at flrst, parallel-veined, but as its flowers are five-parted it is an Exogen. 277. Angiosperms will be readily distinguished from Gym- nosperms, if we remember that almost all the latter are ever- green trees, like the Pines, Cedars, Larches, &q. 278. The industrions student will very soon find himself so well acquainted with the difi*erent characters of the cohorts that he will in analysis refer his plant at once to its right cohort, without consulting the previous parts of the table. This is desirable; and a thorough acquaintance with the 275. What of tlie minuteness of the organs of some plants ? What of tlie ambiguity of the plants themselves ? What ^viIl soon diminish this diffi- culty ? Mention examples of this ambiguity. 276. Arc tlie limits of the classes, cohorts, genera, &c., always clear? IIow do we know that the Trillium is an Endogen ? that Spring Beauty is an Exogen ? 277. How may the Gymnosperms be quickly distinguished ? 6* 130 OBJECT LESSONS IN BOTANY characters of the five great orders following will prove a great saving of time and trouble. 279. The Ckucifeks are herbs with alternate leaves, cruci- form flowers (§ 87), two stamens shorter than the other four, and two-celled pods. Example, Mustard. 280. The Peaworts are plants with one-celled pods, mostly papilionaceous flowers and compound leaves. Examples, Pea, Bean. 281. The Umbellifeks have alternate leaves, small, regular, five parted flowers, in umbels, and two-seeded fruit. Cara- way 282. The Asterworts are herbs with compound flow^ers, that is, with heads composed of many little fi.ve-parted flow- ers appearing together Uke a single flower. Asters, Sun- flower. 283. The Labiates are herbs with square stems, opposite 'eaves, labiate flowers, and fruit deeply cleft into four parts. Peppermint. Among Endogens we select two or three orders. 284. The Orchids. Herbs with very irregular and gro- tesque flowers, and stamens united to the style. Orchis. 285. The Sedges. Herbs with solid stems ; linear, grass- like leaves (if any), on entire sheaths ; and wdth green glumes and flowers. 286. The Grasses. Herbs with hollow stems, linear leaves on split sheaths, and with green glumes and flowers. 279. Define the Crucifers 280. Tlie Peaworts 281. Tlie Umbellifers. 282. The Asterworts. 283. The Labiates. 284. Define also the Orchids. 285. The Sedges. 286 The Grasses. , ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS, Often used in Descriptive Botany. ach.^ aoheii'.a, (RAf., {estivation. alter. ^ alternate. anth., anther. axilL, axillary. c, conniion. cal., calyx. oa/7.«., capsule. cor., corolla. decld., deciduous. dicnn., diameter. etmu-y., cmarginate. f. or/L, feet. Jil., filament. Jl., flower; ^*\, flowers. ./>., fruit. '/id., head; hds., heads. h//p., hypojrynous. itnbr., imbricate. inf., inferior. ihVoL, involucre. irreg., irregular. leg., legume. If., leaf; Ivs., leaves. Ifts., leaflets. oi-a., ovary. pet., petals. r., rare, uncommon. recp., receptacle. reg., regular. rliiz., rhizome rb., root. sds., seeds. seg., segments. Sep., sepals. St., stem. sta., stamens. stig., stigmas. sty.^ styles. Apr., April. Aug., August. Dec, December. Ftb., February. Jan., January. JL, July. Jn., June. J/ar., March. Nov.., November. Oct.., October. Sept.^ September. N., Northern, that is, the northern portions of the United States. N.-E., New England, or the Northeastern States. N.- W., the Nonhwestern States. E., the Eastern, or the Atlantic States. W., the Western, or the States bordering on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. M., tlie Middle States or portions of the United States. S., the Southern States. S.-E., the Southeastern States, and S.- JT., the Southwestern States. N. Y., New York. Mass., Massachusetts. Fa., Pennsylvania, &c. f. (with or without the period), a foot. ' (a single accent) denotes an inch (a twelfth of 1 foot). ''' (a double accent) a second, a line (a twelfth of an inch). 0 An annual plant. § (placed after), a naturalized plant, t (placed after), cultivated for ornament. X (placed after), cultivated for use. 00 Indefinite or numerous. 5 A staminate flower or plant. 0 A biennial plant. If A perennial plant. ^ A plant with a woody stem. $ A pistillate flower or plant. 5 A perfect flower, or a plant beanng perfect flowers. § Monoecious, or a plant beanng staminate and pistillate flowers. $ ,5 Dioecious; pistillate and staminate flowers on separate plants. $ 5 ^ Polygamous; the same species, with pistillate, perfect, and staminate fls, 0 (a cipher) signifies wanting or none, as, " Petals 0." 132 LESSONS IN BOTANY ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS, Being a Key for the ready determination of any plant, native or cultivated, growing icithin any State cast of the Mississippi river, or bordering on, its western shore. Note.— A star (*) prefixed to the name of the Order, denotes that tl\at Order, -with its genera and species, is described in its place in tlie Flora. The Orders net tliu-s marked are not noticed in tlic Flora beyond this Table, Tlie Orders are here nunibored lo correspond with the " Class Book of Botany." CI. ASSES AND COHORTS ] Floweriug rimits ... 2. Sub-Tctngdovi, I'll J^:N0GAMIA. 1 Flowerless Plants.. ..Fevus, Mosses, Lichens, Mushrooms, Sea- weeds, tfcc. (not further noticed here). Sub-kijigdom, C.liYrTOGAMIA. 2. Leaves net-veined. Flowers never completely 3-parted ...3. EXOGENS. 2. Leaves parallel-veined (rarely net veined). Flowers 3-parted 4. ENDOGENS. 3. Stigmas present. Seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel 5. Angiosperms. 3. Stigmas none. Seeds naked (Fines, Spruces, &c.). . .0. GTmnosperms. 4. Flowers without glumes, colored or green 7. Petaliferee 4. Flowers with green, alternate glumes, no perianth 8. Glumiferae 5. Corolla with distinct petals A. Cohort 1. Polypetalous. 5. Corolla with imited petals B. Cohort 2. Gamopetalous. 5. Corolla none. Sepals sometimes none. .C. Cohorts. Apetalous. 6. The cone-fruited plants (same asGymuospenus). .!>. Cohort 4. Conoids. 7. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete E. Cohort 5. Spadicifloe^. 7. Fls. complete, perianth double. No spadix.. P. Cohorts. FLouiDEiB. 8. The grass-like plants (same as Glumiferre). .G. Cohort 1. Graminoid» A Orders of the Polypetalous Exogens 1. Herbs 2. L Shrubs, trees, or undershrubs. .3. 2. Leaves alternate or all radical lo. 2. Leaves opposite on the stem 11. 3. Flowers regular or nearly so. . . .4. 3. Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume, § ISO) . .57 4. Stamens 3 times as many as the petals, or more. . . 5. 4. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer. . 7. 5. Leaves opposite 60. 6. Loaves alternate. . C. ANALYSIS OF THE OUDERS 133 6. St.iincn.s on tlic torus or on tlie liypogyiiotifl (§ 83) petals... 63. 6. Stamens and petals on the calyx tube (perigynons, § 83).. .68. 7. Ovaries simple, distinct or one only. Vines or erect shrubs 69. 7. Ovary compound.. . .8. 8. Ovary inferior,— wholly adherent to the calyx 70. 9. Ovary superior,— free from the calyx, or nearly free 9. 9. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number 72. 9, Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a different number.... 10 10. Leaves opposite on the stem 73. 10. Leaves alternate, compound 76. 10. Leaves alternate, simple 78. 11. Stamens 8 times as many as the petals, or more. . . .47. 11. Stamens 1 or 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer 12 12. Pistils distinct and simple, few or one only 48. 12. Pistils united into a compound ovary. . . .13. 13. Ovary free from the calyx. . .14. 13. Ovary adherent to the calyx. ..49. 14. Stamens opposite to the petals, and of the same number 51. 14. Stamens alternate with the petals, or of a greater number 52. 15. Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. . . .17. 15. Flowers irregular (rarely regular), and the fruit a legume.. 16 16. Stamens 3 or more times as many as the petals 42. 16. Stamens few and definite, 5-12. . . .43, 17. Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as many as the petals. . . .21. 17. Stamens few and definite 18. 18. Ovary free from the calyx, — superior. . . 19. 18. Ovary adherent to the calyx, — inferior 39. 19. Pistils one or indefinite (1-15), distinct, simple. . ,30. 19. Pistils definite in number, as follows, viz 20, 20. Carpels (or pistils) 2, united, the short styles icombmed nito 1 ... .81 20. Carpels 3 or 4, united, the styles or stigmas 3, or 4, or 6 32. 20. Carpels 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles 37. 20. Carpels 5, united, and the styles combined into 1. .38. 21. Stamens on the torus (hypogynous) 22. 21. Stamens situated on the corolla at base. . . .27. 21. Stamens situated on the calyx at the base. . . .28. 22. Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styies) ... 23. 22. Pistils (and styles also, if any) completely united 24. 23. Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate. Order of the * Croic/oots. 7 23. Petals 3, persistent and withering. Floating leaves peltate. Water-shields. 7 23. Petals many, deciduous. Leaves all peltate. * Water- beans. 8 24. Sepals 2 only 26. 24. Sepals 4, 5, or 6, niostiy 5 ...25 134 LESSONS IN BOTANY 25. Petals numerous, imbricate in the bud. 25. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Leaves tubular. 25. Petals 5, convolute in bud. Flowers of 2 sorts 26. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. 26. Petals 4, usually crumpled in bud. 27. Filaments united into a tube. Anthers 1-celled Sepals 2, persistent. Fruit a pyxis (§ 178). Sepals 3 to 5 29. 29. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit a long pod. South 20. Petals imbricate in bud. Fruit not a pod. 29. Petals convolute in bud. Fruit compound. Stamens opposite to the imbricated petals. Pistil one. Stamens alternate with the petals, or more numerous. 31. Stamens 6 (tetradynamous, § 108). Pods 2-celled. 31. Stamens 4, or 8-12. Pod 1-celled. Sepals and petals in 3's. Stamens 6. Small herbs. Sepals and petals in 4's. Stamens 8. Climbing. Sepals and petals in 5's 33. 33. Stamens definitely 5 34. 33. Stamens indefinite, 3-30 36 34, 34 * Water Lilies. 9 * Water-pitchers. 10 s. Kock-roses. 17 * Purselanes. 22 * Poppyworts. 11 * Mallows. 24 * Purselanes. 22 1. Lmdenh looms. 26 * Rose^n'ts. 47 Loasads. 53 * Berherids. 6 * Croivfoots. 1 * Crucifers. 13 Capparids. 14 Limnanths. 36 * Indian Soap worts. 41 Stems climbmg. Passion worts. 57 89. Stamens monadelphou? Stamens distinct 35. 35. Stem climbing. Flowers greenish. (Mexican tine.) Order 35. Stem erect. Flowers yellow. Turnerworts. 35. Stem erect. Flowers cyanic. * Sundews. 86. Flowers perfect, very many and small. Rock-roses. 36. Fls. monoecious. Plants woolly, scurfy, or downy. Order 37. Stamens 5, alternate with the 5 petals. Seeds many. * Flaxworts. 37. Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1. {Leadwo7'ts.) Order 87. Stamens 10 (twice as many as the petals), united at base. * Wood-sorrels. 37. Stamens 6-24 (twice as many as the petals), distinct. 38. Ovary 1-celled. Leaves radical, spinous. S. 38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves mostly radical, dotless. 38. Ovary 3-5-celled. Leaves cauline, dotted, pinnate. Style Ij but the carpels (§124)as many as the petals (2-6). Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals 40. Styles 3-5 41. 40. Seeds several. 40. Seeds two only. 41. Sepals 2, with 5 petals. 41. Sepals as many as the petals. 42. Ovaries many or few, rarely 1, always simple. 42. Ovary compound, 8-carpeled, open before ripe. " Houseleeks. * Sundews. * Order Rucworts. * Onagrads. * Saxifrages. *■ Ifmhelworls. * Purselanes. Araliads. * Crowfoots. Mignonettes. 104 56 19 17 112 30 80 32 60 19 73 37 52 ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 135 43. Sepals fewer or more in luuuber tlinn the petals. . . .44. 43. Sepals and petals each oftlie same number 45. 44. Sepals 2 (or vanished) ; petals 4 (2 pairs), with 1 or 2 spurs. * Fumcivorts. 12 44, Sepals 4, petals 2; tlie largest sepal spurred behind. * Jewelweeds. 34 44. Sepals 5, petals 3. No spur. * Milkworts. 45 45. Flowers 4-parted, not very irregular. No spur. Cappuiids. 14 45. Flowers 5-parted 46. 46. Stamens 8. Spur slender. Iropkyworts. 35 46. Stamens 5. Spur blunt, or none. * Violets. 16 46. Stamens 10 (or more). Fruit a legume. No spur. * Peaworts. 46 47. Pistils many, entirely distinet, simple. * Crowfoots. 1 47. Pistils 3 to 5, united more or less completely. * St. Johnsworts. 18 47. Pistils 5 to 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. Ice-plants. 23 48. Pistil only 1, simple. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18. * Berberids. 6 48. Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. *Houseleeks. 60 48. Pistils 2, covered up by the stamens Juice milky. * Order 97 49. Carpels as many as the sepals 49" 49. Carpels fewer tiian the sepals. . .50.- 49C Anthers opening at the top. Melastomes, oQ 49." Anthers opening along the side. * Onagrads. 59 50. Seeds numerous. Styles 2. * Saxifrages. 61 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Styles 2 or 3. Araliads. 64 50. Seed 1 in each cell. Style 1 (double). * Cornels. 6a 51. Style 3-cleft at the summit. * Furselane^. 23 51 Style and stigma 1, undivided. * 07'der 78 52. Leaves pinnate, with stipules between the petioles. Bean-capers. 33 52. Leaves simple, toothed or lobed. . . .53. 52. Leaves simple, entire. . . .54. 53. Flowers cruciform, with 6 stamens. * Oniclfcrs. 13 53. Flowers 5-parted, with 10 stamens. * Geraniums. 31 54. Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx. Loosestrifes. 51 54. Petals on the torus (hypogynous) ... .55. 55. Flowers irregular, unsymmetrical (§ 110). * Milkworts. 4i 55. Flowers regular, 2 (or 3)-parted throughout. Water-peppers. 20 55. Flowers regular, 5-parted 56. 56. Leaves dotted with pellucid or black dots. *St. Johnsworts. 18 56. Leaves not dotted. * Pinkworts. 21 57. I'lstil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10-100. * Peaworts. 46 57. Pistil compound, 3-carpeled 5S. 57 Pistil compound, 5-carpeled.. . .59. 58. Flowers perfect. Leaves digitate. * Buckeyes. 41 58 Flowers moncecions (§ 109). Leaves 1-sided. Cultivated. Begoniad^. 59 59. Stipules present. Plants halt-shrubby. Cultivated. * Geraniums. 81 59. Stipules none. Shrubs or half-slirubs. Native. * Order 73 136 LESSON t5 IN BOTANY 63. St. Johntworts. 18 .65. South. ...66. Erect shrubs. Calycanths. Loose-strifes. Myrtlehlooms. * Saxifrages. * Mallows. Silh-cottons. Papaivs. Magnoliads. Moonseeds. Orangeivorts. Lindenblooms. Stamens on the torus, in several sets. Loaves dotted. Stamens on the calyx (perigynous, § 83) 61. 61. Ovaries many, free, but inclosed. 61. Ovary compound, free in the bell-shaped calyx. 61. Ovary compound, adherent to the calyx. . . .62. 62. Leaves with a marginal vein. 62. Leaves with no marginal vein. Petals imbricate or vaivate in the bud. . Petais convolute in the bud 64. 64. Anthers 1-celIed, turned inwards. 64. Anthers 2-cened, turned outwards. 65. Ovaries distinct, many or few. 65. Ovaiy compound 67. 60. Petals 6, vaivate (§ 129). C6. Petals 3-9, imbricate. Trees or erect shrubs. 66. Petals 6-9, imbricate. Climbing shrubs. 67. Leaves dotted with pellucid dots. 67. Leaves dotless. Sepals vaivate. Fls. small. Lindenblooms. 26 67. Leaves dotless. Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. Teaworts. 27 68. Style 1, with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs ^ Vrc^i). Indian Figs. 54 68. Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. * Hosavorts. 47 69. Pistils many, spicate on the slender torus. Climbers. Schizands. 4 69. Pistils 2-6, capitate on the short torus. Climbers. Moonseeds. 5 69. Pistil 1 only. Stamens opposite the petals. * Berbends. 6 70. Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens. * Onagrads. 52 70. Flowers 4-parted, with 4 stamens. * Cornels. 65 70. Flowers 5-parted, with 5, 10, or many stamens 71. 71. Ovary 5-carpeled, 5-styled. A?'aliads. 64 71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves palmate-veined. * Currants. 55 71. Ovary 2-carpeled. Leaves pinnate-veined. * Saxifrages. 61 72. Leaves opposite. Stem climbing by tendrils. Vinewort^. 44 72. Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils. Buckthorns. 43 73. Carpels 3-5.... 74. 73. Carpels 1 or 2 75. 74. Styles short. Leaves simple. Staff-trees. 42 74. Styles long and slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate. * Soajoworts. 41 75. Styles 2, slender. Samara double. * Mapleworts. 40 75. Style 1, short. (Drupe, or single samara.) ^ Order 99 76. Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bi-pinnate. Pridc-of- India. 29 76. Filaments 5, distinct 77. 77. Leaves pellucid-punctate. Bneworts. 37 77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary S-carpeled, 1-seeded. Sumacs. 38 77. Leaves not dotted. Ovary 3-carpeled, 3 seeded. * Soaj>worts. 41 ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS i;;' 78. Petals 4, yellow. Witch-hazeh 62 78. Petals 4-7, cyanic 70. 79. Fruit becoming fleshy drupes SO. 79. Fruit becoming dry capsules 81. 80. Stigmas 3, but tho drupe is 1-seeded. Sumach. .38 SO. Stigmas 4-6, and the drupe 4-G-secdcd. {IMly worts.) Order 74 81. Capsule 3-seeded. Seed with a scarlet aril. Staff-trees. 42 81. Capsule 2 or 3-scedcd, seed not ariled. § 8. * Order 73 81. Capsule many-seeded. § 2. * Ord. 73, and Fittospores. 39 B. Gamopetal^e, or Monopetalous Exogexs 1. Stamens (6-100) more numerous than the lobes of the corolla S. 1. Stamens (2-12) fewer than the corolla lobes, or of the same number.... 2. 2. Ovary adherent to the calyx tube, that is, inferior.... 3. 2. Ovary free from the calyx tube, that is, superior.. ..4 3. Stamens cohering by their anthers 11. 3. Stamens entirely distinct 12. 4. Flowers regular 5. 4. Flowers irregular 28. r>. Stamens as many as the petals 6. 5. Stamens 2, fewer than the petais 26. 6. Stamens oppo^^ite to the lobes of the corolla (and free).. .U. 6. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla (rarely connate).. ..7. 7. Shrubs, trees, with the stigmas or carpels 3 to 6... 15. 7. Herbs 1-10-carpeled, or shrubs 2-carpeled 16. 8. Stamens 6, united below into 2 equal sets. Herbs. * Order 12 8. Stamens 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. * Order 46 8, Stamens many, united into an entire tube around the styles. * Order 24 8. Stamens many, united only at the base into 1 or 5 sets.'. . .9. 8. Stamens entirely distinct 10. 9. Calyx of 5 leafy, imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. ( Teaworts. ) Order 27 9. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, or truncate. Shrubs, trees. .%;m-amE. 75 10. Stamens 8 or 10. Flowers all perfect. * Ileatha-orts. 73 10. Stamens 8 or 16. Fls. not all perfect (dioecious). Persimmons. 76 11. Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre. * Asterworts. 70 11. Flo- ers separate, irregular, perfect. Plants erect. * Lobeliads. 71 11. Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. (Cticurhils.) Order 58 12. Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. * Bellworis. 72 12. Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or verticiUate. * Maddencorts', 1 2. Leaves opposite. Stipules none 13 13. Stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 2-5-celled. * Uoneysuckles. 67 66 18. Stamens 2 or 3. Ovary 1-celled, 1-secdcd. VaUrians. 68 13. Stamens 4. Ovary 1-ccllcd, 1-seeded. Jlazelwort^. 69 138 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 14. Herbs. Ovary with 5 styles and but 1 seed. 14. Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds. 14. Shrubs, trees. Ovary 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-seeded. 15. Style none. Drupe 4-6-seeded. 15. Style one. Drupe 4-seeded. 15. Style one. Capsule 3-5-celled, many-seeded. 16. Ovary 1, deeply 4-parted or 4-partible, forming 4 achenia. ■* 16. Ovaries 2, distinct, often covered by the stamens 18. 16. Ovary 1, compound 17. 17. Ovary 1-celled 20. 17. Ovary 2-6-celled.... 22. 18. Stigmas united or connate. . .19. 18. Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow 19. Elower-bud with convolute pieces. 19. Flower-bud with valvate pieces. 20. Seeds several 21. 20. Seed one. Corolla limb entire. 21. Leaves cleft and lobed. Leadu oris. 80 * Primworts. 78 Soapworts. 77 EollyworU. 74 Vervains. 88 * Ileathivorts. 73 Borrageworts. 90 * Bindweeds. * Dogbanes. * Ascleplads. * Order * Hydrophylls. 21. Lvs. or Ifts. entire. Fls. not spicate. Gentiamcorts. 21. Leaves entire. Flowers spicate. Elhivor's. 22. Leaves opposite .... 23. 22. Leaves alternate .... 24. 23. Ovary 2-celled. * Loganiads. 23. Ovary 3-celled. Plants not twining » 2K Ovary 3-celled. Plants not twining. } * Pl^^'^^^^^'i^- 24. Ovary 2-celled, 2-6-seeded. Twining * Bindweeds. 24. Ovary 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stem erect,. * Borrageworts. 24. Ovary 2-celled, many-seeded 25. 25. Styles 2. * Hydrophylls. 25. Style one. * Nightshades. 26. Herbs. Corolla 4-partcd, dry, scarious. Ribworts. 26. Shrubs.... 27. 27. Corolla 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Jasmineworts. 27. Corolla 4-parted, valvate or none. * OUveworts. 28. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. . . .29. 28. Ovary entire, of one piece 30. 29. Leaves opposite. Stems square. * Labiates. 29, Leaves alternate. Stems round. * Borrageworts. 30. Ovary with 4 or fewer seeds. Leaves opposite. Vervains. SO. Ovary with many seeds, or more than 4 31. 31 . Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. * Bignoniads. 31. Trees, Seeds wingless. * Paulownia , \n Order 81, Erect shrubs. Seeds wingless, * Ileathwurts. 81, Herbs o'l. 93 96 97 101 91 25 79 ANALYSIS OF THE ORDERS 139 32. Leatlcss and without verdure. 32. Leaves only at base. Fls. spurred. 82. Leafy 33. Fruit 4 or 5-celled. 88. Fruit 2-celled.... 34. 84. Corolla convolute in bud. 84. Corolla imbricate in bud. 84. Corolla plicate in bud. Broomrapes. Butterworts. Pedaliads. Acardhs. * Figivoi-ts. Nightshades. 94 C. Orders of the Apetalous Exogens. Plants heibaceous, the flowers not in aments (except in the Hop, 115) 2. Plants woody,— shrubs or trees 22. 2. Flowers with a regular calyx or calyx-like involucre 3. 2. Flowers naked, having neither calyx nor corolla. . . .20. 3. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire... 3. Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes inclosing it 4. 4. Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, 1-seeded. * Order 4. Ovary one only, simple or compound 5. 5. Style or stigma one only 6. 5. Styles or stigmas 2-12. . . .7. 6. Ovary 1-ovuled, bearing but one seed 11. 6. Ovary raany-ovuled, bearing many seeds. . . .12. 7. Ovary 1-3-ovuled, 1-3-seeded 13. 7. Ovary 4-oo-ovuled, 4-oo-seeded....l7. Stamens 1-12, as many or twice as many as the stigmas.. . .9. Stamens 2-10, not symmetrical with the 1 or 2 stigmas.. ..10. 9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 1-4. 9. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. 10. Ovary many-seeded. Styles 2. 10. Ovary 1 or 2-seeded. Style 1. 11. Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed. Stamens 1-4. 11. Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored, 11. Flowers imperfect. Calyx lobed, green. 12. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals. 12. Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals. 18. Fruit 3-6-seeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas. Spurgeworts. 112 13. Fruit 1-seeded.... 14. 14. Stipules sheathing the stems.. * Knot-grasses. 102 14. Stipules none.. ..15. 15. Calyx with scarious bracts outside. Amaranths. 15. Calyx double. Climbing. Mexican Vine. 15. Calyx naked 16. IG. Leaves alternate. Goosefoot$. 105 16. Leaves opposite. § 3. * Order 21 * Order 52 * Birthu'orts. 100 * Order 61 Sandalworts. 103 * Order 47 lored. * Marvelworts. 101 Nettlewurts. 115 {Loosestrifes.) Order 51 * Order 78 106 104 140 LESSONS IN BOTANY * Order 23 * Order 21 * Order 60 * PoTceweeds. 103 Amaranths. lOS * Order 131 Lizard-tails. 123 Starworts. 12i Threadfoots. 125 Hornwovts. 126 17. Leaves opposite 18, 17. Leaves alternate 19. 18. Fruit a pyxis, opening by a lid. 18. Fruit a capsule, opening by 4 or 5 valves. 19. Fruit a capsule, 5-cellcd, 5-liorned. 19. Fruit a fleshy, 4-oo-seeded berry. 19. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, opening by a lid. 20. Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. 20. Flowers in a long, naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7. 20. Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Water-plants.. ..21. 21. Stamen 1. Leaves opposite. 21. Stamens 2. Leaves alternate, dissected. 21. Stamens 12-2-4. Leaves whorled, dissected. 22. Flowers, none of them in aments 23. 22. Flowers (imperfect), the sterile only in aments.... 34. 22. Flowers (imperfect), both the sterile and the fertile in aments. . .35. 23. Leaves opposite 24. 23. Leaves alternate 27. 24. Stamens 2. * Order 99 24. Stamens 3. Parasites. Mistletoe — Lor anths. 108 24. Stamens 4-9 25. 25. Fruit a double, 2-winged samara. * Order 40 25. Fruit not winged 26. 26. Seeds 6. Low shrubs. Box. Spurgeworts. 112 26. Seed 1. Shrubs. Oleasters. Ill 27. Style or stigma 1. Seed 1 28. 27. Styles or stigmas 2 31. 27. Styles or stigmas 3-9 32. 28. Calyx free from the ovary. . . .29. 28. Calyx adherent to the ovary 30 29. Anthers opening by valves. * Laurels. 107 29. Anthers opening by slits. Daphnads. 11(? SO. Seeds 2-4. Shrubs. ^andalworts. 109 80. Seed 1. Trees. * Order 65 31. Stamens numerous. * Order 62 31. Stamens as many as the calyx lobes. Uhmvorts. 113 32. Leaves pinnate. Pistils 5. {Prickcy Ash.) Order 37 82. Leaves simple, linear, evergreen. Crowberries. 116 32. Leaves simple, not linear 33. 33. Flowers 3- parted. Fruit dry. {StiUingia.) Spurgeworts. 112 83. Flowers 4 or 5-parted, Fruit fleshy. {Buckthorns.) Order 43 34. Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple. * Mastworts. 119 84. Nut naked, a tryma (§ 172). Leaves pinnate. Eichory worts. 118 ANALYSIS OF THE OKDEKS Ul 85. Fruit flesliy, compound. Juice (sup) milky. Aitocarps 114 85. Fruit dry (except in Myrica, 121). Sap watery 30. 36. Aments globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled. (Z«jwit/amiar.) Order 36. Aments globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celled. Sycamores 36. Aments cylindrical or oblong.... 37. 37. Ovary 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit dry or fleshy. Galeworts. 37. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded. * Birchworta. 62 117 121 120 37. Ovary many-ovuled, many-seeded. * U'illowworts. 122 D. Orders of the Conoids. Leaves simple. The fertile flowers in cones. Stems branched. Finetcorts. 127 Leaves simple. The fertile flowers solitary. Stems branched. Yews. 128 Leaves pinnate. Stems not branched, palm-like. Cycads. 129 E. Orders of the Spadiciflor^. 1. Trees or shrubs with pal mutely- cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and a branching spadix arising from a s-puthe. Falms. 130 1. Herbs with simple (rarely ternate) leaves. Spadix simple. . . .2. 2. Plants minute, floating loose on the water. Duchneats. 132 2. Plants with stem and leaves rooting in the soil 3. 8. Spadix evident, in a s-pathe or on a scape. * Aroide. 131 3. Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy 4. 4. Flowers with no perianth, densely packed. Cat-tails. 133 4. Flowers Avith a perianth or not. In water. Kaiad^. 134 F Orders of the Floride^. 1. Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head. . .17 L Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, &C....2. 2. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary 4. 2. Perianth free from the ovary 3 3. Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medcola, 147). . . .9 3. Petals and sepals similarly colored 12. 4. Flowers imperfect 5. 4. Flowers perfect . . .6 5. Low herbs, in water Frogbits. 136 5. Woody climbers. Yamroots. 144 6. Stamens 1 or 2, growing to the pistil (gynandrous). * Orchids. 133 6. Stamen only 1, with half an anther. Airowworts. 131) 6. Stamens 3 to 6, distinct 7. 7. Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half- free. BloOit worts. 142 7. Puriantli glabrous outside 8. 142 LESSONS IN BOTANY. 8. Stamens 8. Anthers turned inwards. Bannaniads. 187 8. Stamens 3. Anthers turned outwards. * Irids. \^Z 8. Stamens 6. * Amaryllids. 140 9. Pistils many, distinct, achenia in fruit. * Water-plahtaitis. 185 9. Pistils 3, more or less united 10. 10. Leaves verticillate, in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 3. * Trllliads. 147 10. Leaves alternate 11. 11. Stigmas 3. Plants growing on other plants. Bro?neliads. HI 11. Stigmas united into one. * Spider worts. Ic2 12. Leaves net-veined, broad 13. 12. Leaves parallel-veined 14. 13. Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Oroomia—Roxburgs. 146 13. Flowers dioecious, (3-parted. Greenbriers. 145 14. Styles, and often the stigmas also, united into 1....15. 14. Styles and stigmas 3, distinct 16. 15. Flowers colored, regular. Stamens 6 (4 in one species). *Lili/worts. 148 15. Flowers colored, irregular, or else 3-stamened. Fontederiads. 150 15. Flowers greenish, glume-like, or scarious. *Rushes. 151 16. Leaves rush-like. Ovary of three 1-seeded carpels. * Arrow-grasses. 135 16. Leaves linear, lanceolate, &c. Ovary 6- co-seeded. * Melanths. 149 17. Petals yellow, small, but showy. Leaves radical. Xyrids. 153 17. Petals white, minute, fringed. Leaves radical. Pipeworts. 154 G". Orders of the Graminoids. Flower with a single oract (giume). Stem solid. Sheaths entire. Sedges. 155 Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Stem hollow. Sheaths split on one side. Grasses. ■* 56 THE FLORA: SELECTIONS FROM THE NATIVE AND CULTIVATED PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Designed as first exercises in Analytical Botany. Explanations.— The Tables in this work are designed to be corupMe, that is. each Ordinal Table includes all the genera belonging to that order known -vvithin the limits of the P'lora (/. e.. the States east of the Rocky Mountains); and each Generic Table includes, in like manner, all its known species. The nnmbers annexed to the genera in the Ordinal Tables, refer to ihe descrip- tions immediately following. If no number be annexed, the pupil will understand that that genus is not further noticed. COHORT I. THE POLYPETALOUS EXOGENS. Essential Character. — Flowering Plants (Ph.exogamia), with tlieir stems growing by additions to their outside in layers (Exogens), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or peri- carp (Angiosperms), their flowers with a double perianth and their petals distinct (Polypetal^), (But to this last condition there are many exceptions.) Order I. RANUNCULACE.E. The Crowfoots. Eei-ls, rarely sJiruls, with a colorless, acrid juice, with leaves moiit]y alternate and much divided, without stipules; eepah 3-15, deciduous, distinct, and colored when apetalous; petals 3-15, distinct, often deformed or contracted or wanting; stamens als 3-6, colored like the 6-12 hypogynous imbricated petals ; stamens numerous, hypogynous, distinct, and many ovaries ; fruit compound, composed of the united carpels. Analysis of tlie Genera. § Pistils arranged in a cone 2 § Pistils whorled in a single row. Shrub. South. Star Anise. Illic'ium. 2 Anthers opening inwards. Magno'lia. 1 2 Anthers opening outwards. Lirioden'dro.v. 2 1. MAGNO'LIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6-9. Anthers longer than the filaments, opening in- wards. Carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a hard, cone-like fruit. Seeds berry-like, suspended when ripe by a long seed- stalk. — A noble genus of trees or shrubs, with large, fragrant flowers. § Native Magnolias, flowering with the leaves a § Exotic Magnolias, flowering bi^fore the leaves expand 8 152 THE FLORA. a Leaves acuto at the base (not cordate) b a Leaves cordate or auriculate at the base. Trees 8'?-40f. high. . . .5-7 b Leaves shining above, vrhite or rust-colored beneath. Petals 9-12 1, 2 b Leaves dull green both sides, thin, deciduous. Petals 6-9. . . .3, 4 M. grandiflo'ra. Big Laurel. Tree evergreen, 60-701". high. Leaves thick, rust downy beneath. Flowers 8 or 9'' broad, white. S. M. glauca. White Bay. Shrub deciduous, 6-25f. high. Leaves very smoolh glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-3'' broad, cream-color. Swamps. + 3 M. acuinina''ta. Cacumher-tree. Tree large. Leaves oval, acuminate, scat tered. Flowers small (3-4'' broad), petals obovate. M. S. 4 M. umbreHa. Umbrella-tree. Tree small (20-80f.). Leaves wedge-lanceo late, whorled, very large, as well as the flowers. M. S. M. corda'ta. Yellow Cucumber-tree. Petals 6-9, yellow, 'wjith reddish lines. Lvs. broad-ovate, slightly cordate. Flowers 4'' broad. S. M. Fra'seri. Ear-leamd M. Petals G, pure white. Leaves ear-shaped at base, cbovate-spatulate, near If. long. Spring. S. M. macrophyKla. Great-leaved M. Petals 6, white, each 6-8^ in length. Leaves 2-3f. long, obovate-spatulate, cordate. Tree 30-50f. high. S. W. t 8 M. conspic^ua. Yulan. Flowers in Spring, large, rose-colored or white, with 6-9 petals or sepals, nearly erect. Japan. 2. LIRIODEN'DROK Tulip-tree. Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two rows. Anthers opening outwards. Car- pels 1-2-seeded, imbricated into a cone, indehiscent, separating from each other in fruit. — Trees with large and fragrant flowers. L. tulipifera. Tulip-tree. WIntewood. Poplar. This is one of the finest and largest trees of our forests. The trunk is generally straight and cylindric, dividing at the top rather abruptly in a few coarse and crooked branches. Leaves, dark green, smooth, square at the end, with 2 lobes each sidj, 3-5' in length and breadth. Flowers large and elegant, greenish-yellow, orange within, 4^6' >road. Ma If, June, Fig. 374. Young branch of Tulip-tree, unfold- ing from tbe bud : s, s, stipules. Ordeu 6.— the BERBERIDS. 153 Order YI.— BERBERIDACEJE. The Berberids. Herhs and shrubs, with alternate leaves and perfect flowers, with tepals imbricated in the bud in 2 or more rows; petals opposite the sepals, also imbricated in two or more rows ; stamens opposite to the petals, the anthers usually opening by two lids; ovary 1-celled, solitary and simple, forming a capsule or berry. 5. Section of the flower of Jeffersonla, Fig. A leaf of the same. Analysis of the Genera. § Herbs, anthers opening by two valves hinged at top. . . .a § Herbs, anthers opening by 2 slits lengthwisa b § Shrubs, with yellow flowers and acid berries. Ber''beris. 1 a Stamens 6. Fruit 2, drupe-like, soon-naked seeds. CoTiosh. Leon''tice. a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2-4-seeded berry. UmbreUa-leaj. Diphyllei'a. a Stamens 8. Fruit u capsule opening by a lid. Twin-leaf. Jefferso'>;ia. 2 b Stamens 9-18. Flower 1, with 2 leaves. May Apple. Poddphyl^lum. 3 1. BER'BERIS. Barberry. Sepals 6, obovate, colored, the 3 outer ones smaller. Petals 6, round- ish, with two glands at the base of each, inside. Stamens 6. Stigma ses- sile, disk-like, on the top of the ovary. Berry oblong, sour, 1-celled, 2-3-seed- ed. — Fine, hardy shrubs, with the wood, inner bark, and flowers yellow. ^ 9 S7S '' curved, hanging. Seeds winged 7, 8 Order 13.— THE CRUCIFEES. 1 f»5 1 A. Ludovicia''na. Loiiiaiana R. All the leaves fenther-cleft. Seeds nor- dered. Plant slender, 6-10' high. S. Mar., Apr. 2 A. lyra''ta. Lyre-leaved E. Only the root leaves feather-cleft. Seeds not bordered. Plant 6-12^ high. Pods '[\-2' long. S A. Thalia'na. Mouse-ear E. Stems erect. Leaves nearly entire. Petals twice longer than the sepals. Pods erect. Plant downy. May. A. A. denta''ta. Toothed E. Stems diffuse. Leaves sharply toothed. Petals scarce longer than sepals. Pods spreading. Eongh. M. W. 5 A. patens. Patent E. Downy. Pods spreading and curved upwards, beaked with a distinct style, w. W. S. 6 A. hirsu''ta. Hairy E. Plant hairy. Siliques straight, erect. Style none. Leaves arrow-shaped. Fls. g. 7 A. laeviga'ta. Smooth Siclcle-pod. Stem leaves arrow-shaped, clasping, narrow. Pod spreading. Plant glabrous, 2f. high. 8 A. Canaden''sis. True Sickle-pod. Stem leaves pointed at both ends, sessile. Pod curved, pendulous. Tall, downy. 8. DENTA'KIA. Tooth-root. Pepper-root. Sepals converging or closed. Silique lanceolate, with flat, veinless valves opening elasticallj. Seeds in a single row in each cell, ovate, not bordered. — Plants U. Rhizoma prostrate, jointed. Stem leaves but 2 or 3. Flowers white or purplish. T[ Stem leaves almost opposite or whorled. . . 1, 2, 3 T[ Stem leaves alternate or scattered. Koot-stock moniliform 4, 5 1 D. diphyl'la, Ttvo-leaved P. Stem leaves 2 only, leaflets 8, tDvate, toothed. 2 JD. lacinia'ta. Cut-leaved P. Stem leaves 3, leaflets 3-5, linear, cleft. 8 D. multif'ida. Stem leaves 2-3, numerously divided into linear leaflets. S, 4 D. max'ima. Leaflets 3, ovate, cut and cleft. Lvs. S-7. Fls. purple. M. 5 D. heterophyl'la. Lflts. 3, nearly entire ; of the rt. lvs. round-ovate, toothed. 9. CAPwDAMrNE. Bitter Cress. Calyx a little spreading. Silique linear, with flat, veinless valves which are narrower than the partition. Stigma entire. Seeds not margined, with a slender seed-stalk. Flowers white or purple. * Leaves pinnate with many leaflets. April-June 1,2 * Leaves simple or partly ternate. Mostly perennials a a Style slender. In low, wet grounds a Style none. In high mountains 1 0. hirsu'ta. Pennsijlvanian 0. Smooth, about If. erect. Leaves 5-11-foliate, the terminal lobe largest, 3-lobed. Stigma sessile. "Wet. @ c. 2 C. praten''sis. Cuckoo-flower. Stem simple, ascendinsr. If. Leaves 7-lo-foliate, with Btalked, roundish k'iitlel5. Style present. Flowers large. Wet. % 166 THE FLORA. a O. rhomboid'ia. Rhombic C. Steins upright, bearing tubers at base. Poda linear-lanceolate. Leaves roundish and rhomboidal. w. or p. c. 4 C. rotundifo'lia. Bound-leaved G. Stems decumbent, branched. Pods linear- subulate. Leaves roundish, lower 3-lobed. w. By streams. 5 C biUidifo'lia. Daisy-leaved G. Leaves smooth, roundish. Pods erect. Height 1-3^ N. H. C O. spatula'ta. Spath-leaved G. Leaves hairy, spatulate. Pods spreading. 6''. S. 10. BARBA'REA. Winter Cress. Sepals erect, nearly equal at base. Silique columnar, 2-4-cornered. Valves concave or keel-shaped by means of a strong central vein. Seeds in a single row. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. B. vulga^ris. Winter Gress. Common in old fields, also brook-sides. Whole plant glabrous. Stem l-2f, higli, branching above. Leaves lyrate with the terminal lobe roundish, upper leaves obovate, pinnatifid at base, crenate, or repand- dentate — all dark green, sliining. Flowers showy, in racemes. Pods ob- scurely 4-cornered, slender, ij' long, curved upwards. May, June, ti 11. ERYSIMUM. False Wall-flower. Calyx closed. Silique linear, 4-sided. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row in each cell. Mostly ©. Flowers yellow. 1 E. cheiranthoi'des. Stem ascending. Fls. small. Pods spreading, l''in length. M. 2 E. Arkansa'num. Yellow Phlox. Stem strictly erect. Flowers large {^' broad). Pods 2-3' long. Kiver bluffs. A fine plant. W. 12. SIN'ATIS. Mustard. Sepals spreading. Petals ovate, with straight claws. Silique nearly- terete, valves 3-veined. Style short. Seeds in a single row, globular. — 0 or © with yellow flowers. (Figs. 393, 394.) 1 S. nigra. Black M. Upper leaves lance-linear, entire. Pod 4-cornered, smooth. 2 S. arven'sis. Field M. Leaves all repand-toothcd. Pods torose, smooth. 3 S. alba. White M. Leaves all lyrate-pinnatifid. Pods bristly, shorter than beak. Order XYI. YIOLA'CE.E. Violets. Eerhs with simple (often cleft), alternate leaves with stipules ; flowers irregular, spurred, with the sepals, petals, and stamens in S's ; corolla spurred at base; anthers united: 2 of the filaments appendaged; Okder 13.— violets. 167 style 1, with a one-sided stigma; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved; seeds many, with the embryo nearly as long as the albumen. Analysis of the Genera. Sepals unequal, with ear-shaped lobes at base. Sepals nearly equal, not appendaged at base. Green Violet. Viola. 1 So 'lea. 1. VrOLA. Violet. Sepals 5, prolonged at base into two auriciilate lobes. Petals more or less unequal, the largest one spurred at base, the 2 opposite ones at the sides equal, the 2 upper ones all equal. Stamens cohering by their anthers, 2 of them spurred at base. Seeds attached to the valves of the capsule. — U Low herbs, caulescent or acaulescent. Pe- duncles angular, solitary, 1 -flowered, nodding at the top. * Acaulescent : leaves and flowers all radical. . . .a Fig. S9S. Violet No. 1 : section. * Caulescent : stems leafy d a Flowers blue. . ..b a Flowers white Nos. 2-4. a Flowers yellow. . . .No. 1. b Petals beardless 5-7 b Petals bearded c c Leaves divided.... 8, 9 [otic 22. c Leaves undivided 10-12, and the E.\- d Pet. yellow. Steins leafy at the top only 13-15 d Petals not yellow, or but partly yellow e e Stipules entire. Summer 16 e Stipules fringe-toothed. May., June 17-19 e Stipules lyrate-]>innatifid, very large 20-21 1 V. rotundifo'lia. Early Yelloiv Violet. Lvs, round-ovate, cordate, smooth. Sepals blunt. April. 2 V. lanceola'ta. Lance-leavedV. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering to the base. Some bearded. 3 V. primulsefo'lia. Primrose V. Lvs. lance-ovate, abrupt at base. Fls. beardless. 4 V. blanda. Sweet Wild V. Leaves round-cordate. Fls. beardless, fragrant. May. 5 V. palus'tris. Boff V. Lvs. reniforin-cordate. Spur very t^hort. Stii)S. ovate. White Mts. 6 V. Selkir'kii. Selkirk's V. Lvs. round-cor. Spur near as long as petals, blunt. May. 7 V. peda'ta. Foot-leaved F.Lvs. pedate, 5-9-part.,segm. narrow, entire. Koot preinorse. 8 V. delphinifo'lia. Larkspur V. Leaves in 7-9 linear, 3-eleft segments. W. ApriU 9 V.palma'ta. Pahn-leaved V. Leaves hastntc-lobed. cordate. Variety of No. 10, Fig. 399. Kipe, open cap- sule of Violet. 108 THE FLORA. 10 V. cuculla'ta. Hood-leaved V, Leaves reniform-cordate, base lobes involute, com. 11 V. villo'sa. Woolly V. Leaves round-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, downy. M. S. 12 V. sagitta'ta. Airow-lcd. V. Lvs. lance-oblong, some sagittate or cut-toothed at base. 13 V. hasta'ta. Halherd-leaved V. Smooth. Lvs. hastate. Stip. ovate, minute. S. 14 V. tripar'tita. Three-cleft V. Hairy. Lvs. deeply 3-parted. Stip. lanceolate. S. 15 V. pubes'cens. Downy V. Downy. Lvs. broad-cordate. Stip. ovate, large, c. 6 V. Canaden'sis. Canada V. Plant If. high. Leaves cordate, pointed, smooth. 17 V. stria'ta. Cream- colored V. Spur i the lengtli of the corolla. Stip. large, oblong. 18 V. Muhlenber'gii. MuMenberg' s V. Spur k the length of corolla. Stip. lanceolate. 19 V. rostra 'ta. Long- spurred V. Spur longer than corolla. Stipules lanceolate. 20 V. tric'olor. Pa/zsy. HearUease. Stipules as large as the leaves. Fls. three-colored. 21 V. grandiflo'ra. Great-fioicered V. Stip, much smaller than the leaves. Purple, t 22 V. odora'ta. Sweet English V. Stolons creeping, Lvs. cordate. Fragrant, i Order XYIII. HYPERICACE^. St. Johnsworts. Her'bs or shrubs with opposite, entire^ dotted leaves, and no stipules ; fiowers mostly yellow, in cymes ; sepals unequal, 4-5, dotted ; petals 4-5, twisted in the bud, dotted, and with the veins oblique ; stamens hypogynous, in 3 or more par- cels; ovary superior ; style 1 ; fruit a capsule or berry, many-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. Petals and sepals 5 2 Petals and sepals 4. Flowers yellow. St. Feterswo?'t. As'cykuii. 2 Fls. yellow. St. Johnswort. Hyper'icum. 1 2 Flowers purplish. Elodk^\. Fig. 400. Hypericum perforatum (Common St. Johnswort): stem, leaves, and flowers. Fig. 401. The stamens in 3 sets surrounding the ovary with 3 Btyles. Fig. ^^2. Cross-section of the ovary. Order 18.-ST. JOHNSWORTS. 169 HYPER'ICUM. St. Johnswort. Sepals 5, connected at base, nearly equal, leaf-like. Petals 5, oblique. Stamens many (sometimes few and distinct), united into 3-5 parcels with no glands between them. Styles 3-5, either distinct or united at base. Capside 1 -celled, or 3-5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs, with branching stems, opposite, entire leaves, and yellow flowers. (Figs. 210, 211, 400-402.) § Stamens 25 to 100, more or less united into sets a § Stamens 5 to 15, not at all united g a Carpels (pistils) and styles 5 or more. Capsule 5-cellcd Nos. 1, 2 a Carpels 3. Capsule 3-celled (the partitions meeting) b a Carpels 3. Capsule 1-celled (the partitions not quite meeting) c b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate.. ..8-5 b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves linear 6, 7 b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots 8-10 c Shrubs. Styles united into 1 d c Half-shrubby. Styles united into 1 e c Herbaceous. Styles distinct, at least at the top f d Flowers solitary or in 3's, axillary. Stems 2-edgcd 11, 12 d Flowers clustered in a con^ipound, terminal cyme 13, 14 e Flowers in a leafless, stalked c}"me. Loaves obtuse 15, 16 e Flowers in a leafy (few-leaved) cyme. Leaves acute 17, 18 f Stem or branches 4-cornered or square 19, 20 f Stem and branches terete, not angular 21, 22 g Flowers in corymbous cymes 23, 2-i g Flowers racemed on the slender branches 25, 20 1 H. pyramida'tum. Giant S. Herb 3-4f , flowers 2'' broad. Leaves lance-oblong. 2 H. Kalmia'num. KalrrCi S. Shrub l-2f , flowers 1' broad. Leaves lance-linear. 3 H. Buckle 'yi. BttckUy's S. Leaves obovate. Flowers terminal, solitary. iS. 4 H. prolif 'icum. Prolijic S. Lvs. lance-oblong. Cymes compound. W, 5 H. galeoi'des. Bedstraw S. Lvs. lance-linear. Clusters axillary. S. 6 H. rosmarinifo'lium. Rosemary S. Lvs. petioled, shorter than internodes. S. 7 H. fascicula'tum. Clustered S. Lvs. sessile, longer than t lie internodes. S. 8 H. perfora'tum. Punctured S. Stem 2-edged. Lvs. ippy M. Lvs. palmately parted. Petals erose. Stalks very long. S.-W. 8» 178 THE FLORA. 3. HIBIS'CUS. Hibiscus. Calyx 5-cleft, surrounded by a many-leaved involucel. Styles united, stigmas 5, distinct. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-mauy-seeded capsule. Flowers large, often nearly a foot broad. § Calyx, &c., hispid. Leaves palmately divided 1,2 § Calyx, &c., velvet-downy. Leaves undivided, angularly lobed. . . .3, 4 § Calyx, &c., glabrous, i. e,, smooth a a Leaves deeply lobed or parted 5, 6 a Leaves undivided or slightly lobed 7, 8 1 H. aculea^tus. Prickly H. Bractlets of involucel forked. Fls. sulph-yellow. 2 H. Trio'num. Flower-of-an-hour. Bractlets entire. Fls. chlorine-yellow, c. 3 H. Moscheu^tos. Marsh H. Lv Rose-red. c. 4 H. grandiflo'rus. Giant II. Leaves cordate, lower 8-lobcd. pointed, p-r. S. 5 H. milita'ris. Sivord H. Lvs. hastately 3-lobed. Flowers tubular-bell-shaped, Hesh-eolor. W. 6 H. cocci'mus. Scarlet H. Lvs. palmately 5-parted. Cor. expanding, carmine-red. S 7 H. Carolinia'nus. Lost J I. Heib. Lvs. cordate. Fls. purple. Very rare. S. 8 H. S3rri'acus. TrecH. Tree 8-15f lugli. Lvs. wedge -ovate, w. p. t S. t ovate, toothed. Sepals abruptly pointed. Sepals gradually Order XXX. LINAGES. The Flaxworts. Fig. 41S. Common Flax. Fl^. 419. Plan, showing the posi tlons of the parts of the flower, the imbricated sepals, the con torted sepals, the 5 stamens, and the 5 carpels. Fig. 420. Crim- son Flax. OnDETi 31.— GEKANIA. 179 Flerhs \yitli entire, simiile leaves and no stipules; with lowers regular, symmetrical, perfect, aud 5-parted ; calyx imbricate, and corollu convolute in the bud; stamens and styles each 5; capsule with 5 double-cells, 10-seeded. Our only gmius is Ll'NUM. Flax. The character is sufficiently indicated in the Order. The long, tough fibres of tlie bark constitute the linen of commerce. § Flowers bhie or red, large (1' broad), Nos. 1-3 § Flowers yellow. Leaves linear. Sepals ciliate 4,5 § Flowers yellow, Lt'aves lanceolate. Sepals entire 6-8 1 L. usitatis'simum. Commim F. Flowers blue, in a sort of corymb. Leaves lance-linear, acute. The seed yields linseed oil. Fields. 2 L. peren'ne. Perennial F. Flowers blue, axillary and terminal. Leaves lin- ear, acute, scattered. Gardens. 3 L. grandiflo'rum. Crimson F. Flowers crimson, axillary. Leaves lancc-clliptic, acute, sessile. Gardens. 4 L. rig'idum. Rigid F. Sepals longer than the globular pod. Styles united at base, o L. simplex. Simple F. Sepals shorter than ovate pod. Styles distinct. S.-W. 6 L. Virginia 'num. Stems and branches erect. Flowers Q" broad, c. 7 L. difTu'sum. Stems, branches, leaves diffuse. Flowers 1" broad. W. 8 L. trig'ynum. Three-styled F. Flowers large (1'') with 3 styles, t Order XXXI. GERANIA'CEJE. Gerania. Herhs or shrubby plants with the lower leaves opposite ; with the flowers regular or irregular, terminal or opposite the leaves ; with the se2:>als 5, persistent, and petals 5, clawed, twisted in the bud ; the stamens 10, monadelphous, and instils 5, united; the carpels in fruit separating and bending upwards on the elastic style, each with one seed. Albumen 0. Analysis of the Genera. ( Stamens 10, all of them perfect Gera'mvm. 1 ( regular. ( Stamens 5 perfect, 5 imperfect Euo'dium. Corolla ' irregular. Stamens 7 perfect, 3 imperfect Pelargo'kivm. GERA'NIUM. Sepals and petals 5, regular. Stamens 10, all perfect. Fruit beaked, 180 THE FLORA. at last separating into 5, long-styled, 1 -seeded carpels. Styles smooth in- side, fijjally curling from the base upward, but still adhering at top ip the axis. — Herbs with forked stems, jnucli divided leaves. Flowers mostly purple. Petu^s entire, twice as long as the awned sepals 1, 2 Petals notched or 2-lobed, short. Leaves palmatelj 5-7-lobed. Pods hairy 0 3,4 1 G. macula'tum. Sj)&ttfd G. Erect. Lvs. palmately 3-5-parted. Flowers large (1' broad), showy. Sepals mucro- nate. ^j)7'lnr/. c. 2 G. Robertia'num. Herb Rohert. Dif- use, weak. Lvs. primately 3-parted to the base. Flowers small (7''' broad). Sepals muoronato. June. 3 G. pusillum. Dwarf G. Diffuse. Sepals veiiiless. Leaves parted into 5-7 linear lobes, lobes 3-cIeft. Fields and hills. July. 4 Gr. Carolinia'num. Stems diffuse. Se- pals with an awn, Lvs. parted into 5 wedge-oblong, many-cleft lobes. Fields. July. Fig. 421. Herb Robert, leaves, flowers, and its elastic stylo; 4, cross-section of a seed, space ; 2, the 10 stamens. fruit; 3, fruit enlarged, sliowing one carpel on showing the large embryo filling the whole Observation.— T\\Q pupil will perceive by the table above, that the parlor "gera- niums" belong to the genus Felargo' nium. Order XXXII. OXALIDACE.E. Wood Sorrels. Low herbs with a sour juice, and alternate, compound leaves ; with flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-sepaled and 5-petaled ; Order 34.— THE JEWEL-WEEDS. 181 stamens 10, monadelphous, hypogynons, the alternate ones longest; carpels 5, united and forming in fruit a 5-celled pod ; seeds albuminous. OX' ALTS. Wood Sorrel. Sepals 5, distinct or united at base, persistent. Petals much longer than the sepals. Stamens united at the base. Styles 5. Capsule roundish or pod-shaped, cells several-seed- ed. Herbs mostly y, with trifoliate leaves. 1 O. Acetosel''la. Wood Sorrel. Fls. ■white, with purple veins. Phmt acaulescent, arising from a creeping root-stock, c. N. Ju. 2 O. viola'cea, Violet W. Flowers violet-purple. Plant acaules- cent, arising from a scaly bulb. Scape with an umbel. May. 8 O. stricta. Yelloio W. Flowers yellow. Plant with leafy stems, weak, branched. Flowers um- belled. Grows everywhere. 425 Fig. 425. Oxalis Acetosella, In the plan of the flower, o, the 5 carpels in the centre! «, the 10 stamens in two rows; p, the 5 petals; c, the 5 sepals. Fig. 426. The ripe pod. Order XXXIY. BALSAMINACE^. The Jewel-weeds. Eerls annual, with a fleshy stem, watery juice, and simple leaves; flowers very irregular and unsymmetrical ; calyx spurred; stamens 5, on the torus ; pod bursting by 5 elastic valves. IMPA'TIENS. Touch-me-uot. L Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper being united), the lowest (y) enlarged into a sac tipped with a bent spur. Petals 4, united into 2 double ones (j?, p). Stamens 5 short, the anthers united over the pistil. 1S2 THE FLORA. Fruit a pod of 5 strong elastic valves which break and coil at the slightest touch when ripe, scatter- ing the seeds. Stem ten- der, thickened at the nodes. Leaves alternate. 1 I. pal'lida. Pale Jewel-ioeed. Lvs. oblong-ovate. Fls. pale yellow, sparingly dotted, with a very short, recurved spur. 2 I. fulva. Tawny Jewel-tveed. Leaves rhombic-ovate. Flowers deep orange, thickly spotted, with a long clor^e-reflexed spur. 8 I. Balsami'na. Balsamive. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers white, crimson, scarlet, flesh-colored, &c. t Fig. 42S. Flower of the Pale Jewel-weed. Fig. 429. Its parts displayed : s, s, s, y, the four sepals, the latter spur- red ; j9, ^, the 2 petals, each double. ,-ery large and showy, Order XL. ACERACEJE. The Maples. Trees or shriibs with opposite, usually simple palmate-veined leaves ; the flowers often imperfect, with the 5 sepals imbricated in the bud, and the petals 5, hjpogynous, sometimes 0 ; the stamens mostly 8, and the fruit a double samara, with two opposite wings, 2-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. Leaves simple, palmate-veined. Very common. Leaves compound, odd-pinnate. Leaflets 3-5, toothed. 1. ACER. Maple. Calyx of 5 united sepals, 5-lobed. Petals 5 or 0, Maple. Acer. 1 Box-Elder. Negundo. 6-8. Leaves simple, palmate-lobed. Styles 2. Stamens Flowers mostly polygamous. § Pedicels short, in side clusters, flowering before the leaves. Trees. . . .1, 2 § Pedicels long, slender, drooping, flowering with the lvs. Large trees 3,4 § Pedicels in racemes, flowering after the leaves 5-7 I A. dasycar'pum. White M. Leaves deeply lobed, square at base, silver-whito beneath. Ovaries downy. Fruit very large. Petals 0. Tree 50f. Order 40.— THE MAPLES. 183 Fig. 430. Red Maple (^Acer rubrum), a leaf and several saraara. Fig. 431. Sugar Maple {Acer sacchariiium), leaf, flowers, and fruit 2 A. rubrum. Red If. Swamp M. Loaves lobed, cordate at base, paler beneath. Petals linear-oblong'. Ovaries and fruit smooth. 40 to lOOf. Flowers red. 3 A. sacchari'num. Bock M. Sugar M. Leaves cordate, 5-lobed, with deep, rounded openings between. Bark light gray. g-y. 4 A. ni'grum. Black Af. Sugar-tree. Leaves cordate, with the sinus closed, roundish, with 3 broad, shallow lobes. Bark dark gray. y. 5 A. spicatum. Mountain-Bush M. Eacemes erect, thyrse-like. Shrub 10-15f. high, in clumps. Bark gray. Leaves 3-5-lobed. g. 6 A. Pennsylvan'icum. Striped M. W histle-ivood. Eacemes drooping. Tree small, with striped bark (green and black). Leaves 3-lobed. g. 7 A. Pseudo-Plat 'anus. Si/camore M. Eacemes long, drooping. A large tree, in parks. Leaves 5-lobed, broad, rounded. Flowers grcL-n. I 181 THE FLORA Order XLI. SAPINDACEJS. Indian Soapworts. Plants of various habit, mostly with uusymmetrical flowers; 8ej>als and j>etals both imbricated in the bud ; stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a thick disk under the ovary ; '^ruit usually colored and showy, lobed, 1 or few-seeded. The Order includes the foUowino: three Tribes. § 1. The Buckeye Tribe. a Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Analysis of the Genera. Leaves opposite, carpels 2-ovaled....a Leaves digitate. BucJceye. uEs'culus. The Soapberry Tribe. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-ovuled b b Trees, with pinnate-leaves and fruit with soapy pulp, covering a large seed. Stamens 8-10. South. Soapwort. Sapin'dus. b Herbs climbing with tendrils. Leaves biternate. Fruit a large, inflated, 3-carpeled pod. Balloon-vine. Cardiosper'mdm. ^ 3. The Bladder-nut Tribe. Leaves opposite, pinnate. Staphyle'a. 2 ^JD^ Fig 434. Braiichlet of Bladder-nut, with 2 tornate leaves and a hanging cyme. 435. The stamens and pistil enlarged. 436. A. flower of Ohio Buckeye. 1. ^S'CULUS. Buckeye. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 4 or 5 unequal petals. Stamens 7, distinct, unequal. Style filiform. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, bu only 1 of the 6 ovules grows, becoming a large seed. Flowers in terminal panicles. 0RDE15 45.- THE MILKWORTS. 185 § Fruit covered with prickles. Tctalrt 4 or 5, spreading 1,2 § Fruit smooth. Petals 4, erect, 2 of tlicm clawed 3-5 1 JE. Hippocasta'neum. J/orae Chestnut. Leaves of 7, obovate leaflets. Petals 5. Fruit prickly. Panicles large, handsome. + 2 SI. glabra. Ohio Buckeye. Leaflets 5, oval or oblong. Petals 4. Tree ill- seented. Flowers yellowish. Seed mahogany-color. "W. 8 .E. fla'va. Big Buckeye. A large tree, with pale-yellow flowers. Leaflets 5-7 Petals very unequal, longer than Btamens. W. 4 2B. Fa'via. Eed-Jlvwered B. Shrub 3-lOf. Fls. large, red, in thyrse-lise racemes. Very handsome. S. t 6 iE. parviflo'ra. White B. Shrub 2-3f. Petals 4, somewhat alike, spreading, thrice shorter than the stamens. S. 2. STAPHYLE'A. Bladder-nut Flowers perfect. Sepals 5, colored like the 5 petals. Stamens 5. Styles 8. Capsules 2 or 3, with thin, inflated walls. — Shrubs. 1 S. trifo'lia. Ternate B. A handsome shrub, 6-8f. high. Leaves ternate, leaflets ovate. Eacemes pendulous. Petals ciliate below. Fruit very large, 3- celled, inflated like a bladder. Order XLY. POLYGALA- CEJE. The Milkworts. Plants without stipules, bearing verj 'wTQ^lav flowers ; stamens 4-8, diadelphous; anthers opening at the top, 1 -celled ; fruit a flattened, 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, free from the calyx. Fig. 437. Polygala polygama: o, the raiiical flowers; 8, P. paucifolia; f, the crest on tlie lower petal ; 9, tho stamens in 2 sets, and the style seen beneath tho hooded lower i)etal. Fig. 440. The ovary and the style: 1, seed of P. sanguinea, with its 2-lobed caruncle; 2, seed of P. Nuttallii. POLYG'ALA. MUkwort. Sepals 5, persistent, 2 of thorn (wings) wing-shaped and colored. 186 THE FLORA. Petals 3, the lower one boat-shaped, and often tipped with a crest. Sta- mens united bj the filaments into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the claws of the petals. Fruit a small 2-celled, 2-seeded capsule, flattened on the sides and notched on the top. Seeds with an appendage at one end. — Low, bitter herbs (sometimes shrubs), with simple entire leaves, sometimes bearing underground flowers. {Fig. 437, a.) * Leaves all alternate and scattered a * Leaves whorled, at least the lower ones e a Flowers purple, or reddish, or white b a Flowers yellow or yellowish green d b Flowers solitary or in racemes, purple Nos. 1-3 b Flowers in spikes which are oblong or slender.. . .c c Leaves lanceolate, large, pointed at each end.... 4 c Leaves linear, 1 to 2'^ wide 5-7 c Leaves awl-shaped or bristle-shaped.. ..8-10 d Spikes solitary, large, thick. Biennial. .. .11, 12 d Spikes numerous, corymbous, small. Biennial. .. .13, 14 e Spikes acute, slender 15, 16 e Spikes obtuse, thick 17, 18 1 F. paucifo'lia Showy M. Fls. 2 or 3, large (root fls. small). Lvs. ovate. (Fi^. 438.) 2 P. grandiflo'ra. Fls. racemed, crestless. Lvs. lance-ovate. S. 3 P. polyg'ama. Flowers racemed, crested. Lvs. linear-oblong. {Fig. 437.) 4 P. Sen'ega. Seneca Snake-root. Fls. white, in slender spikes. Stem If. high. 5 P. sanguin'ea. Bloody M. Spikes oblong, obtuse, dense. Wings sessile, 6 P. fastigia^ta. Roofed M. Spikes roundish, loose-flowered. Wings clawed. 7 P. Nuttal'lii. NuttalVs M. Spikes roundish, acute, dense. Wings elliptic. 8 P. incarna'ta. Flesh- colored M. Lvs. few, subulate. Pet. much longer than calyx. 9 P. seta'cea. Nalced M. Leaves very minute. Petals longer than calyx. S. 10 P. Chapman^ii. Chapmau^s M. Lvs. subulate. Calyx long as petals. S. 11 P. lu'tea. Yellow M. Tall (8-120, with orange-yellow flowers. M. S. 12 P. na'na. Dwarf M. Low (3-5''), with greenish-yellow flowers. S. 13 P. cymo'sa. Cyme-flowered M. Lvs. mostly cauline. Seed not bracted. S. 14 P. ramo'sa. Branching M. Lvs. mostly radical. Seed bracted. S. 15 P. verticilla'ta. Whorled M. Lvs. linear. Wings roundish. Fls. greenish. W. 16 P. Boykin'ii. Bcykin's M. Lvs. lance-obovate. Wings round-obovate. S. 17 P. crucia'ta. Cross M. Spikes obtuse, thick, sessile. Wings pointed. 18 P. brevifo'lia. Short leaved M. Spikes obtuse, loose, stalked. AViiigs acute. Order XLYI. LEGUMINOSJ^. Leguminous Plants. Plants with alternate, mostly compound stipulate leaves, with i-o sepah ; 5 j^^tals, more or less papilionaceous, sometimes regular; OnDER 40.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 187 about 10 stajnens, monadelplious, ditidelplious, or distinct; a single, simple 2^istil, producing a legume in fruit, and with no albumen in the seeds. 445 Fig. 443. Flower of the Pea. Fig. 444. Its petals displayed; v, the banner; c, c, the 2 keel petals. Fig. 445. A legume (pea-pod). the wings, Analysis of the Genera. % Flowers papilionaceous (§ 89). Upper petal (banner) covering the rest in bud. . .2 § Flowers nearly regular, or upper petal covered by the rest in bud t § Flowers regular, in dense heads. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves bipepoate n 2 Stamens 10, all distinct s 2 Stamens 10, all or 9 united 3 3 Leaves cirrhous {Fig. 96), the rachis ending with a tendril. . .r 3 Leaves not cirrhous 4 4 Pod a loment (§ ISO), i. e., jointed between the seeds . . .6 4 Pod a legume, 1, 2, or oo seeded, not in joints 5 5 Erect (or if prostrate, with palmatcly 3-foliute leaves) 7 5 Trailing or twining vines, leaves pinnately compound. . . .9 6 Flowers yellow q 6 Flowers cyanic (not yellow) p 7 Leaves simple, with yellow flowers o 7 Leaves palmately o-15-foliate (rarely simple) . .u 7 Leaves palmately 3-foliate m 7 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate k 7 Leaves pinnate with no odd leaflet, 15-25 pairs. ..h 7 Leaves pinnate with au odd leaflet. . . .8 183 THE FLORA. 8 Leaflets dotted with dark glands g 8 Leaflets not dotted. Herbs f 8 Leaflets not dotted. Shrubs or trees.. . .e 9 Leaves pinnately 5-15-foliate. . , .d 9 Leaves pinnately 3-(rarely 1-) foliate. Flowers yellow.... o 9 Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Flowers cyanic. . . . 10 10 Calyx 4-toothed or entire . . . .b 10 Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft a a Keel with the stamens and style spirally coiled. Bean. Phase'olus. 1 a Keel obtuse, on short claws. Fis. very large, blue. S. Blue Banner. Centrose'ma. a Keel acute, on long claws. Fls. very large, roseate. Butterjly Pea. Clito'ria. b Calyx 4-clefc, supported by 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Milk-vine. Galag'tia. b Calyx 4-toothed, with 2 bractlets. Fls. purple. Sds. flattened. Dol''ichos. b Calyx 4-toothed, without bractlets. Fls. pale p. Hog-Peanut. A.u'pniCh.nvM.' k. b Calyx entire. Flowers and seeds scarlet. S. Bed Bean. Erythri''na. c Legumes 5-seeded. S. Vio''na. c Legumes 1-2-seeded. S. Ehynco''sia. d Herbs. Keel (straight in Galactia, 2) spirally twisted. Pea-vine. Apios. 2 d Shrubs. Keel curved. Fls. bli;*, in hanging racemes, t Wista'ria. e Flowers white or red, in racemes. Locust. Kobin'ia. 3 e Flowers yellow, few in a cluster. Pods inflated. Bladder Senna. Colu'tea. f Pod 2-celled lengthwise, turgid. Milh Vetcli. Astrag'altjs. f Pod half-2-celled lengthwise. Bastard Vetch. Phaoa. f Pod 1-celled. Style hairy outer side. GoaVs Rue. Tephro'sia. f Pod 1-celled. Style not hairy at all. S. Indigo. Indigo'fera. g Shrubs. Fls. spicate, only 1 petal (the banner). W.S. Lead Plant. Amor'pha. g Herbs. Flowers with 10 stamens, bluish, spicate. W. Da'lea. g Herbs. Flowers with 5 stamens, white or red, capitate. W. Petaloste'mon. h Pod 1-2-seeded, valves double. Tall, with yellow flowers. S. Glotid''ium. h Pod many-seeded, very long. Tall, with yellowish flowers. S. Sesba'nia. k Pod few-seeded. Flowers scarlet in Erythri'na. k Pod few-seeded. Flowers white or yellow. Melilot. Melilo'tus. 4 k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers yellow. Leaves resinous-dotted in Ehtncosia. k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves dark-dotted. Psora'lea. k Pod 1-seeded. Flowers cyanic. Leaves not dotted. Melilot. Melilo'tus. 4 m Herbs with curved or spiral pods. Medic. Medica^go. xn Herbs with small 1-4-seeded pods not coiled. Clover. Trifo'lium. 5 xn Tree with yellow flowers in hanging racemes, t Golden Chain. Labur'num. n Stamens all united. Calyx 2-lipped. Lupine. Lupi'nus. 6 n Stamens all but 1 united. Calyx bill-shaped. Psora 'lea. o Shrubby. Keel oblong, straight. Scotch Broom. Genis'ta. o Herbs. Keel curved, acuminate. Rattle Pod. Crotala'bia. P Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Umbels stalked. Cobonil'la. p Leaves pinnate, 5-21-foliate. Eacemes stalked. Vt. Hedys'arum. Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 1S9 p Lvs. pinn'ly 3-fol., stipellate. Pod 3-7-jointed. Tick Trefuil. Desmo'dium. p Lvs. pinn'ly 3-fol. Stipcls none. Pod 1-jointed. Biuh Trefoil. Lespede''za, q Leaves palmately 4-foliate. Stamens all united. Zou'nia. q Loaves pinnate, 7-49- foliate. Stamens 9 united. iEscHYNOM^KXE. Leaves pinnately 3-foliate. Pod slender at base. Stylosan'thes. Leaves pinnately 4-foliato. Pod ffibbous at base. Peanut. Ak'achis. r Leaflets serrate. Pods 2-8ecded. Chick Pea. Cicek. r Leaflets entire. Style grooved outside, hairy inside. Pea. Pisum. r Leaflets entire. Style flattened, hairy most inside. Sweet Pea. LATn^YRUs. r Leaflets entire. Style filiform, hairy most outside. Vetch. Vic'ia. s Pod legume flat and thin, short-stiped. Lvs, pinnate. Tree. S.W. Cladas'tris. 8 Pod inflated, stipitate (stalked at base). Lvs. 1-3-foliate. Baptis'ia. t Fls. perfect, purple, papilionaceous. Tree. Lvs. simple. Judas-tree. Cercis. t Fls. perfect, yellow. Lvs. equally pinnate. Senna. Cassia. t Fls. imperfect, green. Sta. 5. Trees thorny. Honey Locust. Gledits''chia. t Fls. imp., greenish. St. 10. Trees unarmed. Ky. Coffee-tree. Gymnoc'ladus. u Pods flat, jointed between the seeds. Shrubby. Sensitive Plant. Mimo'sa. u Pods prickly, 4-sided, 4-valved. Sensitive Brier. Schran'kia. u Pods smooth, turgid, filled with pulp. Tree. S. Sponge-tree. Vachel'lia. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals distinct. Stara. 5-10. Herbs. Desman'thus. u Pods smooth, flat, dry. Petals united. Stam. 8-200. S. Julibrassin. Aca'cia. 10 1. PHASE'OLUS. Bean, &c. Calyx 5-toothe(l or cleft, the 2 upper teeth half united. Keel in- cluding the stamens and style, and with them spirally coiled or twisted. Legume straight or curved, many- seeded. Seeds oblong, kidney- shaped. — Herbs twining or trailing. Leaves pinnately trifoliate, stipellate. June-Oct, Native species, growing in fields and woods... .a Exotic species, growing only by culti- vation b a Flowers racemed. Pods curved . . . Fig. 446. Section of flower of the Dean, showing the spirally coiled stamens and styles, the simple ovary, kc. a Flowers 1 or few in a head. b Stems climbing .5-7 b Stems erect, bushy 8 Pods straight. . .2-4 190 THE FLORA. 1 P. peren''nis. Peren7iialWild-hecin. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Eacemes in pairs. 4-7 f.jo. 2 P. diversifo''lius. Trailing W. Leaflets angular, 2-3-lobed. Peduncle longer than leaf. c. 3 P. hel'volus. Long-stalked W. Leaflets lance-ovate, not lobed. Peduncle 3-4 times longer tlian the leaf. M. S. 4 P. pauciflo'rus. Faw-jUnvered W. Leaflets linear-oblong, hairy. Peduncle longer than the leaf. W. 5 P. vTilga'ris. Common, Garden-bean. Leaflets ovate, pointed. Racemes solitary, shorter than leaves. 6 P. multiflo^rus. Scarlet Pole-hean. Fls. scr.rlet, showy. Eoot tuberous. Pedicels opp. f 7 P. luna^tus. Lima B. Flovi-ers white. Lfts. ovate-deltoid, acute. Pods broad, large. 8 P. na'nus. Bush-lean. Erect, bushy. Leaves broad-ovate, acute, t 2. A'PIOS. Ground-nut. Calyx bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lippetI, the 2 side teeth nearly obsolete, the lower tooth longest. Keel incurved and at length coiled against the very broad, reflexed banner. Ovary sheathed at base. — Twining, smooth herbs. 2f Root bearing eatable tubers. Leaves pinnately 5-7-foliate. A. tubero'sa. Stem round, twining about other plants, 2-4f. in length. Leaflets mostly 7, narrow-ovate, more or less acuminate, on short stalks. Eaeeines axillary, solitary, dense-flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers dark pur- ple. The tubers on the root are oval, thick, and very nutritious. In thickets and shady woods. July., Aug. 3. ROBIN'IA. Locust. Calyx short, bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the 2 upper divisions more or less united. Banner large, wings obtuse. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style bearded inside. Legume flattened, long, many-seeded. — Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers showy, in axiUary racemes. April., May. R. visco'sa. Clammy Locust-tree. Eacemes rather compact, rose-white, erect. Branchlets and stalks sticky. Leaflets ovate. In parks. Native South. R Pseudaca'cia. Common Locust-tree. Eacemes rather loose, drooping, white, fragrant. Leaflets oblong-ovate, smooth, as well as the branchlets. R. his'pida. Ease Acacia. Shrub 4-9f. high, hispid, with clusters of large, purple flowers. Leaflets 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval. 4. MELILO'TUS. Melilot. Sweet Clover. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Keel petals completely united, shorter than die others. Of the 1 0 stamens 9 are united one separate. Pod 1 or few- Order 46.— LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. 191 Leaves piiinately trifoliate. seeded, longer than the permanent calyx. Flowers in racemes. 1 M. officina'lis. Yellow M. Leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, dentate. Calyx half as long as the yellow corolla. Pod 2-seeded. Stem 3f. 2 M. alba. White M. Leaflets ovate-oblong, square at end. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. Pod 2-seedcd. Height d-fif. Very fragrant. 5. TRIFO'LIUM. Clover. Trefoil. Calyx 5-cleft, with bristly teeth, persist- ent. Petals more or less united at the base, persistent and withering. Banner longer than the wings, which are also longer than the keel. Stamens 10, diadelphons (9 & 1). Legume short, membranous, often included in the calyx, 1-6-seeded, mostly indehis- cent. — Herbs with palmately trifoliate leaves. Leatlets straight-veined. Flowers in heads or spikes. Apr.-Sejji. * Flowers yellow, in small, dense, oval heads. Pod 1-seeded 1, 2 * Flowers cyanic (not yellow). . . .a a Flowers on little stalks (pedicels) and finally deflexed b a Flowers nearly or quite sessile, never de- flexed c b Heads small, on stalks some ten times longer 3, 4 b Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer 5, 6 c Calyx teeth feathery, longer than the whitish corolla 7 c Calyx teeth shorter than the purple or roseate corolla S-10. 1 T. procum'bens. Yelloio C. Stipules much shorter than the petioles. Style 3 or 4 times shortcrthan thepod. Heads ovate, 4 in. thick. Stems prostrate. May. 2 T. agra'rium. Larger Yellow C. Stipules longer than the petiole. Style about as long as the pod. Heads oblong, i in. thick. Stems ascending. Jane^July. 3 T. Carolinia'num. Southern C. Stipules leaf-like. Calyx teeth thrice longer than its tube. Legume 4-8eeded. Scarcely forms a turf. W. S. 4 T. repens. White C. Shamrock. Stipules narrow, scale-like. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube. Pod 4-seeded. Forms a dense turf. Fls. white, e. T. reflexum. Bvffalo C. Lflts. obovate. Calyx nearly as long as the red corolla. 6 T. stolon: 'fe rum. Prairie C. Leaflets obcordate. Calyx not half as long as the white corolla. W, 453 O Fig, 44". Red Clover,— a head of flowers. Fig. 44S. A single flower. Fig. 449. A pod, with a part of the calyx. Fig. 450. A sc-ed, cut open. See also Fig. 37. 192 THE FLORA. 7 T. arven'se. Jiahhit-foot G. Heads cylindrical, very hairy. Lfts. narrow obovate. 8 T. praten''3e. Rtd C. Leaflets spotted, oval. Heads roundish, sessile. Flowers rose-red, or white, c. \ (Figs. 447-456.) 9 T. me'dium. Zigzag 0. Lfts. oblong. Heads roundish, stalked. Fls. deep purple, r. 10 T. incarna'tum. Rose Trefoil. Lfts. round-ovate. Heads oblong. Fls. rose-red. f 6. LUPI'NUS. Lupine. Calyx deeply 2-lipped, upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed. Wings united towards the top, keel acuminate. Stamens monadelphous, the filaments forming an entire sheath. Anthers alternately oblong and globose. Pod leathery and knotted. — Herbs, with leaves palmately 5-15- foliate, rarely simple. 1 L. peren'nis. Common L. Root creeping, perennial. Stem erect, l-2f. high, hairy. Leaflets soft-downy, 7-11, oblanceolate, I5-2'' long, broadest above the middle. Flowers alternate, in an erect, terminal raceme, blue, varying to white. It is often called Sun-dial^ from the fact of its leaves turning to face the sun from morning till night. — Several other species are cultivated in gardens. May, June. (Fig. 66.) 2 L. villo''sus. Mullein L. Stem erect, l-2f., terminating in a showy raceme. Leaves simple, clothed in a dense coat of silky wool as well as the stem. S. 7. LESPEDE'ZA. Bush Clover. Calyx 5-parted, with 2 bractlets at base, the sepals nearly equal. Keel very obtuse, on slender claws. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume lens-sliaped, small, flattened, unarmed, one-seeded, not opening. — % Leaves pinnately trifoliate. Flowering in Ang..^ Sept. T[ Flowers in dense spikes, whitish, with a purple spot on the banner 1, 2 TI Fls. racemed, &c., violet or purple. Some of the fl*. with no corolla.. . .a a Stem prostrate, trailing, difl'use. Leaflets oval 3 a Stem erect and mostly branched, l-3f. high.. . .4, 5 1 L. capita''ta. Head B. Leaflets elliptical, silky. Spikes shorter than leaves. Stem nearly simple, 2-4f. 2 L. hirta. Hairy £. Leaflets roundish-oval. Spikes longer than leaves. Stem branching, very hairy. 8 L. repens. Creeping B. Downy more or less, except the upper side of the leaves, which is always smooth. Stems slender, many. 4 L. viola''cea. Violet B. Smoothish. Leaflets oval, varying to :)blong and linear obtuse, mucronate. Corolla Z-i" long. Varies greatly. 5 L. SteuM. Plant velvety or downy. Lfts. round'sh-obovate. Variable. Order 46.— LEQUMINOUS PLANTS. 193 '^ 8. PrSUA[. Pea. Calyx divisions leaf-like, 2 upper shortest. Banner large, reflexed. Stamens 10, diadelplious (9 & 1). Style flattened, keel-shaped, bearded on the upper side. Legume oblong, tumid. Seeds globose. — Climbing herbs. Leaves pinnate, end- ing with a branching tendril. P. sati'vum. Common Garden Pea. Leaflets usually 4, ovate, entire. Stipules rather larger than tlie leaf- lets (2-3'' long), ovate, half- cordate at base. Flow- ers 2 or more on axillary peduncles, large, white. Pods 2 or 3'' long, 5-9-seeded. A very valuable leguminous plant, all over smooth and glaucous. There are many varieties. June. (Also, Fig. 443.) 9. BAPTIS'IA. Wild Indigo. Calyx 4-5-cleft half way. Petals of about equal length, somewhat united. Banner roundish, notched at the end. Stamens 10, distinct, decid- uous. Pod inflated, many-seeded, raised on a stalk in the persistent calyx. — u Large herbs with leaves palmately 3-foliate or simple. Flowers in racemes, mostly oblong, broadest above. A2)7\-Sept. § Leaves simple. Flowers yellow. (3 species far South, omitted.) § Leaves 3-foliate ... .a Flowers blue, in a few long racemes ... .1 a Flowers white, in a few long racemes. . . .b a Flowers yellow, solitary, or in short racemes.... c b Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles 2, 3 b Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles 4, 5 c Flower-stalks not longer than the calyx 6, 7 c Flowcr-.^talks much longer than the calyx. S. Omitted. 1 B. austra'lis. Austral W. Smooth. Lfts, obovate or oblong. Fls. large. \V. S. i 2 B. leucophoe'a. Whitish IV. Stipules large, ovate. Kacemes nodding. W. 3 B. villo'sa. Wooll// IV. Stipules small, lance-linear. Racemes erect. S. 4 B. leucantha. Stipules lancc-lincar, about as long as petioles. W. S. f 5 B. alba. Stipules and bracts minute, early falling off. S. G B. lanceola'ta. Leaflets narrow-elliptic. Flowers axillary. S. 7 B. tincto'ria. Leaflets siiiiiU. round-obovate. Kacemes terminal. Common. Fii'. 451. Con s, the large 8ti|iiili-s; p, tlie pod; / the (lower; t, tbe tendrils on tlie end of the- li^af. Leaflets 19^ THE FLORA. 10. OAS'SIA. Senna. Sepals 5, scarcely united at base, nearly equal. Petals 5, unequal, but not papilionaceous. Stamens 10, distinct, 3 upper anthers often sterile, 3 lower ones beaked. Legume long, many-seeded. — Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate, mostly with a gland on the petiole. Flowers yellow. July^ Aug. 1 Racemes axillary. 3 of the anthers imperfect, 7 of them perfect 1,3 T[ R acemes above the axils. Anthers all perfect. Stem l-2f. high 4, 5 1 C. obtusifo'lia. Blunt S. Leaflets 4-6, obtuse. Stem l-3f. high. S. 2 C. occidenta'lis. Western. S. Leaflets 6-12, acute. Stem 4-6f. liigh. S. 3 C. Marilan'dica. American S. Leaflets 12-18, mucronate. Stems of. high. 4 C. Chamaecris'ta. Sensitive Pea. Anthers 10, unlike. Fls. large. Lfts. 16-24. 5 C. nic'titans. Sensitive S. Anthers 5, alike. Fis. small. Leaflets 12-30. Order XLYII. ROSACEA. Roseworts. Trees., sJiruhs, or Jierhs with stipules mostly, and alternate leaves; witli jiowers regular, commonly showy, perfect, and polyandrous ; with 5 sepals united at base, often supported by as many dractlets outside ; 5 petals (rarely 0), which are perigynous as well as the stamens ; 1-co 2yi8tils, which are distinct, or sometimes united and adhering to the calyx tube ; fruit various ; seeds with no albumen. Order 47.— ROSEWORTS. 105 457 r,<"/P/ Fig. 4.V2. Flowers of the Gi eat lied Clierry : 5, section, fliowing tlie periirynor.s slaiiietis, tlie single ovary, &c. Fig. 453. Section (jf tlio cherry, showing the seed lying , In the stone and jmlp. Fig. 454. Section of the flower of Lady's-niantle (Class Book, p. 325), with the simple ovary, lateral style, Ac. Fig. 455. A flower of Strawberry. Fig. 456. A section of the same, showing the pcrigynous stamens, the many simple pistils on the large turns. Fig. 457. Section of a Hose, showing the many simple pistils sunk in the hollow toru.s, &c. Analysis of the Genera. % Flowers with 1 pistil and no petals. Herbs a § Flowers with 1 pistil and 5 petals. Shrubs or trees 2 § Flowers with 2— oo pistils 3 2 Style lateral, i. «., arising from the side of the ovary o 2 Style terminal, i. c, arising from the top of the ovary c 3 Pistils (carpels) 2-5, all consolidated with the calyx. Fruit a pome.... . 2 R. Nutka^nus. White-Jlowering. Petals broad-oval, white. Fls. several. JSf.-i» 3 R. Chamaemo'nis. Cloud-levry. Petals obovate, white. Flower only one. Mts. 4 Petals as long or longer than the calyx 5, 6 4 R. Idaeus. Garden Ras])herry. Petals shorter than the calyx. 5 R. strigo''sus. Wild Bed Raspherry. Corolla cnp-shaped, single. 6 R. rosaefo'lius. Bridal Rose. Corolla spreading, double. Cultivated. 7 Stems prickly, shrubby, biennial. Fruit of many grains 11 7 R. triflo''rus. Stems entirely unarmed, green, © Fruit of few grain?. 8 R. occidenta'lis. Thhnhle-herry . PI. glaucous. Petals shorter than sepals. Fr. dark, 8 Plants not glaucous. Petals much longer than the sepals 9, 10 Blackberries. 9 R. villo'sus. High Blackberry. Flowers in racemes. Leaflets ovate. 10 R. cuneifo'lius. Sand Bl. Fls. 1-3 together. Lfts. wedge-obovate. M. S. 11 Prickles many. Flower-stalks without leaves or bracts 12, 13 11 R. Canaden'sis. Dewherry. Prickles few. Flower-stalks with leafy bracts. 12 R. his'pidus. Hispid^ Running Bl. Flowers small, with spreading sepals. 13 R. trivia'lis. Low Busk Bl. F'owers large, with reflexed sepals. S. 8. DALIBAK'DA. False Violet. Calyx deeply 5 or 6-parted, 8 of the segments larger. Petals 5. Sta- mens many. Styles 5-8, long, deciduous. Fruit 5-8 dryish, drupe-like achenia. — ii Low herbs with creeping stems, simple leaves and 1-2 white flowers on each stalk. Korth. D. re'pens. Creeping F. Found in damp woods. Creeping stems a few inches to a foot in length. Leaves roundish- cordate, crenate. Stipules very narrow-linear. Petioles 1-3' long. Scapes 1-flowered, about as long as the petioles. June. 9. WALDSTEI'NIA. Dry Strawberry. Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate, sometimes minute and deciduous bract- lets. Petals 5 or more, sessile. Stamens many. Styles 2-6. Achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle. — U Acaulescent herbs with lobed or divid- ed radical leaves and yellow flowers on scapes. W. fragarioi'des. A pretty plant, in hilly woods, bearing some resemblance to the strawberry. Koot-stock thick, scaly, blackish. Leaves trifoliate, on petioles 3-6' long ; leaflets broad-wedge-shaped, cut-toothed, of a shining green above. Scapes about as high as the leaves, bearing 2-6 flowers, which are h' across. June. W. loba'ta. Lobed D. Along rivers, &c. Leaves simple, roundish-cordate, gener ally 3-5-lobed, &c. Jj^ril, June. S. Order 47.— ROSEWORTS. 201 10. POTENTIL'LA. Cinquefoil. Calyx deeply 4-5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets outside. Petals 4-5, obcordate. Stamens co . Achenia oo , collected in a head on a small, dry receptacle. — Herbs or shrubs with compound leaves and (mostly) yellow flowers. (Figs. 70, 77.) * Leaves pahnatelj compound a * Leaves pinnately compound 6-8 a Leaflets 3 only in each leaf. . . .1 a Leaflets 5. Stems prostrate or inclining. . . .4, 5 1 Flowers yellow. Stems herbaceous 2, 3 1 P. tridenta'ta. Trident C. Fls. white. Lfts. wedge-obov., o-toothedat end. N. "2 P. Norve'gica. Norway C. Erect, many-flowered. Petals short. N. M. 3 P. min'ima. T'my G. Low. Stems 1-flowered. Pet. longer than sepals. Mts 4 P. Canaden'sis. Canada C. Leaflets green both sides, serrate, oblong. 5 P. argen'tea. Silver G. Leaflets silvery-white beneath, pinnatifid. 6 P. frutico'sa. Shrubby G. Erect, shrubs with yellow flowers. Height l-2f. N. 7 P. Anseri'na. Goose-gras$. Stemlcss herbs. Leaves and peduncles radical. 8 Herbs with leafy stems. (3 rare species omitted.) 11. FRAGA'PJA. Strawberry. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate bractlets out- side. Petals 5, obcordate. Stamens oo . Achenia many, fixed to the surface of the large, conical, pulpy, scarlet or white receptacle. — Low U plants with trifoliate leaves. (Figs. 2G5, 455, 456.) 1 F. Virginia''na. Common S. Bractlets under the calyx entire. Flowers white, on scapes. Root-stock sending out runners which take root and form new plants. 2 F. In'dica. Indian Strawberry. Bractlets under the calyx 3-lobed. Petals yellow. Stems trailing on the ground. Fruit roundish, bright red, tasteless. S, t (272.) 12. SPIR^A. Meadow-sweet. Hard-hack. Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish. Stamens 10-50, exscrted. Carpels distinct, 3-12, forming little 1 -celled, several-seeded pods. Styles terminal. — U Beautiful, unarmed herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves and branches, and small white or rose-colored flowers. May^ ^i(g- * Shrubs 4-9 f. high.... a * Herbs with the leaves once or thrice pinnate ... .7 a Stipules present 1, 2 a Stipules none. Leaves simple and undivided. .. .b 9* 203 THE FLORA. b Flowers in panicles. Leaves lance-ovate 3, 4 b Flowers in corymbs or little umbels. Leaves oval or ovate 5, 6 opulifolia. Kine-harh. Leaves simple, 3-lobed. Corymbs umbellate. N. sorbifo'lia. Sorb-leaved M. Leaves odd-pinnate. Flowers in panicles. 3 S. tomento^sa. Hard-hack. Lvs. with u rusty white dense wool beneath. 4 S. salicifo'lia. Willow -leaved. Lvs. nearly smooth. Shrub 3 or 4f. high, corymbo'sa. Corymb very large, terminal, flat-topped. Height l-2f. S. hypericefo'lia. St. Petefs Wreath. Little umbels many, lateral. Cultivated. 7 Leaves once-pinnate. Inflorescence terminal, on a long stalk. . . .8, 9, 10 7 S. Amn''cus. GoaVs Beard. Lvs. thrice-pinnate. Fls. in slender spikes. M, 8 S. loba'ta. Queen of the Prairie. Flowers purple. Side leaflets 3-lobed. W. 9 S. filipen'dula. Dropwort. Fls. white. Lfts. pinnatitid-serrate. Gardens. 10 S. Ulma^ria. Meadoio-sweet. Flowers white. Lfts. doubly-serrate. Gardens. 1 S. 2 S. 5 S. 6 S. Order LII. OXAGRA'CE^. Evening Primroses. Eerhs with alternate or opposite lemes ; and with the parts of the flowers generally in 4's, sometimes in 3's, 2's, or I's ; with the scpah united below into a tube, valvate in the bud ; the 'petaU and stamens inserted into the throat of the caljx; ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx ; becoming in the fruit a 2-4-celled capsule or berry with many seeds. 3 Fig. ibS. Flower of (Enothera fruticosa. 9. Plan of the flower. Fi ff. i60. Section of the 4-celIecl capsule of (E. biennis. 1. Hippuris vulgaris. 2. Its flower, with 1 stamen, 1 ovary, 2 stj'le. 3. Vertical section of its 1-seeded fruit. 4. Circsea Lutetiana. 5. The flower en- larced. 6. Plan of the flower. 7. Vertical section of the 2-celled and 2-seeded fruit. Analysis of the Genera. * Flowers 4 or 5-parted (that is, with 4 or 5 petak., sepals, &c.) 2 * Flowers 3-parted, i. e., with 3 sepals, 3 stamens, &c. (no petals). . . .g OiiDEi; 52.— EVENING PRIMROSES. 203 * Flowers •2-piirled, witli 2 sepals, 2 petals, &c f * Flowers l-purtecent Leaves dark green, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, coarsely toothed. P'-idicel* without bracts, bent down after flowering. Frait clothed with bristl,v hook* June^ July. O. alpi'na. Stem 5-10'' high, very smooth. Leaves pale green, broad corda i", tU-"L slightly dentate. Common in I'ocky woods at the North. Julf/. Order LY.— GIlOSSULAaE. Currants Small sJiruhs, often prickly, with alternate, lobed, plaited leaves; Jloioers in axillary racemes, regular, 4 or 5- parted, small; petals inserted into the throat of the calyx, small, distinct, and the ^ruit a 1-celled, many-seeded, 2-carpeled berry. Fig. 468. A flower of the Red Currant cut open ; o, the ovary and ovules ; 5^, c, the calyx tube; p, the petals; s, the stamens. Fig. 469. A berry cut open, show placentae and seeds. Fig. 470. A seed cut open, showing the little embryo. ordeh go.— the HOUSELEEKS. 205 KI'HES. Currants and Gooseberries. The character of the genus is about the same as of the Order. § Currants. Steins witliout prickles or thorns a § Gooseberries. Stems armed witli prickles or spines.. . .c a Leaves rolled in the bud (convolute). FIs. bright yel 1 a Lvs. plaited (plicate) in the bud. FIs. not yellow b b Fruit hairy 2, 3 b Fruit smooth . . . .4-6. c Fruit hispid 7, 3 c Fruit smooth d d Stalks ofthe flower or fruit long.... 11, 12 d Stalks very short 9, 10 1 R. au'reum. Mlssouvi Currant. Shrub 6-Sf., with smooth, 3-lobed leaves (Fig. 471). W. f 2 R. sanguin''eum. Oregon C. Flowers bright red, showy. Leaves o-5-lobed. + 3 R. prostra'tum. Skunk C. FIs. striped with red. Lvs. 5-7-lobed. Mts. N. M. 4 'R. ru'brum. Common Red G. Leaves not dotted, downy beneath. Berries glob- ular, red or white, in pendulous racemes as well as the fls. (Figs. 243, 261.) 5 R. flor'idum. Flowering C. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries obovate, black. 6 R. nigrum. Black G. Leaves yellow-dotted. Berries roundish, black. Petiole shorter than the blade. Eacemes loose, partly nodding, Gardens. 7 R. Cynos^bati. Prickly Gooseberry. B:iccmc3 2 or 3-flowered. Styles united. (Fig. 2S1.) 8 R. lacus'tre. Swainp G. Eacemes 5-S-flowered. Style 2-cleft. Berry small. 9 R. hirtil^lum. Smoothish G. Stems not prickly. Calyx tube bell-shaped. North. 10 R. oxycanthoi'des. Hawtlwm G. Stems very prickly. Calyx tube cylindric. North. 11 R. rotundifo'lium. Round-leaved G. Calyx cylindric. Stalk 1-3-flowered. 12 R. Uva Cais'pa. Garden G. Calyx bell-shaped. Stalk hairy, 1-flowered. 1 Fig. 471. Missouri Currant,— flower di- vided. Order LX. CRASSULACE^. The Houseleeks. Thick, juic7|^?«?z^ with simple, mostly entire leaves; with flowers perfectly symmetrical and regular ; the petals., sepals., and pistils being of the same number (3-20) ; and the stamens either the same or twice as many ; the follicles (as many as the ovaries) distinct or somewhat united. 206 THE FLORA. Anal ij sis of the Genera. Pistils (follicles) entirely distinct and separate 2 ristils 4 or 5, united into a 4 or 5-celled capsule 4 2 Stamens twice as many as the pistils, petals, or sepals 3 2 Stamens as many (3 or 4) as the pistils, &e. Herb 1-3' high. r. Tilljs'a. Flowers 5 (rarely 4)-parted. Stamens 10 or 8. Stone- crop. Sk/dum. Flowers 12 (or 6-20)- parted. Stamens 12-40. Ilouseleek. Sempervi'vum. 4 0 Herb 2-4' high, fleshy, with 4-parted flowers. S. Diamor'pha, 4 n Herb lO-lC high, not fleshy, with 5-parted flowers, c. Pentho'kum. 4T4 Fig. 472. A flowering branch of Sedum acre. Fig. 473. A flower of S. acre, natural size. Fig. 474. A flower (12-parted, symmetrical, regular) o{ Semper- ^^^^ v'tum (Ilouseleek). 1. SE'DUM. Stone- crop. Orpine. Sepals and petals 5, sometimes 4, distinct. Stamens 10 or 8. Pods 5, sometimes 4, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. — ^Mostly ii herbs, with 5-parted flowers in cymes, or in one-sided clusters. 1 Flowers Avhite, or purplish, or rose-colored 2 1 S. a'cre. Iceland Moss. Fls. yellow. Plant in low tafts. Gardens. 2 Leaves scattered, 1-3' long 3-5. (Figs. 472, 473.) 2 S. terna'tum. Stone-crop. Leaves in whorls of 3's. Flowers white, in a 3-spiked cyme. 3 S. telephioi'des. False 0. Leaves lanceolate or obovate, nearly entire. M. S. 4 S. Tele'phium. Common O. Leaves oval, serrate, obtuse. Flowers purplish. 5 S. pulcherium. Handsome O. Lvs. linear. Fls. in an umbel of spikes, purp. S. Order LXI. SAXIFRAGACE^. Saxifrages. Herbs or sliriibs with the j^istils fewer than the sepals of the flower ; the as many as the calyx sepals (4 or 5), and together with the Order 61.— SAXIFRAGES. 207 5-10 sta7n€ns inserted on the calyx; tlie sfijles 2, distinct, with their 3 ovaries more or less united below, and either free or adhering to calyx ; vod.^ capsular, many-seeded ; emhryo slender, in albumen. // 475 Fig. 4T5. Section of flower of Early Saxifraore (Class Book, page 371). FigAlG. Ovary and pistils, cut across to show the two cells. Fig. 477. Mitella diphylla; S, a flower, magnified; 9, the fniit pods open, showing the blaek seeds. Fig. 480. Cross-sec- tion of the ovary; 1, seed cut open, showing the long embryo. Analysis oftlie Genera. % Kerbs. Petals imbricated in the bud a § Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute (twisted) in bud. . . .e a Flowers with 10 stamens b a Flowers with 5 stamens d b Petals 4-6, usually 5, entire c b Petals 5, all pinnatifid. Stamens 10. Mitreicott. Mitel''la. b Petals 0. Low, pro.^tvate, in wet places. Wafer Carpet. CnRYsos^L^/^'IUM. c Pods 2-cellcd. Leaves simple, mostly radical. Saxifrage. Saxif'raoa. c Pods 2-celled. Leaves bi-ternately compound, cauline. S- Astil''be. c Pods 1-celled. Leaves palmately lobed. False Mitrewort. Tiarel'la. d Styles 2, pod 2-celled. Scape reclined, 8-1 2Mong. W. Sullivan^tia. d Styles 2, pod 1-celled. Scape erect, a foot or more. M. "W. IIeu'chkra. d Styles 3, pod 1-celled. Herb in tufts 4'' high. S. Lepukopet''alon. e Leaves opposite, simple f e Leaves alternate. Shrub 4-Sf erect. Eaccmes white. f Shrub climbing trees, &c. Flowers white, fragrant. S. f Shrubs erect. Cymes not radiate— all the flowers perfect. f Shrubs erect. Cymes radiate. Stamens 8-10. M. S. Ite'a. Deccma''kia. PuiLADEI.''rHUS. IIvdkan'gea. 1. MITEL'LA. Mitrewort. Calyx 5-cleft, bell-shaped. Petals 5, pinnatifid with linear divisions, 208 THE FLORA. inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 or 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Capsule short, 2-beaked, 1-celled, 2-valved. — U Small, slender herbs, with roundish, lobed, and cordate leaves, mostly from the root. Flowers small, in a slender raceme. N. 1 M. diphyria. Scape 12-20'' high, with 2 opposite leaves nearly sessile, and many white flowers above with cariously cleft petals. Ma?/, June. (See Fig, 477.) 2 M. nu'da. Scape leafless, thread-like, 5-7 'high, few-flowered. May^ June. Both species send out runners from the base. 2. TIAEEL'LA. False Mitrewort. Gem-fruit. Calyx 5-parted, lobes obtuse* Petals 5, entire, the claws in- serted on the calyx. Stamens 10, exserted. Styles 2. Cap- sule 1-celled, 2-valved, 1 valve much larger. — if Fls. Avhite. N. M. T. cordifo'lia. Scape about 10' high, sometimes bearing a leaf, the flowers white in all their parts, forming a cylindrical ra- ceme. In rocky woods, with the Mitrewort., veiy common at the North. May^ June. 3. PHILADELTHUS. False Syringa. Calyx 4-5-parted, tube ad- herent to the ovary, persistent. Corolla 4-5-petaled. Styles 4, more or less united. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the petals. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, .-nany-seeded. — Handsome flowering shrubs, with opposite leaves. Petals convolute in the bud. Fig. 4S2. "Radiant" panicle of Oak-le:ivcd Ilydran gca; the larger flowers neutral. Okdki! G:J.-THE UMBEl.WORTS. 209 P. grandiflo'rus. Large-Jloivertd StjriiKja. A very sliowy shrub, 6f. liigb. Leiives ovate, acumhuite, 3-veined. Stiffiiias 4, styles united into 1. Flowers large, in umbels of 2-7, white nearly inodorous. Cultivated, but wild at the South. June. P. corona'rius. Mock Orange. Steins 5-8f. high. Leaves oval and ovate, short- pointed, feather-veined. Styles and stigmas 4, distinct. Flowers numerous, white, handsome, very fragrant. Cultivated. June. 4. IIYDRAN'GEA. Hydrangea. Flowers in cymes, the marginal ones generally barren, with the sepals much enlarged (that is, the cymes are radiant). The fertile flowers are small, calyx about 4-toothed, petals 4, stamens 8 or 10; capsule 2-beaked, many-seeded. 1 H. arbores'cens. Big Wild H. Leaves ovate, obtuse or cordate at base, nearly smooth. Cymes fiat. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, M. W. Cultivated. 2 H. quercifo'lia. Oak-leaved II. Leaves deeply sinnatc-lobed. Cymes in the form of a panicle. South. Cultivated. (See i^/<7. 482.) 3 H. radia'ta. Silver-leaved H. Leaves ovate, clothed with a silvery-white down beneath. Cymes flat. Shrub 6-8f. high. S. t 4 H. horten'sis. Changeable H. Leaves elliptical, narrowed at each end, smooth. Cymes mostly all barren, changing from green to white, pink, blue, &c. Order LXIII. TJMBELLIFERiE. The Umbelworts. Eerls with hollow, furrowed stems, simple or compound leaves; no stipules^ but with a broad sheathing base to the petioles ; the ^maW flowers in umbels, and the calyx wholly adherent to the ovary; thej?)e^«?s and stamens 5, standing on the top of the ovary; the styles 2, and the fruit dry, its 2 carpels seed-like and separating, marked outside by ribs and farrows rimning lengthwise. Analysis of the Genera. * Plants growing wild, some of them cultivated for the eatable root 2 * Plants never wild, but cultivated for their fruit, &c q 2 Flowers white, rarely rose-colored or cream-colored 3 2 Flowers yellow, or (in one instance) dark purple 4 3 Umbels simple, leaves simple. Little creeping wet plants a 3 Umbels regularly compound, th.e flowers not sessile c 3 Umbels irregular, flowers in crowded heads, sessile. ...b 4 Fruit decidedly flattened on the back p 4 Fruit flattened on the sides or not at all o 210 THE FLORA. a Fruit flattened. Leaves roundish. Pennywort. Hydkoco'tyle. -. a Fruit globular. Lvs. linear. Fls. pedicelled. Height 1-2'. r. Crant'zia. b Fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Heads small, 2-4. c. Sanicle. Sanic'ula. 1 b Fruit clothed with scales. Heads often near V thick. "W. S. c. Eryn'oidm. c Umbels not radiate (§ 255, a, outer flowers not larger than the rest) d c Umb. rad., very large. Huge herbs, 4-Sf. high. c. Cow Parsnip. JIkuxc'l-ev^. d Leaves simple Ihiear petioles without blades. S. Tiedman'nia. d Leaves only once divided, pinnately or ternately . . . .e d Leaves twice or thrice compounded g e Fruit flattened or contracted, more or less,, on the sides f e Fruit much flattened on the back. M. S. ArcJiemore. Archemo'ra. f Leaflets 3, ovate, doubly serrate. Stem l-2f. high. Honewort. Ckyptot^'nia. 2 f Leaflets 3, long, linear, grass-like. Eare. S. KerveUaf. Neurophyl'lum. f Leaflets 5-11, lanceolate or lancc-linear. 2-6f. Water Parsnip. Si'um. f Leaflets 5-9, oblong. Stem procumbent. S. Marsh Umbel. Helosciad'ium. g Bracts of the involucre (not involucel) entire h g Bracts of the involucre cleft and divided k g Bracts of the involucre none or almost none m h Fruits bristly, club-shaped, few. Stem l-2f. high. Cicely. Osmoriii''za. 3 h Fruits smooth, flattened on the sides, ribs wavy. Poison Hemlock. Coni'um. 4 h Fruits smooth, flattened on the back, ribs winged, straight, r. CoNiosELi''NrM. h Fruit smooth, terete, not flattened, ribs straight. Lavage. Ligus'ticum. k Fruits bristly, short, numerous. Often cultivated. Carrot. Dau'cus. k Fruits smooth. Stems and leaflets thread-like. Eare. Discopleu'ra. k Fruits smooth. Stem 3-6'' erect, bulbous. W. Pepper-and-Salt. Eriqem''a. m Fruit flattened on the back. Stems large, c. Angelica. Archangel'ica. m Fruit flattened on the sides n in Fruit terete, not flattened. Poison. N. Eare. FooVs Parsley, ^thu'sa. n Calyx 5-toothed. Stems difl"use, slender. "W". Chervil. Ch^rophyl'lum. n Cal. 5-toothed. Umbels stalked. Sts. erect, very slender. S. Leptocau'lis. n Calyx teeth none, fruit strongly ribbed. Poison. Water Hemlock. Cicu'ta. 6 n Calyx teeth none, fruit scarcely ribbed. W. Eare. Crest Umbel. Eu''lophus. o Livolucels leafy. Leaves perfoliate, simple, entire. Modesty. Buplec'ritm. o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 winged ribs. Golden Alexanders. Thas'pium. 7 o Involucels minute. Seed with 5 ribs not winged. Alexanders. Ziz'ia. 8 p Involucels minute. Fruit corky. Leaves bi-pinnatifid. Polytje'nia. -^ p Involucels none. Fruit thin. Leaves pinnate. Parsnip. Pastixa'ca. q Flowers white. Involucre 0 or of 1 entire bract r q Flowers white. Involucre of a few cleft bracts. Parsley. PETR0SELi''NnM:. q Flov/ers yellow. Leaf segments very narrow and many. Fennel. FosMC'uLnu:. r Umbellets radiate. Fruit round. Lvs. finely cut. Coriander. Corian'drum. r Umbellets not radiate (the flowers all similar) s s Fruit flattened on the sides, roundish. Lf. segin. wedge-form. Celery. A'picir. s Fruit flattened on the sides, oval. Leaf segments linear. Caraway. Ca-'rum. . s Fruit egg-shaped, not flattened. Loaf segments linear. Anise. Pjmpinrl'la. Order 67.— THE UMBELWORTS. 211 Fig. 4S3. Golden Alexanders, with its compound, naked umbel, &m. i. A flower enlarged. 5. The fruit with its thread-shaped ribs and two persistent styles. 6. Cross-section, showing tlie two carpels with the oil-tubes and flat inner face. 7.. Umbel of Sweet Cicely, in fruit. S. A flower enliirgod. 9. The fruit with the two carpels separating from the base and supported by a two-clift stalk. Fig. 490. Summit of the fruit of Biiter Cicely. 1. Fruit of Poison Ileiiilock. with the undulate-fienulate ribs. 2. Cross-section, showing the grooved inner face and invohile albumen. 3. Radiate flower of Coriandrum. 4. Vertical section of the globose fruit, showing the minute embryo. 1. SANIC'ULA. Sanicle. Flowers polygamous. Calyx teeth leafy, tube bristly. Petals obovate, erect, with the point inflected. Fruit roundish, armed with hooked prickles. Carpels without ribs. — n Plants l-2f. high. Umbel with a few capitate umbellets. Involucre of few cleft bracts, involucel of several, entire. June- Aug. 1 S. Marylan'dica. Long-styled S. Sterile flowers many, pedicellate ; fertile flowers sessile. Styles slender, conspicuous, recurved. Leaves 5-7-parted. Common. 2 S. Canaden'sis. IShort- styled S. Sterile fltiwers few, much shorter than the fertile. Styles shorter than the prickles. Leaves 5-parted, upper 8-parted. Unibeld (or heads) small. Woods. Common. 212 THE FLORA. 2. CRYPTOT^E'NIA. Hone-wort. Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals with an inflexed point. Fruit linear-ob- long or ovate-oblong. Seeds with 5 obtuse ribs, contracted at the sides. — If A smooth herb with 3-parted leaves. Umbels compound, with very unequal rays, white flowers, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. O. Canaden'sis. St. l-2f. high, erect. Leaflets large, the side ones often 2-parted or lobed. Common in moist woods. July. 8. OSMORHI'ZA. Cicely. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, club-shaped, tapering to the base, crowned with the conical styles ; carpels each with 5 equal, acute, bristly ribs, and a deep groove on the face. — % Leaves bi-ternately divid- ed, with the umbels opposite. Involucre few-leaved ; involucel 4-7- leaved. Flowers white. Fruit an inch in length. Height about 2f. May, June. (Figs. 244, 487-9.) O. longis''tylis. Sweet G. Styles thread-like, nearly as long as ovary. Plant downy. The root has an agreeable spicy flavor. O. brevis'tylis. Bitter G. Styles conical, 5 times shorter than ovary. Plant hairy. Less interesting than No. 1. (See Fig. 490.) 4. CONPUM. Poison Hemlock. Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, flattened on the sides, each carpel with 5 wavy-crenulate ribs on the back, and a deep narrow groove on the inner face. — (D Herbs with large, decompound leaves, with very many leaflets. Involucre and involucels of 3-5 leaves, the latter one-sided. Flowers white. (Figs. 65, 491, 492.) C. macula'tum. Stem spotted with purple, glaucous, about 4f. high. Leaves bright green, leaflets small, lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal, the involucels with the inner half wanting. June, July. 5. EPJGENPA. Pepper-and-salt. Calyx limb wanting. Petals flat, entire. Carpels (half-fruits), 8-ribbed, contracted on the face, forming together a fruit much broader than long. — y Root tuberous. See Fig. 338. Okder G3.— the UMBELWORTS, 213 £. bulbo'sa. A small, early-flowering herb, Western N. Y. to Mo. Stem arises from a roundish tuber deep in the ground. The root leaf is thrice ternate. The involucrate leaf twice ternate. The dark-brown stamens with the little whito petals suggest its common name. 6. CICU'TA. Water Hemlock. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals with the point inflected. Fruit roundi.sh, a little contracted on the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds with 5, flattish, equal ribs, 2 of them on the margin. — U Poisonous herbs with compound leaves and perfect umbels of white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or 1. Involucels many-leaved. 1 C. macula'ta. Spoiled Water- Hem lock. Stem streaked with purple, 3-Cf. high, smooth, striate, hollow. Lower leaves triternate and tripinnate, segments lan- ceolate, serrate. Umbels 2-4' broad. Fruit 10-ribbed. Involucels of 5 or 6 short, slender, acute bracts. Common in wet meadows. Jul?/, Aug. 2 C. bixlbi'fera. Karroiv-leaved Water- Hemlock, Stem green, striate, slender, Avith little bulblets in the axils of the branches. Leaves bi-ternately divided. Leaf- lets linear or lance-linear, 2-4' long, with distant teeth. In wet meadows and swamps. Aug. 7. TIIAS'PIUM. Alexanders. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit elliptical, roundish across, not flat- tened either way, seeds each with 5 winged ribs. — u Leaves divided. Involucre none, involucels few-leaved. The species resemble the Zizias except in their fruit. Mat/, June. (Figs. 483-6.) 1 Root leaves simple, cordate, stem leaves once-ternately divided 2 1 T. barbino'de. Leaves bi- or tri-ternate, Ifts. cut-serrate. St. hairy at joints. 2 T. au'reum. Golden A. Fruit oval. Flowers yellow. Stem 2-3f. high. 2 T. atropurpu'reum. Purple A. Fruit roundish. Flowers dark purple. Stem 2-8f. high. S. M. 8. ZIZ'IA. Alexanders. Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Fruit oval or ovate, flattened at the sides so as to appear somewhat double. Seeds each with 5 ribs which are not winged, but thread-like. — U Smooth, with divided leaves and yellow flowers. Umbels compound, with no involucre or involucels. Z. integer'rima. Entire-leaved A. Koot and stem leaves bi- and tri-ternate, lualKta entire. Plant l-2f. high, in rocky woods. May-July. 2U THE FLORA. Order LXY. CORNACE^. Cornels. Trees and sJiruhs, seldom Iierds^ with sim- ple, mostly opposite leaves; with -^.owers d-parted, arranged in cymes ; the 4 petals valvate in the bud ; and with the 4 stamens standing on the top of the 2- celled ovary^ which is adherent to the calyx- tube ; styles united ; fruit a 1 or 2-seeded drupe. Fig. 495. Low Cornel; ?>, the 4-lcavcd involucre surrounding the head of flowers. Analysis of the Genera. % Flowers perfect, 4-parted. Petals 4. Drupe 2-celled. Corneil. Cornus. 1 § Flowers imperfect, 5-parted. Petals often 0. Drupe 1-celled. Trees with small, green flowers in side clusters. Fruit plum-like. Tupelo. Ntssa. CORNUS. Cornel. Dogwood. Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Flowers in cymes. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 4, with a double pistil. 1 C. Canaden'sis. Low Cornel. A small herb, with a creeping, woody root-stock sending up annually its stems 4-6' high. Some stems bear only 4 whorled leaves, others bear 6 leaves at top and an umbellate cyme of small white flowers supported by a large, white, 4-leaved involucre. The whole resembles a single white flower. May., June. (Fig. 495.) 2 O.flor'ida. Flowering Dogwood. A small tree, 20-30f. high, with opposite, ovate, pointed, entire leaves. The cyme of small greenish flowers is supported by a very large, white, 4-leaved involucre in May. Six other species, Avithout involucres, grow in the country - Order OC.—HONEYSUCKLES. 215 COHORT II. THE GAMOPETALOUS EXOGENS. Essentu.l Character. — Flowering plants (Pii^nogamia) -with their stems growing by additions to the outside in lay- ers (ExoGENs), their seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel or pericarp (AngIospekms), their flowers with a double perianth and tlieir petals nnited (Monopetal^:). Order LXYI. CAPRIFOIJACE.E. Honeysuckles. Slirubs and Aer5s, often twining, with opposite leaves ; -with flowers clustered and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular; corolla monopetalous, tubular or rotate ; stamens on the tube of the corolla, often one less than its lobes ; ovary adherent to the calyx ; style 1 ; fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule ; embryo small, in fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. 1 Corolla tubular. Stigma capitate, on u slender style 2 1 Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3, rarely 5, sessile. Shrubs c 2 Herbs a 2 Shrubs.... b a Stamens 4, capsule 3-celled. A trailing evergreen. Tivin-Jluuer. Linn^'a. 1 a Sta. 5, drupe bony, 3-5-celled. Erect, unbranched. Fever-root. Thios'tetm. b Cor. bell-shaped, reg'r. Berry glob., 4-colled, 2-seeded. SvMrnoniCAit'pus. 2 b Cor. tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2-3-cclled, few seeded, c. Lonice'ra. S b Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-eelled, many-seeded, c. Diervil'la. 4 c Leaves pinnate. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. Elder. Sambu'ccs. 5 c Leaves simple. Drupe flattish, 1-soeded. Handsome shrubs. Viuun'M-M. 1. LlNNiE'A. Twin-flower. Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-parted, deciduous, with 2 bractlets at base. Coroha bell-shaped, limb a little irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, 2 longer than the other 2. Capsule 3-celIed, but only 1 -seeded, 2 of the cells being empty. — A trailing evergreen herb, dedicated to Linr.;cus, the first and greatest of botanists. '21 i] THE FLORA. L. borea'lis. The only species, a fine little plant, found in moist woods in cool cli- mates. It has long, thread-like, creeping stems, rooting at the joints, the up- right branches about S'' high. Leaves small, roundish. Flowers in pairs, rose- Leaves smal colored, nodding, r.t the top of the slender stalk. June. 2. SYMPHORIOAETUS. Snow berry. Calyx tube globose, limb 4-5-tootlied. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, regular. Stamens 4-5, short. Fruit a globose berry, 4-celled but only 2-seeded, 2 cells being empty. — Small erect shrubs with oval, entire leaves, rose-white flowers in short clusters. ♦ Stamens and style included (i. e., not longer than the corolla) 1, 2 * Stamens and bearded style exserted (extending out of the corolla) 3 1 S. racemo-'sus. Cult. Fls. in loose, leafy racemes. Berries snow-white, large. 2 S. occidenta'lis. Wolf-berry. Fls. in dense, nodding spikes. Berries white. N.-W. 3 S. vxilga''ris. Coral-berry. Fls. in axillary heads. Berries red. M. S. W. 3. LONICE'RA. Honeysuckle. Calyx tube globular, limb 5-toothed, very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, jinib 5-cleft, irregular or almost regular. Stamens 5. Ovary 2 or 3-celled. Berry few-seeded. — Climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate leaves (that is, their bases growing together around the stem), entire on the margins. § Stem climbing, flowers sessile, whorled (in pairs in one species) a § Stem mostly erect, leaves never connate, flowers in pairs 2 a Upper pair or pairs of leaves united (con- nate) at base b a Leaves all distinct, corolla ringent, (In gardens only.) 7, 8 b Corolla tube gibbous (swelled out on one side) at base, limb ringent 5, 6 b Corolla tube equal and slender (not gibbous) at the base 1 1 Corolla ringent, lower lip linear, upper 4-lobed 2-4 1 L. sempervi'rens. Trumpet II. Cor. trumpet-shaped, nearly regular, scarlet. Fig. 496. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Flowers and the connate leaves. Order 71.— HONEYSUCKLES. 21 2 L. flava. Wild-ydlow H. Flowers in a terminal, 2 (or morc)--\vhor)ed spike, pnl« yellow. Leaves glaucous. W. S. 3 L. grata. WUd-siveet H. Fls. in terminal and a.\illary whorls, reddish white. 4 L. Caprifo'lium. Italian H. Fls. in a single, terminal whorl, red, yel., and white. 5 L. parviflo'ra. SmaU-ji. II. Leaves oblong, smooth and glaucous beneath. Flowers V long, yellowish and purplish, or crimson. 6 L. hirsu'ta. Hairy H. Leaves broad-oval, hairy and downy, green (not glaucous). Flowers sulphur-yellow. N. 7 L. Periclym'enum. Woodbine II. Fls. whorled, capitate, red and yellow, sweet- scented. Leaves deciduous. Berries red. + 8 L. Japon'icum. Japan II. Flowers in pairs, axillary, sweet-scented, deeply two-lipped, reddish. Leaves evergreen, t 9 Corolla gibbous at base, lobes more or less irregular. Wild. . . .10-12 9 L. Tartar'icum. Tartarian B.. Corolla scarcely gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, rose-color, handsome. Leaves cordate, obtuse. \ 10 L. cilia'ta. Fly H. Corolla lobes short, erect, nearly equal. Berries red. 11 L. oblongifo'lia. Swamp Fly H. Corolla deeply, ringent. Pedicels long. Berries double, purple. Shrub 3-4f. high, swamps. N. 12 L. ccEru^lea. Blueberried II. Corolla lobes short, subcqual, yellow. Pedicela very short. Berries double, blue. N. 4. DIERYIL'LA. Bush Honeysuckle. Calyx tube oblong, limb 5-cleft. Corolla twice as long, limb 5-cleft and nearly regular. Stamens 5. Capsular fruit 2-cellcd, many-seeded. — Small erect shrubs with opposite leaves and axillary tiowers. D. trif'ida. Stem about 2f. high, branching. Leaves ovate, serrate, ending in a long, narrow point. Peduncles 1-3-flowered, the ovaries slender, about half as long as the greenish-yellow corolla. Hedges and woods. June. 5. SAMBU'CUS. Elder. Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla regular, rotate, 5-cleft into obtuse lobes. Stamens 5. Stigmas sessile. Berry globose, pulpy, 3-seeded. — Shrubs (5-6f. high) or perennial herbs with pinnate or bi-pinnate leaves. Flowers (white) in cymes. S. Canaden'sis, Su-eet E. Leaflets 7-11. Cymes flat. Berries dark-purple. June. S. pu'bens. Bed E. Leaflets 5-7. Cymes oblong, panicled. Berries red. May. 10 21S THE FLORA. Order LXVII. IIUBIACEJE. The Madderworts. Plants witli opposite, sometimes whorled, entire leaves ; the sllpulcs between the petioles ; the cahjx adherent to the ovary; corolla regular, inserted on the calyx tube; stamens inserted on the corolla and as many as its lobes ; ovaries 2, nnited ; with the 2 styles more or less united. Analysis of the Genera. § Leaves ^YllOl•led. Herbs ^vitll square stems a § Leaves opposite, with small stipules between the petioles 2 2 Herbs, with the flowers habitually 4-parted ... .3 2 Shrubs or trees d 3 FIs. twin (always in pairs) b 3 Flowers single (not twin) c a Flowers 5-parted. Fruit twm, fleshy, berry-like. Madder. Ru'bia. a Flowers 4-parted. Fruit twin, dry, separable nuts. JSedstraw. Ga'lium. b Two fls. on one ovary. Creeping stems. Partridge-leri'y. Mitchkl'la. 1 c Carpels 2, 1-seeded, both never open- ing. Fls. axillary, solitary. Dio'dia. c Carp. 2, 1-seeded, one never opening. Fls. axillary, clustered. Spermaco'ce. c Carpels 2, few-seeded. Corolla much exscrted. Bluets. Housto'nia. 2 c Carpels 2, mauy-soeded. Cor. scarce exscrted. Greenhead. Oldenlan'dia. d Flowers 4-parted, in globular hds. Button-hush. Cephalan'thus. d FIs. 5-parted, cymes radiant with scarlet sepals. S. Pinckne'ya. X. MITCIIEL'LA. Partridge-berry. Flowers 2 on each double ovary. Ca- hx 4-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, iiairy within. Stamens 4, short, insert- Fig. 497. Mitcheiia rcpcns, ^vhoie , ,, n Oi. , -r> • plant, with flowers and fruit, o, cross- ed on the corolla. Stigmas 4.^ Berries Ltion of ibe double fruit, showing ti.e composed of the 2 united ovaries. Jn, two ovaries. Order TO.— ASTERWORTS. 219 M. re 'pens. Common in woods. Leaves round-ovate. Flowers white or pinkish. Berries red, remaining througli the winter, 2. liOUSTO'NIA. Bluets. Calyx tube round egg-shaped, 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla tubular, much exceeding the calyx, limb 4-lobed, spreading, filaments 4, on the corolla. Style 1. Capsule 2-lobed, half-free. — Herbs. Stipules connected to th petiole. Flowers never yellow. § Corolla .'^alver-form, glabrous. Pedunelos 1-flowered a § Corolla funnel-form. Peduncles many-flowered, cyinou3....b a Flowers terminal. Small, delicate herbs....!, 2 a Flowers axillary. Small, delicate herbs. . . .3, 4 b Leaves lance-ovate. Cymes terminal.. ..5 b Leaves lance-linear. Cymes terminal. . . .0, 7. 1 H. coeru'lea. Dxcarf PiTik. Stems very numerous, upright, S-G'. Eoot leaves ovate- spatulate. Flowers pale blue. May^ June. 2 H. serpyllifo'lia. Thyme-Uaxied B. Stems thread- form, decumbent, 6-12'. Leaves round-ovate, petiolate, fringed. Flowers on long stalks, pale. S, 3 H. minima. Tiny B. Leaves linear-spatulate. Stems 1-3' high. Prairies. 4 H. rotundifo'lia. Round-leaved B. Lvs. roundish. Stems 2-5'. S. Mts. 5 H. purpu'rea. Prairie Innocence. Stems upright, much branched, If., with numer- ous clusters of roseate or white, very delicate flowers. W. S. 6 H. loiigifo'lia. Long-leaved I. Stems 4-10', erect. Leaves oval-elliptic, narrowed to end. 7 H. angustifo'lia. Narrow-leaved I. Stems l-2f. erect. Lvs. linear. Flowers numerous. "W. S. Order LXX.— COMPOS'IT.E. Asterworts. An immense family of lierhs or shrubby plants, with comjio.und Jloicers, that is, the Jiowers {or florets) collected into close heads upon a common receptacle, and surrounded by an involucre of many bracts (called scales), with 5 stamens which have their anthers united into a tube around the style, with the calyx tube closely adhering to the 1-celled ovary (an aohe- niuin in fruit), and the calyx limh crowning the ovary in tlie form of a papp^is consisting of scales, awns, bristles, or hairs, or else entirely want- ing; the corolla consisting of 5 united petals, eitlier strap-shaped (ligulate or tubular, and the style 2-cleft at the top. In this Order the pupil will remember that the heads are called radiate, when the outer florets only have rays or are Vigulate (see Fig. 498); radi- 220 THE FLORA. ant, when all the florets areligulate (Fig. 504) ; discoid^ when all the florets are tubular, there being no rays (Fig. 509). The receftade is the broad top of the stalk on which the florets sit (Fig. 499). It is chaff ij when there are scales or bracts growing among the florets, and naked when none. The tubular florets constitute the di&\ and the ligulate, if any, the ray ; the disk is generally yellow^ while the ray is about as often cyanic (that is, blue, red, white, or any color except yellow) as yellow. Fig 4riS. A Sunflower, — bead radiate. 9. Vertical secition of the head, showing the scales of the involucre, and a single disk-flower remaining upon the convex receptacle. Fig. b\)\). A per- fect disk-flower magnified, showing the achenium, the 2 awns of tlie pappus, the 5-toothed tu- bular corolla, the 5 stamens united around tlie brimched style, and the chafif-scale at base. 1. lie id (radiate) of Solidago caesia, 2. A pistillate, ligulate flower of the ray. 8. A perfect disk-flower. 4 A (radiant) head of Dandelion. 5. A perfect, ligulate flower. 6. Achenium, with its long beak and feathery pappus. 7. A (radiant) head of Nabalns altissimus. 8. A flower. 9. Luppa (Burd ck), head discoid. 10. A flower. 11. One of the hooked scales. 13. A (discoid) head of Eupatoriuni purpureum. 13. A flower. 14. ^w&rcs/a (Pigweed). 15. Staminate head enlarged. 16. Pistillat involneru>:ple Cone-jlower. Ecmina'cea' X Leaves pmnately divided. Inner involucre of 8 united scales, f Daii'iia X Leaves simple. Receptacle conical with large chaff. \ Zin'ma X Leaves simple. Receptacle flat. Rays rose-color. Tick-seed. Cou^^^'^,^ X Leaves smiple. Receptacle flat. Rays white, short. W. Eciip'ta }• Heads in corymbs. Disk florets regularly 5-toothcd. r. Nardos'mia" y Heads solitary. Disk florets regularly 5-tootlied. S, i^a^BEL'ns y Hds. solitary. Disk flts. 2-lipped, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2. S. Chapta'lia! Suh-order Second, LIGULIFLOR^, having all the florets ligulate (§ 06) and perfect, i. e., the heads radiant. 2 Flowers bright yellow 3 2 Flowers cream-color or purplish 5 2 Flowers blue. Stems leafy, erect . . . . e 8 Pappus none. Involucre of about 8 equal scales. . . .a 3 Pappus double, the outer of scales, inner of bristles! . . .b 3 Pappus wholly of feathery bristles.. . .f 8 Pappus wholly of hair-like bristles, generally abundant. . . .4 4 Fruit bearing the pappus on its slender beak....c 4 Fruit not lengthened into a beak, pappus sessile. . . .d 5 Pappus consisting of equal, feather-like bristles. .". .f 5 Pappus of simple, hair-like bristles, abundant g a Leaves all alternate. Heads panicled. ;•. ' " ' " Kipplewort. Lxmpsa'v. a Leaves partly opposite. Heads solitary or umbeled. Pappus 0. S. ApoW b Leaves all radical, pinnatifid-toothcd. Pappus scales 5, with 5 bristles, c. Dwarf Dandelion.. Kuro'iA. b Lvs. all or mostly rad., seldom pinn. Pap. seal, and bn.t. manv. Cyn'thia c Stemless leaves runcinate. Pappus white. Dandelion. "Tarax^cum' 8 c Stems eafy or not. Pappus reddish or tawny. S. Pvruuopap'pus: c Stems leafy, leaves runcinate. Pappus silky-white, c. lettuce. Lxctv^c.k d Pappus brownish. Stems mostly leafy, with many heads, c. , p ... , . ^ Hawkweed. Hiera'cium. 9 a 1 ap. silky white. Stemless; scapes each with one head. W. Trox'imon d Pappus silky white. Stems bear prickly leaves, c. Sow Thisile. So^'chvs e Pappus of many small scales. Branched stems 2f. high. Heads axillary large. Common. Eastward. Succor^j. Cicno'niVM. e Pappus of many hair-like bristles. 3-8f. Blue Lettuce. Mulge^dum f Leaves on the stem linear, entire. Purpl. f Veffetahle Oyster. Tragopo'gon. f Leaves all radical, toothed. Flowers yellow. Fruit taper-beaked. IlaiL'khit. L^on'todow 224 THE FLORA. g Ach. wit)i alongbeak, pap. silk-wliite. Heads erect, c. Wild Lettuce. "Lkcrv^cx. g Acheniu not bciiked, pnppns dull-white. Hds. nod. c. Drop-flower. Nab'altjs. 10 g Achenia not beaked, pap. dull-white. PIds. erect, purple. S. r. Ltgodes'mia. 521 523 519 520 Achenia of Asterwovts, showing the varying pappus. Fig. 518. Acjenium of Eclipta, w pappus. Fig. 519. ITorseweed (^Amlrosia trifida). Fig. 520. Sunflower; pappus 2 teeth Fig. 521. Ageratum,— 5 scales. Fig. 522. Blue Lettuce,— many hair-like bristles. Fig. 523. Wild Lettuce, pappus raised on a beak. 1. SOLID A'GO. Goldenrod. Heads few-flowered, the rays 1-15, pistillate, disk florets perfect. In- volucre oblong, imbricate, witli close-pressed scales. Receptacle alveo- late, narrow. Pappus simple, of equal, hair-like, rougii bristles. — Herbs, very abundant in the United States. Stem erect, branching near the top. Leaves alternate. Heads small, florets all yellow (in S. bicolor, whitish), opening from August to October. (See Figs. 501-503.) H Shrub woody, l-3f. high. Heads with 1-3 rays. S 1 TI Herbs. Heads -without rays (discoid). S 2,3 ^ Herbs. Heads with rays (1-15, generally small) a a Scales of the involucre with recurved, leafy, green tips 4, 5 a Scales of the involucre erect, tips scarcely at all green . . . .b b Herbs (white or yellow) in axillary, close clusters or short racemes 6-9 b Heads in terminal racemes forming a close or a spreading panicle c b Heads in terminal compound corymbs. . . .n c Eacemes erect, not one-sided. Leaves feather-veined d c Eacemes spreading or recurved, the flowers all on one side f d Alpine species (growing only on mountains). Heads quite large. . . .10-12 d Not alpine — growing in plains or low grounds. Heads not large . . . .e e Plants very smooth, at least the stem and leaves. Eays 4-7 13-15 e Plants downy or hoary with very close soft hairs. Eays 9-12. . . .16, 17 Leaves 3 or 1-veined, Very smooth salt-marsh herbs 18, 19 f Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, &c g f Leaves not veiny, thick, subcutive 27-29 f Leaves evidently feather-veined, mostly serrate k Order 70.— ASTERWORTS. g Leaves entire or very nearly so 20, 21 g Leaves serrate. Stem smooth and glabrous 22-24 g Leaves serrate. Stem roughi3h-pubescent....25, 26 k Stem downy or hairy. Leaves rough or not 80-32 k Stem smooth and glabrous. Leaves smooth or rough m m Kays G-12. Eacemes close, forming a compact panicle 38-40 m Kays 6-12. Kaeemes distant, loosely or scarcely panicled 86, 37 m Kays 2-5. Eacemes, or the panicle, long and slender. . . .33-35 n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem smooth 44-46 . n Leaves lanceolate, large. Stem rough-downy 41-43 n Leaves linear, entire. Stems much branched, smoothish....47, 48 I S. pauciflosculo'sa. Shimhby Goldenrod. Bush 2f. high, very smooth, with lanceolate leaves and the 5-flowered heads in erect, panicled racemes. S. 2 S. discoi'dea. Rayless G. Disk florets 10-15. Eacemes erect, panicle slender. S. 3 S. brachyphyl'la. Chajjnian" s G. Florets 5-7. Eacemes spreading, one-sided. S. 4 S. squarro'sa. Bagged S. Eays 10-15. Scales stiflf, with spreading, green tips. Heads large. N. 5 S. squarrulo'sa. Hough S. Eays 6-10. Scales awl-shaped, with slender, loose tips. S. 6 S. bi'color. Creamy S. Eays about 8, creamy-white. Plant hairy. Lvs. elliptic. 7 S. Buck'lyi. Buckly''s S. Eays 4-0, yellow. Plant woolly. Leaves oblong. S. 8 S. latifo'lia. Broad-leaved S. Eays yellow. Plant smoothish. Leaves broad lanceolate, coarse-toothed. Seed downy, c. 9 S. cse'sia. Polished S. Eays yellow. Plant smooth and glaucous. Lvs. lin. -lance- olate. Stem fiexuous, tall, slender. A beautiful Goldenrod. Woods, c. 10 S. thyrsoiMea. Thyrse G. Leaves ovate, long-stalked. Tall, l-3f. high. Heads large. Coarse, showy. In mountain woods. II S. Vu-gau'rea. True G. Leaves oval, short-stalked. Low, 2-3' high. Heads about 30-flowered, few, often only one. 12 S.hum'ilis. i/b?mi!iisty S. Dusty-puberulent. Lower leaves oblanceolate. Panicle long, compound, dense. Scales acute. Aug. N. 18 S. sempervi'rens. Eoergreen S. Lvs. lanceolate, thick, obscurely 3-veined. E. 19 S. angustifo'lia. Karrow-lv. S. Lvs. lance-lin. 1-veined, thick. Hds, small. S 20 S.nemora'lis. WoodS. Plant dusty, roughish. Lvs. acute. Eays showy, c 21 B. nipes'tris. ^oci-.9. Plant smooth. Lvs. acuminate. Eays very short. W 22 S. Missourien'sis. Missourie G. St. l-2f. All glabrous. Panicle dense. W. 23 S. sero'tina. Late G. Stem 3-6f. Leaf veins hairy beneath. Panicle loose. 24 S. gigan'tea. Giant G. Stem 3-8f. Branchlets hairy. Leaves Innceolnte. 10* 226 THE FLORA. 25 S. Canaden'sis. Canada G. Leaves pointed, rough. Panicle broad, e. 2G S. Short^ii. Shores G. Leaves acute, very smooth. Panicle long, narrow. W. 27 S. pilo'sa. Hairy S. Hairy, 4-7f. high. Leaves remotely serrulate. N.-J. S. 28 S. odo^ra. 6"w€et S. Stem downy in lines, slender, 2-3f. high. Leaves very en- tire, smooth, punctate with pellucid dots. Fragrant, c. 29 S. tortifo^lia. Twist-lv. S. Stem rough. Lvs. often twisted, not punctate. S. 80 S. altis'sima. Tall S. Stem hairy, 4-6 f. Lvs. veiny, rough. Scales acute. t, the 4 sepals. Fig. 577. Cross-section of the poJ, show- ing its 2 cells, &.C. 5. OOLLIN'SIA. Innocence. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla 2-lippecl, throat closed, upper lip bifid, lower lip trifid, with the middle segment keel-like, holding the style and 4 stamens In a kind of sack. Capsule roundish. — Annual herbs. I C. vema. Early CoUinsia, or Innocence. Corolla 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx. Plant 8 to IS' high, tender and delicate. Leaves lance-ovate, dentate, opposite. Flowers variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. M. W. 252 THE FLOKA. 2 C. parviflo'ra. Small flowered I. Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, blue. Plant small. N.-W. 6. MIM'ULUS. Monkey-flower. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Co- rolla tnbtilar, upper lip reflexed or erect, 2-lobed, lower lip spreading, with a prominent palate, 8-lobed. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded. — Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems, opposite leaves, and axillary solitary flowers. July. * Species from California, cultivated in gardens 3, 4. * Species growing wild, in fields, road-side.", Ac. Fls. blue....!, 2 1. M. rin''gens. Bingent M. Stem not at all winged. Leaves sessile. Peduncles longer than the flower, c. 1 M. ala'tus. Wing-stem M. Stem slightly winged, cles shorter than the calyx. S M. lu'tea. Yellow M. Flowers yellow, often spotted. 578 Fig. 578. Collinsia verna. Fig. 579. Section of a flower, full size. Leaves petiolate. Pedun- Leaves round-ovate, t 4 M, cardina'lis. Cardinal M. Fls. scarlet, large and brilliant. Leaves ovate, -f 7. CHELO'Is'E. Turtle-head. Calyx deeply 5-parted, or the sepals distinct. Corolla inflated, upper lip broad, concave, lower 3-lobed, bearded in the throat. Stamens 4, woolly, with a 5th sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds many, broadly wing-margined. — U Plants about 2f. erect, with opposite serrate leaves. Auq.-Se2)t. 1 G purpu'rea. Purple T. Leaves lanceolate, petiolate. Flowers purple. Probably a variety of the next. W. M. 2 0. gla'bra. White T. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white or purplish. By brooks and, wet places. 3 C. Lyo'ni. Lyon'sT. Lvs. ovate, petiolate, rarely cordate. Fls. purple or white. S. 8. GERAR'DIA. Purple Gerardia. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed, valvate in the bud. Corolla tubular, swelling above, with 5 unequal, spreading lobes, which are shorter than the tube. Stamens 4, quite unequal by pairs, included, hairy. Pod ovate, pointed, many-seeded. — ® Erect and branching herbs, with opposite, slender leaves, and large, showy, purple or rose colored flowers. Jubj-SeiiU Okdek 86.— fig worts. 253 § Calyx segments longer than its tube. Two anthers very small. W. (Omitted.) § Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal a a Corolla bi-labiate, upper lip very short, erect. S. (Omitted.) a Corolla lobes subequal, all spreading; throat usually liairy....l) b Leaves almost none; opposite scales instead. S. (Omitted.) b Leaves all alternate, fililbrm. S. (Omitted.) b Leaves opposite c c Peduncles not longer than the calyx. Leaves linear 1, 2 c Peduncles much longer than the calyx. Leaves linear, long d d Flowers large, about ^" long 3, 4 d Flowers small, about Q>'' long 5, 6 1 G. mariti'ma. Sea-side G. Leaves linear, fleshy. Fis. small, their stalks scarce as long as the truncate calyx. Cor. upper lobes fringed. Salt marshes. E. 2 G-. purpu'rea. Purple G. Leaves linear. Peduncles shorter than the calyx, "which is a truncate tube with setaccously acute teeth. Flowers 1' long. Common. 3 G. as'pera. Emigh-li). G. Pedunc. twice longer than calyx, which has teeth. W. 4 G. linifo'lia. FlaxG. Peduncles many times longer than the toothless calyx. S. 5 G. tenviifo'lia. Slender G. Leaves linear, V long. Peduncle 1', longer than the corolla, which is purple, with spots inside. Slender, branched, 6-1 2'' high. c. 6 G. seta'cea. Bristle-lv. G. Leaves linear-setaceous, the floral ones much shorter than the very long peduncles. Plant 12-lS' high. Flowers rose-color. W. 9. DASYS'TOMA. Woolmouth. The characters are the same as in Geuaiidia, except that the calyx ia 5-cleft, and imbricated in the early bud; the corolla yellow, with tube longer than the lobes, and woolly inside; the leaves rather large, and mostly pinnatifid, and the root li. Flowers very showy. Plants 2-4f. liigh. Juhj-Sept. (Figs. 5C5-5G8.) § Sepals finely toothed. Leaves all pinnatifid, with toothed lobes 4, 5 § Sepals entire. Leaves entire or mostly once pinnatifid-toothed 1 1 Glabrous. Leaves acute at apex, lanceolate in outline 2, 3 1 D. flava. Doicny ^Y. Downy. Leaves obtuse, entire, except the lower. Sepals obtuse. Common in woods. 2 D. quercifc'lia. Oak-leaved W. Glaucous. Leaves mostly pinnatifid. Corolla 2' in length. Calyx segments lance-acuminate, longer than its tube. 8 D. integrifo'lia. Entire-leaved W. Green. Leaves lanceolate, entire. Stalks shorter than calyx. Flowers 1'' long. Li woods. Ohio, W. 4 D. pedicula'ria. Lousewnrt W. Smoothish or downy, branched. Flower- stalks longer than calyx. Leaves lance-ovate, twice pinnatifid. 5 D. pectina'ta. Comled W. Very hairy. Leaves lanceolate, pcctinatc-pinnnt- ifid. Stalks shorter than calyx. 254: THE FLORA, Order LXXXIX. LABIAT.E. Labiate Plants. Herbs with square stems, and opposite, aromatic leaves ; jlowers axillary, in verticils, sometimes as if in spikes or heads ; corolla labiate (rarely regular), the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, overlapping in the hud the lower 3-cleft lip; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2; 'ender. Lavan'dula. b Stamens exserted through a fissure in the tube. Blue Curls. Tkicmos'tj;ma. b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla. Germander. Tku'ckicm. c Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short. Blue-falsf-Gentian. Isan'thus. c Corolla limb 4-lobed, the broadest lobe notched. Peppermint, &c. Mentha. 1 d Cor. nearly reg., 4-cleft. Calyx naked in throat. Water J/oarhound. Lxc'opvs. 2 d Corolla labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stain, straight. Dittany. Cuni'la. S d Cor. labiate, cyanic, throat naked. Stam. ascend. PennijroijaL IlEuja'oiiA. d Corolla labiate, yellow, throat hairy. Stamens V long-exserted. ' v ITorse-halm. Collixso^via. e Fls. yel. Coarse herbs not fragrant, with large Ivs. ) e Fls. bright blue. Handsome herbs. Calyx 15-veincd. + ITijssop. llxs'sovva. e Fls. pale blue, in dense hds. Calyx 10 or 13-striate. Wild Basil. Pvcnan'theml-m. e Fls. pink-colored, axillary. Lvs. linear, small, t Summer Savor?/. Satuke'ja. f Corolla exserted, pink-color, racemed. Leaves linear, smooth. Stem If. S. Diceuax'dka. f Corolla short as calyx, pale-purple. Bracts roundish, colored. Mm-joram, Okig'amm. i Corolla short as calyx, blue-purp. Bracts minuto, grcon. Thyme. TnxuvA. 25G THE FLORA. g Cor. tube straight. Lvs. small, snbcrenate or entiie. Calaminth. Calamin'tha. 4 g Corolla tube curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate. Balm. Melis'sa. h Anthers halved, the halves widely separated, each 1-celled. Sage. Sal'via. 5 h Anthers halved, one half present, 1 celled. Filaments toothed. Shrub. + Boscmanj. Kosmari'nus. h Anthers whole, 2-cened. Calyx subsequally 5-toothed. Mountain Mint. Monar'da. 6 h Anthers whole, 2-cclled. Calyx labiate, teeth bristle-shaped. Blephil^ia. k Leaves serrate. Stamens diverging. Fls. spiked. Tall Hyssop. Lophat<''thus. k Lvs. serrate. Stam. all ascend. Fls. capitate. Dragonhead. Dracoceph'alum. k Lvs. crenate, cordate or reniform. Corolla smooth inside. Catmint. Nep'eta. 7 k Leaves crenate, cordate. Corolla tube very broad, hairy inside. CEDKONiiL''LA. m Calyx lips toothed. Filam. forked. Fls. spiked. Self-heal. Brunel'la. 8 m Calyx lips entire, the upper appendaged on back. Shullcap. Scutella'ria. 9 n Calyx 3-lobed. Anthers all distinct. Corolla large, purplish. S. Macbri'dea. n Calyx 4-lobed. Anthers, upper pair, connate. White. W. Syxan'dra.10 o Cor. tube inflated in the midst, whitish. Tall. Lion's-heart. Piiysoste'gia.II o Cor. tube inflated at the throat, purple. Lvs. roundish. Henhit. Lam'idm. o Corolla inflated in the broad concave upper lip. Jerusalem Sage. rnLOAiis. o Corolla not inflated, short. . . .p p Calyx salver-form, 10-veined. Black Iloaihound. Ballo'ta. p Calyx broad-campanulate, netted. Molucca Balm. Molluccel''la. q Lvs. serrate. Anth. open crosswise. Nuts truncate. Hemp Kittle. Galeop'sis. q Leaves serrate, Anth. open lengthwise. Nuts obtuse. Hedge Xettle. Stachys. \ Leaves lobed. Nuts truncate at top, 3-angled. MotTierwort. Leonu'rus. s Cor. white, upper lip flattish. Style equally bifid. H^arhound. Marru^eium. s Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unequally bifid. S. Leucas. s Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth longest. Lion's-eavs. Leono'tis. 1. MEN'TIIA. Miiit. Calyx equally 5-tootlied. Corolla nearly regular, tube included in the calyx, border 6-cleft, the upper lobe mostly notched. Stamens 4, equal, straight, erect, distant. — Aiiomatic herbs, with the pale purple or white flowers in close axillary clusters, or forming spikes. * Whorls of flowers remote, axillary, not in spikes. Leaves petiolate. . . .1, 2 * Whorls of flov/prs approximate, forming terminal spikes. . . .3, 4 1 M. Canaden^sis. Wild Mint. Plant grayish, fragrant. Lvs. acute at each end. 2 M. arven'sis. Field M. Plant green, ill-scented. Lvs. frequently obtuse at base. 3 M. piperi'ta. Peppermint. Leaves petiolate, ovate, serrate, smooth. Spikes few, thick, short. Stems 2-3f. high. 4 M. vir'idis. Spearmint. Leaves sessile, lance-oblong, acute, serrate. Spiken many, slender, long. Stem.s l-2f. high. Ordeu 89.— labiate PLANTS. 257 2. LYCOPUS. Water Hoarliouud. Calyx tubular, 4-5-cleft. Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft, tube as long as the calyx, stamens 2, distant, diverging the length of the straight style. — U Low herbs, with deeply toothed or pinnatilid leaves, and remote axillary whorls of small, whitish flowers. Jiihj, Aug. L. Virgin'icus. Stem obtiisc-angled. Leaves sliarp-toothed. Calyx 4-cleft, blunt. L, Europae'us. Stem sharp-angled. Leaves sinuate-toothed. Calyx 5-cleft, spiny. 3. CUNI'LA. Dittany. (Figs. 595, 590.) C. Maria'na. Manjland D. Stem branched, l-2f. high. Leaves ovate, serrate, nearly sessile. Cymes axillary and terminal, corymbous, stalked. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx, pale-red. In rocky woods. N, Y. to Ga. Summer. 4. CALAMIN'THA. Calamiiith. Calyx 13-veined, tubular, throat mostly hairy, upper lip 3-cleft, lower 2-cleft. Corolla tube straight, exserted, throat enlarged, upper lip erect, subcutive, lower lip spreading, its middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, lower pair longer. — H i C. Clinopo'dium. Wild Basil. Herb hairy, l-2f. high. Leaves ovate, subserrate. . Flowers many, in dense, axillary whorls, with subulate bracts. Calyx bent. 2 C. Nep'eta. False Catmint. Herb hairy, 2f., much branched below. Lvs. broad- ovate, petiolute. Whorls few-flowered above. Calyx straight. Hills. Ya. 3 0. glabel'la. False Pennyroyal. Herb smooth, half erect, 6-12', branched. Lvs. oblong, those of the runners ovate. Cor. pale-violet. Fragrant. June. M. 4 0. canes'cens. Hoary G. Shrub lOMiigh. Lvs. linear. Fls. opposite, roseate. S. 5 C. coccin'ea. Scarlet G. Shrub with narrow obovate leaves, large scarlet fls. S. 6 C. Carolinia'na. Carolina G. Shrub If. Leaves ovate, scrrate-crenate. Flowers rose-purple, S. 5. SAL'VIA. Sage. Calyx striate, labiate, throat not hairy. Corolla riugcnt, upper lip straight or falcate, lower spreading, 3-lobcd. Stamens 2. The connectile is placed transversely on the filament like the letter T, bearing at each end 1 lobe of the halved anther. (Sec Figs. 585, 176.) § Herbs native, in woods, &c. . . .a § Herbs or shrubs in gardens, with blue flowers 7, 8 § Shrubs from Mexico, cultivated, with large scarlet flowers 9, 10 2o8 THE FLORA. a Calyx slightly 2-lipped, obscurely 3-tootlied, equal. South.... 1-3 a Calyx deeply 2-lipped, 5-tootlied, lower lip longer 4-6 1 S. azu'rea. Azure S. Leaves linear-oblong. Fls. downy, azure-blue. Summer. 2 S. urticifo'lia. Kett'e-lv. S. Lvs. rhombic-ovate. Corolla smooth, blue. May. 3 S. coccin'ea. Scarlet S. Lvs. ovate, cordate, hoary. Corolla red, smooth. July. 4 S. Clayto'ni. Claytori's S. Lvs. lanceolate, pinnatifid, cauline. Fls. small. S. 5 S. obova'ta. Ohovate S. Lvs. broadly obovate, entire. Flowers blue. S. 6 S. l]rra'ta. Lyrate S. Leaves all radical, oblong, lyrate, erose-dentate, 1 or 2 on the scape, bract-like. Fls. V long, violet-purple. M. S. Spring. 7 S. Scla'rea, Glarry S. Lvs. ample, broad-ovate. Corolla upper lip large, high- arohed. t (Fig. 5S5.) 8 S. ofScina'lis. Common S. Lvs. not large, lancc-oblong, rugous. Corolla upper lip scarce longer than the lower, some vaulted. Shrubby. 9 S. ful'gens. Stem weak. Lvs. lance-ovate, long-stalked. Calyx scarcely colored. 10 S. splen'dens. Stem erect. Leaves broad-ovate, stalked. Calyx scarlet also. 6. MOISTAE'DA. Mountain- mint. Calyx tubular, lengthened, 15-ribbe(l, nearly equally 5-tootlied. Corolla tubular, long, the lips linear or oblong, lower reflexed, 3-lobed, upper erect, entire, involving the filaments. Stamens 2, with rudiments of more. — Erect, fragrant herbs, with rather large flowers in bracted whorls or heads, the bracts generally tinged with the color of the flowers, July- Sept. (Figs. 580, 581.) § Calyx densely hairy in the throat. Corolla purple or whitish 1,2 § Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow 3, 4 1 M. fistulo'sa. Wild Bergamot. Stem acutely angular, 2-4f. Leaves lance- ovate, petiolate. Heads of flowers large, dense, terminal, b. p. iv. M. W. 2 M. Bradburia'na. Bradbury''s M. Stem simple, Sf. Leaves lance-oblong, subscssile, hairy both sides. Heads few, large, purple. W. 8 M. puncta'ta. Ilorsemint. Stem branched, 2-8f, high. Leaves lance-oblong, tapering to a petiole. Bracts longer than the pale yellow flowers. M, W. S. 4 M. did'yma. Mountain Balm. Stem branched, 2-3f. Leaves broad-ovate, acu- minate. Heads large, with long crimson flowers and bracts, t r. NEP'ETA. Catmint. Calyx striate, obliquely 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-lobed, middle lobe largest, throat naked and widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip. — u Lvs. crenate.(Figs. 587, 588..) 1 N. Cata^ria. Catnep. Tall. Cymes dense, terminal spikes. Leaves cordate. 2 N. Glecho'ma. Gill. Trailing. Cymes loose, axillary. Leaves round-reniform. Ordku 89.— lakiate pl.v:nts. 259 8. BRUNEL'LA. Blue-curls. B. vulga'ris. Common B. Stem simple, ascending 8-lS'. Leaves oblong-ovate, stalked, toothed. Whorls close together, forming an oblong, dense spike. Corolla blue, upper lip truncate, with 3 awns. 9. SCUTELLATJA. Skullcap. Calyx campanulate, lips entire, with an appendage on the back and closed after flowering. Corolla with a long, ascending tube, the upper lip vaulted, nearly entire, middle lobe of the lower lip wide, spreading. Sta- mens approximate in pairs, ascending beneath upper lip. — Bitter herbs, not aromatic. Flowers generally blue. May-August. % Flowers large (7-13'''' long), racemed above, with bracts. . . .a § Flowers large or small, opposite, solitary in the axils of tlie leaves 8-10 f Flowers small (3''' long), in slender, axillary, 1-sidcd racemes 11 a Bracts ovate, abrupt at base. Lips of the corolla short 1, 2 n Bracts lance-oblong, acute at base. Leaves notched, petiolato b a Bracts leaf-like, longer than the calyx. Leaves entire, subsessile. . . .7 b Helmet (upper lip) of the corolla longer than the lower 3, 4 b Helmet of the corolla not longer than the lip 5, 6 1 S. versic''olor. Variegated S. Floral leaves sessile, broad-ovate, not cordate Corolla lower lip scarcely longer than the upper, blue above. M. W. 2 S. saxati'lis. Rock S. Weak, branched, ascending. Upper leaves oval, obtuse. Corolla lower lip twice longer than the upper, blue above, tube pale. Koeks. W. S. 3 S. canes'cens. Hoary S. Tall, downy. Leaves petiolate, oblong or ovate. Flowers canescent, tube ,$radually enlarged. M. W. c. 4 S. villo'sa. Woolhj S. Stem woolly. Corolla tube slender, enlarged only at the throat. Helmet much larger than the lip. S. 5 S. serra'ta. Saiv-lf. S. Nearly smooth. Leaves acuminate, both ends. W. S. 6 S. pilo''sa. Ilalry S. Plant hairy. Leaves rhomb. -ovate, obtuse. M. S. 7 S. integrifo'lia. Entire-leaved S. Erect. Leaves ovate-lance., entire, sub- sessile. M. 8 S. nervo'sa. Nerve-lf. S. Lvs. broad-ovate, 3-5-veined. Stem 8-15'. M. W 9 S.par'vula. Pigmy S. Lvs. oblong, ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile. Stem3-fi'. M, W. 10 S. galericvila'ta. Common S. Leaves lance-cordate, crenate-serrate. Flowers 1' long. c. 11 S. lateriflo'ra. Mad-dog S. Branching, smoothish. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolate. Kacemes lateral, leafy, o. 2ao THE FLOE A 10. SYiq'AN'DRA. Synandra. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lips of corolla entire, vaulted, the lower in 3 unequal, obtuse lobes. Throat widened. Stamens ascending beneath the upper lip, tlie two up- per anthers cohering. (Figs. 597, 90.) 1 S. grandiflo'ra. Great-flowered S. Grows in woods, West. 6-8' high. Leaves opposite, ovate, cordate, toothed. Fls. few, 1'' long, upper lip very large. June. 11. PHYSOSTE'GIA. Lion's-heart P. Virginia'nii. Virginian L. Stem square, erect 2-3f., with very smooth, sessile leaves in four rows, and a terminal, 4-rowed spike of large, showy, pnrplish-white flowers. Aug., Sept. (Figs. 5S9-59L) Order XC. BOHKAGmACE.^. Borragev/orts. Fig. 59S. Borrage (Borrago officinalis). 9. The four nuts with the style sni calyx. Fig. 600. One of the nuts cut open, showing the seed, embryo, &c. 1. Pnccoon {Lithospermum canes cens). 2. Corolla laid open, showing the stamens. 8. Pistil of Comfrey, consisting of the deeply 4-lobed ovary with the slender style arising from between the lobes and near their base. Herbs., shrubs, or ti^ees, with round stems and branches ; leaves alternate, generally rough with stiff hairs ; stipules none ; Order 90.— BORRAOEWORTS. 201 jtoijcers seldom yellow, generally in a coiled (circinate) inflorescence • sepals 5 ; petals 5, united below, almost always regular; stamens 5; ovary deeply 4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1-seeded nuts or nutlets, generally without albumen. Analysis of the Genera. § Ovary not 4-lobed, but separating when ripe irto several aclicnia a § Ovary 4-lobed or parted, becoming 4 achenia around the style. . . .2 2 Corolla irregular, with unequal lobes or a bent tube b 2 Corolla perfectly regular 3 3 Achenia or ovary prickly. Corolla throat closed with 5 scales. . . .f 3 Achenia and ovary not prickly 4 4 Corolla throat closed by 5 scales c 4 Corolla throat open, no scales, sometimes 5 ridges d a Corolla tube with open throat. Achenia 4. lldiotrope. T'M/'nsoZ. IIeliotro'i'ium. 1 a Corolla tube with constricted throat. Achenia 2. False Helio. nKLioTiiopu''YTUM. b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed. Tliroatopen. Blue. Viper'' s Bugloss.'E.ow'w:-^. b Corolla with the slender tube bent, closed. Blue. Bughss. Lycop'sis. c Corolla wheel-form, anthers exserted. '"Blue, Barrage. Borra'go. c Corolla tubular bell-form. Style exserted. White. Comfrey. Sym^phytum, d Cor. tubular, with erect, acute lobes. White. False Gromwell. Onosmo'dium. d Corolla lobes rounded, spreading, e e and imbricated in the bud. White or yellow. Gromwell. LiTiiosPER'iiuM. 2 e and imbricated in the bud. Purple or blue, large. Merten'sia. 3 e and convolute in the bud. Blue or white, small. Myoso'tis. 4 f Corolla salver-form. Ach. prickly on the edge. Burr-seed. Eciiinosper'mum. f Corolla funnel-form. Achenia prickly all over, nound's-tongue. Cynoglos'sum. 5 1. IIELIOTROTIUM. Turusol. Heliotrope. Corolla salver-form, lobes shorter than the tube. Anthers sessile. Style short, terminal. Ovary entire, splitting at length into 4 achenia. — Herbs or shrubs. Flowers in one-sided, coiled spikes. 1 H. Europae'um. Wild IT. Herb downy. Leaves oval, obtuse. Spikes single or forked. Wliite. S. [obtuse. Blue. W. 2 H. curassav'icum. Glaucous IF. Herb smooth, glaucous. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, 3 H. Peruvia'num. Common JJ. Shrubby, whitish-downy. Spikes many, clus- tered, w.-p. t 2. LITIIOSPER'MUM. Gromwell or Grammell. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla fiumel-form or salver-form, tlie limb 5-lobed, throat open, naked or with ."> itiojections. Stamens included. Achenia 2^32 THE FLORA. bony, ovate, smooth or wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. — Herbs generally witli thick, reddish roots. Flowers spiked or racemed, with leafy bracts. May- July, % Flowers wliitc, small a § Flowers yellow, showy. Achenia smooth, polished 5-7 a Aclieiiia roughened with wrinkles 1 a Achenia smooth and polished 2-4 1 L. arven'se. Wheat-thief. Koot ®, red. Leaves lance-linear. Plant 12-18' high, liairy. c. [tube. N. M. 2 L. officina'le. Gromivell. Koot 'K. Lvs. lanceolate. Calyx equal to corolla 8 L. latifo'lium. Broad-leaved G. Koot U. Leaves lance-ovale, sharply aeumi- nate. Sepals longer than the corolla, spreading in fruit. Stem l-2f. 4 L. angustifo'lium. Karrow-lv. G. U Lvs. linear, stiff, edges some revolute. M.W. 5 L. canes'cens. Fuccoon. Soft- velvety, canescent. Lvs. oblong-linear. Tube of the corolla thrice as long as the very short calyx. Plant 8-12'' erect. W. &c. 6 L. hirtum. Hairy P. Kough-liairy. Lvs. hmce linear. Cor. long as calyx. W. S. 7 L. longiflo'rum. Long flowered P. Kough-ashy. Lvs. lance-linear. Corolla tube four times as long as the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy. W. S. 3. 5^rERTEN"'SIA. Lungwort. A short, 5-cleft calyx ; a tubular corolla, slender below, suddenly en- larged above, limb 5-cleft ; the 5 stamens inserted at top of the tube, and with smooth achenia. — li Plants usually smooth, with terminal racemes. 1 M. Virgin'ica. Virginian L. Very smooth, 12-lSMiigh. Koot lvs. large, stalked; stern lvs. sessile. Fls. somewhat trumpet-shaped, blue-lilac, very fine. May. W. 2 M. marit'ima. i^ea L. Smooth, ditfuse. Leaves ovate, fleshy. Corolla limb longer than the tube, which shows 5 folds in throat, blue- purple. E. 3 M. panicula'ta. PanicUd L. Kough- Leaves cordate, acuminate, veiny. Calyx hispid, thrice shorter than the tube, bell-form, blue-white corolla. N.-W. 4. MYOSO'TIS. Forget-me-not. Scorpion-grass. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, the 5 lobes slightly notched at the end, throat closed with 5 short, concave scales. Nuts smooth, ovate, with a small cavity at base. — Little herbs slightly wool- ly. Racemes finally becoming long. May-Aug. 1 M. paius'tris. True F. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Plant smoothish, 6-12' high. Leaves linear-oblong, pig. 604. Forget-me-not,- cbtuse. Flowers blue with a yellow centre. a pair of scorpoid cymes. Ordki{ 91.— the HYDROPHYLLS. 203 2 M. ar7en'sis. Field F. Fls. in 2-side(l, leafless racemes. Plant hairy. Pedict-ls twice as lono; as the open, equal calyx. Lvs. oblun<,'-lance., acute. Kare. w. 3 M. stric'ta. Rough F. Flowers in 2-sidecl racemes, which arc leafy at their base. rciicels as long as the closed, 2-lipped calyx. Leaves oblong, w. 5. CYNOGLOS'SUiM. Hound's-tongue. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-form, the throat closed with 5 ohtuse scales, lobes rounded. Nnts depressed, covered with short, hooked prickles, fixed laterally to the base of the style. — Coarse herbs, strong- scented, with the flowers in leafless, panicled racemes. June^ July. C. officina'le. Common JL Velvety. Stem leafy (l-2f.). Flowers reddish purple. C. virgin'icum. Stalked II. Hairy. Stem leafiess above ('2f ). Flowers pale blue. C. Morriso'ni. Morrison's II. Hairy, leafy (2 3f.), wide-spread. Flowers whitish. Order XCI. HYDROPIIYXLACE.E. The Hydrophylls. Mostly Ttei-hs with alternate lobed leaves., and regular hlm^h flowers ; calyx 5-cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent ; corolla 5-lobed, often with 10 honey scales or furrows near the base ; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla, with a single bifid xfyle ; ovary simple, free, 1-celled, witli 2 usually projecting several-seeded placenta3. Analysis of the Genera. 1 Corolla with 10 honey scales inside, extending lengthwise 2 1 Corolla destitute of honey scales. Stamens equalling corolla. Cusman'tiu-s. 2 2 Fls. in coiled cymes, without bracts. Placentce large, fleshy. llyDnopuYi.'i.LM. 1 2 Flowers in one-sided racemes, bractless. Placentce linear. Phack'i.ia. 2 Flowers (mostly) solitary. Calyx very large. Leaves pinnatifid. Ellis 'ia. 1. HYDROPHYL'LUM. Water-leaf. Sepals slightly united at base. Corolla campanulate, with 10 linear honey scales running lengthwise, folded inward so as to form 5 grooves. Stamens exserted. Pod globular, 2-celled, 1-4-seeded, with large, fleshy plaoentjTC. — Handsome herbs, with the root leaves on long petioles, and the flowers in clustered cymes, bluish or white. § Calyx not appendaged. Stamens much exserted 1-3 § H. appcndicula'tum. Appendaged W. Calyx appendaged at the clefts. Stamens not exserted. W. S. 2U THE FLORA. 1 H. macrophyl'lum. Grf at- leaved If. Lvs. pinnately-veined and lobed, rongh- Laiiy, Peduncles long. W. S. 2 H. Virgin^icum. Virginia IF. Leaves pinnately-veined and lobed, smooth. Peduncles long. c. 8 H. Canaden'se. Canada W. Leaves palmately-veined and lobed, sir.ooth. Peduncles shorter than petals, r. ^ * 605 Fig. 605, A flower of Virginian Water-leaf. Fig. 606. The Ovary and Style. Fig. 607. Corolla cut open, showing the honey grooves. Fig. 608. A seed, cut, showing the embryo. 2. COSMAN'XnUS. Miami Mist. Corolla broad-campanulate, soon falling off, throat not appendaged, limb of 5-fringed lobes. Ovary 1-celled, the two projecting placentcTS each 2-seeded. — (D Delicate herbs with alternate leaves, long, bractless racemes, and small, white or pale-blue flowers. 1 C. Pur'shii. Fnrsh^s If. Nearly smooth. Leaves pectinately pinnatifid, lobes oblong-acute. Sepals lance-linear. Height 8-12'. Penn., S. and W. Pale blue. 2 C. fimbria''tus. Fringed G. Downy. Leaves pinnate, segments rounded or ob- long, obtuse. Sepals obtuse, oblong-spatulate. Mts. Tenn. S. Order XCII. POLEMONIACE^. Phloxworts. Herhs with alternate or opposite leaves., and regular, showy, 5-parted fiotcers ; calyx free from the ovary ; corolla of 5 united petals^ twisted and imbricate in the bud ; stamens 5, inserted into the midst of the corolla tube and alternate with its lobes ; ovary 3-celled ; styles united into 1 ; stigma 3-cleft ; 3-celled, 3-valved, with few or many albuminous seeds. Order 92.— PHLOXWORTS. 2Gi Analysis of the Genera. Corolla salver- form. Filaments unequal. Leaves simple. Phlox. Pulox. 1 Corolla funnel-form. Filaments equal. Leaves dissected. Gilia. Gi^'lia. Corolhx bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate. Poltmony. Poi.emo'nium. 2 1. PHLOX. Lychnidea Calyx angular, deeply 5-cleft, corolla sa.ver-ic:*z: the tul»e more or less curved. Stamens quioC u^iequa. insertcd in the tube of the corolla above the middle. Capsule 3-celled, cells 1-seeded. — Ver} beautiful ISTorth American herbs. Leaves generally opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Flowers varying from pur- ple to white. A2)ril-Juhj. ,10-12 Fig. 609. Flower of of a Plilox. ,1,2 ..b Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end Loles of the corolla notched or bifid at the end. . , .a a Panicle of cymes oblonfj or pyramidal, many-flowered. . . a Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer. Plants glabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tube 3, 4 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth very slender, larger than its tube c c Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so 5, 6 c Leaves broad, ovate, lanceolate, &c 7-9 P. panicula'ta. Fanided L. Garden P. Tall. Leaves laiice-ovatc, acuminate at each end. Calyx-teeth bristle-pointed, nearly as long as the tube. W. S. t P. macula^ta. Spotted L. Stem purple-spotted. Leaves lance-ovate, upper cor- date. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute, half as long as its tube. Fields. W. S, f o P. Caroli'na. Carolina L. Stem ascending. Leaves lance-ovate. W. S. 4 P. glabcr'rima. Polished L. Stem erect, simple. Leaves lance-linear. W. S. P.pilo'sa. Ildrylj. Leaves lance-linear, acute. Calyx segments bristle-subulate, Kiuch linger than its tube. Stem slender, l-2f. W. S. p.-w. P. involucra'ta. Cup-fl. L. Iloary-downy. Lvs. linear oblong, obtusish at cjich end, the floral crowded beneath the dense cymes, p.-r. S. 7 P. rep''tans. Creeping L. Stolons creeping. Stem oblique. Lvs. obovato cicuse. W. S. 8 P. Laphamii. LaphairCsP. Slender, erect. Lvs. ovate, acute, thin. W. 9 P. Drummondii. Drummond'' s P. Annual, branched, hairy. Leaves mostly alternate. Calyx segments revolute. Corolla purple, with a star. S. f divarica'ta. Wild L. Low, diff'use, downy. Lvs. lance-ovate, acute. Pan- icle corymbed, loose. Corolla grayish-blue. c. (No. 8, may be the same.) 11 P. Wiida. Beck''sL. Low, diffusely branched. Lvs. lanceolate, stem-clasping. P. subula^'ta. Moss Pi nh. Piostrate, much branched. Lvs. linear-subulate, .f* grows in dense tufts, covered over with rose-colored flowers in May. ■♦ 13 10 P. 12 260 THE FLORA. 2. POLEMO'NIUM. Polemony. 1 P. coeru'leum. Blue P. Greek Valerian. Stem erect, l-2f. high. Lvs. pinuate, with 11-17 leaflets. Capsule 12-20-seeded. Sometimes Avild. f i P. rep'tans. Creeping P. Stem weak, diffuse. Leaves pinnate, with 7-11 leaflets. Capsule 4-6-seeded. Woods, common. Light blue. Ordef. XCIII. COFVOLYULACE.E. Bindweeas. Herbs twining or trailing, -with alternate leaven : nowers snowy : cacyx with 5 much imbncated ftepais, i>ers-ste.nt: corolla regular, S-lobed or entire, pjaited and twisted in the bud; stamens 5, and style single ; ovary free, oecoramg in fruit a pod which is 2j-4-celled and 2-6-seeded ; embryo large and leafy, with thin mucilaginous albumen. The suborder, Cuscutixe^, consists of small orange-colored, leafless plants, living on other plants (parasites), with small flowers, and no cotyledons (OusouTA, the Dodder). Analysis of the Genera. § Ovaries 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles f § Ovary 1, open, when ripe by 2-4 valves 2 2 Ovary 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded. . . .3 2 Ovary 3-celled, 3-valved, 6-seeded b 2 Ovary 4-ceUed, 4-valved, 4-seeded a 3 Styles 2, distinct e 3 Styles united into 1 4 4 Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts d 4 Calyx naked c « Stamens exserted. Cor. small (scarce 1' broad). a Stamens included. Corolla large (2' broad), t b Beautiful twining vines. Cor. bell-fuunel. c Stamens included. Stigma capitate. c Stamens included. Stigmas 2, linear, e Stamens exserted. Corolla tube slender, t d Stigmas 2, obtuse. Corolla bell-form, f e Peduncles longer than the leaves. Soft-downy. i Capsules 2, each 1-seeded. Plant very small Fig. 610. Entire-leaved Cypress-vine {Quamoclit coccinea.) t Ci/press Vine. Quam'oclit. Siveet Potato. Bata'tas. + ytorning-glory. Phar''biti3. False Bindweed. Ipoirj:^A. B'lndiceed. Convol''vulus. Good-night. Calyntc'tion. Rutland Beauty. Calyste''oia. Stylisma. Stylis'ma. , prostrate. S. Diohon'pra. Ordeu 90.— bindweeds. 267 1. QUAM'OCLIT. Cypress Vine. 1 Q. vulga'ris. True C. Leaves pectinate-piniiatifiJ. Fls. scarlet, crimson, &c. S. 2 Q. coccinea. Entive-lv. C. Lvs, undivided, cordate, acuminate. Crimson. W.S. 2. BATATAS. Sweet Potato. 1 B. littora'lis. Sea-side B. Peduncle 1-flowered, as long as the sinuate, cordate leaf. S. 2 B. macrorhi'za. Wild Potato. Peduncle 1-5-fowered, shorter than the lobed or entire leaf, which is downy beneath. Flowers purplish-white. S. 8 B, ed'ulis. Sweet Potato. Peduncle 3-5-flowered, shorter than the pahnate or pedute-lobed leaf. Flowers showy, rose-purple, t 3. PHAR'BITIS. Morning-glory. (Fig. 22.) 1 P. purpu'rea. Common M. Leaves entire, cordate. Peduncle 2-5-flowered. f 2 P. Nil. Indigo M. Lvs. 3-lobed, cordate. Ped. 1-3-flwd. Sepals long. M. S. t 4. IPOM^'A. False Bindweed. A large genus. Some of its tropical species are shrubs and trees ; and are all trailing or climbing herbs, chieflj at the South. We mention but one species. I. pan'durata. Wild Potato. Leaves broadly cordate, often fiddle-shaped (panduri- fonn). Corolla large (near 3' long), 4 times longer than the calyx, white, with a purple centre. Boot very large. Sandy fields, West and South. 5. CONVOL'VULUS. Bindweed. 1 O, arven'sis. FitldB. Leaves sagittate. Fls. white, with a tinge of red, small. 2 O. tri'color. Tri-colored B. Leaves lance-obovate. Fls. yellow, Avhite, blue, t 6. CALYSTE'GIA. Bracted Bindweed. 1 C. spithamae'us. Erect B. Stem ascending, 8-10\a span). Leaves lance-oblong, Peduncle as long as the leaves, bearing 1 large, white flower. Fields. 2 C, Sepium. Rutland Beauty. Stem twining, long. Leaves cordate-sagittate Flowers numerous, large, white, sometimes double in cultivation. aC Catesbeia'nus. CateshifsB. Plant downy, twining. Flowers purple. S. 268 THE FLORA. Order XCIY. SOLANACE^. Nightshades. Fig, 611. A flower of Bitter-sweet {Solarium Dulcamara). 2. Cross-section of the berry. 3. A seed cut open, showing the long, curved embryo. Fig. G14. Flower of Petunia, Plants herbaceous or shrubby, with, alternate leaves; and with flower-stalks often opposite to the leaves; and the •pedicels without bracts ; cahjx generally persistent, 5-lobed ; corolla 5-lobed, mostly regular, valvate and plaited in the bud; otary free, 2-celled (rarely 3 or 4-celled), many-seeded ; style and stigma single ; fruit a capsule or berry, with many seeds ; embryo curved, lying in fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. Corolls T^'heel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent. . ..a Corolla bell-shaped, the broad tube including the erect anthers.... b Corolla funnel-form, tube long, and — (2) 2 The limb somewhat irregular c 2 The limb perfectly regular 3 3 Stamens exserted d 3 Stamens included e Anthers connate, opening by slits. Berry lobed. Tomato. Lycospek'sicum. Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Berry round. Potato. SoLA'>a-M. Anthers connivent, opening by pores. Pod angular. Pepper. CAp'sicm. b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, enveloped in the calyx. Apple Peru. Nican'dka. b Corolla yellowish. Berry fleshy, inclosed in the calyx. Ground Cherry. Phys'alis. b Corolla purplish. Berry black, in the open calyx. Belladonna. At'ropa. Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid. Henbane. Hyoscy'amus. Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves. Petunia. PetuVia„ Order 94.— NIGHTSHADES. 269 d Stamens growing to the summit of the tube. 2\eircinherg. Neihembku'gia. d Stamens growing to the bottom of the tube. Matrimony. I.yc'ium. e Calvx 5-angled. Capsule spiny or smooth. Thorn Apple. Datu''ra. e Calyx terete. Stigma capitate. Herbs coarse. Tobacco. Kicotia'na. e Calyx terete. Stigma 2-Iobed. Delicate shrubs, f False Tamaruk. Fabia'na. SOLA'NUM. Nightshade. Calyx 5-parte(l. Corolla rotate, limb spreading, tube very short, limb plaited in the bud, 5-lobed. Anthers erect, slightly united or converging, each opening at top by 2 pores. Berry globular or depressed, 2-celled. — Herbs or shrubs unarmed or prickly. Leaves often 2 together, a large and a small one. Flowers generally lateral. May-July. % Plants not prickly. Anthers short, blunt. . . .a § Plants prickly. Anthers long, linear, and pointed,. . .b a Herbs with pinnatifid leaves, shorter than the racemes. . . .1 a Herbs with undivided leaves, longer than the racemes 2-4 a Shrubby plants, erect or climbing. Berries red 5-7 b Peduncles exceeding the loaves, many-flowered 8, 9 b Peduncles shorter than the leaves, few-liowered 10, 11 I S. tubero'sum. Potato. Segments of the leaves unequal, some very small. Co- rolla limb 5-angled. Tubers on the underground branches. 2 S. nig 'rum. Black Xigldshade. Smootliish. Leaves ovate, toothed, and wavy. Flowers small, white, in lateral umbels. Berries black. 3 S. nodiflo''rum. Knot-jiowereJ, N. Quite smooth. Leaves ovate, entire. Flowers minute, white, the stalk arising from a knot in the stem. S. 4 S. pycnan'thum. Stem hispid. Leaves ovate-acuminate, wavy. Peduncle 2 or 3-flowered. S. 5 S. Dulcama'ra. Bitter-siceet. Stem fiexuous, climbing. Loaves ovate, cordate, ¥pper ones lobed or gashed. Flowers purple, in lateral cymes, drooping. (Fig. 611.) 6 S, Pseudo-cap 'sicum. Jerusalem Cherry. A small, handsome, erect shrub, 2-4f. t 7 S. sempervi'rens. Evergreen N. Climbing. Leaves thick, cordate, elliptic, ob- tuse, with a blunt cusp, very smooth and shining. Panicles terminal, f 8 S. Carolinen'se. Horsi Settle. Leaves angular-lobed. Kacemes leafless, w. 9 S. Virginia 'num. Virginia N. Leaves pinnatifid. Kacemes leafy. Pale. S. 10 S. mammo'sum. Apple of Sodom. "Woolly and prickly. Leaves roundish-ovate, lobed. Fruit inversely pear-shaped. Flowers violet-colored. II S escnlen'tum. Egg-plant. Leaves ovate, somewhat sinuate, downy. Flowers 6-9-parted. Fruit egg-shaped, from the size of an egg to a water-melon, f 270 THE FLORA. Order XCY.— GENTIA]S\CE.^. The Gentianworts. Herbs with opposite, entire, smooth leaves^ and showy rQ^xAav flowers ; corolla usually twisted in the bud, with as many lobes as stamens^ and alternate with them, mostly persistent and withering ; stigmas 1 or 2 ; otary 1-celled, superior, be- coming a 2-valved pod with many seeds. Analysis of the Genera. § Leaves opposite or whorl ed, sometimes minute. Corolla mostly twisted in bud. . . .2 § Leaves alternate or radical. Corolla valvate in the bud 2 Corollawitha glandular spot on each lobe, sometimes with spurs c 2 Corolla without glandular spots or spurs 3 3 Corolla tubular, the tube longer than the limb a S Corolla deeply cleft, mostly wheel-shaped, tube very short.... b a Sepals 4 or 5. Corolla fringed, or with folds between lobes. Anthers straight. Gentia'na. 1 a Sepals 4 or 5. Anthers spirally twisted. European Centaury. Erythr^'a. a Sepals 2, leaf-like. Cor. 4-cleft, white or purplish. Pennywort. Obola''ria. b Leaves very small or mere bracts. Fls. 4-parted. Screxo-stem. Barto'nia. b Leafy. Fls. 5-12-parted. Anthers curved. American Centaury. Sabba'tia. 2 c Corolla 4-parted, with 4 spurs beneath at base. Spurred Gentlar^. Hale'nia. c Cor. 4-parted, without spurs. Tall, with whorled leaves. Columbo. Fba'seua. d Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 8-foliate, on long stalks. Jjuck-bean. Menyan'thes. d Corolla smooth inside. Leaves simple, floating. Floating Heart. Limnan'themum. Fig.&lh. Gentiana Andrewsii. 6. The calyx and capsule. 7. The corolla laid open, showing the fold? (2-lobed) between the proper petals, and the stamens attached at base. 8. Capsule cut across. 9. Seed magnified, with its large, loose testa. OiiDKii 05.— THE GENTIANWOKTS. 271 1. GENTIA'NA. Gentian. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla 4-5-lobed, regular, usually with plaited folds between the lobes. Stigmas 2, style short or none. Pod oblong, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Aug.- Oct. Corolla witli folded appendages between the 5 lobes. Anthers cohering b t^oroiia with no appendages between the lobes. Anthers separate a a begnietits ot ino corolla entire, pale-blue, 5 in number....! a Segments or me corolla fringed, mostly but 4, bright blue 2, 3 0 Jtf lowers soliliiry, terminal, blue or white 4 ? «''owe'-$ CL^stered, yellowish or cream-white. . . .5, 6 ' }<^;AWf>rs claslercd, blue.... 7-9 " Gr. quinqueflo'ra. Five-leaved G. Clusters about 5-flowered. Corolla lobes bristle- IDcmt.eri. 2 3-. criai'ta. Fringed G. Leaves lanceolate. Corolla conspicuously fringed. Height If. 8 Gr. det'onsa. Shorn G. Lvs. linear. Corolla lobes crenatc-ciliate. Height If. 4 Gr. angustifo'lia. Sand G. Slender, If. erect. Lvs. linear. Flower large, b.orp. 5 G-. ochroleu'ca. Fide G. Lvs. lance-oval, narrowed to the sessile base. Corolla greenish-white, a third longer than the sepals. S. M. 6 G!-. alba. Whitish G. Lvs. lance-ovate, clasping with the broad base. Corolla cream-white, 4 times longer than sepals. W. M. 7 G-. Andrew'sii. Cloml Blue G. Leaves ovate lanceolate, 3-veinecl. Corolla never opening, the lolies equalling the 5 fringed folds. (Figs. 615-619.) 8 G. Sapona'ria. SoapwoH G. Plant smooth. Leaves rough-edged, linear-lanceo- late. Corolla open, the lobes twice longer than the cleft folds. 9 G^. puber'ala. Rough G. Tlant scabrous. Lvs. lance-ovate, very rough at edge. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, folds very short. W. S. 2. SABBA'TIx\. American Centaury. Calyx 5-12-parted. Corolla rotate, limb 5-12-parted. Stamens 5-12. Style 2-parted. Capsule 1-celled. — Beautiful biennials, with mostly ro- seate flowers. § Corolla mostly 9 (rarely 7-12)-parted 1, 2 § Corolla 5 (rarely 6)-parted a a Branches alternate or forked b a Branches opposite. Flowers with a central star. . . .c b Flowers white or nearly white 3, 4 b Flowei-3 rose-red, with a central star o, 0 c Flowers white, corymbed 7, 8 c Flowers rose-rod, paniouiato 9, 10 2T2 THE FLORA. 1 S. gentianoi'des. Gentian C. Leaves linear, rigid, longer than the internod'^s. Flov/ers 3-10-parted, bright flesh-color, clustered. S. 2 S. chloroi'des. Chlora G. Leaves lanceolate. Branches few, alternate, each bearing at top a solitary, 7-12-parted, bright purple flower. E. 8 S. calyco'sa. Gup G. Calyx leafy, as large as the 5-6-parted corolla. S. 4 S. panicula'ta. Panicled C. Sepals linear, half as long as o-partod cor. S. 5 S. gra'cilis. Slender G. Leaves ovate to linear. Sepals bristle-form, as long as the corolla. M. S. 6 S. stella'ris. Starry G. Leaves lance-obovate. Sepals linear, much shorter than coi-olla. c. 7 S. corymbo'sa. Gurymled G. Leaves lanceolate, 3-veined. Calyx segments linear, thrice longer than its tube, half as long as the corolla. N.-J. S. 8 S. macrophy-ria. Leaves 5- veined, cusp-pointed. Sepals shorter than calyx^ tube. S. 9 S. angularis. Angled G. Stem square, with winged angles. Leaves ovate, clasping, 5-veined. Flowers many, rose-red, the star greenish. Wet. c. 10 S. brachia'ta. Prairie G. Stem square, slender, joints 2-4 times longer than the sessile, lance-linear leaves. Panicle oblong. Corolla 6-parted, the star yellow. W. S. Order XCYL APOCYNACE.E. Dogbanes. Plants with a milky jwice, entire and mostly opposite leaves ; flowers 5-parted and regular, with the corolla twisted in the bud ; %tamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers sometimes slightly united ; ovaries 2, distinct, but with their stigmas united at top of the styles ; fruit 2 follicles containing several or many albuminous seeds. Analysis of the Genera. * Herbs erect, 2-4f. high, the flowers in cymes a * Shrubs twining or trailing, with opposite leaves b * Shrubs erect, 3-6f. high, with the leaves in whorls of 3 c a Cor. bell-shaped, whitish. Style none. Sds. silky. Dog's-hane. Apoc'YNtnvi. 1 a Corolla funnel-form, bluish. Style 1. Lvs. scattered. Amson. Amso'nia. b Fls. solitary, blue. Throat 5-angled. Lvs. evergreen. + Periwinkle. Vin'oa. b Flowers in cymes, yellow, small. Lvs. petiolate. Wet. South. Forstero^nia. c Leaves thick, evergreen. Flowers large, rose-colored. Oleander. Ne''kium. APOC'YNUM. Dog's-baue. Stamens shorter than the corolla, arising from its base, and alternate with 5 glandular teeth. Anthers arrow-shaped, cohering to the stigmoj Order 97.— ASCLEPIADS. 273 by the middle. Follicles long, slen- der, separate. Seeds with a tuft of long, silky down. June-August. 1 A. androsaemifo'lium. Tutsan-leaved D. Corolla rose-wliitc, much longer than the calyx. Leaves ovate. Plant smooth, elegant, about 3f. high. 2 A. cannabi'num. Hemp D. Cor. green- ish-white, scarce longer than tho calyx. Leaves oblong. Bark tough as hemp. Fig. 620. Common Dog*s-bane. 1. A flower of the natural size. 2. The flower cut open, showing the peculiar stamens. 3. The 2 styles and stigmas. 4. The plan of the flower. 5. The 2 follicles. 6. A seed with its tuft of silk. Order XCYII. ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepiads. Plants (chiefly Jierbs in the United States) with a rmYkj juice ; leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered), entire, without stipules ; flowers generally umbeled, 5-parted, regular ; sepals and also the petals united at base, both commonly valvate in the bud ; stamens united into a fleshy mass with the two stigmas ; pollen cohering in masses ; ovaries 2, iorvomg follicles in fruit Analysis of the Genera. % Plants erect. Stamen-mass crowned with 5 little hoods. . . .2 S Plants twining or prostrate 3 2 Hoods each with a little projecting horn ... .a 2 Hoods destitute of horns b 8 Flowers dark purple c 3 Flowers whitish or flesh-colored ■ Petals reflexcd. Hoods erect, horns incurved. SiU-grass. Milkweed. Ascle^'pias. 1 b Petals reflexcd. Hoods erect, adnate to the anthers. Ackra^tes. b Petals spreading, green. Hoods free from the anthere. S. Anan'therix. b Petals erect, yellowish. Mass of anthers stalked. S. Podostiq'ma. 12* 274 THL FLORA. c Tlie 5 filaments distinct. Pollen masses 5. N.-Y. Pkriplo'ca. c Filaments united as weU as the stigmas. Pollinia 10. Gonol'obus. d Petals spreading. Hoods erect. Leaves linear. Coast, S. Sente'ra. d Petals spreading. Iloods flat, spreading, t Wax-j^lant. Hoy''a. d Petals erect, white. Hoods erect, 2-awned. S.-W. Common. Ensle'nia. ASOLE'PIAS. Silk-grass. Milkweed. (We have many species of this genus, blooming in the Summer months. Begin Ders will find them difficult to distinguish. We omit them here, referring the reader to the Class Book.) Order XCIX. OLEACEiE. Oliveworts. Trees and shrubs with opposite leaves^ with Jlowers 4-partecl, regular, sometimes without petals; corolla (when present) valvate in the bud; stamens 2, rarely 4; ovary 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit fleshy or dry. Analysis of the Genera. § Leaves pinnate. Fruit a dry, winged samara a § Leaves simple. Fruit a dry, 2-celled pod (capsule) b § Leaves simple. Fruit a fleshy drupe or berry 2 2 Corolla present. Stamens included. White.... c 2 Corolla present. Stamens exserted d 2 Corolla none. Fruit an oblong drupe e a Trees with imperfect flowers and odd-pinnate leaves. Ash. Frax'inus. b Corolla salver-form, with short, white or purple lobes, t Lilac. Syrin''ga. 1 b Corolla bell-form, with long, yellow lobes, t Forsythia. Forsy''thia. c Corolla with long, linear, pendulous lobes. Virginia Fringe-tree. Chionan'thus. c Cor. with short lobes. Panicle dense. Berries black. Privet. Prim. Ligus'trum. d Style 2-parted. Leaves serrate. Shrubs, t Osmanth. Osman''thus. d Style simple. Panicles axillary. S. American Olive. Olea. d Style simple. Panicles terminal. Trees, t Visian. Visia'na. e Flowers very imperfect, dioecious. Shrubs. Wet. W. S. Adella. Foresti'era. SYRIN'GA. Lilac. 1 S, vulga'ris. Common L. Leaves cordate-ovate, entire. Flowers lilac-purple. 2 S. al'ba. White Lilac. Flowers pure white. Shrub taller. (Variety of No. 1.) 8 S, Per''sica. Persian L. Leaves lanceolate, entire or cleft. Flowers in looser panicles, lilac-bluo. Apr. May. Okdek 101.— marvelworts. 275 COHORT III. THE APETALOUS EXOGENS. Essential Character, — Flowering plants (Pii^nogamia), with their stems growing by additions to the outside and the wood in circular layers (Exogens), with the seeds inclosed in seed-vessels (Angiospeems), and the flowers destitute of petals (Apetal^). Order C— ARISTOLOCHIACE^. Birthworts Low lierhs or climbing shrubs with alternate leaves^ \axgQ flowers ; calyx adlicring to the ovary, valvate in bud, brown or dull colored ; stamens 6-12, at top of the 6-celled, many-seeded ovary. Analysis of the Genera. Ca]yx bell-form, rej^ular, 3-clcft. Stamens 12. Herbs with creeping, underground stems. . Wild Ginger. Asa'rcm, 1 Calyx tubular, bent, irregular. Antbers 6. Shrubby, erect or climbing, with very odd flowers. Birthwort. Aristolo'chia. AS A RUM. "Wild Ginger. 1 A Canadense. Canada W. Leaves in pairs, broad-rcniform, with the single flower between the petioles scarcely above-ground. May-July. c. 2 A. Virginicum. Virginia W. Leaf solitary, round-ovate, cordate, the single flower much shorter than the petiole. Sepals obtuse. Mts. Va. S. April. 8 A. ariforium. Arum-lv. W. Leaf solitary, broadly hastate, wdth long, angular lobes at base. Calyx throat contracted, lobes very short. Va. S. April. Order CI.— NYCTAGINACEJi]. Marvelworts. Her}>8 (shrubs or trees) with swelling joints; entire, opposite leaves ; flowers surrounded by an involucre (which is, of course, calyx-like when the flower is solitary) : calyx often colored like a corolla, tubular or funnel-form, breaking off above the Icolled, 1-secded ovary. 278 THE FLORA. Order CIII. PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeweeds. Herhs or shrubs with alternate leaves, no stipules, and^wers racemed; sepals colored, 4 or 5 ; petals none ; stamens few or many ; ovary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming a berry in fruit; cells as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded; embryo curved around the fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. Sepals 5, ronndish. Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Phytolao'ca. 1 Sepals 4, persistent. Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and 1-seeded. S. Eivi'na. PHYTOLACCA. Poke. A £ A ^ Character expressed in the / . /^ si^^ / -Q '4^ Analysis. — Tall and stout per- i\"'w!l ^^f'"' VW^ S^ ennials, with greenish flowers ^^^/J ^^^ /||ii ^>^$ and purple berries. .^^^^s^ ^^^'/\\r^ ^^% P. decan'dra. Plant 5-8f. high, ^^^2— -^^^^^LllU^^^ ^^K very smooth, bushy. Leaves ''''^■■^.!^v^.\\^;>2^s_;^^^l>^^>^ A^^^^ large, ovate, acute at eacli end, £^;|||| jv^S>^^^ /^M^ petioled. Racemes at first ^^ft\^^^^ ^a. ^^v ^^^ 630 terminal, finally opposite to Wrmj Z^^^'^^w^^""^"^^^ I f^^^ the leaves. Berries oblate, of 9m|,JiP^ 8^M\ ' y'l \ \\^\. I )~^/f^4) a rich dark purple. July-Sept. N^^ ^^^|^ b^^'V^-^^.^V ^^^f^y^ Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit. 8. A flower, natural size. 9. Ita stamens and ovary. Fig. 630. Cross-section of the ovary. 1. A seed cnt open, shoMing the em- bryo coiled around the albumen. Order CYII. LAURACE^. Laurels. Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves; sepals colored, 4-6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ; anthers 2 or 4:-celled, opening upwards by as many valves ; ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit ; no albumen. Analysis of the Genera. % Flowers perfect, the caly.x persistent. Leaves evergreen.. ..a § Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous b a Trees. Lvs. thick, lance- oblong. Fls. umbeled. S. Bay GalU. Per'sea. ordeh 119.— the MASTWORTS. 279 b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras. Sas'safras. 1 b Involucre 4 leaved. Anthers 2-valved. Shrubs. Spice-bush. Ben'zoin. b Involucre 4-leaved. Antliers 4-valved. Shrubs. S. Pond-spice. Tetuan'thera. SASSAFRAS. Sassafras. Flowers dioecious, G-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu- ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers. S. officina'le. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or S-lobed and acute at base. Tree aromatic, 10-30f. high. Order CXIX. CUPULIFERJi:. The Mastworts. Trees or shi'uls, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules; powers monoecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ; stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx; ovajy in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, but becoming in f?'uit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr, or sac). Analysis of the Genera. % Sterile flowers in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together 2 § Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose and large c 2 Involucre 1-ttowered, cup-like, composed of many little scales a 2 Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, composed of few large valves b « Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10. Fertile flowers, con- sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn, 1- celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by their peculiar fruit, called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 23 species are described. (See Figs. 32-34, 267.) Oak; Quercus. b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens ; 3 fertile flowers in each involucre, -which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the other a shrub. Timber excellent. The fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See Fig. 277.) Clieistnut. Casta 'nea. b Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments head-like, sus- pended by a slender stalk. Calyx 6-cleft. Two flowers in each burr, which is covered by weak spines. Nuts sharply 8-angled. They are tall, valua- ble forest-trees. Betch. Fag us. b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top. Sterile flowers in a slender ament. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut iu each involucre. llazfl. Cou'yi.ob. 278 THE FLORA. Order CIII. PHYTOLACCACE^. Pokeweeds. Hei-bs or shrubs with alternate leaies^ no stipules^ and^werg racemed; sepals colored, 4 or 5 ; petals none ; stamens few or many ; ovary of one or several carpels, which are united into a ring, forming a berry in fruit; cells as many as the carpels, each 1-seeded; embryo curved around the fleshy albumen. Analysis of the Genera. Sepals 5, roundish. Sepals 4, persistent. Sta. 5-20. Ovary 5-12-carpeled and seeded. Phttolao'ca. 1 Stamens 4-12. Ovary 1-carpeled and 1-seeded. S. Eivi'na. PHYTOLACCA. Poke. Character expressed in the Analysis. — Tall and stout per- ennials, with greenish flowers and purple berries. p. decan'dra. Plant 5-Sf. high, very smooth, bushy. Leaves large, ovate, acute at eacli end, petioled. Kacemes at first termhial, finally opposite to the leaves. Berries oblate, of a rich dark purple. July-Sept. Fig. 627. Phytolacca decandria, leaves, flowers, and fruit 8. A flower, natural size. 9. Ita stamens and ovary. Fig. 630. Cross-section of the ovary. 1. A seed cut open, showing the eni- bryo coiled around tlie albumen. Order CYII. LAURACE^. Laurels. Trees and shrubs aromatic, with alternate, simple, dotted leaves; sepals colored, 4-6, slightly united, strongly imbricated ; anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upwards by as many valves ; ovary 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe in fruit ; no albumen. Analysis of the Genera. § Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves evergreen a I Flowers imperfect. Calyx deciduous. Leaves deciduous.. ..b a Trees. Lvs. thick, lance- oblong. Fls. umbeled. S. Ba7j GalU. Per'sea. Order 119.-THE MASTWORTS. 279 b Involucre none. Anthers 4-valved. Leaves lobed. Sassafras. SAS''sArRAs. 1 b Involucre 4 leaved. Anthers 2-valved. Shrubs. Spice-bush. Ben'zoin. b Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-valved. Shrubs. S. Pond-spice. Tetran'thera. SASSAFRAS. Sassafras. Flowers dioecious, G-parted, regular. Stamens 9. Trees with decidu- ous leaves, expanding after the clusters of yellow flowers. S. oiBcma'le. Common S. Leaves of two forms, ovate and entire, or S-lobed and acute at base. Tree aromatic, 10-30f. high. Order CXIX. CUPULIFERJE. The Mastworts. Trees or shruhs, with alternate, simple leaves, and deciduous stipules ; /lowers monoecious, the sterile in aments, which are racemed or head-like ; stamens in the sterile flowers, 6 to 20, on the base of the calyx ; ovary in the fertile flowers with several cells and ovules, but becoming in fruit a 1-seeded nut surrounded by an involucre (cup, burr, or sac). Analysis of the Genera. § Sterile flowers in aments, fertile flowers solitary or 2 or 3 together 2 § Sterile flowers and fertile also in aments, the latter loose and large c 2 Involucre 1-flowered, cup-like, composed of many little scales a 2 Involucre 2 or 3-flowered, composed of few large valves. . . .b 4 Sterile aments slender, calyx 5-cleft, stamens 5 or 10. Fertile flowers, con- sisting of an ovary sitting in a scaly cup, becoming, in fruit, an acorn^ 1- celled, 1-seeded. A noble genus of trees (rarely shrubs), always known by their peculiar fruit, called acorns. The timber is of great value, especially in ship-building. In the Class Book of Botany, 23 species are described. (See Figs. 32-34, 267.) Oal: Quercus. b Involucre of the fruit and fertile flowers a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments slender, each flower with 5-15 stamens ; 3 fertile flowers in each involucre, ■which is beset with slender prickles. We have two species, one a tree, the other a shrub. Timber excellent. The fruit is sweet and nutritious. (See Fig. 277.) Clieistnut. Casta 'nea. b Involucre of the fruit a burr with 4 valves. Sterile aments head-like, sus- pended by a slender stalk. Calyx 6-cleft. Two flowers in each burr, which is covered by weak spines. Kuts sharply 3-angled. They are tall, valua- ble forest-trees. Betch. Fag us. b Involucre a sac, longer than the nuts, torn at the top. Sterile flowers in a slender ament. Shrubs. Usually but one flower or nut iu each involucre. Hazel. Cor'yi.ub. 280 THE FLORA. c Involucre a closed, inflated sac, one-flowered, many together in the pendu- lous, hop-like cluster. Small trees, Avith very compact, strong timber, called Ho^p Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Os'trya, c Involucre an open, 3-lobed leaf, 1-flowered, Small trees, with a strong, heavy timber. Hornbeam. Carpi'nus. Order CXX. BETULACE^. The Birchworts. Trees or shrubs.^ -witL deciduous stipules, with the alternate leaves simple, having the veinlets running straight to the margin ; flowers monoecious, both kinds contained in scaly catkins., 2 or 3 under each bract ; calyx and corolla hardly any ; ovary 2-celled and 2-ovuled, but becoming in fruit a 1-celled and 1-seeded nut, by the suppression of the other seed and cell. Analysis of the Genera. $ bracts with 12 stara. each ; 5 bracts with mostly 3 ovaries. Birch. Bet'ula. 1 f bracts with 4-8 stam. each ; $ bracts with 2 ova. or fls, each. Alder. Alnus. BET'ULA. Birch. 5 in a cylindrical cat- kin, bracts each with 3 tetrandrous flowers be- neath it. $ in an oblong or egg - shaped catkin, bracts 3-lobed, each with 3 ries or flowers, with no calyx, flattened, broadly winged. — Trees and shrubs, mostly with the outer bark in thin layers with horizontal fibres. Catkins ap- pearing in early spring before the leaves. § Trees with a yellowish bark, and heart -ovate, serrate leaves.. ..1 § Trees with reddish-brown bark, and ovate, doubly serrate leaves. . . .2, 3 § Trees with white bark and long-stalked, long- pointed leaves. . . .4, 5 S Shrubs with brownish bark, and roundish, crenate leaves.... 6, 7 633 2-styled ova- Samara I'ig. 632. Sweet Black Birch {Betula lenta), with staininate and pistillate catkins : a, a scale with staminate flowers ; h, with pistillate flowers. Fig. 633. «, A winged sauiaia cut length- wise, showing its fertile and abortive cell ; h, the same cat across. OiiDER 123.— THE WILLOWORTS. 281 2 B 1 B. excel'sior. Yelloio Birch. Tree 50-80f. Fertile aments erect, obloug, 1 inch in length, erect, sterile 2-4', pendulous, clustered, c. N. lenta. Black B. Sweet B. Tree 40-GOf. Fertile aments erect, oval, obtuse, stalked; sterile 2-3', pendulous. Inner bark sweet-spicy. M. N. B, ni'gra. Red Birch. Tree 30-50f. Leaves rliombic-ovate, acute at both ends, obscurely lobed. Fertile aments sessile, ovoid. M. S. W. 4 B. populifo'lia. TV/die B. Tree 30-40f. Leaves triangular, long-pointed, smooth, unequally serrate. Sterile aments long, pendulous. N. 5 B. papyra'cea. Canoe Birch. Tree 50-70f. Leaves ovate, pointed, doubly- serrate. All the aments nodding. Hills and mountains. N. B. pum'ila. Z>«w/i?. Shrub erect, 2-6f. Branches warty. Leaves obovate, ob- tusely serrate above. Fertile aments cylindric. Mountains. N. B. na'na. Tiny B. Shrub low, trailing, smooth. Leaves round, crenate. Scales of fertile amcnt deeply 3-parted. 3-12''. Mountains, N.-II. Order CXXII. SALICACE J]]. The Willoworts. Trees or sTiriibs^ with simple leaves, and stipules usually present; flowers dioecions, naked, both kinds in aments, each with a bract; wary 1 or 2-celled, with 2 short styles; capsule many-seeded; seeds with a coma and no albumen. C36 637 Fig. 634. A fertile flower of a Willow, consisting of a pistil and a bract Fig. 635. Sterile flower, 2 stamens and a Iract Fig. 636. A sterile flower of Ualni-of-Gilead {Pojmlus candi' cans); many stamens. Fig. 637. A fertile flower, consisting of a fringed scale, n calyx holding a double ovary. Analysis of the Genera. § Aments cylindric, bracts entire. Stamens 2 or more. Capsule 1-celled, 2- valved, the seeds very small, clothed with silky hairs. Trees or shrubs. (Figs. 12, 17, SS.) We have about 27 t^jie- Willow. Osier. Salix. Stamens 8 or more. Capsule 2-celled, 2- Buds varnisliod with a fragrant resin. Poplar. Acpen. I'orcLcs Leaves often long and narrow, cies. § Aments cylindric, bracts fringed, valved. Calyx an entire cup. Leaves broad, largo. Trees. 282 THE FLORA. C 0 H 0 E T Y. SPADICIFLORiB, OR THE APETALOUS ENDOGENS. Order CXXXI. ARACEiE. Aroids. Chiefly herls with a fleshy rootstock of corm ; leaves sometimes net- veined ; fiowers mostly without calyx or corolla, arranged on a spadix; stamens few or many, hypogynous, very short; anthers turned outwards; ovary free ; stigmas sessile ; fruit a dry or juicy berry, and the seeds with or without albumen. Growing in wet places. 642 633 639 640 Fi%. 033. Wild Calls (Calla palustris), a leaf, and a spadix of flowers, with its spatbe (6). Fig. 639. The same enlarged. Fiff. 640. A flower enlarged. Fig. 641. One of the berries cut, showing the 6 cells. Fig. 642. Golden Club {Oroiititim aqunticum); its spadix (s) is without a spathe. Analysis of the Genera. •* Spadix enveloped in a spathe. . . .2 Spadix destitute of a spathe. Sepals 4-6 . . . . d 2 Flowers covering only the base of the spadix. Perianth 0. . . .a 2 Flowers covering the whole spadix, monoecious. Perianth 0 b 2 Flowers covering the wliole spadix and perfect. . . .c OnnER 131.— AROIDS. 283 a Spathc rolled in at base. Top of spadlx club-shaped. Dragon-root. Aris^^'ma. 1 b Spathe rolled inwards the whole length. Arrow-lvd. Dragon. Pkltan'uka. 2 b Spathe rolled backwards above, white. Egyptian Calhx. Richar'dia. c Perianth 0. Spathe open, flattish, white. Lvs. cordate. Wild Calla. Calla. e Perianth regular. Spa. shell-form. Lvs. large. Shunk-cahhage. Symplocar'pus. d Flowers terminal, yellow. Scape terete. Golden Club. Oisonticm. d Flowers lateral, green. Scape leaf-like. Sweet Flag. A'cokus. 1. ARISJE'MA. Arum. Indian Turnip. Spathe rolled inward at base. Spadix covered with flowers below, naked and club-shaped above. Sterile flowers above the fertile, each a clump of 4 stamens. Fertile flowers each a 1-celled ovary, with a flai stigma. Berrj red, with 1 or several seeds. — Odd-looking plants, with scape arising from a corm or rootstock, and sheathed with the radical leaves. Taste very acrid. 1 A. triphyl'lum. Jack-in-the- Pulpit. Leaves usually 2, trifoliate. Spathe bent aud inflected above, covering the obtuse spadix, striped. 2 A. qmna'tum. Five-leaved Jack. Leaves in pairs, one or both quinate. S. 8 A. Dracon'tiuxn. Green Dragon. Leaf mostly solitary, pedale, 7-11-foliate. 2. PELTAN'DRA. Arrow Dragon. The sterile flowers consist of 8-12 anthers attached to the border of a shield-shaped (peltate) connectile. — Root fibrous. Leaves sagittate. 1 P. Virgin'ica. Virginia A. Spathe green, incurved, long, wavy on the margin. Leaves many, large, hastate-sagittate, very smooth, dark. 2 P. glau'ca. Glaucous A. Spathe white, entire, gradually unrolled and widened above. Leaves ovate-sagittate, the base lobes large. S. 284 THE FLORA. COHOET VI. FLORIDBiE, OR THE FLOWERING ENDOGENS. Order CXXXY. ALISMACEvE. AUsmads. Herljs growing in water, with the leaves parallel-veined, and with the flowers regular and not on a spadix ; the perianth consisting of sepals and petals^ 3 of each, the former always green ; ovaries free, 3 or more, separating into as many 1-seeded achenia. Lvs. Analysis of the Genera. § Both the calyx and corolla greenish rush-like {Arrow-grasses) b § Corolla colored, white. Leaves mostly with a lamina a a ris. y$ . Sta. 6. Carpels whorled. Water Plantain. Alisma. 1 a ris. § . Stamens 0-24. Carpels in a head. Echinodore. Echinodokus. a FIs. S . Sta. many. Carpels in a head, Arroio-Tiead. Saoittaria. 2 b Lvs. radical. Anthers ovate. Carpels 1-seeded. Triglock. TRiQLocHm. b Leaves cauline. Anthers linear. Car- pels 1-2-seeded. Scheuchzeria. 1. ALISMA. Water Plantain. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Ova- ries and styles numerous, collected into a whorl, becoming in fruit many dis- tinct, flattened achenia. — if Stemless herbs, the leaves all radical. Flowers in a panicle. A. planta'go. A common, smooth, handsome inhabitant of ponds and ditches. Leaves oval or ovate, abruptly acuminate, 7-9- Fig. 643. Sagittaria sagiltifolia (com- mon form), leaf and flowers. 4. One of the pistils enlarged. 5. The pistil of Alisma cut open, showing the seed and curved embryo. Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. veined, entire, on long petioles. Scape l-2f. liigli, branching in whorls, bearir;g nu- merous purplisli-whitc flowers, in •Tuly. 2. SAGITTATJA. Arrow-head. Flowers monoscious, rarely dioecious, tlie $ with about 24 stamens, the $ with numerous ovaries crowded in a head, and becoming in fruit as many compressed, margined achenia. — U Stemless plants, leaves radical, generally arrow-shaped. Flowers in whorls of 3's, the sterile ones above the fertile. S. variab''ili3. A curious plant, conspicuous with its large white flowers among the rushes and sedges of sluggish waters. The petals are wholly white, and the scape simple, with the stalks 1-flowered. The leaves are generally arrow- shaped (as seen in the figure), but exceedingly variable, sometimes lanceolate, and sometimes even consisting of a petiole only. About If. high. Jul^. Order CXXXYIII. ORCHIDACE.E. The Orchids. Herhs perennial, with thick, fleshy roots; entire, parallel-veined leaves ; ■flowers very irregular, but ^^ 'perianth consisting always of 6 parts, viz., of 3 sepals and 3 petals^ all usually colored, the lower petal called the lip differing in form from the others, and frequently spurred at base ; stamens 3, but only 1 or rarely 2 of them perfect, united with the style and forming what is called the column ; anthers 2, 4 or 8-celled; 'pollen powdery, or waxy, or granulated ; oiarxj 1-celled, many-seeded. Analysis of the Genera. * Stems green, furnished with one or more leaves 2 * Stems green, furnished with sheaths instead of leaves.... * Stems brownish, furnished with sheaths and no leaves, or a late one. . . .0 2 Corolla lip very large, inflated and sack-like. . ..a 2 Corolla lip of various forms, but neither very large nor sack-like. . . .8 3 Corolla produced into a spur behind . . . .b 8 Corolla destitute of a spur 4 4 Flowers small, many, in a loose raceme, beardless. . . .e 4 Flowers small, many, in a close, twisted spike, beardless. .. .f 4 Flowers showy, purple or yellow, few or 1 only g a Root fibrous. Lip obtuse, spurless. Anthers 2. Ladi/^s-slipper. CvrniPK'DiUM. 1 a Koot a corni. T/ip S-lobcd, 2-spurrod. Anther 1. Cab/pso. Cm.yp'so. 286 THE FLORA. Fig. 646. Lady's-sljpper {Cypripedium acaule), whole plant, with its 2 leaves, scape, and curious flower. 7. Plan of the flower; s, sepals (outer circle), the 2 lower united ; p, the petals; i, lip (lower petal) ; e, the anthers, upper one sterile ; o, the 3-celied ovary. 8. The column seen roin beneath, with the pistil, two stamens, and the leaf-like sterile one. 9. Flower and bract of >chis spectabilis. Fig. &bO. Its 2 pollen masses exhibited (enlarged). 1. Arethusa bulbosa; ^/J he flower. 2. Its column enlarged, with its lid-like anther opening, showing its pollen-masses >eneath. b Fls. in the axils of bracts. Pollen masses 2. Lvs. l-oo . Orchis. Orchis. 2 b Flowers bractless. Pollen masses 4. Leaf 1 only. Tipula. Tipula'ria. s Root coniline. Spur growing to the ovary. Lvs. none. Coral-root. Corallorhi''za. 3 c Root 2 corms. Spnrnone. Leaf 1, late, radical. Putty-root. Kvlkctrv.^. d Flowers 1 only, rose-purple. Lip bearded. Arethusa. Arethc'sa. 4 d Fls. racemed, dark-purple, beardless. (Lvs. 0 or few.) BUtia. Bletia. e Leaf 1. Lip sagittate. Column minute. Micros' tylis. Micros 'tylis. e Leaves 2, radical. Lip fiat, ascending. Column winged. Liparls, Lip''ari8. e Leaves 2, cauline. Lip pendulous, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. Ttcay-hlnde. Listetba Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 287 f Leave.s nil green. Lip obtuse, erect. ^ Ijidie^ Tretses. Spirah'tiies. 5 f Leaves netted with white. Lip pointed, refle.xcd. Rattlesnake Piantain. Goodye'ra. f Lvs. all green. Lip 3-lobed, recurved. South. Cranichis. Cran'ichis. g T/ip on the upper side of the fl., bearded. Leaf linear. Grass Pink. CalopC'gon. 6 g Lip on the lower side (ovary twisted as in the other genera) h h Column free from the lip. Flowers purplish. Beard Pink. Pogo'nia. 7 h Column growing to the lip. Yellow. On trees. S. Tree Orchis. Epidkn'duum. 1. CYPRIPE'DIUM. Lady's-slipper. The 2 lower sepals united into one piece or rarely distinct. Lip very large, inflated, sack or slipper form, obtuse. Column terminated by a petal-like lobe (wbicb is the sterile stamen). Fertile stamens 2. — Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited. Flowers large and showy, one or few. May- July. * Flowers yellow, one or more. Stems leafy 5, 6 * Flowers white or rose-pnrple. . . .1 1 Stem leafy. Flower one or more 2-4 1 0. acau'le. Stemless L. (Figs. 642-644.) Scape naked, with 2 leaves at the base, and 1 large flower at top. c. 2 C. can'didum. White L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers 1 only, smaller, white. W. S. r. S C. spectab'ile. Shoioij L. Two lower sepals united. Flowers few, very large, purplisli, c. 4 C. Arieti'num. Jiain' s-Head L. Two lower sepals separate. Flower] only, small, purplish, r. 6 C. pubes'cens. Large yellow L. Moccasin Fl. Sepals narrow-lanceolate. Lip flattened at sides, pale yellow, c. (Fig. 89.) C O. parviflo'rum. Smaller yellow L. Sepals ovate-lanceolate. Lip flat above and btlow, bright yellow, c. 2. ORCHIS. Orchis. Flower ringent, sepals and petals similar ; all, or all but two, ascending and arching over the column. Lip turned downward, entire or lobed, produced at base into a spur beneath, which is distinct from the ovary. Stamen 1, anther 2-celled, pollen-masses 2, consisting of numerous waxy grains. — Flowers generally showy, in spikes or racemes. Junc-Aug. mostly. Note,— Under this genns we Include two others, viz.: Gymnadenin and Platanthora The beginner would find it difficult to separate them. See Class Book of Botany, p. 6S2, ic. No. 1, le the true Orchis. Nos. 8, 9, 10, are Gt/mnaclcnia, and all the others belong to Platanthera. 288 THE FLORA. § Leaves radical and only 2 (rarely*3). Flowers on a scape 1-8 § Leaf radical and only 1. Flowers small, on a scape 4, 5 § Leaves on the stem, several, upper ones reduced to bracts. . . .a a Corolla lip entire, neitAcr lobed, fringed, nor toothed. . . .6-9 a Corolla lip 2 or 3-toothed, not fringed nor divided. Flowers greenish. . . .10-12 a Corolla lip cleft into a fringe at the edge, but not divided 13-15 a Corolla lip divided into 3 parts, which are fringed or not b b Flowers white or yellowish, with 5 long bristles, the 2 side petals 2-parted. S... .16,17. b Flowers white, the 2 side petals entire or toothed ; lip clawed.... 18, 19 b Flowers purple, numerous, showy ; lip raised on a claw 20-22 1 O. spectab'ilis. SJioivy Orchis. True Orchis. Fls. few, pink-purple, handsome. Leaves oblong-ovate. Height 4-7^ (Figs. 649, 650.) 2 O. orbicula'ta. Eound-lv. 0. Fls. whitish, racemed. Spur very long. Leaves round. Scape bracted. 3 O. Hook'eri. Hooker'' s 0. Flowers green, spiked. Spur long as ovary. Leaves round. Scape naked. 4 O. obtusa''ta. Bluiit-lv. 0. Leafobovate, obtuse. Lip linear, entire. 5-8'. r. 5 O. rotundifo'lia. Small Round-lf. O. Lf. round. Lip, mid. lobe obcord. 6-9'. r. 6 O. hyperbo'rea. Northern 0. Flowers greenish. Lip, petals, leaves, and bracts. lanceolate. 7 O. dilata'ta. Broad-lip 0. Flowers whitish. Lip lance-linear, rhombic at base. 8 O. niv'ea. Snowy 0. Flowers white. Lip oblong-linear. Leaves linear. S. 9 O. nigra. Black 0. Flowers yellow, close. Lip ovate. Leaves lance-oblong. 1 0 O. tridenta'ta. Trident O. Lip 3-toothed at end. Spur longer than ovary. 11 O. bractea'ta. Bracted 0. Lip 2-3-toothed at end, spur half as long. 12 O. fla'va. Small yellow 0. Lip obtuse, with a tooth eaeh side, spur long. 13 O. crista'ta. Crested yellow 0. Flowers yellow, small, lip as long as the spur. 14 O. cilia'ris. Large yelloio 0. Flowers yellow, large, lip half as long as the spur. 15 O. Blephariglot'tis. Ox,-tongue 0. Fls. white, large ; 2 side petals cut-toothed. 16 O. Michauxii. Michaux's 0. Leaves oval. Spur twice as long as ovary. 17 O. re 'pens. Five-hristled 0. Leaves lance-linear. Spur shorter than ovary. 18 O. leucophEe'a. White Prairie 0. Bracts shorter than the ovaries.. Lip fan- shaped, 3-parted, fringed. Spur club-shaped, twice longer than ovary. 19 O. lac'era. Bagged 0. Bracts longer than the flowers. Petals notched at end. Lip segments wedge-shaped, fringed. Spur filiform, long as ovary. 20 O. Junoena. Prairie 0. Flowers dark-purple. Lip broad, lobes toothed, not fringed. M. W. S. c. 21 O. Psyc'odes. Fringed 0. Flowers light-purple. Lip wedge-shaped, the 2 petals merely toothed, c. 22 O. grandiflo'ra. Great-fi. 0. Flowers light-purple. Lip semicircular, largo. 2 petals fringed, r. Order 138.— THE ORCHIDS. 289 3. COKALLORHrZA. Coral-root. Dragon's-claw. Flower ringent Sepals and petals similar, ascending, the upper arch- ing. Lip produced behind into a short spur, which grows closely to the ovary. Pollen-masses 4, oblique. — Herbs without green herbage, leafless, with coraline roots, and spikes of dull-colored flowers. May-Sept. 1 Spur imperceptible. Lip not lobed, often with 2 teeth at base 2, 3 1 C. multiflo'rzL Many -flowered C. Spur manifest. Lip 3-lobed (the side lobes small), spotted. Flowers 10-20, purple. Height 10-15^ 2 O. odontorhi'za. Dragon'' s-claio. Flowers 9-18, purple. Lip orenulate, spotted. Ovary and pod nearly globular. Scape 9-14''. 3 O. inna^ta. L(sser C. Flowers 5-10, purplish. Lip obscurely 2-toothed near the base, spotless. Ovary and pod club-shaped. 5-6''. 4. ARETHU'SA. Sepals and petals cohering at base, similar, ascending, arching. Lip spurless, deflexed at the end, bearded inside, cohering to the petal-like column at base. Anther terminal, closing the 2 pollen cells like a lid. Pollen-masses 2 in each cell. — Small plants, 1 -flowered, in wet places. Leaves none, or hidden in the sheaths. A. bulbo'sa. A beautiful plant 6-12'' high, invested with about 3 long loose sheaths with lanceolate points (hardly leaves). At the top is a large, fragrant purple flower, in June. (See Figs. 651, 652.) 5. SPIRANTIIES. Ladies' tresses. Flowers in a spiral spike, somewhat ringent. Petals and sepals nearly erect, all tending to the upper side opposite the lip. Lip raised on a short claw, concave, entire, widened at top and furnished with 2 callous pro- cesses at-base. Column arching, pollen-masses 2. — Stem leafy below or nearly naked, bearing a spike of small, white flowers, which are bent sideways and horizontal. July-Oct. (Fig. 240.) * Fls. in a single row on one side, and but little twisted. Lvs. radical 1, 2 * Fls. in several rows all around the short spike. Lvs. on stem below. . . .8, 4 1 S, grac''ilis. Slender L. Leaves ovate, varying to lance-oblong. Lip obovate, wavy-crisped. 2 S. tor 'tills. Twisted L. Leaves linear, early withering (like firet). Lip 8-lobcd, finely crenate. 13 290 THE FLORA. 3 S. latifo'lia, Broad-lv. L. Leaves oblong-lancc. 2-4' long. Spike dense. Lip oblong, blunt, crisp. 4 S. cer'nua. Nodding L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 3-10' long. Spike dense. Lip oblong, round, crisp. 6. OALOPO'GOI:^. Grass Pink. Flower with the sepals and petals similar, spreading, distinct. Lip on the upper side of the flower, stalked at base and bearded above. Column winged at the summit. Pollen-masses 2. — Leaf sheathing the base of the scape, which is bulbous at base. Flowers several. (Fig. 655.) C. pulchel'lus. A handsome plant, common in moist meadows and in bogs. Scape slender, l-2f. high. Leaf sword-shaped or broad linear, long. Flowers pink- purple, remarkable for having the lip on the upper side and the column below. July. Fig. 668. Pogoniaverticillata. Fig. 654, Pogonla ophiglossoides. Fig. 655. Calopogon pulchclluA Ordeu 140.— the AMARYLLIDS. 291 7. POGO'NIA. Beard-flower. Flower with its sepals and petals distinct and somewhat spreading. Lip bearded inside, sometimes 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless; anther terminal, pollen-masses 2, mealy. — Leaves 1-5, on the stem. Flowers purple. June- Aug. * Sepals linear, spreading, much longer than the petals....!, 2 * Sepals and petals nearly equal, similar, and nearly erect.... 3, 4 1 P. verticilla'ta. W/to/i- leaved B. Leaves 5, in a whorl near the 1 brownish flower. Sepals 2Mong. r. (Fig. 693.) 2 P. divarica'ta. Spreading B. Leaves 2, alternate, distant, lance- oblate. Lip 3-lobed, crenulate. S. 3 P. ophiglossoi^es. Adder-tongue B. Leaves 2, distant, upper bract-like. Flowers terminal, pink-colored. (Fig. 694.) 4 P. pen'dula. Nodding B. Leaves 3-4, alternate, with as many pink-white, droop- inir flowers. Order CXL. AMARYLLIDACE.E. The Amaryllids. Herls perennial, mostly bulbous, with linear leaves.^ with the flowers showy, mostly regular and on scapes, hexandrous ; perianth of 6 similar pieces united below and adherent to the ovary^ which is 3-celled, with the styles united into 1 ; fruit a capsule or berry, with albuminous seeds. (Fig. 137.) Analysis of the Genera. % Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube a § Perianth destitute of a crown 2 2 Segments united into a tube above the ovary b 2 Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding 3 3 Perianth irregular c 3 Perianth regular d a Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens. S. Pancra'ticm. a Crown a firm cup containing the stamens. Narcissus. Nakcis'scs. b Fir. solitary. Perianth-tube straight, erect. Ataniasco L. Zephyran'tiius. b Flowers many. Perianth-tube straight, American Aloe. Agave, b Flowers many. Perianth-tube curved. Tuberose. Polyanthus. c Stamens declined and curved. Scape with L Jacobea Lily. Spkekklia * d Sepals all white, larger than the petals. Snow-drop. Galanthds d Sepals green-tipped, as large as the petr.Is. Snow-flake. Leucojlm d Sepals and petals equal, yellow. Star-grass. IItpoxi 292 THE FLORA. 1. NAPwCIS'SUS. Jonquil. Daffodil. Perianth regular, crown of one piece, funnel-form or bell-form, consist- ing of a whorl of sterile petal-like filaments united by their edges, within which the fertile stamens are inserted. — A beautiful genus of bulbous plants with sword-shaped leaves and yeUow or white flowers. None here native, t Aprilr-June. * Scape bearing 1-3 large flowers 2-4 * N. Tazet'ta. Polyanthus. Scape many-flowered, sep. white, crown yellow, short. 2 N. Daf'fodil. Daffodil. Scape 2-edged. Sepals whitish. Crown yellow, long and large. S N. Jonquil'la. Jonquil. Scape terete. Crown yellow, much shorter than the yellow sepals. 4 N. poet'icus. PoeVs Narcissus. Scape terete. Crown variegated, rotate, short; sepals mostly white. 2. AGA'YE. American Aloe. 1 A. Virginica. False Aloe. Scape simple, 5-6f. high. Flowers in a spike, greenish- yellow. Leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. Penn. S. 2 A. America'na. Century Plant. Scape branched, 15-2of. high, bearing 1 vact panicle of yellow flowers, after many years. Leaves very thick, lanceolate, spinous-dentate, often striped, f Order CXLIII. IRIDA'CEJE. The Irids. Perennial lierhs., arising from bulbs or thickened roots ; leaves 2-rowed ; flowers perfect, regular or irregular, spathaceous ; perianth of 6 petal-like segments ; stamens 3 ; anthers turned outwards , ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 1 style and 3 stigmas, becoming in fruit a 3-celled cainide with many albuminous seeds. Analysis of the Genera. 1 Flowers regular, 3 petals unequal to the 3 sepals.... 2 1 Flowers regular, petals and sepals alike 3 1 Fls. irregular, stamens ascending. Sds. winged, t Corn Flag. Gladi'olus. 2 Stamens separate. Stigmas petal-like. Petals erect. Sepals reflexed. Iris. 1 2 Stamens united. Sepals very large. Pets, spreading, t Tiger-floicer. Tigrid'ia. 8 Flowers blue, small, rotate. Leaves, &c., grass-like. (Fig. 4S.) Blue-eyed- grass. Sysiryn^ciiium. 8 Fls. purp., white or yellow, tube very long, sessile on the bulb, f CrC'cus. 8 Fls. yellow, red-spotted, tube short. Height 8-5f. t Ixia. Paruan'thus. Order 147.— THE TiULLIADS. 293 IRIS. Flower-de-luce. Perianth G-parted, the 3 outer divisions (sepals) reflexed, or spreading, the 3 inner (petals) erect. Stamens 3, distinct. Style short. Stigmas 3, petal-like, covering the stamens. — Perennial herbs with thick roots or rootstocks, sword-shaped or grass-like leaves, and large showy flowers. April- July. § Stems leafy, tall (l-2f. high), mostly bearing several flowers. . . .a § Scapes leafless, low (1-6' high), mostly bearing but 1 flower c a Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics in gardens, &c 11-18 a Sepals and petals beardless. "Wild plants, hardly ever cultivated b b Leaves linear, grass-like, less than half an inch \vide....l b Leaves sword-shaped, nearly 1 or 2'' wide. . . .2-4 c Sepals or perianth bearded, beard crested or not crested. . . .8-10 c Sepals and petals beardless, but sometimes wuth a crest. . . .5-7 I I. Virgin'ica. Boston I. Stem slender. Ovary and pod acute, sides 2-grooved. Flowers yellow-blue. E. [als obtuse, large, c. 2 I. versic'olor. Blue Flag. Stem 1-angled. Flowers blue-yellow-white. Pet- 3 I. tripet'ala. Stem terete. Flowers blue. Petals very small, 3-toothed. S. 4 I. cu'prea. Copper-coV d I. Stem terete. Fls. orange-yellow. Sepals notched. S. 5 I. lacus'tris. Lake I. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue and yellow. Lvs. lance. "W. 6 I. ver'na. Early I. Scape 1-flowered, flower blue. Leaves linear, very long. S. 7 I. ochroleu'ca. Cream-colored I. Scape 3-flowered, flowers yellow. Lvs. sword- shaped. Pod G-angled. t 8 I. crista'ta. Crested I. Scape 1-flowered, 2-4' high, flower blue and yellow. Leaves lanceolate, 3' long. S. [obtuse. Leaves ensiform. f 9 I. pum'ila. Dwarf I. Scape 1-flowered, 6-10' high, flower deep blue. Petals 10 I. Chinen'sis. China I. Scape many-flowered, flattened, flowers pale blue. Stigmas jagged. + II I. sambuci'na. Common Flower-de-luce. Stem many-flowered, flowers blue or whitish. Petals and sepals notched, c. + 12 I. German'ica. German F. Stem many-flowered, flowers deep blue, spathes also colored, r. t 13 I. Susia'na. Clialcedonian Iris. Stem 1-flowered, fl. striped. Petals deflexed. r Order CXLYII. TRILLIACE.E. The TriUiads. Uerhs with tuberous roots, simple stems, and whorled, net-veined leaves, with the Jlowers one or few, terminal, and mostly 3-parted; with the sepals green, and the petals more or less colored ; with the stamens 6-10, awl-shaped filaments and linear anthers; with the ozary free, 3-5-celled, becoming m fruit a juicy, many-seeded ^o. Pectinate, comb-liice, with long, narrow segments. Pedate, foot-shaped, 26. Pedicel, 143. Pedicellat'i, furnished with a pedicel. Peduncle, 143, Pellucid, transparent. Peltate, 20.— Fig. 25. Pendulous, drooping, hanging down. Pentaiidruus, with 5 stamens. Pepo, 175. Perennial, enduring 3 years or more, 213. Perfect flower, 110. Perfoliate, 42. Perianth, 66. Pericarp, 166. Ptvigynous, inserted into the calyx, 83. Persistent, permanent, not falling off. Personate, i)7. Petal, 65. Petaliferse, 257. Petaloid, resembling petals. Petiole and Petiolate, 3. Petiolule, 35. Phfenoganiia, 250. Pilous, 62. Pine-apple, 183. Pinna, (wings), segments of a pinnate leaf. Pinnate, 36. Pinnatelv ternate, 38. Pinnatifi'd, 24. Pinnatisect, 25. Pistil, 68.— Lesson 18. Pistillate, bearing pistils. Pith, the central cellular substance of the stem. Placenta, a lobe or fleshy ridge bearing the seeds. Plaited, same as Plicate. Plan of the flower. — Lesson 17. Plicate, folded like a fan. Plumous, feathery or feather-like. Plumule, 190, 191. Pod, dry fruit ; as capsule, legume, (fee. Pollen, 100, Poly (in composition) signifies many ; as Polyandrous, with many stamens. Polyadelphous, 107. Polygamous, having perfect flowers, with staminate or pistillate flowers on the same plant. Polypetalce. See Dialypetalas, 258. Polypetalous, 75, 258. Polysepalous, 75. Pome, 176. Porous dehiscence, 104. Premorse, abrupt at end, as if bitten off. Prickles, 57. Process, any projection from the surface. Procumbent, 224. Prostrate, 224. Pubescent, 61. Pulp, the soft, juicy parts of fruits. Punctate, dotted as if with points. Pyrifonn, pear-shaped. Pyxis, 17S. Quaternate, growing in fours. Qainate, growing in fives, 40. INDEX AND (i LOSS All Y. 307 Raceme, 150. Racemous, resembling a raceme. Raehis, 3i5, 146. Kadiate and Radiant, pp. 219, 220. Radiate-veined. See Palmate-veined, 10. Radical^ from the root. Radical number, 113. Radicle, lyO, 191. Rcuaial, of the branches. Rumous, branched. Ray, Ray-flowers, 156. Receptacle, 64. Reclinate, 140. Recurved, bent or curved backward. Rejiexed, curved back and downward. Rei,nilar flower, 86. Rcnifonn, kidney-shaped. — Figs. 23, 24. R&pand. — Fig. 53. Rtticulute, netted. Retuse, 34. Kevolute, 139. Rhizome, 231. Rhomboid or rhombic, oval, with anguhir sides. Rib (costa), ridge caused by raised veuis. Ringent, gaping, as when a labiate corolla has an open throat. Root.— Lesson 27. Root-stock, 231. Rosaceous, 87. Rostrate, with a beak. Rotate, 90. Rudiments, 116. Rugous, wrinkled. R-.'.ncinate, 22.— Fig. 36. Runner, a slender branch striking root, as in Strawberry. Saccate, bag-like, or sack-like. Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 19. Salver-form, 94. Samara (a key), 169. Sap, 204. Scabrous, rough. Scale-stems, 228. Scape, 144. Scarious, dry, thin, scale-like. Scorpoid cyme, 159. Sec-i^nd, all turned to one side. Seed. — Lesson 24. Seg7nents, parts or divisions. Sepal, 65. Septinate, 40. Sericious, 61. Serotinous, late in the season. Serrate and Serrulate, 80. Sessile, 5. Setaceous or Setous, bristly. Sheath, lower part of the leaf or leaf-stalk which surrounds the stem. Shrub, 215. Silicic and silique, 181. Si)nple, not compound, of one piece. Simple pistil, 124. Sinuate, 21.— Fig. 32. Sinus, a rounded recess between the lobes of the leaves, &o. Solitary, 145. Spadiciflora?, 258. Spadix and spathe, 148. Spatulate, 17. Species, 241. Spike, 146. Spine, 56. Spinescent or Spinous, 187. Spiral arrangement, 49. Spores, 251. Spur, 78. Squarrous, of a ragged appearance; as, with crowded, spreading bracts or leaves, &c. Stamens, 67. Staminate, with stamens only, barren. Stellate, whorled. Stem. — Lesson 23. Sterile, 109. Stigma, 122. Stings, sharp, poisonous hairs, 59. Stipe, the stalk of a pod, &c. Stipitate, borne on a stipe. Stipule, 4. Stipulate, with stipules. Stolon, a branch which strikes root at the end, producing a new plant. Stoloniferous, bearing stolons. Straight-veined, when the principal veins pass direct to the margin. Striate, slightly furrowed with streaks. Strigous, clothed with short, stiti", and close-pressed hairs. Strobile, same as cone, 183. Style, 122. Sub (in composition) denotes the quality in a lower degree, as, Sub-entire, nearly entire. Submersed, under water. Subterranean stems, 225. Subulate, awl-shaped, Fig. 7. Succulent, thick, juicy, ticshy. Superior, 82. • Supra-axillary, arising from above the axil, as do the flowers of Potato. 308 INDEX AND GLOSSARY. Suture, a seam; the line of cohesion. Symmetrical, 111. Syngenecious, having the anthers united into a tube, 107. Tendril, 54, 55, 236. Terete, rounded or cylindric, 3. Terminal, borne at the summit, 53. Terminal bud, 53. Ternate, 38. Ttda, the outer seed-coat. Tetradynamous, 108. Tetrandrous, with 4 stamens. Tliorn, 56. Throat, 76. Thyrse, 154. Tomentous, 61. Tootlied, dentate, 30. Torus, the receptacle, 64. [224. Trailing, creeping or lying on the ground, Tree, 214. Triaadrons, with 3 stamens. Tri- cuspidate, having 3 points. Tri-dentate, 3-toothed. Trifid, 3-cleft. Trifoliate, 3 leaves or leaflets composing one leaf. Tri-pinnate, thrice pinnate. Triternate, thrice ternate, 39. Truncate, blunt, as if cut square off. Trunk, 234. Tryma, 172. Tube, 76. Tuber, 233. Tubercular, 222. Tuberiferous, bearing tubers. Tuberous, thickened like a tuber. Tuberous roots, 220. Tubular, hollow like a tube, 05. TuHp, 11. Tunicated, coated, as an onion. Turbinate^ shaped like a top. Turgid, swollen. Umbel, 152. Umbellet, 152. Unarmed, without thorns, prickles, &c. Uncinate, hooked at tlie end. Undershrub, 215. Undulate, wavy, 22. — Fig. 33. Unguiculate, witli a claw, 71. — Fig. 116. Urceolate, urn-shaped, 02.— Fig. 143. Utricle, a one-seeded fruit, like that of Pigweed. Valvate, 129. Valves, the parts which open. Variety, 244. Veinlets, 7. Veins, 6. Veins of the leaf, 6. Veinulets, 8. Velvety, clothed with thick, soft down. Venation, 10. Ve7itral suture, the front seam. Ventricous, swelling out on one side. Vernation, 51, 135. Verrucous, warty. Versatile, 105. Verticil, a whorl of flowers. Verticillate, 50. VexiUary, 132. Vexillum, the banner, 89. Villous, 61. Vine, 236. Virgate, wand-shaped, terete and slender. Wedge-shaped, see Cuneate, 17. Wheel-shaped, see Eotate, 90. Whorled, see Verticillate, 50. Wingtd, as if furnished with wings. Winged petiole, 45. Wings, 89. Woody plants, 214. INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS, BOTH LATIN AND ENGLISH: Also, full references to the Illustrations. Abelmoschus Page 'ill Abutilon 177 Acacia 1S9 Acer, Jig. 822-328 1S2 Aceraceae 1S2 Accrates 273 Achillea 231 Aconite, 7f^. 195, 873 151 Aconitum 151 Acorns 2S3 Actaoa 145 Actinonieris 222 Actinospermum 222 Adluinia 159 Adonis 14S JEscliynomene ISO ^senilis 184 -lEtliusa 210 Affapantbus 295 Apive 292 Ageratum, Jig. 303 Aciumacese Agrimonia, Jig. 61 196 Agritnony, Jf{7. 61 196 Albany lieechdr' ,)S 237 Alchemilla, /(jr. 215 195 Alder, /i7. 63 280 Alexanders, Jig. 4S3-6 .... 213 Alisma 284 Alismacese 284 Alliuin 297 All-seed 173 Almond 195 AInus,/fi'. 68 2^0 Aloe 292 Alpine Bistort 277 Alsine 173 Althaea 177 Alyssum 161 Ai'naryllidacea? 291 Aniaryllids 291 Ambrosia. /^. 514-17 Amelancliier 196 American Aloe 292 American Centaury 271 American Cowslip 243 American Crab 197 Amorioan Olivo 274 Amianiliiuni 3(7. 636-7, 234 Balsaminaceai ISl Balsaniine 182 Bane-berry 145 Baptisia 193 Barbarea 166 Barberry 153 Bartonia 270 Batatas 267 Bav-galls 27S llc'an. Jig. 446, 311 189 Bear-berry, ^g. 545 236 Beard-flower 291 Beard-tongue 249 Bedstraw.- 218 Beech, Jig. 275 279 Beet, /^. 336 Belaria 2S6 BciTonia, ^g. 1S5 Belladonna 2CS Bell-llower 2::V4 Bellis 222 r.i'\\won.Jig. 580-1. SI. 283. 299 Benzoin 279 Berheridaceae 158 Berberids 153 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Berberis./er. 171-2, 377-SO 153 Berlaniliera 222 Betula 2S() Betulacfse . . 2S0 Bidens 22S Bignonia 244 Bisriioniaceae 244 liUi,erry,fg.lH) Bindweeds 266 Bindwefd, fig. \U 267 Birch, fig. 13, 632-3 250 Birch worts 2S0 Birtli worts 275 Bitter Cress 165 Biaer-s\veet,/(7. 611-13.. 269 Bhick berry. >-!/. 26S 200 Blackcurrant 205 Black H&w.fg. 16 Black Hoarhoiind 256 Black Saltwort 242 Bladder-nut. Jig. 434 185 Bladder-pod 162 Bladder Senna 188 Blazing Star 300 Blephilia 256 Bletia 286 Blood-root 158 Blue-banner 18S Blueberries, /ig. bi6 236 Blue-curls 255,259 Blue-eyed Grass, fg. iS.. 292 Bhie-fliig 293 Blue-hearts 249 Blue Lettuce, f. 35, 245-7, 309 223 Bluets 219 Boiierhaavia 276 Boltonia 222 Bovraiie 261 Borrageworts 260 Borraginacea?'. 260 Borrago, _fig. 598-000 261 Borrichia 222 Boxberry. j^gr. 547 237 Box Elder 182 Brachychaita 222 Bramble 199 Brassica 162 Bridal Kose 200 Brooklime 251 Brunella 259 Buchnera 249 Buck-bean 270 Buckeye, Jig. 1£3 1S5 Buckwheat 276 Bugbane 145 Butrloss 261 Bulrush 801 Bupleurum . 210 Burdock, /flr. 509-11 Burnet 195 Burr Marigold 228 Burr-seed 261 Bush Clover 192 Bush Honeysuckle 217 Butter and Eggs 249 Buttercups, ;y^. 168, 334.. 147 Butterfly Pea ISS Button-bush 218 Cabbage 162 CaUile 162 Calaininth 257 Caianiintha 257 Calendula 221 Calico-bush 2^8 Calla, fg. 237 688-41 283 Callistephus 222 Calopogon, /e-. 655 290 Caltha 149 Calynyction 266 Calypso 285 Calystegia 267 Cauielina 162 Cauiouiile 2'23 Campanula, /!7. 142 234 Campanulacese 233 Campion 174 Candytuft 162 Canterbury Bells,/S'. 527-9 234 Caprifoliacere 215 Capsella, Jig.23\ 163 Cai)sicuui 268 Caraway. Jig. 211 210 Cavdamine, fg. 182 165 Cardinal-flower 233 Cardiiispermum 184 Carnation 173 Carpet-weed 175 Carpinus 280 Carrot 210 Carum 210 Caryophvllacese 172 Cassia, jig. 60 194 Cassiope 236 Castanea 279 Castilleja 248 Catal pa, /^. 196-7, 236.... 245 C&h-h&y, Jig. 136 174 Catmint, fig. 52, 593-4. , . . 258 Cedronelia 256 Celandine, Jig. 'iO 158 Celery 210 Celtis./fir. 72 Centrosema IBS Centunculus 242 Century Plant 292 Cephalanthus 218 Cerastium, ^^. 114 175 Cerasus 196 Cercis,^j7- 4 189 ChiEiophyllura 210 Chaff-seed 248 Chamailiriuin 800 Chaptalia 223 Checkerberry,/^'- &40-8.. 237 Cheiranthus 161 Chelidonium 158 Chelone 252 Cherry, Jig. 452-8 196 Chervil 210 Chestnut, ^gr. 49 279 Cliick-[iea 189 Chickweed, j?gr.21 175 Chick-wintergreen 243 Chimaphila 240 China Aster 222 Chiogenes. fig. 343 237 Chionaiithiis 274 Chokeberry 197 Chrysanthemum, /ig. 55 222 Chrysobalanus 195 Chrysogonum 222 Ciirysopsis 221 Chrysosplenium 2(»7 Cicely, /V- 487-90 212 Cicer 189 Cichorium 223 Cicuta, Tfgr. 65 213 Cimicifuga 145 Cinquefoil 201 C\rcsBa,^g. 53, 73, 193, 464 204 Cives 29S Cladastris 189 Clarkia 203 Claytonia 176 Clelhra 236 Clematis, j?^ 219 145 Climbing Fern, fig. 6 Clintonia, Jig. 663 299 Clitoria 183 Cloudberry 200 Clover,/ 37, 63, 335, 447-50 191 Cockle 174 Cocoa-plum 195 Coffee-tree 189 Cohosh 1 53 Colchicum 300 Collinsia. ^g. 578 251 CoUinsonia 255 ColtVfoot 222 Coluinbo 270 Columbine,/^. 365-70 ... 149 Colutea 188 Comarum 196 Comfrey. fg. 603 261 Commelyna 301 CommelynaceiB 301 Compositae 219 Cone-flower 222 Conioselinum, Jig. 85 210 Conium, ^e'. 65 2l2 Conobea 249 Convallaria . . 296 Convolvulaceae 266 Convolvulus, Jig. 144 267 Coptis 149 Coral-berry 216 Corallorhiza 289 Coral-root 2S9 Coreopsis 228 Coriander 210 Coriandrum, jfig. 498-4 . . . 210 Cornaceae 214 Cornel, Jig. 12,1 214 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. 311 Corn Flag 292 Cornus, /?(7. 495 214 Coronilla 18S Corvdal 160 Corydalis 160 Corylus 279 Ci)Stnantlms 264 Cotton, /i?- 302 177 Cotton-tree. /(/. 303 Cow-parsnip 210 Cowslip 149 Cow-wlicat 249 Cranberry 237 Cranichis 2S7 Crantzia 210 CrassulacefE 205 Cratsesus, fg. 99 1 95 Cress 102 Crest-umbel 210 Crocus 292 Crotalaria 183 Crowfoot, fig 3 -.1-4 147 Crowfi)()ts," /ig. 200-1 143 Crownbeard 222 Crown Iinperiul 295 Cruciferae 160 Crucifers 160 Cryptot.-Bnia 212 Cuckoo-flower 162 Cucumber-tree 152 Culver's Tlivsic 251 Cnniln, 7?!7. 595-6 257 CupulifL-ne 279 Currant, fig. 243, 261, 329. 205 Cuscuiineae 266 Cydimiim 160 Kryiliriea 270 Erytlirina 1S8 Erythronium,^£/. 657 296 E>choltzia 1.58 Euloplms 210 Eui)atorium,^(7. 512-13 .. Euphrasia 24'' Evening Primro.^e 203 Everlasting Ten, Jig. 96. Eyebright 249 Fabiana Fagopyrum , Fagns False Aster False Bindweed , False Catmint False Dog-fennel , False Flax False Gentian False Gromwell False Heliotrope False Mitrowort False Pennyroyal False Kocket False Sneezewort False Sunflower False Syringa False Tamarisk False Violet False Wall-flower False Wintergreen Featherfoil Fennel Fenncl-flower,^{7. 41 Fern.^g. 226, 3.)5 Fever-root Fig./£7. 298 Figwort Figworts Flax./(7. 418-420 Flax worts ., Fleahai.e Floating Heart FlorideiB Flowir-of-an-liour Flower-de-luce Flowering Almond, j?fir. 11 Fly-poison .300 Fcenicnlum .. 210 FooKs Parsley 210 Forestiera 274 Forget-me-not. J>V- 6U4... 262 Forsteronia 272 Forsvthia 274 Four-o'clock, /(7. 313 276 Foxglove 248 Fragaria.jfC- 2il2. 265 201 Frankenia,/(7. 160 Frasera 270 Fraxinus,^{7. 1S7 274 French Marigold 222 Frinire-tree 274 Kritillaria 295 Fuchsia.^V- 130 203 Furnaria I'D Fumariaceic 1.59 Fumeworis 150 Fumitory 1.59 Funkia 298 221 276 279 222 267 257 222 162 255 261 261 2i8 257 162 222 222 i's 269 2iiO 166 2:19 212 210 145 215 249 247 179 178 230 270 284 178 293 Gaill.ardia Qaiactia.. 01 C) INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Galanthus 291 Galeopsis,^^. 5S2-4 256 Gaiiiiin 218 Gamopetaloiis Exogens, . . 215 Garli.' 2^1 Gaiikheria 237 Gaura 203 Gavlnssacia 236 Gelseiniuin 247 Gem-fruit 20S Genista 188 Gentian 270 Gentiana,./?(7. 615-9 271 Gentianaceae 2"0 Gentianworts 270 Gerariia 179 Geraniaccfe 179 Geraniinn,^gr.296,340,421 179 Gerardia 252 Germander 255 Geum 199 GSlia 265 Gili,;?fi'. 74,587-8 258 Gillenia 196 Gladiolus 292 Glauciuin 158 Glaux 242 Gleditschia 189 Globe-flower 149 Glorio4, 100 189 Honeysuckle, jri'fir- 82, 146, 496 216 Honkenya 173 nop,.;?(7. 353 Ill Hornbeam 2S0 Horn Pondwecd, Jig. 98 . . 38 Horn Poppy 1 5S Horse Balm 255 Horse Chestnut 185 Horse Nettle 269 Horse Radish 162 Hottonia 242 Hound's tonsue 263 Houseleek,/fir. 474 206 Houseleeks,>V- 191 205 Houstonia 219 Hoya 274 Huckleberry 236 Hyacinth, Ilyacinthus 295 Hvdransea, fig. 482 209 Hydrastis, /V- 154 145 Hydrocotyle 210 Hydrophvllacete 263 HydrophVlIs 263 Hydropliyllum,/fir. 605-S. 263 Hyoscyamus 268 Hvpericacete 168 Hvperi.'um 169 nVpoxis 291 Hyptis 255 Hyssop 255 Hyssopus 255 Iberis 16; Illicium 15" Ilysanthus 24 I mpatiens,/^. 71.428.... 18 Indian Corn, Jig. 360 11 Indian Cucumber, /fir. 92. 29 Indian Physic 19 Indian Pipes 24 Indian Soapworts IS Indian Tobacco 23& Indian Turnip 283 Indigo 1 SS Indigofera IS" Innocence 25 1 Inula 22? lodanthus 16L Ipomaea 267 Iridaceae 292 Irids 292 Iris,/^. 165, 229, 294-5... 293 Irish Moss,/v. 190 206 Iron-weed. /fir. 248-50 SI Iron-wood 280 Isanthus 255 Isatis 16; Isopappus 222 Isopy rum 145 Itea 207 Ixia 292 Jaek-in-the-pulpit 2S8 Jacobea Lily 291 .lapan Quince 197 Jeffersonia./^. 284, 375-6 154 Jerusalem Cherry 269 Jerusalem Sage 256 Jewel-weed 182 Jonquil 292 Jndas-tree, Jig. 4 1 89 Julibrassin 189 Juncacpse 800 Juncus 301 Juneberry 197 Juniper,/fir. 7 15 Jussisea 203 Kalmia 23S Kerria 196 Knawell 173 I Knot Bindweed 277', Knot-weeds,/fir. 69 276; Kostdetskya 177! Krigia 223 j i Laljiatse 254 j Labiate Plants 254 , Labrador Tea 236 ,' Laburnum 188 I Lactuci^/fiT. 36 224 ?, Ladies'-tresses,/sr. 240 ... 289 f Lady's-mantle./fir. 45i 19 ') | Lady's-slipper./fi'. 89 2S7 / Lady's-thumb 277 * Lamium 256 i Lampsana. TiJ \ INDEX TO THE NAVIES OF PLANTS. 313 1 hVnpa, r?(7. n09-ll uych. Jiff, n f^.ikspur,/^. 120, 872.... at liyrus ccae Rasi>.; ivatera vftiulula vender Li-ad-plant Leaf-cup Leather-flower Lt venwortbia Lerium Lesruminosae Leu'uininous Plants Leiopliyllum Leioseleuria . Jjemon,yig. 79 Leoiiotis L'"" tice ,,.. Leoi todon Leoniirus Ltia'-hys Vi).uium Lepiocaulis L»^pi<.poda Lepuropetalon Lespedeza Lettuce .\,eucanthemam }^euca3 I^eucojum Leverwood lic'-eis,7ffir. 356-8 I'jri iicum Licustiuin L\\&c,/ij.i3l L liacux' Liliutn.^Sr. 107, 113 LVy,fg.Si6 L'y worts Li y-of-the-valley,^(7. 44. . Liiinanihemum Limosefla LJnacese Li n aria. /^. 663-4 Linnfca Linuin Lion's-cars Lion's-foot I Lion's-heart Liparis Liquidambar,j^^. 4 a . . . . Liriodendron Listcra Litl)()sperninm,j'fo'. GOl-2. Liver\v()rt,/(7. 30 Lizard-tail, /c'- 1S6 L(jbeiia LobeliacesB Lobeliads Locust L«gttniace» 150 1S9 278 152 278 177 255 25.-) ISS 222 146 1C2 236 ISfi 1S6 236 236 Lonicera./er. 82 216 Loosestrife 243 Lophantlius 256 Lopl)ospcrinuin,j'?^. 181.. 24S Lousewort 24^ Lovaire 210 Love-flower 295 Ludwigia 203 Lunaria 163 Lungwort 262 Lupfne,/(7. 66 192 Lupinus, j?(7. 66 192 Luzula../f(7. 665 801 Lyclinidea 265 Lychnis,/(7. 403 174 Lyciuin 269 Lycopsis 261 Lycopus 257 L^'cospersicuDi 268 Lygodesmia 224 Lysiuiacbia 243 Macbridea 256 Mncrantbora 249 Madder 218 Madderworts 218 Madwort 161 Magnolia, ^^7. 23 151 Magnoliaceie 151 Magnoliads 151 Maiantheinum 296 MallowP,/i7. 177,217 177 Mai va, ^(7. 415-17. 177 Malvaceie 176 Malvaviscus 177 Mandrake 154 Maples,^er. 262, 430-1 1S2 Mare's tail 203 Marigold 221 Marjoram 255 Marrubiuni 256 Marsh Mallow 177 Marsh Marigold 149 Marsh Umbel 210 Maruta 22^3 Marvel-of-Peru 276 Marvel worts 275 Mastworts 279 Matrimony 269 Matthiola 161 Maurandia 248 Mayaca 301 May Apple 154 May-flower 238 May- weed 223 Meadow U\y,Jig. 107-9 . . 41 Meadow Kue 1-15 Meadow-sweet 201 Mcconopsis I'lS Medeola,7?j7, 92 294 Medicago ISS Medic 188 Melampyrum 249 Melilotus 190 MelantliaceiB 299 14 Melanthiuni 300 Melantbs 299 Melissa 256 Mentha 256 Mcnyanthes 270 Menzicsia 236 Mermaid-weed 203 Mertensia 262 Miami-mist 264 Microstylis 286 Misnonctte, /£7. 118 44 Milk Vetch 188 Milk-vine 18S Milkweed,/^. 2&3 274 Milkworts 185 Milfoil 231 Mimosa 189 Mimulus,/V- 569-72 252 Mint 256 Mirabilis 276 Missouri Currant, /j7. 471. 205 Mitchella. ^(7. 497 213 Mitella.^^. 477-Sl 207 Mitreola 246 Mitrewort,7?i7. 115 207 Modesty 210 Modiola 177 Mollugo 175 Molucca Balm 256 Molucella 256 Monarda,7f(7. 580-1 253 Moneses 237 Moneywort 243 Monkey-flower,/fir. 569-72 252 Mouk's-hood, Jiff. 43 151 Monotropa 240 Morning-glory, Tfo-. 22, 161, 162; 352 267 AIoss Andromeda 236 Moss rink 265 Motherwort 256 Mountain Ash 197 Mountain Fringe 159 Mountain Heath 236 Mountain Laurel 238 Mountain Mint 258 Mountain Sorrel 276 Mouse-ear 175 Mouse-tail 145 Mud-flower 248 Mudwort 248 Mulberry, yto'. 297 91 Mulgedium,/i7. 35, 245-7. 223 Mullein 249 MulleinPink 174 Aruscari 295 Mustard./(7. 291, 893-5... 166 Mustardworts 166 Mylocaryum 237 Myosotis 202 M'vosurus 145 Myriopbyllum 203 Nnl.nlns, /j7. 607-9 232 Nuihvort 178 3U INDEX TO THE NAMES OF I'LANTS. \ Napwa 177 Narcissus 292 Nardosmia 223 Narthecinm 801 Nastnrtiuiu 162 Nauinbergia 242 Neckweed 251 Nesundo 1S2 Neirenibergia 269 Nelumbiacete 154 Neliimhium 156 Neliiinbo 155 Nepeta,/^'. 74, 5S7-S .... 25S Nerium 272 Nettle,7?fir. 106 Neurophyllum 210 Nicandra 26S Nicotiana 269 Nisella 145 Nightshade 269 Nightshades 268 Niiiebark 202 Nipplewort 223 Noble Liverwort 147 Nolina 295 Nu[)har 155 Nyctasinaceae .' 275 Nytnphfeace.'B 1;"6 Nvmphsea,/^'. 198-9,381-4 156 Nyssa 214 Oo.k.yf.g. 32-4, 54, 318-21 . . 279 Obolaria 270 Ocymum,^7. 5S6 255 (Enothera, Jig. 453-9 203 Okra 177 Oldenlandia 218 0!ea 274 Oleacese 274 OIeander,/£r. 1 74 272 Oliveworts 274 Onagracese 202 Onion, Jffir. 816-17 297 Onosmodium 261 Orchidacea 285 Orchids,7?fir. 45 28.5 Orcliis,^^-^'. 649-50 287 Oregon Currant 205 Origanum 255 Ornithogalum 295 Orontium,^Cr. 642 233 Orpine 206 Osier 281 Osmanthus 274 Osmorhiza 212 Ostrya 280 Oxalidaceae ISO OxaWs, Jig. 425 181 Ox-eye 222 Oxybaphus 276 Oxycoccus 237 Oxydendrura 236 Oxyria 276 r8Donia,^j7. 838 145 Painted-cup 243 Pancratium 291 Pansy, j«sr. S4 168 Papaver 158 Papaveracese 157 Papaw,^^'. 70 Pardanthus 292 Parnassia ITI Paronychia 173 Parsley 210 Parsnip 210 Parthenium 223 Partridge-berry 218 Pasque-flower 140 Passion-flower,^^'. 42, 351 Pastinaca 210 Paulo wnia 248 PavoTiia 177 Pen, Jig. 286. 443-5, 451 .. . 193 Peach, ^fl-. 276 195 Peanut 189 Pear./(7. 10, 88, 133, 280.. 197 Pearl wort 173 Pedicularis 248 Pelargonium 179 Peltandra 283 Pennyroyal 255 Pennywort, fig. 24, 25.... 210 Penthorura 206 Pcntstemon .■ 249 Peony, /fir. 838 145 Pepper 268 Pepper-and-Salt 212 Pepper-grass 163 Peppermint 255 Pepper-root 165 Periploca 274 Periwinkle 272 Persea 273 Persica 195 Petalostemon 188 Petroselinum 210 Petunia, Jig. 145, 614 268 Phaca 188 Phacelia. 263 Pharbitis 267 Phaseolus 189 Pheasant's-eye,/:406-7.14S,173 Philadelphia Lily 297 Philadelphus 2(i8 Phlomis 256 Phlox, ^gr. l-:6, 609 265 Phloxworts 264 Physalis 268 Physostegia, Jig. 589-91 . . 260 Piiytolacca,^^'. 627-31 ... 278 Phytolaccacece 278 Pigweed,/6r. 31, 277 Pimpernel. 214 Pimpinella 210 Pinckneya 218 Vme,Jig. 9,800 Pine-sap 240 Pink,j«fl'. 112 173 Pink-root, Jig.\21 246 Pinkworts \ .T9 Plnxter V ''.39 Pipsissewa, fig. 54S 2^ ;iO Pisum, Jig. '138-9, 224 ... . 19,J?3 Pitcher-plant 1-' J; 7 PIum,/(7. 15 "-• 2|5 Podophyllum i5*^ * Podostigma 173 Pogonia: fg. 653-4 291 Poison Hemlock,/^. 49 1-2 212 Poke 27-1,300 Pokeweeds 278 Polar-plant 222 Polemoniaceaj 264 Polemonium 266 Polyanthus 291, 292 Polycarpon 173 Polygala, Jig. 437-8 185 Polygalacese 1S5 Polygonacejft 276 Polygonatum 295 Polygonel'.a 276 Polygonum, Jig. 69, S6 . . . 276 Polyrania 222 Polypremum 246 Polytaenia 210 Pond weed, /fir. 46 Poplar 152, 281 Poppy 153 Poppyworts 157 Populus 281 Portulaca 176 Portulacaceoe 175 Potato 269 Potentilla, Jig. 76-7 201 Poterium 195 Prairie Innocence 219 Prairie Rue 145 Pride of Ohio 243 Prim 274 Primrose 242 Primula. Jig. 549, 553 242 Primulacese 241 Primworts 241 Prince's Feather 277 Prince's Pine, Jig. 341 ... . 240 Privet 274 Prosartes 296 Proserplnaca 203 Prunus 195 Psoralea 188 Pterospora 237 Puccoon 262 Purselane 176 Putty-root, /fir. 345 286 Pyciianthemum 255 Pyrethrum 222 Pyrola,/fir. 14, 169, 536-9. 239 Pyrrhopappus 223 Pyrus, /fir. 134 19T Quamoclit. Jig. 610 267 Queen-of-the-Prairie 202 Quercus 279 Quince, /fi-. 1, 2 197 INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PL/VNTS. 15 Ra>1ish lCr2 IJa-ge.l Robin 175 liiinuiiculaceaB 143 Riimuu-ulus 147 Riipliunus 1()2 Raspberry 200 Kiitllc-pod 1S8 Rjittlc'snake Plantain 2S7 Rc.l B.-an ISS Resin-wc-ed 2'22 Rlieiim 276 Riiinanthiis 249 Rhododendron ^g'. 152,535 239 Rl.odora 230 Rhubarb 276 Klivncosia 1S3 Riln-s 205 Richardia 2S3 Rivina 278 Robinia 190 Rubin's Plantain 232 liock Cress 164 R.R-i^et 161 Rosa, Jig. 221, 299 197 Rosaceje 194 Rosc/s- oO, 53, SCs 101,203 197 Rose Acacia 190 Kosft 15ay. Jig. Gl 2i9 Rusc Campion 1 74 Rosemary 256 Rosf worts 194 Rosmarinus 256 Riibia 2IS RnbiaccsB 21S Riibus 199 Rndbeckia 222 Rne Anemone, T^'r/. 207... Rnmex 276 Rushes soil Rutland Ueauty 267 Sabbatia 271 Sa So.nmim, Jig. Gll-13 260 Solea 16T Solidaco, /,/. 75, 501-3 ... 224 Solomon's Seal, ^g. 348 .. . 298 Sonchns 223 Sorrel '276 Sorrel-tree 236 Sow-thi.stle 223 Si>adicitioriE 2S2 Spanish Needles 228 S|)eculaiia 233 Speedwell, Jig. 575-7 250 Spergula 173 Si)ergiilaria 173 Spermacoce 218 Si. ice-bush 279 Sj.iderwort 301 Spiderworts 3(il Si.iirelia. /(7. 503-4 246 Spiranihes,/^/. 240 289 Spirea 2-6 201 Streptopus 296 Stylisma 266 Stylosanthes ISO Subularia 1 62 Succory 223 Sugar-berry. /(/. 72 Sullivantia 207 Summer Savorv 255 Sundews, yrV/. 20. 21 170 Suntlower. fig. 49d-500. .. 226 Swamp Pink 289 Sweet Basil 255 Sweet Clover 190 Sweet Flag 233 Sweet Pea 1S9 Sweet I'otlitO 267 Sweet William. 173, 174 Swine Cress U'>:i Symiiliituin 201 Symphoricarpus 216 Svmplocarpiis 233 SynAndra,/£7. 90, 143, 697. 260 Synthiris 24S 81G INDEX TO THE NAMES OF PLANTS. Syplionycbia 173 Syringa 274 Tagetes 222 Talinum 175 Tall Hyssop 256 Taraxicum 231 Tecoma, Jiff. V2i 244 Tephrosia,.;?fir. 59 188 Teiragonotheca 222 Tetraiuhei-a 279 Tencrium.^^. 592 255 Tlialictruin 145 Thaspinm 213 Thiiuble-berry 200 Thistle, /{7. 273 Thorn 195 Thorn Apple 269 Thyme 255 Thymus 255 Thysanella 276 Tiarella 2()S Tick-seed 228 Tiedmannia 210 Tiger-flower 292 Tiser U]y,jfig. 150 Tigridia 292 Tillaja 206 Tipularia 256 Toad -flax, Jiff. U9 249 Tobacco,>V. 204 269 Tomato 208 Tongue-grass 163 Tooih-root 165 Touch-me-not, /: 71, 121-2 181 Tower Mustard 162 Tradescantia 801 Tragopogon 223 Trailing Arbutus 238 Trautvetteria 145 Tree Orchis 287 Trefoil 189, 191 Trichostema 255 Trientalis 243 Trifolium 191 Triglochin 284 Triiliaceffi 293 Trilliads, /gr. 110. 206, 349 293 Trillium, Jig. 108, 656. . . . 294 Triosteum 215 Trollius 149 Troximon 223 Trumpet-flower, ^gr. 561.. 244 Trumpet-leaf 157 Trumpets 244 Tuberose 291 Tulip, Tulipa 295 Tulip-tree,/ 225, 330, 874. 152 Tupelo 214 TurkVcap 297 Turmeric-root 145 Turnip, ^(7. 837 Turnsol 261 Turritis 162 Turtle-head 252 Tussilairo 222 Tway-blade 2S6 Tway-leaf 296 Twin-flower 215 Twin-leaf. 154 Twist-foot 296 Umbeliferae 209 Umbelworts 209 Umbrella-leaf. 153 Umbrella-tree 152 Uvularia,/g'. 81 299 YRccmmm, Jiff. 170, 544., 236 Vachellia 189 Vegetable Oyster 223 Venus' Flytrap, _fiff. 403-5 171 Veratrum 800 Verbascum 249 Verbesina 222 Veronica, /g-. 575-7 250 Vesicaria 162 Vetch 188,189 Viburnum 215 Vicia 189 Vigna 188 Vinca 272 Y\o]a, Jiff. 89S-9 167 Violaceae 166 Violet. /.^. 269 167 Violets, ^^V- 132, 173 166 Vi[)er's Bugloss 261 Virgin's Bower 145 Visiana 274 Wake Robin 294 "VValdsteinia 200 Wall-flower, /£?. 135, 223 . 161 "Water-beans 154 Water-carpet 207 Water Hemlock 213 Water Hoarhound 257 Waterleaf, fff. 6(i5-8 263 Water Lily 156 Water Peppei 277 Water Pimpeinel 242 Water-pitchers 156 Water Plantain 284 Wax-plant 274 Vfheat,fff. 272,312 Wheat-thief 262 Whistle-wood 183 White Bay 152 W hite-M-eed 2-22, 230 White-wood 152 Whitlow-grass 164 Wild Apple, fg. 134 Wild Basil 255,257 Wild Ginger, fg.2i 275 Wild Indigo 193 Wild Lettuce, /S'- 36, 310. 224 Wild Oats 297 Wild Potato 267 Willow, Jiff. 3, 17, 88, 034-5 281 Willow-herb... 203 WMlloworts 281 Wind-flower 146 Winter Cress 166 Wintergreen,^^. 14 239 Wistaria 1S8 Witch-grass,^{7. 350 Woad 161 Wolf- berry 216 Wood-rush 301 Wood-sorrel 181 Woolmoulh 253 Xeroph yllum 800 Xy ris, jig. 1 94 Yarrow 231 Yellow Birch 281 Yellow-eyed-grass,yf£7. 194 Yellow Jessamine 247 Yellow Jessie 203 Yellow Eattle 249 Yellow-root 145 Yew, Jiff. 801 Yucca 295 Yulan 152 Zanthorhiza 145 Zephyranthus,/e'. 166 ... 291 Zigadenus 800 Zinnia 223 Zizica 213 Zornia 189 APPENDIX • THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. '* Then gather a wreath from the garden bowers, And toll of the wish of thy heart in flowers." rEKCIVAL. Acacia, Rose (Robinia liispida, 319*). Friendsliip. Adonis, Floss (Adonis autumnalis, 205). Sad remembrances. Almond, Flowering (Amygdalus pumila, 329). Hope. Aloe (Agave, 694, or Yucca, 709). Superstition. Alyssum, Sweet (Alyssum maritinum, 236). Merit before beauty. Amaranth, Globe (Gomplirena globosa, 019). I change not. Amaryllis (Zephyranthus, 695). Affectation, Co(iuetry. Andromeda (Andromeda, 487). A cruel fate has fixed me here. Anemone (Anemone nemorosa, 203). Anticipation. Angelica (Archangelica, 381). These are idle dreams. Arbor-vitae (Thuja, 662). Thy friend till death. Arethusa (A. bulbosa, 691). I could weep for thee. Aspen (Populus tremuloides, 655). Excessive sensibility. Asphodel (Asphodelus, 713). My thoughts will follow thee beyond the grave. Aster (420). Cheerfulness in age. * liefers to the page in the Chiss-Book of Botany, where may be fomul a more full and complete account of the species or genus than could bo consistent with th« limits of an elementary treatise. Reference to page and place in this work may ba made through the Index. 318 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Auricula (Primula auricula, 502). You are proud. Bachelor's Button (Centaurea Cyanus, 465). Single blessedness. Balm (Melissa, 548 ; Monarda didyma, 550). Sympathy. Balm-of-Gilead (Populus candicans, 6oG). You have cured my pain. Balsamine (Impatiens balsamina, 280). Approach not. Barberry (Berberis, 217). A sour temper is no slight evil. Basil, Sweet (Ocymum basilicum, 541). Good wishes. Beech (Fagus, 646). There let us meet. Bluets (Houstonia coerulea, 402). Unaspiring beauty. Box (Buxus, 632). Constancy. I change not. Broom (Genista, 310). Humility. Broom Corn (Sorghum saccharatum, 709). Industry. Bulrush (Scirpus, 738). Indecision. Burdock (Lappa major, 468). Don't come near me. Bultercups (Ranunculus, 205). I cannot trust thee. Cactus (the Cactacese, 359). l^ou terrify me. Canterbury BeUs (Campanula Medium, 479). Gratitude. Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). A haughty spirit before a Ml. Catchfly (Silene, 256). I am a willing prisoner. Cedar (Juniper Virginiana, 664). I live for thee. Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis, 457). Fortitude. China Aster (Callistephus Chinensis, 429). I'll think of it. Chrysanthemum (458). I love. Clover, Red (Trifolium repens, 312). Industry. Clover, White ( " " ). Truth needs no flowers of speecli. Clover, I'ellow ( " " ). Slighted love. Columbim (Aquilegia Canadensis, 210). I cannot give thee up. Columbine (A. vulgaris, 110). Hopes and fears. Corn Cockle (Agrostemma Githago, 257). Thou hast more beauty than wcrth. Coxcomb (Celosia, 616). You are a fop. Crocus (700). What an enigma thou art. Cypress (Cupressus thyoides, 663). Bereavement. Despair. Daffodil (Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, 693). Self esteem. THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 319 Dahlia (429). Forever thine. Dandelion (Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 473). You intrude. Dogbane (Apocynum, 588). Falsehood. Dogwood, Flowering (Gornus florida, 890). False pretensions. Eglantine Rose (Rosa ruhiginosa, 335). I wound to heal. Egyptian Calla (Richardia ^Ethiopica, GG9). Modesty. Enchanter's Nightshade (Circsea, 35G) . I shall beware of your enchantments Fennel-flower (Nigella damascena, 209). Love in a mist. Perplexity. Fig (Ficus Carica, G35). It is a secret. Fir Balsam (Abies Balsamea, GGl). Time will cure. Flax (Linum usitatissimum, 275). Domestic industry. Fleur-de-lis (Iris, 697). I bring you a message. Four-o-clock (Mirabilis Jalapa, 603). Timidity. Foxglove (Digitalis, 526). My heart acknowledges your influence. Geranium, Ivy (P. peltatum, 278). A bridal decoration. Geranium maculatam (277j. You burn with envy. Geranium, Oak-leaf (Pelargonium qucrcifolium, 279). There is notliing in a Geranium Robertianum (277). Aversion. [name. Geranium, Rose (P. graveolens, 278). Thou art my choice, Goldenrod (Solidago, 430). Encouragement. Hazel-nut (Corylus, 647). Reconciliation. Heart's-ease or Pansy (Viola tricolor, 244). Forget me not. Hibiscus Syriacus (270\ Thy beauty soon will fade. Hibiscus Trionum (269). I would not be unreasonable. Heliotrope (Heliotropium Peruvianum, 559). Devotion. Hellebore (Helleborus, 209). It is a scandal. Holly (Ilex opaca, &c., 496). Am I forgotten? Hollyhock (Althaea rosea, 266). Ambitious only of show. Honeysuckle (Lonicera, 394). Seek not a hasty answer Hop (Humilus lupulus, 638). You do me injustice. Hyacinth (Hyacinthus, 713). Jealousy. Hydrangea hortensis (373). Vain boasting. Ice-plant (Mesembryanth, 265). Your very looks Are freezing. 320 THE LANCJUAGE OF FLOWERS. Indian Tobacco (Lobelia infiata, 477j. Away with your quackery. Ivy (Hedera Helix, 390). Nothing can part us. Japonica, Red (Camellia Jap., 273). Pity may change to love. Japonica, Wliite (C. Japonica, 273). Perfected loveliness. Jessamine (Jasminum, 596). Thy gentle grace hath won me. Jonquil (Narcissus Jonquilla, 693). Requited love. Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis, 301). Unbelief. Treachery. Juniper (Juniperus communis, 663). I will protect thee. Lady's-slipper (Cypripedium, 581). Caprice. Larkspur (Delphinium, 210). Fickleness. Laurel, Sheep (Kalmia angustifolia, &c., 485). Falsehood. Lavender (Lavandula, 541). Owning her love she sent him Lavender. Shaks. Lemon (Citrus Limonum, 274). Discretion. Lilac (Syringa, 598). My first love. Lily, White (Lilium candidum, 709). Purity and sweetness. Locust, green leaves (Robinia Pseudacacia, 319). My heart is buried. Lupine (Lupinus, 311). Indignation. Magnolia glauca (214). He lives in fame who dies in virtue's cause. Magnolia grandiflora (214). Thou hast magnanimity. Marigold (Tagetes, or Calendula, 465). Cruelty. Mignonette (Reseda odorata, 241). Moral worth superior to beauty. Milkweed (Asclepias, 597). Conquer your love. Mistletoe (Phorodendron, 621). Meanness. Indolence. Mock Orange (Philadelphus coronarius, 374). Deceit. I cannot trust thee. Monk's-hood (Aconitum, 211). Deceit. Your words are poison. Morning-glory (Pharbitis purpurea, 571). You love darkness. Myrtle (Myrica ceriera, 650). Thine is the beauty of holiness. Myrtle (Myrtus communis, 346). Love's offering. Narcissus, Poet's (Narcissus poeticus, 693). Egotists are agreeable only to Nasturtion (Tropa^olum majus, 281). Honor to the brave. [themselves Nettle (Urtica dioica, 636). Thou art a slanderer. Nightshade (Atropa Belladonna, 588). Death. Nightshade (Solanum nigrum, 577). Skepticism. TW LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. 321 Oak (Quercus, 642). Tliou art honored above all. Oat (Avena sativa, 790). Thy music charms me. Oleander (Ncrium Oleander, 590). The better part of valor is discretion. Olive (Olea, 599). Emblem of peace. Orange FJowers (Citrus Aurantium, 274). Bridal festivity. Ox-eye Daisy, or Whiteweed (Leucanthemum, 458). Be patient. Parsley (Apium petroselinum, 388). Thy presence is desired. Passion-flower (Passifldra, 363). Let love to God precede all other love Pea (Pisum sativum, 303). Grant me an interview. Peach blossom (Persica vulgaris, 328). Preference. Pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides, 544). Flee temptation. Peony (Paeonia, 212\ A frown. Pepper (Capsicum, 578). Your wit is too keen for friendship Periwinkle (Vinca, 589). Remember the past. Phlox (567). Our souls are one. Pine, Pitch (Pinus rigida, 660). Time and philosophy. Pine, White (Pinus strobus, 660). High-souled patriotism. Pink, Single Red (254). A token of pure and ardent love. Pink, Single White (Dianthus caryophyllus, 254). Artlessness . Pink, Variegated (254). Frank refusal. Poppy, Red (Papaver Rheas, 224). Oblivion is the cure. Poppy, White (Papaver somniferum, 224). 'Twixt life and death. Primrose (Primula grandiflora, 502). Confidence. Primrose, Evening (OSnothera, 352). Inconstancy. Quince (Cydonia, 333). Beware of temptation. Rocket (Hesperus, 234). Thou vain coquette ! Rose Bud. Thou hast stolen my affections. Rose, Burnet (Rosa pimpinellifolia, 337). Gentle and innocent. Rose, Cinnamon (R. cinnamomia, 335). Without pretension. Such as I am receive me. Would I were more for your sake. Rose, Damask (R. damascena, 336). Blushes augment thy beauty. Rosemary (Rosmarinus, 550). Remember me. Rose, Moss (R. centifolia, B., 886). Thou art one of a thousand. 14* 322 THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS. Rose, White (R. alba, 33G). My heart is free. Rose, White, withered (33G\ Transient impressions. [you. Rose, Wild (R. nitida, 335). Simplicity. Let not this false world deceive Rue (Ruta, 283). Disdain. [virtues. Sage (Salvia, 548). There is nothing lovelier in woman than the domestic Snap-dragon (Antirrhinum, 519). Thou hast deceived me. Snow-ball (Viburnum Opulus, 397). Thou livest a useless life. Snow-drop (Galanthus, 694). I am no summer friehd. [friend. Sorrel (Polygonum acetosella, 606). Ill-timed wit. A jester is a dangerous Speedwell (Veronica, 526^. My best wishes. Spiderwort (Tradescantia, 727). You have my esteem ; are you content ? Star-of-Bethlehem (Ornithogalum, 710). Look heavenward. Stock (Matthiola, 229). Too lavish of smiles. Sumac (Rhus, 283). Splendid misery. Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus, 304\ Must you go ? Sweet-scented Shrub (Calycanthus, 345). Benevolence. [villain too. Sweet William (Lychnis chalcedonica, 257). A man may smile and be a Thistle (Cirsium, 467). Misanthropy. Thorn Apple (Datura, 581). Thou scarcely hidest thy guilt. Thyme (Thymus, 547). The prize of ^artue. Tulip, Variegated (Tulipa, 707). Thy spell is broken. Tulip, Yellow (707). I dare not aspire so high. Venus' Looking-glass (Specularia, 479). Flattery hath spoiled thee. Vervain (Verbena hastata, 537). I see thy arts, and despise them. Violet, Blue (Viola cucullata, 243). Faithfulness. I shall never forget. Violet, White (V. blanda, 242). Retirement. I must be sought to be found, Virgin's Bower (Clematis, 200). Filial affection. Wall-flower (Cheiranthus, 232). A friend in need is a friend indeed. Water Lily (Nymphsea odorata, 220). Be silent. Weeping Willow (Salix Babylonica, 655). Mourning for friends departed. Zinnia (444). To the prude.